Number 514 6 July 2007 Q 11 .L52X NH Contributions IN SCIENCE Revision of the Neotropical Click Beetle Genus Semiotus Eschscholtz (COLEOPTERA: ElATERIDAE) Samuel A. Wells Natural A /rHistory Museum ^ of Los Angeles County Serial Publications OL THE Natural History Museum oe Los Angeles County Scientific Publications Committee John Heyning, Deputy Director for Research and Collections John M. Harris, Committee Chairman Brian V. Brown Joel W. Martin Xiaoming Wang K. Victoria Brown, Managing Editor The scientific publications of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County have been issued at irregular in- tervals in three major series; the issues in each series are numbered individually, and numbers run consecutively, re- gardless of the subject matter. • Contributions in Science, a miscellaneous series of tech- nical papers describing original research in the life and earth sciences. • Science Bulletin, a miscellaneous series of monographs describing original research in the life and earth sciences. This series was discontinued in 1978 with the issue of Numbers 29 and 30; monographs are now published by the Museum in Contributions in Science. • Science Series, long articles and collections of papers on natural history topics. Copies of this publication are available through the Scholarly Publications Office at 213/763-3330 or by vis- iting our website at (http://www.nhm.org) for a PDF file version. Natural History Museum OF Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, Calieornia 90007 Printed at Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas ISSN 0459-8113 Revision of the Neotropical Click Beetle Genus Semiotus Eschscholtz (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Samuel A. Wells ^ CONTENTS ABSTRACT 4 INTRODUCTION 4 MATERIALS AND METHODS 5 SYSTEMATICS 6 Taxonomic Concepts 6 Diagnostic Characters of Adults 6 Species Relationships 7 Eossil Semiotus 8 Genus Semiotus Eschscholtz 8 Key to the Species of Semiotus 9 Semiotus angulatus Group 14 Semiotus angulatus (Drury) 14 Semiotus angusticollis (Blanchard) 15 Semiotus convexicollis Blanchard 16 Semiotus insignis Candeze ...... 17 Semiotus caracasanus Group 18 Semiotus antennalis Gandeze 18 Semiotus caracasanus Rojas 19 Semiotus carus Janson 20 Semiotus chontalenus Candeze 20 Semiotus cyrtomaris new species 21 Semiotus lacrimiformis new species 22 Semiotus matilei Chassain 23 Semiotus nigriceps Candeze 23 Semiotus pallicornus new species 24 Semiotus rileyi new species 25 Semiotus spinosus new species 25 Semiotus triplehorni new species 26 Semiotus woodi new species 27 Semiotus zonatus Candeze 27 Semiotus furcatus Species Group 28 Semiotus antennatus Schwarz 28 Semiotus bilineatus Candeze 29 Semiotus furcatus (Eabricius) 30 Semiotus imperialis Group 31 Semiotus cuspidatus (Chevrolat) 31 Semiotus cuspidatus cuspidatus 32 Semiotus cuspidatus splendidus 32 Semiotus imperialis (Guerin-Meneville) 33 Semiotus ligneus Group 35 Semiotus ligneus (Linnaeus) 35 Semiotus serraticornis (Drury) 39 Ungrouped Semiotus Species 41 Semiotus acutus Gandeze 41 1. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007; Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523. Email; samwells@aol.com Contributions in Science, Number 514, pp. 1-114 Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 2007 2 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Semiotus affinis (Guerin-Meneville) Semiotus aliciae new species Semiotus angustus new species Semiotus auripilis Candeze Semiotus badeni Steinheil Semiotus bispinus Candeze Semiotus buckleyi Candeze Semiotus capucinus Candeze Semiotus carinicollis Kirsch Semiotus catei new species Semiotus chassaini new species Semiotus clarki new species Semiotus colombianus new species Semiotus cristatus Candeze Semiotus decoratus (Dejean) Semiotus exsolutus Candeze Semiotus fascicularis Candeze Semiotus flavangulus Candeze Semiotus fleutiauxi Szombathy Semiotus formosus Janson Semiotus fryi Candeze Semiotus fulvicollis Blanchard Semiotus germari Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus gibbosus new species Semiotus girardi Chassain Semiotus glabricoUis Candeze Semiotus hispidus Candeze Semiotus illigeri Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus illustris (Dejean) Semiotus intermedius (Herbst) Semiotus kathleenae new species Semiotus kirschi Chassain, new status . Semiotus kondratieffi new species Semiotus lafertei Candeze Semiotus ligatus Candeze Semiotus limatus Candeze Semiotus linnei Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus luteipennis Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus melleus new species Semiotus pectitus Candeze Semiotus perangustus new species Semiotus pilosus new species Semiotus punctatostriatus Candeze Semiotus reaumuri Candeze Semiotus regalis Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus ruber Pjatakowa Semiotus rubricollis new species Semiotus schaumi Cuerin-Meneville . . . Semiotus seladonius Cuerin-Meneville . Semiotus singularis Kirsch Semiotus sommeri Candeze Semiotus striatus Cuerin-Meneville Semiotus superbus Kirsch Semiotus taeniatus Erichson Semiotus trinitensis new species Semiotus vicinus Fleutiaux Semiotus virgatus Erichson ACKNOWEEDCMENTS LITERATURE CITED FIGURES 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 49 49 50 51 52 52 53 54 56 57 58 58 59 60 61 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 70 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 79 80 81 82 82 82 83 84 84 85 86 87 88 89 89 90 90 93 DEDICATION This revision is dedicated to Jacques Chassain, a longtime student of Semiotus and an invaluable resource in this study. 4 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ABSTRACT. The Neotropical click beetle genus Semiotus is defined by the connate meso- and metasterna, presence of 3 membranous tarsal pads, and either sulcate, undulate, tuberculate, rounded, or incrassate pronotal margins. Eighty-two species are recognized in this revision. Twenty-one are described as new: Semiotus aliciae, S. angustus, S. catei, S. chassaini, S. clarki, S. colombianus, S. cyrtomaris, S. gibbosus, S. kathleenae, S. kondratieffi, S. lacrimiformis, S. melleus, S. pallicornus, S. perangustus, S. pilosus, S. rileyi, S. rubricollis, S. spinosus, S. trinitensis, S. triplehorni, and S. woodi. Semiotus superbus reductus Chassain is designated as a synonym of S. acutus Candeze; S. candezei Kirsch is designated as a synonym of S. affinis Guerin; S. multifidus Candeze is designated as a synonym of S. fascicularis Candeze; S. bifasciatus Schwarz is designated as a synonym of S. fulvicollis Blanchard; S. melanocephalus Schwarz is designated as a synonym of S. antennalis Candeze; S. dohrni Candeze is designated as a synonym of S. badeni Steinheil; S. illigerii bifidus Schwarz is designated as a synonym of S. illigeri Candeze; S. imperialis subtilis Szombathy and S. i. schetiklingi Szombathy are designated as synonyms of S. imperialis Guerin; S. horvathi Szombathy is designated as a synonym of S. limatus Candeze; S. nigrolmeatus Schwarz is designated as a sysnonym of S. nigriceps Candeze; S. distinctus Herbst is designated as a synonym of S. serraticornis Drury; S. superbus championi Chassain is designated as a synonym of S. exsolutus Candeze; S. punctatus Candeze is designated as a synonym of S. germari Guerin; S. nigrolineatus Schwarz is designated as a synonym of S. nigriceps Candeze; S. hispidus lamotei Chassain is designated as a synonym of S. hispidus Candeze; S. langei Schwarz is designated as a synonym of S. schaumi Guerin; S. jansoni Candeze and S. jansoni bipunctatus Schwarz are designated as synonyms of S. taeniatus Erichson; S. splendidus Candeze is designated as a subspecies of S. cuspidatus Chevrolat; and S. sanguinolentus Candeze is designated as a synonym of S. uirgatus Erichson. Semiotus superbus kirschi Chassain is designated as a valid species, and S. exsolutus panamensis Chassain is recognized as a valid subspecies. A key to the known Semiotus is provided. INTRODUCTION The click beetle genus Semiotus Eschscholtz 1829 is one of the most striking groups of beetles in the Americas. The relatively large size and bright colors of many species have made them popular with collectors for over a hundred years. Speci- mens have been collected, named, and cataloged from the time of Linnaeus, and examples exist in European and American collections that now span almost 4 centuries. Yet, remarkably, the genus has received only 3 treatments that have provided any significant comparative informa- tion. Two of these treatments were produced by Candeze (1857, 1874) and 1 by Champion (1894). Since Candeze’s Revision de la Mono- graphie des Elaterides (1874), there have been 42 names proposed. These names have been both specific and subspecific and have been published in a variety of languages and with differing quality, making specific determinations difficult. A revision of the group is needed to establish or verify synonymies, delimit poorly known species, clarify distributions, and describe unnamed spe- cies. This study brings together all available in- formation on the genus Semiotus. Very little is known of the biology and immature stages of this group outside the few reports from Brazil and Chile (Costa, 1972; Costa et ah, 1988; Orellana, 1938). HISTORY Eschscholtz (1829) described the genus Semiotus in order to distinguish those Elater Linnaeus (1767) with frontal tubercles or spines and that bear tarsal pads on tarsomeres 1, 2, and 3. He included the species E. lignarius Eabricius (1792), E. distinctus Herbst (1806), E. intermedius Herbst (1806), and E. furcatus Eabricius (1792) in the genus. Candeze (1857) established the tribe Chalcolepidiides and included the genera Semi- otus, Campsosternus Latreille (1834), Chalcole- pidus Eschscholtz (1829), and his new genus Oistus Candeze (1857). The tribe was established to include those species of click beetles having the mesosternum and metasternum fused, without a defining sulcus. Within the tribe, the genus Semiotus was distinguished from the other genera by the presence of lobes on the first 3 tarsomeres. Later authors would place the genus Oistus next to Semiotus based on this same character. Candeze (1857) considered the tarsal pads of the genus Oistus to be different than those of Semiotus., which he called lamellae. Candeze’s work was also the first general treatment of the species including a key to the recognized species. Fleutiaux (1927) erected the subfamily Camp- sosterninae, which excluded Semiotus. The genus was considered sufficiently distinct from Camp- sosternus to merit placement in a separate sub- family. The characters used to justify this separa- tion included the narrow elytra and the frontal spines. Quelle (1929) and Laurent (1961) con- firmed the separate status of these 2 genera and included the presence of tarsal lobes in defining the genus Semiotus (and their absence in the genus Campsosternus) on tarsomeres 1, 2, and 3 as further evidence for separating the genera. Golbach (1970) established the subfamily Semiotinae to recognize the genera excluded from Fleutiaux’s Campsosterninae. The genera in the new subfamily included Semiotus., Oistus, and Semiotinus Pjatakowa. The primary characters of the subfamily were the fused meso- and metaste- rna and the presence of tarsal lobes or pads on Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 5 segments 1, 2, and 3. Gurjeva (1974), overlooking Golbach’s work, established the tribe Semiotini to include the same genera. Stibick (1976) moved Campsosternus into Golbach’s Semiotinae and recognized Campsoter- ninae as the senior name. He was unaware of Gurjeva’s tribal designation of Semiotus and allied genera until after publication. Galder (1976) included the New Zealand genus Metablax in the subfamily Gampsosterninae and separated it from the genus Semiotus by having a distinct fourth tarsomere (as compared to the partially concealed fourth tarsomere of Semiotus) as well as its lack of abdominal foveae on sternite 5 (often present in Semiotus). In 1979, Stibick established the tribe Campsosternini to coincide with Gurje- va’s Semiotini with the addition of the genus Campsosternus. Wells (2002), following Lawr- ence and Newton (1995), recognized the sub- family Semiotinae to include the genera Semiotus., Semiotinus^ and Oistus. MATERIALS AND METHODS The following collections provided material for this study. Specimens belong to the following institutions (codens from Arnett et ah, 1993) or private collections. These are the same codens used as institutional designators in the individual species treatments. BMNH BWPC BYUC CASC CMNC CNCI CMNH CSUC CUIC DEIC EAPZ EGRC EMEC EMNH ESCA HNHH INBC ISNB JEWC LACM MNED United Kingdom, London, The Natural His- tory Museum USA, North Carolina, Cary, BontaA)7ells Personal Collection USA, Utah, Provo, Brigham Young University USA, California, San Erancisco, California Academy of Sciences Canada, Ontario, Ottawa, Canadian Museum of Nature Canada, Ontario, Ottawa, Canadian Nation- al Collection of Insects USA, Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, Carnegie Mu- seum of Natural History USA, Colorado, Fort Collins, Colorado State University USA, New York, Ithaca, Cornell University Germany, Eberswalde Finow, Institut fur Pflanzenschutz-forschung Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Escuela Agricola Panamericana Edward G. Riley USA, California, Berkeley, Essig Museum USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History USA, Florida, Gainesville Florida State Col- lection of Arthropods Hungary, Budapest, Hungarian Natural His- tory Museum Costa Rica, Santo Domingo, Instituto Nacio- nal de Biodiversidad Belgium, Brussels, Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique James E. Wappes USA, California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Germany, Breisgau, Museum fur Naturkunde MNHN MTEC NHMW OSUC OXUM PCCV SEMC SMTD TAMU USNM ZMUC France, Paris, Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle USA, Montana, Bozeman, Montana State University Austria, Vienna, Naturhistorisches Museum USA, Ohio, Columbus, Ohio State University Collection United Kingdom, Oxford, University Museum Austria, Vienna, Peter Cate Collection USA, Kansas, Lawrence, University of Kansas Germany, Dresden, Staatliches Museum fur Tier-kunde USA, Texas, College Station, Texas A&M University USA, D.C., Washington, Smithsonian Institu- tion Denmark, Copenhagen, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen University Color terminology was standardized by using the color charts in A Dictionary of Color (Maerz and Paul, 1950) and then correlated with color descriptions found in W.T. Stern’s Botanical Latin (1983). These sources should be consulted for precise identification of the colors in this study. A general description of the main colors referred to herein include aeruginosus: verdigris; aurantiacus: apricot orange; badius: dull chocolate brown; fulvus; dull yellow with a mixture of gray and brown; luteus: buttercup yellow; piceus; black as pitch; rufopiceus; reddish black (in this study more black than reddish); sanguineus: blood red; testaceus: brick red to brownish yellow (of unglazed earthenware); and viridis: untinted green. These color names are herein considered anglicized and will not be italicized. Spelling corre- sponds with Stern (1983). Measurements of body length were made from the anterior margin of the frons (including frontal spines when present) to the tip of the elytra (including spines, when present). Abdomena extending beyond the elytra were not measured, as this is not the normal state of any known species. Measurements of body width were made at the widest part of the body — generally on the basal third of the elytra. Pronotal length was measured along the centerline of the pronotum. Pronotal width was measured at the widest part of the hind angles. Elytral length was measured along the suture. Elytral width was measured at the widest point — generally on the basal third. The relative width of the eyes was determined using the ocular index (Campbell and Marshall, 1964). This is determined by measuring the narrowest distance between the eyes divided by the width of the head measured across the eyes. This quotient is then multiplied by 100. Male and female internal genitalia were examined after dissection and cleared in a 1.0 molar solution of KOH at room temperature. Dissections were made from nontype material, except where available material was limited. Fragile type material was not dissected. Location information in the Material Examined sections are taken verbatim from the specimen labels. Dates recorded on the labels have been standardized so as to be read month (in roman numerals)-day-year. In cases where these periods are uncertain, the data have remained exactly as indicated on the labels. Larger political divisions have also been added in cases where they have not appeared on labels and where they could be determined. Duplicate specimens of the same species bearing identical labels are only listed once. Specimens bearing labels with country data only were not listed if 6 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 these countries were already represented by specimens containing a more complete label. Labels that were nearly identical except for minor difference (such as a different collection date) were listed together with the second label indicated with “ibid.” followed by a comma and the differing information. Label data are listed alphabetically first by country and then by the political subdivision of each country. Countries are indicated in all capital bold letters. Political subdivisions are under- lined. Older literature and specimen labels often have a collection locality of New (or Novelle) Granada. This area is now part of the countries of Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama (occasionally even outlying areas). This name is used in individual species treatments only in cases where the current country names are unknown from other specimens. All available or extant type specimens were examined. The Pjatakowa types were destroyed (Dolin, personal communication). Types of the species described prior to Blanchard (1843) were not located. In the cases where adequate descriptions and/or illustrations of these species were made (e.g., Semiotus serraticornis Drury [1782] and S. angiilatus Drury [1782]), correct designa- tions were made, otherwise, the designations made by Candeze (the earliest reviser) have been followed. More than 3,000 specimens of Semiotus were examined. SYSTEMATICS TAXONOMIC CONCEPTS Many authors have recognized that the subgeneric groups established by Candeze are often more confusing than helpful. These were based primar- ily on frontal spines and elytral color patterns and do not represent true relationships. The color patterns of the head, thorax, and abdomen, though they are often useful in delimiting species, are of little use in delimiting groups. The taxonomic section of this study, accordingly, does not recognize Candeze’s groups. Five monophy- letic groups established by Wells (2002) within Semiotus are noted parenthetically in the key for ease in identification. These same groupings are used in the individual species treatments. Color illustrations are provided throughout the work to aid in identification. In this study, approximately one-third of the 82 recognized Semiotus are represented by only a few (or even unique) individual specimens. Approxi- mately one-third are represented by only a dozen or so individuals. The remaining one-third are more commonly encountered in collections. In- traspecific variability in poorly represented Semi- otus is not well understood. The best approach under these circumstances is to be conservative in delimiting species. Subspecies are recognized (for previously rec- ognized species or varieties) only in cases where differences in color patterns have been geograph- ically correlated and where existing names are available, thus maintaining taxonomic stability. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS OF ADULTS Historically, the principal characters used to define species of Semiotus were color patterns, j frontal spines, pronotal shape, and elytral spines, j Standardizing these characters has therefore been an important part of this study. Additionally, j other characters not used in the past have proven helpful for determining relationships. The anterolateral frontal spines are nearly always clearly defined (see Figs. 135-154). In a few cases where spines are absent, there is a fairly sharp angle. Illustrations have been included in this study to obviate any possible confusion. The medial frontal spine is different. Authors in the past have referred to sharp angles as spines. This can be confusing, as there are several lengths and widths of the medial frontal spine. In cases where this might be unclear, illustrations have been prepared (Figs. 135-154). Antennae are moderately to strongly serrate except in the 5, angulatus group, where they are pectinate to subpectinate. In few other cases can the antennae be used to differentiate groups, except where differences exist in antennal length. Males generally have longer antennae than females. The difference can be as much as the length of 1.5 segments or completely negligible. The size of the eyes also differs interspecifically, ranging from large (covering about half the head width) to small (covering less than a fourth the head width). Measurements have been made using the ocular index (see above). Differences in pronotal shape show the most significant and easily recognized characters de- fining species groups and individual species. These characters tend to be consistent between groups with little if any overlap. The presence or absence of the marginal sulcus, the length of this sulcus, the presence or absence of lateral tubercles, the size of these tubercles, and the presence or absence of sublateral depressions are all defining characters. On the other hand, pronotal colora- tion is significantly less diagnostic. The presence and absence of piceus to sanguineus vittae have been used extensively in the past for defining species. This is unfortunate, as these vittae vary intraspecifically to a great extent. In this study, several specimens have been evaluated with obscure vittae, clearly intermediate in color between 2 previously described species. These have been synonymized in sympatric groups where no other diagnostic characters have been found. Important thoracic characters also occur ven- trally. The apical portion of the prosternal process is partially divided dorsoventrally in a few species; otherwise, it is evenly rounded at the tip. The posterior border of the hypomeron is more variable interspecifically. Species in the 5. imper- ialis group have the median half of the posterior border evenly concave with a small dentition near Contributions in Science, Number 514 the distal third (Fig, 180). In the S. furcatus group, species bear 2 dentitions near the middle of the posterior border (Fig. 182), and in most other groups, a single dentition is present near the mesial third to half of the posterior border (Figs. 178, 179, 181). The size of the dentitions is also important for separating some species. The scutellum varies diagnostically in shape, being often nearly chordate, elongate oval, obovate, or quadrate. In some species the anterior margin dips anteriorly. The color of the scutellum ranges from completely piceus to luteus. Elytral coloration is useful in separating many species — more useful than pronotal coloration. The major patterns include alternating light and dark vittae, contrasting basal and apical colora- tion, and luteus basal coloration with contrasting dark sutural and marginal vittae. The body profile is also diagnostically important. Typically, the dorsal and ventral surfaces are parallel, at least on the basal half or third. Some species, though, are more gibbous, with the dorsal surface raised basally relative to the ventral surface. Elytral characters of importance include the striae and strial punctures, which often vary from complete- ly obsolete to deep and well defined. The shape of the elytral apices are also diagnostically impor- tant, ranging in shape from sharply spined to rounded. The sutural side of the apices also varies, ranging in shape from straight, to sinuous, to sharply angled or even spined. Male and female genitalic characters are also important. The male parameres range from narrow (as in Eig. Ill) to broad (as in Eig. 106) and always bear an apical blade. This blade varies significantly in size and shape ranging from triangular with sharp angles to sinuous with rounded extremities. The anterior sclerite of the female bursa copulatrix also differs significantly between species. The typical pattern includes a median piece, or spine, flanked by 2 lateral arms, or spines. These spines vary in relative length and can be either completely covered by smaller dentitions (as in Fig. 43) or smooth (as in Fig. 51). In some species, the lateral arms all project posteriorly (as in Figs. 72-90); in others, they project laterally (as in Figs. 43, 45). A few species have a vestigial sclerite (as in Figs. 57, 60, 67); in a few others, the sclerite is absent. SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS Semiotus is most closely allied to the genera Semiotinus and Oistus (Golbach, 1970; Gurjeva, 1974). Wells (2002) established the monophyly of these groups as well as several other species groupings that can be easily identified using morphological characters. Species that do not form natural groupings have been left ungrouped in this revision. These species groupings are indicated below. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 7 The 5. angulatus group is recognized by the subpectinate to pectinate antennae (Pigs, 166, 167) and the divided lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the female bursa copulatrix (Pigs. 41, 43-45). The species include S. angulatus (Drury), S. angusticollis Blanchard (1843), S. convexicollis Blanchard (1843), and 5, insignis Candeze (1857). This species group occurs throughout Central America and into South America to southern Brazil. The S. caracasanus group is recognized by the evenly convex pronotum and the lack of any undulations, sulci, or protuberances on the pronotum or pronotal margins (Pigs. 195-206). Species in this group are small to medium-sized (generally less than 20 mm long) Semiotus. The species include S. antennalis Candeze (1895), S. caracasanus de Rojas (1855), S. carus Janson (1882), S. chontalenus Candeze (1874), S. cyrto- maris n, sp., S. lacrimiformis n, sp,, S. matilei Chassain (2001), S. nigriceps Candeze (1857), S. pallicornus n. sp., S. rileyi n. sp., S. spinosus n. sp,, S. triplehorni n, sp., 5. woodi n. sp., and S. zonatus Candeze (1874), This species group occurs from Nicaragua to Bolivia and east to Brazil. The S. furcatus group is recognized by the double dentitions along the posterior border of the hypomera (Pig. 182). The species include S. antennatus Schwarz (1900), S. bilineatus Candeze (1857), and 5, furcatus (1792) Pabricius. This species group occurs in South America from near the Tropic of Capricorn north. The S. imperialis group is recognized by the single ventrally projecting frontal spine (Pig. 140) and small female foveae on sternite 5, which occupies only the apical fourth of the sternite. The species in this group are the largest in the genus and include S. cuspidatus Chevrolat (1834) and S. imperialis Guerin (1844). This species group occurs throughout Central America and into South America east to Guyana and south to northern Argentina. The S. ligneus group is recognized by the lack of frontal spines (Pigs. 193, 194), lack of anterior sclerites (within the bursa copulatrix), and large ocular index. The species include S. ligneus Linnaeus (1767) and S. serraticornis Drury. This species group occurs from Mexico to southern Brazil and Paraguay, Semiotus can be separated from Oistus by having the tarsal pads membranous. Tarsal pads in Oistus are composed of tightly compacted setae. Semiotus can be separated from Semiotinus by having a pronotum with marginal striae or by having an evenly arcuate pronotal margin. In Semiotinus the pronotal margin is without sulci and comes to a sharp angle that separates the disk from the hypomera (Wells, 2003). Several species of Semiotus in the S. caracasanus group are superficially similar to the species of Semiotinus that bear frontal spines (5, macer (Candeze) and S. aeneovittatus (Kirsch)). Both groups lack 8 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 marginal sulci. In these cases, species of Semiotus can be recognized by the broader pronotal border (joining the hypomera in an even curvature and not acutely as in Semiotinus) and by the very finely punctate pronotum and elytra having faint striae. The pronotal punctures in Semiotinus are deeper, and the striae and strial punctures are clearly defined. Other important diagnostic characters have much less phylogenetic information. Examples of these characters include the condition of the lateral margin of the pronotum, pronotal shape (including tubercles and callosities), elytral color- ation, and shape of male genitalia and female foveae (or lack of foveae) on sternite 5. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is partially informative. The S. angulatus group is partially defined by the divided lateral arms of the anterior sclerite. This condition is not evident in any other known species. Otherwise, the shape of the lateral and central arms of the anterior sclerite and the presence or absence of sharp dentitions do not provide useful phylogenetic information. A few unrelated species have reduced anterior sclerites (5. rileyi, S. luteipennis, S. hispidus (Candeze, 1889), S. pallicornus, and S. angustus). Semiotus ligneus and S. serraticornis lack anterior sclerites. The short (3 to 4 segments short of the hind angles of the pronotum) subpectinate to pectinate antennae are unique to the S. angulatus group. Other species have antennae of varying lengths with serrate antennal segments ranging from subquadrate to elongate, rectrangular. The S. ligneus group has serrate and rectangular anten- nal segments. The S. furcatus group has short (3 to 5 segments short of the hind angles of the pronotum) serrate antennal segments. Geographically, Semiotus occurs from Mexico south to central Chile and east to Eastern Brazil. The genus is most species rich in Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. A few species (e.g., S. linnei (Guerin-Meneville (1844), S. hispidus, S. illustris (Dejean, 1836), and S. soTJimeri (Candeze, 1857)) occur uniquely from northern South America. Two distinct species are herein described from this area (5. kondratieffi and S. kathleenae) . Semiotus kondratieffi was collected from Venezuela from a pass near a wind current that was likely carrying canopy-inhabiting insects. Most of the species of Semiotus that are well represented in collections do not have restricted ranges. A large number of species are known from very few individual specimens. About a fourth of the species (21) are known from less than 3 or 4 specimens, making an acurate assessment of distribution difficult. FOSSIL SEMIOTUS Birket-Smith (1977) assigned Elater ehrensvcerdi Heer to Semiotus. The species was described from Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus an Eocene Taxodium layer from Cap Staratschin, Spitsbergen, Norway (78°7'N, 13°50'E). The generic placement was made based on the long tapering elytra, 9 visible elytral striae, and apical elytral spines. This designation is speculative and lacks the critical defining information of tarsal and sternal characters. Spitsbergen is far removed from the present locality of all species of Semiotus or any related genus. Genus Semiotus Eschscholtz Semiotus Eschscholtz 1829 (type species: S. furcatus Fabricius {Elater), designation Hyslop, 1921:668), Candeze 1857, Candeze 1874, Champion 1894. Eucamptus Chevrolat 1834 (type species: E. cuspidatus Chevrolat). Pericallus Lepeletier and Serville 1825:594 (type species: S. ligneus Fabricius [Elater), designa- tion Hyslop, 1921:663). DESCRIPTION. Length 7 to 50 mm, variously colored with combinations of red, orange, yellow, green, brown, and black. Head often spinose, bearing 0, 1, 2, or 3 anterior spines. Antennae serrate to pectinate, generally 1 to 4 segments short of hind angles, occasionally extending beyond hind angles; first 2 segments testaceus to piceus, remaining segments fulvus to piceus, last 3 to 4 segments occasionally lighter in color than medial segments. Pronotum longer than wide (occasionally as wide as long), evenly convex or with sublateral concavities; with or without setae, often glabrous, nitidus; punctation evenly scat- tered throughout or becoming denser and umbil- icate anterolaterally; anterolateral margin with or without elevated callosities; margins convergent anteriorly, with or without defining sulcus, hind angles generally divergent. Epimeron elongate, posterior border sinuous and often dentate, partially enclosing procoxae. Prosternum lobed to subtruncate anteriorly, prosternal process straight or curved in profile, extending between procoxae to mesosternal fossa. Scutellum flat, convex laterally, or declivous anteriorly. Legs fulvus to piceus, tarsal segments 1, 2, and 3 lobed beneath; tarsal claws broad, without basal setae. Elytron widest anteriorly then narrowing to apex. Interstriae flat or convex, occasionally unequally elevated; elytral base on same plane as pronotum, occasionally gibbous, rising above level of prono- tum; color various, often with alternating light and dark vittae; texture glabrous or covered with thin setae; abdomen fulvus to piceus, sternite 5 of females often with 2 foveae or densely setose areas. Bursa copulatrix in most species with 2 posterior plate-like sclerites and 1 spinose anterior sclerite. Male with parameres generally bearing a lateral blade apically. Larva (full grown larvae) flattened dorsoven- trally, scleritized and often pilose, mandibles dark, situated on anterior region of head capsule. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Antennae 3-segmented, often bearing small apical sensorial appendages; prothorax trapezoidal, lon- ger than mesothorax; prosternum triangular; legs short, 5-segmented, coxa wide and short, tro- chanter triangular, femur longer than tibia; abdominal segments variously pilose. Abdomen 9-segmented, often bearing tufts of setae laterally, segment 9 with projections distally. Pupa adectitious, exarate, wing pads extending beneath body; prothorax with a pair of small projections; spiracles annular; last abdominal segment with a pair of small bifid spiniform projections distally. REMARKS. Larvae of S. ligneus have been found in semirotten wood feeding on fly larvae (Costa et ah, 1988). KEY TO THE SPECIES OE SEMIOTUS 1 Head and pronotum entirely black . . 2 - Head and pronotum not entirely black 4 2(1) Elytra blood red S. capucinus Candeze - Elytra light brown, black, or black with pale vittae 3 3(2) Elytra either entirely black or black with pale vittae (Figs. 254, 255) S. hispidus Candeze (in part) - Elytra light brown . . S. carinicollis Kirsch 4(1) Head, pronotum, and entire venter of body unicolorous orange to light brown, elytra unicolorous black (Fig. 259) . . . S. aliciae n. sp. - Head, pronotum, venter, and elytra vari- ously colored, often with maculae or vittae, not fitting above description ... 5 5(4) Pronotum not evenly convex, either with anterolateral foveae (as in Fig. 147), tu- bercles (Figs. 136, 143-145, 148, 154), longitudinal concavities or sublateral de- pressions; pronotal margin various, often separated from hypomeron by an acute margin or sulcus over anterior third or more (as in Figs. 30, 31, 33) 6 - Pronotum evenly convex across entire width (Fig. 32, best viewed from anterior aspect), without foveae, tubercles, longitu- dinal concavities or sublateral depressions; pronotum, on anterior 2/3 merging into hypomeron without acute margin or sul- cus, or if faint sulcus present, then re- stricted to anterior seventh or less of lateral margin (5. caracasanus group) 25 6(5) Anterior margin of frons with 0, 1, 2, or 3 spines (as in Figs. 135-139, 141-154), single spine or point, if present, small and projecting forward, on same plane as frons (as in Fig. 139) 7 - Anterior margin of frons with a single long spine or point at center curving down toward mandibles (Fig. 140), end- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 9 ing below level of anterolateral frontal margins, (viewed laterally), anterolateral frontal margin rounded or angled, with- out spines 16 7(6) Antennae serrate (Figs. 261, 163-165), length various, if strongly serrate (appear- ing subpectinate), then antennae reach to or beyond hind angles; anterior sclerite of bursa copulatrix without lateral arms divided distally, or with sclerite vestigial or absent (Figs. 34-40, 42, 46-90) . . 8 - Antennae subpectinate to pectinate and short, 3 or more segment-lengths from reaching hind angles (Figs. 166, 167, 260); anterior sclerite of bursa copulatrix with lateral arms divided distally (Figs. 41, 43- 45 (5. angulatus group)) 18 8(7) Elytra without green or yellowish green coloration or patterns 9 - Elytra green or yellowish green through- out 24 9(8) Head lobed or angled along anterior margin, without spines (Figs. 136, 139, 149, 150) 10 - Head with frontal spines (Figs. 135, 137, 138, 141-148, 151-153) 11 10(9) Hypomera with outer fifth of posterior border pointed and extending well be- yond level of the inner border (Fig. 179) 21 - Hypomera with outer fifth of posterior border not pointed or extending beyond level of the inner border (Fig. 178) . . . 78 11(9) Hypomeron without 2 teeth along mesial half of posterior border (as in Figs. 178, 181), a single tooth may be present on inner third; antennae various 12 - Hypomeron with 2 teeth along mesial half of posterior border (Fig. 182); antennae short, 3 or more segment-lengths from hind angles (5. furcatus group) 14 12(11) Head with 3 frontal spines, or with 2 spines and area between spines strongly angled (Figs. 142-148), in questionable cases, length of lateral spines will be 1/4 or less the distance between eyes (as in Fig. 143) 13 - Head with 2 frontal spines (viewed di- rectly from above with body held level), area between spines without angle, or with very faint angle (Fig. 138), in questionable cases, length of lateral spines will be 1/3 or more than the distance between eyes (as in Figs. 141, 151) 65 13(12) Elytra yellow to light brown; each elytron with 2 dark red to black vittae, 1 sutural and 1 marginal, confluent apically, often forming a V-shaped pattern (Figs. 219- 221, 223, 224) 38 - Elytra either unicolorous, mostly blood red, without dark vittae, or with alter- 10 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 nating light and dark vittae (not restricted to suture and margin) across each ely- tron 42 14(11) Antennal segments 1 and 2 light brown, middle segments nearly black, apical 3 or 4 segments pale yellow (Fig. 252) . . . S. antennatus Schwarz - Antennae orange or yellow through- out 15 15(14) Each elytron with 2 dark vittae (Fig. 250) S. bilineatus Candeze - Each elytron with 3 dark vittae (Fig. 251) S. furcatus (Fabricius) 16(6) Posterior border of hypomeron with tooth or angle on medial third, lateral half convex (as in Fig. 178); female with foveae larger, covering over half of sternite 5 and shallow; each elytron bearing a single spine apically (Fig. 238) S. chassaini n. sp. - Posterior border of hypomeron with tooth or angle on lateral third, concave on inner half (Fig. 180); female with foveae on sternite 5 small and restricted to apical fourth only; each elytron with 2 spines apically (5. imperialis group) 17 17(16) Pronotum with 2 dark marginal maculae in addition to discal vittae (Fig. 187) .... S. imperialis Guerin-Meneville - Pronotum with discal vitta, without marginal maculae (Figs. 185, 186) . . . S. cuspidatus (Chevrolat) 18(7) Pronotal tubercles each covered with a black macula in addition to discal vittae or maculae (Fig. 191) S. angusticollis Blanchard - Pronotum variously patterned but tuber- cles same color as pronotal margin . . 19 19(18) Pronotum with single (often cruciform) dark vitta on disk (Figs. 188-190) . . . S. angulatus (Drury) - Pronotum either with several small mac- ulae, without vittae or with 2 sublateral dark vittae . 20 20(19) Antennae pectinate (Fig. 26); scutellum longer than wide (Fig. 161) S. convexicollis Blanchard - Antennae subpectinate (Fig. 166); scutel- lum as wide as or wider than long (Fig. 160) S. insignis Candeze 21(10) Pronotum black with orange (or orange brown) to blood red vitta along each lateral margin (Fig. 248); elytral apices each bearing 2 small spines or dentitions (as in Fig. 168) S. luteipennis Guerin-Meneville - Pronotum variously colored, 1 or 2 dark vittae may be present on disk, but these are broken up with dull yellow to light brown areas between; elytral apices each bearing a single spine (as in Fig. 168) 22 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus i 22(21) Pronotum with 2 black vittae (Fig. 249); frontal margin angled and jutting well ' beyond anterior margin of eyes (Fig. |j 136) S. kondratieffi n. sp. - Pronotum with 1 or more light to dark i brown vittae, without black vittae; fron- j tal margin lobed anteriorly (Fig. 149, , 5. ligneus group) 23 j 23(22) Pronotum with a single dark vitta on center of disk, distinctly darker than lateral areas or vittae; elytra with alter- nating light and dark vittae, interval 4 pale (Fig. 194) .... S. serraticomis (Drury) - Pronotum with pale infuscate vittae on pronotum, middle vitta or vittae not distinctly darker than lateral infuscate areas; elytra with alternating light and dark vittae, interval 4 dark (Fig. 193) . . S. ligneus (Linnaeus) 24(8) Black pronotal vittae narrow, area be- tween vittae as wide as or wider than vittae, color between vittae green (Fig. 257); each elytron bearing a short spine apically (Fig. 176) S. ligatus Candeze - Black pronotal vittae wide, area between vittae narrower than vittae, color be- tween vittae yellow to brownish orange to black (Fig. 256); each elytron rounded or angled at apex, without spines (Fig. 177) S. seladonius Guerin-Meneville 25(5) Basal half of elytra yellow to orange, apical half black (Figs. 195-200), narrow black vitta may or may not be present along suture on basal half 26 - Elytra with sutural and marginal vittae brown to black, otherwise bright yellow between vittae from base to near apex (Figs. 201-206) 33 26(25) Pronotum unicolorous orange to blood red, hind angles may be paler (Fig. 200) S. rileyi n. sp. - Pronotum bright yellow laterally, with median vitta dark (Figs. 195-199) . . 27 27(26) Yellow marginal vitta of pronotum nar- row, 2/3 width of scutellum or less . . S. zonatus Candeze - Yellow marginal vitta of pronotum wide (at least near center), as wide as or wider than scutellum 28 28(27) Last 4 segments of antennae pale yel- low 29 - Last 1, 2, or 3 segments of antennae pale yellow, or antennae entirely black . . 30 29(28) Elytral suture with black vitta on basal half (Eig. 197) in addition to entire apical half of elytra S. woodi n. sp. - Elytral suture without black vitta on basal half ... S. chontalenus Candeze 30(28) Antennae with segments 4 to 11 dark red brown to black 31 Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 11 Antennae with segments 4 to 11 not entirely dark, at least 1 apical segment pale yellow 32 31(30) Parameres with apical blades 1/5 length of parameres (Fig, 114); Venezuela . . S. caracasanus Rojas - Parameres with apical blades more than 1/4 length of parameres (Fig, 113); Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador . , , S. spinosus n. sp. 32(30) Black pronotal vitta nearly 2 times wider at base than near anterior margin (Fig, 198); apical black portion of elytra not extending onto basal half along margin, line between elytral colors nearly straight; lateral area of pronotum orange anteriorly, dull to bright yellow ba- sally S. triplehorni n. sp. - Black pronotal vitta less than 1,6 times wider at base than on anterior margin (Fig, 199); apical black portion of elytra extending onto basal half along margin, line between elytral colors deeply concave on apical half; lateral area of pronotum uniformly dull to bright yellow S. lacrimiformis n. sp. 33(25) Antennae pale yellow throughout . . . S. pallicornus n. sp. “ Antennae with at least middle segments reddish black to black 34 34(33) Scutellum subquadrate, anterior margin wider than 1/2 greatest width (Fig. 158) S. matilei Chassain - Scutellum subtriangular, anterior margin 1/ 2 or less greatest width (Fig. 156) .. . 35 35(34) Male with aedeagus strongly arched dorsoventrally (Fig. 105); elytra with dark marginal vitta extending entire length of elytra (though thin on anterior fourth) when viewed from above (Fig. 201) S. cyrtomaris n. sp. Male with aedeagus not strongly arched dorsoventrally; elytra with dark margin- alvitta on posterior 3/4 of lateral margin only, not reaching humeral angles (Figs. 202, 203, 206) 36 36(35) Pronotum with median dark vitta (Fig. 203) S. nigriceps Candeze - Pronotum without median dark vitta 37 37(36) Marginal elytral vitta 2 to 3 intervals wide near mid-section (Fig. 202) .... S. cams Janson - Marginal elytral vitta 4 to 6 intervals wide near midsection (Fig. 206) ..... S. antennalis Candeze 38(13) Venter unicolorous yellow to light brown (except for possible dark macula on hypomeron) 39 - Venter yellow to light brown with at least abdominal vittae, metepisternum, and part of prosternal suture dark brown to black 40 39(38) Pronotum with 2 dark vittae (Fig. 221); antennae yellow to orange throughout S. illustris Candeze - Pronotum with 1 median dark vitta (Fig. 224); antennal segments 1 and 2 light brown, segments 3 to 11 black . . . S. decoratus Candeze 40(38) Scutellum vitreous, light brown, less than 1.2 times wider than long, anterior margin slightly recurved (Figs. 157, 223) S. intermedins (Herbst) - Scutellum opaque, black, or with hind angles only light brown, more than 1.3 times wider than long, anterior margin incised (Fig. 159) 41 41(40) Elytra with dark vitta along suture short, not reaching scutellum (at least 1 mm short of scutellum (Fig. 219); lateral pronotal margin without sulcus on ante- rior fourth 5. lafertei Candeze - Elytra with piceus vitta along suture long, reaching scutellum (Fig, 220); lateral pronotal margin with sulcus on anterior fourth .... S. affinis Guerin-Meneville 42(13) Pronotum strongly arched forward (in lateral view (Fig. 30); elytral intervals convex, intervals 3, 5, and 7 more so, and rising above level of other intervals, intervals 3 and 5 joining near apex . . S. fryi Candeze - Pronotum not strongly arched forward (as in Figs. 28, 29, 33); elytral intervals various but intervals 3, 5, and 7 not as above 43 43(42) Each elytron with 3 black to red black vittae: 1 marginal, 1 sutural, and 1 between (though vittae might not always extend from base (Eig. 226); tooth on posterior border of hypomeron very large (Fig. 181) S. taeniatus Erichson - Each elytron either unicolorous, blood red with 2 pale vittae, or with less than 3 or more than 3 black vittae; tooth on posterior border of hypomeron smaller (as in Eig. 178) 44 44(43) Elytral coloration changing from pale brown to yellow basally to black apically, lacking longitudinal vittae or maculae , . S. singularis Kirsch - Elytra without a yellow to black gradient from base to apex, longitudinal vittae or maculae present 45 45(44) Elytral intervals 1-7 similarly colored, contrasting with darker, infuscate to black striae or strial vittae (Eigs. 231- 234, 236, 237); darker vittae may not all be of equal width 46 - Elytral intervals various: either same color as striae; alternating in color with other intervals and not with striae; or base and apex of elytra of different colors 56 12 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 46(45) Pronotum glabrous throughout .... 47 - Pronotum covered with decumbent setae, if setae not over entire surface, then at least on sublateral vittae 49 47(46) Pronotal margin sulcate anteriorly; elytral striae black (Fig. 230) S. buckleyi Candeze - Pronotal margin without sulcus; elytral striae light brown 48 48(47) Pronotum with medial dark vitta (occa- sionally with red vitta between) and reddish black maculae near anterolateral angles; punctures on pronotal disk denser and larger than those on head S. reaumuri Candeze - Pronotum with medial dark vittae (red and/or black) only, without anterolateral maculae; punctures on pronotal disk less dense and smaller than those on head . . S. glabricollis Candeze 49(46) Lateral margin of pronotum not sulcate on anterior third, or sulcus very faint ... 50 - Lateral margin of pronotum sulcate, at least on anterior third (Fig. 33) .... 51 50(49) Pronotum with brown to reddish brown disk appearing as a single broad vitta (margins yellowish (Fig. 245)) S. pilosus n. sp. - Pronotum bright yellow with 2 black vittae on disk .... S. vicinus Fleutiaux 51(49) Lateral frontal spines short and wide, not longer than medial frontal spine (Figs. 144, 231) . . S. cristatus Candeze - Lateral frontal spines longer, extending anteriorly as far as or beyond medial spine (as in Figs. 233, 234, 236) . . . 52 52(49) Interstriae convex (subhemispherical when viewed from posterior aspect), striae deeply impressed S. auripilis Candeze - Interstriae flat or nearly so (clearly not subhemispherical when viewed from pos- terior aspect), striae often faint or absent, or only punctures evident 53 53(52) Hypomeron without dark vitta along suture, or if present, less than 1/7 width of hypomeron S. linnei Guerin-Meneville - Hypomeron with dark vitta along suture wide, width of vitta more than 1/5 width of hypomeron 54 54(53) Anterolateral frontal spines long, at least 1.5 times longer than width of eye (viewed from above (Fig. 233) in ques- tionable cases body length less than 22 mm) ........ S. perangustus n. sp. - Anterolateral frontal spines shorter, less than 1.2 times longer than width of eye (in questionable cases body length more than 22 mm) 55 55(54) Antennae 1 segment short of hind angles in females, extending up to 1 segment beyond Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus hind angles in males; female with 2 large foveae on sternite 5; length over 22 mm (Fig. 232) S. colombianus n. sp. “ Antennae extending at least 1 segment beyond hind angles in females, extending j 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles in ’ males; female without foveae on sternite 5; j: length less than 22 mm (Fig. 234) ! S. angustus n. sp. 56(45) Elytral intervals 1 and 2 unicolorous, either red or black 57 - Elytral intervals 1 and 2 of 2 contrasting | colors, generally black and yellow or i orange 58 57(56) Black pronotal vittae wide, each much wider than area between vittae (or vittae confluent medially); elytral intervals 1 and 2 black (Fig. 222) . . . S. regalis Guerin-Meneville (in part) - Black pronotal vittae narrow, area be- tween vittae wider than vittae; elytra, including intervals 1 and 2 dark red (Fig. 225) S. rubricollis n. sp. 58(56) Lateral margin of pronotum sulcate nearly entire length (always more than half the pronotal length) .59 - Lateral margin if sulcate at all, sulcate on anterior half only 60 59(58) Elytral intervals 8 and 9 unicolorous black (Fig. 244) . . . S. kirschi Chassain - Elytral interval 8 black, interval 9 yellow to orange (Fig. 242) . . S. virgatus Erichs on 60(58) Eateral margin of pronotum without sulcus, or with sulcus very fine and never explanate 61 - Eateral margin of pronotum sulcate on anterior third to anterior half, sulcate margin becoming explanate, at least on anterior fifth (as in Fig. 33) 62 61(60) Pronotum with 2 broad black vittae, each at least 2 times wider than area between vittae (Fig. 243) ... S. acutus Candeze - Pronotum either with a single wide vitta or with 2 narrow black vittae interrupted by a red vitta, if with 2 black vittae then area between vittae as wide as or wider than each vitta (Figs. 239, 240) S. exsolutus Candeze 62(60) Elytral intervals 8 and 9 unicolorous . . S. superbus Kitsch “ Elytral interval 8 black, 9 yellow to orange 63 63(62) Pronotum with 2 broad black vittae surrounded by yellow to orange border, pale margin narrow, less than half the width of each black vitta, black vittae subparallel (Pig. 235) S. germari Guerin-Meneville - Pronotum with 1 or 2 black vittae, if 2, then pale margin (at least on posterior half) as wide as or wider than each black Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 13 vitta, black vittae may be very irregu- lar 64 64(63) Pronotum with 2 black vittae that are each narrow and sinuate, not cruciform (Figs. 241, 261) . . S. sommeri Candeze - Pronotum with 1 or 2 black vittae, if 2, then vittae appearing cruciform (Figs. 227-229) S. illigeri Guerin-Meneville 65(12) Each elytron with 2 dark vittae only, 1 sutural and 1 marginal (dark vittae may or may not extend basally to humeri) 66 - Color of each elytron various either unicolorous (or nearly so), with more than 2 dark vittae, or with elytra blood red with pale vittae ... 67 66(65) Pronotum orange to light brown, with a single dark macula or vitta medially (often faint (Fig. 208)) S. limatus Candeze - Pronotum dull yellow to light brown laterally, orange medially, with 2 dark vittae separating colors (Fig. 212) . . . S. trinitensis n. sp. 67(65) Elytra blood red basally, reddish black apically, with intervals 3 and 7 pale (Fig. 211) ... S. fleutiauxi Szombathy Elytra dull yellow to light brown with contrasting dark vittae 68 68(67) Elytra gibbous basally, body widest (dor- soventrally) at anterior fifth (Eig. 29) 69 - Elytra not gibbous basally, body widest across anterior third or beyond (Fig. 28) 72 69(68) Pronotum covered with distinct pale setae (at least several dozen), at least on dark lateral areas 70 - Pronotum glabrous, entirely without se- tae or with few (less than 10 scattered setae throughout) very fine and incon- spicuous setae 71 70(69) Pronotal margin evenly convex to antero- lateral angles (viewed from above; Fig. 151); head with black macula (Fig. 237) . . S. punctatostriatus Candeze - Pronotal margin constricted just before anterolateral angles (Fig. 140); head without black macula S. girardi Chassain 71(69) Scutellum and legs black (with occasional reddish maculae); dark pronotal vittae irregular, with arm or extension near center projecting laterally or as an out- lying macula (Fig. 216) . . S. catei n. sp. - Scutellum and legs orange to light brown; dark pronotal vittae straight to slightly sinuate, without lateral extension near center (Fig. 246) . . . S. gibbosus n. sp. 72(68) Pronotum with a dark macula along each lateral margin (near center) in addition to dark vittae ((Figs. 215, 218) lateral mac- ula may extend medially to dark vit- tae) 73 - Pronotum without dark maculae along lateral margin of pronotum; dark prono- tal vittae various 74 73(72) Elytral disk with contrasting pale and dark colors, intervals of different colors (Fig. 215) S. clarki n. sp. - Elytral intervals (at least on disk) pale, contrasting in color with darker striae (Fig. 218) .... 5. flavangulus Candeze 74(72) Elytral intervals 4 and 6 dark on apical half (margins and suture also dark), confluent (or nearly so) on apical third, forming a V-shaped pattern; elytral vittae becoming obscure on basal half (Fig. 214) .... S. fascicularis Candeze - Elytra with or without discal vittae, if vittae present, intervals 4 and 6 not forming a V-shaped pattern; elytral vittae if obscure, obscure only on basal fourth or less 75 75(74) Pronotal margin not sulcate on anterior third (Fig. 213) S. melleus n. sp. - Pronotal margin sulcate, and often ex- planate, on anterior third (as in Fig. 33) 76 76(75) Prosternum without a black macula or vitta along suture (though suture may be dark red in places (Fig. 210)) S. fulvicollis Blanchard - Prosternum with black macula or vitta along suture 77 77(76) Elytral intervals 2, 4, 6, and 8 slightly infuscate to completely black on disc (though dark vittae may be obscure basally (Fig. 209)) S. bispinus Candeze - Elytral intervals 1, 4, 6, and 9 infuscate to black (Fig. 207) ... 5. badeni Steinheil 78(10) Pronotum blood red throughout, with black discal vitta(e) or macula(e), yellow coloration, if present, restricted to hind angles (Figs. 217, 258) 79 - Pronotum with yellow to orange mark- ings, without blood red coloration (or if present, restricted to discal vitta or macula) 81 79(78) Elytral interval 3 wider and rising above level of other intervals; hind angles of pronotum yellow (Fig. 258) S. kathleenae n. sp. - Elytral interval 3 not wider and rising above level of other intervals; hind angles of pronotum variously colored .... 80 80(79) Pronotum with 2 black vittae or maculae on disk; elytral intervals strongly convex (Fig. 217) S. pectitus Candeze - Pronotum with a single black vitta on disk (often faint); elytral intervals flat or nearly so S. schaumi Guerin-Meneville 14 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 81(78) Apex of each elytron ending in a sharp spine, angle or dentition (as sharp as in Fig. 169 or sharper) 82 - Apex of each elytron rounded (Fig. 173) 83 82(81) Elytra unicolorous yellow to light brown, intervals often darker (Fig. 247) .... S. striatus Guerin-Meneville - Elytral base mostly yellow, apex black (Eig. 253) S. /brmosMS Janson 83(81) Prosternum and abdomen with contrast- ing red and black coloration ... 5. regalis Guerin-Meneville (in part) - Prosternum and abdomen black through- out S. hispidus Candeze (in part) Semiotus angulatus Group The S. angulatus species group is comprised of 4 known species that have short pectinate to subpectinate antennae. The pronotum bears a tubercle or strong convexity on the anterior third of the lateral margin. Additionally, the anterior sclerite within the bursa copulatrix is covered with small spines, and the lateral arms are divided (Pigs. 41, 43-45). Semiotus angulatus (Drury) (Pigs. 5, 41, 122, 154, 160, 167, 179, 188-190) Elater angulatus Drury 1782:69, Pleutiaux 1925:109 (Type(s) not located; type locality: Brazil). Elater suturalis Pabricius 1792:224, Herbst 1806:334, Chassain 2002a (Type(s) not locat- ed; type locality: unknown). Pericallus suturalis Dejean 1836:96. Pericalle suturalis, Latreille 1834:141. Semiotus sanguinicollis Blanchard 1843:128, Candeze 1857:304, Candeze 1874:173. Chas- sain 2002a (Lectotype, male: MNHN; type locality: Santa Cruz de la Sierra). Semiotus speciosus Erichson 1847:75, Candeze 1857:337 (Holotype: MNPD; type locality: Peru, Mt. Phillippi). Semiotus suturalis, Candeze 1857:303, Candeze 1874:173, Szombathy 1909b:121, Pleutiaux 1925:109. Semiotus cardinalis Belval 1861:101 (Type(s) not located; type locality: unknown). DESCRIPTION. Length 31 to 38 mm (length/ width ratio 4.9 to 5.2). Head piceus, bearing 2 spines apically, venter strongly concave between spines; frontal texture glabrous with moderately deep punctures throughout; ocular index 57.0 to 59.0. Antennae pectinate to subpectinate, with segments 1 and 2 badius to piceus, segments 3 to 1 1 piceus; length 4 or more segments short of hind angles. Pronotum 8 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 1.3 to 1.5), narrowly sinuate with pronounced tubercle anterolaterally on anterior third of each margin, margin sulcate except on hind angles, anterior third explanate; color fulvus to sangui- neus with large piceus macula extending from base to anterior border (this macula may be only a narrow vitta or extended laterally nearly to margin, appearing cruciform in most specimens); texture glabrous with moderately deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum strongly concave in profile; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially becoming thick and umbilicate laterally; color testaceus to san- guineus, lobe often piceus anteriorly. Hypomeron fulvus to sanguineus, with or without elongate piceus macula along suture; texture glabrous with fine punctures throughout. Mesosternum and mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus with or without obscure maculae. Metasternum fulvus to aurantiacus with piceus lateral vittae; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Mete- pimeron piceus. Pemora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 20 to 26 mm (length/width ratio 3.1 to 3.3), subparallel on basal third, then narrowing evenly to tip; strial intervals 1 and 2 (on apical 2/ 3) and various portions of intervals 4 through 9 piceus, base color fulvus to testaceus (often luteus) forming a cuneiform extension on interval 3 to near apex; texture glabrous with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to aurantiacus with 2 piceus vittae sublaterally; texture glabrous with fine scattered setae on sternite 1, punctation fine throughout; female foveae absent; anterior sclerite wider than long, multiramose, lateral arms di- vided, 1 arm extending apically nearly as far as median piece, 1 extending laterally. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Cocha- bamba, Chapare, (X-XII) (LACM); Villa Tunari, Parque Machias, 300 m, 16°58'20"S, 65°24'42"W, 11-12-1999, R. Anderson, lowland rain forest (CMNC); P. Germain, 1883 (MNFIN); Santa Cruz, Prov. Sara, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 500 m, (I-IV)-1904, J. Steinbach (MNPD); BRAZIL: Amazonas, Manaus, Boa Vista Rd, 110 km, (IX- X)-1989, P. Hrabovsky (PCCV); Rio Madeira, Mann & Baker (USNM); Minas Gerais, Passa Quatro, Paz. Dos Campos, J.P. Zikan (PMNH); Rio Grande do Sul, P. Bruck (LACM); Rondonia, 62 km SW Ariquemes, nr Pzda Rancho Grande, XI-(4-16)-1997, J.E. Eger (PSCA); Santa Catarina, Joinville, Steind. (NHMW); COLOMBIA: Ama- zonas, Amacayacu, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, IIT(8-12)- 2000, B. Brown, G. Kung, M. Sharkey (LACM); Caqueta, Morelia, Rio Bodoquero, 430 m, I-(19- 20)-1969, Duckworth and Dietz (USNM); Putu- mayo, Florida, Sup., G. Klug, 1931 (MNHN); Department unknown, Guines Fluss, Umbria (USNM); ibid. (CUIC); ECUADOR: Los Rios, Rio Palenque, XI-15-1972 (PSCA); Napo, 24 km E Atahualpa, 450 m, X-(l-13)-1996, E. Giesbert (PSCA); Limoncocha, VI-15-1977, W.E. Steiner Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 15 (USNM); Limoncocha, VI-10-1977, PJ. Spangler & D.R. Givens (USNM); Limoncocha, VI-10- 1977, PJ. Spangler & D.R. Givens (USNM); Rio Pacuyaco, V-8-1937, Schultz-Rhonhof S.G. (MNHN); Pastaza, Cusuimi, Rio Cusuimi, 150 km SE Puyo, 300 m, VII-(18-23)-1971, B. Malkin (FMNH); ibid. V-(15-31)-1971; FRENCH GUIANA: Guliana PK 72, Rte. a Regina, (I-23)-(II- 1)-1995, E. Giesbert & F. Hovore (FSCA); La Mana, Melinon, 1864 (MNHN); NICARAGUA: Managua, VII-1958, M. Smith (CASC); PARA- GUAY: (USNM); PERU: Cuzco, Rio Paucar- tambo, X-26-1932, Quiroz (LACM); Huanuco, Huallaga Dist., Tingo Maria, 680 m (MNFD); Leonpampa, XII-1937, Woytkowski (FSCA); Tingo Maria, (XI-XII)-1963, W. Rosenberg (FSCA); Junin, Chanchamayo, 11-1933, E.G. Smyth (SEMC); La Merced, 1922 (USNM); Rio Oxo- bamba. La Merced, Chanchamayo (MNFD); Satipo, IX-3-1989, (HNHM); Soudoveni Ridges, 900 m, Soudoveni / Huantadriri Vail., ca. 100 km N Satipo (PCCV); Loreto, Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Res., 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldo- nato, 290 m, 12°50'S, 69°20'W (BMNH); Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Res., 30 km (air) SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, X-(20-31)-1982, R. Wilkerson (FSCA); Pucallpa, II-9-1971, J. Schunke (CNCI); Requena, 150 m, IIT91 (PCCV); nr junction Rio Maranon and Ucayali, 73.5°W, 4.8°S, VIII-(6-20)-1994, P.E. Skelley (FSCA); Yagua Indian Villiage, headwaters of Loreto-Yacu, IV-(24-26)-1970, B. Malkin (FMNH); Rio Toro (MNFD); Pebas, de Mathan, 1907 (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus angulatus is most close- ly allied to S. insignis, S. angusticollis, and S. convexicollis. Semiotus angulatus is the most variable of the 4 species within the species group. Specimens range from dark red to light orange with the black sutural strip on the elytra varying in length. Semiotus angusticollis and S. convex- icollis can be distinguished from S. angulatus by the pronotal maculae. Semiotus angusticollis bears black maculae on the pronotal tubercle (Fig. 191), S. angulatus does not (Figs. 188-190). Semiotus convexicollis bears either 2 linear vittae, or no vittae at all, on the pronotum; S. angulatus bears a single vitta that is usually cruciform. Semiotus insignis differs from the other 3 species in having the antennae less pectinate (Fig. 166), though still having the outer angles of each segment longer than other species of Semiotus that are not included in the S. angulatus group. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is much less dentate in S. angulatus (Fig. 41) than in the other 3 species (Figs. 43-45), and the division of the lateral arms is much more arched and separate from the posterior piece. REMARKS. The differing color patterns evi- dent in S. angulatus are not consistent enough geographically to justify subspecific status. Speci- mens manifesting yellow to dark red elytra have been collected from the same area. The extent of the dark vittae on the elytra also varies within specimens collected in the same geographic area. This was the only difference between S. angulatus and S. suturalis. Semiotus angusticollis (Blanchard) (Figs. 6, 44, 107, 191) Semiotus angusticollis Blanchard 1843:127, Can- deze 1857:317, Candeze 1874:178 (Lectotype, female: MNHN (Chassain 2001c); type local- ity: Rio de Janeiro). DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 29 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 5.0). Head sanguineus on spines and laterally, piceus medially; bearing 2 spines apically, area between strongly concave; frontal texture glabrous, spines nearly impunctate, base of head moderately punctate; ocular index 62.0 to 65.0; frontal spines approximately 0.33 length of frons. Antennae pectinate, piceus, 3 to 4 segments short of hind angles. Pronotum 7 to 9 mm (length/ width ratio 1.3 to 1.4), testaceus to badius laterally, darker anteriorly, with 2 piceus vittae on disk (often joined apically), sanguineus vitta medially, anterolateral tubercles piceus; shape parallel-sided with angles gradually expanding on anterior sixth, anterolateral angles tuberculate; texture glabrous with punctures on anterior third up to 10 times the size of punctures on posterior third; margin sulcate medially and preapically, thickly rounded from hind angles to tubercles. Scutellum widely ovate. Prosternum fulvus to aurantiacus with piceus macula extending from hypomeron along suture; concave in profile; texture with fine scattered setae, nearly impunc- tate medially, with large punctures laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with piceus maculae along suture extending onto prosternum; texture glabrous with fine punctures throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to aurantiacus medially with piceus lateral maculae; texture glabrous and impunctate medially with fine setae and dense punctation laterally. Mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus with piceus lateral vittae; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus throughout. Elytra 16 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.2), widest on anterior fourth then evenly tapering to tip; color fulvus to testaceus with piceus lateral and sutural vitta extending from apex to anterior fifth; interstriae nearly flat, with very fine punctures; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus with 2 piceus vittae sublaterally; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout; female foveae absent; anterior sclerite covered with dense dentitions, lateral arms divided distally, at nearly right angles to median piece (Fig. 44). Male with parameres narrowing to near apex, lateral blades small, subtriangular, approximately 0.17 to 0.19 length of parameres (Fig. 107). 16 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, XL1968, S.A. Fragoso (EMEC); Guanabara, X-1961, Alvarenga Seabra (BMNH); 1935, P. Sandig (USNM); Sao Paulo, Cantareira, 11-13-1962, Halik (USNM); Ilha Santa Amaro, nr Santos, IV-1-1912, G.E. Bryant (BMNH); ibid. III-28-1912; ibid. III-29-1912. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus angusticollis is most closely related to S. insignis, S. conuexicollis, and S. angulatus. Semiotus angusticollis and S. con- vexicollis can be distinguished from S. angulatus by the pronotal maculae. Semiotus angusticollis bears black maculae on the pronotal tubercle, the other 2 species do not. Semiotus convexicollis bears either 2 linear vittae, or no vittae at all, on the pronotum; S. angulatus bears a single vitta that is usually cruciform. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. angusticollis (Fig. 44) is somewhat T-shaped, similar to that of S. con- vexicollis (Fig. 45) but with the lateral arms deflexed distally. Semiotus convexicollis Blanchard (Figs. 20, 45, 161, 192, 260) Semiotus convexicollis Blanchard 1843:128, Can- deze 1857:318, Candeze 1874:178, Szombathy 1909b: 121 (Lectoype, female: MNHN; type locality: Guarayos). Semiotus convexicollis signatus Schwarz 1902b: 208 (Holotype, female: DEIC; type locality: Paraguay, Villa Rica). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 21 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.6). Head piceus, with or without pale spines, bearing 2 spines apically; frontal texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation moderately deep. Antennae subpectinate, with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 through 11 piceus; length up to 4 segments short of hind angles (in females); ocular index 66.0 to 69.0. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.5), elongate, cylindrical, hind angles diverging, with 2 anterolateral tubercles, margin sulcate near middle only; color fulvus to aurantiacus with 2 piceus vittae conjoined along anterior border, or vittae faint to absent; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine basally becoming thicker and umbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum piceus, subtrape- zoidal. Prosternum concave in profile; color testaceus to aurantiacus with suture piceus; texture glabrous with few erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially becoming thick and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with piceus maculae along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus, with very fine punctures throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous and impunctate medially on fossa, with fine setae and dense punctation laterally. Mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus. Metasternum luteus to aurantiacus with 2 lateral piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation throughout. Metepimeron fulvus to Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotiis aurantiacus. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 13 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.9), widest on anterior fourth then evenly tapering to tip; color luteus with posterior 3/4 of suture and lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, with striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial punctures fine to very fine; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen luteus to aur- antiacus with 2 sublateral piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation through- out; female foveae absent; anterior sclerite wider than long, covered with sharp dentitions through- out, lateral arms at right angles to median piece, partially divided at tips (Fig. 45). Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: La Paz, Tumupasa, XII, Lopez (USNM); BRAZIL: Ama- zonas, Santarem (CMNH); Rondonia, 62 km SW Ariquemes, nr Fzda. Rancho Grande, XII-(3-15)- 1996, J.E. Eger (FSCA); 9 km NE Cacaulandia, (XII-1996)-(I-1997), K. Vulinec & D. Mellow (FSCA); 7 km NE Cacaulandia, Faz. Rancho Grande, XII-(6-15)-1990, rain forest, UV/Hg, G.B. Edwards (FSCA); COLOMBIA: Capital District, Bogota (BMNH); Candeze (ISNB); ECUADOR: Morona-— Santiago, Chigiiinda, Buckley (BMNH); Napo, 10 km SW Mishanalli, 600 m, 1°5'3"S, 77°42'9"W, L. Nadai (HNHM); Pastaza, Santa Clara, VII-4-1976, P.M. Turner (USNM); GUYANA: Mazaruni— Potaro, Bartica District, Kartabo, VIII-28-1920 (CASC); PARA- GUAY: Villa Rica (MNFD); PERU: Huanuco, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XII-18-1954 (CASC); Loreto, 80 km NE Iquitos, Explorama Lodge, on Amazon River, (VI-24)-(VII-20)-1990, Menke & Awertschenko (USNM); Explorama Lodge, 80 km NE Iquitos on Amazon River, (VI- 24)-(VII-20)-1990, Menke & Awertschenko (USNM); Paleazu (ISNB). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus convexicollis is most closely allied to S. insignis, S. angusticollis, and S. angulatus. Semiotus angusticollis and S. convex- icollis can be distinguished from S. angulatus by the pronotal maculae. Semiotus angusticollis bears black maculae on the pronotal tubercle, S. angulatus does not. Semiotus convexicollis bears either 2 linear vittae, or no vittae at all, on the pronotum, S. angulatus bears a single vitta that is usually cruciform. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is more narrowly sinuate in S. convexicollis than in the other species (Fig. 45). The lateral arms extend nearly at right angles to the medial piece with a sinuate anterior margin. In S. insignis, the anterior margin lacks sinuations (Fig. 43), in S. angusticollis the anterior margin is curved distally on the lateral half (Fig. 44), and in S. angulatus the anterior margin is much more strongly convex (Fig. 41). REMARKS. Semiotus c. signatus was described as a subspecies of S. c. convexicollis based on the absence of piceus pronotal vittae. This form appears to be the most common form in the Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 17 southern part of its range. The subspecies is not here recognized as vague vittae are evident on occasional specimens clearly intermediate be- tween the 2 forms. Semiotus insignis Candeze (Figs. 24, 43, 166, 183, 184) Semiotus insignis Candeze 1857:311. Steinheil 1875:111, Candeze 1874:176, Champion 1894:289 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: Mexico). Semiotus longus Candeze 1857:315, Candeze 1874:178 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: Mexico). New synonym. Semiotus insignis longus^ Champion 1894:289. DESCRIPTION. Length 32 to 44 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 5.0). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus, with piceus macula on basal half medially; anterior margin of frons bearing 2 spines; texture glabrous with moderately sized punctures evenly spaced throughout; ocular index 59.0 to 61.0; frontal spines approximately 0.16 length of frons. Antennae strongly serrate to subpectinate, extending 3 or 4 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 8 to 12 mm (length/ width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), fulvus to luteus basally, becoming aurantiacus medially; 5 piceus maculae situated from base to apex (1 medially near anterior margin, 2 on disk, and 2 near base), occasionally 4 maculae (at base and on disk) partially confluent forming 2 arcuate piceus lines; lateral margin sulcate for entire length of prono- tum, visible (when viewed dorsally) only on anterior third, hidden on posterior 2/3 by thickly rounded supramarginal convexity, ending in a tubercle near anterior third; shape gradually widening posteriorly; texture glabrous with fine punctures scattered throughout, becoming larger on anterior third. Prosternum evenly concave on anterior 2/3, lobe subtruncate anteriorly then tapering to margin; color aurantiacus to sangui- neus with or without elongate piceus maculae near suture medially; texture glabrous with a few fine setae on lobe, punctation very fine medially becoming larger and often contiguous laterally. Hypomeron and mesosternum fulvus to aurantia- cus, glabrous, with fine punctation scattered throughout. Mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus. Metasternum testaceus with piceus lateral macu- lae (sometimes absent); texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout. Femora testaceus. Elytra 21 to 29 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.4), fulvus to testaceus, with margin and suture piceus (sometimes badius) on posterior half; parallel-sided on anterior half before taper- ing to apex; texture glabrous with setae and striae very fine to absent; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus with 2 piceus (sometimes badius) maculae on each segment sublaterally; texture glabrous or with very fine setae on anterior margin of some sternites, punctures very fine and scattered throughout; female foveae absent; anterior sclerite covered with dense dentitions, lateral arms partially divided distally, nearly at right angles to short median piece. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BELIZE: Toledo, Columbia Forest, 5 km N. San Antonio, VI-24- 1981, W.E. Steiner (USNM); COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca, Anchicaya Dam, 70 km E Buenaven- tura, 1200 ft, VII-22-1970, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Anchicaya, 1000 ft, VII-27-1970, J.M. Campbell (CNCI); Darien, 1909, H. Hodge, (BMNH); W Cordillera, IX-1988, Lake Colima nr Buga, Rio Bravo Valley, 1180-1200 m (PCCV); ibid., 700-1100 m; Bogota (CMNH); COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Rio San Lorencito, 900 m, R.F. San Ramon, 5 km N Colonia, VI- 1993 (INBC); San Coplos, VII-12-1964, R. Canet (INBC); San Ramon de Dos Rios, 620 m, (IV-27)- (V-ll)-1995, C. Cano (INBC); Guanacaste, Est. Cacao, lado SO Volcan Cacao, P.N. Guanacaste, 800-1600 m, VII-1993, J.F. Quesada (INBG); Est. Pitilla, 9 km S Santa Cecillia, P.N. Guana- caste, 700 m, VII-1994, P. Rios (INBG); Heredia, Finca La Selva, 1.5 mi. S Puerto Viejo, IX-(17- 22)-1966, D.R. & M.L. Paulson (FSGA); La Selva, 50-150 m, VIII- 1992 (BYUC); Limon, Amubri, Talamanca, A.G. Amistad, 70 m, VI-(6- 28)-1994, G. Gallardo (INBC); Hamburg farm, Reventazon, V-8-25, im gebiisch, F. Nevermann (USNM); ibid. IX-27-24; R.B. Hitoy Cerere, Valle La Estrella, 100-200 m, IV-(4-20)-1994, G. Garballo (INBC); Ramal, Rio Parismina, Santa Clara, VI-2-25, auf trockenen Holz (USNM); Ramal, Rio, Parismina, Santa Clara, IX-26 (USNM); ibid. V-8-28, auf Frischgefallenem Holz; Puntarenas, Est. Biol. Las Alturas, 1500 m, Coto Brus., Aguilar, Greeney, Zumbado (INBG); Finca Gafrossa, 1300 m, Est. Las Mellizas, P. Inter- nacional La Amistad, V-1991, A.M. Ramirez (INBC); Rancho Quemado, 200 m. Peninsula der Osa, IV-1992, K. Flores (INBC); ECUADOR: Los Rios, Rio Palenque, XI-15-1972, T. Dodson (FSCA); GUATEMALA: Peten, Sayaaxche, El Peten, XII-21-1963, E.G. Welling (CNCI); Sayaaxche, X-8-1963, E.C. Welling (FMNH); HONDURAS: Altantida, P. N. Pico Bonito, El Manchon, 350 m, 15°29'18"N, 87°07'39"W, X- 12-2000, A. Lopez (EAPZ); MEXICO: Chiapas, San Quintin, VI-28-1977, P. Hubbell (FSCA); Oaxaca, Tehuantepec (USNM); Puebla, Xicote- pec de Juarez, 1200 m, IX-1987, T. Porion (PCCV); Veracruz, Catemaco, VII-13-1992, S. Bily (PCCV); Jalapa (FMNH); Presidio, R. Muller (USNM); NICARAGUA: (BMNH); PANAMA: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, 9°10'N, 79°50'W, V-(15-27)-1972, T.L. & L.J. Erwin (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, 9°10'N, 79°50'W, VII-(2 -7)-1973, Erwin & Hevel Cen- tral American Expedition (USNM); Barro Colo- 18 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 rado Island, 23-VIII-1978, E.M. Fisher (CASC); Barro Colorado Island, VII-24-1963, D.Q. Ca- vagnaro & M.E, Erwin (CASC); Cano Saddle, doe’s Plantation, M. Close (USNM); Chiriqui, Potrerillos, V-25-1935 (CASC); (NHMW); Vul- can de Chiriqui 25-4000 m. Champion (NHMW); (OXUM); (USNM); Panama, 10 km N El Llano, V-(16-22)-1987, E. Giesbert (FSCA); VENEZUELA: Aragua, Parque Nacional Henri Pittier, 4 km N El Limon, 700 m, VI-19-1987, M.A. Ivie, on dead tree (MTEC); Zulia, Mar- acaibo (ZMUC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus insignis is most closely allied to S. angusticollis, S. convexicollis, and S. angulatus. Semiotus insignis is readily separated from the other species in the species group by the pattern of pronotal maculae, by the shape of the antennae and female genitalia, and in distribu- tion. The pronotum normally bears 5 maculae including 4 discal maculae (2 anterior and 2 posterior) and an anterior macula positioned medially along the anterior margin (Fig. 184). Occasionally the anterior discal maculae are confluent with the posterior maculae forming 2 longitudinal vittae (Fig. 183). In these cases there is still an anterior macula (separate from the discal vittae), which is absent in specimens of S. convexicollis (Fig. 192) and S. artgusticollis (Fig. 191) that also bear 2 pronotal maculae. The tubercles (or strong convexities) in S. insignis bear no maculae. Semiotus insignis differs from the other 3 species in having the antennae less pectinate (Fig. 166). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. insignis (Fig. 44) is unique of the 4 species in that the anterior margin is nearly straight (Fig. 43). In the other species it is more sinuate (Figs. 41, 44, 45). The distribution of 5. insignis overlaps very little with the other 4 species, occurring primarily in Central America, although its range does extend into northern South America where it overlaps somewhat with the other species (all of which are restricted to South America). REMARKS. Champion (1894) recognized S. insignis longus Candeze as a subspecies where the 4 discal maculae of the pronotum became confluent into 2 parallel vittae. Specimens with this pattern are not geographically limited and the form is not recognized. Semiotus caracasanus Group The S. caracasanus species group is defined by the evenly convex and elongate dorsal surface of the pronotum. Dorsal concavities or tubercles are absent on the pronotum, and the disk joins the hypomera without sulci. These species also all bear 2 well-defined frontal spines. Species in the S. caracasanus group have the elytra colored 1 of 2 general ways. The pale basal color (extending nearly to the elytral apices) is separated by a dark sutural and a dark marginal vitta (Figs. 201-206), Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus or the pale basal color does not extend onto the apical third of the elytra (Figs. 195-200). Semiotus antennalis Candeze (Figs. 8, 83, 115, 206) Semiotus antennalis Candeze 1895:16 (Type: not found; type locality: Veragua) Semiotus melanocephalus Schwarz 1 902a: 131- 132 (Syntypes: DEIC; type locality: Peru, Huanuco and Ecuador, Napo, Archidona). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 11 to 20 mm (length/ width ratio 4.7 to 4.8). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few erect setae over eyes, punctation moderately deep; ocular index 69.0 to 72.0. Antennae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 through 3 testaceus, segments 4 to 7 piceus, segment 8 badius, and segments 9 to 1 1 fulvus to straminious. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color aurantia- cus to sanguineus, hind angles lighter; texture nitidus, finely punctate throughout becoming thicker and umbilicate anteromedially. Scutellum testaceus to rufopiceus, broadly ovate, as wide as long. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, tip of prosternal process not divided; color testaceus to sanguineus throughout; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially, contiguous and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron aurantiacus, lighter posteriorly; tex- ture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum aurantiacus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum auran- tiacus to testaceus. Metasternum aurantiacus to testaceus; texture nearly glabrous with few scattered setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 12 to 13 mm (length/width ratio 3.1 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior fourth then narrow- ing to tip; color luteus with interval 1 (and part of interval 2 posteriorly) and posterior 2/3 of margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial punctures fine, interstriae wrinkled and lightly punctate; apices each ending in a single spine. Abdomen fulvus to luteus with medial cuneiform vitta extending length of abdomen piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine and scattered throughout; female with 2 nearly contiguous elongate elliptical foveae on posterior 3/5 of sternite 5; lateral arms of anterior sclerite extending distally 1/2 length of median piece, each bearing 3 to 4 dentitions (Fig. 83). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blade about 1/5 length of parameres (Fig. 115). MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Cocha- bamba, 1 km E Villa Tunari, X-(8-12)-1992, E. Giesbert (FSCA); La Paz, Tumupasa, IX-1925, G. Harrington (USNM); Santa Cruz, Buena Vista, Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 19 Ichilo, (XI-XII)-1948, L. Pena (CASC); BRAZIL: Goias, Jatahay, (IX-XI)-1897 (DEIC); ECUA- DOR: Napo, Archidona, R. Haensch (DEIC); Limoncocha, VI-9-1977, W.E. Steiner (USNM); Tena vicinity, 500 m, VII-(5-10)-1976, S & J Peck (CNCI); Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, IX-(10-20)-1994, 290 m, P. Hibbs (LACM); ibid., V-(14-24)-1994, 260 m; PERU: Huanuco, D, Speyer (DEIC); Madre de Dios, Mann, confluence of Rio Alto Madre de Dios & Rio Ganitana, XI- 1980, N. Zakharoff (CASC); Manu, Erika (near Salvacion), 550 m, IX-(4-6)-1988, O. Elint & N. Adams (USNM); Political division unknown, Marcapata (DEIC), DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus antennalis is most closely related to S. carus^ S. spinosus, and S. rileyi. The dark elytral markings are restricted to the suture and lateral margin (Fig. 206). The last 3 antennal segments are pale yellow in S. antennalis, which is also the case for most of the species in the S. caracasanus group. Only S. spinosus, S. nigriceps, and S. caracasa?ms have the last 8 or 9 antennal segments entirely black. The last 4 segments of the antennae are pale yellow in S. woodi, S. chontalenus, and S. matilei. In S. pallicornus and S. rileyi, all the segments are pale. Semiotus antennalis can also be separated from S. nigriceps by the lack of a pronotal vitta (present in 5. nigriceps and S. matilei', see Figs. 203, 204). It can be separated from S. cyrtomaris by the shorter dark vitta along the elytral margin and by the laterally straight aedeagus. In S. cyrtomaris, the dark elytral vitta extends marginally to the humeri and the aedeagus is strongly arched dorsoventrally (Fig. 105). Semiotus antennalis can be separated from S. cams by the reduced number of spines (approximately 4) on the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix (Fig. 83), Semiotus carus bears roughly 9 such spines (Fig. 61). The piceus marginal elytral vitta in S. cams extends medially across 2 or 3 intervals only. In S. antennalis it extends medially 4 to 6 intervals. REMARKS. The type of S. antennalis has not been found. A specimen identified by Candeze (ISNB) is similar to the original description of S. antennalis and is conspecific with S. melanoce- phalus. Semiotus caracasanus Rojas (Figs. 10, 53, 114, 137, 195) Semiotus caracasanus Rojas 1855:160, Candeze 1857:311, Steinheil 1875:111, Candeze 1874: 176, Fleutiaux 1891:275 (Lectotype (Chassain 2001c): MNHN; type locality: Venezuela, Caracas). Semiotus carasanus Fleutiaux 1925:109. Unjusti- fied emendation. DESCRIPTION. Length 12 to 19 mm (length/ width ratio 3.9 to 4.6). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few setae above eyes and spines, punctation moder- ately deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 70.0 to 73.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus, Pronotum 3.0 to 5.0 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, lateral margin rounded; color fulvus with broad piceus vitta extending from base to anterior margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile on anterior half; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolaterally, punctation fine medially, becoming denser and umbilicate later- ally. Hypomeron fulvus laterally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate on lateral fulvus area, finely punctate on piceus medial area. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metaste- rnum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, puncta- tion very fine throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 7 to 12 mm (length/width ratio 2.5 to 3.0), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus on basal half, piceus on apical half; strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each bearing 1 spine with sutural side angled and often minutely dentate subapically. Abdomen pale fulvus later- ally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered throughout, puncta- tion fine and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5 confluent apically; anterior sclerite longer than wide, lateral arms short, 1/3 length of median piece (Fig. 53). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades pointed, less than 1/5 length of parameres (Fig. 114). MATERIAL EXAMINED. GUYANA: Lands- berg (ZMUC); VENEZUELA: Aragua, Porta- chuelo Pass, 20 km N Maracay, 1160 m, VI-18- 1972, G.R. Collins (CASC); ibid., 1100 m; Rancho Grande Biol. Stn,, Portachuelo Pass, 10°21'0"N, 67°4U0"W, 1100 m, VI-4-1998, J. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley, insects moving through pass against wind-migration (SEMC); Federal District, Caracas (ZMUC); State un- known, Caracas Valley, VIM 897 (CASC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus caracasanus is most closely allied to S. nigriceps. The dark elytral markings, however, readily separate the 2 species. In S. caracasanus, they are restricted to the apical half (Fig. 195). In S. nigriceps, they extend along the suture and lateral margins nearly to the elytral apices (Fig. 203). Semiotus caracasanus can be readily separated from S. rileyi by the presence of a pronotal vitta. Semiotus rileyi lacks a pronotal vitta (Fig. 200). The pronotal vitta in S. caraca- sanus is broad and approximately as wide 20 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 anteriorly as posteriorly and occupies roughly as much area as the lateral pale yellow vittae. This is also the condition in S. spinosus, and S. woodi. In S. triplehorni, the pronotal vitta is strongly constricted toward the anterior margin (Fig. 198). In S. zonatus, the pronotal vitta is much wider, occupying roughly 0.75 or more of the dorsal pronotal area. Semiotus caracasanus can be separated from 5. woodi by the entirely pale basal color of the elytra. In S. woodi, a dark vitta extends from the black apical color to the scutellum (Fig. 197). Semiotus lacrimiformis is distinguished from S. caracasanus by the tear- shaped extension of the basal elytral color onto the black apical color (Fig. 199). In S. caracasa- nus the juncture of the 2 colors is only slightly sinuate. Nearly all the species in the S. caracasa- nus group have at least the apical segment of the antennae pale yellow. Only S. spinosus, S. nigriceps, and S. caracasanus have the last 8 or 9 antennal segments entirely black. Semiotus caracasanus can be separated from S. spinosus by the length of the lateral blades of the parameres. In S. spinosus the lateral blades are longer, more than 1/4 length of the parameres (Fig. 113). In 5. caracasanus the lateral blades are less than 1/5 length of the parameres (Fig. 114). Semiotus spinosus has been collected in Ecuador and Peru. Semiotus caracasanus is known only from Venezuela. Semiotus cams Janson (Figs. 10, 61, 112, 202) Semiotus carus Janson 1882:34, Champion 1894:553 (Syntypes (7): BMNH; type locality: Ecuador, Chiguinda) DESCRIPTION. Length 15 to 20 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 5.2). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with moderately deep punctation. Antennae 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 through 3 testaceus, segments 4 to 8 (and sometimes 9) testaceus to badius, segments (9), 10, and 11 fulvus. Pronotum 3 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.5), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color aurantiacus; tex- ture nitidus, finely punctate throughout with punctures becoming thicker and umbilicate ante- romedially. Scutellum testaceus to rufopiceus, broadly ovate, wider than long. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, tip of prosternal process not divided; color testaceus to sanguineus, lobe piceus to testaceus; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially, contiguous and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron aurantiacus; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus; texture nearly glabrous with few Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus scattered setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Eemora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 10 to 13 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.4), subparallel on anterior fourth then narrow- ing to tip; color luteus with interval 1 and posterior 2/3 of margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial punctures fine, interstriae wrinkled and lightly punctate; apices each ending in poorly defined spines. Abdomen fulvus to luteus with medial piceus cuneiform vitta extending length of abdomen; texture mostly glabrous with few scattered setae on sternites 1 and 5, punctation fine, becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 nearly contiguous elongate elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5, anterior sclerite with approximately 4 to 8 dentitions, arms extending distally approximately 4/5 length of median piece (Eig. 61). Male with narrow parameres, lateral blades approximately 1/5 length of parameres, acute apically (Fig. 112). MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Mor- ona — Santiago, Chiguinda, Buckley (BMNH); PERU: Huanuco, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XII-11-1954, E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross (CASC); ibid. XII-2-1954; ibid. XI-10-1954; ibid. X-12-1954; 20 km SW Tingo Maria, VI-20-1982, E. & I. Munroe (CMNC); Madre de Dios, Manu, confluence of Rio Alto de Madre de Dios and Rio Ganitano, XI-1980, N. Zakharoff (CASC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus carus is most closely related to S. antennalis, S. spinosus, and S. rileyi. The last 3 antennal segments are pale yellow in S. carus. This is also the case for most of the species in the S. caracasanus group. Only S. spinosus, S. nigriceps and S. caracasanus have the last 8 or 9 antennal segments entirely black. The last 4 segments of the antennae are pale yellow in S. woodi, S. chontalenus, and S. matilei. In S. pallicornus and S. rileyi, all the segments are pale. Semiotus carus can also be separated from S. nigriceps by the lack of a pronotal vitta (present in S. nigriceps and S. matilei-, see Eigs. 203, 204). It can be separated from S. cyrtomaris by the shorter and narrower dark vitta along the elytral margin and by the laterally straight aedeagus. In S. cyrtomaris (and in S. antennalis) the dark elytral vitta extends marginally to the humeri and medially across 4 to 6 elytral intervals (in S. carus it extends medially only across 2 or 3 intervals), and the aedeagus is strongly arched dorsoventral- ly (Eig. 105). Semiotus carus can be separated from S. antennalis by the extra number of spines (roughly 9) on the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix (Eig. 61). Semiotus antennalis bears approximately 4 such spines (Eig. 83). Semiotus chontalenus Candeze (Fig. 9) Semiotus chontalenus Candeze 1874:177, Cham- pion 1896:291 (Holotype, female: BMNH; type locality: Nicaragua, Chontales). Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 21 DESCRIPTION. Length 15 to 16 mm (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 4.7). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous except for a few setae above eyes and at base of spines, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 64.0 to 66.0; frontal spines approximately 0.28 length of frons. An- tennae serrate, reaching hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 7 piceus to rufopiceus, segments 8 to 11 fulvus to straminious. Pronotum 4 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulci; color fulvus with broad piceus vitta extending from base to anterior margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolaterally, punctation fine medially, becom- ing denser and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus laterally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate on lateral fulvus area, finely punctate on piceus medial area. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunc- tate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora fulvus. Elytra 10 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.0), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus on basal half, piceus on apical half, contrasting colors separate along sinuous line; strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1, which is variously impressed) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each bearing 1 spine with sutural side angled and often minutely dentate. Abdomen pale fulvus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5 confluent apically. MATERIAL EXAMINED. NICARAGUA: Chon- tales, Chontales gold mines (OXUM); Chontales (NHMW); ibid. (BMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus chontalenus belongs to those species of the S. caracasanus group where the pale basal color of the elytra does not extend onto the apical third (Figs. 195-200), as opposed to those species where the pale basal color (extending nearly to the elytral apices) is separat- ed by a dark sutural and a dark marginal vitta (Figs. 201-206). The pronotal vitta in S. chonta- lenus is broad and roughly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly and occupies roughly as much area as the lateral pale yellow vittae. This is also the condition in S. spinosus, S. woodi, and S. caracasanus. In S. triplehorni, the pronotal vitta is strongly constricted toward the anterior margin (Fig. 198). In S. zonatus, the pronotal vitta is much wider, occupying roughly 0.75 or more of the dorsal pronotal area. Semiotus chontalenus can be separated from S. woodi by the entirely pale basal color of the elytra. In S. woodi, a dark vitta extends from the black apical color to the scutellum (Fig. 197). Semiotus lacrimiformis is different from S. chontalenus in the tear-shaped extension of the basal elytral color onto the black apical color (Fig. 199). In S. chontalenus the juncture of the 2 colors is only slightly sinuate. Semiotus chontalenus occurs in Nicaragua (Fig. 9) and perhaps into Costa Rica as well (although no material from there has been seen), where several other species in the S. caracasanus group occur. These species include S. woodi, S. spinosus, S. triplehorni, S. pallicornus, and S. lacrimiformis. The antennae in S. lacrimiformis and S. triplehorni terminate with 3 pale yellow to orange segments. Semiotus woodi and S. chonta- lenus have 4 pale yellow to straw-colored distal antennal segments. The antennae in S. pallicornus are completely yellow to orange, and the antennae of S. spinosus are entirely black. Semiotus cyrtomaris n. sp. (Figs. 8, 59, 104, 105, 201) DESCRIPTION. Length 14 to 17 mm (length/ width ratio 4.4 to 4.9). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with moderately deep punctation. Antennae 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 through 3 testaceus, segments 4 to 8 (or 9) testaceus to badius, segments (9), 10, and 1 1 fulvus. Pronotum 3 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded with- out sulcus; color aurantiacus with or without piceus vitta anteromedially; texture nitidus, finely punctate throughout with punctures becoming thicker and umbilicate anteromedially. Scutellum testaceus to rufopiceus, ovate, longer than wide. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, tip of prosternal process not divided; color testaceus to sanguineus, lobe piceus or not different in color from rest of prosternum; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially, contiguous and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron aurantiacus; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus; texture nearly glabrous with or without few scattered setae anterolater- ally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 9 to 12 mm (length/ width ratio 2.7 to 3.3), subparallel on anterior fourth then narrowing to tip; color luteus with interval 1, posterior half of interval 2, and lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial punctures fine, interstriae wrinkled and lightly punctate; 22 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 apices each ending in a single spine. Abdomen fulvus to luteus with medial piceus cuneiform vitta extending length of abdomen; texture mostly glabrous with few scattered setae on sternites 1 and 5, punctation fine, becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 nearly contiguous elongate elliptical foveae on posterior half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms long, as long as median piece, and bearing roughly 4 dentitions apically (Fig. 59). Male with median lobe and parameres strongly arcuate, lateral blades short, roughly 1/8 length of parameres (Figs. 104, 105). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: PERU: Huanuco, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XII-1 1-1954, E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross (CASC); Paratypes: PERU: Fluanuco, Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XI-1-1954, E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross (1, CASC); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, IX-23-1954, E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross (1, CASC); Junin, 900 m, Soudoveni Ridges, Soudoveni/FIuantadriri Vail., 1987, ca. 100 km NO Satipo (1, PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. The elytral markings of 5. cyrto- maris are restricted to the suture and lateral margin (Fig. 201). The last 3 antennal segments are pale yellow. This is also the case for most of the species in the 5. caracasanus group. Only 5. spinosus, S. nigriceps, and S. caracasanus have the last 8 or 9 antennal segments entirely black. The last 4 segments of the antennae are pale yellow in 5. woodi^ S. chontalenus, and S. matilei. In S. pallicornus and 5. rileyi, all the segments are pale. Semiotus cyrtomaris can also be separated from 5. nigriceps by the lack of a pronotal vitta (present in S. nigriceps and 5. matilei; see Figs. 203, 204). Semiotus cyrtomaris can be separated from S. cams by having the scutellum longer than wide. It can be separated from 5. antennalis and 5. nigriceps by the piceus elytral marginal vitta extending anteriorly past the posterior border of the scutellum (often to the anterior humeral angles). The male parameres of 5. cyrtomaris are strongly arcuate, nearly hemispherical, in profile (Fig. 105). This is an unique characteristic, not found in other Semiotus. ETYMOLOGY. The name is a combination of Greek kyrtos (curved) and maris (maleness), referring to the arched aedeagus and parameres. Semiotus lacrimiformis n. sp. (Figs. 12, 69, 111, 199) DESCRIPTION. Length 11 to 19 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 5.1). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few supraorbital setae, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 7 piceus, segment 8 badius to testaceus, segments 9 to 1 1 straminious. Pronotum 2 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.5), narrowly Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color fulvus to luteus, with broad piceus vitta extending from base to anterior margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate, broader than long. Prosternum evenly concave in profile on anterior half; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolaterally, punctation fine medially, becoming denser and umbilicate lateral- ly. Hypomeron fulvus laterally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation very fine to obsolete. Mesosternum piceus, fossa gla- brous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus, tarsi piceus. Elytra 7 to 12 mm (length/ width ratio 2.5 to 3.4), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color piceus apically, luteus basal coloration projecting on each elytron in broad hemispherical extensions onto apical third; texture glabrous, nitidus, strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each with 2 points extending apically at different lengths, difference in length (or apical extension) of both points less than lateral distance between points. Abdomen pale fulvus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered through- out, punctation fine and evenly scattered through- out; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 to 3/4 of sternite 5 confluent apically; anterior sclerite with numerous spinose dentitions, lateral arms short, extending apically less than 1/2 length of median piece (Fig. 69). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades narrow, flexed and sub- triangular, approximately 0.35 to 0.40 length of parameres (Fig. 111). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Buen Amigo, San Luis Monteverde, 1000-1300 m. III- 1995, Z. Fuentes (INBC); Paratypes: COSTA RICA: Guanacaste, Estacion Mengo, SW side Volcan Cacao, 1100 m, 11-1989 (1, INBC); Est. Cacao, 1000-1400 m, S Vol. Cacao P.N., V-(21-29)-1992, A. Gutierrez (1, INBC); Est. Cacao, 1000-1400 m, SW Vol. Cacao, IIL1990 (1, INBC); Est. Cacao, 800-1600 m, S Vol. Cacao P.N., VII-1993, J.F. Quesada (1, INBC); Estac. Cacao, SE side Volcan Cacao, 1000-1400 m, V-VI-1990 (1, INBC); ibid., B. Guadamuz y familia (1, INBC); Estacion Cacao, SW side Volcan Cacao, 1000-1400 m, VI-1990 (2, INBC); Rio San Lorenzo, Tierras Morenas, Z.P. Tenorio, 1050 m, IV-1992, C. Alvarado (1, INBC); Puntarenas, Buen Amigo, San Luis Mon- teverde, A.C. Arenal, 1000-1350 m, V-1994, Z. Fuentes (6, INBC); Buen Amigo, Monteverde 4 km S de la reserva, 1000-1350 m, V-1997, Z. Fuentes (2, INBC); Est. G Brenes, Reserva Biologica Monteverde, 1300 m, VI-1991, E. Bello (1, INBC); Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 23 Monte Verde, IV-(19-26)-1988, E. Giesbert (2, FSCA); Monte Verde, Pension Quetzal, 1380 m, V-28-1992, M. Jameson and B. Ratcliffe (1, SEMC); San Luis, Fca. Buen Amigo Monteverde, 4 km S de la Reserva, 1350 m, VII-1997, Z. Fuentes (1, INBC); ibid., III-1997 (1, INBC); San Luis Monteverde, 1000-1350 m, IV-1995, Z. Fuentes (2, INBC); ibid., III-1995 (1, INBC); San Luis Monteverde, 1000-1350 m, IV-1994, Z. Fuentes (1, INBC); ibid., III-1994 (6, INBC); ibid., 11-1994 (2, INBC); San Luis Monteverde, 1040 m, IX-1992, Z. Fuentes (2, INBC); ibid., (VIII-24)- (IX-15)-1992, F.A. Quesada (2, INBC). DIAGNOSIS. The color pattern of the elytra is different in S. lacrimiformis than in related species. The pale basal color extends as a tear-shaped extension onto the black apical color (Fig. 199). In related species, the pale basal color (extending nearly to the elytral apices) is separated by a dark sutural and a dark marginal vitta (Figs. 201-206), or the pale basal color does not extend onto the apical third of the elytra (Figs. 195-198, 200). The basal pale elytral coloration of S. woodi, though not lacrimiform, is sinuate. It can be separated from S. lacrimiformis by the dark sutural vitta that extends to the scutellum (Fig. 197). In S. lacrimi- formis the suture is pale on the basal half of the elytra. Both 5. triplehorni and S. woodi have the lateral paramere blades 0.30 to 0.35 of the overall paramere length. In S. lacrimiformis the blades are longer, 0.35 to 0.40 the overall paramere length. ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the tear- shaped markings on the elytra. Semiotus matilei Chassain (Figs. 10, 158, 204) Semiotus matilei Chassain 2001a:31 (Holotype, male: MNHN; type locality: Ecuador, Para- mba, 3500 ft). DESCRIPTION. Length 13 to 14 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.4). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with mod- erately deep punctation. Antennae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 through 3 testaceus, segments 4 to 7 (or 8) piceus, segments 8 to 11 fulvus to straminious. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color aurantiacus, hind angles lighter, disc with median piceus vitta sinuous, extending from posterior border to anterior border; texture nitidus, finely punctate throughout with punctuation becoming thicker anteromedially. Scutellum subtrapezoidal, small, separated from anterior elytral margin by own length; color testaceus to rufopiceus. Proster- num evenly concave in profile, tip of prosternal process not divided; color fulvus to aurantiacus, lobe piceus; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially, denser and deeper laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to aur- antiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mese- pisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum testa- ceus to aurantiacus; texture nearly glabrous with few scattered setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 8 to 9 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 2.9), widest on anterior fourth then narrowing to anterior border and to posterior tip; color fulvus to luteus with interval 1 and broad lateral vitta (covering intervals 5 to 9) extending to humeral angles testaceus to badius; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae (except stria 1) and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each ending in a single spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with few scattered decumbent setae anterolaterally and few erect setae posteriorly. Male with para- meres narrow medially, lateral blades rounded on lateral margin apically, sharply angled anteriorly, approximately 1/4 length of parameres. Female not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Pi- chincha, 500 m, 16 km SE Santo Domingo, VI- (4-14)-1976, S. & J. Peck (CNCI); Province unknown, Cachabe, low ca. XI-’96, Rosenberg (MNHN); Paramba, 3500 ft, III-’97, Rosenberg (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus matielei is unique among all the species in the S. caracasanus group in having a small subquadrate scutellum. In the other species the scutellum is subobovate to triangular. Semiotus matilei is most closely related to S. pallicornus. The dark elytral markings are restricted to the suture and lateral margin (Fig. 204). The last 4 antennal segments are pale yellow in S. matilei^ S. woodi (see Fig. 197), and S. chontalenus. Only the last 3 segments are pale in most species in the S. caracasanus group. In S. spinosus, S. nigriceps, and S. caracasanus the last 8 or 9 antennal segments are entirely black. In S. pallicornus and S. rileyi, all the segments are pale. REMARKS. The last 2 localities indicated are assumed to be in Ecuador (Chassain, 2001a) though not found in available atlases. Semiotus nigriceps Candeze (Figs. 13, 55, 156, 203) Semiotus nigriceps Candeze 1857:310, Candeze 1874:175, Fleutiaux 1925:109 (Syntypes (4): BMNH; type locality: Brazil). Semiotus nigrolineatus Schwarz 1900:306 (Syn- types: DEIC; type locality: Brazil, Goyas, Jatahy). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 20 to 21 mm (length/ width ratio 4.8 to 4.9) Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally with sharply angled area between; texture glabrous with or without few erect supraorbital setae, with small deep punctu- res scattered throughout; ocular index 71.0 to 73.0; frontal spines approximately 0.38 length of 24 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 frons. Antennae serrate, 4 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 (and sometimes 3) testaceus, segments 3 (or 4) to 11 rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.3 to 1.5), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color fulvus to testaceus with broad median vitta piceus, angles often paler; texture glabrous with fine deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum slightly and evenly concave in profile; color testaceus to sanguineus; texture glabrous with few decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine and shallow medially becoming dense and umbilicate laterally. Hypo- meron fulvus to testaceus with fine punctures scattered throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to aurantiacus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus. Metaster- num testaceus to aurantiacus medially with badius to rufopiceus lateral areas; texture gla- brous with very fine scattered punctures scattered throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 12 to 14 mm (length/width ratio 3.1 to 3.2), sub- parallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; interval 1 (and posterior half of interval 2) and posterior half (to 3/4) of intervals 5 to 9 piceus, remainder of elytra forming a wedge-shaped fulvus basal extension to near tip; texture glabrous, stria 1 well defined, remaining striae and strial punctures shallow to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to luteus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta extending from sternite 1 to sternite 5; texture with very fine decumbent setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and scattered throughout; female with 2 elongate foveae on posterior 3/4 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms covered with several dentitions extending posteriorly 2/3 length of median piece (Fig. 55). Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Goias, Jatahy (DEIC); Rio de Janeiro (ZMEIC); Rio de Janeiro, 1-1977, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); ECUA- DOR: Napo, Res. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S Onkone Gare Camp, Trans. Ent., 220 m, 0°39'10"S, 76°26'W, VI-30-1995, T.L. Erwin et ah, insecticidal fogging of mostly bare green leaves, some with covering of lichenous or bryophytic plants in terre firme forest, at Trans. 8, sta. 4 Project MAXUS, lot 1074 (USNM); PARAGUAY: Itapua, San Pedro Mi., San Rafael Reserve, 26°31'24"S, 55°48'18"W, 90 m, XI-27- 2000, Z.H. Falin, PARIEOO, ex: on vegetation near fruitfall (SEMC); PERU: Cuzco, Rio Pau- cartambo, Quiroz (LACM); (DEIC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus nigriceps is most closely related to S. caracasanus, S. antennalis^ and S. spinosus. The dark elytral markings are restricted to the suture and lateral margin (Fig. 203). Among these species within the S. caracasanus group, only S. nigriceps and S. matilei have a dark Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus pronotal vitta. The pronota are immaculate in the other species. Semiotus nigriceps can be separated from S. matilei by the completely dark antennae. In S. matilei the last 4 segments are pale yellow. REMARKS. The pattern of the elytral and pronotal vittae do not differ in the type series of S. nigrolineatus and S. nigriceps. Because other characters are likewise the same, these 2 names are considered synonyms. Semiotus pallicomus n. sp. (Eigs. 11, 60, 103, 205) DESCRIPTION. Length 14 to 19 mm (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 5.4). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with moderately deep punctation. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles; color fulvus to testaceus throughout. Pronotum 3 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color aurantiacus; texture nitidus, finely punctate throughout becoming thicker and umbilicate anteromedially. Scutellum piceus, subtrapezoidal. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, tip of prosternal process not divided; color testaceus to sanguineus medially, lobe and prosternal process piceus; texture glabrous with erect setae on anterior fourth, punctation fine medially, contig- uous and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to aurantiacus with posterior border piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunc- tate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with few scattered setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Eemora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 9 to 12 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.4), sub- parallel on anterior fourth then narrowing to tip; color luteus with apical 3/4 of interval 1 and posterior 2/3 of margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial punctures fine, interstriae wrinkled and lightly punctate; apices each ending in a point or poorly defined spine. Abdomen fulvus to luteus with piceus medial cuneiform vitta extending length of abdomen; texture mostly glabrous with few scattered setae on sternites 1 and 5, puncta- tion fine, becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 nearly contiguous elongate elliptical foveae on posterior 3/4 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite vestigial, lateral arms small, subtriangular (Eig. 60). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades subtriangular, 1/3 length of parameres (Fig. 103). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COSTA RICA: Guancaste, Rio San Lorenzo, 1050 m, Tierras Morenas, Z.P. Tenorio, IV- 1993, G. Rodriguez (INBC); Paratypes: COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Penas Blancas, II-2-1987, E. Cruz (1, CMNC); Penas Blancas, XII-1986, E. Cruz Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 25 M.T. (1, CMNC); Cartago, Quebrada Segunda, Tapanti, 1150 m, XI-1994, R. Delgado (1, INBC); Ref. Nac. Fauna Silv,, Tapanti, 1250 m, VIIT1991, F.A. Quesada (1, INBC); Suiza Tur’lba, P. Schild (1, USNM). DIAGNOSIS. In S. pallicornus, the dark elytral markings are restricted to the suture and lateral margin (Fig. 205). In the S. caracasanus group, only S. pallicornus and 5. rileyi have entirely pale antennae. Semiotus pallicornus has a reduced anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix (Fig. 60) that appears subtriangular. This sclerite is even more reduced in S. rileyi (Fig. 67), where it is subelliptical. Semiotus pallicornus is known only from Costa Rica, S. rileyi is only known from Panama. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus pallicornus is named for the pale antennae. Semiotus rileyi n. sp. (Figs. 8, 67, 200) j DESCRIPTION. Length 16 to 18 mm (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 5.7). Head piceus, front with 2 ' spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few erect setae over eyes, punctation fine and scat- tered throughout. Antennae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles; fulvus throughout. Pronotum 4 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to ' 1.5), elongate, cylindrical, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate, without sulcus; color aurantia- cus, without maculae; texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctures throughout. Scutellum piceus, ovate to subtriangular. Prosternum evenly con- : cave in profile; color aurantiacus medially, lobe j and prosternal process piceus; texture glabrous I medially with decumbent setae laterally and few I erect setae on lobe, punctation fine medially, 1 denser and umbilicate laterally and on lobe, j Hypomeron aurantiacus, posterior border piceus, angles fulvus; texture glabrous, nitidus with or without fine punctation throughout. Mesoster- num piceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, 1 lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; tex- ture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures throughout. Femora fulvus to aurantiacus. Elytra I 9 to 10 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 3.2), ' subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to ! tip; color luteus to aurantiacus on basal half, I piceus on apical half; texture glabrous, nitidus, I strial punctures fine, striae fine to obsolete; apices j each ending in a spine and with sutural margin sinuous to slightly angled subapically. Abdomen piceus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures throughout; female with 2 elongate obovate foveae on posterior 4/5 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite vestigial, reduced to small sclerite 1/3 size of antenomere 2 (Fig. 67). Male unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: PANAMA: Chiriqui, Reserva la Fortuna, Divide Trail, V-26-1993, E.G. Riley (EGRC/TAMU); Paratype: PANAMA: Cerro Jefe, VT(l-2)-1985, E.G. & M.A. Riley (1, EGRC/TAMU); Panama, Cerro Azul, 2600 ft, VT3-1992, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus rileyi is most closely allied to S. car us ^ S. spinosus, and S. antennalis. In S. rileyi the dark elytral markings are restricted to the apical half (Fig. 200). Among other species in the S. caracasanus group with this elytral pattern, it is unique in having an immaculate pronotum. The pronotal color is a deeper tan to orange than the pale color of the other species that ranges from pale to dark yellow. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is very reduced in S. rileyi (Fig. 67), being not more than an elliptical piece less than a fifth the size of related species (as in Figs. 68, 69). Geographically, S. rileyi is known only from Panama. Of the species in the S. caracasanus group, only S. spinosus is known to also occur in Panama. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus rileyi is named in honor of Edward G. Riley, Texas A&M Univer- sity. Semiotus spinosus n. sp. (Figs. 10, 52, 113, 196) DESCRIPTION. Length 14 to 17 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.5). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few setae above eyes and spines, punctation moder- ately deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 72.0 to 75.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color fulvus to luteus, with broad piceus vitta extending from base to anterior margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutel- lum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile on anterior half; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolat- erally, punctation fine medially, becoming denser and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus lat- erally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate on lateral fulvus area, finely punctate on piceus medial area. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; tex- ture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decum- bent setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 9 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 2.9), gla- brous, subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus on basal half, piceus on apical half; strial punctures fine, striae (except 26 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 stria 1 ) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each bearing 1 spine with sutural side angled to dentate subapically. Abdomen pale fulvus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered through- out, punctation fine and evenly scattered through- out; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/ 3 of sternite 5 confluent apically; anterior sclerite longer than wide, lateral arms short, 1/3 length of median piece (Fig. 52). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades pointed, length more than 1/4 the length of parameres (Fig. 113). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Estacion Biologica Las Alturas, 1500 m, Coto Bruns., IX-1991, M. Ramirez, L-S-822500,591800 (INBC); Paratypes: COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Avenida El Pizote, I. 4 km NE de la Tigra, 1300 m, VI-(10-29)-1996, E. Navarro (1, INBC); ECUADOR: Galapagos, Galapagos Islands, Charles Island, VI-1929, Pinchot Exp. (1, USNM); PANAMA: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island,VII-9-1961, J.M. Camp- bell, at light (2, CNCI); Barro Colorado Island, VI-(11-13)-1976, E.M. Fisher (1, CASC); Barro Colorado Island, VI-(17-20)-1976, E.M. Fisher (1, CASC); Barro Colorado Island, V-1-1980, R. Silberg, A. Aiello, Snyder, Molino (1, USNM); Barro Colorado Island, II-1-45, J. Zetek (1, USNM); Barro Colorado Island, VIII-7-1933, J. D. Hood (1, USNM); Fort Sherman, IV-26- 1980, D. Engleman (1, EGRC); Fort Sherman, IV- 26-1980, D. Engleman (1, EGRC); Fort Sherman, 9°20'N, 79°58'W, VII-31-1974, D. Engleman (1, CNCI); vie. Gamboa, V-8-1981, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA); Summit Gardens, V-27-1969, E.G. Riley (1, EGRC); Panama, Cerro Campana, 850 m, 8°40'N, 79°56'W, VI-3-1972, Stockwell (1, CNCI); Cerro Campana, III-18-1973, Stanch (1, BWPC); Pan American Highway, 30 km E Ca- hita, VI-(15-29)-1992. J. & K. Ribardo (1, CASC); South America (1, LACM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus spinosus is most closely allied to S. cams, S. rileyi, and 5. antennalis. In 5. spinosus the dark elytral markings are restricted to the apical half (Fig. 196). It can be readily separated from 5. rileyi by the presence of a pronotal vitta. Semiotus rileyi lacks a pronotal vitta (Fig. 200). The pronotal vitta in 5. spinosus is broad and roughly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly and occupies roughly as much area as the lateral pale yellow vittae. This is also the condition in 5. caracasanus, S. chontalenus, S. woodi, and 5. caracasanus. Semiotus caracasanus but can be separated from S. spinosus by the length of the lateral blades of the parameres. In S. spinosus the lateral blades are longer, more than 1/4 length of the parameres (Fig. 113). In S. caracasanus the lateral blades are less than 1/5 the length of the parameres (Fig. 114). Semiotus spinosus is known from Ecuador and Peru north to Costa Rica. Semiotus caracasanus is only known from Venezuela. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus spinosus is named for the spinose frons. Semiotus triplehorni n. sp. (Figs. 12, 68, no, 198) DESCRIPTION. Length 13 to 18 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.5). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few supraorbital setae, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, 1 to 3 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 7 piceus, segment 8 badius to testaceus, segments 9 to 1 1 straminious. Pronotum 3 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color aurantiacus with hind angles fulvus to luteus, piceus vitta constricted anteriorly, width of con- stricted area half or less width of vitta at pronotal base (Fig. 198); texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile on anterior half; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolaterally, punctation fine medially, becoming denser and umbilicate lateral- ly. Hypomeron fulvus to aurantiacus, posterior border piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, puncta- tion very fine to obsolete. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly gla- brous with clump of fine decumbent setae ante- rolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Fem- ora fulvus to testaceus, tarsi piceus. Elytra 8 to 12 mm (length/width ratio 2.5 to 2.9), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus on basal half, piceus on apical half, colors clearly separated by narrow transverse sinuation (Fig. 198); strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each with 2 points extending apically at different lengths, difference in length (or apical extension) of both points greater than lateral distance between points. Abdomen pale fulvus to luteus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered through- out, punctation fine and evenly scattered through- out; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 to 3/4 of sternite 5 confluent apically; anterior sclerite with numerous spinose dentitions, lateral arms short, extending apically less than 1/2 length of median piece (Fig. 68). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades narrow, flexed and sub- triangular, approximately 0.30 to 0.35 length of parameres (Fig. 110). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COSTA RICA: Puntarenas, Est. Sirena, 0-100 m, P.N. Corcovado, (III-21)-(IV-21)-1992, Z. Fuentes (INBC); Paratypes: COSTA RICA: (1, MNHN); Alajuela, San Mateo, 400 ft, A. Heyne, Berlin- Wilm. (3, MNHN); San Mateo, 300 ft, A. Heyne, Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 27 Berlin-Wilm, (1, MNHN); Puntarenas, Monte- verde, V-(23-27)-1987, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA); Est. Quebrada Bonita, 50 m, IX- 1993, J. Saborio (1, INBC); Est. Quebrada Bonita, Res. Biol. Carara, 50 m, X-1994, J.C. Sabario (1, INBC); Est. Quebrada Bonita, 50 m, XI- 1994, R. Guzman (1, INBC); Est. Quebrada Bonita, Res. Biol. Carara, 50 m, VIII-(10-28)-1992, R. Guzman (1, INBC); ibid. VIIMl-1991, A. Solis (1, INBC); Rancho Quemado, Peninsula de Osa, IV-1992, D. Brenes (1, INBC); Est. Sirena, 0-100 m, P.N. Corcovado, VI-1992, G. Eonseca (1, INBC); ibid. IV-1992 G. Rodriguez (1, INBC); ibid. VI- 1990, E. Quesada (1, INBC); ibid., N. Obando (1, INBC); San Jose, Alto Tigra, 750 m, V-15-1997, E.A. Quesada (1, INBC); Mora, Hacienda el Rodeo, 800 m, V-10- 1997, LA. Chacon (1, INBC); PANAMA: Chiriqui (4, MNHN); (1, CUIC); Code, rd. N Cerro Gaital, V-15-1980, E.G. Riley & D. LeDoux (1, EGRC). DIAGNOSIS. In S. triplehorni the dark elytral markings are restricted to the apical half (Eig. 198). It can be readily separated from S. rileyi by the presence of a pronotal vitta. Semiotus rileyi lacks a pronotal vitta (Eig. 200). The pronotal vitta in S. spinosus, S. lacrimiformis, S. woodiy S. caracasanus, and S. zonatus is broad and roughly as wide anteriorly as posteriorly. In S. triplehorni the prontal vitta is strongly con- stricted towards the anterior margin (Eig. 198). The last 3 to 4 segments of the antennae are pale in S. triplehorni. This is the typical condition in the S. caracasanus group. Exceptions are S. rileyi and S. pallicornus, where all the terminal seg- ments are pale, and S. spinosus, S. caracasanus., and S. zonatus, where they are completely black. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus triplehorni is named in honor of Charles A. Triplehorn, The Ohio State University. Semiotus tvoodi n. sp. (Eigs. 11, 32, 66, 109, 197) DESCRIPTION. Length 12 to 16 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.7). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few supraorbital setae, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, just short of hind angles in females, reaching hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 7 piceus, segments 8 to 11 straminious. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded without sulcus; color fulvus to luteus with broad piceus vitta extending from base to anterior margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctures on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolater- ally, punctation fine medially, becoming denser and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus later- ally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate on lateral fulvus area, finely punctate on piceus medial area. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mese- pisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine through- out. Femora fulvus, tarsi piceus. Elytra 8 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 3.1), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus on basal half, piceus on apical half, with intervals 1 and part of 2 piceus anteriorly to scutellum; strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1 ) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each with 2 points extending apically at different lengths, difference in length (or apical extension) of both points less than lateral distance between points. Abdomen pale fulvus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5 confluent apically; anterior sclerite with numerous spinose dentitions, lateral arms short, extending apically less than 1/2 length of median piece (Fig. 66). Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades narrow, flexed and subtriangular, approximately 0.30 to 0.35 length of parameres (Fig. 109). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Est. San Ramon Oeste, 620 m, IV-(3-19)-1994, F. Quesada (INBC); Paratypes: COSTA RICA: Alajuela, San Cristo- bal, 600-620 m, (VI-16)-(VII-1)-1997, E.A. Ques- ada (1, INBC); Sect. San Ramon de Dos Rios, 620 m, (I-16)-(II-3)-1995, C. Cano (1, INBC). DIAGNOSIS. In S. woodi the dark elytral markings are primarily restricted to the apical half (Fig. 197). It is unique in having a dark sutural vitta on the anterior half of the elytra extending to the scutellum (Fig. 197). The last 4 segments of the antennae of S. woodi are pale yellow (as they are in S. matilei, and S. chontalenus). In the majority of species in the S. caracasanus group, only the last 3 segments of antennae are pale yellow. Only S. spinosus, S. nigriceps, and S. caracsanus have the last 8 or 9 antennal segments entirely black. In S. pallicornus and S. rileyi, all the segments are pale. Semiotus woodi is apparently endemic to the northern Guanacaste Cordillera. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus woodi is named in honor of Stephen L. Wood, Brigham Young University. Semiotus zonatus Candeze (Fig. 9) Semiotus zonatus Candeze 1874:176 (Syntypes (2): BMNH; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Length 13 to 14 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.6). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few 28 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 setae above eyes and spines, punctation moder- ately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 piceus or 'with pale patterns, segments 3 to 8 piceus, segments 9 to 11 straminious. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, margin broadly rounded with- out definition; color piceus with narrow fulvus margin, broad piceus vitta occupying 0.90 width of pronotum; texture glabrous with very fine punctures on lateral fulvus areas, deeper punctu- res on median piceus vitta. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate. Prosternum evenly concave in profile on anterior half; color piceus; texture with long fine setae scattered anterolaterally, puncta- tion fine medially, becoming denser and umbili- cate laterally. Hypomeron piceus with very narrow luteus vitta along lateral border; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate on lateral fulvus area, finely punctate on piceus medial area. Mesosternum piceus, fossa glabrous and impunc- tate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nearly glabrous with clump of fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation very fine throughout. Femora piceus. Elytra 8 to 10 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.1), glabrous and subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus on basal half, piceus on apical half; strial punctures fine, striae (except stria 1) very fine to obsolete, interstriae flat; apices each bearing 1 spine with sutural side angled and often minutely dentate subapically. Abdomen pale fulvus laterally with broad medial piceus vitta; texture with fine suberect setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5 confluent apically. Male with parameres narrow, lateral blades pointed, less than 1/5 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAME^JED. ECUADOR: (BMNH); Zamora Chinchipe, 8 km NW Zamora, mouth of Rio Sabanilla, 1420 m, XI-1-1987, C. Young, wet forest (CMNH). DIAGNOSIS. In S. zonatus the dark elytral markings are restricted to the apical half (as in Figs. 195-200). The dark pronotal vitta extend- ing from the anterior margin of the pronotum to the posterior margin in S. zonatus is much broader than in other species of the 5. caracsanus group. In 5. zonatus the yellow marginal vittae of the pronotum occupies less than 2/3 the width of the scutellum. In the other species, the yellow vitta is much wider, nearly always wider than the width of the scutellum. The last 3 segments of the antennae are pale yellow in 5. zonatus. Semiotus zonatus is known only from Ecuador. Semiotus furcatus Species Group All 3 species in the 5. furcatus species group bear 2 well-defined anterolateral frontal spines Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus with an angled area between (that is occasionally subspinose). They are distinct from all other Semiotus in having double dentitions on the posterior border of the hypomeron (Eig. 182). Semiotus antennatus Schwarz (Eigs. 18, 58, 101, 252) Semiotus antennatus Schwarz 1900:306 (Syn- types: DEIC; type locality: Colombia, Rio Dagua). DESCRIPTION. Eength 25 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.4). Head piceus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with or without erect supraorbital setae, puncta- tion deep and scattered throughout, subumbili- cate basally; ocular index 67.0 to 70.0. Antennae serrate, more than 3 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 7 piceus, segments 8 to 11 straminious. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), subtrapezoidal, hind angles only slightly diverging; color piceus medially, fulvus to aur- antiacus laterally; lateral margin sulcate along entire length, explanate anteriorly; texture gla- brous, nitidus with punctures becoming larger and often umbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum piceus, wider than long, incised on anterior border. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; color piceus with prosternal process sanguineus in most specimens; texture glabrous with few scattered setae laterally and on lobe, punctation very fine to obsolete medially, deep and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron piceus along suture, fulvus to aurantiacus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with scattered punctures becoming denser medially. Mesosternum testa- ceus to aurantiacus medially, piceus laterally, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. Metasternum fulvus to aur- antiacus medially, piceus laterally; texture gla- brous, nitidus with fine punctures throughout becoming umbilicate anteriorly. Eemora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 16 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.9), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color piceus with anterior lateral margin of elytra and cuneiform vitta extending from base and tapering to near apex fulvus to luteus; texture glabrous, nitidus with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each ending in a point with or without a small dentition subapically. Abdomen piceus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally often with testaceus to sanguineus macula near metacoxa; texture gla- brous, nitidus with fine punctation becoming denser and lacrimiform laterally; female with 2 large obovate foveae extending from near apex to near anterior border of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with median piece and lateral arms subequal in length, arms and base covered with sharp serra- tions (Eig. 58). Male with parameres narrow Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 29 medially, lateral blades subtriangular, approxi- mately 0.30 length of parameres (Fig. 101). MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Boli- var, Buena Vista, Rosenberg (BMNH); Valle del Cauca, Rio Dagua (DEIC); W-Cordillera, Lake Calima, Rio Bravo Valley near Buga, 1180- 1200 m, (VIII-IX)-1988 (PCCV); 1898 (MNHN); ECUADOR: Province unknown, Lila, 1906, Fry Coll. (BMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus antennatus is the only species in the S. furcatus species group with dark antennal segments 3 to 7 (segments 8 to 11 being pale). In S. furcatus and S. bilineatus, all antennal segments are pale (generally aurantiacus). Semi- otus furcatus bears 3 elytral vittae (per elytron), whereas S. antennatus and S. bilineatus have only 2. The male and female genitalia are diagnostic in the 3 species. In S. bilineatus and S. furcatus^ the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is less curled than in S. antennatus (Fig. 58), which also bears several dentitions near the base. These dentitions are absent in S. bilineatus and S. furcatus, and the lateral arms are more strongly curled forward (Figs. 39, 84). The apical blades of the male parameres are more strongly triangulate in S. antennatus (Fig. 101) than in the other 2 species (Figs. 92, 97). Semiotus bilineatus Candeze (Figs. 18, 39, 97, 155, 174, 250) Semiotus bilineatus Candeze 1857:308, Candeze 1874:175 (Holotype, female: BMNH; type locality: Colombia). DESCRIPTION. Length 18 to 24 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 4.8). Head fulvus to aurantia- cus with piceus median macula basally, front with 2 spines anterolaterally with angled area between; texture glabrous with or without supraorbital setae, punctation deep and evenly scattered throughout; ocular index 6.7 to 7.0. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in males, 4 segments short of hind angles in females; color fulvus throughout. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly expand- ing posteriorly with anterior half convergent and hind angles divergent, margin sulcate except for area just behind middle, explanate on anterior third; color fulvus to testaceus with elongate (often elliptical) piceus vitta extending from base to (or just short of) anterior border; texture glabrous, punctation deep and mostly separated, becoming smaller and denser along posterior border. Scutellum piceus, wider than long, ante- rior margin recurved medially. Prosternum strongly concave in profile; color fulvus to aurantiacus; texture with scattered erect setae on anterior third, decumbent setae on posterior half, punctation fine medially becoming deep and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus, glabrous with fine punctures scattered throughout. Meso- sternum fulvus to aurantiacus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus. Metasternum fulvus to aurantiacus with fine setae mostly restricted to posterolateral area, fine shallow punctures scattered throughout. Femora fulvus. Elytra 11 to 16 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior fourth then narrow- ing to tip; intervals 1, 2, posterior half to 3/4 of 5, 6 through 9, and lateral margin piceus, intervals 3, 4, and anterior half to 1/4 of 5 fulvus; texture glabrous, striae (except stria 1) and strial punc- tures shallow to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine with apical sutural border angled and often faintly dentate. Abdomen fulvus with fine scat- tered decumbent setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 large suboval foveae on posterior 3/ 4 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms 2 times length of median piece and with several large serrations along inner margin (Fig. 39). Males with parameres narrow medially, not sinuate, lateral blades subtriangular, approxi- mately 0.77 to 0.79 length of parameres (Fig. 97). MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Ama- zonas, Amacayacu, 3.82°S, 70.26°W, III-12-2000, B. Brown, G. Kung, M. Sharkey, MT (LACM); Putumayo, Mocoa, 11-1921, W. Hopp (USNM); Mocoa, 530 m, Putumayogebiet, 11-1921, W. Hopp (USNM); Department unknown, Umbria, Gumes Fluss (CUIC); ECUADOR: Los Rios, Rio Palenque, XI-15-1972, D. Dodson (FSCA); Napo, 20 km E Atahualpa, 480 m, X-(15-24)-1995, E. & V. Giesbert (FSCA); Coca, XI-1982, G. Onore (PCCV); Limoncocha, 250 m, VI-(15-28)-1976, S. & J. Peck (CNCI); Limoncocha,VI-9-1977, Span- gler & Givens (USNM); ibid., VI-14-1977; Limon- cocha, VI-15-1977, W.E. Steiner (USNM); Limon- cocha, 00°24'S, 76°36'W, VII-12-1972, P.L. Kazan (FSCA); Limoncocha, 100 m, V-(18-25)- 1976, flight trap, D.G. Young (FSCA); Limonco- cha, III-30-1934, D. Engleman (CNCI); 2 km N Limoncocha, VI-14-1977, P.J. Spangler & D.R. Givens (USNM); Puerto Misahualli (vie.), 1650- 1900 ft, IX-(6-19)-1998, J.E. Eger (ESCA); 25 km E Puerto Napo, Selva Alinahui, 450 m, XII-1992, E.S. Ross (CASC); 20 km E Puerto Napo, Aliha- hui, 450 m, rO'S, 77°25'W, XI-XII-1995, E.S. Ross (CASC); ibid., VI-6-1977; Res. Ethnica Waorani, 1 km S. Onkone gate Camp, Trans. Ent., 0°39T0"S, 76°26', VI-30-1995, W, T.L. Erwin et ah, insecticidal fogging of mostly bare green leaves, some with covering of lichenous or bryophytic plants in terre firme forest, at Trans. 8, Sta. 10 project MAXUS lot 1080 (USNM); Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, VIII- (16-27)-1994, 270 m, P. Hibbs, MT (LACM); ibid., (II-22)-(III-4)-1994; ibid., (III-24)-(IV-3)- 1994; ibid., IX-(10-20)-1994; PERU: Loreto, Explorama Inn, 25 mi. NE Iquitos, VII-( 19-21)- 1989, Amazon rain forest, G.B. Edwards (FSCA); Explorama Lodge, VIII-(13-31)-1989, S. Dunkle 30 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 (FSCA); Explorama Lodge, 80 km NE Iquitos, on Amazon River, (VI-24)-(VII-20)-1990, Menke & Awertschenko (USNM); Explornapo Camp on Rio Sucusari, 2 km upstream from Rio Napo, 160 km NE Iquitos, (VI-24)-(VII-20)-1990, Menke & Awertschenko (USNM); cmp. Manco Capac, 74"18'W, 4°43'S, VI-24-1990, palm swamp/Agua- jal insecticidal fog, dry hanging leaves Maurita flexuosa, Erwin et al. (USNM); Napo River, 80 mi. NE Iquitos, XII-1 1-1980, T. King (EMNH); jet. Rio Maranon & Rio Ucayali, 73.5°W, 4.8°S, VIII- (6-20)-1994, P. Skelley, at light (ESCA); Rio Napo, Explornapo Camp, Cocha Shimagai, 100 m, 3°15'S, 72°55'W, VI-5-1992, W, T.L. Erwin, E 6 F Pfuno S (USNM); Rio Amazonas, 200 m, Explorama Inn, 25 mi. E Iquitos, IX-(9-12)-1990, B.P. Harris (LACM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus bilineatus and S. furca- tus both have completely pale (yellow to orange) antennae. Semiotus antennatus has segments 3 to 7 dark (segments 8 to 11 being pale). Semiotus furcatus bears 3 vittae on each elytron, whereas S. antennatus and S. bilineatus have only 2. The male and female genitalia are distinct in the 3 species. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copula- trix is less curled in S. antennatus (Eig. 58), and the medial arm bears several dentitions near the base. These dentitions are absent in S. bilineatus and S. furcatus, and the lateral arms are more strongly curled forward (Eigs. 39, 84). The apical blades of the parameres are triangulate but less elongate in S. bilineatus (Eig. 97) than in S. antennatus (Eig. 101). In 5. furcatus the apical blades are pointed (Eig. 92). Semiotus bilineatus has been collected from Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru (Fig. 18). Semiotus antennatus is known only from Colombia (Fig. 18). Semiotus furcatus occurs in South America from Bolivia and Brazil to Colombia and Surinam (Fig. 23). Semiotus furcatus (Fabricius) (Figs. 23, 84, 92, 164, 172, 182, 251) Elater furcatus Fabricius 1792:224, Herbst 1806:335 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown). Pericalle furcatus, Latreille 1834:141. Pericallus furcatus. Dejean 1836:96. Semiotus furcatus, Candeze 1874:174, Szomb- athy 1909b:121, Fleutiaux 1925:109. Semiotus fuscatus, Candeze 1874:171. Unjustified emendation. DESCRIPTION. Length 17 to 25 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.5). Head testaceus to aurantiacus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally with angled area between; texture with a few erect supraorbital setae, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 6.7 to 7.0. Antennae 3 or more segments short of hind angles in both sexes; color fulvus to testaceus throughout. Pronotum 5 to 7 mm (length/width Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging, margin sulcate and explanate on anterior third to half, without sulcus posteriorly; color fulvus to testaceus with thin piceus vitta extending from base to near anterior border; texture glabrous with moderate punctures becom- ing thicker and umbilicate anterolaterally. Scutel- lum sanguineus to rufopiceus, greater than 1.3 times wider than long, posterior border rounded, anterior border incised. Prosternum evenly con- cave in profile; color testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous with few erect setae on lobe, punctures fine medially becoming umbilicate and nearly contiguous laterally, prosternal process not divided at tip. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with few fine punctures scattered throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testa- ceus, glabrous, with fine punctation becoming thicker anteriorly. Eemora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 11 to 16 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color luteus to testaceus basally with posterior intervals 1, 2, 5, 6, posterior third of intervals 7 and 8, and 9 piceus, intervals 3, 4, and narrowing wedge along 7 and 8 fulvus; texture glabrous with striae (except stria 1) faint to obsolete, strial punctures moderately deep to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae, punctation fine and dense and evenly scattered throughout; female with 2 shallow obovate foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms long, approxi- mately 1.3 times as long as middle piece, mesial side covered with approximately 10 to 15 sharp serrations (Fig. 84). Male with parameres narrow medially, lateral blades acute apically, approxi- mately 0.20 to 0.25 length of parameres (Fig. 92). MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Beni, Ivoa, II, W.M. Mann (USNM); La Paz, Tumu- : pasa, XII, W.M. Mann (USNM); BRAZIL: j Amapa, Serra de Navio, XIT60, R. Bicelli ;; (CASC); Amazonas, Estirao do Ecuador, Rio Jaurai, X-1979, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Manaus, j X-1936, Worontzow (USNM); Tefe, 1-2-1920, ! Parish (CASC); Rio Madeira, Abuna, Mann & I Baker (USNM); Taperinha b. Santarem, VIT(11- 20)-1927, Zerny (NHMW); Tefe, XII-23-19, H. Parish (EMNH); Tefe, III-20-32, W. Hopp (USNM); 15 km E Manaus, VIII-4-1993, A.M. t & N.D. Penny, primary forest (CASC); Espirito Santo, J.E. Zikan (EMNH); Mato Grosso, Sinop., ' X-1975, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); 12°31'S, I 55°37'W, X-1974, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Para, Obidos (EMNH); IX-1967, J.K. (EMNH); (CUIC); Obidos, 1953 (CNCI); 1905, W. Hoff- manns (BMNH); Tucurui, 1-1979, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Uriximeha, nr Obidos, VIII-1935, G.V. Vredenburg (BMNH); Rondonia, 62 km S Ar- Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus >31 iquemas, Fazenda Rancho Grande, 165 m, 10- 32'S, 62-48'W, (X-29)-(XM0)-1991, B.P. Harris (LACM); 60 km SW Ariquemas, VII-20-1993, N, Penny, secondary forest (CASC); 62 km S Ari- quemas, nr Fazenda Rancho Grande, XI-(4-16)- 1997, J.E. Eger, fish carion pitfall (FSCA); ibid., XII-(3-15)-1996; 62 km S Ariquemas, Fazenda Rancho Grande, (XI-X)-1992, D.G. Marqua (TAMU); ibid. XI-(13-26)-1993; COLOMBIA: Amazonas, Leticia, 700 ft, VII-10-1970, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); ibid., (19-25)-1972; Leticia, 10 km N in jungle, III-30-1975, on tree stripped of bark, D. Summers (FMNH); FRENCH GUI- ANA: Cayenne (USNM); Cayenne (OXUM); SE Cayenne, Montagne de Kaw. Km 41, 175 m, 4.58°N, 54. rW, II-(7-9)-1994, J. Beierl, MV light (LACM); Guiana PK, 37-40, Rte. A Kaw, (1-25)- (II-1)-1995, E. Giesbert & F. Hovore (FSCA); Kaw Rd., PK 38, VIII-26-1995, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Maroni River (USNM); St. Jean de Maroni (USNM); GUYANA: Mazaruni— Potato, Bartica, Katabo, IV-21-1919 (CASC); ibid. III-28- 1922; Bartica (CASC); Bartica, Demerara (USNM); Political division unknown, Essequibo River, Moraballi Creek,VIII-27-1929, Oxford Un. Exp. (BMNH); Rupununi, Upper Corentyne River, King Frederick William IV Falls, XI-1935, G.A. Hudson (BMNH); Rupununi, Upper Kutari River, (XI-XII)-1935, G.A. Hudson (BMNH); PANAMA: Canal Zone, Madden Dam, IV-3- 1939, E.N. Kjellesvig-Waering (FSCA); PERU: Huanuco / Pasco, Pachitea (CUIC); Rio Pachitea, elev. 300 m, X-15-1964, J.S. (MTEC); Madre de Dios, Pebas (USNM); Rio Tambopata res., 30 km (air) Maldonato, 290 m, 12°50'S, 69°20'W (BMNH); Rio Tambopata res., 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(21-25)-1979, J.B. Heppner, subtropical moist forest (USNM); Rio Tambopata Reserve, 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(l-26)-1982, E.S. Rosa (CASC); Rio Tambopata Res., 30 air km SW Pto. Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(11-15)-1979, J.B. Hepp- ner, subtropical moist forest (USNM); Tambo- pata, 15 km NE Puerto Maldonato Reserva, Cuzco Amazonico, 12°33'S, 69°03'W, 200 m, VI-24-1989, J.S. Ashe, R.A. Leschen, D. Silva, on molasses traps (SEMC); Tambopata Res. Zone, Explorer’s Inn, 290 m, XI-(10-11)-1982, 12°50'S, 69°17'W, T.L. Erwin, On fallen tree along Rio la Torre trail (USNM); Ucayali, Pucallpa, X-2-1954 (CASC); Ucayali, Neshuya, T18-1974, J. Schunke (CNCI); SURINAM: Tibiti River, R.S.M. Camp, I-(21-24)-1972, F. Scott (CNCI). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus bilineatus and 5. furca- tus both have completely pale (yellow to orange) antennae. Semiotus antennatus has segments 3 to 7 dark (segments 8 to 11 being pale). Semiotus furcatus bears 3 elytral vittae (per elytron), whereas S. antennatus and S. bilineatus have only 2. Superficially, S. furcatus resembles S. fulvicollis but can be easily separated by the antennal color (in S. fulvicollis segments 3 to 11 are piceus) and length (which in S. fulvicollis nearly reach the hind angles). The male and female genitalia are also distinct. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is angulate near the anterolateral angles in S. fulvicollis^ and the lateral arms are less curled (Fig. 50). In S. furcatus the anterior margin is evenly curved and curled forward (Fig. 84). The apical blades of the male parameres are short and convex laterally in S. furcatus (Fig. 92). In S. fulvicollis they are larger and concave in outline (Fig. 93). Semiotus furcatus occurs from Bolivia and Brazil to Panama, Colombia, and Surinam, overlapping in range with nearly all related species. Semiotus imperialis Group The 2 species in the S. imperialis species group are distinguished by having a single long frontal spine that curves ventrally toward the mandibles. Additionally, the elytral apices each bear 2 spines. Both species are among the largest Semiotus, often exceeding 40 mm in length. Semiotus cuspidatus (Chevrolat) (Figs. 21, 46, 121, 140, 185, 186) Eucamptus cuspidatus Chevrolat 1834:35, GuHin-Meneville 1855:579, Germar 1839 (Lectotype, male: MNHN; type locality: un- known). Pericallus dupontii Dejean 1836:96, Candeze 1857:299. Semiotus cuspidatus, Candeze 1857:299, Candeze 1874:173, Champion 1896:288, Fleutiaux 1925:109. Semiotus splendidus Candeze 1881:23, Champion 1896:289 (Type: not found; type locality: Ecuador). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 32 to 45 mm (length/ width ratio 3.7 to 4.0). Head aurantiacus to testaceus with basal (and occasionally anterior) macula piceus; bearing 1 medial frontal spine; ocular index 73.0 to 75.0. Antennae serrate, 3 to 4 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Front glabrous with few erect setae above eyes and anterior margin, punctures moderately deep throughout. Pronotum 7 to 13 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.2); subtrapezoidal, hind angles hardly diverging, margin incrassate without sul- cus; texture glabrous with dense moderately deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum piceus, broadly ovate; prosternum evenly concave in profile, prosternal process undivided; color aur- antiacus to sanguineus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae, punctures fine medially becoming thick, umbilicate, and often contiguous laterally. Hypo- meron fulvus to testaceus laterally, piceus medi- ally; texture glabrous with dense contiguous 32 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 punctures on piceus area, less dense laterally. Mesosternum curving ventrally, on different plane than metasternum (as in Fig. 29), finely punctate with fine setae laterally, fossa glabrous and impunctate; fossa sanguineus, piceus laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; glabrous with fine decumbent setae anterolaterally; femora mfopi- ceus to piceus. Elytra 21 to 32 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 3.0) gibbous, subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to testaceus with infuscate tessellated pattern along striae, cuneiform macula around scutellum piceus; texture glabrous, striae distinct posteriorly, fine to obscure anteriorly, strial punctures very fine to obsolete, intervals with faint wrinkles; apices each bearing 2 subequal spines. Abdomen sanguineus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally with piceus vitta sublaterally, in some specimens piceus vitta reduced to triangular maculae on each segment; surface glabrous except for fine setae over most of first segment and in lateral areas on other segments (and with a few scattered setae on sternite 5), punctation fine and scattered through- out becoming denser on sternite 1; female foveae elliptical to subobovate on apical fourth of sternite 5, conjoined apically forming a chordi- form fovea in some specimens. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus cuspidatus is most closely allied to S. imperialis but differs in having the lateral pronotal margin completely yellow (Figs. 185, 186). The pronotum bears a black macula on each side (in addition to the medial vittae) in 5. imperialis (Fig. 187). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is not as heavily armed near the base of the medial and lateral arms in 5. cuspidatus (Fig. 46) as it is in 5. imperialis (Fig. 48). Geographically 5. cuspidatus and S. imperialis overlap only in Colombia and Peru. Semiotus cuspidatus occurs throughout Central America, with few specimens collected as far south as Peru. Semiotus imperialis occurs in South America from Argentina and Brazil north to Venezuela and Colombia. Two subspecies of S. cuspidatus are recognized. REMARKS. The type of Pericallus dupontii Dejean has not been located. The synonymy of Candeze (1857) is here accepted. Semiotus cuspidatus cuspidatus (Fig. 185) MATERIAL EXAMINED. COSTA RICA: F. Neverman (USNM); GUATEMALA: Alta Vera- paz, Panzos (NHMW); Baha Verapaz, Purulha, Champion (BMNH); 6 km E Purulha, 5100 ft, V- (26-31)-1989, E. Giesbert (FSCA); 7 km E Pur- uhla, VI-6-1991, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Izabal, SE Capatillo, Rodriguez (BMNH); Morales, nr Ne- gro Norte, 1000 m, 15°22'67"N, 88°41'68"W, X- 20-1998, Col. A.C. Bailey, J. Monzon; 25 km SE Morales, 2800 ft, V-(21-24)-1996, E. Giesbert & Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus J. Monzon (FSCA); Jutiapa, Zapote, Champion (BMNH); HONDURAS: Cortes, Lago Yojoa, A.J. Flores (USNM); MEXICO: Chiapas, Finca “La Isla” (FMNH); Finca Refugio, 3000-10000 ft (CASC); Ocosingo, 1200 m, primitive forest VI- IX-1913 (CNCI); Rancho Santa Rosa, nr Las Delicias, IX-3-1972, R. Wind (CASC); Rio Santa Rosa, IV-1975, P. Hubbell (USNM); San Quintin, VII-23-1979 (FSCA); Topachula (CASC); T. Mabre, 1913 (MNHN); Jalisco (OXUM); Ver- acruz, Catemaco, VIIL1990 (PCCV); Coatepec, Hodge (BMNH); Atoyac, A. Dugos (BMNH); Catemaco, La Victoria, VIILl-1971 (USNM); Cordoba, VII-21-1936, on tree (FMNH); Dos Amates, L15-1972, Jubbell (USNM); Jalapa (FMNH); Lake Catemaco, V-(24-25)-1969, J.E.H. Martin (CNCI); Motzorongo (CASC); Orizaba, A. Genin, 1921 (MNHN); Volcan San Martin Tuxtla (east slope), VII-5-1994, E. Gies- bert (FSCA); State unknown, Milemek, 1871, Mirada (NHMW). DIAGNOSIS. This subspecies is readily recog- nized by the uninterrupted piceus vitta on the prothorax. Semiotus cuspidatus splendidus (Fig. 186) MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, C.E. Tottenham (BMNH) [dubious locality]; COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Car- iblanco, XII-18-1983, 750 m, R. Canet (INBC); Estacion Biologica Elberto Brenes, 10°13'02"N, 84°35'51"W, (VI-VII)-1999, M.A. Ivie (MTEC); Rio San Lorencito, 900 m. Res. For. San Ramon, | 5 km N Col. Palmarena, III-1996 (INBC); Zapote Upala, nr Bijagua, X-20-1973, F. Cordera j (EMEC); Cartago, Aserradero el Seis, Grano de I Oro, Turrialba, I-(18-24)~1993, P. Campos | (INBC); Chitaria, XIL20-1928, M. Valerio, alt. | 700 m (USNM); Grano de Oro, Chirripo, | 1120 m, IX-1993, P. Campos (INBC); Suiza I Tur’lba, P. Schild (USNM); Guanacaste, Est. | Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, XI-1988, ! C. Chaves & M. Espinoza (INBC); Limon, j Blanca, 8 km SE, 8-V-1987, D.F. Corrales ' (INBC); Puntarenas, Buen Amigo, San Luis, , Monteverde, 1000-1350 m, III-1995, Z. Fuentes 1 (INBC); Cotoncito, 3.5 km N Lucha, 1600 m, V- (13-16)-1997, A. Picado & A. Solis (INBC); Est. Pitier, Sendero Altamira, 1740 m, VII-2-1995, M. Madrigal (INBC); Finca Cafrosa, Est. Las Melli- zas, P.N. Amistad, 1300 m, XI-1989, M. Ramirez 6 G. Mora (INBC); La Amistad Nat. Park, Fila Cedro, 1800 m, 11-25-1991, M. Halterman (CASC); Monteverde, 1500 m, V-4-1972, C. Guindon (CASC); ibid., VI-3-1972; Navarro, V- 24-36, F. Neverman (USNM); San Luis, Mon- teverde, A.C. Arenal, 1040-1350 m, VII-1993, Z. Fuentes (INBC); 4 mi. S San Vito, 4000 ft, IV-(26- 28)-1967, D.R. & M.L. Paulson (FSCA); Send. El Ripario, 3 km NE Progreso, 1300 m, XI-6-1997, Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 33 A. Picado (INBC); 6 km S San Vito, 08°42'N, 83°00'W, III-(19-21)-1967, D.M. Janzen (USNM); San Jose, Cerro Nara, 17 km N mouth 1 Rio Savegre, 11-17-1967, Wille-Fernandez (FSCA); P.B. Carrillo, Est. La Montura, V-22- 1981, 1100 m, R. Canet (INBC); FIONDURAS: Yoro, Linda Vista, 1,000 m, 15°09'59"N, I 87°38'18"W, IX-10-1999, R. Cave, J. Torres, R. Diaz (EAPZ); Parque Nacional Pico Pijol, V-25- ' 1998, R.D. Cave (EAPZ); Parque Nacional Pico I Pijol, Linda Vista, 1,450 m, 15°09'N, 87°37'W, ! V-7-2000, R.D. Cave (EAPZ); PANAMA: Bocas j del Toro, 10 km NE Eortuna Dam, 3400 ft, V- ! (23-26)-1984, E. Giesbert (ESCA); Chiriqui, Cerro Colorado cmp., VT13-1980, J. Wagner (EMNH); Hartmanns Einca, VII-(4-7)-1997, I Wappes & Morris (JEWC); Petrerillos, 1-1934 ! (CASC); ibid., III-8-1934; ibid., 1-25-1935; Vol- can de Chiriqui, 25-4000 ft. Champion j (NHMW); Volcan de Chiriqui, Champion I (BMNH); Volcan Lagunas, V-(13-14)-1981, E. Giesbert (FSCA); Code, El Valle, V-29-1982, 1,000 m, S. Knapp (CUIC); Darien, Rio Tacar- ! cuna, 1900 ft, VT1963, M.P. Murdoch (USNM); Panama, Cerro Campana, 820 m, 8°40'N, r 79°56'W, VIII-12-1977, T.J. Riley (EGRC); PERU: Junin, 1-46, P.P. Satipo (EMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus c. splendidus is readily recognized by the piceus pronotal vitta being interrupted medially by a sanguineus vitta. i Several specimens have only a vague indication ; of the lighter medial vitta, and a clear distinction j between the 2 forms is not always possible. REMARKS. The only apparent difference ^ between 5. c. cuspidatus and S. c. splendidus is : the presence or absence of the sanguineus pronotal vitta. No differences are evident in the male or female genitalia. This character state is geographically limited, with only little overlap, j justifying subspecific status only (Eig. 21). One I specimen of S. c. cuspidatus has been taken from i Costa Rica, within the range of S. c. splendidus; otherwise, the area of overlap between the 2 subspecies is in Honduras. Semiotus imperialis (Gudin-Meneville) (Eigs. 6, 48, 127, 171, 180, 187) Eucamptus imperialis Guerin-Meneville 1844:15, I Guerin-Meneville 1855:579 (Type: not found; ! type locality: New Granada). ! Semiotus imperialism Candeze 1857:298, Steinheil 1875:111, Candeze 1874:173, Szombathy 1909b:121, Eleutiaux 1891:275. Semiotus imperialis subtilis Szombathy 1909a:23 I (Type: not found (not in HNHM); type ! locality: unknown) New synonym. Semiotus imperialis schenklingi Szombathy 1909a:23 (Holotype, not found; type locality: Peru, Patria). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 28 to 44 mm (length/ width ratio 3.8 to 4.1). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus with 1 piceus macula in center of posterior border, a second macula often present in center of anterior border (in some specimens the 2 maculae are connected to form a continuous stripe); with 1 medial frontal spine curved ventrally; ocular index 71.0 to 74.0. Antennae serrate, 3 to 4 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Eront glabrous, punctures becoming larger posteriorly, separated by more than own width, concave on anterior 2/3. Pronotum 7 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.1); with median longitudinal stripe sanguineus, bordered by 2 irregular piceus longitudinal vittae, which are expanded at base, lateral margin fulvus with 1 piceus macula on each side medially, which is often expanded laterally to near margin on many specimens (on a few specimens the median vittae extend to the lateral margin or are interrupted forming small maculae), pronotum glabrous with fine row of setae on anterior border extending onto head; margins nearly straight, expanding gradually posteriorly; hind angles expanded only slightly; anterolateral angles fove- ate; margins thickly rounded without sulci. Scutellum sanguineus to testaceus, nearly flat to slightly concave, widely ovate. Prosternum san- guineus, piceus along suture; glabrous and im- punctate medially with fine setae and deep punctures laterally; evenly concave over entire length, lobe hemispherical. Hypomeron fulvus with piceus dorsal maculae extending ventrally at middle, piceus along suture; glabrous with very fine shallow umbilicate punctures. Mesosternum finely punctate with fine setae; fossa sanguineus, piceus laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Metaster- num sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; gla- brous and nearly impunctate medially with fine setae and fine punctation laterally; femora fuscus, tibiae and tarsi rufopiceus. Elytra 19 to 30 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 2.8), gibbous; color fulvus to luteus with each stria shaded by broken infuscate vitta; area around scutellum piceus; widest on anterior third, then narrowing to tip; surface glabrous with very fine interstrial punc- tures, except on apical half; each elytron ending in 2 spines. Abdomen aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, fulvus laterally with piceus vitta sepa- rating colors (piceus vittae may be reduced in some specimens to triangular maculae on each segment), surface glabrous except for fine setae over most of first segment and in lateral areas on other segments, punctation shallow except on segments 1 and 5; female foveae elliptical to subobovate on apical fourth of segment 5; anterior sclerite covered with dense dentitions, lateral arms extending distally 1/2 length of median piece. Male with parameres wide basally, narrow apically, lateral blades small, less than 1/ 10 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ARGENTINA: Ju- juy, El Quemado, IV-1926, G.L. Harrington 34 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 (USNM); BOLIVIA: Beni, VI-3-1947, A.P. Reed (CASC); Cochabamba, Yanachi so, Yungas, M. Cardenas (USNM); Yungas Coroico, Fassl, 1908 (NHMW); 124 km E Yungas, Cochabamba-Villa Tuneri Rd., 730 m, 17°3'54"S, 63°38'43"W, II-(8- 12)-1999, R. Hanley (SEMC); Ea Paz, Nord- Yungas, 400-1800 m. Region um Caranavi, ca. 50 km N Coroica, Tello (PCCV); Santa Cruz, Buenavista, Ichila, 400 m, E.N. Kjellesvig-Waer- ing (ESCA); Department unknown, Tacaurandi, to BuenaVista, W. Rand (USNM); BRAZIL: (CUIC); COLOMBIA: Antioqua, Medellin (NHMW); Capital District, Bogota (USNM); Cundinamarca, Einca Bella Vista, nr Sasaima, V- 25-1965, P.R. Craig (CASC); ibid.,VI-l-1965; ibid., IV-13-1965, P.R. & D.L. Craig; Guaduas, XII-17-38, E.E. Gallego, on Coffee (USNM); Magdalena, Minca, 2000 ft, (CMNH); Narino, Pasto, Gotz. (NHMW); Valle del Cauca (ZMUC); Summit west of Cali, 2,000 m, II-6-1977, M. Breed & C.D. Michener (SEMC); Colima Valley, Buga, V-1989 (PCCV); Department unknown, Aguatal (CUIC); ECUADOR: Bolivar, Balza- pamba, 650 m, F. Campos (USNM); Balzapamba, VI- 21-1960, C. Garcia (USNM); Cotopaxi, 5 km WNW San Fransisco de las Pampas, Otonga Reserve, V-15-1994, J. Rawlins, cloud forest (CMNH); Eas Pampas, IV-1983, Onore (OSUC); Guayas, Guayaquil (CASC); Eos Rios, Santo Domingo, Allurigami, 1-7-1997 (HNHM); Santo Domingo, XII-1982, G. Onore (PCCV); Santo Domingo, X-1983, Onore (OSUC); Santo Dom- ingo, XII-1982, G. Onore (ZMUC); Morona- Santiago, Macas, 1050 m, E. Campos (USNM); Macas, IV-5-1957 (EMEC); Rio Cuangos, nr Cuevas de los Tayos, VII-(7-21)-1976, A.M. Hutson, (BMNH); Napo, 7 km E Atahualpa, 490 m, X-(2-13)-1996, E. Giesbert (ESCA); Napo-Galeras Rd., 1000 m, X-(4-5)-1996, E. Giesbert (ESCA); Oriente, Rio Napo — Pinto, II- 1956 (CNCI); Puerto Misahualli Jungle Hotel, IX-(6-18)-1998, D.G. Marqua (TAMU); Pastaza, Elandia, 1000 m, 17 km N Puyo, VII- 16- 1994, E. Genier, remnant rain forest (CMNC); Napo, 2-8 mi. N Puyo, 953 m, II-9-1955 (CASC); Santa Clara, VII-4-1976, P.M. Turner (USNM); Tarqui, 11-10-1976, Spangler et al. (USNM); Puyo, 900 m, VII- (13-17)-1976, S. & J. Peck (CNCI); Pi- chincha, Tandapi, 1460 m, VII-(14-28)-1967, J.D. Lynch (SEMC); Tinalandia, E Alluriquin, V-(26-28)-1976, 700 m, T.E. Rogers (ESCA); Tinalandia, 4 km SE Santo Domingo, VI-(4-14)- 1976, S. & J. Peck (CNCI); Tinalandia grounds, trails 10 mi. E Santo Domingo de los Colovados, IV-(16-21)-1984, B. Harris (EACM); Province unknown, Gualea, IX-1928 (EACM); Naranja- pata, F. Campos (USNM); Normandia (CUIC); El Partidero, X-8-1935, W. Macintyre (USNM); ibid. XI-27-1935; Zulay, 1000 m, VII-1936, W. Macintyre (USNM); XI-1966, (BYUC); GUYANA: Eandsberg (ZMUC); PERU: Arequipa, Mollendo coast XI-1935 (CASC); Cajamarca, Rio Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Charape, IX-15-11, C.H.T. Townsend (USNM); Cuzco, Cosnipata River, Hacienda Maria, Saucae- tambo Cusco, III-3-1952, E. Woytowski (CNCI); Machu Picchu, IV-18-1971, J. Schuster, on log surface (FSCA); Rio Paucartambo, Quiroz (LACM); Huanuco, Huallaga, 750 m, III-1960 (CNCI); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XII-23- 1954 (CASC); ibid., XI-2-1954; Tingo Maria, M. R. Villegas (LACM); Junin, Chanchamayo (ZMUC); Chanchamayo, III-1933, E.G. Smyth (SEMC); La Merced, 1922 (USNM); Political subdivision unknown, Rio Inambari, II-7-10, elev. 1800 ft, C.H. Townsend (USNM); Sinchona, 11-25- 44, J.G. Sander (USNM); 2000-3000 ft, Piches & Perene Vs. (USNM); Ehrbacher, 1905 (NHMW); VENEZUELA: Aragua, Portachuelo Pass, 20 km N. Maracay, 1160 m, VT27-1972, C.R. Collins (CASC); Rancho Grande, 1100 m, XI-(26-30)- 1981, J. Heppner, cloud forest (FSCA); Rancho Grande Biol. Stn., Portachuelo Pass, 10°2U0"N, 67°4T0"W, 1100 m, VI-4-1998, J. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley (SEMC); ibid., V-13-1998; Rancho Grande, 1100 m, IV-9-1970, S.E. Wood (BYUC); Rancho Grande Biol. Stn., Portachuelo Pass, 1100-1300 m, 10°20'32"N, 67°4U46"W, 1100 m, V-13-1998,]. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley (SEMC); Rancho Grande, VIII-5-1968, J. Maldo- nado (USNM); Rancho Grande, 800 m, II-(24-25)- 1971, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Rancho Grande, V-7-1973, 1100 m, Ginter Ekis (USNM); Rancho Grande, (VII-VIII)-1976, A. Watson, (BMNH); Rancho Grande, VI-(8-14)-1967, 1100 m, R.W. Poole (USNM); Rancho Grande, II-(10-21)-69, Duckworth & Dietz (USNM); Rancho Grande, 1100 m, V-1988, UV light, M. Epstein (USNM); Eederal District, Caracas (ZMUC); Caracas, 1921 (USNM); Merida, S. Briceno (USNM); Zulia, Maracaibo (USNM); Maracaibo, Witzke (ZMUC); State unknown, D. Moritz, 1858 (NHMW). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus imperialis is most closely allied to S. cuspidatus with similarities to 5. gibbosus, S. chassaini, S. fryi, S. girardi, and 5. punctatostriatus. All these species are gibbous in profile and have convex interstriae. Semiotus imperialism S. cuspidatus, and S. chassaini all bear a single spine at the center of the frontal margin that extends forward and down. The anterolateral areas of the frons are rounded, without spines. The other gibbous species (5. gibbosus, S. fryi, 5. girardi, and 5. punctatostriatus) bear 2 spines along the anterolateral margin of the frons and lack a medial frontal spine. Of these 3 species bearing a single frontal spine, only 5. chassaini bears a single spine at the end of each elytron. Both 5. imperialis and 5. cuspidatus bear 2 small spines apically on each elytron. The female foveae of 5. chassaini occupy over half of sternite 5, the other 2 species have the foveae restricted to the apical fourth. Semiotus chassaini has 3 elytral intervals raised above the level of the other intervals; this is not the case in S. imperialis and Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 35 S. cuspidatus. The posterior border of the hypomeron bears a single tooth along the inner half in S. chassaini. In S. imperialis and S. cuspidatus a single tooth is present along the outer half. Semiotus cuspidatus can be readily separated from S. imperialis by the lateral pronotal margin, which is completely yellow. The pronotum bears a black macula on each side (in addition to the medial vittae) in S. imperialis. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is not as heavily armed near the base of the medial and lateral arms in S. cuspidatus (Fig. 46) as it is in S. imperialis (Fig. 48). Geographically S. cuspidatus and S. imperialis overlap in Colombia and Peru. Semiotus cuspidatus occurs throughout Central America, with only a few records of specimens being taken as far south as Peru. Semiotus imperialis occurs in South America from Argen- tina and Brazil north to Venezuela and Colombia. The combination of a single frontal spine, gibbous profile, and double spines at the apex of each elytron distinguishes S. imperialis from all other Semiotus. REMARKS. The subspecies of Szombathy were based on variation in the pronotal vittae. This variability is not geographically limited. Semiotus ligneus Group The S. ligneus species group is comprised of 2 fairly common species that have a strongly concave frons without spines. The eyes are also quite large, together exceeding half the width of the head. The females in both species lack an anterior sclerite within the bursa copulatrix. Semiotus ligneus (Linnaeus) (Figs. 1, 124, 149, 163, 193) Elater ligneus Linnaeus 1767:652, Drury 1782: 82, Fabricius 1801:224 (Type; not found; type locality: Surinam). Elater conicus Voet 1806:83 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown) Pericalle ligneus., Latreille 1834:141. Pericallus ligneus., Dejean 1836:96. Semiotus ligneus., Guerin-Meneville 1855:578, Candeze 1857:302, Steinheil 1875:111, Can- deze 1874:185, Champion 1896:291, Fleutiaux 1925:109, Costa et al. 1988. DESCRIPTION. Length 19 to 34 mm (length/ width ratio 3.7 to 4.2). Head fulvus to badius without frontal spines; ocular index 50.0 to 52.0. Antennae serrate, reaching beyond hind angles by 1 or more segments in males, just reaching hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Front deeply (though poorly defined) impressed with V- shaped depression on vertex extending length of head; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae above eyes and along anterior margin; punctures separated by space greater than own width on posterior half, punctures on anterior half often separated by less than own width. Pronotum 5 to 9 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.2), with 3 longitudinal vittae, ranging in color from badius to ferruginous, running entire length (the middle vitta often divided longitudinally into smaller halves) and surrounded by paler base color, ranging from straminious to aurantiacus; texture glabrous with longitudinal impression distinct medially, outer vittae strongly umbilicately punc- tured, scattered punctures on middle vitta not Limbilicate and often separated by less than width of punctures; lateral margins gradually diverging on posterior 2/3 (being most pronounced on apical fourth), anterior third either parallel-sided or expanded and rounded, margination absent on thickly rounded anterior third, present on poste- rior 2/3 but not reaching tip of hind angles. Scutellum fulvus to badius, strongly declivous anteriorly with declining concavity extending to anterior edge, lateral margin convex; scattered setigerous punctures throughout. Prosternum ei- ther unicolorous or fulvus to aurantiacus, evenly arcuate over length; lobe hemispherical with anterior margin less rounded; setigerous punctu- res much larger on lateral areas of mesial third. Hypomeron same color to slightly paler than prosternum, glabrous, with umbilicate punctures throughout; margin impunctate in most speci- mens. Mesosternum same color as prosternum with fine setae and scattered fine punctation. Mesepisternum fulvus to aurantiacus. Metaster- num fulvus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous or with fine scattered setae, punctation fine and most punctures separated by less than own width medially, becoming more distant laterally. Femo- ra fulvus to aurantiacus. Elytra 13 to 23 mm (length/width ratio 2.5 to 2.8), generally badius to ferruginous with interstria 3 and lateral margin paler (in some specimens intervals 3, 4, 5 and 7, 8, 9 are also pale), apical eighth entirely pale; width greatest on anterior fourth then narrowing evenly to tip; texture glabrous, strial punctures distinct, each with a row of finer punctures on each side, interstriae variously textured from smooth to subrugose, interstriae 1 with scattered setae; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen same color as prosternum with very fine scattered setae, punctures fine and generally separated by greater than own width medially, becoming denser laterally; first visible segment with punctures larger than remaining segments; female foveae on segment 5 round and restricted to apical 3/5; anterior sclerite absent. Male with parameres sinuate laterally, lateral blades subtriangular, approximately 1/5 length of parameres. Larvae (summarized from Costa et ah, 1988) 27 mm long, elateriform, flattened dorsoventral- ly, sclerotized, brownish red dorsally with dark brown mandibles; body lighter ventrally; lightly pilose; head prognathus, heavily sclerotized and pigmented. Antennae 3-segmented, segments 1 36 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 and 2 glabrous, with segment 2 bearing small apical sensorial appendages, segment 3 smaller and bearing small sensorial appendages; pro- thorax subtrapezoidal, longer than mesothorax, with 8 pairs of lateral setae inserted in 4 points; prosternum triangular; legs short, 5-segmented, coxa wide and short, trochanter triangular; abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a bundle of lateral setae and a pair of dorsal setae at base; abdominal segment 9 subquadrangular, covered with dense punctation, apex with 2 pairs of semiconvergent tubercles. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Beni, VI- 3-1947, A.P. Reed (CASC); Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, XI-1921, W.M. Mann (USNM); 40 km E San Borja, Estac. Biol. Beni, Palm Camp, IX- 13- 1987, W.E. Steiner (USNM); Cochabamba, Villa Tunari, Parque Machias, 300 m, 16°58'20"S, 65°24'42"W, 11-12-1999, R. Anderson, lowland rain forest (CMNC); Yungas, Coroico, Fassl, 1908 (NHMW); Cristal Mayu, VIII-15-1949, L. Pena (FMNH); ibid. IX-7-1949; La Paz, Isiamas, XII- 1921, W.M. Mann (USNM); Santa Cruz, 4-6 km SSE Buena Vista, F&F Hotel, XI-(l-8)-2002, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Saavedra Exp. St., 6-1-1960, R. Gumming (OSUC); 11-1956, G. Pinckert (USNM); BRAZIL: Amazonas, Benjamin Constant, XI- 1962, A. Silva (CASC); Est. do Equador, Rio Javari, X-1979, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Porto Velho, Rio Madeira (USNM); Res. Ducke, 26 km. E. Manaus, II-1-1979, O.S. Flint Jr.; Rio Madeira, Madeira mamore, R.R. Co. Camp 39, Mann & Baker (USNM); Rio Topajos, VI-1962 (BYUC); Taperinha, b. Santarem, (II-20)-(VIII- 27), Zerny (NHMW); Upper Amazon, V-1904 (CASC); Minas_Gerais, Passo Quatro, Faz. Dos Campos (CASC); Passo Quatro, Faz. Dos campos (FMNH); Para, Belem, (IL27)-(V-27), Zerny (NHMW); Rondonia, 62 km S Ariquemas Fa- zenda Rancho Grande, 165 m, 10-32'S, 62- 48'W, (X-29)-(XI-10)-1991, B.P. Harris (LACM); Cachoera Nazare Rio Jiperana, (X-XI)-1966 (FMNH); 62 km S Ariquemas, Fazenda Rancho Grande, XI-(13-26)-1993 D.G. Marqua (TAMU); ibid. (VIII-IX)-1994; Sao Paulo, Capital, XII-2- 1962, F. Halik (USNM); Est. Biol. Boracela, 850 m, nr Salespolis, X-20-1971, E.G., L, E.A. Munroe (CNCI); COLOMBIA: Bolivar, Buena Vista, S.C. Patchett (USNM); Capital District, Bogota (ZMUC); Cesar, El Roncon, 10-12 km E Becerril, foothills of Sierra de Perija, elev. 220- 260 m, IX-18-1969, B. Malkin (FMNH); Meta, Villavicencio, VII-18-1938 (FMNH); Villavicen- cio, 1927 (USNM); Putumayo, Santa Rosa, Kofan Indian villiage, headwaters of Rio San Miguel, X- (4-6)-1970, B. Malkin & P Burchard (FMNH); COSTA RICA: Cartago, Catie, 3 km SE Tur- rialba, 600 m, VI-(9-10)-1988, Brown & Powell (EMEC); Turrialba, 2000 ft, III-9-1964, S.L. Wood (BYUC); Turrialba, 600 m,VI-9-1972, P.A. Opler (EMEC); Turrialba, VI-(24-25)-1965, R.H. McPeak (LACM); Turrialba, II-(22-28)- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ 1965, S.S. & W.D. Duckworth (USNM); ibid. | III-(13-17)-1965; ibid. III-(l-6)-1965; Guanacaste, j Agua Buena, P.N. Guanacaste, 200 m, II-(7-12)- 1994, E. Lopez (INBC); 2 mi. NW Canas, V-(18- i 21)-1974, E. Giesbert (LACM); Dos de Tilaran, ; San Ramon, 1100 m, VII-1995, G. Rodriguez ' (INBC); Estacion Experimental Enrique Jimenez ' Nunez, 20 km SW Canas, XI-(5-17)-1991, A.S. | Menke (USNM); Est. Las Pailas, P.N. Rincon de la Vieja, A.C. Guanacaste, 800 m, V-(8-26)-1994, j K.E. Taylor (INBC); Estacion las Pailas, P.N. Rincon de la Vieja, 800 m, V-(8-26)-1994, K.E. Taylor (INBC); Est. Lomas Barbudal, 30 m, A.C.T., VIL1991, D. Acevado (INBC); Est. Palo Verde, 10 m. Ref. Nac. Fauna Silva, VI-1991, D. Acevado (INBC); Finca Jenny, 30 km N de Liberia, 240 m, (IV-30)-(V-ll)-1995, E. Araya, I at light (INBC); Los Almendros, P.N. Guanacaste, V-(12-31)-1993, E. Lopez (INBC); Los Mesones, ! P.N. Barra Honda, 100 m, V-1995, M. Reyes ' (INBC); Palo Verde OTS, Comelco, Bagaces, VII- (5-20)-1971, D.H. Janzen (USNM); P.N. Barra Honda, 100 m, VII-1994, M. Reyes (INBC); Rio Gongora, 600 m, P.N. Guanacaste, VI-1992 ; (INBC); Santa Rosa N.P., V-2-1985, Doyen & | Powell (EMEC); Santa Rosa N.P., X-(16-31)- 1983, G.C. Stevens, at light (INBC); Sector El ! Hacha, P.N. Guanacaste, (XI-XII)-1991, E. Lopez j (INBC); 3 km N Nacaome, 100 m, P.N. Barra Honda, V-(3-30)-1993, M. Reyes (INBC); 3 km E [ Caujiniquil, 300 m, VI-25-1992 (INBC); 6 km NE Quebrada Grande de Liberia, 700 m, 11-1992, R. j Gongora (INBC); 21 km south Canas, VII-27-90, at light (TAMU); Heredia, Est. Biol. La Selva, VII- (l-5)-1994, at light (EMEC); Finca Naranja i Valenciana, 2 km S Pueblo Nuevo, Sarapiqui, | 90 m, I-(4-31)-1993, M. Ortiz (INBC); La Selva ca. 100 m, VIII-(14-15)-1991, M.A. Ivie (MTEC); j La Selva Field St. nr Puerto Viejo, III-(21-28)- , 1988, Steiner et al. (USNM); Limon, Amubri, A.C. j Amistad, 70 m, I-(2-26)-1994, G.M. Gallardo (INBC); Bananito, X-24, F. Neverman (USNM); : Estacion Aguas Frias, 10-20 m, VIII-1997, E. Rojas, at light (INBC); Est Quatro Esquinas, I P.N. Tortuguero, 0 m, XII-1990, R. Delgado , (INBC); 35 km N Guapiles, IL(7-8)~1978, E. ^ Giesbert (LACM); Hacienda la Suerte/Tampezco, 29 air km W Tortuguero, 40 m, 10°27'-30'N, t 83°47'W, VIII-(13-31)-1979, J.P. Donahue, C.C. Hair, N.K. Moore, M.A. Hopkins (LACM); Hamburg Farm, Reventazon, Meginiss, VII-2-29, F. Neverman (USNM); Hamburg Farm, Reventa- j zon, Anglebeisch, III-15-24, F. Neverman (USNM); ibid. III-11-26; Hamburg Farm, Reven- tazon, on Frisch gefolle. Ficus sp., VIII- 12-25 (USNM); Hitoy Cerere, A.C. Amistad, 100- 200 m, (V-20)-(VI-6)-1993, G. Carballo (INBC); ! La Florida, 500 ft C.H. Lankester (USNM); Lalola, II1-(14-16)-1983, UV Light, M.H. Evans, W. Warfield (CUIC); Lomas de Sierpe, Orillas del Rio Tortuguerro, 10 m,VI-9-1997, E. Rojas, at light (INBC); Manzanillo, 0-100 m, RNFS Gan- Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 37 doca y Manzanillo, XI-(20-30)-1992, F. Quesada (INBC); Puerto Viejo, 39 km S Limon, VI-14- 1985, C.D. Nagano (LACM); Rio Banano, Asun- cion, 240 m,VIII-21-1995, A. Solis (INBC); Rio Sardinas, R.N.F.S. Barro del Colorado, 10 m, IX- (12-20)-1993, F. Araya (INBC); Sector Cerro Cocori, Finca de E. Rojas, 150 m, (VI-26)-(VII- 16)-1992, E. Rojas (INBC); Valle le Estrella, R.B. Hitoy Cerere, A.C.A.C. Amistad, 100 m, VII- 1994, G. Carballo (INBC); Puntarenas, Alberque Cerro de Oro, 150 m, (V-27)-(VI-l)-1995, E. Eletes (INBC); ibid., VIII-30-1995; ibid. IV-(10- 16)- 1996, at light; Rancho Quemado, Peninsula Osa, 200 m, VI-(4-28)-1994, A. Marin (INBC); Est. Agujas, Send. Purruja, 300 m, XI-(l-4)-1997, A. Azofeifa, at light (INBC); Est. Esquinas, 0 m. Peninsula de Osa, 1-1993, M. Segura (INBC); Osa Peninsula, 1.8 mi. W Rincon, 11-11-1971, J.F. Donahue, C.L. Hogue (EACM); Est. Quebrada Bonita, 50 m. Res. Biol. Carara, V-1992, J.C. Saborio (INBC); Sirena, Corcovado N.P., Osa Peninsula, I-(5-ll)-1981, Janzen & Hallwachs (INBC); Vuelta Campana, R. Terraba, 100- 500 m, Rey Curre, III-1993, S. Rojas (INBC); Manuel Antonio, III-(13-23)-1996, D. Dauber (PCCV); 3 km NE Golfito, 100 m, V-(22-23)- 1987, D. Ubick & B. Hiler, tropical wet forest, UV light (CASC); San Jose, Braulio-Carillo N. P., V- 24-1991, Brenes (CASC); Est. Bijagual, 500 m, Reserva Biologica Carara, IX-1990, G. Varela (INBC); Guapiles, Sta. Clara, 250-300 m, X-6-25, E. Neverman, at light (USNM); Province un- known, San Carlos (USNM); V. Central, Ciudad Colon El Rodeo, Einca Hamadryas, III- 199 8, D. Dauber (PCCV); ECUADOR: Napo, Garzacocha, 68 air km E Coca, 210 m, III-16-1986, McKamey (EMEC); Lago Agrio, 2 km N, IX-26-1975, A. Langley (USNM); Limoncocha, VI-15-1977, W.E. Steiner (USNM); ibid., VI-10-1977; Limoncocha, VI-15-1977, D.L. Vincent (USNM); Limoncocha, VI- 13-1977, P.J. Spangler, D.R. Givens (USNM); Loreto, (II-17)-(III-14)-1996, J. Strnad (PCCV); Napo and Aquarico Rivers, ait. 250 m, lett., X- 20-42, K.A. Rijeterborgh (USNM); Puerto Mis- ahualli Jungle Flotel, IX-(6-18)-1998, D.G. Mar- qua (TAMU); Rio Napo, Biol. St. Jatun Satcha, 380-400 m, 1°03'S, 77°35'09" W, IV-(12-16)- 1990, S.J. Weller (USNM); Santa Cecilia, 340 m, (VI-8)-(VIII-l)-1968, W.G. Saul (SEMC); Tena, V- 24-1977, P.J. Spangler & D.R. Givens #72 (USNM); Tena, 400 m, VII-(6-13)-1994, E. Gen- ier, pastureland, light trap (CMNC); 25 km E Puerto Napo, Selva Alinahui, 450 m, XII-1992, E. Ross (CASC); 400 m, Jatun Sacha, Biol. St., 21 km E Puerto Napo, VII-(8-ll)-1994, E. Genier, virgin rain forest, hand collected (GMNC); Pas- taza, Ashuara, Rio Macuma, 10 km from Rio Morona, 300 m, VII-(7-16)-1971, B. Malkin (FMNH); Cusuimi, Rio Cusuimi, 150 km SE Puyo, V-(15-31)-1971, B. Malkin (EMNH); ibid. VII- (18-29)-1971; Tzapino, 400 m, V-22-1976, J. Cohen, black light (USNM); Pichincha, Quito, K.A. Rijeterborgh (USNM); Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge, 0.5°S, 76.5°W, VII-1994, 290 m, P. Hibbs (LACM); Sacha lodge, 270 m, 0°28H4"S, 76°27'35"W, III-23-1999, R. Brooks (SEMC); ERENCH GUIANA: SE Cayenne, Montagne de Kaw., km 47, 250 m, 4.58°N, 54.1°W, 11-18-1994, J. Beierl, UV light (LACM); S Cayenne, Rd to Belezon, 10 km W Hwy N2, 100 m, 4.58°N, 54.rW, II-(10-15)-1994, J. Beierl, MV light (LACM); Esseq., 6 mi. SW Wineperu Picrewana Is., III-(8-16)-69, Duckworth & Dietz (USNM); Esseq. Wineperu, III-(18-24)-69, Duckworth & Dietz (USNM); Hwy D6 to Kaw, 34 km SE Roura, VI- (5-6)-1986, E.G. Riley & D.A. Rider (EGRC); Regina Rd. PK-73, VIII-16-1995, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Saut Athanase at Rapids, III-8-1995, J.A. Lewis (USNM); St. Jean (USNM); GUATEMALA: Peten, Ruinas Tikal, 245 m, VII-(7-10)-1977, E.M. & J.E. Fisher (CASC); 1915 (USNM); Department unknown, Cayuga, VIII (USNM); GUYANA: Mazaruni — Potaro, Bartica, Kartabo, IX-2-1922 (CASC); Landsberg (ZMUC); HONDURAS: Al- tantida, P. N. Pico Bonito, Cerro Miramar, 650 m, 15°34'01"N, 87°03'57"W, VIII-(14-15)-2001, A. Lopez (EAPZ); Lancetilla, IV-17-1980, M.J. Mar- cus (CUIC); ibid., III-22-1980; Cortes, Lago Yojoa, XII-6-81 (USNM); El Paraiso, 8.3 km SE Capire 675 m, 13°58'54"N, 85°49'25"W, VIII-13-1999, J Torres & R. Diaz (EAPZ); Yoro, Cuevitas, 15°11'14"N, 87°38'53"W, VI-17-1999, R.D. Cave & J. Torres (EAPZ); Department unknown, Middlesex, Stann Creek Dist., V-7-1963, E.C. Welling (CNCI); MEXICO: Chiapas, Aguacera, 16 km W Ocoz. VII-(l-7)-1986, J.E. Wappes, 2500 ft (TAMU); Aguacera, 16 km W Ocoz., VII- (l-7)-1986, 2500 ft, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Aguaceros 40 km W Tuxcla Gutierrez, VI-21- 1987, W.E. Ghamberlain, at light (TAMU); Bo- nampak, ca. 12 km W ruins, VIII-(21-22)-1990, M.H. Evans, UV & MV light (CUIC); Cerro Tres Picos, 1500-1800 m alt., IIT30-1973, D.E. Bree- dlove (CASC); Chorreodero, 8 km E Chiapa de Corzo, VI-17-1989, H. Howden (CMNC); Cinco Cerros, 860 m, V-31-1990, H. & A. Howden (CMNC); El Aguacerro, 16 km W Ocozocoau- tla,VI-5-1990, B. Gill (CMNC); Pq. El Aguacerro, 16 km W Ocozocoautla, 9-VI-1989, H. Howden (CMNC); 30 km W Tuxcla, Gutierrez, VT4-1990, B. Gill (CMNC); 7 km S Chicoasen,VT 10-1 989, H. Howden (CMNC); 4 mi. E Cintalapa, VII-11- 1991, W. Jones, at light (TAMU); Colima, Comala, X-25-1967, R. Wind (USNM); Wind, VII-19-1968 (USNM); 14 km E Miniatitlan, VII- 17-1990, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Guerrero, 3.7 mi. E Marquelia, VII-10-1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner, taken at light (TAMU); Jalisco, Cham- pela, VIC. UNAM, VII-(9-ll)-1983, J.E. Wappes (TAMU); Est. Biol. Chamela, VII-(13-22)-1992, J. Chemsak, at light (EMEC); Mpio. La Huerta, Chamela Biological Station, VII-27-1996, W.M. Godwin, UV light (TAMU); nr. Puerto Vallarta, II- 28-1966, J.M. Spencer (CASC); 21 km N Mela- 38 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 que, Fiesta Americana sign, VII-13-1987, E.G. & J.M. Linsey, at light (EMEC); Morelos, 4.4 mi. E Cuernavaca, VI-(6-7)-1974, Clark, Murray, Ashe, Schaffner, taken at light (TAMU); Nayarit, 21 km N Puerto Vallarta Airport, VIE4-1972, R.H. McPeak (LACM); San Bias, VII-14-1960, R.B. Loomis & J. Maris (CASC); Tepic, VII-20-1955, R.B. & J.M. Selander, at light (FMNH); 8.7 mi. E San Bias, Sleeper (CASC); 20.3 mi. W Compostela, VI- 19-1967, A.R. Hardy (CASC); 18 km SW Compostela, VII-20-1974, M.E. & P.D. Perkins, black light (USNM); Oaxaca, 17.5 km ENE Magdalena Tequisistlan, 1600 m, VII-1979, trop- ical deciduous forest, E.L. & K.W. Sleeper, at light (CASC); 72 mi. E Ea Ventosa, VII-21-1963 J. Doyen (EMEC); Sinaloa, Mazatlan, VII-7-1962, Sleeper (CASC); Venedio, VI-10-1918 (CASC); 5 mi. N Mazatlan, VII-27-1973, E. Giesbert (LACM); ibid., VII-30-1973; 5 mi. N Mazatlan, VII- 28-1973, J. Chemsak, at light (EMEC); 5 mi. N Mazatlan, VIII-4-1983, E. Giesbert (EACM); 26 mi. NE Villa Union, 1000 ft. Sleeper (CASC); Veracruz, Catemaco, P. Hubbell, VI-1975; Cor- doba, 2700 ft, VI-20-1963, A.B. Lau (USNM); Dos Amates, VIII-15-1971 (USNM); Playa Escondida, P. Hubbell, VI-1975 (USNM); Dos Amates, (IV- V)-1969, A. Ramirez (CNCI); Estacion Biologica, Eos Tuxlas, ca. 15 km N Catemaco, IX-(15-17)- 1987, A.L. Norrbom (USNM); Lake Catemaco, V- 24-1969, H.E. Howden (CNCI); State unknown,- Zacazonapan, VI-1992, E. Pokorny (PCCV); NI- CARAGUA: Masaya, VII-14-72, J.V. Mankins (USNM); PANAMA: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, VII-24-1963, D.Q. Cavagnaro & M.E. Irwin (CASC); Barro Colorado Island, VII-2-1967, UV Light, R.G. Beard (CUIC); Barro Colorado Island, VII-9-1978, E.M. Eisher (CASC); Barro Colorado Island 11-12-64 (TAMU); Barro Colora- do Island I-(7-9)-41 (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, VII-15-1933, J.D. & H. Hood (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, V-(l-9)-1964, W.D. & S.S. Duckworth (USNM); ibid. IV-(10-20)-1965; ibid. V-(10-17)-1964; ibid. IV-(28-30)-1964; ibid. IV- (18-28)-1964 ibid.; ibid. V-(10-17)-1964; ibid. V- (l-9)-1964; III-(25-28)-1965; ibid. V-(10-17)- 1964; ibid. IV-(10-20)-1965; Barro Colorado Island XII-25-1941, K.W. Cooper (USNM); ibid. L(19-22)-1941; Barro Colorado Island, 9°10'N, 79°50'W, VII-9-1974, Whitehead (USNM); Barro Colorado Island (IX-X)-1940, Jas Zetek, at light (USNM); Barro Colorado Island III-1983, J.H. Martin (BMNH); Barro Colorado Island, V-19- 1967, Delong &c Triplehorn (OSUC); Barro Colorado Island, IV-22 to V-4-1961, S.D. Warren (BWPC); Barro Colorado Island, IX-X-1940, Jas Zetek, at light (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, Nov. 1941 (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, VII- 1944, Jas Zetek (USNM); Barro Colorado Island, Curundu, VII-5-1972, Stanch (BWPC); Barro Colorado Isl., IV-(7-13)-1959, R. Barth (EMNH); Canno Saddle, Gatun lake, V-12-23, R.C. Shannon (USNM); Close’s Cano, Saddle, VII-1923, M.E. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Close (USNM); Eort Clayton, E.S. Blanton i (USNM); Eort Clayton, VII-4-1957, P.W. Johnson ' (CASC); Eort Gulick, Qtrs. 40-A, (V-VII)-1981, | H.J. Harian, at light (MTEC); Gamboa, NW VIII- , (10-12)-1975, E.M. & J.L. Fisher (CASC); Gatun | lake, Cano Saddle, V-3-1923, R.C. Shannon ‘ (USNM); Madden Dam, X-3-1972, Stanch (USNM); Madden Dam, XII-22-1972, Stanch (BWPC); Madden Dam, VIII-13-1969, E.G. Riley (EGRC); ibid. VI-12-1969; ibid. VI-16-1976; Madden Dam, VI-19-1965, H.G. Real (CASC); Pan American Highway, 30 km E Canita, VI-(15- 29)-1992, J. & K. Ribardo (CASC); Rio India,VIII- j 6-1933, L. Cook (CASC); 9 km NW Gamboa, i VIII-(10-12)-1975, E.M. & J.L. Eisher (CASC); 5 mi. W Balboa, VI-17-1972, Stanch (BWPC); | Chiriqui (USNM); Code, Aguadulce, 11-17-1912 j (USNM); Colon, 6 km SE Colon, VI-( 13-15)- r 1980, E. Giesbert (LACM); Et. Sherman area, V- j 8-1999, Wappes & Morris (JEWC); Darien, | Estacion Ambiental Cana, 7°45'32"N, t 77°4U07"W, VI-(3-10)-1996, R.S. Anderson ! (CMNC); Santa Fe, VI-2-1967, DeLong & Triple- ! horn (OSUC); Panama, Cerro Campana, V-(ll- 15)-1980, E.G. Riley & D. LeDoux (EGRC); E ; Chepo, V-20-1981, E. Giesbert (LACM); PARA- | GUAY: Kolonia Sudetia, Anders, C. Pfanni ' (PCCV); PERU: Ayacucho, La Mar, Santa Rosa, 640 m, IX-(8-15)-1976, R. Gordon (USNM); j Cuzco, Cosnipata River, Hacienda Maria, Sauce- [ tambo Cusco, 11-26-1952, E. Woytkowski (CNCI); i Rio Paucartambo, IX-28-1932, Quiroz (LACM); Huanuco, Tingo Maria, H.A. Allard (USNM); ibid. (XII-II)-(1949-1950); ibid. (XI-XII)-1950; Tingo Maria, IV-23-1983, P.W. Pisk, at light ’ (MTEC); Tingo Maria, III-10-1967, Eight Trap, W.E. Brown (CUIC); Tingo Maria, XI-1946, W.K. Wegrauch, WKW-481, 670 m, at light (USNM); | Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, XI-2-1954 (CASC); j ibid., 16-XI-1954; Tingo Maria, XI-6-1979 [ (EMNH); nr Afilador, V-15-1937, P. Woytkowski (CASC); Tingo Maria, VIII-(21-24)-1971, C. & M. i| Vardy, (BMNH); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, X- | 27-1954, E.L Schlinger &c E.S. Ross (CASC); ibid. I XI-2-1954; ibid. XI-16-1954; Yurac, 67 mi. E || Tingo Maria, XI-16-1954, E.L Schlinger & E.S. !| Ross (CASC); Yurac, 67 mi. E Tingo Maria, XI-16- ! 1954, Schlinger & Ross (CASC); Junin, Satipo, XI- ; 1948, P. Paprzycki (CASC); Chanchamayo, II- 1933 (SEMC); Loreto, Rio Amazonas, 200 m, ll Explorama Lodge, 50 mi. E Iquitos, IX-(12-16)- i 1990, B.P. Harris, MV (EACM); Estiron. Rio Ampi-yacu, (III-IV)-1970, B. Malkin (EMNH); Explorama Inn, 40 km NE Iquitos on Amazon | River, (IV-24)-(VII-20)-1990, Menke & Awert- ; schenko (USNM); Ucayali R., Yarina Cocha, XII- 23-1953, P. Hocking (EMNH); Mishuyacu, IIL18- | 30, O. Klug (USNM); Yagua Indian Villiage, i headwaters of Eoreto-Yacu, B. Malkin (EMNH); ^ Madre de Dios, Rio Tambopata Res., 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(6-10)-1979, I J.B. Heppner, subtropical moist forest (USNM); * Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 39 Rio Tambopata, 30 km SW Puerto Maldonato, 290 m, 12°50'S, 69°20'W, III-9-1984, Smithso- nian canopy fogging project, T.L. Erwin (USNM); Rio Tambopata Res., 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(6-10)-1979, J.B. Hepp- ner, subtropical moist forest (USNM); Pasco, Pan de Azucar, VIT14-1961, F.S. Truxal (LACM); Political subdivision unknown, Avispas, X-1962, L.E. Pena (CNCI); Huallaga, Aquaytin, 400 m, IX- 1961 (CNCI); Sanj Beni, Yunin, VI-5-1935, Woytkowski (CUIC); ibid. XI-23-1935; Yahuar- mayo, 11-12-10, Tanopoto (CUIC); SURINAM: Kartabo, Bartica, X-1920 (CUIC); TRINIDAD: Arima Valley, IX-4-1971, L.A. Mound (BMNH); Arima Valley, Simla Res. Station, (VI-25)-(VII-19)- 1982, J.M. Carpenter, J.S. Edgerly (CUIC); Balan- dra Bay, W.I. VIII-(12-17)-1969, F. Bennett (CNCI); Maraval, BWI, W. Buth N (USNM); St Augustine, W.I., VII-(1-15)-1964, J.M. Capriles (USNM); Port of Spain, IX-25-1901, H. Currurola (USNM); Simla, II-(5-10)-1966 (USNM); Simla res. Station, 3.6 km N Arima, (III-30)-(IV-3)-1987, 200 m, at light, M.E. Carter, E.R. Hoebeke, J.K. Liebherr (CUIC); Simla, N Arima, W.I., VIII- 10- 1969, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Simla, II-(24-28)- 66 (USNM); Tunapuna, Mt. St. Benedict, VI-(4- 30)-1995, 200-250 m, forest, S. & J. Peck (CMNC); 8 km N Arima, Simla Res. St., 250 m, lower montane rain forest, VI- 14- 1993, UV light, S. & J. Peck (CMNC); 7 mi. N Arima, W.I. Morne Bleu St., 1-8-1979, 2300 ft (MTEC); X-22-1932 (LACM); VENEZUELA: Amazonas, Cerro de la Neblina Basecamp, 140 m, 0°50'N, 66°10'W, II- I- 1985, W.E. Steineret ah, black light (USNM); ibid., 11-24-1985; ibid., II-5-1985; Cerro de la Neblina, Base Camp, 0°50'N, 66°9'44" W, 140 m, II- 4-12-1984, D. Davis and T. McCabe (USNM); ibid. IIM-10-1984; ibid. 11-21-29-1984; Aragua, Maracay, X-11-1933, L.E. Martofell (USNM); P.N. Henri Pittier, 4 km N El Limon, 700 m, VI- 19-1987, M.A. Ivie, on dead tree (MTEC); Rancho Grande, (VII-VIII)-1976, A. Watson (BMNH); Barinas, Barinitas, II-(22-26)-1969, Duckworth & Dietz (USNM); Pte. Parangula, 8 km S Barini- tas, 11-18-1976, C.M. & O.S. Flint (USNM); Bolivar, 10 km E Icabaru, VII-(4-7)-1987, 700 m, humid forest, UV light, S. & J. Peck (CMNC); Mt. Juajual, Suapure, Caura River, IV-25-1900, E.A. Klages (CUIC); ibid., IV-30-1900; Carabobo, San Esteban nr Puerto Cabello, XI-1939, P.J. Anduze (USNM); Valencia, Schibbye (ZMUC); Federal District, Caracas, 1921, A.J.C. Rojas (USNM); Caracas, Styrup (ZMUC); Las Trincheras, VI-21- 22, L.R. Reynold (FMNH); Miranda, Santa Lucia, V-1922, L.R. Reynold (FMNH); Monagas, 42 km SE Maturin, VII-14-1958, A. Menke (LACM); Trujillo, Valera, 1800 ft, E.P. de Bellard (USNM); Zulia, El Tucuco, 45 km SW Machiques, VI-(5-6)- 1976, A.S. Menke & D. Vincent (USNM); El Tucuco, Sierra de Perija, I-(28-29)-1978, J.B. Heppner, montane forest, (USNM); State un- known, Caracas Valley, III-24-22, L.R. Reynold (FMNH); Chacon, V-22, L.R. Reynold (FMNH); Cumaragua (USNM); El Valle, XT13-39, C.H. Ballou (USNM); Las Quiguas, Esteban Valley, XI- III (USNM); Las Quiguas, Esteban Valley, N. Venvola, (XI-III). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus ligneus is most closely allied to 5. serraticornis but differs in having 2 or 3 dark pronotal vittae and having elytral interval 4 infuscate. Semiotus serraticornis bears only a single dark pronotal vitta, and the fourth elytral interval is pale. In S. ligneus the elytral apex is fulvus for more than 1/8 the total length of the elytra and forms a nearly straight border with the darker anterior vitta. The pronotal vittae in 5. ligneus are nearly the same color. The fulvus elytral tip in S. serraticornis is only an extension of the fulvus elytral margin and occupies less than 1/10 the total length of the elytra. The pronotal vittae in S. serraticornis consist of 1 very dark median vitta and 2 pale lateral vittae. The declivous scutellum with convex sides, large ocular index, absence of anterior sclerites of the bursa copulatrix, broad infuscate elytral vittae, lack of frontal spines, and the extended postero- lateral angles of the hypomeron separate both of these species from other Semiotus. Geographical- ly, S. ligneus and 5. serraticornis overlap through- out much of their range, though S. ligneus extends into Central America, whereas S. serraticornis occurs no farther north than Colombia. In the south, 5. ligneus occurs through southern Brazil and Paraguay. Semiotus serraticornis also occurs in these countries but also extends into Argentina. DISCUSSION. Semiotus ligneus is the most commonly collected species of Semiotus. It is present in long series from many collections and is often collected at lights. In the north of its range (in Mexico) it is darker and smaller with relatively smaller elytral spines. Toward the south of its range it is generally larger and paler and bears longer elytral spines. Larvae have been collected from semirotten cassava together with large numbers of stratiomyid flies that they were feeding on. The pupal period is around 21 days. The larvae are similar to that of S. intermedius, differing primarily by the pilose tubercles at the apex of the ninth abdominal segment (Costa et ah, 1988). Semiotus serraticornis (Drury) (Figs. 6, 128, 169, 194) Elater serraticornis Drury 1782:69 (Type: not found (illustrated, Drury, 1782); type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro). Elater distinctus Herbst 1806:5-8 (Type: not found; type locality: Brazil). New synonym. Elater inermis Kirby 1818:383 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: Brazil). Pericalle inermis, Latreille 1834:141. Pericallus acuminatus Dejean 1836:96 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown). 40 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Pericallus aestimatus Dejean 1836:96 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown). Semiotus distinctus^ Germar 1839:210, Candeze 1857:301, Candeze 1874:185, Steinheil 1875:112. DESCRIPTION. Length 23 to 42 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 4.3). Head aurantiacus to testaceus without frontal spines; ocular index 52.0 to 55.0. Antennae reaching less than 1 segment beyond hind angles in females, reaching 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 testaceus to badius. Front deeply (though poorly defined) impressed with V-shaped depression on vertex extending length of head; texture of few erect peripheral setae, deep scattered punctures throughout. Pronotum length 6.0 to 11.5 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2). Lateral margins evenly concave except for anterolateral angles, hind angles divergent, margin clearly defined medially becoming less defined anteriorly and posteriorly, area along margin thickly rounded dorsally; color fulvus to testaceus with badius medial vitta extending from near base to near border, with 2 paler infuscate vittae laterally; texture glabrous with deep punctures scattered throughout becoming contiguous and umbilicate laterally. Scutellum fulvus to testaceus, declivous anteriorly, rounded except for straight anterior margin, lateral margin convex. Prosternum slightly and evenly concave in profile, prosternal process subdivided apically into ventral and dorsal points; color testaceus to aurantiacus with or without sanguineus to badius median vitta; texture gla- brous with scattered erect setae on or near lobe, punctation fine medially becoming larger and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testa- ceus; texture glabrous with punctation becoming thicker, deeper and contiguous medially. Meso- sternum fulvus to testaceus; fossa glabrous with lateral areas finely and densely punctate. Mesepi- sternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasterrium fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with fine punctures becoming thicker and deeper anterolaterally. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 16.0 to 29.0 mm long (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.0); sides subparallel on anterior fourth then narrowing to tip; intervals 1, 2, part of 5 and 7, and 6 testaceus (interval 2 often becoming badius), intervals 3, 4, 5, 8, and 9 mostly fulvus; texture glabrous, striae poorly impressed to obsolete, strial punctures fine to moderately impressed; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus with few scattered setae and fine punctures scattered throughout; female with 2 obovate foveae on posterior half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite absent. Male with parameres sinuate, lateral blades sub- triangular approximately 1/5 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ARGENTINA: Bue- nos Aires, Buenos Aires, XII-1983, A. Hansen, Eumolpus olivieri (JEWC); Cordoba, Stempelm. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus (NHMW); Misiones, Campo Grande, 1-1973, R. ' Foerster (CNCI); Iguazu, (XI-20)-(XII-5)-1987, R. Forster (PCCV); Panamb, XIL1957 (CNCI); Puerto Bemberg, IT 1942 (CASC); P.N. Iguazu, Empalme 101, (VIL8-1990)-(I-6-1991), palm forest FIT, il 206 m, S. & J. Peck (CMNC); BRAZIL: Bahia, i D. Davis (CASC); Espirito Santo, Linhares Reserve, nr Entrance, MV light, 19°04'58"S, 39°52'57"W' !; II-3-1998, M.E. Epstein, sta. 26 (USNM); Munici- ' pio Lunares, Lagoa do Macucu, X-26-1972, J.P. j Abravaya (LA CM); Municipio Concei^ao da Barra, j 12 km E Pedro Canario, Fazenda Klabin, XII- i 1972, J.P. Abravaya (LACM); Northeast, J.P. | Abravaya (LACM); Porto Alegri (NHMW); f (USNM); Conceicao de Barra, X-1972, M. Alvar- i enga (CNCI); Rio Itabapoana, J.F. Zikan (FMNH); i Federal District, Estacao Florestal, Cabeca do Veado, 1100 m, XI-(l-2)-1971, E.G., L, E.A. M unroe (CNCI); Mato Grosso, Maracaju, VIT j 1937, Servicio Fobre, Amarela (USNM); Minas Gerais, Passa Quatro, Faz. Dos Campos (FMNH); Rio de Janeiro, Corcovado, XI-1968, S.A. Fragoso (EMEC); Guanabara, X-1963 (USNM); (3-4)- i' 1935, P. Saudig (USNM); Municipio Maje nr , Guapimirim (Caneca Fina-Rio Sucavao), 100- , 160 m, X-13-1985, H.R. Pearson (LACM); Rio Grande do Sul, X-13-1933 (EMEC); IV-1951, P. ' Buck (LACM); Santa Catarina, Anilopolis i (NHMW); Blumenau (CUIC); Corupa, X-1965 ! (FMNH); Hansa Humbolt, X-1932, A. Mailer [ (USNM); ibid. 1-1934; ibid. IV-1933; ibid. XI- ; 1933; 1-1978 (PCCV); Joinville, Steind. don. i (NHMW); Nova Teutonia, XI-8-34 (CASC); ibid. I; XI-5-48; ibid. X-13-48; F. Plaumann (CASC); ; Nova Teutonia, 27°11'S, 52°23'W, 300-500 m, ) 1-2-1954, F. Pigumann (CNCI); Santa Catarina Isl., [ Massarandula, Blumenau, 1934, A. Muller I (CASC); X-13-’66 (FSCA); Sao Paulo, Casa Grande, 1-1936, Guer. (USNM); Est. Biol. Borace- ' lia, Salesopolis, IV-(13-18)-1961 (CASC); Pae ■ Mathias, IT1936, (USNM); ibid. IT1936; Pae ' Mathias, 1-1936, J. Halik (USNM); ibid. V-3- , 1935; Sampaio, XI-1977, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); XI-1977, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Santos (ZMUCh : State unknown, E. Alto de Serra, Stanzel-lachnit i (FMNH); Corupa, S.C., 11-1988 (PCCV); Guapi, ii m-3-1936, P. Saudig (USNM); VIII-3-65, G. Crow (USNM); COLOMBIA: Caqueta, Yari (PCCV); PARAGUAY: Central, Asuncion (CUIC); Itapua, 'i Encarnacion (CUIC); Karonay, 17 km W San | Rafael Reserve, 26°45'53"S, 55°50'37"W, 90- 110 m, XI-17-2000, Z.H. Falin, ex: UV Light (SEMC); Paraguari Cerro Acahay, 25°53'S, 57°08'W, III-(13-14)-1986, M. Pogue & M. Solis ! (USNM); 25km SE Ybycui, in Ybycui Nat. Pk., IV- (19-24)-1980, P.J. Spangler et al. (USNM); 26.2 km SE Ybycui, P.N. Ybycui, 26°7'S, | 56°47'W, III-(15-18)-1986, M. Pogue & M. Solis I (USNM); Department unknown, Caaguazu, XI- i 1957 (CNCI); Rio del Plata, X-5-63 (FMNH); S. , Bernardino, K. Fiebrig (USNM); Villarica, 1932 (FMNH); 1-10-1966 (FMNH). Contributions in Science, Number 5 14 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 41 DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus serraticornis is most closely allied to S. ligneus but differs in having a single dark pronotal vitta and having the fourth elytral interval pale. Semiotus ligneus bears 2 or 3 dark pronotal vittae, and the fourth elytral interval is infuscate. In S. ligneus the elytral apex is fulvus for more than 1/8 the total length of the elytra and forms a nearly straight border with the darker anterior vitta. The pronotal vittae in S. ligneus are nearly the same color. The fulvus elytral tip in S. serraticornis is only an extension of the fulvus elytral margin and occupies less than 1/10 the total length of the elytra. The pronotal vittae in S. serraticornis consist of 1 very dark median vitta and 2 pale lateral vittae. The declivous scutellum with convex sides, large ocular index, absence of anterior sclerites (of the bursa copulatrix), broad infuscate elytral vittae, lack of frontal spines, and the extended postero- lateral angles of the hypomeron separate both of these species from other Semiotus. Geographical- ly, S. ligneus and S. serraticornis overlap through- out much of their range, though S. ligneus extends into Central America, whereas S. serraticornis occurs north no farther than Colombia. In the south, S. ligneus occurs through southern Brazil and Paraguay. Semiotus serraticornis also occurs in these countries but also extends into Argentina. REMARKS. The description of S. serraticornis by Drury (1782) is clearly that of the commonly collected species from Brazil (that also occurs in Argentina and Colombia (Fig. 6)) previously considered S. distinctus. Unfortunately, Drury’s illustration is not definitive (and may not have been readily available to previous authors). The name serraticornis has been ignored since its publication. The illustration is clear, however, in lacking frontal spines and in the pattern of the elytral and pronotal vittae. These combined characters could not refer to any other species that occupy the same area. The lack of definite lateral pronotal vittae in the illustration may be the reason for previous confusion, as most speci- mens do have light lateral vittae. Many light forms, however, are known that do not demon- strate clearly defined lateral vittae. Drury’s illustration and accompanying description could not refer to any other species. Ungrouped Semiotus Species Semiotus acutus Candeze (Figs. 2, 70, 168, 243) Semiotus acutus Candeze 1874:180, Szombathy 1909b:121 (Syntype, female: BMNH (1); type locality: Ecuador, Macas). Semiotus superhus reductus Chassain 1998:77 (Holotype, female: MNFIN; type locality: Bolivia, Riv. Songo). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 24 to 29 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.7). Head piceus to sanguineus with anterolateral areas fulvus to testaceus; bearing 3 spines anteriorly; texture glabrous with few erect setae over eyes and anterolateral spines, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin narrowly incrassate with or without faint sulcus on anterior third to half; texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine to moderately deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum subquadrate, wider than long, posterior border rounded, anterior border recurved. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; texture of long erect setae and fine punctation medially, decumbent setae and thicker punctation laterally. Hypomeron glabrous, nitidus, with fine dense punctures throughout becoming more dense medially. Mesosternum with fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Metasternum with few scattered setae and punctures throughout. Elytra 16 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.2), narrowing nearly from base with alternating luteus and piceus or sanguineus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures obsolete; apices of each elyton bearing a single spine. Abdomen with fine scattered setae and punctures throughout becom- ing denser on sternite 1; female with 2 elliptical to subovate foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms densely dentate, extending posteriorly nearly half length of median piece. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Cocha- bamba, Cristal Mayu, IV-1873 (MNHN); 1889, P. Germain (MNHN); Department unknown, Acabamba, Garlepp (MNHN); River Songo, A.H. Fassl (MNHN); COLOMBIA: Antioquia, Medellin VII-1874 (NHMW); Capital District, Santa Fe de Bogota (MNHN); ECUADOR: Napo, vie. Cosanga, 2050 m, IX-(17-30)-1996, E. Giesbert (FSCA); Via Santa Barbara — La Bonita, IV-(7-9)-1986, S. McKamey (EMEC); 2000 m, 7 km S Baeza, II-(20-28)-1979, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Moronas — Santiago, Macas, Region oriental, de Banos a Canelos, (IX-X)- 1894, M. de Mathan (MNHN); PERU: Cuzco, 30 km SW Pilcopata, 1-20-1979, W. E. Steiner (USNM); Junin, Tarma, Huscapistana, 1800 m, 11-12-1940, F. Woytkowski (SEMC); Loreto, Iquitos, Samlet auf Indianere, Birthe Thau, III- 22-1961 (ZMUC); Political subdivision unknown. Region Centrale, Perene, 1923, Vergne (MNHN); 2000 to 3000 ft, Piches & Perone (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus acutus is most closely allied to S. taeniatus., S. kirschi, and S. germari. It can be separated from these species by the lack of sulci along the lateral margin of the pronotum. In S. kirschi the sulci extend nearly the entire length of the pronotum. In S. germari and S. taeniatus 42 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 the sulci are reduced to the anterior third to half only (as in Fig. 33). Several species have alternat- ing light and dark elytral vittae and glabrous pronota similar to S. acutus. Of these, S. regalis is readily separated by having intervals 1 and 2 black (Fig. 222). In S. acutus^ the elytral vittae cover alternating intervals with intervals 1 and 2 being of 2 contrasting colors. This same pattern is evident in S. exsolutus, S. superbus, S. germari, S. kirschi, and S, illigeri. Semiotus acutus and S. exsolutus are most easily separated from these by the absence of lateral pronotal sulci. Semiotus superbus, S. sommeri, S. germari, and S. illigeri all have a short marginal sulcus (not extending onto the posterior half). Semiotus exsolutus can be separated from S. acutus by the presence of strial punctures (which are nearly obsolete in S. acutus) and by the thinner (occasionally single) pronotal vittae (Fig. 240). In S. acutus, the pronotal vittae are wider (Fig. 243). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix differ in these species. In S. acutus, the series of dentitions along the posterior border extend nearly to the tip of the lateral arms (Fig. 70). In S. exsolutus, the dentitions are clustered around the median piece (Fig. 89). REMARKS. A specimen (USNM) from “Co- lombia” bears a sanguineus color for areas otherwise predominantly piceus. Chassain recognized this species as S. superbus reductus. In the first couplet of Chassain’s (1998) key to subspecies of S. superbus, he uses the character of the marginal sulcus of the pronotum to separate S. s. superbus and S. s. kirschi from S. s. panamensis, S. s. reductus, and S. s. championi. The current study recognizes the marginal sulcus as delimiting species. Semiotus s. reductus is the same as the type of S. acutus. Semiotus af finis (Guerin-Meneville) (Figs. 3, 220) Semiotus affinis Guerin-Meneville 1855:578, Candeze 1857:316, Candeze 1874:178, Dohrn 1875 (Type: not found; type locality: Napo, Ecuador). Semiotus candezei Kirsch 1866:180, Steinheil 1875:111, Candeze 1874:178 (Lectotype: SMTD; type locality: Bogota, Colombia). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 35 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 4.7). Head testaceus to sanguineus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with occasional setae above eyes and frontal spines, punctation deep and scattered evenly throughout; front with 2 spines anterolat- erally, with area between sharply angled. Anten- nae 3 segments short of hind angles (in both sexes), with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 1 1 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 9 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), gradually expand- ing posteriorly; margin broadly rounded with Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus sulcus on anterior fourth; color fulvus to testaceus ; laterally, testaceus to aurantiacus medially with 2 i arcuate vittae on disk piceus; texture glabrous , with punctation fine and evenly scattered ' throughout, often with a few fine umbilicate I punctures along anterior margin. Scutellum broadly ovate with indentation along anterior border. Prosternum concave in profile; color I testaceus to sanguineus; texture with fine scat- tered setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially becoming deeper and larger laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with long piceus ! vitta along suture and small piceus macula on i lateral border; texture glabrous (or with few erect | setae laterally) with fine scattered punctures | throughout, becoming denser anteriorly. Mesos- j ternum fulvus to testaceus and glabrous medially i with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly j impunctate with lateral areas containing fine i setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to j testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus; tex- ture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered ; throughout; metepimeron piceus. Femora testa- ceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 17 to 23 mm (length/ ' width ratio 2.6 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior fourth, then narrowing to apex; color fulvus with J badius to piceus markings along suture and lateral | margin becoming wider apically, sutural vitta | reaching scutellum anteriorly; striae and strial punctures finely impressed, interstriae wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus laterally testaceus medially with sub- i lateral piceus vitta on each sternite; texture glabrous or with fine setae scattered throughout, i punctation dense, fine and scattered throughout, becoming larger and nearly contiguous on first visible sternite; female with 2 oblong foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5, lateral arms of anterior i sclerite narrow, 4/5 length of median piece, arms and median piece covered with dentitions. Male with parameres constricted near middle between angulate and subquadrate basal half and lateral blades, lateral blades approximately 1/4 length of parameres, penis extending beyond tip of para- ^ meres. n MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Cocha- bamba, Cristal Mayu, X-7-1949, L.E. Pena (FMNH); Chapare (LACM); La Paz, Isiamas, | XII- 1921, O.J. Costello (USNM); Tumupasa, XII- 1921, W.M. Mann (USNM); BRAZIL: Mato Grosso, 12°3US, 55°37'W, X-1974, M. Alvar- enga (CNCI); Rondonia, 62 km SW Ariquemes, i nr Fzda. Rancho Grande, XI-(4-16)-1997, J.E. Eger (FSCA); COLOMBIA: Caqueta, Yari ‘ (PCCV); Putumayo, Santa Rosa, Kofan Indian villiage, headwaters of Rio San Miguel, X-(10- 23)-1970, B. Malkin & P. Burchard (FMNH); ' Valle del Cauca, Lower Auchicaya. 400 m, tropical wet forest, netted, IV-2-1976, R. Wilk- erson (FSCA); W-Cordillera, Lake Colima, Rio Bravo Valley, nr Buga, 1180-1200 m, (VIII-IX)- 1988 (PCCV); Department unknown, Umbria, Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 43 Guines Fluss (CUIC); Landazuri, 1-8-38, FJ. Otoya (USNM); ECUADOR: Canar, Flerrera Ranch, 40-70 m, Sona Cochancay, 1979 (LACM); Esmeraldas, Bilsa, 500 m, 0.34°N, 79.7UW, (VI-5)-(VII-7)-1996, P. Hibbs, MT (LACM); Guayas, Guayaquil (LACM); Los Rios, Rio Palenque, 47 km S Santo Domingo, 11-27- 1976, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Napo, 24 km E Atahualpa, 480 m, X-(16-23)-1995, E. & V. Giesbert (FSCA); ibid., X-(l-3)-1996; Limon- coche, Oriente, 00°24'S, 76°36'W, (VI-29)-(VI- 5)-1970, P. L. Kazan (FSCA); Laguna Tarocoa, Rio Napo, 800 m, VI-25-1980, C.M. Stevens (FSCA); Limoncocha, VI-10-1977, W.E. Steiner (USNM); 25 km E Puerto Napo, Selva Alinahui, 450 m, XII-1992, E.S. Ross (CASC); 10 km SW Mishanalli, 600 m, 1°5'3"S, 77°42'9"W, 1-26- 1998, L. Nadai (HNHM); Pastaza, Ashuara, Rio macuma, 10 km from Rio Morona, 300 m, VII- (7-16)-1971, B. Malkin (FMNH); Cusuimi, Rio Cusuimi, 150 km. SE Puyo, V-(15-31)-1971, B. Malkin (FMNH); Pichincha, Santo Domingo, Allurigami, 1-7-1997 (HNHM); 10 km SE Santo Domingo de los Colorados,V-2-1978, O’Brien &: Marshall (USNM); Sucumbios, Sacha Lodge, 270 m, 0°28'14"S, 76°27'35"W, III-24-1999, R. Brooks, on fungus covered log (SEMC); PERU: Arequipa, Mollendo Coast, XI-1935 (CASC); Cuzco, Hacienda Maria, Cosnipata River, Sau- caetimbo Cuzco, III-3-1952, F. Woytowski (CNCI); Rio Paucartambo, VI-30-1932, Quiroz (LACM); Huanuco, Rio Monzon, 798 m, nr Tingo Maria, III-17-1964, J. Schunke (CASC); Tingo Maria, (XI-XII)-1963, W. Rosenberg (FSCA); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, X-15- 1954, (CASC); ibid., IX-29-1954; ibid., XI-10- 1954; ibid., X-26-1954; ibid., XI-1-1954; ibid., XII-11-1954; Junin, Chachamayo, 11-1933 (SEMC); Satipo, XI-1948, P. Paprzycki (CASC); Junin, Satipo, IV-15-1941, P. Paprzycki (CASC); Soudoveni Ridges, 900 m, Soudoveni / Huanta- driri Vail., 1987, ca. 100 km N Satipo (PCCV); Loreto, Estiron., Rio Amplyacu, (X-XI)-1961, B. Malkin (FMNH); Explorama Lodge, 50 mi. NE Iquitos, VII-19-1990, S. Dunkle (FSCA); Madre de Dios, Cocha Otorongo, Reserved Zone, Manu Natl. Park, 310 m, 12°2'1"S, 7ril'58"W, X-21- 2000, R. Brooks (SEMC); Madre de Dios / Puno, Rio Inambari, II-7-10, alt. 1800 ft, C.H. Town- send (USNM); Madre de Dios, 30 km SW Pto. Maldonado, P.J. Anderson (USNM); Madre de Dios, Res. Zone, Explorer’s Inn, 290 m, 12°50'S, 69°17'W, 11-25-1982, T.L. Erwin, on vegetation along trail (USNM); Madre de Dios, Rio Tambo- pata Reserve, 30 air km SW Puerto Maldonado, 290 m, XI-(l-26)-1982, E.S. Ross (CASC); Yagua Indian Village, headwaters of Loreto-Yacu, IV- 29-1970, B. Malkin (FMNH); Pasco, Pan de Azucar, VII-(8-9)-1961, F.S. Truxal (LACM); Political subdivision unknown, Huallaga, Aqua- ytin, 400 m, IX-1961 (CNCI); Rio Huallagas, II- 1986, L.E. Pena (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus af finis is most closely allied to 5. lafertei, S. intermedins^ and 5. decoratus. Semiotus illustris, though not closely related, is superficially similar. All of these species have 2 dark vittae on the elytra (1 sutural and 1 marginal) that converge near the apex (as in Figs. 219-221, 223, 224). These species also have 2 stout lateral frontal spines and an angled area between, forming a position phylogenetically roughly between those species with 2 frontal spines and those with 3. Semiotus decoratus is readily distinguished from S. affinis by the single pronotal vitta and black lateral pronotal maculae (Fig. 224). Semiotus affinis, S. lafertei, S. inter- medins, and S. illustris all have 2 pronotal vittae (Figs. 219-221, 223). Semiotus affinis can be separated from S. intermedins by the darker patterns and shape of the scutellum. The dark elytral and pronotal patterns in S. affinis are black, wheras in S. intermedins they are dark brown to red. Also, in 5. intermedins the lateral pronotal maculae are much more evident dorsally. In S. affinis they are often restricted entirely to the hypomera. The scutellum of S. intermedins is approximately as wide as long (Fig. 157). It is much wider than long in S. affinis (as in Fig. 159). Semiotus affinis differs from 5. lafertei in the piceus sutural stripe that reaches the scutellum and in the sulcus on the anterior third of the lateral pronotal margin. In S. lafertei the elytral suture is not piceus all the way to the scutellum, and the anterior third of the lateral pronotal margin is not sulcate. Semiotus affinis is superfi- cially similar to 5. illustris but can be separated by the dark vittae on the abdomen and metasternum. In 5. illustris (and 5. decoratus) the venter is entirely pale yellowish brown to orange with occasional black markings on the hypomera. Semiotus affinis can be separated from all other Semiotus by the 2 converging piceus vittae on each elytron, the stout frontal angles with the broadly angulate median area between, and the broad incised scutellum. REMARKS. The type of S. affinis is lost. A specimen similar to the original description and labeled by Candeze as ''Semiotus affmis^'’ is deposited in the MNHN (on loan from the BMNH) with a Candeze identification label. This specimen is conspecific with S. candezei. Semiotus aliciae n. sp. (Figs. 4, 259) DESCRIPTION. Length 20 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 4.7). Head aurantiacus to testaceus throughout; anterolateral area of frons protuberant and angled, without spines; texture glabrous, nitidus, with few erect setae over eyes, punctation shallow, becoming umbilicate basally; ocular index 68.0 to 70.0. Antennae 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles; segments 1, 2, and 44 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 part of 3 aurantiacus, segments 4 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.3); widest on anterior 2/5, then converging anteriorly and posteriorly to divergent hind angles, anterior 2/5 narrowing and declivous to anterior angles, margin moderately incrassate without sulcus; color aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctures throughout becoming thicker anteriorly. Scutel- lum testaceus medially, piceus peripherally, sub- chordate, anterior margin declivous. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided; color aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous medially, with large umbilicate punctures and erect setae along suture. Hypomeron aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation very fine to obsolete. Mesosternum finely punc- tate with fine setae, fossa glabrous and impunc- tate; color aurantiacus to testaceus. Mesepister- num aurantiacus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, with punctation fine to obsolete; femora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 12 to 16 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.0) narrowing from near base to apex; color piceus throughout; texture glabrous, niti- dus, without striae (except stria 1) or strial punctures; apices of each elytron bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, with punctation fine to obsolete. Female without foveae on sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype: PANA- MA: Chiriqui (BMNH); Paratypes: PANAMA: Panama, 10 km N El Llano, 1400 ft, VI-(3-8)- 1986, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA); Cerro Campana, 2700 ft, VI-(3-5)-1981, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA); Cerro Campana, 2700 ft, V-(17-19)-1987, E. Giesbert (3, FSCA). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus aliciae is a unique species with an angled frontal margin. Phyloge- netically it is placed between those species with distinct frontal spines and those lacking spines (Wells, 2002). Among the species with spines, it is most closely allied to S. catei, from which it is easily separated. Semiotus catei bears several pronotal and elytral markings (Fig. 216), where- as, the orange pronotum and black elytra of S. aliciae are unicolorous respectively (Fig. 259). Among the species lacking frontal spines, S. aliciae is most closely allied to S. luteipennis, S. serraticornis, and S. ligneus. Each one of these species has a bicolored pronotum. Geographical- ly, S. aliciae occurs in Panama, separated from most related species (Fig. 4). Semiotus luteipennis occurs much farther south in Argentina and Chile, S. serraticornis occurs from Colombia to Argen- tina, and S. catei occurs in Colombia. The unicolorous orange body with contrasting black elytra, along with the absence of elytral striae (except stria 1) readily distinguish this species from all other Semiotus. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus aliciae is named in honor of Alicia Wells. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Semiotus angustus n. sp. !| (Figs. 7, 71, 99, 234) | DESCRIPTION. Length 18 to 21 mm (length/ i width ratio 4.2 to 4.7). Head testaceus to : aurantiacus with piceus median macula; with 3 frontal spines; texture of long erect setae over | eyes, finer decumbent setae on frons, punctation j| deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 74.0 to 77.0. Antennae serrate, reaching beyond hind angles by 1 to 2 segments in females, 2 or more , segments in males; segments 1 to 11 testaceus. Pronotum 4 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.3), sinuate, hind angles divergent; margin i incrassate becoming explanate on anterior fifth, | clearly defined only on anterior fourth; color | fulvus to aurantiacus laterally and anteriorly i| with median vitta aurantiacus to sanguineus, , hind angles and anterior border paler, with 2 ' broad sublateral piceus vittae extending from base to near anterior border; texture glabrous medially with dense luteus decumbent setae i; laterally, punctation fine medially becoming ' dense laterally; scutellum subquadrate, posterior border rounded, fulvus with obscure borders. | Prosternum slightly concave in profile, prosternal i' process not divided at tip; color testaceus to J' aurantiacus medially, piceus along suture; tex- j ture of long erect setae scattered throughout with 'I fine dense decumbent setae laterally, punctation f fine medially, dense laterally. Hypomeron testa- ceus to aurantiacus, fulvus basally, with piceus j vitta along suture; texture of fine decumbent | setae and fine punctation becoming denser along ■ suture. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus with | piceus macula, fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus with piceus macula. Metasternum glabrous with fine punc- ; tation medially and with fine dense setae and j fine punctures anterolaterally; color aurantiacus ' to testaceus medially, piceus anterolaterally. ! Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 13 to 14 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.3), sub- | parallel on anterior third to half before narrow- ^ ing to tip; color fulvus with badius to piceus ; irregular vittae along each stria; texture gla- brous, nitidus, striae faint, strial punctures j; moderately deep; apices each bearing 1 spine. | Abdomen aurantiacus to testaceus with sangui- neus to badius sublateral coloration; texture glabrous, nearly impunctate medially, dense punctures and dense decumbent setae laterally; , female without foveae; anterior sclerite vestigial, lacking lateral arms, median piece pointed apically. Male with parameres subparallel basal- ly and apically, lateral blades narrow, 0.33 to ^ 0.35 length of parameres (Fig. 99). MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: BOLIVIA: La Paz, 7 mi. SE Unduavi, IV-7-1978, C.W. & L.B. O’Brien (CNCI); Paratypes: i BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, Br. Ichilo R. Rain Forest, ' Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 45 X-(15-16)-1966, B. & K. Burks (1, USNM); PERU: Cuzco, Lucma, 7000 m, VIII-25-1911 (1, USNM); Junm, Prov. Tarma, Huacapistana, S.A., 1940, F. Woytkowski (1, SEMC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus angustus is most close- ly allied to S. perangustus and other species with 3 frontal spines, dense pronotal setae, and pale elytra with infuscate striae {S. cristatus, S. linnei, S. colombianus, and S. auripilis). Semiotus auripilis is distinct from S. angustus by the strongly convex elytral intervals. The intevals in S. angustus are flat or nearly so. The lateral frontal spines of S. cristatus are shorter than those of S. perangustus and S. angustus^ not extending forward beyond the length of the medial spine. In S. angustus the lateral spines are much longer than the medial spine. The pronotal vittae in S. linnei are arcuate (especially along the medial side), those of S. angustus are subparallel. Semiotus colombianus is larger (over 22 mm long) than S. angustus (less than 22 mm long). Semiotus perangustus and S. angustus can be distinguished from these related species by their narrow body and smaller size. These 2 species are similar, but can be separated by several characters. Semiotus perangustus has darker antennae (segments 3 to 11 are nearly piceus). In S. angustus segments 3 to 11 are only slightly darker than segments 1 and 2. The female of S. perangustus bears 2 deep foveae on sternite 5. The female of S. angustus lacks foveae. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is much larger in S. perangustus, and lateral arms are present (Fig. 72). In S. angustus, lateral arms are lacking (Fig. 71). ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the narrow dorsal profile of this species. Semiotus auripilis Candeze (Fig. 2) Semiotus auripilis Candeze 1874:184 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: Bolivia). DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 24 mm {length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.5). Flead piceus with piceus to aurantiacus spines; with 3 frontal spines medial spine not as long as lateral spines; texture of fine pale decumbent setae and long erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation deep with punctures separated by about width of punctures. Antennae serrate, reaching beyond hind angles by 0 to 1 segments; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), narrowly sinuate; lateral margin sulcate on anterior third to half, thickly rounded posteriorly, with elevated thick- ening above margin on anterior half; disk with 2 large arcuate piceus maculae, interrupted medial- ly by sanguineus longitudinal vitta, anterior border and lateral margins aurantiacus to sangui- neus; texture of dense pile laterally, becoming thicker and aureus on piceus vittae, median area between vittae with fewer setae, punctation fine and moderately dense medially, deep and often contiguous laterally; scutellum testaceus, subrec- tangular to subchordate, and glabrous or with few scattered punctures. Prosternum nearly straight in profile with lobe descending anteroventrally; color sanguineus to piceus medially, lobe auran- tiacus, with or without lateral area piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially with thick pile and dense punctation laterally. Flypomeron piceus, with lateral margin aurantiacus to badius, posterior border fulvus to testaceus; texture of dense decumbent and golden setae throughout becoming less dense in peripheral areas. Meso- sternum piceus laterally, fossa sanguineus; fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. Metasternum sanguineus to badius with anterolateral areas piceus, glabrous medially with dense setae anterolaterally, punctation fine medi- ally becoming denser laterally. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 15 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.1), nearly parallel-sided on anterior 2/3 then narrowing evenly to apex; striae and strial punctures well defined, intervals strongly convex; color fulvus with infuscate striae (also surrounding scutellum); apices subspinose. Abdo- men sanguineus to badius medially, becoming rufopiceus, margin lighter; setae scattered throughout except median area, punctation fine medially, deeper laterally. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: (BMNH). Semiotus auripilis is known only from the holotype. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus auripilis is most closely allied to S. hispidus, S. seladonius, and S. pectitus. Semiotus auripilis and S. pectitus both have strongly convex (nearly hemispherical when viewed from behind) elytral interstriae. The interstriae of S. seladonius are more nearly flat or only slightly convex. The elytral color of S. pectitus is deep red. The elytral color of S. hispidus is completely black, or black with pale vittae. The elytral color of S. seladonius is green. The elytra of S. auripilis is pale yellow with infuscate striae, similar to S. linnei, S. cristatus, and S. colombianus. These last 3 species can be easily distinguished from S. auripilis by the flat or slightly convex interstriae. Also, the pronotal setae of these species are thin. In S. auripilis the pronotal setae is thick golden brown. Geograph- ically, S. auripilis seems to be separated from most related species (Fig. 2). The single specimen known is from Bolivia. Semiotus hispidus, S. linnei and S. cristatus occur in Venezuela. Semiotus pectitus and S. colombianus occur in Colombia. Semiotus seladonius occurs in Colom- bia and Bolivia. The dense golden pronotal setae, 3 frontal spines, sulcate pronotal margin, and unicolorous strongly convex elytral intervals with dark striae separate S. auripilis from all other Semiotus. 46 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Semiotus badeni Steinheil (Figs. 9, 75, 94, 138, 207) Semiotus badeni Steinheil 1875:111 (Lectotype, male: MNHN; type locality: Colombia). Semiotus dohrni Candeze 1889:80, Champion 1896:290 (Lectotype, female: BMNH; type locality: Cerro Zunil, 4000 ft). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 18 to 26 mm. (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 4.9). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus with or without piceus basal macula, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture with a few erect setae above eyes and spines, puncta- tion moderately deep and evenly scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles in females, 0 to 1 segments beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate with margins converging on anterior fourth, hind angles divergent, disk convex with depressions sublaterally on posterior 2/3 to 3/4, margin sulcate and explanate on anterior third to fourth, broadly rounded without definition on posterior half; color fulvus to aurantiacus becoming darker anteriorly with irregular piceus vitta extending from base almost to anterior border, or in some specimens extend- ing onto head; texture glabrous with moderately deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum testaceus to piceus, subquadrate with anterior margin incised or recurved medially. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided at apex; color aurantiacus to sanguineus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with few erect setae on lobe, impunctate or with very fine punctures medially becoming thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testa- ceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus with or without piceus vitta along lateral margin; texture glabrous, with very fine punctation throughout. Metepimeron piceus. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 12 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with intervals 1, 4, 6, and 9 mostly piceus (Fig. 207). (Specimens from the Province of Puntarenas, Costa Rica, have the discal vittae very pale); texture glabrous with striae (except stria 1) faint to obsolete, strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus laterally, testaceus to aurantiacus medially, with 2 sublateral obscure vittae extending from sternite 2 (sometimes also on sternite 1) to sternite 4; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae basally and apically, moderately deep punctures scattered throughout; female with 2 very fine, small, shallow ill-defined Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus foveae on anterior third of sternite 5, or with foveae absent; anterior sclerite with lateral arms subangulate extending apically 2/3 length of ! median piece, with few dentitions basally. Male with parameres narrowing medially, lateral blades > approximately 1/4 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (MNHN); COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Est. San : Ramon Oeste, 620 m, IV-(3-19)-1994, C. Cano (INBC); Rio San Lorencito, 900 m, 5 km N Col. Palmarena, III-1990 (INBC); Cartago, Grano de Oro, Chirripo, Turrialba, 1120 m, IX-1993, P. Campos (INBC); Grano de Oro, Turrialba, I-(18- | 24)-1993, P. Gampos (INBC); Monumento Na- ► cional Guayabo, 1100 m, VII-1994, G. Fonseca !| (INBC); ibid. (IX-1994); Suiza Turrialba, P. |! Schild (USNM); Turrialba, VIL19-1965, Otvoa (HNHM); Turrialba, VI-26-1965, C. Slobodchik- ; off (EMEC); Guanacaste, Estacion Pitilla, 9 km S j Santa Cecilia, 700 m, IV-1994, C. Moraga f: (INBC); ibid., V-1992, Z. Fuentes; Est. Mengo, IV-15-1988, M. Espinoza ^NBC); Heredia, Esta- Ij cion Magasay, P.N. Braulio Carrillo, 200 m, IV- !i 1991, R. Aguilar (INBC); Limon, Cerro Tortu- guerro, 1-120 m, VIL1993, R. Delgado (INBC); j ibid. (IV-1989); ibid. (VIIL1992); Estacion Mir- ii amar, 500 m, Reserva Biologica Hitoy Cerere, | VIII- (21-30)-1992, G. Carballo (INBC); Hamburg j Farm, Reventazon, III-1-1924, F. Neverman (USNM); ibid. VIII-1-1924; ibid. VIII-21-1936; I ibid. 11-27-1933; ibid. X-14-1927; ibid. 11-27- ' 1925, an Gebiisch (USNM); Sector Cerro Cocori, Finca de E. Rojas, 150 m, (I-31)-(II-21)-1992, E. Rojas (INBC); 100 m, Hitoy Cerere, (IV-24)-(V- 5)-1998, E. Rojas (INBC); Sector Coccori, 30 km N Cariari, 100 m, 11-1994, E. Rojas & A. A. Solis (INBC); Sector Cocori, Finca de E. Rojas, 150 m, | IX- 1993, E. Rojas (INBC); Puntarenas, Cerro | Anguciana, Llano Bonito, Piedras Blancas, Penin- sula Osa, 100-110 m, V-1994, J.F. Quesada (INBC); Estacion La Casona, 1520 m, Reserva Biologica Monteverde, X-1991, N. Obando ^ (INBC); San Jose, Las Mercedes, Santa Clara, 200-300 m, V-11-1922 (USNM); Parque B. i| Carrillo, Estacion la Montuqa, 1-100 m, V-22- ' 1981, R. Canet (INBC); GUATEMALA: Santa I; Maria, XI, W. Schauss (USNM); PANAMA: Canal Zone, Escobal Road, VlI-30-1 974, D. j Engleman (CNCI); Fort Davis, VII-1980, H.J. | Harlan (OSUC); Chiriqui, Fortuna, V-17-1978, |i O’Brien & Marshall (CNCI); Fortuna Dam, V- 16-1993, E. Giesbert (FSCA); vie. Fortuna Dam, ! IV-(15-18)-1993, E. Giesbert (FSCA); Panama, | Cerro Campana, 850 m, VIII-21-1971, W. Bivia (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus badeni is most closely allied to S. fleutiauxi, S. fulvicollis, and S. clarki. It is also similar to S. fascicularis and the other species with 2 frontal spines and 4 or 5 dark elytral vittae (5. bispinus and S. melleus). Semi- otus fleutiauxi is unique among these species by the orange to deep red elytra with a pale yellow Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 47 vitta on the disk (Fig. 211). The elytra in the other species are pale brown to yellow with dark vittae. Semiotus badeni and S. fascicularis each bear a sutural, a marginal, and 2 discal vittae per elytron. The discal vittae occupy intervals 4 and 6. Interval 2 is pale. These discal vittae occupy nearly the entire length of the elytra in S. badeni (Fig. 207). They are abbreviated anteriorly in S. fascicularis (Fig. 214). In S. clarki (Fig. 215), S. melleus (Fig. 213), and 5. bispinus (Fig. 209), the second interval is dark (as are intervals 4 and 6). In 5. fulvicollis each elytron bears a marginal, a sutural, and a single discal dark vitta extending from the humeral angles to near the elytral apices. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. badeni is convex along the anterior border and the lateral arms are short, extending less than half as far distally as the median piece (Fig. 75). In 5. fleutiauxi (Fig. 77), S. fulvicollis (Fig. 50), and S. melleus (Fig. 73), the anterior margin is angled at the point where the lateral arms are directed posteriorly. Semiotus badeni is known primarily from Central America (Fig. 9). The other related species, as far as is known, occur in South America. REMARKS. The intensity of the elytral vittae varies among individuals and between popula- tions. The colors contrast from deep reddish brown to black. These differences are minor and blend in to each other in larger series. The differences in the type of S. dohrni and S. badeni are only of this nature and do not merit separate specific recognition. Semiotus bispinus Candeze (Figs. 7, 54, 96, 209) Semiotus bispinus Candeze 1874:180 (Holotype: BMNFl; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Length 24 to 25 mm (length/ width ratio 4.6 to 4.7). Head aurantiacus to testaceus with basal and anteapical maculae piceus; bearing 2 spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with few scattered setae above eyes, punctation fine and scattered throughout; ocular index 73.0 to 75.0; frontal spines 0.45 to 0.47 length of head. Antennae serrate, 3 or more segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2), subparallel medially, converging on anterior fourth, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate with anterior fourth only clearly defined; color fulvus to luteus with broad piceus vitta extending from base to near anterior margin (sometimes with sanguineus vitta within piceus vitta); texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctation through- out, appearing impunctate laterally. Scutellum piceus, suborbicular, anterior margin recurved. Prosternum concave in profile; color sanguineus to testaceus with thin piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with long erect setae on lobe. punctation very fine medially, thicker and umbil- icate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctation scattered throughout. Mesosternum testaceus to badius; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum testaceus to badius. Metasternum testaceus to badius; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures scattered throughout. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 15 to 16 mm (length/width ratio 3.0), subparallel on anterior third to half, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with alternating intervals lightly infuscate; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen Sanguineus to badius medially, fulvus to testaceus laterally; texture glabrous except for fine de- cumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation fine throughout; female with 2 shallow to obscure foveae along lateral margin of sternite 5; anterior sclerite wider than long, lateral arms extending 2/ 3 length of median piece, median piece subtrian- gular basally, with several dentitions along lateral margin on basal half. Male with lateral blades of parameres wide, with acute apices and lateral spines, approximately 0.25 to 0.28 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Boli- var, Balzapamba, F. Campos (USNM); Los Rios, Rio Palenque, 47 km S Santo Domingo, 700 ft, II- (22-27)-1976, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Rio Palenque Biol. St., 47 km S Santo Domingo, II- (22-28)-1976, J.D. Glaser (CMNH); PERU: Junin, 900 m, Soudoveni Ridges, Soudoveni/ Huantadriri Vail., ca. 100 km N Satipo, 1987 (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus bispinus is most closely allied to S. flavangulus. It is also similar to the species with 2 frontal spines and 4 or 5 dark elytral vittae, 5. badeni, S. melleus, S. fascicularis, and 5. clarki. Semiotus flavangulus bears 8 to 9 dark elytral vittae. Each vitta occupies a stria (Fig. 218). The intervals are pale. In S. bispinus (and other related species), alternating elytral intervals are dark. Semiotus badeni and S. fascicularis each bear a sutural, a marginal, and 2 discal vittae per elytron. The discal vittae occupy intervals 4 and 6. Interval 2 is pale. In S. clarki (Fig. 215), 5. melleus (Fig. 213), and S. bispinus (Fig. 209), the second interval is dark (as are intervals 4 and 6). Semiotus bispinus bears a single pronotal vitta and the anterior third of the lateral pronotal margin is sulcate. In S. melleus and S. clarki the pronotum bears 2 discal vittae and the lateral pronotal margin lacks sulci. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. badeni is convex along the anterior border and the lateral arms are short, extending less than half as far distally as the median piece (Fig. 75). In 5. melleus (Fig. 73) the anterior margin is angled at the point where the lateral arms are directed posteriorly. The anterior sclerite in S. bispinus is 48 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 subangulate along the anterior border, and the median piece is thick and covered with several dentitions (Fig. 54). Semiotus buckleyi Candeze (Figs. 19, 35, 116, 230) Semiotus buckleyi Candeze 1874:183 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.4). Head with 3 frontal spines (2 long anterolateral spines and 1 smaller median spine); color piceus basally, testaceus to sanguineus around spines; texture glabrous, punctures moderately deep and separated by distance greater than own width, becoming fainter and farther apart apically; ocular index 70.0 to 72.0; frontal spines approximately 0.29 length of frons. Antennae serrate, short of hind angles by 1 segment in females, reaching to hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus to badius, segments 3 to 11 piceus to rufopiceus. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), slightly converging on anterior half, hind angles diverging on posterior fourth, margin sulcate on anterior third to half, thickly rounded posteriorly, forming an elevated thickening above margin; disk piceus, anterior and lateral margins fulvus to sanguineus; texture glabrous with punctation moderately deep and separate throughout. Scutellum subchordate, testaceus medially with piceus border. Prosternum slightly concave in profile, medially glabrous with fine punctation becoming larger and deeper laterally with fine setae; lobe testaceus to sanguineus, remainder of prosternum sanguineus to piceus or with spine sanguineus (in some specimens most of prosternum is sanguineus). Hypomeron piceus along suture, testaceus to sanguineus laterally; texture glabrous with fine punctures laterally with thick fulvus setae, denser punctation medi- ally. Mesosternum testaceus to piceus; texture glabrous medially with fine punctation and light setae laterally. Mesepisternum testaceus to pi- ceus. Metasternum testaceus to piceus; texture glabrous medially with fulvus setae laterally, fine punctures throughout becoming thicker laterally. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 16 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.8), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip, color fulvus with piceus vittae along striae converging on humeri and near apices in many specimens; texture glabrous, strial punctures lightly im- pressed apically, obscure to obsolete basally; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen ranging from rufopiceus throughout to sanguineus with pale margins; texture glabrous medially with thick setae laterally, punctures fine, becoming thicker laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae in center of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms long, multiserrate, projecting apical- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ly 3/4 length of median piece. Male with parameres wide basally, wider than lateral spine; lateral blades long, 0.32 to 0.35 length of parameres. f MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Boli- | var, Balzapamba, 650 m, E. Campos (USNM); Pichincha, Mindo, ca. 75 km NW Quito, X-30- | 2002, T.O. Holtzer (CSUC); Nanegalito, 7 km S on Nono Rd., 1540 m, 0°0'23"N, 78°40'36"W, X-30-1999, Z.H. Falin, ECU1F99, ex: pyrethrum ^ fogging fallen tree trunk (SEMC); S. Domingo, XII-1982, G. Onore (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus buckleyi is most close- ly allied to S. illustris, S. kathleenae, S. virgatus, | and S. sommeri with similarities to S. reaumuri^ > S. glabricollis, and other species with infuscate | striae. The elytra in S. buckleyi are pale brown a to yellow with each stria dark brown to black, j the striae themselves being very faintly, if at all, ; impressed. In S. kathleenae, the striae are impressed, and the elytra are deep red, lacking dark vittae. In S. illustris the elytra are pale brown to yellow but only have 2 dark vittae per elytron — 1 sutural and 1 marginal. Semiotus virgatus and S. sommeri have alternating elytral ) intervals with contrasting light and dark vittae ) (Pigs. 241, 242). In S. buckleyi^ the elytral vittae ( are restricted to the striae, the intervals are all pale (Fig. 230). Several other species have pale , elytra with infuscate striae and a dense covering of setae on the pronotum (5. pilosus, S. cristatus, S. auripilis, S. linnei, S. perangustus, S. colom- j bianus, S. vicinus, and S. angustus). Semiotus buckleyi, S. reaumuri, and S. glabricollis have similar elytra but lack setae on the pronotum (or i have very faint and inconspicuous setae). These species can be separated by the color of the i elytral striae and by the pronotum. In S. j buckleyi, the dark strial vittae are black and extend out from the striae onto the elytral intervals (Fig. 230), and the lateral pronotal margins bear sulci on the anterior third to half. In S. reaumuri and S. glabricollis, the strial vittae are light brown, and the pronotum lacks sulci. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. buckleyi bears an anterior convexity (Fig. 35) similar to that of S. virgatus (Fig. 76) and S. sommeri (Fig. 87), though the lateral arms are j longer, extending nearly as far posteriorly as the | median piece. In S. virgatus and S. sommeri the i lateral arms are shorter, extending approximate- ly 1/2 and 1/4 the length of the median piece, respectively. Semiotus buckleyi is known from Ecuador (Fig. 19), whereas S. reaumuri and S. glabricollis are known, although from few speci- mens, from Colombia. The combination of dark vittae along each elytral stria, glabrous prono- ' turn, pronotal sulcus along the anterolateral margin, 3 frontal spines, along with the absence ' of a marginal macula on the pronotum, readily separate S. buckleyi from all other known ' Semiotus. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 49 Semiotus capucinus Candeze Semiotus capucinus Candeze 1857:334, Candeze 1874:188, Kirsch 1884:45 (Holotype: BMNH; type locality: New Granada). DESCRIPTION. Length 16 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.1). Head completely piceus; frons with anterolateral areas angled without spines; texture glabrous with few scattered setae above eyes, punctation fine throughout; ocular index 75.0 to 77.0. Antennae serrate, reaching 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles; color piceus throughout. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio 0.7 to 0.8), subcompanulate, much wider than long, hind angles diverging, disk strongly convex; margin thin, without sulcus; color com- pletely piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation on disk becoming much denser later- ally. Scutellum completely piceus, subquadrate, hind border rounded, anterior border recurved. Prosternum strongly convex in profile; color piceus; texture nitidus with long erect setae and fine punctation throughout. Hypomeron com- pletely piceus; texture nitidus with long erect setae and fine punctation throughout. Mesosternum piceus; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture nitidus with long erect setae and fine punctation throughout. Femora piceus. Elytra 13 mm (length/width ratio 2.5), strongly gibbous; color sanguineus through- out, without markings; texture nitidus with very few scattered setae, intervals convex, striae and strial punctures distinct; elytral apices angled, without spines. Abdomen piceus; texture nitidus with long erect setae and fine punctation through- out. MATERIAL EXAMINED. New Granada: (BMNH). This could be anywhere within the present boundaries of Panama, Colombia, Vene- zuela, and Ecuador. Semiotus capucinus is known only from the holotype. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus capucinus is most closely allied to S. ligatus and S. striatus. It can be easily distinguished from these species by the blood red elytra. Semiotus ligatus has green elytra, and S. striatus has pale elytra with infuscate striae. In general habitus and phyloge- netic placement, S. capucinus is similar to the genera Oistus and Semiotinus by having a wide and gibbous body; however, S. capucinus is considered part of the genus Semiotus by having membranous tarsal pads and lacking patterned tufts of setae. In the genus Oistus, the tarsal pads are comprised of stout setae and the elytra often bear colored patterns of setae. The strongly convex outline of the pronotum separates S. capucinus from species of Semiotinus, which have either recurved or straight lateral pronotal mar- gins. The strongly gibbous elytra, very broad and convex pronotum, and completely piceus body color (with sanguineus elytra) readily distinguish S. capucinus from all other Semiotus. Superficial similarities (in color) exist between S. capucinus and S. carinicollis; however, the later has a much narrower pronotum (being about as long as wide) and lighter elytral coloration (more testaceus than sanguineus). Semiotus carinicollis Kirsch (Fig. 3) Semiotus carinicollis Kirsch 1884:46 (Lectotype (male): SMTD; type locality: Colombia, Paramo de Huila, 3500-4000 m.). Note that the lectotype is a photograph only. DESCRIPTION. Head completely piceus; frons with anterolateral areas rounded to angled, without spines; texture of scattered setae through- out. Antennae serrate, reaching 2 to 3 segments beyond hind angles; color piceus throughout. Pronotum as wide as long, narrowly sinuate, converging on anterior third; color completely piceus; texture with scattered setae throughout. Femora piceus. Elytra subparallel on anterior 2/3 then narrowing to tip; color testaceus to auran- tiacus, piceus at base; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals convex, striae and strial punctures distinct; elytral apices without spines. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Huila/ Tolima, Paramo de Huila, 3500-4000 m, D. Stubel (SMTD). Semiotus carinicollis is known only from the lectotype. DIAGNOSIS. The piceus head and pronotum with testaceus elytra and lack of frontal and elytral spines distinguish S. carinicollis from all other Semiotus. Superficial similarities (in color) exist between S. capucinus and S. carinicollis', however, the latter has a much narrower prono- tum (being about as long as wide) and lighter elytra, being more testaceus than sanguineus. Semiotus catei n. sp. (Figs. 19, 134, 216) DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 31 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.6). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with few erect setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and scattered throughout; front with 2 spines anterolaterally. Antennae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles (in males), segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.2), with sides subarcuate, hind angles diverging; incrassate without sulcus; color fulvus to testaceus with median vitta aurantiacus to sanguineus, with 2 irregular sublateral vittae piceus with lateral extension medially); texture glabrous, nitidus with fine shallow punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum piceus, broadly subchordate, convex laterally. Prosternum very slightly concave in profile on anterior 2/3; color aurantiacus to sanguineus, piceus along suture; 50 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 texture glabrous, nitidus with few scattered setae throughout becoming denser on lobe, punctation very fine medially, denser and deeper laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to aurantiacus, suture piceus; texture glabrous, punctation fine to obsolete. Mesosternum sanguineus medially, piceus lateral- ly, texture glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate, lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mesepister- num piceus. Metasternum sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous with fine de- cumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation fine throughout. Femora rufopiceus to piceus. Elytra 17 to 21 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 3.1), subparallel on basal half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus, intervals 2, 4, 6, and 8 infuscate; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals convex, striae clearly defined, punctures obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally with sublateral piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine decumbent setae sublaterally on sternite 1, punctation fine throughout. Male with parameres short, approximately 1.5 times length of basal piece, lateral blades subtriangular, 0.25 to 0.30 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca, W. Cordillera, Lake Colima, Rio Bravo Valley nr Buga, 1180- 2000 m, IX-1988 (PCCV); Paratypes: COLOM- BIA: Valle del Cauca, Colima Valley, Buga, IV- 1989 (2, PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus catei is most closely allied to 5. aliciae and 5. trinitensis. It is most noteably different from these species in having a gibbous profile. It is also similar to the generally gibbous 5. gibbosus. Semiotus catei can be readily distinguished from 5. aliciae by the patterned pronotum and elytra (with contrasting light and dark vittae). In 5. aliciae the pronotum and elytra are unicolorous orange and black, respectively (Fig. 259). Additionally, the frontal spines in 5. catei are stout and well defined. In 5. aliciae, the frontal margin is angled only, without spines. Semiotus trinitensis has a procurved (rounded anteriorly) scutellum. The scutellum in 5. catei is broad and flat throughout. This is similar to the scutella of 5. imperialis and S. cuspidatus. Semiotus trinitensis can also be distinguished from 5. catei by the presence of 2 dark vittae per elytron. Semiotus catei bears dark vittae over each stria. This pattern is similar to that evident in S. gibbosus. These 2 species can be separated by the color of the scutella and legs. In 5. catei they are black (with occasional light areas). In 5. gibbosus they are orange to light brown. Also, the lateral margins of the pronotum are more strongly divergent in 5. gibbosus (Fig. 246) than in S. catei (Fig. 216). ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus catei is named in honor of Peter Cate of Vienna, who has assisted me in this research. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ Semiotus chassaini n. sp. (Figs. 19, 65, 238) DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 23 mm (length/ j] width ratio 4.0 to 4.1). Head testaceus to }, aurantiacus with basal macula piceus; anterolat- eral areas rounded to slightly angled without spines, median anterior margin angled to slightly spinose; texture with fine setae and deep puncta- tion scattered throughout. Antennae approxi- mately 1 segment short of hind angles in females, with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio '| 1.0 to 1.1), widest at base becoming evenly j narrower anteriorly, hind angles gradually en- | larged, hardly divergent; margin incrassate, with- i out distinct definition; color testaceus to auran- ' tiacus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally, with 2 [ piceus vittae between colors; texture glabrous ! with scattered setae, piceus vittae with dense ' decumbent setae. Scutellum suborbicular, fulvus ' to testaceus. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus laterally, | piceus along suture; texture glabrous with fine punctures laterally, fine setae and dense puncta- |i tion medially. Prosternum slightly concave in 1 profile, prosternal process not divided apically; | color sanguineus to aurantiacus with suture i piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctures { medially, fine setae and dense punctation lateral- j ly. Mesosternum declivous, color testaceus medi- i ally, piceus laterally with fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and j punctation. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus with medial macula testaceus; texture i glabrous with fine punctures medially, fine setae ! and dense punctation laterally. Eemora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 16 to 17 mm (length/width ; ratio 2.8 to 2.9), subparallel on anterior third, i then narrowing gradually to tip; color fulvus to testaceus with infuscate striae; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures shallow, intervals convex, intervals 3 (more than others), ; 5, and 7 more strongly convex and elevated; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus to aurantiacus with sublateral piceus vittae; texture glabrous with fine punctures medially, fine setae i and dense punctation laterally. Female with 2 narrowly obovate foveae on posterior 2/3 of | segment 5, anterior sclerite unarmed, lateral arms of anterior sclerite extending apically very little, median piece subequal in length to width of base. Male not seen. ! MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: , COLOMBIA: Magdalena, San Lorenzo, 41 km S Santa Marta, 700 ft, V-10-1973, Campbell & | Howden (CNCI). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus chassaini is allied to 5. imperialis, S. cuspidatus, S. gibbosus, S. fryi, S. girardi, and 5. punctatostriatus. All these species are gibbous in profile and have convex interstriae. Semiotus imperialis, S. cuspidatus, and 5. chas- | saini all bear a single spine at the center of the Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 51 frontal margin that extends forward and down. The anterolateral areas of the frons are rounded, without spines. Of these 3 species, only S. chassaini bears a single spine at the end of each elytron. Both S. imperialis and S. cuspidatus bear 2 small spines apically per elytron. The female foveae of S. chassaini occupy over half of sternite 5, the other 2 species have the foveae restricted to the apical fourth. Semiotus chassaini has 3 elytral intervals raised above the level of the other intervals; this is not the case in S. imperialis and S. cuspidatus. The other gibbous species (5. gibbosus, S. fryi, S. girardi, and S. punctatostria- tus) all bear 2 spines along the anterolateral margin of the frons and lack a medial frontal spine. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is unarmed in S. chassaini (Fig. 65) as it is in 5. gibbosus, though the later species has longer lateral arms that curve further posteriorly (Fig. 62). The anterior sclerite in S. punctatos- triatus, S. imperialis, and 5. cuspidatus are all armed with several small dentitions (Figs. 38, 46, 48). Semiotus chassaini is presently known only from Colombia (Fig. 19). Of the related species, only S. imperialis and S. punctatostriatus are also known from Colombia (Figs. 6, 15). The combi- nation of raised elytral interval 3, gibbous profile, and a single frontal spine distinguish Semiotus chassaini from all other Semiotus. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus chassaini is named in honor of Jacques Chassain. Semiotus clarki n. sp. (Figs. 2, 64, 215) DESCRIPTION. Length 27 to 28 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 4.6). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with few long setae above eyes and spines, punctation scattered throughout becoming subumbilicate basally; front with 2 spines ante- rolaterally. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females, segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, narrowing on anterior fifth, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate without sulcus, anterior fifth very faintly explanate; color fulvus to luteus laterally, aurantiacus to testaceus medi- ally, with 2 piceus sublateral vittae connected to margin by irregular piceus maculae near center of lateral margin; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine medium punctures scattered throughout becom- ing umbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum rufopiceus, subquadrate, anterior margin recurved. Proster- num very slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided at tip; color aurantiacus to sanguineus, piceus along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus medially with fine setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially, much larger and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron piceus along suture, luteus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation becoming obsolete laterally. Mesosternum aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum aurantiacus to testaceus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine decumbent setae anterolaterally, punctation fine throughout. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 17 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.0), subparallel on basal half, then narrowing to tip; color luteus with intervals 1 (only along suture), 2, 4, 6, 8, and part of lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae, and strial punctures moderately to well defined; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdo- men testaceus to aurantiacus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally with sublateral vittae badius; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine decumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation dense and scattered throughout; female without foveae on sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms recurved api- cally, 2/3 length of median piece, serrate denti- tions throughout. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca, W. Cordillera, Lake Colima, Rio Bravo Valley nr Buga, 1180- 2000 m, XII-1988 (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus clarki is most closely allied to S. limatus, S. badeni, and the species in the S. angulatus group. It can be separated from these species by the pattern of the elytral vittae and by the shape of the antennae. Semiotus limatus bears 2 dark vittae per elytron (1 sutural and 1 marginal). Semiotus badeni bears 4 dark vittae, 1 sutural, 1 marginal, and 1 each on intervals 4 and 6 (Fig. 207). Semiotus clarki bears dark vittae on intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and part of the lateral margin (Fig. 215). The antennae in S. clarki are serrate (as in Fig. 165). In the S. angulatus group they are pectinate to subpectinate (Figs. 166, 167). The median piece of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is thick and completely covered by dentitions in S. limatus, and the lateral arms are undivided and curve posteriorly nearly as far as the median piece (Fig. 78). In S. clarki, the median piece bears only a pair of dentitions (Fig. 64). In S. badeni the median piece is unarmed apically, and the lateral arms extend posteriorly less than half the length of the median piece (Fig. 75). The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite in the S. angulatus group are divided distally (Figs. 41, 43-45). Similarity occurs between S. clarki, S. melleus, and S. bispinus, which also have 2 frontal spines and 4 or 5 dark elytral vittae. These species lack the dark lateral pronotal macula of S. clarki that extends from the discal vittae (Fig. 215). Ser7iiotus bispinus is presently known from Ecuador, whereas S. melleus is known from Venezuela. 52 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Semiotus clarki is known only from Colombia (Fig. 2). ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus clarki is named in honor of Shawn M. Clark, Brigham Young University. Semiotus colombianus n. sp. (Figs. 7, 81, 232) DESCRIPTION. Length 23 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.6). Head piceus basally, spines luteus to aurantiacus; with 3 frontal spines; texture of long erect setae over eyes, finer decumbent setae on frons, punctation deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 71.0 to 74.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in females; segments 1 to 2 fulvus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), sinuate, hind angles moderately divergent; margin incrassate becoming explanate on anterior fifth, sulcate only on anterior fourth; color fulvus to aurantiacus laterally and anteriorly with median vitta aurantiacus to sanguineus, with 2 broad sublateral piceus vittae extending from base to near anterior border; texture glabrous medially with dense luteus decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine medially becoming dense lateral- ly. Scutellum suborbicular, anterior margin re- curved, fulvus with obscure borders. Prosternum slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided at tip; color fulvus to testaceus medially with piceus vitta along suture; texture with few long erect setae scattered throughout with fine dense decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine medially, dense laterally. Hypomeron fulvus with piceus vitta along suture; texture of fine de- cumbent setae and fine punctation becoming denser along suture. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepi- sternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum gla- brous with fine punctation medially and with fine dense setae and fine punctures anterolaterally; color aurantiacus to testaceus medially, with piceus medial stripe and anterolateral areas. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 16 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior third to half before narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with badius to piceus irregular vittae along each stria; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures obscure to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen aurantiacus to testaceus with sanguineus to badius sublateral vittae; texture glabrous, nearly impunctate medially, dense punctures and dense decumbent setae laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior 3/5 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms convex basally extend- ing posteriorly 1/2 to 1/3 length of median piece, and bearing several dentitions along inner surface. Male unknown. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: || COLOMBIA: Cundinamarca, Choachi, 1943, j: F.R. Fosberg (USNM); Paratypes: COLOMBIA: j Antioqua, Medellin, VII- 18 79 (1, NHMW); | Capital District: Bogota (CMNH); Cundina- ’ marca, Fusagasuga, alt. 1746, 11-18-40, F. Jotoya (1, USNM); illegible label (1, CNCI); No Data (1, . OXUM); ECUADOR: Napo, vie. Cosanga, 2050 m, IX-(17-30)-1996, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA); ! 2 km S Oritoyacu, 20 km S Baeza, 1500 m, III-(4- 5)-1976, J.M. Campbell (1, NHMW). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus colombianus is most | closely allied to 5. angustus and 5. perangustus \ and the other species with 3 frontal spines, pale elytra, and infuscate striae (including S. cristatus, S. auripilis^ and S. linnei). Semiotus buckleyi, S. \ reaumuri, and S. glabricollis similarly have pale [ elytra with infuscate striae but have glabrous j pronota. The pronota in the other species are ! covered with dense setae. Semiotus auripilis is 1: unique among these species in having strongly i convex elytral intervals. The intervals are flat or \ nearly flat in the other related species. Semiotus \ cristatus and S. linnei are similar to S. colombianus ) but can be separated by the relatively darker striae [ and by the smaller female foveae. In 5. cristatus and | S. linnei the striae generally range in color from * sanguineus to badius and contrast somewhat with testaceus to aurantiacus interstriae. In S. Colombia- | nus the striae are generally piceus and contrast | strongly with the fulvus to luteus interstriae. The female foveae are restricted to the apical half of sternite 5 in S. cristatus and S. linnei. In S. colombianus they extend anteriorly onto the basal half. Semiotus colombianus is larger (apparently ( over 22 mm long) than S. angustus and S. perangustus (both less than 21 mm). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix bears a convex j extension along the anterior margin in S. colom- , bianus (Fig. 81). In 5. angustus and S. perangustus | the anterior margin is evenly convex (Figs. 71, 72). I The median arm of the anterior sclerite is shorter in i: S. colombianus (less than 2 times the length of the lateral arms) than in S. cristatus and S. linnei (both over 2 times longer than the lateral arms). Semiotus colombianus is known only from Colombia. i; Semiotus angustus is known from Bolivia and Peru. Semiotus perangustus is known from Ecuador. | ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus colombianus is | named after Colombia, the country of primary ^ provenance. Semiotus cristatus Candeze (Figs. 3, 80, 129, 144, 231) | Semiotus cristatus Candeze 1874:182, Szombathy i 1909b:121, Fleutiaux 1891:275 (Holotype: | BMNH; type locality: Venezuela (an invalid “Lectotype” exists in the MNHN on loan from the BMNH from Colombia). DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 31 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 4.5). Head piceus; with 3 Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus >53 testaceus to aurantiacus frontal spines subequal in length; texture of fine pale decumbent setae and long erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation deep with punctures separated by about width of punctures; ocular index 70.0 to 73.0. Antennae serrate, reaching beyond hind angles by 0 to 1 segments; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.2), narrowly sinuate; margin sulcate on anterior third to half, thickly rounded posteriorly, with elevated thickening above margin on anterior half; disk with 2 large piceus subrectangular maculae, interrupted medi- ally by sanguineus longitudinal vitta, anterior border, and margins aurantiacus to sanguineus; texture glabrous medially with thick pile laterally, punctation fine and moderately dense medially, deep and often contiguous laterally. Scutellum testaceus, chordate, and glabrous or with few scattered punctures. Prosternum nearly straight with lobe descending ventrally; color sanguineus to piceus medially, lobe aurantiacus, with or without lateral area piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially with thick pile and dense punctation laterally. Hypomeron aurantiacus, lateral areas glabrous with moderately dense pile along suture. Mesosternum piceus laterally, fossa sanguineus; fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepi- sternum testaceus. Metasternum piceus with or without badius vittae on each side of median piceus area, glabrous medially with dense setae anterolaterally, punctation fine medially becom- ing denser laterally. Femora testaceus to auran- tiacus. Elytra 15 to 22 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 3.1), nearly parallel-sided on anterior 2/3 then narrowing evenly to apex; color fulvus with striae surrounding scutellum infuscate; apices subspi- nose. Abdomen sanguineus to badius medially, becoming rufopiceus, margin lighter; setae scat- tered throughout except median area, punctation fine medially, deeper laterally; female foveae on segment 5 elliptical on apical half; anterior sclerite with lateral arms convex basally extending poster- iorly 1/2 to 1/3 length of median piece and bearing several dentitions along inner surface. Male with parameres broad, 2.5 times longer than wide, lateral blades 0.35 to 0.38 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (MNHN); VENEZUELA: Federal District, Las Trincheras, VI-6-22, L.R. Reynold (FMNH); Merida, Anden, Umg. Hotel de los Frailes, 2600 m, Franz (PCCV); La Culeta, Valle Grande, 2800 m, VI-30-1991, L. Stange & C. Porter (FSCA); Merida, S. Briceno (USNM); Merida, 18.5 km NE Paramo la Culata, 2950 m, V-25- 1998, J. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley (SEMC); Mucuruba, 2400 m, VII-23-1988, C. Porter & L. Stange (FSCA); P.N. Sierra Nevada, trail between L. Mucubaji & L. Negra, 3500 m. VI-4-1988, A.L. Norrbom & G.J. Steck (USNM); Nueva Esparta, La Asuncion (USNM); Zulia, Maracaibo (ZMUC); State unknown, Caracas Valley, V-6- 22, L.R. Reynold (FMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus cristatus is most closely allied to S. perangustus, S. linnet^ S. colombianus^ and S. angustus. Overall similarities also exist with S. auripilis. These species have 3 frontal spines and pale elytra with infuscate striae. Semiotus auripilis is readily separated from S. cristatus by the strongly convex elytral intervals. The intervals in S. cristatus are flat, or nearly so. The lateral frontal spines of S. cristatus are shorter than those of the other related species, not extending forward beyond the length of the medial spine (Fig. 144). The lateral spines in the other species are much longer than the medial spine (as in Fig. 142). The 2 piceus pronotal vittae in S. cristatus are nearly linear and approximate, the area between being narrow and parallel-sided. In S. linnei and S. colombianus, these vittae are arcuate medially. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is more heavily armed in S. cristatus than in S. linnei and S. colombianus. Semiotus cristatus has dentitions all along the posterior margin of the lateral arms extending onto the median piece (Fig. 80). In S. colombia- nus the dentitions do not extend to the apex of the lateral arms (Fig. 81). In S. linnei the median piece is without dentitions (Fig. 82). The aedeagus is narrow in S. linnei (Fig. 130) with the base of the parameres approximately as wide as the para- meres across the apical blades. In S. cristatus the base of the parameres is wider than the aedeagus at the widest point of the apical blades (Fig. 129). Semiotus decoratus (Dejean) (Figs. 13, 74, 143, 175, 224) Pericallus decoratus Dejean 1836:96. (Type: not found; type locality: ?). Semiotus decoratus, Candeze 1857:306, Candeze 1874:174 (3 specimens labeled “Syntypes” exist in the BMNH from Cayenne; types invalid). Semiotus approximatus Candeze 1857:305, Can- deze 1874:174, Chassain 2002b (Holotype, male: BMNH; type locality: Cayenne). DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 5.0 to 5.2). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with a few setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and scattered throughout becom- ing umbilicate basally; front with 2 spines ante- rolaterally, with area between sharply angled. Antennae serrate, 3 segments short of hind angles (in females), with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.5 to 1.6), narrowly sinuate, narrowing anteriorly, hind angles diver- gent; margin incrassate on posterior 2/3, declivous, sulcate and explanate on anterior third; color fulvus to testaceus with median vitta and lateral 54 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 maculae piceus; texture glabrous with punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout except for a few fine, often umbilicate punctures along anterior margin. Scutellum piceus, broadly sub- chordate. Prosternum concave in profile; color fulvus to testaceus; texture with fine scattered setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially becoming deeper and larger laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with small piceus macula on lateral border extending from dorsum; texture glabrous with fine scattered punctures throughout, becoming denser anteriorly. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus and glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mese- pisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout; metepimeron ful- vus to piceus. Femora fulvus to testaceus through- out. Elytra 16 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 3.3 to 3.4), subparallel on anterior third, evenly narrow- ing to tip; color fulvus to testaceus with badius to piceus markings along suture and lateral margin becoming wider apically; texture glabrous with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete, inter- striae wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with dense fine punctures scattered throughout, becoming larger and nearly contiguous on first visible sternite; female with 2 obovate foveae on posterior 2/3 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms curved mesially, bearing fine denti- tions apically, extending distally approximately 3/ 4 length of median piece. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Amazo- nas, Santarem (CMNH); Estirao do Ecuador, Rio Jaurai, X-1979, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); COLOM- BIA: Department unknown, Umbria, Guines Eluss (CUIC); FRENCH GUIANA: Bas Maroni, Le Moult (MNHN); Maroni (MNHN); St. Laurent, Maroni, Audouit, 1862 (MNHN); . GUYANA: Mazaruni-Potaro, Takutu Mountains, 6°15'N, 58°55'W, XII-8-1983, W.E. Steiner (USNM); SURINAM: District Brokopondo, Brownsberg Nature Reserve, Mazaroni plateau, 500 m, III-4- 1986 (CASC); VENEZUELA: Orinoco River, LeMoult (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus decoratus is most close- ly allied to S. affinis^ S. intermedins, and S. lafertei. Semiotus illustris, though not phylogenetically related, is superficially similar. All of these species have 2 dark vittae on the elytra (1 sutural and 1 marginal) that converge near the apex. These species also have 2 stout lateral frontal spines and an angled area between, forming a position phy- logenetically roughly between those species with 2 frontal spines and those with 3. Semiotus decoratus is readily distinguished from the other related species by the single pronotal vitta (Eig. 224). The other related species have 2 pronotal vittae (Eigs. 219-221, 223). In S. decoratus (and S. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \\ illustris) the venter is entirely pale yellowish brown to orange with occasional black markings on the hypomera. The other related species have pro- nounced black vittae on the abdomen and metepi- || mera. In addition to the pronotal vittae, S. j decoratus can be separated from S. illustris by the i darker antennae and the shape of the anterior | sclerite of the bursa copulatrix. In S. illustris the antennae are all testaceus to aurantiacus. (In S. decoratus, segments 4 to 11 are dark brown to black.) The anterior sclerite in S. decoratus bears 2 stout dentitions near the base of the lateral arms, the lateral arms themselves bearing sharp denti- | tions only near the apex (Eig. 74). In S. illustris, the '' lateral arms do not bear dentitions apically, but i rather medially, and the base is unarmed (Eig. 85). || Semiotus decoratus can be separated from all other | Semiotus by the 2 converging piceus vittae on each | elytron, the stout frontal angles with the broadly '! angulate median area between, and the completely , pale venter. ii REMARKS. The holotype of S. approximatus is j the same species as the types of S. decoratus. This synonymy has been recognized by Ghassain (2002b). [ !; Semiotus exsolutus Gandeze ' (Eigs. 4, 89, 131, 178, 239, 240) | Semiotus exsolutus Gandeze 1900:82 (Holotype: ;i ISNB; type locality: Colombia). I Semiotus superbus championi Ghassain 1998:77 , (Holotype: MNHN; type locality: Panama). | New synonym. Semiotus superbus panamensis Ghassain 1998:77 (Holotype: MNHN; type locality: Panama), j New synonym. | DESCRIPTION. Length 19 to 26 mm (length/ ! width ratio 4.4 to 4.9). Head testaceus to i aurantiacus with triangular piceus macula nar- ! rowing anteriorly; bearing 3 spines apically; texture glabrous with few scattered setae above !; eyes and spines, punctation fine and well separat- ed, becoming thicker basally; ocular index 73.0 to ^ 75.0; spines 0.30 length of frons. Antennae i serrate, reaching hind angles in females; segments j 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 4 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to ] 1.4), with sides arched, hind angles divergent, | anterolateral angles impressed, margin thinly ■ rounded, without sulcus; color fulvus laterally with broad piceus vitta extending from base to I apex (or with 2 narrower vittae sublaterally or s with sanguineus vitta separating 2 piceus vittae); ! texture glabrous with fine punctures scattered ' throughout. Scutellum rufopiceus to piceus, sub- j: chordate. Prosternum slightly concave in profile; J color aurantiacus to sanguineus with lobe and lateral area testaceus to aurantiacus, suture with ' piceus vitta; texture glabrous medially with fine ' scattered setae laterally, punctation fine medially becoming denser and deeper laterally. Hypo- Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 55 meron fulvus with suture piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctation scattered throughout, be- coming denser toward suture. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus with obscure margins; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus with obscure margins. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus line medially and along lateral margin; texture with very fine setae scattered medially, becoming denser lateral- ly, punctation very fine medially, denser laterally; metepimeron piceus. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 13 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.3), subparallel on anterior third, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus with 5 (including sutural vitta) piceus vittae; striae fine to obsolete, strial punctures shallow to barely impressed, interstriae wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus laterally, testaceus to auran- tiacus medially with piceus sublateral vittae laterally; texture with few fine erect setae scattered medially, sternite 1 with dense decum- bent setae behind metacoxae, punctation fine and scattered throughout becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite strongly convex across lateral arms, median piece 2 times as long as lateral arms. Male with parameres narrow medi- ally, lateral blades narrow, 0.32 to 0.34 length of parameres. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus exsolutus is most close- ly allied to S. superbus, S. taeniatus, and S. intermedius. It can be separated from these species by the lack of sulci along the lateral margin of the pronotum and by the elytral color patterns. Semiotus exsolutus lacks lateral prono- tal sulci, the other 3 species have short sulci in the anterior third of the lateral pronotal margin. Semiotus intermedius has 2 dark vittae per elytron (1 marginal and 1 sutural), and S. taeniatus has 3 vittae per elytron. Both S. exsolutus and S. superbus have at least 4 dark vittae per elytron. Several species have alternating light and dark elytral vittae and glabrous pronota similar to S. exsolutus and S. superbus. Of these, S. regalis is readily separated by having intervals 1 and 2 black (Fig. 222). In S. exsolutus, the elytral vittae cover alternating intervals with intervals 1 and 2 being of 2 contrasting colors. This same pattern is evident in S. acutus, S. germari, S. kirschi, and S. illigeri. The last 3 of these species have a short marginal sulcus (not extending onto the posterior half). Semiotus exsolutus can be separated from S. acutus (both lacking pronotal sulci) by the presence of strial punctures (which are nearly obsolete in S. acutus) and by the thinner (occasionally single) pronotal vittae (Fig. 240). In S. acutus, the pronotal vittae are wider (Fig. 243). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix differ in these species. In S. acutus, the series of dentitions along the posterior border extend nearly to the tip of the lateral arms (Fig. 70). In S. exsolutus, the dentitions are clustered around the median piece (Fig. 89). MATERIAL EXAMINED. COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Poas, Vara Blanca 1700, III-15-1932, FI. Schmidt, F. Neverman (USNM); Cartago, Chitaria, VT19-1967, Flint & Ortiz (USNM); Grano de Oro, Chirripo, 1120 m, IX-1993, P. Campos (INBC); Guayalbillos, SW Aohang, Vulkan Irazu, 1500-2000 m (USNM); Q. Se- gunda, P.N. Tapanti, 1300 m, X-1993, G. Mora (INBC); Rio Aquiares nr Santa Cruz, 1500 m, 9 km NW Turrialba, V-15-1985 (EMEC); Rio Dos Amigos, P.N. Tapanti, 1500 m, XT1994, R. Delgado (INBC); Rio Navarro, V-1937 (USNM); Sector La Represa beginning of Sendero to Rancho Negro, 1700 m, III-1997, R. Delgado (INBC); Vulcan Turrialba, 3000 m, A. Smith, XI- 32, on tree stump, F. Neverman (USNM); Westabhang, Vulkan Irazu, 1800-2000 m, IV- 30-26, T. Assmann, F. Neverman (USNM); ibid. m-11-28; ibid. (TIII)-35; ibid. V-9-26; Chiriqui, Hartman Cafe Finca, Ojo de Agua, 4650 ft, VI- 14-1993, S. Lingafelter, at light (SEMC); Guana- caste, Derrumbe, Est. Mengo, 1400 m, W side Volcan Cacao, VITl 1-1988, Janzen & Hallwachs (INBC); Rio San Lorenzo, 1050 m, Tierras Morenas, Z.P. Tenorio, (III-23)-TV-21)-1992, A. Marin (INBC); Heredia, Braulio Carrillo, San Rafael, VIII-12-1984 (INBC); Limon, Valle del Silencio, 2200 m, IX-10-1984, A. Solis (INBC); Puntarenas, Buen Amigo, San Luis, Monteverde, 1000-1350 m, m-1995, Z. Fuentes (INBC); Buenos Aires, La Amistad, Sector Altamira, XI- 1993, R. Delgado (INBC); Catarata, 4.5 km NE Cerrc Pittier, 1300-1360 m, VII-13-1996, M. Moraga (INBC); Cerro Amigos, 1820 m, IIT23- 1998, Z. Fuentes & F. Alvarado (INBC); Cerro Biolley, Buenos Aires, 1766 m, III-(5-9)-1996, R. Villalobos (INBC); Cerro Frantzius, 2134 m, (IV- 24)-(VI-8)-1997, R. Villalobos, Malaise trap (INBC); Cloud Forest Reserve Monteverde, 1450 m, V-(18-19)-1985, J. Doyen (EMEC);Co- toncito, 3.5 km N Lucha, 1600 m, V-( 13-16)- 1997, A. Picado & A. Solis (INBC); Est. Biol. Las Alturas, 1500 m, Coto Brus. (IIT23)-(V-2)-1992, F. Araya (INBC); Est. La Casona, R.B. Monte- verde, 1500 m, VT1991, N. Obando (INBC); Est. Pittier, Sendero a Rio Canasta, 1750-1850 m, IV- (5-10)-1997, M. Moraga, beating sheet (INBC); Fila Cruces, Laguna Gamboa, 1400 m, V-20- 1996, LA. Chacon (INBC); Finca Cafrosa, Est. Las Mellizas, P.N. Amistad, 1300 m, (VT19)- (VII-26)-1990, R. Delgado (INBC); Las Alturas (San Vito), 1500 m, V-9-1996, E. Giesbert & H. Lezama (FSCA); Monteverde, 35 km N Puntar- enas, VIT22-1987, J. Brambila (FSCA); Monte- verde, IT26-19987, E. Giesbert (FSCA); ibid., IV- (19-26)-1988; Monteverde, 1500 m, V-(ll-13)- 1996, E. Giesbert (FSCA); Monteverde area, VI- (4-6)-1980, J.E. Wappes (JEWC); Monteverde, Camino a San Luis, 900 m, VT1991, M.A. Zumbado (INBC); Monteverde, 1500 m, VI-3- 56 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 1972, C. Guindon (CASC); Monteverde Res., 1500 m, VIII-(17-18)-1987, H&A Howden (CMNC); Monteverde Res., 1400 m, VIII-21- 1987, H&A Howden (CMNC); Monteverde area, VI-6-1973, 1400-1700 m, Erwin & Hevel Cen- tral American Expedition, 1973 (USNM); Mon- teverde, 1600 m, V-2-1974, P. Opler (EMEC); Monteverde Reserve 1500 m, V-29-1979, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Monte Verde de Guanacaste, Powell’s Place, 1560-m elev., IV-16-76, A.H. Powell (MTEC); San Lms, Monteverde, 1000- 1350 m, 1-1995, Z. Puentes (INBC); Sitio Goto Brus. 2.6 km ENE Cerro Bellavista, 1800- 1900 m, III-22-1996, E. Navarro (INBC); Las Alturas, 1500 m, 8.95°N, 82.83°W, VI-(9-10)- 1998, B. Brown & V. Berzovsky (LACM); Monteverde, IV-23-1991, E. Giesbert (LACM); San Vito de Java (6 mi. S), VIII-14-1967, R.W. McDiarmid (LACM); San Jose, Est. Cueici, Sendero al Mirador, 4.6 km E Villa Mills, 2640 m, III-(17-22)-1996, B. Gamboa, at light (INBC); Est. Las Nubes de Santa Elena, Sendero el Llano, 1900 m, X-2-1995, E. Alfaro (INBC); P. Cementario de la Maquina, 2100-2500 m, P.N. Chirripo, III-2-1993, M. Zumbado (INBC); Finca Zacatales, 2100 m, VIII-(8-10)-1995, M.A. Zum- bado (INBC); Pico Blanco, 1500 m, III-6-1991, H&A Howden (CMNC); 3 km S San Antonio de Escazu, 1700 m, VI-26-1988, W.T. Wcislo (SEMC); San Gerardo de Dota, 2000-2500 m, II-(22-26)-1992 (INBC); San Isidro, 9.37°N, 83.70°W, VI-(20-23)-1974, J.P. Donahue, ma- laise (LACM); 15 km N San Ysidro, V-24-1985 (EMEC); Province unknown, Coronado, 1400- 1500 m, X-15-23, F. Neverman (USNM); La Palma, 1500 m, II-7-24, F. Neverman (USNM); La Palma, 4800 ft, E. Fernandez (USNM); Matina, Waldeck Farm (NHMW); PANAMA: Chiriqui, Cerro Punta, IV-1940 (OSUC); Cerro Punta, 8000 ft, VII-(18-24)-1961, J.W. Campbell (CNCI); Cerro Punta, 5300 ft, V-1961, C.E. Yunker (CNCI); Cerro Rando, 1535 m, V-24- 1973, G. Ekis (USNM); Fortuna, 82°15'W, 8°44'N, V-18-1978, O’Brien & Marshall (CNCI); Hartmanns Finca, V-(18-20)-1996, Wappes, Huether, Morris (JEWC); Hartmanns Finca, VII- (4-7)-1997, Wappes & Morris (JEWC); Las Lagunas, 1360 m, 4 km W Hato del Volcan, V- (22-23)-1977, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Potrer- illos, (IV-28)-(V-8)-1933 (CASC); ibid., 1-25- 1935; Volcan Bam, VII-1 1-1981, B.K. Dozier (FSCA); Volcan de Chiriqui (NHMW); 2.5 km W Cerro Punta, 8°51'N, 82°36'W, 1720 m, III-28- 1975, H. Stockwell (CNCI); 2 km W Cerro Punta, 1700 m, (V-19)-(VI-8)-1977, S. & J. Peck & H. Howden (CNCI); 12 km NE Santa Clara, Cerro Pando, 8°54'73"N, 82°43'29"W, 1850 m, VI-18-1996, R. Anderson, oak forest (CMNC); (CUIC). REMARKS. Semiotus s. panamensis and 5. s. championi are here regarded as synonyms of S. exsolutus. Chassain (1998) recognized S. s. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ panamensis and S. s. championi as subspecies of , S. superbus. (Chassain refers to these forms as “varieties,” although he uses this term to imply , taxonomic validity in the sense of subspecies.) In | the first couplet of Chassain’s (1998) key to ji subspecies of S. superbus., he uses the character of ^ the marginal sulcus of the pronotum to separate S. s. superbus and S. s. kirschi from S. s. panamensis., S. s. reductus, and S. s. championi. This study ' recognizes the importance of the marginal sulcus as delimiting these species. The 2 subspecies of Chassain were based on color patterns on the | pronotum. Semiotus s. panamensis was charac- } terized by a pronotum with 2 black vittae | separated by a red to yellow pattern. Semiotus s. | championi was characterized by a single broad I! black vitta on the pronotum. Of the several \ dozens of specimens evaluated in this study, no | defining geographical boundaries could be de- termined to separate these 2 forms. Both could be found in the same or proximate localities. Ij Semiotus fascicularis Candeze (Figs. 22, 214) I Semiotus fascicularis Candeze 1857:309, Candeze ji 1874:175 (Type: not found; type locality: I; Colombia). j Semiotus multifidus Candeze 1874:181-182, i Steinheil 1875:112 (Syntype (1): BMNH; type locality: Colombia). New synonym. ; DESCRIPTION. Length 19 mm (length/width j ratio 4.5). Head aurantiacus to testaceus, front | with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture mostly glabrous with a few erect setae above eyes and spines, punctation broad, shallow, and often ‘ umbilicate; ocular index 72.0 to 74.0; frontal spines approximately 0.39 length of frons. An- i tennae serrate, extending to or just short of (less than 1 segment) hind angles; segments 1 and 2 [ testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.2), nar- rowly sinuate with margins converging on ante- rior fourth to anterior third, hind angles di- verging, disk concave with lateral depressions sublaterally on posterior 2/3 to 3/4, margin becoming increasingly incrassate posteriorly, without sulcus; color aurantiacus to testaceus I (becoming lighter near hind angles); texture glabrous, nitidus, with few shallow punctures throughout, becoming umbilicate anteriorly. Scu- tellum subquadrate with rounded posterior bor- 1 der, anterior border incised; color testaceus to j piceus. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal * process rounded at apex; color aurantiacus to j testaceus; texture glabrous with few erect setae on j lobe, impunctate or with very fine punctures medially becoming thicker laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout, or punctures obsolete. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 57 setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus, gla- brous, with very fine punctation throughout. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 12 mm (length/width ratio 2.9), subparallel on anterior fourth then narrowing to tip; base color fulvus to luteus with intervals (on posterior half to 2/3) 1, 2, 4 (and 5 posteriorly), 6, 8, and 9 piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with striae and strial punctures faint to obsolete, intervals 4 and 6 confluent apically forming a V-shaped pattern; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus laterally, testa- ceus to aurantiacus medially, with 2 sublateral obscure vittae; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae basally and apically, sternite 1 with or without patch of fine decumbent setae anteriorly, punctation very fine and scattered throughout; female without foveae or with 2 very fine, small, and shallowly ill-defined foveae restricted to anterior third of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms subangulate extending apically 2/3 length of median piece, with few dentitions basally. Male with parameres narrow- ing medially, lateral blades approximately 1/4 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: La Paz (BMNH); COLOMBIA: Capital District, Bogota (ISNB); Valle del Cauca, Darien, H. Hodge, 1909 (BMNH); VENEZUELA: Miranda, Panagmre, IV-23-1981, C.L. Hogue (LACM); Los Camales, G. Vivas (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus fascicularis is most closely allied to S. melleus, S. trinitensis, and S. kondratieffi. It is also similar to S. badeni, S. bispinus, and S. clarki. The elytra of S. badeni and S. fascicularis each bear a sutural, a marginal, and 2 discal vittae per elytron. The discal vittae occupy intervals 4 and 6. Interval 2 is pale. These discal vittae occupy nearly the entire length of the elytra in S. badeni (Pig. 207). They are abbrevi- ated anteriorly in S. fascicularis (Eig. 214). In S. clarki (Pig. 215), S. melleus (Pig. 213), and S. bispinus (Pig. 209), the second interval is dark (as are intervals 4 and 6). In S. fulvicollis and S. kondratieffi each elytron bears a marginal, a su- tural, and a single dark discal vitta extending from the humeral angles to near the elytral apices. Semiotus trinitensis bears only 2 dark vittae per elytron (1 sutural and 1 marginal). The frontal margin in S. kondratieffi bears 2 angles ante- rolaterally. Spines are absent. The frontal margin in S. fascicularis is bispinose. REMARKS. The type of S. fascicularis has not been found, but Candeze’s description is clear on important characteristics including 2 frontal spines, the bifid (divided) discal vitta of the elytra, and the absence of female foveae. Candeze later described S. multifidus and distinguished it from S. fascicularis, and other species, by the larger division of the discal vitta (appearing as 2 vittae instead of the single Y-shaped vitta of S. fascicularis). This distinction is not consistent. Several intermediate forms of these patterns were examined. Semiotus flavangulus Candeze (Pigs. 22, 218) Semiotus flavangulus Candeze 1900:82 (Holo- type: ISNB; type locality: Colombia). DESCRIPTION. Length 24 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 4.6). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus apically, piceus basally; texture gla- brous, nitidus with few setae over eyes and spines, punctation scattered throughout, larger basally; front with 2 spines anterolaterally; ocular index 62.0 to 64.0 Antennae serrate, 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles, segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.2), narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin narrowly incrassate, faintly sulcate on anterior third; color sanguineus, front angles testaceus to aurantiacus, hind angles luteus, with 2 median vittae and medial area of lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine medium punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum piceus, anterior margin recurved and dropping below level of scutellar disk. Prosternum very slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided at tip; color sanguineus, testaceus to aurantiacus anteriorly, suture piceus; texture with scattered setae and punctures becoming denser laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus laterally, piceus along suture, with piceus dorsal maculae extend- ing onto hypomeron from above; texture gla- brous, nitidus laterally with fine setae and punctation along suture. Mesosternum badius to sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas con- taining fine setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus with paler maculae in some specimens; texture glabrous, nitidus medi- ally, with long setae and very fine punctation laterally. Eemora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 16 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.2), subparallel on basal third, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with striae and lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen piceus medially, luteus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus medially with long setae and very fine punctation laterally. Male with parameres thickened on basal half, blades small, approximately 0.20 length of para- meres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (ISNB). Semiotus flavangulus is known only from the type. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus flavangulus is most closely allied to S. bispinus. It is also similar to the species with pale elytra and infuscate striae. Semiotus flavangulus bears 8 to 9 dark elytral vittae. Each vitta occupies a stria (Eig. 218). The intervals are pale. In S. bispinus, alternating 58 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 elytral intervals are dark (Fig. 219). Several species have pale elytra and infuscate striae similar to S. flavangulus, including S. linnei, S. cristatus^ S. buckleyi^ S. reaumuri^ S. glabricollis, S. angustus, S. colombianus, S. perangustus, S. punctatostriatus, and S. girardi. All but the last 2 of these similar species have 3 frontal spines. Semiotus flavangulus, S. punctatostriatus, and S, girardi all have 2. The profile of S. flavangulus is linear, v^ith the widest portion of the body occuring across (or at) the anterior third of the elytra (as in Fig. 28). In S. punctatostriatus and S. girardi, the profile is gibbous, with the widest portion on the body occupying the anterior fifth of the elytra (as in Fig. 29). Semiotus fleutiauxi Szombathy (Figs. 22, 77, 211) Semiotus fleutiauxi Szombathy 1909a:24 (Holo- type, female: FINHM; type locality: Peru, Marcapata). DESCRIPTION. Length 18 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 4.8 to 4.9). Head aurantiacus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture mostly glabrous with a few erect setae above eyes and spines, punctation moderately deep and evenly scattered throughout; ocular index 69.0 to 72.0. Antennae serrate, roughly 1 segment short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), narrowly sinuate with margins converging on anterior fourth to anterior third, hind angles expanding, disk concave with lateral depressions sublaterally on posterior 2/3 to 3/4, margin sulcate on anterior third to fourth, becoming explanate, broadly rounded without sulcus on posterior half; color aurantiacus to sanguineus, with narrow piceus vitta extending from base to near anterior border; texture glabrous, nitidus with moderately deep punctures scattered throughout becoming deeper anteriorly. Scutellum aurantiacus to piceus, wider than long, curved ventrally on anterior fourth, anterior margin recurved medially. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process rounded at apex; color aurantiacus to sanguineus; texture glabrous, nitidus with few erect setae on lobe, impunctate or with very fine punctures medially becoming thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypo- meron aurantiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures or with punctures obsolete. Mesosternum aurantiacus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum badius to piceus. Metasternum aurantiacus medially, testaceus to badius laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctation throughout. Metepimeron testaceus to badius. Femora testaceus to aurantia- cus. Elytra 12 to 15 mm (length/width ratio 3.3 to 3.4), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus to tip; color aurantiacus to sanguineus basally, apical half of interval 7 and all of interval 3 luteus to aurantiacus, intervals 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9 sanguineus to rufopiceus on apical half, blending into aurantiacus coloration of basal half; texture glabrous, nitidus with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each with 1 point. Abdomen aurantiacus medially, fulvus laterally, with 2 sublateral obscure vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures throughout, sternite 1 with fine setae and dense punctation; female without foveae on sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms angled basally, extend- ing apically 3/4 as far as median piece, bearing 3 to 4 dentitions along inner surface of each arm. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. PERU: Cuzco, Marcapata (HMNH); Junm, Chanchamaya, 1-2- 1969, J. Schunke (CNCI). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus fleutiauxi is most close- ly allied to S. badeni, S. fulvicollis, S. bispinus, and S. flavangulus. It is distinguished from these species by the orange to deep red elytra with a pale yellow vitta on the disk (Fig. 211). The elytra in the other species are pale brown to yellow with dark vittae. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. fleutiauxi (Fig. 77) is similar to that of S. fulvicollis (Fig. 50) and S. melleus (Fig. 73). In all of these species, the anterior margin is angled at the point where the lateral arms are directed posteriorly. In S. fleutiauxi the median piece is unarmed and only slightly longer than the lateral arms. In S. melleus, the median piece is likewise unarmed but is nearly twice as long as the lateral arms. The anterior sclerite in S. fulvicollis has the median piece strongly dentate to spinose. Semiotus schaumi and S. pectitus have deep red elytra similar to those of S. fleutiauxi but lack frontal spines. Also, the elytral intervals in S. pectitus are strongly convex. In S. fleutiauxi and S. schaumi, the intervals are flat, or nearly so. Semiotus formosus Janson (Figs. 22, 51, 95, 150, 165, 170, 253) Semiotus formosus Janson 1882:34, Fleutiaux 1925:109 (Syntypes (2): BMNH; type locality: Ecuador, Chiguinda). DESCRIPTION. Length 25 mm (length/width ratio 4.1 to 4.2). Head piceus with sanguineus macula on anterior border; anterolateral areas angled, without spines; texture with few scattered setae, punctures fine becoming larger and denser basally. Antennae serrate, piceus, just short of hind angles in females, extending to or just beyond hind angles in males. Pronotum 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.0), with lateral margin rounded, hind angles diverging on basal sixth, disk convex, merging into lateral foveae mesad of lateral margin; margin thickly rounded without sulcus; color piceus with aurantiacus maculae on anterior angles and on basal half of margin, disk Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 59 with sanguineus fusiform macula; texture with fine scattered setae throughout with fine punctu- res evenly spaced throughout. Scutellum subchor- date, piceus with scattered punctures on anterior half. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, lobe hemispherical; color piceus, lobe with sanguineus macula; texture glabrous medially with long scattered setae laterally, punctures fine and widely scattered medially becoming much larger and denser laterally. Hypomeron piceus with auran- tiacus maculae of pronotum extending ventrally; texture with fine punctures scattered throughout, fine setae mostly restricted to lateral margin. Mesosternum piceus with long thin setae and scattered punctures on lateral area. Mesepister- num piceus. Metasternum piceus and glabrous with fine punctures medially, with scattered setae and punctures becoming denser anterolaterally. Legs rufopiceus to piceus. Elytra 17 mm (length/ width ratio 2.8 to 2.9), subparallel on basal half, curving evenly to apex; color fulvus on anterior half (except for piceus base) extending to apices on margin, basal half piceus with dark coloration extending to anterior third laterally; texture glabrous throughout with interstriae slightly wrinkled, strial punctures clearly defined on disk, becoming obscure laterally and apically; apices ending in a sharp angle, spine absent or poorly defined. Abdomen piceus with a sanguineus macula on sternites 2, 3, and 4; texture with fine setae and punctures throughout, lateral areas wrinkled; female with 2 long elliptical foveae on apical 2/3 of segment 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms short, half as long as median piece, without sharp dentitions except on median piece. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Loja, 3000 m, S. Ohaus (USNM); Abbe Gaujon (BMNH); Morona — Santiago, Chiguinda (BMNH); O.E. Baron (CASC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus formosus is a morpho- logically unique species with affinities to S. schaumi, S. pectitus, S. luteipennis, S. ligneus, and S. serraticornis though differing significantly from them. The elytra in S. schaumi, S. pectitus, and S. luteipennis are deep red. In S. ligneus and S. serraticornis they are pale brown to yellow with dark vittae. In S. formosus the elytra are pale brown to yellow basally and black apically (with a pale margin apically as well). Additionally, the prontum of related species bear 1 or more dark vittae. In S. formosus, the pronotum is black with yellow areas on or near the anterior and posterior angles (Eig. 253). This pattern is unique in Semiotus. Semiotus fryi Candeze (Figs. 13, 30, 135) Semiotus fryi Candeze 1874:175 (Holotype, female: BMNH; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Length 27 to 29 mm (length/ width ratio 3.9 to 4.0). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus macula at base; bearing 2 mammiform spines anterolaterally; texture glabrous with few setae over eyes and frontal margin between spines, punctation scattered throughout; ocular index 70.0 to 72.0. Antennae 3 to 4 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus to aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.2), subcompanulate, blunt ridge extend- ing along lateral margin entire length of prono- tum, margin sulcate on anterior 3/4, disk strongly arched, anterior portion of pronotum and head projecting nearly ventrally (Fig. 30); color fulvus to testaceus laterally, aurantiacus to sanguineus near anterior border, with broad piceus macula medially extending from base to near anterior margin; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctures very fine on disk becoming umbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum piceus, subquadrate, small sulcus me- dially, anterior margin below plane of disk. Prosternum strongly arched in profile; color sanguineus to aurantiacus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus with setae along lateral margin and on lobe. Hypomeron fulvus to aurantiacus with broad piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine to obsolete. Mesosternum sanguineus with piceus maculae; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous, niti- dus with setae anterolaterally. Femora aurantia- cus to testaceus, tarsi badius. Elytra 19 to 21 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.9), subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip, intervals strongly convex, interval 3 and intervals 5 and 7 to a lesser degree rising above level of other intervals; intervals 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8 piceus, intervals 3, 7, and 9, and base of 4 and 5 fulvus to luteus; texture glabrous, nitidus; apices each angled with sutural margin, without spines. Abdomen aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, luteus laterally with dark vittae and maculae between; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine setae on sternum 1, punctures fine and scattered throughout; female with 2 shallow oval foveae on apical half of sternite 5. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: (BMNH). Semiotus fryi is known only from the holotype. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus fryi is allied to S. imperialis, S. cuspidatus, S. gibbosus, S. chassaini, S. girardi, and S. punctatostriatus. All these species are gibbous in profile and have convex interstriae. Semiotus imperialis, S. cuspidatus, and S. chassaini all bear a single spine at the center of the frontal margin that extends forward and down. The other gibbous species (5. gibbosus, S. girardi, and S. punctatostriatus) all bear 2 spines along the anterolateral margin of the frons and lack a medial frontal spine. These spines tend to be acute (as in Fig. 141) in all of these species 60 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 except S. fryi, where they are more mammiform (Fig. 135). Semiotus fryi is known only from Ecuador (Fig. 13). Of the related species, only S. imperialis and S. punctatostriatus are known from the same area (Figs. 6, 15). The strongly pro- curved pronotum, gibbous profile, and mammi- form frontal spines distinguish S. fryi from all other Semiotus. Semiotus fulvicollis Blanchard (Figs. 14, 50, 93, 210) Semiotus fulvicollis Blanchard 1843:129, Kirsch 1866:179, Candeze 1874:174, Szombathy 1909b: 121 (Lectotype: MNHN; type locality: unknown). Semiotus bifasciatus Schwarz 1902a: 129-1 30 (Syntype (1 located), male: DEIC; type locality: S. Catarina). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 17 to 21 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.9). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus with or without piceus basal macula, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture with a few erect setae above eyes and spines, puncta- tion moderately deep and evenly scattered throughout; ocular index 74.0 to 77.0. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate with margins converging on anterior fourth to anterior third, hind angles diverging, disk convex with lateral depressions sublaterally on posterior 2/3 to 3/4, margin sulcate on anterior third to fourth moderately explanate; color fulvus to aurantiacus (becoming darker anteriorly) with irregular piceus vitta extending from base to before anterior border (or in some specimens extending onto head); texture glabrous with moderately deep punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum testaceus to piceus with anterior margin incised medially. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process rounded at apex; color aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous with few erect setae on lobe, impunctate or with very fine punctures medially becoming thicker lateral- ly. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus; texture gla- brous with very fine punctures scattered through- out. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus, gla- brous, with very fine punctation throughout, becoming obsolete anterolaterally. Metepimeron piceus. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 12 to 14 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 3.3), subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color fulvus with intervals 1 (and posterior half of 2), 5 (on posterior half), 6, 8 (on posterior third ) and 9 piceus; texture glabrous with striae (except stria 1) faint to obsolete, strial punctures fine to Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus obsolete, intervals flat and slightly wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus laterally, testaceus to aurantiacus medially, with 2 sublateral obscure vittae extending from sternite 1 or 2 to sternite 4; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae basally and apically, moderately deep punctures scattered throughout; female with 2 very fine, small, and shallowly ill-defined foveae restricted to anterior third of sternite 5 or foveae absent; anterior sclerite with lateral arms sub- angulate extending apically 2/3 length of median piece, with few dentitions basally. Male with parameres narrowing medially, lateral blades approximately 1/4 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Beni, Rurrenabaque, Rio Beni, XI-1921, W.M. Mann (USNM); ibid. XII-1922; La Paz, Tumupasa, IX- 5-1925, G.L. Harrington (USNM); Sara, 450 m, XI-1909, J. Steinbach (CMNH); BRAZIL: Sao Paulo (FMNH); Cantareira, F. Halik (USNM); Barbielhni (USNM); (FMNH); ECUADOR: Mor- ona — Santiago, Chiguinda, Buckley (BMNH); FRENCH CUIANA: Hwy D6 to Kaw, 15 km SE Roura, VI-6-1986, E.C. Riley & D.A. Rider (ECRC); PANAMA: Panama, 10-12 km N El Llano, VI-(3-8)-1986, E. Ciesbert (FSCA); PERU: Huanuco, Madre de Dios, Tambopata Res. Zone, Explorer’s Inn, 290 m, 12°50'S, 69°17'W, XI- (10-11)-1982, T.L. Erwin, On fallen tree along Rio la Torre trail (USNM); Tingo Maria region, V-(ll-20)-1937, F. Woytkowski (SEMC); ibid., (V-27)-(VI-5)-1937; Tingo Maria, Monson Val- ley, XII-23-1954 (CASC); ibid., X-12-1954; Loreto, Iquitos, 100 mi. NE Napo River, III-20- 1969, B.K. Dozier (FSCA). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus fulvicollis (Fig. 210) is most closely allied to S. fleutiauxi, S. badeni, S. bispinus, and S. flavangulus. It is also similar to S. fascicularis and S. melleus. The elytra of S. badeni and S. fascicularis each bear a sutural, a marginal, and 2 discal vittae per elytron. The discal vittae occupy intervals 4 and 6. Interval 2 is pale. These discal vittae occupy nearly the entire length of the elytra in S. badeni (Fig. 207). They are abbrevi- ated anteriorly in S. fascicularis (Fig. 214). In S. clarki (Fig. 215), S. melleus (Fig. 213), and S. bispinus (Fig. 209), the second interval is dark (as are intervals 4 and 6). In S. fulvicollis each elytron bears a marginal, a sutural, and a single dark discal vitta (extending from the humeral angles to near the elytral apices). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix in S. fleutiauxi (Fig. 77), S. fulvicollis (Fig. 50), and S. melleus (Fig. 73) is angled at the point where the lateral arms are directed posteriorly. In S. badeni the anterior sclerite is convex along the anterior border, and the lateral arms are short, extending less than half as far distally as the median piece (Fig. 75). The anterior sclerite in S. bispinus is subangulate along the anterior border (Fig. 54), and the median piece is thicker and bears several dentitions. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 61 REMARKS. The color of the elytral vittae in S. fulvicollis varies, ranging from dark reddish brown to black. Also, the width of the middle elytral vitta varies in width on intervals 5 and 6. These varied characters that have been used to distinguish S. fulvicollis from S. bifasciatus do not justify specific status. A type in BMNH is marked with a “?” without further data and is dubious. The lectotype designated by Chassain in MNHN is herein accepted. No geographical information is given for this specimen. Semiotus germari Guerin-Meneville (Figs. 14, 49, 91, 235) Semiotus germarii Guerin-Meneville 1844:17, Candeze 1857:322 (Type: not found; type locality: New Granada). Semiotus punctatus Candeze 1857:322-323, Can- deze 1874:179 (Holotype: BMNH; type local- ity: Venezuela). New synonym. Semiotus germari, Candeze 1874:179, Steinheil 1875:111. DESCRIPTION. Length 21 to 28 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 5.0). Head sanguineus to piceus on basal half, fulvus apically, basal color often extending apically in center; ocular index 68.0 to 70.0; lateral frontal spines approximately 0.17 length of frons. Front with 3 spines, vertex impressed on anterior third. Antennae serrate, with segments 1 and 2, and with center of remaining segments, badius, outer portion of segments 3 to 11 luridus; in males, last segment extending beyond hind angles, female antennae vary from 1 segment short of hind angles to extending 1 segment beyond. Texture glabrous or with few scattered setae above eyes and along anterior margin; punctures becoming larger poster- iorly, nearly contiguous at base. Pronotum 5 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.3 to 1.4), with long clearly defined rectangular piceus macula on each side of disc, often with sanguineus mesial colora- tion, maculae bordered on all sides by fulvus to aurantiacus basal color, also separating maculae medially; margin sinuate, sulcate anteriorly, rounded posteriorly, widest at middle, then nar- rowing apically and basally before diverging at hind angles, disc convex with lateral areas concave from base to apex, anterior fifth declining to level below eyes; texture glabrous with scattered setae along margin, punctation fine medially becoming course and contiguous laterally. Scutellum sub- chordate, sides rounded. Prosternum evenly con- cave in profile, lobe rectangular; color sanguineus medially, lobe becoming aurantiacus, lateral areas piceus; texture glabrous and finely punctate medially, sides heavily punctate and covered with dense setae. Hypomeron fulvus with punctation and pubescence fine. Mesosternum fulvus to badius with scattered punctures and setae. Mese- pisternum badius to piceus. Metasternum auran- tiacus medially, piceus laterally, often with piceus median line; texture glabrous medially with scattered setae laterally. Femora unicolorous ful- vus to badius. Elytra 15 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.3), with interstriae 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 fulvus, interstriae 2, 4, 6, and 8 badius; widest on anterior third then narrowing to tip; texture glabrous, reticulate with fine punctation; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen badius with lateral margin fulvus; texture glabrous medially with fine scattered setae laterally; fine dense punctures throughout becoming nearly contiguous laterally; female foveae on segment 5 elliptical on apical half; anterior sclerite broad basally, lateral arms short, extending distally approximately 1/3 length of median piece. Male with parameres narrowing from base to lateral blades, lateral blades long, approximately 0.35 to 0.37 length of parameres. MATERIAE EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (BMNH); VENEZUELA: Merida, 1929, M. Robinson (USNM); 1864 (NHMW); (BMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus germari is most closely allied to S. illigeri, S. acutus, and S. kirschi, with similarities to other species with 4 or more vittae per elytron (including S. virgatus, S. regalis, S. exsolutus, S. superbus, and S. sommeri). Semiotus regalis is readily separated from these species by the black first and second elytral intervals (Fig. 222). The other species with 4 or more dark elytral vittae have the first 2 intervals comprised of contrasting light and dark colors. Semiotus kirschi and S. virgatus are distinct in having the lateral pronotal margin sulcate nearly the entire length. In S. exsolutus and S. acutus, the lateral margin lacks sulci entirely. Semiotus germari (and S. superbus, S. sommeri, and S. illigeri) have abbreviated sulci evident only on the anterior third to half of the pronotal margin. These last species are best separated by the pattern of elytral and pronotal vittae as follows. In S. superbus, the eighth and ninth elytral intervals are unicolorous. They are of 2 different colors (interval 8 black and interval 9 yellow to orange) in S. germari, S. sommeri, and S. illigeri. The pronotal vitta in S. germari (Fig. 235) is larger and more parallel-sided than in S. sommeri (Fig. 241) and S. illigeri (Figs. 227-229). The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix are abbreviated in S. germari (Fig. 49) and S. sommeri (Fig. 87), extending less than 1/3 the length of the median piece. In S. illigeri (Fig. 79) the lateral arms are longer, extending more than 1/3 the length of the median piece. REMARKS. Candeze (1857) distinguished S. punctatus from S. germari based on the heavier pronotal punctation in S. punctatus. This condi- tion is variable as indicated in a series in the USNM. Semiotus gibbosus n. sp. (Figs. 14, 62, 246) DESCRIPTION. Length 30 to 31 mm (length/ width ratio 4.4 to 4.5). Head aurantiacus to 62 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 sanguineus with basal piceus macula; anterior border of frons bearing 2 spines; texture glabrous with few erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation fine becoming thicker and umbilicate basally. Antennae 1 to 2 segment short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.1); subtrapezoidal, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate, not clearly defined; color aurantiacus to testaceus laterally with broad sanguineus vitta medially and 2 narrow sublateral piceus vittae; texture gla- brous, nitidus with fine punctation throughout becoming thicker and umbilicate anteriorly. Scu- tellum sanguineus, widely obovate, anterior mar- gin slightly incised. Prosternum slightly concave in profile; color sanguineus with piceus vitta along suture; texture with few erect setae throughout becoming more dense on lobe, punc- tation fine medially, thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine shallow punctures throughout. Meso- sternum finely punctate with fine setae, fossa glabrous with fine punctures; color sanguineus to testaceus. Mesepisternum testaceus with badius to piceus maculae. Metasternum testaceus to sangui- neus with piceus vitta laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation medially, decumbent setae and denser punctation anterolaterally; me- tepimeron piceus; femora sanguineus to testaceus. Elytra 20 to 22 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.1) gibbous, subparallel on anterior third, then narrowing to tip; color varying with intervals ranging from aurantiacus to badius, striae in- fuscate; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals con- vex, striae well defined, strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices of each elytron terminating in a point. Abdomen sanguineus to testaceus medi- ally, fulvus to luteus laterally with 2 sublateral vittae piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures throughout, sternite 1 with fine de- cumbent setae and denser punctures; female with 2 foveae on apical 3/5 of sternite 5 well defined anteriorly, becoming obscure apically; lateral arms of anterior sclerite short, approximately 1/ 2 length of median piece. Male unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: PERU: Amazonas, 5 km N Pomacocha on road to Rioja, 2000 m, X-(7-8)-1964, P.C. Hutchison & J.K. Wright (CASC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus gibbosus is most closely allied to S. fryi, S. chassaini, S. cuspidatus, and S. imperialis. It is also similar to S. catei, S. punctatostriatus, and S. girardi. All of these species have a gibbous profile. Semiotus imper- ialism S. cuspidatusm and S. chassaini all bear a single spine at the center of the frontal margin that extends forward and down. Semiotus gibbo- sus bears 2 anterolateral spines along the anterior margin of the frons. Semiotus gibbosus (and S. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ punctatostriatuSm S. girardim S. catei, and S. | chassaini) bears a single spine at the end of each | elytron. Both S. imperialis and S. cuspidatus bear ’ 2 small spines apically per elytron. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is unarmed in S. chassaini (Pig. 65) as it is in S. gibbosus^ though the later species has longer lateral arms that curve | further posteriorly (Pig. 62). The anterior sclerite | in S. punctatostriatus, S. cuspidatus^ and S. imperialis are all armed with several small dentitions (Pigs. 38, 46, 48). Semiotus fryi and S. chassaini have the third elytral interval raised above the level of the other intervals. In S. . gibbosus (and S. punctatostriatus, S. girardi^ and ( S. catei) the third interval is not raised above the level of the other intervals. Semiotus punctato- ' striatus and S. girardi have strongly setose pronota. i| Semiotus gibbosus (and S. catei) have glabrous j pronota. Semiotus gibbosus has narrower piceus j vittae on the pronotum (each vitta less than 1/6 f width of pronotum) than S. punctatostriatus and S. I; girardi. In S. punctatostriatus and S. girardi the jj piceus vittae are wider (each over 1/3 width of ' pronotum). Semiotus catei and S. gibbosus can be ’ separated by the color of the scutellum and legs. In i S. catei they are black (with occasional light areas), ij in S. gibbosus they are orange to light brown. Also, the lateral margins of the pronotum are more j strongly divergent posteriorly in S. gibbosus |i (Pig. 246) than in S. catei (Pig. 216). f ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the gib- bous lateral profile. | Ij Semiotus girardi Chassain |i (Pigs. 14, 133, 141) Semiotus girardi Chassain 2002a (Holotype, male: MNHN; type locality: Ecuador, Napo, i Cordillera Huacamayo, 1800 m, Rta. Baiz I a Tena). j DESCRIPTION. Eength 27 to 29 mm. (leng,th/ ( width ratio 4.4 to 5.0). Head sanguineus; bearing : 2 anterolateral spines, with area between spines distinctly angled; frons with fine setae scattered I throughout becoming denser and thicker in |j median depression. Antennae approximately 1 1 segment short to 1 segment beyond hind angles, with segments 1 and 2 sanguineus, segments 3 to | 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width j ratio 1.1 to 1.3), widest at base becoming evenly narrower anteriorly then curving laterally to ' anterior angles, hind angles gradually enlarged; i margin broadly rounded, without sulcus; color aurantiacus to sanguineus with 2 piceus vittae ! extending from base to just before anterior margin, hind angles fulvus; texture glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, puncta- ’ tion fine and distinctly separated on disk, becoming approximate, dense, and umbilicate anterolaterally. Scutellum subrectangular, anteri- or margin wider, posterior margin rounded. Hypomeron piceus medially becoming sanguineus Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 63 along outer margin, basal area fulvus; texture glabrous laterally with fine dense setae medially along suture, punctures small and contiguous medially becoming larger and often not contigu- ous laterally. Prosternum slightly concave in profile; color testaceus to aurantiacus, lobe becoming testaceus, suture piceus; texture nearly glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, punctation very fine medially becoming larger and denser laterally. Mesosternum sanguineus with fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and punctation. Mesepisternum piceus, with or without infuscate margins. Me- tasternum sanguineus with piceus triangular macula along lateral margin extending nearly to mesocoxae anteriorly; texture glabrous medially with dense setae anterolaterally, punctation fine and moderately dense throughout. Femora testa- ceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 17 to 20 mm (length/ width ratio 2.8 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior half then narrowing gradually to tip; color testaceus with infuscate striae, or alternating intervals infuscate; texture glabrous, nitidus, interstriae impunctate and convex, striae evident with broad punctures; apices each bearing 1 obtuse spine. Abdomen testaceus to aurantiacus; texture mostly glabrous with clumps of setae sublaterally, especially on segment 1 and around foveae, punctation fine medially becoming denser and contiguous laterally. Female unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Napo, Route de Baeza a Tena, Cordillera Fluacamayo, 1800 m, XI-20-1978, T. Porion (Holotype and 5 paratypes, MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus girardi is most closely allied to S. punctatostriatus and related to S. imperialism S. cuspidatus, S. chassainim S. gibbosus, and S. fryi. All these species are gibbous in profile and have convex interstriae. Semiotus imperialism S. cuspidatus (Fig. 140), and S. chassaini all bear a single spine at the center of the frontal margin that extends forward and down. The anterolateral areas of the frons are rounded, without spines. Other related gibbous species {S. punctatostriatus m S. gibbosuSm S. fryim S. girardi m and S. chassaini) all bear 2 spines along the anterolateral margin of the frons and lack a medial frontal spine. The pronotum of S. gibbosuSm S. fryim and S. chassaini are glabrous or bear only fine and inconspicuous setae. The pronotum of S. punctatostriatus and S. girardi are covered with thick pale to golden setae. Semiotus punctatostriatus can be separated from S. girardi by the shape of the pronotum. In S. girardi the lateral margin is constricted just posterior to the anterolateral angles. In S. punctatostriatus the lateral margin in evenly convex all the way to the anterolateral angles. Superficial similarities exist between specimens of S. girardi and many of the species with pale elytra and infuscate striae (such as S. linneim S. cristatuSm and S. colombianus). These species have 3 frontal spines and lack a gibbous profile. The combina- tion of dense pronotal setae, gibbous profile and 2 frontal spines distinguish Semiotus girardi from all other Semiotus. Semiotus glabricollis Candeze (Fig. 16) Semiotus glabricollis Candeze 1857:326, Candeze 1874:182 (Flolotype: BMNH; type locality: Colombia). DESCRIPTION. Length 23 to 24 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 4.8). Head fulvus to luteus with median piceus macula extending anteriorly to near anterior margin; bearing 3 frontal spines; texture glabrous, with few erect setae above eyes and over spines, punctation becoming umbilicate and larger basally; ocular index 75.0 to 76.0. Antennae serrate, 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 fulvus to testaceus, segments 3 to 11 testaceus to badius. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, anterior lateral margins converging and declining, anterior angles foveate; margin incras- sate, with an elevated thickening above margin, without sulcus; color luteus with broad piceus vitta medially, often with sanguineus coloration between piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctation throughout becoming larger and subumbilicate near anterior margin. Scutel- lum testaceus, broadly subchordate. Prosternum concave in profile; color aurantiacus to testaceus medially, with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially with thick pile and dense punctation laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus; texture glabrous, nitidus with thin row of setae near suture. Mesosternum aurantiacus to testaceus; fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctu- res. Mesepisternum aurantiacus to testaceus. Me- tasternum aurantiacus to testaceus medially, badius to piceus laterally; texture glabrous medi- ally with dense setae anterolaterally, punctation fine throughout. Femora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 15 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus, striae aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals flat, striae faint to obsolete, strial punctures clearly defined and infuscate; apices each bearing 1 broad spine or dentition. Abdomen aurantiacus medial- ly, fulvus laterally with badius vitta between; texture glabrous, with fine punctation medially, fine setae and dense punctation laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior half of sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (BMNH). Semiotus glabricollis is known only from the type. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus glabricollis is most closely allied to S. reaumuri with similarities to S. buckleyi and other species with 3 frontal spines 64 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 and infuscate striae. These 3 species can be separated by the color of the elytral striae and by the pronotum. In S. buckleyi, the dark strial vittae are black and extend out from the striae onto the elytral intervals, and the lateral pronotal margins bear sulci on the anterior third to half. In S. reaumuri and S. glabricollis, the strial vittae are light brown, and the pronotum lacks sulci. The pronotal punctation in S. reaumuri is dense, subumbilicate, and often contiguous. In S. glab- ricollis, the punctation is finer and less dense. Semiotus reaumuri has 2 anterolateral black maculae on the pronotum in addition to the discal vitta(e). Semiotus glabricollis lacks ante- rolateral black maculae. Semiotus buckleyi is known from Ecuador, S. reaumuri and S. glabri- collis are known from Colombia. The combina- tion of dark vittae along each elytral stria, glabrous pronotum, lack of a pronotal sulcus along the anterolateral margin, along with 3 frontal spines separate S. glabricollis from all other Semiotus. Semiotus hispidus Candeze (Figs. 15, 57, 100, 139, 173, 254, 255) Semiotus hispidus Candeze 1889:81, Fleutiaux 1891:275, Chassain 1991:132 (Holotype: ISNB; type locality: Venezuela). Semiotus alternatus Schwarz 1904:50, Chassain 1991:133 (Holotype, male: DEIC; type locali- ty: Venezuela). Semiotus anthracinus Szombathy 1909a:25, Chassain 1991:133 (Holotype, male: HNHM; type locality: Venezuela, Navedad, Briceho). Semiotus anthracinus lamotei Chassain 1991:135. New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 16 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 3.7 to 4.1). Head completely piceus, or with anterolateral areas aurantiacus to luteus; frons with 3 angled projections on anterior border, not spinose; texture glabrous with deep umbilicate punctures throughout; ocular index 69.0 to 72.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in females, extending 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles in males; segment 1 testaceus to sanguineus, segments 2 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 3 to 5 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.1), broadly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate without sulcus; color completely piceus or with narrow lateral vittae along margins and medially aurantiacus to testaceus; texture with dense decumbent setae laterally and dense deep puncta- tion becoming umbilicate anterolaterally. Scutel- lum completely piceus, or with testaceus macula, subchordate. Prosternum concave in profile; color piceus; texture of long erect setae and fine punctation medially, decumbent setae and thicker punctation laterally. Hypomeron completely pi- ceus or with lateral border aurantiacus; texture of fine setae throughout, punctures scattered throughout becoming deeper laterally. Mesoster- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus num piceus; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mese- pisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; texture of fine decumbent setae and deep punctures (often nearly contiguous) throughout. Femora testaceus to sanguineus with tarsi and joints piceus. Elytra 10 to 15 mm (length/width ratio 2.5 to 2.8), subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color completely piceus or with parts of intervals 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and lateral border luteus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures clearly defined; apices rounded without spines. Abdomen piceus; texture of fine scattered setae and double punctation throughout; female with 2 oblique elliptical foveae on apical 2/3 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite reduced, without projecting lateral arms, basal piece subtriangular, with projecting median piece. Male with parameres sinuous medially, lateral blades subacute apically, spinose laterally, 0.25 to 0.30 length of para- meres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. VENEZUELA: Mer- ida, Anderr, Umg. Hotel de los Frailes, 2600 m, Franz (PCCV); Mucubaji, VI-1973, on Eschecholtzia (USNM); Mucubaji, VI-2-1973, D.H. Janzen, com- monly found feeding on damaged Eschscholtzia buds (CNCI); ibid. V-26-1998; Mucubaji, VI-1973, on Eschscholtzia (USNM); Paso Pico Aguila, Paramo de Mucuchies, 3710 m, 8°51'5"N, 70°48'34"W, V- 21-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Hanley (SEMC); ibid. V-26- 1998; Paso Pico Aguila, Paramo de Mucuchies, 3710 m, 8°51'5"N, 70°48'34'TV, V-21-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Hanley (SEMC); S. Bricenol (USNM); S. Bricenol (USNM); State unknown, Navedad, Bri- ceno (HNHM); Sierra Nevada de Merida, 4000 m, Franz (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus hispidus is most closely allied to S. auripilis^ S. seladonius^ and S. pectitus. It can be easily distinguished from these species by the completely black elytra, or with the black elytra interrupted by pale vittae. The elytra of S. auripilis and S. pectitus are dark red to reddish brown, those of S. seladonius are green. Semiotus hispidus is similar to S. regalis in general shape but differs in having a less developed frontal margin. In S. regalis sharp angles becoming subspinose are present along the anterior border, these are only angled in S. hispidus. The paramere blades of S. hispidus are 1/4 the length of the parameres, whereas in S. regalis they are 1/3 the length. The parameres are sinuate basally in S. hispidus (Fig. 100) and more nearly straight in S. regalis (Fig. 117). The rounded elytral apices, long setae on the head and pronotum, and lack of definite frontal spines distinguish S. hispidus from other Semiotus. Semiotus hispidus occurs in Venezuela and is isolated from related species. Semiotus auripilis occurs in Bolivia, S. pectitus and S. regalis occur in Colombia, and S. seladonius occurs in Bolivia and Colombia. REMARKS. Semiotus hispidus is comprised of several different color morphs that differ in the Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 65 number and extent of the luteus elytral vittae. The color patterns range from the paler S. alternatus form with several luteus elytral vittae and bi- colored pronotum to the completely piceus form. Chassain (1991) correctly recognized the conspe- cific nature of these forms in his synonymies of the 3 species under S. hispidus. Chassain’s S. hispidus lamotei should only be recognized as a color morph (as he specifies) and not as a valid subspecies, as it is not geographically isolated from the other forms. Semiotus illigeri Guerin-Meneville (Figs. 16, 79, 147, 227-229) Semiotus illigerii Guerin-Meneville 1844:16, Can- deze 1857:321, Steinheil 1875:111 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown). Semiotus illigeri, Gandeze 1874:179. Semiotus illigerii bifidus Schwarz 1902b:209 (Syntype (1), female: DEIC; type locality: Venezuela). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 26 to 32 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.9). Head luteus to aurantiacus with basal macula piceus; bearing 3 spines anteriorly; texture glabrous, nitidus with few scattered setae above eyes, punctation fine anteri- orly, shallow and umbilicate basally; ocular index 71.0 to 74.0. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 7 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), sinuate with hind angles diverging, margin incrassate sulcate, becoming explanate, on anterior third, anterolat- eral angles declivous and foveate; color luteus to testaceus with elongate piceus vitta extending from base to (or nearly to) anterior margin; in some specimens the piceus vitta is interrupted medially with a sanguineus vitta, piceus vitta elliptical on posterior half, with or without lateral extension on anterior third appearing cruciform; texture gla- brous, nitidus, with fine punctation throughout. Scutellum testaceus to piceus, suborbicular later- ally and posteriorly with anterior margin recurved. Prosternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; color sanguineus to aurantia- cus with or without piceus lateral vittae; texture with few erect setae anteriorly, few decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine to obsolete medially becoming denser and umbilicate posterolaterally. Hypomeron luteus to testaceus laterally with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine and shallow laterally, thicker and subrugose medially. Mesosternum sanguineus to piceus; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum sanguineus to testaceus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with few decumbent setae anterolaterally. Femora aurantiacus to piceus. Elytra 18 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 3.0 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior fourth, then narrowing to tip; color luteus to testaceus with mesial portion of interval 1, inter- vals 2, 4, 6, 8, (and sometimes outer portion of 9) testaceus to piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures very fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, luteus to testaceus laterally with piceus sublateral maculae or vittae; texture glabrous with few scattered erect setae, nitidus, with decumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation fine and scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical piliferous foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms extending poster- iorly 1/2 length of median piece, each bearing several serrations. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Anti- oquia, Medellin, 1939, H. Daniel (USNM); Valle del Cauca, Cali Valley, IV-27-39, B. Losada (USNM); Lago Calima, 1250 m, 5 mi. below dam, tropical moist forest, netted, VII-17-1975, R. Wilkerson (FSCA); Rio Colima, VI-13-1989 (HNHM); W. Cordillera, IX-1988, Lake Colima, nr Buga, Rio Bravo Valley, 1180-1200 m (PCCV); COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Rio San Lorencito, 900 m, R.F. San Ramon, 5 km N Colonia, VI- (13-18)-1993 (INBC); Rio San Lorencito, 800 m, V-31-1997, LA. Chacon (INBC); Cartago, La Suiza de Turrialba, 1923, P. Schlid (CMNH); M.N. Guayabo, Turrialba, 100 m, VI-21-1994, J.F. Corrales (INBC); Heredia, Transecto Braulio Car- rillo, N.P., X-1989, 1100-1500 m, R. Aguilar & M. Zumbado (INBC); ECUADOR: Bolivar, Balza- pamba, 650 m, F. Campos (USNM); Carachi, Chical 1250 m, VIT3-1983, J.E. Rawlins (CMNH); Cotopaxi, Los Pampas, 20 km S La Union de Toachi, 1400 m, 1-12-1992, C. Carlton & R. Leschen (SEMC); Los Rios, Santo Domingo, XIT1982, G. Onore (PCCV); Province unknown, Lita (BMNH); PANAMA: Bocas del Toro, 10 km NE Fortuna Dam, 3400 ft, V-(23-26)-1984, E. Giesbert (FSCA); Darien, Cerro Mali, Tacarcuna Range, 4800 ft, VII-1963, W.P. Murdoch (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus illigeri is most closely allied to S. germari with similarities to other species with 4 or 5 vittae per elytron (including 5. virgatus, S. regalis, S. exsolutus, S. kirschi, S. superbus, and S. sommeri). Semiotus regalis is readily separated from these species by the black first and second elytral intervals (Fig. 222). The other species with 4 or 5 dark elytral vittae have the first 2 intervals comprised of contrasting light and dark colors. Semiotus kirschi and S. virgatus are distinct in having the lateral pronotal margin sulcate nearly the entire length. In S. exsolutus and S. acutus, the lateral margin lacks sulci entirely. Semiotus illigeri (and S. superbus, S. sommeri, and S. germari) has an abbreviated sulcus evident only on the anterior third to half of the pronotal margin. These last species are best separated by the pattern of elytral and pronotal vittae. In S. superhus, the eighth and ninth elytral intervals are unicolorous. They are of 2 different 66 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 colors (interval 8 black and interval 9 yellow to orange) in S. germari, S. sommeri, and S. illigeri. The pronotal vitta in S. germari (Fig. 235) is larger and more parallel-sided than in S. illigeri, where the vittae range from being single (Fig, 229) on individuals from Costa Rica to double and slightly (Fig. 227) to strongly (Fig. 228) cruciform. The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix are abbreviated in S. germari (Fig. 49) and S. som- meri (Fig. 87), extending less than 1/3 the length of the median piece. In S. illigeri (Fig. 79) the lateral arms are longer, extending more than 1/3 the length of the median piece. REMARKS. The pronotal markings of S. illigeri exhibit much variability ranging from the exten- sion of the lateral arms to the lateral pronotal margins as in 5, i. bifidus to the even elliptical vitta apparent in Central American populations. Intermediate forms of varying degree also differ in the amount of sanguineus coloration on the disk between piceus vittae. Semiotus illustris (Dejean) (Figs. 15, 85, 145, 221) Pericallus illustris Dejean 1836:96 (Type: not found; type locality: unknown). Semiotus illustris, Candeze 1857:313, Candeze 1874:177 (Syntypes (3), female: BMNH; type locality: Cayenne; types invalid). DESCRIPTION. Length 26 to 28 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4,5). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous, nitidus with few setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine apically becoming umbil- icate basally; ocular index 71.0 to 73.0. Anten- nae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles (in females), with all segments testaceus to aurantiacus, Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), with sides subparallel on posterior 2/3, converging anteriorly, hind angles divergent; margin incrassate on posterior 2/3, narrow, declivous, sulcate and explanate on anterior third; color aurantiacus to testaceus with 2 medial vittae piceus, with or without marginal piceus maculae; texture glabrous with punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout, bearing long setae basally. Scutellum piceus, broadly chordate. Prosternum very slightly con- cave on anterior 2/3; color testaceus to aurantia- cus; texture with fine scattered setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially becoming deeper and larger laterally. Hypomeron testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous with fine scat- tered punctures throughout, becoming denser anteriorly. Mesosternum testaceus to aurantia- cus, glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Me- sepisternum testaceus to aurantiacus. Metaste- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus rnum testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous | with very fine punctures scattered throughout, ! Femora testaceus to aurantiacus throughout. | Elytra 17 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to j 3.1), subparallel on anterior third, then evenly | narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with | suture and lateral margin piceus nearly to base; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punc- tures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous with dense fine punctures scattered throughout, becoming larger and nearly contig- uous on first visible sternite; female with 2 | oblong foyeae on posterior half; anterior sclerite i with lateral arms curved mesially, extending [ nearly as far distally as median piece. | Male not seen, ij MATERIAL EXAMINED. VENEZUELA: Bo- livar, 10 km N Luepa Gransabana, (VI-25 )-( VIII- jl 11)-1987, S. & J. Peck, cloud forest malaise FIT, jl 1500 m (CMNC); Surukum Basin, Upper Caroni, ; XII-1941, P. Anduze (USNM). j DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus illustris is most closely ! allied phylogenetically to S. kathleenae (Wells, i 2002). It is superficially similar to S. af finis, S. j intermedius, S. decoratus, and 5. lafertei. All of |i these species, except S. kathleenae, have 2 dark i vittae on the elytra (1 sutural and 1 marginal) that j converge near the apex. These species also have 2 | stout lateral frontal spines and an angled area ! between. Semiotus illustris is readily distinguished from these species, except S. decoratus, by the ji entirely pale venter that is yellowish brown to | orange with black markings on the hypomera in !' some specimens. The other similar species have i! pronounced black vittae on the abdomen and metepimera. Semiotus decoratus can be separated J from S. illustris by the darker antennae and the i shape of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix. In S. illustris all antennal segments : are testaceus to aurantiacus, while segments 3 or :[ 4 to 11 are dark brown to black in S. decoratus. The anterior sclerite in S. decoratus bears 2 stout , dentitions near the base of the lateral arms, the |; lateral arms themselves bearing sharp dentitions ( only near the apex (Fig, 74). In S. illustris, the ! lateral arms do not bear dentitions apically, but , rather medially, and the base is unarmed : (Fig. 85). Semiotus kathleenae, though a related [ species, is quite distinct from S. illustris. It is a dark red and black and is covered with long ; golden setae. Semiotus illustris is pale yellowish Ji brown to orange and is nearly glabrous. Semiotus [ illustris can be separated from all other Semiotus \ by the 2 converging piceus vittae on each elytron, i the stout frontal angles with the broadly angulate j median area between, and the completely pale | venter. REMARKS. None of the Dejean types have i been found. Candeze appears to have designated his own types while recognizing Dejean’s name. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 67 Semiotus intermedius (Herbst) (Figs. 40, 146, 157, 223) Elater intermedius Herbst 1806:8 (Type: not found; type locality: Brazil). Elater cornutus Kirby 1818:383 (Type: not found; type locality: Brazil). Pericalle cornutus^ Latreille 1834:141. Semiotus intermedius, Guerin-Meneville 1855:578, Candeze 1857:314, Candeze 1874:178, Steinheil 1875:112a, Costa et al. 1988. Semiotus intermedius delineatus Candeze 1900: 82 (Holotype: ISNB; type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 23 to 29 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.3). Head testaceus to sanguineus, with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with occasional setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and scattered evenly throughout; front with 2 spines anterolaterally, with area between sharply angled; ocular index 73.0 to 75.0; frontal spines approximately 0.25 length of frons. Antennae serrate, 3 segments short of hind angles in females, with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.3), gradually expanding posteriorly; margin broadly rounded without sulcus except for explanate area on anterior fourth; color fulvus to testaceus, testaceus to sanguineus medially, with 6 piceus maculae (2 basally, 2 arcuate lines on disk, and 2 laterally just anterior to middle) or with discal maculae confluent forming 2 irregular vittae on disk; texture glabrous with punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout except for a few fine, often umbilicate, punctures along anterior margin. Scutellum broadly ovate with indentation along anterior border. Prosternum concave in profile; color testaceus to sanguineus; texture with fine scattered setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially becoming deeper and larger laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testa- ceus with long piceus macula along suture and small piceus macula on lateral border; texture glabrous with fine scattered punctures through- out, becoming denser anteriorly. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus and glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout; metepimeron piceus. Femora testaceus through- out. Elytra 16 to 20 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 2.9), subparallel on anterior fourth, evenly narrowing to apex; color fulvus with badius to sanguineus markings along suture and lateral margin becoming wider apically (markings occa- sionally piceus); striae and strial punctures finely impressed, interstriae wrinkled; apices each bear- ing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus laterally testaceus to badius medially with sublateral piceus vitta on each sternite; texture glabrous with dense fine punctures scattered throughout, becoming larger and nearly contiguous on first visible sternite; female with 2 oblong foveae on posterior 2/3; lateral arms of anterior sclerite narrow, 4/5 length of median piece, arms and median piece covered with dentitions. Male with parameres constricted near middle between angu- late and subquadrate basal half and lateral blades; lateral blades approximately 1/4 length of para- meres. Larva (summarized from Costa et ah, 1988) 26 mm long, elateriform, flattened dorsoventral- ly, scleritized and pilose, brownish red dorsally with dark brown mandibles on anterior region of head capsule; head, prothorax, meso and meta- notum brownish red, darker than remainder of body; meso- and metasterna and sternites 1 to 8 yellow with reddish brown spots, sternites 9 and 10 completely reddish brown. Antennae 3-seg- mented, segments 1 and 2 glabrous, with segment 2 bearing small apical sensorial appendages, segment 3 smaller and bearing small sensorial appendages; prothorax trapezoidal, slightly larger than head, longer than mesothorax, with 2 dorsal depressions and 2 groups of lateral setae; pro- sternum triangular; mesothorax with a pair of large bifid spiracles laterally; legs short, 5- segmented, coxa wide and short, trochanter triangular, femur longer than tibia; abdominal segments 1 to 8 with round lateral margins and with bundle of setae and 1 to 2 pair of dorsal setae near base, each segment bearing a pair of bifid spiracles on anterior lateral margin, segments 2 to 8 sculptured, segment 9 with thick punctation. Pupa (summarized from Costa et ah, 1988) adectitious, exarate, yellowish and glabrous; pro- thorax with a pair of small projections angled posteriorly; spiracles annular; last abdominal segment with a pair of small bifid spiniform projections distally. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ARGENTINA: Mis- iones. Camp Grande, 1-1973, R. Foerster (CNCI); Dos de Mayo, X-15-1969, J. Foerster (CNCI); Iguazu, XI-12-1987 (PCCV); Province unknown, Puerto Bemberg, Alto Parana, XII-1933 (BMNH); BRAZIL: Espirito Santo, Alegre, A. Huacke (FMNH); Castelo, XI-1976, M. Alvarenga (CNCI); Faz. Jerusalem, XI-23-1913, J.F. Zikan (FMNH); ibid. 1-16-1914; XII-13-1915, J.F. Zikan (FMNH); (CASC); Porto Alegri (ZMUC); Porto Alegri (NHMW); Villa de Alegre, XII-16-12 (FMNH); XII-13-1915 (CASC); Goias, Jatahy, Ch. Pujal, 1895-1896 (MNHN); Minas Gerais, Passa Quatro, 1-31-1916 (FMNH); Passa Quatro, Faz. Dos Campos, J.F. Zikan (FMNH); Passa Quatro, Faz. Dos Campos (CASC); Po^os de Caldas, 1-1968, O. Leoncini (CNCI); Vila Monte Verde, III-13-1966 (USNM); Vila Monte Verde, IIL(12-18)-1966 (USNM); Parana, Castro, E. D. Jones, 1919 (BMNH); Posto Alpino, 65 km NE Curitiba, IV-14-1964, C.E. & E.S. Ross (CASC); 68 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Rio de Janeiro, Itatiaya, 850 m, E. Gounelle, IE’99 (MNHN); Organ Mountain MG, IV-35 (USNM); Parton, 1883 (MNHN); San Fidelis, Santo Antom- nio dos Bratos, 1876-1882, A.V. de Lyon (MNHN); II-3-1963 (USNM); XI (USNM); 1938 (USNM); XI (USNM); XII-3-1919, E.G. Holt (USNM), (CMNH); Rio Grande do Sul, XII-2- 1932 (EMEC); C. 1880 Dimes, 1966 (BMNH); III- 1949, P. Buck (LACM); ibid., 11-1951; 1927 (USNM); Santa_Gatarina, Hansa Humbolt, Ant. Mailer, 1933 (MNHN); Hansa Humbolt, XI- 1933, A. Mailer (USNM); ibid. X-1932; Hansa Humbolt, XII-1933, A. Mailer (USNM); Joinville, Steind. (NHMW); Pages, J. Michaelis, 1887 (MNHN); Mafra, III-1933, A. Mailer (USNM); Nova Teutonia, 52°23'W, 27°11'S, 1-11-1957, 300-500 m, F. Plaumann (LACM); Nova Teuto- nia, XT8-1934 (CASC); ibid. IV-1966; Nova Teutonia, 27H1'S, 52°23'W, 300-500 m, XII- 27-1954, F. Plaumann (CNCI); Nova Teutonia, V- 5-1948, F.S. Pereira (CASC); Salto do Pirahy, Pres. Jaragua, E. Gounelle, 1915 (MNHN); Sao Bosto, IV-1936 (PCCV); 1-1959, R. Varmellio (FMNH); Sao Paulo, Campos de Jordao, 11-1958, K. Lenko (CNCI); Cantareira, IIEl-1936, F. Halik (USNM); Cantareira, XI-2-1935 (USNM); Val. De Rio Pardo, E. Gounelle, XII-’98 (MNHN); 1-18-1940 (USNM); (USNM); State unknown, Alto de Serra, Stanzel-Lachnit (FMNH); Cara^a, P. Germain, last half of 1884 (MNHN); Cipo, S.P., XII-18-1966, V.N. Alin (CNCI); ibid. II-2-1935; ibid. 1-1936; Corupas C., IX-1961 (USNM); Est. Biol. Boraceia, Salesopolis S.P., IV-(16-18)-1962, Reichardt (CASC); PARAGUAY: Hohenau, Alto Parana, H. Jacob, 1954 (BMNH); Kolonia Sudetia, An- ders, C. Pfanni (PCCV); Sapugay, XII-19-1902 (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus intermedius is most closely allied to 5. affinis, S. lafertei, and S. decoratus. Semiotus illustris, though not phyloge- netically related, is superficially similar. All of these species have 2 dark vittae on the elytra (1 sutural and 1 marginal) that converge near the apex. These species also have 2 stout lateral frontal spines and an angled area between, forming a position phylogenetically roughly be- tween those species with 2 frontal spines and those with 3 (Wells, 2002). Semiotus decoratus is readily distinguished from S. intermedius by the single pronotal vitta and black lateral pronotal maculae (Fig. 224). The other related species have 2 pronotal vittae (Figs. 219-221, 223). Semiotus intermedius can be separated from S. lafertei and S. affinis by the lighter patterns and shape of the scutellum. The elytral and pronotal vittae in S. lafertei (and S. affinis) are black, whereas in S. intermedius they are dark brown to red. Also, in 5. intermedius the lateral pronotal maculae are much more evident dorsally. In S. lafertei and S. affinis they are often restricted entirely to the hypomera. The scutellum of S. intermedius is roughly as wide as long (Fig. 157). It is much Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus li wider than long in S. lafertei (Fig. 159) and S. j affinis. Semiotus intermedius is superficially sim- i; ilar to S. illustris but can be separated by the dark || vittae on the abdomen and metepimera. In 5. I illustris (and S. decoratus) the venter is entirely i pale yellowish brown to orange with black ; markings on the hypomera in some specimens. Semiotus intermedius can be separated from all | other Semiotus by the 2 converging piceus vittae ! on each elytron, the stout frontal angles with the ! broadly angulate median area between, and the broad incised scutellum. j REMARKS. Larvae have been collected from | underneath semirotten tree trunks. They have { been reared in the laboratory on termite workers. The pupal period is around 13 days (Costa et ah, 1988). The type of Elater cornutus Kirby was not found. The synonymy of Candeze is herein accepted. jl jj II I, 1 Semiotus kathleenae n. sp. | (Figs. 24, 106, 258) DESCRIPTION. Length 23 mm (length/width | ratio 3.0 to 4.0). Head piceus basally and | medially, sanguineus anterolaterally; anterior i border of frons subangulate medially, without ji spines; texture of long erect setae and shorter || decumbent setae throughout, punctation moder- ately deep and scattered throughout. Antennae 1 S segment short of hind angles in males; segments 1 |l and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. !| Pronotum 5 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.1); il slightly sinuate, companulate, hind angles di- | vergent; margin defined only on anterior third to i half, incrassate posteriorly, with thickening above j marginal line on portion of anterior half; color i sanguineus, hind angles becoming fulvus, disk ( with 2 wide piceus vittae extending from base to j near anterior border; texture of dense aureus setae !l and dense punctation throughout becoming dens- |i er laterally. Scutellum sanguineus to aurantiacus i suborbicular with anterior margin slightly re- j curved. Prosternum slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; color sanguineus to aurantiacus medially with faint fulvus coloring on dorsum of prosternal process, j piceus laterally; texture nearly glabrous with very j fine punctures medially, with deep punctures and !l double aureus vestiture (of long erect and shorter decumbent setae) laterally. Hypomeron piceus | with lateral margin sanguineus and posterior ;j border fulvus to luteus; texture of dense punctures | throughout with double aureus vestiture of long | erect and shorter decumbent setae throughout, j Mesosternum finely punctate with fine setae, j fossa nearly glabrous and impunctate; color ^ sanguineus to testaceus medially, piceus laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus with | patches of sanguineus to testaceus patterns; texture with double vestiture of long erect and ! Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 69 shorter decumbent setae becoming denser ante- rolaterally, punctation fine medially, deeper and denser anterolaterally; femora sanguineus to testaceus. Elytra 16 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.8) gibbous, subparallel on anterior half then narrowing to tip; color sanguineus through- out; texture of dense aureus setae scattered throughout, striae and strial punctures shallow, intervals 3 (more so than others), 5, and 7 convex, rising above other intervals; apices of each elytron bearing 1 small spine. Abdomen sanguineus medially, fulvus to testaceus laterally with piceus cuneiform macula sublaterally on anterior ster- nites; texture with double vestiture of long erect and shorter decumbent setae becoming denser laterally, punctation fine medially, deeper and denser anterolaterally. Male with basal piece large, 3/4 length of parameres, parameres sinuate laterally, apical blades (including lateral spines) 0.30 length of parameres, bearing several setae laterally, penis narrow, barely extending beyond tips of parameres. Female not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: VENEZUELA: Merida, La Grita, 46.2 km NE Paramo La Negra, 8°14'54"N, 7r52'31"W, 2900 m, V-27-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Hanley (SEMC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus kathleenae is a unique species of Semiotus most closely allied phyloge- netically to S. illustris and S. buckleyi but differing significantly morphologically. It bears some sim- ilarities to S. schaumi and S. pectitus. The elytra in S. kathleenae, S. schaumi, and S. pectitus are deep red (sometimes changing to black). The elytra in S. illustris and S. buckleyi are pale brown to yellow with 2 or several dark vittae, respectively. Semiotus kathleenae is covered by dense golden setae. Semiotus pectitus and S. schaumi are glabrous, or nearly so. The pronotum in S. schaumi bears a single black vitta (often faint), those of S. pectitus and S. kathleenae bear 2 black vittae. The elytral intervals in S. schaumi are nearly flat. In S. pectitus they are strongly convex but roughly equal in size. In S. kathleenae the intervals are also convex but the third interval is raised above the level of the others. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus kathleenae is named in honor of Kathleen Wells. Semiotus kirschi Chassain new status (Figs. 23, 90, 244) Semiotus superbus kirschi Chassain 1998:77 (Holotype: MNHN; type locality: Santa Fe de Bogota). New status. DESCRIPTION. Length 25 mm (length/width ratio 4.5 to 5.5). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with or without piceus macula; bearing 3 spines apically; texture glabrous with few scattered setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and well separated, becoming thicker basally; ocular index 65.0 to 68.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 6 mm (length/ width ratio 1.4 to 1.5), with sides narrowly sinuate, hind angles divergent, anterolateral an- gles impressed, margin thinly rounded, sulcate through most of length; color aurantiacus to testaceus with 2 longitudinal piceus vittae on disk; texture glabrous with fine punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum testaceus (often infuscate) suborbicular with anterior margin incised. Pro- sternum slightly concave in profile; color sangui- neus to testaceus; texture glabrous medially with fine scattered setae laterally, punctation fine medially becoming denser and deeper laterally. Hypomeron aurantiacus to testaceus with infus- cation along posterior border; texture glabrous with fine punctation scattered throughout, be- coming denser along suture. Mesosternum aur- antiacus to testaceus; fossa glabrous and impunc- tate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum aurantiacus to testaceus. Metaste- rnum aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous medially becoming denser laterally, punctation very fine medially, denser laterally; metepimeron piceus. Femora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 16 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 3.2 to 3.3), sub- parallel on anterior third, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9 piceus; striae fine to obsolete, strial punctures shallow to poorly defined; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus laterally, testaceus to aurantiacus medially with piceus sublateral vittae extending from sternite 1 to sternite 2 to 5; texture with or without few fine erect setae scattered medially, sternite 1 with dense decumbent setae behind metacoxae, punc- tation fine and scattered throughout becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms broad, with several serrations along inner margin, median piece short and acute. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: La Paz, Carinavi, 1500 m, N Yungas, XI-1992, P. Bleu- zen (MNHN); Cristal Mayu, IV- 1979 (MNHN); P. Germain, 1889 (MNHN); Department un- known, River Songo, A.H. Fassl (MNHN); COLOMBIA: Capital District, Bogota (MNHN); Bogota (SMTD); PERU: Junm, Chanchamayo, Dr. Bassler (SMTD); Tarma, Huacapistrana, 1800 m, m-24-1940, F. Woytkowski (SEMC); Lima (MNHN); Political subdivision unknown. Region Centrale, Perene, Dr. Vergne (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus kirschi is most closely allied to S. acutus and S. germari. It can be separated from these species by the sulcus along the lateral margin of the pronotum. In S. kirschi, the sulcus extends nearly the entire length of the pronotum. In S. germari, the sulcus is reduced to the anterior third to half only, and in S. acutus it is entirely lacking. Several species have alternating 70 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 light and dark elytral vittae and glabrous pronota similar to S. kirschi. Of these, S. regalis is readily separated by having intervals 1 and 2 black (Fig. 222). In S. kirschi, the elytral vittae cover alternating intervals with intervals 1 and 2 being of 2 contrasting colors. This same pattern is evident in S. exsolutus, S. superbus, S. germari, S. acutus, and S. illigeri. Semiotus kirschi is most easily separated from these by the long lateral pronotal sulci. Semiotus exsolutus and S. acutus have no pronotal sulci. Semiotus superbus, S. sommeri, S. germari, and S. illigeri all have a short marginal sulcus that does not extend onto the posterior half. Semiotus virgatus has a single narrow pronotal vitta (Fig. 242). Semiotus kirschi has 2 pronotal vittae (Fig. 244). The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix extend posteriorly at least half the length of the median piece in S. virgatus (Fig. 76). In S. kirschi (Fig. 90) the lateral arms do not extend poster- iorly. REMARKS. Semiotus kirschi was recognized by Chassain (1998) as a subspecies of S. superbus based primarily on the color pattern of the pronotum. No specific significance was placed by Chassain on the lateral margin, which in S. kirschi extends nearly the entire length of the pronotum; it is here recognized as a specific difference. Semiotus kondratieffi n. sp. (Figs. 23, 86, 136, 249) DESCRIPTION. Length 27 to 28 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 4.1). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus; anterolateral area of frons protuber- ant and angled, without spines; texture with few erect setae over eyes and anterior margin, punctures moderately deep and evenly scattered throughout, becoming umbilicate basally. Anten- nae 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 7 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.1); widest on anterior fourth then converging anteriorly and posteriorly to hind angles that strongly diverge, margin incrassate (less so on anterior fourth) without clear definition; color fulvus to aurantiacus laterally, sanguineus medially with 2 lateral piceus vittae extending from base to anterior fourth; texture glabrous with fine punctation throughout, becoming thicker and subumbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum piceus, anterior half decli- vous and excavate, anterior border incised. Prosternum concave in profile with base of lobe incrassate, prosternal process not divided; color aurantiacus to sanguineus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with fine erect setae on lobe, punctation fine medially becoming thick- ened and umbilicate laterally. Hypomeron luteus to aurantiacus laterally with piceus vitta along Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 1! suture; texture glabrous with fine punctures t scattered throughout. Mesosternum finely punc- tate with fine setae, fossa glabrous and impunc- * tate; color luteus to aurantiacus with piceus i lateral border. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. i Metasternum aurantiacus to sanguineus with ' piceus vitta laterally; texture glabrous with ! scattered setae anteriorly, punctation very fine throughout; metepimeron piceus; femora fulvus i to testaceus. Elytra 18 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 2.7) narrowing from near base to apex; color luteus to testaceus with intervals 1,5, 6, and parts of 8 and 9 piceus; texture glabrous, j striae (except stria 1) fine to obsolete, strial ! punctures fine to obsolete; apices of each elytron > bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus medially, | fulvus laterally with piceus vitta sublaterally; j texture glabrous or with few erect setae, fine i decumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation fine and | scattered throughout becoming denser on sternite |i 1; female with dense decumbent and erect setae ■ on sternite 5, without foveae; lateral arms of ) anterior sclerite short, approximately 1/2 length of median piece, lateral arms bearing scattered ■ dentitions, median piece wide in profile on basal f 2/3, narrowing apically. || Male unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: | VENEZUELA: Aragua, Rancho Grande Biologi- | cal Station, Portachuelo Pass, 10°21'0"N, j 67°41'0"W, 1100 m, VI-4-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Harley, VEN1ABH98, moving through pass i against wind (SEMC). I DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus kondratieffi is a unique species quite distinct from any other Semiotus. It i is allied to S. fascicularis and S. clarki and other species with 2 prominent frontal spines. It can be | readily separated from these species by lacking [ frontal spines, the anterolateral portion of the frons being strongly angled only. The anterior j sclerite of the bursa copulatrix and the hind S angles of the pronotum of S. kondratieffi are i| distinct from other known species of Semiotus. i The anterior sclerite lacks spines on the medial or j lateral arms, bearing spines or dentitions only | near the base of the lateral arms (Fig. 86). The ! hind angles of the pronotum are much more l strongly diverging in S. kondratieffi than in any j other Semiotus (Fig. 136). The declivous and i concave scutellum is similar to that of S. ; trinitensis', however, this species bears 2 promi- nent frontal spines. ^ ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus kondratieffi is named in honor of Boris C. Kondratieff, Colorado I State University. 1 Semiotus lafertei Candeze j (Figs. 25, 120, 159, 219) Semiotus lafertei Candeze 1857:313, Candeze 1874:177, Champion 1896:290 (Syntypes (2), i female: BMNH; type locality: Mexico). Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 71 DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 35 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 4.7). Head testaceus to sanguineus with piceus maculae basally; texture glabrous with occasional setae above eyes and frontal spines, punctation deep and scattered evenly throughout; front with 2 spines anterolat- erally, with area between sharply angled. Anten- nae 3 segments short of hind angles (in both sexes), with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 9 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), gradually expand- ing posteriorly; margin broadly rounded without sulcus except for vague concavity on anterior fourth; color fulvus to testaceus laterally, testa- ceus to aurantiacus medially with 2 piceus arcuate vittae on disk; texture glabrous with punctation fine and evenly scattered throughout, often with a few fine umbilicate punctures along anterior margin. Scutellum broadly ovate with indentation along anterior border. Prosternum concave in profile; color testaceus to sanguineus; texture with fine scattered setae laterally and on lobe, puncta- tion fine medially becoming deeper and larger laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with long piceus vitta along suture and small piceus macula on lateral border; texture glabrous (or with few erect setae laterally) with fine scattered punctures throughout, becoming denser anterior- ly. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus and glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scat- tered throughout; metepimeron piceus. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 17 to 23 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior fourth, then narrowing to apex; color fulvus with badius to piceus markings along suture and lateral margin becoming wider apical- ly, sutural vitta not reaching scutellum anteriorly; striae and strial punctures finely impressed, interstriae wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus laterally testaceus medially with sublateral piceus vitta on each sternite; texture glabrous or with fine setae scattered throughout, punctation dense, fine and scattered throughout, becoming larger and nearly contiguous on first visible sternite; female with 2 oblong foveae on posterior 2/3, lateral arms of anterior sclerite narrow, 4/5 length of median piece, arms and median piece covered with dentitions. Male with parameres constricted near middle between angulate and subquadrate basal half and lateral blades, lateral blades approxi- mately 1/4 length of parameres, penis extending beyond tip of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca, Cali, 1-2-67 (FMNH); COSTA RICA: Alajuela, Alberge de Heliconias, 10.71°N, 85.04°W, VI-(16-21)-2000, B. Brown, treefall gap, MT (LACM); Est. San Ramon, P.N. Guana- caste, 620 m, IV-(3-19)-1994, Familia H. Garcia (INBC); Finca San Gabriel, 2 km SW Dos Rios, 600 m, V-1989 (INBC); San Cristobal, 600- 620 m, V-(9-30)-1998, F.A. Quesada (INBC); Sect. San Ramon de Dos Rios, 620 m, (IV-V)- 1995, F.A. Quesada (MTEC); Sector San Ramon de Dos Rios, 620 m, IV-(3-24)-1995, M. Chin- chilla (INBC); Zapote de Upala, VIII-2-1971, E. Sraveja (EMEC); Zapote Upala, nr Bijagua, XI-1- 1972, F. Cordero (EMEC); ibid., IV-(20-26)- 1972; Zapote Upala, nr Bijagua, XII-8-1972, R. Ortiz (EMEC); Zapote de Upala vie. Bijagua, XI- 1-1972, F. Cordero (CNCI); ibid., V-19-1972; Zapote de Upala, vie. Bijagua, XII-8-1972, R. Ortiz (CNCI); 2.5 km W Dos Rios, V-22-1985 (EMEC); Cartago, Turrialba, Schild & Burgdorf (USNM); Guanacaste, Est. Cacao, 1000-1400 m, SW side Volcan Cacao, X-1989, R. Blanco & C. Chavez (INBC); Est. Maritza, 600 m, W Volcan Orosi, V-1990, R. Blanco (INBC); Est. Pitilla, 700 m, 9 km S Santa Cecilia, P.N. Guanacaste, (V-19)-(VI-3)-1993, P. Rios (INBC); Tilaran., 2200 ft, VII-18-1966, S.L. Wood (BYUC); Her- edia, Est. El Ceibo, Braulio Carrillo, P.N. 400- 600 m, IV-1990, C. Chaves (INBC); est. Magas- say, 200 m, P.N. Braulio Carrillo, VII-1991, A. Fernandez (INBC); Finca la Selva, 3 km S Puerto Viejo, VII-(23-25)-1976, E.M. Fisher (CASC); Tirimbirca, ca. 200 m, V-1971, G.R. Proctor (CASC); Limon, Cerro Tortuguero, 1-120 m, VII-1993, R. Delgado (INBC); Est. Hitoy Cerere, 100 m, R. Cerere, res. Biol. Hitoy Cerere, II-(15- 27)-1993, G. Carballo (INBG); ibid., (VI-30)- (VII-20)-1992, F.A. Quesada; Hamburg Farm, Reventazon, VL26-22, F. Neverman (USNM); ibid. VI-25-22; Hdas. La Suerte/Tapzco, 29 air km W Tortuguero, 40 m, 10°27'-30'N, 83°47'W, VIII-(13-31)-1979, Donahue, Hair, Moore, Hopkins (LACM); La Colonia, 23 km NE Guapiles, VIII-21-1966, R.D. Sope (USNM); Manzanillo, 0-100 m, RNFS, Gandoca y Man- zanillo, (6-27)-1993, F.A. Quesada (INBC); Rio Sardinas, RNFS Barra del Colorado, 10 m, VII- (16-24)-1993, F. Araya (INBC); Ramal, Rio Parismina, Santa Clara, an Gebusch, F. Neverman (USNM); ibid. IV-28-25; Sector Cerro Cocori, Finca E. Rojas, 150 m, (IX-10)-(X-14)-1992, malaise trap (INBC); Tingue lot, 6 m, Rio Reventazon, IV-27-37, F. Neverman (USNM); Puntarenas, Alberque Cerro de Oro, Sendero La Tarde, 5.3 km NW Cerro Rincon, 280 m, II-8- 1996, L. Angulo (INBC); Avenida El Pizote, 1.4 km NE La Tigra, 1300 m, V-(l-8)-1996, E. Navarro (INBC); Canton Coto Brus., Agua Caliente, VIII-1986, N. Zakharoff (CASC); Di- vision, VI-9-1991, Brenes (CASC); Est. Agujas, Rio Agujas, 300 m, Puntarenas, Canton Coto Brus., Agua Caliente, VIII-(1 T20)-1986, N. Zakharoff (CASC); Est. Sirena, P.N. Corcovado, 0-100 m, VI-1990, E. Quesada (INBC); Eila Cruces, Einca Llama, 1200 m, V-13-1996, LA. Chacon (INBC); Einca Cafrosa, Est. Las Mellizas, 72 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 P.N. Amistad, 1300 m, (VI-VII)-1990, J.C. Sa= borio (INBC); Provincia Gromaco, 34 km SE Potrero Grande, on Rio Goto Brus, 1000 ft VIE 21-1963, G.D. Michener and W. Kerfoot (SEMC); Jardm Botanico Wilson, 1100 m, III- 29-1996, A. Chacon (INBC); Osa Peninsula, 1.8 mi. W Rincon, 11-27-1971, J.P. Donahue, C.L. Hogue (EACM); Palmira, Guitierrez Bravo, Eila Tigre, 1200 m, IV-12-1996, LA. Chacon (INBC); Rancho Quemado, Peninsula de Osa, III-1991, J.C. Saborio (INBC); San Vito de Java (5 mi. S), VIII-1967, R.W. McDairmid (EACM); San Vito, V-18-1967 (ESCA); San Vito, Las Cruces, IV-29- 1988, A. Sohs (INBC); 5 mi. S San Vito, V-25- 1983, D.J. Heffern (TAMU); Province unknown, San Carlos, Schild & Burgdorf (USNM); collected under wood (CMNH); GUATEMALA: Alta Verapaz, Panzos (NHMW); Izabal, 25 km SE Morales, 2800 ft, V-(21-24)-1996, E. Giesbert & J. Monzon (ESCA); San Antonio, IV-12-1990, J. Monzon (TAMU); Peten, Sayaaxche, El Peten, X- 18-1963, E.C. Welling (CNCI); ibid., X-24-1963; ibid., X-8-1963; HONDURAS: Cortes, Lago Yojoa, VII-5-77, J.V. Mankins (USNM); Estacion Experimental Cafe ca Penas Blancas rain forest, VIII-15-1992, L. Stange & C. Porter (ESCA); Yoro, P.N. Pico Bonito, El Portillo, 640 m, 15°26'27"N, 87°08'09"W, VIII-13-2000, R. Reyes (EAPZ); MEXICO: Chiapas, San Quintm, 1971, Wind (USNM); San Quintm, VII-23-1979 (ESCA); Veracruz, Est. Biol. Las Tuxtlas, 250 m, VII-27-1990, J. Doyen (EMEC); Lake Catemaco, V.C., VI-(16-20)-1969, D.E. Bright (CNCI); 33 km NE Catemaco, 160 m, Los Tuxtlas Biol. St., (VII-1)-(VIII-1)-1983, LIT ravine, rain forest, S. & J. Peck (CMNC); Rio Atoyac, 5 mi. NW Potrero, VII-15-1973, R.R. Shelling, T.W. Taylor (EACM); 8 mi. N Santiago Tuxtla (EMNH); 14- 16 km W S’ntcmpn, VI- 1994, P. & A. Garcia (JEWC); State unknown, Dos Anares, IX-1980, P. Bleuzen (PCCV); NICARAGUA: Chontales, Ri- chardson (OXUM); Chontales, Richardsen (NHMW); Chontales, Janson (USNM); PANA- MA: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island, VI-21- 1967, sweeping, R.C. Beard (CUIC); Barro Colorado Island, V-21-1967, R.E. Beer (SEMC); Barro Colorado Island, VE28-1978, N. Woodley, on log (USNM); Chiriqui (ZMUC); 10 km NE Eortuna Dam, V-(26-28)-1992, E. Giesbert (ESCA); Volcan de Chiriqui, Champion, 25- 1000 ft, (OXUM); (CUIC); (EMNH); Volcan de Chiriqui, 25-4000 m. Champion (NHMW); Co- lon, Santa Rita Ridge, 30 km SE Colon, V-13- 1981, R.W. Brooks (SEMC); Darien, Estacion Ambiental Cana, 7°45'32"N, 77°4T07"W, 500 m, VI-(7-10)-1996, R.S. Anderson (CMNC); Rio Tacarcuna, 1900 ft, VII-1963, W.P. Murdoch (USNM); Panama, Cerro Azul, 700 m, 9°10'N, 79°25'W, VI-30-1971, Bivia (USNM); Cerro Campana, 2700 ft, VI-(3-5)-1981, E. Geisbert (EACM); Cerro Campana, VII-27-1978, E.M. Eisher (CASC); Cerro Campana, V-( 11-15)- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 1980, E.C. Riley & D. LeDoux (EGRC); Cerro I Campana, 850 m, 8°40'N, 79°56'W, IX-2-1972, 1: Stockwell (JEWC); Cerro Campana, 820 m, 8°40'N, 79°56'W, VIIE12-1977, T.J. Riley [ (EGRC); 10 km NE El Llano, Carti Rd., V-10- | 1981, R.W. Brooks (SEMC); 10-12 km N El | Llano, VI-(3-8)-1986,E. Giesbert (ESCA). | DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus lafertei is most closely allied to S. affinis^ S. intermedius, and S. decoratus. Semiotus illustris is also superficially similar. All of these species have 2 dark vittae on the elytra (1 sutural and 1 marginal) that converge near the apex. These species also have 2 stout j lateral frontal spines and an angled area between. |l Semiotus decoratus is readily distinguished from j 5. lafertei by the single pronotal vitta and black I' lateral pronotal maculae (Eig. 224). The other !j related species have 2 pronotal vittae (Eigs. 219- ; 221, 223). Semiotus lafertei can be separated from ! S. intermedius by the darker patterns and shape of ) the scutellum. The dark elytral and pronotal patterns in S. lafertei (and S. af finis) are black. ) In S. intermedius they are dark brown to red. ; Also, in S. intermedius the lateral pronotal maculae are much more evident dorsally. In S. j lafertei and 5. affinis they are often restricted jl entirely to the hypomera. The scutellum of S. | intermedius is roughly as wide as long (Eig. 157). i It is much wider than long in 5. lafertei (Eig. 159) ii and S. affinis. Semiotus lafertei differs from S. J affinis in the piceus sutural stripe that does not reach the scutellum and in the lack of a sulcus on the anterior third of the lateral pronotal margin. In S. affinis the elytral suture is piceus to the scutellum, and the anterior third of the lateral ' pronotal margin is sulcate. Semiotus lafertei is superficially similar to S. illustris but can be | separated by the dark vittae on the abdomen and 1; metepimera. In S. illustris (and S. decoratus) the ' venter is entirely pale yellowish brown to orange | with occasional black markings on the hypomera. j Semiotus lafertei can be separated from all other ) Semiotus by the 2 converging piceus vittae on i' each elytron, the stout frontal angles with the ; broadly angulate median area between, and the i broad incised scutellum. REMARKS. Semiotus lafertei and S. affinis are ' not easily separated in certain areas in Colombia i: where their ranges overlap. In this area individ- uals have the elytral sutural vitta extending to the j scutellum but only narrowly. The marginal pronotal sulcus in these individuals is also lacking , or very reduced. Semiotus ligatus Candeze | (Eigs. 24, 37, 118, 176, 257) | Semiotus ligatus Candeze 1889:81 (Holotype: ; ISNB; type locality: Colombia). i DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 26 mm (length/ r width ratio 3.9 to 4.3). Head piceus with anterolateral areas testaceus to aurantiacus; ante- ' Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 73 rolateral margin angled, frons lacking spines; texture of dense setae and punctures throughout; ocular index 75.0 to 78.0. Antennae serrate, just reaching hind angles in females, 0 to 1 segments beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus to aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.1), sinuate with hind angles diverging, margin undulate, thinly rounded without sulcus; color viridis, lateral and anterior margins fulvus to viridis with 2 piceus vittae extending from base to anterior fourth; fulvus and viridis areas glabrous, nitidus, piceus vittae with dense decumbent setae and punctation deeper than medial and lateral areas. Scutellum fulvus to testaceus, broadly rounded posteriorly, anterior margin straight. Prosternum nearly straight in profile, curving ventrally on lobe; color piceus with prosternal process sanguineus, lobe aurantiacus; texture glabrous with very fine punctation medially, deeply and densely punctate with dense decum- bent setae laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus, with broad piceus macula along suture; texture of dense setae and punctation on medial piceus area, lateral area glabrous, nitidus. Mesosternum tes- taceus to sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous with fine punctures medially, with denser punctures and dense setae laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum sanguineus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially, with long dense setae and deep punctures laterally. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus. Elytra 16 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior third, then tapering to tip; color viridis to subviridis, margin and suture faintly (or not) fulvus; striae finely impressed, strial punctures shallow, inter- striae nearly flat and smooth on disk, becoming more convex and wrinkled posterolaterally; api- ces each bearing a single spine. Abdomen sangui- neus medially, fulvus to piceus laterally; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially, with long dense setae and deep punctures laterally; female without foveae on sternite 5; anterior sclerite smooth, lacking dentitions except for apex of lateral arms, lateral arms narrow, extending apically 2/3 length of median piece. Male with parameres wide basally, wider than apical half, lateral blades small, approximately 0.20 length of parameres, rounded at tip, spines acute. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Ca- uca, 16 km E Silvia, 9000 ft, 11-22-1970, H. Howden (CNCI); 14 km E Silvia, 12000 ft, VII- 15-1970, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); ECUADOR: Napo, 5 km E Papallacta, III-24-1979, H. & A. Howden (CNCI). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus ligatus is most closely allied to S. capucinus and S. striatus, both of which share with S. ligatus a gibbous elytral base and lack frontal spines. The frontal spines in S. ligatus are very reduced. These species are readily distinguished from S. ligatus by the elytral color. In 5. ligatus the elytra are green, in 5. capucinus they are deep red, and in S. striatus they are pale yellowish brown with infuscate striae. The green elytra of S. seladonius is similar to those of S. ligatus. These species can be distinguished by the prothoracic setae. In S. seladonius they are much longer and more erect than those of 5. ligatus, where the setae are decumbent. The pronotal base color is fulvus around the piceus vittae in S. seladonius. In S. ligatus the base color is viridis with only the angles being fulvus. The frontal margin in S. ligatus is angled to subspinose. In S. seladonius the frontal margin is arcuate, without angles or spines. The elytral apices are pointed or spined in S. ligatus, whereas in S. seladonius they are rounded or occasionally angled. The elytral base is more gibbous in S. seladonius than in S. ligatus. Semiotus limatus Candeze (Figs. 18, 78, 208) Semiotus limatus Candeze 1889:81 (Lectotype: ISNB; type locality: Brazil, Amazonas). Semiotus horvathi Szombathy 1909a:23-24 (Ho- lotype, female: HNHM; type locality: Peru, Chanchamayo, Briceno). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 25 mm (length/ width ratio 4.9 to 5.0). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus, front with 2 spines anterolaterally; texture mostly glabrous, nitidus with a few erect setae above eyes and spines, punctation moder- ately deep and evenly scattered throughout; ocular index 71.0 to 74.0; frontal spines approx- imately 0.36 length of frons. Antennae serrate, 2 to 3 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate with margins converging on anterior fourth to anterior third, hind angles diverging, disk convex with lateral depressions sublaterally on posterior 2/3 to 3/4, margin sulcate on anterior third to fourth explanate laterally, broadly rounded without sulcus on posterior half; color aurantiacus to sanguineus; texture glabrous, nitidus with mod- erately deep punctures scattered throughout becoming subumbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum aurantiacus, suborbicular, anterior margin incised medially. Prosternum concave in profile, proster- nal process not divided at apex; color testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus with few erect setae on lobe, with fine punctures medially becoming thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypo- meron testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures or with punctures obsolete. Mesosternum testaceus to aurantiacus, fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and fine punctures. Mesepisternum testaceus to aurantiacus. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus with punctation fine to obsolete. Femora testaceus to 74 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 aurantiacus. Elytra 14 to 15 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; color aurantiacus basally, intervals 3 and 4 luteus posteriorly, intervals 1, 2, parts of 5, and 6 through 9 piceus on posterior half; texture glabrous, nitidus with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus to aurantia- cus medially, fulvus laterally, with sublateral piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures throughout, sternite 1 with fine setae and dense punctation; female with densely punctate area on basal half of sternite 5, foveae absent; anterior sclerite wide basally, lateral arms strongly convex, projecting medially, median piece subtriangular, as long as or slightly longer than lateral arms, bearing several serrations laterally. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BRAZIL: Amazo- nas (ISNB); PERU: Junin, Chanchamayo, Briceno (HNHM); Chanchamaya, 1-2-1969, J. Schunke (CNCI); Satipo, XI-1987 (PCCV). DIAGNOSIS. Setniotus limatus is most closely allied to 5. clarki, S. badeni, and the species in the S. angulatus group. It can be separated from these species by the pattern of the elytral vittae and by the shape of the antennae. Semiotus limatus bears 2 dark vittae per elytron (1 sutural and 1 marginal). Semiotus badeni and S. clarki each bear 4 or 5. The antennae in S. limatus are serrate (as in Eig. 165). In the S. angulatus group they are pectinate to subpectinate (Eig. 166, 167). The median piece of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is thick and completely covered by dentitions in 5. limatus, and the undivided lateral arms curve posteriorly nearly as far as the median piece (Eig. 78). In 5. clarki, the median piece bears only a pair of dentitions (Eig. 64). In S. badeni the median piece is unarmed apically, and the lateral arms extend posteriorly less than half the length of the median piece (Eig. 75). The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite in the S. angulatus group are divided distally (Eigs. 41, 43-45). REMARKS. The type of Szombathy’s S. hor- vathi is clearly conspecific with S. limatus. It is questionable if he even saw the type of 5. limatus. Semiotus linnei Guerin-Meneville (Eigs. 5, 82, 130, 142, 236) Semiotus linnei Guerin-Meneville 1844:17, Can- deze 1857:325, Candeze 1874:182, Kirsch 1884:43, Steinheil 1875:112, Szombathy 1909b:121 (Type: not found; type locality: New Granada). DESCRIPTION. Length 21 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.5 to 4.9). Head with anterior half fulvus to aurantiacus, posterior half (and median vitta) piceus; bearing 3 frontal spines; texture of erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation deep with punctures separated by about width of Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ,1 punctures; ocular index 73.0 to 75.0. Antennae i; serrate, 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles; ! segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 ^ testaceus to rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate; ji marginal sulcus obscure to well defined on j anterior half, thickly rounded posteriorly, with j an elevated thickening above margin; disk with 2 ■ large piceus subrectangular maculae, interrupted l medially by sanguineus longitudinal vitta, anteri- or border and margins fulvus to sanguineus; texture glabrous medially with thick pile laterally, j punctation fine and moderately dense medially, | deep and often contiguous laterally. Scutellum j testaceus, suborbicular posteriorly, anterior mar- j gin recurved; texture glabrous or with few I scattered punctures. Prosternum concave in pro- ' file; color aurantiacus medially, lobe fulvus to ] aurantiacus, lateral area piceus; texture glabrous ; with fine punctation medially with thick pile and dense punctation laterally. Hypomeron fulvus with or without narrow piceus vitta along suture, lateral areas glabrous with moderately dense pile along suture. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus; | fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with \ fine setae and punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to j testaceus. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus ; medially, badius to piceus laterally; texture j glabrous medially with dense setae anterolater- | ally, punctation fine medially becoming denser laterally. Eemora aurantiacus to testaceus throughout. Elytra 14 to 17 mm (length/width j ratio 2.9 to 3.2), subparallel on anterior third then | narrowing to tip; color fulvus, striae infuscate; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae fine to obsolete, i strial punctures deep and well defined; apices each ^ bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus medially, fulvus laterally with sublateral maculae (or vittae) i badius to sanguineus; setae scattered throughout except median area, punctation fine medially, | deeper laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on posterior half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with ‘ lateral arms convex basally extending posteriorly 1/2 to 1/3 length of median piece, and bearing ; several dentitions along inner surface. Male with parameres 3 times longer than wide, lateral blades ' 0.30 to 0.34 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Cap- i ital District, Bogota (OXUM); Bogota (CMNH); nr Bogota, 1848-1857, E.W. Mark. (OXUM); ^ Narmo, Pasto, Gotz (NHMW); VENEZUELA: Merida, Tabay, 7 km E La Mucuy Station, Sierra Nevada Nt. Pk., 8°37'44"N, 71°2'26"W, 2300- ? 2700 m, V-24-1998, J. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley (SEMC). . DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus linnei is most closely allied to S. perangustus, S. cristatus, S. Colombia- , nus, and S. angustus. Overal similarities also exist with S. auripilis. These species have 3 frontal ' spines and pale elytra with infuscate striae. Semiotus auripilis is readily separated from S. linnei by the strongly convex elytral intervals. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 75 The intevals in S. linnei are flat, or nearly so. The lateral frontal spines of S. cristatus are shorter than those of the other related species, not extending forward beyond the length of the medial spine (Fig. 144). The lateral spines in S. linnei (and the other related species) are much longer than the medial spine (as in Fig. 142). Semiotus linnei can be separated from S. cristatus and S. columbianus by the frontal vestiture and length of the antennae. In these species the setae are double, with decumbent setae discally and erect setae over the eyes and spines. In S. linnei the frontal decumbent setae are absent or very few in number. The antennae in S. cristatus and S. colombianus extend beyond the hind angles in both sexes. The antennae of S. linnei do not quite reach the hind angles. Also, the 2 piceus pronotal vittae in S. cristatus are nearly linear and approximate, the area between being narrow and parallel-sided. In S. linnei and S. colombia- nus, these vittae are arcuate medially. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is more heavily armed in S. cristatus than in S. linnei and S. colombianus. Semiotus cristatus has dentitions all along the posterior margin of the lateral arms extending onto the median piece (Fig. 80). In S. colombianus (Fig. 81) and S. perangustus (Fig. 72) the dentitions do not extend the entire length of the lateral arms. In S. linnei the median piece is without dentitions (Fig. 82). Semiotus angustus lacks lateral arms entirely (Fig. 71). The aedeagus is narrow in S. linnei (Fig. 130) with the base of the parameres approximately as wide as the parameres across the apical blades. In S. cristatus the base of the parameres is wider than the aedeagus at the widest point of the apical blades (Fig. 129). Semiotus luteipennis (Guerin-Meneville) (Figs. 1, 47, 123, 248) Elater luteipennis Guerin-Meneville 1839:20 (Type: not found; type locality: Chile). Eucamptus luteipennis, Solier 1851:9. Chalcolepidius luteipennis, F. Philippi 1887:84. Semiotus luteipennis, Candeze 1857:300, Can- deze 1874:186, Bartlet-Calvert 1898:798, Fleu- tiaux 1907:173, Bruch 1911:244. DESCRIPTION. Length 21 to 35 mm (length/ width ratio 3.6 to 3.9). Flead piceus without frontal spines; ocular index 81.0 to 84.0. Texture with long fine brown setae throughout, puncta- tion umbilicate and generally separated by less than own diameter except in isolated areas on disk. Antennae serrate, entirely piceus, extending 0.5 to 1.5 segments beyond hind angles. Prono- tum 5 to 9 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.0), gradually expanding posteriorly with hind angles expanding only a little further laterally, margin thickly rounded with sulcus extending entire length except on posterior fifth and anterior fourth; color piceus with lateral margin sangui- neus; texture with scattered fine setae on disk becoming slightly longer and denser anterolater- ally. Scutellum with anterior margin nearly straight, widest on anterior third then narrowing to rounded apex. Prosternum piceus, evenly concave in profile, lobe hemispherical; texture consisting of fine scattered setae, moderately punctate medially with punctures becoming larger laterally. Flypomeron sanguineus laterally, piceus along suture, with fine appressed setae shorter than prosternal setae, punctation becoming larger along suture, punctures generally separated by distance greater than own width. Mesosternum piceus and moderately punctate with fine setae throughout. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus with setae and punctures well separated medially, becoming dense laterally. Femora pi- ceus. Elytra 15 to 25 mm (length/width ratio 22.5 to 2.9), widest at middle before narrowing to tip; color aurantiacus to sanguineus; texture glabrous, interstriae wrinkled; apices each bearing 2 spines of subequal length. Abdomen piceus with fine setae and fine scattered punctures throughout, with impunctate cavities and wrinkles along lateral margin; female foveae large, shallow and elliptical, covering most of central area of sternum 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms vestigial, median piece extending to point distally, sur- rounded in bursa copulatrix by numerous acces- sory sclerites. Male with parameres sinuous, lateral blades convex laterally, approximately O. 20 length of parameres. Pupa “Ninfa” (translated from Bartlet-Calvert, 1898, in Orellara 1938) dirty yellowish white, with 2 spines on the anterior border of the prothorax with points directed inward, antennae free, wings and elytra folded below, completely covering the mesometasternum, abdominal seg- ment 1 with 2 long sharp spines above, with other smaller and shorter spines below. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ARGENTINA: Chubut, Los Alerces, 11-1973, R. Foerster (CNCI); P. N. Los Alerces, Lago Futalaufquen, 500 m, 14- XII-1997, forest track, C. & M. Vardy (BMNH); (FMNH); Neuquen, Junin de los Andes, Laguna Verde, 1000 m, lMII-1979 (ZMUC); Rio Bonito SE, Va. La Angostura, 11-21-1978, C.M. & O.S. Flint Jr. (USNM); C. Bruch (ZMUC); Rio Negro, Lago Nahuel Huapi, Puerto Blest, 770 m, XII- 16- 1978 (ZMUC); Puerto Blest, XII-2-1926, R.C. Shannon (USNM); Province unknown, Corren- toso, L. NahHuapi, XI-20-26, R.C. Shannon (USNM); CHILE: Bio Bio, Araucania, 1907, R.M. Middleton (BMNH); Arauco, Contulmo, II- 10-1967, Sanfeliu (CNCI); Concepcion (ZMUC); Concepcion (CASC); Las Trancas, III-1977, T. Cekalovic (CNCI); Recinto, XII-1989 (PCCV); Curico, Cord. Curico, Palos Negros, XII-60, L.E. Pena (USNM); El Coigo, XI-1960, L.E. Pena (CNCI); ibid., X-(10-20)-1960; El Coigo Cord. Curico, XI-1961, L.E. Pena (CNCI); El Coigo, XII- 1979 (CMNH); Palos Negros, XI-1960, L.E. Pena 76 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 (CNCI); La Araucania, Cabreria 1100 m, 1-1977, L.E. Pena (FMNH); Collipulli, VI-20-1964, H. Diaz (CNCI); Coral, Valdivia, X-25-1913, R.H. Beck (CASC); Cord. Las Rakes, XII-1976, L.E. Pena (FMNH); Cudico, 1-1978, T. Cekalovic (CNCI); Cunco I, 1937, Dr. Reed (USNM); Pichinahuel, Cord. Nahuelbuta, XII-(23-31)- 1958, E.E. Pena (USNM); Rio Blanco, III-27- 1951, E.E. Pena (FMNH); Temuco, 1912, A.C. Soldana (USNM); Termas de Tolguaca, 1000 m, II-(19-20)-1991, D. MacNeill (CASC); W Angol, Crest of Sierra Nahuelbuta, 1200 m, 1-3-1951, Ross & Michelbacher (CASC); 22 km E Temuco, I- 1951, M.G. Smith (CASC); 20 km E Temuco (USNM); Los Lagos, Ancud, IV-1941, P.A. Berry (USNM); Chiloe Island, Da’cahue, 1962, D. Usinger (EMEC); Chiloe, Chonchi, 1-21-1962, E. Pena (CNCI); Chiloe IsL, ca. 100 m, 1 km E Eago Tepuhueco, ca. 40 air km SW Castro, XII-(23-25)- 1981, D.R. Davis (USNM); Chiloe, San Pedro, H. Christensen, III-27-1914 (ZMUC); Enco, Valdivia, II- (20-23)-1978, T. Cekalovic (CNCI); Isla Chiloe, Dalcahue, L(17-31)-1962, E. Pena (CNC); Llan- quihue, III-84, L.E. Pena (FMNH); Osorno, Puyehue Nat. Pk., Anticura, II-4-1978, 350 m, P.J. Spangler (USNM); Osorno, 10 km E Puyehue, T24-1951 (CASC); Palena, Rio Futaleufu, 37 km SW Futaleufu, 1-27-1987, C.M. & O.S. Flint Jr. (USNM); Puerto Octay, XI-30-46, P.A. Berry (USNM); Puyehue, III-1-45, E.A. Chapin (USNM); Valdivia, X-26-1980, E. Krahmer (ZMUC); 8 mi. W Puerto Varas, T1 6-1 951, Ross & Michelbacher (CASC); Maule, Alto de Vilches, 70 km E Talca, (XII-5-1984)-(II-20-1985), Nothophagus forest, S. & J. Peck, FIT 1300 m (CMNC); Talca, Alto Vilches, XII-1977, T. Cekalovic (CNCI); Santiago (CUIC); Melipilla (CASC); Region unknown. Cord. Parral, Fundo Malcho, 1-1958, L.E. Pena (USNM); El Manso, 1960, A. Kovaks (BMNH); Fundo Malcho, Cord. Parral, X-1956, L. Pena (CNCI); Kocharno, 1960, A. Kovaks (BMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus luteipennis is most closely allied to S. ligneus and S. serraticornis. It can be readily separated from these species by the deep red elytra and pronotal margins and the black head and pronotal disk. The dorsum of both S. ligneus and S. serraticornis is a pale yellowish brown interrupted by darker vittae, lacking either deep red or completely black patterns (although the medial pronotal vitta of S. serraticornis is often a dark brown). The apex of each elytron is doubly spined in S. luteipennis. In S. ligneus and S. serraticornis each elytron ends in a single spine. Semiotus imperialis and S. cuspidatus are the only other 2 species that bear these double spines (of equal length) but can be readily separated from S. luteipennis by the medial frontal spine. The frons in S. luteipennis bears no spines or angles. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is vestigial in S. luteipennis., with the lateral arms not extending much at all beyond the medial arm (Fig. 47). The lateral arms in S. imperialis Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ (Fig. 48) and S. cuspidatus (Fig. 46) are much | longer. The anterior sclerites of S. ligneus and S. serraticornis are absent entirely. The male para- [ meres, anterior to the apical blades are evenly | convex in S. luteipennis (Fig. 123), and the apical I blades are approximately a fifth the length of the parameres. In S. ligneus (Fig. 124) and S. serra- : ticornis {¥\g. 128) the parameres are sinuate along i the outer margin. In S. cuspidatus and S. ' imperialis the apical blades are less than an eighth the length of the parameres. Geographically S. luteipennis occurs farther south than any other i Semiotus, occuring in Argentina and Chile. The [ piceus venter (excluding the sanguineus borders of the hypomera), the sanguineus elytra and prono- i tal margins, piceus head and pronotal disk and | antennae, lack of frontal spines, and double apical | spines of each elytron separate S. luteipennis from ' all other Semiotus. REMARKS. Semiotus luteipennis has been s collected on Araucaria imbricata (most likely A. araucana) and the larva have been found in |i worm-eaten wood of the same species (Bartlet- ; Calvert, 1898). Orellana (1938) provided addi- j| tional records as follows: Isla del Huafo, Pangui- pulli, Temuco, Concepcion, Bulnes y San Carlos, j Valdivia, Calbuco, Pichibureo, Curacautin, Ter- ' mas de Chilian. Specimens in this study were not seen from these localities. | ii Semiotus melleus n. sp. j (Figs. 20, 73, 108, 213) | jl DESCRIPTION. Length 20 to 24 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.6). Head luteus to testaceus i with basal macula piceus; bearing 2 spines [ anterolaterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with |i few scattered setae above eyes, punctation mod- i erately deep; ocular index 68.0 to 71.0. Antennae [ serrate, reaching hind angles in females, or just ! beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 l| fulvus to testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. ' Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to j 1.3), narrowly sinuate with hind angles diverging, |i margin incrassate without sulcus; color luteus to ( testaceus with 2 piceus sinuate vittae extending , from base to near anterior border; texture j glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctation through- j out. Scutellum parallel-sided, posterior border i rounded, anterior margin straight to moderately incised. Prosternum concave in profile; color ; testaceus to sanguineus with piceus lateral vittae; i texture glabrous with very fine punctures medial- ly, fine setae and thick and often umbilicate Ij punctures laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to auran- j, tiacus with piceus vittae along suture; texture |j glabrous with few erect setae along lateral I margin, punctures fine and scattered throughout. I Mesosternum fulvus to aurantiacus with obscure margins; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral | areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 77 fulvus to testaceus with obscure margins. Me- tasternum testaceus with lateral vittae piceus; texture with fine decumbent setae throughout becoming denser anterolaterally, fine punctures scattered throughout. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 14 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior half, then narrowing to tip; color luteus with intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and often outer edge of 9 testaceus to badius; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each ending in a point. Abdomen aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally with or without piceus sublateral maculae or vittae; texture of fine decumbent setae throughout, with fine punctures scattered throughout; female with fine impression (often very faint) on anterior third of sternite 5; anterior sclerite wider than long, lateral arms not extending posteriorly as far as median piece. Male with parameres narrow medially, lateral blades subtriangular, approximately 1/4 length of para- meres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: VENEZUELA: Aragua, Rancho Grande Biologi- cal Station, Portachuelo Pass 10°2U00"N, 67°41'00"W, elev. 1100 m, VI-4-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Harley, insects moving through pass against wind migration; (SEMC); Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Aragua, nr Maracay, Rancho Grande, VI-(22-24)-1984, J.D. Glaser (CMNH); Alto de Rancho Grande, X-12-1927, H. Pittier (1, USNM); Portachuelo Pass, 20 km N Maracay, elev. 1160 m, IV-13-1972, G.R. Gollins (1, CASG); Portachuelo Pass, 20 km N Maracay, elev. 1100 m, IV-6-1972, G.T. Gollins (1, GASG); Ealcon, Gurimagua, 1640 m, III-22-1987, R. Miller & L. Stange, cloud forest (1, FSGA). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus melleus is most closely allied to S. trinitensis and S. fascicularis with similarities to S. bispinus and S. clarki. Of these species, S. trinitensis is unique in having a strongly procurved and incised (along the anterior margin) scutellum (Pig. 212) that curves evenly from the disk to the front without a dorsal angle or margin. In the other related species a frontal angle or margin is present. The elytra in S. melleus (Pig. 213), S. clarki (Fig. 215), and S. bispinus (Fig. 209) bear 4 to 5 dark vittae (per elytron) than extend from the elytral base to or near the apex. Each elytron bears only 2 dark vittae in S. trinitensis. The dark elytral vittae in S. fascicularis are generally restricted to the apical 2/3 of the elytra and consist of a sutural, a marginal, and 2 medial vittae (confluent distally (Pig. 214)). Semi- otus melleus is known from Venezuela, S. trinitensis is known only from Trinidad. The anterior margin of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is evenly convex in S. trinitensis (Fig. 42). In S. melleus (Fig. 73) and S. clarki (Fig. 64) the anterior margin is angulate at the point where the lateral arms project posteriorly. ETYMOLOGY. Gandeze recognized S. melleus as a distinct species, though this was never published. A specimen in the BMNH is identified with a Gandeze label as Semiotus melleus. The name was identified by C.M.F. Von Hayek as a manuscript name. The name is here retained as originally proposed by Gandeze. The name “melleus” means honey or pollen. Semiotus pectitus Gandeze (Pigs. 5, 217) Semiotus pectitus Gandeze 1889:81 (Holotype: ISNB; type locality: Golombia). DESCRIPTION. Length 20 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 3.7 to 3.8). Head with faint angles along anterior border, without spines; color sanguineus with median basal macula piceus; ocular index 69.0 to 71.0. Antennae serrate, 0 to 2 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 sanguineus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.1); narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin narrowly incrassate, declivous on anterior third, without sulcus; color sanguineus with 2 narrow piceus vittae extending from base 2/3 distance to anterior margin; texture glabrous, nitidus with long setae in piceus vittae. Scutellum sanguineus, subchordate with anterior margin recurved; prosternum concave in profile, proster- nal process not divided at tip; color aurantiacus to sanguineus, with sutural vitta piceus; texture nitidus, glabrous medially with long setae and umbilicate punctures along suture. Hypomeron aurantiacus to sanguineus, piceus along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus laterally with setae and punctation more pronounced along suture. Me- sosternum finely punctate with fine setae, fossa glabrous and impunctate; color aurantiacus to piceus. Mesepisternum aurantiacus to piceus. Metasternum sanguineus, piceus laterally; texture nearly glabrous with fine punctures medially, denser setae and punctation laterally; femora aurantiacus to sanguineus often with piceus joints. Elytra 14 to 15 mm (length/width ratio 2.5 to 2.6) subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to base; color sanguineus to piceus throughout; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals strongly convex, striae deeply impressed, interval 3 more convex and rising above level of other intervals on apical half; each elytron bearing a single spine apically with a dentition or definite angle on sutural margin subapically. Abdomen badius to piceus, with sublateral areas darker; texture nearly glabrous with fine punctures medially, denser setae and punctation laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical 3/5 of sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (ISNB). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus pectitus is most closely allied to S. auripilis, S. seladonius, and S. hispidus. It can be readily distinguished from these species 78 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 by the deep red elytra with strongly convex interstriae (nearly hemispherical when viewed from behind). Semiotus auripilis also has strongly convex interstriae, but the elytral color is pale yellow to light brown. The elytral color of S. hispidus is black, or black with pale vittae, and that of S. seladonius is green. Both of these species have flat or only slightly convex interstriae. Semiotus pectitus is superficially similar to S. schaumi. Both species are deep red and lack frontal spines. The pronotum in S. schaumi bears a single black vitta (often faint), that of S. pectitus bears 2 black vittae. Also, the elytral interstriae in S. schaumi are flat, or nearly so. Semiotus pectitus occurs in Colombia. Most related species occur elsewhere. Semiotus hispidus occurs in Venezuela, S. auripilis occurs in Bolivia, S. seladonius occurs in Bolivia and Colombia, and S. schaumi occurs in Ecuador and Peru. The deep red body color, lack of frontal spines, double piceus pronotal vittae, and convex interstriae distinguish S. pectitus from all other Semiotus. Semiotus perangustus n. sp. (Figs. 23, 56, 98, 233) DESCRIPTION. Eength 19 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 4.8 to 5.0). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus median and basal macula (or with base completely piceus); with 3 frontal spines; texture of long erect setae over eyes, finer decumbent setae throughout, punctation deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 75.0 to 78.0. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in females, extending 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 to 2 testaceus, 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), sinuate, hind angles moderately divergent; margin incrassate becoming explanate on anterior fifth, sulcate only on anterior fourth; color fulvus to aurantiacus laterally and anteriorly with median vitta aur- antiacus to sanguineus, with 2 broad sublateral piceus vittae extending from base to near anterior border; texture glabrous medially with dense luteus decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine medially becoming dense laterally. Scutellum fulvus to testaceus, suborbicular, anterior margin slightly recurved. Prosternum slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided at tip; color fulvus to testaceus medially with or without piceus vitta along suture; texture of long erect setae scattered throughout with fine dense de- cumbent setae laterally, punctation fine medially, dense laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus with piceus vitta along suture; texture of fine decumbent setae and fine punctation becoming denser medially. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus with or without piceus macula, fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus with piceus macula. Metasternum glabrous with Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ fine punctation medially and with fine dense setae ; and fine punctures anterolaterally; color auran- | tiacus to testaceus medially, badius to piceus : anterolaterally. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra ' 13 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.3), ! subparallel on anterior third then narrowing to | tip; color fulvus with badius to piceus irregular vittae along each stria; texture glabrous, nitidus, ] striae faint, strial punctures moderately deep; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus with or without darker lateral vittae; texture glabrous, nearly impunctate medially, i dense punctures and dense decumbent setae | laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms evenly convex externally, extending apically 1/3 length of median piece. Male with parameres ‘ constricted before blades, lateral blades obtuse j apically, spines projecting posterolaterally, 0.28 || to 0.30 length of parameres. ! MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: ECUADOR: Banos, VI-15-1936 (PCCV); Para- j types: BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz, 4-5 km N Achira, Rd. to Amboro, X-(12-13)-2000, Wappes & ^ Dozier (1, JEWC); ECUADOR; Carchi: 46 km j W Tufino, west slope 2600 m, XI-19-1987, C. i Young, under dead wood (1, CMNH); Morona— I Santiago, Sangay, II-3-1966, R.D.L. (1, FMNH); 1 Napo, Baeza, 2000 m, III-5-1979, S, Marshall (1, CNCI); Hac. Aragon, Sierra Azul, 2250 m, '' 0.67°S, 77.92°W, (II-17)-(III-8)-1996, P. Hibbs , (2, LACM); Tungurahua, Runtun (above Banos), ; 2500 m, IX-(24-25)-1996, E. Giesbert (1, FSCA). il DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus perangustus is most ’ closely allied to S. angustus and other species with 3 frontal spines, dense pronotal setae, and pale elytra with infuscate striae (5. cristatus, S. | linnei, S. colombianus, and S. auripilis). Semiotus ■ auripilis is distinct from S. perangustus by the | strongly convex elytral intervals. The intevals in S. i perangustus are flat, or nearly so. The lateral j frontal spines of S. cristatus are shorter than those i' of S. perangustus, not extending forward beyond i the length of the medial spine. In S. perangustus I the lateral spines are much longer than the medial spine. The pronotal vittae in 5. linnei are arcuate (especially along the medial side), those of S. | perangustus are subparallel. Semiotus Colombia- ! nus is larger (over 22 mm long) than S. perangus- ( tus (less than 22 mm long). Semiotus perangustus and S. angustus can be distinguished from these | related species by their narrow body and smaller size. These 2 species are simlar but can be | separated by several characters. Semiotus peran- gustus has darker antennae (segments 3 to 11 are j nearly piceus). In S. angustus segments 3 to 11 are j only slightly darker than segments 1 and 2. The : female of S. perangustus bears 2 deep foveae on sternite 5. The female of 5. angustus lacks foveae. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is i much larger in S. perangustus, where lateral arms I Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 79 are present (Fig. 72), than in S. angustus, where lateral arms are lacking (Fig, 71). ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the narrow profile and aedegus. Semiotus pilosus n. sp. (Figs. 25, 102, 245) DESCRIPTION. Length 24 mm (length/width ratio 4.5 to 4.6). Head badius to piceus, fulvus to testaceus anteriorly; with 3 frontal spines; texture of fine decumbent aureus setae throughout, with long erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation deep and scattered throughout. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles or extending beyond by less than 1 segment; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 1 1 rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.1), narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging, margin incrassate without sulcus (or with sulcus very faint); color badius, lateral margin fulvus; texture of fine aureus setae, punctation deep and scattered throughout. Scu- tellum testaceus, suborbicular, anterior margin recurved. Prosternum concave in profile, not divided apically; color sanguineus, lobe aurantia- cus; texture glabrous with fine punctation medi- ally with thick pile and dense punctation laterally, Hypomeron badius to piceus with lateral and posterior border fulvus; texture of dense punctu- res and dense aureus setae. Mesosternum testa- ceus; fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepisternum testaceus. Metasternum testaceus; texture of dense punctures and dense aureus setae. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 16 to 17 mm (length/ width ratio 3.1 to 3.2), nearly parallel-sided on anterior third then narrowing evenly to apex; color fulvus, striae 1, 2, 3, 7, and 8 narrowly infuscate, striae 4, 5, and 6 broadly infuscate; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen badius; texture glabrous with fine punctures medially, of dense punctures and dense aureus setae laterally, Male with lateral paramere blades subparallel, 0,30 to 0.35 length of parameres, lateral spines nearly at right angles to parameres. Female not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: ECUADOR: Loja, NW Panagul de Podocaspus, III-6-1987, P. Johnsen (ZMUC); paratype: ECUADOR: Loja, 10 km NW Loja, continental divide, VI-9-1983, J. Rawlins, S. Thompson (CMNH). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus pilosus is most closely allied to S. vicinus and other species with 3 frontal spines and infuscate striae (including S. cristatus, S. linnei, S. perangustus, S. angustus, and S. colombianus). Superficial similarities also exist with S. auripilis. All of these species have pale elytra with dark striae and a dense covering of setae on the pronotum. Semiotus auripilis is separated from S. pilosus by the strongly convex elytral intervals. The intervals are nearly flat in S. pilosus. Semiotus buckleyi, S. reaumuri, and S. glabricollis have similarly patterned elytra but have glabrous, or nearly glabrous, pronota. Of the related species (with pronotal setae), S. pilosus and S. vicinus are unique in lacking lateral sulci on the pronotum (or it is very faint if present). The 2 species can be separated by the color of the pronotum. Semiotus pilosus has a completely brown to reddish brown disk, with only the peripheral areas pale. Semiotus vicinus bears 2 black vittae on the pronotal disk. The unicolorous elytral intervals with infuscate striae, lack of (or very faint) lateral pronotal sulci, and nearly uniform badius pronotum (with fulvus margins) with dense decumbent setae separate S. pilosus from all other Semiotus. ETYMOLOGY. The name refers to the dense, decumbent setae on the pronotum, Semiotus punctatostriatus Candeze (Figs. 15, 38, 132, 151, 237) Semiotus punctatostriatus Candeze 1857:328, Candeze 1874:184, Kirsch 1884:43, Steinheil 1875:113 (Lectotype, male: MNHN; type locality: New Granada). DESCRIPTION. Length 25 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 3.8 to 4,3). Head sanguineus, with or without basal piceus macula; bearing 2 antero- lateral spines, with area between spines distinctly angled; frons with fine setae scattered throughout becoming denser and thicker in median depres- sion, Antennae approximately 1 segment short of hind angles, with segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 6 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.2), widest at base becoming evenly narrower anteriorly, hind angles gradually enlarged; margin broadly round- ed, without sulcus; color sanguineus with 2 piceus vittae extending from base to just before anterior margin; texture glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, punctation fine and distinctly separated on disk, becoming approximate, dense, and umbilicate anterolaterally, Scutellum subrec- tangular, anterior margin wider, posterior margin rounded. Hypomeron piceus medially becoming sanguineus along outer margin, basal area fulvus; texture glabrous laterally with fine dense setae medially along suture, punctures small and contiguous medially becoming larger and less contiguous laterally. Prosternum slightly concave in profile; color sanguineus, lobe becoming testaceus, suture piceus; texture nearly glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, puncta- tion very fine medially becoming larger and denser laterally. Mesosternum sanguineus with fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and punctation. Mesepisternum pi- ceus, with or without infuscate margins. Metaster- num sanguineus with piceus triangular macula along lateral margin extending nearly to meso- 80 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 coxae anteriorly; texture glabrous medially with dense setae anterolaterally, punctation fine and moderately dense throughout. Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 17 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.6 to 2.8), subparallel only on anterior 1/4, then narrowing gradually to tip; color testaceus with infuscate striae, or with elytra badius with intervals 3 (sometimes 5) and 7 fulvus; texture glabrous, interstriae impunctate and convex, striae evident with broad punctures; apices each bearing 1 obtuse spine. Abdomen sanguineus with rufopiceus to piceus maculae on sublateral areas of first 3 to 4 segments, lateral margin with subhemispherical maculae testaceus to luteus; texture mostly gla- brous with clumps of setae sublaterally, especially on segment 1 and around foveae, punctation fine medially becoming denser and contiguous lateral- ly. Female with 2 obovate foveae on posterior half of sternite 5; lateral arms of anterior sclerite narrow, 4/5 length of median piece, median piece armed with dense subserrate dentitions. Male with parameres sinuate, blades roughly 1/4'*" length of parameres, penis extending beyond paramere apices. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Ca- uca (CUIC); Nariho, 25 mi. SW Mocoa, 2080 m, III-3-1955, E.I. Schlinger and E.S. Ross (CASC); ECUADOR: (PCCV); VENEZUELA: Apure, San Fernando de Apure, L. Laglaize (ISNB). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus punctatostriatus is most closely allied to S. girardi and related to S. imperialism S. cuspidatus, S. chassainim S. gibhosus, and S. fryi. All these species are gibbous in profile and have convex interstriae. Semiotus imperialism S. cuspidatuSm and S. chassaini all bear a single spine at the center of the frontal margin that extends forward and down. The anterolateral areas of the frons are rounded, without spines. The other gibbous species (5. punctatostriatus m S. gibbosuSm S. fryim S. girardim and S. chassaini) all bear 2 spines along the anterolateral margin of the frons and lack a medial frontal spine. The pronotum of S. gibbosuSm S. fryim and S. chassaini are glabrous or bear only fine and inconspicuous setae. The pronotum of S. punctatostriatus and S. girardi are covered with thick pale to golden setae. Semiotus punctatostriatus can be separated from S. girardi by the shape of the pronotum. In S. girardi the lateral margin is constricted just posterior to the anterolateral angles. In S. punctatostriatus the lateral margin in evenly convex all the way to the anterolateral angles. Superficial similarities exist between specimens of S. punctatostriatus with pale elytra and infuscate striae (which includes most of the specimens examined) and many of the species with similar elytral coloration (such as S. linneim S. cristatuSm and S. colombianus). These species have 3 frontal spines and lack a gibbous profile. The combina- tion of dense pronotal setae, gibbous profile, and double frontal spines distinguish Semiotus punc- tatostriatus from all other Semiotus. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ii REMARKS. Three types located in the BMNH ;j indicate a locality “Mexico” with a line through j: it. No specimens have otherwise been seen from . Mexico, and the locality is most likely incorrect. ' Semiotus reaumuri Candeze i (Fig. 26) ! Semiotus reaumurii Candeze 1857:327 (Holo- J type: BMNFI; type locality: Colombia). Semiotus reaumurim Candeze 1874:182, Steinheil 1875:113. DESCRIPTION. Length 26 to 28 mm (length/ i width ratio 4.6 to 4.8). Head fulvus to aurantia- cus with median piceus macula extending anteri- ; orly to near anterior margin; bearing 3 frontal i spines; texture glabrous, with few erect setae !| above eyes and over spines, punctation becoming | umbilicate and larger basally. Antennae serrate, j| 0 to 1 segments short of hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. | Pronotum 6 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.3 to ) 1.4), with sides nearly straight, hind angles ' diverging, lateral margin broadly rounded, un- dulate, without sulcus, converging anteriorly to i foveate angles; color fulvus to aurantiacus later- ( ally, with broad piceus vittae separated by sanguineus coloration between, anterior angles with piceus maculae on basal third extending from near foveae; texture glabrous, nitidus, with S; few erect setae on lateral margin, punctation dense, subumbilicate and often contiguous. Scu- tellum testaceus, broadly subchordate. Proster- Ij num nearly straight; color testaceus to sangui- ii neus, lobe paler, with or without dark vitta along suture; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially with thick pile and dense punctation I laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to badius laterally, !; with broad piceus vitta medially; texture glabrous along lateral margin, with dense setae and fine | punctation throughout. Mesosternum aurantiacus ;| to testaceus; fossa texture glabrous, lateral areas i| covered with fine setae and punctures. Mesepi- ' sternum aurantiacus to testaceus. Metasternum aurantiacus to badius with dark vitta medially; ji texture glabrous with fine punctation medially ; with dense setae and punctation laterally. Femora aurantiacus to testaceus, joints piceus. Elytra 17 | to 19 mm (length/width ratio 3.0 to 3.2), sub- parallel on anterior third then narrowing to tip; ^ color fulvus to luteus, striae aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, intervals flat, I striae faint to obsolete, strial punctures clearly j; defined and infuscate; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen badius to sanguineus medially, auran- ij tiacus to testaceus laterally; texture glabrous, with j, fine punctation medially, fine setae and dense punctation laterally; female with 2 elliptical I foveae on posterior half of sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: ! (CMNH); Capital, Bogota (ISNB); Tolima, Honda, Le Moult (ISNB). ' Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 81 DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus reaumuri is most close- ly allied to S. glabricollis with similarities to S. buckleyi and other species with 3 frontal spines and infuscate striae. It is unique from these species in having anterolateral black maculae on the pronotum (in addition to the discal vitta(e)). Several species have pale elytra with infuscate striae and a dense covering of setae on the pronotum {S. pilosus, S. cristatus, S. auripilis, S. linnei, S. perangustus, S. colombianus, S. vicinus, and S. angustus). Semiotus buckleyi, S. reaumuri, and S. glabricollis have similar elytra but lack setae on the pronotum (or have very faint and inconspicuous setae). These 3 species can be separated by the color of the elytral striae and by the pronotum. In S. buckleyi, the dark stria! vittae are black and extend out from the striae onto the elytral intervals, and the lateral pronotal margins bear sulci on the anterior third to half. In S. reaumuri and S. glabricollis, the strial vittae are light brown, and the pronotum lacks sulci. The pronotal punctation in S. reaumuri is dense, subumbilicate, and often contiguous. In S. glab- ricollis, the punctation is finer and less dense. Semiotus buckleyi is known from Ecuador (Fig. 19), S. reaumuri and S. glabricollis are known from Colombia. The combination of dark vittae along each elytral stria, glabrous pronotum, lack of a pronotal sulcus along the anterolateral margin, 3 frontal spines, and the presence marginal maculae on the pronotum separate S. reaumuri from all other Semiotus. Semiotus regalis Guerin-Meneville (Figs. 26, 36, 117, 148, 222) Semiotus regalis Guerin-Meneville 1844:16, Can- deze 1857:319, Candeze 1874:179, Steinheil 1875:111 (Fectotype, female: MNHN; type locality: Colombia). DESCRIPTION. Fength 25 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 4.0 to 5.0). Head piceus with anterolateral areas aurantiacus to sanguineus; bearing 2 short obtuse lateral spines and angled median area between spines; texture of long erect setae over eyes, shorter fine decumbent setae throughout, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout; ocular index 80.0 to 83.0; frontal spines (or angles) approximately 0.12 length of frons. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females, reaching to or slightly beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.0 to 1.1), broadly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate, undulate; color testaceus to sanguineus along lateral and anterior margins, median line aurantiacus to sanguineus, with 2 broad rectangular vittae extending from base to near anterior margin; texture of fine setae scattered throughout or absent, punctation dou- ble. Scutellum testaceus to piceus, wider than long, anterior margin recurved. Prosternum slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; color aurantiacus to sangui- neus medially, piceus along suture; texture of long erect setae and fine punctation medially, de- cumbent setae and thicker punctation laterally. Hypomeron piceus with lateral border aurantia- cus to sanguineus; texture glabrous or with few scattered setae, punctation shallow to obsolete throughout. Mesosternum aurantiacus to sangui- neus medially, piceus laterally; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum aurantiacus to sanguineus medially, piceus later- ally; texture of fine setae and deep punctures (often nearly contiguous) throughout. Femora testaceus to aurantiacus with tarsi and joints piceus. Elytra 17 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.0 to 3.0), subparallel on anterior half to 2/3 then narrowing to tip; color piceus with intervals 3, 5, 7, and lateral border luteus and equal to or more convex than other intervals; texture gla- brous, nitidus, striae shallow, strial punctures clearly defined; apices rounded without spines. Abdomen Aurantiacus to sanguineus with 2 sublateral piceus vittae; texture of fine scattered setae and punctures throughout; female with 2 broadly elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms short, nearly at right angles to median piece, with few serrations along apical surface. Male with para- meres narrowing medially, lateral blades approx- imately 0.30 to 0.33 length of parameres. MATERIAF EXAMINED. COFOMBIA: Boy- aca, Tunja, Boy, V-30-1946, E.A. Chapin (USNM); Capital District, Bogota (CMNH); Cundinamarca, 3400 m, IIT20-1940 (CNCI); Department unknown. Paramo de Monserrate, 3200 m, IV-26-1969, on Espeletia grandiflora (CNCI); Paramo de Monserrate, 3250 m, IV-4- 1969, on dead leaves of Espeletia grandiflora (CNCI). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus regalis is most closely allied to S. sommeri, S. rubricollis, S. virgatus, and S. buckleyi. It is most readily separated from these (and all other Semiotus) by the alternating light and dark elytral intervals, with both intervals 1 and 2 being completely black (Fig. 222). Semiotus virgatus and S. buckleyi (along with other less related species) have alternating light and dark elytral intervals, but intervals 1 and 2 consist of 2 contrasting colors. Semiotus rubricollis has uni- colorous intervals 1 and 2, but these are deep red in color. Some specimens of S. regalis have reduced frontal spines. These individuals key out near S. hispidus, which often has alternating light and dark elytral vittae. Semiotus hispidus can be readily recognized by the completely black abdomen and prosternum. Semiotus regalis will have contrasting red and black abdominal and prosternal patterns. The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix are short 82 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 and do not extend posteriorly in S. regalis (Fig. 36) or in S. sommeri (Fig, 87). In S. buckleyi (Fig. 35) and S. virgatus (Fig. 76) the lateral arms extend posteriorly over half the length of the median piece. Semiotus ruber Pjatakowa Semiotus ruber Pjatakowa 1941:106 (Holotype, lost; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Specimen not seen. Descrip- tion taken from Pjatakowa, 1941. Length 25 mm (length/width ratio 4.1 to 4.2). Head red with apical black macula, strongly punctate, bearing 2 frontal spines. Antennae short, reaching or nearly reaching half way to the pronotal angles; color black, segments 1 and 2 reddish basally. Prono- tum more than 1.5 times longer than wide, nearly flat with angular widening laterally, front angles blunt with declivous pit; color half red with 2 black vittae. Scutellum subchordate, medially impressed; color red medially darker peripherally. Sternum yellow to reddish yelow. Abdominal segments 2 to 4 with dark punctures. Eemora testaceus. Elytra sanguineus to dark blue red, becoming darker apically, suture darker; texture without impressions except for sutural and lateral striae; apices each bearing a spine. MATERIAL EXAMINED. None. REMARKS. The type and only known speci- men of S. ruber was destroyed (V. Dolin, personal communication). No specimens fitting the specific description have been seen during the course of this study. Semiotus rubricollis n. sp. (Eigs. 26, 63, 225) DESCRIPTION. Length 24 to 25 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.2). Head aurantiacus to sanguineus with basal macula piceus; bearing 3 frontal spines; texture of few erect setae over eyes and spines, punctation scattered throughout. Antennae 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate with hind angles diverging, margin incrassate, with sulcus on anterior half; color aurantiacus to sanguineus with 2 sinuate piceus vittae on disk, hind angles fulvus; texture glabrous, nitidus, moderately deep punctation becoming denser and umbilicate ante- rolaterally, Scutellum aurantiacus, subquadrate, wider than long. Prosternum concave in profile; color sanguineus to aurantiacus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous medially with erect setae laterally and on lobe, punctation fine medially thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypo- meron aurantiacus anteriorly, fulvus posteriorly with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine laterally, dense medially. Mesosternum sanguineus to testaceus; fossa gla- Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus brous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum piceus. Metaster- num aurantiacus to sanguineus with median vitta piceus; texture with short erect setae and fine punctation scattered throughout. Femora auran- tiacus to testaceus. Elytra 17 to 18 mm (length/ width ratio 2.9 to 3.1), subparallel on anterior third to fourth, then narrowing to tip; color sanguineus with interval 3 and portion of base aurantiacus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen sanguineus to testaceus with fulvus hemispherical lateral maculae; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine setae on first visible sternite, punctures fine and scattered throughout; female with 2 elongate subelliptical foveae on apical 3/5 of sternum 5; anterior sclerite with small dentitions on lateral arms, median piece 1.2 times as long as lateral arms. Male unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, female: ECUADOR: Dist. Churubamba, Dept. Huanuco, Hacienda Bjita, IX-’36, 2000 m, V. Mexla (CASC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus rubricollis is most closely allied to S. sommeri, S. regalis, S. virgatus, and S. buckleyi. It is most readily separated from these by the deep red elytra (with pale yellow vitta on interval 3). The above related species all have pale brown to yellow elytra with dark brown to black alternating vittae. Semiotus schaumi and S. pectitus also have deep red elytra (occasionally with yellow vittae), though darker than S. rubricollis. These 2 species lack frontal spines, whereas S. rubricollis bears 3. Semiotus pectitus has very convex elytral intervals. The intervals in S. rubricollis are flat, or nearly so. ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus rubricollis is named for the reddish coloration of the elytra. Semiotus schaumi Guerin-Meneville (Fig. 26) Semiotus schaumii Guerin-Meneville 1844:16, Candeze 1857:330 (Type: lost; type locality: New Granada). Semiotus schaumi, Candeze 1874:185. Semiotus langei Schwarz 1902b: 132-1 33. (Holo- type, male: DEIC; type locality: Peru, Chan- chamaya). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 14 to 15 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.3). Head with faint angles along anterior border, without spines; color testaceus to sanguineus with median basal macula sanguineus to badius; texture glabrous, nitidus with few erect setae above eyes and anterior margin, punctation sparse and scattered through- out; ocular index 71.0 to 78.0. Antennae serrate, extending 1 segment short of hind angles to 1 to 2 segments beyond hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 3 to 4 mm (length/width ratio Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 83 1.1 to 1.2); narrowly sinuate, hind angles di- verging, with 2 foveae anterolaterally, 1 apically and 1 on anterior third; margin narrowly incras- sate without sulcus, with supermarginal thicken- ing subcarinate on hind angles; color testaceus to sanguineus with or without thin median vitta sanguineus to badius; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation scattered throughout. Scu- tellum testaceus to aurantiacus, subchordate. Prosternum concave in profile; color aurantiacus to sanguineus, lobe testaceus with sutural vitta piceus; texture glabrous medially with fine erect setae on lobe, punctation very fine medially, dense and deep laterally. Hypomeron testaceus to aurantiacus; texture very finely granulate. Meso- sternum finely punctate with fine setae, fossa glabrous and impunctate; color aurantiacus with piceus maculae laterally. Mesepisternum auran- tiacus to sanguineus, with piceus maculae. Me- tasternum aurantiacus to testaceus medially, badius laterally; texture glabrous medially with dense decumbent setae laterally; femora testaceus. Elytra 9 to 11 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 2.9) narrowing nearly from base; color testaceus to aurantiacus basally, becoming progressively dar- ker apically, apex nearly piceus, each elytron bearing a single spine. Abdomen testaceus to sanguineus, lateral margin lighter; texture with dense aureus decumbent setae laterally, scattered erect setae medially, punctation fine medially, denser and deeper laterally; female with 2 broadly oval foveae on sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Mor- ona — Santiago, Chigiiinda, Buckley (BMNH); PERU: Junin, Chanchamaya, D. Lange (DEIC); Chanchamayo, A. Heyne (MNHN). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus schaumi is most closely allied to S. pectitus and S. formosus. It also bears similarities to S. fleutiauxi and S. kathleenae. All of these species have deep red patterns dorsally. Semiotus pectitus, S. kathleenae, S. formosus, and S. schaumi lack frontal spines. Semiotus fleutiauxi bears 2 stout frontal spines. The pronotum in S. schaumi bears a single black vitta (often faint), that of S. pectitus bears 2 black vittae. The pronotum in S. formosus is mostly black with yellow to light brown areas on or near the anterior and posterior angles. The pronotum of S. kathleenae is deep red with 2 broad black vittae covered by dense setae. The pronota of S. schaumi, S. pectitus, and S. formosus are gla- brous, or nearly so. The elytral interstriae in S. schaumi are flat. In S. pectitus they are strongly convex. REMARKS. Specimens in the BMNEI have a bright yellow vitta that occupies the apical 2/3 of interval 3. These specimens were taken from Ecuador and may represent a valid subspecies. Eurther material is required to verify this. The type of Semiotus langei is paler than that of S. schaumi. All other characters are similar. In- tensity of color varies interspecifically in most groups of Semiotus and does not justify separate specific treatment. Semiotus seladonius Guerin-Meneville (Eigs. 27, 119, 177, 256) Semiotus seladonius Guerin-Meneville 1844:16, Guerin-Meneville 1855:578, Candeze 1857: 330, Candeze 1874:185, Steinheil 1875:113, Eleutiaux 1925:109 (Type: not found; type locality: New Granada). DESCRIPTION. Length 21 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 3.6 to 4.0). Head piceus; anterolateral margin angled, lacking spines; texture of dense setae and punctures throughout; ocular index 75.0 to 78.0. Antennae serrate, 2 segments short of hind angles in males; segments 1 and 2 testaceus to aurantiacus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 4.5 to 5.5 mm. (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.2), sinuate with hind angles diverging, subcompanulate, margin thinly rounded without sulcus; color piceus (sometimes interrupted medi- ally by badius to sanguineus vitta extending from base to anterior border) with fulvus to testaceus anterior border and margin; texture densely setose throughout except medially, punctation deep and often contiguous, becoming finer and less dense anteromedially. Scutellum piceus throughout or with pale posterior border, widely elliptical, anterior margin straight. Prosternum nearly straight in profile, curving ventrally on lobe; color piceus or with sanguineus vitta medially; texture of dense setae throughout, punctation moderately dense medially becoming deeper and denser laterally. Hypomeron piceus with lateral margin fulvus to testaceus; texture of dense setae and punctures throughout. Mesosternum piceus or with fossa sanguineus, with dense setae and punctures laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Me- tasternum piceus with long dense setae and deep punctures throughout. Eemora testaceus to aur- antiacus. Elytra 16 mm. (length/width ratio 2.7 to 2.9), subparallel on anterior third to half, then tapering to tip; color viridis to subviridis, margin and suture fulvus; striae finely impressed, strial punctures shallow, interstriae nearly flat and smooth on disk, becoming more convex and wrinkled posterolaterally; apices angled or round- ed, without spines. Abdomen piceus with testa- ceus posterior border to sternites 4 and 5 (some specimens with median area sanguineus); texture of dense setae and punctures laterally becoming nearly glabrous and impunctate medially; female foveae not seen. Male with parameres narrowing medially, tips rounded, lateral blades approxi- mately 0.30 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: (OXUM); COLOMBIA: Capital District, Bogota (MNHN); Goudor (ZMUC); Cundinamarca, 3300 m, Guasca, m-10-1942, Chapin (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus seladonius is most closely allied to S. auripilis, S. hispidus, and S. 84 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 pectitus. It can be easily distinguished from these species by the green or greenish elytra. The elytra of S. auripilis and S. pectitus are dark red to reddish brown, those of S. hispidus are black, or black with pale vittae. The green elytra of S. seladonius is similar to those of S. ligatus. These species can be particularly distinguished by the setae (especially the prothoracic setae). In S. seladonius they are much longer and more erect than those of S. ligatus (where the setae are decumbent). The pronotal base color is fulvus around the piceus vittae in S. seladonius. In S. ligatus the base color is viridis with only the angles being fulvus. The frontal margin in S. ligatus is angled to subspinose. In S. seladonius the frontal margin is arcuate, without angles or spines. The elytral apices are pointed or spined in S. ligatus., whereas in S. seladonius they are rounded or occasionally angled. The elytral base is more gibbous in S. seladonius than in S. ligatus. The aedeagal plates are much shorter in S. ligatus (Fig. 118) than in S. seladonius (Fig. 119). Geo- graphically, S. seladonius occurs in Bolivia and Colombia, whereas S. hispidus occurs in Vene- zuela. Its range in Colombia and Bolivia overlap the ranges of S. pectitus (Colombia), S. ligatus (Colombia and Ecuador), and S. auripilis (Boli- via). The green elytra, lack of frontal spines, and rounded elytral apices separate S. seladonius from all other Semiotus. Semiotus singularis Kirsch (Fig. 27) Semiotus singularis Kirsch 1884:44 (Lectotype: SMTD; type locality: Ecuador). DESCRIPTION. Length 21 mm (length/width ratio 3.8 to 3.9). Head piceus basally, fulvus to testaceus over spines; anterior border of frons with 3 angles, lateral 2 angles subspinose. Antennae serrate, reaching 0 to 1 segments beyond hind angles; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum with wide lateral convexities on anterior 1/3, then declining to anterior angles, hind angles divergent; color fulvus to testaceus with 2 sinuate piceus vittae extending from base to near apex, margin un- dulate; texture glabrous, nitidus. Scutellum sub- orbicular, piceus, anterior margin recurved. Elytra narrowing nearly from base; color fulvus to testaceus basally, becoming piceus apically; tex- ture glabrous, nitidus, intervals flat, striae and strial punctures faint to obsolete; elytral apices each bearing a single spine. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: 1500 m, D. Stubel (SMTD). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus singularis is similar to S. taeniatus, S. buckleyi, and other species with 3 frontal spines (or angles). It can be readily separated from these species by the pattern of the elytra, which is yellow to pale brown basally changing into black apically. Other species with 3 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus frontal spines have alternating light and dark vittae running the length of the elytra. The distinct color pattern of the elytra is similar to that of S. schaumi, which lacks frontal spines (although the elytra of S. schaumi are much more sanguineus basally). The fine lateral pronotal margin evident in S. singularis is entirely absent in S. schaumi. Semiotus sommeri Candeze (Eigs. 27, 87, 152, 241, 261) Semiotus sommerii Candeze 1857:323, Kirsch 1866:180 (Holotype, female: MNHN (on loan from BMNH); type locality: Venezuela). Semiotus sommeri., Candeze 1874:179, Steinheil 1875:113, Eleutiaux 1891:275. DESCRIPTION. Length 22 to 28 mm (length/ width ratio 4.3 to 4.8). Head luteus to aurantia- cus with basal macula piceus; bearing 3 spines apically; texture mostly glabrous with few scat- tered setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and well separated, becoming thicker basally; ocular index 71.0 to 74.0. Antennae serrate, at least 2 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 5 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), narrowly sinuate, hind angles di- verging, margin incrassate, sulcate on anterior third only, with supramarginal thickening extend- ing nearly entire length, anterolateral areas foveate; color fulvus to aurantiacus with 2 longitudinal sinuate vittae (and often sanguineus vittae medially adjacent to piceus vittae) on disk; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine, becom- ing umbilicate along anterior border. Scutellum fulvus to testaceus, suborbicular with anterior margin recurved. Prosternum evenly concave in profile; color sanguineus, lobe aurantiacus, with piceus vittae along suture; texture glabrous, nearly impunctate medially, with deep contiguous punctures and dense decumbent setae laterally, and with scattered erect setae laterally on lobe. Hypomeron fulvus to luteus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctation throughout becoming denser along suture. Mesosternum fulvus to sanguineus; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum fulvus to sanguineus. Metasternum testaceus to sanguineus; texture glabrous and nearly impunctate medially with dense setae and punctures laterally. Eemora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 15 to 19 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.3), subparallel on anterior third to fourth, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus to luteus with intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and along suture aurantiacus to testaceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, with striae fine and strial punctures fine to deep; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus to sanguineus medially, fulvus to aurantiacus laterally with or without 2 infuscate sublateral vittae; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially, with dense decumbent Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 85 setae and dense contiguous punctures anterolat- erally; female with 2 obovate foveae on apical half to 3/5 of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with lateral arms reduced, hardly extending apically beyond basal piece, sharp dentitions along inner margin. Male with lateral blades of parameres greater than 0.25 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: (USNM); GUYANA: Landsberg (ZMUC); VENE- ZUELA: Amazonas (PCCV); Aragua, Rancho Grande, VII-(15-21)-1967, R.W. Poole, 1100 m (USNM); Rancho Grande, VII-4-1988, L. Stange & C. Porter (FSCA); Tovar, 5300 ft, 1-24-1978, J.B. Heppner (USNM); Federal District, Avila, 11-28-1971, H.F. Howden (CNCI); Caracas (ZMUC); Lara, Sanare, 17.4 km SE Yacambu N.P. 1510 m, 9°42'26"N, 69°34'34"W, (V-18)- (VI-1)-1998, Ashe, Brooks, Hanley (SEMC); Ta- chira, San Cristobal, 10 km SE P.N. Chorro El Indio, 1320 m, 7°44'3"N, 72H3'1"W, V-29-1998, J. Ashe, R. Brooks, R. Hanley (SEMC); Zulia, Maracaibo (USNM); State unknown, Caracas Valley, VII-1897 (CASC); D. Moritz, 1858 (NHMW); 1939 G. Vivas (USNM). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus sommeri is most closely allied to S. virgatus^ S. buckleyi, S. regalis, and 5. rubricollis, with similarities to other species with 4 or 5 vittae per elytron (including S. exsolutus, S. kirschi, S. superbus, and S. germari). Semiotus regalis and S. rubricollis are readily separated from these species by the unicolorous first and second elytral intervals (being black in S. regalis and deep red in S. rubricollis). The other related species with 4 or 5 dark elytral vittae have the first 2 intervals comprised of contrasting light and dark colors. Semiotus buckleyi is separated from S. sommeri by the similar colors of the elytral intervals (with the dark elytral vittae located on the striae). Semiotus kirschi and S. virgatus are distinct in having the lateral pronotal margin sulcate nearly the entire length. In S. exsolutus and S. acutus, the lateral margins lacks sulci entirely. Semiotus sommeri (and S. superbus, S. germari, and S. illigeri) has an abbreviated sulcus evident only on the anterior third to half of the pronotal margin. These last species are best separated by the pattern of elytral and pronotal vittae. In S. superbus, the eighth and ninth elytral intervals are unicolorous. They are of 2 different colors (interval 8 black and interval 9 yellow to orange) in S. germari, S. sommeri, and S. illigeri. The pronotal vitta in S. germari (Fig. 235) is larger and more parallel-sided than in S. sommeri (Fig. 241) and 5. illigeri (Figs. 227-229). The pronotal vittae in S. sommeri are sinuate (never cruciform) and separated by a narrow pale vitta (Fig. 241). Some individuals of S. illigeri have similar pronotal vittae (Fig. 227) that are more cruciform. The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix are abbreviated in S. sommeri (Fig. 87), extending less than 1/3 the length of the median piece. In S. illigeri (Fig. 79) the lateral arms are longer, extending more than 1/3 the length of the median piece. Semiotus striatus Guerin-Meneville (Figs. 16, 88, 247) Semiotus striatus Guerin-Meneville 1855:579, Candeze 1857:337, Candeze 1874:185 (Type: lost; type locality: Ecuador, Napo). DESCRIPTION. Length 17 to 18 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 4.3). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with basal macula piceus; Irons without spines or angled anterolateral margins, bearing erect setae over eyes and anterior margin, smaller decumbent setae and dense punctation throughout; ocular index 72.0 to 75.0. Antennae serrate, extending to or just beyond hind angles in females, with segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 testaceus medially, rufopiceus laterally. Pronotum 3.5 to 4.5 mm (length/width ratio 0.9 to 1.0), subcompanulate, hind angles divergent; margin incrassate without sulcus; color sanguineus to aurantiacus, margin fulvus to luteus with 2 lateral piceus vittae extending from near base to anterior fourth; texture with fine setae medially with denser setae laterally, punctation moderately deep and scattered throughout. Scutellum fulvus to aurantiacus, longer than wide, expanding anteri- orly, anterior margin not recurved. Prosternum fulvus to testaceus medially, piceus laterally; slightly concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures medially, with dense setae and puncta- tion laterally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus laterally, piceus along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures laterally, with dense setae and punctation medially. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus medially piceus laterally, with fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with dense setae and punctation. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum fulvus to testaceus medially, piceus laterally; texture glabrous and impunctate medial- ly, with decumbent setae and fine punctation laterally. Femora testaceus to badius throughout. Elytra 12 to 13 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.1), gibbous, subparallel on anterior half then narrow- ing gradually to tip; color fulvus to testaceus, darker coloring along striae; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures deep and well defined; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen testaceus to badius medially, fulvus laterally with sublateral badius vittae; texture glabrous with fine punctation medially, decumbent setae and denser punctation laterally. Female with 2 oblique ellip- tical foveae on posterior half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with basal piece strongly convex across base, bearing several serrations along median piece, and approximately 1/2 length of basal piece. Male unknown. MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Norte de Santander, 2600 m, 30 km S Chinacota, V-14- 1974, H. & A. Howden (CNCI). 86 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus striatus is most closely allied to S. capucinus and S. ligatus, both of which have a gibbous elytral base and lack frontal spines (the frontal spines in S. ligatus are very reduced). These species are readily distinguished from S. striatus by the elytral color. In S. ligatus the elytra are green, in S. capucinus the elytra are deep red. In S. striatus the elytra are pale yellowish brown with infuscate striae. Semiotus striatus superfi- cially resembles the other Semiotus species with pale elytra and infuscate striae, such as S. cristatus, S. linnei, S. colombianus, S. angustus^ and S. perangustus. All of these species bear distinct frontal spines. Semiotus striatus bears no frontal spines. The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is also distinct from these species. In S. striatus the anterior margin of the sclerite is evenly convex (Fig. 88). The other species either have an anterior swelling (Figs. 80-82), a thin anterior margin (Fig. 72), or a much reduced sclerite (Fig. 71). The lack of frontal spines, gibbous elytra, and unicolorous elytral intervals (with infuscate striae) separate S. striatus from all other Semiotus. Semiotus superbus Kirsch (Fig. 17) Semiotus superbus Kirsch 1866:181, Candeze 1874:179, Fleutiaux 1925:109 (Type: not found; type locality: Colombia: Bogota). DESCRIPTION. Length 19 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.4 to 4.9). Head testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus macula broad at base, narrowing anteriorly; bearing 3 spines apically; texture glabrous with few scattered setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and well separat- ed, becoming thicker basally. Antennae serrate, reaching hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 1 1 piceus. Pronotum 4 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.4), with sides sinuate, hind angles divergent, anterolateral an- gles impressed, margin thinly rounded, sulcate on anterior third to half; color fulvus laterally with 2 broad piceus vittae extending from base to apex; texture glabrous with fine punctures scattered throughout. Scutellum rufopiceus to piceus, sub- chordate. Prosternum slightly concave in profile; color aurantiacus to sanguineus with lobe and lateral area testaceus to aurantiacus, suture with piceus vitta; texture glabrous medially with fine scattered setae laterally, punctation fine medially becoming denser and deeper laterally. Hypo- meron fulvus with suture piceus; texture glabrous with fine punctation scattered throughout, be- coming denser toward suture. Mesosternum fulvus to testaceus with obscure margins; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum fulvus to testaceus with obscure margins. Metasternum testaceus to aurantiacus with piceus line medially and along lateral margin; texture of very fine setae Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus scattered medially, becoming denser laterally, punctation very fine medially, denser laterally. || Femora testaceus to badius. Elytra 13 to 18 mm i (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.3), subparallel on i anterior third, then narrowing to tip; color fulvus | with 5 (including sutural vitta) piceus vittae, striae ' 8 and 9 piceus; striae fine to obsolete, strial ; punctures shallow to poorly defined, interstriae | wrinkled; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen i fulvus to testaceus laterally, testaceus to auran- | tiacus medially with piceus sublateral vittae; texture with few fine erect setae scattered i medially, sternite 1 with dense decumbent setae behind metacoxae, punctation fine and scattered throughout becoming denser on sternite 1; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5; | anterior sclerite strongly convex across lateral i arms. j MATERIAL EXAMINED. COLOMBIA: Cap- ital District, Bogota; ECUADOR: Morona -San- | tiago, Macas, Region Oriental (MNHN); Napo, [i Rio Hollin, XII-(3-5)-1999, Dauber (PCCV); || Pastaza, Puyo, 3000 m, VI-28-1980, C.W. Stevens (FSCA); 11 km NE Puyo, IV-28-1978, C.W. & || L.B. O’Brien & Marshall (CNCI); 1000 m, Llan- dia, 17 km N Puyo, VII-16-1994, F. Genier, remnant rain forest (CMNC); Province unknown, ( Gualaquiza (MNHN); de Banos a Canelos, region || orientale, IX-X-1894 (MNHN); route de Cosanga J a Vena, 2000 m, VIlI-1990 (MNHN); PERU: j; Junin, La Merced (USNM); Political subdivision unknown, Jarugui (NHMW); Mayabamba, M. de Mathan, 1888 (MNHN); Mera (NHMW). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus superbus is most closely allied to S. exsolutus., S. intermedius, and S. taeniatus, with similarities to other species with 4 i or 5 vittae per elytron (including S. virgatus, S. kirschi, S. acutus, S. illigeri, S. regalis^ S. ' exsolutus, and S. sommeri). Semiotus intermedius is separated from S. superbus by the lack of dark j, vittae on the elytral disk (the vittae being re- ■! stricted to the elytral suture and margin). In S. !| superbus, each elytron bears 4 to 5 dark vittae. ' Semiotus taeniatus bears only 3 dark vittae per I elytron and has an enlarged angle along the || posterior border of the hypomera (Fig. 181). This S angle is much smaller in S. superbus (as in Fig. 178). Semiotus regalis is readily separated | from these species by the black first and second | elytral intervals (Fig. 222). The other species with 4 or more dark elytral vittae have the first 2 ' intervals comprised of contrasting light and dark ! colors. Semiotus kirschi and S. virgatus are distinct in having the lateral pronotal margin ! sulcate nearly the entire length. In S. exsolutus ’ and S. acutus, the lateral margin lacks sulci I! entirely. Semiotus superbus (and S. germari, S. ]! sommeri, and S. illigeri) has an abbreviated sulcus [ evident only on the anterior third to half of the | pronotal margin. Semiotus superbus can be |j separated from these species by the eighth and ninth elytral intervals being unicolorous. They are [ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 87 of 2 different colors (interval 8 black and interval 9 yellow to orange) in S. germari, S. sommeri, and S. illigeri. Semiotus taeniatus Erichson (Figs. 17, 34, 125, 181, 226) Semiotus taeniatus Erichson 1847:73, Candeze 1857:312, Candeze 1874:177 (Holotype: MNFD; type locality: Peru). Semiotus jansoni Candeze 1874:174-175 (Lecto- type: MNHN (on loan from BMNH); type locality: Ecuador). New synonym. Semiotus jansoni bipunctatus Schwarz 1902b: 130-131 (Type: not found; type locality: Peru, Marcapata). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Eength 21 to 26 mm (length/ width ratio 4.2 to 5.2). Head fulvus to aurantia- cus, with central macula piceus; bearing 3 spines apically; texture glabrous medially with long setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and scattered anteriorly, larger and umbilicate basally; ocular index 72.0 to 74.0 (lateral frontal spines approximately 0.31 length of frons). Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 badius, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.5), fulvus to aurantiacus, with sanguineus medial vitta flanked by piceus vittae, margin with small piceus maculae (sanguineus vitta and marginal maculae absent in many specimens); shape sinuate, widest at hind angles, then at middle, anterior margin dropping to lower plane; margin sulcate on anterior half becoming thicker and less defined posteriorly, a thick carina also present from posterior margin to just before anterior angle; texture glabrous with fine scattered punctures throughout, with lateral areas becoming nearly impunctate. Scutellum subchordate, testa- ceus to badius. Prosternum evenly concave in profile, aurantiacus to testaceus, with elongate badius to piceus maculae laterally; texture with few fine setae scattered throughout, punctures very fine medially, becoming larger and courser later- ally. Hypomeron fulvus to testaceus, piceus along suture, with or without piceus macula on lateral margin; texture glabrous with very fine punctures scattered throughout. Mesosternum testaceus with venter of fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas with fine and dense setae and punctation. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. Metasternum fulvus to aurantiacus with piceus line medially (and sometimes laterally); texture nearly glabrous with very few scattered setae, punctation very fine and scattered throughout. Metepimeron badius. Elytra 14 to 17 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.4), widest on anterior fourth then gradually tapering posteriorly; interval 1, 2, 4 (except at base), 5, 6, 8, and 9 badius to rufopiceus, interval 3 and 7 fulvus; texture glabrous, striae 1 definitely impressed, other striae faintly punctate striate, interval 3 and 7 more convex than other intervals; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen fulvus to testaceus, with sublateral line testaceus to badius extending length of abdomen; texture with short dense setae scattered throughout, punctation fine and dense throughout; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5 conjoined apically; anterior sclerite mostly unarmed, laterally arms smooth, extending distally approximately 1/2 length of median piece. Male with parameres wide at base, narrowing to blades; lateral blades approximately 0.35 to 0.40 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. BOLIVIA: Cocha- bamba, 117 km E Yungas, Cochabamba-Villa Tunari Rd., 1040 m, 17°6'32"S, 65°4E12"W, II- (l-6)-1999, R. Hanley, flight intercept trap (SEMC); La Paz, Nord-Yungas, 400-1800 m. Region um Caranavi, ca. 50 km N Coroica, Tello (PCCV); Yungas, Coroico, Fassl, 1908 (NHMW); Yungas de la Paz, Heyne V. (MNFD); Santa Cruz, Buenavista, Ichila, 400 m (FSCA); ECUADOR: Morona — Santiago, Chiguinda, Buckley, 1903 (BMNH); Pastaza, Rio Puyo, Cotococha, 1000 m, 1°32'4"S, 77°53'6"W, 1-24-1998, L. Nadai (HNHM); Pichincha, Quito (ZMUC); District unknown, Mangosisa R., 650 m, E. Gomez, B.M., 1940 (BMNH); PARAGUAY: Kolonia Sudetia, Anders, C. Pfanni (PCCV); PERU: Cuzco, Paucartambo, Kosnipata, Bosque Nublada res.. Coll. MVL Barclay, Cock-of-the- Rock, montane wet forest, 1400 m, in flight during day, 13°03'21"S, 7r31'44"W, IV-1999 (BMNH); Rio Paucartambo, XT26-1933, Quiroz (LACM); ibid., XI-6-1935; Santa Isabel, Cosnipata Valley, XII-6-1951, F. Woytkowski (USNM); Santa Isabel, Cosnipata Valley, XT27-1951, F. Woytkowski (CNCI); ibid., XI-15-1951; ibid., XI-30-1951; Santa Isabel, Cosnipata Valley, XII-6-1951, F. Woytkowski (FMNH); km 165 on Cosnipata Hwy., elev. 1200 m, Cosnipata Valley (X-XI)- 1981, tropical forest, J.F. Fitzpatrick & D. Willard (FMNH); km 165, on Cosnipata Hwy, elev. 1200 m, Cosnipata Valley, (X-XI)-1981, J. Fitzpa- trick & D. Willard, tropical forest (USNM); Huanuco, Tambillo Chico Canyon, 13 km S Tingo Maria, 2800 ft, IV-(11-17)-1987, J.E. Eger (FSCA); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, X-27-1954 (CASC); Tingo Maria, Monson Valley, X-12-1954 (CASC); Junin, Chanchamayo (USNM); Chanchamayo, M. Freyman G. (MNFD); Chanchamayo, IT1933, E.G. Smythe (SEMC); Quiroz, Rio Paucartambo (CNCI); Quiroz, Rio Paucartamba, 1-1934, Bot. G. Nelson (SEMC); Rio Oxobamba, Fa Merced, Chanchamayo (MNFD); Political subdivision un- known, Rio Huallagas. IT1986, L. Pena (PCCV); Rio Toro (MNFD). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus taeniatus is most close- ly allied to 5. acutus, S. kirschi, S. superbus, S. exsolutus, and S. intermedius. All of these species have 3 frontal spines (although the medial spine in S. intermedius is subspinose to angulate). Semi- otus taeniatus is unique from these (and all other known Semiotus) by the large subquadrate angle 88 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 or point near the center of the posterior border of the hypomeron (Fig. 181). This angle is much more reduced in other Semiotus (Figs. 178-180). In addition, S. taeniatus can be separated from the above related species by the color pattern of the elytra. In S. taeniatus, each elytron bears 3 dark vittae. In the other species, each elytron bears 4 or more dark vittae (except 5. intermedins which has only 2 — -1 sutural and 1 marginal). The anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is unarmed in S. taeniatus (Fig. 34). In S. exsolutus and S. kirschi, the posterior portion of the lateral arms bear several dentitions (Figs. 89, 90). Semiotus taenia- tus bears some similarities to S. singularis but can be readily separated by the elytral color, which in the latter species is yellow to pale brown basally turning gradually to black apically. REMARKS. The pronotal markings are quite varied, ranging from a single wide piceus vitta to double piceus vittae interrupted by a sanguineus vitta. Both varieties exist with or without lateral piceus maculae. These forms overlap geographi- cally and are otherwise the same, obviating the specific or subspecific status of S. jansoni and S. /. bipunctatus. Semiotus trinitensis n. sp. (Figs. 15, 42, 126, 162, 212) DESCRIPTION. Length 19 to 22 mm (length/ width ratio 4.4 to 4.8). Head aurantiacus to testaceus with basal macula piceus; texture glabrous with occasional setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine and scattered evenly throughout; front with 2 spines anterolaterally, without medial angulation; frontal spines approx- imately 0.28 length of frons; ocular index 73.0 to 75.0. Antennae serrate, 1 segment short of hind angles, segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 rufopiceus to piceus. Pronotum 4 to 6 mm (length/width ratio 1.2 to 1.3), narrowly sinuate, hind angles diverging; margin incrassate, sulcate on anterior third only; color fulvus to luteus with median sanguineus vitta flanked by 2 long piceus vittae; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctu- res, becoming thicker and umbilicate anteriorly. Scutellum piceus, moderately declivous and in- cised anteriorly with median sulcus. Prosternum concave in profile; color sanguineus to aurantia- cus with piceus vitta along suture; texture glabrous with erect setae on lobe, punctation fine medially, thicker and umbilicate laterally. Hypo- meron luteus with or without sanguineus vitta along suture; texture glabrous, nitidus with fine punctures throughout. Mesosternum testaceus to badius and glabrous medially with fine dense setae laterally, fossa nearly impunctate with lateral areas containing fine setigerous punctures. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. Metasternum testaceus with lateral vittae badius to piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with very fine punctures throughout. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 12 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus to 15 mm (length/width ratio 2.9 to 3.2), narrow- ing nearly from base, becoming thicker poster- iorly; color luteus with interval 1, part of 2, and lateral margin piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus with striae and strial punctures fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen aurantiacus to testaceus medially, fulvus to luteus laterally, with 2 sublateral badius to piceus vittae; texture glabrous with fine decumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation fine throughout; female with 2 shal- low elliptical foveae in center of sternite 5; anterior sclerite wider than long, lateral arms strongly convex, approximately 2/3 length of median piece, bearing 2 to 4 serrations apically. Male with parameres subparallel basally, lateral blades approximately 0.30 length of parameres. MATERIAL EXAMINED. Holotype, male: TRINIDAD: Morne Bleu, 2700 ft, W.I., VIII-8- 1969, H. & A. Howden (CNCI); Paratypes: TRINIDAD: Aripo, BWI, VII-2-1944, F. Fernan- dez (1, USNM); Morne Bleu, IV-26-1969, J. Boas (2, CMNH); ibid.; IV-27, 1969 (2, CMNH); Morne Bleu, 2700 ft, W.I., VIII-4-1969, H. & A. Howden (1, CNCI); 1 mi. W Morne Bleu, V-16- 1969, J. Boos (1, FSCA); Mt. Tamana, S Coryal, W.I., VIII-16-1969, H. & A. Howden (1, CNCI); Port of Spain, W.I., VI-5-1967, R.E. Beer (1, SEMC). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus trinitensis is most closely allied to S. melleus, S. fascicularis, and the species in the S. caracasanus group. It is also similar to S. bispinus and 5. clarki. Semiotus trinitensis is unique from all these species by the strongly procurved and incised (along the anterior margin) scutellum (Fig. 212) that curves evenly from the disk to the front without a dorsal angle or margin. In the other related species a frontal angle or margin is present. The 5. caracasanus group is distinct from S. trinitensis in the doubly spined frons and a completely convex pronotum that lacks lateral sulci. Semiotus trinitensis bears 2 frontal spines as well but has sublateral depres- sions on the pronotum (Fig. 213), and the lateral margin is sulcate anteriorly. The elytra in S. melleus (Fig. 212), S. clarki (Fig. 215), and S. bispinus (Fig. 209) bear 4 to 5 dark vittae (per elytron). Each elytron bears only 2 dark vittae in S. trinitensis. The dark vittae in S. fascicularis are generally restricted to the apical 2/3 of the elytra and consist of a sutural, a marginal, and 2 medial vittae (confluent distally (Fig. 214)). Semiotus limatus also bears 2 dark vittae per elytron, similar to S. trinitensis. These species can be separated by the pronotal vittae and by geogra- phy. Semiotus trinitensis bears 2 pronotal vittae, S. limatus bears only a single vitta (Fig. 208). Semiotus limatus is known from Brazil and Peru, S. trinitensis is known only from Trinidad. The median piece of the anterior sclerite of the bursa copulatrix is thick and completely covered by dentitions in S. limatus (Fig. 78). In S. trinitensis, the median piece is unarmed (Fig. 42). Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 89 ETYMOLOGY. Semiotus trinitensis is named after Trinidad, the only place where it is known to occur. Semiotus vicinus Fleutiaux Semiotus vicinus Fleutiaux 1920:300 (Lectotype, female: MNHN; type locality: Ecuador, Mon- tague du Nanegal, Rio Guallabamba). DESCRIPTION. Length 24 to 27 mm (length/ width ratio 4.8 to 5.2). Head with 3 frontal spines (2 long anterolateral spines and 1 smaller median spine); color piceus basally, testaceus to luteus around spines; texture nitidus with few erect setae and mixed punctures throughout, less so medially. Antennae serrate, short of hind angles by 1 to 3 segments; segments land 2 testaceus to badius, segments 3 to 11 piceus to rufopiceus. Pronotum 5 to 7 mm (length/width ratio 1.3 to 1.5), slightly converging on anterior half, hind angles diverging on posterior fourth, margin without sulcus, thickly rounded posteriorly, forming an elevated thickening above margin; color luteus with 2 broad piceus vittae extending from base to near apex; texture of golden setae and well defined punctures, especially on black vittae. Scutellum subtriangular, fulvus to testaceus medially with obscure border. Prosternum nearly straight in profile, medially glabrous with fine punctation becoming larger and deeper laterally with fine setae; color sanguineus medially, piceus laterally, lobe fulvus to luteus. Hypomeron piceus along suture, fulvus to luteus laterally; texture glabrous with fine punctures and fine golden setae laterally. Mesosternum piceus; texture glabrous medially with fine punctation and golden setae laterally. Mesepisternum piceus. Metasternum piceus; tex- ture glabrous medially with fine punctation and golden setae laterally. Femora fulvus to testaceus. Elytra 16 to 18 mm (length/width ratio 3.2 to 3.6), subparallel on basal half then narrowing to tip, color fulvus to luteus with piceus vittae along striae; texture glabrous, strial punctures lightly impressed apically, obscure to obsolete basally; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen aurantiacus to badius medially, fulvus laterally with dark sublateral areas; texture glabrous medially with fine punctation and golden setae laterally; female with 2 elliptical foveae on apical half of sternite 5. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Mon- tagne du Nanegal, Rio Guallabamba, P. Rivet (MNHN). Semiotus vicinus is known from a single specimen. DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus vicinus is most closely allied to S. pilosus and other species with 3 frontal spines and infuscate striae (including S. cristatus, S. linnei, S. perangustus, S. angustus, and S. colombianus) . Superficial similarities also exist with S. auripilis. All of these species have pale elytra with dark striae and a dense covering of setae on the pronotum. Semiotus auripilis is separated from S. vicinus by the strongly convex elytral intervals. The intervals are nearly flat in S. vicinus. Semiotus buckleyi, S. reaumuri, and S. glabricollis have similarly patterned elytra but have glabrous, or nearly glabrous, pronota. Of the related species with pronotal setae, S. pilosus and S. vicinus are unique in lacking lateral sulci on the pronotum (or it is very faint if present). The 2 species can be separated from each other by the color of the pronotum. Semiotus pilosus has a completely brown to reddish brown disk, with only the peripheral areas pale. Semiotus vicinus bears 2 black vittae on the pronotal disk. The unicolorous elytral intervals with infuscate striae, lack of (or very faint) lateral pronotal sulci, and nearly uniform badius pronotum (with fulvus margins) with dense decumbent setae separate S. vicinus from all other Semiotus. Semiotus virgatus Erichson (Figs. 16, 76, 153, 242) Semiotus virgatus Erichson 1847:76, Candeze 1857:320, Candeze 1874:179 (Holotype: MNFD; type locality: Peru). Semiotus sanguinolentus Candeze 1900:82, Szombathy 1909b: 121 (Holotype: ISNB; type locality: Bolivia). New synonym. DESCRIPTION. Length 28 to 29 mm (length/ width ratio 4.1 to 4.7). Head luteus to aurantia- cus with basal macula piceus; bearing 3 spines anteriorly; texture glabrous, nitidus with few scattered setae above eyes and spines, punctation fine anteriorly, shallow and umbilicate basally; ocular index 76.0 to 79.0. Antennae serrate, 1 to 2 segments short of hind angles in females; segments 1 and 2 testaceus, segments 3 to 11 piceus. Pronotum 7 to 8 mm (length/width ratio 1.1 to 1.3), sinuate with hind angles diverging, margin sulcate, extending nearly entire length of pronotum, with supramarginal ridge extending from hind angles to near anterolateral foveae; color testaceus to sanguineus with elongate elliptical piceus vitta medially extending from base (or near base) to (or nearly to) anterior margin; texture glabrous, nitidus, with fine punctation throughout becoming thicker anteri- orly and along supramarginal ridge. Scutellum fulvus to sanguineus, suborbicular laterally and posteriorly with anterior margin recurved. Pro- sternum concave in profile, prosternal process not divided apically; color sanguineus to testaceus; texture with few erect setae anteriorly, few decumbent setae laterally, punctation fine to obsolete medially becoming denser and umbilicate posterolaterally. Hypomeron sanguineus to testa- ceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, punctation fine and shallow laterally, thicker and subrugose medially. Mesosternum sanguineus to piceus; fossa glabrous and impunctate, lateral areas densely setose and punctate. Mesepisternum testaceus to piceus. Metasternum sanguineus to testaceus medially (often with piceus medial 90 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 vitta), with or without piceus areas laterally; texture glabrous, nitidus with decumbent setae anterolaterally. Femora aurantiacus to testaceus. Elytra 18 to 20 mm (length/width ratio 2.8 to 3.0), subparallel on anterior third, then narrowing to tip; color luteus to testaceus with mesial portion of interval 1 along with intervals 2, 4, 6, 8, and outer portion of 9 in some specimens piceus; texture glabrous, nitidus, striae and strial punctures very fine to obsolete; apices each bearing 1 spine. Abdomen sanguineus to testaceus throughout; texture glabrous with few scattered erect setae, nitidus, with decumbent setae on sternite 1, punctation fine and scattered through- out with fewer deeper setigerous punctures scattered throughout; female with 2 elliptical piliferous foveae on apical half of sternite 5; anterior sclerite with anterior arms curved mesi- ally, extending posteriorly 1/2 length of median piece, each bearing 5 to 10 sharp dentitions. Male not seen. MATERIAL EXAMINED. ECUADOR: Mor- ona — Santiago, Macas, alt. 1050 m, F. Campos (USNM); Pastaza, Puyo, 900 m, VII-(13-17)- 1976, S. &c J. Peck (CNCI); Province unknown, Mero Pastase, 11-1982 (PCCV); PERU: Cuzco, Rio Paucartambo, IX-24-1932, Quiroz (LACM); Junin, Chanchomayo, M. Freyman G. (MNFD); Chanchomayo (CUIC); La Merced, 1921 (USNM); Political subdivision unknown, Gozoro (MNFD). DIAGNOSIS. Semiotus virgatus is most closely allied to S. sommeri, S. rubricollis, S. regalis, and S. buckleyi. Semiotus regalis and S. rubricollis have unicolorous elytral intervals 1 and 2 (these are black in S. regalis (Fig. 222) and deep red in S. rubricollis (Fig. 225)). In S. buckleyi the elytral vittae all overlap the elytral striae (with the elytral intervals being unicolorous). In S. virgatus and S. sommeri, the elytral vittae cover alternating intervals with intervals 1 and 2 being of 2 contrasting colors. This same pattern is evident in S. exsolutus, S. superbus, S. germari, S. kirschi, S. acutus, and S. illigeri. Semiotus virgatus is most readily separated from these species by the narrow pronotal vitta (Fig. 242) and long lateral pronotal sulci that extend nearly the entire length of the pronotum. Semiotus exsolutus and S. acutus have no pronotal sulci and 2 pronotal vittae (5. exsolutus championi (Fig. 239) has only a single pronotal vitta but this is twice as wide as that of S. virgatus). Semiotus superbus (with 2 pronotal vittae), S. sommeri (with 2 pronotal vittae), S. germari (with 2 pronotal vittae), and S. illigeri all have a short marginal sulcus (not extending onto the posterior half). Most individuals of S. illigeri have 2 pronotal vittae, although the population in Central America (with a single vitta) has the vitta larger than the pale lateral areas (Fig. 229). In S. virgatus the pronotal vitta is much narrower. Semiotus kirschi has 2 pronotal vittae. The lateral arms of the anterior sclerite of the bursa Weils: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus copulatrix extend posteriorly at least half the I length of the median piece in S. virgatus (Fig. 76). In S. kirschi (Fig. 90), S. regalis (Fig. 36), and S. sommeri (Fig. 87) the lateral arms do not extend I posteriorly. | REMARKS. The color of the pronotum is i a deeper yellow in the type of S. sanguinolentus. \ Most specimens of S. virgatus (including the type) j are paler yellow. This, however, is not justifica- j tion for specific recognition. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS , Specific appreciation is extended to Boris C. Kondratieff ! for encouragement, suggestions, and support (both | financial and otherwise) throughout the course of this j project. Paul A. Opler provided helpful taxonomic insights and comments and helped acquire research material. Ed Fuller carefully edited the manuscript and j provided helpful comments. Acknowledgment is also II made of the many lending individuals and institutions I! that provided material. Michael Kippenhan provided the ij 2 habitus drawings. Joe Mendoza made the digital | images. Charles A. Triplehorn and Kathy Wells have !■ offered encouragement toward this effort. .1 jl I LITERATURE CITED ! Arnett, R.H., G.A. Samuelson, and G.M. Nishda. 1993. | The insect and spider collections of the world. \ Gainesville, Florida: Sandhill Crane Press, 310 pp. Belval, T. 1861. Note sur une variete de Semiotus, ; etablissant la transition entre le Semiotus sangui- nicollis et la Semiotus suturalis. Bulletin de \ Academie Royal de Sciences des Lettres et de li Beaux-arts de Belgique (ser. 2) 11:95-101. i Birket-Smith, S.J.R. 1977. Fossil insects from Spitsber- ‘ gen. Acta Arctica. fasc. 19, 42 pp. + 23 figures. Blanchard, C.E. 1843. Voyage dans I’Amerique mh~ jl idionale execute par Alcide d’Orbingny. Tome 6, I; Part 2, Insectes, pp. 127-129. i Calder, A. A. 1976. The New Zealand genus Metablax jl (Coleoptera: Elateridae) and its relationship to the l[ Campsosterninae. New Zealand Journal of Zool- Ij ogy 3:313-325. J Campbell, J.M., and J.D. Marshall. 1964. The ocular l index and its application to the taxonomy of the | Alleculidae (Coleoptera). The Coleopterists’ Bulle- l| tin 18:42. j Candeze, M.E. 1857. Monographic des elaterides. Tome Premier. Liege, Belgium, 391 pp. + 7 plates. | . 1874. Revision de la monographie des elater- j ides. Memoires de la Societe Royale des Sciences de ! Liege (2):4, 218 pp. . 1881. Elaterides nouveaux, troisieme fascicule. Memoires de la SociHe des Sciences de Liege, i Brussels. 117 pp. . 1889. Elaterides nouveaux, quatrieme fascicule. ^ Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Liege. \ Brussels. 123 pp. ' . 1895. Elaterides nouveaux, sixieme fascicule. Memoires de la Societe des Sciences de Liege. Brussels. 88 pp. I . 1900. Elaterides nouveaux, septieme fascicule j (ouvre posthume). Annales de la Societe Entomo- - logique de Belgique 44:77-101. i Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 91 Champion. 1894. Biologia Centrali- Americana, Insecta, Coleoptera (Elateridae and supplement, Cebrioni- dae, Rhipidoceridae), vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 258-586. Chassain, J. 1991. Contribution a la connaissance du genre Semiotus Eschscholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Revue Frangaise d’Entomologie (N.S.) 13(3):131-136. . 1998. Note sur Semiotus superbus Kirsch et designation du lectotype (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 103(l):75-78. . 2001a. Description de Semiotus matilei, especie nouvelle pour la faune Neotropicale (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Revue Frangaise d’Entomologie (N.S.) 23(l):31-3f . 2001b. Etude comparative de Semiotus furcatus (Eab.), S. fulvicollis Blanchard et S. bilineatus Candeze (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 106(2): 149- 154. . 2001c. Les Semiotus des collections de Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle a Paris. Designation of lectotypes (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Revue Fran- gaise d’Entomologie (N.S.) 23(4):253-256. . 2002a. Description d’une especie nouvelle du genre Semiotus de I’Equateur et designation du lectotype d’un espece proche (Coleoptera, Elater- idae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France 107(2):169-172. . 2002b. Etude commentee des types de Semiotus spp. de la collection Th. Kirsch (Dresde), designa- tion des lectotypes (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Bulle- tin de la Societe de France 107(4):397-401. Chevrolat, A. 1834. Coleopteres du Mexique. fasc. 1, no. 35. Strasbourg: G. Silbermann, 31 pp. Costa, C. 1972. Sobre a larva e pupa de Semiotus ligneus Linnaeus, 1767 (Elateridae, Semiotinae). Papeis Avulsos ZooL, S. Paulo 26(4):51-53. Costa, C., S.A. Vanin, and S.A. Casari-Chen. 1988. Farvas de Coleoptera do Brasil. Sao Paulo: Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo, VII 282 pp. -I- 165 plates. Dejean, P.F.M.A. 1836. Catalogue des coleopteres de la collection de M. le compte Dejean. Troisieme edition, revue corrigee et augmentee. Paris, Dohrn, C.A. 1875. Stettiner Fntomologische Zeitung 36:83-86. Drury, D. 1782. Illustrations of natural history, vol. 3. London, 76 pp. -I- 50 plates. Erichson, W.F. 1847. Conspectus insecorum coleopter- orum quae in Republica Peruana observata sunt. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte 13:67-185. Eschscholtz, F. 1829. 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A century of insects, including several new genera described from his Cabinet. Transac- tions of the Finnean Society, Fondon 12:375-453. Kirsch, T. 1866. Beitrage zur kaferfauna von Bogota. Berliner Fntomologische Zeitschrift 10:173-216. . 1884. Neue Siidamerikanische kafer. Berliner Fntomologische Zeitschrift 28:43-54. Latreille, P.A. 1834. Distribution methodique et natur- elle des genres de diverses tribus d’insectes coleop- teres de la famille des serricornes (Ouvre Posthume de M. Latreille). Annales de la Societe Entomolo- gique de France 3:113-170. Laurent, L. 1961. Sur la suture meso-metasternale chez les Elateridae (Coleoptera). Bulletin Societe Royal Sciences Fiege 30( 1-2 ):6 8-71. Lawrence, J.F., and A.F. Newton, Jr. 1995. Families and subfamilies of Coleoptera (with selected genera, notes, references and data on family-group names). In Biology, phylogeny and classification of Co- leoptera: Papers celebrating the 80th birthday of Roy A. Crowson, ed. J. Pakaluk and S.A. Slipinski, 779-1006. Warsaw: Muzeum I Instytut Zoologii PAN. Lepeletier, A., and J. Serville. 1825. Encyclopedie Methodique. Entomologie . vol. 10, pt. 1, 594 pp. Linnaeus, C.V. 1767. Systema naturae, vol. 1, pt. 2, 12th edi. (reformatted), 652 pp. Maerz, A., and M.R. Paul. 1950. A dictionary of color, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 208 pp. + 56 color plates. Orellana, B. 1938. Revision de los Elateridos Chilenos II. -el Genero Semiotus. Guer. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 41:300-303. Pjatakowa, V. 1941. Neue Chalcolepidiinae (Col. Elat.). Deutsche Fntomologische Zeitschrift 4:97-110. Quelle, F. 1929. Elateriden-studien I. Die systematische Stellung von Chalcolepidius Eschscholtz. Deutsche Fntomologische Zeitschrift 5:298-301. Rojas, M.A. de. 1855. Note inserted by publisher. Revue et Magasin de Zoologie (2)7:160. 92 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Schwarz, O. 1900. Neue exotische Elateriden. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, pp. 305-358. . 1902a. Neue Elateriden. Stettin Entomologische Zeitung 63:194-316. . 1902b. Neue Elateriden aus Siid-Amerika. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, pp. 129-155. . 1904. Neue Elateriden aus Siid-Amerika. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Heft I, pp. 49-80. Steinheil, E. 1875. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Eauna von Neu-Granada. Trixagidae, Eucnemidae, Elateri- dae. Coleopterologische 14:107-136. Stern, W.T. 1983. Botanical Eatin. London: David & Charles, 566 pp. Stibick, J.N.L. 1976. The systematic position of the genera Aphileus, Macromalacera, Glyphochilus, and Campsosternus (Coleoptera; Elateridae). Aus- tralian Entomology Magazine 3:5-9. . 1979. Classification of the Elateridae (Coleop- tera), relationships and classification of the subfami- lies and tribes. Pacific Insects 20(2-3): 145-1 86. Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Szombathy, C.o.l. 1909a. Especes et varietes nouvelles du genre Semiotus Eschsch. Archivum Zoologicum 1:23-25. . 1909b. Notes sur quelques elaterides exotiques. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 7:118-124. Voet, J.E. 1806. Catalogus systematicus coleopterorum. vol. 2. La Haye. Wells, S.A. 2002. A revision of the click beetle genera Semiotus Eschscholtz and Semiotinus Pjatakowa (Coleoptera: Elateridae). Ph.D. dissertation, Colo- rado State University, 386 pp. . 2003. A revision of the Neotropical click beetle genus Semiotinus Pjatakowa (Coleoptera: Elater- idae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 105(3):647-663. Received 22 September 2004; accepted 11 January 2007. Contributions in Science, Number 514 1 3 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 93 2 4 5 6 94 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 1 8 9 10 Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 95 17 18 96 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 19 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 20 21 22 Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 97 23 24 25 26 98 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 27 Figures 1-27 Distribution of Semiotus species; solid shapes represent specific localities, open shapes represent | localities where only countries are known (see individual species treatments for complete data). 1. Semiotus ligneus, S. j luteipennis. 2. S. a cut us, S. auripilis, S. clarki. 3. Semiotus af finis, S. carinicollis, S. cristatus. 4. S. aliciae, S. exolutus. 5. ' S. angulatus, S. linnei, S. pectitus. 6. S. angusticollis, S. imperialis, S. serraticornis. 7. S. angustus, S. bispinus, S. colombianus. 8. S. antennalis, S. cyrtomaris, S. rileyi. 9. S. badeni, S. chontalenus, S. zonatus. 10. S. cams, S. i caracasanus, S. spinosus, S. matilei. 11. S. woodi, S. pallicornus. 12. S. lacrimiformis, S. triplehorni. 13. S. decoratus, \ S. fryi, S. nigriceps. 14. S. girardi, S. fulvicollis, S. germari, S. gibbosus. 15. S. hispidus, S. illustris, S. trinitensis, S. ! punctatostriatus. 16. S. illigeri, S. striatus, S. virgatus, S. glabricollis. 17. S. superbus, S. taeniatus. 18. S. bilineatus, S. antennatus, S. limatus. 19. S. buckleyi, S. catei, S. chassaini. 20. S. convexicollis, S. melleus. 21. S. cuspidatus cuspidatus, S. cuspidatus splendidus. 22. S. fascicularis, S. flavangulus, S. fleutiauxi, S. formosus. 23. S. furcatus, S. kirschi, S. kondratieffi, S. perangustus. 24. S. insignis, S. kathleenae, S. ligatus. 25. S. lafertei, S. pilosus. 26. S. reaumuri, S. rubricollis, S. schaumi, S. re gal is. 27. S. seladonius, S. singularis, S. sommeri. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 99 Figures 28-33 Semiotinus and Semiotus species. 28. nongibbous profile. 29. gibbous profile. 30-33. pronotal profiles. 30. Semiotus fryi. 31. Semiotinus sp. 32. Semiotus woodi. 33. Semiotus superbus. 100 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 34-90 Anterior sclerites (of bursa copulatrix) of Semiotus species. 34. S. taeniatus. 35. S. buckleyi. 36. S. regalis. 37. S. ligatus. 38. S. punctatostriatus. 39. S. bilineatus. 40. S. intermedins. 41. S. angulatus. 42. S. trinitensis. 43. S. insignis. 44. S. angusticollis. 45. S. convexicollis. 46. S. cuspidatus. 47. S. luteipennis. 48. S. imperialis. 49. S. germari. 50. S. fulvicoUis. 51. S. formosus. 52. S. spmosus. 53. S. caracasanus. 54. S. bispinus. 55. S. nigriceps. 56. S. perangustus. 57. S. hispidus. 58. S. antennatus. 59. S. cyrtomaris. 60. S. pallicornus. 61. S. cams. 62. S. gibbosus. 63. S. rubricollis. 64. S. clarki. 65. S. chassaini. 66. S. woodi. 67. 5. rileyi. 68. S. triplehorni. 69. 5. lacrimiformis. 70. S. acutus. 71. S. angustus. 72. S. perangustus. 73. 5. melleus. 74. 5. decoratus. 75. S. badeni. 76. 5. virgatus. 77. 5. fleutiauxi. 78. 5. limatus. 79. S. illigerii. 80. 5. cristatus. 81. 5. colombianus. 82. S. linnei. 83. S. antennalis. 84. S. fur cat us. 85. S. illustris. 86. S. kondratieffi. 87. S. sommeri. 88. S. striatus. 89. S. exsolutus. 90. S. kirschi. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 101 Figures 91-108 Male genitalia of Semiotus species. 91. S. germari. 92. S. furcatus. 93. S. fulvicollis. 94. S. badeni. 95. S. formosus. 96. S. bispimis. 97. S. bilineatus. 98. S. perangustus. 99. S. angustus. 100. S. hispidus. 101. S. antennatus. 102. S. pilosus. 103. S. pallicornus. 104. S. cyrtomaris. 105. S. cyrtomaris (lateral view) . 106. S. kathleenae. 107. S. angusticollis. 108. S. melleus. 102 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 109-128 Male genitalia oi Semiotus species. 109. S. woodi. 110. S. triplehorni. 111. S. lacrimiformis. 112. S. cams. 113. S. spinosus. 114. S. caracasanus. 115. 5. antennalis. 116. S. buckleyi. 117. S. regalis. 118. 5. ligatus. 119. 5. seladonius. 120. S. lafertei. 121. S. cuspidatus. 122. S. angulatus. 123. S. luteipennis. 124. S. ligneus. 125. S. taeniatus. 126. S. trinitensis. 127. S. imperialis. 128. S. serraticornis. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 103 Figures 129-142 Semiotus species. 129-134 male genitalia. 129. S. cristatus. 130. S. linnei. 131. S. exsolutus. 132. S. punctatostriatus. 133. S. girardi. 134. S. catei. 135-142. Head and pronotum. 135. S. fryi. 136. S. kondratieffi. 137. S. caracasanus. 138. S. badeni. 139. S. hispidus. 140. S. cuspidatus. 141. S. girardi. 142. S. linnei. 104 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus 153 150 Figures 143-154 Head and pronotum of Semiotus species. 143. S. decoratus. 144. S. cristatus. 145. S. illustris. 146. S. intermedius. 147. S. illigeri. 148. S. regalis. 149. S. ligneus. 150. S. formosus. 151. S. punctatostriatus. 152. S. sommeri. 153. S. virgatus. 154. S. angulatus. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 105 Figures 155-167 Semiotus species. 155-162. scutella. 155. S. bilineatus. 156. S. nigriceps. 157. S. intermedius. 158. S. matilei. 159. 5. lafertei. 160. S. angulatus. 161. S. convexicollis. 162. S. trinitensis. 163-167. antennae. 163. S. ligneus. 164. S. furcatus. 165. S. formosus. 166. S. insignis, 167. S. angulatus. 106 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 168-182 Semiotus species. 168-177. elytral apices. 168. S. acutus. 169. S. serraticornis. 170. S. formosus. 171. S. imperialis. 172. S. furcatus. 173. S. hispidus. 174. S. bilineatus. 175. S. decoratus. 176. S. ligatus. 177. S. seladonius. 178-182. Hypomera. 178. S. exsolutus. 179. S. angulatus. 180. S. imperialis. 181. S. taeniatus. 182. S. furcatus. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 107 Figures 183-194 Semiotus species. 183. S. insignis. 184. S. insignis. 185. S. cuspidatus cuspidatus. 186. S. cuspidatus splendidus. 187. S. imperialis. 188. S. angulatus. 189. S. angulatus. 190. S. angulatus. 191. S. angusticoUis. 192. S. convexicollis. 193. S. ligneus. 194. S. serraticornis. 108 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 195-206 Semiotus species. 195. S. caracasanus. 196. S. spinosus. 197. S. woodi. 198. S. triplehorni. 199. S. lacrimiformis. 200. S. rileyi. 201. S. cyrtomaris. 202. S. cams. 203. S. nigriceps. 204. S. matilei. 205. S. pallicornus. 206. S. antennalis. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 109 Figures 207-218 Semiotus species. 207. S. badeni. 208. S. limatus. 209. S. bispinus. 210. S. fulvicollis. 211. S. fleutiauxi. 212. S. trinitensis. 213. S. melleus. 214. S. fascicularis. 215. S. clarki. 216. S. catei. 217. S. pectitus. 218. S. flavangulus. 110 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 219-230 Semiotus species. 219. S. lafertei. 220. S. af finis. 221. S. illustris. 222. S. regalis. 223. S. intermedins. 224. S. decor atus. 225. S. rubricollis. 226. S. taeniatus. 227. S. illigeri. 228. S. illigeri. 229. S. illigeri. 230. S. buckleyi. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 111 Figures 231-242 Semiotus species. 231. S. cristatus. 232. S. colombianus. 233. S. perangustus. 234. S. angustus. 235. S. germari. 236. S. linnei. 237. S. piinctatostriatus. 238. S. chassaini. 239. S. exsolutus. 240. S. exsoliitus. 241. S. sommeri. 242. S. uirgatus. 112 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus Figures 243-253 Semiotus species. 243. S. acutus. 244. S. kirschi. 245. S. pilosus. 246. S. gibbosus. 247. S. striatus. 248. S. luteipennis. 249. S. kondratieffi. 250. S. bilineatus. 251. S. furcatus. 252. S. antennatus. 253. S. formosus. Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus ■ 113 Figures 254-259 Semiotus species. 254. S. hispidus. 255. S. hispidus. 256. S. seladonius. 257 . S. ligatus. 258. S. kathleenae. 259. S. aliciae. 114 ■ Contributions in Science, Number 514 Wells: Revision of the Neotropical Genus Semiotus \ Figure 260 Semiotus convexicollis. Figure 261 Semiotus sommeri. SMITHSONIAN LIBRARIES 3 9088 1879 7068 J^atural TV /rHistory Museum ^ of Los Angeles County 900 Exposition Boulevard Los Angeles, California 90007