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xc
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(nos.) 1-9
1898-1911

Table of Contents.
Contributions to the Botany of Vermont.

/Grout, A. J. A List of Mosses of Vermont.
.20rton, W. A.

J Howe, C. D.

VGrout, A. J.

A Partial List of the Parasitic
Fungi of Vermont.

A Preliminary List of the
Hepaticae of Vermont,

Supplement to the List of
Mosses Growing in the State
of Vermont.

r Clark, Anna K. The Trees of Vermont.

^Burt, E. A. Key to the Ganera of Basidiomycetes

Of Vermont.

Norton, W. A. A Second Partial List of the

Parasitic F\ingi of Vermont.

.jBrainerd, E., Flora of Vermont.
Jones, L. R.
Eggleston, W.W.

rFlynn, II. p.

Flora of Burlington and
Vicinity.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, L

A LIST OF THE

MOSSES OF VERMONT

WITH ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE GENERA AND

SPECIES,

BY A. J. GROUT, PH. D.
Published by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont.

MARCH J5, J898.

V.

CORRKCTlOyS TO OIJKHXAL I.TST OF MOSSES ()F:,A*i^R:\IOXT.

(These corrections'are uol paged or indexeil ami it isstr^ested thil tlT?s (a^gO^ut
up and the corrections properlv distributed througli Uie^iriginal list.) f

t •!•

Page 5. Section 14 sliould read as follnw-^Nv^ ■*
14. — Teeth articulate.

Teeth not articulate. ^^s^ "^ '• ' ' ^x**^ 37-

And section 17 of tlie same page should read : """^

7. — Calyptra plicate. 18.

Page 10, second line, section 2, of key to Polytrichum, strike out the
word smooth. Note also change of key to species of Polytrichum, p. 37.

Page 12, first line of section 11 of key to Dicranuin, should read " costa
1-5," instead of 1-3.

Page 13. DicrariKm Sauteri should be stricken from the list as there was
a mistake concerning the specimen.

Dicranella heteronuiUa orlJidrdrjin p. 11, Dicranum montaimm p. 12, and
Onrophorns gracili'scenf! nipestre p. 13, are in the herbarium of A. J. Grout and
were determiiied by Professor True.

Page 30. The Vermont'moss catalogued as Hypmim tnolle Dicks ia H.
(lildtatum Wils. The leaves of H. (lilataium are almost orbicular. H. mc\Ut'
is a softer plant with leaves more ovate in outline and with shorter leaf
cells, it is probable that nearly all the New England plants referred to
as //. iiiolle are H. dilututuni.

Besides the localities previously given //. ilil'ttafnm has been collected
in mountain brooks in Stratton. G.

l*age 37. M. Jules Cardot writes as follows concerning the Fontiiialif!
SiiUivuntii from Brattleboro : "The Font inalis Sulli va)ilii horn Braitlehoro
is not the true F. Sullirantii of Lindberg. It is the /•'. LcHoirii var. ramosoir
Sulliv- As I have shown in my Monogrttjiliie des Fontinalaces, it is because
of an error of Lindberg in citing the plate of Sullivant's [cones that Les-
quereux and James have taken the var. nnnoKdir for F. Sidlirantii Lindb.
By reading Lindberg' s note, it is clearly seen that it is the var. (/racileticcns
and not the var. ramosoir of which he makes his F. SidlivanHI. This view
is confirmed by an examination of the specimens preserved in his own her-
barium."

I*age 3(). M. Cardot writes that he dix;s not know F. hijnniiis froui the
eastern states S(j it is possible that the New England i)l:int is something
else.

Index — Add the following names and page numbers to index :
Physcomitrium, 37. Platygyrium, 35. I'olytrichum, 37. Webera, 10.
Omit page 19 following Weissia.

'W

A LIST OF THE MOSSES GROWING IN THE STATE

OF VERMONT

WITH ANALYTIC KEYS TO THE GENERA AND SPECIES.

By a. J. Grout, Ph. D.

INTRODUCTION.

Very little has been published on the moss flora of Ver-
mont since the list of Mr. C. C. Frost in the Archives of
Science and Transactions of Orleans County Society of Natural
History for 187 1. Some of the plants then listed were un-
doubtedly collected outside of Vermont, as is shown by Mr.
Frost's labels, and much new information has been gathered
since the date of that publication. Unquestionably there are
still many species of mosses growing in the State which have
not been collected or listed, and it is hoped that this list will
aid and stimulate the study of these humble but interesting
plants.

With a few exceptions, which are noted later, no species
has been admitted to the list without a careful comparison of
Vermont material with descriptions or authentic specimens.
Specimens from all of the localities cited, however, have not
always been examined. The writer has had access to the col-
lections of Mr. C. C. Frost, Mr. C. G. Pringle, Dr. F. Blanchard
and to the Columbia University herbarium, which contains
duplicates of the Vermont collections of ' Messrs. C. E. and B.
Faxon and Mrs. B. G. Britton. Mr. Edwin Faxon has also very
kindly sent a list of Vermont localities and many rare specimens
from the Faxon herbarium.

Mr. Frost, in the list referred to above, published a con-
siderable number of species which are not included in this list
because there are no specimens of the omitted species in his

2 VERMONT MOSSES.

collection. In the autumn of 1866 the New England and Ver-
mont State Agricultural Societies held a union fair at Brattle -
boro. A diploma was awarded by these societies to Mr. C. C,
Frost, " For the Specimens of all the Known Mosses of Ver-
mont." This exhibit is bound in two quarto volumes and is
deposited in the Museum of Natural History at Brattleboro,
Vt., and all the species of Mr. Frost's collection here listed are
represented in that collection.

All specimens of Mr. Pringle's collection will be found in
his herbarium and the greater part will be found also in the
herbaria of the University of Vermont and of A. J. Grout.
Most of Mr. Faxon's collections will be found in the herbarium
of the University of Vermont and in the Columbia University
herbarium; all of those not found there will be found in
Mr. Faxon's private collection and many of the rarer ones not
at Columbia have been very kindly communicated to the author
by Mr. Faxon. Mrs. Britton's collections are in the Columbia
University herbarium, also many will be found in the herba-
rium of A. J. Grout. Duplicates of nearly all of Dr. Blanch-
ard's raossss are in the herbiriura of the Fairbanks' Museum ,
St. Johnsbury, Vt. The mosses collected by the author will be
found in his private herbarium and duplicates of all the species
will be found in the herbarium of the University of Vermont.

lyocalities and habitat have been given as fully as possi-
ble. Many of the mosses for which only a very few localities
are given are undoubtedly common, but have not been col-
lected often enough to warrant that statement.

Keys to the genera and species listed have been added
with the hope that they may be found of material assistance to
those who wish to study our Vermont moss flora. The keys
are comparatively simple because of the small number of genera
and species listed. They are mainly compiled from Barnes,
Braithwaite, and Husnot.

The arrangement of the acrocarpous mosses follows Lind-
berg and Braithwaite with one or two unimportant exceptions.
The arrangement of the pleurocarpous mosses is less satisfactory

VERMONT MOSSES. 6

as there is no recent authoritative publication including all of
this group. The arrangement of the species in genera follows,
so far as is possible, the recent monographs and an attempt has
been made to arrange the families according to their natural
relationships. Any student of North American mosses knows
how great is the confusion in the systematic arrangement of the
pleurocarpous mosses. As the present list is not written for the
purpose of promulgating any new system of classification but as
an aid to the study of our more common mosses, it is hoped
that the discrepancies in this line will be condoned as a neces-
sary evil.

With the exception of the species under the genus Hypnum
the nomenclature is believed to conform to the Rochester Code.
In that composite genus the nomenclature of the Manual of the
Mosses of North America of L,esquereux and James is retained
on account of the changes which must necessarily follow a re-
vision of this group, and also because of the author's decided
opinion that a list of this sort is not the place for the publica-
tion of a new systematic arrangement. Whenever the name of
a plant has been materially changed, the Manual synonym is
inserted in italics.

Dr. G. N. Best has very kindly revised the MS. for the
lycskeaceae. My thanks are also due to Prof. L. R. Jones, Miss
Martha G. Tyler (Mrs. M. H. Buckham), Mr. E. Faxon, Mr.
C. G. Pringle, Mrs. E. G. Britton, Mr. M. A. Howe, and others
for assistance and encouragement in the preparation of this list.

As the list is provisional and necessarily incomplete, addi-
tional data will be gratefully received.

A. J. G.

State Normal School,

Plymouth, N. H.,
Nov., 1897.

4: VERMONT MOSSES.

ABBREVIATIONS.

^— Mrs. E. G. Britton.

Bl—Hv. E. Blanchard.

F — Edwin Faxon and C. E. Faxon.

Fr—C. C. Frost.

G—K. J. Grout.

P—C G. Pringle.

MOSSES INSERTED ON THE AUTHORITY OF C. C. FROST 'S
COLLECTION WITHOUT EXAMINATION.

Ditrichum pallidum. Thelia asprella.

Barbula fallax brevifolia. Thelia hirtella.

Barbula convoluta. Homalothecium subcapillatum.

Grimmia Olneyi. Rhynchostegiuni serrulatuni.

Grimmia Doniana sudetica. Hypnuni cuspidatum.

Mnium rostratum. Hypnum moUuscum.

Mnium hornum. Heterocladium squarrulosum.

Leptodon trichomitrion. Physcomitrium pyriforme.

KEY TO THE GENERA.

I. — Leaves composed of large hyaline cells with intervening rows of small chlorophyllose.
cells.* Sphagnum.

Leaves with cells all alike except variations in shape and size. 2.

2. — Fruit terminating the axis of stem, or becoming apparently lateral through being
pushed aside by a new shoot. MUSCI ACROCARPI.

Fruit lateral, not terminating the axis of stem. MUSCI PLEUROCARPl.

(See p. 22 for key to Musci Pleurocarpi.)

MUSCI ACROCARPI.

3. — Capsule opening by 4-6 valves connivent at the summit. Andreaea.

Capsule without operculum, opening by irregular transverse ruptures. (Phascum and
Bruchia which belong here have been reported from Vermont by Frost, but no
specimens have been found in his collection.

Capsule with a deciduous operculum. 4.

4. — Stem none or very short; peristome consisting of a membrane. 5,

Stem distinct; peristome none or formed of separate teeth. 6.

* Vide also Leucobryum.

VERMONT MOSSES.

5--'

6.—

9-—

I3-—

14.-

I5-—

i6.

17.— ■

18.—

Capsule pedicellate, exserted.

Capsule subsessile, not exceeding the hatr-poinled perichaetial leaves.

Peristome fonned of four thick teeth.

Peristome formed of more than four teeth.

Peristome none.

■Leaves ecostate.

Leaves costate.

Annual, from a persistent protonema; capsule long-pedicellate.

Perennial ; capsule immersed.

Leaf cells elongated.

Leaf cells isodiametnc.

Capsule ribbed when dry.

Capsule not ribbed when dry.

Leaves obovate-oblong, subspatulate, margins plane.

Leaves lan:eolate, margins more or less rolled.

■Upper leaf-cells empty and clearly defined.

Upper leaf-cells minute, opaque.

Peristome single.

Peristome double.

Teeth articulate.

Teeth not articulate.

Teeth 16.

Teeth 32.

Calyptra mitrate.

Calyptra cucuUate.

Calyptra plicate.

Calyptra not plicate.

Lower median leaf-cells linear; hairs of calyptra flexuose.

Buxbaumia.

Webera.

Georgia.

13.

7-

8.

9-

Schistostega.

Hedwigia.

Physcomitrium.

10.

Anoectangium.

II.

Pottia.

12.

Barbula.

MoUia.

14.

39.

15-

31-

16.

20.

17-

23.

19.

18.5.

Weissia.

18.5

19.

20,—

Lower median leaf-cells hexagono-rectangular ; hairs of calyptra straight.

Orthotrichum.

—Leaf cells small.quadrate and punctate, obscure; seta without prominent apophysis. 19.

Leaf cells large, very distinct ; seta with a prominent apophysis. Tayloria.

-Calyptra cylindric ; beak long-clavate. Leersia.

Calyptra not cylindric ; beak long or short, not clavate. Grimmia.

Teeth from a high tesselated membrane. Tortula.

Teeth from a narrow membrane. 2t.

■Areolation lax and hyaline at base, minute, obscure and chlorophyllose above. Mollia.

Areolation small, rectangular and slightly hyaline at base, incrassate, rotundate or

quadrate and well defined above.

Barbula.

b VERMONT MOSSES.

22. — Leaves distichous. 23.

Leaves pluriseriate. 24.

23. — Leaves subulate. Swaartzia.

Leaves broader, lamina with an extra division at base. Fissidens.

24. — Capsule unsymtnetric, cernuous-inclined or arcuate. 25.

Capsule symmetric, erect. 30.

25. — Teeth irregularly lacerate or bifid to the middle or below. 26.

Teeth bifid almost to the base.* Ceratodon.

26. — Leaf cells not enlarged at basal angles, roundish or ijuadrate above. 27.

Leaf cells not enlarged at basal angles, oblong above, rectangular at base. 29.

Leaf cells enlarged-quadrate at basal anjjles. _ 28.

Leaf cells of 2 kinds in 2 or 3 layers. Leucobryum.
27.— Leaves narrow, acuminate, basal cells rectangular; peristome=J4capsule. Oncophorus.

Leaves larger, acute, lower lateral cells quadrate; peristome shorter. Dichodontium.

28. — Leaf cells linear at base; capsule not strumose. Dicranum.

Leaf cells rectangular at base, capsule strumose. Oncophorus.

29. — Costa broad, flattened and indistinct below; cells of exothecium irregularly oblong
and curved, with flexuose walls. ' Dicranella.

Costa narrow and well defined below; cells of exothecium regularly rectangular-
quadrate, with non-flexuose walls. Anisolhecium.

30. — Teeth bifid to the common membranous base. 31 .

Teeth deeply bifid or cleft to the base, free. 32.

Teeth cribrose, perforate or slightly cleft.** 33.

Teeth entire. 34-

31. — Leaves smooth, naked. Ditrichum.

Leaves smooth, covered at back with a glaucous granular-filamentose excretion.

Saelania.

32.— Leaf cells not enlarged at the angles, oblong above. Dicranella.

Leaf cells not enlarged at the angles, roundish or quadrate above. Oncophorus.

Leaf cells enlarged, quadrate or rectangular at the angles. Dicranum.

33.— Seta little exceeding the often hair-pointed leaves. Grimmia.

Seta long ; leaves not hair-pointed. Barbula rubella and Mollia tenuirostris.

34. — Capsule with a long, thick apophysis. Tetraplodon.

Capsule without apophysis. 35.

35. — Capsule short-pyriform, turbinate when dry. 36.

Capsule ovate-globose. Drummondia.

36.— Teeth of peristome blunt. Seligcrla.

Teeth acute. Blindia.

* Tremalodon belongs here.
**Slindia acuta may be sought here.

VERMONT MOSSES.

37. — Ivcaves undulate-crisped when dry.

Leaves not undulate-crisped when dry.
38. — Capsule 4-6-angled.

Capsule not angular.
39.— Capsule symmetric, erect. (Sometimes inclined in age.)

Capsule unsymmetric, inclined, oblique, or pendent.
40. — Teeth perfect, linear or filiform.

Teeth broadly or narrowly triangular-lanceolate.
41.— Leaves ecostale; aquatic, floating.

Leaves costate; not aquatic.
42. — Lower median leaf-cells linear; hairs of calyptra flexuose.

Catharinea.

38.

Polytrichum.

Pogonatum.

40.

43.

41.

42.

Fontinalis.

Leersia.

Weissia.

Lower median leaf-cells hexagono-rectangular; hairs of calyptra straight.

Orlhotrichum.

43.— Leaves linear. Leptobryum.

Leaves lanceolate or broader. 44.

44. — Calyptra inflated-vesiculose ; segments shorter than the teeth or rudimentary. Funaria

Calyptra not inflated- vesiculose; segments nearly equaling teeth in length. 45.

45. — Capsule striate. 46.

Capsule smooth. 49.

46. ^Capsule subglobose. 47.

Capsule elongated. 48.

47. — Branihes not fascicled ; synoicous or monoicous. Bartramia.

Branches fascicled ; dioicous with male flowers discoid. Philonotis.

48. — Leaves coarsely serrate to middle ; autoicous. Orthopyxis.

Leaves serrulate near apex only ; dioicous. Gymnocybe.

49.— Seta straight. Meesea.

Seta arcuate at summit. 50.

50.— Cilia appendiculate (in all our species). Bryum.

Cilia not appendiculate. 5I"

51. — Leaves lanceolate; leaf-cells narrowly rhombic-hexagonal inclining to linear. Pohlia.

Leaves oblong, ovate to obovate or broader; cells round-hexagonal. Mnium.

SPHAGNUM Dill. Boa moss. Peat Moss.

All the species of this genus grow in wet boggy places.

I. — Cuticular cells of stem and pendent branches fibrillose as in the large leaf-cells; branch
leaves scabrous at the back of apex. 2.

Cuticular cells of stem and branches not fibrillose; branch leaves not scabrous at the
back of apex. 3.

2.— Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves (in cross section) exposed on the inner surface.

cymbifolium.

8 VERMONT MOSSES.

Chlorophyllose cells of branch leaves included. medium.

3.— Branch leaves more or less secund. subsecundum.

Branch leaves equally spreading. 4-

^ _Steni leaves not bordered; branch leaves squarrose. squarrosum.

Stem leaves broadly bordered with narrow cells; branch leaves erect-open. 5.

5.— Branch leaves with very large pores. 6.

Branch leaves with very small pores. 8.

g Stem leaves lacerate fringed at apex, with completely reabsorbed cell-inembraues in

upper part, without fibrils. Girgensohnii.

Stem leaves usually dentate at apex, uowhere with completely reabsorbed cell-mem-
branes. 7-
7.— Branch leaves five-ranked when dry. quinquefarium.
Branch leaves not five-ranked when dry. acutifolium.
8.— Pendent branches concealing the stem; cuticular cells thin aud indistinct; cells of
border of stem leaves rather short. recurvum.

Pendent branches not concealing the stem; cuticular cells distinct; cells of border of
stem leaves narrow and elougated. cuspidatum.

S. acutifolium Ehrh. In swampy places everywhere.

The reddish purple form is frequent and is probably rar. purpnrnnn
Scliimp.
S. cuspidatum Ehrh. Branch Pond, Sunderland, G.

S. cuspidatum Torreyi (Sulliv. ) Braith. IMuddy Pond AVoods, West Kox-
bury, Yt., July 15, 1881, P.
The stem leaves of Mr. Pringle's specimens are fibrillose above; other-
wise they answer to Braitliwaite's figure and description with great exact-
ness.

S. cymbifolium (Ehrh.) Hedw. Frequent. Monkton and Starksboro, P;
Mt. Mansfield and Burlington, G.

S. Girgensolinii Buss. {S. .s//v"c/(t//( Lindb. ) Not rare. IMt. Manslield, /';
Smuggler's Notch and Burlington, G.

S. medium Limpr. var. laeve Warnst. Near Willoughby Lake, F.
( Det. Warnstorf. )

S. quinquefarium (Braith.) Warnst. (»S'. acidifolium qxihufufarininijvvaiX)..)
Stowe, B.

S. quinquefarium viride Warnst. Cliffs of Mt. Hor, Willoughby Lake, F.

S. recurvum (P. Beauv. ) R. & W. var. parvifolium Warnst. Stowe, Vt.,
B. (Det. AVarnstorf.)

S. squarrosum Pers. Frequent.

S. subsecundum Nees. Colchester, P.

VERMONT MOSSES. V

MUSCI ACROCARPI.

Section I. SCHISTOCAKPI.

Family I. Andreaeaceae.

ANDEEAEA Ehrh.
A. petrophila Ehrli. Rocks, summit of Mt. Mansfield, P., G.

Section II. Stegocarpi.
Family II. Buxbaumiaceae.

BUXBAUMIA Haller.
B aphylla L. On the ground near stumps in the woods. Brattleboro, Ft.

Family III. Georgiaceae.

GEORGIA Ehrh.

G. pellucida (L. ) Rabenh. {Tdraplds pdlucida Hedw. ) Very common
on decaying wood.

Family IV. Polytrichaceae.

CATHARINEA Ehrh.

Dioicous; leaves with apex obtuse, densely areolate, margins serrate only in upper half.

angustata.
Paroicous; leaves with apex acute, more laxly areolate, margins serrate throughout.

undulata.

C. angustata Brid. {Atrichum angustatum Br. & Sch.) Cambridge and
Charlotte, P.; Johnson, G.

C. undulata (L.) Web. & Mohr. {Atrichuimmdidatam Bcmw.) On the
ground in moist shady places; very common.

POGONATUM P. Beauv.

I. — stems somewhat branched or dendroid; terminal cell of the lamellae ovoid, pa-
pillose. 2.

Stems simple or innovations axial; terminal cell of the lamellae rectangular, pa-
pillose, capillare.

Stem simple, very short ; leaves radical ; protenema persistent. tenue.

2. — Plants dark green; capsules smooth. alpinum.

Plants glaucous; capsules papillose. uringerum.

10 VERMONT MOSSES.

P. alpinum (L. ) Roehl. On the ground in alpine and subalpinc regions.
Mt. Ilor, R; Mt. ManHfield, P.; Brookline, G.

P. capillare (Michx. ) Brid. On the bare soil. Mt. Mansfield, P., fr. •

P. tenue (Menzies) E. G. Britton. {P. hrericaule Brid.) On bare clayey
f?oil ; frequent, especially in mountainous regions.

P. urnigerum (L. ) Beauv. On the ground. Peacham, I?Z.; Mt. Mans-
field, P.; Newfane, G.

POLYTRICHUM L. Hair Cap Moss.

I. — Leaves entire with an inflexed margin. 2

Leaves sharply serrate, plane. 4

2.— Leaves long- awned; awn rough, hyaline, pilirerum

Leaves short awned; awn smooth, colored. 3
3. — Stems short; leaves spreading, recurved; capsule square, prismatic. juniperinum

Stems tall; leaves erect-open, straight; capsule small, cuboid. strictum

4.— Capsule cubical, calyptra covering it to its base. commune

Capsule tapering into the seta, calyptra shorter. Ohioense

P. commune L. Common Hair Cap Moss. Abundant everywhere and a
great pest in old meadows where it often entirely supplants the
grass over large areas.

P. juniperinum. Willd. On the ground ; not rare. Peacham, B.; New-
fane, G.

P. Ohioense R & C. Mt. Mansfield, D. C. Eaton, P., G.

This is the plant from the Eastern United States which has usually
been referred to P. formosum Hedw.

p. piliferum Schreb. In dry open places; frequent.

P. strictum Banks. Abundant in boggy places near the summit of Mt.
Mansfield and probably on all the higher mountains.

Family Y. Fissidentaceae.

FISSIDENS Hedw.

f, —Plants terrestrial or submersed but not floating. 2,

Plants aquatic, filiform, floating. Julianus

2.— Fruit terminal. 3

Fruit lateral. 4

3.— Leaves not bordered. osmundioides

Leaves bordered. bryoides

4.— Autoicous; leaf cells distinct. adiantoides

Dioicous; leaf cells obscure. cristalus

VERMONT MOSSES. 11

F. adiantoides (L. ) Hedw. On rocks and soil in wet or swampy places.
Hinesburgh, P.; Willoughby Lake region, i^.; Salisbury, Eggleston.

F. bryoides (L. ) Hedw. On the ground and shaded rocks. Brattleboro,
F. ; Smuggler's Notch, P.

F. cristatus Wils. ( F. decipiens De Not. ) On rocks, soil and decaying
wood in swamps or wet places; common.

F. Julianus (Savi) Sch. {Conomitrium Julianum Mont.) Connecticut
River, near Brattleboro, F.

F. osmundoides (Swtz. ) Hedw. On the ground; in swamps and on wet
rocks. Willoughby Lake and Starksboro, P.; Outlet of Lake of
Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, O.; near Joe's pond, W. Danville, Bl; MX..
Hor, F.

Family VI. Leucobryaceae.

LEUCOBRYUM Hampe.

L. glaucum(L. ) Sch. {L. j'w^grare Hampe. ) In dense whitish cushions
on the ground in woods and moist places; common.

Family VII. Diceanaceae.

ANISOTHECIUM Mitt.

A. rubrum (Huds. ) Lindb. ( i)i.scraneHa vano, Schimp. ) Damp soil and

rocks. Brattleboro, Pr.; Mt. Mansfield, P. & G.; Peacham, Bl.

BLINDIA Br. & Sch.

B. acuta (Huds.) Br. & Sch. Willoughby Lake and foot of Mt. Hor

cliffs, P.

CERATODON Brid.

C- purpureus (L. ) Brid. On soil, rocks, banks, etc.; common and
variable.

DICHODONTIUM Sch.

p. pellucidum (L.) Sch. var. Americanum Lesq. Brattleboro, Fr.;
Vide. Lesq. & James, Mosses of N. A. 62.

DICRANELLA. Schimp.

D. heteromalla (Dill. L.) Sch. Moist banks and rocks, especially in
mountain regions. Vide Bull. Torr. Club. 22 : 450. 1895.

D. heteromalla orthocarpa Hedw. Mt. Mansfield, P.

12 VERMONT MOSSES.

DICRANUM Hedw.

I. — Capsule erect, symmetric. ?•

Capsule cernuous, arcuate. 2-

2. — Leaf cells pitted. 3-

Leaf cells not pitted or only faintly so. 5-

3. — Leaves mostly transversely undulate. 4.

Leaves not undulate. 6.
4. — Upper leaf cells elongated; capsules clustered. undulalum.

Upper leaf cells isodiametric; capsules solitary. Bergii.

5. — Leaves little or not at all secund, strongly crispate when dry, upper cells irregular.

Mulenbeckii.

Leaves secund, not crispate, upper cells regular. fuscescens.

6. — Tufts loose ; longitudinal lamellae ot back of costa dentate. scoparium.

Tufts compact ; costa dentate at summit, without lamellee. Muhlenbeckii.

7. — Margin of leaves entire, apex usually broken. viride.

Margin serrate or at least denticulate near apex. 8.

8. — Costa excurrent. 10.

Costa vanishing at the serrulate apex. 9.

g. — Subulate apex short, papillose at back. montanum.

Subulate apex elongated, smooth at back. Ilagellare.

10. — Leaves erect or subsecund, crispate when dry. fulvum.

Leaves falcate-secund, not crispate when dry. 11.

II. — Costa J^ width of base; leaves gradually narrowed into a subulate point. Sauteri.

Costa % width of base; leaves suddenly narrowed into a very long setaceous point.

longifolium.
D. Bergii Bland. Peacham, Bl.

D. flagellare Hedw. Rotting wood in shady places; not uncommon.

D. fulvum Hook. On rocks in shady places. Manchester, O.; Stowe,J?.

D. fuscescens Turn. On rocks and decayed wood in moist places; fre-
quent in mountainous regions.

D. longifolium Ehrh. Devil Hill, BL; Mt. Mansfield, B.; Willoughby
Mt. and Jay Peak, F.

D. longifolium subalpinum Milde. Bare rocks on the "Nose" of Mt.
Mansfield, G. (Det. R. H. True.) The only known locality in the
New World.

D. montanum Hedw. Carriage road, Mt. Mansfield, F.

D. Muhlenbeckii Br. & Sch. Rock Point, Burlington, Eggleston. Pet.
Prof. R. H. True. The Vermont specimens occasionally mature
two capsules from one perichsetium.

VERMONT MOSSES. 13

D. Sauteri Br. & Sch. Mt. Mansfield, B.

D. scoparium (L. ) Hedw. Shaded banks, rocks and roots of trees;
common.

D. undulatum Ehrh. On the ground in moist or swampy i)laces. Col-
chester, Bristol Bog and Monkton, P.; Castleton, G.; Barnet, BL;
Mt. Hor. and Willoughby Mt., J^.

D. viride (Sail. &Lesq. ) Lindb. Mt. Mansfield, D. C. Eaton; specimen
in Frost Herb, at Brattleboro. Stowe and Mt. Mansfield, B.

DITRICHUM Timm.

Monoicous; seta yellow; costa long excurrent. pallidum.

Dioicous; seta red; costa subexcurrent. tortile.

D. pallidum (Schreb.) Hampe. {Leptotrlcham j)aUidum,'H.am-ge.) Brattle-
boro, Fr.

D. tortile (Schrad. ) Hampe. {Leptotrichum tortile, Muell.) Dry soil;
frequent.

ONCOPHORUS Brid.
Capsule strumose. Wahlenbergii.

Capsule not strumose. gracilescens.

0. gracilescens. (Web. & Mohr. ) Lindb. {Cynodantium gracilescens
Sch. ) Mt. Mansfield summit, G. & P.

0. gracilescens alpestre Schimp. Mt. Mansfield, P.

0. Wahlenbergii Brid. ( Cynodantium virens var. Wahlenbergii Br. &
Sch. ) Stowe, B.; Mt. Hor & Willoughby Lake, F.

SAELANL^, Lindb.

S. caesia (Vill.) Lindb. {Leptotrichum glaucescens Ham-pe.) Very dry
hills. Peacham, BL; Brattleboro, Fr.; Willoughby, Dr. Kennedy.

SELIGERIA Br. & Sch.

S. calcarea (Dicks.) Br. & Sch. Slides, Willoughby Mt., Dr. Geo. G.
Kennedy. In herb. U. V. M.

SWARTZIA Ehrh.

S. montana (Lamk. ) Lindb. {Distichium capillaceum Br. &Sch.) Wet
crevices of rocks in mountains. Cliffs of Willoughby Mt., F.;
Mt. Mansfield, P.

TREMATODON Mx.

T- ambiguus (Hedw) Hornsch. Willoughby Lake, i*".; Brattleboro, J^.
In herb. Frost as T. longicollis Mx,

1-1 VERMONT MOSSES.

Family VIII. Toktulaceae.

BARBULA Hedw.

I.— Peristome lacking. curvirostris.

Peristome present. 2.

2._peristome short, erect. - rubella.

Peristome elongated, contorted 3.

3.— Leaves squarrose-recurved. fallax

Leaves erect-open. 4<

4 Leaves with costa vanishing at or below apex. convoluta.

Leaves mucronate with the excurrent costa. unguiculala.

B. convoluta Hedw. Brattleboro, Fr.

B. curvirostris (Ehrli.) Lindb. {Gi/mnrMomum cur drostrum Hedw.)

Calcareous alpine cliffs. Willoughby cliffs, F.; Smugglers' Notch,
and cliffs of L. Cliamplain, P.

B. fallax Hedw. Shaded rocks, Winooski River, P.

B. fallax brevifolia (Sm.) Schultz. Brattleboro, Fr.

B. rubella (Hoffm.) Mitt. {Didi/modon ruhcllus Br. &Sch. ) Roadside
Willoughby Lake, and Williamstown Gulf, F. Limestone cave
east of High Bridge, Burlington, and Dorset Mt. G.; Peacham, BL;
N. Pomfret, Fr.

B. unguiculata (Huds. ) Hedw. On dry soil and rocks. Manchester, G.;
Peacham, BL; Newport, F.; Brattleboro, Fr.

LEERSIA Hedw.

Costa excurrent. laciniata.

Costa vanishing at apex. contorta.

L. contorta (Wulf.) Lindb. {Encalyjyta streptocarpa Hedw . ) Limeston
cave east of High Bridge, Burlington, G.

L. laciniata Hedw. {Encalypta ciliata Hedw.) On rocks in subalpine
regions. Peacham, BL and P.; Willoughby, Mt., and Mt. Hor, F;
N. Pomfret and Brattleboro, Fr.

MOLLIA Schrank.

I. — Costa excurrent. 2-

Costa vanishing in or below apex. 5.

2.— Plants small nearly simple. viridula.

Plants larger, robust, branched or divided. 3.

VERMONT MOSSES. 15

3. — I^eaves long linear, acute, abruptly mucronate. humilis.

Leaves very long acuminate, cuspidate. 4-

4.— Leaves twisted crispate when dry, of one layer cf cells above. tortuosa.

Leaves not crispate, of two layers of cells above. fragilis.

5. — Capsule oval ; annulus lacking. aeruginosa.

Capsule cylindric ; annulus of two rows of narrow cells. tenuirostris.

M. aeruginosa (Sm.) Lindb. {Gymnostomum rupestrc Sch.) Cliffs of L.

Champlain, P. ; Rock Point, Burlington, G. ; Brattleboro, Fr. Base

of Mt. Hor Cliffs, F.

M. fragilis (Drumm.) Lindb. {Barbula fragilis, Br. &Sch.) Mt. Mans-
field, F.

M. humulis ( Hedw. ) Braith. { Barbula caespitosa Schwaegr.) Brattleboro,
Fi'.; Swamps, Charlotte, P.

M. tenuirostris (Hook and Tayl.) Lindb. {Didymodon cylindrims Br. ct
Sell. ) Rock Point, Burlington, G.

M. tortuosa (L) Schrk. {Barbula tortuosa Web. & Mohr.) Rocks and
banks. Peacham, Bl; Mt. Mansfield summit and Willoughby
Lake region, F.

M. viridula (L) Lindb. (Weissia viridulaBrid.) On the ground under
various conditions. Mt. Mansfield, B.; Hinesburgh, P.; Peach-
am, BL; Brattleboro, Fr.

POTTIA Ehrh.

P. truncatula (L) Lindb. (P. truneata Fnern.) On the ground in a
pasture. Brattleboro. Fr.; Burlington, L. R. Jones.

TORTULA Hedw.
T. mucronifolia Schwaegr. Shelburne Point, /'.
Family IX. Weberaceae.

WEBER A Ehrh.

W. sessilis (Schmid.) Lindb. {Diphy.^cium foliosum Mohr.) Moist rocks
anil lianks ; frequent in mountainous regions.

Family X. Grimmiaceae.

ANOECTANGIUM Hedw.

A. Lapponicum Hedw. {A-}i)phoridimn Lapponicum i^chhu]).) Fissures of
rocks. Mt. Mansfield, P.

16

VERMONT MOSSES.

DRIBIMONDIA Hook.
D. prorepens (Hedw.) E. G. Britten. {D. davellata Hook.) Trunks of

trees, frequent.

GRIMMIA Ehrh.

3-

Donii.

apocarpa.

4-

7-
Olneyi.

5-

ramulosa.

6.

Donii.

microcarpa.

fascicularis.

8.

I. — Capsule immersed.

Capsule exserted.
2. — Leaf margins plane.

Leaf margins revolute.
3. — Leaves ending in a whitish hair.

Leaves not ending in whitish hair.
4. — Seta arcuate.

Seta straight.
5. — Areolation sinuose, nodulose-linear throughout.

Areolation roundish quadrate above.
6. — Autoicous; very short, densely pulvinate; capsule pale.

Dioicous; taller, laxly tufted; capsule brown.
7. — Leaf cells all elongated and sinuose.

Upper leaf-cells (at least near apex) quadrate to roundish.

8.— Leaves narrowly linear-lingulate from an ovate-oblong entire base; lower leaf cells

rectangular to quadrate. unicolor.

Leaves broadly ovate-oblong, usually remotely hyaline-dentate above, lower leaf cells
linear, sinuose. acicularis.

G. acicularis (L.) C. Muell. {Racomitrium acicularis Brid.) Rocks by
brooks. Mt. Mansfield, P.

G. apocarpa (L.) Hedw. On rocks, not rare. Smuggler's Notch, P.;
Johnson, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Willoughby Lake, F.

G. Donii Smith, var. sudetica ( Spreng. ) Braith. Old stone walls, Brattle-
boro, Fr.

G. fascicularis (Schrad.) C. Muell. {Racomitrium fascicular eBrid.) Mt.
Mansfield, P. & G.

G. microcarpa (Gmel.) Lindb. {Racomitrium sudeticumBviA.) Moist

alpine rocks. Mt. Mansfield, P.
G. Olneyi Sulliv. On rocks near the Connecticut River, Fr.
G. ramulosa Lindb. {Racomitrium microcarpttm Brid. ) On rocks at

summit of Mt. Mansfield, P. & G.

G. unicolor Hook. Dry rocks. Rock Point, Burlington, G.

HEDWIGIA Ehrh.
H. albicans (Web.) Lindb. (JT. dKato Ehrh. ) Common on exposed
ledges.

VERMONT MOSSES. 17

H. albicans leucophea Schimp. Willoughby Mt., i^.

H. albicans viridis Br. ik Sch. E. Barnet, BL; Bluffs of Lake Cham-
plain, Burlington, G.

ORTIIOTRICHUM Hedw.

I. — Capsule long exserted. anomalum.

Capsule immersed or half emergent. 2.

2.— Leaves obtuse. Ohioense.

Leaves acute. strangulatum.

0. anomalum Hedw. Limestone cliffs of Lake Champlain and Wil-
loughby Mt., F.; Jonesville, B.

0. Ohioense Sull. & Lesq. On trees. Charlotte, P.

0. strangulatum Beauv. On trees. Brattleboro, Fr.

WEISSIA Ehrh.

I. — Leaves rigid, not crisped. Americana.

Leaves crisped when dry. ( 2.

2. — Capsule striate only at the contracted orifice. coarctata.

Capsule striate all its length. ulophylla,

"W. Americana (Beauv.) Lindb. { U lota HutcJiinsiae Schimj).) On rocks
in subalpine regions; not uncommon. Manchester, G.; Smuggler's
Notch, Mt. Mansfield, B.; Brattleboro, Fr.

W. coarctata (Beauv.) Lindb. {Ulota Ludwigii Brid.) Trunks of
trees; frequent. Peacham, Bl.; Underbill and Mt. Mansfield, P.;
Newfane, G.; Stowe, B.; Brattleboro, Fr.

"W, ulophylla Ehrh. ( Ulota crispa Brid. ) On trees; not rare in sub-
alpine regions. Newfane, Manchester, G.; Peacham, BL; Under-
bill, P.; Brattleboro, Fr.

W. ulophylla crispula (Bruch. ) Hammar. {Ulota rrlspula Brid.)
Willoughby Mt., F; Underbill Notch, G.

Family XL Schistostegaceae.

SCHISTOSTEGA Mohr.
S. osmundacea (Dicks.) Mohr. Path up Jay Peak, jP. In herb. Faxon.
Family XII. Splachnaceae.

TAYLORIA Hook.

T. tenuis (Dicks.) Schimp. On cow dung in swamp at the top of Mt.
Mansfield, Dr. Geo, G. Kennedy. In herb. U. V. M,

18

VERMONT MOSSES.

TETRAPLODON Br. & Scli.

T. bryoides (Zocga) Lindb. {Telraplodo7i mnioides Br. & ^ch.) Bones of
hedgehog, Mt. Mansfield summit, G.

Family XIII. Funariaceae.

FUNARIA Schreb.
F. hygrometrica (L. ) Sibth. On the ground, common.

PHYSCOMITRIUM Brid.

p. pyriforme (L. ) Brid. On soil, Brattleboro, i^r.
Family XIV. Bkyaceae.

BRYUM. Dill.

I. — Costa excurrent. 2.

Costa ending in or below apex. 5.

2. — Leaves bordered. 3.

I,eaves not bordered. 4.

3.— Autoicous. pallescens.

Synoicous. bimum.

Dioicous ; capsule long necked. pallens.

4. — Synoicous. intermedium.

Dioicous. caespiticium.

5.— With stolons; leaves large, clustered at summit. proliferum.

Without stolons ; leaves scattered. 6.

6. — Costa extending to apex. concinnatum.

Costa ending below apex. 7.

7.— Leaves distant. Duvalii.

Leaves closely imbricated. argenteum.

B. argenteum L. Waste ground, in walks and on walls and rocks ; com-
mon.

B. bimum Schreb. Spring opposite Notch House, Smugglers Notch, B.;
Brattleboro, Fr.; swamps, Charlotte, P.; Peacham, 7?^.; brooks in
Willoughby Lake region, F.; wet cliffs, Castleton, G.

B. caespiticium L. Rocks and dry banks ; frequent.

B. concinnatum Spruce. Mansfield Pass, P.. (Det. Lindberg. )

B. Duvalii Voit. Rivulets in meadows, Willoughby, F.

B. intermedium Brid. Shady ground and crevices of rocks. Willoughby
Lake region, F.

VERMONT MOSSES. 19

B. pallens Swtz. Willoiigliby Cliffs and Williamstown Gulf, F.

B. pallescens Schleich. Cliffs of Mt. Mansfield, P.

B. proliferum (L. ) Sibtli. {Bryum roseum ^chveb.) On decaying wood
and rich earth in moist shady places ; common.

LErXOBRYUM Wils.

L. pyriform (L.) Wils. Mt. Mansfield, P.; Williamstown Gulf, F.;
Brattleboro, Fr.

POHLIA Hedw.

I. — Upper leaves suddenly elongated ; neck of capsule equaling sporangium ; cilia none or
rudimentary. elongata.

Upper leaves broader ; neck of capsule shorter than sporangium ; cilia well devel-
oped. 2.

2. — Annulus lacking ; dioicous. albicans.

Annulus present. 3.

3.— Tufts 2-4 cm. high ; basal membrane of endostome }^-J^ height of teeth ; paroicous.

nutans.
Tufts 1-2 cm. high ; basal membrane J{ height of teeth ; polyoicous. cruda.

P. albicans (Wahlenb. ) Lindb. {Wchera albicans ^ch.) In border of
pool, Milton Falls, G.; Springy places, Brattleboro, Fr.; Jay
Peak, F.

P. cruda (L.) Lindb. {Wehera cruda ^ch..) Mt. Hor, i^.; Brattleboro,
Fr.

P. elongata Hedw. ( Webera elongata Schwaegr. ) Mt. Mansfield, P. and
G.; Jay Peak, F.

P. nutans (Schreb.) Lindb. {Wehera nutans liieA^w .) Moist rocky banks
and crevices of rocks in mountains. Johnson, G.; Mt. Mansfield
and Charlotte, P.; Jay Peak and Willoughby Lake region, F.;
Brattleboro, Fr.

Family XV. Barteamiaceae.

BARTRAMIA Hedw.
I<eaves smooth. Oederi.

Leaves papillose. * pomiformis.

B. Oederi (Gunn.) Swtz. {B. Oederiana Swtz.) Wet shady banks in
cold or mountainous regions. Manchester, G.; Hinesburgh and
Cliffs of Mt. Mansfield, P.; Mt. Hor, F; Woodstock, Miss C. G.
Soule.

20

VERMONT MOSSES.

B. pomiformis (L. ) Hedw. Wet shady banks and fissures of rocks.
IManchc'ster, G.; Peacliam, BL; Mt. Hor, F.; Hinesburgh, P.;
Woodstock, Miss Soule.

PHILONOTIS Brid.

p. fontana ( L. ) Brid. Wet rocks ; frequent.

A careful study of all accessible material indicates that the Vermont
specimens of Philonotis are all P. fontana.

Family XVI. Meeseaceae.

MEESEA Hedw.

M. triquetra (L. ) Aongst. {M.trisficha Br. &Sch. ) Shelburne Pond
Bog, P.

Family XVII. Mniaceae.

GYMNOCYBE Fries.

G. palustris (L. ) Fries. [Aulacomnium pahistre Schwaegr. ) Cool,
boggy places ; frequent but rarely fruiting.

MNIUM Dill. L.

I. — Leaves not bordered

I,eaves bordered.
2. — Margin biserrate.

Margin serrate with solitary teeth.

Margin entire.
3.— Leaves costate to apex, upper leaf cells longer than broad.

Costa vanishing, upper leaf cells isodiametric.
4.— Costa vanishing below apex.

Costa reaching apex.
5.— Capsules clustered.

Capsules solitary.
6.— Syuoicous.

Dioicous.
7.— Costa excurrent in upper leaves; leaf cells .018 — .030 mm.

Costa percurrent; leaf cells about .015 mm.
8. — Basilar branches stoloniform.

Basilar branches erect or stems simple.
9.— Leaves rounded at apex, raucronate; operculum rostrate,

Leaves acuminate.

slellare.
2.

4.
8.

3-

punctatum.

hymenophylloides.

hornum.

5-

spinulosum.

6.

marginatum.

7.

pseudolycopodoides.

orthorhynchum.

9-

Drummondii.

rostratum.

10.

VERMONT MOSSES. 21

10. -Leaves serrate to middle. sylvaticum.

Leaves serrate to base. i ••

11. - Leaves slightly decurreut, obovate-oblong. cuspidatum.

Leaves very loug decurrent, oblong. clliare.

M- cuspidatum (L. ) Neck. (Non Hedwig.) {Mnium affi,neB\and.) On
decaying wood, Peachani, BL; on soil, Mt. Mansfield, O.; Brattle-
boro, Fr.; Willougliby Lake, F,

M. ciliare (Grev.) Lindb. Cold Brook, Willougliby, F. (Det. E. G.

Britton.
M. Drummondii Br. & Scb. Near Willougliby Lake, F.; Woodstock, Miss

Soule.

M. hymenophylloides Hueben. Base of Mt. Hor Cliffs, F.

M. hornum, L. Brattleboro, Fr.

M. marginatum (Dicks. ) Beau V. (3/. serroiam Laich. ) Rock Point, Bur-
lington, G.; Mt. Hor, F.; Smuggler's Notch, Eggleston.

M. orthorrhynchum Br. & Sch. On the ground and in wet jjlaces. Mt.
Mansfield region and Monkton, P.; Mt. Hor, jP.

M. pseudolycopodioides C. M. & Kindb. {M. lycopodioides. L. & J. non
Schwaegr.) Mt. Hor, F.

M. punctatum L. var. elatum Scliimp. On the ground in cool wet
places; frequent. Belden Pond, Johnson, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.

M. rostratum Schrad. Woodland rivulets. Brattleboro, Fr.

M. spinulosum Br. & Sch. Woods, Peacham, BL; Rock Point, Burling-
ton, G.

M. stellare Reich. On the ground and rotting wood in moist shady
places. Hinesburgh, P.; Peacham, BL; Mt. Hor and Williams-
town Gulf, F.; Brattleboro, Fr.

M. sylvaticum Lindb. {3f. cus2ndatum'Hed-w.) On rocks, soil and roots
of trees ; in wet shady places. Monkton and Burlington, P.;
Peacham, BL; Mt. Hor and Willougliby, F; Newfane, G.; Brat-
tleboro, FV.

ORTHOPYXIS P. Beauv.

0. heterosticha (Hedw. ) P. Beauv. {Aulacomnium heterostichuvi. Br.
& Sch. ) Base of trees in moigt woods, Newfane, Manchester, (?,;
Brattleboro, Fr.

22

VERMONT MOSSES.

IVrUSCI PLEUROCARPI.

I.— Internal peristome latticed; aquatic. Fontinalis.

Internal peristome not latticed. 2.

2. — Leaves strongly papillose. 25.

Iveaves not papillose or very slightly so by reason of the thickening of angles of the

cell walls.
3. — Peristome single.

Peristome double, the inner often imperfect.
4.— Leaves distichous, lamina with an extra division at base.

Leaves pluriseriate.
5. — Leaves ecostate.
Leaves costate.
6.— Segments short or none or obscured by adhering to the teeth.
Segments narrowly linear, often indistinctly keeled.
Segments lanceolate, distinctly keeled.
7. — Capsules straight.

Capsules more or less curved.
8.— Segments adherent to the teeth.

Segments not adherent to the teeth.
9. — Leaves costate.

Leaves ecostate or costa short and double.
10. — Leaves costate, costa single.

Leaves ecostate or costa short and double.
II.— Capsule symmetric, erect.

Capsule unsymmetric, often arcuate, more or less inclined.
12. — Costa single, extending to the middle or beyond.

Costa short and double or none.
13.— Plants dendroid.

Plants not dendroid, creeping ; leaves complauate, pseudodistichous.
14.— *Leaf cells short i :3 or less.

Leaf cells 1:3 or more.
15. — Plants stout, dendroid ; leaves coarsely serrate.

Plants slender, creeping ; leaves entire or denticulate above.
16. — Costa single, extending to middle of leat.

Costa short and double or none.
17. — Operculum long-rostrate.

Operculum conic or very short-rostrate.

3-

4.

6.

Fissidens.

5-
Leucodon.
Leptodon.

7-
10.
II.

8.
Homalothecium

Q.

Neckera.

Homalothecium.

Pylaisiella.

Anacamptodon.

Entodon.

12.

14.

13-

Entodon.

Climacium.

Homalia.

15-

16.

Porotrichum.

Amblystegium.

17.
22.
18.
19.

18.— Stem leaves deltoid or else papillose by the thickened angles of the cell walls.

Eurhynchium.

*Brachylhecium reflexum will be sought here.

VERMONT MOSSES.

23

stem leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth.
Stem and branch leaves very concave, spoon-shaped.
19. — Leaves not secund or obtuse.
Leaves secund or obtuse.

Rhynchostegium.

Myuroclada.

20.

Hypnum.

20. — Capsule short, erect to horizontal, usually somewhat arcuate and contracted under the
mouth when dry. 21.

Capsule longer, very strongly arcuate and contracted i:nder the mouth when dry.

Amblystegium.

21. — Leaves deeply plicate lengthwise ; stems often covered with felted radicles ; plants a
bright glossy yellow-green. Camptothecium.

Leaves little or not at all plicate ; stems not covered with felted radicles ; plants less
glossy. Brachythecium.

22.— Leaves secund. Hypnum.

Leaves complanate. Plagiothecium.

Leaves equally spreading. 23.

23.— Lid long subulate-rostrate. Raphidoslegium.

Lid conic or short-rostrate. 24.

Plants small and slender. Amblystegium.

24

Plants large and robust.
25. — Peristome double but segments none or short.

Peristome doable, segments narrowly linear, indistinctly keeled

Peristome double, segments lanceolate, distinctly keeled.
26. — Leaves entire, ovate to ovate-lanceolate.

Leaves spinulose-dentate to fimbriate, deltoid or round ovate.
27. — Teeth of peristome ciliate papillose.

Teeth of peristome not ciliate papillose.
28. — Stem and branch leaves similar.

Stem leaves much smaller than branch leaves.
29. — Capsule symmetric, erect.

Capsule unsymmetric, arcuate.

Family XVIII. Leskeaceae.

ANOMODON Hook and Taylor.

I. — Base ot leaves with large fimbriate-papillose auricles.

Base of leaves not auriculate.
2. — Leaves filiform-acuminate.

Leaves obtuse or apiculate.
3. — Branches attenuate.

Branches not attenuate.
4.— Leaves open-erect, teeth nodose.
Leaves secund, teeth not nodose.

Hylocomium and Hypnum.
26.

28.

29.

27.

Thelia.

Leskea.

Anomodon.

Leskea.

Anomodon.

Myurella.

Thuidium.

apiculatus.

2.

rostratus

3-
attenuatus.

4-

obtusifolius.

viiiculosus.

24 VERMONT MOSSES.

A. apiculatus Br. & Pcli. Base of trees, in moist woods; frequent.

A. attenuatus (Schreb. ) Hiiben. On rocks and base of trees; common,
but rarely fruiting.

A. minor ( P. Beauv. ) Fuern. A. obtusifolius {Br. & Sch.) On trunks
of trees. Johnson and Manchester, G.; Willoughby Cliffs and
Charlotte, P. ; Willoughby Mt. and Ferrisburgh, F.

A. rostratus (Hedw. ) Schimp. On the ground and stones and around
the roots of trees in wet places; common.

A. viticulosus (L. ) Hook & Tayl. Limestone cave east of High Bridge,
Burlington, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.

HETEROCLADIUM Br. & Sch.

H. squarrosulum (Voit) Lindb. {IT. dimorphum, Brid. ) Dry shaded
rocks. Brattleboro, Fr.

LESKEA Hedw.

I. — Costa percurrent, nervosa.

Costa not percurrent. 2

2.— I^eaves bluntish; segments cleft between the articulations. obscura.

I,eaves acute , segments not cleft. polycarpa.

L. nervosa (Schwaegr. ) Myrin. Trunks of trees. Smugglers Notch,
P. ■ Ui. Hor, F.

L. obscura Hedw. Brattleboro, Fr.; Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh,
Lewis Creek and Willoughby Mt., F.

L. polycarpa Ehrh. Roots and trunks of trees, Cambridge, P.

MYURELLA Br. & Sch.
I,eaves serrulate, obtuse or rarely short apiculate. julacea.

Leaves spinulose-dentate, abruptly long acuminate. Careyana.

M. Careyana Sull. Limestone cave east of High Bridge, Burlington, G.\
]jrattleb(>ro, Fr.; Smuggler's Notch, Eggleston; Williamstown Gulf,
Willoughby Mt., and Mt. Hor, F.; Limestone ledges, Dt)rset Mt. G.

M. julacea (Vill.) Br. & Sch. Cliffs of Mt. Sterling, P.; Cliffs of Mt.
Mansfield, Mt. Hor, and Willoughby Mt., F.

THELIA Sulliv.

Papillae of leaves simple. hirtella.

Papillae of leaves 2-4-furcate. asprella.

T. asprella (Schimp.) Sulliv. Roots and stumps of trees, Brattleboro, i^.
T. Wrtella (Hedw.) Sulliv. Roots and trunks of trees, Brattleboro, Fr.

VERMONT MOSSES. 25

THUIDIUM Br. & Sch.

I.— Plants large (to lo cm.), ascending, erect, i-piunate. 3.

Plants large (to 10 cm), creeping, 2-3-pinuate. 2.

Plants small (to 5 cm), creeping, i pinnate. scitum.
2. — Stem leaves spreading-recurved, margins plane ; perichaetium not ciliate. recognilum.

Stem leaves erect-spreading, margins recurved ; perichaetium ciliate. delicatulum.

3.— Leaf cells roundish or oblong 2-1:1. abietinum.

Leaf cells long- rhombic to linear, 3-6:1. 4.

4.— Stem leaves soft, snbclasping, decurrent. Blandovii.

Stem leaves rigid, plicate-striate, subdecurrent. paludosum.

T abietinum (L. ) Br. & Sch. Growing in short grass, seldom or never
fruiting. Abundant on dry soil near Burlington, especially near
Twin Bridges, G.; Willoughby Mt., F.; Smuggler's Notch, B.;
Fairhaven, Eggleston.

T. Blandovii (W. & M.) Br. & Sch. Wet meadow, Willoughby Lake,
F.; Peacham, Bl.

T. delicatulum (L. )Mitt. On the ground, rotten wood, stones and rocks
in shad J' places'; common.

T. paludosum (Sulliv. ) liau & Hervey. Swamps. Brattleboro, Fr.
(Det. Sullivant.)

T. recognitum (Hedw^) Lindb. Inhabit similar to T. delicatulu77i \\\i\v
which it is often confused. Distinguished by its spreading, re-
curved leaves Avitli their long-celled tliickened acumen. Frequent.

T. scitum (Beauv. ) Aust. Brattleboro, Fr.; Fairhaven, Eggleston.

T. scitum aestivale Austin. Base of trees, Johnson, G.; Monkton,
P.; Peacham, Bl. Vide Bull. Torr. Club 23:83. 1880.

Family XIX. Hypnaceae.

AMBLYSTEGIITM Br. and Sch.

I. — Leaves with a distinct border of uarrov? iucrassate cells. Lescurii.

Leaves not bordered. 2.

2. — Leaves ecostate or with obscure traces of a costa, 3.

Leaves costate. 6,

3. — Leaves open-erect to appressed-imbricate. 4.

Leaves spreading, squarrose. 5.

4.— Plants minute, filiform (1-2 cm.) confervoides.

Plants larger, in wide flat tufts. adnatum.

5.— Alar cells abruptly enlarged, often inflated and colored. stellatum.

Alar cells scarcely different or quadrate or rectangular. hispidulum.

2G VERMONT MOSSES.

6. — Costa extending to apex. 7.

Costa ending below apex. 9.

7. — Leaves acuminate. 8.

Leaves not acuminate, ovate to obloug-lanceolate. fluviatile.

8.— Basal cells abruptly enlarged. irriguum.

Basal cells not enlarged. varium,
9. — Leaves reflexed-squarrulose. ■ chrysophyllum.

Leaves open-erect. 10.

10. — Cells near middleof leaf 10-15:1. riparium.

Cells near middle of leaf less than 8:1. serpens.

A. adnatum (Hedw.) Jaeger & Sauerb. On rocks and base of trees in
shady places. Springfield, Johnson, G.; Hinesburgh, P.; Peach-
am, BL; Brattleboro, Ft.

A. chrysophyllum (Brid. ) De Not. On stones and base of trees in moist
places. Monkton, P.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Burlington and Manches-
ter, G.; Waverly Cascades, B.

A. confervoides (Brid.) Br. & Sch. Swamps, Charlotte, P.; Rattling
Brook, Willoughby, F.

A. fluviatile (Swtz. ) Br. & Sch. On rocks in cold brooks. Mt. Mansfield
and Charlotte, P.

A. hispidulum (Brid.) Grout. On dead limbs of trees. Brattleboro, Fr.;
Roaring Brook, Willoughby Lake, F.; Underhill Notch, G.; Monk-
ton and Charlotte, P.

A. irriguum (Hook. & Wils. ) Br. & Sch. Rocks in bed of brooks.
Peacham, BL; Williamstown Gulf, F.; Bi-attleboro, Fr. In Gray
Herbarium as A. varium var.

A. Lescurii (Snlliv. ) Aust. Brattleboro, Fr. In the Gray Herbarium.
Vide Sullivant in Icones Muscorum.

A. riparium (L. ) Br. &. Sch. On stones, roots of trees and rotting wood,
in swamps and also growing in water. Charlotte and Monkton,
P.; Barnet, BL; Ferrisburgh, F.

A. serpens (L. ) Br. & Sch. On decayed stumps and muddy shores
Johnson and Newfane, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Mt. Hor, F.

A. stellatum (Schreb. ) Lindb. Willougliby Cliffs, P.

A. varium (Hedw.) Lindb. (.1. o?-^/io(7r/(/fm L. & J., non Beauv. ) Owl's
Head ]Mt. and Eagle Cliff, Lake Memi)liremagog, F.; Brattleboro,
Fr.

VERMONT MOSSES.

27

HYLOCOMIUM Br. & Sch.

I. — Paraphyllia lacking.

Paraphyllia present.
2. — I^eaves bicostate.

Leaves unicostate to middle.
3.— Plants regularly 2-3 pinnate,

Plants irregularly or pinnately branching.
4.- Stem leaves loosely erect.

Stem leaves squarrose-spreading.

triquelrum
2,

3

Pyrenaicuiri

proliferum

4
umbratum
brevirostre

H. brevirostre (Ehrh.) Br. & Sch. Shore of Lake Memphrcmagog near
Mountain House, Owl's Head Mt., Canada, i^.; only a few miles
north of the Vermont line and undoubtedly occurs within the
State. Reported b}^ Frost but no specimen has been seen.

H. Pyrenaicum (Spruce) Lindb. [H. Oakesii BuWiv.) Stowe, P.; Mt.
Hor and Willoughby Mt., F.

H. proliferum (L. ) Lindb. {H. splendensHedw.) On decaying logs,
stumps, earth and stones in cool moist woods, especially in moun-
tain regions.

H. triquetrum (L. ) Br. & Sch. On soil and decaying wood in damp shady
places; common.

H. umbratum (Ehrh.) Br. & Sch. Abundant on earth and rocks, in
mountain woods ; seldom fruiting. Mt. Mansfield, P.; Stratton
Mt., G.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Mt. Hor, F.

HYPNUM Dill.

I.— Leaves spreading or complanate, not secuud. 2.

Leaves secuud. 12.

2.— Costa extending to middle of leaf or beyond. 3.

Costa very short and double or none. 6.

3.— Leaves acute or acuminate. palustre.

Leaves obtuse, entire. " 4.

4.— Costa subpercurrent. cordifolium.

Costa reaching middle of leaf. 5.

5.— Branches irregularly pinnate ; leaves spreading. Richardsoni.

Branches few, leaves imbricate. stramineum.

6.— Alar cells abruptly enlarged (often inflated or colored. ) 7.

Alar cells scarcely different or quadrate or rectangular, not abruptly enlarged. 10.

7-— Operculum short-rostrate. Haldanianum.

Operculum convex or conic. 8.

28

VERMONT MOSSES.

8.— Leaves falcate.

Leaves not falcate.
9. — Leaves acute or short apiculate, alar cells few, large.

Leaves obtuse, alar cells hyaline.
10. -Plants terrestrial, bright j'ellow-green.

Plants subaquatic, dark or dirty green.
II.— Plants very large 10-25 cm. long, dioicous; leaves oblong-ovate.

Plants smaller 5-10 cm.; inonoicous; leaves ovate.
12. — Costa single, reaching the middle or beyond.

Costa short and double or none.
13. — Leaves transversely rugose.

Leaves not rugose.
14. — Plants slender.

Plants very stout.
15. — Paraphyllia abundant.

Paraphyllia none.
16. — Leaves plicate.

Leaves not plicate.
17. — Annulus none.

Annulus present, often large.
18. — Leaves quite entire, short acuminate.

Leaves denticulate, subulate acuminate.

Leaves acute or bluntish.

Leaves gradually long acuminate.

Leaves broad (i — 1.5 mm.), crumpled and plicate when dry.

Leaves narrower (0.5 — i mm.), not crumpled when dry.
21. — Leaves denticulate.

Leaves entire.
22. — I^eaves auricled.

Leaves not auricled.
23.— Leaves plicate ; plants pale green or shining yellow,

Leaves smooth; plants brown, purple, or blackish.
24. — plants regularly pinnate.

Plants irregularly branched.
25.— Capsule costate and arcuate when dry.

Capsule not costate.
26. — Leaves serrate or denticulate all around.

Leaves serrate or denticulate only above the middle.

19'

20.

eugyrium.

9-

palustre.

cuspidatum.

Schreberi.

II.

scorpioides.

molle.

13-
24.

M-

15-

aduncum gracilescens.

rugosum.

16.

17-

commutatum.

lilicinum.

18.

19.

palustre.

fluitans.

ochraceum.

20.

Wilsoni.

21.

uncinatum.

22.

aduncum.

23-

vernicosum.
revolvens.

25-

29.

curvifolium.

26.

27-

28.

VERMONT MOSSES.

29

27.— Capsule long-cylindric, sub-erect or slightly incurved. imponens.

Capsule ovate, cbloiig or obovate, inclined or arcuate. molluscum.

28.— Stem leaves plicate ; plants large (to 15 cm.). Crista-castrensis.

Plants small (to 5 cm.) ; stem leaves not plicate. fertile.

29.— Leaves entire. pratense.

Leaves serrulate or denticulate above. 30-

30. Costa double, reaching middle of leaf. reptile.

Costa double, short. cupressiforme.

H. aduncum Iledw. Swampy ground brooks. Shelburne and Charlotte,
P.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Willoughby Lake, F.

H. aduncum gracilescens Br. & Scli. Wet meadow near Willoughby

Lake, F.
H. commutatum Hedw. Base of southern part of Willoughby Cliff, -F.

H. cordifolium Hedw. New Haven, F.; Monkton, Richford and Starks-
boro. P.; Sutton and Willoughby Lake, F.; Brattleboro, Fr.

H. crista-castrensis L. On soil and decaying logs, in cool, moist woods;
common in mountainous regions.

H cupressiforme L. Brattleboro, Fr.

H. curvifolium Hedw. Decaying log near Lye Brook, Manchester, G.;
Brattleboro, Fr. Distinguished from H. imponens by its stouter
cernuous costate capsule. The Manchester specimens are rather
more slender than is usual with this species.

H. cuspidatum L. Marshy places. Brattleboro. Fr.

H. eugyrium Br. & Sch. Rocks near streams, Brattleboro, Fr.; mill
stream below Mountain House, Jay Peak, F.; Smuggler's Notch,
Dr. Kennedy.

H. fertile Sendt. Although often reported I have not yet seen any true

//. fertile from Vermont.
H. filicinum L. Wet places. Williamstown Gulf, F.; Brattleboro, Fr.;

Porter's Swamp, Colchester. G.

H. fluitans L. Bogs, summit of Mt. Mansfield, F. , G.

H. Haldanianum Grev. Common everywhere; in moist woods on de-
caying logs; easily recognized by its large cylindric capsules and
inflated alar cells.

H. imponens Hedw. Decaying logs, stumps, etc., in moist woods. Monk-
ton, P.; Peacham, Bl.; Brattleboro, Manchester, G.; Burlington,
Fr. Easily distinguished by its regularly pinnate branching, fal-
catesecund leaves and cylindric, nearly erect capsule.

30 VERMONT MOSSES.

H. molle Dicks. Wet rocks. Mt. Mansfield, G.
H. moUuscum Hedw. Moist places ; Brattleboro. Fr.
H. ochraceum Turn. Brattleboro, Fr. In Gray Herbarium. Smuggler's
Notcli, Dr. Kennedy.

H. palustre Hedw. Limestone rocks, bed of brook, Brattleboro, Fr.;
Peacham, Bl. Vide Lesq. & James, Mosses of North America, 399.

H. pratense Koch. On the ground in wet places. Milton Falls, and
banks of the Lamoille River, Johnson, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.

H. reptile Mx. On decaying logs and stumps, in moist woods; not rare
and distribut<?d throughout the State.

H. reptile protuberans. Plants smaller and more slender ; capsule
shorter. In alpine and subalpine regions. Mt. Mansfield, P.

H. revolvens Swtz. INIt. Hor, F.

H. Richardsoni (Mitt. ) L. & J. Shallow water in woods. Barnet, i?/.

H. rugosum L. Bluffs of Lake Champlain near Howard Park, Burling-
ton, G.

H. scorpioides L. Cedar swamj)s, Willoughby region, Newark, and Sut-
ton, F.

H. stramineum Dicks. Bogs, Johnson, G.

H. Schreberi Willd. On the ground in moist shady places. A very
common and beautiful species.

H. uncinatum Hedw. On damp soil in moist mountain woods. Mt.
Elmore and Mt. Mansfield, G.; Mt. Mansfield, F.; Brattleboro,
Fr.; Willoughby, Mt. Hor, and Mt. Mansfield, F.

H. vernicosum Lindb. Swamps, Starksboro, P. "Seen by Lindberg
himself." Borders of Porter's Swamp, Colchester, G.; ("Advar.
majus, Lindb. accedens") Det. F. Renauld.

H. Wilsoni Sch. var. hamatum (Br. &Sch.) Ren. (//. adnncnm var.
Jiaiiuttum Br. & Sch. ) Bog near Willoughby Lake, F.; Shelburne,
P.; Det. F. Renauld. (In herb F. and G.)

PLAGIOTHECIUM Br. & Sch.

1 . — Leaves complanate. 2.

Leaves equally spreading, straight. strialellum.

2. — Operculum rostrate. 3.

Operculum convex or conic. 4.

3.— Leaves entire. sylvaticutn.

Leaves serrulate all around. deplanatum.

VERMONT MOSSES. 31

4. — Leaves entire. 3.

Leaves sharply serrate to the middle. turfaceum.

5. — Capsule obovate, campanulate when dry. Muellerianum.

Capsule obloug, constricted under the mouth when dry. denticulatum.

P. denticulatum (L. )Br. & Sch. On the fi;r(nind and moist rocks in
mountain regions. Mt. Mansfield, P., (7., and F.; Monkton, P.;
Johnson, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Westinore and Mt. Hor, F.

p. deplanatum (Sch.) Grout. {Ilypnum drplanatum Sch.) Limestone
cave east of High Bridge, Burlington, G.

This is one of the three new binomials in the list and is inserted because of the difficulty
of making an intelligible key if retained in the position given it in the Manual.

P. Muellerianum Sch. On soil, Mt. Mansfield, P.

The specimen which is referred to this species is incomplete and the
determination somewhat uncertain. In herb. C. G. Pringle.

P. striatellum (Brid.) Lindb. (P. Muhlenbeckii Br. & Sch.) Willoughby
Mt., Mr. Hor, and Jay Peak, F.; Mt. Mansfield, G.

P. sylvaticum ( Huds. ) Br. & Sch. On earth and stones in moist and shady
places. Mt. Mansfield and Charlotte, P.; Peacham, BL; Mt.
Mansfield, and Stratton, G.

P. turfaceum Lindb. Oh decaying wood on borders of Porter's swamp,
Colchester ; submerged at high water, G.; on soil, Peacham, BL;
Underbill Notch, G.

^)

EAPHIDOSTEGmM( Br. &Sch.) De Not.

R. recurvans (Mx. ) Jaeger & Sauerb. On trees and rotting logs.

Monkton, Underbill, and Smuggler's Notch, P.; Stowe, P.;
Peacham, BL; Brattleboro, Fr.

Family XX. Brachytheciaceae.

BRACHEYTHECIUM Br. & Sch.

I. — Costa extending into apex. 2

Costa extending J^—% length of leal. 4

2.— Seta rough throughout ; plants slender. 3

Seta nearly smooth at base ; plants more robust. populeum

3. ^Plants very slender ; leaf cell 3-5:1. reflexum

Plants more robust ; leaf cells 8-10:1. glaciale,

4. — Branch leaves entire. 5

Branch leaves serrate. 6

32

VERMONT MOSSES.

5.— Seta rough above.

Seta smooth throughout.
6. — Seta smooth.

Seta more or less roughened.
7. — Capsules 3-4:1, suberect.

Capsules 2-3:1, strongly inclined to horizontal.
8. — Stem leaves gradually narrowed from base to slender apex.

Stem leaves acuminate.
9. — Stem leaves lanceolate, 0.6 mm. broad.

Stem leaves triangular-ovate, i mm. broad.
10. — Seta rough above, nearly smooth below.

Seta rough throughout.
II. — Leaves plicate, long acuminate.

Leaves not plicate, shorter acuminate.
12. — Cells of branch leaves 5:1, papillose by the thickened angles of the

Cells of branch leaves at least 8-1, smooth.
13. — Secondary stems dendroid ; leaves ovate and very short acuminate.

Secondary stems not dendroid ; leaves slender pointed.
14.- -Stem leaves lanceolate.

Stem leaves ovate to triang^ular-ovate.
15. — Cilia not appendiculate ; plants yellow^-greeu.

Cilia appendiculate ; plants green, usually complanate-foliate.

plumosum
acutum.

7.

10.

oxycladon.

8.

9-

salebrosum.

flexicaule.

acutum.

II.

12.

campestre.

plumosum.

cell walls.

Novae-Angliae.

13-

rivulare.

14.

velutinum.

15-

rutabulum.

Starkei.

B. acutum (Mitt. ) Sull. In swampy places and on moist earth. Monk-
ton and Charlotte, P.

B. campestre Br. & Sch. On dami^ earth and stones in woods, Johnson,
also southern Vermont, G.; Burlington. W. Danville, Bl. (In
Herb. Univ. of Wisconsin. )

B. flexicaule Ren. & Card. On rocks in woods, Manchester, G. Det.
Cardot.

B. glaciale Br. & Sch. Willoughby Mt., jP.

This is the fourth station in North America for this plant.

B. Novae-Angliae (Sull. & Tx-sq. ) Jaeger and Saucrb. On the ground and
stones, in moist and shady places, especially in mountainous re-
gions. Stowe, B.; Johnson, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.; Underhill, P.

B. oxycladon (Brid.) Jaeger & Sauerb. [B. ladum. Br. ttSch.) On tlie
ground, roots of trees, and rocks in woods.
Stowe, B.; Burlington, Underliill Notch, and Newfane, G.

B. oxycladon dentatum (L. & J.) Grout. Swamp, Monkton, P.

VERMONT MOSSES. 33

B. plumosum (S\v. ) Br. & Sell. On stones in brooks and moist rocks in
woods. Camel's Hump, Mt. Mansfield, and Monkton, 1'.; Strat-
ton and Newfane, G.; W. Barnet, />/.; Brattleboro, Fr.

B. populeum ( Hedw. ) Br. & Scli. AVaverley Cascades, B.; Manchester
and Newfane, G.

B. populeum ovatum Gront. On rocks in woods with GrluimUi apocarjxi,
.Tohnson, G.; Peacham, Bl.

B. reflezum (Starke) Br. & Sch. In mountainous regions, on decaying
logs, roots of trees and less frequently on the soil. Stratton and
Newfane, G.; Southwest Vermont and Mt. Mansfield, P.; Wil-
loughby, F.

B. rivulare Br. & Sch. Subaquatic, in swamps and wet places. Peach-
am and Ryegate, BL; Underbill, P.; Brattleboro, Fr.; INlt. Hor, F.

B. rutabulum (L. ) Br. & Sch. On the ground and stones in wet places.
Stowe, B.; Monkton, P.

B. salebrosum (Hoffm.) Br. & Sch. On earth and stones, roots and
trunks of trees in woods. Stowe, B.; Charlotte, P.; W. Barnet,
BL: Mt. JNIansfield, G.; Brattleboro, Fr.

B. Starkei (Brid. ) Br. & Sch. On decaying logs and stumps in woods,
especially in mountainous regions. Mt. Mansfield, Stratton and
Johnson, G.; Peacham, BL

B. velutinum (L.) Br. & Sch. On soil, in moist, shady places. Stowe,
B.; NcAvfane, G.; Brattleboro, Fr. It is stated on the label in
Frost's collection that this species was discovered in America for
first time by C. C. Frost at Brattleboro.

CAMPTOTHECIUM Br. & Sch.
C nitens (Schreb. ) Schimp. Moist meadows, Willoughby Lake, F.

EURHYNCHIUM Br. & Sch.

I. — Seta rough. 2.

Seta smooth. strigosum.

2.— Branch leaves cucullate at apex, abruptly long filiform acuminate. pilirerum.

Branch leaves acute to almost obtuse. hians.

E. piliferum ( Schreb. ) Br. & Sch. On the ground and base of trees in

woods and shady meadows. " Vermont " Fr.; Burlington, Carey.

In the Gray Herbarium.

E. strigosum (Hoffm.) Br. & Sch. On soil in moist and shady places.
Monkton, P.; Willoughby, F; Brattleboro, Fr.; Dorset Mt., G.

34: VERMONT MOSSES.

E. hians (Hedvv.) Jaeger & Sauerb. Rock Point, Burlington, (7.; "Cold
Brook," Willoughby, F.

HOMALOTHECIUM Br. & Sch.
H. subcapillatum (Hedw. ) Sulliv. On trees. Brattleboro, i*'/-.

- IMYUROCLADA Bescherelle.

M. Boscii (ychwaegr. ) Besch. {Hi/jminii Buscii. Schwaegr. ) On soil in
woods and meadows. Seldom fruiting. Brattleboro, F?-.

POROTRICHUM Brid.

( Thamnium Br. & Sch. )

p. Alleghaniense ( C. INIuell. ) Rocky margins of rivulets, Brattleboro,
Fr. Tlie specimen in Frost's harbarium, though not examined
microscopically appears to be this species. AVoodstock, Miss Soule.
In Herb. Faxon.

Pororotrichum evidently does not belong in this family but is left here
because of the uncertainty as to its true position.

RHYNCHOSTEGIUM Br. & Sch.

Leaves apparently two ranked; plants of dry woods. serrulatum.

Leaves spreading every waj- growing on stones in brooks. rusciforme.

R. rusciforme (Neck.) Br. & Sch. On stones in brooks. Underhill and
Bakersfleld, P.; Newfane, G.

R serrulatum ( Hedw. ) Jaeger & Sauerb. On the ground in dry woods.
Brattleboro. Fr.

Family XXI. Isotheciaceae Spruce.

CLIMACIUM Web. & Mohr.

I. — Capsules 3-4:1; median leaf cells 10:1. dendroides.

Cap'^ules 5-6:1; median leaf cells 2-7:1. Americanum.

C. Americanum Brid. Swamps, wet soil, and rocks, sometimes growing
on cliffs ; common but rarely fruiting.

C Americanum Eiudbergii Ren. & Card. In swampy places. Stowe,
B.

C. dendroides (L. ) Web. and Moln\ Common in swamps in northern
Vermont. Milton and Johnson, G. ; Castleton, Eggleston.

vp:rmont mossks. 35

ENTODON C. MiH'll.
( Cylindrothecium Br. & Sch. )

i.^Teeth of peristome conspicuously hyaline margined. repens.

Teeth not hyaline margined. 2

2-— Very broadly complanate foliate ; anuulus of large cells. cladorrhizans.

Nearly terete foliate, annu'us of narrow cells. seductrix.

E. cladorrhizans (Hedw.) C. Miiell. On decaying wood and base of
trees in moist shady places ; frequent.

E. repens (Brid. ) Grout. {Phitj/gyrinm rcpnii^, Br. & i<ch.) Rotting logs
in moist woods. Rock Point, Burlington, G.; Mt. Hor cliffs, F.

E. seductrix (Hedw.) C. Muell. On decaying wood and moist soil.
Brattleboro, Fr.

PYLAISIELLA Kindb.
{Pylcdsia Br. & Sch. )

Segments of endostome partially adherent to teeth, free at the apex; spores 0.018

-0024 mm. intricata.

Segments wholly adherent ; spores .-.026-0.030 mm. velutina.

P. intricata ( Hedw. ) Grout. On bark of living trees ; common.

P. velutina (Schimp. ) Kindb. Killington Peak, Mrs. Laura Morgan.
(In Herb. Frost as /'. polyantha.)

Family XXII. Fabroniaceae.

ANACAMPTODON Brid.

A. splachnoides (Froelich. ) Brid. On an old yellow birch. Smuggler's
Notch, Dr. Kennedy. In Herb. U. Y. M. This moss has a peculiar
habit of growing around old knot holes and similar cavities in
wood.

Family XXIII. Neckeraceae.

HOMALIA Brid.
H. Jamesii Schimp. Base of Mt. Hor cliffs, F.

LEPTODON Mohr.

L. trichomitrion (Hedw.) Mohr. Trees in woods, Brattleboro, i^r.
I regard Frost's specimens as doubtfully this species.

36 VERMONT MOSSES.

NECKERA Hedw.

Brandies atleiiuate, often llagelliforin. Oligocarpa.

BrHiiclies obtuse, never tlaKelliforni. pennata.

N. oligocarpa Bruch. On trees. Willoughby, Dr. Kennedy. In herb.
A. J. G. & Dr. K.

N. pennata (L. ) Iledw. On trunks of trees ; common in iiKnintainous
regions.

Family XXIV. Cryphaeaceae.

LEUCODON Schwfcgr.

Leaves entire, slender pointed; median cells linear-vermicular. sciuroides.

Leaves serrulate and broader at apex ; median cells broader and shorter. brachypus.

L. brachypus Brid. Trunks of beech trees, in mountains. ^Nlancliester,
G.; Underbill, P.; Willoughby region, jNIt. Hor and Ferrisburgli, F.
L. sciuroides (L. ) Schwaegr. On trees. Willoughl^y, Dr. Kennedy;
.Mt. Hor. F.

Family XXV. Fontinalaceae.

FONTINALIS Dill. L.

I. — Leaf cells rhombic-hexagoual, 6:1 or less. 2.

Leaf cells loue; linear, 7-30:1. 4.
2.— Plants very robust; branches markedly triangular -prismatic. antlpyretica gigantea.

Plants much more slender and scarcely triangular-prismatic. 3.

3.— Female flowers abundant, in most leal axils. Novae-Angliae.

Female flowers rare, at base of stems. biformis.

4. — Leaves concave and inci:rved on the borders. Dalecarlica.

Leaves plane or coucave, not iucur^-ed. 5.

5.— Alar cells very large. Sullivantii.

Alar cells moderately or not at all enlarged. Lescurii.

Fontinalis antipyretica L. var. gigantea Sulli\ . Cold brooks. Brattle-
boro, Fr.; Johnson, ft.; Peacham, Bl.

F, biformis Sulliv. Found in New Hampshire and Massachusetts by
Faxon, and reported from Vermont by Frost.

F. Dalecarlia Br. & Sch. Mountain brooks. Underbill, P.; Brattle-
boro, Fr. ; New fane, G.

F. Lescurii Sulliv. Enosburgh, ]\; Elmore Pond, G.; AVilloughby Lake
n'gion, P.

VERMONT MOSSES. 37

F- Novae-Angliae Pnlliv. Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, F.

F. SuUivantii Lindb. Brattleboro, Fr. I7f/f' Lresq. it James, Mosses of
Nortli America, 271.

The following list of mosses has been reported from Vermont by Frost
bnt no specimens of these species have been found either in his herbarium
at Brattleboro or in the Gray (Sullivant) Herbarium, wliich Dr. Robinson
has very kindly searched for me:

Bruchia flexuosa Muell.

Fissidens minutulus SuUiv.

Leptotrichum vaginans Lesq. & James.

Grimmia Pennsylvanica Schwaegr.

Atrichum crispum James.

Dichelyma capillacea Br. & Sch.

Pterigynandrum filiforme Hedw.

Hypnum (Thuidium) gracile Br. & Sch.

Hypnum (Thuidium) minutulum Hedw.

Hypnum demissum, Wils.

Hypnum ( Plagiothecium ) Sullivantiae Schimp.

Many of these undoubtedly occur in the State and will be found again
sooner or later.

Bryum pseudotriquetrum was also reported by Frost and in the Gray
Herbarium is a specimen labelled "Bryum pseudotriquetrum? Brattle-
boro, Frost." On examination of this specimen it seemed very doubtfully
this species and consequently it is not included in the list.

APPBINDIX.

The author greatl}- regrets that he did not sooner know of the great
^amount of work done on Vermont mosses by Dr. George G. Kennedy of
Readville, Mass. It has been possible to introduce into the text most of
his additions but a large number of localities which should have been cred-
ited to him came too late to be inserted.

********

Mrs. Britton informs us that Dr. Frost's Physcomitrium pyriforme is
in all probability P. turbinatum (Mx.) Brid.

POLYTRICHUM L.

(Change 4 of key to 5 and insert the following as 4. )

4 —Terminal cell of the lamellae flat topped or notched in section broader than high. 5.
Terminal cell of lamellae rounded, higher than broad. gracile.

P- gracile Dicks. Swamp, Willoughby region. Dr. Kennedy. In herb.
Dr. K. and G.

IINDEX.

Amblystegium, 22, 23, 25.
A))ipliorl(l!iiin, 15.
Anacaniptodun, 22, 35.
Aiidi'ea, 4, .9.
Anisotheciuni, (i, II.
Aoectangiinn, 5, J5.
Anomodon, 23.
Africhurn, 9, 37,
Aulacomniurn, 20, 21.
Barbula, 5, 6, U, 15.
Bartramia, 7, ^5.
Blindia, 0, ii.
Brachytheciuni, 23, 31.
Brnchia, 37.
Bi'j-um, 7, J8, 37.
Buxbanmia, 5, 5.
Camptothecium, 22, 33.
Catharinia, 7, 9,
Ceratodon, (i, ii.
Climaciuni, 22, 34-
CyUndrothecium, 35.
Cynodontium., 13.
Dichelyma, 37.
Dichodontium, (i, //.
Dicranella, 6, 11.
Dicranum, (i, 12.
Didiimodon, 14, 15.
DlpJn/.sciiuii. 15.
Dhticlmm, 13.
Ditrichum, (i, 7,).
DruiniHondia, (>, i').
Encakijita, 14.
Entocion, 22, 55.
Eurhynchiuni, 22, 33.
Fissidens, (i, 10, 22, 37.
Fontinalis, 7, 22, 36.
Funaria, 7, 25.
Georgia, 5, 5.
Grimm ia, 5, (5, 16, 37.
Gymnocybe, 7, 20.
Gymnostomnm, 14, 15.
Hedwigia, 5, 16.
Heterocladium, 24.
Homalia, 22, 35.
Hoinalotheciuin, 22, 34.
Hylocomium, 23, 27.
Hypnum, 23, 27, 34, 37.

2A.

Leersia, 5, 7, 14-
Leptobryum, 7, 10.
Leptodon, 22, 35.
Leptotricliam, 13. 37.
Leskea, 23, 24.
Leucobrynm, (i, 11.
Leucodon, 22, 36.
Meesea, 7, 20.
Milium, 7, 20.
Mollia, 5, 6, 14.
Myurella, 23,
Myuroclada, 23, 34-
Neckera, 22, 36.
Oncophorus, (i, 13.
Orthopyxis, 7, 21.
Orthotrichmn, 5, 7, 17.
Philonotis, 7, 20.
Phj^scomitriuin, 5, IS.
Plagiotlieciiim, 23, 30, 37.
Pterigynandnnn, 37.
Pogonatum, 7, 9.
Pohlia, 7, 19.
Polytrichum, 7, 10.
Porotrichum, 22, 34-
Pottia, 5, 15.
Pylaisia, 35.
Pylaisiella, 22, 35.
Racmniirimn, 16.
Raphidostegium, 23, 31.
Rhynchostogium, 23, 34.
Saelania, (i, 13.
Schistostega, 5, 17.
Seligeria, (i, 13.
Sphagnum, 4, 7.
Swartzia, (i, 13.
Tayloria, 5, 17.
TetraphU, 9.
Tetraplodon, (), 18.
Thamnivm, 34.
Thelia, 23, 24.
Thuidium, 23, 25, 37.
Tortula, 5, 15.
Trematodou, (i, 13.
Ulota, 17.
Webera, 5, 15.
Weissia, 5, 7, 15, 17, 19.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, II.

(Through the printer's error, the paging of this reprint differs from
that of the original pubhcation. All citations should correspond to the
original paging, viz : Rep. Vt. F.xp. Sta. 1 1, 1897-98. Page 4 of this reprint
equals page 202 of the original, etc. )

A PARTIAL LIST OF THE

PARASITIC FUNGI OF VERMONT

BY W. A. ORTON, M. S.

From the Eleventh Annual Report of the Vermont
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1897-98.

REPRINTED BY THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT.
SEPTEriBER, 1898.

A PARTIAL LIST OF THE

PARASITIC FUNGI of VERMONT

BY W. A. ORTON, M. S.

From the Eleventh Annual Report of the Vermont
Agricultural Experiment Station, 1S97-98

REPRINTED BY THE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT
SEPTEHBER, 1898

A botanical survey of Vermont has been undertaken by the members of
the Vermont liotanical Club. The greater emphasis in the work is naturally
and rightly placed upon the study of the occurrence and distribution of the
higher plants, looking as an immediate result toward the publication of a
revised list of these plants as they occur in Vermont. The more lowly
groups deserve recognition, however, and there is evidence that they are to
receive it. The list of Vermont Mosses recently prepared by Dr. Grout is
the first of what it is hoped will be a series of contributions to our knowledge
of the cryptogamic plants of the state. The present publication forms a
second contribution. A third list, including the liverworts, is nearly ready.
The list of Vermont Mosses is included in the Eighteenth Report of the
Vermont Board of Agriculture (1898), and this list of Fungi forms a part of
the Report of the Botanists in the Eleventh Report of the Vermont
Experiment Station (1897-98). In order to make these lists more readily
accessible to botanists outside of our state the Botanical Department of
the University of Vermont has reprinted a limited number of each as sepa-
rates. These will be supplied at the prices given below, which are about the
cost of publication and mailing. Address, Botanical Department, University
of Vermont, Burlington. L. R. Jones.

Mosses of Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the Genera and Species, by
A. J. Grout, Ph. D. 38 pages. 15 cents.

A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A.
Orton, M. S. 24 pages. 10 cents.

A List of the Vermont Hepatic^, by Clifton D. Howe, A. B.

(In preparation.)

A PARTIAL LIST OE THE PARASITIC FUNGI OF VERMONT.

\,'C^

e-i '-^ ^ i^ '

'4 a.) a~ « •,

By W. A.h^xoyi''M?S.

INTRODUCTION.

Although the higher plants of Vermont have received much attention from
various botanists, the cryptogams and especially those species of fungi para-
sitic upon other organisms have been much less studied. But few persons
have collected these fungi within the limits of the state, and of these few no
one has left definite record of his work. The first Vermont botanist of
whose labors in this field we have knowledge, was Charles C. Frost, of
Brattleboro. Although his energies were directed chiefly toward the fleshy
fungi, he included in the "Catalogue of Plants Growing Without Cultivation
within Thirty Miles of Amherst College," (1875) a list of parasitic fungi, of
which 115 species come within the groups here considered. No definite
localities are given in Frost's list, and no specimens were left in his herb-
arium. While it is probable that many, or, indeed, most of the species he
mentions were collected in Vermont, we cannot be sure of it, and no species
are included in the following list on the strength of Frost's publication.

^ No other collections of moment were made of Vermont fungi until the be-
^ - ginning of those on which this catalogue is based. This list has been com-
piled as a part of the work on plantpathology of the botanical department of
the Vermont Experiment Station, and for this reason non-parasitic groups
have so far received little attention. A thorough knowledge of all parasitic
fungi existing in the area under consideration is essential to any detailed
study of plant diseases, since a large proportion of such diseases result from
the invasion of the plant by parasitic fungi, while a considerable number of
those which originate in other ways are complicated by the attacks of such
parasites.

It is fully recognized that there is no sharp line of distinction between
parasitic fungi and those which are saprophytes, and there is no attempt,
therefore, to make close discriminations in this matter.

The present list includes the downy mildews, powdery mildews, smuts
and rusts. The nomenclature follows, with some exceptions, Saccardo's
Sylloge Fungorum. In the Erysipheae, Burrill's classification as given in
Ellis and Everhart's North American Pyrenomycetes has been followed.
The more important recent synonyms are printed in italics after the name of
the fungus. In the Uredineae the spore stage precedes the name of the host,
I indicating the aecidium, II the uredo, and III the teleuto stage of the fun-
gus. Notes of interest are then given and the locality and date of collection
follow. The name of the collector is indicated by an initial : C. stands for

H. I. Collins; G. for A. J. Grout; H. for T. E. Hazen; J. for L. R. Jones;
O. for W. A. Orton. The number following the initial refers to the num-
bered herbarium specimen of the fungus in question.

A list of this nature must of necessity be incomplete, and numerous addi-
tions will undoubtedly be made in the future. It is earnestly desired that
any such additional information, especially as regards the occurence of fur-
ther species and host plants, be communicated to us, accompanied, so far as
possible by specimens, which will be deposited in the University herbarium.
The work is being continued as rapidly as possible looking to a further pub-
lication, which will include the remaining groups of parasitic fungi. Nearly
every collection listed here is to be found in the herbarium of the University
of Vermont. The few exceptions are inserted on good authority, and the
location of the specimen on which the citation is based is indicated in each
case.

The credit for the foundation of this work belongs to Professor L. R.
Jones, who has accumulated a large part of the specimens, notes and obser-
vations upon which this list is based. Large collections were made by Mr.
H. I. Collins, while a student at the University in 1890-92, and more recent-
ly by Dr. A. J. Grout and Mr. T. E. Hazen, while temporarily associated with
the Experiment Station. Several others have made less extensive contribu-
tions which are acknowledged in the list. I am under great obligations for all
such preparatory collections, as well as for the more immediate assistance
rendered by these persons.

The work has been done in the botanical laboratory of the University
under the personal supervision of Professor Jones, to whom I am very
greatly indebted for assistance received at every point of the work.

VV. A. O.

University of Vermont, Burlington, Sept., 1898.

PERONOSPOREAE.

Bremia Lactucae Regel. {Pcronospora ganglioniformis. (B.) DeBy.)

On Lactuca sativa, Lettuce. Occasionally destructive in green-
houses. Burl., Dec. 1891 ; J. 411.

On Prenanthes altissima. Common. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 410.

Cystopus Bliti (Biv.) DeBy.

On Amarantus retroHexus. Pigweed. Abundant. Burl, Aug.
1890; J. 402.

Cystopus candidus (Pars.) Lev.

On Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Shepherd's Purse. Very common.
Ikirl., Sept. 1890; J. ITA. South Hero, July, 1898; Waugh, 1757.
On Brassica campestris. V^ild Turnip. Pnirl., July, 1898; H. 1816.

On Brassica nigra, Black mustard. Burl., Sept. 1890; J. 748.
On Brassica sinapistrum, Charlock. Burl., July, 1898 ; O. 1813.
On Dentaria diphylla. Abundant. Burl., June, 1891 ; C. 750.
On Lepidium intermedium, Peppergrass. Common. Burl., 1894;
J. 749.

On Raphanus sativus. Radish. Neither common nor very in-
jurious. Burl., Sept. 1891 ; J. 752.

On Sisymbrium officinale, Beaver, July, 1898 ; O. 1817.

Cystopus Portulacae (DC.) Lev.

On leaves and stems of Portulaca oleracea, Purslane. Common.
Burl., July, 1894; J. 754.

Cystopus Tragopogonis (Pers.) Schroet. (C. cubicus DeBy.)

On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Ragweed. Burl., Aug. 1892; J. 756.
On Tragopogon porrifolius, Salsify. Burl., June, 1890; J. 404.

Peronospora alta Fuckel.

On Plantago major, Plaintain. Burl., June, 1891; J. 765.
On Plantago Rugellii. Burl., July, 1898; J. and O. 1780.

Peronospora effusa (Grev.) Rabh.

On Chenopodium album. Pigweed. Burl., June, 1893; J. 768.

Peronospora parasitica (Pers.) DeBy.

On Dentaria laciniata. Common. Burl., June, 1891; J. 769.
On Dentaria maxima. Burl., May, 1897; J. 783.

On Raphanus sativus. Radish. Not common. Burl., Sept., 1894;
J. 1367.

Peronospora Schleideni Ung.

On Allium Cepa, Onion. Apparently not common, but very de-
structive where occurring. Milton, Sept. 1895; J. 773.

Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) DeBy.

On Solanum tuberosum. Potato. Common and in favorable seasons
very destructive, causing the familiar late blight and rot of the potato.
Burl., Sept. 1890; J. 408.

Plasmopara Halstedii (Farl.) Berl. & DeToni.

On Bidens cernua. Johnson, Sept. 1893; G. 430.

Plasmopara obducens Schroet.

On cotyledons of Impatiens sp. Burl., May, 1891; J. 780.

Plasmopara pygmaea (Ung.) Schroet.

On Anemone nemorosa. Burl., May, 1895; J. 779.

On Anemone Virginiana. Burl., May, 1897; O. 784.
Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & Curt.) Berl. & DeToni.

On Vitis aestivalis, Summer Grape. Snake Mt., July, 1898; O. 1782.

On Vitis Labrusca, Northern Fox Grape. Burl., July, 1897; O. 778.

On Vitis riparia, Winter Grape. Burl., July, 1897; O. 1366.
Common and destructive, causing the downy mildew of grape leaves
and the brown rot of the fruit; apparently worse on some varieties
than on others.
Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. {Peronospofa graminicola

Sacc.)

On Setaria viridis. Bottle-grass. Not common. Burl., July, 1898;
J. and O. 1818.

CHYTRIDIE^.

Synchytrium decipiens Farl.

On Amphicarpaea monoica. Common. Burl., June, 1897; O. 1204.

ENTOMOPTHOREAE.

Empusa Grylli Fresen.

On Locusts (the insects), Melanoplus atlanis Riley. Melanoplus
femur-rubrum De Geer. Trimerotropus maritima Harr.
Abundant and destructive in some seasons. Burl., Aug, 1892; J. 398.

ERYSIPHE.E.

Erysiphe aggregata (Pk.) Farl.

On fertile catkins of Alnus incana. Alder. Johnson, Aug. 1893;
G. 368.

Erysiphe Cichoracearum DC.

On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Ragweed. Common. Burl., Aug. 1896 ;
G. 787.

On Aster paniculatus. Burl. Oct. 1897; O. 796.

On Aster puniceus. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 795.

On Chelone glabra, Turtlehead. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 790.

On Cucumis sativus. Cucumber. Injurious in the greenhouse. Burl.,
July, 1894; G. 1368.

On Hedeoma pulegioides, American Pennyroyal. Beaver, Sept.
1897; 0.791.

On Helianthus divaricatus, Sunflower. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 799.
On Helianthus laetiflorus. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O. 798.
On Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem Artichoke. Newfane, Aug.
1892; G. 800. Burl., Aug. 1898 ; O. 1910.

On Solidago Canadensis, Golden Rod. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 794.
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 793.
On Verbena hastata, Blue Vervain. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 788.
On Verbena urticasfolia, White Vervain. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 789.

Cicinobolus Cesatii DeBy. frequently occurs parasitic on this fungus
on various hosts.

Erysiphe communis (Wallr.) Fr,

On Amphicarpaea monoica. Burl., 1890; J. 801.

On Aquilegia vulgaris, Columbine. In Herb. A. J. Grout.

OnClematisVirginiana, Virgin's Bower. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0.802-

On Delphinium alpinum. Larkspur. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O.803.

On Lupinus perennis, Lupine. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 804.

On Oenothera biennis. Evening Primrose. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 807.

On Pisum sativum, Pea. Burl., Oct. 1891; J. 805. No. Calais,
Aug. 1898; O. 1900.

On Ranunculus acris, Buttercup. Burl., Aug. 1890; C. 810. New-
fane, Aug. 1892; G. 808.

On Thalictrum dioicum. Meadow Rue. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 811.

On Viola blanda, Violet. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 812.

Erysiphe Graminis DC.

On Agropyron repens, Witch-grass. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 815.
Burl., May, 1898; O. 1369.

On Poa pratensis, Kentucky Blue-grass. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 814.
On Poa serotina, Fowl Meadow-grass. Burl., June, 1898; O. 1785.
On Poa sp. Winooski, Oct. 1890; C. 813.

Very common. On witch-grass it is brownish gray and quite downy.
Rather injurious.

MiCROSPHiERA Alni (DC.) Wint.

On Alnus incana, Alder. Burl., 1891 ; C. 813. Winooski, Oct.
1890; C. 814.

On Betula lutea. Yellow Birch. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 816.
Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 817.

On Ceanothus Americanus, New Jersey Tea. Burl., Sept. 1897; O.
818.

On Cornus alternifolia, Dogwood. Newfane, Aug. 1892; G. 819.
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 820.

On Corylus rostrata, Hazel-nut. Burl, Aug. 1897; O. 821.

8

On Loniceraglauca, Honeysuckle. Burl., July, 1897; 0.823. Snake
Mt., July, 1898; H. 1787.

On Lonicera hirsuta. Snake Mt., July, 1898; H 1786.

On Lonicera parviflora. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O. 824.

On Lonicera Tartarica. Burl., Sept. 1890; C. 825.

On Ostrya Virginica, Lever-wood. Nevvfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 826.

On Platanus occidentalis. Sycamore. Townshend, Sept. 1892 ; G.
827.

On Syringa vulgaris, Lilac. Burl., Oct. 1892; J. 828.

On Viburnum acerifolium. Arrow-wood. Nevvfane, Oct. 1892; G.
831. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 832.

On Viburnum cassinoides. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 834. Charlotte,
Sept. 1897; O. 835.

On Viburnum pubescens. Charlotte, Sept 1897; 0.836.

MiCROSPH/ERA DIFFUSA C. & P.

On Desmodium Canadense, Tick-trefoil. Burl., Sept. 1891; G.
837. Vernon, Sept. 1895; G. 347.

On Desmodium Dillenii. Burl., Sept. 1891; J. 838.
On Desmodium nudiflorum. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 839.

MlCROSPH^RA ERINEOPHILA Pk.

On "erineum" caused by a Phytoptus (mite) on leaves of Fagus
ferruginea, Beech. Newfane. Oct. 1892; G. 841.

MicROSPH^RA Grossulariae (Wallr.) Lev.

On Sambucus Canadensis, Elder. Burl., Aug. 1890: C. 842.
Johnson, Sept. 1893; G. 844. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 845.

On Sambucus racemosa. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 843.

Microsph^ra Ouercina (Schw.) Burrill.

On Quercus alba, White Oak, Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 847.

On Quercus bicolor. Swamp White Oak. Charlotte, Sept. 1897 ;
O. 852.

On Quercus rubra, Red Oak. Common. Burl., Oct. 1890; C.
848. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 849.

Microsph/ERA Ravenelii Berk.

On Vicia Cracca, Vetch. Burl., Aug. 1896; G. 854.

M1CROSPH.ERA Russellii Clinton.

On Oxalis cymosa, Wood Sorrel. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 855.
Burl., Aug. 1898 ; H. 1821. Walden, Aug. 1898; O. 1896.

MiCROSPHiERA VACCINII (Schw.) C. & P.

On Epigaea repens, Trailing Arbutus. Newfane, Oct. 1892; G.
856. Burl., May, 1895; J. 857.

On Kalmia glauca. Burl., Sept. 1896 ;. J. 859.

i

Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb.) Sacc.

On Alnus incana, Alder. Common. Burl., Oct. 1890; G. 372.

On Betula lutea, Yellow Birch. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 8G1.

On Carpinus Caroliniana, Blue Beech. Burl., Sept. 1891; C. 862.

On Celastrus scandens, Bittersweet. Abundant. Burl., Sept.
1892; J. 863. Newfane, Oct. 1892; G. 864.

On Corylus rostrata, Hazel-nut. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; O. 866.

On Fagus ferruginea. Beech. Newfane, Oct. 1892; G. 867.

On Fraxinus pubescens. Red Ash. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 868.

On Fraxinus sp. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 869.

On Hamamelis Virginiana, Witch Hazel. Newfane, Sept. 1892;
G. 870.

On Ostrya Virginica, Lever-wood. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 871.
On paper in plant press. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 872.
On Ribes Cynosbati, Gooseberry. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 873.
On Sambucus Canadensis, Elder. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 874.

Podosphaera biuncinata C. & P.

On Hamamelis Virginiana, Witch Hazel. Newfane, Oct. 1892 ; G.
875. Burl, Aug. 1896; G. 876.

Podosphaera Oxycanthae (DC) DeBy.

On Amelanchier Canadensis, Service-tree. Abundant and sometimes
seriously injurious. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 878. Beaver, Sept. 1897;
O. 879.

On Prunus sp.. Cherry. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 371. Charlotte,
July, 1898; Waugh, 1881.

On Spiraea salicifolia. Meadow-sweet. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G.
581. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 881.

On Spiraea tomentosa, Hardhack. Abundant. Newfane, Oct.
1892; G. 882. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 883.

Sph^rotheca Castagnei Lev.

On Bidens frondosa. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 884. Waterbury,
Aug. 1898; O. 1879.

On Erechtites hieracifolia. Fire-weed. Burl., Aug. 1898; H. 1880.

On Prenanthes altissima. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 885.

On Solidago juncea. Golden Rod. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 886.

On Taraxacum ofificinale, Dandelion. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 888.
Walden, Aug. 1898; O. 1899.

10

Sph^rotheca Humuli (DC.) Burrill.

On Agrimonia Eupatoria. Beaver, July, 1898; O. 1819.

On Geranium maculatum, Wild Cranesbill. Burl., June, 1893;
Hinsdale, 891.

On Rubus odoratus, Flowering Raspberry. Abundant. Burl.,
Oct. 1890 ; C. 890. Beaver, July, 1898; O. 1820.

Sph^erotheca Mali (Duby.) Burrill.

On twigs of Pyrus Malus, Apple. Newfane, Oct. 1895; G. 894.

SPH.EROTHECA MORS-UViE (Schw.) B. & C.

On leaves and young shoots of Ribes sp., Gooseberry. Destructive.
Burl., June, 1897; 0.^742.

SPHiEROTHECA PANNOSA (Wallr.) Lev.

On Rosa humilis, Wild Rose. Burl., June, 1897; O. 896.
On Rosa rugosa. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O. 897. Frequently quite
injurious.

Sph^rotheca pruinosa C. & p.

On Rhus copallina, Dwarf Sumach, infested by mites. Vernon,
Sept. 1895; G. 355.

Uncinula circinata C. & p.

On Acer rubrum. Red Maple. Abundant. Sept. 1889; C. 898.
Newfane, Oct. 1892; G. 899. Beaver, Sept. 1897: O. 901.

On Acer saccharinum, Sugar Maple. Newfane, Oct. 1892; G. 902.

On Acer spicatum, Mountain Maple. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; O. 904.
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 903.

On Quercus alba. White Oak. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 906.

Uncinula Clintonii Pk.

On Tilia Americana, Basswood. Burl., Sept. 1891; C. 907.
Winooski, Sept. 1897; O. 910. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 908
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 909.

Uncinula flexuosa C. & P.

On Aesculus Hippocastanum, Horse Chestnut. Burl., Oct. 1890 ;
J. 911.

Uncinula macrospora Pk.

On Ulmus Americana, Elm. Dummerston, Sept. 1895 ; G. 359.

Uncinula negator (Schw.) Burrill. {C\ spiralis) {U. avipdopsidis.)

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Virginia Creeper. Abundant. Burl.,

Aug. 1890; J. 912. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O. 913.

On Vitis sp.. Grape. Pittsford, Sept. 1890; J. 361. Burl., Oct.

1890; J. 362. Newfane, Oct. 1892 ; G. 914.

Common, but not seriously injurious to the grape in this state.

11

Uncinula Salicis (DC.) Wint.

On Populus balsamifera, Balsam Poplar. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 915

On Populus treniuloides, American Aspen. Newfane, Aug. 1892;
G. 917.

On Salix alba var. vitellina, Yellow Willow. Charlotte, Aug. 1897;
O. 918.

On Salix cordata, Willow. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 919.

On Salix discolor. Burl., Oct. 1897; O. 920.

On Salix humilis. Burl., July, 1897; Flynn, 921.

On Salix myrtilloides. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; O. 922.

On Salix sp. Wardsboro, Sept. 1892; G. 923. Newfane, Sept.
1892; G. 596.

USTILAGINEAE.
DoASSANSiA OCCULTA var. Farwellii Setchell.

On fruits of Potamogeton Pennsylvanicus. Townshend. In Herb.
A. J. Grout.

Sphacelotheca hydropiperis (Schum.) DeBy.

In ovaries of Polygonum sagittatum. Burl., Oct. 1892; J. 1120.
Johnson, Sept. 1893; G. 715. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 67. Water-
bury, Aug. 1898; J. and O. 1882.

Tilletia striaeformis Westd.

On leaves of Calamagrostis Canadensis, Blue-joint. Newfane,
July, 1894; G. 58.

Urocystis Agropyri (Preuss.) Schroet.

On leaves of Agropyron repens. Witch-grass. Burl., June, 1891 ;
J. 1214.

USTILAGO anomala J. Kunze.

In ovaries of Polygonum dumetorum var. scandens. Beaver,
Sept. 1897; O. 1121.

UsTiLAGO AvENiE (Pers.) Jensen.

In ovaries of Avena sativa. Oat. Present to a greater or less de-
gree in all oat fields. Often quite destructive, especially where west-
ern seed is used. Burl., July, 1894; J. 1122.

UsTiLAGO Caricis (Pers.) Fuckel.

In ovaries of Carex sp., Sedge. Johnson, July, 1893 ; G. 66.
In ovaries of Carex monile. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1753.
In ovaries of Carex siccata. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1754.
In ovaries of Carex sterilis. Stratton, July, 1895; J. 1124.
In ovaries of Rhyncospora alba. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G. 68.

12

UsTiLAGO HoRDEi (Pers.) Kell. & Sw.

In ovaries of Hordeum sativum, Barley. Common. Burl., Sept.
1890; C. 1125.

USTILAGD LONGISSIMA (Sovv.) Tul.

On leaves of Glyceria grandis. Johnson, July, 1894; G. 714. Burl.,
June, 1898; J. 1372.
UsTiLAGO Maydis (DC.) Corda.

On staminate and pistillate flowers of Zea Mays, Indian Corn. Burl.,
Aug. 1897; O. 1203. Common but not usually abundant enough to
cause serious loss.

USTILAGO NEGLECTA Niessl.

In ovaries of Setaria glauca, Foxtail. Common. Burl., 1890; J.
1128. Newfane, Aug. 1892; G. 75.

USTILAGO SEGETUM (Bull.) Dittm.

On Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Tall Oat-grass. Abundant and in-
jurious. Burl., June, 1898; J. & O. 1397.

UsTiLAGO Tritici (Pers.) Jensen.

In ovaries of Triticum vulgare, Wheat. Not common. Burl., July,
1892; J. 1129.

USTILAGO UTRICULOSA (NeeS.) Tul.

In ovaries of Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, Smartweed. Vernon,
Sept. 1895 ; G. 84.

In ovaries of Polygonum hydropiperoides. Fuorna Mt., Sept. 1893 ;
Eggleston, 1202.
USTiLAGO viOLACEA ( Pers.) Fuckel.

In ovaries Arenaria Groenlandica, Mountain Sandwort. Mt.
Mansfield, Aug. 1898; J. 1878.

UREDINE^.

Aecidium Asterum Schw.

On Aster cordifolius. Burl., July, 1897; O. 1216.
On Aster corymbosus. Burl., June, 1897; O. 1217.

Aecidium Clematidis DC.

On Clematis Virginiana, Virgin's Bower. Johnson, July, 1893 ; G. 1.
Starksboro, June, 1895; J. 1218.

Aecidium Compositarum Burrill.

On Prenanthes sp. Burl., July, 1898; O. 1790.

Aecidium EuPHORBiiE Gmel.

On Euphorbia Preslii. Usually accompanied by Uromyces Euphor-
bia- C. & P. Burl., Aug. 1891 ; J. 1219.

13

.Aecidium Fraxini Schw.

On Fraxinus pubescens, Red Ash. Burl., June, 1898; O. 1792.

.Aecidium Gnaphaliatum Schw.

On Gnaphalium decurrens. Newfane, Aug. 1892; G. 95.

.Aecidium Grossulari^ Schum.

On Ribes Cynosbati, Gooseberry. Burl., June, 1890; J. 1221.
On Ribes floridum. So. Hero, June, 1894; J. 1224.
On Ribes prostratum. Mt. Mansfield, June, 1897; O. 1225.
Occasionally injurious to cultivated gooseberries.

Aecidium Houstoniatum Schw.

On Houstonia cterulea, Bluets. Johnson, June, 1895; G. 5.

Aecidium Impatientis Schw.

On Impatiens fulva, Jewel-weed. Burl., June, 1893; J. 1226.

Aecidium Peckii DeToni.

On Oenothera biennis. Evening Primrose. June, 1897; J. 1228.

Aecidium Sambuci Schw.

On Sambucus Canadensis, Elder, causing great distortion of peti-
oles and young twigs. Burl., June, 1892 ; J. 1231.

• Chrysomyxa Pyrol^e (DC.) Rostr. {Uredo pyrolata.') {Cceotna pyrola-
tiim.)

II. On Pyrola rotundifolia. Abundant. Burl., May, 1890; J. 63.

■ CoLEOSPORiuM Campanulae (Pers.) Lev.

On Campanula rapunculoides. Bell-flower. Walden, Aug. 1898 ;
White, 1906.

■ COLEOSPORIUM SoNCHi (Pers.) Lev. (C Soiit/ii-ar^'eiisis (Pers.) Lev.)

II. On Aster laevis. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; O. 1347.

On Aster paniculatus. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 1348. W. Rutland,
Sept. 1897 ; Eggleston, 1349.

On Aster macrophyllus. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 1350.

On Aster sp. Burl., Sept. 1896 ; O. 1351.

On Solidago Canadensis, Golden Rod. Burl., Aug. 1898; H. 1892.

On Solidago juncea. Burl., July, 1897; O. 1352.

On Solidago puberula. Burl , July, 1897 ; O. 1353.

On Solidago rugosa. Burl., 1890; G. 1354. Beaver, Sept. 1897;
O. 1355.

On Solidago serotina. Burl., Aug. 1898 ; H. 1893.

On Solidago sp. Williston, Sept. 1890; J 1356. Abundant every-
where on various species, and sometimes injurious to cultivated asters.

'Cronartium asclepiadeum (Willd.) Fr.

On Myrica asplenifolia, Sweet Fern. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 1258.

14

Var. Thesii Berk. (C Comandroe P.)

On Comandra umbellata. Burl., Aug. 1893; G. 7.

Gymnosporangium clavipes C. & P. (^Rastelia aurantiaca.')

I. On fruit of Amelanchier alnifolia, June-berry. Burl., Aug. 1897;
O. 1337.

I. On fruit of Amelanchier spicata. Snake Mt., July, 1898; 0. 1793.

Gymnosporangium globosum Farl. {Kcrstelia globosa.)

I. On Cratcegus coccinea, Hawthorn. Abundant. Burl., Oct. 1891;

C. 1338.

I. On Pyrus Americana, Mountain Ash, Abundant. Burl., Oct.

1890 ; C. 1340.

III. On Juniperus Virginiana, Red Cedar. Abundant, producing

large round swellings, or "cedar apples." Burl., May. 1891 ; J. 1341.

Gymnosporangium macropus Link. (^Ra'stelia ph-ata.)

I. On Pyrus Malus, Apple. South Hero, July, 1897 ; Waugh,
1342.
Gymnosporangium Nidus-avis Thaxter.

I. On Amelanchier Canadensis, Service-tree. Snake Mt., July,
1898; J. and O. 1795.

III. On Juniperus Virginiana, producing distorted growth or
"witches' brooms." Burl., May, 1898; O. 1371.

Roestelia Cornuti forma Amelanchieris Wallr.

On Amelanchier Canadensis, Service-tree. Burl., Sept. 1897 ; Q.
1336.
Melampsora farinosa (Pers.) Schroet. {M. salicina Lev.)

II. On Salix cordata. Willow. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 1252.
II. On Salix myrtilloides. Charlotte, May, 1896; J. 1253.
II. On Salix nigra. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 1254.

On Salix sp. Newfane, Sept. 1890 ; G. 727.

Melampsora populina (Jacq.) Lev.

II., III. On Populus monilifera, Cotton-wood. Common. Burl.,
Oct. 1890; J. 1255.

On Populus tremuloides, American Aspen. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ;
G. 126.
Melampsora Scolopendrii (Fuckel.) Farl.

On Onoclea sensibilis. Williston, Sept. 1895; Tracy, 1796.

On Osmunda Claytoniana. Walden, Aug. 1898 ; O. 1895.

On Woodwardia Virginica. Burl., Aug. 1898; O. and H. 1903.

Peridermium decolorans Pk.

I. On Picea nigra, Black Spruce. Burl., July, 1896; J. 325.

16

Peridermium Peckii Thum.

On Tsuga Canadensis, Hemlock. Smuggler's Notch, Aug. 1898;
J. 1902.

Phragmidium Fragariastri (DC.) Schroet. {P. Fragariae.)

II. On Potentilla Canadensis, Cinque-foil. Burl., Aug. 1897 f
O. 1343.

II. On Potentilla tridentata, Snake Mt., July 1898 ; 0.1797.

Phragmidium Rubi (Pers.) Wint.

II. On Rubus hispidus. Burl., Aug. 1898; O. 1905.
On Rubus odoratus, Flowering Raspberry. Johnson, Sept. 1894;
G. 13.

Phragmidium Rubi-idaei (DC.) Karst.

II. On Rubus strigosus, Red Raspberry. Burl., Oct. 1890; C.
1344.

II. On Rubus villosus. Burl., Aug. 1898; O. 1898.

Phragmidium subcorticium (Schrank.) Wint. {P. Mucronatiim.)

II. On Rosa acicularis. Wild Rose. Snake Mt., July, 1898; O. 1800.
II. On Rosa blanda. Burl., 1892; J. 1346.

II. On Rosa humilis, Snake Mt., July, 1898; 0.1799.
II., III. On Rosa sp, Newfane, Aug. 1892 ; G. 120.
Not uncommon and sometimes injurious.

PucciNiA Anemones-Virginianae Schw.

III. On Anemone Virginiana. Vernon, July, 1895; G. 19.
Snake Mt., July, 1898; O. 1801. Providence Island, June, 1898;
H. and O., 1802.

Puccinia angustata Pk.

On culms and leaves of Eriophorum polystachyon. Newfane, Oct.,
1892; G. 145.

On Eriophorum cyperinum. Newfane, Oct. 1892; In Herb. A.
J. Grout.

On Scirpus atrovirens. Burl, Aug. 1898; H. 1883.

Puccinia Asparagi DC.

III. On stems and branches of Asparagus officinalis, cultivated
Asparagus. Burl., Oct. 1897; Waugh, 1260.

A comparatively new disease, very destructive in the southern
states, which now occurs to a limited extent in Vermont, but which
may become general later.

16

PUCCINIA ASTERIS Duby.

III. On Aster corymbosus. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 1263.
III. On Aster macrophyllus. Common. Stratton, Aug. 1894; G.
20. Snake Mt., July, 1898; O. 1803

On Aster cordifolius. Newfane, In Herb. A. J. Grout.
On Aster acuminatus. Stratton, In Herb. A. J. Grout.

PucciNiA Caricis (Schum.) Rebent.

II. On Carex canescens var alpicola, Sedge. Mt. Mansfield,|Aug.
1898; J. 1891.

II. On Carex gynandra. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1887.

II., III. On Carex pallescens. Burl , Aug. 1898; H. 1890.

III. On Carex Pennsylvanica. Burl. 1898 ; H. 1901.

III. On Carex rigida var Bigelovii, Mt. Mansfield. Aug. 1808;
J. 1889.

II. On Carex tribuloides var Bebbii. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1888.

II., III. On Carex. sp.. Sedge. Common. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 150.
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 12G6.

II. On Cyperus strigosus. Aug., 1896; J. 1268.

On Dulichium spathaceum. Newfane, Oct., 1892; G. 151.

PUCCINIA CiRCAEAE Pers.

On Circaea alpina. Burl., Aug. 1891; J. 152. Waterbury, Aug.
1898; O. 1886.

On Circaea Lutetiana. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 153. Provi-
dence Island, June, 1898 ; J. 1801. Snake Mt., July, 1898 ; O. 1805.

PUCCINIA CONVOLVULI (Pers.) Cast.

III. On Convolvulus sepium, Hedge Bind-weed. Burl., Oct. 1890 ;
C. 1269. Newfane, Oct. 1892; G. 156.

PucciNiA CORONATA Corda. {Aecidium Rhatnni.)

I. On Rhamnus alnifolia. Buckthorn. Burl., June, 1896; G. and J.
1270.

I. On Rhamnus cathartica. Burl., June, 1890; J. 1271.

III. On Agropyron repens. Witch-grass. Burl., Aug. 1897; 0. 1273.
II., III. On Avena sativa. Oat. Burl., Aug. 1891 ; J. 1274.
This rust of grasses is fairly abundant but not as injurious as the
common rust, Puccinia graininis.

PucciNiA Epilobii DC.

II. On Olnothera biennis, Evening Primrose, Burl., 1890; J. 1275.
Puccinia fusca Relhan.

III. On Anemone nemorosa. Burl., May, 1890; J. 141.
III. On Anemone Virginiana. Burl., May, 1897 ; O. 1278.

17

PucciNiA Gentianae (Strauss) Link.

II. On Gentiana quinqueflora. Manchester. In Herb. A. J. Grout.

Puccini A graminis Pers. {Aeddmm Berberidis.)

I. On Berberis vulgaris, Barberry. Common. Burl. May, 1890 ;

J. 1280. Rupert, July, 1891; J. 105; E. Bethel, June, 1894; J. 1279.

I., III. On Agropyron repens, Witch-grass. Burl., Oct. 1892;
J. 1281.

II. On Agrostis vulgaris, Red-top. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1824.
II., III. On Avena sativa, Oat. Burl., Sept. 1890 ; C. 1282.

III. On Dactylis glomerata, Orchard-grass. Burl., Oct. 1891;
J. 1286.

II. On Festuca pratensis. Fescue. Burl., June, 1898; White, 1822.

III. On Hordeum sativum, Barley. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 1287.

II. On Poa pratensis, Kentucky Blue-grass. Burl., July, 1898; H.
1823.

III. On Triticum vulgare, Wheat. Burl., Aug. 1891; J. 1288.
III. On Secale cereale. Rye. Burl., Aug. 1892; J. 1289.

Very common and injurious especially to cultivated oats.

PucciNiA HiERACii (Schum.) Mart. {P. flosculosorjtin.') {^Uredo Hieracii.')
On Cichorium Intybus, Chicory. Burl., Aug. 1898; H. 1888.
On Cnicus arvensis, Canada Thistle. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 1291,
On Prenanthes altissima. Johnson, Sept. 1893 ; G. 27.

On Taraxacum officinale, Dandelion. Common. Burl., Auo-.
1890; J. 26.

PucciNiA iRiDis (DC.) Wallr. {Urcdo Iridis DC.)

On Iris versicolor. Blue Flag. Newfane; G. 733. Vernon, Sept.
1895; G. 42.

PucciNiA Malvacearum Mont.

III. On Althea rosea, Hollyhock. Abundant and injurious.
Burl., Aug. 1890; G. 1293. Woodstock, July, 1898 ; J. 1806.
On Malva rotundifolia, Mallow. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1825.

PUCCINIA Mariae-Wilsoni Clinton. {Aecidmm Claytoniahiin.)

III. On Claytonia Caroliniana, Spring Beautv. Burl., May, 1892;
J. 1296.

I. On Claytonia Virginica. Burl., May, 1891; J. 2. Plainfield,
May, 1890; J. 89.

18

Pu cciNiA Menthae Pers.

On Calamintha clinopodium. Newfane, Oct. 1802 ; G. 184.
On Monarda sp. Stowe. In Herb. A. J. Grout.
On Pycnanthemumsp. Burl., Oct. 1890; G. 1297.
II., III. On Pycnanthemum lanceolatum. Rutland, Aug. 1897;
Eggleston, 1298.

PUCCINIA Peckiana Howe. {Uredo caeoina fiitens.')

II. On Rubus occidentalis, Black Raspberry. Burl., June, 1891;
C. 13G3. III. Burl., Aug., 1896; G. 1299.

II. On Rubus strigosus, Red Raspberry. Burl., June, 1891; C.
1362.

II On Rubus villosus. Blackberry. Colchester, June, 1894; J.
1364. III. Jamaica, Sept. 1890; G. 186. Stratton, Aug. 1894; G. 30.

The uredo stage of the fungus (^Cacotiia nttens) is abundant and
destructive. The teleuto stage is not so common.

Puccinia Pimpinellae (Strauss.) Link.

II., III. On Osmorrhiza brevistylis, Sweet Cicely. Johnson, July .
1893; G. 1300. Shelburne, June, 1895; J. 1301.

Puccinia Polygoni Pers. (^P. Polygoni-amphibii.')

III. On Polygonum Hartwrightii. Burl., Oct. 1891; C. 1302.
Vernon, Sept. 1895; G. 31.

II. On Polygonum hydropiper, Smartweed. Burl., Sept. 1897;
O. 1304.

Puccinia Pyrolae Cooke.

III. On leaves and stems of Polygala paucifolia. Burl., Aug. 1897 ;
O. 1305.

Puccinia Sorghi Schw. (P. Afaydis.)

II., III. On Zea IVI ays, Indian Corn. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 1306.
Starksboro, Sept. 1890; J. 34. Common but not very injurious.
Puccinia suaveolens (Pers.) Rostr.

II. On Cnicus arvensis, Canada Thistle. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 1311.

Puccinia Tanaceti DC. (P. HelianthL)

II., III. On Helianthus annuus, Sunflower. Burl., Aug. 1890; J.
1314.

On Helianthus decapetalus. Townshend, Sept. 1892; G. 584.

III. On Helianthus strumosus. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 1316.
Common and very destructive on the various wild and cultivated

sunflowers.
Puccinia tenuis Burrill.

On Eupatorium ageratoides. Johnson, July, 1893; G. 37.

19

PucciNiA Thalictri Chev.

III. On Thalictrum Cornuti. Burl., July, 1894; J. 1318.

PUCCINIA TiARELLAE B. & C.

On Tiarella cordifolia. Newfane, Oct., 1892; G. 213. Burl., Aug.
1897; O. 1319. Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 1320.

PUCCINIA ViOLAE (Schum.) DC. {Aecidium Violae Schum.)

I. On Viola Canadensis, Violet. Burl., June, 1897; O. 1322. Mt.
Mansfield, June, 1897; 0. 1323.

I. On Viola canina. Burl., May, 1895; J. 1324.

I. On Viola palmata, var. cucullata. Burl., June, 1890; J. 1325.

III. Burl., Aug.,1890; J. 1329.

I. On Viola pubescens. Common and destructive. Burl., May,
1892; J. 1327.

II. On Viola Selkirkii. Johnson, July, 1893; G. 616.

I. On Viola sp. Fairfax, May, 1890; J. 1330. III. Newfane,
Oct., 1892; G. 219.

PucciNiA ViRGAUREAE (DC.) Libert.

III. On Solidago sp, Golden Rod. Burl., June, 1897; J. 1332.

PucciNiA Xanthii Schw.

III. On Xanthium Canadense, Cockle-bur. Burl., July, 1895; J.
1333.

PUCCINIASTRUM EpiLOBii (Chaill.) Otth. {Melampsora Epilobii.)

II. On Epilobium adenocaulon. Burl., Aug. 1898 ; O. 1904.

II. On Epilobium angustifolium. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 1360, New-
fane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 124.

Triphragmium clavellosum Berk.

On Aralia nudicaulis, Sarsaparilla. Johnson, July, 1893; G. 39.

Uredo Agrimoniae (DC.) Schroet. {Caeoma Agrimoniae.) {Thecopsora
AgriifiOHiae.)

II. On Agrimonia Eupatoria. Abundant and apparently quite
destructive. Burl., Sept. 1897; O. 1361. Newfane, Aug. 1892; G.
223. Snake Mt., July, 1898; O. 1810.

Uredo Polypodii DC. {U.fiUcum.)

On Aspidium Thelypteris. Johnson, Sept. 1893; G. 40.
On Aspidium acrostichoides. Johnson, Sept. 1894; G. 41.
On Woodsia glabella. Smugglers' Notch; Hinsdale. In Herb.
A. J. Grout.

Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Link. {U. Phaseoli.)

III. On Pods of Phaseolus vulgaris, Bean. Injurious. Woodstock,
Aug. 1894; J. 1232.

20

Uromyces Caladii (Schw.) Farl. {Aecidium Caladh.)

I. On Arissma triphyllum, Indian Turnip. Burl., June, 1891; C-
1236. II. Ill, Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 1237; Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 1233.
Snake Alt., July, 1898; J. 1808.

Uromyces caryophyllinus (Schrank) Schroet.

II., III. On Dianthus caryophyllus, Carnation. Burl., Jan. 1893;:
Stevens, 238. Injurious in greenhouses.

Uromyces Dactylidis Otth. {Aecidium Rammculacearu m DC)

I. On Anemone Virginiana. Burl., June, 1895; J. 1229.

Uromyces Euphorbi/E C. & P.

II. On Euphorbia Preslii. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 1237.

On Euphorbia maculata. Vernon, Sept. 1895; G. 46. Burl., Aug
1898; O. 1897.

III. On Euphorbia sp. Burl., Aug. 1892; J. 1236.

Uromyces Fab^ (Pers.) DeBy.

II. On Vicia Cracca, Vetch. Burl., Aug. 1895; J. 1238.

Uromyces Geranii (DC.) Otth. & Wartm. {Aeciditttn Geranii.')

I. On Geranium maculatum. So. Hero, June, 1894; J. 1239.

Uromyces Hedysari-paxiculati (Schw.) Farl.

III. OnDesmodium Dillenii, Tick-trefoil. Burl, Oct. 1890; C.1240.-
Uromyces Hyperici (Schw.j Curt.

I., II., III. On leaves and stems of Hypericum Canadense var. majus,.
St. Johnsvvort. xXewfane, Aug. 1892; G. 248. Beaver, Sept. 1897;
O. 1243.

III. On leaves and stems of Hypericum mutilum. Newfane, Aug..
1892; G. 247. Brattleboro, July, 1895 ; J. 1242.
Uromyces Junci (Uesm.) Tul.

On stems of Juncus sp. Burl., Mar. 1893; J. 324.
Uromyces Lespedez^ (Schw.) Pk.

I., II. On Lespedeza capitata. Burl., Aug. 1891 ; J. 1244. Guil-
ford, Oct. 1892; G. 251.
Uromyces Lillii Clinton.

III. On Lilium candidum, Lily. Charlotte, June, 1896; J. 1246.
Uromyces Polycom, (Pers.) Fuckel.

II. On Polygonum aviculare, Knot-weed. Waterbury, Aug. 1898;
O. 1885.

Uromyces pyriformis Cooke.

On Acorus calamus, Sweet Flag, Burl., Sept. 1896; G. 1247.

Uromyces RHYNCOSPORiE Ell. & Gall.

On Rhyncospora alba. Newfane; In Herb. A. J. Grout.
Uromyces Terebinthii (DC.) Wint.

21

II., III. On Rhus Toxicodendron, Poison Ivy. Abundant and de-
structive. Burl., July, 1897; O. 1248. Snake Mt., July, 1898; O.
1809.

Uromyces Trifolii (Hedw.) Wint.

III. On Trifolium hybridum, Alsike Clover. Burl., Sept. 1890;

C. 1250. Charlotte, Aug. 1897; O. 1251.

III. On Trifolium pratense, Red Clover. Common and in-
jurious. Burl., Oct. 1890; J. 259.

I., II. On Trifolium repens. White Clover. Burl., July, 1898; H.
1821.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, III.

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF

THE HEPATICAE OF VERMONT

By CLIFTON D. HOWE, A. B.
Published by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont*

JANUARY, 1899.

'i i' si'J V «"^ *>■

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF

THE HEPATICAE OF VERMONT

By CLIFTON D. HOWE, A. B.
Published by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont.

JANUARY, 1899.

NOTICE.

This pamphlet forms the third number of Contributions to the Botany
of Vermont. The fourth number is already in press and the fifth will prob-
ably be ready for distribution some time during the coming summer.
These contributions are prepared especially for Vermont students, but it is
hoped that they will have some value to botanists in other sections,
especially in the northeastern United States and in Canada. With this idea
in mind the editions have been made sufficiently large so that they may be
offered in exchange and for sale. Address,

Botanical Department, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF VERMONT.

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the Genera

and Species, by A. J. Grout, Ph. D 38 pages, 15 cents

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A. Orton,

M. S 24 pages, 10 cents

III. A Preliminary List of the Hepatice of Vermont, by Clifton D.

Howe, A. B lOpages, 10 cents

IV. Supplement to a List of the jMossk.s of Vermont, by A. J. Grout,

Ph. D 4 pages, 5 cent

The Trees of Vermont with Keys for their Determination. (Illustrated)
In preparation.

s

■:*

*' f"'?= '^ r; ^"^ ^ _^^''

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE HEPATICAE OF

VERMONT.

By Clifton D. Howe, A. B.

INTRODUCTION.

The first record of any extended study of Vermont Hepaticte" is found
in a list* published in 1873 by Chas. C. Frost, of Brattleboro. The list con-
tains 26 genera and 45 species of hepatics found in Vermont. Since 1873
tliis list has remained the only authority on Vermont hepatics, no one else •
having made a special study of them. In fact, Mr. Frost studied them onl}'
incidentally in connection with his more extended work upon mosses and
fleshy fungi.

Unfortunately, Mr. Frost preserved no specimens of the hepatics upon
which liis list was based, or if he did preserve any such collection it
has been lost or destroyed. A thorough search of his collection of fungi
and other plants, now kept in the Brooks Library at Brattleboro, has failed
to discover any specimens of hepatics. Inquiries of men who were asso-
ciated with Mr. Frost, as well as investigations of the herbaria of all
the New England colleges and of Columbia University and an advertise-
ment in a leading botanical journal have all proved almost equally futile.
The only representatives of Frost's collections which we have been able
to find are ten specimens in the Yale College herbarium, and some of these
are of species not included in his list. We are led to the conclusion that
Frost did not systematically preserve specimens of hepatics. We are strength-
ened in this belief by the fact that it was not his custom to make herba-
rium specimens of many of the plants of the other groups in which he was
more deeply interested than in tlie Hepaticpe.

Hepatics grow almost everywhere ; on the ground in moist places, on
rocks and stones about streams and on rotten logs and stumps. Some spe-
cies are found on the bark of living trees, while others are especially abun-

* Frost, Chas. C. Catalogue of Cryptogamic Plants of Verinont, Archives of Science and
Transactions of the Orleans Co. Society of Natural History. I : ig4. 1873.

4 THE HEPATICiE OF VERMONT.

dant on the trees and fallen logs of swamps and bogs. Some of the thalloid
forms of hepatics are frequently mistaken for lichens. The lichens, how-
ever, are usually dry and leathery and of dull color, usually not green,
while hepatics are more loose and spongy in structure and of bright green
color.

The foliaceous forms are moss-like in appearance and it is often difficult
to distinguish them from true mosses without a microscope. Generally,
however, they can be distinguished by the fact that the leaves of hepatics
are two-ranked, one row on each side of the stem, while the leaves of mosses
are in several or many ranks. The leaves of no foliaceous forms have a true
mid- vein while in mosses this is usually present. The following table* will
show briefly the distinctions between hepatics and mosses.

HEPATIC.E.

I. — Plant body varying, in differ- I. —

ent species, from a thallus to a
leafy axis.

II. — Stems bilateral, consisting of II.
• an upper and lower surface,

distinct in appearance and
structure.

III. — Leaves 2-ranked, often with
rudiments of a third, never
with a true mid-vein.

MUSCI.

Plant body always a leafy
axis.

-Stems not bilateral, uniformly
developed.

III. — Leaves 3-many-ranked (some-
times 2-ranked, ) usually
with a mid-vein.

IV. — Root hairs unicellular. IV. —

V. — Calyptra remaining below at V.
the base of the capsule which
ruptures its upper portion.

VI. — Capsule maturing before rup- VI. — i
turing the calyptra, usually
opening by 2 or 4 valves, or
irregularly.

VII. — Columella wanting (except in VII.

Anthocerotacex ) .

Root hairs usually composed
of a row of cells.

Calyptra ruptured at the base
by the capsule which it
covers as a cap.

Capsule maturing after ruptur-
ing the calyptra, usually
opening by a special lid.

VIII. — Elaters mixed with the spores YIII.
(except in Ricdacew).

-Columella always present (at
least in an early stage of
development).

-Elaters never present.

• Underwood, Lucien M. Descriptive Catalog of North American Henaticas, North of
Mexico. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 2 : 1884. Quoted with slight tnodihcations.

THE HEPATICE OF VERMONT. 5

This publication is made in the hoi)e that it may encourage the mak-
ing of further collections of ^\n•moJlt Ilepaticfp. The preparation of the ap-
pended lists represents intermittent periods of work extending over scarcely
eighteen months, and yet it adds 20 species to Frost's list, making 65 species
of Hepaticcie now reported from \\>rmont. M}' explorations have been con-
fined to the vicinity of Newfaneand Burlington. Those species in herbaria
outside of the state were collected cinefliy upon Mt. Mansfield and in the
Willoughby Lake region by Messrs. Farlow, Faxon, and Pringle, mostly in
connection with their work upon other cryptogamic plants. It is apparent,
therefore, that only a small portion of the state has been explored for hepatics.
Probably Frost's list of 45 species can be more than doubled by careful investi-
gation of the more unexplored parts of the state. Our higher mountains,
our lake shores, the southwestei-n corner of the state, our cedar swamps
and cold bogs, jDarticularly in the northern part of the state, probably all
contain hepatics not yet listed. It is earnestly hoped that the botanists of
tlie state will explore such promising localities as opportunity permits. I
will gladly examine any specimens sent to me for identification.

Most of the specimens upon which this list is based may be found in
the Herbarium of the University of Vermont numbered in correspondence
with the citations in the list.

Where the nomenclature of the latest edition of Gray's Manual differs
from that in current use, the synonym of the Manual is printed in italics
after the name of the hepatic.

The preparation of this li.st was begun as undergraduate work for hon-
ors at the University of Vermont and has since been continued largely under
the supervision of Prof. L. R. Jones of that University and of Dr. Marshall
A. Howe of Columbia University, To both of these gentlemen I am greatly
indebted for assistance and encouragement in the work. Acknowledge-
ments are due also to Mr. C. G. Pringle for the loan of specimens, to
Dr. A. W. Evans for correcting certain identifications, and to Dr. W. G.
Farlow and Mr. C. E.Faxon for furnishing lists of the Veinnont hepatics
in their respective herbaria.

Newfane, Vt., December, 1898. C. D. H.

ABBREVIATIONS.

The names of the collectors are abbreviated as follows : —
B.—¥. Blanchard.
Far.~W. G. Farlow.
Fax. — Edwin Faxon and C. E. Faxon.
i^r.— Chas. C. Frost,
i/.— Clifton D. Howe.
P.—C. G. Pringle.

Citation numbers refer to specimens in the herbarium of the University
of Vermont.

6 THE HEPATIC.E OF VERMONT.

JUNGERMANIACE.E.

Bazzania deflexa (Mart.) Underw. Mt. Mansfield, P. 308; same i;i Fair-
banks Museum and in Herb. Faxon; Mt. Mansfield, Far., in Herb.
Underwood and in Herb. Yale.

Bazzania trilobata (L. ) S. F. Graj'. Fr. list as 3[astigohri/inn trilohatum
Nees ; Newfane, H. 12; Milton, A. J. Grout; Willoughby, Fax.

Blasia pusilla L. Newfane, //. ; Underbill, P. 305 ; same in Herb.
Faxon; Brattleboro, Fr., in Herb. Yale as Anthoceros punctatus L.
(determination corrected by Dr. Evans).

Blepharostoma trichophyllum (L. ) Dumort. Fr. list as Jungermania
tricIto]>lti/Ha L.; Newfane, H. 130; Burlington, H. 34.

Cephalozia bicuspidata (L. ) Dumort. N. Woodstock, Fax., in Herb.
Columbia.

Cephalozia catenulata (Hueben. ) Spruce. Underbill, in Herb. Pringle as
Juuf/rrimntiii catenulata Hueben.

Cephalozia curvifolia (Dicks. ) Dumort. Fr. list as Jungermania curvi-
folia Dicks.; Burlington, Snake Mt., Newfane, H.; Charlotte, P.
131; Underbill, P. 390.

Cephalozia media Lindb. {Cephalozia multiflora Spruce) Fr. list as Junger-
mania conuivens Dicks.; Burlington, Snake Mt., Newfane, H.; Wil-
lougbby. Fax.; Underbill, P. 180.

Cephalozia "Virginiana Spruce. Underbill, P.; same in Herb. Faxon.
(This specimen possibly should be referred to C- catenulata.)

FruUania Asagrayana Mont. Fr. list; Charlotte, P. ; Stratton Mt., L. R.
Jones.

Frullania Eboracensis Gottsche. Fr. list; Burlington, //. 44; Newfane,
//. 52; Stowe, P. 169; Monkton, P. 352; Smuggler's Notch, P. 463;
Waterbury Ctr., W. A. Orton, 1.

FruUania Oakesiana Aust. Mt. Mansfield, Far., in Herb. Underwood
and in Herb. Yale.

Frullania Virginica Gottsche. Fr. list; Charlotte, P. 2; Stowe, P., in
Herb. Faxon. (Dr. A. W. Evans of Yale University has referred
to F. Ehoracensia specimens collected by Mr. Pringle at Stowe,
and distributed as F. Virginica. Since the specimens in Faxon's
herbarium were collected by Pringle in the same locality only ten
days before those which I sent to Dr. Evans, it is possible that
they also are F. Eboracensis.)

Geocalyx graveolens ( Schrad. ) Nees. Snake INIt. , //. 105.

THE HEI'ATICiE OF VERMONT. i

Harpanthus scutatus (Web.) Spruce. Newfane, H. 32; Charlotte, P.;
Willoughby, Fax.

Jubula HutchinsisB (Hook. ) Dumort. var. SuUivantii Spruce. Brattle-
boro, Fr., in Herb. Yale as FruUania Tamarisci Nees. Determina-
tion corrected by Dr. A. W. Evans.

Jungermania attenuata (Mart.) Lindenb. Mt. Mansfield, A. J. Grout;
Jay Peak, Fax., in Herb. Underwood. (As a variety of /. barbata
in Manual but now made a species. )

Jungermania barbata Schreb. Fr. list; Mt. Mansfield, Far.; Brattle-
boro, Fr., in Herb. Yale.

Jungermania bicrenata Schmid. Andover, Far., in Herb. Yale. "Appar-
ently J. e.i-cisa of the Manual," fide Dr. Evans.

Jungermania Michauxii Weber. Mt. Mansfield, P.; same in Herb. Faxon;
Mt. Mansfield, Fax. in Herb. Yale as /. minuta, (determination
corrected by Dr. Evans. )

Jungermania quinquidentata Huds. Mt. Mansfield, Par., in Herb. Un-
derwood, fide Dr. Evans.

Jungermania Schraderi Martins. Fr. list; Newfane, H. 31; Charlotte,
P. 100; same in Herb. Faxon; West Danville, B., in Fairbanks
Museum; Brattleboro, Fr., in Herb. Yale.

Jungermania setiformis Ehrh. Mt. Mansfield, Far., in Herb. Under-
wood and Herb. Yale.

Jungermania ventricosa Dicks. Mt. Mansfield, P. ; Mt. Mansfield, E. G.
Knight, in Herb. Columbia and Far. in Herb. Underwood.

Kantia Trichomanis (L. ) S. F. Gray. Fr. list as Calypogeia Trichomanis
Corda. Newfane, H. 18; Burlington, H. 49.

Lejeunea serpyllifolia ( Dicks. ) Libert, var. Americana Lindb. Fr. list ;
Snake Mt., //. Ill; Lake Dunmore, Far.

Lepidozia reptans (L.) Dumort. Fr. list; Burlington, H. 35; Newfane,
//. 3(i.

Lophocolea heterophylla ( Schrad. ) Dumort. Newfane, Snake Mt. , Bur-
lington, H. 51; Smuggler's Notch, P.; Charlotte, P. 132.

Lophocolea minor Nees. Burlington, Newfane, TT. 4; Ferrisburg, Fax.;
Headlands, Shelburne Point, P.; same in Herb. Faxon; Lake
Champlain, Fax., in Herb. Underwood.

Marsupella emxrginata (Ehrh.) Dumort. Fr, list a,s Sarcoscy2yhus Ehrharti
Corda. Mt. Mansfield, Far., in Herb. Underwood and Herb. Yale.

8 THE HEPATiaE OF VERMONT.

Metzgeria conjugata Lindb. Probably the M. fnraita of Frost's list.
Snake Mt., H. 118; Mansfield Pass Cliffs, P.; same in Herb.
Faxon. ,

Mylia Taylori (Hook.) S. F. Gray. Mt. Mansfield, Far., in Herb. Yale.

Odontoschisma denudata (Nees. ) Dumort. Lake Dunmore, Far.

Pellia epiphylla (L. ) Corda. Fr. list ; Newfane, Burlington, H. 25 ;
Underbill, P.; Peacham, B. in Fairbanks Museum; Johnson, A. J.
Grout.

Plagiochilia asplenioides (L. ) Dumort. Fr. list; Newfane, H. 304; Wards-
boro, M. A. Howe, 20; Mt. Mansfield, Far.; Willoughby Lake, Fax.
in Herb. Underwood. The entire-leaved P. porelloides (Torr. )
Lindenb., which Dr. Evans and some others think not entitled to
specific distinction, occurs, as well as the dentate-leaved form
(typical P. (iHplenioides.)

Porella pinnata L. Fr. List as Madotheca porella Nees. ; Monkton, Hines-
burgh, P. ; Brattleboro, Fr., in Herb. Yale.

Porella platyphylla (L. ) Lindb. Fr. list as MadoihecaplaliiphiiJIaDvxmoYt.;
Burlington, //. 2i); Snake Mt, //.; Newfane, IT. 7; Charlotte,P. 129;
Monkton, P. 342; Hinesburg, P.; Waterbury Ctr., W. A. Orton, 2;
Willoughby, Fax. ;Ferrisburg, Fax. ;Ryegate, B. in Fairbanks Museum ;
Stowe, E. G. Knight (Mrs. E.G. Britton) in Herb. Columbia ;
Ferrisburg, Fax. in Herb. Underwood.

Ptilidium ciliare (L. ) Nees. Fr. list ; Burlington, Newfane, H. 9; John-
son, A. J. Grout, 1; Charlotte, P. 132; Underbill, P. 184; Willough-
by, Fax.; Peacham, B,. in Fairbanks Museum ; Stowe, Mt. Mans-
field, E. G. Knight, in Herb. Cohmibia.

Radula complanata (L. ) Dumort. Fr. list; Snake Mt., Newfane, Bur-
lington, //. 48; Charlotte, P. 117; Peacham, B., in Fairbanks Mu-
seum; Wells River and Willoughby Lake, P((.r ; Wells Rivei', i^«r.,
in Herb. Underwood ; Stowe, Far. and Brattleboro, Fr., in Herb.
Yale.

Riccardia latifrons (Lindb.) Lindb. [Aneura lalifrons Lindb.) Fr. list
as A. pahnnta, Nees.; Brattleboro, Fr., in Herb. Yale.

Scapania nemorosa ( L. ) Dumort. Fr. list; Wardsboro, II. 21 ; Bakersfield,

P. 377; Underbill, P. 38(); Jay Peak, Far.

Scapania undulata (L. ) Dumort. Newfane, if. 10; Mt. Mansfield, E. G.
Knight, in Herb. Columbia.

Trichocolea tomentella (Ehrh. ) Dumort. Fr. list ; Newfane,//.; Wat-
erbury, W. A. Orton, 3; Burlington, A. J. Grout, 5 ; Starksboro, P.;
Sutton and Willoughby Fax., in Herb. Cnderwood.

tHE HEPATIC^ OF VERMONT. 9

MARCHANTIACE^.

Asterella tenella (L. ) Pal. de Beauv. {Fimbriaria tenella Nees. ) Fr. list;
Williamstown Gulf and Willoughby, Far.; Peachani, B., in Fair-
banks Museum.

Conocephalus conicus (L. ) Dumort. Fr. list as FegateUa coriicn Corda.
Newfane, //. ; Waterbury Ctr., W. J. Morse, 1; Williamstown,
Willoughby, Fax.; West Barnet, B., in Fairbanks Museum ; W^il-
liamstown. Fax., in Herb. Underwood ; Brattleboro, Fr. in Herb.
Yale ; Johnson, Mt. Mansfield, A. J. Grout.

Grimaldia fragrans (Balbis) Corda. {Grimaldia harbifrons Bisch.)
Willard's Ledge, Burlington, L. R. Jones, 6 ; Brattleboro, Fr. In
Herb. Yale as Fiinhriaria tenella Nees. " These specimens [Frost's]
are scanty and sterile but are apparently Grimaldia.''^ — Dr. Evans.

Marchantia polymorpha L. Fr. list ; Newfane, H.; Bristol, P. 197 ; John-
son, L. R. Jones, 4 ; Peacham, B., in Fairbanks Museum.

Preissia commutata Nees. Burlington, J/. 05; Brattleboro and Smuggler' s
Notch, L. R. Jones, 5 ; Stowe, A. J. Grout, 2 ; Bakersfleld Cliffs,
P.; Williamstown and Willoughby, Fax.

Reboulia hemisphaerica (L. ) Raddi. {Asterella hemisphxrica Pal. de
Beauv.) Fr. list ; Burlington, L. R. Jones, 7 ; Sawyer's Island,
Lake Champlain, P.; same in Herb. Faxon ; West Windsor, B., in
Fairbanks Museum.

RICCIACE^.

Riccia fluitans (L. ) Fr. list; Castleton Pond, W. W. Eggleston.

Riccia lutescens L. Fr. list ; Brattleboro, Fr. (The only hepatic found
while searching Frost's collections in the Brooks Library at Brat-
tleboro. )

Ricciocarpus natans (L. ) Corda. {Riccia natan.^ L. ) Fr. list ; Round Pond,
So. Hero, L. R. Jones, 8 ; Windsor, B., in Fairbanks JMuseum.

INTRODUCED SPECIES.

Lunularia cruciata (L. ) Dumort. {Lunularia ndgaris Raddi.) In green-
house, Burlington, H. 70.

10 THE HEPATIC.E OF VERMONT.

INSERTED ON THE AUTHORITY OF FROST'S LIST ALONE.

Anthoceros Isevis L.

Anthoceros punctatus L.

Cephalozia divaricata (Sm.) Dumort, as Jungermania divaricata Smith.

Chiloscyphus polyanthos (L. ) Corda.

Frullania Tamarisci ( L. ) Nees.

Jungermania excisa Dicks, var. crispa Ilook, as ./. intermedia Lin-
denb.

Jungermania exsecta Schmid.

Lepidozia setacea Mitt, as Jungermania s^rtacea Weber.

Lophocolea bidentata (L. ) Dnmort.

Nardia crenulata (Sm. ) Lindb. ; as Jungermania crenulata Smith.

Riccardia multifida ( L. ) S. F.Gray. {Anevra muUifida. Dumort.)

Riccia SuUivantii Aust. ( Now considered a variety of R. flidians. )

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, IV,
Published by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont, Jan., I895i -^

SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIST OF MOSSES GROWING IN
THE STATE OF VERMONT.

J. Grout, Ph. D.
addTnqx^i. localities for rare species.

Polytrichum Ohioense R. & C. Stratton, G.

This species is probably frequent in elevated regions.

Dicranum montanum Hedw. Willoughby, /v.*

Ditrichnm pallidum (Schreb. ) Hanipe. Dry soil at top of west cliffs,
Snake Mt., G.

Barbula convoluta Hedw. Willoughby, A'.

Leersia contorta (Wulf. ) Lindb. Limestone ledges, Stratton and Snake
Mt., G.; Mt. Holly, Eggleston. All sterile but easily recognized
when once known.

Grimmia acicularis (L. ) C. Muell. Stratton, G. Probably frequent on
rocks in mountain brooks.

Physcomitrium turbinatum (Mx.) Brid. Abundant on soil about Bur-
lington. L. R. Jones and J. O. Codding.

Bryum concinnatum Spruce. Smugglers Notch, K.

Mnium Drummondii Br. & Sch. Norton's Swamp, Starksboro, Eggleston.

M. hymenophylloides Hueben. Moist limestone cliff. Snake Mt., G.

Leskea polycarpa Ehrh. Willoughby, A'. Probably common on bases of
trees submerged at high water.

Amblystegium stellatum (Schi-eb. ) Lindb. Bristol Bog, Eggleston.

A. varium (Hedw.) Lindb. Pownal and Mt. Holly. Eggleston.

Hypnum ochraceum Turn. On stones in brook, Stratton, G.

H. rugosum L. Top of west cliff. Snake Mt., G.

Plagiothecium deplanatnm (Schimp. ) Grout. Moist limestone rocks,
north cliffs, Snake Mt., G.

*K. is used as an abbreviation for Dr. Geo. G. Kennedy

42 VERMONT MOSSES, SUPPLEMENT.

Porotrichum AUeghaniense (C. Muell. ) Grout. On wet rocks in a smsill
cave, north cliffs, Snake Mt., G.

Homalia Jamesii Schinip. West Mt., Pownal, Eggleston.

Leucodon sciuroides (L. ) Schwaegr. Stratton, G. A fragment of Di
Kennedy's specimen was sent to M. Cardot who considered it to bi
true L. sciuroides. He also stated that he had this species froni
several localities in eastern North America. It is common in Ply-
mouth, N. H., but I have as yet seen no American plant with fruii .
Mr. H. N. Dixon has also seen specimens of our New England
L. sciuriodes and states that lie should have no hesitation in refer-
ring it to that species, although the specimen sent might well i
regarded as a variety.

SPECIES NOT INCLUDED IN THE PREVIOUS LIST.

Shortly before his death Mr. Edwin Faxon went througli his large col-
lection of Sphagna and made out the following list of additional species and
varieties collected by him witliin five miles of Willoughby Lake and deter-
mined by Dr. Warnstorf.

Sphagnum acutifolium (Ehrh.) If. ct W. var. rubrum Warnst.

S. acutifolium versicolor Warnst.

S fuscum (Sehimp. ) von Klinggr. var. fuscescens Warnst.

S. fuscum fusco-viride Russ.

S. Girgensohnii coryphaeum Russ.

S. Girgensohnii stachyodes Russ. and f. mollis.

S. medium versicolor Warnst.

S. medium virescens Warnst and f. rohuxla.

S- papillosum Liudb. var. intermedium (Russ.) Warnst

S. quinquefarium roseum {.Turatzka. ) Warnst.

S Russowii Warnst. var. carneum Russ.

S Russowii Girgensohnioides Russ.

S. Russowii rhodochroum Russ.

S Russowii versicolor Russ.

S. squarrosum spectabile ( Lesq. ) Warnst.

S teres Aongstr. vai-. imbricatum Warnst.

S teres squarrosulum (Ijesq. ) Warnst.

S. teres subsquarrosum (Les(i. ) Warnst.

S. Warnstorfii liuss. var. purpurascens Russ. and f. (/racilr.

VERMONT MOSSES, SUPPLEMENT. 43

S. Warnstorfii versicolor Russ. and ff . gracile and robusta .

S "Warnstorfii viride Russ

S. Wulfianum Girg. var. versicolor Warnst.

Fissidens minutulus SuUiv. Moist limestone rocks, north cliffs, Snake
Mt., G.

F. taxifolius (L. ) Iledw. Willoughby. i^ic^e Dr. Kennedy.

Dicranum spurium Hedw. Dry soil at top of west cliffs. Snake Mt.
G, Det. R. li. True. Easily distinguished by the Mnium-like
habit and leaves involute and strongly papillose above.

Oncopliorus crispatus (Dicks. ) Lindb. (Rhabdoiuelsla denticulata Br. &
Sell. ) E. A. Rau in his review of the L. & J. Manual, Bot. Gaz.
9: 157, records this species as occurring in several stations not
mentioned in the Manual, one of which was " Mt. Mansfield, Vt.
(Pringle.)"

0. Wahlenbergii compactus (Schimp. ) Braithw. Willoughby. Fid(
Dr. Kennedy.

Barbula acuta Brid. {B. gracilis Schwaegr. ) Crevices of limestone rock,
Bi-attleboro. Frost. Fide L. & J. Manual, 127.

Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks.) Lindb. In rivulets far up the slides. Smug-
gler's Xotch, A'.

Pohlia nutans caespitosa (H. &H.) Hueben. Willoughby. Fide Dr.
Kennedy.

P. nutans longiseta ( Brid. ) Hueben. Fide Dr. Kennedy.
Anomodon tristis ( Cesat. ) Sulliv. {Leskea tristis Cesat.) On old birch with
Neckera pennafa, Willoughby, A'; north cliffs of Snake Mt., G.

Pterigynandrum filiforme (Timm.) Hedw. On root of dead birch, Strat-
ton, G., in fine fruit. Clefts in cliff, Newfane, G., "depauper-
ate," Dr. Best.

Amblystegium riparium fluitans ( L. & J. ) R. & C. In brooks, Charlotte,
P. Det. L. S. C'heney.

Bryhnia graminicolor (Brid.) Grout. {Hypnnm Sullivantii Spruce.)
Moist soil under north cliffs. Snake Mt., G.

Homalia gracilis Schimp. Moist limestone rocks,north cliffs. Snake Mt.jC

The following species must almost certainly be found within the state
and collectors should be on the lookout for them :

Dicranum Bonjeani de Not.

D. Drummondii C. Muell.

Mnium cinclidioides (Blytt.) Hueb.

INDEX TO SUPPUEiVlEINT.

Amblystegium, 41, 43

Anomodon, 43

Barbula, 41,43

Bryhnia, 43

Bryum, 41

Dicranum, 41, 43

Ditrichum, 41

Fissidens, 43

Grimmia, 41

Homalia, 42,43

Hypnum, '. 41, 43

Leersia, 41

Leskea, 41,43

Leucodon, 42

Mnium, 41,43

Neckera, 43

Oncophorus, 43

Physcomitrium , 41

Plagiobryum, 43

Plagiothecium, 41

Pohlia, 43

Polytrichum, 41

Porotrichum, 42

Pterigynandrum, 43

Rhabdoweisia, 43

Sphagnum, 42, 43

The following contributions t(j the Botany of Vermont may be obtained
by addressing : Botanical Department, University of Vermont, Burlington,
Vermont.

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the Genera

and Species, by A. J. Grout, Ph. D 38 pages, 15 cents

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A. Orton,

M. S 24 pages, 10 cents

in. A Preliminary List ok the Hepatic-I!: of Vermont, by Clifton D.
Howe, A. B lOpages, 10 cents

IV. Supplement to a List of the Mosses of Vermont, by A. J. Grout,
Ph. D 4 pages, 5 cents

The Trees of Vermont witli Keys for their Determination. (Illustrated).
In preparation.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, V,

THE TREES OF VERMONT

By Anna M. Clark

WITH NOTES ON THE TREES OF
BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

By L. R. Jones

Published by the Botanical Department of the University ot Vermont.

DECEMBER, 1899

I

i

4

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, V,

"N.,

^ ti R A /^^
WEW YOVtK

THE TREES OF VERMONT

By Anna M. Clark

WITH NOTES ON THE TREES OF
BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

By L. R. Jones

Published by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont.

DECEMBER, 1899

BURLINGTON :

FREE PRESS ASSOCIATION.

1899.

INTRODUCTION TO THE BURLINGTON EDITION

The body of this pamphlet was recently published by the Vermont ex-
periment station for free distribution as Bulletin 73 of their series. The
pages bearing simple numbers of the present interleaved edition have been
printed from the same type with no change in page numbers or in the text
except the addition of the footnote on page 58.

The interleaved notes on the trees of Burlington and vicinity have
been prepared with especial reference to their usefulness to the University
students and to those teachers and pupils in the city schools who are inter-
ested in nature study, but it is hoped that some copies may reach the
hands of lovers of trees outside of these circles. The writer has been at
some pains to make the references definite and exact and to select con-
spicuous or typical specimens of trees. Errors and omissions are scarcely
avoidable, however. Inasmuch as it is hoped to prepare a revision of these
notes at some future day, advise as to corrections or desirable additions
will be received gladly. The writer will be especially grateful for further
information relating to any of the older trees which serve as landmarks in
the city or vicinity. L. R. J.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF VERMONT

This is issued as Number V of the Contributions to the Botany of Ver-
mont. The other numbers issued to date are as follows, and are offered in
exchange or for sale (postpaid) by the Botanical Department, University of
Vermont :

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the

Genera and Species, by A. J. Grout, 38 pages, 15 cents

II. A r.\RTiAL List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A.

Orton, 24 pages, 10 cents

III. A Preliminary Llst of the Hepatic.e of Vermont, by Clifton D.

Howe, 10 pages, 10 cents

IV. Suppt-EMENT TO A LisT OF THE MossEs OF \'ermont, by A J. Grout,

4 pages, 5 cents

V. The Trees OF Vermont, (Illustrated) by Anna M. Clark, with

Notes on the Trees of Burlington and Vicinity, by L. R.
Jones 100 pages, 25 cents

s^ O T A M 3 0 A L

BULLETIN NO. 73 : THE TREES OF VERMONT

By Anna M. Clark'

INTRODUCTION

The following account aims to include the native and spontaneous
trees of the state, together with brief mention of such others as are com-
monly cultivated. It is primarily addressed to readers who have little or
no botanical training, but who may wish to learn the names of the trees
and the characters by which they may be recognized as well as the main
facts as to their occurrence and distribution in the state. It is believed
that the drawings and simple keys accompanying the text will make this
possible to all.

It has for some time been evident that such a publication would be
widely welcomed. A'ermont is a richly wooded area. Much of its wealth
is directly or indirectly dependent upon its forests. Its growing fame as a
region of summer homes is largely because of its attractive trees and forest
areas. Moreover Vermont is peculiar in that the tree-covered areas are on
the increase. It is well that this is so, for trees of the right kind are the
most profitable crop that cnn be grown on a considerable portion of the
hills and mountains of the state. The fact that this is being more emphati-
cally taught by the board of agriculture and more commonly accepted as a
guiding principle by the farmers of the state promises well for improved
methods of farm and forest management during the present generation and
for more valuable lands to be inherited by the next.

The intelligent fostering of this tree growth and the appreciation of its
beauty as well as of its value is in a considerable measure dependent
upon discriminating acquaintance with the different kinds of trees found
- In our forests. Few realize how many kinds there are. Within easy walking
r_,distance of the University at Burlington there occur, native, or spontan-
"^eous sixty kinds of trees. There is a greater variety of trees in the Cham-
_? plain valley than in the interior of the state, yet the number of kinds to
^be found in any natural forest of limited area will be a pleasing revelation
~ to one exploring it thoroughly.

It is especially to the children of Vermont and to the teachers of these
children, either at home or in school, that it is hoped this publication will

I Prepared under the direction of L. R. Jones. Edited by Clifton D. Howe and W. W.
Eggleston.

36 Bulletin 73

prove most interesting and most useful. A familiar acquaintance with the
common trees and other plants of the neighborhood, together with their
general characters and uses should be, and before long will be, an essential
part of the education of every school boy and school girl.

Each should learn to recognize so many of the trees as occur commonly
in his vicinity by leaf, fruit or bark. Nor will this be found very difficult
if some study is given to the following pages.

The use of technical botanical terms has been avoided. It is realized
that this has in some cases been attended by a loss of precision, but the
larger gains must outweigh such minor losses. In all cases the drawings
are intended to supplement the keys and descriptions. They were care-
fully made to scale, and the reduction from natural size is indicated by the
accompanying fraction. Thus white pine x j indicates that the illustration
shows the parts of this pine one-half natural size.

It is highly desirable that there should be greater uniformity in the
popular use of plant names and especially of the names of trees. In order
to bring this about Mr. G. B. Sudworth recently prepared a list of the pre-
fei'red English names of the trees of the United States (U. S. Dept. Agr.,
Div. Forestry, Bui. 17). The usage of this article is in accord with Sud-
worth's recommendations and teachers are urged to follow it. Names,
other than the preferred one, which may be commonly used in the state
are included in parentheses. The Latin names are in general those of Sar-
gent's Sylva of North America. Where these differ essentially from those
of the botanical manuals in common use in the state the synonyms are
added.

A practical difficulty was met in the deciding exactly what to include
under the name tree. Nature makes no sharp distinction between trees
and shrubs. Professor Sargent in the Sylva of North America considers as
trees all woody plants which grow up from the ground with a single stem,
excluding all such as habitually branch at the ground into a number of
stems. It did not seem expedient to follow exactly these lines in the pres-
ent publication. It may be useful, however, to add the names of the
species native to Vermont which are included as trees by Professor Sargent
in this Sylva, but which are not described in the following pages :

The common juniper Juniperus communis ; four willows, Salix discolor,
S. rostrata, S- longifolia, S. lucida ; witch hazel, Hamamelis Virginiana ; two
sumachs, Rhus typhina and R. copallina ; flowering dogwood, Cornus florida ;
mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia ; great rhododendron, Rhododendron maxi-
mum ; sheepberry, Viburnum lentago ; boar oak, quercus ilicifolia.

Much help was received in the preparation of this article from Sargent's
Sylva of North America and from Emerson's Trees and Shrubs of Massachu-
setts. The first complete discussion of the occurrence and distribution of the
trees in the state is found in Oakes' list of Vermont plants, published in

The Trees of Vermont 37

Thompson's Natural History of Vermont in 1842. A supplement to this
was prepared by Professor Joseph Torrey in 1853. Professor Perkins again
summarized the available information in his Flora of Vermont in 1887. The
forest flora of the Connecticut valley was well discussed by Flint and Jesup
in their Trees and Shrubs of New Hampshire, 1891. The information fiu--
nished in the above lists has been freely drawn upon.

C. G. Pringle very thoroughly explored the forest areas of the Cham-
plain valley and of northern Vermont some twenty-five years ago. More
recently this work has been continued by several botanists. It is not ex-
pedient here to mention the contributions of all, but credit must at least be
given to those of President Ezra Brainerd regarding the flora of Addison
county, of Dr. A. J. Grout regarding that of Windham county and of W. W.
Eggleston regarding that of Rutland county. Mr. Eggleston has in addi-
tion made several trips through Bennington county and has also explored
parts of the extensive forest areas of Essex county, thus adding much to the
accuracy of the information regarding each of these regions. As a result it
is believed that the general facts concerning the distribution of the trees of
the state are fairly well understood and the attempt has been made to sum-
marize these in the present list. There is still opportunity, however, for
the botanical exploration of the forests, especially in the southern and the
northeastern portions of the state and it is hoped that such imperfections
as exist in this publication may be a stimulus in this direction.

The preparation of the drawings' and of the original manuscript was
made by Miss Clark in connection with the botanical studies of her senior
year at the University of Vermont (1897-8). The publication was delayed
a year and a half and the rapid increase in knowledge of the state flora
during this period made some revision necessary. Mr. Clifton D. Howe
had immediate charge of this revision and of the final preparation of the
matter for the press. Mr. W. W. Eggleston contributed much to the value
of the publication by carefully revising and editing the statements concern-
ing the occurrence and distribution of the species, especially as regards the
Connecticut valley and southwestern Vermont. Professor F. A. Waugh
furnished the statements about the cultivated plums and cherries and aided
in other ways.

Thanks are due President Ezra Brainerd, Professor F. A. Balch, Rev.
J. A. Bates, and other members of the Vermont botanical club who have
kindly offered suggestions and read proofs.

L. R. JONES.

I The drawing illustrating the balsam fir was made by Miss Ella K. Herrick.

THE TREES OF VERMONT

(*) indicates introduced species now spontaneous ; (t) occur only in cultivation.

Pine family

Scotch pine (f)

Austrian pine (t)

White pine

Eed pine

Pitch pine

Jack pine

Tamarack

Black spruce

Red spruce

White spruce

Norway spruce (f)

Colorado blue spruce (f)

Hemlock

Balsam fir

Arbor vitae

Red juniper
Walnut family

Butternut

Black walnut (f)

Bitternut hickory

Shellbark hickory

Pignut hickory
Willow family

Black willow

White willow (*)

Crack willow (*)

American aspen

Largetooth aspen

Balm of gilead

Cottonwood

White poplar (*)

Lombardy poplar (*)
Birch family

White birch

European white birch (f)

Paper birch

Yellow birch

Sweet birch

Hornbeam

Blue beech
Oak family

Beech

Chestnut

White oak

Bur oak

Chestnut oak

Chinquapin oak

Dwarf chinquapin oak

Swamp white oak

Red oak

Scarlet oak

Yellow oak
Elm family

Slippery elm

White elm

Cork elm

English (cork) elm (t)

Scotch (weeping) elm (f)

Hackberry
Mulberry family

Red mulberry

White mulberry (*)
Magnolia family

Tulip tree
Laurel family

Sassafras
Planetree family

Sycamore
Rose family

Apple (*)

Pear (t)

Crab apple (t)

Mountain ash

Elderleaf mountain ash

European mountain ash (*)

Service berry

Scarlet hawthorns

Longspine hawthorn

Dotted hawthorn

English hawthorn

Canada plum

Wild red cherry

Choke cherry

Black cherry

Garden cherries (f)

Garden plums (t)
Pulse family

Locust (*)

Honey locust (f)

Coffeetree (t)
Maple family

Mountain maple

Striped maple

Sugar maple

Black maple

Silver maple

Red maple

Norway maple (t)

Boxelder

Horse chestnut (t)

Buckeyes (t)
Buckthorn family

Buckthorn (*)
Linden family

Basswood
Dogwood family

Sour gum
Olive family

Black ash

White ash

Red ash

Green ash

BiGXONIA family

Catalpas (f)

38a Notes on Burlington Trees

Notes on Burlington Trees 38b

There is a small Austrian pine tree on the terrace near the street walk
on Mr. Johonnott's lawn, 236 South Union, just below Maple street.

The Trees of A'ermont

39

PINE FAMILY

THE PINES

The pines are the largest and most useful group of trees included in the
great cone-bearing family. There are in the eastern United States nine dif-
ferent species, four of which are found in Vermont.

The pines, like the other trees of this family, produce their seeds in
cones. The pines are peculiar, however, in that their cones require two

years for maturing. The flowers also
take the form of cones, the pollen-
bearing and the seed-bearing clusters
being separated, though both may be
found on the same tree. The yellow
pollen matures in May, when it is
scattered in great abundance, to be
borne to its destination by the wind.
Most of the seed-bearing cones develop
on the upper branches, and the nut-like
seeds escape from them during the sec-
ond autumn. The empty
cones with opened scales
may thereafter cling to the
tree for some time or they
may soon fall.

The leaves of all the
evergreens cling to the
branches several years.
PINE LEAF CLUSTERS The leaves of the white

a, Pitch ; b, Gray ; c, Red ; d, White. AU X ^ • j i j

pine, tor example, drop
when they are three or four years old. The arrangement of the leaves, or
needles, in clusters of from 2 to 5, with the base of each cluster encased in a
delicate sheath, offers a simple means of distinguishing the species.

Leaves 5 in each cluster White Pine

Leaves 3 in each cluster , Pitch Pine

Leaves 2 in each cluster

Leaves 4 to 6 inches long Red Pine

Leaves i or i J^ inches long Gray Pine

Introduced species. — Two European pines are sometimes planted as or-
namental trees in Vermont, the Austrian and the Scotch. The Scotch pine
has leaves, 2 in a cluster, 2-4 inches long, fiat and of a bluish-white hue.
The Austrian pine has dark green, slender, rigid leaves, 2 in a cluster, 4-6
inches long.

40

Bulletin 73

•WHITE PINE. Pinus Strobus Linn.

The white pine, growing as it sometimes does to the immense height
of two hundred feet or more, was one of the loftiest trees of the primeval

New England
forest. Lum-
bermen have
removed most
of the patri-
archs and only
the younger
trees common-
ly remain. The
species,though
widely scatter-
ed in Ver-
mont, occurs
most abund-
antly in the

Champlain and Connecticut valleys. The slender lustrous leaves are borne
in close clusters and give a beauty and delicacy of foliage possessed by no
other pine.

The white pine takes its name from the color of its wood, which is soft,
easily worked and is much used in all kinds of light woodwork. It is es-
pecially sought for inside house finishing. It is one of the most valuable
and most rapidly growing timber trees in the state. The renewal of the
pine forests should therefore be encouraged.

WHITE PINE
Cone and leaf cluster, x%

RED PINE (NORWAY pine). PIhus Tcsinosa Ait.

The red pine is much less common in Vermont than the white pine.
Scattered groups or small groves of it occur on the dry, rocky headlands of
Lake Champlain and it may be found in similar soils in the river valleys
throughout the state, although it is less frequent in the southern portions.
Its heavier clusters of foliage with long leaves in pairs, serve to make its
recognition easy. The cones are about two inches long at maturity.

The name red pine is appropriate both because of the pale red color of
the heart-wood and the distinctly reddish cast of the bark. This species
does not grow in Norway or elsewhere in Europe, and it is said that it
received the name from the town of Norway, ]\Iaine. The name Norway
pine has so little fitness as applied to this tree, and is so evidently mislead-
ing that its use is to be discouraged.

The Latin name suggests a resinous wood, but in fact it is less so than
either of the other pines. The wood is light, hard, close grained, and is
largely used for bridge and building timbers. The picturesqueness and in-
dividuality of the red pine commend it for wider use as an ornamental tree.

40a Notes on Buulinciton Trees

The picturesque pine stump fences bear witness to the abundance and
size of the white pines in the priinoval forests of tlie vicinity of Burling-
ton. The campus was originally covered with a mixed growth of white pine
and hard wood. As this was removed second growth pine appeared. The
grove adjacent to Converse Hall is a survival of this and now represents a
growth of somewhat over sixty years. The group of pines on the College
Park was planted by Chauncey Goodrich about 1855. The finest trees in the
vicinity are in the lower part of Colonel Cannon's grounds.

Fine specimens of the red pine may be seen at Red Rocks. It is also
common about Rock Point and occurs sparingly on the lighter soils north
and east of the city. There is a medium-size tree just north of the house
on the Misses Austin's lawn at the corner of Willard and Main streets.

Notes on Burlington Trees 40b

The pitch phie is very common on the sand plains about Fort Ethan
Allen and in similar barren soils east and north of the city.

The tamarack occurs in the swamps of the vicinity, such as in Porter's
swamp on Colchester Point. There is a cluster of small trees near the
south end of the College park.

The Trees of Vermont

41

PITCH PINE. PirMS rigida Mill.

The pitch pine is one of the more southern species, and is nearly at its
northern limit in Vermont. The pines all flourish in light soils, but the
pitch pine seems to thrive best in dry barren sand plains. In such locations
it occurs abundantly in the northern parts of the Champlain valley, es-
pecially along the lower courses of the VVinooski, Lamoille and Missisquoi
rivers. It is also scattered along the Connecticut river valley.

In suitable places it forms dense groves of small trees, forty to sixty feet
in height. The individual trees are sometimes picturesque but not graceful
or otherwise very attractive in appearance. The branches of even the
smaller trees mature numerous cones, which are long persistent. They are
about two inches long and have the scales tipped with sharp recurved
prickles, a character which may aid in the recognition of the species.

The wood is hard and resinous. Turpentine and tar were formerly ob-
tained from it in New England. This resinous quality adds to its value as
a fuel and for kindling wood. This is the principal use made of it at pres-
ent. :

JACK PINE (gray

OR SCRUB pine). Fimis divaricata (Ait) Du Mort.,
P. Banksiana Lamb.

The gray pine is the smallest of the Vermont pines with sprawling
habit and short stout leaves, giving the tree a bristly, stunted appearance.
Its characteristic cones are pointed and curved toward the main axis of
the stem, often partially encircling it. The gray pine is a northern species
extending to the Arctic region, and the line of its southeastern limit passes
through northern Vermont. It is one of the rarest of our trees, and but few
specimens are known to occur in the state. Mr. Rowland E. Robinson
of Ferrisburgh discovered a small grove of it in 1860. Scattered trees
have since been found in Monkton, Starksboro and Fairfax. It probably
occurs in other places in northern Vermont. The remaining trees should
be sought out and spared because of their scientific interest.

TAMARACK (hacmatack, LARCH ). Larix laucina (Du Roi), Koch., L.

Americana Mich.
The tamarack is our only cone bearing tree which drops its leaves in
the autumn. It is an attractive, conical tree, its graceful form and full clus-
ters of slender, delicate leaves giving it well-
marked individuality. Its deep red fleshy
cones, which open in June, resemble flower
clusters.

The wood is coarse grained but very
strong and remarkably durable in contact
with the soil. This fact gives it especial
value for fence posts, telegraph and telephone
poles and railway ties, much of the Vermont
tamarack being used for these purposes. It
is also used for dock planking.

The tamarack occurs commonly through-
out the state. While it is usually found in

TAMARACK
Branchlet and cone, X Vi

42 Bulletin 73

swamps it is said that it will grow more rapidly when transplanted to dry
ground. This fact adds to its desirability for ornamental planting.

THE SPRUCES.

Every Yermonter should know and appreciate the spruces. The moun-
tain spruce and the sugar maple are the most characteristic trees of the
state. The forests of North America contain seven species of spruce, three
of which occur in Vermont.

The spruces are northern trees, and Vermont lies rather south of the
belt of their most abundant growth in northeastern America. It is there-
fore our mountain sides and cool swamps which furnish conditions suitable
for their best development.

The flowering cones are similar to those of the pine in general charac-
ters. The flowers appear in spring and the cones mature the following au-
tumn, the seeds being shed during autumn or early winter.

Until recently botanists considered the two species, here described as
the red and the black, to be simply varieties of one species, w-hich then went
under the common name of black spruce. In the lumber trade all three
kinds are handled, without discrimination, as "spruce." As a matter of
fact, the red spruce furnishes nearly all of the spruce lumber of this state.
Spruce gum also comes chiefly from the red spruce, although it is formed
by the other species.

Branchlets coated with minute hairs.

Cones i-i;<( inches long, clinging to the branches many years ; scales
of cone toothed at outer margins; leaves blue-green, paler un-
derneath Black Spruce

Cones 1-2 inches long, generally deciduous by the second summer,

scales of cone with outer margins not toothed ; leaves yellow-green. Red Spruce

Branchlets without hairs.

Cones slender, i-a^^ inches long, leaves blue-green White Spruce

Introduced species. — The Norway spruce {Picea excelsa) is commonly
cultivated in Vermont door yards, parks and cemeteries, and is superior to
our native trees for such purposes. It is easily recognized by its more pen-
dulous branches and very large slender cones, 5 to 7 inches long.

The Colorado blue spruce (P. pungens) is occasionally planted. This is
characterized by its beautiful glaucous-blue foliage. The cones are three to
five inches long.

BL.\CK SPRUCE (swAMP spruce). Piceci Mariana (]\Iill. ) B. S. P., P. nigra Link.

This is the common spruce of the sphagnum (peat moss) swamps of the
Champlain valley. It is also common in Essex county and probably occurs
similarly in the other parts of the state, but the distribution is not well
known because of its confusion until recently with the red spruce. A
small, sterile, semiprostrate form occurs on the extreme summit of Mt.

42a Notes ox Burlington Trees

The Norway spruce is a common shade tree. Fine large specimens
occur in many yards, for example near the street walk in Mr. Mason's
premises 439 College street. There is a fine collection of younger trees
planted about twenty j-eans ago on the terrace of the campus north of the
President's house. It should be noted that a considerable variation is
shown among these. The rapid growth of this spruce is well illustrated by
the size of the tree in the row with the white spruces bordering the drive-
way east of the Wheeler house, corner of Prospect and Main streets. This
was planted only thirty-four years ago (1865).

The Colorado blue spruce is of recent introduction. The best speci-
mens which have come under our observation may be seen in the grounds
of Mr. Woodhouse, near the corner of South Willard and Spruce streets. The
largest of these were planted in 1891. Good types of this may also be seen
in the east portion of Colonel Cannon's grounds, also at Professor Perkins'
and in the Senator Edmunds' yard.

Notes on Burlington Trees 42b

The black or swamp spruce occurs in several of the cold swamps of
the vicinitj', such as the Higbee swamp, three miles east of the city on the
AVilliston road. A small tree stands on the College park about four rods
southeast of the LaFayette statue.

The red spruce is the spruce of Mt. Mansfield and its foot-hills. It is
common about Williston. Those desiring native spruce trees for trans-
planting should secure this, or better still, the next species rather than the
swamp spruce.

The Trees op Vermont

43

SPRUCES
Branch, coues and coue-scales

Mansfield. (Eggleston. ) Under the most favorable circumstances it is
never a large tree, rarely reaching a diameter of one foot or a height of fifty
feet. It is therefore a less valuable timber tree than either the red or the
white spruce.

It has frequently been planted in Vermont as an ornamental tree. This
is unfortunate, as the lower branches soon die, making it the least attrac-
tive of our native evergreens.

red spruce. Picea rubens Sargent, P. nli/ra rubra Engelm.

This is the common spruce of our mountain forests, the vast green ex-
panse of which suggested the names of both mountain range and state. It
is not commonly distinguished from the preceding species and both are
known as black spruce. It attains a height of from seventy to one hundred
feet and large logs may be three or more feet in diameter. When growing
in open fields it often forms a conical head with the branches, especially
of the younger trees, brushing the ground. In the more typical develop-
ment, especially when in crowded forests, the lower branches soon perish,
leaving the long naked trunks which the lumberman prizes.

The wood is light, soft and less durable than pine when exposed to the
action of the weather. It is largely used for building timber and for clap-
boards and shingles. Owing to the fact that it imparts no flavor, spruce is
used in the manufacture of butter tubs and boxes. Great quantities are
consumed in the pulp mills. It is a tree of slow growth, large specimens
in the primitive forests being often two hundred to three hundred years old.

The red spruce is frequently planted as an ornamental tree in Vermont,
but its slower growth and less symmetrical form make it less desirable
for this purpose than either the native white spruce or the Norway spruce.

^

44 Bulletin 73

WHITE SPRUCE. Picea Canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P., P. alba Jjink.

This is a northern tree, which extends from Canada into northern Ver-
mont. It occurs along the Connecticut river to the Fifteen Mile Falls, (South
Lunenburgh ), and on the eastern arm of the Y of the Green mountains to the
Montpelier and Wells River railroad, or perhaps a little farther south. It is
common on some of the islands of Lake Champlain and is scattered through
the forests of Essex county. The strong polecat odor of the young brandies
is characteristic and will aid in its recognition. Because of this odor it is
often called skunk spruce. Lumbermen do not separate this from the
other spruces and the tree is nearly equal in size to the red spruce.

The white spruce is one of the best of our native evergreens for orna-
mental planting, as it makes a rapid growth and with its persistent lower
branches forms a perfect and symmetrical conical head which rivals the
Norway spruce.

HEMLOCK. Tsuga Canadensis (Linn) Carr.

The hemlock is one of the most graceful of our evergreen trees. It

may be met with almost every-
where from the low river banks
and swamps to the rocky hill-
sides and mountain forests. In
distinguishing the hemlock
from the spruce and balsam fir,
one should notice the flat, pet-
ioled leaves arranged in a flat-
tened spray with a row on the
upper surface lying close to the
stem. The small elliptical cones,
scarcely more than three-fourths
of an inch long, mature in the
autumn and shed their seeds
during the winter.

The wood of the hemlock
is soft, brittle and shaky and
it is used for cheaper building

HEMLOCK, spray and cone, X%

purposes and for shingles. It is, however, one of the most durable timbers
for use under water. Hemlock bark is used for tanning and the bark from
the tree is quite as valuable as the lumber.

BALSAM FIR. Abies balsamea (Linn) ]\Iill.

The balsam fir, more familiarly known as the fir tree or balsam,
is a slender graceful tree M'hen growing in open ground. It bears a general
resemblance to the spruces, but is easily distinguished from them on close

i

44a Notes on Burlington Trees

The white spruce is common on Providence Island, and young trees
suitable for transplanting may easily be obtained there. Several large trees
of this species occur mingled with Norway spruce in the east portion of the
Wheeler grounds, corner of Main and Prospect streets. The symmetry and
fine color of this native spruce are well shown in the single tree which stands
apart near the ■Main street line, about five rods west of the corner. The
three trees standing in the row just east of the house were planted by Presi-
dent Wheeler about 1845.

Fine specimens of the hemlock are abundant on the ledges at Red
Rocks. Some small trees occur on the Hutchinson jlawn, 178 South Prospect
street. There is a fine hemlock hedge about the Hickok property at the
junction of Shelburne and St. Paul streets, also on the lower side of Colonel
Cannon's grounds, South Willard street.

Notes ox Burlington Trees 44b

There are five small balsam firs among the Norway spruces on the
terrace of the campus north of the President's house. The balsams are near
the Colchester avenue line.

The arbor vitte — commonly called the white cedar — grows abundantly
in this vicinity, especially near the lake. It is the commonest hedge plant
of the city. The street hedge, on the south line of F. S. Pease's property at
the head of .College street, may be cited as an example. There are some
rather large trees of this on the northwest part of the ^Medical college I
grounds. ^

The Trees of Vermont

45

observation. The leaves are flat, gray on the
under side, with a conspicuous green mid-rib.
The erect cones, 2-4 inches long, stand like Christ-
mas candles on the upper branches. There is a
characteristic fragrance from the bruised leaves.
The balsam fir is common in the mountain forests
throughout the state.
It ascends to the highest
summits of Mt. Mans-
field and Camel's Hump
but is there reduced to
a low, scrubby growth.
The wood is light,
soft and not durable. It
makes a medium qual-
ity of shingles.

^^

BALSAM FIR
Branchlet and cone, x %

ARBOR VIT.E (wHiTE cedar). Thuya occidentalis Linn.

This is a member of the cypress family, and the only one native to
this latitude. It is popularly known in Vermont as the white cedar. This
is an unfortunate misnomer, since the true white cedar is a different tree of

imore southern range. The arbor vitae is easily
recognized by its striking pyramidal habit of
growth and, upon closer examination, by its
small, scale-like leaves, in four rows, but so
flattened on the branchlets as to form fan-like
sprays.

, It occurs commonly in the northern partot
Vermont upon cool, moist hillsides and in
swamps, becoming less frequent in the southern
portions of the state. The bark and fibers
twist spirally around the axis, making a shaft
of great strength, and the straight slender
trunks are of especial value for posts and tele-
phone poles. Few timbers withstand decay in the soil better than the
arbor vitae, fence posts sometimes lasting thirty or forty years. It is
commonly planted for hedges and other ornamental purposes.

ARBOR VIT^, X %

RED JUNIPER (red CEDAR ). Junipevus Virginiana Linn.

Three kinds of juniper are found in the state, but this one, commonly
known as red cedar, is the only one which has the size and habit of a tree.
It occurs on dry, rocky hills, being common along the bluffs of Lake Cham-

46

Bulletin 73

plain, less so in the mountain range of south western Vermont. It occurs more

or less commonly in the Connecticut valley north to Fairlee. (Flint).

It somewhat resembles the arbor vitse,
from which it may be distinguished at a dis-
tance by its less symmetrical form and darker
foliage. Closer inspection shows that its scale-
like leaves have little tendency to the arrange-
ment in a plane which is characteristic of the
arbor vitse. The fruit is also readily distin-
guishable froni that of the other cone-bearing
trees. It consists of thick fleshy scales which
coalesce to form a structure looking more like
a small berry than a cone, green in midsummer,
becoming bluish at maturity in the autumn.

The leaves of young shoots are'longer than are those on the older branches,

with needle-like points.

The heart-wood of this tree is soft, red and fragrant, and that obtained

from the southern states is largely used in the manufacture of pencils.

Most of the Vermont trees are used for fence posts, which are found to be

very durable. In some localities of the state oil is distilled from the leaves

and wood.

The branches are often loaded with "cedar apples." These are fungus

growths and are noteworthy because the spores from them develop as a

destructive rust upon adjacent apple trees. Hence red cedars should not be

planted near an orchard.

RED JUNIPER, X %

k pi£

WALNUT FAMILY

BUTTERNUT ( WHITE WALNUT ). Juglcms ciuerea Linn.

Every school boy in Vermont has some acquaintance with this tree and
its sweet tender nuts. It occurs along the hillsides and river valleys?
throughout the state. The staminate floMers, appear in May and hang
in graceful, slender catkins five or six inches long. These are generally
found on the second year shoots while the fruit-bearing flowers are borne
on the terminal shoots. Butternut trees shoM* some irregularities, however,
in reference to the time and order of the appearance of the two kinds of
flowers so that the pollen-bearing clusters may mature either some ten days
earlier or later than the fruit-bearing ones on the same tree. This may be
the cause of the variability often noticed in Die crop of butternuts. The
peculiarity offers an interesting subject for further observation.

The meat of the butternut needs no recommendation but the excel-
lencies of pickles made from the young mucilaginous nuts are not so well

■i6a Notes on Burlington Trees

The red cedar occurs sparingly about Rock Point and Ked Kocks.
There are a couple of small trees on the College park, one being near the
LaFayette statue, at the southeast. A larger tree stands in tlie nortlivvest
part of the Medical college grounds.

Notes ox Burlington Trees 46b

Buttornnts are not very common in this vicinit.v. There is a small
4iree near the southwest corner of the College park.

The Trees of Vermont

47

BUTTERNUT.
I,eaf and fruit, x %

known. For this purpose they
should be gathered early in June
and the clammy pubesence remov-
ed by plunging them into boiling
water and rubbing with a coarse
cloth.

The wood of the butternut is
soft and not strong but takes a
beautiful, dark polish and is used
especially for interior finishings.

Introduced sjtedes. — The black
walnut is occasionally cultivated.
It may be transplanted or grown
directly from the nuts, and devel-
ops rapidly into a beautiful tree,
valuable for both its nuts and wood.

THE HICKORIES

The hickories are stately trees, quite generally distributed throughout
the United States. There are eight species, all peculiar to America, several
of which produce edible nuts. Among the latter are the shellbark hickory
in the north and the pecan in the south.

The flowers, arranged in catkins of the two kinds, appear in late spring
after the unfolding of the leaves.

The wood of all these trees is heavy, tough and durable. It is used for
axe handles, agricultural implements and in places where strength and
elasticity are required it is almost unrivaled.

The hickories are frequently but erroneously termed "walnuts," in
the popular language of New England. The true walnuts of which the
butternut and black walnut are the American representatives differ from
the hickories, although they are closely related.

Nut sweet and edible, bark shaggy, leaflets 5 (rarely 7) Shellbark Hickory

Nut more or less bitter, not edible, bark close.

Fruit globular, nut thin-shelled, leaflets 7-11 Bitternut Hickory

Fruit pear-shaped, nut hard-shelled, leaflets 5-7 Pignut Hickory

SHELLBARK HICKORY (SHAGBARK HICKORY, WHITE WALNUt). HicoHa OVattt

(Mill. ) Britton, Carya alba Nuttall.

Two points alone are sufficient to distinguish the shellbark from other
hickories ; its dark brown bark scaling off irregularly in long slender strips
and its compound leaves rarely consisting of more than five leaflets. This

48

Bulletin 73

is the hickory nut of the markets.
It is quite common in the moist
soils of the Champlain valley. It
occurs in the Connecticut valley
as far north as Windsor also in
the White river valley at Royal-
ton. There is a large grove on the
south side of Bald Mountain in
Shrewsbury at an altitude of about
1500 feet. The value of hickory
timber for certain manufacturing
purposes has already been men-
tioned. It is also valued for fuel,
yielding more heat to the cord
than any other native tree.

SHELLBARK HICKORY
Leaf and young fruit, X H

BiTTERNUT HICKORY (bitter walnut). HicoHa minima (Marsh. ) Britton,

Carya amara Nuttall.

Three characteristics of
the bitternut are to be kept
in mind in distinguishing it
from the pignut, namely, its
globular, thin shelled nuts,
its small, pointed, yellow
buds and its leaves consist-
ing of seven or more slender
leaflets. The bitternut does
not occur in our mountain
forests but is not uncommon
with the shellbark in the
Champlain and Connecticut
valleys. Besides being a de-
sirable ornamental tree, the
bitternut produces wood
scarcely inferior to that of
the shellbark hickory for
fuel or manufacturing pur-
poses.

BITTERNUT HICKORY
Leaf and fruit, X }i

48a Notes on Burlington Trees

The shellbark hickory is common about Burlington, especially in the
heavier soils south of the city. Numerous trees occur on South Union
street, one standing on Mr. South wick's lawn, No. 280. There are two
larger trees just east of the Court-house.

The bitternut hickory is common in this vicinity. There are sev-
eral small specimens of it in the College park. The largest of these is near
the University place road opposite the main building. Two young trees
stand near the southwest corner of the park, where they were planted by
Professor Goodrich in 1876. A larger tree occurs in the street row in front
of 388 Pearl street, near the head of Williams street.

Notes on Burlington Trees 48b

The Trees of Vermont

49

riGNUT

This
portions of the state

HICKORY. Hicoria glabra (Mill.) Britton, Cttr?/a pomna Nuttall.

species is apparently confined to the southeastern and southwestern
The following statements summarize the present

information as to its distribu-
tion. It is a common tree in
the Hoosac valley, Pownal,
and a large grove occurs on the
shore of Lake Boraoseen,"West
Castleton (Eggleston). There
are a few trees near the Hub-
bardton line in East Castle-
ton, (G. H. Ross). In the Con-
necticut valley it is abundant
on the hills near the river in
the vicinity of the Massachu-
setts line, but is not common
above Bellows Falls, (Flint).
Observers of trees in
southern Vermont should
strive further to increase our
knowledge of its distribu-
tion.

PIGNUT HICKORY
Leaf and fruit, X Yi-

In distinguishing this from the bitternut, notice the pear-shape fruit,
thick-shell nut, the generally smoother bark and the fewer leaflets, (5-7,
rarely 9.) It reaches its most northern limit in this region and will prob-
ably be found only in the more sheltered river or lake valleys. The lum-
ber of the pignut is of similar value to that of other hickories and is used
for like purposes.

WILLOW FAMILY

p THE WILLOWS

The amateur botanist who tries to distinguish the willows, soon finds
himself in an inextricable tangle. This is partly because several European
species and varieties have been naturalized and partly because the willows
hybridize and rehybridize so frequently. Fourteen native and three intro-
duced species are found in Vermont, only three of which attain the size of
trees. The shrubby species vary in height from the common pussy willow
{Salix discolor) which is sometimes fifteen or twenty feet high and almost
a tree, down to the prostrate alpine willows found only under the north-
western slope of the "chin " of Mt. Mansfield, where they raise their heads
but a few inches above the moss in which the stems are imbedded.

50 Bulletin 73

Willows are coininonly introduced a8 shade trees because they are so
easily prop:^gated by cuttings. Care should be taken, however, to select
the stamen-bearing trees, both because these are more ornamental when in
flower and because they do not produce the downy fruit which is often dis-
agreeable when they are growing near houses.

The following key, while not entirely satisfactory, may aid in recog-
nizing the three tree willows.

Smaller, slender, native trees, bark rough, twigs dark Black Willow

Larger, spreading, introduced trees.

Twigs yellow, young leaves ashy-gray or silver-white on both sides White Willow

Twigs blue-green, young leaves green above, paler beneath Crack Willow

BLACK WILLOW. SaUx nigra Marsh.

The black willow is a slender, rather
graceful tree, common everywhere, along the
banks of lakes and streams. It may usually
be recognized by its stouter dark brown or
black twigs in contrast with the more slender,
yellowish or bluish-green twigs of the European
species. When the pendulous catkins open,
three, five or more stamens may be found in
each tiny flower. The leaves are green wlien
mature and smooth except on the mid-veins
and petioles.

BLACK WILLOW

Leaf and flowers, starainate
above, pistillate below, X H-

WHITE WILLOW (yellow WILLOW ). Salix olhci

vitelUna Koch.

The white willow was introduced from
Europe, but it has been so commonly planted
and is so frequently spontaneous
along the banks of streams and
lakes, that it merits a place in this
list. If one observes closely the
tiny staminate flowers in May
both this and the next species are
clearly distinguished from the
black willow since there are but
two stamens in each flower, where-
as the black willow has from three
to six. Usually, however, *one
must depend upon other and less
definite characterr--. A little prac-
tice, following the suggestions giv-

WHITE WILLOW
Leaves and pistillate flower, x J4.

50a Notes on Burlington Trees

The black willow is common along the banks of the Winooski
river and on the lake shore.

The larger willow shade trees of the city are all either the crack willow
or the white willow or some variety or hybrid of these. Both of these Eu-
ropean willows and the native black willow occur along the lake shore near
Howard Park. There is a large, old tree of the white or yellow willow in
the northeast corner of Mr. John Allen's yard opposite the south end of the
College park.

Notes on Burlington Trees 50b

The crack willow has been planted very commonlj- as a street and
shade tree, especially in the section between North and North Bend streets.

The Lombardy poplar is commonly planted. There are numerous
young trees in the grounds of Professor Emerson, corner of Summit and
Maple streets, and several have recently been planted upon the campus.
Larger specimens may be seen in the back part of the Edmunds grounds,
near the east line. The most extensive planting of this poplar in the vicin-
ity is on the estate of Mr. Henry Holt where tliey border the avenue lead-
ing to the house.

There is a large wliite poplar tree on the campus immediately east of
the driveway from Commons Hall to Colchester avenue. Another stands
on the terrace at the east side of the Medical college. The longevity of the
tree may be judged by two specimens on the south part of the Wheeler
grounds, planted by President Wheeler about 1843.

The Trees of Vermont 51

en in the above, key, will enable one to distinguish the native black willow
from the introduced species. Nor will it be found difficult to distinguish
typical trees of the white willow from typical trees of the crack willow by
the characters given in this key. As a matter of fact, however, there are
numerous varieties and hybrids between these two willows which it is
impossible to classify under either name.

The white willow is large and graceful, and this, coupled with the ease
of starting it from cuttings, makes it a deservedly popular shade tree.

*
CRACK WILLOW. Scdix fvagilis Linn.

Most of the statements made in the discussion of the white willow apply
to this species also. A distinctive characteristic of the twigs, aside from
their color, is that they are very brittle, especially near the base, whence
the name.

THE POPLARS.

The poplars belong to the willow family and resemble the willows
especially in flower and fruit characters. The nodding, worm-like,
staminate and pistillate catkins are borne upon different trees and, opening
before the leaves, are conspicuous in early spring. The poplars are quite
widely distributed, extending from the Arctic circle to Mexico and from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.

The wood of poplars is very soft and light and especially liable to
warp, but is cheap and useful for making toys, boxes and smaller furniture.
Much of it now goes to the pulp mills.

Leaves coarsely and bluntly toothed or scalloped.

Leaves roundish, especially at the base Largetooth Aspen

Leaves triangular, with straight or truncate base Cottonwood

Leaves finely toothed.

Leaves small, nearly as broad as long, petioles much flattened American Aspen

Leaves larger usually much longer than broad, petioles not flattened. Balsam Poplar

Introduced species.— In addition to these native poplars two European
species are very commonly planted, the Lombardy poplar, (P. nigra
Italica) recognized by its tall spire-like form, and the white poplar, (P.
alba) easily distinguished by its leaves, green above and very white-cottony
beneath.

ASPEN (AMERICAN OR QUAKING ASPEN ). PopuluS trcmuloideS Michx.

The most careless observer cannot have failed to notice the leaves of the
aspen continually trembling on the quietest summer day. This tremulous-
ness has, indeed, given name to the species. The reason for it, as may
readily be seen by examination of any leaf, lies in the decidedly flattened

52

Bulletin 73

AMERICAN ASPEN

Leaves and flowers,

I staminate, 2 pistillate, x K-

structure of the leaf-stem or petiole.
The slender drooping catkins appear in
early spring and the downy fruits ripen
in the latter part of May. The American
aspen grows to a medium size, and is
the most widely distributed tree in North
America, extending from Labrador to
Alaska, from Lower California to the
Atlantic coast. It is found everywhere
in Vermont.

LARGETOOTH ASPEN. Populus gratididen-
tata Michx.

The name of this tree suggests an
easy way of identifying it. The coarse
toothed margin of the leaf is a con-
stant characteristic and may be re-
lied upon. The pollen-bearing cat-
kins may be seen first, a little later
the seed-bearing catkins appear on )
other trees. The fruits ripen
when the leaves are unfolding.
The young leaves are downy-white
on both sides, but later become
green and smooth. The largetooth
aspen is of common occurrence in
Vermont. It flourishes best on rich

LARGETOOTH ASPEN
sandy sou. Leaves aud flowers, pistillate above,

i-s^^ staminate below, x Yi.

\\ ^. ^^

BALM OF GILEAD ( BALSAM POP-
LAR). Populus balsamifera Linn.

This tree, common on the
banks of streams and along our
roadsides, is a northern species
ranging from northern New
England far north to the Alas-
kan coast. It is subject to great
variation in the form of the
leaves. Some are almost triang-
ular with a deeply heart-shape
base, while others are very
slender with a wedge-shape

BALM OF GILEAD, Leaves and fruit, X ji. b f

62a Notes on Burlington Trees

The American aspen is very common in the woodlands about the
city, especially where they have recently been cut over. There are several
small trees and one larger one near the clusters of arbor vita; in the south-
west part of the College park.

The largetooth aspen is also common. It may easily be found near the
power house at the gorge.

The balm of Gilead occurs in the vicinity of the lake shore and in some
of the moist ravines east of the city and is occasionally planted. An isolated
tree may be seen on the west side of Shelburne street a few rods south of its
junction with South Willard street.

Notes on Burlington Treks 52b

The Cottonwood is abundant along the lake shore. It may be seen on
the west slope of Battery park.

The Trees of Vermont

53

base. The buds and young leaves are covered with a gummy excretion
which is sometimes soaked out and used in preparing ointments. It is
frequently planted as a shade tree.

A variety of this species (var. candlcans Gray) has broader leaves, more
inclined to heart-shape and minutely hairy on the petiole and margins. It
is to be sought along our northern borders and in cultivation.

COTTONWOOD. Populus deltoides Marsh., P. monilifera Ait.

In Vermont the cottonwood occurs native in the
valley of Lake Champlain and along its tributary
streams, and south in western Vermont to the
Hoosick valley in Pownal where it is particularly
abundant. It occurs along the Connecticut river in
southeastern Vermont at least as far north as Brattle-
boro. It has been planted as a shade tree in other
localities. For this purpose the stamen-bearing trees
should always be chosen since the abundant, cottony,
seed is a nuisance near dwellings. The leaves occa-
sionally vary to a heart-shape or even wedge-shape
base, but the deltoid (triangular) form is so charac-
teristic as to give name to the species.

The cottonwood is the most massive of our decid-
uous trees, sometimes 100 feet in height and with a
trunk 5 to 7 feet in diameter. Such isolated giants
have become the familiar landmarks of many road-
sides near Lake Champlain.

COTTONWOOD, X %.

BIRCH FAMILY

THE BIRCHES

The birches are widely distributed over the old and the new worlds,
being most abundant in the higher latitudes. Nine species occur in North
America, four of which are found in Vermont. They are all graceful trees
with slender fiexuous branches and delicate foliage. Both the fruit-
bearing and pollen-bearing flowers are found on the same tree, but in
separate clusters. The staminate catkins are long and drooping, while the
pistillate are shorter and not pendulous until fruited.

The wood of birches is valued chiefly for cabinet making, for spools and
other small articles.

The following key is based largely on the bark characters. It is to be
noted that these characters are not well developed on saplings and may be
lost on some old trunks.

54

Bulletin 73

Bark white.

Leaves nearly triangular, saw-tooth or lobed, long taper-pointed, bark

c'.ose White Birch

Leaves ovate, saw-toothed, bark in easily separable layers, often ragged. .Paper Birch

Bark dark-browa or black, close, sweet, aromatic Sweet Birch

Bark silvery-yellow, in layers, often ragged Yellow Birch

Introduced species. — The European white birch (B. o76a) is commonly
planted for ornamental purposes. It is a beautiful tree closely resembling
the native white birch. Tliere are numerous horticultural varieties, some
with finely cut leaves and pendulous branches.

WHITE BIRCH (gr.vy BIRCH ). Betula popuUfoUa Marsh.

The white birch is at best but a
small, short-lived tree, but it grows
in such numbers that it is sure to
attract attention. The points which
distinguish this birch are its triang-
ular, slender, taper-pointed leaves,
smooth-shining on both sides, and
its smooth, close, creamy- white bark. f|
Both the staminate and the pistillate
catkins open before the leaves in the
spring.

It is most abundant in the lighter
soils, either moist or dry in the
Champlain valley. It never reaches
the higher altitudes, 1800 feet being
the highest reported by Dr. Sargent.
In the Connecticut valley it is report
ed by Flint only as far north as Westmoreland, X. H.

It never reaches sufficient size to become a valuable lumber tree, but its!
light elastic stem is always in demand for spools, shoe-pegs, and barrel-
hoops.

The white birch with its white trunk and graceful branches and light,
delicate foliage is one of our most beautiful trees, but its desirability for
transplanting is lessened by its short life and liability to injury from
storm Si

WHITE BIRCH
Leaves and fruit, X }i-

PAPER BIRCH (cAXOE BIRCH ). Bctula papi/rifem Marsh.

The paper birch is found in cool soils in all parts of the state, being
typically a tree of more northern distribution than is the last species. It is,
however, often intermingled with the white birch and is popularly confused
with it, although careful observation reveals many characteristics by which

54a Notes on Burlington Trees

The birches planted in the city are nearly all the European white
birch. Two typical young speciroens of this stand in front of General
Henry's house, 85 South Prospect street. A fine specimen of the weeping
variety may be seen in the west part of the grounds of Mr. Hungerford,
303 Pearl street.

The native white birch is especially abundant in the lighter soils east
of the city.

Notes on Burlington Trees 54b

The paper birch is also common, but prefers the richer soils. It
occurs frequently on the Holt estate and at Red Rocks. There is one tree
on the southwest part of the College park.

I

I

The sweet birch is not uncommon about Burlington, but is less easily-
recognized than the other species. There is one small tree near the
south end of the College park.

The yellow birch occurs in the cool ravines of the vicinity. A single
tree may be seen near the street in the fence row bordering the north side
of Mr. Richardson's grounds, 52 Williams street. Another stands in the
southwest part of Dr. Prime's grounds, corner Pearl and Union streets.
Veteran trees of this birch are common overhanging the trail and the road-
way leading up the sides of Mt. Mansfield.

The Trees oe Vereont

55

PAPER BIRCH
Leaves and fruit, X K-

the two may be distinguished.
The papei' birch is a larger tree
than the white and more widely
distributed. The two species are
similar in the chalky whiteness
of the bark, but that of the white
birch clings closely so that it
cannot be separated in large
layers, whereas the peculiar
character of the paper birch is
the ease with which ample
sheets of the beautiful corky
layers may be removed. The
larger size of the paper birch
makes its lumber more useful for
manufacturing purposes than
that of the white. A dwarf form
known as variety minor, which
reaches a height of but a few
feet occurs on the exposed sum-
mit of Mt. Mansfield.

sweet birch (black birch, cherry birch). BetulalentalAnw.

The distinctive characters of this tree are well known to many Ver-
monters, who, as children, have become familiar with the sweet winter-
green flavor of bark and leaves. It is com-
mon in western Vermont, but reaches only
the foot-hills of the Green Mountains. Its
northern limit in the Connecticut valley is
in the vicinity of Norwich.

The two kinds of catkins are noticeable
upon the bare trees in winter ; and they
open on the first spring days, before most
other trees have made a visible response to
the sun's rays. The wood is hard, strong
and valuable for furniture and fuel.

SWEET birch

Leaves and fruit, X Yi.

YELLOW BIRCH (GRAY BIRCH ). Beiula lutea Miclxs..

The polished silvery-yellow bark of the mature tree marks the yellow
birch almost as clearly as does the white bark in the case of the preceding
species. On the oldest trees in the primeval forest, however, the bark be-
comes a darker bronze and rough. It is common in nearly all parts of
Vermont, but especially in rich, cool soils, and it extends far up the sides of

56

Bulletin 73

our higher mountains. During the winter the little catkins remain tightly
closed, but by June they lengthen into slender, drooping clusters. Yellow-
birch lumber is valuable for many purposes. It takes a beautiful polish,
and is becoming increasingly popular for furniture and for flooring. g

Because of its graceful form and attractive, yellow bark, it merits more
general usage for ornamental planting.

The general similarity of the leaves and fruit of this species to those of
the paper and black birches, renders further illustration unnecessary.

HORNBEAM ( IRON WOOD,

HOP HORNBEAM
Leaves and fruit, X yi-

hence the names ironwood, lever wood
for fencing materials.

LEVERWOOD, HOP HORNBEAM). Ontrya Virginicina
(Mill.) Koch.

Hornbeams are sometimes mis-
taken and transplanted for elms,
owing to the general similarity in the
appearances of the young trees. The
leaves of the hornbeam, however,
are nearly symmetrical at the base,
while those of the elm are more im-
equally developed. In late summer
the hornbeam is easily distinguished
by its fruit hanging in hop-like
heads.

The hornbeam is quite generally
distributed, both in the valleys and
the mountainous parts of the state,
but is most common in the western
and southern portions. It is a small
tree. The wood is very strong, tough,
and durable in contact with the soil.
It is used for levers, mallets and

BLUE BEECH (WATER BEECH, HORNBEAM, IKONWOOD)

Walt.

The blue beech is a small, bushy tree
rarely over twenty feet high. It is not un-
common in moist soil along streams, but
does not reach the higher altitudes. It is
distinguished in spring by its tiny flowers
arranged in loose racemes and in July by
the curious leaflike wings which develop
upon the fruit. A glance at its trunk makes
its recognition certain at any time of year.

Carpinus Caroliniana

BLUE BEECH
Leaves and fniit, X Yi

56a Notes on Burlington Trees

A specimen of the hop liornbeani occurs in the street row in front of the
Experiment station office. It is common in the rocky woods about Bur-
Hngton, especially at Red Rocks.

The blue beech occurs not infrequently in the woodlands of this vicin-^
ity. It may be found, for example, in the groves at the east of Willard's
ledge.

1

Notes on Burlington Trees 56b

The beech occurs frequentlj' in the woodlands about Burhngton.
There are two trees near the group of pines on the College park, the larger
one being a few rods northwest of the pines. There is a fine beech in the street
row in front of Mr. Robinson's, 384 Main street, just below Williams.

(

Native chestnut trees occur scattered through the woods on the Ethan
Allen farm, near North avenue, and also near the lake shore at Eagle Bay.
Two trees occur in the southeast corner of Dr. Prime's grounds, corner of
Union and Pearl streets. Mrs. H. B. Willard states that the larger of these
has grown from a nut planted by her grandfather, Ozias Buell, in 1805.
The smaller one is a seedling from this and is about fifty years old.

The Trees of Vermont

57

however. This has a close, gray bark resembling that of the beech but
with furrows and ridges suggesting the muscles of a strong man's arm. It
is the toughest of all our woods.

OAK FAMILY

BEECH. Fagus Americana Sweet, F. ferruginea Ait.

The beech, when growing
in the forest, with its tall,
graceful trunk, its smooth,
gray bark and shiny leaves, is
a handsome tree. It is not
only one of the most common
trees in Vermont, but also one
of the most widely distributed
in eastern North America.

The drooping clusters of
pollen-bearing flowers and the
short, stout fruit-bearing heads
open under the newly spread-
ing leaves in early May. The,
burs open and the nuts fall
with the first frosts of autumn.
There is a popular saying that
beech nuts occur plentifully
only once in seven years.
There certainly is great irreg-
ularity in the fruiting of the

BEECH
Leaves and fruit, X J^.

beech. What is the reason ? This is an interesting question for some one
to investigate.

The wood is quite hard and makes the best of flooring. It is also used
in the manufacture of bench planes and similar tools and for fuel.

CHESTNUT. Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Bork., C- saliva Americana Wats.

Unfortunately the
chestnut is not found
in most parts of the'
state. It occurs in
southeastern Vermont
along the Connecticut
valley as far north as
Windsor. In the south-
western part of the
state it is found well

CHESTNUT '*^ .-'-^ ^ y X ^"^——-^ scattered in the Taconic

range from Pownal to

58 Bulletin 73

]\Iancliester. A grove occurs at West Rutland and there are native trees
upon Rock Point near Burlington. This is tlie most northern station in
New England. The chestnut will probably grow in all parts of the state
and may well be cultivated both for its delicious nuts and for its beauty
as a shade tree.

The leaves are shiny and graceful, from six to eight inches long. When
they are nearly grown, long, stiff catkins of fragrant, greenish-yellow flow-
ers appear. These bear the pollen, the fruit-bearing flowers being smaller,
enclosed in bur-like scales. The nuts, two or three in a bur, ripen in
October.

THE OAKS

The oaks, abundant throughout the nortliern hemisphere, are remark-
able for their massive trunks, for their thick, rugged bark and large, strong
roots. They are distinguished from all other trees by their cupped fruit,
but many who have seen these fruits have not noticed the small, scaly
masses of flowers which produce them. The pollen-bearing flowers are
found on the same tree, but are arranged in long, slender catkins consisting
of a cluster of from three to twelve stamens. Some of the oaks, including
the red and black, do not mature their fruit until the second year.

Oak timber is of great commercial value, being used for a variety of
purposes. For strength, hardness, toughness and durability combined, it
is unsurpassed.

The oak genus is a large one. Ten species are known to occur in Ver-
mont, and these sometimes hybridize, producing intermediate forms. The
bear oak or scrub oak, Q. nana (Marsh. ) Sarg., is a straggling shrub, occur-
ring sparingly in southeastern Vermont. The dwarf chinquapin oak, Q.
prinoides, Willd., is also a rare shrubby species ; dry hillsides, Pownal (Rob-
bins, Eggleston), Weybridge (Brainerd). The other eight species are trees.
Of these three are rare or local in their occurrence, as follows :

Chinquapin oak, Q. acuminata (Michx. ) Sarg. , [Q. Mnhlenbergii
Engelm. ), Gardiner's Island,. Lake Ciiamplain (Pringle).

Bur oak, Q. macrocar/xt Michx., in the Champlain valley, more com-
mon in Addison county than elsewhere.

Scarlet oak, Q. coccinea Wang, Pownal (Eggleston).

The other five are of more common occurrence ; the following key will
aid in distinguishing them.

Lobes of leaves obtuse, not bristle-poiuted, fruit aunual.

Leaves usually deeply-lobed (H- or J^-way to midrib) White Oak

Leaves scalloped or shallow lobed (less than Yi-way to midrib), stalk of acorn much

longer than leaf-stalk Swamp White Oak

Leaves undulate-toothed (crenate) , stalk of acorn shorter than leaf-stalk . .Chestnut Oak

Lobes of leaves acute, bristle-pointed, fruit biennial.

Acorn large, cup %-i inch broad, shallow, saucer-shaped Red Oak

Acoru small, cup Yz-K inch broad, hemispherical or top-shaped Yellow Oak

I

58a Notes on Burlington Trees

Notes on Burlington Trees 58b

The white oak is common all about Burlington. One of the three
large trees standing in front of Converse Hall is of this species, the other
two being red oaks.

The swamp white oak is frequent along the lake shore and on the
Winooski river intervales, especially near the mouth of the river. There is
a fine young tree on the College park about opposite the south end of the
Williams Science Hall.

The Tkees of Vermont

59

WHITE OAK. Quercus alba Linn.

Tlie white oak is the most beautiful as well as the most useful of the
oaks found in this part of the United States. Vermont has quite a generous

supply of these trees in the Champlain valley.
Flint states that it occurs but sparingly in the
southern Connecticut valley and disappears before
the mouth of the Passumpsic is reached. Both
kinds of flowers appear at the same time, the
staminate being more conspicuous on account of
their drooping clusters. The acorns ripen and fall
during the first autumn.

The tough, heavy wood of the white oak
needs no recommendation. On account of the
beauty of its grain and its capability of taking
a high polish, it is extensively used for furniture
and for inside finishings. It is also much used in carriage manufacture
and for car and bridge timbers.

The famous "Charter Oak" of Connecticut was of this species.

WHITE OAK
Leaves and fruit , X H-

SWAMP WHITE OAK. Qucrcus platanoides (Lam.) Sud worth, Q. bicolor Willd.

In beauty and variety of grain this tree nearly
equals the white oak and its wood is valuable for
similar purposes. As its name suggests it grows in
low, moist soil. Unfortunately the swamp oak is
not found in Vermont except along the intervales
of Lake Champlain and its tributaries. Here it is
quite abundant and its majestic size and symme-
trical, rounded top make it a conspicuous and
beautiful tree. It is more easily identified than
many of the oaks because of the scaly bark, the
leaves downy on the lower surface and the long,
downy stalks of the acorns. The flowers open late
in ]May and the fruits ripen the following autumn.

SWAMP WHITE OAK
Leaf and fruit, X 3^.

CHESTNUT OAK. Quercus prinus Linn.

The popular name of this oak is suggested by the marked resemblance
of its leaves to those of the chestnut. It is one of the common oaks from
Massachusetts and New York southward, forming a large tree on rocky
hillsides, often associated with the chestnut. The line of its northern dis-
tribution passes through the Champlain valley. It is common on Snake
mountain and the quartzite range of the Green mountains in Addison

60

Bulletin 73

county (Brainerd) and thence south through Rutland and Bennington
counties. It probably occurs in the southeastern part of the state also.

The acorns are large, one inch or more in length. The wood is hard
and tough and is frequently used for railroad ties.

RED OAK.

RED OAK

Leaf and fruit, X K.

Quercus ruhra Linn.

The red oak is the most northern of
all the oaks, ranging from Nova Scotia
to Tennessee. It is generally distributed
through the Chaniplain and lower Con-
necticut valleys where it is the most
common oak. It is less common in the
northern part of the Connecticut valley.
The flowers appear in INIay but the ses-
sile, shallow-cupped acorns do not ripen
until the second autumn.

The wood is lighter in weight and
more brittle than that of the white oak
but when quartered shows a beautiful
grain and is used for furniture. It is
also valued for bridge posts where there
is to be exposure to water. The wood
drys out slowly and is inferior as fuel.

(

YELLOW OAK (BLACK OAK ). Quercus velutina Lam

The yellow oak is a southern
species which reaches its northern
limit in Vermont. It is not uncom-
mon in light, dry soils in the Cham-
plain valley and it occurs also in the
southern part of the Connecticut val-
ley. The two common and appar-
ently incompatible names, yellow oak
and black oak, arise from the diverse
colors of the inner bark and the outer
bark. The former, which is used in
tanning, is yellow, while the latter
is very dark. The leaves are rather
large, dark,shiny green with yellowish
petioles. The acorns do not ripen
until the second autunm. The wood
is hard and tough like that of the
white oak and is used in manufac-
turing.

Q. coccinea tindoria Gray,

YELLOW OAK
Leaf and fruit, X ]4-

1

60a Notes on Burlington Trees

The red oak is very comrDon in this vicinity. There is one tree on
the College park a short distance north of the fountain. Two of the pictur-
esque old oaks in front of Converse Hall are red oaks.

The yellow oak is not uncommon in sandy soil about Burlington. It
is a smaller tree than the red oak with rougher and darker bark.

Notes on Burlington Trees 60b

The English cork ehn is to be seen not infrequently in cultivation.
There is a cluster of small trees on the College park near Prospect street,
about opposite Professor Torrey's. A larger but less corky tree stands on ^
the Hutchinson lawn, 178 South Prospect street.

A typical specimen of the weeping elm may be seen on the lawn of
Mr. Pope, 371 Main street. Another stands in Mr. Morse's lot just north of
the Medical college grounds on Prospect street.

The white elm is the common shade tree of the city. A majority of the
larger trees in the street rows were planted soon after the destruction of the
locusts by the borer which occurred about 1845. One of tlie landmarks of
the city is the large elm standing at the northwest corner of the Taft resi-
dence, 397 Pearl street. Mr. E. C. Loomis says that this was planted
there nearly ninety years ago. The College street elms offer a good oppor-
tunity to trace the development and longevity of these trees. Mr. Edward
Peck states that the two lofty elms standing on either side of the entrance
to his grounds, 32(5 College street, were placed there by his father not later
than J 809. The trees in the street row, just below, in front of the Mrs. John
H. Peck place, were planted by Mrs. Peck in 1836, while the trees in the
street row on the south side between the College street church and Winooski
avenue were planted by Mr. L. E. Woodhouse and other High School stu-
dents in 1877.

The row of elms bordering the College park was planted in 1835, by the
class of 1837. The park was at this time enclosed by a fence having the
form of a greatly elongated oval. The elms were planted as a fence-row
and the curvature in the line is clearly traceable at each corner. One of
these trees about opposite Mr. G. G. Benedict's residence is noteworthy be-
cause of its curiously pendulous branches.

The Trees of Vermont

61

ELM FAMILY

THE ELMS

We are fortunate in having in Vermont all of the elms of the eastern
United States except one small southern species. The tiny greenish flowers
have no petals but gracefully fringe the bare trees with their long, slender
stamens in early spring before the appearance of the leaves. The fruits are
supplied with a disk-like membranous wing. The leaves of all the elms
have a peculiar oblique base, full and rounded upon one side, sharply
wedge-shape on the other.

The three native species are readily distinguished as follows :

Inner bark mucilaginous Slippery Elm

Inner bark not mucilaginous.

Branchlets with corky wings Cork Elni

Branchlets without corky wings White Elm

Introduced species. — The English elm has occasionally been planted as a
shade tree, although for such purposes it is less stately than our common
white elm. Two European varieties have been more used for ornamental
plantings, though each of them is rather curious than ornamental. These
are the corky variety of the English elm, and the Camperdown or weeping
elm, which is a variety of the Scotch elm. The young branches of the
former are covered with conspicuous corky outgrowths, similar to those of
the native cork elm, but more strongly developed. The American cork
elm is distinguished from the English by its more downy bud-scales and by
the production of flowers in elongated clusters (racemes), whereas those of
the English elm are in close clusters. Other differences will readily be de-
tected by those having occasion to compare the two trees. The weeping
elm_is usually grafted on an upright stock, leading to a peculiar umbrella-
like development.

WHITE ELM (AMERICAN elm). Uimus Americana Linn.

Of all the native trees none has
done more than the white elm to
beautify the streets of our cities and
villages, or to grace our country hill-
sides and meadows. The spreading
vase-shaped head is its typical form,
but perfect trees are only found where
there has been a free development of
the branches from the sapling age.
Even when developing freely, how-
ever, the trees vary markedly in form,
o 1, r J I, • 1 WHITE ELM

Some may be found which are very Leaves and fruit, x H.

62

Bulletin 73

strict and upright ; others whicli are straggUng and strongly weeping. The
bark characters also vary much in different trees. Numerous clusters of
slender, drooping flowers open before the leaves in early May, giving the
tree a delicate feathery appearance. The seeds mature and fall before the
leaves are fully grown.

The wood is very tough and fibrous, making it useful for ox yokes,
wagon bolsters, hubs of wheels and similai- purposes where there is special
cross-strain.

SLIPPERY ELM (red elm). Ulmus jmbescens Wa\t., U. /«Zra Michx.

The slippery elm is not uncommon in Vermont. The scattering trees of

this species are, however, usually passed un-
noticed because it so closely resembles the
American elm that it is not easy to distinguish
the two by general appearance. The stringy
mucilaginous bark of the slippery elm is
always a sure means of recognition.

Other means of distinguishing it are found
in its circular fruits, which appear in May ;
these^ have smooth margins, whereas those
of both the other species are fringed with deli-
cate hairs. The leaves are larger, rougher above
and soft-downy beneath. But the surest and
simplest test is the "slippery" bark. This
has well known medicinal properties which

give it a recognized value in the drug trade. The slippery elm prefers rocky

ridges and hillsides.

SLIPPERY ELM
Leaves and fruit, X /^.

CORK ELM (rock elm). Uiinus vacemosa Thomas.

J

The cork elm is a more valuable timber [tree but it is found only in
the limestone soils of western A'ermont and there but rarel}\ Its pecu-
liarity is a growth of corky ridges which sometimes project for half an
inch or more from all sides of the younger branches. The leaves resemble
those of the white elm but are more conspicuously downy upon the under
side along the mid-ribs. The bud scales are also downy and the young
branchlets somewhat so whereas those of the white elm are smooth. The
flowers are borne in open branching clusters, or racemes, and this charac-
teristic gives the Latin name to the species. The fruit, which matures
when the leaves are half grown, is somewhat larger than that of the other
elms.

62a Notes on Buklington Treks

The slippery elm is not common about the city. Only one tree has been
located by the writer and it is not thought wise to betray it to possible bark
hunters.

Several trees of the native cork elm occur in the street row on the east
side of North Prospect street. Two of them may be seen in front of Profes-
sor Barbour's house, corner of North Prospect and Loomis streets. No wild
trees are known to occur nearer than Hinesburgh.

Notes on Burlington Trees 62b

There is a good specimen of the hackberry in the southwest corner of
Dr. Prime's grounds at the junction of Pearl and Union streets. ,

I

4

I

I

T]iE Trees of Vermont

63

hackberry (nettletree). Celtis occidentalis Linn.

The hackberry is one of the rare trees of this state, occurring so far
as is known only sparingly in the river bottom lands of the Champlain

valley and the soutliern
Connecticut valley. Its
berries are dark purple
when ripe and may re-
main on the tree all
winter. They are about
the size of peas, with a
sweet flesh which is edi-
ble, and sought by the
birds. Its fine form
makes it a desirable
shade tree.

It so closely resem-
bles the elms that it is
easily mistaken for one
of them and because of
til is it is doubtless fre-
HACKBERRY quently passed unnoticed

Leaves and fruit, X H- even by botanists.

mulberries.

The name mulberry is very commonly appUed in Vermont to one'of
the wild raspberries, which has a conspicuous rose-like blossom followed.by
a reddish raspberry fruit. This shrub should be called the purple flowering
raspberry since the true mulberries are trees. Two species of .[mulberry
occur in Vermont ; of these, the red is native, and the white is introduced.

The fruit of both is edible somewhat resembling that of the^blackberry
in size and appearance. The leaves are heart-shape or ovate, often cut into
curiously irregular lobes so that no two leaves on a branch will be exactly
alike. This irregularity in leaf-form, together with the peculiar ^fruit,
makes the recognition of the mulberry easy. It is often diificult to distin-
guish the two species, however. The following key will aid in this :

Leaves bright and smooth, mostly glossy above White Mulberry

Leaves dull green upper surface rough Red Mulberry

64

Bulletin 73

RED MULBERRY.

RKD MULBERRY
Leaf and fruit, X %.

Morus rubra Linn.

The red mulberry was dis-
covered at Pownal in south-
western Vermont by William
Oakes some seventy years
ago. W. W. Eggleston re-
cently found a few trees near
Pownal showing that it still
occurs there occasionally at
least. It is typically a more
southern tree and this station
is probably nearly at its
northern limit. It becomes a
tree of medium size at the
south, but these Pownal plants
were scarcely more than
shrubs, six to fifteen feet in
height. Students of trees in the
southern counties should be on
the lookout for it elsewhere

WHITE MULBERRY. Morus alba Linn.

Some years ago there was considerable discussion and some experi-
ments upon the feasibility of silk-worm culture in the United States. At
this time the white mulberry was planted in many places in the state.
These trees have proved hardy and occasionally spontaneous seedlings have

appeared.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY

TULIPTREE.

lAriodendron tulipifera Linn.

The tuliptree is included in
this list of native Vermont
trees, although few native trees
can be pointed out. The ti-ee
was authentically reported in
the Appendix to Thompson's
Vermont in 1853. It then oc-
curred occasionally in Ben-
nington county along the Hoo-
sick river. A single native speci-
men of it was recently reported
from North Pownal by Eggle-
ston, showing that it is not
yet extinct. It is to be hoped
that tree lovers located in that

I

TULIPTREE
Leaves, flowers and fruit, X Vi-

64a Notes on Burlington Trees

The white mulberry occurs occasionally in cultivation or escaped.

The only specimen of the tuliptree observed in the city is in front of
the greenhouse at the west side of the Mrs. John H. Peck house, 298 Col-
lege street.

k

Notes on Burlington Taees 64b

Native sycamores occur occasionally near the lake shore, or along the
banks of the river, especially near its mouth. Two trees may be seen in
the street row on the east side of Pine street, just below Main in front of
house No. 152.

I

The Trees of Vermont

65

portion of the state will learn and more fully report upon its present
■distribution as this region marks its northern limit as a native tree. It
thrives, however, as a shade tree planted in yards in Rutland and Burling-
ton.

An attractive feature of this tree is its display of tulip-like flowers
which open in June. The leaves are curiously four lobed, or lyre shape,
as is well shown in the figure, light green above and whitish below.

SASSAFRAS.

LAUREL

Sassafras Sassafras

SASSAFRAS
Leaves and young fruit, X

FAMILY

'Linn.) Karst., S. officinale Nees.

The sassafras reaches its northern
limit in southeastern Vermont where
it occurs sparingly in sandy soils in
the lower Connecticut valley. It is
also found in Pownal, and should be
looked for further north in western
Vermont. The leaves have many in-
teresting variations in form. Some
are ovate and entire while others are
deeply three lobed. These with inter-
mediate forms may be found on the
same tree. Its bright blue fruits ripen
in September and are eagerly de-
voured by the birds. The root of
this tree furnishes the sassafras bark
of commerce. When transplanted it
makes an interesting and rather or-
namental tree.

PLANETREE FAMILY

SYCAMORE ( BxrrroNWGOD ) . Plalanus occidentalis Linn.

The sycamore occurs sparingly in the Champlain and the lower Con-
necticut valleys, and their tributaries. It is also abundant in the Hoosac
valley, in southwestern Vermont. It is at its northern limit in this state
and as a consequence no very large trees of it occur. In the lower Ohio and
Mississippi valleys, where it is more fully at home, the sycamore develops
into the largest tree of eastern North America, occasionally reaching a
height of 150 feet and a diameter of 1 5 feet.

An unmistakable character of the tree is its bark. On old trees this is
brown and rough on the lower parts of the trunk, but above and on the
branches it is smoother with great irregular whitish or pale yellowish patches
where the outer layers have scaled off leaving the inner bark exposed.

66

Bulletin 73

SYCAMORE
Leaf and fruiting head,

This gives the tree a whitewashed
appearance when seen from a
short distance.

Tlie globular heads of fruit or
"buttons" swing by tlieir slender
stalks until late in winter. The
wood is hard and durable for
many purposes. On account of
its beauty and delicacy of color it
is used for furniture, and inside
casings.

It is a water loving tree, pre-
ferring the low, rich banks of
streams, but will grow in drier
soils. It is frequently planted as
a shade tree. It is interesting
and sometimes picturesque, but
rarely ornamental as it grows in
Vermont.

ROSE FAMILY

THE MOUNTAIN ASHES

The mountain ashes are conspicuous among our trees for their broad,
flat-topped clusters of creamy-white flowers followed by the persistent
scarlet fruits. The common name is suggested by the general resemblance
of the compound leaf to that of the ashes. In reality these trees are very
closely related to the cultivated apples and jiears, a fact which will become
evident if one examines the structure of either the flower or the apple-
like fruit.

Two species of mountain ash are natives of the elevated parts of the
eastern United States and both of these occur in Vermont. They are closely
related and so similar that it requires careful scrutiny to distinguish them.

Leaflets with long tapering points, leaf-buds smooth, fruit ^o to ]{ incli in diam-
eter American Mountain Ash

Leaflets broader more bluntly and shorter pointed, leaf buds sparingly hairy, fruit

larger (54 inch in diameter) Elderleaf Mountain Ash

Introduced .ipecies. — The native mountain ashes arc not infrequently
transplanted. The one most commonly used for ornamental purposes
in Vermont, however, is the European mountain ash [P. A lu'xpnria). Plants
of it are found abuudantly spontaneous in groves at Burlington, evidently
from seeds carried thither by birds. It is easily distinguished from either
of the native species by the fact that its younger leaves are distinctly pub-

I

66a NoTKs ON Burlington Trees

The European mountain ashes are frequently seen in Burlington yards.
One of the largest of these stands in the northwest part of the Medical col-
lege grounds. There are numerous seedling plants in the pine grove on the
campus.

Notes on Burlington Trees 66b

A large specimen of the weeping mountain ash stands immediately
north of Mr. Kimball's residence 236 South Prospect street. There is a
smaller one on the lawn in front of the Taft residence, 397 Pearl street.

A small specimen of the native American mountain ash may be seen
just east of the porte-cochere in Dr. Willard's grounds at the corner of
Loomis and North Prospect street?.

The Trees of Vermont

67

escent, with fine hairs on both surfaces, whereas the leaves of the native
species are nearly or quite smooth. Both the flowers and the fruits of the
European species are larger than those of the native.

There are several varieties of this or other European species in cultiva-
tion, including one that has pendulous or weeping branches, and one with
leaves that are usually simple or divided only at the base, the oakleaf
mountain ash.

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH. Pi/rus Americana DC.

This is the more com-
mon native species. It
is a small tree twenty-
five to thirty feet high,
scattered over the state
but more frequent in the
mountainous regions.
The large flat clusters of
whitish flowers open be-
fore the leaves are fully
expanded. The leaf and
fruit characters are well
shown in the accom-
panying drawing. In
color the fruit is bright

red, and renders the trees especially conspicuous and attractive in autumn

and early winter.

MOUNTAIN ASHES

lyCaves and fruit of the American and one leaflet of the
elderleaf X }..

ELDERLEAF MOUNTAIN ASH. Pyrus sambucifoUa Cham. & Schl.

This species is found near the summits of Mt. Mansfield, Camel's Hump,
Willoughby and a few of the other higher mountains. It is not very
common anywliere. This is not surprising since it is a northern tree and
reaches its southern limit in New England, extending from here northward
to Greenland and westward to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska. It is a
small tree, or often a mere shrub when not favorably situated, with branches
spreading into a rounded head. Sargent says that it reaches its best devel-
opment in this region. It has been transplated occasionally in northern
Vermont and has made a beautiful small shade tree.

The leaflets are seven to thirteen in number. One of them is included
with the illustration of the American mountain ash that the two kinds may
be compared. It will be seen that the elderleaf is shorter and broader with
a tendency to be less pointed or even blunt at either end. It occurs so
rarely, however, that there will be little opportunity for confusion between
the two except by mountain climbers.

(58

Bulletin 73

APPLES AND PEARS.

The cultivated apples and pears are so closely related to the mountain
ashes as to be placed by most botanists in the same genus with them. They
are all introduced from Europe and Asia. The apple {Pijrus Malus) is fre-
quently spontaneous, and many of the best varieties under cultivation in
this country came from such American seedlings. The common pear {Pyrus
communis) and the crab apple {P(frus baccata) are both near relatives of
the apple. Some of the larger improved varieties of the crab are probably
hybrids with the common apple.

I

SEHViCEBERRY (sHADBUSH, juneberry). Amelanchicr Canadensis (L. ) Medic.

The shadbush is easily recognized by its graceful white flowers which
appear in the most lavish profusion in May before those of any other

native fruit tree. The fruits
which ripen in June are a
quarter of an inch long, pur-
ple, sweet and edible but the
birds make way with them
so quickly that they are not
often to be found.

The shadbush is common
in light soils and dry wood-
lands throughout the state,
and especially so in parts of
the Champlain valley.

It ranges in size and habit
from a bush to a small tree
of twenty to thirty feet. Like
the other members of this
family it is variable and there are also some smaller shrubby species' which
very closely resemble it. Some of these are being cultivated for their fruits,
and are said to be quite productive and desirable.

HAWTHORNS

The haws, or as they are more familiarly known, the hawthorns or
thornapples, have characters which render them conspicuous and familiar
to everyone. They are all small trees, often shrubby in habit, with low
crowns and spreading branches. These are usually covered in spring witli
clusters of attractive white flowers and loaded in autumn with fruit, which
is apple-like, varying in color from red to yellow and in diameter from one
fourth to three fourths of an inch or more.

SERVICEBERRY
Leaves, flowers and fruit,

I '"Probably six species, as follows: A. Rotryapinm, A.oUgocarpa. A. alnifolia, A.
rotundi/olia, A. spicata, and an undescribed species." (W. W. E.)

68a Notes on Burlington Trees

The serviceberry or shadbush is abundant, especially in the sandy soil,
about BurHngton, and so conspicuous when in blossom that it cannot be
overlooked. There is a cluster of these trees on the north line of Mr. Gay's
lawn, 194 South Prospect street, and a small tree in the east portion of Mr.
HuTigerford's grounds, corner South Willard and Pearl streets.

Notes ox Burlington Trees 68b

The only cultivated trees of the English hawthorn of which we recall
the exact location were recently cut down. It occurs spontaneously near
the brook in Foote's woods and may be looked for elsewhere in the wood-
lands about the city.

I

Two small trees of the scarlet haw are located near the south end of the
College park. Since the species is being split up into so many sub-species
and varieties the various forms may be studied with renewed interest by
local botanists.

I
i

1

The Trees of Vermont

()9

Several species of haw occur in this state. They are extremely variable
and, indeed, are not at present fully understood by botanists. For this rea-
son only the three most common and well marked species are included in
the following key and descriptions.'

Branches horizontal, gray, leaves wedge-shape at base, fruit yellow or red . . . .Dotted Haw
Branches not horizontal (irregularly ascending), reddish.

Leaves thin, usually rounded or heart-shape at base, leaf-stalk slender, fruit

coral-red Scarlet Haw

Leaves thicker, shining, wedge-shape at base with leaf-tissue often extending
down the short, stoutleafstalk, fruitbright, dark red Longspine Haw

Introduced species. — In addition to these three species and the other
native ones mentioned in the foot note, the English hawthorn {Crataegus
Oxycantha) is often met. This has been planted as an ornamental tree and
is sometimes found as an escape in woods or by roadsides. It is to be dis-
tinguished by its smaller fruit (one-fourth to one-third inch long) and dis-
tinctly cut-lobed leaves, wedge-form at the base. The flowers are large and
showy.

SCARLET HAW ( SCARLET- FRUITED THORN, WHITE THORN ).

.Linn.

Crataegus coccinea

The scarlet haws (including the various forms, see foot-note) are the
commonest of our hawthorns and are certainly well known to the children

of Vermont, for who has not at sometime or other
-J..-, eaten thorn apples or woven caps with the sharp
'^^ slender thorns ? The white or pinkish flowers
open in early June and are among the most beau-
tiful found upon any tree. The scarlet apples are
oblong and about half an inch in diameter. They
ripen in September or October and often hang upon
the trees until late fall. The scarlet haws are gen-
erally distributed through the lower altitudes in
Vermont.

SCARLET HAW
Leaf and fruit, X ]

I Professor Sargent has recently made a critical examination of specimens of \'ermont
hawthorns sent him from various localities. Reports on these just as this is going to press
indicate that a considerable revision of the botanical conception of some of the species is
necessary. He distinguishes ten species among those submitted to him, as follows :
C. coccinea, C. macracantha, C. flabellata, C. intermedia, C. rotundifolia, C. populifolia,
C. mollis, C.glandulosa, C. punctata, C. Crus-galli. All of these except the last two are
forms of what is included in Gray's Manual under C. coccinea and its varieties.

It is evident, therefore, that the hawthorns will present some interesting and perhaps
rather puzzling questions to any one who undertakes careful observations upon them.

70

Bulletin 73

LONGSPiNE HAW. Crataegus macmcantha Loud., C coccinea macracaniha

Dudley.

This hawthorn is common in the
Champlain valley and occurs in the Con-
necticut valley. It may therefore be
expected along with the scarlet haw
, in most parts of the state. It closely re-
y/ sembles the scarlet haw in general appear-
ance, but has spines somewhat longer,
flower larger and borne in broader, stouter
clusters. The fruit is rather smaller, round
or compressed longitudinally. It is diffi-
cult to distinguish the species by these char-
acters alone, however, and it will usually be necessary to appeal to the
leaves in its identification. These are shining, thicker and more leathery
in texture than those of the scarlet haw and have a wedge-shape base
merging into a rather short stout petiole. A comparison of the figures will
help make these distinctions clearer.

LONGSPINE HAW
l,eaves and fruit, X 15

DOTTED HAW (SPREADING THORN, DOTTED FRUITED THORN ). Crataegus punctata

Jacq.

The dotted haw is a curious looking tree
with stout branches spreading nearly at right
angles to the trunk and forming a broad flat or
terraced head. This character is more clearly
seen in the older trees and when viewed from
a short distance. Its identification may be
made more certain by comparing the form of
the leaves with the accompanying figure and
also by noting the fruit characters. The fruits
are larger than those of the scarlet haw, some-
times nearly an inch in diameter, turning
dull red or yellow in autumn and marked
with whitish spots. This last character has
given name to the species. The dotted haw
thrives best on rocky upland pastures and is not uncommon throughout
the state.

DOTTED HAW
lyCaves and truit, X J^.

70a Notes on Burlington Trees

The longspine haw is especially common on the Holt estate and in the
vicinity of Willard's ledge.

Fine specimens of the dotted haw occur near the lime-kiln south of the
High Bridge. Smaller trees are not uncommon. One may be seen near the
street fence on the west side of South Prospect street a few rods north of
Cliff street.

Notes on Burlington Trees 70 b.

I

p

The Trees of Vermont 71

A form of this species ( var. canescens Britton ) has been found at Fer-
risburg, which is densely whitish tomentose (hairy) on the lower leaf sur-
faces, and on the leaf and fruit stalks.

THE PLUMS AND CHERRIES

The plums and cherries, particularly when in blossom, are among the
most attractive trees in New England. They are all of small or medium
size with conspicuous pink or white flowers. They are distinguished by
their stone fruit and by their astringent bark and leaves.

There are live species found in Vermont. One of these, the sand cherry,
is a small shrub usually nearly or quite prostrate and is found but rarely.
One of the other four, the choke cherry, seldom attains to the size or habit
of a tree, but it is deemed best to include it in this list since it occurs so
commonly along with the tree species that the omission might lead to
some confusion.

Fruit red or yellow, Howers and fruit iu sliort spreading clusters (umbel-like).
Fruit small, % inch or less in diameter, bright red, small slender tree, bark light
red-brown, leaves finely saw-toothed Wild Red Cherry

Fruit large, ]4 inch or more in diameter, red or yellow, small tree, branches spreading,
bark rough and dark gray, leaves coarsely saw-toothed Canada Plum

Fruit black, flowers and fruit in long, slender clusters (racemes), bark grayish.
Shrub, fruit very as'ringent, leaves sharply saw-toothed Choke Cherry

Large tree, bark rough and black, fruit slightly astringent, leaves

with teeth incurved Black Cherry

Cultivated species. — There are several species of plums and cherries in
cultivation. Those oftenest found in Vermont are the following :

European or garden plum. Primus domestica Linn. The common cul-
tivated plum, including the Damsons, ( the latter being var. Dam-
ascena). Tree strong, usually upright; leav6s large, ovate or obovate, firm,
thick, rough, coarsely saw-toothed.

Japanese plum. P. triflora Roxb. A more slender willowy tree, with
smoother, greener leaves, more finely cut-toothed.

Sour cherry. P. Cerasus Linn. The commonest cultivated cherry in
Vermont. A comparatively small tree with smooth leaves ; fruit sour.

Sweet cherry. P. Avium Linn. A larger, straighter growing tree, sel-
dom seen in Vermont ; leaves larger, dull and soft ; fruit usually sweet.

72

Bulletin 73

Other species sometimes cultivated are the following plums : P. Simoni^
P. cerasifera, P. Americana, P. augustifolia, P. Jiortulana ; the peach, P.
Persica ; and the apricot, P. Armeniaca.

CANADA PLUM (wiLD OR HORSE plum). Prunus Americana nigra Waugh, P.
nigra Ait., P. Americana Marsh, in part, according to Gray's Manual.

The Canada plum, found frequently
in Vermont, is a small tree or shrub, with
grayish-brown bark and short, spiny
branchlets. It may be recognized by its
broad coarse leaves, sometimes four
inches long and two or three inches wide.
The flowers are abundant, large and
strong, of a fine pinkish color, and ap-
pear about the first week in May. The
fruit, often an inch in diameter, ripens
in August. It is sometimes rather bitter,
but occasional trees bear good eatable
fruit.

CANADA PLUM
Leaves, flowers and fruit, X ^^ .

WILD RED CHERRY (bird CHERRY ). PruHUS Peunsylvanica Linn

The wild red cherry, a small, slender tree,
is quite generally distributed from the rocky
woods of Newfoundland to North Carolina. It
is common in all parts of Vermont where it is
often only a roadside shrub. The flowers ap-
pear in May in beautiful white clusters on long
pedicels. The fruit, which ripens in midsum-
mer, is small and globular, becoming bright
red when mature. This tree is distinguished
from the other cherries by its slender and
more graceful form, by its lighter colored, close-
growing bark, often covered with transverse wild red cherry
scars (lenticels), by its small flower^^ in spread- Reaves, flowers and fruit, x <^j
ing clusters and by its very small globular fruit
similarly clustered.

72a Notes on Buklington Trees

The Canada plum is not uncommon in fence rows and old gardens. A
single tree stands in the vacant lot north of Professor Torrey's, 75 South
Prospect street.

The wild red cherry is common in fence rows and woodland borders.

Notes on Burlington Trees 72b

The choke cherry and black cherry are common along with the red
cherry in the woodlands of the vicinity.

The Trees of Vermont

CHOKE CIIERRY

CHOKE CHERRY

Leaves, flowers and

fruit, X y^.

(wild'ciierry). Prunus Virginiana Linn.

The choke cherry is usually a slirub in ^'er-
mont. It is, however, included in this list of trees
because of its close relationship to the other cher-
ries. It is very widely distributed in North Am-
erica, ranging from the Arctic circle to California
and Texas. In May, when the leaves are half
grown, it is covered with creamy white flowers in
long nodding clusters. The peculiarly astringent
fruit, varying greatly in quality, however, ripens
abundantly in August. It makes a good quality of
jelly.

BLACK CHERRY. Pvunus serotmii p]hrh.

This is the only native Ver-
mont cherry which reaches a suffi-
cient size to make it a valuable
timber tree. It has been exported
in considerable quantities from the
southern part of the state, but now
large trees are seldom found. The
wood is of very superior quality for
cabinet making, and commands the
highest price of any native Ameri-
can timber. It has a beautiful
grain and takes a very fine polish.
The flowers resemble other cherry
blossoms and are borne in racemes.
The fruit is at first dark red, then
becomes almost black, with a thick
skin and dark juicy flesh, which is
generally rather bitter but some-
times sweet and pleasant.

BLACK CHERRY
Leaves and fruit, X y^.

PULSE FAMILY

Most of the members of this fainily are easily recognized as such by
their irregular flowers of the pea-blossom type, by their fruit pod, similar to
that of the pea or bean, and by their compound leaves.

All of them which are native plants are herbaceous. Many of the
species which grow further south are shrubs and trees. Several of the lat-

74 Bulletin 73

ter are commonly cultivated in Vermont, including four trees, the common
locust, the clammy locust, the honey locust and the coffeetree.

The common locust IRobinia Pseudacacia Linn.) is a native of Pennsyl-
vania and the more southern states. It has been widely planted in Ver-
mont and has frequently run wild along fence-i'ows and about yards. The
profusion of the fragrant white blossoms, the delicacy of the foliage and the
picturesque form of the tree combine to make it very attractive. This locust
is a large, rapidly growing tree. It makes the best of fence posts and it is
said that it can be grown with profit for that purpose in this state.

The clammy locust {Robinia viscosa Vent.) is a smaller tree which is
sometimes planted for shade or ornament and tends to spread. It is easily
distinguished by the fact that its twigs and leaf-stalks are clammy or sticky
to the touch.

The honey locust ( Gleditsia triacanthos Linn. ) is occasionally planted.
It is conspicuous because of its long pods, (one foot or more) and its much
branched thorns. The leaves are doubly compound.

The Kentucky coffeetree ( Gymnocladus Canadensis Lam. ) is also occa-
sionally planted. The leaves are doubly compound and two or three feet
long. The pods are five to ten inches long and one to two inches broad.

MAPLE FAMILY

MAPLES.

The maple family is a large one including nearly seventy species. Ten
of these occur in the United States, and seven are found in Vermont. In
many respects they form the most characteristic feature of our forest flora,
and were we to select a state tree, popular choice would certainly be unani-
mous for the sugar maple.

The maples are easily distinguished from all other trees by their peculiar
winged or " key " fruit. The leaves of all except the ash-leaved maple are
also so similar as to form a good family character.

Two of the seven native species are as frequently shrubby as they are tree-
like in both size and habit of growth, but all are included in this discussion.
By appealing to the size of the tree and characters of the leaves it is possible
to distinguish the species as follows :

Large trees.

Leaves compound (3-7 leaflets, resembling the ash.) Boxelder

Leaves simple, with 3-5 prominent divisions or lobes

Leaves with terminal lobe more than % length of midrib Silver Maple

Leaves with terminal lobes 14 or less than 14 length of midrib.

Bottom of sinuses (i. e. larger notches or indentations) acute, lobes

sharply toothed Red Maple

Bottom of sinuses rounded, lobes with few or no teeth.

74a Notes on Burlington Trees

A picturesque cluster of trees of the common locust may be seen in the
east portion of the grounds of ]\Irs. Tucker at the corner of Pearl and Wil-
lard streets. The locust was the principal shade tree in the city until about
1845 when a large proportion of the old trees were destroyed by the borer.
The large tree at the south end of Mr. G. G. Benedict's house was one of
the few survivors. Mv. Benedict says that this tree is now fully eighty
years old. Mr. E. C. Loomis states that the two old trees standing near the
front gate of the Brookes' place, 340 Pearl street, have grown from seed
planted by his father about 1803.

The street now known as Elmwood avenue was formerly lined with
locusts and known as Locust street.

A small tree of the honey locust stands in the garden of the Taft resi-
dence, 397 Pearl street. There is a young honey locust hedge in front of
Saint Mary's convent, Mansfield avenue.

A fine specimen of the Kentucky coffeetree stands near the west piazza
of Mr. Lawrence Bartley's house on College street, just above Union. There
is another in the grounds of Mr. Edward Peck, 326 College street.

Notes on Burlington Trees 74b

The Norway maple has been planted occasionallj' in recent years
and makes a very desirable shade tree. A fine young specimen 'of this
maple stands close to the street walk on the lawn at No. 13 South Union
street.

Varieties of the cutleaf maple are not infrequent among the more re-
cently planted ornamental trees. One may be seen in the Main street row
on the north side of Grass Mount.

Horse chestnuts are not uncommonly planted. A large tree shades the
west piazza of Mr. Van Patten's residence, 386 Pearl street. There are sev-
eral fine specimens in the grounds of Mr. B. B. Smalley, 47 Adams street.

The buckeyes are rarely planted. There is a thrifty young specimen of
the Ohio buckeye in the north part of Professor Perkins' grounds, 205 South
Prospect street.

The mountain maple may be found near the High Bridge and in similar
cool moist situations in the vicinity.

The Trees of Vermont 75

Sinuses deep, lower surfaces of leaves smooth or with few hairs on

veins Sugar Maple

Sinuses shallow, lower surfaces of leaves minutely hairy Black Maple

Small trees or shrubs.

Leaves large (often 6-8 inches long), margins finely toothed, bark light

I green striped with darker lines Striped Maple
Leaves smaller (3-5 inches long) margins coarsely toothed, bark not
striped Mountain Maple

Introduced species. — The Norway maple ig a European species frequently
used as a street shade tree farther south, and occasionally planted in Ver-
mont. It most closely resembles the sugar maple among our native species
but is easily distinguished by its broader and lower crown, larger leaves and
larger, moi-e divergent key-fruits.

Numerous horticultural varieties of the silver maple have been introdu-
ced in recent years, especially from Japan. Those include very deeply cut-
leaved forms, and also one with drooping branches. Their relationship to
tlie native species is usually recognizable however.

The horse chestnuts and buckeyes are closely related to the maples, al-
though some authorities place them in a separate family. Of these the
European horse chestnut {Aescidus Hippocastanum) is very commonly culti-
vated. It forms a large, clean, symmetrical tree, with rich foliage and
showy blossoms. The buckeyes of the south and west are occasionally
planted.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE. Acer spicafnm. Lam.

The mountain maple rarely be-
comes more than a shrub in Ver-
mont. It occurs commonly in
moist, rocky mountain forests in
all parts of the state. Like the
striped maple it is partial to road-
sides, and borders all our mountain
driveways. The leaves are thin
and downy on the under side. The
greenish yellow flowers are borne
in erect pubescent clusters which
appear in the latter part of June.
The fruits are very divergent,
smaller than those of any other
maple and become bright red in
July and August. The heavy clusters then hang down and turn dark
brown before being scattered by the winds. It is the spike-like arrange-
ment of these flowers which suggested the Latin name of the species. This

MOUNTAIN MAPLE
Leaves and fruit, X y^.

76

Bulletin 73

4

maple is one of the most highly ornamental of the smaller trees,
worth}' of more general cultivation.

STRIPED MAPLE (mOOSEWOOD, STRIPED DOGWOOD

and

Acer Penrmylvanicum Linn.

The striped maple is a small
tree or shrub which forms a
familiar part of the under
growth of our forests, and is a
common roadside bush in all
parts of the state. It is easily
distinguished by its greenish
bark striped longitudinally
with darker lines. The leaves^
the largest of the maples, are
usually from five to seven inches
long and four or five inches
wide. Its drooping clusters of
greenish flowers unfold by the
middle of June when the
leaves are nearly grown. The
fruits are abundant and turn a
beautiful scarlet towards au-
tumn. This maple rarely ex-
ceeds a height of twenty feet.

It has also a distinct value for ornamental planting, especially in groups

or borders.

SUGAR MAPLE (iiARD MAPLE, ROCK maple) Acer barbatum Michx., A. sacchar-

inum Wang.

The sugar maple is at home every-
where in Vermont but it thrives best
on the cool, rocky uplands of our
state. It can be distinguished by its
light gray bark which has large,
white patches on the younger
branches or by its broad, five-lobed
leaves which have shallow, rounded
sinuses. The small, inconspicuous
flowers of the sugar maple appear
with the leaves but the fruit does not
i-ipcn until late smnmer. This tree is
widely distributed in North America
but the fame of its sugar-bearing sap
has mainly spread from Vermont.

STRIPED MAPLE.
Leaf aud fruit, X y^.

SUGAR MAPLE.
Leaf and fruit, X i^.

76a Notes on Burlington Trees

The striped maple is not uncommon in our woodlands. It is especially
frequent in the vicinity of Eagle Bay in the groves bordering the Rutland
railroad.

The sugar maple is common everywhere. A fine row of old trees borders
the north line of the Edmunds high school grounds. A typical large tree
occurs at the west of the driveway in Mr. Van Patten's grounds, [386 Pearl
street. Mr. Horatio Loomis states that this was planted by his grandfather
about seventy-five years ago.

Notes on Burlington Treks TOb

The Trees of Vermont

//

Besides its value as a sugar tree, its timber is hard and durable. It is
extensively used for flooring, also for chair stock and other furniture and
for fuel. The "curled" and "bird's-eye" maple are unusual forms of this
species, produced by a peculiar curling of the fibers.

BLACK MAPLE Acer barbatum nigrum Sarg., Acer saccharinum nigrum T. & G.,

Acer nigrum Michx. f.

The above list of Latin names reveals the fact that this tree has long
been a puzzle to botanists. In leaf characters it differs considerably from
the sugar maple, but resembles it in fruit characters, general habit and in
sugar production. As indicated in the key, the leaf is less deeply lobed,

and is minutely hairy on the lower face ;
it may also be hairy along the leaf stalk.
It is thicker and more leathery in texture
and is usually heart-shape at the base,
the rounded basal lobes sometimes over-
lapping. The typical form of the leaf is
shown in the accompanying figure.

It is common in portions of Canada
and farther west. In Vermont it seems
to be rare, and has not been reported out-
side of the Champlain valley, except at
Windsor. Michaux found it at the latter
place about a century ago and its rediscov-
ery there would be of a considerable bot-
anical interest. It is usually found in
low, moist places.
This black maple should not be confused with specimens of the ordi-
nary sugar maple having darker bark. Sugar makers often term suc-h trees
"black maples." The bark of this black maple is generally dark, but the
leaf characters must be appealed to in its recognition.

BLACK MAPLE, X %.

SILVER MAPLE (soFT MAPLE, WHITE MAPLE, SWAMP MAPLE ) Acer saccharinum

Linn., Acer dasycarpum Ehrh.

The silver maple is a large, graceful tree, generally distributed along
our water courses, especially near the shores of Lake Champlain and the
streams emptying into it. It resembles the red maple but is distinguished

78

Bulletin 73

from it by its longer, more deeply
cut, lighter green leaves which are
silvery white on the lower side.
Although the silver maple flour-
ishes best in moist soil, it will make
vigorous growth and become a
beautiful shade tree in dry loca-
tions. It is not so hardy or long
lived as either the red or the sugar
maple in many situations.

The fruits are two or three
inches long, larger than in either
of the other species. They mature
and fall in early summer.

SILVER MAPLE
Leaves and fruit, X j^.

RED MAPLE (soPT MAPLE, SWAMP MAPLE ). Accr ruhrum Linu.

The scarlet flowers of this maple give us the brightest spring welcome
from the trees. When the red maple is a blaze of color and the other trees
are bare and brown, it is consijicuous and
unmistakable, and in autumn the rich
coloring of its leaves makes it conspicuous
again. The leaves of the silver maple
turn yellow and those of the sugar maple
yellow or red, but not the crimson or
deep red of the red maple. It is distin-
guished from the sugar n)aple by its
smoother, dark gray bark and by the
deeper acute incisions of the leaves al-
though they are subject to much varia-
tion. The fruit is about one inch long
and like that of silver maple falls in early
summer. This tree, common throughout
eastern United States, is very generally
distributed in Vermont. It is especially
found in low, moist soil. The red maple
yields a sweet sap, inferior, however, to
that of the sugar maple. The wood is rather soft with a fine smooth
grain. " Curled " maple may occur in this species.

RED MAPLE
Leaf and fruit, X %.

78a Notes on Burlington Trees

The silver maple is not uncommon in moist soil along our lake shore
and river banks. A large tree stands in the street row in front of Mr. Ed-
ward Peck's place, 326 College street. Mr. Peck states that this tree was
planted there about forty years ago. Probably the finest specimen of maple
in the city is that on the lawn of Mr. Henry Wells at the west of the
house, 378 Main street. Our attention was but recently called to this tree
and we have not examined it in summer. Some leaves gathei-ed from the
ground indicate that it is one of the cut-leaf varieties of the silver maple.

The red maple, both wild and cultivated, is fully as common in this
vicinity as is the sugar maple. The double tree about the middle of the Col-
lege park, immediately southeast of the pines is of this species. It was
planted together with the other trees in this group by the graduating class
of 1847.

Notes ox Bdrlington Trees 78b

The boxelder is frequently planted as a shade tree. A large spreading
tree stands near the south line of the premises at 43 South Prospect street.
There are numerous smaller trees in the east portion of Mr. Hungerford's
grounds at the junction of Pearl and Willard streets, one standing very close
to the fence corner.

\

The buckthorn is frequently used as a hedge plant. One of the largest
of these hedges forms the south border of the grounds of Mr. Brookes, 362
South Prospect street. A single fruit-bearing plant stands on the College
park, about opposite General Henry's residence.

The Trees of Vermont

79

BOXELDER ( ASHLEAVED MAPLE).

BOXELDER

Leaves and fruit, X 'y^

Acer Negundo Linn., Negundo aceroides
Moench.

The leaves of the boxelder are
compound] ,with three or five or some-
times seven slender, somewhat lobed
leaflets.

In its general habit and appear-
ance and especially in this leaf charac-
ter the boxelder much resembles the
ashes, hence one of its popular names.
A glance at the peculiar key fruit,
however, shows it is in reality one of
the maples. Its flowers appear in May.
The fruit becomes conspicuous by the
latter part ot June but clings to the
tree throughout the summer and au-
tumn.

The boxelder occurs sparingly
along streams in the Champlain valley,
this marking its northern limit. It
is very commonly planted, but its
chief recommendation for this purpose
is its quick growth.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

BUCKTHORN. Rhamnus cathartica Linn.

The buckthorn was introduced from Europe. It is commonly culti-
vated as a hedge plant, and occurs not infrequently as an escape. When left
to itself it develops into a small and rather unsightly tree, bearing some re-
semblance to the wild plum. The most conspicuous character is its abund-
ant fruit which occurs in clusters. It is berry-like with three or four seeds,
one-third of an inch in diameter, and when ripe in autumn is black with
green juice.

A medicinal syrup made from the berries was formerly much used. It
is a powerful cathaitic, and has fallen into disuse because of the violence of
its action. Dyes can be made from different parts of the plant. The juice
of the fresh berries yields a saffron color, and that of the bark a beautiful
yellow. A fine green pigment used in water color painting under the name
of sap-green is made from the berries in the early stages of ripeness.

80

Bulletin 73

LINDEN

i

FAMILY

BASswooD (linden). Tilia Americana Linn.

The basswood is a widely scattered tree in
Vermont, growing with the maples, oaks and
elms. Its leaves are five or six inches long
and nearly as wide, with a base more deeply
cordate on one side than the other.

The flowers, which open in July, are
creamy-white, borne in clusters suspended
from a tongue-like leaf or bract. They are
very fragrant and so full of nectar that the
basswood is often called the bee-tree. The
fruit ripens in autumn, forming hard, brown
balls or nutlets the size of peas. These may
quite thickly sprinkle the ground near the
trees, and give rise to a plentiful crop of seed-
lings the following spring. The tough inner
bark (bast) gave origin to the common name. Basswood lumber is brown-
ish or nearly white, light but rather tough, and is extensively used for
drawers and similar cabinet work, panels, inside wood-work and for toys.
Owing to the fact that it is readily bent it is used also for the bodies and
dash boards of carriages and sleighs.

The European linden ( T. Europea) is occasionally cultivated. It closely
resembles the American species.

BASSWOOD
Leaf and fruit, X y^

DOGWOOD FAMILY

SOUR GUM (TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE).

The sour gum is found occasion-
ally in swamps along the shores of
Lake Champlain and in the adjacent
river bottoms. It also occurs in the
southwestern part of the state and
has been found in the interior as far
north as Craftsbury (Robbins). This
tree has a peculiar appearance with
horizontal branches and smooth or
glossy leaves, borne in beech-like
sprays. Its greenish yellow flowers
appear in June and are followed by
the dark-blue, egg-shaped fruits, one-
half of an inch long, with thin, acid
flesh, ripening in October.

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

SOUR GUM
Leaves and staminate flower clusters, X %.

80a Notes on Burlington Trees

Tlie basswood is common as a wild tree in the vicinity and is fre-
quently planted. The street shade trees about the Wheeler property at the
corner of South Prospect and Main streets are of this species and were planted
about fifty years ago. A larger and finer specimen stands about the middle
of the north row of trees in the First church parsonage grounds.

The sour gum is a rare tree about Burlingtun. The only specimens
known occur near the new Rutland-Canadian railroad bridge at the mouth
of the river.

Notes on Blrlixgton Trees 80b

The Trees of Vermont 81

OLIVE FAMILY

THE ASHES

The olive family takes its name from the olive tree of Asia. The only
representatives among our native trees are the ashes ; but several of the
commonly planted ornamental shrubs, the lilacs and other syringas, and
the beautiful forsythia, belong to this family.

The individual flowers of the ashes are small. But the crowded
clusters in which they appear before the leaves are quite conspicuous.
The flowers are of two kinds, the pollen producing and the seed bearing
being on separate trees. The ashes, like the maples, have prominently
winged fruits, but those of the ash hang singly wliereas the maple " keys "
are always in pairs.

The ashes are among the most useful of the hard wood forest trees of
America, yielding to the oaks alone in value. Two species, the
black and the white, occur commonly throughout the state ; the red
and the green ash are restricted or local in their distribution. The latter
two are very similar and intermediate forms connect them so closely that
some authorities rate the green as but a variety of the red. In using the
the following key it is to be observed that the ash leaf is compound, that is,
each leaf is divided into from seven to eleven smaller leaflets, as will be seen
by examining any of the figures.

^)

Lateral leaflets sessile (i. e., without distinct stalks) Black Ash

Lateral leaflets with distinct stalks.

Buds, young shoots and leaf-stalks covered with fine velvety hairs. ...Red Ash

Buds, young shoots and leaf-stalks, smooth.

Leaves paler or downy beneath White Ash

Leaves smooth and bright green on both sides Green Ash

WHITE ASH. Fraxinus Americana Linn.

The white ash occurs in all parts of the state, and upon all kinds of soil,
but it prefers a rich, moist location. It is an open spreading tree in the
field but in the forest it sends up a clean, straight shaft with a very
small head. This character helps to make thewhite ash one of the valuable
timber trees of our forests. The wood is strong, tough, elastic, durable
and easily worked. It is manufactured into casings, every kind of furni-
ture, agricultural implements, and parts of carriages. It is said that in

82

Bulletin 73

strength and elasticit)' the
white ash timber from Ver-
mont is superior to that
from most other sources.
The white oak and the
hickories are the only na-
tive trees which have a
higher vahie for fuel. This
ash is recognized by its com-
pound leaves, about twelve
inches long, with from five
to nine smooth, petioled
leaflets. The flowers appear
before the leaves and the
fruits ripen in August or
September.

WHITE ASH
Leaf and fruit, X }^.

BLACK ASH. Fraxinus nigra Marsh., F. sambucifolia Lamarck.

The black is ash is found
in lowlands or swamps. It
is often called the brown
ash but this name is con-
fusing as it is also applied
to the red ash. This and
the w'hite species are the
commoner ash trees of the
state. They are easily dis-
tinguished by the fact that
the leaflets of the white
ash are always distinctly
stalked while the black has
sessile leaflets. These are
seven to eleven in number
often forming a leaf twelve
to sixteen inches long which
is smooth and green on
both sides. Black ash tim-
ber is coarser grained than
is that of white ask. It is

BLACK A.SH.
Leaf and fruit, X j^.

used for furniture and inside finishings and in the manufacture of baskets.

82a Notes on Burlington Trees

Several specimens of the white ash are growing near the south end of
the College park.

The black ash occurs in the moist soils of the vicinity.

Notes on Burlington Trees 82b

The red ash is very common along the sandy beaches of the lake shore
and has been transplanted quite frequently to the yards and street rows
about the city. A largo tree stands on the College park near the walk lead-
ing southeast from the head of College street.

The Trees of Vermont

83

red ash. Fraxlnus Pennsijlvanica Marsh., F. pubesccns Lamarck.

The red ash closely
resembles the white ash
in general appearance. It
may always be recognized
however,by looking close-
ly at the buds in winter
or at the young shoots or
petioles in summer. These
parts are velvety with
delicate hairs, and it is
this characteristic pubes-
cence which suggested the
Latin name of the species.
The flowers and fruits
bear a general resem-
blance to those of the
white ash. The red ash ^^° ^S"

is used considerably in ^^^^ ^"^ f""'' ^ ^^3-

manufactures but is inferior to the preceding species for most purposes. It
is generally distributed along the shores of Lake Champlain and its ad-
jacent waters but has not been reported from other parts of the state.

green ash.

Fraxinus lanceolata Borkh., F. viridis Michx.

Sargent considers this a
variety of the red ash which it
strongly resembles. The best
means of distinguishing the
green ash from the red is by its
smooth buds, branch lets and
leaf-stalks. It takes its name,
green ash, from the fact that
the leaflets are bright green on
Loth sides, whereas those of
both the white and the red are
paler beneath. But these char-
acters show clearly only in de-
cided forms and perplexing in-
termediate forms may be found.
It is known to occur sparingly
on the shores of Lake Cham-
plain, and probably does not
grow native elsewhere in the
state.

GREEN ASH
Leaf and fruit, X j^.

Si Bulletin 73

BIGNONIA FAMILY

THK CATALPAS

I

i

Catalpa or indian-bean trees are occasionally planted in Vermont,
although they are not always hardy. The peculiarities of fruit and foliage
give them a somewhat tropical appearance. The leaves are heart-shape and
very large, six to twelve inches long ; the flowers are one or tw'o inches
across and the cylindrical pods nearly a foot in length. The species most
commonly planted is the hardy American catalpa {C. speciosa). The Jap-
anese catalpa (C Kiempferi) is less commonly planted, but Mr. F. H. Hors-
ford of Charlotte, w'ho has it in cultivation, finds it to be hardy.

i

4

84a Notes on Burlington Trees

The hardy American catalpa has been planted in numerous yards, but
it is not fully liardy and no specimens have reached a large size. As large
and typical a specimen as we have seen stands near the driveway on the
south side of Mr. John Allen's house, corner Main and Prospect streets.

Small specimens of the Japanese catalpa occur in numerous yards. The
largest one that we have observed stands in the sti-eet row in front of 7S
Adams, just east of Elm street. The Japanese species appears to be a hardier
plant than either of our Americans. It is easily distinguished from them
by its more slender pods.

The southern catalpa, C. hignonioides, has also been planted occasionally.
A specimen stands near the street fence in the Hagar garden, 323 College
street.

INDEX.

Abies 44

Acer 74-79

Aesculus 75

Anielanchier 68

Apple 68

Apricot 72

Arbor vitfe 45

Ash, black 82

Green 83

Red 83

White 81

Aspen 51

American 51

Largetooth 52

Quaking... 51

Balm of Gilead 52

Balsam fir 44

Basswood 80

Beech 57

Blue 56

Water 56

Betula 54-55

Bignonia family 84

Birch family 53

Birch, black 55

Canoe 54

Cherry 55

European white 54

Gray 54

Paper 54

Sweet 55

White 54

Yellow 55

Boxelder 79

Buckeyes 75

Buckthorn — 79

Butternut 46

Buttonwood 65

Carpinus 56

Carya 47-49

Castanea 57

Catalpa, Japanese 84

Hardy American 84

Cedar, red 45

White 45

Celtis 63

Cherry, black 73

Bird 72

Choke 73

Sand 71

Sour 71

Wild 73

Wild red 72

Chestnut 57

Coffeetree, Kentucky 74

Cottonwood 53

Crataegus 69-71

Dogwood family 80

Striped dogwood 76

Elm family 61

Elm, American 61

Camperdown 61

Cork 62

English 61

English cork 61

Red 62

Rock 62

Scotch 61

Slippery 62

Weeping 61

White 61

Fagus 57

Fraxinus 81-83

Gleditsia 74

Gmxi, sour 80

Gymnocladus 74

Hackberry 63

Hacmatack 41

Haw or hawthorn, dotted 70

English 69

Longspine 7C

Scarlet 69

Hemlock 44

Hickory, bitternut 48

Pignut 49

Shagbark 47

Shellbark 47

Hicoria 47^9

Hop hornbeam 56

Hornbeam 56

Horse chestnut, European 75

Iron wood 56

Juglans 46

Juneberry 68

Juniper, red 45

Juniperus 45

Larch 41

Larix 41

Laurel family 65

Leverwood 56

Linden 80

Linden family 80

Liriodendron 64

Locust, clammy 74

Common 74

Honey 74

8G

Index

Magnolia family 64

Maple family 74

Maple, ashleaved 79

Black 77

Hard 76

Japanese 75

Mountain 75

Norway 75

Red 78

Rock 76

Silver 77

Soft 77

Striped 76

Sugar 76

Swamp 77

White 77

Mountain ash, American 67

Elderleaf 67

European 66

Oakleaf 67

Moose wood 76

Morus 64

Mulberry, red 64

White 64

Nettletree 63

Negundo 79

Nyssa 80

Oak family 57

Oak, black 60

Bear 58

Bur 58

Chestnut 59

Chinquapin 58

Dwarf chinquapin 58

Red 60

Scarlet 58

Scrub 58

Swamp white 59

White 59

Yellow 60

Olive familj^ 81

Ostrva 56

Peach 72

Pear 68

Pepperidge 80

Picea 42

Pignut 49

Pine family 39

Pine, Austrian 39

Gray 41

Jack 41

Norwav 40

Pitch. .^ 41

i

Red 40

Scotch 39

Scrub 41

White 40

Pinus 39^1

Planetree family 65

Platanus 65

Plum, Canada 72

European 71

Garden 71

Horse 72

Japanese 71

Wild 72

Poplar, balsam 52

Lombard v 51

White....." 51

Populus 51-53

Prunus 71-73

Pulse family 73

Pyrus ". 66-(J8

Quercus 58-60

Rhamnus 79

Robin ia 74

Rose family 66

Salix 49-51

Sassafras 65

Service berry 68

Shadbush 68

Sour gum 80

Spruce, black 42

Colorado blue 42

Norway 42

Red 43

Swamp 42

White 44

Sycamore 65

Tamarack 41

Thorn (see hawthorn).

Thuya 45

Tilia 80

Tsuga 44

T u 1 i pt ree 64

Tupelo 80

Ulmus 62

Walnut familv 46

Walnut, white 46^7

Bitter 48

Black 47

Willow familv 49

Willow, black 50

Crack 51

White 50

Yellow 50

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VI.

KEY TO THE
GENERA OF BASIDIOMYCETES OF VERMONT,

WITH REFERENCES TO SCATTERED LITERATURE
FOR DETERMINATION OF THE SPECIES.

By Edward A. Burt, Ph. D.

MiDDLEBURY :

Middlebury College,

1899.

4

\ KRMONT MOSSES, SUPPLEMENT. 43

S. Warnslorfii versicolor Russ. and ff . gracile and rohusta .

S. Warnstorfii viride Russ

S. Wulfianum Girg. var. versicolor Warnst.

Fissidens minutulus SuUiv. Moist limestone rocks, north cliffs, Snake

I\It., (V.
F. taxifolius ( L. ) Hedw. Willoughby. Fide Br. Kennedy.

I Dicranum spurium Hedw. Dry soil at top of west cliffs. Snake Mt,
G, Det. R. H. True. Easily distinguished by the Mnium-like
habit and leaves involute and strongly papillose above.

Oncophorus crispatus (Dicks. ) Lindb. {Rhahdoweisia denticulata Br. &
Sch. ) E. A. Rau in his review of the L. & J. Manual, Bot. Gaz.
9: 157, records this species as occurring in several stations not
mentioned in the Manual, one of which was " Mt. Mansfield, Vt.
(Pringle. )"

0. Wahlenbergii compactus (Schimp.) Braithw. Willoughby. Fidt
Dr. Kennedy.

ij Parbula acuta Brid. ( B. gmrlli.9 Schwaegr.) Crevices of limestone rock,
Brattleboro. Frost. Fide L. & J. Manual, 127.

Plagiobryum zieri (Dicks.) Lindb. In rivulets far up the slides. Smug-

Igler's Notch, A'.
Pohlia nutans csespitosa (H. &H.) Hueben. Willoughby. Fide Dr.
I Kennedy.

P. nutans longiseta ( Brid. 1 Hueben. Fide Dr. Kennedy.
Anomodon tristis [ Cesat. ) Sulliv. ( Leskea tristis Cesat. ) On old birch with
Xrcl-era pciniafa, Willoughby, JT; north cliffs of Snake Mt., G.

Pterigynandrum filiforme (Timm. ) Hedw. On root of dead birch, Strat-
ton, G., in fine fruit. Clefts in cliff, Newfane, G., "depauper-
ate," Dr. Best.

Amblystegium riparium fluitans (L. & J.) R. & C In brooks, Charlotte,
P. Det. L. S: Cheney.
i Bryhnia graminicolor (Brid.) Grout. {Hypnum SulUvantii Spruce.)
Moist soil under north cliffs. Snake Mt., G-

Homalia gracilis Schimp. Moist limestone rocks, north cliffs. Snake Mt.,(?.

The following species must almost certainly be found within the state
and collectors should be on the lookout for them :

Dicranum Bonjeani de Not.

D. Drummondii C. Muell.

Mnium cinclidioides (Blytt.) Hueb.

IIVDEX TO SUPPUBiVlEINT.

Amblystegium, 41, 43

Anomodon , j 43

Barbnla, 41,43

Bryhnia, 43

Bryum, 41

Dicranum, 41 , 43

Ditrichum, 41

Fissidens, 43

Grimmia, 41

Homalia, 42,43

Hypnum, 41, 43

T^ersia, 41

Leskea, 41, 43

Leucodon, 42

Mniuni, 41, 43

Neckera, 43

Oncophorus, 43

Physcomitrium, 41

Plagiobryum , 43

Plagiothecium, 41

Pohlia, 43

rolytrichum, 41

Porotrichum, 42

Pterigynandrum, 43

Rhabdoweisia, 43

2i,:._gnum, 42, 43

The following contributions to tlie Botany of Vermont may be obtained
by addressing : Botanical Department, University of Vermont, Burlington,
Vermont. aij

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the Genera

and Species, by A. J. Grout, Ph. D 38 p^es, 15 cents

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A. Orton,

M. S 24 pages, 10 cents

III. A Preliminary List of the Hepatic.k of Vermont, by Clifton D.

Howe, A. B lOpages, 10 cents

IV. Supplement to a List of the Mosses of Vermont, by A. J. Grout,

Ph. D 4 pages, 5 cents

The Trees of Vermont with Keys for their Determination. (Illustrated).
In preparation.

KEY TO THE GENERA OF BASIDIOMYCETES

OF VERMONT.* up^y,^

BO"-

CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES.

Fungi with spores borne usually in 4s on basidia ; basidia arranged
side by side, often with sterile bodies intermixed, in a palisade layer,
called the hymenium. Two sub-classes, ... I. and II.

I. Sub-class Hymenomycetes. Hymenium exposed to the air
before the spores mature, as in toadstools. Six Families, . 1-6

II. Sub-class Gasteromycetes. Hymenium not exposed to the air
until after the spores mature, as in puff-balls. Four Families, 7-10

HYMENOMYCETES.

A. Hymeniu7n figu7-ate — i. e., not a simple plane surface, . I-3

1. Hymenium constituting the surface layer of radiating lamellae,
inferior in position — i. e., on the side of the fructification towards the
centre of the earth .... Fam. i. AGARICACEAE

2. Hymenium lining pores or tubes, inferior.

Fam. 2. POLYPORACEAE

3. Hymenium covering teeth or other protruberances varied in
form, inferior Fam. 3. HYDNACEAE

B. Hymenium evett or very nearly so ... . 4-6

4. Hymenium inferior, often horizontal in position ; fructification
subcoriaceous .... Fam. 4. THELEPHORACEAE

5. Hymenium amphigenous — i. e., on all sides of the fructification ;
fructification somewhat fleshy . . Fam. 5. CLAVARIACEAE

6. Hymenium superior — i. e., forming the upper surface of the
fructification ; fructification gelatinous . Fam. 6. TREMELLACEAE

♦ Arranged from the keys in Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum by Prof. E. A. Burt,
Ph. D., for the use of his classes in Mycology in Middlebury College. The genera of
species found up to Sept. 21, 1899, are included.

2
Fam. I. AGARICACEAE.

a. Spores white, whitish, or only pale yellowish or pale rose

Sect. I. Leucosporeae

b. Spores rose-colored or rusty-pink . Sect. 2. Rhodosporeae

c. Spores ochraceous or subferruginous (i. e., melleus, avellaneus,

isabellinus or fiilvus) .... Sect. 3. Ochrosporeae

d. Spores black-purple, black, or fuscous-ferruginous in one genus

Sect. 4. Melanosporeae

Sect. I. Leucosporeae.

A. Fleshy or somewhat fleshy, putrescent, not reviving after drying up

I and 2

1. Lamellae resembling wrinkles and folds with obtuse edges.
Lamellae decurrent, dichotomous, somewhat waxy Canthat^llus
Lamellae not decurrent. Our single species is a saprophyte on

other Hymenomycetes ...... Nyctalis

2. Lamellae not mere folds or wrinkles, edges thin . . a dr-' b
a. Tramal tissue containing pyriform or globose vesicular cells.
Lamellae exuding a white or colored milk where cut or broken

Lactarius

Lamellae not exuding a white or colored juice ; pileus usually

bright colored and fragile, often acrid to taste ; spores globose,

echinulate ....... Russula

h. Tramal tissue not containing vesicular cells . . • § & §§
§ Very watery and waxy fungi, with waxy lamellae not easily sep-
arable into two plates ..... Hygrophorus

§§ Not especially waxy ; lamellae separable into two plates * & **
* Stem normally central in its attachment to the pileus f — tttt
t Stem with both volva and annulus . . . Amanita

tt Stem with volva only — no annulus present. The few species are
included under Amanita in Peck and Stevenson, but form
the genus Amanitopsis of Saccardo's Syll. Fun.
ttt Stem with an annulus but lacking a volva . . -»-&■«--)-
-I- Lamellae neither sinuate nor decurrent . . . Lepiota
-4-H- Lamellae sinuate or decurrent . . . . Armillaria

tttt Stem lacking both volva and annulus . . •<-&-»-•<-
-1- Lamellae decurrent.

■3

Stem fleshy or fibrous-elastic and homogeneous with the substance
of the pileus ....:.. Clitocybe

Stem cartilaginous, not homogeneous with the pileus ; pileus
fleshy-membranaceous, usually umbilicate and smaller than in
Clitocybe ........ Omphalia

-)--<- Lamellae not decurrent.

Stem fleshy, homogeneous with substance of the pileus ; lamellae
sinuate ........ Tricholoma

Stem cartilaginous, not homogeneous with substance of pileus ;
margin of pileus inrolled when young . . Collybia

Stem cartilaginous \ pileus campanulate, margin straight from the
first. The species are usually small and delicate Mycena

** Stem, when present, eccentric or lateral . . P/euroius

B. More or less coriaceous or even corky, not putrescent, after dry-
ing up reviving again on becoming moist.

Stem distinct from the substance of the pileus ; pileus fleshy-tough
or membranaceous-coriaceous .... Marasmius

Stem continuous with substance of the pileus ; lamellae with ser-
rate edge ........ Lentinus

Stem continuous with substance of the pileus ; lamellae with edge
thin and entire . . . . . . . Partus

Stem obsolete ; lamellae resembling folds and with edge crisped

Trogia

Corky ; lamellae with edge thin and acute, sometimes simple,
sometimes anastomosing behind and passing into polyporoid
forms ........ Lenzites,

Coriaceous, sessile ; lamellae with edge split lengthwise and with
the separated portions revolute . . . Schizophyllum

Sect. 2. Rhodosporeae.
All the species of this section are fleshy and putrescent.

A. Stem normally central in attachment to pileus , . a & b

a. Lamellae free.

Stem with a volva but lacking an annulus . . . Volvaria

Stem lacking both volva and annulus . . . . Pluteus

b. Lamellae not free

4

Stem fleshy-fibrous ; pileus with margin at first inrolled ; lamellae
sinuate ........ Entoloma

Stem fleshy-fibrous ; pileus with margin at first inrolled ; lamellae
decurrent ........ Clitopilus

Stem cartilaginous ; pileus convex or plane, with margin inflexed at
first ; lamellae slightly attached, somewhat separating from the
stem ......... Lepionia

Stem cartilaginous ; pileus campanulate, with margin straight from
the first and merely pressed against the stem ; lamellae slightly
attached, somewhat separating from the stem . Nolanea

Stem cartilaginous ; pileus umbilicate ; lamellae decurrent Eccilia

B. Stem, if present, eccentric. The spedies grow on wood

Claudopus

Sect. 3. OCHROSPOREAE.

All the species of this section are fleshy and putrescent.

A. Lamellae not easily separable from the rest of the pileus t & tt
t The univeisal veil not arachnoid (cobwebby), when present § & §§
§ Stem central . . . . . . . ^ * & **

* Stem with an annulus but no volva , . . . Pholiota

** Stem lacking both annulus and volva . . -»-&-)--»-

-)— Stem fleshy.

Lamellae subsinuate ; surface of pileus fibrillose or silky hiocybe
Lamellae subsinuate ; pileus glabrous, viscid ; spores somewhat

argillaceous (avellaneus) ..... Hebelottia
Lamellae adnate or decurrent ..... Flami7iula
-<— -1— Stem cartilaginous or subcartilaginous.
Stem cartilaginous ; pileus with margin at first bent inward ; lamellae

not decurrent ....... Naucoria

Stem subcartilaginous, distinct from the substance of the pileus ;

margin of pileus straight from the first ; lamellae not decurrent

Pluteolus
Stem subcartilaginous, continuous with the substance of the pileus ;

margin of pileus straight from the first ; lamellae not decurrent

Galera
Stem cartilaginous ; lamellae decurrent . . . Tubaria

§§ Stem eccentric or none. The species grow on wood

Crept do tus

5

tt The universal veil arachnoid, distinct from the cuticle of the
pileus ; the lamellae soon pulverulent and somewhat cinnamon
with the spores Cortinarius

B. Lamellae easily separable from the rest of the pileus Paxillus

Sect. 4. Melanosporeae.

I. Pileus fleshy, membranaceous, or becoming liquid A &" B

A. Spores purplish-black or fuscous-purple rather than black (fus-
cous-ferruginous in the rare genus Bolbitiu?,) . . . § & §§

§ Lamellae not liquefying.

Stem with an annulus but no volva, distinct from the substance of
the pileus ; lamellae free . . . Agaricus {Psalliota')

Stem with an annulus but no volva, continuous with the substance
of the pileus ; lamellae adnate .... Siropharia

Veil woven into a web separating from the stem and adhering to
margin of the pileus when young ; stem continuous with the
pileus ; lamellae adnate or sinuate . . . Hypholoma

Veil none or obsolete ; stem tough ; margin of pileus incurved
when young ; lamellae not decurrent . . . Psilocybe

Veil none or obsolete ; stem tough ; margin of pileus incurved
when young ; lamellae subtriangular-decurrent . Decotiica

Veil none or obsolete ; stem fragile ; pileus with margin straight
from the first ; lamellae not decurrent . . Psathyra

§§ Lamellae liquefying; becoming pulverulent and fuscous-ferru-
ginous with the spores ; pileus membranaceous . Bolbitius

B. Spores black or nearly black . , . . . § & §§
§ Lamellae liquefying ...... Coprinus

§§ Lamellae not liquefying.

Pileus rather fleshy, not striate, with margin from the first extend-
ing slightly beyond the variegated lamellae ; stem without an
annulus ; spores broadly ovoid .... Panaeolus

Pileus membranaceous, striate, not extending beyond the fuliginous-
blackish lamellae ; spores broadly ovoid . . Psathyrella

Pileus fleshy ; lamellae decurrent, mucilaginous ; spores elongated-
fusiform ....... Gomphidius

TL Pileus coriaceous \ spores minute, black. Resembles a Mai-as-
miiis but has black spores .... Anthracophyllum

Fam. 2. POLYPORACEAE.

A. Fleshy, putrescent.

Stem central ; tubes long, in a layer easily separable from the rest
of the pileus ....... Boletus

Stem central ; tubes in a layer less easily separable from the rest of
the pileus than in Boletus ; pileus and stem highly squarrose-
squamose ........ Strobilomyces

Stem central ; tubes arranged in radiating rows in a layer less
easily separable from the rest of the pileus than in Boletus

Boletinus

Stem lateral or wanting ; tubes distinct from one another but
crow'ded together, at first resembling minute warts Fistubna

B. Coriaceous, horny, or woody, or fleshy in some species of Poly-
porus but becoming rather dry with age.

Tubes in a layer distinct from the substance of the pileus but not
separable from it, tube-like from the first, not stratose ; pileus
fleshy or tough but not woody ; stipitate or sessile Polyporus

Tubes as in Polyporus but usually stratose ; pileus woody from the
first, sessile . . . ... . . . Fomes

Tubes as in Polyporus, not stratose, developing from the center
gradually outward towards the margin of the pileus, at first
punctiform and gradually becoming tube-like ; pileus coriaceous
or membranaceous ...... Polysticus

Tubes as in Polyporus or Polystictus, not stratose ; fructification
resupinate, effused, with no true pileus, waxy, coriaceous, or
membranaceous ....... Porta

Tubes extending to unequal depths into the substance of the pileus
and not forming a distinct layer, sub-cylindrical, not stratose ;
fructification corky, sessile or resupinate . . Tranietes

Tubes as in Trametes but sinuous-labyrinthiform in cross section ;
fructification corky, sessile .... Daedalea

Tubes replaced wholly or in part by concentrically arranged lamellae ;
pileus coriaceous, with or without a central stem Cyclomyces

Tubes alveolar, arranged in series radiating from the stem, shallow,
broad, and apparently formed by anastomosing lamellae ; pileus
fleshy-tough, dimidiate ...... Favolus

Tubes as in Polyporus but forming a gelatinous layer : fructification
dimidiate or effuso-reflexed in our single species Gloeoporus

7

Tubes shallow, irregular, formed by reticulating folds of the hyme-
nium ; fructification resupinate, effused, waxy or waxy-gela-
tinous ........ Merulius

Tubes distinct, sunk in separate warts ; fructification resupinate,
membranaceous ...... Forotheliutn

Tubes cylindric or urceolate, closed at first, remaining contracted
at the mouth, distinct from one another . . . Solenia

Fam. 3. HYDNACEAE. '

Fructification pileate or resupinate, fleshy or corky ; teeth distinct,
awl-shaped or needle-shaped, acute . . . Hydnuni

Fructification resupinate, effused, membranaceous-floccose, dry,
containing brown, stellately branched bodies with slender rays
intermixed with the other tissue of the fungus ; teeth setulose

Asterodon

Fructification gelatinous, dimidiate ; teeth subulate Tremellodon

Fructification fleshy, pileate, with central stem or irregularly dimi-
diate ; teeth distinct from one another and somewhat broadened
into plates irregularly arranged. Our species is small and deli-
cate, with the irregular pi/ei often confluent . Sistotrema

Fructification coriaceous ; teeth arranged in short rows through
being connected at the base by folds or plates . . Irpex

Fructification resupinate, with hymenial surface tubercular ; tuber-
cules rude, irregular, commonly subcylindrical, obtuse Radubim

Fructification resupinate or effuso-reflexed ; hymenium waxy when
fresh, wrinkled into tooth-like crests, less wrinkled near the
margin. The genus is closely related to Merulius . Phlebia

Fructification resupinate ; hymenial surface covering equal globose
or hemispherical granules which are either obtuse or slightly
concave at the apex ...... Grandinia

Fructification resupinate, dry, with subiculum of interwoven fibres ;
teeth or warts multifid or penicillate at the apex . Odontia

Fructification resupinate, floccose ; hymenial, surface with very
minute granules consisting of tufts of bristles . . Kneiffia

Fam. 4. THELEPHORACEAE.
Fructification fleshy or membranaceous, often infundibuliform ;

8

hymenium somewhat waxy, even or rugose. The genus is
related to Cantharellus ..... Cratereilus

Fructification coriaceous, pileate or resupinate, with no cuticle and
no intermediate layer of hyphae running longitudinally, sections
homogeneous in structure throughout ; spores usually echinulate
and colored ; basidia not cruciate . . . 'Ihelephora

Fructification coriaceous or woody, pileate, effuso-reflexed or rarely
resupinate, containing an intermediate layer of hyphae running
longitudinally ; hymenium may or may not contain rough-
walled cystidia but no setae ; basidia not cruciate Stereum

Like Stereum except that the hymenium is velutinous with brown
setae ....... Hymenochaete

Fructification resupinate, without the intermediate layer of Stereum ;
hymenium somewhat waxy when fresh, often cracked on drying ;
basidia not cruciately divided, no cystidia ; spores hyaline

Corticium

Like Corticium except that the hymenium contains hyaline or sub-
hyaline, rough-walled processes or cystidia . . Peniophora

Fructification effused, incrusting, waxy-gelatinous ; basidia cru-
ciately divided. Distinguished by the basidia from Thele-
phora, Corticium and Peniophora . . . Sebaciiia

Fructification membranaceous, resupinate ; hymenium fleshy, pul-
verulent with the colored spores ... Coniophora

Fructification floccose-coUapsing or like a resupinate mould ;
4-spored basidia are borne on long lax hyphae . Hypochnus

Fructification waxy, parasitic on living plants, often deforming the
affected parts or organs ..... Exobasidium

Fructification submembranaceous, cup-shaped, often pendulous ;
hymenium typically concave or discoid . . Cyphella

Fam. 5. CLAVARIACEAE.

Fructification fleshy, much branched ; branches flattened in a leaf-
like manner, with hymenium on both faces . Sparassis

Fructification fleshy, branched or simple, not tomentose ; branches
typically terete, not splitting .... Clavaria

Fructification cartilaginous-gelatinous, horny when dry, simple or
branched ; basidia forked, 2-spored . . . Calocera

9

Fructification coriaceous, branched, somewhat tomentose. Is hkely
to be confused with Clavaria or Thelephora ; our species is
bitter ....... Lachnocladium

Fructification waxy then horny, stilT, Unear or subclavate or sub-
capitate ; stem short or obsolete ' . . . Pistillaria

Fructification waxy, capitate ; head subglobose, hollow, thin- walled,
inflated ; stem filiform ..... Physalacria

Fam. 6. TREMELLACEAE.

A Basidia elongated or fusoid, transversely septate and plurilocular.

Fructification coriaceous, like Stereum in form, eflfuso-reflexed ;
hymenium gelatinous, reticulate or ribbed . . Auricularia

Fructification cartilaginous-gelatinous, usually cup-shaped or ear-
shaped, when dry coriaceous-horny ; hymenium gelatinous,
even or plicate ....... Hirneola

Fructification capitate, stipitate, not gelatinous ; hymenium covered
by a peridium-like sheath when young ; spores globose, brown

Pilacre

B. Basidia globose or ovoid, when mature longitudinally and
cruciately 4-parted, rarely continuous.

Fructification cupulate-truncate or efTused, often papillose, bearing
but one kind of spores ; spores reniform, continuous, becoming
2- to 4-celled on germinating .... Exidia

Fructification pulvinate, gyrose, bearing but one kind of spores ;
spores reniform, continuous, becoming 2 -celled on germinating

Ulocolla

Fructification effused, incrusting ; hymenium gelatinous, heteros-
porous, producing at first ovoid conidia and at length reniform
basidiospores ....... Sebacina

Fructification pulvinate or effused, cerebriform, heterosporous or
homosporous ; basidiospores, conidia and sporidiola globose or
ovoid, always continuous ..... Tremeila

Fructification as in Tremella but with a fleshy-hardened mass in
its interior ....... Naeniatelia

Fructification erect, spathulate, coriaceous-gelatinous ; spores ovoid-
pyriform, continuous ..... Gyrocephalus

lO

Fructification dimidiate, gelatinous, with hymenium covering teeth
as in Hydnum ....... Tremellodon

C. Basidia cyhndric-clavate, not longitudinally septate but merely
forked at the outer end and with each portion terminating at
its apex in a single sterigma.

Fructification pulvinate, gyrose ; basidia 2-spored; spores cross-
septate or muriform when mature . . . Dacryomyces

Fructification unequally cupulate, often stipitate ; basidia 2-spored

Gucpinia

Fructification erect, elongated, simple or branched, cartilaginous-
gelatinous, horny when dry; basidia 2-spored . Calocera

Fructification globose-pulvinate, minute, subgelatinous ; hyphae
forked or branched, bearing conidia in chains. — Regarded as
probably the conidial stage of a species of the Tremellaceae,
but the basidiosporic stage is unknown . . Hormotnyces

GASTEROMVCETES.

A. Fructification above ground during the whole or the last of its de-
velopment, only rarely buried in the ground . . 7-9

7' Fructification fleshy but with gelatinous portions ; receptaculum
breaking out and rising from a volva ; gleba consisting of hyme-
nial and tramal tissue, fleshy, then deliquescent and slimy

Fam. 7. PHALLOIDEAE

8. Fructification coriaceous, with a single or double pcridium and
having in the interior usually several, but rarely one, lenticular
or spheroidal sporangiola (peridiola) containing the hymenium;
interior never maturing as a powdery mass ....

Fam. 8. NIDULARIACEAE

g.' Fructification membranaceous-coriaceous, finally dehiscent in
most cases ; gleba fleshy and chambered at first, at length a
powdery mass . . . Fam. 9. LYCOPERDACEAE

B. Fructification subterranean, very rarely groioing above ground.
10. Fructification fleshy but rather hardened, remaining closed ;

gleba fleshy, cellular-cavernous, never a powdery mass ; capil-
litium none. Not yet found in Vermont

Fam. 10. HYMENOGASTRACEAE

1 1
Fam. 7. PHALLOIDEAE.

ReceptacuUim consisting of a stipe along the upper and outer
portion of which the gleba is borne . . . Mutinus

Receptaculum consisting of a stipe and pileus jouied together at
their apices ; gleba on the upper surface of the pileus

ItJixpliallus

Receptaculum consisting of stipe, pileus and veil ; gleba on the
upper surface of the pileus .... Dictyophora

Fam. 8. NIDULARIACEAE.

A. Peridium simple; several sporatij^ioln (peridiola) in a peridium
as bird'' s egg^s in a nest.

Peridium lacerate at the apex, not opening by a lid ; sporangiola not
attached to the peridium by funiculi ; spores intermixed with
filaments . . . . . . . . Nidiilaria

Peridium composed of three adnate layers, opening by a deciduous
lid (epiphragm) ; sporangiola attached to the peridium by
funiculi ; spores intermixed with filaments . . Cyathus

Peridium consisting of a single cottony layer, opening by a dicidu-
ous lid (epiphragm) ; sporangiola attached to the peridium by
funiculi ; spores not intermixed with filaments . Cnicihulmn

B. Peridium apparently double, containing but one sporangiolum.
Peridium with both portions splitting stellately into laciniae, the

inner portion (= receptaculum) clings to the sporangiolum and
by the abrupt recurving of its laciniae projects it forcibly from
the outer peridium. The fructifications of our species grow
partially buried in rotting wood .... Sphaerobohis

Fam. 9. LYCOPERDACEAE.

A. Peridium more or less thin, consisting of two distinct membranes"
called exoperidium and endoperidium ; exoperidium persistent
or fugacious ; gleba floccose-pulverulent ; capillitum not verv
compact, rarely none . . Sub/am. Diplodermeae

12

a. Peridium stiptate.

Endoperidium persistent, adnata to the stipe, papery or coriaceous,
with an osculum at the apex of the peridium, but the osculum
sometimes wanting and the peridium then irregularly dehiscent
at the apex Tylostoma

Both exo- and endoperidia present at first, the exoperidum finally
spHtting and falling away ; gleba contained in a sac suspended
in the interior and from the apex of the endoperidium ; osculum,
closed with bright colored squamules. Calosioma [Mitretnyces)

b. Peridium sessile.

Outer peridium stellately ruptured at maturity ; inner peridium
usually with a regular osculum, rarely irregularly dehiscent, con-
taining the spores ; threads of the capillitium simple, tapering
to each extremity Geaster

B. Peridium thin, sessile or with the outer portion drawn out in a
stipe-like form ; gleba hardly cavernous ; capillitium floccose

Subfam. Lycoperdeae

Peridium never with a thickened sterile base, membranaceous, even,
subglobose ; spores with long pedicels ; threads of capillitium
short, free, several times dichotomously branched Bovista

Peridium large, breaking up into fragments from above downward,
and gradually falling away, drawn out in a stipe-like base ;
threads of capillitium long, branched, interwoven Calvatia

Peridium membranaceous, usually obovate or pyriform, with outer
surface usually aculeate or warted \ gleba with a thick, sterile
base ; spores only rarely with long pedicels ; capillitium long,
slender, simple or branched .... Lycoperdon

C. Peridium thick, coriaceous, sessile or stiptate ; gleba cavernous

Subfam. Sclerodermeae

Peridium sessile or subsessile, very thick-walled, dehiscent in a
stellate manner or irregularly ; spores globose ; capillitium rudi-
mentary Scleroderma

13

REFERENCES FOR DETERMINATION OF THE

SPECIES OF BASIDIOMYCETES OF

VERMONT.

In these references, works which are most helpful in the study of the Vermont
species are cited first. The further aim has been to cite only the few works in con-
nection with each genus which may be most advantageously used in the determina-
tions. References to Fries Hym. Eur., which might have been made for most of the
genera, have not been given because the matter of Fries' works is faithfully embodied
in those of Saccardo and Stevenson.

In determination of the species it should b borne in mind that in onlv a few of
the genera are all of the Vermont species to be found in Stevenson or in any other
publication treating of European plants exclusively.

Agaricus.—^Qck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 36:41-48:133 — Smith, Rho-
dora I :i6i — Sacc. Syll. 5 :993-ll :6g — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :304.

Amanita.— Veck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 33 :38— Sacc. Syll. 5:8-9:1-
II :i — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :2.

Amanitopsis. — Sacc. Syll. 5 : 20— Under Amanita in Peck, Rep.
N. Y. Mus. 33 :38— Stev. Brit. Hym. i :2.

Anthracophyllutn.—'$t2LCQ.. Syll. 5 :ii39-

Armillaria — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 43 :86(4o) — Sacc. Syll. 5 :73-
II :7 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :28.

Asterodon. — Sacc. Syll. ll:iii — (= Hydnochaete of Peck Rep.
N. Y. Mus. 50 :ii3).

A u ri cu la ri a. ~?)a.cc. Syll. 6 -.'jGz. No species yet found in Vermont.

Bolbitius. — Sacc. Syll. 5: 1073 — Stev. Brit. Hym. i :36i. No spe-
cies yet found in Vermont.

Bokiitws.—Veck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8 :74.

Boletus.— Veck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8 : 80— Sacc. Syll. 6:2-9:150-
II :79 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i66.

Bovista. — Morgan, Jour. Cin, Soc. Nat. Hist. 14:144 — Sacc. Syll.
7:96.

Calocera. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :732 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :30i.

Calostoma. — Webster, Rhodora 1:30 — Burnap, Bot. Gaz. 23 :i8o
— Sacc.;Syll. 7 68.

14

Calvatia. — Morgan, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 12 :i65 — Sacc. Syll.

7:105.
Cantharellus. — Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. I^ :34— Sacc. 5 :482-9 :63—

Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i3i.
Claudopus. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 39:67 — Sacc. Syll. 5:733 —

— Stev. Brit. Hym. I :2 2o.
Clavaria. — Sacc. Syll. 6:692-9:247-11:134 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

2 :290.
Clitocybe. — Sacc. Syll. 5 : 14 1-9 :[8-ll :i3 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :68.
Ciifopi/us.—Veck, Rtp. N. Y. Mus. 42 :i35(39)- Sacc. Syll 5 :698-

9 :85 — Stev. Brit. Hym. l :202.
Collybia. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 49:46(32) — Sacc. Syll. 5 :2oo-

9:27-11 :i7 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :96.
Coniophora. — Burt MS. — Massee, Mon. Thel. 1:128 — Sacc. Syll.

6 :647-li :i29 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :28i.
Coprinus. — Sacc. Syll. 5:1078-9:144-11:75 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

1 :347-

Corticiui/i. — Burt MS. — -Massee, Mon. Thel. 2:117 — Sacc. Syll.

6:603 — 9:230-11:124 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2:272 — Bresadola,

Hym. Kmet. 1 10.
Cortinarius. — Sacc. Syll. 5:889-9:117-11:64 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

2 :i.

Craterellus. — Peck, Bull. \. Y. 12 144 — Burt MS. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :5 14

— Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :259.
Crepidotiis.—^&zV, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 39:69 — Sacc. Syll. 5:876-

9:115 — II :62 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :300.
Crucihulum. — Sacc. Syll. 7 :43 — Tulasne, Mon. Nidul in Ann. Sc.

Nat. 1844 :89.
■Cyatlius. — Sacc. Syll. 7 '■Z2> — Tulasne, Mon. Nidul. in Ann. Sc. Nat.

1844 :66.
Cycloinyces. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :389.
Cyphella. — Burt MS. — Sacc. Syll. 6:667-9:245-11:132 — Stev.

Brit. Hym. 2 :284.
Dacryomyces. — Sacc. Syll. 6:796-9:259-11 :i48 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

2:317-
Daedalea. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :37o-ll :ioo — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :224.
Deconica. — Sacc. Syll. 5 : 105 8-9 :i4i-ii :73 — Included \\\ Psilocybe

in Stev. Brit. Hym. I :32 7.

15
Diciyophora. — Burt, Phall. of U. S. in Bot. Gaz. 22 :385- Sacc.

Syll. 7:3-
Eccilia. — Sacc. Syll. 5 ^729 — Stev. Bvit. Hym. i :2i7.
Enioloma. — Sacc. Syll. 5 1679-9 :83— Stev. Brit. Hym. i :i9i.
Exidia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 177 2 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :3i3.
Exobasidium. — Burt MS. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :664-9 :244-li :i30.
Favoliis. — Fairman, Proc. Roch. Acad. Sc. 2 :i62 — Sacc. Syll. 6 :39o.
Fistiilina. — Sacc. Syll. 6 154 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i83 — No species

yet known for Vermont.
Flammula.—VtcV, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 50 :i33— Sacc. Syll. 5 :8o9-

9 :i04-il :56 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I 1264.
Fames. — Sacc. Syll. 6:150-11:88 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 73 —

Included in Polyporus in Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i83.
G^aZfra.— Peck. Rep. N. Y. Mus. 46 : 141 (61 )— Sacc. Syll. 5 :86o-

9 :ii3-ll :6o — Stev. Brit. Hym. I 1290.
Geaster. — Morgan, Jour. Cin. Soc. N. Hist. 12 :i2 — Sacc. Syll. 7 :7o.
Gloeoporus. — Sacc. Syll. 6 1403.
Gomphidiiis. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :ii37-

G r(7 1} dini a. —'S^cc. Syll. 6 :5oo — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :255.
Guepiiiia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :8o5 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :3i7.
Gyrocephalits. — Sacc. Syll. 6:795.
' Hebeloina. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :79i — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :254.
Hirncola. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :764 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :3i5.
Hormomyces. — Sacc. Syll. 6:812.

Bydnum.~?>2icc. Syll. 6 :430-9 : 208-1 1 : 106— Bresadola, Hym.
Kmet. 93— Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 50 : 109— Stev. Brit. Hym.
2:233.
Hygrophorus.—'i^cc. Syll. 5 :387-9 :52-ii :27— Stev. Brit. Hym.
2 : 70— Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23 :ii2, but presents only seven
species.
Bymejwchae/e.—BvLXi MS. — Massee, Mon. Thel. 2 : 95 — Bresadola,

Hym. Kmet. 109— Sacc. Syll. 6 : 5 88-9 :22 7-li :i22.
Hypothnus.—BmiWi. — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 114 — Sacc. Syll.

6 :653-ll : 1 30— Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :283.
Hypholoma. — Sacc. Syll. 5:1027-9:139-11:71 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

1:316.
Inocybe. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :762-9 :95-ii :5o — Bresadola, Fun. Tridentini
— Stev. Brit. Hym. I :238.

i6

Irpex. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :482-9 :2i3 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :248.
Ithypliallus. — Burt, Phall. of U. S., Bot. Gaz. 22 :383 — Morgan,

Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. Il :i46 — Sacc. Syll. 7 :8.
Kneiffia. — Sacc. Syll. 6:510 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 104 — Stev.

Brit. Hym. 2 •.2^'].
Lactarius. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus 38:111 — Sacc. Syll. 5:423-

9 :56 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :92.
Lachnocladium — Sacc. Syll. 6 :738.

Lentinus. — Sacc. Syll. 5 -571-9 :7i-ii :39 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i53.
Lmzites. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :637 — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 30 :7i — S'ev.

Brit. Hym. 2 :i63.
Lepioia. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 35:150 — Sacc. Syll. 5:27-9 :3-

II :2 — Bresadola, Fun. Trid. 2 -.^ — Stev. Brit. Hym. 1:12.
Leptonia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 : 706-9 :87-ll :46 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :2o6.
Lycoperdon. — Morgan, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 13 :5 — Peck, Rep.

N. Y. Mus. 32:58— Trans. Albany Inst. 9:285 — Sacc. Syll.

7:106,476-9:275-11 :i65.
MiD-asmius. — Sacc. Syll. 5:503-9:65-11:32 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

2:139.
Meru/iiis. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :4it-ii :io4 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :227.
Mitremyces. — See Calostovia.

Mutinus. — Burt, Phall. of U. S., Bot. Gaz. 22 :38o — Sacc. Syll. 7:12.
Mycena.—'$>2iCQ.. Syll. 5 :25i-9 :34-ii :2o — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :i20.
Naematelia. — Sacc. Syll. 6:792 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :3i6— Not yet

collected in Vermont.
Naucoria. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :828-9 :io9 — Stev. Brit. Hym. i :275.
Nidularin. — Sacc. Syll. 7:28-11 :i56 — Tulasne, Mon. d. Nidul. in

Ann. Sc. Nat. 1844 :92.
Nolanea. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :7 16-9:88 — Stev. Brit. Hym. i :2i2.
Nyctalis. — Sacc. Syll, 5 :499 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i37.
Odontia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :5o6-ii :ii3 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 95 —

Stev. Brit. Hym 2 :256.
Omphalia.—VtcV, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 45 :92(32) — Sacc. Syll. 5 :3o8-

9 :4i-ll :23 — Stev. Brit. Hym. i :i50.
Panaeolus. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :iii8 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :338.
Paniis. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :6i4 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i58.
Paxillits. — Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 12 :29 — Sacc. Syll. 5 :983-9 : 135 —

Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :65.

17

Peniophora. — Burt MS. — Massee, Mon. Thel. 1:140 — Bresadola,

Hyni. Kmet. 113 — Sacc. Syll. 6 :640-9 :237-ll :i28.
Phlebia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 1497-9 : 2 15 -I I :ii2 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet.

105 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :253.
Pholioia. — Sacc. Syll. 5 : 736-9 190-1 1 :48 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I 1222.
Physalacria. — Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 1882 :2, t. 9.— Sacc. Syll.

6:759-9:256.
PHacre.—^xtitMS., Untersuch d. Mykologie 7 :2 7, t. 1-3 — Engler u.

Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, T. i, Abtl. 1**, p. 86 — Sacc. Syll. 4 :579.
Pistillaria. — Sacc. Syll. 6:752-9:255-11:14*1. No species found

yet in Vermont.
Pleurotus. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 39:58 — Webster, Bull. Boston

Myc. Club 8 — Sacc. Syll. 5 :339-9 :45-ii :24 — Stev. Brit. Hym.

1:165.
Pluteolus. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 46 :i38(58) — Sacc. Syll. 5 :859-

II :6o — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :289.
Pluteus. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 38 :i33 — Sacc. Syll. 5 :665 — Stev.

Brit. Hym. I :i87.
Polyporus. — Sacc. Syll. 6:55-11 :82 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 68 —

Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i83.
Polystictiis. — Sacc. Syll. 6:208-9:181. Some of our common spe-
cies are included in Polyporus in Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i83.
Porta. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :292-9 :i89-ii :93 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet.

78 — Under Polyporus in Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :2ii.
PorotheUum. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :42i-9 :207.
Psalliota. — See Ao-aricus.

Psathyra. — Sacc, Syll. 5 : 1060-9 :i42 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :332.
Psathyrella. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 23 :io2 — Sacc. Syll. 5 :ii26-

9 :i49-ll :77 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :342.
Psilocybe. — Sacc. Syll. 5 : '043-9 :i40 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :324.
Radulutfi. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :493-ii :iii — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 102

— Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :25i.
Russula. — Herbst, Fun. Flora of the Lehigh Valley 93 — Sacc. Syll.

5:453-9:59-11:29 — Massee, Fun. Flora 3:37 — Stev. Brit.

Hym. 2 :i 13.
Schizophyllum. — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i62 — Sacc. Syll. 5 :654.
Scleroderma. — Trelease, Morels and Puff Balls of Madison, in Trans.

Wis. Acad. 6 :ii9 — Sacc. Syll. 7 :i34.

i8

Sehacina. — Tulasne, Ann. Sc. Nat. (Hot.) 1872:225 — Bresadola,

Hym. Kmet. 117 — Sacc. Syll. 6 1539 and 540 under Thelephora.
Sistotrema. — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :248 — Sacc. Syll. 6 :48o.
Solenia. — Sacc. Syll. 6 1424-9 1207 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :232.
Sparassis. — Sacc. Syll. 6 .690 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :289.
Sphaeroholus. — Herbst, Fun. Flora of Lehigh Valley 171 — Sacc.

Syll 7:46-
Stereum. — Burt MS. — Massee, Mon. Thel. 2:158 — Bresadola,

Hym. Kmet. 105 — Sacc. Syll. 6:551-9:222-11:119 — Stev.

Brit. Hym. 2 :267.
Strobilomyces. — Peck, Bull. N. Y. Mus. 8:158 — Sacc. Syll. 6:49 —

Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i82.
Stropharia. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :ioi2 — Stev. Brit. Hym, I :309.
Thelephora. — Burt MS. — Sacc. S\ll. 6:521-9.220-11:115 — Stev,

Brit. Hym. 2 :26i.
Tra,iietes. — Sacc. Syll. 6:334-11 :96 — Bresadola, Hym. Kmet. 89 —

Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :22i.
Tremella. — Sacc. Syll. 6 : 780-9 :25s — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :309.
Tremellodon. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :479-ii :iio — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :247.
Tricholoma. — Peck, Rep. N. Y. Mus. 44:150(38) — Sacc. Syll.

5 :87-9 : 1 3-1 1 :8 — Stev. Brit. Hym. I :33.
Trogia. — Sacc. Syll. 5 ^635 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 2 :i62.
Ttibaria. — Sacc. Syll. 5 :872-ll :6i — Stev. Brit. Hym. I 1297.
Tylosfoma. — Morgan, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist. 12 :i63 — Sacc.

Syll. 7 :6o.
Ulocolla. — Sacc. Syll. 6 :■]■]']. Probably not yet collected in Ver-
mont.
Volvaria. — Sacc. Syll. 5:656-11:43 — Stev. Brit. Hym. 1:182.

Not yet collected in Vermont.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VII.

A SECOND PARTIAL LIST OF THE

PARASITIC FUNGI OF VERMONT

By W. A. ORTON, M. S.

From the Twelfth Annual Report of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment
Station, 1898-99, with the addition of a Summary and Index.

Reprinted by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont.

DECEMBER, t899.

I

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, VII.

A SECOND PARTIAL LIST OF THE

PARASITIC FUNGI OF VERMONT

By W. A. ORTON, M. S.

♦ ♦ «

From the Twelfth Annual Report of the Vermont Agricultural Experiment
Station, 1898-99, with the addition of a Summary and Index.

Reprinted by the Botanical Department of the University of Vermont.

DECEMBER, 1899.

r

\
\

\^ .«? r> E f •» .

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF VERMONT.

The following Contributions to the Botany of Vermont have been pub-
lished. All except VI may be obtained by addressing: Botanical Depart-
ment, University of Vermont, Burlington. Vermont.

I. A List of the Mosses op Vermont, with Analytical Keys to the

Genera and Species, by A. J. Grout 38 pages, 15 cents

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A.

Orton 24 pages, 10 cents

III. A Preliminary List of the Hep.vtic.e ok Vermont, by Clifton

D. Howe 10 pages, 10 cents

IV. Supplement to a List of the Mosses of Vermont, by A. J.

Grout 4 pages, 5 cents

V. The Trees of Vermont (Illustrated), by Anna M. Clark, with

Notes on the Trees of Burlington and Vicinity, by L. R.
Jones 100 pages, 25 cents

VI. Genera of Basidiomycetes of Vermont, with References to

scattered Literature for Determination of the Species, by

Edward A. Burt IS pages, 10 cents

(For VI address: Librarian, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt. )

VII. A Second Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by

W. A. Orton 34 pages, 10 cents

A SECOND PARTIAL LIST OF THE PARASITIC FUNGI

OF VERMONT.

By W. a. Ortox, M. S.

INTRODrCTlON.

Tlie following list of fungi has been prepared as a continnation of that
published in the eleventh report of the ^'ermont Experiment Station, and
also distributed as Contribution to the Botany of Vermont II. The previ-
ous list included the Phycomycetes, Erysiphea', IIstilagine.T and T'redinea'.
The present list includes some corrections and additions to these groups,
and more or less complete lists of the Gymnoasci, Pyrenomycetes and Eungi
Imperfecti.

While this list comprises primarily the parasitic fungi, there are several
species which are undoubted saprophytes and many others partially so.
Since there is in nature no sharp line of distinction between saprophytes
and parasites, the attempt more completely to separate them here would
have lessened the scientific value of the list and added little to its useful-
ness in other ways.

The nomenclature follows in general Saccardo's Sylloge Fungorum. In
the Pyrenomycetes Ellis and Everhart's North American Pyrenomycetes
has been followed. The common names of the host plants have been given
so far as possible. The place and date of collection are given in every case.
The name of the collector is indicated by an initial. C. stands for II. I.
Collins ; G. for A. J. Grout ; H. for T. E. Hazen ; J. for L. R. Jones and O.
for W. A. Orton. The number following the initial refers to the number of
the specimen in the Veimont experiment station herbarium on which the
citation is based. Unless otherwise stated it will be understood that the
fungus occurs on the leaves of the host.

We are greatly indebted for assistance to the Division of \'egetable
Physiology and Pathology of the United States Department of Agriculture,
where many doubtful specimens were taken for identification ; to Dr. J. C.
Arthur of Purdue University, Indiana, who has kindly looked over some of
the Uredineic ; to Dr. E. A. Burt of Middlebury, who has identified many
of the Pyrenomycetes and Discomycetes ; to Dr. L. M. Underwood and
others of Columbia I'niversity ; and to the various collectors who have
added to the list.

CORRECTION TO THE FIRST LIST.

P. 17, omit Puccinia Gentin;c (Straus.«, ) Unk.

Omit, under Puccinia graminis, on Festuca pratensis and on Poa pia-
tensis.

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont 165

ADDITIONAL HOSTS FOR SPECIES PREVIOUSLY REPORTED

PHYCOMYCETES

Cystopus candidus (Pers. ) Lev.

On Brassica Rapa, cultivated turnip. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 1939.

ERYSIPHE^

Erysiphe Cichoracearum DC.

On Achillea Millefolium, Yarrow. Burl., Sept. 1898; O. 1994.
On Dahlia variabilis, Dahlia. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; 0. 1989.
On Helianthus multiflorus, Double sunflower. Burl., Sept. 1898 ;
0. 1993.

Erysiphe communis ( Wallr. ) Fr.

On Clematis sp., cult. Burl., Sept. 1898; O. 1992.

Microsph^ra Alni (DC.) Wint.

On Viburnum Lentago, Sheepberry. Fairfax, Oct. 1898 ; 0. 1987.

MiCROSPH.ERA Ravenelii Berk.

On Lathyrus odoratus, Sweet pea. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; 0. 1991.

Phyllactinia suffulta (Reb. ) Sacc

On Betula papyrifera, Paper birch. Burl., Oct. 1898 ; O. 2228.

Uncinula Saltcis (DC.) Wint.

On Salix nigra. Black willow. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; 0. 1984.

UREDINE.S;

^ciDiuM Asterum Schw.

On Solidago rugosa, Goldenrod. Burl., May, 1896 ; J. 2085.

Gymnosporangium globosum Farl.

I. On Pyrus Mains, Apple. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2086.

Gymnosporangium macropus Link.

III. On Juniperus Virginiana, Juniper. Burl., May, 1899 ; O.
2901.

Melampsora farinosa (Pers) Schroet.

On Salix caprea. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2086.

166 The Parasitic Fingi of Vermont

PucciNiA PoLYGONi Pers.

II, III. On Polygonum convolvulus, Bind-weed. Isle La Motte,
Oct. 1898 ; O. 2073.

PucciNiA Tanaceti DC.

III. On Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke. Burl., Nov. J
1898 ; O. 2072. '

ADDITIONAL SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY LISTED

PHYCOMYCETES

Synchytrium Anemones (DC.) Wor.

On Anemone nemorosa. Burl., Aug. 1892 ; J. 1944.
On Anemone Virginiana. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 1997.

Empusa Mtjsc^ (Fi". ) Cohn.

On Musca domestica. House-fly. Burl., Sept. 1892; J. 2226.

USTILAGINEiE

Doassansia Sagittari.e (West.) Fiscb.

On Sagittaria sp., Arrowhead. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2783.

UREDINE.E

I

I

.^CIDIUM PUNCTATUM PerS.

On Anemone nemorosa. Burl., May, 1891 ; J. 1998.

PucciNiA RUBIGO- VERA (DC ) AVlut. M

II. On Festuca pratensis, Fescue. Burl., .Tune, 1898 ; White, 1822.
II. On Poa pratensis, June-grass. Burl., July, 1898; H. 1823.

Uromyces Gentian.e Arthur.

On Gentiana quinqueflora. Gentian, [Manchester, G. 2838.

exoascko:

ExoASCUS Alni-incanae Kuehn ( Taphrina Alni-incanae (Kuhn.) Magn. )

On catkins of Alnus incana. Alder. Burl., July, 1893 ; J. 1948.
Johnson, Sept. 1893 ; G. 1947. Beaver, Aug. 1897 ; 0. 1946.

ExoASCUS coNFUsus Atks. {E. Prnni Fckl. )

On young fruit of Prunus Virginiana, Cboke-cbt'rry. Burl, ^lay,
1898 ; O. 1954.

ExoASCUS DEFORMANS ( Berk. ) Fckl. ( Taphrina deformans ( B. ) Tul. )
On Prunus Persica, Peach. Grand Isle, June, 1895 ; J. 1958.

Taphrina c.erulescens (D. & M. ) Tul.

On Quercus rubra, Red oak. Burl., Oct. 1890; G. 1974.

i

I

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont 167

Taphrina rhizophora Johans.

On ovaries of Populus monilifera, Cottonwood. Burl., May, 1897 ;
J. 1977.

pyrenomycetes

AsTERiNA Gaultiieriae Curt.

On Gaultheria procumbeos, Wintergreen. Burl., May, 1890; J.
327.

ASTERINA PlANTAGINIS Ell.

On Plantago Rugellii, Plantain. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2994.

Asterina rubicola E. & E.

On Rubus strigosus, Red raspberry. Burl., Sept. 1891 ; C. 2024.
Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 328.

Cl-WICEPS PURPUREA (Fr. ) Tul. (?) Sclerotium stage only.

On ovaries of Dactylis glomerata, Orchard grass. Burl., July, 1898 ;
J. 2032.

On ovaries of Festuca pratensis. Fescue. Burl., Aug. 1890 ; J. 2031.
On ovaries of Secale cereale. Rye. Burl., July, 1898 ; O. 2029.

Diatrype virescens (Schw. ) Cke.

On branches of Fagus ferruginea. Beech. Johnson, April, 1895 ;
G. 366.

Dimerosporium Collinsii (Schw.) Thum.

On Amelanchier sp., Juneberry. Burl., June, 1893; J. 2023.

EUROTIUM HERBARIORUM (Wigg. ) Lk. ^.

On Ranunculus abortivus in herbarium. Burl., 1897 ; J. 3004.

Gnomonia fimbriata (Pers. ) Awd.

On Carpinus Caroliniana, Blue beech. Newfane, Oct. 1892 ; G.
337. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2022.

Gnomonia Ulmea (Sacc ) Thiim.

On Ulmus Americana, Elm. Burl., Oct. 1891 ; C. 2018. Walden,
Aug. 1898 ; O. 2017.

Hypoxylon cohaerens (Pers.) P>.

On limbs of Fagus ferruginea. Beech. Johnson, May, 1895 ; G. 339.

Laestadia Coptis (Schw. ) E. & E. {Sphaerella Coptis Schw.)

On Coptis trifolia, Gold-threai. Burl., June, 1898 ; 0. 2742.

Lophodermium Pinastri ( Schrad. ) Chev.

On Pinus rigida. Pitch pine. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; 0. 2021.
On Pinus Strobus, White pine. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; 0- 2020. In-
jurious.

168 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

LoPHODERMiu.M Rhododendri (Schw.) E. & E.

On Rhododendron maximum, Groton Pond. July, 1898 ; J. 2610.

Massariella bufonia (B. & Br. ) Speg.

On bark of Prunus Pennsylvanica, Cherry. .lohnson, May, 1895 ;
G. 348.

Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr.

On Betula lutea, Yellow birch. Jefferson ville. Mar. 1898 ; 0. 3029.
On Acer saccharinum, Sugar maple. Waterbury Ctr., April, 1898 ;
O. 3032. (Conidial stage.)

Nectria coccinea (Pers. ) Fr.

On Acer Pennsylvanicum. Striped maple. Burl., Oct. 1898; 0.
3040.

Phyllachora Flabella (Sch.) Thum.

On Pteris ac[uilina, Brake. Grafton, Aug. 1899 ; G. A. Woolson,
3770.

Phyllachora graminis CPers.) Fckl.

On Agropyron repens, Witch-grass. Burl., Oct. 1896 ; J. 2005.
On Asprella hystrix. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 2007.
On Elymus Canadensis, Wild rye. Burl., Oct. 1891 ; C. 2006.
On Muhlenbergia glomerata. Smuggler's Notch, Aug. 1893 ; G.
370.
On Oryzopsis asperifolia. Richmond, Aug. 1898 ; H. 2008.
On Sporobolus serotinus. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 350.

Phyllachora oxalina E. & E.

On Oxalis corniculata var. stricta. Johnson, Sept. 1893 ; G- In
Herb. Ellis at Columbia Univ.

Phyllachora PO.MIGENA (Schw.) { Dolhidea pomigena Schw . )

On fruit of Pyrus Malus, apple. Producing "Sooty mold." Burl.,
Sept. 1897 ; O. 2061.

[See foot note page 159 of this report.]

Phyllachora Trifolii (Pers.) Fckl. {PolytJirincium Trifolii Kze.)

On Trifolium hybridum, Alsike clover. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2002.
On Trifolium pratense, Red clover. Burl., Oct. 1890; C. 2003.
On Trifolium repens. White clover. Burl., Oct. 1898 ; H. 2734.
Common.

Plowrightia morbosa (Schw) Sacc.

On branches of Prunus domestica. Plum. Burl., ^lay, 1898; 0.
2036.

On brandies of Prunus sp. Plum. Charlotte, July, 1898 ; Waugl
2035. Brookline, Feb. 1899 : O. 2227.

1

I

The Parasitic Fungi op Vermont 159

On bniuclies of Primus Cerasus, Cherry. Burl., Feb. 1999; O.
2330.

SPHiERELLA COLORATA Pk.'

On Kalmia angnstifolia, Laurel. Colchester, May, 189S ; O. 2738.

Sl'H^RELLA DaHLLE C. & E.

On Dahlia variabilis, Dahlia. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2458.

Si'H^RELLA Fragari.e (Tul.) Sacc

On Fragaria Chiloensis, Cultivated strawberry. Isle LaMotte, Oct.
1898 ; O. 2014.
On Fragaria vesca. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2016.
On Fragaria VMrginiana. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2015.

Sph^rella Impatientis Pk. & CI.

On Impatiens fulva. Jewel-weed. Waterbury Ctr. , Aug. 1898; O.
2735.

Sph^rella Thalictri E. & E.

On Thalictrum dioicum. Meadow-rue. Burl., July, 1897 ; 0. 2459.

Stigmatea Robertiana Fr.

On Geranium Robertianum, Herb Robert. Burl., Oct. 1890; O.
2457.

Valsa ambiens ( Pers. ) Fr.

On dead branches of Fagus ferruginea, Beech. Johnson, April, 1895 ;
G. 363.
On dead branches of Pyrus Mains, Apple. Johnson, G. 728.

Valsa nivea (Hoffm.) Fr.

On branches of Populus tremuloides. Poplar. Johnson, June, 1895 ;
G. 364. Burl., Sept. 1898; 0. 2001.

Valsa quarternata ( Pers. ) Fr.

On branches of Acer rubrum. Red maple. Johnson, April, 1895 ;
G. 365.

Xylaria cornifgrmis Fr.

On a decaying log, Smugglers' Notch, Sept. 1897 ; J. 2145.

Xylaria digitata L.

On a decaying log of Fagus ferruginea, Beech. Smugglers' Notch,
Sept. 1897 ; J. 2146.

I These species are placed by some authorities under the genus Mycosphrerella Johans.

170 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

discomycetes '

CuDONiA ciRCiNANs (Per?.) Fr.

On dead leaves. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; J. 2147.

Leotia lubricata Pers.

On the ground in wet places. Newfaiie, Aug. 1897 ; C. D. Howe ;
2141. 1

Mitrula vitellina (Bris. ) Sacc. var. irregularis Pk.

On the ground. Mt. Mansfield, Sept. 1897 ; J. 2150. A

Morchella angusticeps Pk.

On the ground. Williamstown, May, 1897 ; L. B. Roberts, 2151.
Burl. May, 1898 ; J.

Morchella esculenta Pers.

On the ground. Burl., May, 1897, J. 2152.

Peziza Dehnii Rab.

On stems and petioles of living PotentiUa argentea, Cinquefoil.
Burl., June, 1897 ; O. 2054. This fungus causes the plant attacked to
become dwarfed and more bushy.

On stems and petioles of PotentiUa Norvegica. Burl., July, 1898 ;
H. 2057.

Peziza uncisa Pk.

In wet moss on ledges. Newfane, Sept. 1897 ; C. D. Howe, 2062.

Pseudopeziza Medicaginis (Lib.) Sacc.

On Medicago lupulina, Medick. Burl., July, 1898 ; H. 2058.
On Medicago sativa, Alfalfa. Burl., July, 1898 ; G. 2059.

Rhytisma ACERixuM (Pers. ) Fr.

On Acer dasycarpum, Silver maple. Burl., Oct. 1895; J. and 0. -
2044.

Rhytisma Andromedae (Pers.) Fr.

On Kalmia glauca, Laurel. Stratton, July, 1895 ; J. 2045.

Rhitisma Asteris Schw.

On Aster paniculatus. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; 0. 2037.

Rhytisma Ilicis-Canadensis Schw.

On Ilex verticillata, Winterberry. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2046.
Burl., July, 1898 ; O. 2048.

On Nemopanthes fascicularis, Holly. Stratton, Aug. 1892 ; G. 397 ;
Belden Pond, Sept. 1894 ; G. 396. Johnson, Sept. 1894 ; G. 688.J
Burl., July, 1898; O. 2047.

I See also Vermont Helvellea:, with descriptive notes. E. A. Burt. Rhodora i, p. =9 (1899)]

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont 171

Rhytisma punctatum (Pers. ) Fr.

On Acer Pennsylvanicum, Striped maple. Burl., Oct. 1897; 0.
2039.

On Acer spicatuni, Mountain maple. Burl., Aug. 1892 ; J. 2041.
Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 394. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2038. Walden,
Aug. 1898 ; O. 2040.

Rhytisma salicinum (Pers.) Fr.

On Salix cordata. Willow. Burl., Oct. 1897; O- 2050. Beaver,
Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2049.

Rhytisma Solidaginis Schw.

On Solidago lanceolata, Golden-rod. Strafford, July, 1891 ; C. 2052.
Newfane, Aug. 1892; G. 393.

Spathularia clavata (Schaeff. ) Sacc.

On moist soil, Newfane, July, 1897. C D. Howe, 2154.

Spathularia flavida Pers.

On soil. Middle bury. Burt. 2155.

' hymenomycetes

Exobasidium Vaccinii ( Fckl. ) Wor.

On Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi, Bearberry. Snake Mt., July, 1898;
O. 2143.

On Cassandra calyculata. Burl, June, 1896 ; G. 2138. Snake Mt.,
July, 1898; O. 2137.

On Vaccinium oxycoccus. Mt. Mansfield, Aug. 1898 ; J. 2141.

On Vaccinium vacillans, Blueberry. Burl., June, 1896; G. 2139.
Snake Mt., July, 1898 ; 0. 2142.

FUNGI IMPERFECTI
sphaeropside.e
Actinonema Rosae (Lib. ) Fr.

On Rosa sp.. Cultivated rose. Burl., Jan. 1894 ; J. 483. Charlotte,
Sept. 1'898 ; O. 2764.

Ascochyta Fagopyri Bres.

On Fagopyrura esculentum. Buckwheat. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0.
2737.

Apparently different from ^. Fagopyri Thum., which was described
earlier and would have precedence under the laws of priority.

I The remaining genera of Hymenomycetes are not included here as they do not prop-
erly come into a list of this character and since Dr. E. A. Burt of Middlebury college has in
preparation a full list of this group.

172 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

AscocHYTA Rhei E. & E.

On Rheum Rhaponticum, Rhubarb. Burl., Sept. 1898; 0. 2996.

CiciNOBOLUs Cesatii De By.

On Erysiphe Cichoracearum, on various hosts. Burl., Sept. 1897 ;
0. 785.

Cobnularia Persicae (Schw.) Sacc

On branches of Prunus Pennsylvanica, Wild cherry. Johnson,
Apr. 1895 ; G. 480.

Darluca Filu.m ( Biv ) Cast.

On Coleosporium Sonchi. Burl., Aug. 1896 ; G. 2348.
On Uromyces Junci. Newfane, Oct. 1892 ; G. 2940.

Entomosporium maculatum Lev.

On Pyrus communis, Pear. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; J. 2963.
On Pyrus Cydonia, Quince. Burl., Oct. 1890 ; C 3003.

Leptothyrium Pomi (Mont. & Fr. ) Sacc.

On fruit of Pyrus Mains, Apple. " Fly speck fungus." Burl., Oct.

1897 ; O. 2977.

Phyllosticta acericola C. & E.

On Acer rubrum. Red maple. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 3014.

On Acer saccharinum. Sugar maple. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0. 3015.

Phyllosticta Ampelopsidis E. & M.

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Woodbine. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0.
2377.
Phyllosticta Betae Oud.

On Beta vulgaris. Beet. Walden, Aug. 1898 ; O. 2979. Burl., Sept.

1898 ; O. 2777.

Phyllosticta cornicola (DC.) Rabh.

On Cornus alternifolia. Dogwood. Burl., Sept. 1897 ; O. 2717.
On Cornus circinata. Burl., Sept. 1897 ; O. 2718.

Phyllosticta cruenta ( Fr. ) Kx.

On Smilacina race m osa, ^ False spikenard. Burl., July, 1898; 0.

2728.

On Smilacina stellata. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2769.

Phyllosticta decidua E. & E.

On Mentha piperita. Peppermint. Burl., July, 1898 ; H. 2980.

Phyllosticta Ellisiana Lamb. & Fautr. ■

On Anemone Virginiana, Anemone. Providence Island, June,
1898; H. &0. 2981.

Phyllosticta fatiscens Pk.

On Nymphaea odorata, Water lily. Burl., Aug. 1898 ; O. 3028.

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont 173

Phyllosticta Gaultheriae E. & E.

On Gaultheria procumbens, Wintergreen. Burl., July, 1897 ; 0.
2380.

Phyllosticta Nesaeae Pk.

On Decodon verticillaris. Burl., Aug. 1898 ; O. 2981.

Phyllosticta pyrina Sacc.

On Pyrus Malus, Apple. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 2371. Isle La
Motte, Oct. 1897 : J. 3034.

Phyllosticta Quercus-rubrae W. R. Ger.

On Quercus rubra, Red oak. Charlotte, Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2982.

Phyllosticta tinea Sacc.

On Viburnum lantanoides, Hobble-bush. Newfane, Sept. 1892 .
G. 436. Stratton, Aug. 1894 : G. 484.

Phyllosticta ulmicola Sacc.

On Ulmus campestris. Elm. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2982.

Phyllosticta variabilis Pk.

On Rubus odoratus. Flowering raspberry. No. Calais, Aug. 1898 ;
O. 2710.

Piggotia Fraxini B. & C-

On Fraxinus pubescens. Red ash. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 2012
Beaver, Sept. 1897; O. 2011.

Septoria acerina Pk.

On Acer Pennsylvanicum, Striped maple. Newfane, Aug. 1892 ;
G. 593. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2385. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2375.
Snake Mt., July, 1898 ; J. 2724.

Septoria Anemones Desm.

On Anemone Virginiana. Providence Island, June, 1898 ; H. and
0. 2987.
Septoria Aquilegiae Penz. & Sacc.

On Aquilegia Canadensis, Honeysuckle. Burl., June, 1896 ; G.
2382.

Septoria Astragali Desm.

On Lathyrus maritimus, Beach pea. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2791.

Septoria atropurpurea Pk.

On Aster cordifolius. Newfane, Aug. 1892 ; G. 454.

Septoria betulicola Pk.

On Betula lenta. Sweet birch. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 3038.

On Betula populifolia, White birch. Burl., July, 1897 ; 0. 2988.

Septoria Brunellae E. & H.

On Brunella vulgaris. Self heal. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2989.

174 The Pabasitic Fungi of Vermont

Septoria brunneola ( Fr. ) Niessl.

On Smilacina racemosa, False spikenard. Burl., Sept. 1897 ; O. 3012.

Septoria Chrysanthemi Allesch.

On Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, White daisy. Burl., Aug.
1897 ; 0. 3025. Manchester, Sept. 1898 ; J. 3026.

This is apparently distinct from the species distributed by Cavara
as Septoria Chrysantfiemi, and which Saccordo lists under the name S.
Chrysanthemella CsiV. , and also from Septoria Chrysanthemi Halsted.

Septoria Cirsii Niessl.

On Cnicus arvensis, Canada thistle. AValden, Aug. 1898 ; 0. 2722.

Septoria conspicua E. & M.

On Sieironema ciliatum. Johnson, July, 1893 ; G. 472. Beaver,
Sept. 1897 ; O. 2342.

Septoria Coptidis B. & C

On Coptis trifolia. Goldthread. Burl., June, 1898 ; O. 2743.

Septoria Convolvuli Desm.

On Convolvulus sepium, Hedge bindweed. Burl., July, 1898; 0.
2990.

Septoria cornicola Desm.

On Cornus alternifolia. Dogwood. Mt. Mansfield, June, 1897 ; 0.
2707. Beaver, Aug. 1897; 0. 2715. Manchester, Sept. 1898; J
2802.

Septoria corylina Pk.

On Corylus rostrata. Hazelnut. Walden, Aug. 1898 ; 0. 3037.

Septoria Cucurbitacearum Sacc.

On Cucumis Melo, Muskmelon. Burl., Sept. 1898; J. 3024.

Septoria Dalibardae Pk.

On Dalibarda repens. Burl., Aug. 1897; O. 2740.

Septoria Dianthi Desm.

On Dianthus caryophyllus. Carnation. Burl., Dec. 1892; J. 460.

Septoria divaricata E. & E.

On Phlox paniculata, Phlox. Burl., Sept. 1898; O. 2990. 1

Septoria Epilobii West.

On Epilobium aienosaulon, Willow-herb. Burl., Aug. 1898; 0.
& H. 2746.

Septoria Fairmani E. & E.

On Althtea rosea. Hollyhock. Charlotte, Aug. 1897 ; O. 2366.
Quite injurious to young plants.

i

I

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont ITS-

Septoria Galeopsidis West.

On Galeopsis Tetrahit, Hemp Nettle. Johnson, Sept. 1894: ; G.
474. Burl., July, 1898; 0. 2779. No. Calais, Aug. 1898 ; 0. 2713.

Septoria Gei Rob. & Desm.

On Geum macrophyllum, Avens. Walden, Aug., 1898 ; 0. 2991.

Septoria Hippocastani Berk & Br.

On Aesculus Hippocastanum, Horsechestnut. North Hero, Sept.
1897: J. 2351.

Septoria increscens Pk.

On Trientalis Americana. Star flower. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0.
2340.

Septoria Leptostachy.e E. & K.

On Phryma Leptostachya, Lopseed. Newfane, July, 1894 ; G. 477.

Septoria Lobeli.e Pk.

On Lobelia cardinalis, Cardinal flower. Charlotte, Aug. 1897 ; O.
2379.

Septoria Lycopersici Speg.

On Lycopersicum esculentum, Tomato. Burl., Sept. 1898; O.
2466.

Septoria malvicola E. & M.

On Malva rotundifolia. Mallow. Burl., Oct. 1890 ; G. 2462. North
Calais, Aug. 1898 ; 0. 2714.

Septoria musiva Pk.

On Populus monilifera, Cottonwood. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2460.

Septoria Nabali B. & C

On Prenanthes sp.. Rattlesnake root. Mt. Mansfield, June, 1897 ;
O. 2794.

Septoria CEnother.e West.

On CEnothera biennis. Evening primrose. Burl., Aug. 1890; J.
2468. Johnson, July, 1893 ; G. 476.
On CEnothera Oakesiana, Burl., Aug. 1898 ; H. 2386.
On CEnothera pumila. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2386.

Septoria Pisi West.

On Pisum sativum, Pea. Burl., July, 1898 ; J. 2770.

Septoria Polygonorum Desm.

On Polygonum dumetorum var. scandens, Climbing false buck-
wheat. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2992.

On Polygonum Persicaria, Smartweed. Burl., July, 1897 ; 0.
2706. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2368.

176 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

Septoria populicola Pk.

On Populus balsamifera, Balm of Gilead. Providence Island, June,
1898 ; O. 2720.

Septoria rhoina B. & C.

On Rhus glabra, Sumach. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2384.
On Rhus typhina. Johnson, Sept. 1894 ; G. 705.

Septoria Ribis Desm.

On Ribes nigrum. Black currant. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2341.

On Ribes prostratum. Fetid currant. Mt. Manstield, Aug. 1898 ;
J. 2747.

On Ribes rubrum, Red currant. Underbill, July, 1898 ; J. 2745,
Walden, Aug. 1898 ; O. 2721.

Septoria Rubi West.

On Rubus hispidus, Swamp blackberry. Burl., July, 1897 ; 0. 2369.

On Rubus occidentalis. Black raspberry. South Hero, Nov.
1897 ; O. 2463.

On Rubus villosus. Blackberry. Xewfane, Aug. 1892 ; G. 469.
Burl., Oct. 1896 ; G. 2324. North Calais, Aug. 1890; O. 2711.

Septoria Saccharini E. & E.

On Acer saccharinum, Sugar maple. Newfane, Aug. 1892 ; G. 471.
Walden, Aug. 1898; 0. 2723.

Septoria sambucina Pk.

On Sambucus Canadensis, Elderberry. Beaver, Sept. 1797; 0.
2709.

Septoria Sedi West.

On Sedum Telephium, Liveforever. North Calais, Aug. 1898 ; O.
3027. Abundant and destructive to this weed. Observed at Burling-
ton and various other localities in Vermont. Probably occurs com-
monly on this host throughout the state.
Septoria Smilacin.e E. & M.

On Smilacina racemosa. False spikenard. Burl., Aug. 1890 ; J. 2482.

Septoria Trillii Pk.

On Trillium grandiflorum, Trillium. Burl., June, 1897 ; O. 2708.

Septoria verbascicola B. & C.

On Verbascum Blattaria, Moth mullein. East Dorset, Aug. 1894 ;
G. 703.

Septoria Verben.e Rob. tt Desm.

On Verbena hastata, Blue vervain. Burl., July, 1896; 0. 2374.
Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2349.
On Verbena urticeefolia. White vervain. Burl., .\ug. 1887 ; O.
2373.

The Parasitic Fungi op Yekmont 177

Septoria Viol.k West.

On Viola blanda, Violet. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2378. Underbill,
July, 1898 ; J. 2719.
On Viola canina var. Muhlenbergii. Burl., 1897 ; 0. 2730.
On Viola lanceolata. Vernon, July, 1895 ; G. 475.

Septoria viridi-tingens Curt.

On Allium tricoccum. Wild leek. Smugglers' Notch, June, 1895 ;
J. 2469.

Septoria Waldsteini.e Pk. & CI.

On Waldsteinia fragarioides, Barren strawberry. Charlotte, Sept.
1897 ; 0. 2773. Burl., May, 1898 ; O. 2726.

Septoria Wilsoni CI.

On Chelone glabra. Snake-head. Stratton, Aug. 1894 ; G. 701.
Burl., Sept. 1896 ; G. 2383. Beaver, Aug. 1897 ; O. 2636.

Stagonospora Etjui.sETi Fautr.

On Equisetum limosum. Scouring rush. Burl., Sept. 1898; O.
3031.

Vermicularia coptina Pk.

On Coptis trifolia, Goldtliread. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2739.

Vermicularia Peckii var. Viol.e-rotundifoli^ Sacc

On Viola rotundifolia, Violet. Johnson, June, 1895 ; J. 2474.

Vermicularia subeffigurata Schw.

On Tragopogon porrifolius, Salsify. Johnson, Oct. 1894 ; G. 481.

MELANC0NIE.E

Colletotrichum Lagenarium (Pass.) Ell. & Hals.

On fruit of Cucumis Melo, Muskmelon. Burl., Sept. 1806; G.
2935.

Colletotrichum Lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Mag.) Scrib.

On Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean. Burl., 1892 ; J. 29.37.
On Pisum sativum, Pea. Beaver, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2354.

Cylindrosporium Padi Karst. {Septoria cerasina Pk. )

On Prunus serotina. Black cherry. Newfane, Sept. 1892.
On Prunus sp., Cultivated cherry. Pittsford, July, 1896 ; J. 507.
On Prunus Armeniaca, Apricot. Colchester, Aug. 1896 ; G. .3002.
On Prunus sp., Plum. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 3030.

Cylindrosporium saccharinum E. & E.

On Acer rubrum. Red Maple. Stratton, 1894 ; G. 508.

Cylindrosporium Toxicodendri (Curt.) E. &E. {Septoria Toxicodendri Curt.)
On Rhus Toxicodendron Poison ivy. Burl., July, 1898; O. 2741.

178 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

OLOEOSrORIUM ACERINUM West.

On ke5's of Acer Pennsylvanicuin, Striped maple. Belden Pond,
Sept. 1894 ; G. 2973. (Var. jrucligenum E. &. E. )

Gloeosporium boreale E. & E.

On Salix cordata, AVillow. Johnson, Sept. 1894 ; G. 632.
On Salix sp. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 490.

Gloeosporium Coryli (Desm.) Sacc.

On Corylus rostrata. Hazelnut. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 3035.

Gloeosporium Ribis (Lib.) Mont. & Desm.

On Ribes rubrum, Red currant. Burl, Aug. 1896 ; G. 3016.
Gloeosporium vexetum Speg.

On Rubus strigosus. Red raspberry. Burl., Aug. 1890; J. 2974.
Maksonia Juglandis (Lib.) Sacc.

On Juglans cinerea, Butternut. Johnson, Sept. 1893 ; G. 510.

hyphomycete^

Alternaria fasciculata (C. & E. ) Jones & Grout {Macrosporium chartarum
Pk. (Not Preuss. ) ; M. fasciculatum C. & E. ; M. Maydis C. & E. ; M.
Tomato Cooke. See Bui. Torr. Bot. Club, 24, pp. 254-2,58, 1897).

On Allium Cepa, Onion. Milton, Sept. 1896 ; Herrick, 265.

On Asclepias incarnata, Swamp milkweed. Burl., Oct. 1895 ; G.
2911.

On Asparagus officinale. Asparagus. Burl., Oct. 1897 ; O. 2332.

On Aster sp.. Cultivated aster. Burl., Sept. 1896 ; G. 2999.

On Avena sativa, Oat. Burl., Aug. 1896; G. 380.

On Brassica alba. Mustard. Burl., Sept. 1896 ; G. 2910.

On Brassica oleracea, Cabbage. Burl., Aug. 1896; G. 382.

On Dahlia variabilis. Dahlia. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2480.

On Fagopyrum esculentum, Buckwheat. Burl., Sept. 1892 ; G.
2903.

On Gladiolus sp., Cultivated gladiolus. Charlotte, Sept. 1897; 0.
3018.

On Lathyrus palustris. Gardener's Island, Aug. 1896 ; G. 431.

On Lycopersicum esculentum, Tomato. Burl., Sep. 1892 ; Tracy,
2905.

On old pasteboard exposed to the weather. Milton, Aug. 1896 ;
G. 2904.

On Phaseolus vulgaris. Bean. Burl., July, 1896 ; G. 296.

On Raphanus sativus, Radish. Burl., Aug. 1896 ; S. 2909.

On Solanum tuberosum, Potato. Bradford, July, 1893 ; Tracy,
2914. Burl., Aug. 1894; Tracy, 2915. Dorset, Aug. 1895 ; Tracy,

On Zea Mays, Indian corn. Burl., Aug. 1896. G. 381.

i

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont 179

Alternaria Solani (E. & M. ) Jones and Grout. {Alternaria Solani Sorauer
in part ; Macrosporium Solani E. & M. )

On Datura Tatula, Jamestown weed. Manchester, Sept. 1898 ; J.
2481.

On Lycopersicum esculentuiu, Tomato. Burl., Sept. 1896; G.
3000.

On Solanum tuberosum, Potato. Burl., Aug. 1892 ; J. 2921. Bar-
ton, Aug. 1892 ; J. 385. Pownal, Aug. 1892 ; J. 384.

BOTRYTIS VULGARIS Fr.

On Dianthus caryophyllus. Carnation. Burl., Jan. 1892 ; J. 276.
On Erythronium Americanum. Johnson, May, 1895 ; G. 263.
On Lactuca sativa. Lettuce. Burl., Jan. 1893 ; J. 264.
On Lilium Canadense. Johnson, July, 1893 ; G. 511.

BoTRYTis sp., (the lily botrytis of Marshall Ward, Ann. Bot. 2; pp. 319-
382, 1888-89. )

On Lilium candidum, Lily. Burl. July, 1896 ; J. & G. 326.
On Lilium speciosum. Charlotte, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2997.
On Lilium tigrinum. Charlotte, Sept. 1897 ; O. 2998.

Cercospora Ampelopsidis Pk.

On Ampelopsis quinquefolia. Woodbine. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2772.

Cercospora Apii Fr.

On Apium graveolens, Celery. Burl., Aug. 1894 ; J. 2461.

Cercospora beticola Sacc.

On Beta vulgaris. Beet. Burl., Oct. 1890 ; C 2467.

Cercospora Caulophylli Pk.

On Caulophyllum thalictroides. Johnson, Aug. 1893 ; G. 272.

Cercospora circumscissa Sacc.

On Prunus serotina. Black cherry. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 2928.
On Prunus Virginiana, Choke cherry. Burl., July, 1898 : 0. 2929.
Walden, Aug. 1898 ; O. 2930.

Cercospora clavata ( Ger. ) Pk.

On Asclepias Cornuti, Milkweed. Burl., Aug. 1890 ; J. 3006.

Cercospora dubia ( Riess. ) Wint.

On Chenopodium album. Pigweed. Burl, Aug. 1892 ; J. 2793.

Cercospora granuliformis Ell. & Holw.

On Viola palmata var. cucuUata, Violet. Burl., Aug. 1892; J.
2476.
On Viola pubescens. Burl., Aug. 1890 ; J. 2477.

180 Thk Parasitic Fungi of Vekmont

Cercospoka Mali E. & E.

On Pyrus Malus, Apple. Burl., Aug. 1891 ; J. 2473. Walden, Aug.
1808; O. 2781.

Cekcospora microsora Sacc.

On Tilia Americana, Basswood. Providence Island, June, 1898 ;
O. 2931. Snake Mountain, .July, 1898 ; O. 2932.

CeRCOSPORA SAGITTARIiE E. & K.

On Sagittaria variabilis, Arrowhead. West Townshend, Aug.

1894 ; G. 617.

Cercospora sqalidula Pk.

On Clematis Virginiana, Virgin's bower. Newfane, Sept. 1892; G.
2333. Beaver, Aug. 1897 ; O. 2335.

Cercospora Viol^ Sacc.

On Viola sp., Cultivated violet. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; 0. 2800.

Cercosporella CANA (Pass. ) Sacc.

On Erigeron annuus, Daisy fleabane, Isle La Motte, Oct. 1898 ; O.
3007.

Cladosporium fulvum Cke.

On Lycopersicum esculentum. Tomato. Burl., Jan. 1893 ; .J. 275.
Injurious in the greenhouse.

On Solanum tuberosum. Potato. Burl., July, 1893 ; J. 2934. Dor-
set, July, 1894 ; Tracy, 29.33.

Cladosporium herbarum (Pers. ) Lk.

On Populus tremuloides. Poplar. Newfane, Sept. 1892 ; G. 288.
On dead wood of Tilia Americana, Basswood. Johnson, June,

1895 ; G. 274.

Cladosporium ramulosum Desm.

On Populus tremuloides. Poplar. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2483.

FusicLADiuM DENDRiTicuM (Wallr.) Fckl.

On Pyrus Malus, Apple. Burl., Sept. 1894 ; J. 2968. Isle La Motte,
Oct. 1898 ; 0. 2967. Walden, Aug. 1898 ; O. 2782.

FusiCLADiuM DEPRESSUM (B. & Br.) Sacc.

On Angelica atropurpurea. Johnson, Sept. 1893 ; G. 2970.

FUSICLADIUM PYRINUM (Lib.) Fckl.

On leaves and fruit of Pyrus communis. Pear. No. Calais, Aug.
1898 ; O. 2971. Burl., Sept. 1898 ; O. 2972.

Heterosporium gracile (Wallr.) Sacc.

On Belamcanda Chinensis, Blackberry lily. Charlotte, July, 1896 ;
G. 299

The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont isi

On Iris sp., Cultivated iris. Charlotte, Sept. 1S97 ; O. 2975. Burl.,
Sept. 189S ; O. 2976.

MACROSrORIUM l*ORRI Ell.

On Allium Cepa, Onion. Milton, June, 1896 ; G. 2979.

Macrosporium Sarcinula Berk. var. parasiticum Thum.

On Allium Cepa, Onion. ]\Iiiton, Sept. 1896 ; Herrick, 301.

Microstroma Juc.landis (Berang. ) Sacc.

On Carya alba, Shellbark hickory. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 2796.

]\roNii,iA fructigena Pers.

On Prunus domestica. Plum. So. Hero, Oct. 1898 ; O. 3005.

OvuLARiA SoMMERi (Eichelbaum) Sacc.

On young stems of Myrica Gale, Sweet gale. Burl., May, 1897 ; J.
& O. 273().

Penicilljum gi.aucum Grev.

On fruit of Pyrus Mains, Apple. Burl., Jan. 1892 ; 'J. 376.

Pikil'Ularia grisea (Cke. ) Sacc.

On Setaria glauca. Pigeon grass. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 3008.

RaMULARIA AcTEiE E. & H.

On Actea alba, White baneberry. Newfane, June, 1892 ; G. 308.
Ramularia Armoraciae Fckl.

On Nasturtium Armoracia, Horseradish. Milton, Sept. 1896 ; G.
3023.

Ramularia arvensis Sacc.

On Potentilla Norvegica, Cinquefoil. Burl., June, 1898 ; 0. 2727.
Ramularia Celastri Pk.

On Celastrus scandens, Bittersweet. Newfane, Sept. 1895 ; G. 310.
Burl., Aug. 1897 ; 0. 2370. No. Calais, Aug. 1898 ; O. 2712.

Ramularia decipiens E. & E.

On Rumex crispus. Dock. Burl., Aug. 1897 ; O. 2986.
Ramularia Impatientis Pk.

On Impatiens fulva. Jewel weed, Beaver, Aug. 1897 ; O. 2797.
Ramularia Nemopanthes Pk.

On Nemopanthes fascicularis. Burl., July, 1898; 0. 3020.
Ramularia Oxalidis Farl.

On Oxalis acetosella, Woodsorrel. Stratton, July, 1894 ; G. 692.
Ramularia Plantaginis E. & M.

On Plantago major, Plantain. Stratton, Aug. 189-1 ; G. 691.
Ramularia Ranunculi Pk.

On Ranunculus acris, Buttercup. Walden, Aug. 1898. O. 3019.

182 The Parasitic Fungi of Vermont

Ramularia Kudbecki.e Pk.

On Rudbeckia laciniata, Cone-flower. Vernon, Aug. 1895 ; G. 690.

Ramularia Taraxaci Karst.

On Taraxacum officinale, Dandelion. Burl., July, 1897 ; O. 3013.

Ramularia Urtic^ Ces.

On Urtica gracilis, Nettle. Burl., Sept. 1897 ; 0. 2795.

Scolecotrichum graminis Fckl.

On Dactylis glomerata. Orchard grass. Burl., Sept. 1896. G. 3011.

SUMMARY. '

Summary of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont as listed in Contributions
to the Botany of Vermont II and VII, with index to groups.

(Pages 1-21 refer to Contribution II, pages 164-182 to Contribution
VII. )

Pages. Genera. Species.
Lower Fungi —

Peronosporeee 4 6 16

Chytridiese 6 1 1

Entomophthorete 6 1 1

Higher Fungi —

Ascomycetes

Gymnoasci

Exoascete 166 2 5

Carpoasci.

Perisporiace^e : Erysiphe;e 6 6 33

Pyrenomycetes 167 17 33

Discomycetes 170 9 17

Ustilagineee 11, 166 5 16

Uredinefe 12,164 13 83

Basidomycetes: Hymenomycetes 171 1 1

Fungi Imperfecta

SphaeropsideiP 171 12 77

Melanconicie 177 4 11

Hyphomycete«' 178 14 46

91 340

INDEX.

Index to genera of the Lists of Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, included in
Contributions to the Botany of A^ennont II and VII.

( rages 1-21 refer to Contribution II, pages 164-182 to Contribution VII. )

Aecidiuni 12, Kid

Actinonema 171

Alternaria 1 7cS

Ascochy ta 1 72

Asterina 167

Breniia 4

Botrytis 179

Cercospora 179

Cercosporelhi 180

Chrysomyxa 1.3

Cicinobolus 1 72

Cladosporium 180

Claviceps 167

Coleosporiuni 13

Colletotrich um 177

Cornnlaria 1 72

Cronartinm 13

Cudonia 1 70

Cyhndrosporium 177

Cystopus 4

Darhica 1 72

Diatrype 167

Dimerosporium 167

Doassansia 11, 166

Empusa 6

Entomosporium 172

Erysiphe 6, 165

Eurotiuni 167

Exoascus 166

Exobasidium 171

Fusicladium 180

Gloeosporium 178

Gnomonia 169

Gymnosporangium 14

Hetei'osporium 180

Hypoxylon 167

Laestadia 167

Leotia 170

Leptotliy rium 1 72

Lophodermium 167

Macrosporium 181

Marsonia 178

Massariella 168

]\Ielampsora 14

Microstroma 181

Microsphaera 7, 165

Mitrula 170

Moniha 181

Morchella 170

Nectria 168

Ovularia 181

Penicillium 181

Peridermium 14

Peronospora 5

Peziza 170

Phragmidiuni 15

Ph vtophthora 5

Phyllachora 168

PhvUactinia 9, 165

Phyllosticta 172

Piggotia 173

Piricularia 1 81

Plasmopara 5

Plowrightia 168

Podosphaera 9

Pseudopeziza 170

Puccinia 15, 164, 166

Pucciniastrum 19

Ramularia 181

Rhytisma 170

Sclerospora 6

Scolecotrichnm 182

Septoria 173

Spathularia 171

Spathelotlieca 11

Sphaerella 169

Sphaerotheca 9

Stagonospora 177

Stigmatia 169

Synchytrium 6

Taphrina 166

Tilletia 11

Triphragminm 19

Uncinula 10, 165

ITredo 19

Uromycetes 19, 166

Urocystis 11

IJstilago 11

Valsa 169

Vennicularia 177

Xylaria 169

i'.

Contfibotions to the Botany of Vermont, VIII

FLORA OF VERMONT

A LIST OF THE

FERN #> SEED PLANTS

GROWING, WITHOUT CULTIVATION.

PREPARED BY

Ezra Brainerd, L. R. Jones and W. W. Eggleston

COMMITTEE EOR THE

VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB.

Extracted erom the Twentieth Verjmont
Agriculturai, Report

Distributed December 15, 1900

^

I

I

7'

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont^ VIII.

FLORA OF VERMONT

\6R A/^

A LIST OF THE ^ WEW YORx'

FERN # SEED PLAN^'"'

GROWING WITHOUT CULTIVATION.

PREPARED BY

Ezra Brainerd, E. R. Jones and W. W. Eggi^eston

COMMITTEE FOR THE

VERMONT BOTANICAL CLUB.

BURLINGTON :

FREE PRESS ASSOCIATION,
1900.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE BOTANY OF VERMONT

I. A List of the Mosses of Vermo.vt, with Analytical Keys to the

Genera and Species, by A. J. Grout, March, 1898, 38 pages.

Price 15 cents.

II. A Partial List of the Parasitic Fungi of Vermont, by W. A.

Orton, September, 1898, 24 pages. Price 10 cents.

III. A. Preliminary List of thj? Hepatic-e of Vermont, by Clifton

D. Howe, January, 1899, 10 pages. Price 10 cents.

IV. Supplement to a List of the Mosses of Vermont, by A. J.

Grout, January, 1899, 4 pages. Price 5 cents.

V. The Trees of Vermont (Illustrated), by Anna M. Clark, with

Notes on the Trees of Burlington and Vicinity, by L. R.
Jones, December, 1899, 100 pages. Price 25 cents.

VI. Genera of Basidiomycetes of Vermont, with References to

scattered Literature for Determination of the Species, by
Edward A. Burt, September, 1899, 18 pages. Price 10 cents

VII. A Second Partial List of the Pae.a.sitic Fungi of Vermont, by

W. A. Orton, December, 1899, 34 pages. Price 10 cents.

VIII. The Flora of Vermont. A list of the Fern and Seed Plants

Growing without Cultivation, by Ezra Brainerd, L. R.
Jones and W. W. Eggleston, December, 1900, 123 pages.

Price 25 cents.

The above Contributions to the Botany of Vermont may be obtained as
follows :

I-V and VII, Botanical Department, University of Vermont, Burlington
Vermont.

VI, Librarian, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont.

VIII, From either of the above addresses.

To

CYRUS G. PRINGLE, A. M.

For twenty-five years

a diligent and conscientious collector of the plants of North America :

whose talent and enthusiasm were first shown in the study of the

Flora of Vermont.

CD

05

■CM

FLORA OF VERMONT

»

PREFACE

It is now twelve years since the last edition of Professor Perkins' Flora
of Vermont was published. The supi)ly of the Tenth Report of the State
Board of Agriculture, which contained that publication, has for some
time been exhausted so that it is increasingly difficult to secure copies of
it. INIoreover these twelve years have included a period of intense activity in
systematic botany in the Eastern States, and they have witnessed consid-
erable additions to the knowledge of Vermont plants. The Vermont
Botanical Club was organized five years ago for the chief purpose of adding
to and recording this knowledge. The present catalogue has been pre-
pared by a committee acting for the Club, and it aims to set forth briefly
the facts as at present known to Vermont botanists regarding the occur-
rence and distribution of the higher plants in the state. It is unnecessary
to say that the list is provisional and incomplete. Students of the Vermont
Flora will doubtless make yearly additions and corrections to this cata-
logue, until the time once more arrives when a new one will be neces-
sary. The present list stands merely as a report of progress, and the most
that is hoped is that it will prove a stimulus and aid to further advance-
ment.

The list is intended to include the names of all of the seed and fern
plants known to occur as native or apart from cultivation within the state.
Much pains has been taken to verify doubtful specimens. Where no other
authority is given for the determination of thespecies or its insertion in the
list, the plants have been personally examined by this committee. In
every case where a name is admitted to the main list there is an authenti-
cated specimen deposited in one or more of the permanent herbaria of the
state, or in such other herbarium as is indicated in the accompanying note.
The invariable rule has been to admit no name which has not an extant
specimen back of it. This has necessarily led to the exclusion of a number
of names of plants reported by earlier botanists. In many of these cases
the evidence is such as to leave little doubt that the plants actually
occurred as reported, and probably many of them will be rediscovered.
The names of such plants are included in a supplementary list at the end
of the main catalogue, and each name so appearing should be considered as
•a challenge to the sagacity of present botanists until the plant is again

VUl FLORA OF VERMONT

found. It has not been practicable, however, nor has it seemed important,
that the committee examine specimens from all the localities cited in the
list. Thus if the specimens from one locality have been verified and the
species is therefore admitted to the list, other stations are often cited upon
the authority of the collectors alone. But even in such cases, where there
was any reason for questioning the identity of the plant, its inspection by
recognized authorities has been secured. Stations cited on the sole author-
ity of older published lists are in quotation marks.

These are busy times for the botanist who would keep informed in
matters of nomenclature. The committee had some appreciation of this
fact when undertaking its task, but this appreciation has increased during
the progress of the work. The aim has been, in accordance with the wish
of the Vermont Botanical Club, to follow a conservative policy in matters
of nomenclature. In all cases, unless otherwise stated, the preferred name
is that in accord with the usages of the Kew herbarium, which means in
general th 3 usage of the Gray Manual and the Synoptical Flora of North
America. Where the name established by the rules of the Botanical Club
of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, as expressed
in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora, is at variance with this preferred
name, it follows in parenthesis. All such synonymous names are included
in the index.

In the sequence of families the order is that of Engler and Prantl as
embodied in the Britton-Brown Illustrated Flora. This is accepted by
botanists generally as representing more nearly the natural relationship of
plants than does that of any of the older systems. It is believed that the
temporary inconvenience caused by this change, to those who are more
familiar with the older arrangements, will be more than counterbalanced by
the advantages which will follow acquaintance with the present one.

The committee were in doubt as to whether it would not be wiser to
adopt the Engler-Prantl family names. Such would be the consistent
course and, doubtless, some will criticise the failure to follow it. Since it
involved the breaking up of several of the familiar groups like Rosaceae,
Leguminosae, etc., it was decided that the argument of present convenience
to most members of the club outweighed that of consistency.

In indicating the degree of frequency of occurrence, four adjectives have
been used with a careful attempt at precision, namely, "common," "fre-
quent," "occasional," "rare." In each case this statement regarding
frequency is to be associated with the accompanying statement regarding
habitat, — thus "sandy soil, common" means common on sandy soils;
and such a plant may be rare in other habitats. The term "rare" has
been reserved for those plants which are known to occur in but few stations
and there but sparingly. Where they are abundant in such stations the
word "local" lias been preferred. In cases where but four or five stations

FLORA OF VERMONT IX

or less were known, these have been enumerated. It is always a matter of
justice to botanical explorers and of interest and stimulus to others to insert
the name of the station and of the discoverer of a rare plant, and the aim
of the committee has been to do this so far as compatible with the brevity
required. The habitats given are based on observations made in Vermont.
Where these differ from those given in the standard botanies it is believed
that the statements of this list more accurately define the local conditions.

Small capitals are used in the Catalogue for the names of foreign plants
or of those not indigenous to the northeastern United States, that is to the
region covered by the Gray Manual. In this the familiar usage of Gray's
botanies has been followed. The distinction is somewhat helpful, but
since it does not indicate the native Vermont flora with the exactness de-
sired, a Supplementary List has been prepared which includes the names
of those plants which are natives of the northeastern United States, and
therefore printed in full-face type in this catalogue but which are not na-
tives of Vermont.

The committee desires to acknowledge the generous assistance in the
work of many other members of the Vermont Botanical Club. Especial
mention should be made of the contributions of Dr. A. J. Grout whose
specimens and notes were placed in the hands of the committee and of Mr.
Clifton D. Howe who made the final copy of the manuscript for the print-
ers and helped to handle the proof.

Dr. B. L. Robinson and Mr. M. L. Fernald have examined many doubt-
ful specimens and have advised throughout in matters of nomenclature.
Professor F. Lamson-Scribner critically examined the Vermont specimens
of several of the genera of Graminefc and contributed notes which add much
to the accuracy of their treatment. Dr. C. W. Swan also gave valuable
advice in this group. Dr. M. A. Howe has contributed the results of his
own explorations and has reported upon various plants in the herbarium
of the New York Botanic gardens.

To these gentlemen for their courteous assistance and kindly interest,
the Vermont Botanical Club is greatly indebted.

EZRA BRAINERD,

L. R. JONES,

W. W. EGGLESTON,

Committee.

CONTENTS

Fi.oKA OF Vermont

Pteridopln/tn

0 phioglossacetc 1

Filices 1

Equisetaceaj 4

Lyc'opodiacete 4

Selaginellacea? 5

OymnoapcTinx
Coniferee 5

Monocotyledons

Typhacese 6

Naiadaceae 7

Alismacea; 8

Hydrocharidacese 9

Graminese 9

Cyperaceae 17

Aracese 25

Lemnacere 25

Xyridacese 25

Eriocaulese 26

Pontederiaceae 26

.1 uncacese 26

Liliaceae 27

Iridacese 29

Orchidacese 29

Dicotyledons

Juglandacea? 31

My ricacese 32

Salicacete 32

Cupuliferse 33

Urticaceae 35

Loranthacese 36

Santalaceae 36

Aristolochiaceae 36

Polygonaceae 36

Chenopodiacese 37

Amarantaceae 38

Caryophy llaceae 39

Illecebraceae 41

Nymphaeaceae 40

Ceratoph y llaceae 41

Magnoliaceae 41

Ranunculaceae 41

Berberidaceae 43

Menispermaceae 43

Lauraceae 44

Papaveraceae 45

Fumariaceae 44

Cruciferai 44

Capparidaceje 47

Sarraceniaceu' 47

Droseracete 47

Crassu laceit> 48

Saxif ragaceai 48

Hamamelideie 49

Platanacea? 49

Rosace ae 49

Legiiminosae 53

Geraniaceae 56

Linaceae 57

Rutaceae 57

Polygalaceae 57

Euphorbiaceae 57

Erapetracete 58

Anacard iaceae 58

Ilicineae 58

Celastracefe 59

Sapindaceae 59

Rham nacete 59

Vitaceae 59

Tiliacefe 60

Malvaceae 60

Hypericaceae 60

Cistaceae 61

Violaceae 61

Thy melaeaceae 62

Elaeagnaceae 62

Lythraceae 62

Melastomaceae 63

Onagraceae 63

Halorageae 63

Aral iaceae 64

Umbelliferae 64

Corn aceae 66

Ericaceae 66

Diapensiaceae 69

Primiilaceae 69

Oleaceae 70

Gentianaceae 70

Apocy naceae 71

Asclepiadaceae 71

Con vol vnlaceae 71

Polemoniaceae 72

Hydrophy llaceae 72

Borraginaceae 72

Verbenaceie .' 73

Labiatae 73

Solanaceae 76

xu

FLORA OF VERMONT

Scrophulariacefe 77

Lentibulariacecie 78

Orobanchacea^ 79

Acanthacea3 79

Plaiitaginaceie 79

Rubiacea? 80

Caprifoliacefo 80

Valerianacete 82

Dipsacese 82

Cucurbitaceai 82

Campannlaceto 82

Lobe I i ace;e 82

Compositje 83

Statistical Summaries 92

Supplementary Lists 95

Lesser Floras 99

Additions and Corrections 103

Ln'dex 107

i

riOlM OF VEIINONT

PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY

BOTRYCHIUM

B. lanceolatum, Angstroem. Moist hollows in cool open woods ; rare.

B. matficariaefolium, Braun. Rich moist woods ; occasional. A reduced
form also occurs (B. tenebrosum, A. A. Eaton.)

B. simplex, Hitchcock. Hilly pastures and open woods ; occasional.

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. dissectum, Milde. (B. dissectum, Spreng.) Cool
loamy soil of open fields ; occasional.

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. (B. obliquum, INIulil.
var. intermedium, Underw.) Old pastures and copses ; occasional.

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. obliquum, Milde. (B. obliquum, Muhl.) Moist
gravelly slopes along the base of the mountains ; frequent.

B. ternatum, Swartz. var. rutaefolium, D. C. Eaton. (B. matricarire, Spreng.)
Old fields ; rare.

B. Virgmianum, Swartz. Rich woods ; common.

OPHIOGLOSSUM. Adder's Tongue
O. vulgatum, L. Muck ; occasional.

FILICES. FERN FAMILY

ADIANTUM. Maidenhair
A. pedatum, L. Rich moist woods; common.

ASPIDIUM (DRYOPTERIS) Shield Fern

A. acrostichoides, Swartz. Christmas Fern. Rocky woods ; common and
variable.

A. acrostichoides, Gray. var. incisum, Ciraj'. Occasional.

£- FLORA OF VEKiMONT

A. aculeatum, Swartz. var. Braunii, Koch. (D. Braunii, Underw.) Smug-
gler's Notch, Pursh, 1807, is the type station. Moist woods above 2,000
feet altitude ; occasional.

A. Boottii, Tuckerraan. Wet thickets and about ponds; occasional.

A, cristatum, Swartz. Moist thickets and swamps; frequent.

A. cristatum, Swartz. var. Clintonianum, Eaton. Swampy woods; frequent.

A. fragrans, Swartz. Mt- Mansfield, Bolton Notch and Camel's Hump,
Vnuijlc ; ]\It. Zion, (Hubbardton), A'oss and Egglcston.

A, Goldianutn, Hook. Rich moist woods ; occasional.

A. marginale, Swartz. Rocky woods ; common.

A. Noveboracense, Swartz. Moist woods and swamps ; common.

A. spinulosum. Swartz. Damp woods ; occasional.

A. spinulosum, Swartz. var. dilatatum, Hook. Mountain woods ; common
above 2,r)00 feet altitude.

A. spinulosum, Swartz. var. intermedium, D. C. Eaton. Woodlands ; com-
mon.

A. Thelypteris, Swartz. Swamps and wet places ; common.

A. marginale x cristatum, Davenport. Cold bog, Shrewsbury, Eggleston ;
Pittsford, Miss M. Shsson.

ASPLENIUM. Spleenwort

A. angustifolium, INlichx. Rich moist woods ; occasional.

A. ebeneum, Ait. (A. platyneuron, Oakes. ) Rocky woods; frequent.

A. ebenoides, R. R. Scott. Rutland, Boss. One plant, now in Herb. Univ.Vt.

A. Filix-foemina, Bernli. Moist woods ; common and variable.

A. Ruta-muraria, L. Limestone cliffs of western Vermont ; occasional. L.
Willoughby, E. Faxon, F. A. Winsloiv.

A. thelypteroides, Michx. ( A. acrosticlioides, Sw.) Rich woods ; frequent.

A. Trichomanes, L. Shaded cliffs ; frequent.

A. Trichomanes, L. var. incisum, IMoore. Brattleboro, F/'os^, Miss A. L. Grout;
Norwicli, JcsKji.

A. viride, Hudson. Cliffs, Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Pringlc.

CAMPTOSORUS. AValking Fern

C. rhizcphyllus, Link. Shaded rocks, especially limestone ; locally com-
mon in western Vermont.

4

FLORA OF VERMONT 6

CYSTOPTERIS
C. bulbifera, Bernli. Moist shaded ravines; frequent.

C. fragilis> Bernli. Rocky woods and ravines ; common.

DICKSONIA

D. pilosiuscula, Willd. (D. punctiloba, Gray.) Hilly pastures ; common.

ONOCLEA

O. sensibilis, ^^. Sensitive Fern. Moist meadows and thickets ; common.
The form obtusilobata, Charlotte, Pringle.

O. Struthiopteris, Hoffmann. Ostrich Fern. Rich alluvial soil ; common.

OSMUNDA.

O. cinnamomea, L. Cinnamon Fern. Wet woods and pastures ; common.
The form frondosa, Charlotte, Princjle ; Randolph, Bates.

O. Claytoniana, L. Wet woods and pastures ; conunon.

O. regalis, L. Wet woods and swamps ; common.

PELLJ^A

P. atropurpurea, Link. Limestone cliffs ; occasional in western Vermont,
Lake Willoughby, E. Faxon.

P. gracilis, Hook. (P. Stelleri, Watt.) Moist limestone rocks ; occasional.

PHEGOPTERIS. Beech Fern
P. Dryopterist Fee. Rocky woods ; common.
P. hzxagonoptera, Fee. Rich woods ; occasional.
P. polypodioides. Fee. ( P. Phegopteris, Underw. ) Damp woods; connnon.

POLYPODIUM. Polypody
P. vulgare, L. Rocks ; common.

PTERIS. Bracken
P. aquilina,'L. Pastures and woodlands ; common.

WOODSIA

W. glabeUa, R. Br. "Willoughby Lake," T,>nr>/ ; Mt. Mansfield and
Bakersfield, Pringle; Quechee Gulf, BalcJi.

W. hyperborea, R. Br. (W. alpina, S. F. Gray.) Mt. Mansfield and
Willoughby, Pringle; Quechee Gulf, Balch.

W. Ilvensis^ R. Br. Rocks ; common.

W. obtusa, Torr. Rocky banks and ledges ; occasional.

FLORA OF VERMONT

WOODWARDIA. Chain Fern.

W. Virginica, Smith. Fort Ethan Allen pond, Robhins ; Franklin bog,
Wild.

EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY

EQUISETUM. Horsetail
E. arvense, L. Moist gravelly or sandy banks ; common.
E. hiemale, L. Moist gravelly banks ; common.

E. limosum, L. ( E. fluviatile, L. ) Shallow water with mnddy bottom ;
common.

E. limosum, L. var. polystachyum, Brueckner. Burlington, Mrs.Flynn.

E. littorale, Kuehlewein. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; rare.

E. palustre, L. Wet sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington, Grout and
Jones.

E. scirpoides, Michx. Moist cool woods ; occasional.

E, sylvaticum, L. Moist shady places ; common.

E. variegatum, Schleicher. Gravelly shores ; occasional.

LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY

■LYCOPODIUM. Club Moss

L. annotinum, L. Cold woods ; common.

L. annotinum, L. var. pungens, Spring. Summit Mt. Mansfield, Pringlc.

L. clavatum, L. Dry woods ; common.

L. complanatum, L. Woods and thickets ; common.

L, complanatum, L. var. Chamaecyparissus, Milde. Newfane, Hone, and
Lloyd; Stowe, Mrs. Straw.

L. inundatum, L. Moist soil ; occasional.

L. inundatum, L. var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm. Sunderland, Grout.

L. lucidulum, Michx. Cold damp woods ; common.

L. obscurum, L. var. dendroideum, D- C. Eaton. Moist woods ; common.

L, sabinaefolium, Willd. Cold, mountain woods, Rochester, Egfjleston.

L. Sdago, L. Summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Robbins ; Smug-
gler's Notch, Pringle; Johnson, Eggle.'^fori.

I

FLORA OF VERMONT 0

SELAGINELLACEAE

ISOETES

I. echinospora, Durieu. var. Braunii, Engelm. Margins of ponds and streams;
common.

I. echinospora, Durieu. var. muricata, Engelm. "Mouth of Pompanoosuc
river, Norwich," Jesup.

I. echinospora, Durieu. var. robusta, Engelm. Miry borders of bogs, north-
ern L. Champlain ; occasional.

I. lacustris, L. " Brattleboro," Frost; Alhnrgh, Eggleston.

SELAGINELLA
S. apus, Spring. Moist shady places, Brattleboro, Grout.
S. rupestris, Spring. Dry exposed rocks ; frequent

SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS
GYMNOSPERMS

CONIFERAE. PINE FAMILY

ABIES. Balsam Fie
A. balsamea, IMiller. Cold, wet woods and swamps; common.

JUNIPEKUS. Juniper

J. communis, L. var. alpina, Gaud. (.f. nana. Willd. ) Common Juniper. Dry
sterile hills; frequent.

J. Sabina, L., var. procumbens, Pursh. " West Rutland," Mrs. Carr ; Man-
chester, 31iss M. A. Day.

J, Virginiana, L. Red Juniper. Dry, rocky hills. Frequent in the Cham-
plain and lower Connecticut valleys.

LARIX. Larch
L. Americana, Michx. Tamarack. Cold swamps; common.

PICEA. Spruce

P. alba. Link. (P. Canadensis, B. S. P.) White Spruce. Common in
northeastern Vermont also on Providence Island.

I

6 FLORA OF VERMONT

P. nigra, Link. '(P. Mariana, B. S. P.) Swamp or Black Spruce. Common
in sphagnum swamps of the Champlain and upper Connecticut valley.
The dwarf form, var. semiprostrata, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mans-
field, Eggleston. ■

P. rubra, Link. (P. nigra, var. rubra Engehn. ; P. rubens, Sarg. ) Red
Spruce. Common, especially on rocky mountain sides.

PINUS. Pine

P. Banksiana, Lambert. (P. divaricata, Sudw.) Jack Pine. Monkton,
Robinson; Starksboro, Pringle; Fairfax, i?aYes. But few trees at each
station. -

P. resinosa, Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Dry rocky soil; frequent. '

P. rigida, INIill. Pitch Pine. Barren sandy soil. Common in the north-
ern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley.

P. Strobus, L. White Pine. Common, especially in the Champlain and
Connecticut valleys.

TAXrS. Yew

T. Canadensis, Willd. (T. minor. Britton.) Ground Hemlock. Moist banks

and hills; frequent.

THUYA. Arbor Vit.e

T. occidentalism L. Commonly but wrongly called "White Cedar. Swamps
and rocky banks; common.

TSUGA. Hemlock
T. Canadensis, Carr. Rocky woods and swamps; common.

ANGIOSPERMS. MONOCOTYLEDONS

TYPHACEAE. CAT-TAIL FAMILY

SPARGANIUM. Bur-reed

S. androcladum, Morong. (S. simplex, Huds., var. androcladum, Engehn.)
Bogs and shallow water; common.

S. androcladum, var, fluctuans. Morong. (S. simplex, Huds. var. fluitans,
Engehn.) Floating in ponds; occasional.

S. eurycarpum, Engelm. Borders of ponds and rivers; frequent in western
Vermont.

FLORA OF VERMONT i

S. minimum, Fries. MarsJiy borders of ponds; occasional.
S. simplex, Iluds. Marshy borders of ponds and streams; frequent.
S. simplex, lluds., var. angustifolium, Engelm. Shallow water in moun-
tain ponds; occasional.

TYPHA. Cat-tail

T. angostifolia, L. Along railroad, Charlotte, Priiu/le ; Manchester, Miss

Ihuj.

T. latifolia, L. Marshes; common.

NAIADACEAE. POND- WEED FAMILY

NAIAS
N. flexilis, Kostk. & Schipidt. Slow streams and ponds; common.

POTAMOGETON. Pondweed

P. alpinus, Balbis. (P. rufescens, Schrad.) Windsor, Jesup; Willoughby
Lake, E. Faxon ; Lewis Creek, Ferrisburgh, E. & C. E. Faxon ; Har-
vey's pond, W. Barnet, Blanchard; Little Averill pond, Eggleston.

P. amplifolius, Tuckerm. Common. Fruiting more commonly at high

altitudes.

P. diversifolius, Kaf. (P. hybridus, Michx.) " South Hero," Bobbins; " Brat-
tleboro," Frost; Vernon, Grout; Willoughby, Jesup.

P. Faxoni, Morong. Abundant in the still water of Lake Champlain and
in the creeks entering into it. No mature fruit has been collected.

P. foliosus, Kaf. (P. paucifiorus, Pursh.) Lewis Creek, Ferrisburgh, C. E.
Faxon; W. Barnet, Blanchard; Brattleboro, Grout; Ponds in Wood-
bury, iJrointrfi. Winooski R., Burlington, Mrs. FLijnn.

P. Friesii, Ruprecht. (P. mucronatus, Schrad.). Frequent.

P. heterophyllus, Schreb. Common.

P. heterophyllus, Schreb. var. graminifolius, Wats. &. Coult. Knights' Is-
land, L. Champlain, Brainerd.

P. lonchites, Tuckerm. (P. fiuitans. Roth.) Usually in sluggish streams;
frequent.

P. luccns, L. Common.

P. lucens, L. var. Connecticutensis, Robbins. Lake Dunmore, E. Faxon ;
Lake Bomoseen, Egylesion.

P. natans, L. Pools and ditches; common.

i

8 FLORA OF VERjrONT

P. Nuttalli, Cham. (P. Pennsylvanicus, Cliam.) Common.

P. Oakcsianus, Robbins. Grout pond, Stratton; Lily pond, Vernon, Grout.

P. obtusilolius, Mertens & Koch. Fairlee Lake, Jesup and Sargent ; Little
Otter Creek, Ferrisburgh, Grout B,nd Eggleslon ; Lewis Creek, Faxon.

P. pectinatus, L. Common.

P. perfoliatus, L. Common.

P. perfoliatus, L. var. lanceolatus, Robbins. Lake Champlain and tributaries;
frequent.

P. praelongus, Wulf. In deep water; frequent.

P. pusillos, L. Common.

P. Robbinsii, Oakes. Common.

P. Spirillus, Tuckerm. Common.

P. Tuckermani, Robbins. Grout pond, Stratton, Grout.

P. Vaseyi, Robbins. Oozy i^ond, Barnet, Blanchnrd.

P. Zizii, Mertens & Koch. Alburg, Morong ; Milton, Gruui.

P. zosteraefolius, Sebum. Common.

scheuchzp:ria

S. palustris, L. Peaty bogs ; occasional.

ZANNICHELLIA

Z. palustris, L. Shallow water, S. Hero, Ixobhins ; N. Hero, Pringle; Nor-
wich, Jesup; Joe's Pond, (W. Danville,) Blanchard.

ALISMACEAE. WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY

ALISMA; Water-pl.\nt.\in
A. Plantago-aqatica, L. Swales ; common.

SAGITTARIA. Arrow-leap

S. arifolja, Nutt. Swales and wet shores. Grand Isle county, Brubierd ;
Barnard Pond, Jemp and Sargent.

S. graminea, Michx. Low muddy shores of lakes and ponds ; frequent.

S, rigida, Pursh. (S. heterophylla, Pursh.) Low muddy shores; frequent.

S. latifolia, Willd. (S. variabilis, Engehn.) Wet places; very common,
^lany forms of this variable plant are recognized in the monograph of
J. G. Smith, Sixth Report, Mo. Bot. Garden, 1895. Of these the
forms c. and d. as well as the type are found in Vt.

FLORA or-" VERMONT V

HYDROCHARIDACEAE

ELODEA. (PHILOTRIA.)
E. Canadensis, Michx. Slow streams and ponds ; frequent.

VALLISNERIA. Eel-grass
V. spiralis, L. Quiet, shallow water ; common.

GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY

AGROPYRON '

A. caninoides, Beal. (A. violaceum, Lange in part.) Dry warm rocky wood-
lands and ledges ; frequent.

A. caninum, Beauv. Moist ledges, Burlington, Jones.

A. Novae-Angliae, sp. nov. (F. Lamson-Scribner ined. See remarks in
footnote.) Cliffs of Lake Willoughby and Smuggler's Notch.

A. REPENS, Beauv. Quack-grass. Witch-grass. Fields ; common.

AGROSTIS

A, ALBA, L. Moist places ; common and extremely variable. Forms with
more stoloniferous habit, A. stolonifera L., are frequent on wet banks
and in lawns. A viviparous form occurs, Lake Willoughby, Jones.

A. ALBA, L. vai'. VULGARIS, Thurb. Red-top. Common in fields and roadsides.
Variable and intergrading with the species. A small form occurs in
cool pastures, sometimes having flowering glume awned ; Burlington
and Lake Willoughby, Jones.

A. canina, L. var. alpina, Oakes. (A. rubra, L. ) Summit of Mt. Mansfield
and of Camel's Hump.

I There is some doubt at present as to what is the best interpretation of our Agro-
pyrons. AU available specimens have been submitted to Professor Scribner and the above
disposition meets his approval. A. caninum is a European species and when found in
eastern America is usually regarded as introduced. Apparently the Burlington plant
was native. A. caninoides was founded upon western types, and the Vermont plants
referred to this differ somewhat from the western plants. This disposition of them may
therefore be regarded as a provisional one, not altogether satisfactory. Of the new species
proposed Professor Scribner writes, Sept. ig, 1900, '' In regard to the Agropyron for which
I have proposed the name Novae- A ngliae, 1 must think it quite distinct from the A . lenerum
of the west, although it suggests that species somewhat in habit. It looks more like a
caespitose form of /I. repens. I believe it has been included under A. violaceum hy some
authors, but it certainly is distinct from that species, as represented in ourherbarium, from
northern Europe and from the Rocky Mountain region."

10 FLORA OF VERMONT

A. intermedia, Scribn. Shaded places, Waterbury, Pringle; Burlington,
Jones.

A. perennans, Tuckerra. Moist shaded places ; frequent.

A. scabra, Willd. (A. hyemalis, B. S. P. ) Dry ditches and other desiccated ■
places ; common.

ALOPECURUS

A. geniculatus, L. (A. geniculatus, L. var. aristulatus, Torr. ) Water Foxtail. "
Wet meadows ; frequent.

A. PRATENsis, L. Meadow Foxtail. Occasionally introduced in fields. "Bel-
lows Falls," Carey; Hartland, Ruggles ; Burlington, Jones. ■

AMMOPHILA

A. arundinacea, Host. (A. arenaria, Link.) Sandy shores of Lake Champlain,
Alburgh, Pringle.

ANDROPOGON |

A. provincialis, Lam. (A. furcatus, Muhl.) Dry rocky river banks ; occa-
sional.

A, nutans, L. var. avcnaceus. Hack. (Chrysopogon nutans, Benth. C.
avenaceus, Benth.) Dry sandy soil ; occasional.

A. scoparius, ^lichx. Dry sterile soil ; occasional.

ANTHOXANTHUM. Sweet Vernal-grass
A. odoratdm, L. Occasional in old meadows and roadsides.

ARISTIDA

A. dichotoma, iNIichx. Barren fields; "Pownal," Rohbins ; New Haven,

Pringle.
A. gracilis. Ell. Dry pastures ; Vernon, Grout.

ARRHENATHERUM. Tall Oat-gra'ss

A. avenaceu.m, Beauv. (A. elatius, Beauv. ) Charlotte, Horsford; Burling-
ton, Jones.

ASPERELLA. (ASPRELLA. HYSTRIX)

A. Hystrix, Humb. (Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb. ) Rocky woods ; fre-
quent.

AVENA

A. striata, Michx. Rocky woods ; frequent.

BRACHYELYTRUM

B. erectum, Beauv. (B. aristatum, R. & S. ) Moist shaded places; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 11

BRIZA

B. MEDIA, L. Adventive in old meadow, Charlotte, Pringle.

BROMUS'
B. ciliatus, L. Moist thickets ; common.
B. ERECTUS, Huds. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle.
B. Kalmii, Gray. Dry woodlands ; occasional.

B. pufgans, L. (B. ciliatus, L. var. purgans. Gray.) Thickets; common.
B. RACEMOsus, L. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle.
B. SECALiNus, L. Chess. Occasional in fields and waste places.

B. TECTORUM, L. Adventive, Charlotte, Pringle.

CALAMAGROSTIS '

C, breviseta, Scribn. (C. Pickeringii, Gray.) "Vermont," Pringle. Speci-

men in U. S. national herbarium.

C. breviseta, Scribn. var. lacustris, Kearney. (C. Lapponica, Gray in part.)
Mt. Mansfield, Pringle. Specimen in U. S. national herbarium.

C. Canadensis, Beauv. Blue-joint. Marshes and wet places ; common.

C. hyperborea, Lange. Lake Willoughby, Boott. Specimen in U. S. national
herbarium.

C. hyperborea, Lange. vav. Americana, Kearney. Lake Willovighby, Mann;
Mt. Mansfield, Pringle.

C. inexpansa, Gray. (C. confinis, Gray.) Mt. Mansfield, Pringle; Lake Wil-
loughby cliffs.

C Langsdorfii, Trin. Mt. Mansfield, Pringle; Lake Willoughby, Rusby.

CENCHRUS
C. tribuloides, L. Sandy shores of Connecticut River, Brattleboro, Grout.

CHAET0CHL0A3 (SETARIA, IXOPHORUS)

C, Italica, Scribn. var. Germanica, Scribn. Hungarian-grass. Occasion-
ally adventive, but not long persistent.

I. See Shear, C. t,. Rev. N. A. Species Bromus. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros. Bui. 23, igoo.

2 SeeT. H. Kearney, Jr., A Revision of N. A. Species of Calamagrostis, U. S. Dept.
Agr. Div. Agrost. Bui. II, 189S. Kearney's nomeuclature has been followed in this genus,
although it is not entirely consistent with the system followed elsewhere in the present
catalogue.

3 See Scribner and Merrill, N. A. Species of Chaetochloa, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div.
Agrost. Bui. 21, 1900.

12 FLORA OF VERMONT

C. GLAUCA, Scribn. Yellow Foxtail. Fields ; common.
C. VERTiciLLATA, Scribii. Old garden, Burlington, Jones.
C. viRiDis, Scribn. Green Foxtail. Fields and waste places ; common.

CINNA
C. arundinacea, L. Moist woods ; frequent.

C. pendula, Trin. (C. latifolia, Griseb.) Moist woods, especially on moun-

tain sides ; frequent.

DACTYLIS

D. GLOMER.\TA, L. Orchard Grass. Common, preferring partial shade.

DANTHONIA
D. compressa. Aust. Dry banks and woods; occasional.
D. spicata, Beauv. Dry sterile soil ; common.

DESCHAMPSIA

D. atropurpurea, Scheele. A single specimen collected on Mt. Mansfield
by Joseph Torrey, probably before 1853, is in the University of Vermont
herbarium. Later botanists have failed to rediscover it.

D. caespitosa, Beauv. Rocky banks and shores ; frequent.

D. flexuGsa^ Trin. Dry soil, ascending to highest mountain tops ; common.

EATONIA

E. Dudleyi, Vasey. (E. nitida, Nash.) Colchester, Torrey.

E. Pennsylvanica, (jiray. Moist rocky woods and marshes ; freciuent.

ELYMUS

E. Canadensis, L. Low thickets and river banks ; common.

E. Canadensis, L. var. glaucifolius, Gray. Dry banks ; occasional.

E. robu&tus, Scribn. and Sm. Burlington, Jones.

E. striatus, Willd. Middlebury, James, Brainerd; ledges of Winooski River,
Pringle.

E. Virginicus, L. Moist thickets of river banks ; frequent.

ERAGROSTIS

E. M.\.JOR, Host. Burlington. Woodstock, Jones; Pownal, , Bennington,
Eggleston; railroad >ard, Middlebury, £romerd.

E. pectinacea, Steud. Dry sandy soil ; frequent in tlie lower Connecticut

valley.

FLORA OP VERMONT 13

E. Pufshii, Schrader. Sandy soil, especially along railroads ; occasional in
southern Vt. ; Burlington, //. L. Priest.

E. reptans, Nees. (E. hypnoides, B. S. P.) Gravelly or sandy banks ; occa-

sional.

FESTUCA

F, ELATioR, L. Meadow Fescue. Common in old meadows and along road-

sides. Variable in size, but most of the Vermont plants are of the
smaller form, var. pratensis. Gray.

F. nutans, Willd. Rocky woods ; frequent.

F. ovina, L. Frequent as an introduced plant in lawns.

F. brachyphylla, Schultes. (F. ovina, L. var. brevifolia, Wats.) Cliffs of
Smuggler's Notch ; rare. Grout and Eggleston.

F. rubra, L. Rocky shores and islands of Lake Champlain, occasional ;

swamp, Stratton Mountain, Jones.

GLYCERIA. (PANICULARIA)

G. Canadensis, Trin. Wet 'places ; common.

G dongata, Trin. Wet woods ; frequent, especially among the mountains.

G. fluitans, R. Br. Wet places or shallow water ; frequent. The Vermont
specimens, so far as seen, are the form with smaller spikelets, viz. the
var. augustata, Vasey, or Panicularia borealis, Nash. (See Bui. Torr. Bot.
Club, 24:348. 1897.)

G. grandis, Watson. (P. Americana, MacM.) Wet soil ; common.

G, nervata, Trin. Wet meadows ; common.

G. pallida, Trin. Shallow water or wet soil ; frequent.

GRAPHEPHORUM
G. melicoideum, Beauv. Banks of Winooski River, Colchester and Willis-
iston, P r ingle ; South Burlington, Jones.

HIEROCHLOE. (SAVASTANA)
H, alpina, R. & S. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Tucker man and Macrae.
H. borealis, R. & S. (S. odorata, Scribn.) Moist meadows ; occasional.

HOLCUS
H. LANATUS, L. Fields, Charlotte, Pringle and Horsford ; Feacham, Blanch-

ard.

HORDEUM

H. jubatum, L. Strafford, Collins ; probably introduced in grass seed.

LEERSIA. (HOMALOCENCHRUS)
L. oryzoides, Swartz. Wet places ; common.
L. Virginica, Willd. Wet woods ; frequent.

14 flora: OF VERMONT

LOLIUM

L. PERENNE, L. Rye-grass. Adventive in roadsides and meadows ; occa-
sional.

MILIUM

M. effusum, L. Cool moist woods, especially among the mountains ; fre-
quent. ■

MUHLENBERGIA

M. diffusa^ Schreber. Shaded places ; occasional.

M. glomerata, Trin. (M. racemosa, B. S. P.) Wet rocks and marshy places;
frequent and variable.

M. Mexicana, Trin. ]\Ioist meadows and banks ; common.

M. sylvaticat Torr. & Gray. Moist rocky banks ; occasional.

M. Willdenovii, Trin. (M. tenuiflora, B. S. P.) Rocky woods ; occasional.

ORYZOPSIS
O. asperifolia, ^lichx. Woods : common.

O. Canadensis, Torr. (O. juncea, B. S. P.) Dry sand soil ; occasional.
O. melanocarpa, Muhl. Rocky woods ; frequent.

PANICUM

P. agrostoides, Muhl. Hartland, Ruggles ; Newfane, Grout.

P. capillare, L. Fields, common.

P. clandestinum» L. Moist thickets ; frequent.

P. Crus-galli, L. Barn-yard Grass. Waste places ; common.

P. Crus-galli var. muticum, Yasey. With the type ; occasional.

P. depauperatum, Muhl. Dry woods and fields ; frequent.

P. glabrum, Gaudin. (Syntherisma linearis, Nash. ) Sandy fields and waste

places, lawns ; common.
P. linearifolium, Scribn. Monkton, Prin^Ze ; Burlington, Jones; Snake Mt.,

Hazen.

P. macrocarpon, Le Conte. (P. latifolium, of Gray ^Manual in part. ) Wood-
lands ; frequent.

P. sanguinale, L. (Syntherisma sanguinalis, Nash.) Gardens and waste

places ; common.
P. Scribnerianum, Nash. (P. scoparium, of Gray Manual) Brattleboro, Grout.

P. vifgatum, L- Brattleboro, M. A. Howe.

P. xanthophysum, Gray. Dry sandy soil ; frequent. The form amplifolium,
Scribner, ined., Burlington, Jones.

FLORA OF VERMONT 15

Panicum dichotomum of Gray's Manual, etc., is at present conceived to
include a number of closely related forms. The specific distinctions are not
well established, however, and the nomenclature is in a confused state. All
available Vermont specimens have been submitted to Professor Scribner and
he recognizes among them the following species. There are numerous
other forms, especially in the pubescent group which it is not possible as
yet to name satisfactorily.

P. Atlanticum, Nash (?) Dry woods and sandy lake shore, Burlington,
Jones, llazen.

P. boreale, Nash. Woods and fields ; frequent.

P. Columbianum, Scribn. (P. psammophilum, Scribn.) Dry sandy soil;
frequent about Burlington.

P. dichotomum, L. Burlington, Jones ; Rutland, Eggleston.

P. implicatum, Scribn. Charlotte, Pringle.

P. lanuginosum, Ell. Hartland, Ruggles ; Middlebury, Wallingford, Brain-
nerd.

P. pubescens, of recent authors (not Lamarck.) Leicester, Brainerd.

P. sph^erocarpon, Ell. Sterling Mt., Eggleston.

P. tsugetorum, Nash. Burlington, Jones.

PASPALUM

P. sctaceum, Michx. Sandy fields ; " Bellows Falls," Carey; Hartland,
Buggies ; Vernon, Grout.

PHALARIS

P. arundinacca, L. Reed Canary-grass. Wet soil or shallow water ; fre-
quent.

P. ARUNDixAcEA, L. var. picTA (Hort. ) Ribbon Grass. Common in gardens
and occasionally adventive.

P. Canakiensis, L. Canary-grass. Waste places ; occasional and adven-
tive.

PHLEUM
P. pratense, L. Timothy. Fields ; common.

PHRAGMITES

P. communis, Trin. (P. Phragmites, Karst. ) Swampy margins of ponds
and lakes ; occasional.

POA

P. alsodes. Gray. Moist woods ; common.

P. annua, L. Waysides and fields ; common.

16 FLORA OF VERMONT

P. COMPRESSA, I;. English Blue-grass. Dry fields and woodlands ; com-
mon.

P. debilis, Torr. Dr}^ rocky woodlands ; frequent.

P. flava, L.- (P. serotina, Ehrh.) Fowl Meadow-grass. Wet soil; com-
mon. The form known in Europe as P. fertilis, Reich, also occurs at
Burlington, Jones, probably introduced.

P. laxa, Haenke. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Robbins.

P. nemoralis, L. Rocky woodlands and mountain cliffs ; occasional and
variable. A form, var. strictior, Gray, from the islands and headlands
of Lake Champlain is of erect habit, and approaches P. caesia, Smith.

P. pratensis, L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Pastures and fields ; common.

P. pratensis, L. var. angustifolia, Smith. Groton Pond, Bates ; bog, Lake Wil-
loughby, Jones.

SPARTINA

S. cynosuroides, Willd. " Bellows Falls," Carey. Shoresof Lake Champlain
and tributaries ; frequent.

SPOROBOLUS

S. aspcr, Kunth. Thompson's Point, Pringle.

S. serotinus, Gray. Wet soil ; Ripton, Boijce ; Bakersfield, Pringle; Peach-
am, Blanchard; frequent in elevated bogs of Windham county, Grout.

S. vaginaefloros, Wood. Dry soil ; occasional and^variable. The commoner
forms represent S. negkctus, Nash. Plants found at Burlington, Jones,
correspond to S. minor, Vasey. Professor Scribner has examined these,
however, and decides that all are included in*Wood's species.

TRISETUM

T. subspicatum, Beauv. (T. subspicatum, Beanv. var. molle. Gray.) Dry
woods and ledges ; occasional.

ZIZANIA

Z. aquatica, L. Marshy borders of Lake Champlain and its tributaries ;
occasional.

p

FLORA OF VERMONT 17

CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY

OAREX. Sedge

C albicans, Willd. Dry shady ledges ; common in Western Vermont. For
description see Bot. Gaz. 21 : 7. 1896.

C alopccoidca^ Tuckerm. Wet meadows ; Middlebury, Brainerd; Burling-
ton, T. E. ITazen.

C. aquatilis, Wahl. Borders of ponds and rivers ; occasional.
C arctata, Boott. Moist woodlands ; common.

C. atrata, L. var. ovata, Boott. (C atratiformis, Britton.) Smugglers' Notch,
[ Prinqle.

C. aorea, Nutt. Moist meadows ; common.

C. Bacfcii, Boott. (C. durifolia, Bailey.) Shaded ledges ; occasional.
C. bromoides, Schkuhr. Bogs and swamps ; common.
C. canescens, L. Swamps ; occasional.

C. canescens, L. var. alpicola, Wahl. (C brunnescens, Poir.) Summits of
Green Mountains.

C. canescens, var. polystachya, Boott. (C. arcta, Boott.) Low woods;
I Peacham, Blanchard ; Kaight's Island, Bramcrd ; Highgate Springs,
Jesup.

C. canescens, L. var. vulgaris, Bailey. CC. brunnescens, Poir. var. gracilior,
Britton.) Moist woodlands ; common.

C. castanea, AVahl. Low meadows ; local, e. g. Pomfret, Barnet, Middle-
bury.

C. ccphaloidea, Dewey. Moist woodlands; Middlebury, Burt; Hartford,
Bates.

C. ccphalophora, Muhl. Fields and woods ; common.

C. chordorhiza, Ehrh. Cold bogs; Bristol Pond, Pringle ; "Eastern Ver-
mont," Congdon; Perch Pond, ./. R. Churchill; Colchester, Jones, Grout.

C. communis, Bailey. (C. pedicellata, Britton.) Dry hillsides ; common.

C. communis, Bailey, var. 'Wheelefi, Bailey. Dry rocky woods ; occasional.

C. conoidea, Schkuhr. Moist meadow ; occasional.

C. crinita. Lam. Swales and along brooks ; common.

C. debilis, Michx. var. Rudgei, Bailey. (C tenuis, Rudge.) Frequent in
moist sterile soil along the mountains.

C. deflexa, Hornem. Moist thicket, bordering Abby Pond, Ripton, Brain-
erd; Peacham, Blanchard.

C deflexa, Hornem. var. Deanei, Bailey. Grocon, Pringle.

18 FLORA OF VERMONT

C. Deweyana, Schwein. Drj' woodlands ; common.
C. digitalis, Willd. Dry open woods ; frequent.

C. eburnea, Boott. (C. setifolia, Britton.) Frequent on dry shaded lime-
stone.
C. exilis, Dewey. Peatbogs; Bristol, Pringle ; Peacham, Blanchard.
C. filiformis, L. Peaty borders of ponds ; frequent.

C. filiformis, L. var. latifolia, Boeckl. (C. lanuginosa, Michx.) Swales and
low meadows ; frequent.

C. flava, L. Low meadows ; common.

C. flava, L. var. graminis, Bailey. Wet margins of springs and low borders

of ponds ; connnon.

C. flava, L. viridula, Bailey. (C. viridula, Michx.) Shores of lakes and
rivers; FairleeLake, i?/anc/ifnv/; Pomfret, Morgan; White River, Flint.

C. foenca, Willd. Dry woods, often on rocks ; rare.

C. foenea, Willd. var. perplexa, Bailey. Dry copses ; Middlebury, Bminerd ;
Fairlee, Blanchard ; Rutland, Eggleston.

C. folliculata, L. Cold swamps ; Stratton and IMarlboro Ponds, Grout.

C. formosa, Dewej'. Moist meadows ; Sunderland, Eggleston; Middlebury,

Brainerd.

C. fusca. All. Bogs; "Burlington," Torrey; Fairlee, Jesup; Mendon, Eggles-
ton.

C. gracillima, Schwein. Low meadows ; common.

C. granularis, Muhl. Moist meadows ; common.

C granularis, Muhl. var. Haleana, Porter. Burlington, T. E. Hazen.

C Grayii, Carey. (C. Asa-Gray i, Bailey.) Swales, along rivers and lakes ;
rare.

C. grisea, Wahl. Along brooks in thickets ; occasional.

C gynandra, Schwein. Wet ground, especially in the mountains ; frequent.

C. Httchcockiana, Dewey. Rich woods ; occasional.

C. Houghtonii, Torr. Dry sandy banks ; Norwich, E. A. Edmunds; Rut-
land, Eggleston.

C. hystricina, Muhl. Wet meadows ; common.

C. interior, Bailey. (C. echinata, var. microstachys, of Gray Manual in
part. ) Boggy meadows ; common.

C. intumescens, Rudge. Wet woods and pastures ; common.

C. laxiculmis, Schwein. ^Moist copses ; occasional.

C laxiflora, Lam. Moist meadows ; occasional. f I

FLORA OF VERMONT 19-

C. laxiflora, Lam. var. latifolia, Boott. (C. Albursina, Slieldon.) Moist rich
woods ; frequent.

C. laxiflora. Lam. var. patulifolia, Carey. Rich woodlands ; frequent.

C. laxiflora, Lam. var. striatula, Carey, (var. blanda, Boott.) moist mea-
dows ; common.

C. laxiflora, Lam. var. varians, Bailey. Copses and meadows ; common.

C. lenticularis, Michx. Sandy borders of ponds and lakes ; rare.

C. leptalea, Wahl. (C. polytrichoides, Muhl.) Wet woods and bogs; fre-
quent.

C. limosa, L. Bogs ; common.

C. livida, Willd. Bogs north of Bristol Pond, Pringle.

C. longirostris, Torr. Shady ledges ; frequent.

C. lupulina, Muhl. Swamps and ditches ; common.

C. lupulina, Muhl. var. pedunculata, Dewey. North Hero, Brainerd ; New-
fane, Grout.

C. lupulina, Muhl. var. polystachya, Schwein and Torr. (C. lupuliforniis,
Sart.) Marshes along Lake Champlain.

C. lurida, Wahl. Wet meadows ; common.

C. lurida, Wahl. var. gracilis, Baile}'. (C. Baileyi, Britton.) Bogs in the
mountains ; frequent.

C. lurida, Wahl. var. parvula, Bailey. Occasional.

C. Magellanica, Lam. Cold bogs ; occasional.

C. Michauxiana, Boeckl. (C. abacta, Bailey.) Bogs and lake borders at
high altitudes. Sterling Pond, Pringle; frequent in tlie elevated bogs
of Windham county, Grout; Fifield Pond, Wallingford, i^gr^/te/on; also
at Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, from seed sown there by INIr.
Pringle.

C, monile, Tuckerm. Swales; common.

C. monile, Tuckerm. var. mcnstrosa, Bailey. Occasional.

C. Muhlenbergii, Schkuhr. Dry sand, near Fort Ethan Allen, Hazen.

C. Novae-Angliae, Schwein. Shady knolls ; Stratton, Grout ; Chittenden,
Eggkston ; Underbill and Cambridge, Brainerd; also in an open sandy
meadow near Brigham Academy, Bakersfield.

C. oligocarpa, Schuhr. Dry copses ; rare. Middlebury, Brainerd.

C, oligospermi, Michx. Bogs; Peacham, Blanchard ; Stratton, Grout;
Sunderland, Eggleslon.

C. pallescens, L. Low meadows ; common.

C. pauciflora, Lightf. Sphagnum bogs ; rare.

C. pedunculata, Muhl. Dry woods ; frequent.

20 FLORA OF VERMONT

C. Pennsylvanica^ Lam. Shady hillsides ; common.

C plantaginea. Lam. Rich woods ; frequent.

C, platyphylla, Carey. Shady banks ; common.

C prasina, Wahl. Springy bogs in woods ; occasional.

C. Pseuio-Cypzrus, L. Swamps; Knight's Island, Brainerd ; Barnet,

Blanchurd.

C. Pseudo-Cyperus, L. var. Americana, Hochst. Swamps; occasional.

C. pubescens, Muhl. Rich woods; Barnet, Blanchard ; occasionally in Ad-
dison county, Brainerd.

C retrorsa, Schwein. Swamps ; common.

C. retorsa, Schwein. var. Hartii, Gray. (C. Hartii, Dewey.) marshes; oc-
casional.

C. rigida, Gooden. var. Bigelovii, Tuckerm. (C. Bigelovii, Torr. ) Alpine
summits of Green Mountains.

C rigida, Gooden. var. Goodenovii, Bailey. (C. Goodenovii, J. Gay.) Wet
meadows ; Peacham, BlancJiard.

C. riparia, W. Curtis. Swales ; occasional.

C. rosea, Schkuhr. Rich woods ; common.

' C. rosea, Schkuhr. var. minor, Boott. Willoughby Lake, Win. Boott.

C. rosea, Sclikuhr, var. radiata, Dewey. Shady knolls ; frequent.

C saltucnsis, Bailey. (C. altocaulis, Britton.) Deep swamps; Sutton,
Pr ingle.

C. scabrata, Schwein. Springy bogs in woods ; frequent.

C Schweinitzii. Dewey. Swamps ; local. Pownal, Dewey; Salisbury, Brain-
erd ; Manchester, Miss Day.

C. scirpoidea, Michx. Alpine cliffs, Willoughby Lake, Smuggler's Notch ;
also Mt. Equinox, Manchester, Miss Day.

C. scoparia, Schkuhr. Moist meadows ; common.

C. scoparia, Schkuhr. var. minor, Boott. Rocky and sterile pastures.

C. siccata, Dewey. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain north of the Lake View
Cemetery, Burlington.

C. sparganioides, Muhl. Rich woods ; frequent.

C squarrosa, L. (C. typhinoides, Schwein.) Low boi'ders of streams and
lake margins in western Vermont ; occasional.

C. sterilis. Willd. (C. echinata, var. microstachys, Boeckl.) Wet meadows
and pastures, especially in the mountains.

FLORA OF VERMONT 21

C. sterilis, Willd. var. angustata, Bailey. Mostly in shade at high altitudes.

C. sterilis, Willd. var. excelsioft Bailey. Wet margins of ponds and brooks.

C. stipata^ Muhl. Swales ; common.

C. straminea, Willd. Dryish copses and fields ; common.

C. straminea, Willd. var. brevier, Dewey. (C. festucacea, Willd.) Gard-
ner's Island, Brainerd.

C. straminea, Willd. var. Crawei, Boott. (C Bicknellii, Britton.) Dry
banks ; occasional.

C straminea, Willd. var. mirabilis, Tuckerm. Moist, shady places ; occa-
sional.

C. stficta, Lam. Swales and marshes ; common.

C. stricta, Lam. var. angustata, Bailey. Manchester, ilfm Day.

C. stricta, Lam. var. curtissima, Peck. Essex Junction, Brainerd.

C. stricta, Lam. var. decora, Bailey. (C. Haydeni, Dewey.) Barnet, Blan-
chard.

C. tenella, Sclikuhr. Cold swamps ; frequent.

C. tenuiflora, Wahl. Quaking bog, Bristol Pond, Pringle ; Cedar swamp,
Fair liayen, Oakes ; Salem and Burlington, Robbiiis ; Peacham, Blan-
chard.

C. teretiuscula, Gooden. Bogs; Bristol Pond, Pringle; Peacham, Blan-
chard.

C. teretiuscula, Gooden. var. ramosa, Boott. (C. prairea, Dewey.) Bristol
Pond, Brainerd; Peacham, Blamhard ; Kutland, G. H. Ross.

C torta^ Boott. Along mountain streams ; frequent.

C. tribuloides, Wahl. Open swales ; frequent.

C tribuloides, Wahl. var. Bebbii, Bailey. Dry low grounds ; common.

C. tribuloides, Wahl. var. cristata, Bailey. (C. cristatella, Britton. ) Wet
ground ; frequent.

C. tribuloides, Wahl. var. reducta, Bailey. (var. moniliformis, Britton.)
Moist copses ; occasional.

C. triceps, Michx. var. hirsuta. Moist fields ; occasional.

C, trisperma, Dewey. Cold bogs in shade ; frequent.

C. Tuckermani, Dewey. Swales and marshes ; frequent.

C. umbellata, Schkuhr. Rocky hills and dry knolls ; frequent.

C. umbellata, Schkuhr. var. vicina, Dewey. In shade ; occasional.

C. utriculata, Boott. Marshy borders of ponds ; occasional.

22 FLORA OF VERjrONT

C. utriculata, Boott. var. minor, Boott. With the species.

C. virescens, ^luhl. Moist pastures ; occasional.

G. virescens, Muhl. var. costata, Dewey. (C costellata, Britton.) Moist j
copses ; Middlebury, Brainerd.

C. vulpinoidea, Michx. Moist pastures ; common.

C. xanthocarpa, Bicknell. Moist meadows ; common in Addison county
Brainerd.

C. arctata x castanea, Bailey. One plant, Middlebury, Brainerd.

C. lurida x lopulina, Bailey. North Hero, Morong.

C. stricta x torta, Fernald, n. hybr. "Culm tall, 7.5 dm. high, and strict as
in C. stricta ; leaves linear, acute as in C torta, much shorter and softer
and with less attenuate tips than in C. stricta; bracts elongated, over-
topping the culm ; spikes erect, 1.5 to 6 cm. long, the pistillate loosely
flowered ; scales ovate-lanceolate, acute, dull brown with green middle
and narrow pale margin : perigynia ovate- lanceolate, thin, dull green,
nerveless, the elongate, generally emptj', tip exceeding the scale and
sometimes recurved. Mt. Mansfield, Vt., July 3, 1896, (G. G. Ken-
nedy). Very clearly combining the characters of the two parents. In
the foliage and in most of the perigynia like C. torta; but in its tall,
stiff habit, and acute scales like C. stricta." — M. L. Fernald in letter.

CLADIU1\I
C. mariscoides, Torr. Low borders of ponds ; occasional.

CYPERUS
C. aristatus, Rottb. (C. inflexus, Muhl.) Wet sandy soil ; frequent.

C. dcntatus, Torr. Sandy shores; Fairlee Lake, Jesup ; Lily Pond, Ver-
non, Grout ; Grand Isle, Pringle.

C. diandrus, Torr. Low ground ; rare. Peacham, Blanchard. Wet sands
of Connecticut River, Westminster, Brainerd.

C. diandfus, Torr. var. castaneus, Torr. (C. rivularis, Kunth. ) Wet soil ;
common.

C. esculentus, L. Alluvial soil ; occasional.

C. filiculmis, Vahl. Dry sands ; common.

C. Houghtonii, Torr. Fairlee Lake, Jesup. •

C. strigosus, L. Moist soil ; frequent.

DULICHIUM

D. spathaceum, Pers. Borders of ponds ; frequent.

FLORA OP VERMONT 23

ELEOCHARIS. Spike-rush

E. acicularjs, R. Br. Pools and shores below high water mark ; common.

E. diandra, C Wright, var. depressa, Fernald. "Wet sands of Connecticut
River, Westminster, Brouicrd. See Rhodora, 2: 60. 1900.

E. intermedia, Schultes. In mire or wet sands ; occasional.

, E. obtusa, Schultes. (E. ovata, of recent manuals.) Muddy places ; com-
? mon.

E. obtusa, Schultes. var. jejuna, Fernald. A dwarf form of drier ground ;
f frequent.

I E. olivacea, Torr. Soft mire ; Bristol Pond. Privgle ; Abby Pond, Ripton
and Lake Dunmore, Brainerd. Kenney Pond, Newfane, Grout.

E. ovatat R- Br. In soft black mire, inlet of Abby Pond, Ripton, Brainerd ;
Spectacle Pond, Wallingford, Eggleslon. Rare.

E. ovata, R. Br. var. Heuseri, Uechtritz. Dead mouth of inlet. Lake Dun-
more, Brainerd. See Rhodora J : 137. 1899.

E. palustfis, R. Br. Low borders of ponds ; occasional.

E. palustris, R. Br. var. calva, Gray. Stony clay, shores of Lake Cham-
plain ; occasional.

E. palustris, R- Br. var. glaucescens, Gray. Moist grassy places ; common.

E. palustris, R. Br. var. vigens, Bailey. Low sandy shores of Lake Cham-
plain ; frequent.

E. pauciflora, Link. (Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf. ) Wet soil, Lyndon, Cong-
don; Willoughby Mt., Tuckerman.

E. pygmaea, Torr. Near Willoughby Lake, Walter Deane.

E, tenuis, Schultes. Wet meadows and lake borders ; common.

ERIOPHORUM CoTOON-QRAss

E, alpinum, L. Cold bogs, especially in mountains ; common.

E. gracile, Kocli. Bogs; Middlebury, Ripton, Brainerd; Ryegate, Blan-
chard.

E. gracile, Koch. var. paucinervium, Engelm. Bogs ; occasional.

E. polystachyon, L. Springy hollows and bogs ; common.

E. vaginatum, L. Peat bogs ; occasional .

E. Virginicum, L. Peat bogs ; frequent.

FIM PRIST YLIS

F. autumnalis, R. & G. Lily Pond, Vernon, Grout.

F. capiUaris, Gray. (Stenophylluscapillaris, Britton. ) Dry sands ; rare.

24 • l-LORA OF VERMONT

RHYNCHOSPORA. Beaked-rush

R. alba, Vahl. Bogs ; frequent.

R. capillacea, Torr. Willoughby Mountain, Jesuj) ; Hartford, Morgan.

R. fusca, K. & S. Low grounds ; Thetford, Blanchard ; Wells River,
florsford ; Thetford Centre, Jesup.

R. glomerata, Vahl. Moist soil ; occasional.

SCIRPUS. Bulrush, Club-rush

S. atratus, Fernald, (Rhodora 2: 18. 1900). (S. Peckii, Britton, in part. >

Moist meadows and borders of bogs in the mountains ; occasional.
S. atrovirens, IMuhl. Moist meadows ; common.

S. atrocinctus, Fernald. (See Rhodora, 2:17 and 1:137.) Wet meadows ; com-
mon, especially in the mountains.

S. atrocinctus, Fernald. var. grandis, Fernald. Ripton, Bro.inerd. (See
Rhodora 2 : 17. 1900.)

S. atrocinctus, Fernald. var. brachypodus, Fernald. Bogs at high altitudes ;
occasional.

S. caespitosus, L. Moist rocks of alpine summits ; local.

S. cyperinus, Kunth. (Eriophorum cyperinum, L. ) Wool-grass. Wet

meadows ; common.

■
S, cyperinus, Kunth. var. Andrewsii, Fernald. Middlebury, Brainerd. ^

S. cyperinus, Kunth. var. condensatus, Fernald. Middlebury and Ripton^

Braimrd.
S. debilis, Pursh. Wet soil, Norwich, Jesup; Westminister, Brainerd.

S. fluviatilis, (iray. ^Marshy borders of bays and streams, Lake Champlain ;
occasional.

S. lacustris, L. In shallow water ; connuon.

S. pedicellatus, Fernald. (Rhodora 2:16. 1900.) Swales; common.

S. pedicellatus, Fernald. var. pullus, Fernald. Swales and boggy margins of
ponds ; frequent.

S. planifolius, Mulil. Mount Philo, Charlotte, Pringle.

S. pungens, A'ahl. ( S. Americanus, Pers. ) Sandy borders of lakes ; frequent.
S. rubrotinctus, Fernald. ^S. microcarpus, of 111. Flora, Britton & Brown. )
Wet meadows ; common, especially in mountains.

S. Smithii, (iray. Keeler's Bay, Ferrisburgh, E. Faxon; mouth of Winooski
River, Grout and Tracy.

FLORA OF VERMONT 25

S. subterminalis, Torr. Grout Pond, Stratton, Grout; Lake Dunmore,
Brainerd.

S. Torreyi, Olney. Muddy shores, Fort Cassin, Ferrisburgh, Brainerd;
Barnet, Blanchard ; ponds of Windham Co., Grout.

ARACEAE

ACORUS
A. Calamus, L. Sweet Flag. INIarshes ; common.

AEIS.EMA

A. Dracontium, Schott. Low grounds. "Shoreham," Rohbins ; Weybridge,
Brainerd.

A. triphyllum, Torr. Indian Turnip. Rich woods ; common.

CALLA
C. palustris, L. Wild Calla. Bogs and marshes ; frequent.

PELTANDRA

P. undulata, Raf. Shallow water. Colchester Pond, Rohbins; Middlebury,
Brainerd; Bristol Pond, Pringle ; Lake Bomoseen marshes, Eggleston.

SYMPLOCARPUS. (SPATHYEMA)

S. foetidus, Salisb. Skunk Cabbage. Wet places ; occasional. Common
about Burlington.

LEMNACEAE

LEMNA. Duckweed

L. minor, L. 'Sorth Hero, Robbirhs ; Highgate, ./t.'tM;); Thetford, i?;anc/iarcZ;
Burlington, .fonr.'i.
L. trisuica, L. Siill water ; frequent in marshes bordering Lake Champlain.

SPIRODELA
S. polyrrhiza, Schleid. Duckweed. Stagnant pools ; common.

XYRIDACEAE

XYRIS

X. Caroliniana, Walt. Wet borders of ponds ; " Brattleboro," Frost ; New-
fane, Grout.

26 FLORA OF VERMONT

ERIOCAULEAE

ERIOCAULON
E. septangulare, Withering. Borders of ponds and lakes ; frequent.

PONTEDERIACEAE

HETERANTHERA

H. graminea, Vahl. (H. dubia, MacM.) Ponds and streams ; frequent.

PONTEDERIA
P. cordata, L. Pickerel Weed. Borders of ponds and slow streams; frequent.

JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY

JUNCUS. Rush

J. alpinus, Villars, var. insignis, Fries. (J. Richardsonianus, Schult. ) Knight's
Island, Pringle.

]. articulatus, L. Peacham, Blanchard ; Joe's Pond, W. Danville, Jones;
Manchester, Miss Day ; Pownal, Eggleston.

J. brachycephalus, Buch. (J. Canadensis, .T. Gay. var. brachycephalus, En-
gelm.) Moist sandy soil. New Haven and Woodbury, Brainerd ; Que-
chee Gulf and Pownal. Eggleston.

J. bufonius, L. Low ground ; common.

J. Cxnadensis, J. Gay. Borders of ponds ; common.

J. Canadensis, J. Gay. var. brcvicaudatus, Engelm. (J. Canadensis, J. Gay,
var. coarctatus, Engelm.) Moist places in mountains ; common.

J. cffusus^ L. Moist meadows ; common.

J. filiformist L. Sandy shores of northern Lake Champlain and on moun-
tain summits ; occasional.

J. Greenii, Oakes and Tuckenn. Newfane, M. A. Hone.

J. marginatus, Rostk. Newfane, M. A. Howe.

J. nodosus, L. Wet meadows ; common.

J. pelocarous, E. Meyer. Shores of ponds ; occasional.

J. tenuis, Wil Id. Fields; coiiiinon.

J. trifidus, L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Rohhins; Camel's Hump, Tucker-
man and Macrae.

FLORA OF VERMONT 27

LITZULA. (JUNCOIDES)

L. campestris, DC. Dry woods and fields ; frequent.

L. spadicea, DC, var. mclanocarpa, Meyer. (J. parviflorum, Coville.) Wet
places at high altitudes. Mt. Mansfield, Robbins ; Camel's Hump,
Tuckerman and Macrae; Killington, Sargent and Eggleston; Pleiad
Lake, Hancock, Brainerd.

L. spicata^ Desvaux. Smuggler's Notch, Pringle. Nearly extinct.

L. vernalis, DC. Woods and banks ; frequent.

LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY

ALLIUM. Onion

A. FISTULOSUM, L. Welch Onion. Manchester, Miss Day.

A. Schoenoprasum, L. Chives. Moist rocky shores of Connecticut River.
Windsor, Leland ; Harfcland, Eggleston.

A. tricoccum, Ait. Wild Leek. Rich woods ; frequent.

ASPARAGUS
A. OFFICINALIS, L. Escaped from gardens ; occasional.

CLINTONIA
C. borealist Raf. Cool moist woods ; common.

ERYTHRONIUM. Dog-tooth Violet

E. Americanutn, Ker. Adder's Tongue. Ricl/copses and woodlands ; com-
mon.

HEMEROL'ALLIS. Day Lily
H. FULVA, L. Roadside escape from gardens ; occasional.

LILUM. Lily.

L. Canadense, L. Yellow Lily. Moist meadows ; common.

L. Philadelphicum, L. Red Lily. Sandy open woodlands ; common.

L. TiGRiNUM, Ker. Tiger Lily. Roadside escape from gardens. Peacham,
Blanchard ; 'RwiX&ndi, Eggleston ; Burlington, Mss i?roit'n.

MAIANTHEMUM
M. Canadense, Desf. Woods ; common.

MEDEOLA
M. Virginiana, L. Indian Cucumber. Rich moist woods ; common.

28 FLORA OF VERMONT

OAKESIA. (UVULAIUA)
O. sessilifolia, Watson. Moist woodlands ; common.

i

POLYGONATUM. Solomon's Seal

P. biflorum, Ell. "Wooded hillsides ; common.

P. giganteom, Dietrich. (P. commutatum, Dietr.) Meadows and river
banks. "Hartford," Ward; Manchester and Vernon, Grout; Fairlee,
Jesup and Sargent ; Pownal, Eggleston and Andrews.

SMILACINA. (YAGXERA) False Solomon's Seal
S. racemosa, Deaf. Moist copses ; common.
S, stellata, Desf. IMoist banks and meadows ; frequent.
S. trifolia, Desf. Cold sphagnum swamps ; occasional.

SMIL AX. Green-brier
S. herbacca, L. River banks and moist thickets ; frequent.

STREPTOPUS. Twisted Stalk
S. amplexifolius, DC. Wet mountain woods ; frequent.
S. roseus, Michx. Cold damp woods ; common.

TOFIELDIA

T. glutinosa, Willd. ,Quechee Gulf, Leland. [Sumner's Falls, Plainfield,
X. H., Sargent.']

TRILLIUM. Wake-robin

T. cernuum, L. X'odding Trillium. Moist woods ; occasional.

T. erectum, L. Purple Trillium. Rich woods ; common.

T. grandiflorum, Salisb. White Trillium. Rich moist woods of western Ver-
mont ; common in the Champlain vallej'. Xot known east of the Green
Mountains.

T. undulatum, Willd. (T. erythrocarpum, Michx.) Painted Trillium. Cool

moist woods ; frequent.

UYULARIA. Bellwort

U. grandiflora, Smith. Rich woods ; common.

U. perfoliata, L. West Rutland, rare, P(j\vnal, abundant, Eggleston.

YERATRUxM. False Hellebore
V. viride, Ait. Indian Poke. Wet meadows and swamps ; common.

FLORA OF VERMONT 29

ZYGADENUS
Z. elegans, Pursh. Bluffs of Lake Champlain, Ferrisburgh, Brainerd.

IRIOACEAE. IRIS FAMILY

IRIS
I. versicolor, L. Blue Flag. Wet meadows ; common.

SISYRINCHIUM. Blue-eyed Grass
S. angustifolium, Mill. Moist meadows ; common.
S. Atlanticum, Bicknell. Stratton, above 2000 feet, Grout.

ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHID FAMILY

APLECTRUM

A. hiemale, Nutt. (A. spicatum, B. S. P.) Rich woods; occasional.

ARETHUSA
A. bulbosa, L. Sphagnum bogs ; occasional.

CALOPOGON. (LIMODORUM)
C. pukhellus, R. Br. (L. tuberosum, L. ) Bogs ; occasional.

CALYPSO

C. borealis, Salisb. (C. bulbosa, Oakes.) Cold cedar swamps of the northern
counties ; rare.

CORALLORHIZA. Coral-root

C. innata, R. Br. (C. Corallorhiza, Karst.) Swamps and damp woods ; fre-
quent.

C. multiflora, Nutt. Dry woods ; occasional.

C odontorhiza, Nutt. "Bellows Falls," Carei/ ; Pease Mountain, Pringle ;
Pownal, Eggleston.

CYPRIPEDIUM. Lady's-smpper. Moccasin-flower

C, acaule, Ait. Stemless Lady's-slipper. Woods and swamps ; frequent.

C arietinum, R. Br. Ramshead. Rocky woods aad swamps ; local and rare.

C parviflorum, Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's-slipper. Bogs and low
woods ; frequent.

C. pubesccns, Willd. (C. hirsutum, Mill.) Larger Yellow Lady's-slipper.
Rich moist woods ; frequent.

30 FLORA OF VERMONT

C spectabile, Salisb. (C. reginae, Walt.) Showy Lady's-slipper. Cold
swamps ; occasional.

GOODYERA. (PERAMIUM.) Rattle-snake Plantain

G. pubescens, R. Br. Dry woods at low attitudes ; occasional.

G. repens, R. Br. Hemlock woods, Abby Pond, Ripton, Brainerd.

G. repens, R. Br. var. ophioides, Fernald. Cold mossy spruce woods ; fre-
quent.

G. tesselata, Lodd. See Rhodora 1 : 6. 1899. Cold moist woods at high
altitudes ; occasional.

HABENARIA

H. blephariglottis, Torr. White Fringed Orchid. Bogs. "N. Troy, " Car^-?/ ;
Smuggler's Notch, Egglestoa : Burlington, Torrey ; Johnson, Grout.

H. bracteata, R. Br. Damp woods and meadows ; frequent.

H. dilatata, Gray. Cold bogs ; frequent.

H. fimbriata, R. Br. ( H. grandifiora, Torr. ) Purple Fringed Orchid. Cool
mountain woods and meadows ; occasional. A form with white, fra-
grant flowers, Nebraska Notch, Underbill, Eggleslon.

H. Hookeriana, A. Gray. (H. Hookeri, Torr.) Dry woods ; occasional.

H. hyperborea, R. Br. Bogs and cold woods ; frequent.

H. lacera, R- Br. Ragged Fringed Orchid. ^Sloist ground. Rutland, Hub-
bardton, Pownal, Eggleston ; Ferrisburgh, E. Faxon.

H. obtusata, Richardson. Cold mountain woods ; occasional.
H. orbiculata, Torr. Cold rich woods ; frequent.

H. psy codes. Gray. Purple Fringed Orchid. Wet meadows and bogs ; fre-
quent.

H. tridentata. Hook. (H. clavellata. Spring.) Bogs and wet borders of
ponds ; occasional.

H. viresccns, Spreng. (H. flava, A. Gray.) Moist soil ; local.

LIPARIS. TWAY-BLADE

L. liliifolia, Richard. Swamps. "Bellows Falls," Carey ; "Windsor,"
Leland; Middlebury, Brainerd.

L. Loeselii, Richard. Moist banks ; frequent.

LISTER A. TwAY-BLADE

L. convallarioides, Xutt. Cold mountain bogs and brooksides ; rare.

L. cordata, R. Br. Sphagnum bogs and mossy mountain woods ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 31

MICROSTYLIS. ( ACHROANTHES)
M. monophyllos, Lindl. Swamps; rare.
M. ophioglossoides, Nutt. (A. unifolia, Raf. ) Open woods; occasional.

ORCHIS

O. rotundifolia, Parsh. Cold cedar swamps. Monkton and Bristol, Pring^Ze.

O, spsctabilis, L. Showy Orchis. Rich, moist woods at lower altitudes ;
coninion.

POGONIA

P. ophioglossoides, Nutt. Bogs ; frequent.

P. pendula, Lindl. (P. trianthophora, B. S. P.) Dry woodlands. Fair
Haven, Chandler (Specimen in herbarium Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.);
Newfane, i/bit'e and Grout; Westminster, Blanchard.

P. verticillata, Nutt. Colchester, Robbim^, Torrey ; Fowiml, Andrews. (Speci-
men in Williams College herbarium)

SPIRANTHES. (GYROSTACHYS.) Ladies' Tresses

S. cernua, Richard. Wet soil ; common.

S. gracilis, Bigelow. Sandy woods and plains ; occasional,

S, latifolia, Torr. (G. plantaginea, Britton.) Wet gravelly shores; occa-
sional.

S, Romanzoffiana, Cham. Bogs and cold moist soil ; occasional.

DICOTYLEDONS.

JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY

CARY^A. (HICORIA)

C alba, Nutt. (H. ovata, Britton.) Shellbark Hickory. Rich soil ; fre-
quent west of the Green Mountains ; less so in the southern Connecti-
cut valley and its tributaries.

C. amara, Nutt. (H. minima, Britton.) Bitternut Hickory. Moist soil;
frequent, with range about as the preceding.

C pofcina, Nutt. (H. glabra, Britton.) Pignut. W. Castleton, Pownal,
Eggleston. Marsh Hill, Ferrisburgh, Brainerd.

JUGLANS
J. cinerea, L. Butternut. Rocky hillsides ; frequent.

32 FLORA OF VERMONT

MYRICACEAE

MYRICA.

M. asplenifolia, Endl. (Comptonia peregrina, Coulter.) Sweet Fern. Dry
sterile soil ; common.

M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Swamps and borders of ponds ; frequent.

SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY

POPULUS. Poplar

P. ALBA, L. White Poplar. Frequently spreading from the roots or es-
caped from cultivation.

P. balsamifera, L. Balm of Gilead. Balsam Poplar. Borders of streams
and swamps ; frequent.

P. DiLATATA, Ait. Lombardy Poplar. Frequent in cultivation and spreading
from the root. Only staminate trees occur.

P. dcltoides, Marsh. (P. monilifera, Ait.) Cottonwood. Borders of streams
and lakes ; frequent in western Vermont and in the Connecticut valley
as far north as Brattleboro.

P. grandidentata, Michx. Large-tooth Aspen. Rich woods ; frequent.
P. tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen. Woods ; common.

SALIX. WiLLOw

S. Alba, L. var. vitellina, Koch. White Willow. Frequent in cultivation
and as an escape by banks of streams.

S. balsamifera, Barratt. Mt. Mansfield, Pr ingle ; Long Pond, Westmore,
E. Faxon; Elmore Mountain, Grout.

S. Candida, Willd. Cold bogs ; rare.

S. cordata, jNIuhl. Low wet soil ; common.

S. discolor, Muhl. Wet soil ; common.

S. discolor, Muhl. var. prinoidcs, Anders. Johnson, Grout.

S. fluviatilis, Nutt. (S. longifolia, Muhl.) Shores of Lake Champlain and
of the Connecticut River ; rare.

S. FRAGiLis, L. Crack Willow. Common in cultivation and as an escape
by streams and ponds.

S. humilis. Marsh. Sandy barrens ; frequent.

S. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow. Moist banks ; frequent.

S. myrtilloides, L. Peatbogs. Burlington, 7v*oZ/6ms; Bristol Bog, Pringle ;
Rutland, Rosa.

FLORA OF VERMONT 33

S. nigra, Marsh. Black Willow. Banks of streams and ponds ; common.

S. nigra. Marsh, var. falcata, Torr. Frequent, with the species.

S. petiolaris, Smith. Swamps and shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional.

S. phylicifolia, L. Lake of the Clouds, Mt. Mansfield, Prinrjle. Two forms
occur here, the one broad leaved, the other narrow leaved ; the latter
may be distinct.

S. PURPUREA, L. Formerly cultivated for basket rods, now occasional as an
escape by water sides.

S. rostrata, Richardson, (S. Bebbiana, Sargent.) Borders of thickets ; com-
mon.

S. sericea, Marsh. In swamps and along streams ; occasional.

S. Uva-ursi, Pursh. Summit of Mt. Mansfield, Roblnns.

S. discolor x humilis, Bebb. Johnson, Grout.

S. FRAGiLis X ALBA, Bebb. Johuson, Grout.

S. sericea x cordata, Bebb. Johnson, Grout.

CUPULIFERAE. OAK FAMILY

ALNUS. Alder

A. incana, Willd. Borders of streams ; common.

A. serrulata, Willd. ( A. rugosa, Koch. ) Moist soil ; frequent.

A. viridis, DC. (A. Alnobetula, Koch.) Higher mountain summits ; com-
mon ; rocky shores Connecticut River, occasional. Burlington Bay,
Afrs. F/ynn.

A. serrulata x incana, Burlington Bay, Jones and Eggleston.

BETULA. Birch

B, Icnta, L. Sweet or Black Birch. Rich woodlands ; frequent in western

Vermont and in the southern Connecticut valley.

B. lutea, Michx. f. Yellow Birch. Rich cool soils ; frequent, especially on
mountain sides.

B. papyrifera, Marshall. Paper or Canoe Birch. Common.

B. papyrifera, Marshall, var. minor, Tuckerman. Summit INIt. Mansfield,
Eggleston.

B. populifolia. Ait. White Birch. Frequent in the Champlain valley, less

so in southern Vermont.

CARPINUS

C. Caroliniana, W^alter. Blue Beech. Near streams ; common.

34 FLORA OF VERMONT

CASTANEA

C, sativa, Mill., var. Americana, Watson. (C. dentata, Borkh.) Chestnut.
Frequent in the lower Connecticut valley and in southwestern Ver-
mont ; a few trees at Burlington.

CORYLT^S. Hazelxut

C. Americana, Walt. Thickets ; frequent.
C rostrata. Ait. Dry thickets ; common.

FAGUS

F. ferruginea, Ait. (F. Americana, Sweet. ) Beech. Common.

OSTRYA

O. Virginica, Willd. (0. Virginiana, Willd. ) Hop Hornbeam. Commun.

QUERCUS. Oak

Q. alba, L. White Oak. Common west of the Green Mountains, less so in
the southern Connecticut valley.

0» bicolor, Willd. (Q. platanoides, Sudw. ) Swamp White Oak. Low moist
soil ; frequent in the Champlain valley, especially near the lake.

Q. velutina. Lam. (Q. cocinea, Wang. var. tinctoria. Gray.) Yellow Oak.
Dry light soil ; frequent in western Vermont and in the southern Con-
necticut valley.

Q. ilicifolia, Wang. (Q. nana, Sargent.) Dry sandy soil. " Bellows Falls,"
Carey ; Brattleboro, Orout.

Q. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak. Rich soil ; occasional in the Champlain
valley, more common in Addison countj'.

Q. Mohlenbcrgii, Engelm. (Q. acuminata, Sargent.) Gardiner's Island, Fer-

risburgh, Pringle.

Q. prinoides, Willd. Dry hillsides. " Pownal," Bobbins; North Pownal,
Eggleston ; Snake Mountain, Brainerd.

Q. Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Dry rocky hillsides of western Vermont ;
frequent from Charlotte, Pringle, through Addison county, Brainerd,
and Rutland to Pownal, Eggleston.

Q. rubra, L. Red Oak. Common.

Q. macrocarpa x alba. Charlotte, Pringle.

Q. Prinus x alba, Monkton, Pringle.

FLORA OF VERMONT 35

URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY

BCEHMERIA

B. cylindrica, Willd. Moist shady ground ; common.

CANNABIS

C. SATivA, L. Hemp. Waste places ; occasional.

CELTIS

C occidentalis, L. Hackberry. River banks and intervals. Burlington,
Robbins, Collins; Highgate Springs and Norwich, Jemp ; Monkton,
Horsford ; New Haven and Cornwall, Brainenl ; Windsor, Eggleston.

HUMULUS
H. Lupulus, L. Hop. Occasional by waysides as an escape from cultivation.

LAPORTEA

L. Canadensis, Gaudichaud. ( Utricastrum divaricatum, Kuntze.) IVIoist rich
woods ; common.

MORUS

M. ALBA, L. White Mulberry. Often planted and occasionally escaped.
Middlebury, Brainerd; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.

M. rubra, L. Red Mulberry. Rich woods. Pownal, Oakes ; North Pownal,
Eggleston.

PARIETARIA

P. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Rocky banks and cliffs ; occasional in western
Vermont.

PILE A. (ADICEA)
P. pumila. Gray. Cool moist woods ; common.

ULMUS

U. Americana, L. American or White Elm. Moist soil ; common.

U. fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Rich rocky woods ; frequent.

U. racemosa, Thomas. Cork Elm. Limestone soils, western Vermont ;
rare.

URTICA

U. gracilis, Ait. Fence rows and moist ground ; common.

U. URENP, L. Waste places. Barnet, Blanchard ; Royalton, Ward.

1
I

I

36 FLOKA OF VERMONT

LORANTHACEAE

ARCEUTHOBIUM. ( RAZOUMOFSKYA )

A. pusillum, Peck. Dwarf Mistletoe. Occasional as a parasite on spruces
and tamarack. Rhodora 2:1. Jan. 1900.

SANTALACEAE

COMANDRA

C. livida, Richardson. Summit of Mt. Mansfield under stunted balsams,
Priugle.

C. umbellata, Nutt. Dry thickets ; frequent.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE

ASARUM
A. Canadense, L. Wild Ginger. Rich rocky woods ; common.

POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

FAGOPYRTM

F. EscuLENTUM, Moencli. (F. Fagopyrum, Karst. ) Buckwheat. Persisting
from cultivation.

F. Tatahicum, Gaertn. Indian Wheat. Persisting in cultivated fields.

POLYGONUM

P. acre, HBK. var. leptostachyum, Meisn. Water Smartweed. Wet mead-
ows ; occasional.

P. amphibium, L. Margins of ponds and slow streams ; occasional.

P. arifolium, L. Low grounds ; frequent.

P. aviculare, L. Knotgrass. Common in door yards and roadsides. A broad
leaved form is P. littorale, Link.

P. Careyi, Olney. Brattleboro, Frost ; Newfane and Brattleboro, Grout.

P. cilinode, Michx. Rocky copses ; frequent.

P. Convolvulus, L. Tilled fields ; common.

P. Douglassii, Greene. Dry soils ; occasional in Champlain valley.

p. dumetorum, L. var. scandens, Gray. (P. scandens, L. ) Moist thickets;
frequent.

4

FLORA OF VERMONT 37

P. erectum, L. Rutland, Bennington, Pownal, Eggleston ; Middlebury,
Brainerd ; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.

P. Kartwrightii, Gray. Marshes ; occasional.

P. Hydropiper, L. Smartweed. Moist places ; common.

P. hydropiperoides, Michx. Wet places and shallow water ; occasional.

P. lapathifolium, L. var. incaniatum, Watson. (P. incarnatum, Ell.) Alluvial

• fields ; frequent in the Chaniplain valley.
P. Muhlenbergii, Watson. (P. emersum, Britton. ) Muddy or dry places;

frequent.
P. ORIENTALE, L. Princc's Feather. Persisting about gardens.
P. Pennsylvankum, L. Moist soil ; common.

P. Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb. AVaste places ; a common weed.
P. ramosissimum, Michx. Frequent about dwellings.
P. sagittatum, L. Tear-thumb. Low ground ; common.
P. Virginianum, L. Moist thickets ; occasional.
P. viviparum, L. Mt. Mansfield, Pringle.

RFMEX. Dock
R. AcETOsA, L. Charlotte, Pringle; Burlington, Jo)ies.
R. AcETosELLA, L. Shccp Sorrel. Fields ; common.
R. Britannica, L. Wet places ; frequent.

R. cRisPus, L. Curled Dock. Fields and waste places ; common.
R. OBTUsiFOLius, L. Bitter Dock. Fields and waste places ; common.
R. Patientia, L. Occasional ; apparently becoming more common.
R. verticillatus, L. Swamps ; common in the western counties.

CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

ATRIPLEX

A. patulum, L. Waste places, especially along railways; naturalized;
occasional.

CHENOPODIUM. Pigw-eed
C album, L. Pigweed. Fields ; common.
G. ambrosioides, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle.
C. BoTRYs, L. Waste places ; becoming common.

C. capitatum, Watson. (Blitum capitatum, L.) Dry rich ground; appar-
ently indigenous in places, occasionally introduced.

38 FLORA OF VERMONT

C. GLAUCUM, L. Railroad yards, Burlington, Bennington and Ferrisburgh.
C hybridum, L. Shady ledges and waste places ; frequent.
C URBicuM, L. Lumber yards. Burlington, Howe.

KOCHIA
K. scop-VRiA, Schrad. Adventive in Pringle's door yard. East Charlotte.

AMARANTACEAE

ACNIDA

A. tuberculata, Moq. var. subnuda, Watson. (A. tamariscina var. tuberculata,
Uline and Bray. ) Shady banks of slow streams or bays, Champlain
valley ; frequent.

AMARANTUS

A. blitoidcs, Watson. Yards and waste places ; occasional, becoming more
common.

A. graecizans, L. (A. albus, L. ) Waste places ; a recently introduced weed;
railroad yards and gardens. Burlington, Charlotte, Pringle ; Benning-
ton, Eggleston.

A, HYBRiDus, L. (A. hypochondriacus, L. ) Old garden, Peacham, BZanc/iard.

A. HYBRiDUS, L. var. paniculatus, Uline and Bray. (A. paniculatus, L. )
Shelburne, garden weed, Pringle ; West Windsor, Blanchard.

A. RETROFLEXUS, L. Rich cultivated ground ; common.

PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY

PHYTOLACCA
P. dccandra, L. Poke weed. Pastures and fields ; occasional.

FICOIDEAE

MOLLUGO
M. VERTiciLL.\TA, L. Carpet Weed. Sandy banks and waste places; frequent

PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY

CLAYTON I A
C Caroliniana, Michx. Spring Beauty. Rich, open woods ; common.
C. Virginica, L. Intervale in Colchester, Torrey, Jones; New Haven, Pri n
gle.

FLORA OF VERMONT 39

PORTLILACA
P. OLERACEA, L. Purslane. Garden weed ; common.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY

AGROSTEMMA
A. GiTHAGO, L. (Lychnis Githago, Lam.) Corn Cockle. Fields ; occasional.

ARENARIA. Sandwort

A. Groenlandica, Spreng. Common on rocks at summits of ]\It. Mansfield
and Camel's Hump.

A. lateriflora, L. (Moehringia lateriflora, I'enzl.) Moist bapks and shores ;
occasional.

A. macrophylla. Hook. Abundant on limestone ledges above Proctorsville,
Egglesion.

A. SERPYLLiFOLiA, L. Dry rocky places ; frequent.

A. stricta, Michx. (A. Michauxii, Hook, f . ) Cliffs and headlands; occa-
sional.
A. verna, L. var. hirta, Watson. Smuggler's Notch, Pringle.

CERASTIUM. Mouse-ear Chick weed

C. arvense, L. Dry rocky places ; occasional.

C. nutans, Raf. (C. longipedunculatum, Muhl.) Thin soil on ledges, west
of the Green Mountains ; occasional.

C, vuLGATUM, L. Fields ; common.

DIANTHUS. Pink

D. Armeria, L. Fields ; Castleton, Ross.

D. B.AJiBATrs, L. Sweet ^Yilliam. Garden escape. Rutland, Egglesion ;
Stowe, Wild ; Manchester, Miss Day.

D, deltoides, L. Roadsides and cemeteries ; occasional.

LYCHNIS

L. ALBA, Mill. (L. vespertina, Sibth.) Weed infields; Peacham, i?/a??r/<(/r(:/;
Middlebury, Brainerd ; Clarendon Springs and Rutland, Egglesion.

L. Chalcedonica, L. Peacham, Blanchard ; Barnet, Jesxip and Sarge^ii.

L. Coronaria, L. Rocky pastures ; abundant on Round INIountain, Shrews-
bury, Egglesion ; Jamaica, Bales.

L. dioica, L. (L. diurna, Sibth.) Brattleboro, Bales and Jones.

40 FLORA OF VERMONT

SAGINA

S. decumbens, Torr. & Gray. With Spergularia ruhrn, roadside below Brat-
tleboro, Grout.

S. procumbens, L. Springy places. "Brattleboro," Frost; Peacham, Blayi-
chard; Newbury, Jesup and Sargent; Walden and Cabot, Buvhank ;
Eandolph Center, Bates.

SAPOXARIA

S. OFFICINALIS, L. Bouncing Bet. Waste places ; common.

S. Vaccakia, L. (Vaccaria vaccaria, Britt.) Vernon, Grout; Westmore,
/. }\. Churchill ; Pownal, Eggleston.

SILENE

S. antirrhina, L. Catchfly. Dry soil ; frequent.

S. CucuBALus, Wibel. (S. vulgaris, Garcke.) Bladder Campion. Roadsides
and fields ; occasional.

S. NocTiFLORA, L. Fields and waste places ; occasioral.

SPERGULA
S. ARVExsLs, L. Corn Spurrey. Fields ; occasional.

SPERGULARIA. (BUD A, TISSA)
S. rubra,Presl. Royalton, Ward; Brattleboro, Grout; Islt. YioWy, Eggleston.

STELLARIA. (ALSINE.) Chickweed

S. borealis, Bigel. Cold wet places in the mountains ; frequent.

S. GRAMiNEA, L. Roadsides and moist grass lands ; frequent.

S. longifolia, Muhl. Damp intervales and thickets ; occasional.

S. MEDIA, Smith. In lawns and waste places ; abundant.

S. uliginosa, Murr. About cold springs. Rochester, Chittenden, Eggleston ;
Vernon, Grout.

NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY

BRASENIA. Water Shield
B. peltata, Pursh. (B. purpurea, Casp. ) Ponds; occasional.

NUPHAR. (NYMPH.EA.) Yellow Pond Lily

N. advena, Ait. f. Common in ponds and slow streams.

N. advena. Ait. f. var. minus, M(>rong. (Nymphwa rubrodisca, Greene. )
Still water ; occasional.

FLORA OF VERMONT 41

N. minimom, Smith. (N. Kalmianum, Ait.) Ponds and slow streams;
frequent.

NYMPH.EA. (CAST ALIA.) White Water Lily
N. odorata, Ait. Ponds and slow streams ; common.
N. odorata, Ait. var. minor, Sims. With the species ; frequent.
N. reniformis, DC. (N. tuberosa, Paine.) Lake Champlain and tributaries ;
common.

ILLECEBRACEAE.'

ANYCHIA

A. capillacea, DC. (A. Canadensis, B. S. P.) Dry open woodlands. Pow-
nal. Rabbins, Eggleston; West Rutland, Eggleslon.

CERATOPHYLLACEAE

CERATOPHYLLUM
C. demersum, L. Slow streams and ponds ; frequent.

MAGNOLIACEAE. MAGNOLIA FAMILY

LIRIODENDRON

L. Tulipifera, L. Tulip-tree. " Hoosic valley," Mrs. Carr ; Pownal, Eg-
gleston.

RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY

ACT^A. Cohosh
A. alba, Bigel. White Baneberry. Rich woods ; common.

A. spicata^L. var. rubra. Ait. (A. rubra, Willd.) Red Baneberry. Rich
woods ; common.

ANEMONE

A. Canadensis, L. (A. Pennsylvanica, L. ) Stony banks; common along
Lake Champlain and its tributaries.

A. cylindrica, Gray. Dry woods and fields ; frequent.

A. moltifida, Poir. Colchester and Winooski Falls, Rohbins ; Highgate
Springs, Jesup.

I The lUecebraceae should come after the Carophyllaceae on the preceding page.

42 FLORA OF VERMONT

A. quinquefolia, L. (A. nemorosa, L. var. quinquefolia, Gray.) Wind Flower.
Woodlands ; common.

A. riparia, Fernald. (A. Virginiana, var. alba, Wood.) (Rhodora I : 51.
1899.) Gravelly and rocky banks ; frequent in western and northern
Vermont.

A. Virginiana, I-. Woods and meadows ; common.

ANEMOXELLA. (SYNDESMON)

A. thalictroides, Spach. Rue Anemone. North Pownal, common on rich
wooded hills, Eggleston.

AQL^ILEGIA. Colu.mbine
A. Canadensis, L. Rocky places ; common.
A. VULGARIS, L. Common in gardens and occasional as a wayside escape.

CALTHA. Marsh Marigold
C. palustris, L. Wet meadows and swamps ; common.

CLEMATIS
C. verticiUaris, DC. (Atragene Americana, Sims. ) Rocky woods ; occasional.
C. Virginiana, L. Virgin's Bower. River banks and moist thickets; common.

COPTIS
C. trifolia, Salisb. Goldthread. Wet woods ; common.

HEPATICA
H. acutiloba, DC. (H. acuta, Britton) Woods; common.
H. triloba, Chaix. (H. Hepatica, Karst. ) Warm open woods ; frequent.

HYDRASTIS
H. Canadensis, L. Golden Seal. Shelburne, Horsford:

RANUNCULUS. Buttercup

R. abortivus, L. Shady banks ; common.

R. abortivus, L. var. eucyclus, Fernald. (Rhodora J :o2. 1899.) Cool woods.
North Pownal, Eggleston.

R. ACRis, L. Everywhere common as a weed in grass lands.

R. ACRIS, L. var. Steveni, Andrez. (Rhodora I : 227. 1899.) Common.

R. aquatilis, L. var. trichophyllus. Gray. (Batrachium trichophyllum,
Bossch.) Ponds and slow streams ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 43

R. BULBOsus L. Sparingly introduced in fields ; Whiting, Brainerd; Thet-
foid, Blanchard ; Burlington, Collins; Pownal, Eggleston.

R. circinatus, Sibth. (Batrachium divaricatum, Wimm.) Ponds and slow
streams ; rare.

R. fascicularis, Muhl. "Burlington," Torres; "Norwich," Blanchard;
" Brattleboro," Frost; Snake Mountain, Brainerd.

R. Flammula, L. var. reptans, E. Meyer. (R. reptans, L. ) Sandy shores ;
frequent.

R. hispidus, Michx. Abundant on dry hills. North Pownal, Eggleston.

R. multifidus, Pursh. (R. delphinifolius, Torr.) Still water and muddy
banks ; occasional.

R. Pennsylvanicus, L. f. Wet places ; frequent.

R. rccurvatus, Poir. Moist woods and swamps ; frequent.

R. repens, L. Campus, Burlington, introduced with grass seed, Jones.

R. septentrionalis, Poir. Wet places ; common.

THALICTRUM. Meadow Rue
T. dioicum, L. Rocky woodlands ; common.
T. polygamum, Muhl. Moist meadows ; common.

' BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY

BERBERIS

k

B, VULGARIS, L. Barberry. Common in cultivation and a frequent escape.
Especially abundant along streams in Ira, Eggleston.

CAULOPHYLLUM
C. thalictfoides, Michx. Blue Cohosh. Rich woods ; common.

PODOPHYLLUM

P. peltatom, L. Mandrake. "Castleton," Branch: Middlebury, Brainerd;
common at N. Pownal, Eggleston ; also occasional as a garden escape.

MENISPERMACEAE. MOONSEED FAMILY

MENISPERMUM
M. Canadense, L. Moonseed. Moist banks and thickets ; occasional.

44 FLORA OF VERMONT

LAURACEAE

LINDERA. (BENZOIN)
L. Benzoin, Blume. Spicebush. Damp woods ; rare.

SASSAFRAS

S, officinale, Nees. (S. Sassafras, Karst. ) Pownal, Bobbins, Eggleston ;
Hartland and Brattleboro, Batt;s ; Vernon, Grout.

PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY

CHELIDONIUM
Q, MAJus, L. Celandine. Waste places ; frequent.

SANGUINARIA
S. Canadensis, L. Blood-root. Borders of rich woods ; common.

FUMARIACEAE

ADLUMIA

I

A. chirrhosa, Raf. (A. fungosa, Greene.) Mountain Fringe. Rich, rocky
woods ; occasional.

CORYDALIS. (CAPNOIDES)

C. attrea, Willd. Rocky banks of western Vermont ; rare. Norwich, Jesup,
probably introduced.

C. glauca, Pursh. (C. sempervirens, Borck.) Rocky woodlands ; frequent.

DICENTRA. ( BICUCULLA )

D. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn. Rich woods ; frequent.

D. CucuUaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches. Rich wooded hillsides ; fre-
quent.

FUMARIA

F. OFFICINALIS, L. Fumitory. Occasionally persistent in old gardens.

CRUCLFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY

ARABIS. Rock Cress

A. Canadensis, L. Shady ledges ; occasional. "Winooski Falls," Torrey ;
Shoreham and Wevbridge, Brainerd; Pownal and Twin Mountain, W.
Rutland, Eggleston.

FLORA OF VERMONT 45

A. confinis, Watson. (A. brachycarpa, Britton) Dry, rocky banks and
cliffs ; occasional.

A. hifsuta. Scop. Rocky places ; frequent.

A. laevigata, Poir. Rocky places ; occasional,

A. lyr ata, L. Mt. Equinox, Manchester, ^^ss Day: N. Pownal, Eggleston.

A. pcrfoliata. Lam. (A. glabra, Bernh. ) Occasional, apparently becoming
jb more common as an introduced weed in fields.

BARBARP]A. Winter Cress

B. stricta, Andrz. Wet places ; frequent.

. B. vulgaris, R. Br. (B. Barbarea, MacM. ) (Including former variety
arcuata.) Wet places ; common.

L BERTEROA

B. ixcAN.\, DC- A weed in lawns. Burlington, Miss Tmvle ; roadside, Col-
chester and Essex Junction, Mrs. Flynn.

I

BRASSICA

B, cAMPESTRis, L- Wild Turnip. Fields ; frequent.

B. JUNCEA, Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fields and waste places ; occasional

B. NIGRA Koch. Black Mustard. Waste places and fields ; frequent.

B, SiNAPisTRUM, Boiss. (B. arvensis, B. S. P.) Charlock. Fields ; common.

BRAYA

B. humilis, Robinson. (Sisymbrium humile, Meyer.) Willoughby Moun-

tain, //. Mann.

CAMELINA. False Flax

C. MicROCARPA, Andrz. (C. sativa of Gray Manual in part.) Weed in

fields ; occasional. Burlington, Jones. The plant recorded as C saliva
by our earlier botanists, e. g. "Ferrisburgh," liobbins, "Bellows Falls,"
Carey, was probably C. microcarpa.

CAPSELLA. (BURSA)*
C. BuRSA-PASTORis Moeuch. Shepherd's Purse. Waste places ; common.

CARDAMINE

C. parviflora, L. (C. hirsuta, L. var. sylvatica. Gaud.) Dry rocky woods ;
occasional.

46 FLORA OF VERMONT

C Pennsylvanica, Muhl. (C. hirsuta of Gray Manual in part.) Cold wet
common. A form with more spreading pods, C. flexuosa, occurs woods ;
in the mountains.

C pratensis, L. Cold wet meadows. "Whiting and Alburgh," Chandler;
"St. Albans," Robbins ; Middlebury, Brainerd ; W. Rutland, Mrs.
F/ynn; Ira, Eggleston.

C. fhomboidea, DC. (C. bulbosa, B. S. P. ) Cold, wet meadows. "Castleton,"

Robhim ; Middlebury, Brainerd; Rutland and Ira, Eggleston; AV. Rut-
land, J/rs. Flynn.

DENT ARIA. Pepper-root

D. diphylla, L. Rich, moist woods ; common.

D. laciniata, Muhl. Rich woods. "Castleton," i2o?*6i?*s; Shelburne, Prin-
gle; Colchester, Torrey ; Gardiner's Island, Horsford ; Proctor, Ross;
S. Hero, Brainerd.

D. maxima, Nutt. Shelburne, Pringle ; Burlington, Perl-ins; Norwich,
Eggleston.

DRABA

D. incana, L. Willoughby Mountain, Tuckerman; Smuggler's Notch, Prin-
gle.

D. incana, L. var. arabisans, Watson. Mountain cliffs and headlands of Lake

Champlain ; occasional.

ERYSIMUM

E. cheiranthoides, L. A weed in fields ; occasional, but apparently increas-

ing.

HESPERIS
H. MATRONALis, L. Rockct. Middlebury, Brainerd ; Monkton, Eggleston.

LEPIDIUM. Peppergrass

L. apetalom, Willd. (L. intermedium, Gray.) Dry soil, especially along
railroads ; common.

L, campestre, Br. Brattleboro, Bates ; Vei'gennes and Burlington, Jones.

L. Virginicum, L. Dry soil, especially along railroads ; frequent.

NASTURTIUM. (RORIPA.) Water Cress

N. Armoracia, Fries. Horseradish. Moist places about dwellings ; fre-
quent.

N. lacustre, Gray. (R. Americana, Britton. ) Marshy borders of inlets of
Lake Champlain ; occasional.

I
1

I

FLORA OF VERMONT 47

N. OFFICINALE, R. Br. (R. Nasturtium, Rusby. ) Water Cress. Cool running
waters, Rutland, Bennington, Eggleston ; ChavXoiie, Pringle; Randolph,
Bates.

N. SYLVESTRE, R. Br. Yellow Cress. Alluvial meadows of the Connecticut
River; frequent. "A persistent weed in intervals at Westminster,
although it rarely, if ever, produces viable seed." W- H. Blanchard.

N. terrestre, R- Br. (N. palustre, DC.) Dry soil. Ripton, Brainerd.

N. terrestre, R. Br. var. hispidum, Fisch. and Mey. (R. hispida, Britton.)
Wet places ; frequent.

RAPHANUS

R. Raphanistrum, L. Radish. "South Hero," Bobbins; Windsor, Hart-
land, Eggleston'; Westminster, Blanchard.

SISYMBRIUM

S. altissimum, L. Fort Ethan Allen, Afrs. Flynn ; Railroad, Middlebury,
Brainerd.

S. OFFICINALE, Scop. Hedge Mustard. Common in waste places.

SUBULARIA
S. aquatica, L. Abundant in South Pond, Marlboro, Grout.

THLASPI
T. ARVENSE, L. Penny Cress. Waste places ; occasional.

CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY

POLANISIA
P. graveolens, Raf. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; common.

SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER PLANT FAMILY

SARRACENIA
S, purpurea, L. Pitcher-plant. Sphagnum bogs ; frequent.

DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY

DROSERA. Sundew

D. intermedia, Hayne. ( D. intermedia, Hayne, var. Americana, DC. ) Bogs.
Fort Ethan Allen Pond, Pringle ; Waterman's Pond, Thetford, Blan-
chard. Ponds of Windham County.

D. rotundifolia, L. Bogs and wet banks ; frequent.

48 FLORA OF VERMONT

CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY

PENTHORUM
P. sedoides, L. Ditches and swamps ; frequent.

SEDUM. Stonecrop
S. ACRE, L. On rocks ; occasional.
S. Telephium, L. Live-forever. Fields and roadsides ; common.

SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

CHRYSOSPLENIUM
C. Americanum, Schwein. "Wet shady places ; common.

MITELLA. MiTREwoRT
M. diphylla, L. Rich woods ; common.
M. nuda, L. Deep moist woods, in moss ; frequent.

PARNASSIA

P. Caroliniana, Michx. Grass-of-Parnassus. Wet banks and meadows ;
common in Bennington county, occasional elsewhere.

RIBES

R. Cynosbati, L. Wild Gooseberry. Rocky woods ; common.

R. floridum, L'Her. Black Currant. Moist rich woods ; frequent.

R. lacustre, Poir. Cold swamps and mountain woods ; frequent.

R. oxyacanthoides, L. Cold swamps ; frequent.

R. prostratum, L' Her. Fetid Currant. Cold banks and mountain woods ;
frequent.

R. rubrum, L. var. subglandulosum, Maxim. Red Currant. Cold swamps
and mountain woods ; occasional.

SAXIFRAGA. Saxifrage

S. aizoides, L. Yellow Mountain Saxifrage. IVIoist cliffs, AVilloughby
Mountain, .4. Wood; Smuggler's Notch, Pringle.

S. Aizoon, Jacq. Mountain Saxifrage. Willoughby Mountain, Smuggler's
Notch, Ilazen's Notch, Montgomery, Pringle.

S. oppositifolia, L. Willoughby Mountain, A. Wood; Smuggler's Notch,
Pringle.

FLORA OF VERMONT 49

S. Pennsylvanica, L. Swamp Saxifrage. Bogs ; common.

S. Vifginiensis, Michx. Early Saxifrage. Exposed rocks and dry hillsides ;
common.

TIARELLA
T. cordifolia» L. False Mitrewort. Rich moist woods ; common.

HAMAMELIDEAE

HAMAMELIS
H. Vifginiana, L. Witch Hazel. Low woods ; common.

k

PLATANACEAE

PLATANUS
P. occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Alluvial banks ; occasional.

ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY

AGRIMONIA.i AGRIMONY

A. striata, Michx. (A. Brittoniana, Bicknell. A. Eupatoria, American
authors in part. ) Thickets and roadsides especially in mountain towns;
frequent.

A. gryposepala, Wallr. (A. hirsuta, Bicknell. A. Eupatoria, American
authors in part.) AVoods and thickets ; frequent.

AMELANCHIER.2 Service Berry

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray. Shad Bush. Woods ; common.

A. Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. (?) oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray. (A. Botry-
apium, DC.) Cold swamps ; frequent.

A Canadensis, Torr. & Gray, var. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray. (A. rotundi-
folia, Roem. ) Rocky shores of Connecticut and Champlain valleys ; oc-
casional.

A. oligocarpa, Roem. Summits of the higher mountains ; occasional.

A. spicata, Dec. Dry rocky woods ; frequent.

1 See Robinson, B. L, The Nomenclature of our New England Agrimonies. Rhodora.
December, 1900.

2 Several other distinct forms oi Anielanclu'er, perhaps good species, occur in the State
and are awaiting critical study.

50 FLORA OF VERMONT

CRAT^GUS. Hawthorn

C coccinea, L. Scarlet Thorn. The plants of Vermont which have here-
tofore passed under this name are apparently of six or more distinct
species. They are being carefully studied by Professor C. S. Sargent
who will doubtless soon report his conclusions.

C Cfus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn. Ferrisburgh, Horsford; Mt. Inde-
pendence, Eggleston; Gardiner's Island, C. E. Pinney ; Chimney Point,
Bra i nerd.

C macracantha, Lodd. (C. coccinea, L. var. macracantha, Dudley.) Long-
spine Thorn. Moist thickets and rich hillsides ; common.

C. OxYACANTHA, L. English Hawthorn. Occasionally escaped from culti-
vation. "Veachsim, " Blanchard ; Burlington, /ones; Knight's Island,
Brainerd.

C. pruinosa, Wend. Thickets, waysides and pastures ; frequent. Fruit
very distinct, glaucous, deep red, ripening late.

C. punctata, .Tacq. Dotted Thorn. Common.

C. rotundifolia, Borck. Old pastures and waysides ; occasional.

DALIBARDA

D. repens, L. Cool moist woods ; frequent.

FRAGARIA. Strawberry

F. Americana, Britton. Woods ; common.

F. VESCA, L. Door-yard, Middlebury, Brainerd.

F. Vifginiana, Mill. Fields ; common'.

GEUM. AvENS

G. Ginadense, Jacq. (G. album, Graelin.) Borders of woods ; common.

G. macrophyllum, Willd. Moist open mountain woods ; common above
1500 feet altitude.

G. rivale, L. Purple Avens. Wet meadows and bogs ; common.

G. strictam, Ait. Moist meadows ; common.

C. Virginianum, L. Middlebury, Brainerd; Burlington, Mrs. Flynn.

P0TP:NTILLA. Cinquefoil

P. Anserina, L. Common on beaches of Lake Champlain. Royalton, PFard^;
Rutland, Sumner's Falls, Eggleston.

I

4

™ FLORA OF VERMONT 51

P. argentea, L. Silverweed. Dry barren fields ; common.

P. arguta, Pursh. Rocky hills ; occasional.

P. ffuticosa, L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Swamps and moist cliffs. Smuggler's
Notch; Lake Wilioughby. Troublesome as a pasture weed in south-
western Vermont.

P. Monspeliensis, L. (P. Norvegica, L. ) Dry soil ; frequent.

P. palustris, Scop. (Comarum palustre, L. ) Marsh Cinquefoil. Cool bogs ;
frequent.

P. RECTA, L. Brattleboro, Bates; Rutland, Eggledon.

P. simplex^ Michx.' (P. Canadensis of American authors in part. ) Dry
soil ; common.

P. tfidentata. Ait. Summits of cliffs and mountains ; occasional, e. g. Mt.
Mansfield, Camel's Hump, Snake Mountain, Pownal.

POTERIUM. (SANGUISORBA.) Burxet

P. Canadense, Benth. and Hook. Brattleboro, Frost ; abundant on the
banks of the West River, Grout.

P. Sanguisorba, L. Roadside, Charlotte Center, Pringle.

PRUNUS. Plum. Cherry

P. Americana, Marshall, var. nigra, Waugh. (P. nigra, Ait.) Canada Plum.
Woods and fencerows ; frequent.

P. avium, L. Mazzard Cherry. Manchester, Miss Dap.

P. cuneata, Raf. Sand banks of lake shore, Burlington, Pringle. Frequent
on the sand plains, South Burlington, Howe.

P. Pennsylvanica, L. f. Wild Red Cherry. Roadside thickets ; common.

P. pumila, L. Sand Cherry. Rocky or sandy shores of the Connecticut
and Champlain valleys ; occasional.

P. scrotina, Ehrh. Black Cherry. Woodlands ; common.

P. Virginiana, L. Choke Cherry. Fencerows, woods and banks ; common.

PYRUS

P. Americana, DC. (Sorbus Americana, Marsh.) American Moimtain Ash.
Swamps and mountain woods ; frequent.

I Just as this is going to press a letter is received from M. h. Fernald, stating that
"Poientilla simplex, Michx. is the common sprawling species of New England, while
P. Canadensis is a low, hardly repent, canescent species which hardly reaches southern
Maine and New Hampshire." It was not possible to re-examine Vermont specimens other
than those in the herbarium of the University of Vermont. All of those proved to be
P. simplex as above defined, and the name P. Canadensis is therefore omitted from the
list.

52 FLORA OF VERMONT

P. AucuPARiA, Gaert. European Mountain Ash. Peacham, Blanchard,-
frequent about Burlington, Jones.

P. arbutifolia, L. f. var. melanocarpa. Hook. (Aronia nigra, Britton.) Choke-
berry. Swamps and damp thickets ; common.

P. Malus, L. (Makis Malus, Britton. ) Apple. Fencerows and roadsides ;•
frequent.

P. sambucifolia, Cham, and Schlecht. (Sorbus sambucifolia, Eoem.) Elder-
leaf Mountain Ash. Mt. Mansfield, Willoughby Mountain, Pringle^

EOS A. Rose

R. acicularis, Lindl. Snake Mountain and Burlington, Brainerd ; Man-
chester, Afiss Day.

R. blanda. Ait. Roadsides and ledges ; frequent.

R. Carolina, L. Borders of swamps and streams ; common.

R. ciNNAMOMEA, L. Ciunamou Rose. Roadsides and about old gardens p
frequent.

R. humilis, Marsh. Dry rocky slopes ; common.

R. lucida, Ehrh. (R. humilis, Marsh, var. lucida, Britton.) North Pownal^

Eggleston.

R. PiMi'iNELLiFOLiA, L. Naturalized in pasture, Johnson, Grout.
R. RUBiGiNOSA, L. Sweet-brier. Old pastures ; frequent.

RUBUS. Blackberry. Raspberry

R. argutus, Link. (R. villosus, var. frondosus, Torr.) Thickets and way-
sides ; frequent.

R. argutus, Link. var. Randii, Bailey. Dry thickets; occasional.

R. Canadensis, L. (R. Millspaughii, Britton.) Thornless Blackberry.
Moist thickets in mountains ; common.

R. hispidus, L. Running Swamp Blackberry. Moist woods ; frequent.

R. Idacus, L. var. anomalus, Arrhenius. (Rhodora2: 195, 1900.) Crevices of
limestone ledges. Cvixendish, Eggleston. Heretofore known only as a
very rare plant of northern Europe.

R. Idaeus, L. var. strigosus, ^laxim. Red Raspberry. Thickets and hills ;
common.

R. neglectus. Peck. (R. strigosus x occidentalis, C. F. Austin.) Purple
Raspberry. Richmond, PringrZe; Burlington, Jonf.s.

R. nigrobaccus, Bailey. (R. villosus, authors not of Ait.) Thickets and way-
sides : common.

j^ FLORA OF VERMONT 53

R. nigrobaccus, Bailey, var. albinus, Bailey. White Blackberry. Pittsfield,
Eggleston ; occasional.

R. occidentalis, L. Black Raspberry. Rich shaded hillsides ; common.

R. odoratus, L. Purple-flowering Raspberry. Moist shaded hillsides ; com-
mon.

R. sativus, Brainerd. (R. nigrobaccus, Bailey, var. sativus, Bailey. ) In dry
& alluvial soil ; Weybridge, Brainerd ; West Rutland, Egghslon.

"R. setosus, Bigelow. Moist soil, especially in the mountains ; frequent.

R. triflorus, Richardson. (R. Americanus, Britton.) Dwarf Raspberry.
Moist cool soil ; common.

R. villosus, Ait. (R. Canadensis, of Gray Manual, not of L. ) Dewberry.
Banks and shores ; common.

R. nigrobaccus x villosus, Bailey. Weybridge, Brainerd; Fair Haven,
Eggleston.

SPIR.EA
S. lobata, Jacq. (Ulmaria rubra, Hill.) Roadside escape. Peacham, Blanch-
ard ; Randolph, Bates; Lower Cabot, Eggleston.

S. salicifolia, L. var. latifolia, Wiegand. (See Rhodora 2 : 103- 1900. ) Meadow
Sweet. Wet meadows and cliffs ; common.

S. soKBiFOLiA, L. A garden escape, well established in several stations,
e. g. Brattleboro, Burlington.

S. tomentosa, L. Steeple Bush. Hardback. Rocky pastures ; common.

S. Ulmaria, L. (Ulmaria Ulmaria, Borkh.) English Meadow Sweet. Ran-
dolph, Bates; Mendon, Eggleston.

WALDSTEINIA
W. fragarioidcs, Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Wooded hillsides ; common.

LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY

AMPHICARPA
A. monoica, Nutt. (Falcata comosa, Kuntze) Thickets; common.

APIOS

A. tuberosa, Moench. (A. Apios, MacM. ) Ground-nut. Low moist ground ;
frequent.

ASTRAGALUS
A. alpinus, L. Rocky shores of Connecticut River ; occasional.

54

FLORA OF VERMONT

A. Blakei, Eggleston. (Bot. Gaz. 20:271. 1895.) Alpine Cliffs. Wil-
loiigliby Mountain, J. Blake; Smuggler's Notch and Underbill Notch,.
Mt. Mansfield, type stations.

A. Canadensis, L. Shores and islands of Lake Champlain ; frequent.

A. Robbinsii, (iray. ;0n limestone rocks, near High Bridge, Winooski
Eiver, Burlington, Bobbins. This, the only station in Vermont, was-
destroyed in 1894 by the set back of the dam of the Vermont Electrical
Power company.

A. Robbinsii, Gray. var.Jesupi," Eggleston and Sheldon. Rocky shores of

the Connecticut River.

BAPTISIA

B. AusiRALis, R. Br. Royalton, Ward. (Rhodora, 2 : 172. 1900.)

B. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo. Dry open fields ; Vernon, Grout; Pownal,.

Churchill.

CASSIA. Senna

C. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna. Alluvial soil ; "Orwell," i>r. ////Z; "Bel-

lows Falls," Carey; Randolph, Bates; Hartford, Jesup.
C. nictitans, L. Wild Sensitive plant. Vernon, Grout.

CORONILLA
C. VARiA, L. Randolph, Bates. Escaped from garden.

CROTALARIA

C. sagittalis/LE. Rattlebox. Railroad banks ; Vernon, Grout.

DESMODIUM. (MEIBOMIA.) Tick Trefoil

D. acuminatum, DC. (M. grandiflora, Kuntze. ) Rich woods ; common.

D. Canadense, DC- Dry rich woods ; common.

D. cuspidatum, Torr. & Gray. (M. bracteosa, Kuntze.) Dry open woods.
North Pownal, Egrjleaton.

D. Dillenii, Darlingt. Open woodlands ; frequent.

D, nudiflorum, DC. Dry woods ; common.

D. paniculatum, DC. Copses ; occasional.

I This plaut in the impressed state has the flatteued entire pod of Robbinsii. Both this
and A. /?/a^f; are difficult to determine from pressed specimens since most of the sul-
cate appearance of the latter presses out.— W. IV. Eggleston.

FLORA OF VERMONT S.S

HEDYSARUM

H, boreale, Nutt. "Willoughby Mountain," J. Wood; Smuggler's Notch,
Pr ingle.

LATHYRUS

L. maritimus, Bigelow. Beach Pea. Shores of Lake Champlain ; occa-
sional.
L. ochroleucos, Hook. Headlands of northern Lake Chainplfein ; occasional.
L. palustris, L. Shores of Lake Champlain ; frequent.

L. palustris, L. var. myrtifolius. Gray. "Vermont," Torrey and Gray. "Island
in Ferrisburgh," Morong, in Walter Deane herbarium, Cambridge, Mass.

LESPEDEZA. Bush Clover

L. capitata, Michx. . Sandy soil ; frequent.

L. frutescens, Britton. (L. Stuvei, Nutt. var. intermedia, Wats.) Dry open
places ; occasional.

L. polystachya, Michx. Dry open woods ; occasional.

L. violacea, Pers. Dry woods. "Rockingham," Cftm/; Gardiner's Island,
Pringle.

LUPINUS

L. perennis, L. Wild Lupine. Common in sand plains along Lake Cham-
plain.

MEDICAGO. Medick

M. Arabica, All. (M. maculata, Sibth.) Experiment Station, Burlington,
Jones.

M. DENTicuLATA, Willd. Ludlow, MlsH Pollard ; Yi2i.ri\2indi,B. P. Ruggles ;
Burlington, Jones.

M. LUPULiNA, L. Black Medick. Roadsides and fields ; common.

M. SATivA, L. Alfalfa. Often cultivated and persistent or escaped.

MELILOTUS. Sweet Clover

M. ALBA, Lam. White Melilot. Waste or cultivated grounds ; frequent.

M. OFFICINALIS, Willd. Yellow Melilot. Roadsides or waste places ; occa-
sional.

ROBINIA. Locust

R. Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Frequent in cultivation and escaped.

R. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust. Occasional in cultivation and tending
to spread.

56

FLORA OF VERMONT

TRIFOLIUM. Clover.
T. AGRARiuM, L. Yellow or Hop Clover. Sandy soil ; frequent.
T. ARVENSE, L. Rabbitfoot Clover. Old fields ; frequent.
T. iiYBRiDUM, L. Alsike Clover. Common.
T. PRATE^^SE, L. RedClover.> Common.
T. repens, L- Wliite Clover. Common.

VICIA. Vetch

V. Cracca, L. Blue Vetch. Meadows and roadsides ; frequent.

V. sATivA, L. Common Vetch. Adventive ; occasional. White flowered
form, Starr Farm, Burlington, J/rs. Flynn.

V. SATIVA, L. var. angustifolia, Seringe. (V. angustifolia, Roth.) Middle-
bury, Brainerd.

V. tetrasperma, L. Meadows and pastures ; occasional.

GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY

ERODIUM

E. cicutarium, L'Her. Stork's bill. Old gardens. Ludlow, Jfiss PoZ^urd ;

Burlington, Mrs. A. J. Grout.

FLCERKEA

F. proserpinacoides, Willd. Castleton, Robhins ; Shelburne, Pringle.

GERANIUM

G. Bicknellii, Britton. (G. Carolinianum, L. var. longipes, Wats.) Dry

rocky places ; frequent.

G. maculatum, L. Cranesbill. Open woods ; frequent,

G. Roberttanum, L. Herb Robert. Rocky woods and ravines ; common.

IMPATIENS. .Iewel-weed. Touch-me-.vot

I. aurca, Muhl. (I. pallida, Nutt.) Moist shady places, especially on
mountain sides.

I. biflora, Walt. (I. fulva, Nutt. ) Moist shady places ; common.

OXALIS. Wood Sorrel

O. Acetosella, L. Wood Sorrel. Cool moist woods ; common on mountain
sides.

I Mammoth Red Clover, T. medium, L., is occasionally cultivated and is quite as hardy
as is the common Red Clover. It has not been observed, however, except in cultivation.

FLORA OF VERMONT

57

O. cymosa, Small. (0. cornicnlata, L. var. stricta, of Gray Manual.) Lady's
Sorrel. Fields and gardens ; common.
L O. stricta, L. Lady's Sorrel. (O. cornicnlata, L. var. Dillenii, Trelease.)
f Burlington, T. E. Hazen.

LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY

I ' LINUM

: L. irsiTATissiMUM, L. Flax. Occasionally adventive.

RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY

RUTA
R. GBAVEOLENS, L. Ruc. Well established at Weybridge, Brainerd.

XANTHOXYLUM
X. Americanum, Mill. Prickly Ash. Rocky woods and banks; occasional.

POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY

POLYGALA
P. paucifolia, Willd. Fringed Polygala. Common, especially in light soil.
P. polygama, Walt. Dry sandy soil ; occasional.

P. sanguinca, L. (P. viridescens, L.) Moist sandy soil. Windsor, Le-
land; Newfane, Grout; Burlington, i(fr.s. Fbjnn ; Milton, Jones.

P. Senega, L. Seneca Snake-rooc. Rocky soil; western Vermont; occasional.
j P. verticillata, L. Sandy soil. " Bellows Falls," rMcA-m?ia?i; Brattleboro,
' Grout; Vernon, i>. L. Robinson; Pownal, Eggleston.

P. verticillata, L. var. ambigua, Wats, and Coult. (P. ambigua, Nutt.)
Pownal, Rohbins; Vernon, B. L. Robinson; Brattleboro, Grout; Bur-
lington, Howe.

EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY

AGALYPHA
A. Virginica, L. Moist hollows in fields ; frequent.

EUPHORBIA. Spurge

E. corollata, Sandy field. Burlington, Mrs. liynn ; recently introduced from
the west.

E. Cypaeissias, L. Cypress Spurge. Old cemeteries and roadsides ; com-
mon.

58 FLORA OF VERMONT

E. Helioscopia, L. Waste places and gravelly shores ; frequent in the
Champlain valle5^

E. hirsuta, Wiegand. (See appendix in Britten and Brown Flora.) Man-
chester, ^fifss Day ; North Pownal, Eggleston.

E. maculata, L, Common in waste places.

E. Preslii, Guss. (E. nutans, Lag.) Waste places ; occasional.

E, Peplus, L. Charlotte, Pringle ; Wallingford, BrainerJ.

E, pr-ATVPHVLLV, L. Shores and waste places ; occasional.

EMPETRACEAE

EMPETRUM. Crowberry
E. nigrum, L. Summits of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Robbins.

ANACARDIACEAE

RHUS. Sumach

R. Canadensis, Marsh. (R. aromatica, Ait.) Dry rocky banks of western
Vermont ; occasional.

R. copallina, L. Rocky hills ; frequent,

R. glabra, L. Rocky soil ; common in the Connecticut and Hoosic valley^^.
South Charlotte, Horsford ; Colchester, Mrs. Flynn.

R. Toxicodcndfon, L. (R. radicans, L. ) Poison Ivy. Banks and moist
thickets ; common.

R. typhina, L. (R. hirta, Sudw.) Staghorn Sumach. Hillsides; common.

R. Vernix, L. (R. venenata, DC.) Poison Sumach. Occasional in swamps

ILICINEAE. HOLLY FAMILY

ILEX. Holly

I. vcrticillata, Gray. Winterberry. Thickets ; common.

I. verticillata. Gray. var. tenuifolia, Wats. • (Rhodera 2 : 105, 1900.) Mouth of
Winooski River, Eggleston.

NE MOP A NTH US

N. fascicularis, Raf. (Uicioides inucronata, Britton.) Mountain Holly. Cold
wet woods ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 59

CELASTRACEAE

CELASTRUS
C. scandens, L. Bittersweet. Moist banks and thickets ; common.

SAPINDACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY

ACER. Maple

A. Negundo, Linn. (Negundo aceroides, Moench.) Boxelder. Frequent
along the banks of the Winooski River.

A. Pennsylvanicutiit L. Striped Maple. Rich woods ; common.

A. fubrum, L. Red Maple. Moist woods and swamps ; common.

A. saccharinum, L. (A. dasycarpum, Ehrh.) Silver Maple. Banks of
rivers and lakes at low altitudes ; frequent.

A. Saccharom, Marsh. (A. saccharinum, Wang. ) Sugar Maple. Rich woods;
common.

A. Saccharum, Marsh, var. nigrum, Britton. Black Sugar Maple. Moist soil,
Lake Champlain valley ; occasional. " Windsor," Michaux.

A. spicatum. Lam. Mountain Maple. Cool ravines and mountain wood-
lands ; common,

STAPHYLEA
S. trifolia, L. Bladder-nut. Moist woods and thickets ; occasional.

RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY

CEANOTHUS
C. Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea. Dry woodlands ; common.
C. ovatus, Desf. Sandy banks of Lake Champlain, Burlington.

RHAMNUS. Buckthorn
R. alnifoliat L'Her. Swamps; frequent.

R. CATHARTicA, L. Buckthom. Common in cultivation and a frequent
escape in woods and fields.

VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY

AMPELOPSIS. Woodbine

A. quinquefolia, Michx. Moist thickets ; common.

A. quinquefolia, Michx. var. radicantissima, Rehder. Clinging closely to
limestone ledges. Cornwall, Brainerd; Burlington, Jones.

60 FLORA OF VERMONT

VITIS. Grape

V. bicolor, LeConte. (V. aestivalis, of Gray Manual in part.) Summer
Grape. Dry gravelly soil and at bases of cliffs ; frequent.

V. Labrusca, L. Fox Grape, ^"ernon, Grout.

V. vulpina, L. (V. riparia, of Gray Manual in part.) River Grape.
River banks; common.

TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY

TILIA. Linden
T. Americana, L. Basswood. Woodlands ; common.

MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY

ABUTILON

A. AvicENN.F, Gaertn. (A. Abutilon, Rusbj'. ) Velvet Leaf. Roadsides and
waste places ; occasional.

HIBISCUS

H. Trionum, L. Bladder Ketmia. Occasional as a garden weed. Middle-
bury, Brainerd ; Peacham, Blancliard ; Panton, Jones.

MALVA. Mallow

M. Alcea, L. Lyndon, Congdon ; Rutland, Eggleston.

M. .MOSCHATA, L. Musk Mallow. Roadsides and waste places ; an occa-
sional escape.

M. rotundifolia, L. Waste places ; everywhere common.

M. sylve3tr[s, L. Occurs sparingly in several places.

M. vERTiciLLATA, L. A garden weed, increasingly troublesome. Middle-
bury, Brainerd; Burlington, Jones.

M. VERTICILLATA, L. var. cRisPA, L. Knight's Island, Brainerd.

HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHNSWORT FAMILY

HYPERICUM. St. Joiinswort
A. Ascyron, L. River banks ; occasional.
H. boreale, I>it'knell. Manchester, Miss Day.
H. Canadcnse, L. MoLst soil ; frequent.
H. Canadense, L. var. majus, Gray. Moist soil ; occasional.

FLORA OF VERMONT 61

H. ellipticum, flook. Wet places ; frequent.

H. maculatum, Walt. Damp places ; frequent.

H. mutilum, L. Low ground ; common

H. nudicaole, Walt. ( Sarothra gentianoides, L. ) Brattleboro, Frost, Grout.

H. TEKFORATU-M, L. Commou St. Johnswort. Fields and roadsides; common.

H. Virginicum, L. (Elodes campanulata, Pursh., Triadenum Virginicum
Raf. ) Swamps ; frequent.

CISTACEAE. ROCK ROSE FAMILY

HELIANTHEMI'M. Rock Rose

H. Canadense, Michx. Windham County, B. L. Robinson ; Fairlee Cliffs,
Sargent and EgglcMon ; Bald Mountain, Shrewsbury, EggleMon.

H. majus, B. S. P. Sterile soil ; frequent.

HUDSONIA

H, tomentosa, Nutt. Sandy beaches. Lake Champlain, Burlington Bay,
Colchester Point, BIgelow : Apple Tree Bay, Mrs. Flynn.

LECH E A. Pi X WEED
L. intermedia, Leggett. Dry sterile soil ; occasional.
L. major, Michx. (L. villosa, Ell.) Vernon, B. L. Robinson.

VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY

VIOLA. Violet

V. arenaria, DC. (V. canina, L. var. puberula, Watson.) Sand Violet.
Rocky or sandy soil ; occasional. Abundant on sand plains about Bur-
lington.

V. blanda, AVilld. White Violet. Low wet ground ; common.

V. blanda, Willd. var. palustriformis. Gray. (V. blanda, Willd, var. amoena,
B. S. P.) Cool rich woods ; occasional.

V. blanda, Willd. var. renifolia. Gray. (V. renifolia, Gray.) Wet mossy
woods and swamps ; frequent.

V. Canadensis, L. Canada Violet. Woods ; common.

V. canina, L. var. Muhlenbergii, Troutv. (V. Labradorica, Schrank.) Dog
Violet. Low shady ground ; common.

V. lanceolata, L. Moist places. Mud Pond, Rutland, Eggleston ; "Willis-
ton," Bates ; Lily Pond, Vernon, Grout.

62 FLORA OF VERMONT

V. ovata, Nutt. (V. sagittata, of Gray Manual in part.) Dry sandy soil;
frequent.

V. palmata, L. Bine Violet. Rich open woods. Pownal, Robbins, Egrjleston.

V. palmata, L. var. cucullata, Gray. (V. obliqua. Hill.) Moist or dry
ground ; common. A polymorphous group which recent authors are
dividing into many species.

V. pubescens. Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. (Including var. eriocarpa Nutt. )
Rich woods ; common.

V. pubescens, Ait. var. scabriuscula, Torr. and Gray. (V. scabriuscula,
Schwein. ) In moister situations ; frequent.

V. rostrata^ Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Rich woods ; common.

V. rotundifolia, Michx. Round-leaved Violet. Cool moist woods ; frequent,

V. Selkirkii, Pursh. Rich moist woods, especially in the mountains ; oc-
casional.

V. TRICOI.OR, L. Pansy. Persistent in old gardens.

THYMELAEACEAE

DAPHNE
D, INIezereum, L. Garden escape, in rocky woods. Burlington, Jones.

DIRCA
D. palustfis, L. Leatherwood. Moist open woods ; frequent.

AEAGNACEAE

SHEPHERDIA
S. Canadjnsis, Nutt. Red sandstone cliffs, western Vermont ; occasional.

LTHYRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY

DECODON
D. verticillatus. Ell. Swampy ground ; occasional in western Vermont.

LYTHRUM. Loosestrife

L. alatum, Pursh. Charlotte, Pringle.

L. Salicaria, L. Wet meadows. 'RntXdLini, Bigelow Sindi Eggleston ; Sharon,
Jesup and Sargent ; Clarendon, Grout ; Wallingford, Mrs. Flynn.

I

FLORA OF VERMONT 63

MELASTOMACEAE

RHEXIA. Deer-grass
R. Virginica, L. "Brattleboro," Frost; Lily Pond, Vernon, Grout.

ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

CIRC.EA. Enchanter's Nightshade

C. alpina, L. Deep woods ; common.

C. intermedia, Ehrh. Manchester, Miss iJay ; Dorset, Eggleston.

C. Lutetiana, L. Woods ; frequent.

EPILOBIUM. Willow Herb

E. adenocaulon, Haussk. Moist places, especially among the mountains ;
frequent.

E, angustifolium, L. (Chamaenerion angustifolium. Scop. ) Fireweed. Com-
mon, especially in newly cleared lands.

E. coloratum, Muhl. Wet places ; common.

E. lineare, Muhl. Bogs ; common.

E. lineare, Muhl. var. oliganthum, Trelease. Bogs, deep in mountain woods,
Stratton, Grout; North Pond, Hunderland, Eggleston.

E. strictum, Muhl. Cold bogs; occasional. "Narrow-leaved form, south
end of Lake Willoughby," E. Faxon.

LUDWIGIA

L. palustris. Ell. (Nardia palustris, L. ) Ditches and swamps ; common.

(ENOTHEPvA. Evening Primrose

OE. biennis, L. (Onagra biennis. Scop.) Dry soil ; common.

OE. cfuciata, Nutt. (QE. biennis, L. var. cruciata, Torr. & Gray.) Brattle-
boro and Vernon, Grout.

OE. pumila, L. (Kneiffia pumila, Spach.) Fields; common.

HALORAGEAE

CALLITRICHE
C. autumnalis, L. (C. bifida, Morong.) Kelly's Bay, Alburgh, Pringle.
C. palustris, L. (C. verna, L. ) Cold or running water ; frequent.

64 FLORA OF VERMONT

HIPPURIS. Mare's Tail

H, vulgaris, L. Rare ; in cold springy margin of Joe's Pond, West Danville,
BluncJiard.

MYRIOPHYLLUM. Water Milfoil

M. alterniflorum, DC. "Gut," Lake Champlain, Fringle and Brainerd.

M. ambiguum, Nutt. (M. humile, Morong. ) West River, WestTownshend,
Grout.

M. Farwellii, Morong. Mountain ponds. Belden's Pond, Johnson ; Towns-
liend, (Trout ; Spectacle Pond, Wallingford ; North Pond, Brunswick ;
Little Averill Pond, Eijgleston.

M. spicatum, L. In deep water ; common.

M. tenellum, Bigelow. Borders of ponds. Grand Isle, Prin^^e ; Joe's Pond,
"West Danville, Blanchard ; Fairlee Lake, Jt'.suyj and Sargent.

PROSERPINACA
P. palustris, L. Swamps ; occasional.

ARA.LIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY

ARALIA. Wild Sarsaparilla

A. hispida, Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla. Rocky or sandy woodlands ; fre-
quent.

A. nudicaulis, L. Sarsaparilla. Moist woodlands ; common.

A, quinquefolia, Decsne. &, Planch. (Panax quinquefolium, L. ) Ginseng.
Rich woods ; formerly common, now rapidly disappearing.

A. racemosa, L. Spikenard. Rich woodlands ; frequent.

A. trifolia, Decsne. & Planch. (Panax trifolium, L.) Ground-nut. Moist
woods and thickets ; common.

UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY

ANGELICA
A. atropurpurea, L. Swamps and moist grounds ; frequent.

CARUM
C. Carui, L. Caraway. About dwellings and roadsides ; frequent.

CICUTA
C. bulbifera, L. Water Hemlock. Swamps ; common.
C. maculata, L. Spotted Cowbane. Low grounds ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT f)5

CONIOSELINUM

r C Canadense, Torr. and Gray. (C. Chinense, B. S. P.) Swamps and cold
cliffs ; occasional.

CONIUM
C, MACULATUM, L. Poison Hemlock. Waste places ; occasional.

CRYPTOT^NIA

C. Canadensis, DC. (Deringa Canadensis, Kuntze.) Moist woods; common.

DAITCUS. Carrot

D. Carota, L. Wild Carrot. Old meadows ; common.

F HERACLEUM

H. lanatum, Michx, Cow Parsnip. Cold moist ground ; frequent.

HYDROCOTYLE
H. Americana, L. Wet places ; common.

I LEVISTICUM

L. OFFICINALE, Koch. Lovage. Occasionally adventive.

OSMORRHIZA ( WASHINGTONIA) Sweet Cicely
O. brevistylis, DC. (W. Claytoni, Britton) Rich woods ; common.
O, longistylis, DC. Moist rich woods ; occasional.

■ PASTINACA

P. sativa, L. Wild Parsnip. Roadsides and waste places ; common.

PIMPINELLA
P. integerrima, A. Gray. Rocky shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional.

SANICULA,' Black Snakeroot
S. Canadensis, L. Shaded ledges ; frequent.
S. gregaria, Bicknell. Moist rich soil ; frequent.
S. Marylandica, L. Moist wood>^ ; common.
S. tfifoliata, Bicknell. Rich woods ; frequent.

I See E. Brainerd. The Saiiiculas of Western Vermont. Rhedora. 1 : 7. 1S99.

<i6 FLORA OF VERMONT

SIUM

S. cicutaefolium, Gmelin. Water Parsnip. Wet places ; frequent.

ZIZIA
Z. aurea, Koch. Moist meadows ; common.

CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY

COENUS. Cornel. Dogwood

C. alternifolia, L. f. Open woods ; common.

C. Canadensis, L. Bunch-berry. Cold damp woods ; common.

C circinata, L' Her. Round-leaved Cornel. Rocky woodlands ; frequent.

C florida, L. Flowering Dogwood. Dry woods. " Castleton," Robbins ;
Springfield, S. Hayward ; Newfane and Dorset, S. Grout; North Pow-
nal, Eggleslon.

C. panicolata, L'Her. (C. candidissima, Marsh. ) Rich thickets and banks;
frequent.

C. sericea, L. (C- Amonum, Mill.) Kinnikinnik. Silky Cornel. Low woods
and banks ; common.

C stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Wet places ; common.

NYSSA

N. sylvatica. Marsh. Sour Gum. Tupelo. Rich soil, generally swampy.
" Craftsbury," Robbins; East Dorset, S. Grout; Vernon, Grout; Bur-
lington, Mrs. Fbjnn ; Yergennes, Miss Ruth Fisher.

ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY

ANDROMEDA

A, ligustrina, Muhl. (Xolisma ligustrina, Britton.) Occasional in southern
Vermont.

A. polifolia, L. Boggy margins of ponds ; frequent.

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Bearberry
A. Uva-ursi, Spreng. Cliffs and bare hills ; occasional.

CASSANDRA. (CHAM.EDAPHNE)
C calyculata. Don. Leather Leaf. Bogs ; frequent.

w\

FLORA OF VERMONT

67

CHIMAPHILA. PiPsissEWA
C maculata, Pursh. Prince's Pine. Dry woods. 'Sewiane, Grout.
C. umbellata, Nntt. Dry woods ; common.

CHIOGENES

C. serpyilifolia, Salisb. Creeping Snowberry. Peat bogs and mossy woods;
frequent.

EPIG.EA

E. repens, L. Mayflower. Trailing Arbutus. Sandy or rocky woodlands ;
common in certain areas.

GAULTHERIA
G. procumbens, L. Wintergreen. Cool woods ; common.

GAYLUSSACIA

G. resinosa, Torr. and Gray. Huckleberry. Sterile fields and thickets ;
common.

KALMIA. Laurel
K. angustifolia, L. Sheep Laurel. Sterile fields and peat bogs ; frequent.
K. glatjca, Ait. Pale Laurel. Cold peat bogs ; occasional.

K, latifolia, L. Mountain Laurel. Rocky hills. "Rockingham," Carey;
Pownal, Eggleslon. Common along banks of West River between Brat-
tleboro and Newfane.

LEDUM

L. Groenlandicum, Oeder. (L. latifolium, Ait.) Labrador Tea. Cold bogs ;
frequent.

MONESES
M. grandiflora, Salisb. (M. uniflora, A. Gray.) Deep cold woods; occasional.

MONOTROPA. Indian Pipe

M. Hypopitys, L. (Hypopitys Hypopitys, Small.) Rich dry woods; occa-
sional.

M. uniflora, L. Dark rich woods ; common.

PTEROSPORA
P. Andromedea, Nutt. Pine woods ; rare.

1)8 FLORA OF VERMONT

rYROLA

p. chlorantha, Svvartz. Dry woods ; frequent.

P. elliptica, Nutt. Rich woods ; common.

P. minor, L. Smuggler's Notch, Prmg'Z^'. Rare.

P. rotundifolia, L. Woodlands ; occasional.

P. rotundifolia, L. var. uliginosa. Gray. Sphagnum bogs. Bristol, Prirtgle ;
Peacham, Blanchard ; Rutland, Rosx ; Chittenden, Eggleston ; Burling-
ton, 3frs. Flipin.

P. secunda, L. Rich woods ; frequent.

P. secunda, L. var. pumila, Gray. Peatbogs. Bristol Pond bog, Pringle;
Sutton and Newark, E. Faxon; cedar swamp, Fairhaven, Eggleston.

RHODODENDRON

R. canesccns, G. Don. (R. nudifiora, of Gray Manual in part, Azalea cane-
scens, Michx.) Swamp Pink. Woody banks and borders of swamps ;
occasional.

R. maximum, L. Rocky woods bordering Groton Pond, Perkins; "Peach-
am," Blanchard ; Martin's and Niggerhead Ponds, Eggleston ; Lanes-
boro, Miss .If. Skinner.

R. Rhodora, Don. (Rhodora Canadensis, L. ) " Brattleboro," Rabbins;
Burlington, Perkins; Derby, Richmond, Horsford ; Johnson, Grout;
abundant in Essex County, Eggleston.

VACCINIUM. Blueberry. Cranberry

V. caespitosum, Michx. Mt. Mansfield Chin, Pringle; rocky shore West
River, Nevvfane, Grout.

V. Canadense, Kalra. Moist thickets ; common in the mountains. The
market blueberry of Essex County.

V. corymbosum, L. Swamps and low thickets. The abundant blueberry
about northern Lake Champlain. The form known as var. amoenum.
Gray, occurs in swamps, Monkton, Charlotte, Pringle.

V. corymbosum, var. atrococcum. Gray. (V. atrococcum, Heller.) Black
Blueberry. Bristol Pond bog, A. C. Dyke. Also reported from several
other localities but the determinations have not been verified.

V. macrocarpon, Ait. Large Cranberry. (Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pers. )
Peat bogs ; frecjuent.

V. Oxycoccus, L. Small Cranberry. (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus, McM. ) In cold
peat bogs ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 69

V. Pcnnsylvanicum, Lain. Dry hills ; common. The earliest market blue-
berry, riant having black berries without bloom (?V. nigrum, Brit-
ton) are found ; West Rutland, Eggleston.

V. Pennsylvanicum, Lam. var. angustifolium, (jray. Summit of Mt. Mans-
field and Camel's Hump, Robbing, I'riiii/le.

V. uliginosum, L. Summit of Mt. Mansfield and Camel's Hump, Robbins,
Pringle; Johnson, Grout.

V. vacillans, Solander. Drv woodlands ; common ; forming part of the
later blueberries of the market.

V. Vitis-Idaea, L. On the summits of Mansfield and Camel's Hump moun-
tains, Robbins.

DIAPENSIACEAE

DIAPENSIA
D, Lapponica, L. Mt. INIansfield Chin, Pringle.

PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY

LYSIMACHIA. Loosestrife

I>, NUMMULARiA, L. Money wort. Frequent as a troublesome weed in lawns.

L. producta, Fernald. (Rhodora, 1:134.1899.) (L. stricta, var. producta,
Gray. ) Mouth of the Winooski River, Eggleston and Jones.

L. quadrifolia, L. Dry thickets ; common.

L. stricta, Ait. (L. terrestris, B. S. P.) Low ground ; common.

L. thyrsiflora, L. (Naumbergia thyrsifiora, Duby.) Bogs and swamps ; fre-
quent.

PRIMULA

P. Mistassinica,Michx. Willoughby Mountain, ^. Wood; Smuggler's Notch,
Morong.

SAMOLUS

S. Valerandi, L. var. Americanust Gray. (S. floribundus, H. B. K. ) Along
sluggish brooks ; Middlebury, James, C. N. Brainerd; " Brattleboro,"
Frost.

STEIRONEMA

S. ciliatum, Raf. Moist thickets ; common.

S, lanceolatum, Gray. Low grounds along northern Lake Champlain ;
occasional.

70 FLORA OF VERMONT

TRIENTALIS
T. Americana, Pursh. Star Flower. Moist woods and thickets; common.

OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY

FRAXINUS. Afen

F. Americana, L. White Ash. Rich woods ; common.

F. Pennsylvanica, Marsh. (F. pubescens, Lam.) Red Ash. Low grounds ;
common along Lake Cliamplain and its tributaries.

F. nigra, Marsh. (F. sambucifolia, Lam.) Black Ash. Swamps and wet
woods ; common.

F. lanceolata, Borck. (F. viridis, Michx. f. ) Green Ash. Occasional along

shores of Lake Champlain.

GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY

BARTONIA

B. tenella, Muhl. (B. Virginica B. S. P. ) "Rockingham," Carej/ ; Higbee
swamp, Burlington, Jones.

GENTIAXA. Gentian

G. Amarella, L., var. acuta. Hook. f. (G. acuta. Michx.) Smuggler's Notcli,

Pr ingle.

G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian. Moist grounds ; frequent.

G. crinita, Froel. Fringed Gentian. Moist ground ; frequent in the south-
ern part of the State.

G. linearis, Froel. Bogs and meadows in the mountains ; occasional. A ■
broad leaved form from Stowe, Mrs. Straw, appears to be var. lanceolata.
Gray. f

G. quinqueflora, Lam. (G. quinquefolia, L.) Moist hills ; occasional.

HALENIA. (TETRAGONANTHUS)
H. deflexa, Griseb. Banks of Lewis Creek. Charlotte, Horsford and Pringle.

LIMNANTHEMUM

L. lacunosum, Griseb. Shallow water; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford,
Kent; Springfield, Eggleston ; common in Windham county ; Orout.

MENYANTHES
M. trifoliata, L. Buck Bean. Sphagnum bogs ; occasional.

I

FLORA OF VEIiMONT 71

APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY

APOCYNUM. Dofii3ANE
A. androsaemifolium, L. Thickets and fields ; common.
A. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp. Moist banks ; occasional.
A. cannabinum, L. var. glaberrimum, DC. Shoresof Lake Champlain. Sands
of West River, Eggleston.

VINCA

V. mixor', L. Periwinkle. Persisting in neglected dooryards.

ASGLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY

ASCLEPIAS. Milkweed

A. incarnata, L. Marshes ; common.

A. obtusifolia, Michx. Sandy soil ; frequent about Burlington.

A. phytolaccoides, Pursh. (A. exaltata, Muhl.) Moist copses ; occasional.

A, quadrifolia, L. Rocky woods ; occasional.

A. Syriaca, L. (A. Cornuti, Decaisne.) Rich grounds ; common.

A. tuberosa, L. Butterfly Weed. Dry fields; Pownal." Rohbim ; "Bel-
lows Falls," Carey; Vernon, Grout; Manchester, Miss Day.

VINCETOXICUM. (CYNANCHUM)
v. NIGRUM, Moench. Brattleboro, Frost ; Windsor, Leland.

CONVOLVULACEAE. MORNING-GLORY FAMILY

CONVOLVULUS. Bindweed

C. ARVENSis, L. A garden weed ; Woodstock, F. B. Dana.

C. Japonicus, Thunb. The double-flowered form, an occasional escape
from cultivation.

C. sepium, L. Moist thickets ; common.

C. sepium, L. var. Americanus, Sims. Common in the gravelly soil along
shores of Lake Champlain.

C. spithamaeus, L. Dry sandy plains ; common about Burlington. Nor-
wich and Rutland, Eggleston.

CUSCUTA. Dodder
C Epithymum, Murr. In clover fields; threatening to become troublesome.
C. Gfonovii, Willd. Moist thickets ; common.

72 FLORA OF VERMONT

POLEMONIACEAE. PHLOX FAMILY

PHLOX

P. paniculata, L. Escaped from cultivation ; Rutland, Eggleston ; Franklin,
Wild.

POLEMOXIUM

P. Van Bruntiae, Britton. (P. ctoruleum, of Gray Manual.) Abby Pond,

Ripton, Brainerd.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

HYDROPHYLLUIM
H. Virginicum, L. Rich woods ; common.

BORRAGINACEAE

CYNOGLOSSUM

C. OFFICINALE, L. Hound' s-tongue. Pastures ; frequent.
C. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey. Rich woods ; occasional.

ECHINOSPERMUM. (LAPPULA)
E. Lappula, Lehm. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; frequent.

E. Virginicum, Lehm. (L. Virginiana, Greene.) Beggar's Lice. Borders of
woods ; frequent.

ECHIUM. Viper's Bug loss

E. vuLGARE, L. Blueweed. Pastures and moist soil. Becoming increas-
ingly troublesome as a weed .

LITHOSPERMUM. Gromw^ell

L. ARVENSE, L. Old fields and roadsides ; occasional.
L. OFFICINALE, L. Dry pastures ; common.

MYOSOTIS

M. laxa, Lehm. Cold brooks. Peacham, Blanchard ; abundant in White
River valley, Eggleston.

M. PALu.sTRis, Withering. Forget-me-not. Frequently naturalized along
cold brooks.

FLORA OF VERMONT t6

M. verna, Nutt. (M. Virginica, B. S. P.) Dry banks and ledges. " Brattle-
boro," Froi^t; Windsor, Leland ; Snake Mountain, Brainerd ; Fairlee
Cliffs and West Castleton, Egglesfon.

SYMPHYTUISI

S. oFFciNALE, L. Comfrcy. Moist places ; adventive.

VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY

PHRYMA
P. Leptostachya, L. Moist open woods ; frequent.

VERBENA. Vervain
V. hastata, L. Blue Vervain. Roadsides ; common.
V. urticaefolia, L. White Vervain. Roadsides ; common.

LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY

BLEPHILIA

B. ciliata, Raf. Dry open places. East Dorset, S. Grout ; Manchester, Miss

Day.
B. hirsuta, Benth. Moist shady places ; occasional.

B. hirsuta, Benth. var. glabrata, Fernald. (Rhodora 1:221. 1899.) Dry soil.

Manchester, Miss Day.

CALAMINTHA.

C. Clinopodium, Benth. (Clinopodium vulgare, L.) Borders of thickets and

fields ; frequent.

COLLINSONIA

C. Canadensis, L. Rich moist woods of southern and central Vermont ;
occasional.

GALEOPSIS

G. Tetrahit, L. Hemp Nettle. Waste places ; common.

HEDEOMA
H. pulegioides, Pers. Pennyroyal. Dry fields ; common,

HYSSOPUS

H. OFFICINALIS, L. Hyssop. Roadsides. Grand Isle, Pnng'/c ; South Wal-
lingford, Ross; Peacham, Blanchard.

74 FLORA OF VERMONT

ISANTHUS
I. caeruleus, Michx. (I. brachiatus, B. S. P.) Dry sterile fields; rare.

LAMIUM. Dead Nettle
L. AMPLEXiCAULE, L. Garden weed. Bristol, Pz-ingrZe ; Rutland, Eggleston.
L, MACULATUM, L. Garden escape. Bristol, Pringle ; Middlebury, Brainerd.

LEONURUS
L. Caediaca, L. Motherwort. Waste places ; common.

LOPHAXTHUS. (AGASTACHE)

L. nepetoides, Benth. Thickets and along fences. Middlebury, James, Brahi-
erd; Pownal, Bennington, Arlington, Robbins.

L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. Thickets and fencerows ; occasional.

L. scrophulariaefolius, Benth. var. mollis, Fernald. (Rhodora 1:220. 1899.)
Manchester, J/«.s.s> Day.

LYCOPUS

L. Americanus, Muhl. (L. sinuatus, Ell.) Moist soil ; common.
L. Virginicus, L. Shady moist places ; common.

MARRUBIUM

M. \ TLGARK, L. Horehound. Garden escape. Peacham, Blanchard.

MENTHA. Mint

M. Canadensis, L. Wet places ; common.

M. PIPERITA, L. Peppermint. Along brooks ; frequent.

M. sATivA, L. Garden escape. Rochester and Rutland, Eggleslon; John-
son, Grout.

M. viRiDis, L. Spearmint. Moist places ; common.

MONARDA

I

M. didyma, L. Oswego Tea. Warren, Brainerd; Barnet, Blanchard.
M. fistulosa, L. Wild Bergamot. Dry open woods ; occasional.

M. fistulosa, L. var. rubra, (j ray. (M. media, Willd.) Garden escape. Stowi

Eggleston.
M. punctata, L. Colchester, Mrs. Fh/nn. Doubtless introduced with w'est

em seed.

J

i

FLORA OF VERMONT 75

NEPETA
N. Catakia, L. Catnip. Dry pastures ; common.

N, Glechoma, Bentli. (Glecoma hederacea, L.) Ground Ivy. Moist shady
places ; common.

ORIGANUM
O. vruiARE, L. Wild Marjoram. Moist shady ground ; occasional.

PHYSOSTEGIA
P. Virginiana, Bentli. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional.

PRUNELLA. (BRUNELLA)

P. vulgaris, L. Self-heal. Woods and fields ; common. Plants with white
flowers occur occasionally.

PYCNANTHEMUM. (KOELLIA)

P. incanum, Michx. Rocky woods. Cavendish, Jfacrae; Barttleboro and
North Pownal, Eggleston.

P. lanceolatum, Pursh. (K. Virginiana, MacM.) Dry woods ; southern and
western Vermont ; occasional.

P. linifolium, Pursh. (K. flexuosa, MacM.) Dry fields of western Vermont;

occasional.
P. muticum, Pers. Fields ; occasional.

P. verticillatum, Pers. (P. muticum, Gray in part, not Pers. See Bot. Gaz.
28: 132. 1899.) Moist fields ; occasional in western Vermont.

SATUREIA

S. noRTENSis, L. Summer Savory. Gravelly bank. Outlet of Dorset Pond,
Grout.

SCUTELLARIA. Skullcap

S. galericulata, L. Wet shady places ; common.

S. lateriflora, L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Wet shady places ; common.

S. parvula, Michx. Dry banks and headlands of Lake Champlain ; local.

STACHYS. Hedge Nettle

S. aspera, Michx. Moist ground ; occasional.

S. palustris, L. Meadow, East Wallingford, E. C. Kent. Spe3imen in Mr.
Kent's herbarium.

TEUCRIUM. Germander

T. Canadense, L. Low grounds ; occasional. Frequent along the shores
of Lake Champlain.

76 FLORA OF VERMONT

THYMUS. Thyme

T. Serpyi.lcm, L. Peacham, Blancliard ; Rock Point, Biii'lington, Mm.
Flynn ; West Berks! i ire. Wild.

TRICHOSTEMA
T. dichotomum, L. Dry sterile fields ; occasional.

SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

DATURA. J.^MESTOAVN Weed

D. Stramonium, L. Occasional in waste places.
D. Tatula, L. Rare and adventive.

HYOSCYAMUS

H. NIGER, L. Henbane. Roadsides. " Panton," Barge; " Mt. Independ-
ence," Dr. Hill; Shoreham, Brainerd.

LEUCOPHYSALIS

L. grandiflora, Rydberg. (Physalis grandiflora. Hook. ) Providence Island,

Perkinx ; Stave Island, Mri<. Fhjnn.

NICANDRA. (PHYSALODES)

N. pHYSALoiDEs, Gaertn. Thetford and Peacham, Blancliard; Shoreham,
Brainerd.

PHYSALIS. Ground Cherry

P. heterophylla, Nees. (P. Yirginiana of the Gray Manual.) Manchester, ;
Miss Day.

P. heterophylla, Nees. var. ambigua, Rydberg. Sandy soil and gardens ;
occasional.

P. pruinosa, L. (P. pubescens. Am. authors in part. ) Rutland, Eggleston ;
Pittsford, G. A. Woolson ; Middlebury, Brainerd.

P. Virginiana, Mill. Highgate, /c.wp ; St. Johnsbury, Mrs. M. IT. Bnclchani. «

SOLANUM. Nightshade

S. Dui-cAMAKA, L. Moist thickets ; frequent.
S. nigrum, L. Moist shaded ground ; frequent.

I

FLORA OF VERMONT 77

SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY

CASTILLEIA

C. pallida^ Kunth, var. septentrionalis. Gray. (Castilleja acuminata, Spreng.)

kMt. Manstield, TuckcrnKvn and Macrae ; Smuggler's Notch, I'ringlc.
CHELONE
C. glabra, L. Turtle-head. Moist soil ; common.

GERARDIA

G. flava, L. (Dasystoma flava. Wood.) Povvnal, Andrews.

G. pedicularia* L. (Dasystoma pedicularia, Britton. ) "Pownal," Robbins ;
"Bellows Falls," Careij ; Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Lake Dunmore,
Brainerd.

G. purpurea, L. var. paupercula, Gray. (G. panpercula, Britton.) Knight's
and Butler's Islands, Brainerd ; Highgate, Wild.

G. quercifolia, Pursh. (Dasystoma Virginica, Britton.) Dry open woods;
Fairlee Cliffs, Sargent; Castleton, Povvnal, Robbins, Eggh\stun; West
Rutland, Eggleston ; North Dorset, Mrs. Ftynn.

G. tenuifolia, Yah I. Dry open woods ; Pownal, Robbins, Eggleston ; "Brat-
tleboro," RoJilnns ; "Bellows Falls," Carey ; Vernon, Grmd; Colchester,
Mrs. Fhjnv.

GRATIOLA

G. aurea, Muhl. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; rare.

G. Virginiana, L. Wet shores and ditches ; occasional.

ILYSANTHES
L attenuata, Small. Wet shores and ditches ; occasional.

H LINARIA. Toad-flax

L. Canadensis, Dumont. Dry soil ; "Bellows Falls," Care*/; Vernon, GrowL

L. VULGARIS, Mill. Butter and Eggs. ( Linaria Linaria, Karst. ) Fields;
common.

MELAMPYRUM

M. Americanum, Michx. (M. lineare. Lam.) Cow-wheat. Dry wood-
lands ; frequent,

MIMULUS

M. MoscHATus, Dougl. Musk-plaut. Garden escape ; wet places. Walling-
ford, Kent; Wardsboro, Hoive ; Weston, Mrs. Fli/nn.

M. ringens, L. Monkey-flower. Wet places ; common.

78 FLORA OF VERMONT

PEDICULAR [S
p. Canadensis, L. Lousewort. Thickets ; connnon.

PENTSTEMON
P. laevigatas, Solander. Fields, Franklin, Wild.
P. pubescens, Solander. Rocky hills ; frequent in western Vermont.

SCROPHULARIA. Figwort

S. leporella, Bicknell. Meadows and fence rows ; occasional.

3. nodosa, L. var. Marilandica, Gray. (S. Marilandica, L.) Waste places;
occasional.

VERBASCUM

V. Blattaria, L. Moth Mullein. Clay or rocky pastures and roadsides ;
occasional.

V. Thapsus, L. Mullein. Fields ; common.

VERONICA. Speedwell

V. Americana, Schweinitz. Wet ground ; common.

V. Anagallis, L. " Middlebury," Burge ; Tinmouth Creek, Tinmouth,

Eggleston.

V. ARVENSis, L. Fields ; occasional.

V. BuxBAUMii, Tenore. (V. Byzantina, B. S. P.) Occasionally ad ventive.

V. officinalis, L- Dry fields and thickets ; frequent.

V. peregrina, L. Gardens and waste places ; occasional.

V. scutellata, L. Wet ground ; common.

V. serpyllifolia, L. Roadsides and fields ; common.

LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY

PINGUICULA
P. vulgaris, L. Butterwort. Alpine cliffs, Smuggler's Notch, Pringle.

UTRICULARIA. Bladderwort
U. cornuta, -Michx. Bogs; frequent.
U. gibba, L. Rocky pond, Rutland, Ross.
U. inflata, Walt. In still water ; occasional.
U. intermedia, Hayne. Shallow pools ; occasional.

FLORA OF VERMONT 79

U. purpurea, Walt. East Barnet, West Danville, Peacliam, Blanchard.
U. resuoinata, B. D. Greene. Fairlee Lake, Sargent and Jesup.
U. vulgaris, L. Ponds and slow streams ; common.

OROBANCHACEAE. BROOMRAPE FAMILY

CONOPHOLIS

C. Americana, Wallroth. Woods on White Creek, Chandler ; "Eock Point,

Burlington," Macrae; West Rutland, //. M. Demlow; Snake Mountain,
Brainerd.

EPIPHEGUS. Beech-drops

E. Virginiana, Bart. (Leptaranium Yirginianum, Raf. ) Under beech trees;
common.

OROBANCHE

O. uniflora, L. (Aphyllon uniflorum, Gray ; Thalesia uniflora, Britton. )
Dry woodlands ; occasional.

ACANTHACEAE

DIANTHERA

D. Americana, L. Collected by Dr. Paddock, in 1819, in water at Ferris-

burgh ; specimen now in University of Vermont herbarium. No later
botanist has found it in Vermont.

PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY

LITTORELLA

L. lacustris, L. (L. uniflora, Rusby. ) Gravelly shores. Kelley's Bay, Al-
burgh, Pringle; Spectacle Pond, East Wallingford, Kent; Notch Pond,
Ferdinand, Eggleston.

PLANTAGO. Plantain

P. aristata, IMichx. (P. Patagonica, Jacq. var. aristata. Gray.) Occasionally
introduced with grass seed. Brookline, Hovje ; East Wallingford,
Kent; Colchester, Mrs. Flynn.

P. LANCEOLATA, L. English Plantain. Grass land ; common.

P. major, L. Waysides ; common.

P. Rugelii, Decaisne. With the preceding species ; common.

80 FLORA OF VERMONT

RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY

CEPHALAXTHUS
C. occidentalis, L. Button-bush. Swamps ; frequent.

GALIUM. Bed Stkaw. Cleavers

G. Aparine, L. Shaded ground ; frequent.

G. asprcllum, Michx. Alluvial ground ; common.

G. circaezans, Michx. Ricli woods ; common.

G. Claytoni, Michx. Wet meadows ; frequent.

G. Kamtschaticum, Steller. Cold wet woods of the higher mountains ; fre-
quent.

G. lanceolatum, Torr. Dry woods ; frequent.

G. MoLLUGo, L. Feacham, Blanchard ; " l>*orth Fomiret," Morgan. '

G. palustrc, L. "Wet meadows and along ditches ; common.

G. pilosum, Ait. Dry copses. Pownal, Robbins, Egr/leston.

G. SYLVESTRE, PolHck. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle.

G. tinctorium, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. latifolium, Torr.) Wet meadows;
frequent.

G. tinctorium, L. var. Labradorictim, Wiegand. Perch Pond bog, Pownal,
J. R. Churchill.

G. trifidum, L. (G. trifidum, L. var. pusillum, Gray.) Cold bogs and
marshj' borders of ponds ; frequent.

G. triflorum, Michx. Eich woodlands ; common.

G. VERUM, L. Yellow Bedstraw. Occasionally introduced in grass lands.

HOUSTONIA

H. caerulea, L. Bluets. Grassy places and wet rocks ; common.

H. purpurea. L. var. longifolia, Gray. (H. longifolia, Gaertn. ) Dry rocky
places ; frequent in the Champlain valley. Randolph, Bates.

MITCH ELLA
M. repens, L. Partridge-berry. Cool woods ; common.

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

DIER VILLA
D. trifida, Moench. (D. Diervilla, McM. ) Rocky woodlands ; common.

LIXN.EA
L. borealis, L. Twin-flower. Cool, rich woods ; frequent.

FLORA OF VERMONT 81.

LONICERA. Honeysuckle

L. caerulea, L. Cold bogs of northeastern Vermont ; occasional.

L. ciliata, Muhl. Fly Honeysuckle. Moist woods ; common.

L. dioica, L. (L. glauca, Hill.) Dry rocky woods ; frequent.

L. hirsota, Eaton. Rocky woodlands of western Vermont ; occasional.

L. oblongifoliat Muhl. Cold bogs; "Bra,tt\ehoro," Frost ; Bristol, Monkton,
New Haven, Starksboro, Prlmjle ; Sutton, E. Faxon.

L. Tatarica, L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Common in cultivation ; a fre-
quent escape in thickets about Burlington.

SAMBUCUS. Elder

S. Canadensis, L. P^lderberry. Thickets ; common.

S. racemosa, L. Red Elder, (S. pubens, Michx.) Rocky woodlands ; com-
mon.

SYMPHORICARPOS

S. racemosus, Michx. Snowberry. Common in cultivation ; occasionally
spreading from old gardens.

S. racemosus, Michx. var. pauciflorus, Robbins. (S. paucifiorus, Britton. )
Cliffs and headlands of western Vermont ; occasional.

TRIOSTEUM
T. perfoliatam, L. Rich woodlands ; occasional.

VIBURNUM. Arrow-wood

V. acerifolium, L. Maple-leaf Viburnum. Dry rocky woods ; common.

V. ainifoliat Marsh. (V. lantanoides, Michx.) Hobblebush. Cold moist
woods ; common.

V. cassinoides, L. Swamps ; common.

V. dentatum, L. Arrow-wood. Wet places ; frequent.

V. Lentago, L. Sheepberry. Rich moist woods and banks ; frequent.

V. Opulus, L. Cranberry-tree. Low ground ; frequent.

V. pauciflofum, Pylaie. Moist ravines near limit of tree growth ; Mt. Mans-
field, Tuckerman and Macrae; Killington, Sargent and Eggleston.

V. pubescens, Pursh. Common on the cliffs and rocky hills of the Cham-
plain valley.

82 FLORA OF VERMONT

VALERIANACEAE ^

VALERIANA. Valekian

V. OFFICINALIS, L. Garden escape. Franklin, L. Wild; Burlington, 7l/r.s.
Fhinn.

V. sylvatica, Banks. Cedar swamp, Fairhaven, 72o66ins, Seehj ; Craftsbur}-,
Rohhiiu.

DIPSACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY

DIPSACUS

D. sYLVESTRis, Mill. Wild Teasel. Roadside weed. "Oastleton," Reed;

Shoreham, Brainerd ; Charlotte, Pringle.

SCABIOSA
S. ARVENsis, L. Scabious. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle.

CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY

ECHINOCYSTIS

E. lobata, Torr. & Gray. (Micrampelis lobata, Greene.) Wild Cucumber.

Alluvial banks and waste places ; frequent.

SICYOS •
S. angulatus, L. Star Cucumber. River banks and waste places ; frequent.

CAMPANULACEAE. BELLFLOWER FAMILY

CAMPANULA. Bellflowek
C. aparinoides, Pursh. Low sedgy thickets ; rare.
C. KAi'UN'cuLOiDEs, L. Roadside escape ; occasional.
C. rotundifolia, L. FlarebelL Rocky banks ; common.

SPECULARIA. (LEGOUZIA)
S. pzrfoliata, .V. DC. Dry rocky woodlands ; occasional and local.

LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY

LOBELIA

L. cardinalis, L. Cardinal-flower. Swales and margins of ponds and
streams ; frequent.

L. Dortmanna, L. Sliallow margins of ponds and bogs ; occasional.

L. inflata, L. Fields and pastures ; common.

J

FLORA OF VKRMONT 83

L. Kalmti, L. Cool moist rocks and fields ; occasional.
L. spicata. Lam. Fields and waysides ; occasional.

COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY

ACHILLEA
A. Millefolium, L. Yarrow. Dry fields and roadsides ; common.

AMBROSIA. Ragweed

A. artemisiaefolia, L. Roman Wormwood. Waste places ; common.
A. trifida, L. Moist alluvial soil ; occasional.

ANAPHALIS

A. margaritacea, Benth. and Hook. Pearly Everlasting. Dry hills and
woods ; common.

ANTENNARIA. Plantain-leaved Everlasting

A. Brainerdii, Fernald. (Rhodora 1:153. 1899.) Moist banks, usually in
shade ; occasional.

A. Canadensis, Greene. Dry and moist ground ; common.

A. Canadensis, Greene, var. Randii, Fernald. With the type ; occasional.

A. fallax, Greene. In partial shade ; occasional.

A. fallax, Greene, var. (A. Farwellii, Fernald, Rhodora 1:152. 1899, not
Greene. ) Meadows and hillsides ; common in Addison county.

A. neglccta, Greene. Old fields ; common.

A. neodioica, Greene. Old pastures and fields ; frequent.

A. neodioica, Greene, var. attenuata, Fernald. Dry fields and pastures ;
common.

A. neodioica, Greene, var. grandis, Fernald. Usually in shade ; frequent.

A. Parlinii, Fernald. Dry banks and thickets ; occasional.

A. Parlinii, Fernald, var. arnoglossa, Fernald. (A. arnoglossa, Greene.)
Heavy soil ; frequent in Addison county.

A. petaloidea, Fernald. Old pastures ; common.

A. plantaginea, R. Br. (A. plantaginifolia, Hook.) Dry open woodlands;
occasional.

A. plantaginea, R- Br. var. petiolata, Fernald. Dry woodlands and hilltops;
occasional.

84 FLORA OF VERMONT

ANTHEMIS
A. CoTUL A, DC. Mayweed. Waste places ; common.

ARCTIUM. Burdock

A. L.\PPA, L. (A. Lappa, L. var. majns, Gray.) Waste places ; frequent,.
especially in mountain towns.

A. MINUS, Bernli. (A. Lappa, L. var. minus, Gray. ) Waste places; common.
A burdock with webbed heads, Alanchester, Miss Da;/, represents the
form known as var. tonienlosum, Gray. ^L L. Fernald says, however,
that it is not the real .1. tomeniosum of Europe and is not to be separ-
ated from .1. minus.

ARTEMISIA. WoR.MWooD

A. Absi.vtiiium, L. Dry hills and roadsides ; occasional.

A. biennis, Willd. lutroduced along railways ; occasional.

A, Canadenns, Michx. " Willoughby Lake," -I. ITooc/ ; Smuggler's Notch,
Pringle ; slaty shore of northern Lake Champlain, Brainerd.

A. caudata, Miclix. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain ; occasional.

A. vuuiARis, L. Waste places ; common.

ASTER

A. acuminatus, Michx. Cool rich woods ; common.

A, amethystinus, Nutt. Moist ground. '• Brattleboro," Fros[ ; South Pow-
nal, Kggleston.

A. cordifolius, L. Woodlands ; common.

A. cordifolius, L var. polycephalus, Porter. Johnson, Groat.

A. diffusus, -Vit. ( A. lateridorus, Britton. ) Thickets and fields ; common.

A. diffusus, Ait. var. hirjuticaulis, Gray. (A. hirsuticaulis, Lindl.) Borders
of thickets. "Bellows Falls," Carey; "Burlington," JAacra<'; Highgate
Springs, Jesap ; Brattleboro, Groiil.

A. divaricatus, L. (A. corymbosus, Ait.) INIoist woodlands ; common.

A. dumosus, Ij. Tliickets. Rutland, Egcjlfslou.

A. ericoides, L. I>ry open places, souihern \\'rmont ; occasional.

A. ericoides, L. var. Pringlei, Gray. (A. Pringlei, Britton.) Slaty headlands
and islands of Lake Champlain ; frequent. Manchester, Miss Day.

A. junceus, .\it. Peat bogs ; rare.

A. laevis, I^. Borders of woodlands, southern Vermont ; frequent.

A. linariifolius, L. (lonactis linariifoliiis, Greene. ) Dry sandy soil ; occa-
sional.

I

p

FLORA OF VERMONT 85

A. macrophyllus, L. Moist woods ; common.

A. macrophyllus, L. var. excelsior. Burgess. Ripton, Brainerd.

A. macrophyllus, L. var. pinguifolius. Burgess. Powiial, Eggleston ; Lake
Dunmore, Brahwrd.

A. multiflorus, Ait. Dry hilly pastures. Pownal, Rabbins, Eggleston; Ver-
non, (Srnnl.
A. multiflorus, Ait. var.exiguus, Fernald. In railroad yard, Norwich, Sarc^m^.
A. nemoralis, Ait. Rocky shores of North Pond, Brunswick, Eggleston.
A. nemoralis, Ait. var Blakei, Porter. Belden Pond, Johnson, Grout.

A. Novae-Angliae, L. Moist ground ; common in western Vermont from
Addison county southward, less so elsewhere. Forms with rose-purple
rays, var. roseux, DC, and with white rays occur; Bennington, Eggleston.

A. Novi-Belgii, L. Moist shady soil, Connecticut River valley ; occasional.
A peculiar form occurs in Smuggler's Notch.

A. paniculatus, Lam. Shady moist soil ; common.

A. paniculatus. Lam. var. bellidiflorus. Burgess. Rutland, Eggleston.

A. polyphyllus, Willd. (A. Faxoni, Porter.) Willoughby Mountain, Tack-
ennan, Fd.ron. "A dwarf form in pastures, Newark and Sutton," E.
Faxon.

A. prenanthoides, Muhl. Newfane, Grout.

A. ptarmicoides, Torr. and Gray. Dry limestone ledges, Bennington county;

occasional.
A. puniceus, L. Low thickets and swamps ; common.

A. puniceus, L. var. firmus, Torr. and Gray. (var. Isevicaulis, Gray.) Sud-
P bury, F. W. Hubbg. Specimen in Gray herbarium.

A. radula. Ait. " Brattleboro," Frost; Cranberry Pond bog, Ferdinand,
Eggleston .

A. sagittifolius, Willd. Dry ground. Common in the Hoosic valley, Pownal,
Eggleston .

A. salicifoIi«s, Ait. Low grounds. North Pownal, rare, Eggleston.

A. tardiflorus, L. Moist shady ground. Newfane, Grow^- Rutland, Castle-
ton, Eggleston ; Manchester, Miss Dag.

A. Tradescanti, L. Low grounds ; common.

A. umbellatus, IMill- (Doellingeria umbellata, Nees.) Moist thickets;
common.

A. undulatus, L. Dry copses ; common.
A. vimineus. Lam. Moist banks ; frequent.

86 FLORA OK VERMONT

A. vimineos, Lam. var. foliolosus, Gray. Ledges. Sumner's Falls, Hartland,.
Efjgleston.

A. vimineus, Lam. var. saxatilis, Fernald. Ledges, Winooski River. Wil-

liston, Pringle.

BIDENS. Bur Marigold

B. Beckii, Torr. Ponds and deep slow streams ; occasional.
B. cernua, L. Wet places ; common.

B. chrysanthemoides, Michx. (B. laevis, B. S. P.) Wet grounds ; common.-
B. connata, iSIuhl. Low margins of streams and lakes ; frequent.

B. frondosa, L. Beggar's Ticks. Moist waste places ; common.

CENTAUEEA

C. .Tacea, L. Adventive. Charlotte^ Pringle.

CHRYSANTHEMUM
C. Leucantitemum, L. White Daisy. Fields and meadows ; common.

CICHORIUM
C. Intvbus, L. Chicory. Roadsides and meadows ; common.

CNICUS. (CARDUUS.) Thistle

C. altissimus, Willd. var. discolor, Gray. (Carduus discolor, Nutt. ) Copses ;
occasional.

C. ARVExsis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle. Fields and waste places; common.

C. LANCEOLATUS, Hoffm. BuU Thistle. Pastures and roadsides ; common.

C moticos, Pursh. Swamp Thistle. Swamps and low woods ; frequent.

C. pumilus, Torr. (Carduus odoratus, Porter.) Pasture Thistle. The most
common pasture thistle of the southern counties ; unknown north of
Rutland county.

CREPIS

C. BiE.v.Ms, L. Adventive. Charlotte, Pringle.

ERECHTITES

E. hieracifolia, Kaf. Fireweed. Moist woods, especially in recent clearings ;
common.

ERIGEKOX. Flkabaxe

E. annuus, Pers. Daisy Fleabane. Fields and waste places ; common.

E. bellidifolius, Muhl. (E. pulchellus, Michx.) Copses and moist banks;
common. ■

FLORA OF VERMONT »/

E. Canadensis, L. (Leptilon Canadense, Britton.) Horseweed. Waste
places ; common.

E. hyssopifolius, Michx. Moist rocky river banks and mountain cliffs ;
occasional.

E. Philadelphicus, L. Moist ground ; common.

E. strigosus, Muhl. (E. ramosus, B. S. P.) Fields ; common.

EUPATOKIUM. Thorougmwort

E. ageratoides, L. Moist rich woods ; common.

E, perfoliatum, L. Boneset. Thoroughwort. Low grounds ; common.

E. purpureum, L. var. amoenom. Gray. Dry oj)en woods. Pownal, Egglestov.

E. purpureum, L. var. maculattim,' Darl. (E. maculatum, L. ) Joe-Pye Weed.
Moist thickets and low grounds; common.

E. sessilifolium, L. Dry open woods about base of cliff. North Pownal,
Eggleston.

GALINSOGA

G. parviflora, Cav. ''In waste heaps, Windsor," Leland ; Burlington,
Grout. Becoming common as a garden weed. Most of the Burlington
plants show spreading pubescence, var. hisplda, DC.

GNAPHALIUM. Everlasting

G. decurrens, Ives. Hillsides ; common.

G. polycephalum, Michx. (G. obtusifolium, L.?) Old fields and woods; com-
mon.

G. uliginosum, L. Cudweed. Moist soil ; common.

HELIANTHUS. Sunflower

H. annuus, L. Sunflower. An occasional escape.

H. decapetalus, L. Copses and low banks of streams ; frequent.

H. divaricatus, L. Thickets and barrens ; frequent.

H. giganteus, L. " Brattleboro," Frost; " Royalton," Ward; Randolph,
Bates.

H. strumosus, L. Dry woods and banks ; occasional.

H, tuberostis, L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Along fences and roadsides ; fre-
quent.

I Probably the typical Eupatorium piirpureuni occurs in Vermont. Upon looking
through the various herbaria, however, no Vermont specimens of it are found and it must
therefore be omitted from this list. It should be sought for next season.

88 FLORA OF VERMONT

HELIOPSIS
H. scabra, Dunal. Franklin, Wild ; Hartford and Norwich, Sargent.

HIERACIUM. Hawkweed

H. AUKANTiACUM, L. Orange Hawkweed. Common. A weed pest in pas-
tures and lawns, especially in the northwestern counties.

H. Canadense, Michx. Dry cool woods ; frequent.

H. paniculatum, L. Open woods ; frequent.

H. scabfum, Michx. Dry open woods ; common.

H. venosum, L. Dry plains and pine woods ; occasional.

INULA
I. IIeleniu.m, L. Elecampane. Roadsides and damp pastures ; frequent.

KRIGIA

K, Virginica, Willd. (Adopogon Carolinianum, Britton.) Dwarf Dande-
lion. Dry sterile soil ; occasional.

LACTUCA. Wild Lettuce

L. Canadensis, L. Rich damp soil, borders of fields and thickets ; common.

L. hirsuta, Muhl. Charlotte, Pringle.

L. integrifolia, Bigel. Newfane, Grout; Pownal, EggUslon; Middlebury,
Brainerd.

L. leucophaea. Gray. (L..spicata, Hitchcock.) Low grounds ; common.

L. ScARioLA, L. Prickly Lettuce. Waste places ; Rutland, Jones ; St.
Albans, Orton ; Burlington, Mrs. Flj/nn.

L APSA N A ( L AIM PSAN A )
L. COMMUNIS, L. Brattleboro, Frost.

LEONTODON

L. AUTirM:^Ai,is, L. Fall Dandelion. Abundant on village green, Irasburgh,
T. E. Hazen, Wild.

MATKICAKIA

M, nrscoiDE^., DC. (M. matricarioides. Porter. ) Adventive from Paciiir
coast. Abundant along railroad and highways, Pownal, Eggleston.

\

i

FLORA OP VKRMONT 89

ONOPOEDON

O. AcANTHiuM, L. Cotton Thistle. "Dry pastures, Williston and Giand
Isle," liobbins ; Charlotte, Pringle.

PETASITES

P. palmata, Gray. Sweet Coltsfoot. Wooded borders of cold swamps and
streams; occasional. Fairhaven, i2o/>ims ; Charlotte, Prnj^-Zc ; Sutton,
Fa.ron ; Peacham, Blanchard.

PICRIS
P. HiERACioiDBs, L. Adveutive from Europe. Charlotte, Pringle.

POLYMNIA
P. Canadensis, L. Limestone ledges, Rutland and Proctor, Eggleston.

PRENANTHES. (NABALUS.) Rattlesnake-root
P. alba, L. Borders of rich woods ; occasional.

P. altissima, L. Rich moist woods ; common.

P. altissima, L. var. hispidola, Fernald, n. var. " Stem villous or hispid :
leaves at least hispidulous on the veins beneath. — Vermont, Monkton,
Sept. 18, 1879, C. G. Pringle: Maine, Augusta, Sept. 2, 1886, E. C
Smith; Woodstock, 1887, J. C. Parlin: Massachusltts, North Leo-
minster, Sept., 1891, Miss L. E. Shedd."

P. Boottii, Gray. Mansfield Chin and Nose ; Pringle.

P. trifoliolata, Fernald, in h«rb. (Nabalustrifoliolatus, Cass; P. Serpentaria,
Gray, in part, not Pursh. ) Lion's-foot. Dry sterile soil ; frequent.

RUDBECKIA. Cone-flower
R. hirta, L. Yellow Daisy. Meadows ; common.
R. laciniata, L. Low thickets ; frequent.

SENECIO. Groundsel

S, aureus, L. Golden Ragwort. Swamps ; common.

S. Bilsamitae, Muhl. (S. aureus, L. var. Balsamitae, Torr. and Gray. )Moist
cliffs and rocky banks of streams ; frequent.

S. obovatus, Muhl. (S. aureus, L. var. obovatus, Torr. and Gray.) Dry
open woods. Bennington and Pownal, common, Robbins, Churchill.

S. Robbinsii, Oakes. Com non in the cold swamps of northern and central
Vermont.

S. vulgaris, L. Garden weed ; occasional.

90 FLORA OF VERMONT

SERICOCARPUS

S. conyzoides, Nees. (S. asteroides, B. S. P.) Dry open woods. Pownal
and Arlington, Rohbins ; Vernon, Grout.

SOLIDAGO. GoLi^ENROD

S. arguta, Ait. Copses and moist woods ; common.

S. bicolof, L. Dry copses ; common.

S. bicolor, L. var. concolor, Torr. and Gray. (S. hispida, Muhl.) Dry shady
cliffs and sterile soil ; occasional.

S. caesia, L. Rich woodlands ; common.

S. Canadensis^ L. Borders of thickets and fields ; common.

S. Canadensis, L. var. glabrata. Porter. Perch Pond bog, Pownal, Churchill

and Eggleston.
S. Canadensis, L. var. procera, Torr. and Gray. Manchester, ilfi.s\s Day.
S. Canadensis, L. var. scabra, Torr. and Gray. Rntland, Eggleston.

S. humilis, Pursh. (S. Purshii, Porter.) Rocky banks of lakes and streams;
occasional. AVinooski Gorge, near Burlington, is the station of Pursh'a
type.

S. juncea. Ait. Copses and banks ; common.

S. lanceolata, L. (Euthamia graminifolia, Nutt. ) Moist soil ; common.

S. latifolia, L. (S. flexicaulis, L. ) Moist shaded banks ; frequent.

S. macfophylla, Pursh. Highest peaks of Green Mountains ; common above
3000 feet.

S. neglecta, Torr. and Gray. Bogs and swamps ; occasional.

S. nemoralis. Ait. Dry sterile fields ; common.

S. patula, Muhl. Swamps ; frequent in Bennington county.

S. puberula, Nutt. Sandy soil ; occasional.

S. rugosa. Mill. Borders of fields and copses ; common.

S. serotina, Ait. Copses and fencerows ; common.

S. serotina. Ait. var. gigantea. Gray. Low grounds and moist thickets;
frequent.

S. squarrosa, Muhl. Rocky woods ; occasional.

S. uliginosa, Nutt. Peat bogs ; occasional.

S. ulmifolia, Muhl. About base of cliffs. North Pownal, Eggleston.

S. Virgaurea, L- Shady cliffs along the quartzite range of the Green Moun-
tains at altitude of 1000-2000 feet. In the cliffs of Mt. Mansfield and

FLORA OF VERMONT 91

Willoughby Mountain and on the headlands of Lake Champlain are
found the forms described by Porter as var. monticoUi (var. Deanei)
var. Randii and var. Redfieldii.

S. Vifgaurea, L. var. alpina, Bigel. Mansfield Chin ; Camel's Hump,
Brainerd.

SONCHUS. Sow Thistle

S. ARVENSis, L. Creeping Sow Thistle. Shores and waste places of Cham-
plain valley, becoming frequent ; Newfane, Grout.

S. ASPER, Vill. Waste places in rich soil ; frequent.

S. oLEKACEUs, L. Waste places with the preceding.

TANACETUM. Tansy
T. vuLGARE, L. Roadsides ; frequent.
T, VULGARE, L. var. crispum, DC. With the species ; frequent.

TARAXACUM

T. erythrospermum, Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. Shallow soil about
ledges ; frequent. Possibly native.

T. OFFICINALE, Weber. (T. Taraxacum, Karst. ) Dandelion. Common.

TRAGOf'OGON
T. PRATENSis, L. Goat's-beard. Waste places ; frequent.

TUSSILAGO

T. Farfara, L. Coltsfoot. Moist clay banks and along mountain streams;
common.

XANTHIUM. CocKLEBiR

X. Canadense, Mill. Shores of lakes and rivers ; frequent.

X. Cxnadense, Mill. var. echinatum. Gray. Burlington and shores of Con-
necticut River, Brainerd.

X. strumaridm, L. Banks of streams and waste places ; frequent.

I

92

FLORA OF VERMONT

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

In the following summaries varieties and hybrids are counted with
species. When, however, in Tables II and III the numbers are the same,
precedence in the list is given to the family or genus containing the fewer
varieties and hybrids. The summaries include the species recognized in
the list of "Additions and Corrections."

I. NUMBERS AND SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

Native

Foreign

Total

Pteridophytes

81

0

81

Gymnosperms

15

0

15

Angiospertns

Monocotyledons

441

33

474

Dicotyledons

793

200

993

Totals

1330

233

1563

II. DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES AMONG THE

PRINCIPAL FAMILIES OF ANGIOSPERMS

Including all having 15 or more species

Monocotyledons. 15 families. Ill genera

Genera Species and varieties

Native

Foreign

Total

Cyperacese

9

192

0

192

Graminete

44

101

29

130

Orchidacese

14

43

0

43

Liliaceee

19

26

4

30

Naiadace?e

4

29

0

29

Juncaceie

2

19

0

19

The other nine families

19

31

0

31

Dicotyledons.

85 families

. 362

GENERA

Compositee

42

140

31

171

Rosacea?

14

64

12

76

Leguminosse

17

32

14

46

Labiatfe

25

31

14

45

Cruciferfe

18

25

16

41

Ericaceae

16

39

0

39

Ranunculacese

11

31

4

35

Caryophyllacese

11

14

17

31

Polygonaceae

3

21

10

31

Scrophulariacese

13

25

5

30

Salicaceje

2

22

6

28

Cupulifer?e

8

26

0

26

Umbelliferte

16

16

5

21

Caprifoliacefe

7

20

1

21

Rubiacese

4

16

3

19

Saxifragacete

6

16

0

16

Violaceae

1

16

0

16

The other G8 families

148

239

62

301

FLORA OF VERMONT 93

III. THE PRINCIPAL GENERA OF ANGIOSPERMS

Including all having ten or more species
Monocotyledons

Genera

Species

Carex

135

Potamogeton

2G

Scirpus

20

Panicum

19

Juncus

15

Eleocharis

15

Habenaria

12

Dicotyledons

Genera

Species

Aster

39

Solidago

25

Polygonum

22

Salix

22

Viola

16

Rubus

16

Galium

15

Ranunculus

15

Antennaria

14

Vaccinium

11

Quercus

11

Hypericum

10

lY. THE NATIVE FLORA

lb is often difficult to determine whether a plant is native or intro-
duced. In the above summaries those plants are classified as " native,"
which are considered to be natives of northeastern America and which are,
therefore, printed in full-face type in the catalogue, following the usage of
the Gray Manual. This is not strictly correct, since a number of such
plants have recently been added to the original flora of Vermont from the
more immediately adjacent parts of this continent. Some of these like
Rudbeckia hirta and Hor'deumjubatum are clearly recognizable as introduced,
while others like Cenchrus tribuloides and Chenopodium capitatum are appar-
ently natives in some localities, although plainly not so in others.

The problem is further complicated by the fact that natural agen-
cies other than man are operative in plant distribution. For ex-
ample birds not only disseminate seeds locally, but at the migrating season
they may carry them long distances. Probably some of our newly recog-
nized forms of Crulxgus have been brought from the South by migrating
crows or other birds within recent years. Disregarding these more natural
agencies we have attempted to select from among the species considered to
be natives of this continent and, therefore, printed in full-face type in this
catalogue, such as have in our judgment been introduced in Vermont by
the direct or indirect agency of the white man. This list is doubtless
incomplete and imperfect. In our judgment, however, the following plants,
except where marked questionable, have been introduced in Vermont.
Those followed by a question mark occur usually, if not always, as intro-
duced plants, but it is possible that they may also occur occasionally as

1

94

FLORA OF VERMONT

natives. Thirty-seven names are included as unquestionably introduced. If
these are deducted from the figures in the above summary it leaves as rep-
resenting the more strictly native flora of the State 438 monocotyledons and
759 dicotyledons, which added to the Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms
gives a revised total of 1293 native species, varieties and hybrids.

Achillea Millefolium, L. ?

Amarantus blitoides, Wats.

AmarantuH graecizans, L.

Ambrosia trifida, L.

Arabis perfoliata, Lam. ?

Artemisia biennis, Willd.

Aster multiflorus, Ait. var. exiguus,

Fernald.
Atriplex patulum, L.
Baptisia australis, R. Br.
Cassia nictitans, L. ?
Cenchrus tribuloides, L. ?
Chenopodiuni capitatum, Wats. ?
Chenopodium hybriduni, L. ?
Cnicus pumilus, Torr. ?
Crotallaria sagittalis, L. ?
Eragrostis pectinacea, Steud. ?
Eragrostis Purshii, Schrader.
Erysimum cheiranthoides, L. ?
Euphorbia corollata, L.
Festuca ovina, L.
Helianthus annuus, L.
Helianthus tuberosus, L.
Heliopsis scabra, Dunal. ?
Hordeum jubatum, L.
Humulus Lupulus, L. ?
Krigia Virginica, W^illd. ?
Lepidium apetalum, Willd.
Lepidium Yirginicum, L.
Monarda fistulosa, L. var. rubra, Gray

Monarda punctata, L.

Oxalis stricta, L.

Paspalum setaceum, 3Iichx. ?

Pentstemon huvigatus, Solander.

Phlox paniculata, L.

Physalis heterophylla, Nees.

Physalis heterophylla, Nees, var.

ambigua, Rydberg.
Physalis pruinosa, L.
Physalis Virginiana, Mill.
Plantago aristata, Michx.
Plantago major, L.
Polygonum aviculare, L. ?
Polygonum erectum, L.
Polygonum Hydropiper, L.
Polygonum ramosissimum, Michx. ?
Ranunculus repens, L.
Robinia pseudacacia, L.
Robinia viscosa, Vent.
Rudbeckia hirta, L.
Sagina decumbens, Torr and Gray. ■;
Sagina procumbens, L. ?
Silene antirrhina, L. ?
Spergularia rubra, Presl.
Spiraa lobata, Jacq.
Stachys palustris, L.
Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx.
Veronica peregrina, L.
Vicia Cracca, L. ?

i

FLORA OF VERMONT 95

SUPPLEMENTARY LISTS

List i. The plants of the following list have been reported for Ver-
mont, and in most cases there is a probability that they occur ; but
we have been unable, after years of search and inquiry, to verify the
report. We have, therefore, felt compelled to omit them from the
present catalogue. But we would once more call the attention of all
collectors in Vermont to the list, hoping that many of these plants
may be rediscovered and reported with specimens.

The catalogues referred to are as follows :

James, Edwin. Catalogue of Plants of Middlebury, in Hall's Statistical
Account of the Town of Middlebury, 1821.

Oakes, Wm. Catalogue of Vermont Plants, in Thompson's History of Ver-
mont, 1852.

Torrey, Joseph. Catalogue of Vermont Plants. A continuation of the
last in Appendix to the History of Vermont, 1853.

Perkins, G. H. Flora of Vermont in the Vermont Agricultural Reports of
1882 and 1888.

Jesup, H. G. Catalogue of the Plants of Hanover, N. H., 1891.

Asclepias purpurascens, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey' s Catalogue.

Asclepias verticillata, L. Brattleboro, Frost; Torrey' s Catalogue.

Aster dumosus, L. var. strictior, Torr. & Gray. Oakes' Catalogue.

Aster elodes, Torr. & Gray. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue.

Aster patens, Ait. Barrows ; Perkins' Flora.

Calamagrostis Nuttalliana, Steud. Windsor, Leland ; Jesup' s Flora.

Carex gynocrates, Worm. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins' Flora.

Carex trichocarpa, Muhl. Burlington, Torrey ; Perkins' Flora.

Carex varia, ]Muhl. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Carex vestita, Willd. ISIiddlebury, James ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Cimicifuga racemosa, Nutt. Middlebury, James; Mt. Mansfield, Shelburne,

Rock Point, Burlington, Macrae ; Oakes' Catalogue.
Crataegus tomentosa, L. Southern Vermont ; Perkins' Flora.
Crataegus tomentosa, L. var. B., Torr. & Gray. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes'

Catalogue.
Desmodium canescens, DC. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes' Catalogue.
Eragrostis capillaris, Nees. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.
Festuca tenella, Willd. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.
Festuca ovina, L. var duriuscula, Koch ; Oakes' Catalogue.
Galeopsis Ladanum, L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.

96 FLORA OF VERMONT

Gsranium Carolinianum, L. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Glyceria obtusa, Trin. Bellows Falls, Carey ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Hieracium Gronovii, Tourn. Colchester, Torrey ; Brattleboro, Frost ; Tor-
rey's Catalogue.

Hypoxis erecta, L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue.

Isoetes Engelmanii, Braun. var. gracilis, p]ngelm. Frost ; Perkins' Flora.

Liuum Virginianum, L. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Trin. Oakes' Catalogue.

Oxalis violacea, L. Cavendish, Dr. Graves ; N. Pomfret, A. P. Morgan ;
Jesup's Flora.

Plantago Virginica, L, Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue.

Poa trivialis, L. Perkins' Flora.

Podostemon ceratophyllus, Michx. Brattleboro, Frost; Torrey's Catalogue.

Polygonella articulata, Meisn. Colchester Point, Pringle ; Perkins' Flora.

Potamogeton pulcher, Tackerm. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue.

Pyrus arbutifolia, L. f. var. erythrocarpa. Oakes' Catalogue.

Qiiercus coccinea, Wang. Oakes' Catalogue.

Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Oakes' Catalogue.

Salix alba, L. Perkins' Flora.

Scleria triglomerata, Michx. Vermont ; Gray Manual and Britton & Brown
Illustrated Flora.

Scirpus polyphyllus, Vahl. Pownal, Robbins ; Oakes' Catalogue.

Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Lake Champlain, Michaux ; Oakes' Cata-
logue.

Sisymbrium Thaliana, Gaud. A. Wood ; Torrey's Catalogue.,

Smilax rotundifolia, L. Oakes' Catalogue.

Solidago odora. Ait. Oakes' Catalogue.

Trifolium procumbens, L. Perkins' Flora.

Urtica dioica, L. Oakes' Catalogue.

Viola pedata. L. Brattleboro, Frost ; Torrey's Catalogue.

List ii. The following species have appeared in former lists of Vermont
plants ; but are now omitted as they have proved to be mere waifs,
or, if occasionally spontaneous, not persisting.

^sculus Hippocastanum, L. Melissa officinalis, L.

Bromus hordaceus, L. Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm.

Isatis tinctoria, L. Oenothera laciniata, Hill.'

Ligustrum vulgare, L. Papaver dubium, L.

Koeleria cristata, Pers. Ribes aureum, Pursh.

Lycopus arvensis, L. Veronica Virginica, L.

I " Naturalized iu Vermont" Britton Brown, III.. Flora, II 487. This doubtless refers
to plants collected at Fort Ethan Allen by Grout and Jones, in 1896. which were waifs.

FLORA OF VERMONT 97

List hi. The following is a list of plants omitted from the present cata-
logue, although given in Perkins' Flora of Vermont, 1888 edition.
Some of them are known to have been errors in deterini nation,
others represent specific names which have been suppressed in recent
revisions, and the balance are so far out of their range that there is
little doubt that they have been incorrectly assigned to the flora of
the State.

Amarantus chlorostachys, Willd.

AnychiaTdichotoma, Michx.

Asclepias variegata, L.

Carex Crawei, Dewey.

Carex laxiflora, Lam. var. intermedia, Boott.

Carex rosea, Schkuhr. var. retroflexa, Torr.

Carex rostrata, With.

Carex striata, Michx.

Carex Shortiana, Dewey.

Carex tetanica, Schkuhr, var. Meadii, Bailey.

Cnicus horridulus, Pursh.

Clematis Viorna, L.

Cyperus setigerus, T. & H.

Desmodium rotundifolium, DC.

Draba verna, L.

Eleocharis rostellata, Torr.

Eriocaulon decangulare, Michx.

Gerardia purpurea, L.

Habenaria ciliaris R. Br.

Helianthus tracheliifolius, Willd.

Hypericum mutilum L. var. gymnanthemmu. Gray.

Juncus acuminatus, Michx. var. debilis, Engelm.

Leucothoe racemosa. Gray.

L'^pidium ruderale, L.

Lycopus Europfeus, L.

Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Michx.

(Enothera fruticosa, L.

Panicura amarum, Ell.

Pycnanthemum aristatum, Michx.

Pyrola rotundifolia, L. var. incarnata, DC.

Rumex aquatica, L.

Rumex sanguineus, L.

Sagittaria lancifolia, L.

Sagittaria natans, Michx.

Seriococarpus solidagineus, Nees.

Sisyrinchium albidum, Raf.

98 FLORA OF VERMONT

Solidago rigida, L.

Trifoliumstoloniferum, Muhl.

Thaspium aureum, Nutt.

Thaspium trifoliatura, Gray.

Tiiaspiam trifoliatum, (Iray, var. aptenira. Gray.

Tipularia discolor, Nutt.

Triodia cuprea, Jacq.

Viola striata, Ait.

Viola tricolor, L. var. arvensis, L.

Vitis cordifolia, Michx.

Vitis riparia, Engelm.

List iv. The following species have been found near the Vermont line
and it is probable that they occur within the State :

Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra, Pers. Negro Island, Connecticut

River, Hanover, N. H.
Aster Lindleyanus, Torr. & Gray. Wantastiquet Mountain, Hinsdale, N.H.
Aster Schreberi, Nees. " Abundant in the Connecticut River valley on the

N. H. side." M. L. Fernald.
Calamintha Acinos, Benth. Within a few rods of the State line at Wil-

liamstown, Mass.
Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Lebanon, N. H.
Rosa nitida, Willd. Enfield and New London, N. H.
Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Shore of Lake Champlain, N. Y.
Spiranthes simplex. Gray. Near Williamstown, Mass.
Stellaria longipes, Goldie. Claremont, N. H.; Williamstown, Mass.
Vacciniim sta'ninsum, L. Greylosk Mountain, Williamstown, Mass.
Verbena angustifolia, Michx. Hanover, N. H.
Xyris fiexuisa, Mahl. var. pugilla, Gray, Plainfleld, N. H.

FLORA OF VERMONT 99

LESSER FLORAS

The natural congregations among wild plants furnish most interesting
problems to the botanist, and this interest deepens and the profit from the
study grows when one seeks beyound the mere fact of the occurrence of
certain plants in certain localities for the explanation of such occurrence.
It was hoped when this catalogue was planned that some more adequate
discussion of our flora might be given along these lines. Lack of space
and time alike forbid that this plan be carried out in full. All that can
now be attempted is the inclusion of the bare lists of a few of the more
important of these lesser floras.

ALPINE

The following plants occur only, or principally, on the alpine summits
of the Green Mountains, or in the higher mountain cliffs, as at Smuggler's
Notch.

Agrostis canina, L. var. alpina, Gentiana Amarella, L. var. acuta,

Oakes. Hook. f.

Arenaria Groenlandica, Spreng. Hierochloe alpina, R. & S.

Arenaria verna, L var. hirta, Wats. Juncus trifidus, L.

Asplenium viride, Hudson. Luzula spicata, Desvaux.

Betula papyrifera, Marsh, var. mi- Lycopodium annotinum, L. var.

nor, Tuckerm. pungens, Spring.

Carex atrata, L. var. ovata, Boott. Lycopodium Selago, L.

Carex canescens, L. var. alpicola, Poa laxa, Haenke.

Wahl. Polygonum viviparum, L.

Carex rigida, Gooden, var. Bigelo- Prenanthes Boottii, Gray.

vii, Tuckerm. Salix phylicifolia, L.

Carex scirpoidea, Michx. Salix Uva-ursi, Pursh.

Castilleia pallida, Kunth. var. sep- Scirpus ctespitosus, L.

tentrionalis, Gray. Solidago Virgaurea, L. var. alpina,
Comandra livida, Richard. Bigel.

Deschampsia atropurpurea, Scheele. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam.
Diapensia Lapponica, L. var. angustifolium, Gray.

Empetrum nigrum, L. Vaccinium uliginosum, L.

Festuca brachyphylla, Schultes. Vaccinium Vitis-Id^ea, L.

100

FLORA OF VERMONT

SUB-ALPINE OR MONTANE

The following plants occur characteristically at high altitudes, and>re
rarely found below 1500 feet.

Agropyron Novae-Anglise, Scribn.
Alnus viridis, DC.
Amelanchier oligocarpa, Roem.
Aspidium aculeatum, Swartz. var.

Braunii, Koch.
Aspidium fragrans, Swartz.
Aspidium spinulosura, Swartz, var.

dilitatum. Hook.
Astragalus Blakei, Eggleston.
Braya humilis, Robinson.
Calamagrostis bre viseta, Scribn. var.

lacustris, Kearney.
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Lange.
Calamagrostis hyperborea, Lange,

var. Americana, Kearney.
Calamagrostis inespansa. Gray.
Calamagrostis Langsdorfii, Trin.
Draba incana, L.
Epilobium lineare, Muhl. var. oli-

gantlmm, Trelease
Galium Kamtschaticum, Steller.
Gentiana linearis, Froel.
Geum macrophyllum, Willd.
Goodyera repens, R. Br.
Goodyera tesselata, Ladd.

Habenaria frimbriata, R. Br.
Habenaria obtusata, Richards.
Hedysarum boreale, Nutt.
Luzula spadicea, DC. var. melano-

carpa, Meyer.
Lycopodium sabintefolium, Willd.
Alyriophyllum Farwellii, Morong
Pinguicula vulgaris, L.
Potentilla tridentata. Ait.
Primula Mistassinica, Michx.
Pyrola minor, L.
Pyrus sambucifolia, C. & S.
Ribes lacustre, Poir.
Ribes prostratum, L'Her.
Salix balsamifera, Barratt.
Saxifraga aizoides, L.
Saxifraga Aizoon, Jacq.
Saxifraga oppositifolia, L.
Solidago macrophylla, Pursh.
Solidago Virgaurea, L.
Vaccinium Cccspitosum, Michx.
Viburnum paucifiorum, Pylaie.
Woodsia glabella, R. Br.
Woodsia hyperborea, R. Br.

SAND-PLAIN

The following are characteristically sand-plain plants.
Andropogon nutans, L. var. aven- Lespedeza capitata, Michx.

aceus. Hack.
Asclepias obtusifolia, Michx.
Aster linariifolius, L.
Carex Houghtonii, Torr.
Carex Muhlenbergii, Schkuhr.
Carex siccata, Dewey.
Convolvulus spithamajus, L.
Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray
Helianthemum majus, B. S. P.
Hieracium venosum, L.

Lupinus perennis, L.
Prunus cuneata, Raf.
Pinus rigida. Mill.
Polygala polygama, Walt.
Quercus ilicifolia, Wang.
Polygala sanguinea, L.
Salix liumilis. Marsh.
Solidago puberula, Nutt.
Spiranthes gracilis, Bigel.
Viola arenaria, DC.

FLORA OF VERMONT

101

HEADLANDS OP LAKE CHAMPLAIN

Plants found on the rocky and exposed promontories of slate, lime-
stone or red sand-rock. The cliffs and red sand-rock hills of the southern
Champlain Valley more remote from the lake, like Buck Mountain and
Snake Mountain, have a flora similar to these headlands.

Arabis confinis, Wats.

Arenaria stricta, Michx.

Aster ericoides, L. var. Pringlei,

Gray.
Corydalis aurea, Willd.
Draba incana, L. var. arabisans,

Wats.
Houstonia purpurea, L.
Lathyrus ochroleucus, Hook.
Pentstemon pubescens, Soland.
Pimpinella integerrima, Gray.
Poa nemoralis, L.
Polygonum Douglasii, Greene.

Rhus Canadensis, Marsh.
Rosa acicularis, Lindl.
Scutellaria parvula, Michx.
Shepherdia Canadensis, Nutt.
Solidago bicolor, L. var. concolor,

T. & G.
Solidago humilis, L.
Symphoricarpos racemosus, Michx.

var. pauciflorus, Robbins.
Trisetum subspicatum, Beauv.
Viburnum pubescens, Pursh.
Zygadenus elegans, Pursh.

COLD SPHAGNUM BOGS

Amelanchier Canadensis, T. (

var. oblongifolia, T. &, G.
Andromeda polifolia, L.
Arethusa bulbosa, L.
Aster junceus, Ait.
Calopogon pulchellus, R. Br.
Calypso borealis, Salisb.
Carex chordorhiza, Ehrh.
Carex exilis, Dewey.
Carex foUiculata, L.
Carex fusca. All.
Carex livida, Willd.
Carex Magellan ica. Lam.
Carex oligosperma, Michx.
Carex paucifiora, Lightf.
Carex saltuensis, Bailey.
Carex tenella, Schkuhr.
Carex tenuifiora, Wahl.
Carex teretiuscula, Gooden.
Carex trisperma, Dewey.
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, Salisb.

& G. Droseni intermedia, Hayne.
Eleocharis paucifiora. Link.
Epilobium strictum, Muhl.
Eriophorum alpinum, L.
Eriophorum gracile, Koch.
Eriophorum gracile, Koch, var. pau-

cinervium, Engelm.
Eriophorum vaginatum, L.
Geum rivale, L.
Habenaria dilatata. Gray.
Kalmia glauca, Ait.
Larix Americana, Michx.
Ledum Groelandicum, Oeder.
Listera cordata, R. Br.
Lonicera cterulea, L.
Lonicera oblongifolia, Muhl.
Microstylis monophyllus, Lindl.
Orchis rotundifolia, Pursh.
Picea nigra. Link.
Poa pratensis, L. var. angustifolia,

Smith.

102 FLORA OF VERMONT

Potentilla palustris, Scop. Scirpus atrocinctus, Fernald.

Pyrola secunda, L. var. pumila, Senecio Robbinsii, Oakes.

Gray. Smilacina trifolia, Desf.

Pyrola rotundifolia, L. var. ulig- Solidago neglecta, T. & G.

nosa, Gray. Solidago uliginosa, Nutt.

Salix Candida, Willd. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait.

Rhamnus alnifolius, L'Her. Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L.

Salix myrtilloides, L. Valeriana sylvatica, Banks.

Sarracenia purpurea, L. Viburnum cassinoides, L.

t

FLORA OF VERMONT

103

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 5. Juniperus communis, L. var. According to Rehder, Cycl. of Am.
Hort. 848, the common spreading juniper of New England pastures is
var. Canadensifi, Load., while the var. vana, Loud. (J. nana, Willd.) is
a plant of arctic and mountain regions, low and prostrate with shorter
and broader leaves, \-h in. long.

Page 8. For Alisma Plantago-aquatica, L. read— Alisma Plantago, L. (Linn-
aeus in Sp. PI. 342, uses the latter name.)

Page 9. After Agropyron Novae-Angliae, add the following description, by
Professor F. Lamson-Scribner :

Agropyron Novae-Angliac, Scribn. sp nov. ( Trltifum violaceum, A.
Gray, Man. ed. 5. 6iiS. 1867, at least in part, not Hornem. Fl. Dan. t.
2044; Agropyron violaceum, var., S. Wats, in A. Gray, IMan. ed. 6. 672.
1890, not A. violaceum, Lange, Consp. Fl. Groenland. 154. 1880; A.
violaceum virescens, Lange, 1. c. ?) — An erect cjespitose perennial 6-10
dm. high, with rather long broad leaves and erect spikes 12-16 cm.
long ; culms smooth ; sheaths striate, shorter than the internodes ;
ligule short ; leafblades linear 20-25 cm. long, 4-10 mm. wide, long
acuminate, narrowed at the base, striate, scabrous on the margins and
nerves, sometimes glabrous, rarely with very few scattered hairs above,
leaves of the innovations much smaller, narrow. Axis flattened, gla-
brous except on the ciliate-scabrous angles. Spikelets appressed, 14-16
mm. long, 3 to 5 flowered ; rachilla rather densely hispid ; empty
glumes lanceolate, sub-equal, prominently 5 nerved, 12 mm. long,
scabrous on the nerves and at the apex, bearing a short scabrous awn
usually 2 mm. long; flowering glumes lanceolate, glabrous, 8-9 mm.
long, rather faintly 3 to 5 nerved, short awn-pointed. Palea nearly
equaling the glume, 2 nerved, scabrous on the margin, truncate or
2-toothed at the scabrous apex.

General distribution : Sandy shores, thickets, etc., Labrador and
Newfoundland south to New York and Pennsylvania, west to Wiscon-
sin and South Dakota, June to September.

Specimens examined: Labrador: Hamilton River, 6071, .4. P.
How, Aug. 17, 1894, ex. Herb. Geol, Surv. Canada. Newfoundland :
^ Middle Arm, 26, A. C. Waghorne, 1897 ; no locality, Waghornc, 1897.
Quebec: sandy shore near Cacouna, C. G. Pringle, July 25, 1881.
Ontario : Lake Nipigon, ./. Macoiin, July 17, 1884. Maine : dry bank.
Dead River, 576, M. L. Fernald, August 19, 1896. New Hampshire :
White Mountains, C. E. Faxon, August 28, 1882 ; Oakes Gulf, Mt.

104 FLORA OF VERMONT

Washington, 1736, W. W. Eggleston, July 28, 1899 ; Corydon Mountain,
B. P. Buggies, July 20, 1892, 14, ex. Herb. Univ. Vermont. Vermont :
gravelly talus of cliffs, Willoughby Mountain, Westmore, A. J. Grout
and W. W. Eggleston, July 2,1894 (type). New York: in dry
sandy soil, Ray Brook, Essex County, 8, C. H. Peck, August, 1897 j
Brownville, C H. Peck, 1882. Pennsylvania : Huntingdon County,
T. C. Porter, July 1868, Sept. 10, 1860. Wisconsin : Dalles, F. F. Wood,
1891. South Dakota : Sylvan Lake, 714, David Griffiths, August 27,
1897.

This species has been variously referred to Agropyron tenerum
Vasey, A. violaceum, Lange, and A. repens. Beau v. From the latter it
is distinguished at once by its csespitose habit, absence of a rootstock,
leaves not auriculate at the base, strongly nerved outer glumes and
peculiar hispid rachilla of the spikelets. From A. violaceum it is dis-
tinguished by its much longer and broader leaves, usually green, rarely
purplish and longer spikes, and from A. tenerum by its much broader,
less rigid leaves and hispid rachilla.

The plant described in Gray's Manual, ed. 6, 672. is the western
form which is doubtless true Agropyron violaceum, Lange, while the
variety mentioned " with longer usually pale narrow spikes and atten-
uate often long-awned glumes," is the plant here described as Agropy-
ron Novx-Anglix.

Page 13. For Glyceria fluitans,R. Br., read— Glyceria borealis, Batchelder.
This name, published in Proc. Manchester, (N. H.), Inst. \ : 74, 106, is
synonymous with var. angustata, Vasey, and Panicularia borealis,
Nash.

Page 14. For P. glabrum, Gaudin, etc., read— P. lineare, Krock. (P. gla-
brum, Gaudin. Syntherisma linearis, Na;h.)

Under P. xanthophysum, form amplifolium, insert the following de-
scription by Professor F. Lamson-Scribner :

Panicum xanthophysum forma amplifolium, Scribn. Culms stout ;
lower sheaths crowded, strongly striate and papillate-hirsute ; blades
firm, 10-20 mm. wide. Dry sandy soil, Burlington, Vt. L. R. Jones,
collector, August 31, 1893.
Page 15. Eleventh line from top, for P. psammophilum, Scribn, read — P.
psammophilum^ Nash.

Professor Scribner has re-examined the Vermont specimens of the
Panicum dichotomiim group and the following additions and cor-
rections to the statements made on page 15, are based upon notes con-
tributed by him :

P. Atlanticum. Erase this name as the plant doubtfully so referred
is a form of J', unciphyllum, Trin. See below.

FLORA OF VERMONT 105

P. dichotomum, Linn. These plants represent the var. viride, Vasey,
a form considered as P. dldiotomum, L. by common consent since they
correspond more nearly than any other form to the original description
of the species.

For P. pubescens read P. unciphyllum, Trin. This is one of the com-
monest species of this group. Professor Scribner sends the following
statements as to the synonymy :

" Panicum pubescens of recent authors, not Lamarck. Recent ex-
amination of the type of this species in Lamarck's Herbarium, Museum
de Historic Naturelle de Paris, proves it to be tlie late branched form
of Panicum scoparium, Lam., which is entirely different from the form
so considered by American authors and is Panicum viscidum, Ell.
Synonomy : Panicum .scoparmm. Lam. Encycl 4: 744, 1797. {Panicum
pvbesce7}s, Lam. 1. c. 748; Panicum viscidum, Ell. Sk. Bot. S. C. and
Ga. 1 : 123, 1817.) See Bull. 24, U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Agros.

For the form previously referred to Panicum jyuhescens we have
taken up the name Panicum. unciphyllum, Trin. Gram. Pan. 242, 1826.
Our reason for taking up this name is this — in the Herbarium of Col-
umbia University is a specimen referable to the form here taken up as
P. unciplti/Uum, labelled in Torrey's handwriting "Panicum unciphyl-
lum, Trin. in lit," which was evidently named by Trinius and more-
over the specimen agrees with Trinius', description. It is of course pos-
sible that this plant may not be the same as the type of Panicum unci-
phj/Uum, Trin., but we feel justified in taking up this old name for the
species in question, rather than applying a new name to this very
common grass."

P. sphacrocarpon, Ell. Erase this name. The plants collected on
Sterling Mountain are a peculiar form of P. boreale, Nash.

P. tsugetofum, Nash. Erase this name. The plant so referred is
P. lanuginosum, Ell. (P. Tennesseense, Ashe.) The record, "Burling-
ton, Jones," should therefore be transferred to P. lanuginosum.

Page 18. Under Carex folliculata, L , insert — Sunderland, Eggleston.

Under Carex formosa, Dewey, erase — " Sunderland, Eggleston.''''

Page 26. Insert— Juncus Dudleyi, Wiegand. (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27:524,
1900. ) Pownal, ^.7^Zes<on and C/mrc/iiW; Willoughby, G. G. Kennedy,
specimen in herbarium New Eng. Bot. Club.

Page 27. After h\izu\& vernalis, DC, insert as synonym — ( J. pilosum,
Kuntze).

For LILUM read LILIUM.

106 FLORA OF VERMONT

After MAIANTHEMUM insert as synonym— (UNIFOLIUM).

Page 30. Fourth line from top for "attitudes" read "altitudes."

After LIPARIS insert as synonym— (LEPTORCHIS).

Page 36. After Polygonum Careyi, Olney, add — abundant at foot of Proc-
torsville Gulf, Cavendish, M. L. Fernald.

Fourth line from bottom, for P. Convolvulus, read P. Convolvulus.

Page 39. After Arenaria macrophylla. Hook, insert as a synonym — (Moeh-
ringia macrophylla, Torr. ).

Page 40. Fifth line from bottom, fur B. peltata, etc., read B. Schreberi,
Gmelin. (B. peltata, Pursh. B. purpurea, Casp. )

Page 46. Transfer " woods ;" from end of second line to end of first line.

Page 53. After S. salicifolia, L. var. latifolia, for " Wiegand " read "Ait."

Page 54. Twelfth line from top, for B. australis read B. australis, and for
"Ward" read "Wild."

Page 57. Fourth line from bottom, after E. corallata, insert — L.

Page 60. Fourth line from bottom, for A. Ascyron, read H. Ascyron.

Page 62. Tenth line from bottom, for AEAGNACEAE, read ELAEAG-
NACEAE.

Seventh line from bottom, for LTHYRACEAE, read LYTHRA-
CEAE.

Page 68. Under Rhododendron maximum, for " Eggleston " read "Bur-
bank."

Page 72. Add— Hydrophyllum Canadense, " Mt. Mansfield and south west-
ern Vermont," Robb'ms ; Charlotte, Pringle. The latter's specimens
were somewhat abnormal but were so named by Dr. Gray.

INDEX

Abies, 5
Abutiion, 60
Acalypha, 57

ACANTHACE/E, 79

Acer, 59
Achillea, 83
Achroanthes, 31
Acnida, 38
Acorus, 25
Ackea, 41

Adder's Tongue, 1, 27
Adiantum, 1
Adicea, 35
Adlumia, 44
Adopogon, 88
Agastache, 74
Agrimonia, 40
Agrimony, 49
Agropyron, 9, 103
Agrostemma, 39
Agrostis, 9
Alder, 33
Alfalfa, 55
Alisma, 8, 103
Alismace^e, 8
Allium, 27
Alnus, 33
Alopecurus, 10
Alsine, 40
Amarantace.e, 38
Amarantus, 38
Ambrosia, 83
Amelanchier, 49
Ammophila, 10
Ampelopsis, 59
Amphicarpa, 53
Anacardiace.e, 58
Anaphalis, 83
Andromeda, 66
Andropogon, 10
Anemone, 41
Anemonella, 42

Rue, 42
Angelica, 64
Angiosperms, 6
Antennaria, 83
Anthemis, 84
Anthoxanthum, 10
Anychia, 41
Aphyllon, 79
Apios, 53
Aplectrum, 29

ApOCYNACEiE, 71

Apocynum, 71

Apple, 52
Aquilegia, 42
Arabis, 44
Arack.e, 25
Aralia, 64

ARALIACE.E, 64

Arbor Vitce, 6
Arbutus, 67
Arceuthobium, 36
Arctium, 84
Arctostapliylos, 66
Arenaria, 39
Arethusa, 29
Arisfema, 25
Aristida, 10

ARISTOLOCniACE.E, 36

Aronia, 52
Arrhenatherum, 10
Arrow-leaf, 8
Arrow-wood, 81
Artemisia, 84
Artichoke, Jerusalem,
Asarum, 36

ASCLEPIADACE^, 71

Asclepias, 71
Ash, 70

Mountain, 51-52

Prickly, 57
Asparagus, 27
Aspen, 32
Asperella, 10
Aspidium, 1
Asplenium, 2
Aster, 84
Astragalus, 53
Atragene, 42
Atriplex, 37
Avena, 10
Avens, 50
Balm of Gilead, 32
Balsam Fir, 5
Baneberry, 41
Baptisia, 54
Barbarea, 45
Barberry, 43
Bartonia, 70
Basswood, 60
Batrachium, 43
Beaked-rush, 24
Bearberry, 66
Bedstraw, 80
Beech. 34

Blue, 33
Beech-drops, 79

87

Beggar's Lice, 72
Beggar's Ticks, 86
Belltlower, 82
Bellwort, 28
Benzoin, 44
Berberidace^e, 43.
Berberis, 43
Bergamot, 74
Berteroa, 45
Betula, 33
Bicuculla, 44
Bidens, 86
Bindweed, 71
Birch, 33
Bittersweet, 59
Blackberry, 52
Bladder-nut, 59
Bladderwort, 78
Blephilia, 73
Blood-root, 44
Blueberry, 68
Blue-grass, English, 16

Kentucky, 16
Blue-joint, 11
Bluets, 80
Blue weed, 72
Boihmeria, 35
Boneset, 87
BorraginacevE, 72
Botrychium, 1
Bouncing Bet, 40
Boxelder, 59
Brachyelytrum, 10
Bracken, 3
Brasenia, 40
Brassica, 45
Braya, 45
Briza, 11
Bromus, 11
Brunella, 75
Buck Bean, 70
Buckthorn, 59
Buckwheat, 36
Buda, 40

Bugloss, Yiper's, 72
Bulrush, 24
Bunch-berry, 66
Burdock, 84
Burnet, 51
Bur-reed, 6
Bursa, 45

Butter and Eggs, 77
Buttercup, 42
Butterfly-weed, 71

108

Butternut, 31

Butterwort, 78
Button-bush, 80
Calaniagrostis, 11
Calaniintha, 73
Calla, 25
Callitriche, 63
Calopogon, 29
Caltha, 42
Calypso, 29
Cameliiia, 45
Campanula, 82
Campanulace.e, 82
Campion, Bladder, 40
Camptosorus, 2
Canary-grass, 15
Cannabis, 35
Capnoides, 44
Cai'pakidace.e, 47

Caprifoi.iace.e, 80

Capsella, 45

Caraway, G4

Cardamine, 45

Cardinal-flower, 82

Carduus, 86

Carex, 17, 105

Carpet-weed, 38

Carpinus, 33

Carrot, 65

Carum, 64

Carya, 31

Caryophyllace.e, 39

Cassandra, 66

Cassia, 54

Castalia, 41

Castanea, 34

Castilleia, 77

Catchfly, 40

Catnip, 75

Cat-tail, 7

Caulophyllum, 43

Ceanothus, 59

Cedar, AVhite, 6

Celandine, 44

Celastraceffi, 59

Celastrus, 59

Celtis, 35

Cenc.hrus, U

Centaurea, 86

Cephalanthus, 80

Cerastium, 39

Ceratophyllace.e, 41

Ceratophyllum, 41

Chaetochloa, 11

Cham;t'daphne, (')6

Chanucnerion, 63

Charlock, 45
Chelidonium, 44
Chelone, 77

ClTENOPOniACE.E, 37

Index

Chenopodium, 37
Cherry, 51

Ground, 76
Chess, 11
Chestnut, 34
duckweed, 40

Mouse-ear, 39
Chicory, 86
Chiniapliila, 67
Chiogenes, 67
Chives, 27
Choke-berry, 52
Chrysanthemum, 8()
Chrysopogon, 10
Clirysosplenium, 48
Cichorium, 86
Cicuta, 64
Cinna, 12
Cinquefoil, 50
Circtea, 63
Cistace.e, 61
Cladium, 22

Claytonia, 38

Cleavers, 80

Clematis, 42

Clinupodium, 73

Clintonia, 27

Clover, 56
Bush, 55
Sweet, 55

Club-moss, 4

Club-rush, 24

Cnicus, 86

Cocklebur, 91

Cohosh, 41
Blue, 43

Collinsonia, 73

Coltsfoot, 91
Sweet, 89

Columbine, 42

Comandra, 3()

Comarum, 51

Comfrey, 73
Wild, 72

CO.MPOSIT.E, 83

Comptonia, 32
Cone-flower, 89

CoNIKERiE, 5

Conioselinum, 65
Conium, '>5
Conopholis, 79

CoNVOI>VUI.ACE.E, 71

Convolvulus, 71
Coptis, 42
Coral lorhiza, 29
Coral -root, 29

CORNACE.K, 6<)

Corn-cockle, 39
Cornel, 66
Cornus, 66

»

Coronilla, 54
Corydalis, 44
Corylus, 34
Cotton-grass, 23
Cottonwood, 32
Cowbane, 64
Cow-wheat, 77
Cranberry, 68
Cranberry-tree, 81
Cranes-bill, 56
Crassulace.e, 48
Cratpegus, 50
Crepis, 86
Cress, Pennv, 47

Rock, 44 '

Water, 46

Winter, 45

Yellow, 47
Crotalaria, 54
Crowberry, 58
Crowfoot, 41
CruciferjE, 44
Cryptota?nia, 65
Cucumber, Indian, 27

Star, 82

Wild, 82

CUCURBITACE^., 82

Cudweed, 87

CuPULIFERiE, 33

Currant, 48
Cuscuta, 71
Cynanchum, 71
Cynoglossum, 72

CVPERACE.E, 17

Cy perns, 22
Cypripedium, 29
Cystopteris, 3
Dactylis, 12
Daisv, White, 86

Yellow, 89
Dalibarda, 50
Dandelion, 91

Dwarf, 88

Fall, 88
Danthonia, 12
Daphne, (12
Dasystoma, 77
Datura, 76
Daucus, 65
Decodon, 62
Deer-grass, 63
Dentaria, 46
Deringa, 65
Deschampsia, 12
Desmodium, 54
Dewberry, 53
Dianthera, 79
Dianthus, 39
Diapensia, 69

DiAPENSIACE.E, 69

Index

109

Dicentra, 44
Dicksonia, 3
Dicotyledons, 31
DierviUa, 80

DlI'SACE.E, 82

Dipsacus, 82
Dirca, (12
Dock, 37
Dodder, 71
Doelliiigeria, 85
Dogbane, 71
Dogwood, 66
Draba, 46
Drosera, 47
Dkoserace.e, 47
Dryopteris, 1
Duckweed, 25
Diilichium, 22
Dutclnnan's-breeches, 44
Eatonia, 12
Echinocystis, 82
Echinospermum, 72
Echium, 72
Eel-grass, 9
El.eagnace.e, 62
Elder, 81
Elderberry, 81
Elecampane, 88
Eleocharis, 23
Elm, 35
Elodea, 9
Elodes, 61
Elymus, 12

EMrETRACE^E, 58

Empetrum, 58 [63

Enchanter's Nightshade,
Epiga'a, 67
Epilobium, 63
Epiphegus, 79

EiiUISETACE-T5, 4

Eqnisetum, 4
Eragrostis, 12
Erechtites, 86
Ericaceae, 66
Erigeron, 86
Eriocaule.e, 26
Eriocaulon, 26
Eriophorum, 23
Erodium, 56
Erysimum, 46
Erythroniura, 27
Eupatorium, 87
Euphorbia, 57

Eui'HORBIACE.E, 57

Euthamia, 90
Everlasting, 83, 87
Fagopyrum, 36
Fagus, 34
Falcata, 53
Fern Plants, 1

Fern, Sweet, 32
Festnca, 13
Ficoide/e, 38
Figwort, 78
Filices, 1
Fimbristylis, 23
Fireweed, 63. 8(5
Flag, Blue, 29

Sweet, 25
Flax, 57

False, 45
Fleabane, 86
FUerkea, 56
Forget-me-not, 72
Foxtail, 10, 12
Fragaria, 50
Fraxinus, 70
Fringe, Mountain, 44
Fumaria, 44

FUiMARIACE/E, 44

Fumitory, 44
Gale, Sweet, 32
Galeopsis, 73
Galinsoga, 87
Galium, 80
Gaultheria, 67
Gaylussacia, 67
Gentian, 70
Gentianace.e, 70
Geraniace-e, 56
Geranium, 56
Gerardia, 77
Germander, 75
Geunj, 50
Ginger, Wild, 36
Ginseng, 64
Glecoma, 75
Glyceria, 13, 104
Gnaphalium, 87
Goat's-beard, 91
(joldenrod, 90
Golden-seal, 42
Goldthread, 42
Goodyera, 30
Gooseberry, Wild, 48
Gramine.e, 9
Grape, 60
Graphephorum, 13
Grass, 9

Blue-eyed, 29
Grass-of-Parnassus, 48
Gratiola, 77
Green-brier, 28
Gromwell, 72
Ground Ivy, 25
Ground-nut, 53, 64
Groundsel, 89
Gymnosperms, 5
Gymnostichum, 10
Gyrostachys, 31

Habenaria, 30
Hackberry, 35
Halenia, 70
Halorage.e, 63
Hamamelide.e, 49
Hamamelis, 49
Hardliack, 53
Harebell, 82
Hawkweed, 88
Hawthorn, 50
Hazelnut, 34
Heath, 66
Hedeoma, 73
Hedysarum, 55
Helianthemum, 61
Helianthus, 87
Heliopsis, 88
Hellebore, False, 28
Flemerocallis, 27
Hemlock, 6

Ground, 6

Poison, 65

Water, 64
Hemp, 35

Indian, 71
Henbane, 76
Hepatica, 42
Heracleum, 65
Herb Robert, 56
Hesperis, 46
Heteranthera, 26
Hibiscus, 60
Hickory, 31
Hicoria, 31
Hieracium, 88
Hierochloe, 13
Hippuris, 64
Hobblebush, 81
Holcus, 13
Holly, 58

Homalocenchrus, 13
Honeysuckle, 81
Hop, 35
Hordeum, 13
Horehound, 74
Hornbeam, 34
Horseradish, 46
Horsetail, 4
Horse weed, 87
Hound's-tongue, 72
Houstonia, 80
Huckleberry, 67
Hudsonia, 61
Humulus, 35
HTingarian-grass, 11
Hydrastis, 42
Hvdrocharidace.e, 9
Hydrocotyle, 65
Hydrophyllace.e, 72'
Hydrophyllura, 72, 106

110

INDEX

Hyoscyamus, 76
Hypericace.e, 60
Hypericum, 60
Hypopitys, 67
Hyssopus (Hyssop), 74
Hvstrix, 10
Ilex, 58
Ilicine.e, 58
Ilicioides, 58
Illecebrace.e, 41
Ilysanthes, 77
Impatiens, 56
Indian-pipe, 67
Indian-wheat, 36
Indigo, Wild, 54
Inula, 88
lonactis, 84
Iridace.e, 29
Iris, 29
Isanthus, 74
Isoetes, 5
Ivy, Poison, 58

Ground, 75
Ixophorus, 11
Jamestown-weed, 76
Jewel- weed, 56
Joe-Pye Weed, 87
Juglandace.e, 31
Juglans, 31
Juncace.e, 26
Juncoides, 27
Juncus, 26, 105
Juniperus (Juniper), 5,

103
Kalmia, 67
Ketraia, Bladder, 60
Kinnikinnick, 66
Kneiffia, 63
Kochia, 38
Koellia, 75
Krigia, 88
Labiat.e, 73
Labrador Tea, 67
Lactuca, 88
Lady' s-s Upper, 29
Lady's-thumb, 37
Lady's-tresses, 31
Lamium, 74
Lampsana, 88
Laportea, 35
Lappula, 72
Lapsana, 88
Larch, 5
Larix, 5
Lathyrus, 55
Laurace.e, 44
Laurel, 67
Leather-leaf, 66
Leatherwood, 62
Lechea, 61

Ledum, 67
Leek, 27
Leers i a, 13

Legouzia, 82
Leguminos.e, 53
Lemna, 25
Lemnace.e, 25
Lentibulariace.e, 78
Leontodon, 88
Leonurus, 74
Lepidium, 46
Leptamnium, 79
Leptilon, 87
Leptorchis, 106
Lespedeza, 55
Lettuce, 88, 89
Leucophysalis, 76
Levisticum, 65
L1LIACE.E, 27
Lilium, 27
Lily, 27

Yellow Pond, 40
Limnanthemura, 70
Limodorum, 29

LiNACE.E, 57

Linaria, 77
Linden, 60
Lindera, 44
Linnpea, 80
Linum, 57
Lion's-foot, 89
Liparis, 30
Liriodendron, 41
Listera, 30
Lithospermum, 72
Littorella, 79
Live-forever, 48
Lobelia, 82
L0BELIACE.E, 82
Locust, 55
Lolium, 14
Lonicera, 81
Loosestrife, 62, 69
Lophanthus, 74

LORANTHACE.E, 36

Lousewort, 78
Lovage, 65
Ludwigia, 63
Lupinus (Lupine), 55
Luzula, 27, 105
Lychnis, 39
Lycopodiace.e, 4
Lycopodium, 4
Lycopus, 74
Lysimachia, 69
Lytfirace.e, 62
Lythrum, 62
Magnoliaceje, 41
Maianthemum, 27
Maidenhair, 1

Mallow, 60
Mains, 52
Malva, 60
Malvace.e, 60
Mandrake, 43
Maple, 59
Mare's-tail, 64
Marigold, Bur, 86

Marsh, 42
Marjoram, 75
ilarrubium, 74
Matricaria, 88
Mayflower, 67
Mayweed, 84
Meadow-grass, Fowl, 16
Meadow-sweet, 53
Medeola, 27
Medicago, 55
Medick, 55
Meibomia, 54
Melampyrum, 77
Melastomace.e, 63
Melilotus (Melilot), 55
Menispermace.e, 43
Menispermum, 43
Mentha, 74
Menyanthes, 70
Micrampelis, 82
Microstylis, 31
Milfoil, \yater, 64
Milium, 14
Milkweed, 71
Milkwort, 57
Mimulus, 77
Mint, 74

Mistletoe, Dwarf, 36
Mitchella, 80
Mitella, 48
Mitrewort, 48

False, 49
Moccasin-flower, 29
Moehringia, 39, 106
Mollugo, 38
Monarda, 74
Moneses, 67
Moneywort, 69
Monke3'-flower, 77
Monocotyledons, 6
Monotropa, 67
Moonseed, 43
Morning-glory, 7]
Morns, 35
Motherwort, 74
Muhlenbergia, 14
Mulberry, 35
Mullein," 78
]\Iusk-plant, 77
Mustard, 45

Hedge, 47
Myosotis, 72

INDEX

111

Myrica, 32
Myricace.e, 32
Myriophyllum, 6-1
Nabaliis, 89
Naiadace/E, 7
Naias, 7
Nardia, G3
Nasturtium, 46
Naumbergia, 69
Negundo, 59
Nemopantlius, 58
Nepeta, 75
Nettle, 35

Dead, 74

Hedge, 75

Hemp, 73
Nicandra, 76
Nightshade, 76

Enchanter's, 63
Nuphar, 40
Nyraphaea, 40, 41
Nymph^ace^, 40
Nyssa, 66
Oak, 34
Oakesia, 28
Oat-grass, 10
(Enothera, 63
Oleace^, 70
Onagra, 63
Onagrace^, 63
Onion, 27
Onoclea, 3
Onopordon, 89
Ophioglossace^e, 1
Ophioglossum, 1
Orchid, 30
Orchidace.e, 29
Orchis, 31
Origanum, 75

OROBANCHACEiE, 79

Orobanche, 79
Oryzopsis, 14
Osmorrhiza, 65
Osmunda, 3
Ostrya, 34
Oxalis, 56
Oxycoccus, 68
Panax, 64
Panicularia, 13
Panicum, 14, 104
Pansy, 62
PapaveraceyTE, 44
Parietaria, 35
Parnassia, 48
Parsnip, 65, 66
Partridge-berry, 80
Paspalum, 15
Pastinaca, 65
Pea, Beach, 55
Pedicularis, 78

Pellsea, 3
Peltandra, 25
Pennyroyal, 73
Penthorum, 48
Pentstemon, 78
Peppergrass, 46
Peppermint, 74
Pepper-root, 46
Peramium, 30
Periwinkle, 71
Petasites, 89
Phalaris, 15
Phegopteris, 3
Philotria, 9
Piileum, 15
Phlox, 72
Phragmites, 15
Phryma, 73
Physalis, 76
Physalodes, 76
Physostegia, 75
Phytolacca, 38
PhytolaccacevE, 38
Picea, 5

Pickerel-weed, 26
Picris, 89
Pignut. 31
Pigweed, 37
Pilea, 35
Pimpinella, 65
Pine, 6

Prince's, 67
Pinguicula, 78
Pink, 39

Swamp, 68.
Pinus, 6
Pinweed, 61
Pipsissewa, 67
Pitcher-plant, 47
Plantaginace^, 79
Plantago, 79
Plantain, 79

Rattlesnake, 30
Platanace^, 49
Platanus, 49
Plum, 51
Poa, 15

Podophyllum, 43
Pogonia, 31
Poke, Indian, 28
Pokeweed, 38
Polanisia, 47

POLEMONIACE.E, 72

Polemonium, 72
Polygala, 57
polygalace^e, 57
PolygonaceyE, 36
Polygonatum, 28
Polygonum, 36, 106
Polymnia, 89

Polypodium, 3
Pond weed, 7
Pontederia, 26
Pontederiace.e, 26
Poplar, 32
Populus, 32
Portulaca, 39
Portulacace^h, 38
Potamogeton, 7
Potentilla, 50
Poterium, 51
Prenanthes, 89
Primrose, Evening, 63
Primula, 69
Primulace.e, 69
Prince's- feather, 37
Proserpinaca, 64
Prunella, 75
Prunus, 51
Pteridophyta, 1
Pteris, 3
Pterospora, 67
Purslane, 39
Pycnanthemum, 75
Pyrola, 68
Pyrus, 51
Quack-grass, 9
Quercus, 34
Radish, 47
Ragweed, 83
Ragwort, 89
Ramshead, 29

RANUNCULACEiE, 41

Ranunculus, 42
Raphanus, 47
Raspberry, 52
Rattlebox, 54
Rattlesnake-root, 89
Razoumofskya, 36
Red-top, 9
Rhamnace.e, 59
Rhamnus, 59
Rhexia, 63
Rhododendron, 68
Rhus, 58

Rhynchospora, 24
Ribes,_48
Robinia, 55
Rocket, 46
Roripa, 46
Rosa (Rose), 52
Rosacea, 49
Rose, Rock, 61
Rubiace^, 80
Rubus, 52
Rudbeckia, 89
Rue, 57

Meadow, 43
Rumex, 37
Rush, 26

112

IXDEX

Ruta, 57

KlTACE-K, 57

Rye-grass, 14
Sagina, 40
Sagittaria, 8
St. Johnswort, 60
Salicace.e, 32
Salix, 32
Sambucus, 81
Sainolns, Oil
Sandwort, 39
Sanguinaria, 44
Sangiiisorba, 51
Sanicula, 65
Santalace.e, 36
Sapindace.'e, 59
Saponaria, 40
Sarothra, 61
Sarracenia, 47
Sarraceniace.e, 47
Sarsaparilla, 64
Sassafras, 44
Satureia, 75
Sa vast ana, 13
Savory, Summer, 75
Saxif raga, ( Saxi f rage ]

SAXIFRAGACE.T5, 48

Scabiosa, (Scabious),
Scheuclizeria, 8
Scirpus, 24
Scrophularia, 78

SCKOPH(TI>ARIACE.E, 77

Scutellaria, 75
Sedge, 17
Sedum, 48
Seed Plants, 5
Selaginella, 5

REr.AOIXELLACE.E, 5

Self-heal, 73
Senecio, 89
Senna, 54
Sensitive-plant, 54
Sericocarpus, 90
Service-berrv, 49
Setaria, 11
Shad-bush, 49
Sheepberry, 81
Shepherdia, 62
Shepherd's-purse, 45
Sicyos, 82
Silene, 40
Silverweed, 51
Sisymbrium, 45, 47
Risyrinchium, 29
Slum, {')()
Skullcap, 75
Skunk-cabbage, 25
Smart weed, 36
Smilacina, 28
Smilax, 28

,48
82

Snakeroot, Black, 65

Seneca, 57
Snowberry, 81

Creeping, 67

SOLANACE.E, 76

Solanum, 7()
Solidago, 90
Solomon's Seal, 28

False, 28
Sonchus, 91
Sorbus, 51
Sorrel, Lady's, 57

Wood, 56

Sheep, 37
Sour (ium, 66
Sparganium, 6
Spartina, 16
Spathyema, 25
Spearmint, 74
Specularia, 82
Speedwell, 78
Spergula, 40
Spergularia, 40
Spermatophyta, 5
Spicebush, 44
Spikenard, 64
Spike-rush, 23
Spiraea, 53
Spiranthes, 31
Spirodela, 25
Spleen wort, 2
Sporobolus, 16
Spring- beauty, 38
Spruce, 5
Spurge, 57
Spurrej', Corn, 40
Squirrel-corn, 44
Stachys, 75
Staphylea, .59
Star-flower, 70
Steeple-bush. 53
Steironema, 69
Stellaria, 40
Stonecrop, 48
Stork's-bill,56
Strawberry, 50

Barren, 53
StreptoT)us, 28
Subularia, 47
Sumach, 58
Sundew, 47
Sunflower, 87
Sweet-brier, 52
Sweet-Cicelv, 65
Sweet-William, .39
Sj'camore, 49
Symphoricarpos, 81
Symphytum, 73
Symplocarpus, 25
Svndesmon, 42

Tamarack, 5
Tanacetum, 91
Tansy, 91
Taraxacum, 91
Taxus, 6
Tea, New Jersey, 59

Oswego, 74
Tear-thumb, 37
Teasel, 82
Tetragonanthus, 70
Teucrium, 75
Thalesia, 79
Thalictrum, 43
Thistle, 86

Cotton, 89

Sow, 91
Thlaspi, 47
Thorn, 50
Thoroughwort, 87
Thuya, 6

Thymelaeace.e, 62
Thymus (Thyme), 76
Tiarella, 49
Tilia, 60

TiLIACEAE, 60

Timothy, 15
Tissa, 40
Toad-flax, 77
Tofieldia, 28
Tonch-me-not, 56
Tragopogon, 91
Trefoil, Tick, 54
Triadenum, 61
Trichostema, 76
Trientalis, 70
Trifolium, 56
Trillium, 28
Triosteura, 81
Trisetum, 16
Tsuga, 6
Tulip-tree, 41
Tupelo, 66
Turnip, Wild, 45

Indian, 25
Turtle-head, 77
Tussilago, 91
Tway-blade, 30
Twin-flower, 80
Twi.«ted-stalk, 28
Typha, 7
Typhace.k, 6
Ulmaria, 53
TJimus, 35

IlMHELLirER.K, 64

Unifolium, 106
Urtica, .35
Urticace.k, 35
Urticastrum, 35
Utricularia, 78
Uvularia, 28

INDEX

113

\'accaria, 40
Vaccinium, 68
Vagnera, 28
Valeriana, (Valerian), 82
Valerianace.k, 82
Vallisneria, 9
Velvet-leaf, 60
Ve rat rum, 28
Verbascuni, 78
Verbena, 73
Verbknace.e, 73
Vernal-grass, Sweet, 10
Veronica, 78
Vervain, 73
Vetch, 56
Viburnum, 81
Vicia, 56
Vinca, 71
Vincetoxicum,-71

Viola, 61
Violace-e, 61
Violet, 61

Dog-tooth, 27
Virgin's-bower, 42

VlTACE.E, 59

Vitis, 60
Wake-robin, 28
Waldsteinia, 53
Walnut, 31
Washingtonia, 65
Water-lily, 41
Water-plantain, 8
Water-shield, 40
Willow, 32
Willow-herb, 63
Wind-flower, 42
Winterberry, 58
Wintergreen, 67

Witch-grass, 9
Witch-Hazel, 49
Woodbine, 59
AVoodsia, 3
Woodwardia, 4
Wool-grass, 24
Wormwood, 84

Roman, 83
Xanthium, 91
Xanthoxylum, 57
Xolisma, 66
Xyridace,e, 25
Xyris, 25
Yarrow, 83
Yew, 6

Zannichellia, 8
Zizania, 16
Zizia, 66
Zygadenue, 29

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, IX

FLORA OF BURLINGTON
AND VICINITY

A list of the

FERN AND SEED PLANTS

Growing without Cultivation

By

Nellie F. Flynn

ryCCt^

i/\r^

\

■■?'*>•;>?;/>',-:' '.

Contributions to the Botany of Vermont, IX

FLORA OF BURLINGTON
AND VICINITY

A list of the

FERN AND SEED PLANTS

Growing without cultivation

By

Nellie F. Flynn

LIBRAttV
NEW YOUK
BOTAMICAL

OAKDBN.

burlington :

Free Press Printing Company,

1911

To

My Husband

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

PREFACE

This list was begun at the suggestion of Dr. L. R. Jones, foi--
merly of the University of Vermont, now of the University of Wis-
consin. It was intended to be accompanied by an account of the plant
geography and ecology of the region by Dr. Clifton D. Howe. Since
the removal of Dr. Howe to Toronto has delayed the completion of
his surveys* it seems best to publish this now as a preliminary list.
It is hoped that when Dr. Howe's report is completed, a revision of
this list may be published with it.

The list is intended to include the names of all the fern and seed
plants which are natives of or grow without cultivation in Burlington
and its vicinity, including with Burlington, the towns of South Bur-
lington, Colchester, Essex, Williston and Shelburne. Each name has
an extant specimen back of it, except in three or four cases which
are specifically mentioned. In these cases we are sure of the identity
of the plant cited. Except in a few instances, specimens are in the
herbarium of the University of Vermont or in the private collection
of the author.

To stimulate further search, a supplementary list has been added
containing the names of additional plants which have been doubtfully
reported for the region or which for reasons named should be sought
here. In the case of rare plants, stations and names of collectors
have been given. For the sake of brevity, initials of collectors' names
have not been given except where there are two of like name. In
order to complete the records, the full name, and present address of
the living collectors where known, are here given.

*Dr. Howp has recentl.v piihlished certain of his observations on the plant
geosraphy of this region entitled : The Reforestation of the Sand Plains of Ver-
mont. Rotanical Gazette. Feb'y, 1910.

0&

viii FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

Rev. J. A. Bates, South Royalston, Mass.; Hon. R. D. Benedict,
Burlington; Lucius Bigelow, Burlington; William Boott (specimens
in Gray Herbarium); Dr. Ezra Brainerd, Middlebury, Vt.; Miss Martha
Brookes-Brown (specimens in U. V. M. Herbarium) ; C. E. Bryant,
Williston, Vt.; Dr. G. P. Burns, University of Vermont, Burlington;
H. B. Chittenden (specimens in U. V. M. Herbarium) ; H. J. Collins,
West Lebanon, N. H.; A. W. Edson (specimens in U: V. M. Herba-
rium); W. W. Eggleston, Washington, D. C; Mrs. N. F. Flynn, Bur-
lington; Mrs. G. L Forbes, Burlington; Mrs. E. F. Gebhardt, Shel-
burne, Vt.; C. M. Gifford, Morgantown, W. Va.; A. H. Gilbert, Wash-
ington, D. C; Miss M. K. Goddard, Lexington, Mass.; D. B. Griffin,
Winooslfi, Vt.; Dr. A. J. Grout, New Dorp, N. Y.; Mrs. A. J. Grout,
New Dorp, N. Y.; Dr. T. E. Hazen, Barnard College, New York, N. Y.;
J. P. Helyer, University of Vermont, Burlington; C. G. Hinsdale,
Boston, Mass.; Miss Miriam Hitchcock, Pittsford, Vt. ; F. M. Hollister,
Tewksbury, Mass.; Mrs. Henry Holt, Burlington; S. C. Hood, Orange
City, Fla.; F. H. Horsford, Charlotte, Vt; Dr. C. D. Howe, Toronto
University, Toronto, Can.; F. E. Hubbard, Keene Valley, N. Y. ; Dr.
L. R. Jones, University of Wisconsin, Madison; G. L. Kirk, Rutland,
Vt.; W. F. Macrae (specimens in Gray Herbarium); Miss Lizzie Moore,
Burlington; Prof. W. J. Morse, University of Maine, Orono, Me.; Wil-
liam Oakes (specimens in Gray Herbarium); W. A. Orton, Washington,
D. C; Prof. G. H. Perkins, University of Vermont, Burlington; H. L.
Priest (specimens in U. V. M. Herbarium) ; Dr. C. G. Pringle, Uni-
versity of Vermont, Burlington; Mrs. F. A. Richardson, Burlington;
Dr. J. W. Robbins (specimens in Gray Herbarium); F. A. Ross (speci-
mens in U. V. M. Herbarium); J. K. Shaw, Amherst, Mass.; Dr. L. P.
Sprague, Chateaugay, N. Y.; R. R. Strait, Franklin, Vt.; Prof. H. A. P.
Torrey (specimens in U. V. M. Herbarium) ; Prof. Joseph Torrey (speci-
mens in U. V. M. Herbarium); Miss Phoebe Towle, Burlington; C. C.
Tracy (specimens in U. V. M. Herbarium); Mrs. F. H. Walker, Port-
land, Ore.; Rev. Levi Wild, Royalton, Vt. ; Mrs. W. H. Zottman, Bur-
lington.

It is a matter of regret, that the older botanists who were the
first collectors of this region, namely, Macrae, Robbins, Torrey and
Benedict, who collected here about the middle of the last century,
have so few authenticated specimens in herbaria, that due credit can-
not be given them. It is hoped that anyone having such specimens
or those of other collectors which are not fully credited, will inform
the author.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY ix

The seventh edition of Gray's Manual has been followed strictly
in nomenclature, except where for the sake of brevity, initials have
been eliminated or names abbreviated, and synonyms have only been
given where corrections have been made since the Manual came out..
Common names have been inserted freely as befitting the general use
which may be made of such a list.

Following the usage of the Vermont Flora, four adjectives, namely,
"common," "frequent," "occasional" and "rare," have been adopted
to denote frequency of occurrence. These are intended to be asso-
ciated with the habitat— thus, "sandy soil, common," means, common
on sandy soils, though it may be rare in other habitats. The term
"rare" is used for those plants which occur in but few stations and
there but sparingly. When they are abundant in such stations, the
word "local" has been preferred. The habitats given are based on
personal observation where possible.

Following the common practice, small capitals have been used
for names of plants not native to the region as far as our knowledge
goes. In a few cases these may be native of some other part of the
state, but introduced here.

This list is necessai'ily provisional and incomplete, and will have
served its best purpose if it prepares the way for a fuller one later.
To that end it is hoped that anyone who can give added information
about the plants in this list, or who finds any additional species, will
let the author know, and deposit specimens either with her or in the
herbarium of the University of Vermont. Proper recognition will be
made of such assistance in the proposed revision.

My thanks are due not only to Dr. L. R. Jones who has been of
the greatest help and encouragement, but to Dr. Ezra Brainerd, Mr.
W. W. Eggleston, Rev. J. A. Bates, Dr. T. E. Hazen and many others
for assistance given. Thanks are also due to Prof. M. L. Fernald,
who has examined and verified many doubtful specimens.

NeluE F. Flynn.

CONTENTS

Pa?e

Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns 1

Pteridophytes 1

Spermatophytes 6

Supplementary List ■-.... • • 94

Statistical Summaries 101

Additions and Corrections 103

Index . . . 104

I

k

p

Flora of Burlington and Vicinity

PTERIDOPHYTA

Ferns and Fern Allies

POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY

ADIANTUM (Tourn.) L. Maidenhair

A. pedatum L. Rich moist woods; frequent. July.

ASPIDIUM Sw. Shield Perx. Wood Fern

A. Boottii Tuck. Boott's Shield Fern. Wet thickets and about ponds;
rare. July. Burlington, (N. F. F.) ; Essex and Colchester, (Ha-
zen).

A. cristatum (L.) Sw. Crested Shield Fern. Moist thickets and
swamps; occasional. July.

A. cristatum (L.) Sw., var. Cliiitoniaiium Eaton. Clinton's Shield Fern.
Swampy woods; rare. July. Colchester, (N. F. F.).

A. Ooldianum Hook. Goldie's Fern. Rich woods; rare. July. Shel-
burne.

A. marginale (L.) Sw. Marginal Shield Fern, Evergreen Wood Fern.
Rocky hillsides in rich woods; common. July, Aug.

A. noieboraceiise (L. ) Sw. New York Fern. Rich woods; common.

A, spiuulosum (Miiller) Sw. Spinulose Shield Fern. Rich woods; oc-
casional. July.

A. spiuulosum (Miiller) Sw., var. interuiedium (Muhl.) Eaton. Woods;
common. July.

A. Thelypteris (L.) Sw. Marsh Fern; Marshes; common. Aug.

2 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

ASPLENIUM L. Spleexwort

A. aerostic'hoides Sw. Silvery Spleeiiwort. Rich woods; rare. July,
Aug. Shelburne, (Bates); Burlington, (N. F. F.).

A. aiigustifoliiim Michx. Narrow-leaved Spleenwort. Rich woods; rare.
Aug. Shelburne.

A. Filix-femiiia (L. ) Bernh. Lady Fern. Moist woods; common in
several different forms. July, Aug.

.\. phitj neuron (L. ) Oakes. Ebony Spleenwort. Rocky open woods;
occasional. July, Aug. A form near var. ixcisum (Howe) Rob-
ins, occurs, Colchester, (Griffin).

.V. liuta-niuraria L. Rue Spleenwort. Limestone cliffs; occasional.
July.

A. Tricliomanes L. Maidenhair Spleenwort. Shaded rocks; occa-
sional. July. A form near var. ixcisum Moore occurs, Colchester,
(Griffin).

CAMPTOSORUS Link. Walkixg LE.^F

('. rhlzopliyllus (L.) Link. Shaded rocks, especially limestone; occa-
sional. Aug. Forms occur with the fronds forked at the tip and
with the auricles greatly elongated.

CRYPTOGRAMMA R. Br. Rock Br.\kE
C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. Slender Rock Brake. Moist limestone
rocks; i-are. July. South Burlington, (Perkins).
CYSTOPTERIS Bernh. Bladder Ferx

C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Common Bladder Fern. Moist shaded ra-

vines; frequent. July.

0. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fragile Bladder Fern. Rocky woods and ra-
vines; frequent. June.

DICKSONIA L'Her.

D. punctilohula (Michx.) Gray. Hay-scented Fern. Moist shaded
places; occasional. Aug.

ONOCLEA L.

0. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern. Moist meadows and thickets; com-
mon. Sterile June; fertile Sept. Sports are occasional, — the so-
called var. oBTusii.OBATA (Schkuhr) Torr. Burlington, (Miss God-
dard) ; South Burlington, (Ross).

0. Struthiopteris (L.) Hoffm. Ostrich Fern. Alluvial soil; common.
Sterile June; fertile Sept.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 3

PELLAEA Link. Cmff Brake

r. atroimriMirca (L.) Link. Pnrple Cliff Brake. Limestone cliffs;
occasional. July.

PHEGOPTERIS (Presl) Fee. Beech Fern
1*. Dryopteris (L.) Fee. Oak Fern. Moist woods; frequent. July.

1*. hexagonoptera (Michx.) Fee. Broad Beech Fern. Rich woods;
rare. July, Aug. Shelburne, (Jones) ; Burlington, (N. F. F.) ;
Colchester, (Griffin).

P. polypodioidcs Fee. Long Beech Fern. Damp woods; occasional.
July.

POLYPODIUM (Tourn.) L. Polypodt

1*. viilgare L. Rocks; common. July, Aug.

POLYSTICHUM Roth.

P. acrostiehoides (Michx.) Schott. Christmas Fern. Rocky woods;
common. July. Var. Schweinitzii (Beck) Small. (Var. incisum
Gray) Occasional. A crisped form occurs, Burlington, (Mrs.
Richardson, Ross); Colchester, (Griffin).

PTERIS L. Br.^ke or Bracken

P. aquiliiia L. Pastures and woodlands; common. Aug. Var. psEudo-
CAUDATA Clute. Rare. Colchester, (Ross).

WOODSIA R. Br.

Vi. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woodsia. Exposed rocks; occasional.
July. Abundant at one station.

W. obtiisa (Spreng. ) Torr. Blunt-lobed Woodsia. Rocky banks; oc-
casional. July.

WOODWARDIA Sm. Chaix Fern

W. Tirgiuica (L.) Sm. Virginia Chain Fern. Wet swamp, Colchester,
(Robbins). July.

OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN FAMILY

OSMUNDA (Tourn.) L. Flowering Fern

0. ciiniaiiioiiiea L. Cinnamon Fern. Wet woods and pastures; com-
mon. Fertile May; sterile June. Variable in the shape and cut-
ting of the pinnules. Var. incisa Hunt. Rare. Burlington, (Ross,
N. F. F.) ; Colchester, (Griffin).

4 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

0. C'lajtoniaiia L. Interrupted Fern. Wet woods and pastures; com-
mon. Fertile May; sterile June.

0. rt'galis L. Royal Fern. Wet woods and swamps; common. June.
Forms occur with the sterile fronds fertile at the tips and with the
pinnules incised; South Burlington and Burlington, (N. F. F.).

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY

BOTRYCHIUM Sw. Moonwort

B. lanoeolatiun (Gmel.) Angst., var. augustisegmeiitiim Pease & Moore.
Lance-leaved Grape Fern. Cool open woods; rare. July. Bur-
lington, (Ross).

B. obliqiiuii) Muhl. Grape Fern. Moist sandy soil : occasional. Sept.
Var. DissECTUM (Spreng.) Clute. Occasional. Sept.

B. ramosuin (Roth) Aschers. Rich woods; rare. July. Burlington,
(Ross); Colchester, (Griffin).

B. simplex Hitchc. Little Grape Fern. Moist pastures; rare. June,
July. Burlington, (N. F. F., Ross).

B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium Eaton. Ternate Grape
Fern. Sandy soil; rare. Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F., Ross). Var.
RUTAEFouuM (A. Br.) Eaton. Rare. Sept. Burlington, (Gilbert).

B. rirgiiiiaiium (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Rich woods; frequent and
variable in size. June, July.

OPHIOGLOSSUM (Tourn.) L. Adder's Tongue

0. Yulm'atiim L. Moist pastures; rare. June, July. Burlington, (N.
F, F.) ; Colchester, (Ross).

EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY

EQUISETUM (Tourn.) L. Horsetail
E. arveiise L. Common Horsetail. Moist gravelly soil ; common. Fer-
tile Apr., May; sterile June.

E. fliniatile L. Pipes. Shallow water with muddy bottom; common.
Fertile June; sterile July. A form occurs the branches of which
bear numerous small spikes; Burlington, (N. F. F.).

E. hjeinale L., var. aftiiie (Engelm.) Eaton. Common Scouring Rush.
Moist gravelly banks; common. May-Sept.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 5

E. byeiiiale L., var. iuteriiiediiim Baton. Scouring Rush. Moist sandy
soil; rare. May- Aug. Burlington, (Howe).

E. litorale Kiihl. Shore Horsetail. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain;
rare. May, June. Burlington, (Grout and Jones).

E. palustre L. Marsh Horsetail. Wet sandy shore of Lake Champlain;
rare. June, July. Burlington, (Grout and Jones).

E. scirpoides Michx. Cool moist woods; occasional. May, June.

E. sylvaticum L. Wood Horsetail. Moist shady places; frequent. Fer-
tile May; sterile June.

E. Tariegatiim Schleich. Gravelly shores of Lake Champlain; rare.
May, June. Burlington, (Eggleston and Grout, N. F. F.) ; Colches-
ter, (Sprague).

LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY

LYCOPODIUM (Rupp.) L. CIaib Moss .

L. aunotinum L. Stiff Club Moss. Cold woods; rare. July, Aug. Bur-
lington, (Grout).

L. claratuui L. Common Club Moss. Dry woods; common. Aug.,
Sept.

E. complauatum L., var. flabelliforme Fern. Ground Pine. Dry woods;
frequent. Sept.

L. iuuudatum L. Bog Club Moss. In sphagnum; rare. Aug., Sept.
Williston, (Pringle); South Burlington, (Ross); Colchester and
Burlington, (N. F. F.).

L. lucidiiluiu Michx. Shining Club Moss. Cold damp woods; frequent.
Sept.

L. obsCHnim L. Tree Club Moss. Moist woods; rare. Sept. South
Burlington, (Hood).

L. obscurum L., var. deudroideum (Michx.) Eaton. Common Tree Club
Moss. Moist woods; common. Sept.

L. tristacbyum Pursh. Ground Pine. Dry sandy soil ; rare. July, Aug.
Colchester and Essex, (Hazen).

6 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

SELAGINELLACEAE

SELAGINELLA Beauv.

S. riipestris (L.) Spring. Rock Selaginella. Di-y exposed rocks; occa-
sional. Aug., Sept.

SPERMATOPHYTA

Seed-Plants, Phanerogamia, or Flowering Plants

TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY

TAXUS (Tourn.) L. Yew

T. canadensis Marsh. American Yew, Ground Hemlock. Moist banks;
frequent. Apr., May.

PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY

ABIES (Tourn.) Hill. Fir

A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Balsam or Balm-of-Gilead Fir. Damp woods;
rare. May. Burlington and South Burlington, (Hubbard) ; Essex,
(Jones).

JUNIPERUS (Tourn.) L. Juniper

J. communis L., var. depressa Pursh. Common Juniper. Dry sterile
hills; frequent. Apr., May.

J. virginiana L. Red Cedar or Savin. Dry rocky hills; frequent. May.

LARIX (Tourn.) Mill. Larch

L. laricina (Du Roi) Koch. American or Black Larch, Tamarack,
Hackmatack. Cold swamps; common. May.

PICEA Link. Spruce

P. canadensis (Mill.) BSP. White or Cat Spruce. A few trees at one
station, Colchester, (Griffin); Essex, (Howe). May.

r. mariana (Mill.) BSP. Bog or Black Spruce. Sphagnum swamps.;
common. May.

P FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 7

P. rnbra (Du Roi) Dietr. Red Spruce. Frequent in deep ravines about
Burlington, (Howe), but rare elsewhere. May. South Burling-
ton, (Hubbard).

PINUS (Tourn.) L. Pine

P. resinosa Ait. Red or Norway Pine. Dry woods; frequent. May,
June.

P. rigida Mill. Pitch Pine. Barren sandy soil; common. May, June.

P. Strobus L. White Pine. Common. June.

THUJA L. Arbor Vitae

T. occidentalis L. Arbor "Vitae, White Cedar. Swamps and rocky banks ;
common. Apr., May.

TSUGA (Endl.) Carr. Hemlock

T. canadensis (L.) Carr. Swamps and rocky woods; common. May.

TYPHACEAE. CAT=TAIL FAMILY

TYPHA (Tourn.) L. Cat-tail Flag

T. angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved Cat-tail. Marshes; rare. July. Bur-
lington, (N. F. F.); Colchester, (Griffin).

T. latifolia L. Common Cat-tail. Marshes; common. July.

SPARGANIACEAE. BUR=REED FAMILY

SPARGANIUM (Tourn.) L. Bur-reed

S. auiericanum Nutt. Muddy shores; rare. July, Aug. Burlington,
(N. F. F.).

S. diTersifolium Graeb. Muddy shores; rare. July, Aug. Colchester,

(N. F. F.).

S. enrycarpiim Engelm. Broad-fruited Bur-reed. Borders of ponds and
rivers; frequent. July, Aug.

8 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

NAJADACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY

NAJAS L. Naiad

N. flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Ponds and slow streams; com-
mon. July-Sept.

POTAMOGETON (Tourn.) L. Pondweed

P. amerieainis C. & S. Mouth of Winooski River, (Grout and Tracy).
July, Aug.

P. amplifolins Tuck. Large-leaved Pondweed. Shelburne Pond,
(Jones); Colchester, (Griffin). July, Aug.

P. CRisPus L. Malletts Bay, (Griffin). July, Aug.

P. dimorphus Raf. Ponds and slow streams; frequent. July, Aug.

P. epiliydrus Raf. Still or flowing water; frequent. July, Aug.

P. foliosus Raf. Still or flowing water; rare. July, Aug. Burlington
and Colchester, (N. F. F.).

P, Friesii Rupr. Shelburne Pond, (Pringle). Aug., Sept.

P heterophyllus Schreb. Mouth of Winooski River, (Grout and Tracy,
Howe); Malletts Bay, (N. F. F.). July, Aug. Forma terrESTRIS
Schlecht. Exsiccated place, Burlington, (N. F. F.)..

P. uataus L. Common Pondweed. Shelburne Pond, (Jones) ; Malletts
Bay, (Griffin). July, Aug.

P. pectiiiatus L. Malletts Bay, (Griffin). July-Sept.

P. perfoliatus L. Slow streams and shallow waters of Lake Cham-
plain; frequent. Sept.

P. praelongus Wulf. Shelburne Pond, (Pringle); Burlington, (N. P.
F.). July.

P. pusillus L. Malletts Bay, (Griffin). Aug.

P. pusillus L., var. Sturrockii Benn. Malletts Bay, (Griffin). Aug.

P. Eicbardsouii (Benn.) Rydb. Quiet waters; occasional. July, Aug.
Malletts Bay, (Griffin); Burlington, (N. F. F.).

P. Kobbinsii Oakes. Shelburne Pond, (Jones). July, Aug.

P. zosterifolius Schum. Shelburne Pond, (Grout and Tracy, Jones) ;
Malletts Bay, (Griffin). July, Aug.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 9

JUNCAGINACEAE. ARROW GRASS FAMILY

SCHEUCHZERIA L.
S. palustris L. Peat bogs; rare. June. Colchester, (Torrey, Jones).

ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY

ALISMA L. Water Plantain

A. Plantago-aquatica L. Swales; common. July, Aug.

SAGITTARIA L. Areow-head

S. graiuiuea Michx. Muddy shores of Lake Champlain and Winooskl
River; rare. July, Aug. Colchester, (Perkins, Griffin); Burling-
ton, (N. F. F.).

S. Iieteropliylla Pursh. Low muddy shores; occasional. July, Aug.

S. latifolia Willd. Wet places; common and presenting many different
forms. Aug., Sept.

HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY

ELODEA Michx. Water-weed
E. canadensis Michx. Slow streams and ponds; frequent. Aug.

VALLISNERIA (Mich.) L. Tape Grass. Eel Grass
Y. spiralis L. Slow water; frequent. Aug., Sept.

GRAMINEAE. GRASS FAMILY

AGROPYRON Gaertn.

A, caninum (L.) Beauv. Awned Wheat Grass. Ledges at Winooskl
Gorge, Colchester, (Jones). July, Aug.

A. REPENs (L.) Beauv. Couch, Quitch, or Quick Grass. Fields; com-
mon. June-Aug.

A. tenemm Vasey. Slender Wheat Grass. Dry warm rocky woodlands
and ledges; frequent. July, Aug.

I

10 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY |

AGROSTIS L. BENT GlL\SS

A. alba L. Fiorin or White Bent Grass. Moist places; common and
extremely variable. July. Var. vulgaris (With.) Thurb. Red Top.
Fields and roadsides; common. July. Variable and intergradlng
with the species. A stoloniferous form (A. stolonifera auth. not L.)
occurs in lawns, Burlington, (Jones). A small form occurs in
cool pastures, sometimes having flowering glume awned; Burling-
ton, (Jones).

A. hyeinalis (Walt.) BSP. Hair Grass. Dry ditches and other exsic-
cated places; common. June- Aug.

A. pereuiians (Walt.) Tuck. Thin Grass. Moist shaded places; fre-
quent. Aug., Sept.

ALOPECURUS L. Foxtail Grass

A. geuiculatus L., var. aristulatiis Torr. Floating Foxtail Grass. Wet
meadows; occasional. June, July. South Burlington, (Hinsdale);
Burlington and Colchester, (Jones).

A. PRATENSis L. Meadow Foxtail Grass. Introduced in fields. May,
June. Burlington, (Jones).

ANDROPOGON (Royen) L. Beard Grass

A. furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard Grass. Dry rocky river banks; occa-
sional. Aug., Sept.

A. scoparius Michx. Broom Beard Grass. Dry sterile soil; occasional.
Aug., Sept.

ANTHOXANTHUM L. SwEET VErnal Grass
A. odoratum L. Old meadows and roadsides; occasional. May-July.
ARISTIDA L. TriplE-awnEd Grass

A. dicliotoma Michx. Poverty Grass. Sterile gravelly soil; rare. Aug.,
Sept. Essex, (N. F. F.).

ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. Oat Grass

A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Tall Oat Grass. Meadows; rare. June, July.

Burlington, (Jones).

BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv. M

B. erectuni (Schreb.) Beauv. Moist shaded places; frequent. July,

Aug.

i

J

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 11

BROMUS L. Brome Grass

B. ciliatus L. Wood Chess. Moist thickets; common. July, Aug.
B. iNERMis Leyss. Hungarian Brome Grass. Adventive in meadows,
Experiment Farm, Burlington, (Orton) ; Colchester, (Griffin). July.

B. Kalmii Gray. Wild Chess. Dry woodlands; occasional. June, July.

B. pnrgans L. Thickets; frequent. July, Aug.

B. sECAEiNus L. Cheat or Chess. Fields and waste places; occasional.

June-Aug.

CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. Reed BenT Grass

C. canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Blue-joint Grass. Marshes and wet

places; common. June, July.

CBNCHRUS L. Sandbur. Bur Grass

C. CAROEiNiANUs Walt. Dry sandy soil; local. Aug., Sept. Colchester
and Burlington, (N. F. F.) ; Essex, (Griffin). Evidently a recent
introduction.

CINNA L. Wood REEd Grass

C. arundinacea L. Wood Reed Grass. Moist woods; rare. Aug.,
Sept. South Burlington, (Jones).

C. latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Slender Wood Reed Grass. Moist woods;

rare. Aug., Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

DACTYLIS L. Orchard Grass

D. GLOMERATA L. Fields, generally in partial shade; common. June,

July. A proliferous form occurs, Burlington, (Jones, Morse).

DANTHONIA DC. Wild Oat Grass

D. compressa Aust. Dry woods; rare. June, July. South Burling-
ton, (Jones).

D, spicata (L.) Beauv. Common Wild Oat Grass. Dry sterile soil;
common. June, July.

DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.

D. flexnosa (L.) Trin. Common Hair Grass. Dry places; common.
June, July.

12 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

DIGITARIA Scop. Finger Grass

D. HUMiFusA Pers. Small Crab Grass. Occasional in sandy fields, more
frequent as a lawn weed. Aug., Sept.

D. SANGUiNAUS (L.) Scop. Large Crab Grass. Cultivated fields and

waste places; common. Aug., Sept.

ECHINOCHLOA Beauv.

E. CRUSGAi<u (L.) Beauv. Barnyard Grass. Moist ground, waste places,

etc. ; common. Aug.-Oct. Presenting many differing forms ; viz. :
long awned, short awned, semi-prostrate, erect, etc.

ELYMUS L. Wild RvE. Lyme Grass

E. canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye. Low thickets and river banks;

common. July, Aug. Var. glaucifolius (Muhl.) Gray. Dry banks;

occasional. July, Aug.
E. robustus Scribn. & Sm. Burlington, (Jones). July, Aug.

E. striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye. Ledges of Winooski River,.

(Pringle). July, Aug.
E. Tirgiiiicus L. Wild Rye. Moist thickets of river banks; frequent.

July, Aug.

ERAGROSTIS Beauv.

E. hypiioides (Lam.) BSP. Creeping Eragrostis. Gravelly or sandy
shores; frequent. • Aug., Sept.

E. megastachya (Koeler) Link. Strong-scented Eragrostis. Waste
places; becoming frequent. July-Sept.

E. PiLOSA (L.) Beauv. Sandy soil, especially along railroads; rare.

July-Sept. Burlington, (Priest, N. F. F.).

FESTUCA L. Fescue Grass

F. elatior L. Taller or Meadow Fescue. Meadows and roadsides;

common. June, July.
F. uutans Spreng. Nodding Fescue. Rocky woods; frequent. June,

July.
F. oviNA L. Sheep's Fescue. Introduced in lawn, South Burlington,

(Jones). June, July.

F. rubra L. Red Fescue. Rocky or sandy shores of Lake Champlain;
occasional. June, July. Var. subvillosa Mert. & Koch. Adventlve
in lawn, South Burlington, (Jones). July.

1

I

I

I

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 13

GLYCERIA R. Br. Manna Grass

G. Itorealis (Nash) Batch. Floating Manna Grass. Wet places or in
shallow water; frequent. June-Aug.

G, canadensis (Michx.) Trin. Rattlesnake Grass. Wet places; com-
mon. July.

G. graudis Wats. Reed Meadow Grass. Wet soil; comm.on; July.

G. nerrata (Willd.) Trin. Manna Grass. Wet meadows; common.
June, July.

G. pallida (Torr.) Trin. Pale Manna Grass. Shallow water or wet
soil; occasional. June-Aug.

G. Torreyana (Spreng.) Hitchc. Wet woods; occasional. July, Aug.

HIEROCHLOE (Gmel.) R. Br. Holy Grass

H. odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Vanilla or Seneca Grass. Moist meadows;
occasional. May, June.

HORDEUM (Tourn.) L. Barley

H, aegiceras Nees. Egyptian Barley. Adventive in railroad yards, Bur-
lington, (Jones, N. F. F.). July, Aug.

11. jubatum L. Squirrel-tai'l Grass. Waste ground; occasional. June-
Aug.

HYSTRIX Moench. BottlE-brush Grass

H. patula Moench. Moist woods; occasional. June, July.

LEERSIA Sw. Cut-grass. White Grass

L, oryzoides (L.) Sw. Rice Cut-grass. Wet places; frequent. Aug.,

Sept.
L. Tirginica Willd. White Grass. Wet woods; occasional. Aug.

LOLIUM L. Darnel

L. PERENNE L. Common Darnel, Perennial Ray or Rye Grass. Ad-
ventive by roadsides and in meadows; occasional. June, July.

L. TEMULENTUM L. Bearded Darnel. Adventive in fields; rare. June,
July. Essex, (Wild); Burlington, (Jones).

MELICA L. MELic Grass

M. striata (Michx.) Hitchc. Purple Oat. Rocky woods; frequent. May,
June.

14 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

MUHLENBERGIA Schreb.

M. mexioana (L.) Trin. Meadow Muhlenbergia. Moist meadows ana
banks; common. Aug., Sept. Variable.

M, racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Marsh Muhlenbergia. Wet rocks and
marshy places; frequent and variable. Aug., Sept.

M. Sclirebcri Gmel. Drop-seed, Nimble Will. In shaded yard, Burling-
ton, (Jones). Aug., Sept.

ai. teiiuiflora (Willd.) BSP. Slender Muhlenbergia. Rocky woods;
rare. Aug., Sept. Colchester, (Jones).

ORYZOPSIS Michx. Mountain Rice

0. asperifolia Michx. White-grained Mountain Rice. Woods; common.

June.
0. pungeiis (Torr.) Hitchc. Slender Mountain Rice. Dry sandy soil; g

frequent. Apr., May.
0, racemosa (Sm.) Ricker. Black-fruited Mountain Rice. Rocky woods;

frequent. July, Aug.

PANICUM L. Panic. Grass

P. barbulatnm Michx. Rocky woods and hillsides; rare. July. Col-
chester, (Jones).

P. capillare L. Old-witch Grass. A common weed in sandy fields.

Aug., Sept.
P. claiidestiimm L. Moist thickets; frequent. June, July.
P, depauperatum Muhl. Dry woods and fields; occasional. June- Aug.
P. dichotomum L. Woods; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Jones).
P. hnacliucae Ashe. Open ground; frequent. June, July.

P. huachucae Ashe, var. silvicola Hitchc. & Chase. Woods; occasional.
June, July.

P. iniplicatum Scribn. Wet meadows; frequent. June, July.

P. latifoliiiin L. Woodlands; frequent. June, July.

P. MiLiACEUM L. European Millet. Waste places; rare. July, Aug.
Burlington, (Brainerd, Jones).

P. subTillosum Ashe. Dry woods and sandy ground. June, July. Bur-
lington, (Jones).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 15

r. teimesseense Ashe. Moist ground; rare. June, July. Burlington,
(N. F. F.).

P. tsugetoniin Nash. Sandy soil; frequent. June, July.

P, Werueri Scribn. Sterile woods and knolls; rare. June-Aug. Bur-
lington and Colchester, (Jones).

P. xanthophysuiii Gray. Dry sandy soil; frequent. July, Aug. A
broad-leaved form occurs, Burlington, (Jones).

PHALARIS L. Canary Grass

P. aruudiuacea L. Reed Canary Grass. Wet grounds; occasional.
June, July. Var. picta L. Ribbon Grass. Persistent in old gar-
dens and an occasional escape to roadsides. July.

P. CANARiENSis L. Canary Grass. Waste places; occasional, but prob-
ably only as seed is scattered from bird cages. June-Sept.

PHLEUM L.

P. pratensE L. Timothy, Herd's Grass. Meadows; common. June,
July. Proliferous forms and plants bearing bulblets in the upper
leaf axils occur, Burlington, (Jones). (See Vt. Exp. Sta. Bull. 95.)

PHRAGMITES Trin. Reed

P. commuuis Trin. Wild Broom Corn. Swampy margins of ponds ana
lakes; occasional. Aug., Sept.

POA L. Meadow Grass. Spear Grass

P. alsodes Gray. Gi-ove Spear Grass. Moist woods; frequent. May,
June.

P, annua L. Low Spear Grass. Waysides and fields; common. Apc-
Sept,

P. coMPRESSA L. Canada Blue Grass, Wire Grass. Dry fields and wood-
lands; common. May-Sept.

P. debilis Torr. Weak Spear Grass. Dry rocky woodlands; frequent.
May, June.

P. nemoralis L. Rocky woodlands; occasional. June-Sept.

P. pratensis L. June Grass, Spear Grass, Kentucky Blue Grass. Fields
and meadows; common. May, June.

P. triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow Grass. Wet soil; common. July, Aug.
The form known in Europe as P. fertilis Reich, occurs, Burling-
ton, (Jones), probably inti-oduced.

16 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

SETARIA Beaiiv. Bristly Foxtail Grass

S. GLAUCA (L.) Beauv. Yellow Foxtail, Pigeon Grass. Cultivated
grounds and waste places; common. July-Sept.

S. iTALiCA (L.) Beauv. Millet, German Millet, Hungarian Grass. Occa-
sionally spontaneous in cultivated ground. Aug., Sept.

S. vERTiciLLATA (L.) Beauv. Rough Foxtail Grass. Persistent in old
garden, Burlington, (Jones). July, Aug.

S. viRiDis (L.) Beauv. Green Foxtail, Bottle Grass.' Cultivated grounds
and waste places; common. July-Sept.

SORGHASTRUM Nash.

S. nutans (L.) Nash. Indian Grass, Wood Grass. Dry sandy soil; occa-
sional. Aug., Sept.

SPARTINA Schreb. Cord or Marsh Grass

S. Micliauxiana Hitchc. Slough Grass. Shores of Lake Champlain and
its tributaries; frequent. Aug., Sept.

SPHENOPHOLIS Scribn.

S. nitida (Spreng.) Scribn. Woods; rare. June. Colchester, (Tor-
rey).

S. pallens (Spreng.) Scribn. Marshes; occasional. June, July.

SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-seed. Rush Grass

S. Taginiflorus (Torr.) Wood. Dry soil; occasional and variable. Sept.

TRISETUM Pers.

T. melicoides (Michx.) Vasey. One form occurs. Var. majus (Gray)
Hitchc. Rocky banks of Winooski River, Colchester and Willis-
ton, (Pringle) ; Essex, (Jones). July.

T. spicatum (L.) Richter. Narrow False Oat. Rocky banks; occa-
sional. June.

ZIZANIA (Gronov.) L. Water or Indian Rice

Z. aquatica L. Wild Rice, Water Oats. In shallow water; occasional.
Aug., Sept.

HoRDEUM SATIVUM Jesscu, Barley, Secale cereale L., Rye, Triticum
sativum Lam., Wheat and Zea Mays L., Indian Corn are occasional
in waste places.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 17

CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY

CAREX (Rupp.) L. Sedge

0. albicans Willd. Dry shady ledges; common. June, July.

C. alopecoldea Tuckerm. Wet meadows; rare. June, July. Burling-
ton, (Hazen).

C. arctata Boott. Moist woodlands; common. May, June.
C. aurea Nutt. Moist meadows and springy banks; frequent. June,
July.

C. Bebbii Olney. Low ground; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Ha-
zen).

C. bromoides Schkuhr. Bogs and swamps; frequent. June, July.

C. brunnescens Poir. Open woods and dry rocky banks; rare. June,
July. Colchester, (Griffin).

tC. canescens L., var. disjimcta Fern. Wet places; occasional. June,
July.

C. castauea Wahlenb. Low meadows; rare. June, July. Williston,

»(N. F. F.).
C. cephaloidea Dewey. Moist woodlands; rare. June, July. South
Burlington, (Hazen).

C. cephalophora Muhl. Dry woods; frequent. June, July.

C. chordorrliiza L. f. Cold bogs; rare. June, July. Colchester, (Jones,

Grout).
C. communis Bailey. Dry open woods; common. May, June.
C. comosa Boott. Swamps; occasional. June, July.
C. couoidea Schkuhr. Moist grassy places; occasional. June, July.

C. Crawfordii Fern. Open sterile soil; frequent. June-Aug. Var.
viGENS Fern. Burlington, (Hazen). July.

C. crinita Lam. Swales and along brooks; common. June, July.

B C. crinita Lam., var. gynandra (Schwein.) Schwein. & Torr. Same
situations as the type; frequent. June, July.

C. crinita Lam., var. minor Boott. Rare. June, July. Burlington,
(Hazen).

C. cristata Schwein. Wet grounds; occasional. June, July.

b

18 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

C. debilis Michx., var. Kudgei Bailey. Moist sterile soil; rare. June,
July. Colchester, (Hazen).

C. Deweyana Schwein. Dry woodlands; common. June, July.

C. diaudra Schrank. Bogs; rare. June, July. South Burlington, (Ha-
zen).

C. digitalis Willd. Dry open woods; rare. June, July. Burlington,

(Hazen).
C. eburuea Boott. Dry shaded limestone; common. May- July.

C. festucacea Schkuhr. Dry or rocky soil; rare. June, July. Burling-
ton, (N. F. F.).
C. filiformis L. Bogs and shallow water; occasional. June, July.
0. flaya L. Damp places; rare. June, July. Williston, (N. F. F.).

C. foenea Willd. Dry woods and banks; rare. July. Colchester,
(Griffin).

C. folliciilata L. Wet woods; rare. June-Aug. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

C. formosa Dewey. Moist meadows; rare. June. Shelburne, (N. F. F).

C. graeillinia Schwein. Low meadows; common. June, July.

C. grauularis Muhl. Moist meadows: common. June, July.

C. granulans Muhl., var. Haleana (Olney) Porter. Burlington, (Ha-
zen). June, July.

C. grisea Wahlenb. Low meadows; rare. June. South Burlington,
(N. F. F.).

C. HoHghtouii Torr. Dry sandy banks; rare. June, July. Burling-
ton, (N. F. F.).

C. liystericina Muhl. Swales; common. June, July.

C. iutuiuesceus Rudge. Swamps and wet woods; occasional. June-
Aug.

C. iutuiuescens Rudge, var. Fernaldii Bailey. Same situations as the
type; occasional. June-Aug.

C. laxiflora Lam. Rich woods and meadows; occasional. May, June.

C. laxiflora Lam., var. patulifolia (Dewey) Carey. Burlington, (Jones).

May, June.
C. lenticnlaris Michx. Gravelly or sandy shores; rare. June-Aug.

Shelburne, (Pringle).
C. leptalea Wahlenb. Bogs and wet meadows; occasional. June, July.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 19

C. limosa L. Bogs; rare. June, July. Colchester and South Bur-
lington, (Hazen).

C. loug'irostris Torr. Rocky woods; rare. May, June. South Bur-
lington, (Jones and Hazen); Colchester, (Griffin).

C. lupiiliforinis Sartw. Marshes along Lake Champlain; occasional.
July, Aug.

C. liipuliua Muhl. Swamps and ditches; common. July, Aug.

C. lupulina Muhl., var. peduneulata Dewey. Swamps; rare. July, Aug.
Burlington, (Hazen).

C. lurida Wahlenb. Wet meadows; common. July, Aug. Very vari-
able.

C. inirabilis Dewey. Moist shady places; occasional. June, July.

C, Mulilenbergii Schkuhr. Dry sandy soil; rare. June, July. Col-
chester, (Brainerd and Hazen).

C. Oederi Retz., var. puiiiila (Coss. & Germ.) Fern. Shore of Lake
Champlain, Shelburne, (Ross). June, July.

C. pallescens L. Low meadows; common. June, July.

C. pauciflora Lightf. Cold bogs; rare. June, July. Colchester, (Ha-
zen).

C. pauperciila Michx., var. irrigua (Wahlenb.) Fern. Cold bogs; occa-
sional. June- Aug.

C. peduneulata Muhl. Rich woods; frequent. May.

C. peimsylvauica Lam. Dry sandy soil; common. May, June.

C. peunsylvauioa Lam., var. liicorum (Willd.) Fern. Richer damper
soil than the type. May, June. Burlington, (Brainerd).

C. plautag'iiiea Lam. Rich woods; frequent. May.

C. platyplijila Carey. Shady banks; common. May, June.

C. prasina Wahlenb. Springy bogs in woods; occasional. June, July.

C, pubescens Muhl. Copses and rich woods; rare. May, June. Soutn

Burlington, (Shaw).
C. retrorsa Schwein. Swamps; common. June, July.
C. riparia Curtis. Swales; occasional. June, July.
C. rosea Schkuhr. Dry open woods; frequent. June, July.

C. rostrata Stokes, var. iitrioiilata (Boott) Bailey. Wet swamps; occa-
sional. June, July.

20 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

C. scabrata Schwein. Springy bogs in woods; frequent. June, July.

C. seirpoides Schkuhr. Boggy meadows; frequent. June, July.

C. scoparia Schkuhr. Low grounds; common. June, July. Var. con-
DENSA Fern. Colchester, (Hazen). June, July. Var. moniliformis
Tuck. Burlington, (Hazen). June, July.

C. siccata Dewey. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain; rare. June, July.
Burlington, (Hazen).

C. spargaiiioides Muhl. Rich woods; occasional. June, July.

C. stelliilata Good. Low open ground; frequent. June, July.

C. stellulata Good., var. aiig'ustat4i Carey. Wet gi'ound; rare. June,
July. South Burlington, (N. F. F.).

C. stellulata Good., var. excelsior (Bailey) Fern. Low open ground;
frequent. June, July.

C. stlpata Muhl. Swales; common. June, July.

C. strainiuea Willd. Dryish copses and fields; frequent. June, July.

C. straraluea Willd., var. ecliinodes Fern. Moist sandy soil, Burling-
ton, (Brainerd). July.

C. stricta Lam. Swales and marshes; frequent. June, July.

C. teiiella Schkuhr. Cold swamps; occasional. May, June.

C. tenuiflora Wahlenb. Bogs; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Roh-
bins).

C. torta Boott. By streams; rare. June. Colchester, (Griffin).

Cc tribuloides Wahlenb. Open swales; frequent. July, Aug.

C. tribuloides Wahlenb., var. reducta Bailey. Moist copses; frequent.
July, Aug.

C. trisperma Dewey. Cold bogs in shade; occasional. June, July.

C. Tuckermanl Dewey. Swales and marshes; frequent. June, July.

C. typbiiioides Schwein. (C. typhina Michx.) Low margin of Lake
Champlain, Burlington, (N. F. F.). July, Aug.

C. nnibellata Schkuhr. Dry sandy soil; occasional. May, June.

C. Taria Muhl. Dry woods; rare. May, June. Colchester, (Brain-
erd and Jones); Burlington, (Pringle).

C. Tcsicaria L. Two forms occur. Var. jejuna Fern. Swales; rare.
June, July. Burlington, fHazen). Var. moxile (Tuck.") Fern.
Swales; common. June, July.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 21

C. vulpiuoidea Michx. Moist pastures; common. June, Jub.

CYPERUS (Tourn.) L. Galingale

C. aristatus Rottb. Awned Cyperus. Wet sandy soil; frequent. Aug.,
Sept.

C. deutatus Torr. Sandy shores of Lake Champlain; rare. Aug., Sept.
Shelburne, (Pringle) ; Burlington and Colchester, (N. F. F.).
Spikelets often abortive and changed into leafy tufts.

C. esciileiitus L. Yellow Nut Grass. Lake shore and river banks;
occasional. Aug., Sept.

C. filiculmis Vahl, var. iiiacilentus Fern. Dry sandy soil; common.
July, Aug.

C. HoHghtoiiii Torr. On dry shifting sand, Colchester, (N. F. F.).
Aug., Sept.

C. rivularis Kunth. Shining Cyperus. Lake shore and river banks;
frequent. Aug., Sept.

C. strigosus L. Straw-colored Cyperus. Moist soil; frequent. July-

Sept.

DULICHIUM Pers.

D. anindiuaoenm (L.) Britton. Borders of ponds; occasional. July-

Sept.

ELEOCHARIS R. Br. Spike Rush

E. acicularis (L.) R. & S. Muddy shores below high water mark;

common. July-Sept.

E. diaudra Wright. Wet sands of Winooski River; rare. Sept., Oct.
Burlington, (Brainerd, N. F. F.).

E. iiiteriiiedia (Muhl.) Schultes. Bank of Winooski River, Burling-
ton, (Brainerd, N. F. F.). Sept., Oct.

E, obtiisa (Willd.) Schultes. Muddy places; common. July-Sept.

E. palustris (L.) R. & S. Wet ground; frequent. June-Aug. Var.
GLAUCESCENS (Willd.) Gray. Moist grassy places; frequent. July,
Aug. Var. vigens Bailey. (Var. major Sonder) Mouth of Wi-
nooski River, (Grout, Brainerd). July, Aug.

E. tenuis (Willd.) Schultes. Wet meadows; rare. June-Aug. South
Burlington, (N. F. F.).

22 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

ERIOPHORUM L. Cotton Grass

E. callitrix Cham. Hare's Tail. Peat bogs; frequent. May, June.

E. tenellum Nutt. Swamps and bogs; rare. July, Aug. Colchester,
(N. F. F.).

E. Tirgriiiicum L. Cotton Grass. Bogs and wet meadows; common.
Aug., Sept.

E. Tiridi-carmatuin (Engelm.) Fern. Bogs; frequent. June, July.

RYNCHOSPORA Vahl. Beak Rush

R. alba (L.) Vahl. White Beak Rush. Bogs; frequent. July-Sept.

E. fusca (L.) Ait. f. Brown Beak Rush. Burlington, (Torrey). July-
Sept. One specimen in U. V. M. Hei'b.

SCIRPUS (Tourn.) L. Bulrush or Club Rush

S. auiericauus Pers. Chair-maker's Rush. Sandy shores of Lake Cham-
plain; frequent. July-Sept.

S, atrociuctus Fern. Wet meadows; occasional. July. Var. brachy-
PODUS Fern. Rare. July. Colchester, (N. F. F.}.

S. atroTirens Muhl. Moist meadows; common. July, Aug.

S. cj-perinas (L.) Kunth. Wool Grass. Wet meadows; common. Aug.,

Sept.

S. flnviatilis (Torr.) Gray. River Bulrush. Marshy borders of bays
and tributaries of Lake Champlain; occasional. July-Sept.

S. georgiauus Harper. Moist meadows; frequent. July, Aug. Pro-
liferous forms occur, Burlington and Colchester, (N. F. F.).

S. heterochaetus Chase. Sheltered shores; frequent. July, Aug.

S. pedicellatus Fern. Swales; frequent. July, Aug.

S. rnbrotinctus Fern. Wet meadows; frequent. July, Aug.

S. Smitliii Gray. Shores of Lake Champlain. Aug. Abundant at one
station, Burlington, (Grout and Tracy).

S. yalidns Vahl. Great Bulrush. In shallow water; frequent. July,
Aug.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 23

ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY

ACORUS L. Sweet Flag. Calamus
A. Calamus L. Marshes; common. June.

ARISAEMA Martins. Indian Turnip. Dragon Arum

A. tripliyllum (L.) Schott. Indian or Wild Turnip, Jack-in-the-Pulplt.
Rich, moist woods; common. Apr., May. Spathes, petioles and
sheaths vary in color from pale green to dark purple with whitish
stripes or spots.

CALLA L. Water arum
C. palnstris L. Wild Calla. Bogs and marshes; frequent. May, June.

SYMPLOCARPUS Salisb. Skunk Cabbage
S.'foetidus (L.) Nutt. Wet places; common. Apr., May.

LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY

LEMNA L. Duckweed. Duck's Meat

L. miuor L. Lesser Duckweed. Stagnant water; frequent. Not found
in flower.

L, trisulca L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Ponds; occasional. Not found
in flower.

SPIRODELA Schleid.

S. polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Greater Duckweed. Stagnant water; fre-
quent. Not found in flower.

ERIOCAULACEAE. PIPEWORT FAMILY

ERIOCAULON (Gronov.) L. Pipewort

t. articnlatuiii (Huds.) Morong. (E. septangulare With.) Border of
Lake Champlain, Colchester, (N. F. F., Griffin). Aug., Sept.

24 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

PONTEDERIACEAE. PICKEREL=WEED FAMILY

HETERANTHERA R. & P. Mud Plantain

H. dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Water Star Grass. Ponds and streams; rare.
Aug. Mouth of Winooski River, (Grout and Tracy). A small
form occurs on muddy shore, Burlington, (N. F. F.).

PONTEDERIA L. PickEREL-weEd

P. cordata L. Borders of ponds and slow streams; frequent. July,
Aug.

JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY

JUNCUS (Tourn.) L. Rush. Bog Rush

J. acuiiiiiiatus Michx. Sharp-fruited Rush. Wet meadows; rare. June-
Aug. Essex, (Jones). This was a proliferous form of the species.

J. alpiuus Vill., var. iusiguis Fries. Wet gravelly shores of Lake Cham-
plain; rare. July, Aug. Shelburne, (Pringle) ; Burlington, (N.
F. F.).

J. articulatus L. Jointed Rush. Wet grounds; rare. July, Aug. Es-
sex, (Jones); Colchester, (N. F. F.).

J. brevicandatus (Engelm.) Fern. Moist places; frequent. July-Sept.

J. bnfonius L. Toad Rush. Low grounds; common. June-Sept.

J. Dudley! Wiegand. Damp grounds; occasional. June-Sept.

J. eft'usus L. Bog Rush. Marshy grounds; common. July, Aug.

J. nodosus L. Knotted Rush. Swamps and gravelly banks; frequent.
July, Aug.

J. peloearpus Mey. Brownish-fruited Rush. Shores of Lake Cham-
plain; rare. Aug., Sept. Shelburne, (Pringle); Colchester, (N.
F. F.).

J. tenuis Willd. Slender Rush. Fields; common and variable. June-
Sept.

LUZULA DC. Wood Rush

L. cainpestris (L.) DC, var. niultitlora (Ehrh.) Celak. Common Wood
Rush. Meadows and open woods; frequent. May, June.

L. saltuensis Fern. Hairy Wood Rush. Woods and banks; frequent.
May.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 25

LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY

ALLIUM (Tourn.) L. Onion. Garuc

A. tricocciim Ait. Wild Leek. Rich woods; rare. June, July. Col-
chester, (Griffin).

ASPARAGUS (Tourn.) L. Asparagus

A. OFFICINALIS L. Garden Asparagus. Roadside escape from gardens;
frequent. June.

CLINTONIA Raf.

C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. Yellow Clintonia. Cool moist woods; common.
May, June.

CONVALLARIA L. Lily of The Valley

C. majalis L. Persistent near old building site, Shelburne, (N. F. F.).
May, June.

ERYTHRONIUM L. Dog's-Tooth ViolET

E. americaimm Ker. Yellow Adder's Tongue. Rich copses and wood-
lands; common. Apr., May.

HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lily

H. fulva L. Common Day Lily. Roadside escape from gardens; occa-
sional. July.

LILIUM (Tourn.) L. Lily

L. canadeiise L. Meadow Lily, Wild Yellow Lily. Moist meadows;
common. July.

L. pliiladelpliicum L. Wood Lily, Wild Orange-red Lily. Sandy open
woodlands; common. July.

L. TiGRiNUM Ker. Tiger Lily. Roadside escape from gardens; rare.
Aug. Burlington, (Miss Brown); Essex, (N. F. F.).

MAIANTHEMUM Wiggers.

M. cauadeuse Desf. Two-leaved Solomon's Seal, Wild Lily of the Val-
ley. Woods; common. May, June.

MEDEOLA (Gronov.) L. Indian Cucumber-root
M. Tirgiiiiaiia L. Rich moist woods; common. May, June.

[

26 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

OAKESIA Wats.

0. sessilifolia (L.) Wats. Sessile-leaved Bellwort. Moist woodlands;
common. May, June.

POLYGONATUM (Tourn.) Hill. Solomon's Seai,

P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. Small Solomon's Seal. Wooded hillsides;
common. May, June.

SMILACINA Desf. False Solomon's Seal

S. racemosa (L.) Desf. False Spikenard. Moist copses; common.
May, June.

S. stellata (L.) Desf. Star-flowered Solomon's Seal. Moist banks and
meadows ; frequent. May.

S. trifolia (L.) Desf. Three-leaved Solomon's Seal. Cold sphagnum
swamps; occasional. June, July.

I

SMILAX (Tourn.) L. Cat Brier. Green Brier

S. herbacea L. Carrion-flower. River banks and moist thickets; occa-
sional. June.

STREPTOPUS Michx. Twisted-stalk

S. roseus Michx. Cold damp woods; frequent. May.

TRILLIUM L. Wake Robin. Birthroot

T. cernuum L. Nodding Trillium. Moist woods; rare. May. South
Burlington, (Hood).

T. erectum L. Purple Trillium. Rich woods; frequent. May.

T. grandiflorum (Michx.) Salisb. White Trillium. Rich moist woods;

common. May.
T. uudiilatuin Willd. Painted Trillium. Cool moist woods; occasional.

May.

UVULARIA L. Bellwort

1;. graiidiflora Sm. Large-flowered Bellwort. Rich woods; frequent.
Apr., May. A form occurs the leaves of which are variegated with
white; Shelburne, (Mrs. Gebhardt).

VERATRUM (Tourn.) L. False Hellebore

T. riride Ait. American White Hellebore, Indian Poke. Wet mead-
ows and swamps; common. June.

I

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 27

IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY

IRIS (Tourn.) L. Fleur-dE-lis

r. PSEUDACORUS L. Yellow Iris. A garden escape, bank of WinooskI
River, Essex, (Ross). June.

I. yersicolor L. Wild Iris, Blue Flag. Wet meadows; common. June,
July.

SISYRINCHIUM L. Blue-evEd Grass

S. aiigustifoliuiii Mill. Meadows, fields and damp sandy soil; common.
May, June.

ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHIS FAMILY

ARETHUSA (Gronov.) L.

A. bnlbosa L. Sphagnum bogs; occasional. June. A white-flowered
form occurs. South Burlington, (Howe).

CALOPOGON R. Br.

C. pulcliellus (Sw.) R. Br. Grass Pink. Bogs; occasional. June,
July.

CORALLORRHIZA (Haller) Chat. Coral Root

C. luaculata Raf. Large Coral Root. Woods; occasional. July, Aug.

C. trifida Chat. Early Coral Root. Swamps and damp woods; occa-
sional. May, June.

CYPRIPEDIUM L. Lady's Supper. Moccasin FeowER

C. acaule Ait. Stemless or Pink Lady's Slipper. Dry woods; frequent.
May, June.

C. arietmum R. Br. Ram's Head Lady's Slipper. Occasional In rocky
woods where it reaches great perfection, colonies of thirty-nine to
fifty blossoms having been seen. May, June.

C. hirsutum Mill. Showy Lady's Slipper. Cold swamps; occasional.
June, July.

C. parYifloruiii Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady's Slipper. Bogs and low
woods; rare. May, June. South Burlington, (Torrey) ; Colches-
ter, (Griffin).

C. parviflorum Salisb., var. pnbesceus (Willd.) Knight. Large Yellow
Lady's Slipper. Rich moist woods; frequent. May, June.

28 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

EPIPACTIS (Haller) Boehm. Rattlesnake Plantain

E. pubeseeiis (Willd.) Eaton. Downy Rattlesnake Plantain. Dry
woods; occasional. Aug.

E, repeus (L.) Crantz, var. ophioides (Fern.) Eaton. Lesser Rattle-
snake Plantain. Cold mossy woods; rare. July. South Burling-
ton, (Mrs. Walker).

E. tesselata (Lodd.) Eaton. Cold moist woods; rare. Aug. Burling-
ton, (Collins); South Burlington, (N. F. F.).

HABENARIA Willd. Rein Orchis. Fringed Orchis

H. blepliariglottis (Willd.) Torr. White Fringed Orchis. Bogs; rare.J
Aug. South Burlington, (Torrey).

II. braeteata (Willd.) R. Br. Long-bracted Orchis. Damp woods and
meadows; occasional. May, June.

H. clavellata (Michx.) Spreng. Small Wood Orchis. Bogs; rare. July,
Aug. South Burlington, (Torrey, Jones) ; Burlington, (Ross,
N. F. F.).

H. dilatata (Pursh) Gray. White Bog Orchis. Cold bogs; rare. June,
July. South Burlington, (Hazen).

H. fiiiibriata (Ait.) R. Br. Large Purple Fringed Orchis. Cool moist
woods; rare. June, July. Essex, (Jones and Hazen).

If. Hookeri Torr. Dry woods; occasional. June.

H. hyperborea (L.) R. Br. Tall Green Orchis. Bogs and cold woods;
occasional. July.

H. lacera (Michx.) R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchis. Moist ground;

rare. July, Aug. South Burlington, (Torrey) ; Burlington, (N.

F. P.).
H. macrophylla Goldie. Large-leaved Orchis. Moist coniferous woods;

rare. June, July. Williston, (Bates); South Burlington, (Ross).

n. orbioulata (Pursh) Torr. Round-leaved Orchis. Cold rich woods;
rare. June, July. Burlington, (N. P. F., H. A. P. Torrey).

H. psycodes (L.) Sw. Smaller Purple Fringed Orchis. Wet meadows
and bogs; occasional. July, Aug.

LIPARIS Richard. Twaybeade

L. liliifolia (L.) Richard. Large Twayblade. Woods; rare. June,
July. Colchester, (Eggleston). Specimen lost.

I

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 29

L. Loeselii (L.) Richard. Fen Orchis. Damp fields; occasional. June,

July.

LISTERA R. Br. TwaybladE

L, cordata (L.) R. Br. Heart-leaved Twayblade. Sphagnum bogs;
rare. June. South Burlington, (Jones).

MICROSTYLIS (Nutt.) Eaton. Adder's Mouth

M. imifolia (Michx.) BSP. Green Adder's Mouth. Open woods; occa-
sional. July.

ORCHIS (Tourn.) L.

0. spectal)ilis L. Showy Orchis. Rich moist woods; occasional. May,
June.

POGONIA Juss.

P. affinis Aust. Small Whorled Pogonia. One plant in woods at Fair-
holt, Burlington, (Mrs. Holt). May, June.

P. ophiog-lossoides (L.) Ker. Rose Pogonia, Snake-mouth. Bogs; fre-
quent. June, July.

P. Tcrticillata (Willd.) Nutt. Whorled Pogonia. Woods; rare. May,
June. Colchester, (Bobbins, Torrey, Ross); Burlington, (Jones).
Has been found in two or three different stations at intervals of
several years.

SPIRANTHES Richard. Ladies' TrESSEs

S. ceruTia (L.) Richard. Nodding Ladies' Tresses. Wet soil; common.
Aug., Sept.

S. gracilis (Bigel.) Beck. Slender Ladies' Tresses. Sandy woods and
plains; occasional. July, Aug.

S. Romanzoffiaua Cham. Swamps and moist soil; rare. July, Aug.
Colchester, (Griffin).

SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY

POPULUS (Tourn.) L. Poplar. Aspen

P. alba L. White Poplar, Silver-leaved Poplar, Abele. Frequent as
an escape from cultivation. Apr., May. Only pistillate trees occur.

P. balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar, Tacamahac. Wet ravines and bor-
ders of rivers; frequent. Apr., May.

30 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

P. CANDiCANs Ait. Balm of Gilead. Occasional in cultivation and
sometimes spontaneous. Apr., May.

r. deltoides Marsh. Cotton-wood, Necklace Poplar. Borders of streams
and of Lake Champlain; frequent. Apr., May.

P. grandideiitata Michx. Large-toothed Aspen. Rich woods; frequent.
Apr., May.

P. NIGRA L. One form occurs. Var. italica Du Roi. Lombardy Pop-
lar. Frequently cultivated and tends to spread by sprouting from
the roots. Apr., May. Only staminate trees occur.

P. trenmloides Michx. American Aspen, Trembling Poplar. Woods;
common. Apr., May.

SALIX (Tourn.) L. Willow. Osier

S. alba L. One form occurs. Var. vitellina (L.) Koch. White Wil-
low. Common in cultivation and occasional as an escape. Apr.,
May.

S. cordata Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow. Wet soil; common. Apr.,

May.

S. discolor Muhl. Pussy or Glaucous Willow. Wet soil; common.
Apr., May. Var. eriocephala (Michx.) Anders. South Burlington,
(Kirk and Jones). Apr., May.

S. fragilis L. Crack Willow. Common in cultivation and as an es-
cape. May.

S. huinilis Marsh. Prairie Willow. Dry sandy plains; common. Apr.,
May.

S. loiigifolia Muhl. Sand-bar Willow. Shores of Lake Champlain;
occasional. May.

S. lucida Muhl. Shining Willow. Moist banks; frequent. May.

S. nigra Marsh. Black Willow. Banks of streams and ponds; com-
mon. May. Var. falcata (Pursh) Torr. Burlington, (Rand).
May.

S. pedicellaris Pursh. Bog Willow. Peat bogs; frequent. May.

S. petiolaris Sm. Slender Willow. Swamps and shores of Lake Cham-
plain; rare. May. Burlington, (Grout and Jones).

S. PURPUREA L. Purple Willow. A frequent escape to watersides.
Apr., May.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 31

S. rostrata Richards. Beaked Willow. Borders of thickets; common.
Apr., May.

S. sericea Marsh. Silky Willow. In swamps and along streams; rare.
Apr., May. Burlington and South Burlington, (Jones).

Some peculiar willows occur at Burlington, (Jones), which will prob-
ably prove to be hybrids.

MYRICACEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILY

MYRICA L.

M. aspleuifolia L. Sweet Fern. Dry sterile soil; common. Apr., May.

M. Gale L. Sweet Gale. Swamps and borders of ponds; occasional.
May.

JUGLANDACEAE. WALNUT FAMILY

CARYA Nutt. Hickory

C. alba (L.) Koch. Mocker Nut, White-heart Hickory. Rocky pas-
ture, Burlington, (Burns). June.

C. cordiformis (Wang.) Koch. Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory. Occa-
sional in cultivation, but rare otherwise. May, June. South Bur-
lington, (Hubbard and Strait).

C. ovata (Mill.) Koch. Shellbark or Shagbark Hickory, Walnut. Rich
soil; frequent. May, June.

JUGLANS L. Walnut

J. cinerea L. Butternut, White Walnut. Rocky hillsides; frequent.
May.

BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY

ALNUS (Tourn.) Hill. Alder

A. iucana (L.) Moench. Speckled or Hoary Alder. Swamps and bor-
ders of streams; common. Apr. Several forms occur, which are
intermediate between this and A. rngosa, and are regarded by
some as hybrids.

A. mollis Fern. Downy Green Alder. Damp thickets and exposed
rocky banks; rare. May. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

32 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

A. riigosa (Du Roi) Spreng. Smooth Alder. Moist soil; frequent.

Apr.

BETULA (Tourn.) L. Birch

B. alba L., var. papjrifera (Marsh.) Spach. Paper, Canoe or White

Birch. Moist soil; common. Apr., May.

B. lenta L. Cherry, Sweet or Black Birch. Rich woodlands; fre-
quent. Apr., May.

B. Intea Michx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch. Rich cool soils; frequent.
Apr., May.

B. populifolia Marsh. White, Gray or Old Field Birch. Poor sandy

soil; common. Apr., May.

CARPINUS (Tourn.) L. Hornbeam. Iron wood

C. caroliniaiia Walt. American Hornbeam, Blue or Water Beech.

Along streams; frequent. May.

CORYLUS (Tourn.) L. Hazelnut. Filbert

C. rostrata Ait. Beaked Hazelnut. Dry thickets; common. Apr., May.

OSTRYA (Mich.) Scop. Hop Hornbeam. Iron wood

0. Tirginiana (Mill.) Koch. American Hop Hornbeam, Leverwood.
Rich woods; common. May.

FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY

CASTANEA (Tourn.) Hill. Chestnut

C. deiitata (Marsh.) Borkh. Chestnut. Rocky woods and hillsides.
July, The trees on the Ethan Allen farm in the north part of
Burlington were supposed to represent the northern limit of this
tree, but it has recently been found in Colchester, (Griffin).*

FAGUS (Tourn.) L. BEECH
F. grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech. Rich uplands; common. May.

QUERCUS (Tourn.) L. Oak
Q. alba L. White Oak. Dryish woods; common. May.

Q. bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak. Borders of streams and swamps;
frequent. May.

♦This last station is probably the one referred to in Hemenway's Vermont
Gazeteer, Vol. 1. p. 758.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 33

Q. macrocariia Michx. Bur Oak, Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak. Rich
soil; rare. May. Burlington, (Jones); Colchester, (Griffin).

Q. Muhleubergii Bngelm. Yellow Oak, Chestnut Oak. Dry limestone

hillsides; rare. May. Colchester, (Griffin).
Q. rubra L. Red Oak. Rich or poor soil; common. May. Var. ambigua

(Michx. f.) Fern. Gray Oak. Rocky woods, Burlington, (Burns).

May.
Q. velntiua Lam. Quercitron, Yellow-barked or Black Oak. Dry light

soil ; frequent. May.

URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY

BOEHMERIA Jacq. False Nettle

B. cylindrica (L.) Sw. Moist shady ground; frequent. July, Aug.

CANNABIS (Tourn.) L. Hemp

C. sativa L. Common Hemp. Waste places; occasional. July-Sept.

CELTIS (Tourn.) L. Nettle Tree. HackbErry

C. occideutalis L. Sugarberry. River banks and intervals; occasional.
May.

HUMULUS L. Hop

H. jAPONicus Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Hop. Waste places; rare. July.
Burlington, (Jones, N. F. F.).

H. LuPULus L. Common Hop. An occasional roadside escape. July.

LAPORTEA Gaud. Wood Nettle

L. cauadeusis (L.) Gaud. Rich woods; frequent. July, Aug.

MORUS (Tourn.) L. Mulberry

M. ALBA L. White Mulberry. An occasional escape to woods and road-
sides. May. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

PARIETARIA (Tourn.) L. Pellitory

P. peuusylvanica Muhl. Shaded rocky banks; rare. June, July. Bur-
lington, (Jones) ; South Burlington, (N. F. F.) ; Colchester, (Grif-
fin).

34 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

PILEA Lindl. RichwEEd. ClEarvvEEd

P. pnmila (L.) Gray. Cool and moist shaded places; frequent. July,
Aug.

ULMUS (Tourn.) L. Elm

U. americaua L. American or White Elm. Moist soil; common. Apr.

U. CAMPESTRis L. English Elm. Commonly planted and escaped to
roadside, Colchester, (N. F. F.). Apr.

U. fnlra Michx. Slippery or Red Elm. Rich rocky woods; occasional.
Apr.

TJ. racemosa Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm. Occurs as a shade tree in
Burlington and search will probably reveal it on the river banks
or calcareous ridges in this vicinity. Apr., May.

URTICA (Tourn.) L. Nettle

U. gracilis Ait. Slender or Tall Wild Nettle. Fence rows and moist
ground; common. July, Aug.

U. Lyallii Wats. Alluvial thickets and waste places; frequent. July,
Aug. Has hitherto been confused with U. gracilis.

SANTAL.4CEAE. SANDALWOOD FAMILY

COMANDRA Nutt. Bastard Toad-flax

C. Ricliardsiana Fern. Dry sandy or gravelly soil ; common. May,
June.

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Dry ground; rare. May, June. Colchester,
(Griffin).

LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY

ARCEUTHOBIUM Bieb.

A. pasillnm Peck. Dwarf Mistletoe. Parasitic on spruce and tama-
rack. May. Colchester, (Jones).

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY

ASARUM (Tourn.) L. Asarabacca. Wild Ginger
A. caiiadensc L. Rich woods; common. Apr., May.

FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 35

POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY

FAGOPYRUM (Tourn.) Hill. Buckwheat
F. ESCUI.ENTUM Moench. Persisting after cultivation. June-Sept.

POLYGONELLA Michx.

P. articulata (L.) Meisn. Coast Jointweed. Sandy shore of Lake
Champlain; rare. Aug., Sept. Colchester, (Pringle, N. P. F.).

POLYGONUM (Tourn.) L. KnoTWEEd

P. acre HBK., var. leptostacliyiim Meisn. Water Smartweed. Wet
meadows; occasional. July-Sept.

P. amphibmm L. One form occurs. Var. Hartwrightii (Gray) Bis-
sell. Wet places; rare. Aug., Sept. Burlington, (Jones, N. F. F.).

P. arifolhim L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb. Wet ground; occasional.

Aug., Sept.
P. aviculare L. Knotgrass, Knotweed, Doorweed. Dooryards, waste

places, etc.; common. June-Sept.
P. aviculare L., var. Tegetum Ledeb. Burlington, (Grout). July-Sept.
P. cilinode Michx. Fringed Black Bindweed. Rocky copses; frequent.

July-Sept.
P. Convolvulus L. Black Bindweed. Cultivated and waste ground;

common. June-Sept.
P. cuspiDATUM Sieb. & Zucc. Japanese Knotweed. Adventive in gar-
den, Shelburne, (Mrs. Gebhardt). Aug., Sept.
P. erectum L. Erect Knotweed. Waysides, waste places, etc.; local.

July, Aug. South Burlington, (N. F. F.).
P. Hydropiper L. Common Smartweed or Water Pepper. Moist places;

common. July-Sept.

P. lapathifolium L. Dock-leaved or Pale Persicaria. Alluvial fields;
frequent. July-Sept. A stout form near var. nodosum (Pers.)
Weinm. occurs, Fort Ethan Allen, (N. F. F.).

P. Muhlenbergii (Meisn.) Wats. Swamp Persicaria. Muddy or exsic-
cated places; occasional. Aug., Sept.

P. ORiENTALE L. Prince's Feather. Persisting about gardens; occa-
sional. July-Sept.

36 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

P. peimsylvauiciim L. Common or Pink Persicaria. Moist soil; fre-
quent. July-Sept.

P. Persicari.\ L. Lady's Thumb. Waste places; common. July-Sept.

P. sagittatum L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Low ground; common.
Aug., Sept.

P. scandeus L. Climbing False Buckwheat. Moist thickets; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

P. yirginiainiiii L. Moist thickets; occasional. Aug., Sept.

RUMEX L. Dock. Sorrel

B. AcETosA L. Garden Sorrel. Adventive in grass lands, Burling-

ton, (Jones). June.

R. AcETOSELLA L. Field or Sheep Sorrel. Fields, especially in sterile
soil; a common weed. May- July.

R. Britauiiica L. Great Water Dock. Wet places; frequent. July,
Aug.

R. CRisPus L. Yellow Dock. Fields and waste places; common. June,
July.

R. MExiCANUs Meisn. Rich soil; rare. July. Colchester, (Sprague);
Burlington, (N. F. F.).

R. MONTANUM Desf. A garden escape, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June.
Station destroyed by building operations.

R. OBTusiEOLius L. Bitter Dock. Fields and waste places; common.
June, July.

Bv Patientia L. Patience Dock. Rich open soil ; frequent. June, July.

R. Terticillatus L. Swamp Dock. Swamps; frequent. June, July.

CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY

CHENOPODIUM (Tourn.) L. GoosEFooT. Pigweed

C. ALBUM L. Lamb's Quarters, Pigweed. Fields; a common weed.

June-Sept. Var. viride (L.) Moq. Becoming frequent. June-Sept. J

C. AMBROSioiDEs L. Mexican Tea. Adventive on railway embankment,
Colchester, (N. F. F.). Aug., Sept.

C. BoTRYS L. Jerusalem Oak, Feather Geranium. Lake shore and
waste places; occasional. July-Sept.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 37

r. capitatum (L.) Asch. Strawberry Elite. Rich ground; rare. July.
Burlington, (Jones and Howe).

C. GLAucuM L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. Railroad yard, Burlington,
(Orton). July-Sept.

C. hybriduin L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot. Shady ledges and waste
places; frequent. July-Sept.

C. URBicuM L. Upright Goosefoot. Adventive in lumber yards, Bur-
lington, (Howe). June-Aug.

SALSOLA L. Saltwort

S. KL-M,! L., var. tenuifolia Mey. Russian Thistle. Occasional as a
recent introduction, Burlington, (N. F. F.) ; Colchester, (Jones).
Aug., Sept.

AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY

ACNIDA L. Water Hemp

A. tuberculata Moq. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington,
(N. F. F.). Aug., Sept.

AMARANTHUS (Tourn.) L. Amaranth

A. BLiToiDEs Wats. Prostrate Amaranth. Waste places and along rail-
roads; becoming common. July-Sept.

Ai GRAEciZANS L. Tumble Weed. Waste and cultivated ground; fre-
quent. July-Sept.

A. RETROFLExus L. Green Amaranth, Pigweed. A common weed in cul-
tivated ground. July-Sept.

A. sPiNOSus L. Thorny Amaranth. Adventive in cultivated ground,
Burlington, (Mrs. Walker). July-Sept.

PHYTOLACCACEAE. POKEWEED FAMILY

PHYTOLACCA (Tourn.) L. Pokeweed

P. decaudra L. Common Poke or Scoke, Garget, Pigeon Berry. Pas-
tures and fields; rare. July-Sept. Colchester, (Jones).

38 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

AIZOACEAE

MOLLUGO L. Indian Chickweed

M. vERTiciLLATA L. Carpet Weed. Cultivated gi-ound and waste places
in sandy soil; frequent. July-Oct.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY

AGROSTEMMA L. Corn Cockle

A. GiTHAGO L. Cultivated fields: occasional. June, July.

ARENARIA L. Sandwort

A. lateriflora L. Blunt-leaved Sandwort. Rocky headland of Lake
Champlain, Burlington, (Miss Hitchcock). June, July.

A. SERPYEEiFOLiA L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. Dry rocky places; fre-
quent. June-Aug.

A. stricta Michx. Rock Sandwort. Cliffs and headlands of Lake Cham-
plain; occasional. June, July.

CERASTIUM L. MousE-Ear ChickvvEEd

C aryense L. Field Mouse-ear Chickweed. Dry or rocky places; rare.
June, July. Colchester, (Griffin).

C. mitau.s Raf. Nodding Chickweed. Moist rich soil ; rare. June, July.
Colchester, (Griffin).

C. vulgatum L. Common Mouse-ear Chickweed. Fields, dooryards,

etc. ; common. Apr. -Oct.

DIANTHUS L. Pink. Carnation

D. B.VRBATus L. Sweet William. Roadside escape from garden, Essex,

(N. F. F.). June, July.

GYPSOPHILA L.

G. MURALis L. Low Gypsophila. Spontaneous in garden, Burlington,
(Jones); in old field, Colchester, (N. F. F.). July-Sept.

LYCHNIS (Tourn.) L. Campion

li, ALBA Mill. White Campion. Waste grounds and roadsides; rare.
June-Aug. Burlington, (Grout) ; weed in meadow, Colchester,
(Jones).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY * 39

L. DioiCA L. Red Campion. Persistent in old dooryard, Colchester,
(N. F. F.) ; in grass land, Burlington, (Morse). July-Sept.

SAPONARIA L.

S. OFFICINALIS L. Soapwort, Bouncing Bet. Waste places and road-
sides; common. July-Oct.

S. Vaccaria L. Cow-herb. Railroad yards, Burlington, (N. F. F.,
Ross). June. July.

SILENE L. Catchfly. Campion

S. aiitirrliiua L. Sleepy Catchfly. Dry soil; frequent. June-Aug.

S. Armeria L. Sweet William Catchfly. Spontaneous in garden, Bur-
lington, (N. F. F.). July-Sept.

S. latifoua (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Bladder Campion. Roadsides
and fields; occasional. June, July.

S. NOCTiFLORA L. Night-flowering Catchfly. Cultivated grounds and
waste places; occasional. June-Oct.

SPERGULA L. SpurrEy

S. arvensis L. Corn Spurrey. Weed in cultivated grounds; occasional.
June-Sept.

S. sativa Boenn. Field Spurrey. Adventive at Experiment Farm, Bur-
lington, (Hazen). June, July.

STELLARIA L. Chickweed. Starwort

S. borealis Bigel. Northern Stitchwort. Shaded or wet places; rare.
June-Aug. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

S. graminea L. Lesser Stitchwort or Starwort. Roadsides and moist
grasslands; frequent. June, July. Var. latifoua Peterm. Damp
grassy place, Williston, (N. F. F.).

S. loiigifolia Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort. Damp intervals; occa-
sional. June, July.

S. MEDIA (L.) Cyrill. Common Chickweed. A common weed in moist
shaded places. Apr.-Oct.

k

40 , FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY

CLAYTONIA (Gronov.) L. Spring Beauty

C. caroliniana Michx. Spring Beauty. Rich open woods; frequent.

Apr., May.
C. Tirgiuica L. Broad-leaved Spring Beauty. Wooded edge of interval,

South Burlington, (Torrey, Jones). Apr., May.

PORTULACA (Tourn.) L. Purslane

P. OLERACEA L. Common Purslane, Pusley. Cultivated and waste
grounds; common. June- Aug.

NYMPHAEACEAE. WATER LILY FAMILY

BRASBNIA Schreb. Water Shield

B. Sclireberi Gmel. Ponds; rare. July, Aug. Shelburne, (Jones);

Colchester, (Macrae, N. F. F.).

CASTALIA Salisb. Water Lily. Water Nymph

C. odorata (Ait.) Woodville & Wood. Sweet-Scented White Water Lily,

Pond Lily. Ponds and slow streams; common. July, Aug.

C. tuberosa (Paine) Greene. Tuberous White Water Lily. Tribu-
taries of Lake Champlain; rare. July, Aug. Shelburne, (Pringle);
Burlington, (Grout and Tracy).

NYMPHAEA (Tourn.) L. Yellow Pond Lily. Spatter Dock

H. advena Ait. Cow Lily, Large Yellow Pond Lily. Ponds and slow
streams; common. June- Aug.

N. microphjlla Pers. Small Yellow Pond Lily. Ponds and slow

streams; frequent. June-Aug.
X ? N. riibrodisca (Morong) Greene. La Plot River, Shelburne, (Prin-
gle). June-Aug.

RANUNCULACEAE. CROWFOOT FAMILY

ACTAEA L. Baneberry. Cohosh

A. alba (L.) Mill. White Baneberry, Doll's Eyes. Rich woods; com-
mon. May.
A. rubra (Ait.) Willd. Red Baneberry. Rich woods; common. May.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 41

ANEMONE (Tourn.) L. Anemone

A. canadensis L. Round-headed Anemone. Moist rocky banks; fre-
quent. May, June.

A. cylindrica Gray. Long-fruited Anemone. Dry woods and fields;
frequent. June, July.

A. multiflda Poir. Cut-leaved Anemone. Ledgy shores; rare. June.
Colchester and Burlington, (Robbins, Torrey).

A. quinquefolia L. Wood Anemone, Wind Flower. Margin of woods;
common. May.

A. riparia Fern. Gravelly and rocky banks; frequent. June, July.

A. Tirginiana L. Tall Anemone. Woods and meadows; common. June,
July.

AQUILEGIA (Tourn.) L. CoeumbinE

A. canadensis L. Wild Columbine. Rocky places and dry sandy plains;
common. May, June.

A. VULGARIS L. Garden Columbine. Common in cultivation and a rare
roadside escape. June. Colchester, (Jones) ; Williston, (N. F. F.).

CALTHA (Rupp.) L. Marsh Marigold

C. palustris L. Cowslips. Swamps and wet meadows; common. Apr.,
May.

CIMICIFUGA L. Bugbane

C. racemosa (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot, Black Cohosh. U. V. M.
Herb., Torrey collection. There is no locality on the label, but
there is very little doubt that this was collected in Burlington,
fifty years or so ago. July.

CLEMATIS L. Virgin's Bower

C. verticillaris DC. Purple Clematis. Rocky woods; frequent. May.

C. Tirginiana L. Wild Clematis, Virgin's Bower, Traveler's Joy. River
banks and moist thickets; common. July, Aug.

COPTIS Salisb. Goldthread

C. trifolia (L.) Salisb. Canker-root. Wet woods; common. Apr., May.

HEPATICA (Rupp.) Hill. LivERLEAE. Hepatica

H. aciitilol)a DC. Sharp-lobed Liverleaf. Woods; frequent. Apr., May.

42 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

H. triloba Chaix. Round-lobed Liveiieaf. Warm open woods; com-
mon. Apr., May. Interesting variations in leaf and flower char-
acters have been observed.*

HYDRASTIS Ellis. Or.\nge-root. Yellow Puccoon

H. canadensis L. Golden Seal. Rich woods; rare. May. Shelburne,
(Horsford).

RANUNCULUS (Tourn.) L. Crowfoot. Buttercup

K. abortivus L. Small-flowered Crowfoot. Shady banks; common.
Apr. -June.

E. abortivus L., var. eucyclus Fern. Shady bank, Burlington, (N. F.
F.). May, June.

R. ACRis L. Tall Crowfoot or Buttercup. Everywhere as a weed in
grass lands. May-Oct. Var. Steveni (Andrz.) Lange. Grass
lands; frequent. May-Oct.

ir. aquatilis L., var. capillaceiis DC. Common White Water Crowfoot.
In slow water; rare. June, July. Colchester, (GriflJin).

E, BULBOsus L. Bulbous Crowfoot or Buttercup. Introduced in field,
South Burlington, (Collins). May, June.

R. circinatns Sibth. Stiff Water Crowfoot. La Plot River, Shelburne,
(Torrey). June-Aug.

E. delphiuifolius Torr. Yellow Water Crowfoot. Still water and muddy
banks; occasional. May, June. Var. terrestris (Gray) Farwell.
Occasional. This seems to be the form the species takes when
rooting out of water or left in the mud of drying ponds.

\i. Flaniniula L., var. reptans (L.) Mey. Creeping Spearwort. Gravelly
or sandy shores; occasional. July, Aug.

K. pennsjivanicus L. f. Bristly Crowfoot. Wet places; frequent. July,
Aug.

E. recurvatus Poir. Hooked Crowfoot. Moist woods; frequent. May,
June.

E. REPENS L. Creeping Buttercup. Adventive in lawns, Burlington,
(Jones, Mrs. Forbes). June, July.

K. sceleratus L. Cursed Crowfoot. Wet ditches and low grounds;
local. June, July. Colchester and Burlington, (N. F. F.).

♦See 'Vagaries of Hepatica" by V. A. Ross in Tonoya, Vol. 3. (Apr.,
1903).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 43

R. septeiitrioualis Poir. Swamp Buttercup. Wet places; frequent.
May, June.

THALICTRUM (Tourn.) L. MEadow RuE

T. couflne Fern. Rocky shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington, (N.
F. F.). July-Sept.

T. dioicum L. Early Meadow Rue. Rocky woodlands; common. Apr.,
May.

T.. polyganmiii Muhl. Tall Meadow Rue. Moist meadows; common.
June, July.

BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY

BERBERIS (Tourn.) L. BarbERRY

B. VULGARIS L. Common Barberry. A frequent escape from cultiva-

tion. May, June.

CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. Blue Cohosh

C. tlialictroides (L.) Michx. Pappoose Root. Rich woods; common.

Apr., May.

LAURACEAE. LAUREL FAMILY

BENZOIN Fabric. Wild Allspice. Fever Bush

B. aestirale (L.) Nees. Spice Bush, Benjamin Bush. Damp woods.

Apr., May. Abundant at the one station. South Burlington, (N.
P F. F.).

PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY

CHELIDONIUM (Tourn.) L. Celandine

C. majus L. Waste places; frequent. May-Aug.

PAPAVER (Tourn.) L. Poppy

P. Rhoeas L. Corn Poppy. Persistent in garden, Burlington, (N.
F. F.). June-Sept. This is the commonly cultivated Shirley poppy.

SANGUINARIA (Dill.) L. Bloodroot

^ S. cauadensis L. Borders of rich woods; common. Apr., May.

k

44 FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

FUMARIACEAE. FUMITORY FAMILY

ADLUMIA Raf. Cumbing Fumitory

A. fuugosa (Ait.) Greene. Mountain Fringe, Allegtieny Vine. Rich
rocky woods; occasional. July-Sept.

CORYDALIS (Dill.) Medic.

C, aurea Willd. Golden Corydalis. Rocky banks: rare. Apr. -June.
Burlington, (Torrey) ; Colchester, (Griffin).

C. sempervireus (L.) Pers. Pale or Pink Corydalis. Rocky woodlands;

frequent. May-Aug.

DICENTRA Bernh.

D. canadensis (Goldie) Walp. Squirrel Corn. Rich woods; rare.
Apr., May. Shelburne, (Torrey); South Burlington, (N. F. F.).

D. Cucullaria (L.) Bernh. Dutchman's Breeches. Rich woods; occa-
sional. Apr., May.

FUMARIA (Tourn.) L. Fumitory

F. OFFICINALIS L. Common Fumitory. Persistent in old garden, Es-
sex, (Jones). June- Aug.

CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY

ARABIS L. Rock Cress

A. brachycarpa (T. & G.) Britton. Purple Rock Cress. Sandy soil,
rocky banks, etc.; frequent. June, July.

A. Drummondii Gray. Rocky places; occasional. May, June.

A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Tower Mustard. Rocks and fields; occasional.
June.

A. liirsnta (L.) Scop. Hairy Rock Cress. Rocky places; frequent.
June.

A. laevigata (Muhl.) Poir. Smooth Rock Cress. Rocky places; occa-

sional. May, June.

BARBAREA R. .Br. Winter CrESS

B. stricta Andrz. Erect-fruited Winter Cress. Roadsides and mead-

ows; common. May, June.

1

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 45

B. VULGARIS R. Br. Common Winter Cress, Yellow Rocket. Low
grounds and roadsides; rare. May, June. South Burlington,
(N. F. F.).

BERTEROA DC.

B. iNCANA (L.) DC. Hoary Alyssum. A weed in lawns and by way-
sides. First noticed in Burlington, (Miss Towle), 1895, but now
becoming frequent. June-Oct.

BRASSICA (Tourn.) L. Mustard. Turnip'

B. ARVENSis (L.) Ktze. Charlock. A weed in fields; common. June-
Oct.

B. CAMPESTRis L. Rutabaga. Fields; frequent. June-Oct.

B. juNCEA (L.) Cosson. Indian Mustard. Fields; occasional. June-
Oct.

B. NIGRA (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Waste places; rarely seen. July-

Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

CAMELINA Crantz. False Flax

C. microcarpa Andrz. Fields, etc.; occasional. June, July.

CAPSELLA Medic. Shepherd's Purse

C. Bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic. A common weed. Apr.-Oct.

CARD AMINE (Tourn.) L. Bitter Cress

r. parviflora L. Small Bitter Cress. Dry rocky woods; occasional.
May, June.

C. peimsylvauica Muhl. Bitter Cress. Cold wet woods and moist

ground; common. May, June.

DENTARIA (Tourn.) L. Tooth wort. PeppER-root

D. diphylla Michx. Two-leaved Toothwort or Pepper-root. Rich moist

woods; occasional. May.

D. laciniata Muhl. Cut-leaved Toothwort or Pepper-root. Rich damp
woods; rare. May. South Burlington, (Torrey) ; Shelburne,
(Pringle).

D. maxima Nutt. Large Toothwort or Pepper-root. Rich moist woods;
rare. May. Shelburne, (Pringle) ; South Burlington, (Perkins) ;
Colchester, (Griffin).

46 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

DRABA (Dill.) L. Whitlow-grass

I), arabisans Michx. Twisted Whitlow-grass. Rocky cliffs; rare. May,
June. Burlington, (Torrey).

ERYSIMUM (Tourn.) L. Treacle Mustard

E. CHEiRANTHOiDEs L. Worm-seed Mustard. Fields and railroad yards;
occasional. July-Oct.

LEPIDIUM (Tourn.) L. Pepperwort. PeppErgrass

L. APETALUM Willd. Wild Peppergrass. Dry soil, especially along rail-
roads ; common. June-Oct.

L. campestre (L.) R. Br. Field or Cow Cress. Fields and roadsides;
rare. June. Burlington, (Jones).

L. viRGiNicuM L. Wild Peppergrass. Dry soil, especially along rail-
roads; common. June-Oct.

LOBULARIA Desv. SwEET Alyssum

L. MARiTiMA (L.) Desv. Occasionally spontaneous in gardens and
waste places. July-Sept.

RADICULA (Dill.) Hill. Water Cress

E. aciuatica (Eat.) Robins. Lake Cress. Lakes and rivers; rare. July,
Aug. La Plot River, Shelburne, (Pringle) ; Malletts Creek, Col-
chester, (Griffin).

K. Armoracia (L.) Robins. Horseradish. A frequent escape to moist
grounds. May, June.

1{. palustris (L.) Moench. Marsh Cress. Wet places; occasional.

June, July. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

li. palnstris (L.) Moench, var. hispida (Desv.) Robins. Hairy Marsh
Cress. Wet places; frequent. June, July.

K. SYLVESTRis (L.) Druce. Yellow Cress. A weed in cultivated ground
and wet meadow, South Burlington, (N. F. F.). June.

SISYMBRIUM (Tourn.) L. HEDGE Mustard

S. ALTissiMUM L. Tumble Mustard. First introduced a few years ago,
but already becoming a common weed in fields, roadsides, etc.
June-Oct,

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 47

S, oFi'iciNALE (L.) Scop., var. leiocarpum DC. Common Hedge Mus-
tard. A common weed in waste places and cultivated grounds.
June-Oct.

THLASPI (Tourn.) L. Penny CrESS

T. arvEnse L. Field Penny Cress, Mithridate Mustard. Waste places;
occasional. June. Burlington, (Jones, N. F. F.).

CAPPARIDACEAE. CAPER FAMILY

POLANISIA Raf.

P. grayeoleus Raf. Clammy-weed. Sandy shore of Lake Champlain;
common. July, Aug.

SARRACENIACEAE. PITCHER=PLANT FAMILY

SARRACENIA (Tourn.) L.

S. imrpnrea L. Side-saddle Flower, Pitcher-plant, Huntsman's Cup.
Sphagnum bogs; frequent. June.

DROSERACEAE. SUNDEW FAMILY

DROSERA L. Sundew

D. longifolia L. Long-leaved Sundew. Bogs; rare. July, Aug. Col-
chester, (Pringle, Griffin).

D. rotuudifolia L. Round-leaved Sundew. Bogs and wet banks; fre~
quent. July, Aug.

CRASSULACEAE. ORPINE FAMILY

PENTHORUM (Gronov.) L. Ditch Stonecrop
P. sedoides L. Ditches and swamps; frequent. July-Sept.
SEDUM (Tourn.) L. Stonecrop. Orpine

S. ACRE L. Mossy Stonecrop. On rocks; occasional. June, July.

S. PURPUREUM Tausch. (S. triphyllum (Haw.) Gray) Garden Orpine,
Live-for-ever. Fields and roadsides; common. Aug., Sept.

48 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

S. TELEPHioiDES Michx. American Orpine. A roadside escape in sandy
soil, Colchester, (N. F. F.). Sept.

SAXIFRAGACEAE. SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

CHRYSOSPLENIUM (Tourn.) L. Golden Saxifrage

C. americaimm Schwein. Wet shady places; frequent. May, June.

MITELLA (Tourn.) L. MiterworT. Bishop's Cap

M. dipliylla L. Two-leaved Miterwort. Rich woods; common. Apr.,
May.

M. Hilda L. Naked Miterwort. Deep moist woods, in moss; rare. May,
June. South Burlington, (Jones); Burlington, (N. F. F.).

PARNASSIA (Tourn.) L. Grass oe Parnassus

P. oaroliniana Michx. Wet banks; rare. Aug. South Burlington,
(Torrey, Ross); Burlington, (N. F. F.).

RIBES L. Currant. Gooseberry

II. AUREUM Pursh. (R. odoratum Wend.) Missouri or Buffalo Cur-
rant. Occasionally persistent about old building sites. May.

I*. Cyuosbati L. Prickly Gooseberry, Dogberry. Rocky woods; com-
mon. May.

H. floridum L'Her. (R. americanum Mill.) Wild Black Currant. Moist
rich woods; frequent. May, June.

R. triste Pall. Swamp Red Currant. Cold swamps; occasional. May.

B. VULGARE Lam. Garden Red Currant. Common in cultivation and
occasional as an escape in fence-rows and waste places. Apr.,
May.

SAXIFRAGA (Tourn.) L. Saxifrage

S. peniisylyaiiica L. Swamp Saxifrage. Bogs; rare. May, June. South

Burlington, (Benedict, N. F. F.).

S. Tirginiensis Michx. Early Saxifrage. Exposed rocks and dry hill-
sides; common. Apr., May.

TIARELLA L. False Miterwort

T. cordifolia L. Foam-flower. Rich moist woods; common. May,
June.

FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 49

HAMAMELIDACEAE. WITCH=HAZEL FAMILY

HAMAMELIS L. WiTCh-hazei.
H. Tirginiaua L. Low woods; common. Oct.

PLATANACEAE. PLANE TREE FAMILY

PLATANUS (Tourn.) L. Sycamore. Buttonwood
P. occideiitalis L. Plane Tree. Alluvial banks; frequent. May.

ROSACEAE. ROSE FAMILY

AGRIMONIA (Tourn.) L. Agrimony

A. gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony. Roadsides and borders
of woods; frequent. July-Sept.

A. striata Michx. Woodland Agrimony. Woods and thickets; occa-
sional. July, Aug.

AMELANCHIER Medic. Juneberry

A. caiiadeusis (L.) Medic. Shad Bush, Service Berry. Woods; com-
mon. Apr., May.

A, obloiigifolia (T. & G.) Roem. Rock Shad Bush. Moist woods and
rocky uplands; frequent. May.

A. spicata (Lam.) Koch. Shore Shad Bush. Banks of streams and
sandy soil; frequent. May.

CRATAEGUS (Tourn.) L. Hawthorn. White Thorn

C. alnonim Sarg. Burlington, (Eggleston). PI. May; fr. Sept.

C. apposita Sarg. Burlington, (Edson). PI. May, June; fr. Oct.

r. macracautlia Lodd. Burlington and South Burlington, (Edson). PL
May; fr. Sept.

C. macrosperma Ashe. Burlington, (Edson); Essex, (Jones). PL
May; fr. Sept. Var. matura (Sarg.) Eggl. Burlington, (Eggles-
ton). PI. May; fr. Aug., Sept.

C. Oxyacantha L. (C. monogyna Jacq.) English Hawthorn. Natural-
ized in ravines about Burlington, (Jones). Fl. May; fr. Sept.

50 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

C. pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch. Burlington, (Edson). Fl. May; fr. Oct.,
Nov. Var. philadelphica (Sarg.) Eggl. Burlington, (Eggleston).

C. iMuiftata Jacq. South Burlington, (Jones); Burlington, (Edson).
Fl. May, June; fr. Oct.

C. rotiindifolia Moench. Burlington, (Edson). Fl. May; fr. Sept.

C. silvioola Beadle, var. Beckwithae (Sarg.) Eggl. Burlington, (Eg-

gleston). Fl. May; fr. Oct.

DALIBARDA Kalm.

D. repens L. Cool moist woods; frequent. July.

FILIPENDULA (Tourn.) Hill.

F. VULGARIS Moench. Dropwort. A garden escape well established
by roadside, Burlington, (N. F. F.). Station destroyed by street
improvements in 1908. June.

FRAG ARIA (Tourn.) L. Strawberry

F. resca L., var. amerioana Porter. Wood Strawberry. Woods; com-
mon. Apr.-June.

F. rirgiiiiaiia Duch. Wild Strawberry. Fields: common. Apr., May.

GEUM L. AvENS

G. caiiadeiise Jacq. White Avens. Borders of woods; common. July,

Aug.

G. rivale L. Water or Purple Avens. Bogs or wet meadows; occa-
sional. May, June.

G. strictum Ait. Yellow Avens. Moist meadows; common. July, Aug.

G. Tirgiuiaimm L. Rough Avens. Low grounds; rare. July. Bur-
lington, (N. F. F.).

POTENTILLA L. CinquEFoil. Five-finger

P. Aiiseriua L. Silver Weed. Shores of Lake Champlain; common.
June-Aug.

P. anseriua L., var. ooiioolor Ser. (Var. sericea Hayne) Shore of
Lake Champlain, Burlington, (N. F. F.). Aug.

P. argeiitea L. Silvery Cinquefoil. Dry barren fields; common. June-
Sept.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 51

P. arguta Pursh. Tall Cinquefoil. Rocky hills; rare. June, July.
South Burlington, (Jones); Colchester, (Griffin).

P. canadensis L., var. simplex (Michx.) T. & G. Five-finger. Dry

sandy soil; common. May-July.
P. fniticosa L. Shrubby Cinquefoil. Frequent in the boggy meadows

in the vicinity of Winooski Gorge. May-Sept.
P. moiispelieiisis L. Rough Cinquefoil. Dry soil; common. May-Aug.
P. palnstris (L.) Scop. Marsh Cinquefoil. Cool bogs; frequent. June,

July.
P. RECTA L. Adventive in lawn, Burlington, (Hazen). Aug.

PRUNUS (Tourn.) L. Plum. Cherry

P. ciiueata Raf. Appalachian Cherry. Sandy shores of Lake Cham-
plain and on the sand plains; frequent. May.

P. nigra Ait. Wild or Canada Plum. Woods and fencerows; frequent.

Apr., May.
P. peuusjivauica L. f. Wild Red, Bird, Fire, or Pin Cherry. Dry

woods and clearings; common. Apr., May.

P. pumila L. Sand Cherry. Rocky shore of Winooski River; rare.

May.
P. serotiua Ehrh. Wild Black or Rum Cherry. Woodlands; frequent.

May, June.
P. yirgiiiiaua L. Choke Cherry. Fencerows, woods and banks; com-

mon. May, June.

PYRUS (Tourn.) L.

P. americaua (Marsh.) DC. American Mountain Ash. Wet woods;

occasional. May, June.
P. arlmtifolia (L.) L. f. Red Chokeberry. Swamp, Burlington, (Rand).

May, June.

P. arbutifolia (L.) L. f., var. atropurpurea (Britton) Robins. Purple
Chokeberry. Swamp, South Burlington, (N. F. F.). May, June.

P. AucuPARiA (L.) Ehrh. European Mountain Ash, Rowan Tree. Nat-
uralized and frequent about Burlington. May.

P. Maeus L. Apple. Fencerows and roadsides; frequent. May.

P. inelaiioearpa (Michx.) Willd. Black Chokeberry. Moist woods, and
also rocky uplands; common. May, June.

52 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

ROSA (Tourn.) L. Rose

R. acioularis Lindl., var. Bourgeaiiiaiia Crepin. Prickly Rose. Ledges,
rocky woods, etc.; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Brainerd).

E. blauda Ait. Smooth Rose. Roadsides and ledges; frequent. June,
July.

E. Carolina L. Swamp Rose. Borders of swamps and streams; occa-
sional. June, July.

E. ciNNAMOMEA L. Cinnamon Rose. Once much cultivated and now
established by roadsides, etc.; occasional. June, July. South
Burlington, (Jones); Colchester, (N. F. F.).

E, humilis Marsh. Pasture Rose. Rocky slopes; frequent. June, July.

R. RUBiGiNOSA L. Sweetbrier, Eglantine. Old pastures; frequent.
June, July.

RUBUS (Tourn.) L. Bramble

E. allegheuiensis Porter. High-bush Blackberry. Dry open thickets
and recent clearings; frequent. May, June.

E. liispidus L. Running Swamp Blackberry, Swamp Dewberry. Moist
woods; frequent. June, July.

R. idaeus L., var. aculeatissiinus (Mey.) Regel & Tiling. (R. idaeus L.,
var. canadensis Rich.) Wild Red Raspberry. Thickets and clear-
ings; common. May, June.

X ? E. neglectus Peck. Purple Raspberry. Rocky woods, gravelly
banks, etc.; occasional. May, June.

E, occidentalis L. Black Raspberry, Thimbleberry. Copses, fence-
rows, etc.; frequent. May, June. Forma pallidus (Bailey) Rob-
ins. Fencerow, Burlington, (Sprague).

R. odoratus L. Purple Flowering Raspberry. Moist shaded hillsides;
common. July, Aug.

R. recurraus Blanch. Recurved Blackberry. Open soil, thickets, etc.;
occasional. June.

R. trifloms Richards. (R. pubescens Raf.) Dwarf or Running Rasp-
berry, Red Dewberry. Wet woods; frequent. May, June.

R. rillosus Ait. Black Dewberry. Dry open places; occasional. May,
June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 53

SANGUISORBA (Rupp.) L. Burnet

S. MINOR Scop. Garden Burnet. Established in grass lands, Shel-
burne, (N. F. F.). June.

SORBARIA A. Br.

8. SORBIFOLIA (L.) A. Br. Ash-leaved Spiraea. An occasional escape
to copses and roadsides, where it is well established. June.

SPIRAEA (Tourn.) L.

S. latifolia (Ait.) Borkh. Meadow-sweet, Queen of the Meadow. Wet
meadows and rocky pastures; common. July, Aug.

S. tomentosa L. Hardback, Steeple Bush. Low grounds; common.
July, Aug.

WALDSTEINIA Willd.

W. fragarioides (Michx.) Tratt. Barren Strawberry. Wooded hill-
sides; frequent. Apr., May.

LEGUMINOSAE. PULSE FAMILY

AMPHICARPA Ell. Hog Peanut

A. iiiouoica (L.) Ell. Rich damp woodlands; common. July-Sept.

APIOS (Boerh.) Ludwig. Groundnut. Wied Bean
A« tuberosa Moench. Low moist ground; frequent. July-Sept.

ASTRAGALUS (Tourn.) L. Miek Vetch

A. canadeusis L. Shores of Lake Champlain; rare. July, Aug. South
Burlington, (Torrey) ; Colchester, (Griffin).

A. Kebbinsii (Oakes) Gray. On limestone rocks, Winooski Gorge,
(Robbins). This, the only known station in Vermont, was de-
stroyed in 1894 when the new dam flooded the rocks.

CICER L.

C. ARiETiNUM L. Chick-pea. Adventive on railway embankment, Col-

chester, (N. F. F.). Sept., Oct.

DESMODIUM Desv. Tick Trefoil

D. cauadense (L.) DC. Showy Tick Trefoil. Open woods and banks

of streams; frequent. July, Aug.

54 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

D. Dilleuii Daii. Open woodlands; occasional. July, Aug.

D. graiidiflorum (Walt.) DC. Rich woods; common. July, Aug.

D. iiuditloniiii (L.) DC. Dry woods; frequent. July, Aug.

LATHYRUS (Tourn.) L. Vetchling. Everlasting Pe.\

L. maritiiiins (L.) Bigel. Beach Pea. Shores of Lake Champlain;
occasional. June-Aug. A white-flowered form occurs.

L. ocliroleiicus Hook. Cream-colored Vetchling. Headlands of Lake
Champlain; rare. June, July. South Burlington, (Torrey) ; Col-
chester, (N. F. F.).

L. palustris L. Marsh Pea. Shores of Lake Champlain; occasional.

July.

LESPEDEZA Michx. Bush Clover

L. capitatn Michx. Sandy soil ; occasional. Aug.

LUPINUS (Tourn. j L. Lupine

L. pEREnnis L. Wild Lupine. Sand plains; frequent. May, June.

MEDICAGO (Tourn.) L. Medick

M. arabica (L. ) Huds. Spotted Medick. Adventive at Experiment
Farm, Burlington, (Jones). June-Aug.

M. HisPiDA Gaertn. Bur Clover. Adventive at Experiment Farm, Bur-
lington, (Jones). June.

M. LUPULiNA L. Black Medick', Nonesuch. Roadsides and fields; com-
mon. ^ May-Sept.

M. SATiVA L. Lucerne, Alfalfa. Often cultivated and occasionally
spontaneous. June. July.

MELILOTUS (Tourn.) Hill. Sweet Clover. Melilot

M. ALBA Desr. White Melilot or Sweet Clover. Waste grounds and
along railroads; frequent. June-Oct.

M. OFEiciNALis (L.) Lam. Yellow Melilot or Sweet Clover. Roadsides
and waste places; occasional. June-Aug.

ONOBRYCHIS L. Sainfoin

iK SATIVA Lam. Adventive at Experiment Farm, nurlington, (Jones).
June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 55

ROBINIA L. Locust

R. PsEUDo-AcACiA L. Common Locust, False Acacia. Frequent in cul-
tivation and thoroughly naturalized. June.

R. viscosA Vent. Clammy Locust. An established roadside escape,
South Burlington and Colchester, (N. F. F.). June.

TRIFOLIUM (Tourn.) L. Clover. Trefoil

T. AGRARiuM L. Yellow or Hop Clover. Sandy soil; frequent. May-
Aug.

T. ARVENSE L. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover. Dry sandy soil; common.
July-Sept.

T. HYBRiDUM L. Alsike Clover. Fields and roadsides; common. May-
Aug.

T. MEDIUM L. Zigzag Clover. Adventive at Experiment Farm,- Bur-
lington, (Jones). July, Aug.

T. PRATENSE L. Red Clover. Fields and roadsides; common. May-
Sept.

T. PROCUMBENS L. Low Hop Clover. Railway embankment and lumber
yards; rare. June, July. Burlington, (Kirk, N. F. F.).

T. repeiis L. White Clover. Fields and roadsides; common. May,
■ June.

VICIA (Tourn.) L. Vetch. Tare

I

V. ANGusTiFOLiA Reich. One form occurs. Var. segetalis (Thuill.)
Koch. Common Vetch. Roadsides, waste places, etc.; common.
June-Aug. A white-flowered form occurs on rocky bluff and beach
of Lake Champlain, Burlington, (N. F. F.).

V. Cracca L. Blue Vetch. Meadows and roadsides; frequent. June-
Aug.

V. tetrasperma (L.) Moench. Slender Vetch. In cultivated field, Bur-
lington, (Ross). June, July.

LINACEAE. FLAX FAMILY

LINUM (Tourn.) L. Flax

L. usiTATissiMUM L. Common Flax. Occasionally adventive. July-
Sept.

56 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

OXALIDACEAE. WOOD SORREL FAMILY

OXALIS L. Wood Sorrel

0. Acetosella L. Common Wood Sorrel. Cool moist woods; occa-
sional. June.

0. coriiiciilata L. Lady's Sorrel. P'ields and gardens; common. June-
Sept.

0. stricta L. Yellow Wood Sorrel. Dry or sandy soil; occasional.
June-Sept.

GERANIACEAE. GERANIUM FAMILY

ERODIUM L'Her. Storksbill

E. BoTRYs Bertol. On wool waste, bank of Winooski River, Burling-
ton, (Brainerd). Sept., Oct.

E. cicuTARiuM (L.) L'Her. Storksbill. Old garden, Burlington, (Mrs.
Grout); Experiment Farm, Burlington, (Jones). July, Aug.

E. MOSCHATUM (L.) L'Her. Musk Storksbill. On wool waste, bank of
Winooski River, Burlington, (Brainerd). Sept., Oct.

GERANIUM (Tourn.) L. Cranesbill

G. Bickiiellii Britton. Dry rocky places; frequent. May, June. |

G. inaculatuiu L. Wild Cranesbill. Open woods and fields; occasional.
May, June.

G. Robertiauum L. Herb Robert. Rocky woods and ravines; common.
May-July.

RUTACEAE. RUE FAMILY

ZANTHOXYLUM L. Prickly Ash

Z. aniericanum Mill. Northern Prickly Ash, Toothache Tree. Rocky
woods and river banks; occasional. Apr., May.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 57

POLYGALACEAE. MILKWORT FAMILY

POL YG ALA (Tourn.) L. Mii^kwort

P. paucifolia Willd. Fringed Polygala, Flowering Wintergreen. Woods,
I in liglit soil; common. May. A white-flowered form occurs, Bur-

lington, (Bigelow).

P. polygaina Walt. Racemed Milkwort. Dry sandy soil; occasional.
June, July.

P. sauguiuea L. Field or Purple Milkwort. Moist sandy soil; rare.
July-Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F.).

P. Senega L. Seneca Snakeroot. Rocky soil; frequent. May, June.

P. yerticillata L., var. ambigua (Nutt.) Wood. Loose-spiked Milk-
wort. Dry sandy soil; rare. Aug. Burlington, (Howe)'.

EUPHORBIACEAE. SPURGE FAMILY

I ACALYPHA L. ThrEE-seeded MErcury

■ A. Yirgiuica L. Moist hollows in fields; frequent. July-Sept.

F EUPHORBIA L. Spurge

E. COROLLATA L. Flowering Spurge. Established in sandy field, Bur-
lington, (N. F. F.). July, Aug.

E. Cyparissias L. Cypress Spurge, Graveyard Moss. A frequent es-
cape from cultivation about old houses and by roadsides. May-
P Sept.

E. Helioscopia L. Wartweed. Gravelly shores and along Rutland
R. R. ; frequent. Aug., Sept.

E. Iiirsnta (Torr.) Wiegand. Dry sandy soil; common. July-Sept.

E. maculata L. Milk Purslane. Open places, roadsides, etc.; fre-
quent. July-Sept.

E. PLATYPHYLLA L. Shore of Lake Champlain, Shelburne, (Pringle,
N. F. F.). June-Aug.

CALLITRICHACEAE. WATER STARWORT FAMILY

CALLITRICHE L. WATER Starwort
C. palnstris L. Quiet water; occasional. July, Aug.

58 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

LIMNANTHACEAE. FALSE MERMAID FAMILY

FLOERKEA Willd. False Mermaid

F. proserpiiiacoides Willd. Bank of La Plot River, Shelburne, (Prln-
gle). May.

ANACARDIACEAE. CASHEW FAMILY

RHUS L. Sumach

E, copalliua L. Dwarf Sumach. Rocky hills; rare. July. Colches-
ter, (Jones, Griffin).

R. glabra L. Smooth Sumach. Sandy soil; rare. July. Colchester,
(N. F. F., Mrs. Walker).

1{. Toxicodendron L. Poison Ivy, Poison Oak. Banks and moist thick-
ets; common. June. Var. radicans (L. ) Torr. Common. June.

E. typliiua L. Staghorn Sumach. Hillsides; common. June, July.

R. Veruix L. Poison Sumach, Elder or Dogwood. Swamps; rare.
June. Colchester, (Grout, Jones).

AQUIFOLIACEAE. HOLLY FAMILY

ILEX L. Holey

I. yertieillata (L.) Gray. Winterberry, Black Alder. Wet thickets;
common. June, July.

I. Yertieillata (L.) Gray, var. padifolia OVilld.) T. & G. Colchester,
(Griffin). June, July.

I. yertieillata (L.) Gray, var. temiifolia (Torr.) Wats. Mouth of Wi-
nooski River, (Eggleston). June, July.

4

NEMOPANTHUS Raf. Mountain Holly

X, inueroiiata (L.) Trel. Cool damp woods and swamps; frequent.
May.

CELASTRACEAE. STAFF TREE FAMILY

CELASTRUS L. Stake Tree. Shrubby Bitter-sweet

C seaiideiis L. Waxwork, Climbing Bitter-sweet. Moist banks and
thickets; common. June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 59

STAPHYLEACEAE. BLADDER NUT FAMILY

STAPHYLEA L. Bladder NuT

S. trifolia L. American Bladder Nut. Moist woods and thickets; occa-
sional. May, June.

ACERACEAE. MAPLE FAMILY

ACER (Tourn.) L. Maple

A. IVeg'uudo L. Box Elder, Ash-leaved Maple. Frequent on banks of
the Winooski River and common in cultivation about Burlington.
Apr., May.

A. peuusylvauicum L. Striped Maple, Moosewood. Rich woods; com-
mon. May.

A. rubruin L. Red or Swamp Maple. Moist woods and swamps; com-
mon. Apr., May.

A. sacchariiinin L. White or Silver Maple. River banks; frequent.
Apr.

A. sacchanim Marsh. Sugar or Rock Maple. Rich woods; common.
Apr., May.

A. sacchanim Marsh., var. Ili^'rlIln (Michx. f. ) Britton. Black Sugar
Maple. Occasionally planted as a shade tree in Burlington and
vicinity, and search will probably reveal it in the moist woodlands
bordering the Winooski River or Lake Champlain. May.

A. spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple. Cool ravines; common. May,
June.

SAPINDACEAE. SOAPBERRY FAMILY

AESCULUS L. Horse-chestnut. Buckeye

A. HippocASTANUM L. Commou Horse-chestnut. Commonly planted
and occasionally spontaneous. May, June.

60 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

BALSAMINACEAE. TOUCH=ME=NOT FAMILY

IMPATIENS (Rivin.) L. Balsam. Jewelweed

I. biflora Walt. Spotted Touch-me-not. Moist shady places; common.
June-Sept. A form with reddish flowers occurs, Colchester, (N.

F. F.).

I. pallida Nutt. Pale Touch-me-not. Cool moist shady places; occa-
sional. July-Sept.

RHAMNACEAE. BUCKTHORN FAMILY

CEANOTHUS L. Red-root

C. ainericauns L. New Jersey Tea. Dry woodlands; common. July.
C. ovatus Desf. Smaller Red-root. Sandy banks of Lake Champlain,
Burlington, (Torrey). June.

4

; RHAMNUS (Tourn.) L. Buckthorn

R. aluifolia L'Her. Alder-leaved Buckthorn. Swamps; occasional.
June.

R. CATHARTiCA L. Commou Buckthorn. Common in cultivation and
frequently naturalized in woods and fields. May, June.

VITACEAE. VINE FAMILY

PSEDERA Neck. Virginia Creeper. Woodbine

P. quiuquefolia (L.) Greene, var. hirsuta (Donn) Rehder. Disk
Creeper. Clinging closely to limestone ledges, Burlington, (Jones).
June.

P. Titaceae (Knerr) Greene. Tendril Creeper. Moist woods, alluvial
thickets, etc.; common. June.

VITIS (Tourn.) L. Grape

v. bioolor Le Conte. Summer Grape. Deep gravelly soil and base of
cliffs; occasional. June.

V. Tiilpina L. River-bank or Frost Grape. River banks; common.
June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY (il

TILIACEAE. LINDEN FAMILY

TILIA (Tourn.) L. Linden. Basswood
■ T. iiiiiericaiia L. Basswood. Woodlands; common. June, July.

MALVACEAE. MALLOW FAMILY

ABUTILON (Tourn.) Mill. Indian Mallow

A. Theophrasti Medic. Velvet Leaf. Occasional by waysides and as
a garden weed. Aug.-Oct. Williston, (Bates) ; Burlington, (Jones,
N. F. F.); Colchester, (Mrs. Walker).

HIBISCUS L. Rose Mallow •

H. Trionum L. Flower-of-an-hour, Bladder Ketmia. Occasionally ad-
ventive in gardens and waste places. July, Aug. Burlington,
(Jones, N. F. F., Mrs. Walker).

MALVA (Tourn.) L. Mallow

M. Alcea L. European Mallow. A garden escape, Burlington, (N.
F. F.). June-Sept.

M. moschata L. Musk Mallow. Roadsides and waste places; occa-
sional. June, July.

M. ROTUNDiFOLiA L. Commou Mallow, Cheeses. Waste places and cul-
L tivated grounds; common. May-Oct.

M. vERTiciLLATA L. Whorled Mallow. Occasional as a weed in gardens
and waste places. Burlington, (Jones). July, Aug.

HYPERICACEAE. ST. JOHN'S=WORT FAMILY

" HYPERICUM (Tourn.) L. St. John's-wort

H. Ascyron L. Great St. John's-wort. Bank of Winooski River near
High Bridge, (Perkins, Grout). July, Aug.

11. canadense L. Wet places; rare. July, Aug. Colchester, (Torrey,

N. F. F.).

H. ellipticnm Hook. Pale St. John's-wort. Wet places; frequent.
July, Aug.

62 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

H. mutiluin L. Small-flowered St. John's-wort. Low grounds; com-
mon. July-Sept.

H. PERFORATUM L. Commou St. .John's-wort. Fields and roadsides;
common. June-Sept.

H. imiK'tatum Lam. Spotted St. John's-wort. Damp places; frequent.

July, Aug.
H. vlrginiciiiii L. Marsh St. John's-wort. Swamps; frequent. July,

Aug.

CISTACEAE. ROCKROSE FAMILY

HELIANTHEMUM (Tourn.) Mill. RockrosE
H. niajus BSP. Frostweed. Sterile soil; frequent. June- Aug.

HUDSON I A L.

H. tonieutosa Nutt. One form occurs. Var. intermedia Peck. Beach
Heather. Sandy beaches of Lake Champlain; occasional. May,
June.

LECHEA (Kalm) L. PinwEEd

L. intermedia Leggett. Dry sterile soil; frequent. July. Aug.

VIOLACEAE. VIOLET FAMILY

VIOLA (Tourn.) L. Violet. Heart's-ease

V, alftinis Le Conte. Moist thickets and boggy meadows. May. Col-
chester, (Brainerd).

V. arenaria DC. Sand Violet. Sand plains; common. May.
Y. blanda Willd. Sweet White Violet. Cool rich woods; common.
May.

Y. canadensis L. Canada Violet. Woods ; common. May, June. Occa-
sional blossoms occur all summer.

V. couspersa Reich. Dog Violet. Low shady grounds; common. Apr.,
May.

Y. cucullata Ait. Marsh Blue Violet. Wet places; common. May,
June.

I

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

V. fiml)natula Sm. Sandy fields and dry hillsides; common. Apr.,

May. A white-flowered form occurs, Colchester, (Jones, N. F. F.).

A form with the basal lobes coarsely toothed occurs, shore of

Burlington Bay (Brainerd).
V. incognito Brain. Low moist woodlands; rare. May. Burlington,

(Grout).
V. lanceolato L. Lance-leaved Violet. Moist meadow, Williston,

(Bates). May, June.
V. latiuscula Greene. Dry open woods, in light soil; occasional. May.

Burlington and Colchester, (Brainerd); Williston, (Ross).
V. nephrophjila Greene. Cold mossy bogs and borders of streams.

Apr., May. Colchester, (Brainerd); South Burlington, (Jones).
V. pallens (Banks) Brain. White Violet. Low wet grounds; common.

May.
V. pubesceus Ait. Downy Yellow Violet. Rich woods; common. Apr.,

May.
V. renifolia Gray. White Violet. Wet mossy woods and swamps;

occasional. May.
V. rostrato Pursh. Long-spurred Violet. Rich woods; frequent. Apr.,

May.
V. rotundifolia Michx. Round-leaved or Early Yellow Violet. Cool

moist woods; frequent. Apr., May.
V. scabriuscula Schwein. Smooth Yellow Violet. Rich moist woods;

frequent. May.
"V. sororia Willd. Woolly Blue Violet. Moist meadows, alluvial woods,

etc.; frequent. May, June. A white-flowered form occurs, Wil-
liston, (Ross).
V. TRICOLOR L. Pansy, Heart's-ease. Persistent in old gardens. Apr.-

Oct.

64 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

THYMELAEACEAE. MEZEREUM FAMILY

DAPHNE L. MEZEREUM

D. MEZEREUM L. Frequent in gardens and escaped to rocky woods,
Burlington, (Jones). Apr.

DIRCA L. LeathErwood. Moosewood

D. palustris L. Wicopy. Moist open woods; frequent. Apr., May.

ELAEAGNACEAE. OLEASTER FAMILY

SHEPHERDIA Nutt.

S. canadensis (L.) Nutt. Canadian Buffalo-berry. Rocky bluffs; occa-
sional. Apr., May.

LYTHRACEAE. LOOSESTRIFE FAMILY

DECODON Gmel. Swamp LoosESTriEE

I). Terticillatus (L.) Ell. Water Willow. Swampy grounds; occa-
sional. July, Aug.

LYTHRUM L. LOOSESTRIFE

L. ALATUM Pursh. Waste place, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June, July.

ONAGRACEAE. EVENING PRIMROSE FAMILY

CIRCAEA (Tourn.) L. Enchanter's Nightshade

C. alpiua L. Smaller Enchanter's Nightshade. Deep woods; common.

July, Aug.
C. intermedia Ehrh. Burlington, (Jones); Colchester, (Griffin). July,

Aug.
r. lutetiana L. Enchanter's Nightshade. Woods; frequent. July, Aug.

EPILOBIUM (Dill.) L. Wileow-hERB

E. adenocaulon Haussk. Northern Willow-herb. Moist places; fre-
quent. July, Aug.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 65

E. augustifoliuin L. Great Willow-herb, Fireweed. Common, especi-
ally in newly cleared lands. July-Sept. A white-flowered form
occurs, Colchester, (Perkins).

E. coloratum Muhl. Purple-leaved Willow-herb. Wet places; common.
July, Aug.

E. deiisum Raf. Open low grounds; occasional. July, Aug.

E. niolle Torr. Bogs; rare. Aug., Sept. Colchester, (Torrey, N. F. F.).

LUDVIGIA L. False Loosestrife

L. palustris (L.) Ell. Water Purslane. Ditches and swamps; com-
mon. June-Aug.

OENOTHERA L. Evening Primrose

0. biennis L. Common Evening Primrose. Dry soil; common. July-
• Sept.

0. cruciata Nutt. Small-flowered Evening Primrose. Sandy or grav-
elly soil; rare. July-Sept. Burlington, (Ross); Colchester, (Ross,
Griffin).

0. LACiNiATA Hill. Sinuate-leaved Evening Primrose. Adventive at
Fort Ethan Allen, (Grout). Sept.

0, murlcata L. Sandy soil, Burlington, (N. F. F.). July-Sept. Fur-
ther search will probably show this to be frequent.

0. Oakesianus Robbins. Adventive by roadside, Burlington, (Hazen).
July-Sept.

0. pumila L. Small Sundrops. Fields; common. June-Aug.

0. serrulata Nutt. Adventive on railroad embankment, Burlington,
(N. F. F.). July-Sept.

HALORAGIDACEAE. WATER MILFOIL FAMILY

MYRIOPHYLLUM (Vaill.) L. Water Mileoil

M. spicatum L. Shelburne Pond, (Jones) ; Malletts Bay, (Griffin,
N. F. F.). Aug.

66 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY

ARALIA (Tourn.) L.

A, hispida Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla, Wild Elder. Rocky or sandy

woodlands; frequent. June, July.
A. uudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla. Moist woodlands; common. May,

June.
A. racemosa L. Spikenard. Rich woodlands; frequent. July, Aug.

PANAX L. Ginseng

P. qiihuiuefoliuiii L. Ginseng. Rich and cool woods; rare. July.

Burlington, (Ross); Colchester, (Griffin).
P. trifolinm L. Dwarf Ginseng, Ground-nut. Moist woods; common.

May, June.

UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY

ANGELICA L. Angelica

A. atroimrpurea L. Masterwort. Swamps and moist grounds; fre-
quent. June, July.

CARUM (Rupp.) L. Caraway

C. Carvi L. Caraway. About dwellings and by roadsides; frequent.
May, June.

CICUTA L. Water Hemlock

C. bulltifera L. Water Hemlock. Swamps; occasional. July.

C. Jiiaculata L. Spotted Cowbane, Musquash Root. Low grounds;
frequent. July.

CONIUM L. Poison Hemlock

C. maculatum L. Waste places; occasional. July. Burlington,
(Grout); Colchester, (Jones).

CRYPTOTAENIA DC. Honewort
C. canadensis (L.) DC. Moist woods; frequent. June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 6'

DAUCUS (Tourn.) L. Carrot

D. Carota L. Wild Carrot, Queen Anne's Lace. A common and per-

nicious weed in meadows, fields, etc. July-Oct. The pink-flowered
form is occasional.

ERYNGIUM (Tourn.) L. Ervngo

E. viRGATUiM Lam. Roadside escape from garden, Burlington, (Jones).

Aug.

HERACLEUM L. Cow Parsnip

H. lanatum Michx. Masterwort. Wet grounds; occasional. June, July.

HYDROCOTYLE (Tourn.) L. Water Pennywort

H. americana L. Wet places; common. June-Aug.

LEVISTICUM (Rivin.) Hill. Lev age

L. OFFICINALE (L.) Koch. Roadside escape from gardens; rare. June,
July. Shelburne, (N. F. F.).

OSMORHIZA Raf. SwEET Cicely

0. Claytoiii (Michx.) Clarke. Woolly Sweet Cicely. Rich woods; fre-
quent. May, June.

0. loiigistjiis (Torr.) DC. Smoother Sweet Cicely. Rich moist woods;
occasional. May, June.

PASTINACA L. Parsnip

P. SATivA L. Wild or Poison Parsnip. Roadsides and waste places;
common. June-Sept.

SANICULA (Tourn.) L. SaniclE. Black Snakeroot

S. canadensis L. Short-styled Snakeroot. Shaded ledges; frequent.
July.

S. g'regaria Bick. Clustered Snakeroot. Moist rich soil; rare. July,
Aug. South Burlington, (Orton); Colchester, (N. F. F.).

S. marilandica L. Black Snakeroot. Moist woods; common. June,
July.

S. trifoliata Bick. Large-fruited Snakeroot. Shelburne, (Boott).
Specimen in Gray Herb. July.

68 .FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

.SIUM (Tourn.) L. Water Parsnip
S. cicutaefoliuiii Schrank. Wet places; frequent. Aug., Sept.

TAENIDIA Drude.

T. iutegerriiua (L.) Drude. Yellow Pimpernel. Rocky places; occa-
sional. June, July.

ZIZIA Koch.

Z. aurea (L.) Koch. Golden Alexanders, Early or Golden Meadow
Parsnip. Moist meadows; common. May, June.

CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY

CORNUS (Tourn.) L. Cornel. Dogwood

C. alternif olia L. f . Alternate-leaved Dogwood. Open woods ; frequent.
May, June.

C. Amoraum Mill. Silky Cornel or Dogwood, Kinnikinnik. Low woods
and banks; frequent. June, July.

C. canadensis L. Dwarf Cornel, Bunchberry. Cold damp woods; fre-
quent. May, June.

C. circinata L'Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood. Rocky wood-
lands; frequent. May, June.

C. paniculata L'Her. Panicled Dogwood. Rich thickets and banks;
frequent. June, July.

C. stolonifera Michx. Red-osier Dogwood. Wet places; common.
May, June. Occasional blossoms occur all summer.

NYSSA L. Tupelo. PeppEridge. Sour Gum

JT. sylvatica Marsh. Black Gum. Rich soil, generally swampy; rare.
May. Burlington, (N. F. F., Jones); Colchester, (Griffin).

I

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 69

ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY

ANDROMEDA L.
A. glaucophylla Link. Bog Rosemary. Bogs; frequent. May, June.
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. Bearberrv

A. Uya-ursi (L.) Spreng. Red Bearberry. Rocky bluffs and sand
plains; rare. May. Burlington, (Perkins); South Burlington,
(N. F. F.).

CHAMABDAPHNE Moench. Leather Leaf. Cassandra

C. calyciilata (L.) Moench. Bogs; frequent. May.

CHIMAPHILA Pursh. Pipsissewa

C. umbellata (L.) Nutt. Prince's Pine, Pipsissewa. Dry woods; fre~
quent. July.

CHIOGENES Salisb. Creeping Snowberry

C. Iiispidnia (L.) T. & G. Moxie Plum, Capillaire. Peat bogs and
mossy woods; rare. May. South Burlington; Colchester, (Grif-
fin).

EPIGAEA L. Ground Laurel. Trailing Arbutus

E, repens L. Mayflower. Sandy woodlands; common. Apr., May.

GAULTHERIA (Kalm) L. Aromatic Wintergreen

0. prociiinbeiis L. Teaberry, Checkerberry. Cool woods; common.
July, Aug.

GAYLUSSACIA HBK. Huckleberry

G. baccata (Wang.) Koch. Black Huckleberry. Sterile fields and
thickets; common. May, June.

KALMIA L. Laurel

K. augustifolia L. Sheep Laurel, Lambkill, Wicky. Sterile fields and
peat bogs; common. June, July.

K. polifolia Wang. Pale Laurel. Cold peat bogs; frequent. May,
June.

LEDUM (Rupp.) L. Labrador Tea

L. groenlaudicum Oeder. Cold bogs; frequent. June.

70 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

MONESES Salisb. One-flowered Pvroea

M. iiniflora (L.) Gray. Deep cold woods; rare. June. Burlington,
(Torrey, N. F. F.).

MOx\OTROPA L. lNDi.\x Pipe. Pixes.\p

31. Hj-popitys L. Pinesap, False Beech Drops. Rich dry woods; occa-
sional. July-Sept.

M, uniflora L. Indian Pipe, Corpse Plant. Dark rich woods; common.
June-Aug.

PTEROSPORA Nutt. Pine Drops

P. aiidroiiiedea Nutt. Pine woods; rare. July, Aug. Williston, (Prin-
gle) ; Colchester, (Bates, Ross).

PYROLA (Tourn.) L. Wixtergreex. Shin Leaf

P. ainerieaua Sweet. Round-leaved Wintergreen. Open or sandy
woods; occasional. July.

P. asarifolia Michx., var. ineariiata (Fisch.) Fern. Bog Wintergreen.

Sphagnum bogs; rare. July. South Burlington, (N. F. F.).

P. chlorantlia Sw. Gieenish-flowered Wintergreen. Open woods; fre-
quent. July.

P. elliptica Nutt. Shin Leaf. Rich woods; common. July.

P. seeunda L. One-sided Wintergreen. Rich woods; frequent. July.

RHODODENDRON L.

R. caiiadense (L.) BSP. Rhodora. Swamps; occasional. May, June.

K. eaiiescens (Michx.) Don. Swamp or June Pink, Pink Azalea. One
bush seen, but unfortunately no specimen taken. May, June.
Burlington, (N. F. F.).

VACCINIUM L. Blueberry. Cranberry

V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Black High Blueberry. Swamp, South
Burlington, (Jones). May.

Y. canadfiise Kalm. Sour-top or Velvet-leaf Blueberry. Cool moist
woods; rare. May. Essex, (Jones).

V. corjnihosuin L. High or Swamp Blueberry. Swamps and low thick-
ets; common. May, June.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 71

V. inacroearpon Ait. Large or American Cranberry. Peat bogs; occa^
sional. July, Aug.

V, Oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry. Cold peat bogs; frequent. June,
July. Var. intermedium Gray. (Var. ovalifolium Michx.) Col-
chester, (Oakes) ; South Burlington, (Jones).

V. pennsylyauicum Lam. Low Sweet or Early Sweet Blueberry. Dry
hills, barrens, etc. ; common. May.

V. vacillaiis Kalm. Late Low Blueberry. Dry woodlands; common.

May, June.

PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY

ANAGALLIS (Tourn.) L. Pimpernei,

A. ARVENSis L. Common Pimpernel, Poor Man's Weatherglass. Ad-
ventive in garden, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June-Oct.

LYSIMACHIA (Tourn.) L. Loosestrife

L, NuMMUivARiA L. Moneywort, Yellow Myrtle. A frequent escape
to damp grounds where it is thoroughly established. June, July.

X L. producta (Gray) Fern. Mouth of Winooski River, Burlington,
(Eggleston and Jones). July, Aug.

L. (luadri folia L. Whorled Loosestrife. Dry thickets; common. June,
July.

L. terrestris (L.) BSP. Bulb-bearing Loosestrife. Low grounds;
common. July, Aug.

L. thyr.siflora L. Tufted Loosestrife. Bogs and swamps; frequent.
June.

PRIMULA L. Primrose

P. officinalis Jacq. English Cowslip. Roadside escape from garden,
Burlington, (Jones). May.

STEIRONEMA Raf.

S. ciliatum (L.) Raf. Fringed Loosestrife. Moist thickets; common.
July, Aug.

S. lauceolatuiii (Walt.) Gray. Lance-leaved Loosestrife. Low ground
along Lake Champlain; rare. July, Aug. Colchester, (Grout and
Tracy).

72 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

TRIENTALIS (Rupp.) L. ChickwEEd WintergrEEN

T. auiericana (Pers.) Pursh. (T. borealis Raf.) Star Flower. Moist
woods and thickets; common. May.

OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY

FRAXINUS (Tourn.) L. Ash

V. ainericami L. White Ash. Rich woods; common. May.

F. nigra Marsh. Black Ash. Swamps and woods; frequent. May.

F. peuusylvauica Marsh. Red Ash. Low grounds; common. May.

F. peuusylvauica Marsh., var. laiiceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green Ash.

Shore of Lake Champlain, Burlington, (Jones). May.

SYRINGA L. Lilac

S. VULGARIS L. Common Lilac. Persistent about old building sites.
May, June.

GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY

BARTONIA Muhl.

B. virgiiiica (L.) BSP. Yellow Bartonia. Boggy places; rare. July,
Aug. South Burlington, (Jones, Ross); Colchester, (N. F. F.).

GENTIANA (Tourn.) L. Gentiai"

G. Audrewsii Griseb. Closed Gentian. Moist grounds; frequent. Aug.,

Sept.

G. quiiiquefolia L. Stiff Gentian, Ague-weed. Shore of Lake Cham-
plain, South Burlington, (Torrey, Ross). Sept., Oct.

MENYANTHES (Tourn.) L. BuckbEan

M. trjfoliata L. Bogs and shallow water; occasional. June.

APOCYNACEAE. DOGBANE FAMILY

APOCYNUM (Tourn.) L. Dogbane. Indian Hemp

A. androsaeiiiifolhiiii L. Spreading Dogbane. Thickets and fields;
common. July-Sept. J

A. cainiabinmn L. Indian Hemp. Moist banks; frequent. July, Aug.

. FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 73

VINCA L. PERnviNKLE

V, MINOR L. Common Periwinkle, Blue Myrtle. Frequent in old gar-
dens and established in rich woods near dwelling, Shelburne,
(N. F. F.). Apr., May.

ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY

ASCLEPIAS (Tourn.) L. MilkwEEd. SilkwEEd

A. aiiiplexicaulis Sm. Blunt-leaved Milkweed. Sandy soil; frequent.
July.

A. incariiata L. Swamp Milkweed. Marshes; common. July, Aug.

A. pliytolaccoides Pursh. Poke Milkweed. Moist copses; rare. July,
Aug. Burlington, (Torrey, N. F. F.) ; Colchester, (N. F. F.).

A. qiiadrifolia Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed. Rocky woods; occasional.
June, July.

A. syriaca L. Common Milkweed or Silkweed. Rich grounds; com-
mon. July.

CONVOLVULACEAE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY

CONVOLVULUS (Tourn.) L. Bindweed

C. ARVENSis L. Field Bindweed. Railroad yard, Burlington, (Jones).
July.

C. jAPONicus Thunb. California Rose. Occasional in old gardens and
an escape by roadside, Essex, (Jones). July.

C. sepium L. Wild Morning Glory, Hedge Bindweed. Moist thickets,
sandy fields, etc. ; common. July, Aug.

C. spithamaeus L. Upright Bindweed. Dry sandy plains; common.
June-Aug.

CUSCUTA (Tourn.) L. Dodder. LovE VjnE

C. Grouovii Willd. Moist thickets; frequent. July, Aug.

IPOMOEA L. Morning Geory

I. cocciNEA L. Small Red Morning Glory. Adventive in garden, Bur-
lington, (Mrs. Zottman). June-Aug.

I. PURPUREA (L.) Roth. Common Morning Glory. Frequently spon-
taneous in gardens and waste places. June-Sept.

74 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

POLEMONIACEAE. POLEMONIUM FAMILY

GILIA R. & P.

G. LINEARIS (Nutt.) Gray. First seen in 1902, now well established in
one station, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June, July.

PHLOX L.

P. PANicuLATA L. Garden Phlox. Occasionally persistent about old
dwellings. Aug., Sept.

P. SUBULATA L. Ground or Moss Pink. Rocky hill, Colchester, (Grif-
fin). May, June.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF FAMILY

HYDROPHYLLUM (Tourn.) L. WaterlEaf
H. Yir^iiiiaiuiin L. Rich woods; common. June.

BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY

CYNOGLOSSUM (Tourn.) L. Hound's Tongue

C. ))oreale Fern. Wild Comfrey. Rich woods; rare. June. Bur-
lington, (Torrey, Ross).

C. officinale L. Common Hound's Tongue. Pastures; frequent. June,
July.

ECHIUM (Tourn.) L. Viper's Bugloss

E. vulgare L. Blue-weed, Blue Devil. Becoming frequent along rail-
roads and occasional as a weed elsewhere. June-Oct.

LAPPULA (Rivin.) Moench. Stickseed

L. ECHiNATA Gili'b. European Stickseed, Burseed. Waste and culti-
vated grounds; occasional. Aug.

L. virgiiiiaiia (L.) Greene. Beggar's Lice. Borders of woods; occa-
sional. Aug.

LITHOSPERMUM (Tourn.) L. Gromwell. Puccoon

L. lutifoliuin Michx. Open ground and borders of woods; rare. June,
July, Colchester, (Griffin).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 75

L. oFi'iciNALE L. Common Gromwell. Dry pastures; occasional. June-
Aug.

MERTENSIA Roth. Lungwort

M. viRGiNiCA (L.) Link. Virginian Cowslip, Bluebells. A garden es-
cape, Burlington, (Gifford). May. "Since this is a native from
the Mississippi Valley reaching eastward to Ontario and New York,
it may be expected to persist where established in the Champlain
Valley."

MYOSOTIS (Rupp.) L. Scorpion-grass. Forget-me-not

M. scoRPioiDEs L. True Forget-me-not. Occasional on banks of Wi-
nooski River. June, July.

SYMPHYTUM (Tourn.) L. ComfrEy

S. officinale L. Common Comfrey. A garden escape in moist ground,
Shelburne, (N. F. F.). June-Sept.

VERBENACEAE. VERVAIN FAMILY

VERBENA (Tourn.) L. Vervain

V. hastata L. Blue Vervain. Damp ground, roadsides, etc.; common.
July-Sept.

V. urticaefolia L. White Vervain. Roadsides; common. Aug., Sept.

LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY

AGASTACHE Clayt. Giant Hyssop

A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze. Thickets; rare. Aug., Sept.
Essex, (N. F. F.).

AJUGA L. Bugle Weed

A. genevEnsis L. Adventive in lawn, Burlington, (Jones). June.

GALEOPSIS L. Hemp Nettle

G. Tetrahit L. Common Hemp Nettle. Waste places; frequent. July-
Sept.

76 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

HEDEOMA Pers. Mock Pennyroyal

H. HiSPiDA Pursh. Adventive in garden, Burlington, (Hollister) ; Col-
chester, (Griffin). June, July.

H. pnlegioides (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal. Dry fields; fre-
quent. July, Aug.

LAMIUM (Tourn.) L. Dead Nettle

L. amplExicaule L. Henbit. Cultivated ground; rare. June- Aug.

South Burlington, (N. P. F.).

L, MACULATUM L. Spotted Dead Nettle, Flowering Sage. Roadside

escape from garden, Essex, (N. F. F.). May-Oct.

LEONURUS L. Motherwort

L. Cardiaca L. Common Motherwort. Waste places; common. July,
Aug.

LYCOPUS (Tourn.) L. Water HorEhound

L. ainericanus Muhl. Cut-leaved Bugle Weed. Moist soil; common.

Aug., Sept.
L. uuiflorus Michx. Bugle Weed. Moist places; common. Aug., Sept.

MENTHA (Tourn.) L. Mint

M. arvensis L., var. cauadeiisis (L.) Briq. Wild Mint. Wet places;

common. July, Aug.
M. GENTiLis L. Spotted or Whorled Mint. Occasional in waste places

and about old dwellings. July-Sept.

M. piperita L. Peppermint. Along brooks; rare. Aug., Sept. Essex
and Shelburne, (N. F. F.) ; South Burlington, (Mrs. Wallcer).

M. SPiCATA L. Spearmint. Wet ground, Burlington, (N. F. F.). Aug.,
Sept.

MONARDA L. Horse Mint

M. MOLLIS L. Wild Bergamot. Dry grounds; rare. July, Aug. Bur-
lington, (Jones); Shelburne, (Mrs. Gebhardt).

M. PUNCTATA L. Horse Mint. Sandy ground; rare. July-Sept. Col-
chester and Burlington, (N. F. F.) ; Essex, (Jones and Howe).

NEPETA (Rivin.) L. Cat Mint

X. Cataria L. Catnip. Dry pastures; common. July-Sept.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 77

N. HEDKRACEA (L.) Trev. Ground Ivy, Gill-over-the-ground. Moist
shady places; frequent. Apr., May.

PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. False Dragon Head

P. virgiuiaiia (L.) Benth. Lion's Heart. Wet ground; rare. July,
Aug. Colchester, (Griffin).

PRUNELLA L. SeeE-hEal

P. vulgaris L. Heal-all, Carpenter-weed. Woods and fields; common.
June-Sept. A white-flowered form is occasional.

PYCNANTHEMUM Michx. Mountain Mint. Basie

P. flexuosiiiu (Walt.) BSP. Narrow-leaved Mountain Mint. Dry

ground; rare. Aug. Williston, (N. F. P.); Colchester, (Ross).
P. Yerticillatum (Michx.) Pers. Colchester, (Grout). Aug.

P. Tirginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson. Dry woods. South Burling-
ton, (N. F. F.). Aug.

SATUREJA (Tourn.) L. S.wory. Calamint

S. AciNos (L.) Scheele. Basil Thyme. Rocky headland of Lake Cham-
plain, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June, July.

S. hortensis L. Summer Savory. A garden escape, Burlington, (Mrs.

Walker). Aug., Sept.
S. Tulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Basil. Rocky woods and thickets; frequent.

July-Sept.

SCUTELLARIA (Rivin.) L. Skulecap

S. galericulata L. Marsh Skullcap. Wet shady places ; frequent. July,
Aug.

S. lateriflora L. Mad-dog Skullcap. Wet shady places; common. July-
Sept.

S. parvnla Michx. Small Skullcap. Rocky headlands of Lake Cham-
plain; rare. June. Burlington and South Burlington, (Jones).

STACHYS (Tourn.) L. HEdgE NETTlE

S. tenuifolia Willd., var. aspera (Michx.) Fern. Rough Hedge Nettle,
Woundwort. Moist grounds; occasional. July, Aug.

78 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

TEUCRIUM (Tourn.) L. Germander

T. caiiadeiise L. American Germander, Wood Sage. Shores of Lake
Champlain; frequent. Aug.

TRICHOSTEMA L. Blue Curls

T, (licliotoimim L. Bastard Pennyroyal. Sandy fields; local. Aug.,
Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F.) : Colchester, (N. F. F., Griffin).

SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY

DATURA L. Jamestown or Jim son Weed. Thorn Apple

D. Stramonium L. Stramonium. Waste places; occasional. July-
Sept.

I). Tatula L. Purple Thorn Apple. Occasionally adventive. July-
Sept.

LYCIUM L. M.ATRiMONY Vine

L. HALiMXFouuM Mill. Coiiimou Matrimony Vine. An escape near
waste ground, Burlington, (N. F. F.). May-Sept.

NICANDRA Adans. Apple oe Peru

N. 'PHYSALODEs (L.) Pers. Waste grounds; rare. July, Aug. Burling-
ton, (Ross, N. F. F.).

PHYSALIS L. Ground Cherry

r. HETEROPHYLLA Nees. One form occurs. Var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.
Clammy Ground Cherry. Local. July-Sept. Burlington, (N. F. F.,
Jones).

P. ixoCARPA Brot. Tomatillo. Adventive by roadside, Colchester, (Mrs.
Walker). Aug., Sept.

r. PERUVIANA L. Husk Tomato. Adventive on bank of Winooski River,
Burlington, (Jones). Aug.

r. PRuiNOSA L. Strawberry Tomato. Adventive by roadside, Colches-
ter, (Mrs. Walker). Aug., Sept.

SOLANUM (Tourn.) L. Nightshade

S. Dulcamara L. Bittersweet, Climbing Nightshade. Moist thickets;
frequent. June-Aug.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 79

S. nigrum L. Common Nightshade. Moist shaded grounds; frequent.
July-Sept.

S. ROSTRATUM Dunal. Adventive in garden, Burlington, (Helyer). Aug.

SCROPHULARIACEAE. FIGWORT FAMILY

CHELONE (Tourn.) L. TurtlEhEad. Snakehead

C. glabra L. Balmony. Wet places; frequent. Aug., Sept.

GERARDIA (Plum.) L. Gekardia

G. paiiperciila (Gray) Britton. Small-flowered Gerardia. Sandy shore
of Lake Champlain, Colchester, (N. F. F., Griffin). Aug., Sept.

Gr. temiifolia Vahl. Slender Gerardia. Moist ground; local. Aug.,
Sept. Colchester, (Perkins, N. F. F., Ross).

GRATIOLA (Rupp.) L. HEDGE Hyssop

0. aurea Muhl. Golden Hedge Hyssop. Wet sandy shore of Lake

Champlain, Colchester, (Perkins, N. F. F., Griffin). July, Aug.

G. virgiufaiia L. Clammy Hedge Hyssop. Wet shores and ditches;
occasional. June-Sept.

ILYSANTHES Raf. False Pimpernel

1. (liil)ia (L.) Barnh. Short-stalked False Pimpernel. Wet shores;

frequent. Aug., Sept.

LINARIA (Tourn.) Hill. Toadflax

L. vulgaris Hill. Ramsted, Butter-and-Eggs. Fields and roadsides;
common. July-Oct.

MELAMPYRUM (Tourn.) L. Cow Wheat

M. liueare Lam. Dry woodlands; frequent. July, Aug.

MIMULUS L. Monkey Flower

M. ringens L. Wet places; common. July, Aug.

PEDICULARIS (Tourn.) L. LousEwoRT

P. canadensis L. Common Lousewort, Wood Betony. Thickets; fre-
quent. May, June.

80 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

PENTSTEMON (Mitch.) Ait. Beard-tonguE

r. LAEviGATus Ait., var. Digitalis (Sweet) Gray. Moist or rich soil;
rare. June, July. Colchester, (Griffin) ; South Burlington, (Mrs.
Walker).

SCROPHULARIA (Tourn.) L. Figwort

S. leporella Bick. Meadows and fence rows; occasional. June, July.
S. inarilandica L. Damp grounds; occasional. July, Aug.

VERBASCUM (Tourn.) L. Mullein

V, Blattaria L. Moth Mullein. Roadsides; rare. June, July. Bur-
lington and Essex, (N. F. F.).
V, Thapsus L. Common Mullein. Fields, etc.; common. July-Sept.

VERONICA (Tourn.) L. Speedwell

V. ainericana Schwein. American Brooklime. Wet grounds; frequent.

June, July.
V. ARVENSis L. Corn Speedwell. Rocky woods; frequent. May, June.

Y, officinalis L. Common Speedwell. Dry hills and open woods; occa-
sional. May, June.

V. PEREGRiNA L. Neckweed, Purslane Speedwell. Gardens and waste
places; occasional. May, June.

V. scutellata L. Marsh Speedwell. Swamps and wet places; com-
mon. June-Aug.

Y. serpjilifolia L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Damp grassy grounds;
common. May-July.

LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY

UTRICULARIA L. Bladderwort

li. intermedia Hayne. Edge of swamp, Colchester, (N. F. F.). June,
July.

V. vulgaris L., var. americaua Gray. Greater Bladderwort. Ponds
and slow streams; frequent. July, Aug.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 81

OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM=RAPE FAMILY

EPIFAGUS Nutt. Beech-drops. Cancer-root

E. Yirginiana (L.) Bart. Under beech trees; common. Sept.

OROBANCHE (Tourn.) L. Broom-rape

0. nuiflora L. One-flowered Cancer-root. Dry woodlands ; rare. May-
July. Burlington, (Jones, Mrs. Walker).

PHRYMACEAE. LOPSEED FAMILY

PHRYMA L. LoPSEED
P. Leptostachya L. Moist open woods; occasional. July, Aug.

PLANTAGINACEAE. PLANTAIN FAMILY

PLANTAGO (Tourn.) L. Plantain. Ribwort

P. aristata Michx. Large-bracted Plantain. Adventive at Experiment

Farm, Burlington, (Jones); dry sand, Colchester, (N. F. F.). July,

Aug.
P. lanceolaTa L. Rib or Ripple Grass, English Plantain. Grass land;

common. June-Aug.
P. major L. Common Plantain. Waysides; common. July-Sept.
P. Rugelii Dene. With the preceding species and even more common.

July-Sept.

RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY

CEPHALANTHUS L. Buttonbush
C. occideiitalis L. Swamps; frequent. July, Aug.
GALIUM L. Bedstraw. Cleavers

G. Aparine L. Cleavers, Goose Grass. Rich shaded grounds; occa-
sional. May, June. Burlington and South Burlington, (N. F. F.) ;
Colchester, (Griffin).

0. asprellum Michx. Rough Bedstraw. Alluvial grounds; common.
July.

82 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

G. BOREALE L. Northern Bedstraw. Edge of woods, Burlington, (N.
F. F.). July.

G. cireaezaus Michx. Wild Liquorice. Rich woods; common. July.

G. Claytoiii Michx. Swamps and bogs; occasional. July-Sept. Bur-
lington and Colchester, (N. F. F.).

G. lanceolatuin Torr. Wild Liquorice. Dry woods; frequent. July.

G. MoLivUGO L. Wild Madder. Adventive in field, Shelburne, (N. F. F.).
June, July.

G. palustre L. Marsh Bedstraw. Wet meadows and banks; common.
June, July.

G. trifidum L. Small Bedstraw. Cold bogs and marshy borders of
ponds; frequent. July, Aug.

G. tritlorum Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw. Rich woodlands; com-
mon. July, Aug.

HOUSTONIA L.

H. caerulea L. Bluets, Innocence. Moist grassy places; common.
Apr., May. The white flowered form occurs and occasional blos-
soms may be found all summer.

H. longifolia Gaertn. Rocky headlands of Lake Champlain ; rare. June.

MITCHELLA L. Partridge BERRY

BI. repens L. Cool woods; common. June. A form occurs the leaves
of which are variegated with white; Burlington, (N. F. F.).

CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

DIERVILLA (Tourn.) Mill. Blsh Honeysuckle

D. Lonicera Mill. Rocky woodlands; common. June, July.

LINNAEA (Gronov.) L. Twin-elower

L. borealis L., var. aiuerlcaiia (Forbes) Rehder. Moist mossy woods
and cool bogs; rare. June, July. Shelburne, (Jones); South Bur-
lington, (N. F. F.).

LONICERA L. HonEvsltckle

L. canadensis Marsh. American Fly Honeysuckle. Moist woods; fre-
quent. Apr., May.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 83

L. dioica L. Glaucous Honeysuckle. Dry rocky and sandy woods;

frequent. May.
L. TATARiCA L. Tartarian Honeysuckle. Common In cultivation and

a frequent escape in thickets about Burlington. May.

SAMBUCUS (Tourn.) L. Elder

S. canadensis L. Common Elder, Elderberry. Thickets; common.

July.
S. racemosa L. Red-berried Elder. Rocky woodlands; common. May.

SYMPHORICARPOS (Dill.) Ludwig. SnowbERRY

S. racemosus Michx. Suowberry. Cliffs and rocky headlands; fre-
quent. June.

S. RACEMOSUS Michx., var. laevigatus Fern. Garden Snowberry. Com-
mon in cultivation and occasionally persistent about old building
sites. June, July. Shelburne, (N. F. F.).

TRIOSTEUM L. Feverwort. Horse Gentian

T. perfoliatuni L. Tinker's Weed, Wild Coffee. Edge of swamp, Col-
chester, (Griffin). May, June.

VIBURNUM (Tourn.) L. Arrow- wood. LaurESTinus

V. aoerifoliuni L. Dockmackie, Maple-leaved Arrow-wood. Rocky or
sandy woods; common. June.

V. alnifolium Marsh. Hobble-bush, Witch Hobble, Moosewood. Cool

moist woods; common. May-
V. cassinoides L. Withe-rod, Wild Raisin. Swamps; frequent. June.

V. dentatuni L. Toothed Arrow-wood. Wet places; rare. June, July.

Essex and Shelburne, (N. F. F.).

V. Lentago L. Sheepberry, Nannyberry, Wild Raisin. Rich moist
woods; occasional. May, June.

Y. Opulus L., var. anierieanuni (Mill.) Ait. Cranberry Tree, High-bush
Cranberry, Pimbina. Low grounds; occasional. May, June.

V. pubescens (Ait.) Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood. Cliffs and rocky
hills; frequent. June.

84 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY

VALERIANA (Tourn.) L. Valerian

V, OFFICINALIS L. Garden Heliotrope. An occasional roadside escape.
June. Burlington and Shelburne, (N. F. F.).

CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY

ECHINOCYSTIS T. & G. Wild Balsam-applE

E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Wild Cucumber. Alluvial banks and
waste places; frequent. July-Sept.

SICYOS L. One-seeded Bur Cucumber

S. angnlatns L. Star Cucumber. River banks and waste places; fre-
quent. July-Sept.

CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY

CAMPANULA (Tourn.) L. BELlFLowER

0. apariuoides Pursh. Marsh Bellflower. Low sedgy thickets; occa-
sional. July, Aug.

C. RAPUNCULOiDES L. European Bellflower. An occasional roadside
escape. July, Aug.

C. rotundifolia L. Harebell, Bluebell. Rocky banks; common. June-
Get.

C. Trachelium L. Nettle-leaved Bellflower, Throatwort. Adventive,
Colchester, (Griflin). Aug.

SPECULARIA (Heist.) Fabric. Venus's Looking-glass

S. perfoliata (L.) DC. Dry rocky woodlands; rare. June, July.
South Burlington, (N. F. F.).

LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY

LOBELIA (Plum.) L.

L. cardiiialis L. Cardinal Flower. Low grounds; occasional. Aug.

L. inflata L. Indian Tobacco. Fields and pastures; common. July-
Sept.

FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 85

L. Kalinii L. Cool moist rocks; occasional. July, Aug.
L. spicata Lam. Moist sandy soil; occasional. July, Aug.

COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY

ACHILLEA (Vaill.) L. Yarrow

A. Millefoliuin L. Common Yarrow, Milfoil. Dry fields and roadsides;
common. July-Oct. The pink-flowered form is occasional.

AMBROSIA (Tourn.) L. Ragweed

A. artemisiifolia L. Roman Wormwood, Hog-weed, Bitter-weed. A
common weed everywhere. Aug., Sept.

A. PsiLosTACHYA DC. Adventive in railroad yard, Burlington, (N. P. P.).
Aug., Sept.

A., trifida L. Great Ragweed. Moist alluvial soil; local. Williston,
(Bates); Burlington, (N. P. P.). Rare as a weed elsewhere. Aug.
Var. iNTEGRiFOLiA (Muhl.) T. & G. Burlington, (N. P. P.)

ANAPHALIS DC. Everlasting

A. inargaritacea (L.) B. & H. Pearly Everlasting. Dry hills and
woods; common. July-Sept.

ANTENNARIA Gaertn. Everlasting. Ladies' Tobacco. Pussy's Toes

A, canadensis Greene. Dry and moist ground; frequent. May, June.

A. fallax Greene. In partial shade; frequent. May.

A. neglecta Greene. Old fields; frequent. May.

A. neodioica Greene. Old pastures and fields; frequent. May, June.

A, Parlinii Pern. Dry banks and thickets; rare. May, June. Col-
chester, (Griffin).

A. petaloidea Pern. Old pastures; rare. May. Shelburne, (Brain-
erd) ; Burlington, (Hazen, N. P. P.).

A. plantagiuifolia (L.) Richards. Plantain-leaved Everlasting. Dry
soil; common. May, June.

ANTHEMIS (Mich.) L. Chamomile

A, CoTULA L. Mayweed, Dog Pennel. Waste places and roadsides;
common. June-Oct.

8(i FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

ARCTIUM L. Burdock

A. Lappa L. Great Burdock. Roadsides; local. July-Sept. Essex,
(Jones); Colchester, (N. F. F.).

A. MINUS (Hill) Bernh. Common Burdock. Waste places; common.
July-Oct.

ARTEMISIA (Tourn.) L. Wormwood

A. Absinthium L. Wormwood. Roadside, Colchester, (N. F. F.).
Aug., Sept.

A. BIENNIS Willd. Abundant around railroad and lumber yards; Bur-
lington. Aug., Sept.

A. caiidata Michx. Tall Wormwood. Abundant on sandy bluff of Lake
Champlain, Burlington. Aug., Sept.

A. vulgaris L. Common Mugwort. Waste places and roadsides; com-
mon. July, Aug.

ASTER (Tourn.) L. Aster

A. acuminatiis Michx. Cool rich woods; frequent. July, Aug.

A. cordifolins L. Heart-leaved Aster. Woodlands; common. Aug.,
Sept.

A. dharicatiis L. White Wood Aster. Moist woodlands; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

A. ericoides L. One form occurs. Var. Prixclei Gray. Pringle's
Aster. Slaty headlands of Lake Champlain; rare. Aug. Shel-
burne, (Pringle) ; Burlington.

A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton. Thickets and fields; occasional. Aug.,
Sept.

A. lateriilorns (L.) Britton, var. liirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter. Hairy-
stemmed Aster. Borders of thickets; common. Aug., Sept.

A. liiiariifolius L. Stiff Aster. Dry sandy soil; common. Aug., Sept.

A. inacrophyllus L. Large-leaved Aster. Moist woods; common. Aug.,
Sept. Presenting many different forms.

A. noyae-aiigliae L. New England Aster. Moist grounds; rare. Sept.
Burlington, (Jones, N. F. F.). Var. roseus (Desf.) DC. Bur-
lington, (Miss Moore).

A. paiiiciilatiis Lam. Tall White or Panicled Aster. Moist soil; com-
mon. Sept. Presenting many different forms.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 87

A. puniceiis L. Purple-stemmed Aster. Low thickets and swamps;
frequent. Sept.

A. Tradescanti L. Michaelmas Daisy. Low grounds; common. Sept.

A. uinbellatus Mill. Flat-topped White Aster. Moist thickets; fre-
quent. Aug., Sept.

A. undulatiis L. Wavy-leaved Aster. Dry copses; common. Aug.,
Sept. Variable.

A. Timiuens Lam. Small White Aster. Moist banks; occasional. Aug.

A. Timiueus Lam., var. saxatilis Fern. Ledges of Winooski River,

Williston, (Pringle); Burlington, (N. F. F.). Aug.

BIDENS L. Bur Marigold

B. Beckii Torr. Water Marigold. Ponds and deep slow streams; rare.

Aug. Shelburne, (Jones); Colchester, (N. F. F., Mrs. Walker).

B. ceniua L. Stick-tight. Wet places; common. Aug., Sept.

B. couuata Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks. Swamps; occasional. Aug.,

Sept.
S. froiidosa L. Common Beggar-ticks. Damp grounds; common.
Aug., Sept.

CARDUUS (Tourn.) L. PlumelEss Thistle

C. CRiSPUS L. Adventive, South Burlington, (Chittenden). Aug.

CENTAUREA L. Star Thistle

C. Cyanus L. Blue Bottle, Bachelor's Button, Corn Flower. Spon-
taneous in gardens and occasionally adventive elsewhere. June-
Sept.

CHRYSANTHEMUM (Tourn.) L. Ox-Eye Daisy

C. LeucanthEmum L., var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte. Ox-eye or
White Daisy, Marguerite, Whiteweed. A common and pernicious
weed in fields and meadows. June-Oct.

CICHORIUM (Tourn.) L. Succory or Chicory

C. Intybus L. Common Chicory, Blue Sailors. Roadsides and fields;
common in Burlington, less so elsewhere. July, Aug.

88 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

CIRSIUM (Tourn.) Hill. Common or Plumed Thistle

C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. Canada Thistle. Fields and waste places; com-
mon. June-Sept.

C. LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill. Common or Bull Thistle. Pastures and
roadsides; common. July-Sept.

DYSSODIA Cav. Fetid Marigold

P. PAPPOSA (Vent.) Hitchc. Adventive on wool waste, bank of Wi-
nooski River, Burlington, (Brainerd). July-Get.

ERECHTITES Raf. FirEwEEd

E, hieracifolia (L.) Raf. Moist woods, especially in recent clearings;
common. July-Sept.

ERIGERON L. FlEabanE

E. aunnus (L.) Pers. Daisy Fleabane, Sweet Scabious. Fields and
waste places; common. June-Sept.

E. canadensis L. Horseweed, Butterweed. Waste places, etc. ; com-
mon. July-Sept.

E. hyssopifolius Michx. Wet calcareous rocks; occasional. June, July.

E. philadelphiciis L. Pink Fleabane. Moist grounds; common. May-
July.

E. pulchellus Michx. Robin's Plantain. Copses and moist banks;
frequent. May, June.

E. rainosus (Walt.) BSP. Daisy Fleabane. Fields; common. June-
Sept.

EUPATORIUM (Tourn.) L. Thorough wort

E. perfoliatum L. Thoroughwort, Boneset. Low grounds; common.
Aug., Sept.

E. purpureum L., var. inacnlatnni (L.) Darl. Joe-Pye Weed, Trumpet
Weed. Moist thickets and low grounds; common. July, Aug.

E. urticaefoliiiiii Reich. White Snakeroot. Moist rich woods; occa-
sional. Aug., Sept.

GALINSOGA R. & P.

G. parviflora Cav. One form occurs. Var. hispida DC. First col-
lected in 1891, (Grout), now a common and pernicious garden weed.
July-Oct.

FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 89

GNAPHALIUM L. Cudweed

G. decurrens Ives. Everlasting. Clearings, etc. ; frequent. Aug., Sept.

G. polyoeplialiim Michx. Common Everlasting. Old fields and woods;
common. Aug., Sept.

G. nlig'inosnin L. Low Cudweed. Moist soil; common. July-Sept.

HBLIANTHUS L. SuneeowER

H. ANNuus L. Common Sunflower. Occasionally spontaneous in waste
places. Aug., Sept.

H. decapetalns L. Thin-leaved Sunflower. Copses and low banks of
streams; occasional. Aug., Sept.

H. divaricatus L. Rough or Woodland Sunflower. Thickets and sandy
woods; common. July-Sept.

H, PETiOLARis Nutt. Adventive in garden, Burlington, (Helyer). Aug.,
Sept.

H. strumosns L. Pale-leaved Wood Sunflower. Dry woods and banks;
frequent. Aug., Sept.

H. TUBEROSus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Along fences and roadsides;
frequent. Sept., Oct.

HELIOPSIS Pers. Ox-eye

H. SCABRA Dunal. Adventive in flelds and by roadsides. Aug., Sept.
Burlington, (Jones); Shelburne, (Mrs. Gebhardt).

HIERACIUM (Tourn.) L. Hawkweed

H. AURANTiACUM L. Orange Hawkweed, Devil's Paint-brush, Grim the
Collier. Fields and pastures; a common and pernicious weed.
June-Sept.

H- canadeuse Michx. Canada Hawkweed. Borders of woods; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

H. FEORENTiNUM All. King Devil. One plant on railroad embankment,
Burlington, (N. F. P.); Colchester, (Griffin). June.

H. painculatum L. Panicled Hawkweed. Open woods; occasional.
Aug.

H. PRAEAETUM Goch., var. decipiens Koch. Interval land, South Bur-
lington, (Mrs. Walker). June.

90 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

H. scabrum Michx. Rough Hawkweed. Dry plains and pine woods;
frequent. July, Aug.

H. yeiiosiiiii L. Rattlesnake-weed, Poor Robin's Plantain. Dry plains
and pine woods; frequent. June, July.

INULA L. Elecampane

I. HelEnium L. Elecampane. Roadsides and damp pastures; fre-
quent. Aug.

LACTUCA (Tourn.) L. Lettuce

L. canadeusis L. Wild Lettuce, Horseweed. Rich damp soil, borders
of fields and thickets; frequent. July, Aug. Var. Montana Brit-
ton. South Burlington, (N. F. F.). July, Aug.

L. SCARIOLA L., var. integrata Gren. & Godr. Prickly Lettuce. Abun-
dant along Rutland R. R. in some localities in Burlington and Col-
chester, and occasional as a weed elsewhere. July-Sept.

L. spicata (Lam.) Hitchc. Tall Blue Lettuce. Low grounds; frequent.
July, Aug.

MATRICARIA (Tourn.) L. Wild Chamomile

M. suaveoeens (Pursh) Buch. Pine-apple-weed. About waste ground
and railroad yards, Burlington, (N. F. F.). June, July.

PRENANTHES (Vaill.) L. RatteESNakE-root

P. alba L. White Lettuce, Rattlesnake-root. Borders of rich woods;
common. Aug., Sept.

r. altissiiua L. Tall White Lettuce. Rich moist woods; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

P. trifoliolata (Cass.) Fern. Gall-of-the-earth. Thickets and woods;
rare. Aug., Sept. Burlington, (Grout) ; Essex, (N. F. F.) ; Col-
chester, (Griffin).

RUDBECKIA L. Cone-feowER

K. HiRTA L. Yellow Daisy, Black-eyed Susan, Nigger-head. Meadows;
common. June-Sept.

K. laciuiata L. Tall Cone-flower, Thimble-weed. Low thickets; rare.
Aug., Sept. High Bridge, (Jones); Burlington, (N. F. F.).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 91

SENECIO (Toiirn.) L. Groundsel. Ragwort. Squaw-weed

S. aureus L. Golden Ragwort. Moist rocks, High Bridge, (Ross).
June, July.

S. Balsamitae Muhl. Balsam Groundsel. Rocky banks of Winooski
River; frequent. May-July.

S. Balsamitae Muhl., var. praelongus Greenm. Rocky bank of Winooski
River near Twin Bridges, (Jones); Essex, (Ross). June.

S. obovatns Muhl. Round-leaved Squaw-weed. Rocky bank of Wi-
nooski River, Essex, (Ross). June.

S. Robbinsii Oakes. Robbin's Squaw-weed. Wet meadows and
swamps; rare. June, July. South Burlington, (Ross); Shel-
burne, (N. F. F.).

S. VULGARIS L. Common Groundsel. A weed in gardens and waste
places; occasional. July-Sept.

SILPHIUM L. Rosin-weed

S. PERFOLiATUM L. Cup Plant. Adventive by roadside, Burlington,
(Jones). Aug., Sept.

SOLIDAGO L. Golden-rod

S. arguta Ait. Cut-leaved Golden-rod. Burlington, (Grout). Aug.
S. bicolor L. White Golden-rod. Dry copses; common. Aug., Sept.

S. caesia L. Blue-stemmed Golden- rod. Rich woodlands; common.

Aug., Sept.
S. cauadeusis L. Canada Golden-rod. Borders of thickets and fields;

common. Aug., Sept.

S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. Bushy Golden-rod. Moist soil; common.
Aug., Sept.

S. hispida Muhl. Hairy Golden-rod. Dry shady cliffs and sterile soil;
occasional. Aug., Sept.

S. jinicea Ait. Early Golden-rod. Copses and banks; common. July,

Aug.
S. latifolia L. Zig-zag Golden-rod. Moist shaded banks; frequent.

Aug., Sept.

S. iiemoralis Ait. Gray or Field Golden-rod. Dry open soil; common.
Aug., Sept. A peculiar low form is occasional with the type.

92 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

S. puberula Nutt. Downy Golden-rod. Sandy soil; common. Aug.,
Sept.

S. raceniosa Greene. Rocky banks of Winooski River; occasional.
Aug. Winooski Gorge is the station of Pursh's type.

S. rugosa Mill. Tall Hairy Golden-rod. Borders of fields and copses;
common. Aug., Sept.

S. serotina Ait. Late Golden-rod. Thickets, in rich soil; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

S. sqnarrosa Muhl. Stout Ragged Golden-rod. Dry woods; frequent.
Aug., Sept.

S. uligiiiosa Nutt. Bog Golden-rod. Peat bogs; rare. Sept. South
Burlington, (Jones).

SONCHUS (Tourn.) L. Sow Thistle

S. ARVENSts L. Field Sow Thistle. Shores and waste places; occa-
sional. July-Sept.

S. ASPER (L.) Hill. Spiny-leaved Sow Thistle. Waste places; occa-
sional. July-Oct.

S. OLERACEus L. Common Sow Thistle. Waste places; frequent. July-
Oct.

TANACETUM (Tourn.) L. Tansy

T. vuLGARE L. Common Tansy. Roadsides, etc. ; frequent. Aug., Sept.
Var. CRiSPUM DC. South Burlington, (Ross) ; Burlington, (N.
F. F.).

TARAXACUM (Haller) Ludwig. Dandelion

T. erythrospermum Andrz. Red-seeded Dandelion. Shallow soil about
ledges; frequent. Apr., May.

T. officinale Weber. 'Common Dandelion. Common everywhere.
Apr.-Sept.

TRAGOPOGON (Tourn.) L. Goat's Beard

T. PR.\TENSis L. Roadsides and meadows; occasional. June-Sept.

TUSSILAGO (Tourn.) L. Coltsfoot
T. Farfara L. Moist clay banks; occasional. Apr., May.

FLORA OP BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 93

XANTHIUM (Tourn.) L. Cocklebur. Clotbur

X. ciiiiadeiise Mill. Lake shores and river banks; frequent. Aug.,
Sept.

X. coiumuue Britton. Shores of Lake Champlain; common. Aug.,
Sept.

X, echiiiatuin Murr. Lake shores and river banks; common. Aug.,
Sept.

94 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

SUPPLEMENTARY LIST

This is a list of plants which should be sought in the region
covered by this Flora, and comprises those plants which are known to
have occurred here, but of which no specimen was taken or preserved,
those which occur near the limits of this region and may naturally be
expected here, and those specimens of which are in the Torrey collec-
tion, U. V. M. herbarium, but without locality.

Others have been taken from Perkins' Flora, Thompson's Ver-
mont and an old list of Burlington plants published in the Bur-
lington Free Press about 1845, in the hope that search may reveal
some of them.

Osiininda ciiiuaiiiomea L., var. froudosa Gray. Swamps and low copses.
May. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Isoetes sp. In water and wet places. Some of these ought to be found
here.

Spargauium simplex Huds. In water. July. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Potamogeton alpiinis Balbis. Ponds and streams. July, Aug. Hines-
burgh Pond, (Jones).

Potaiiiogetou obtusifolius Mertens & Koch. Ponds and streams. July,
Aug. Ferrisburgh, (Grout and Eggleston).

rotainogeton aiignstifolius Berchtold & Presl. Lake Champlain, Mil-
ton, (Grout).

Aiiiinophila areuaria (L.) Link. Sandy beaches. Aug., Sept. Re-
ported from Colchester Point, (Jones).

Descliampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Reported from rocky shore of
Winooski River, south side, between Essex Junction and Bur-
lington, (Jones). He says the species was undoubted, but no
herbarium specimen can be found. June, July.

Hok'us laiiatus L. Fields and meadows. June, July. Charlotte, (Prin-
gle).

Miliniii effusiiiii L. Cold damp woods. June. Torrey collection.

.Mtililcnbergia sjhatica Torr. Moist rocky woods and wooded banks.
Aug., Sept. Torrey collection. Ferrisburgh, (Pringle).

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 95

Carex aquatilis Wahl. Swamps and lake margins. June-Aug. Torrey
collection.

Carex BickucIIii Britton. Dry rocky soil. June, July. Torrey col-
lection.

Carex ttava L., var. rectirostris Gaudin. Wet margins of springs and
low borders of ponds. July, Aug. Torrey collection.

Carex gyiiocrates Wormsk. Swamps and bogs. June-Aug. Burling-
ton, (Torrey) ; Perkins' Flora.

Carex poljgaina Schkuhr. Bogs and wet shores. May- July. Torrey
collection.

Carex retrorsa Schwein., var. Hartii (Dewey) Gray. Wet places. July,
Aug. Torrey collection.

Carex triceps Michx., var. hirsuta (Willd.) Bailey. Moist fields. June,
July. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Carex tricliocarpa Muhl. Marshes. June, July. Burlington; Perkins'
Flora.

Carex retroflexa Muhl. Dry open woods. May, June. Burlington,
(Torrey) ; Perkins' Flora.

Carex vag'iuata Tausch. Bogs and mossy woods. June, July. Torrey
collection.

Carex viresceus Muhl. Moist pastures. June, July. Charlotte, (Prin-
gle).

Scirpus plaiiifolius Muhl. Dry open fields. May, June. Charlotte,
(Pringle).

Peltiiudra virgiiiica (L.) Kunth. Bogs. July. Colchester, (Bobbins) ;
Thompson's Vermont.

Jnncus filiforiiiis L. Wet shores and bogs. June, July. Shore of
Lake Champlain, Ferrisburgh, (Robbins) ; Thompson's Vermont.

Zigadenus chloranthus Richards. Calcareous soils. July. Ferris*
burgh, (Brainerd).

Kypoxis birsnta (L.) Coville. Meadows and open woods. June, July.
Free Press.

Sisyrincliium gTaniiiieinu Curtis. Wet meadows and damp woods. May,
June. Burlington, {Macrae) ; Thompson's Vermont.

Corallorrliiza odoiitorhiza Nutt. Woods. Aug., Sept. Torrey collec-
tion. Reported from Mud Pond, Williston, (Bryant).

96 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

Corallorrhiza striata Lindl. Woods. May, June. Torrey collection.
llabenaria ilava (L.) Gray. Wet places. June, July. Burlington,
(Macrae) ; Thompson's Vermont.

Liparis liliifolia (L.) Richards. Woods. June, July. Found just
south of Fort Ethan Allen, but specimen lost.

Spiraiitlies lucida (Eaton) Ames. Moist banks. June, July. Torrey
collection. Reported from near Winooski Gorge, (Ross).

Carya g:lal)ra (Mill.) Spach. Dry woodlands. May. Torrey collection.
Ferrisburgh, (Brainerd).

Corylus americaiia Walt. Reported from sand plains. South Burling-
ton, (Howe).

Querciis Priinis L. Rocky banks and hillsides. May. Charlotte,
(Pringle).

Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rocky woodlands. May. Occurs as a street
tree in Burlington.

Polygonum ainphibium L. Margins of ponds and slow streams. Aug.,
Sept. Richmond, (Pringle).

rolygoimm Douglasii Greene. Rocky or sterile soil. Aug., Sept. Char-
lotte, (Pringle).

Polygoiiuiii liydropiperoides Michx. Wet places and in shallow water.
Aug., Sept. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Polygonum tenue Michx. • Dry soil. Aug., Sept. Torrey collection.
This occurs at Keeseville on opposite side of Lake Champlain.

Amarauthus pauiculatus L. Weed in garden, Shelburne; (Pringle);

Flora of Vermont.
Coratopliyllum demersum L. Slow streams and ponds. June, July.

Reported from Ferrisburgh. Mouth of Winooski River, (Robbins);

Thompson's Vermont.

Anemonella tlialictroides (L.) Spach. Woods. May. Reported from
Burlington, (Benedict).

Cimiclfuga racemosa (L.) Nutt. Rich woods. July. Torrey collec-
tion.

Eauuiiculus fascicularis Muhl. Dry or moist hills. Apr., May. Re-
ported from Burlington, (Benedict, Bigelow).

Menispermum canadeuse L. Banks of streams. June, July. Char-
lotte, (Pringle). Reported from Ethan Allen Park, Burlington,
(Ross). Burlington, (Carey); Thompson's Vermont.

, FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 97

Arabis canadensis L. Rocky woods and ravines. June-Aug. Torrey
collection. Winooski River, Colchester, (Torrey) ; Perkins' Flora.

Arabis lyrata L. Rocks or sandy shores. May- July. Torrey collec-
tion.

Cardamine bulbosa (Schreb.) BSP. Wet meadows. May. Torrey col-
lection,

Radicula Nasturtinm-aquaticum (L.) Britten & Rendle. Brooks,
ditches, etc. June-Aug. Charlotte, (Pringle).

CrataeMTUS anomala Sarg. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

Crataegus Brainerdi Sarg., var. asperifolia (Sarg.) Eggl.

Crataegus Brainerdi Sarg., var. Egglestoni (Sarg.) Robins.

Crataegus Brainerdi Sarg., var. scabrida (Sarg.) Eggl.

Crataegus charaplainensis Sarg. Fl. May; fr. Sept., Oct.

Crataegus Holniesiana Ashe. Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept.

Crataegus niacracantha Lodd, var. neoiluvialis (Ashe) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.
Crataegus niacracantha Lodd, var. succulenta (Schrad.) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.
Crataegus niacrosperma Ashe, var. demissa (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.
Crataegus niacrosperma Ashe, var. pastorum (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.
Crataegus niacrosperma Ashe, var. pentandra (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Sept.

Crataegus polita Sarg. Fl. May; fr. Sept.

Crataegus Priuglei Sarg. Fl. May; fr. Sept. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Crataegus Priuglei Sarg., var. exclusa (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May; fr. Sept.

Crataegus Priuglei Sarg., var. lobulata (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May; fr.
Sept.

Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl.) Koch forma dissona (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl.
May; fr. Oct.

Crataegus punctata Jacq., var. canescens Britton. Fl. May; fr. Oct.

Crataegus punctata Jacq., var. rubra Ait. Fl. May, June; fr. Oct.

Cratiiegus roauensis Ashe. Fl. May; fr. Sept.

98 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

Crataef?us rotiiiulifolia Moench, var. Faxoiii (Sarg.) Eggl. Fl. May;

fr. Aug., Sept.
Desmodiuiii paiiiciilatiim (L.) DC. Copses. .Tuly. Charlotte, (Prin-

gle).
Lespedeza fnitesoens (L.) Britton. Open rocky woods. Aug., Sept.

Mt. Philo, Charlotte, (Priugle).
Lespedeza hirta (L.) Hornem. Dry hills and plains. Aug., Sept.

Colchester, (Robbins) ; Thompson's Vermont.
Oxalis Tiolacea L. Rocky places and open woods. May. Free Press.
Euphorbia Peplus L. Waste places and cultivated grounds. Aug.

Charlotte, (Pringle).
Eiipliorbia Preslii Guss. Dry open soil. July, Aug. Burlington,

(Tuckerman) ; Thompson's Vermont.
Ehns canadensis Marsh. Dry rocky banks. May. Charlotte, (Prin-
gle).
Hypericum niajus (Gray) Britton. Wet or dry open soil. July, Aug.

Charlotte, ( Pringle ) .
Couioselinum cliinense (L.) BSP. Swamps and cold cliffs. Aug.,

Sept. Burlington, (Macrae) ; Thompson's Vermont.

Coruus florida L. Dry woods. May. Free Press.

Lyonia ligustriua (L.) DC. Moist thickets. June, July. Torrey col-
lection.

Pyrola secunda L., var. obtusata Turcz. Reported from South Burling-
ton, (Ross).

Rhododendron canescens (Michx.) G. Don. Woods and gravelly shores.
May, June. Reported from Burlington, (N. F. F.).

Rhododendron Tiscosum (L.) Torr. Swamps. June, July. Free Press.
Vacciuiuni corynibosum L., var. amoenuni (Ait.) Gray. Swamps and
low thickets. May, June. Charlotte, (Pringle).

Gentiana crinita Froel. Low grounds. Sept. Torrey collection.

Oentiana lineari.s Froel. Bogs and wet rocks. Aug. Torrey collec-
tion. Hinesburgh, (Horsford).

Halenia deflexa (Sm.) Griseb. Damp and cool woods. Aug., Sept.
Charlotte, (Horsford and Pringle).

Asclepias incarnata L., var. pulchra (Ehrh.) Pers. Swamps. July,
Aug. Torrey collection.

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY 99

Litliosperiiiuin arveiise L. Sandy fields and roadsides. May- Aug. Char-
lotte, (Pringle).

Lycopsis aryensis L. Dry or sandy fields and waste places. July.
Torrey collection.

Pj-cuaiitlieiuuin iiniticiiin (Michx.) Pers. Reported from bank of Wi-
uooski River, Colchester, (Grout).

Gerardia flaya L. Open woods. July, Aug. Torrey collection.

Gerardia pediciilaria L. Dry copses. July, Aug. Torrey collection.

Pentstenion liirsiitus (L.) Willd. Dry or rocky grounds. June, July.
Charlotte, (Pringle). Torrey collection.

Yerouica Auagallis-aqiiatica L. Brooks and ditches. June-Aug. Re-
ported from Willistou, (Bryant).

Veronica rirginica L. Rich soil. July, Aug. Colchester, (Oakes) ;
Thompson's Vermont.

Coiiopholis americana (L. f.) Wallr. Rock Pt., Burlington, (Macrae) ;
Thompson's Vermont.

Diauthera americana L. In water. July, Aug. Ferrisburgh, (Pad-
dock).

Littorella uuiilora (L.) Asch. In water or on gravelly shores. Aug.,
Sept. "Ought to be found here on lake shore." Pringle.

Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Roadsides. July, Aug. Charlotte, (Prin-
gle).

Lobelia Dortmauna L. Borders of ponds. Aug. Torrey collection.
Shelburne Pond, (Perkins); Perkins' Flora.

Aster juuceus Ait. Swamps and bogs. Aug. Ought to be found here.

Aster novi-belgii L. Low grounds. Aug., Sept. Torrey collection.

Bidens vulgata Greene. Has been confused with B. frondosa and

should be sought in moist places and by roadsides. Aug., Sept.

Cirsiuiu discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Rich soil. Aug., Sept. Ferris-
burgh, (Brainerd).

Hieracium Gronovii L. Sandy soil. Aug., Sept. Burlington, (Tor-
rey) ; Perkins' Flora.

Hieracium marlanum Willd. Open woods and clearings. June-Aug.
Torrey collection.

Lactuca liirsuta Muhl. Dry open ground. July. Charlotte, (Pringle).

100 FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

Lactuca integrifolia Bigel. Rich thickets. July, Aug. Reported from
Burlington, (Ross).

Onopordniu Acanthiuni L. Roadsides and waste places. July, Aug.
Charlotte, (Pringle). Dry pastures, Williston, (Robbins) ; Thomp-
son's Vermont.

Pctasites palmatns (Ait.) Gray. Swamps. May, June. Charlotte,
(Pringle).

rreuanthes serpeutaria Pursh. Dry open soil. Aug., Sept. Torrey
collection.

STATISTICAL SUMMARIES

In the following summaries varieties and hybrids are counted with
species. When, however, in Tables II and III the numbers are the
same, precedence in the list is given to the family or genus having the
fewer varieties and hybrids. The summaries include the species recog-
nized in the list of "Additions and Corrections."

I. NUMBERS AND SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES

Pteridophytes
Spermatophytes

Totals

Native

67

895

962

Foreign

0

278

278

Total

67
1172

1240

II.

DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES AND VARIETIES AMONG THE
PRINCIPAL FAMILIES

INCLUDING ALL HAVING 15 OR MORE SPECIES

Genera

Species and varieties

Native

Foreign

Total

Cyperaceae

7

128

0

128

Compositae

37

84

37

121

Gramineae

44

74

37

111

Rosaceae

16

56

9

65

Ranunculaceae

11

31

5

36

Polypodiaceae

15

36

0

36

Orchidaceae

12

34

0

34

Leguminosae

14

13

20

33

Cruciferae

15

15

18

33

Labiatae

18

18

14

32

Ericaceae

16

30

0

30

Polygonaceae

4

16

13

29

Umbelliferae

16

15

6

21

Liliaceae

17

20

4

24

Caryophyllaceae

10

8

16

24

Salicaceae

2

16

6

22

Scrophulariaceae

12

16

5

21

Violaceae

1

18

1

19

Najadaceae

2

18

0

18

Caprifoliaceae

7

15

2

17

Onagraceae

4

13

3

16

Urticaceae

10

10

5

15

The other 89 families

168

279

76

355

102

FLORA OF BURLINGTON AND VICINITY

III. THE PRINCIPAL GENERA

INCLUDING ALL HAVING 10 OR MORE SPECIES

Genera

Species

Genera

Carex

94

Salix

Viola

19

Ranunculus

Polygonum

18

Scirpus

Potamogeton

18

Habenaria

Aster

16

Crataegus

Panicum

16

Galium

Solldago

15

Juncus

Species
15
15
12
11
11
10
10

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

Preface. After C. G. Hinsdale, Boston, Mass., insert— A. S. Hitchcock,
Washington, D. C.

Page 14. Insert— Paiiioum liiiearifoliuni Scribn. Woods. June-Aug.
Burlington, (Hitchcock).

Page 16. Third line from bottom, before Horoeum sativum Jessen, in-
sert— AvENA SATIVA L., Oat.

Page 19. Sixteenth line from bottom, for var. irrig'iia (Wahlenb.) Fern,
read var. palleiis Fern.

Page 20. Twelfth line from top, for "Low open ground; frequent."
read "Essex Junction, (Brainerd)."

Page 3.5. Tenth line from bottom, before "South Burlington, (N. F. F.)"
insert — Burlington, (Torrey ) .

Page 45. Omit first, second and third lines. Before DENTARIA in-
sert—

CONRINGIA (Heist.) Adans. Hare' s-ear Mustard

C. t)KiENTALis (L.) Dumort. Adventive in railroad yards, Burlington,

(N. F. F.). June, July.
Page 53. Tenth line from bottom, for "(Torrey)" read "(Benedict)."

Page 65. Seventh line from top, for "Colchester, (Torrey, N. F. F.),"
read "Burlington, (Torrey); Colchester, (N. F. F.)."

Page 65. Twelfth line from bottom, after "Fort Ethan Allen, (Grout),"
insert — railroad yard, Burlington, (N. F. F.).

Page 73. Fourth line from bottom, for "I. coccmEA L." read "I. coc-
ciNEA L. var. hederifolia (L.) Gray."

Page 80. Ninth line from top, for "Burlington and Essex, (N. F. F.),"
read "Burlington, (Torrey, N. F. F.); Essex, (N. F. F.)."

Page 80. Tenth line from bottom, for "Blue Bottle" read "Bluebottle."

Page 94. Sixth line from top, after "those" insert — a comma.

INDEX

Abele 29
Abies 6
Abutilon 61
Acacia, False 55
Acalypha 57
Acer 59
Aceraceae 59
Achillea 85
Acnida 37
Acorus 23
Actaea 40
Adder's Mouth 29

Green 29
Adder's Tongue 4

Family 4

Yellow 25
Adiantum 1
Adlumia 44
Aesculus 59
Agastache 75
Agrimonia 49
Agrimony 49

Tall Hairy 49

Woodland 49
Agropyron 9
Agrostemma 38
Agrostis 10
Ague-weed 72
Aizoaceae 38
Ajuga 75
Alder 31

Black 58

Downy Green 31

Hoary 31

Smooth 32

Speckled 31
Alder-leaved Buck-
thorn 60
Alfalfa 54
Alisma 9
Alismaceae 9
Allegheny Vine 44
Allium 25
Allspice, Wild 43
Alnus 31
Alopecurus 10
Alsike Clover 55
Alternate-leaved Dog-
wood 68

Alyssum, Hoary 45

Sweet 46
Amaranth 37

Family 37

Green 37

Prostrate 37

Thorny 37
Amaranthaceae 37
Amaranthus 37
Ambrosia 85
Amelanchier 49
American Aspen 30

Beech 32

Bladder Nut 59

Brooklime 80

Cranberry 71

Elm 34

Fly Honeysuckle 82

Germander 78

Hop Hornbeam 32

Hornbeam 32

Larch 6

Mountain Ash 51

Orpine 48

Pennyroyal 76

White Hellebore 26

Yew 6
Amphicarpa 53
Anacardiaceae 58
Anagallis 71
Anaphalis 85
Andromeda 69
Andropogon 10
Anemone 41

Cut-leaved 41

Long-fruited 41

Round-headed 41

Tall 41

Wood 41
Angelica 66
Antennaria 85
Anthemis 85
Anthoxanthum 10
Apios 53
Apocynaceae 72
Apocynum 72
Appalachian Cherry 51
Apple 51

of Peru 78

Purple Thorn 78

Thorn 78
Aquifoliaceae 58
Aquilegia 41
Arabis 44
Araceae 23
Aralia 66
Araliaceae 66
Arbor Vitae 7
Arbutus, Trailing 69
Arceuthobium 34
Arctium 86
Arctostaphylos 69
Arenaria 38
Arethusa 27
Arisaema 23
Aristida 10
Aristolochiaceae 34
Aromatic Winter-
green 69
Arrhenatherum 10
Arrow Grass Family 9
Arrow-head 9
Arrow-leaved Tear-
thumb 36
Arrow-wood 83

Downy S3

Maple-leaved 83

Toothed 83
Artemisia 86
Artichoke, Jerusa-
lem 89
Arum, Dragon 23

Family 23

Water 23
Asarabacca 34
Asarum 34
Asclepiadaceae 73
Asclepias 73
Ash 72

American Moun-
tain 51

Black 72

European Moun-
tain 51

Green 72

Northern Prickly 56

Prickly 56

Red 72

INDEX

105

White 72
Ash-leaved Maple 59

Spiraea 53
Asparagus 25

Garden 25
Aspen 29

American 30

Large-toothed 30
Aspidium 1
Asplenium 2
Aster 86

Flat-topped White 87

Hairy-stemmed 86

Heart-leaved 86

Large-leaved 86

New England 86

Panicled 86

Pringle's 86

Purple-stemmed 87

Small White 87

Stiff 86

Tall White 86

Wavy-leaved 87

White Wood 86
Astragalus 53
Avena 100
Avens 50

Purple 50

Rough 50

Water 50

White 50

Yellow 50
Awned Cyperus 21

Wheat Grass 9
Azalea, Pink 70
Bachelor's Button 87
Balm of Gilead 30

Fir 6
Balmony 79
Balsam 60

Fir 6

Groundsel 91

Poplar 29
Balsam-apple, Wild 84
Balsaminaceae 60
Baneberry 40

Red 40

White 40
Barbarea 44
Barberry 43

Common 43

Family 43
Barley 13, 16

Egyptian 13
Barnyard Grass 12

Barren Strawberry 53
Bartonla 72

Yellow 72
Basil 77

Thyme 77
Basswood 61
Bastard Pennyroyal 78

Toad-flax 34
Beach Heather 62

Pea 54
Beak Rush 22
Beaked Hazelnut 32

Willow 31
Bean, Wild 53
Bearberry 69

Red 69
Beard, Goat's 92

Grass 10
Bearded Darnel 13
Beard-tongue 80
Bedstraw 81

Marsh 82

Northern 82

Rough 81

Small 82

Sweet-scented 82
Beech 32

American 32

Blue 32

Family 32

Pern 3

Water 32
Beech-drops 81

False 70
Beggar's Lice 74
Beggar's-ticks, Com-
mon 87

Swamp 87
Bellflower 84

European 84

Marsh 84

Nettle-leaved 84
Bellwort 26

Large-flowered 26

Sessile-leaved 26
Benjamin Bush 43
Bent Grass 10
Benzoin 43
Berberidaceae 43
Berberis 43
Bergamot, Wild 76
Berry, Partridge 82

Pig-^on 37

Service 49
Berteroa 45

Betony, Wood 79
Betula 32
Betulaceae 31
Bidens 87
Bindweed 73

Black 35

Field 73

Fringed Black 35

Hedge 73

Upright 73
Birch 32

Black 32

Canoe 32

Cherry 32

Family 32

Gray 32

Old Field 32

Paper 32

Sweet 32

White 32

Yellow 32
Bird Cherry 51
Birthroot 26
Birthwort Family 34
Bishop's Cap 48
Bitter Cress 45

Dock 36
Bitternut Hickory 31
Bittersweet 58, 78

Climbing 58

Shrubby 58
Bitter-weed 85
Black Alder 58

Ash 72

Bindweed 35

Birch 32

Chokeberry 51

Cohosh 41

Dewberry 52

Gum 68

High Blueberry 70

Huckleberry 69

Larch 6

Medick 54

Mustard 45

Oak 33

Raspberry 52

Snakeroot 41, 67

Spruce 6

Sugar Maple 59

Willow 30
Blackberry, High
Bush 52

Recurved 52

Running Swamp 52

106

INDEX

Black-eyed Susan 90
Black-fruited Moun-
tain Rice 14
Bladder Campion 39
Fern 2
Ketmia 61
Nut 59

Nut Family 59
Bladderwort SO
. Family SO
Greater SO
Blite, Strawberry 37
Bloodroot 43
Blue Beech 32
Bottle 87
Cohosh 43
Curls 78
Devil 74
Flag 27
Myrtle 73
Sailors 87
Vervain 75
Vetch 55
Bluebell 84

Family 84
Bluebells 75
Blueberry 70
Black High 70
Early Sweet 71
High 70
Late Low 71
Low Sweet 71
Sour-top 70
Swamp 70
Velvet-leaf 70
Bluets 82

Blue-eyed Grass 27
Blue-joint Grass 11
Blue-stemmed Golden-
rod 91
Blue-weed 74
Blunt-leaved Milk-
weed 73
Sandwort 38
Blunt-lobed Woodsia 3
Boehmeria 33
Bog Club Moss 5
Golden-rod 92
Rosemary G9
Rush 24
Spruce 6
Willow 30
Wintergreen 70
Boneset 88
Boott's Shield Fern 1

Borage Family 74
Boraginaceae 74
Botrychium 4
Bottle, Blue 87

Grass 16
Bottle-brush Grass
Bouncing Bet 39
Box Elder 59
Brachyelytrum 10
Bracken :j
Brake 3

Cliff 3

Purple Cliff 3

Rock 2

Slender Rock 2
Bramble 52
Brasenia 40
Brassica 45

Brier, Cat 26

Green 26
Bristly Crowfoot 42
Foxtail Grass 16
Sarsaparilla 66
Broad Beech Fern 3
Broad-fruited Bur-
reed 7
Broad-leaved Spring

Beauty 40
Brome Grass 11
Bromus 11
Brooklime, American
Broom Beard Grass
Broom-rape 81

Family 81
Brown Beak Rush 22
Brownish-fruited

Rush 24
Buckbean 72
Buckeye 59
Buckthorn 60
Alder-leaved 60
Common 60
Family 60
Buckwheat 35
Climbing False 36
Family 36
Buffalo-berry, Cana-
dian 64
Buffalo Currant 48
Bugbane 41
Bugle Weed 75, 76
Bugloss, Viper's 74
Bulb-bearing Loose-
strife 71
Bulbous Buttercup 42

Crowfoot 42
Bull Thistle 88
Bulrush 22
Great 22
River 22
3 Bunchberry 68
Bur Clover 54
Grass 11
Marigold 87
Oak 33
Burdock 86
Common 86
Great 86
Burnet 53

Garden 53
Bur-reed 7

Broad-fruited 7
Family 7
Burseed 74
Bush, Benjamin 43
Clover 54
Fever 43
Honeysuckle 82
Rock Shad 49
Shad 49
Shore Shad 49
Spice 43
Steeple 53
Bushy Golden-rod 91
Butter-and-Eggs 79
SOButtercup 42
10 Bulbous 42
Creeping 42
Swamp 43
Tall 42
Butternut 31
Butterweed 88
Buttonbush 81
Buttonwood 49
Cabbage. Skunk 23
Calamus 23
Calamagrostis 11
Calamint 77
California Rose 73
Calla 23

Wild 23
Callitrichaceae 57
Callitriche 57
Calopogon 27
Caltha 41
Camelina 45
Campanula 84
Campanulaceae 84
Campion 38, 39
Bladder 39

I

INDEX

107

Red 39

Cedar, Red 6

Purple 51

White 38

White 7

Red 51

Camptosorus 2

Celandine 43

Choke Cherry 51

Canada Blue Grass 15

Celastraceae 58

Christmas Fern 3

Golden-rod 91

Celastrus 58

Chryanthemum 87

Hawkweed 89

Celtis 33

Chrysosplenium 48

Plum 51

Cenchrus 11

Cicely, Smoother

Thistle 88

Centaurea 87

Sweet 67

Violet 62

Cephalanthus 81

Sweet 67

Canadian Buffalo-

Cerastium 38

Woolly Sweet 67

berry 64

Chain Fern 3

Cicer 53

Canary Grass 15

Chair-maker's Rush 22

; Cichorium 87

Cancer-root 81

Chamaedaphne 69

Cicuta 66

One-flowered 81

Chamomile 85

Cimicifuga 41

Canker-root 41

Wild 90 •

Cinna 11

Cannabis 33

Charlock 45

Cinnamon Fern 3

Canoe Birch 32

Cheat 11

Rose 52

Caper Family 47

Checkerberry 69

Cinquefoil 50

Capillaire 69

Cheeses 61

Marsh 51

Capparidaceae 47

Chelidonium 43

Rough 51

Caprifoliaceae 82

Chelone 79

Shrubby 51

Capsella 45

Chenopodiaceae 36

Silvery 50

Caraway 66

Chenopodium 36

Tall 51

Cardamine 45

Cherry 51

Circaea 64

Cardinal Flower 84

Appalachian 51

Cirsium 88

Carduus 87

Birch 32

Cistaceae 62

Carex 17

Bird 51

Clammy Ground Cher-

Carnation 38

Choice 51

ry 78

Carpenter-weed 77

Clammy Ground 78

Hedge Hyssop 79

Carpet Weed 38

Fire 51

Locust 55

Carpinus 32

Ground 78

Clammy-weed 47

Carrion-flower 26

Pin 51

Claytonia 40

Carrot 67

Rum 51

Clearweed 34

Wild 67

Sand 51

Cleavers 81

Carum 66

Wild Black 51

Clematis 41

Carya 31

Wild Red 51

Purple 41

Caryophyllaceae 38

Chess 11

Wild 41

Cashew Family 58

Wild 11

Cliff Brake 3

Cassandra 69

Wood 11

Climbing bitter-sweet 58

Castalia 40

Chestnut 32

False Buckwheat 36

Castanea 32

Oak 33

Fumitory 44

Cat Brier 26

Chick-pea 53

Nightshade 78

Mint 76

Chickweed 39

Clintonia 25

Spruce 6

Common 39

Yellow 25

Catchfly 39

Common Mouse-ear 38Clinton's Shield Fern 1

Night-flowering 39

Field Mouse-ear 38

Closed Gentian 72

Sleepy 39

Indian 38

Clotbur 92

Sweet William 39

Mouse-ear 38

Clover 55

Catnip 76

Nodding 38

Alsike 55

Cat-tail, Common 7

Wintergreen 72

Bur 54

Family 7

Chicory 87

Bush 54

Flag 7

Common 87

Hop 55

Narrow-leaved 7

Chimaphila 69

Low Hop 55

Caulophyllum 43

Chiogenes 69

Rabbit-foot 55

Ceanothus 60

Chokeberry, Black 51

Red 55

108

INDEX

Stone 55

Sweet 54

White 55

White Sweet 54

Yellow 55

Yellow Sweet 54

Zigzag 55
Club Moss 5

Moss Family 5

Rush 22
Clustered Snakeroot
Coast Jointweed 35
Cockle, Corn 38
Cocklebur 92
Coffee, Wild 83
Cohosh 40

Black 41

Blue 43
Coltsfoot 92
Columbine 41

Garden 41

Wild 41
Comandra 34
Comfrey 75

Common 75
- Wild 74
Compositae 85
Composite Family 85
Cone-flower 90

Tall 90
Conium 66
Convallaria 25
Convolvulaceae 73
Convolvulvus 73

Family 73
Coptis 41
Coral Root 27

Early 27

Large 27
Corallorrhiza 27
Cord Grass 16
Cork Elm 34
Corn Cockle 38

Flower 87

Indian 16

Poppy 43

Speedwell 80

Spurrey 39

Squirrel 44

Wild Broom 15
Cornaceae 68
Cornel 68

Dwarf 68

Round-leaved 68

Silky 68

Cornus 68
Corpse Plant 70
Corydalis 44

Golden 44

Pale 44

Pink 44
Corylus 32
Cotton Grass 22
Cotton-wood 30
Couch Grass 9
67 Cow Cress 46

Lily 40

Parsnip 67

Wheat 79
Cowbane, Spotted 66
Cow-herb 39
Cowslip, English 71

Virginian 75
Cowslips 41
Crack Willow 30
Cranberry 70

American 71

High-bush 83

Large 71

Small 71

Tree 83
Cranesbill 56

Wild 56
Crassulaceae 47
Crataegus 49
Cream-colored Vetch-
ling 54
Creeper, Disk 60

Tendril 60

Virginia 60
Creeping Buttercup 42

Eragrostis 12

Snowberry 69

Spearwort 42
Cress, Bitter 45

Common Winter 45

Cow 46

Erect-fruited Win-
ter 44

Field 46

Field Penny 47

Hairy Marsh 46

Hairy Rock 44

Lake 46

Marsh 46

Penny 47

Purple Rock 44

Rock 44

Small Bitter 45

Smooth Rock 44

Water 46

Winter 44

Yellow 46
Crested Shield Fern 1
Crowfoot 42

Bristly 42

Bulbous 42

Common White
Water 42

Cursed 42

Family 40

Hooked 42

Small-flowered 42

Stiff Water 42

Tall 42

Yellow Water 42
Cruciferae 44
Cryptogramma 2
Cryptotaenia 66
Cucumber, Wild 84

One-seeded Bur 84

Star 84
Cucumber-root, In-
dian 25
Cucurbitaceae 84
Cudweed 89

Low 89
Cup Plant 91

Huntman's 47
Currant 48

Buffalo 48

Garden Red 48

Missouri 48

Swamp Red 48

Wild Black 48
Cursed Crowfoot 42
Cuscuta 73
Cut-grass 13

Rice 13
Cut-leaved Anemone 41

Bugle Weed 76

Golden-rod 91

Pepper-root 45

Toothwort 45
Cynoglossum 74
Cyperaceae 17
Cyperus 31

Awned 21

Shining 21

Straw-colored 21
Cypress Spurge 57
Cypripedium 27
Cystopteris 2
Dactylis 11
Daisy Fleabane 88

INDEX

109

Michaelmas 87

Ox-eye 87

White 87

Yellow 90
Dalibarda 50
Dandelion 92

Common 92

Red-seeded 92
Danthonia 11
Daphne 64
Darnel 13

Bearded 13

Common 13
Datura 78
Daucus 6?
Day Lily 25
Dead Nettle 76 .
Decodon 64
Dentaria 45
Deschampsia 11
Desmodium 53
Devil's Paint-brush 89
Dewberry, Black 52

Red 52

Swamp 52
Dianthus 38
Dicentra 44
Dicksonia 2
Diervilla 82
Digitaria 12
Dirca 64
Disk Creeper 60
Ditch Stonecrop 47
Dock 36

Bitter 36

Great Water 36

Patience 36

Spatter 40

Swamp 36

Yellow 36
Dock-leaved Persi-

caria 35
Dockmackie 83
Dodder 73
Dog Fennel 85

Violet 62
Dogbane 72

Family 72

Spreading 72
Dogberry 48
Dogwood 68

Alternate-leaved 68

Family 68

Panicled 68

Poison 58

Red-osier 68
Round-leaved 68
Silky 68

Dog's-tooth Violet

Doll's Eyes 40

Doorweed 35

Downy Arrow-wood
Golden-rod 92
Green Alder 31
Rattlesnake Plan-
tain 28
Yellow Violet 63

Draba 46

Dragon Arum 23

Drop-seed 14, 16

Dropwort 50

Drosera 47

Droseraceae 47

Duck's-meat 23

Duckweed 23
Family 23
Greater 23
Ivy-leaved 23
Lesser 23

Dulichium 21

Eleocharis 21
Elm 34

American 34
25 Cork 34

English 34

Red 34
83 Rock 34

Slippery 34

White 34
Elodea 9
Elymus 12
Enchanter's Night-
shade 64
English Cowslip 71

Elm 34

Hawthorn 49

Plantain 81
Epifagus 81
Epigaea 69
Epilobium 64
Epipactis 28
Equisetaceae 4
Equisetum 4
Eragrostis 12

Creeping 12

Dutchman's Breeches 44 Strong-scented 12

Dwarf Cornel 68
Ginseng 66
Mistletoe 34
Raspberry 52
Sumach 58

Dyssodia 88

Early Coral Root 27
Golden-rod 91
Meadow Parsnip
Meadow Rue 43
Saxifrage 48
Sweet Blueberry
Yellow Violet 63

Ebony Spleenwort 2

Echinochloa 12

Echinocystis 84

Echium 74

Eel Grass 9

Eglantine 52

Egyptian Barley 13

Elaeagnaceae 64

Elder 83
Box 59
Common 83
Poison 58
Red-berried 83
Wild 66

Elderberry 83

Elecampane 90

Erechtites 88
Erect-fruited Winter

Cress 44
Erect Knotweed 35
Ericaceae 69
Erigeron 88
Eriocaulaceae 23
Eriocaulon' 23
68 Eriophorum 22
Erodium 56
Eryngium 67
71 Eryngo 67
Erysimum 46
Erythronium 25
Eupatorium 88
Euphorbia 57
Euphorbiaceae 57
European Bellfiower 84

Mallow 60

Millet 14

Mountain Ash 51

Stickseed 74
Evening Primrose 65

Primrose Family 64
Evergreen Wood Fern 1
Everlasting 85

Common 89

Pea 54

Pearly 85

110

INDEX

Plantain-leaved 85
Fagaceae 32
Fagopyrum 35
Fagus 32
False Acacia 55

Beech Drops 70

Dragon Head 77

Flax 45

Hellebore 26

Loosestrife 65

Mermaid 58
■ Mermaid Family 58

Miterwort 48

Nettle 33

Pimpernel 79

Solomon's Seal 26

Spikenard 26
Feather Geranium 36

Prince's 35
Fennel, Dog 85
Fen Orchis 29
Fern. Beech 3

Bladder 2

Boott's Shield 1

Broad Beech 3

Chain 3

Christmas 3.

Cinnamon 3

Clinton's Shield 1

Common Bladder 2

Crested Shield 1

Evergreen Wood 1

Family 1

Flowering 3

Fragile Bladder 2

Goldie's 1

Grape 4

Hay-scented 2

Interrupted 4

Lady 2

Lance-leaved Grape

Little Grape 4

Long Beech 3

Marginal Shield 1

Marsh 1

New York 1

Oak 3

Ostrich 2

Rattlesnake 4

Royal 4

Sensitive 2

Shield 1

Spinulose Shield 1

Sweet 31

Ternate Grape 4

Virginia Chain 3

Wood 1
Fescue Grass 12

Meadow 12

Nodding 12

Sheep's 12

Red 12

Taller 12
Festuca 12
Fetid Marigold 88
Fever Bush 43
Feverwort 83
Field Bindweed 73

Cress 46

Golden-rod 91

Milkwort 57

Mouse-ear Chick-
weed 38

Penny Cress 47

Sorrel 36

Sow Thistle 92

Spurrey 39
Figwort 80

Familj^ 79
Filbert 32
Filipendula 50
Finger Grass 12
Florin 10
Fir 6

Balm-of-Gilead 6

Balsam 6
Fire Cherry 51
Fireweed 65, 88
Five-finger 50. 51
Flag, Blue 27

Cat-tail 7

Sweet 23
Flat-topped White As-
ter 87
Flax 55
4 Common 55

False 45

Family. 55
Fleabane 88

Daisy 88

Pink 88
Fleur-de-lis 27
Floating Foxtail
Grass 10

Manna Grass 13
Floerkea 58
Flower, Cardinal 84

Corn 87

Moccasin 27

Monkey 79

Side-saddle 47

Star 72

Wind 41
Flowering Fern 3

Fern Family 3

Sage 76

Spurge 57

Wintergreen 57
Flower-of-an-hour 61
Foam-flower 48
Forget-me-not -75

True 75
Forked Beard Grass 10
Four-leaved Milkweed 73
Fowl Meadow Grass 15
Foxtail Grass 10

Green 16

Yellow 16
Fragaria "50
Fragile Bladder Fern 2
Fraxinus 72
Fringed Black Bind-
weed 35

Loosestrife 71

Orchis 28

Polygala 57
Frog's Bit Family 9
Frost Grape 60
Frostweed 62
Fumaria 44
Fumariaceae 44
Fumitory 44

Climbing 44

Common 44

Family 44
Galeopsis 75
Galingale 21
Galinsoga 88
Galium 81
Gall-of-the-earth 90
Garden Asparagus 25

Burnet 53

Columbine 41

Heliotrope 84

Orpine 47

Phlox 74

Red Currant 48

Snowberry 83

Sorrel 36
Garget 37
Garlic 25
Gaultheria 69
Gaylussacia 69
Gentian 72

Closed 72

INDEX

111

Family 72

Horse S3

Stiff 72
Gentiana 72
Geutianaceae 72
Geraniaceae 56
Gei'anium 56

Family 56

Feather 36
Gerardia 79

Slender 79

Small-flowered 79
Germander 78

American 78
German Millet 16
Geum 50

Giant Hyssop 75
Gilia 74

Gill-over-the-ground 77
Ginger, Wild 34
Ginseng 66

Dwarf 66

Family 66
Glaucons Honey-
suckle 83

Willow 30
Glyceria 13
Gnaphalium 89
Goat's Beard 92
Golden Alexanders 68
. Corydalis 44

Hedge Hyssop 79

Meadow Parsnip 68

Ragwort 91

Saxifrage 48

Seal 42
Golden-rod 91

Blue-stemmed 91

Bog 92

Bushy 91

Canada 91

Cut-leaved 91

Downy 92

Early 91

Field 91

Gray 91

Hairy 91

Late 92

Stout Ragged 92

Tall Hairy 92

White 91

Zigzag 91
Goldie's Fern 1
Goldthread 41
Goose Grass 81

Gooseberry 48

Prickly 48
Goosefoot 36

Family 36

Maple-leaved 37

Oak-leaved 37

Upright 37
Gourd Family 84
Gramineae 9
Grape 60

Fern 4

Frost 60

River-bank 60

Summer 60
Grass

Awned Wheat 9

Barnyard 12

Beard 10

Bent 10

Blue-eyed 27

Blue-joint 11

Bottle 16

Bottle-brush 13

Bristly Foxtail 16

Brome 11

Broom Beard 10

Bur 11

Canada Blue 15

Canary 15

Common Hair 11

Common Wild Oat 11

Cord 16

Cotton 22

Couch 9'

Eel 9

Family 9

Fescue 12

Finger 12

Floating Foxtail 10

Floating Manna 13

Forked Beard 10

Fowl Meadow 15

Foxtail 10

Goose 81

Grove Spear 15

Hair 10

Herd's 15

Holy 13

Hungarian 16

Hungarian Brome 11

Indian 16

June 15

Kentucky Blue 15

Large Crab 12

Low Spear 15

Lyme 12

Manna 13

Marsh 16

Meadow 15

Meadow Foxtail 10

Melic 13

Millet 16

Oat 10

of Parnassus 48

Old-witch 14

Orchard 11

Pale Manna 13

Panic 14

Perennial Ray 13

Pigeon 16

Pink 27

Poverty 10

Quick 9

Quitch 9

Rattlesnake 13

Reed Bent 11

Reed Canary 15

Reed Meadow 13

Rib 81

Ribbon 15

Ripple 81

Rough Foxtail 16

Rush 16

Rye 13

Seneca 13

Slender Wheat 9

Slender Wood Reed 11

Slough 16

Small Crab 12

Spear 15

Squirrel-tail 13

Sweet Vernal 10

Tall Oat 10

Tape 9

Thin 10

Triple-awned 10

Vanilla 13

Water Star 24

Weak Spear 15

White 13

White Bent 10

Wild Oat 11

Wire 15

Wood 16

Wood Reed 11

Wool 22

Yellow Nut 21
Gratiola 79
Graveyard Moss 57
Gray Birch 32

112

INDEX

Golden-rod 91
Oak 33
Great Bulrush 22
Burdock 86
Ragweed 85
St. John's-wort 61
Water Dock 36
Willow-herb 65

Panicled 89

Rough 90
Hawthorn 49

English 49
Hay-scented Fern 2
Hazelnut 32

Beaked 32
Heal-all 77

Greater Bladderwort SOHeart-leaved Aster 86
Duckweed 23 Twayblade 29

Green Adder's Mouth 29 Willow 30

Amaranth 37 Heart's-ease 62, 63

Ash 72 Heath Family 69

Brier 26 Heather, Beach 62

Foxtail 16 Hedeoma 76

Greenish-flowered Win- Hedge Bindweed 73

tergreen 70
Grim the Collier 89
Gromwell 74

Common 75
Ground Cherry 78

Hemlock 6

Ivy 77

Laurel 69

Pine 5

Pink 73
Ground-nut 53
Groundsel 91

Balsam 91

Common 91
Grove Spear Grass 15
Gum, Black 68

Sour 68
Gypsophila 38

Low 38
Habenaria 28
Hackberry 33
Hackmatack 6
Hair Grass 10
Hairy Golden-rod 91

Marsh Cress 46

Rock Cress 44

Wood Rush 24

Hyssop 79

Mustard 46

Nettle 77
Helianthemum 62
Helianthus 89
Heliopsis 89
Heliotrope, Garden 84
Hellebore, American
White 26

False 26
Hemerocallis 25
Hemlock 7

Ground 6

Poison 66

Water 66
Hemp 33

Common 33

Indian 72

Nettle 75

Water 37
Henbit 76
Hepatica 41
Heracleum 67
Herb Robert 56
Herd's Grass 15
Heteranthera 24
Hibiscus 61

Hairy-stemmed Aster 86Hickorv 31

Halberd-leaved Tear-
thumb 35
Haloragidaceae 65
Hamamelidaceae 49
Hamamelis 49
Hardback 53
Harebell 84
Hare's Tail 22
Hawivweed 89

Canada 89

Orange 89

Bitternut 31

Shagbark 31

Shellbark 31

Swamp 31

White-heart 31
Hieracium 89
Hierochloe 13
High Blueberry 70
High-bush Blackberry

Cranberry 83
Hoary Alder 31

Alyssum 45
Hobble-bush 83
Hog Peanut 53
Hog-weed 85
Holly 58

Family 58

Mountain 58
Holy Grass 13
Honewort 66
Honeysuckle 82

American Fly 82

Bush 82

Family 82

Glaucous 83

Tartarian 83
Hooked Crowfoot 42
Hop 33

Clover 55

Common 33

Hornbeam 32

Japanese 33
Hordeum 13, 16
Horehound, Water 76
Hornbeam 32

American 32

American Hop 32

Hop 32
Horse Gentian 83

Mint 76
Horse-chestnut 59

Common 59
Horseradish 46
Horsetail 4

Common 4

Family 4

Marsh 5

Shore 5

Wood 5
Horseweed 88, 90
Hound's Tongue 74

Common 74
Houatonia 82
Huckleberry 69

Black 69"
Hudsonia 62
Humulus 33
Hungarian Brome
Grass 11

Grass 16
Huntsman's Cup 47
Husk Tomato 78
Hydrastis 42
52Hydrocharitaceae 9
Hydrocotyle 67
Hydrophyllaceae 74

INDEX

113

Hydrophyllum 74 .
Hypericaceae 61.
Hypericum 61
Hyssop, Clammy
Hedge 79

Giant 75

Golden Hedge 79

Hedge 79
Hystrix 13
Ilex 58
Ilysanthes 79
Impatiens 60
Indian Chickweed 38

Corn 16

Cucumber-i'oot 25

Grass 16

Hemp 72

Mallow 61

Mustard 45

Pipe 70

Poke 26

Rice 16

Tobacco 84

Turnip 23
Innocence 82
Interrupted Fern 4
Inula 90
Ipomoea 73
Iridaceae 27
Iris 27

Family 27

Wild 27

Yellow 27
Ironwood 32
Ivy, Ground 77

Poison 57
Ivy-leaved Duckweed
Jack-in-the-Pulpit 23
Jamestown Weed 78
Japanese Hop 33

Knotweed 35
Jerusalem Artichoke

Oak 36
Jewelweed 60
Jimson Weed 78
Joe-Pye Weed 88
Jointed Rush 24
Jointweed, Coast 35
Juglandaceae 31
Juglans 31
Juncaceae 24
Juncaginaceae 9
Juncus 24
June Berry 49

Grass 15

Pink 70
Juniper 6

Common 6
Juniperus 6
Kalmia 69

Kentucky Blue Grass
King Devil 89
Kinnikinnik 68
Knotgrass 35
Knotted Rush 24
Knotweed 35

Erect 35

Japanese 35
Labiatae 75
Labrador Tea 69
Lactuca 90
Ladies' Tobacco 85
Ladies' Tresses 29

Nodding 29

Slender 29
Lady Fern 2
Lady's Slipper 27

Large Yellow 27

Pink 27

Ram's Head 27

Showy 27

Smaller Yellow 27

Stemless 27
Lady's Sorrel 56

Thumb 36
Lake Cress 46
Lambkill 69
Lamb's Quarters 36
Lamium 76
Lance-leaved Grape
23 Fern 4

Loosestrife 71

Violet 63
Laportea 33
Lappula 74
89Larch 6

American 6

Black 6
Large Coral Root 27

Crab Grass 12

Cranberry 71

Pepper-root 45

Purple-fringed Or-
chis 28

Toothwort 45

Twayblade 28

Yellow Lady's Slip-
per 27

Yellow Pond Lily 40
Large-bracted Plan-
tain 81
Large-flowered Bell-
wort 26
Large-fruited Snake-
15 root 67
Large-leaved Aster 86

Orchis 28

Pondweed 8
Large-toothed Aspen 30
Larix 6
Late Golden-rod 92

Low Blueberry 71
Lathyrus 54
Lauraceae 43
Laurel 69

Family 43

Ground 69

Pale 69

Sheep 69
Laurestinus 83
Leaf, Leather 69

Velvet 61
Leather Leaf 69
Leathei'wood 64
Lechea 62
Ledum 69
Leek, Wild 25
Leersia 13.
Leguminosae 53
Lemna 23
Lemnaceae 23
Lentibulariaceae 80
Leonurus 76
Lepidium 46
Lespedeza 54
Lesser Duckweed 23

Rattlesnake Plan-
tain 28

Stitchwort 39
Lettuce 90

Prickly 90

Tall Blue 90

Tall White 90

White 90

Wild 90
Leverwood 32
Levisticum 67
Lilac 72

Common 72
Liliaceae 25
Lilium 25
Lily 25

114

INDEX

Common Day 25

Cow 40

Day 25

Family 25

Large Yellow Pond 40

Meadow 25

of the Valley 25

Small Yellow Pond 40

Sweet-scented White
Water 40

Tiger 25

Ttiberous White
Water 40

Water 40

Wild Orange-red 25

Wild Yellow 25

Wood 25

Yellow Pond 40
Limnanthaceae 57
Linaceae 55
Llnaria 79
Linden 61

Family 61
Linnaea 82
Linum 55
Lion's Heart 77
Liparis 28
Liquorice, Wild 82
Listera 29
Lithospermum 74
Little Grape Fern 4
Live-for-ever 47
Liverleaf 41

Round-lobed 42

Sharp-lobed 41
Lobelia 84

Family 84
Lobeliaceae 84
Lobularia 46
Locust 55
Clammy 55
Common 55
Lolium 13
Lombardy Poplar 30
Long Beech Fern 3
Long-bracted Orchis 28
Long-fruited Anem-
one 41
Long-leaved Stitch-
wort 39
Sundew 47
Long-spurred Violet 63
Lonicera 82

71
71

71

Loose-spiked Milk-
wort 57
Loosestrife 64,
Bulb-bearing
False 65
Family 64
Fringed 71
Lance-leaved
Swamp 64
Tufted 71
Whorled 71
Lopseed 81

Family 81
Loranthaceae 34
Lousewort 79
Common 79
Lovage 67
Love Vine 73
Low Cudweed 89
Gypsophila 38
Hop Clover 55
Spear Grass 15
Sweet Blueberry 71
Lucerne 54
Ludvigia 65
Lungwort 75
Lupine 54
Wild 54
Lupinus 54
Luzula 24
Lychnis 38
Lycopodiaceae 5
Lycopodium 5
Lycopus 76
Lycium 78
Lyme Grass 12
Lysimachia 71
Lythraceae 64
Lythrum 64
Madder Family 81

Wild 82
Mad-dog Skullcap 77
Maianthemum 25
Maidenhair 1

Si)leenwort 2
Mallow 61
Common 61
European 61
Family 61
Indian 61
Musk 61
Rose 61
Whorled 61
Malva 61

82

Malvaceae 61
Manna Grass 13
Maple 59

Ash-leaved 59
Black Sugar 59
Family 59
Mountain 59
Red 59
Rock 59
Silver 59
Striped 59
Sugar 59
Swamp 59
White 59
Maple-leaved Arrow-
wood 83
Goosefoot 37
Marginal Shield Fern
Marguerite 87
Marigold, Bur 87
Fetid 88
Marsh 41
Water 87
Marsh Bedstraw
Beimower 84
Blue Violet 62
Cinquefoil 51
Cress 46
Fern 1
Grass 16
Horsetail 5
Marigold 41
Muhlenbergia
Pea 54

St. John's-wort 62
Skullcap 77
Speedwell 80
Masterwort 66, 67
Matricaria 90
Matrimony Vine 78
Mayflower 69
Mayweed 85
Meadow Fescue
Foxtail Grass
Grass 15
Lily 25
Muhlenbergia
Queen of the
Rue 43
Meadow-sweet 53
Medeola 25
Medicago 54
Medick 54
Black 54

14

12
10

14
53

INDEX

11

Spotted 54

False 48

Mustard 45

Melampyrum 79

Naked 48

Black 45

Melic Grass 13

Two-leaved 48

Common Hedge 47

Melica 13

Mithridate Mustard 47

Family 44

Melilot 54

Moccasin Flower 27

Hedge 46

White 54

Mock Pennyroyal 76

Indian 45

Yellow 54

Mocker Nut 31

Mithridate 47

Melilotiis 54

Mollugo 38

Tower 44

Mentha 76

Monarda 76

Treacle 46

Menyanthes 72

Moneses 70

Tumble 46

Mercury, Three-

Moneywort 71

Worm-seed 46

seeded 57

Monkey Flower 79

Myosotis 75

Mertensia 75

Monotropa 70

Myrica 31

Mexican Tea 36

Moonwort 4

Myricaceae 31

Mezereum 64

Moosewood 59, 64, 83

Myriophyllum 65

Family 64

Morning Glory 73

Myrtle, Blue 73

Michaelmas Daisy 87

Common 73

Yellow 71

Microstylis 29

Small Red 73

Naiad 8

Milfoil 85

Wild 73

Najadaceae 8

Water 65

Morns 33

Najas 8

Milk Purslane 57

Moss, Bog Club 5

Naked Miterwort 48

Vetch 53

Club 5

Nannyberry 83

Milkweed 73

Common Club 5

Narrow False Oat 16

Blunt-leaved 73

Common Tree Club

5 Narrow-leaved Cat-

Common 73

Graveyard 57

tail 7

Family 73

Pink 74

Mountain Mint 77

Four-leaved 73

Shining Club 5

Spleenwort 2

Poke 73

Stiff Club 5

Necklace Poplar 30

Swamp 73

Tree Club 5

Neckweed SO

Milkwort 57

Mossy Stonecrop 47

Nemopanthus 58

Family 57

Mossy-cup Oak 33

Nepeta 76

Field 57

Moth Mullein 80

Nettle 34

Loose-spiked 57

Motherwort 76

Common Hemp 75

Purple 57

Common 76

Dead 76

Racemed 57

Mountain Fringe 44

False 33

Millet 16

Holly 58

Family 33

European 14

Maple 59

Hedge 77

German 16

Mint 77

Hemp 75

Mimulus 79

Rice 14

Rough Hedge 77

Mint 76

Mouse-ear Chickweed 38 Slender 34

Cat 76

Moxie Plum 69

Spotted Dead 76

Family 75

Mud Plantain 24

Tall Wild 34

Horse 76

Mugwort, Common 86

Tree 33

Mountain 77

Muhlenbergia 14

Wood 33

Narrow-leaved Mount- Marsh 14

Nettle-leaved Bell-

tain 77

Meadow 14

flower 84

Spotted 76

Slender 14

New England Aster 86

Whorled 76

Mulberry 33

New Jersey Tea 60

Wild 76

White 33

New York Fern 1

Missouri Currant 48

Mullein 80

Nicandra 78

Mistletoe, Dwarf 34

Common 80

Nigger-head 90

Family 34

Moth 80

Night-flowering Catch-

Mitchella 82

Musk Mallow 61

fly 39

Mitella 48

Storksbill 56

Nightshade 78

Miterwort 48

Musquash Root 66

Climbing 78

116

INDEX

Common 79

Pyrola 70

St. John's-wort 61

Enchanter's 64

One-seeded Bur Cucum- Touch-me-not 60

Family 78

ber 84

Pale-leaved Wood Sun

Smaller Enchant-

One-sided Winter-

flower 89

er's 64

green 70

Panax 66

Nimble Will 14

Onion 25

Panic Grass 14

Nodding Chickweed 38 Onobrychis 54

Panicled Aster 86

Fescue 12

Onoclea 2

Dogwood 68

Ladies' Tresses 29

Ophioglossaceae 4

Hawkweed 89

Trillium 26

Ophioglossum 4

Panicum 14

Wild Rye 12

Orange Hawkweed 89

Pansy 63

Nonesuch 54

Orange-root 42

Papaver 43

Northern Bedstraw 82

Orchard Grass 11

Papaveraceae 43

Prickly Ash 56

Orchidaceae 27

Paper Birch 32

Stitchwort 39

Orchis 29

Pappoose Root 43

Willow-herb 64

Family 27

Parietaria 33

Norway Pine 7

Fen 29

Parnassia 48

Nut, American Blad-

Fringed 28

Parsley Family 66

der 59

Large-leaved 28

Parsnip 67

Bladder 59

Large Purple Fringed Cow 67

Mocker 31

28

Early Meadow 68

Nymphaea 40

Long-bracted 28

Golden Meadow 68

Nymphaeaceae 40

Ragged Fringed 28

Poison 67

Nyssa 68

Rein 28

Water 68

Oak 32

Round-leaved 28

Wild 67

Black 33

Showy 29

Partridge Berry 82

Bur 33

Smaller Purple

Pastinaca 67

Chestnut 33

Fringed 28

Pasture Rose 52

Fern 3

Small Wood 28

Patience Dock 36

Gray 33

Tall Green 28

Pea, Beach 54

Jerusalem 36

White Bog 28

Everlasting 54

Mossy-cup 33

White Fringed. 28

Marsh 54

Over-cup 33

Orobanchaceae 81

Peanut, Hog 53

Poison 58

Orobanche 81

Pearly Everlasting 85

Red 33

Orpine 47

Pedicularis 79

Swamp White 32

American 48

Pellaea 3

White 32

Family 47

Pellitory 33

Yellow 33

Garden 47

Penny Cress 47

Yellow-barked 33

Oryzopsis 14

Pennyroyal 76

Oakesia 26

Osier 30

American 76

Oak-leaved Goosefoot 370smorhiza 67

Bastard 78

Oat 100

Osmunda 3

Mock 76

Grass 10

Osmundaceae 3

Pennywort, Water 67

Narrow False 16

Ostrich Fern 2

Penthorum 47

Purple 13

Ostrya 32

Pentstemon 80

Oats, Water 16

Over-cup Oak 33

Pepper, Water 35

Oenothera 65

Oxalidaceae 56

Penpergrass 46

Old Field Birch 32

Oxalis 56

Wild 46

Old-witch Grass 14

Ox-eye 89

Pepperidge 6S

Oleaceae 72

Daisy 87

Peppermint 76

Oleaster Family 64

Painted Trillium 26

Penper-root 45

Olive Family 72

Pale Corydalis 44

Cut-leaved 45

Onasfraceae 64

Laurel 69

Large 45

One-flowered Cancer-

Manna Grass 13

Two-leaved 45

root 81

Persicaria 35

Pepperwort 46

INDEX

117

Perennial Ray Grass 13 Moss 73
Periwinkle 73 Persicaria 36

Common 73 Swamp 70

Persicaria, Common 36 Pinus 7

Dock-leaved 35

Pale 35

Pink 36

Swamp 35
Phalaris 15
Phegopteris 3
Phleum 15
Phlox 74

Garden 74
Phragmites 15
Phryma 81
Phrymaceae 81
Physalis 78
Physostegia 76
Phytolacca 37
Phytolaccaceae 37
Picea 6
Pickerel-weed 24

Family 24
Pigeon Berry 37

Grass 16
Pigweed 36, 37
Pilea 34
Pimbina 83
Pimpernel 71

Common 71

False 79

Short-stalked False 79

Yellow 68
Pin Cherry 51
Pinaceae 6
Pine 7

Drops 70

Family 6

Ground 5 .

Norway 7

Pitch 7

Prince's 69

Red 7

White 7
Pineapple-weed 90
Pinesap 70
Pink 38

Azalea 70

Corydalis 44

Family 38

Fleabane 88

Grass 27

Ground 73

June 70

Lady's Slipper 27

Pinweed 62
Pipes 4
Pipewort 23

Family 23
Pipsissewa 69
Pitcher-plant 47

Family 47
Pitch Pine 7
Plane Tree 49

Family 49
Plant, Corpse 70

Cup 91
Plantaginaceae 81
Plantago 81
Plantain 81

Common 81

Downy Rattlesnake

English 81

Family 81

Large-bracted 81

Lesser Rattlesnake

Mud 24

Poor Robin's 90

Rattlesnake 28

Robin's 88

Water 9
Plantain-leaved Ever

lasting 85
Platanaceae 49
Platanus 49
Plum 51

Canada 51

Moxie 69

Wild 51
Plumed Thistle 88
Plumeless Thistle 87
Poa 15
Pogonia 29

Rose 29

Small Whorled 29

Whorled .29
Poison Dogwood 58

Elder 58

Hemlock 66

Ivy 58

Oak 58

Parsnip 67

Sumach 58
Poke, Common 37

Indian 26

Milkweed 73

Pokeweed 37

Family 37
Polanisia 47
Polemoniaceae 74
Polemonium Family 74
Polygala 57

Fringed 57
Polygalaceae 57
Polygonaceae 35
Polygonatum 26
Polygonella 35
Polygonum 35
Polypodiaceae 1
Polypodium 3
Polypody 3
Polystichum 3
Pondweed 8

Common 8

Family 8

Large-leaved 8
28Pontederia 24
Pontederiaceae 24
Poor Man's Weather-
glass 71
28 Robin's Plantain 90
Poplar 29

Balsam 29

Lombardy 30

Necklace 30

Silver-leaved 29

Trembling 30

White 29
Poppy 43

Corn 43

Family 43
Populus 29
Portulaca 40
Portulacaceae 40
Potamogeton 8
Potentilla 50
Poverty Grass 10
Prairie Willow 30
Prenanthes 90
Prickly Ash 56

Gooseberry 48

Lettuce 90

Rose 52
Primrose 71

Common Evening 65

Evening 65

Family 71

Sinuate-leaved Even-
ing 65

Small-flowered Even-
ing 65

118

INDEX

Primula 71
Primulaceae 71
Prince's Feather 35

Pine 69
Pringle's Aster 86
Prostrate Amaranth 37
Prunella 77
Prunus 51
Psedera 60
Pteris 3
Pterospora 70
Puccoon 74

Yellow 42
Pulse Family 53
Purple Avens 50

Chokeberry 51

Clematis 41

Cliff Brake 3

Flowering Rasp-
berry 52

Milkwort 57

Oat 13

Raspberry 52

Rock Cress 44

Thorn Apple 78

Trillium 26

Willow 30
Purple-leaved Willow-
herb 65
Purple-stemmed As-
ter 87
Purslane 40

Common 40

Family 40

Milk 57

Speedwell 80

Water 65
Pusley 40
Pussy's Toes 85
Pussy Willow 30
Pycnanthemum 77
Pyrola 70

One-flowered 70
Pyrus 51

Queen Anne's Lace 67
Queen of the Meadow 5
Quercitron 33
Quercus 32
Quick Grass 9
Quitch Grass 9
Rabbit-foot Clover 55
Racemed Milkwort 57
Radicula 46
Ragged Fringed Or-
chis 28

Ragweed 85

Great 85
Ragwort 91

Golden 91
Raisin, Wild 83
Ram's Head Lady's

Slipper 27
Ramsted 79
Ranunculaceae 40
Ranunculus 42
Raspberry, Black 52

Dwarf 52

Purple 52

Purple Flowering 52

Running 52

Wild Red 52
Rattlesnake Fern 4

Grass 13

Plantain 28
Rattlesnake-root 90
Rattlesnake-weed 90
Recurved Blackberry 5
Red Ash 72

Baneberry 40

Bearberry 69

Campion 39

Cedar 6

Chokeberry 51

Clover 55

Dewberry 52

Elm 34

Fescue 12

Maple 59

Oak 33

Pine 7

Spruce 7

Top 10
Red-berried Elder 83
Red-osier Dogwood 68
Red-root 60

Smaller 60
Red-seeded Dande-
lion 92
Reed 15

Bent Grass 11
3 Canary Grass 15

Meadow Grass 13
Rein Orchis 28
Rhamnaceae 60
Rhamnus 60
Rhododendron 70
Rhodora 70
Rhus 58
Rib Grass 81
Ribbon Grass 15

Ribes 48

Ribwort 81

Rice Cut Grass 13

Black-fruited Moun-
tain 14

Indian 16

Mountain 14

Slender Mountain 14

Water 16

White-grained Moun-
tain 14

Wild 16
Richweed 34
Ripple Grass 81
River-bank Grape 60
River Bulrush 22
Bobbin's Squaw-weed 91
Robinia 55
Robin's Plantain 88
Rock Brake 2

Cress 44
2 Elm 34

Maple 59

Sandwort 38

Selaginella 6
• Shadbush 49
Rocket, Yellow 45
Rockrose 62

Family 62
Roman Wormwood 85
Rosa 52
Rosaceae 49
Rose 52

California 73

Cinnamon 52

Family 49

Mallow 61

Pasture 52

Pogonia 29

Prickly 52

Smooth 52

Swamp 52
Rosemary, Bog 68
Rosin-weed 91
Rough Avens 50

Bedstraw 81

Cinquefoil 51

Foxtail Grass 16

Hawkweed 90

Hedge Nettle 77

Sunflower 89
Round-headed Anem-
one 41
Round-leaved Cornel 68

Dogwood 68

INDEX

119

Orchis 28

Squaw-weed 91

Sundew 47

Violet G3

Wintergreen 70
Round-lobed Liver-
leaf 42
Rowan Tree 51
Royal Fern 4
Rubiaceae 81
Rubus 52
Rudbeckia 90

Sainfoin 54

St. John's-wort 61

Common 62

Family 61

Great 61

Marsh 62

Pale 61

Small-flowered 62

Spotted 62
Salicaceae 29
Salix 30
Salsola 37

Rue, Early Meadow 43 Saltwort 37

Family 56
Meadow 43
Spleenwort 2
Tall Meadow 43

Rum Cherry 51

Rumex 36

Sambucus 83
Sandalwood Family 34
Sand-bar Willow 30
Sandbur 11
Sand Cherry 51
Violet 62

Running Raspberry 52 Sandwort 38
Swamp Blackberry 52 Blunt-leaved 38

Rush 24
Beak 22
Bog 24

Brown Beak 22
Brownish-fruited 24
Chair-maker's 22
Club 22

Common Scouring 4 Sapindaceae 59
Common Wood 24 Saponaria 39
Family 24

Rock 38

Thyme-leaved 38
Sanguinaria 43
Sanguisorba 53
Sanicle 67
Sanicula 67
Santalaceae 34

Grass 16

Hairy Wood 24
. Jointed 24

Knotted 24

Scouring 5

Sharp-fruited 24

Slender 24

Spike 21

Toad 24

White Beak 22

Wood 24
Russian Thistle 37
Rusty Woodsia 3
Rutabaga 45
Rutaceae 56
Rye 16

Grass 13

Nodding Wild 12

Slender Wild 12

Wild 12
Rynchospora 22
Sage, Flowering 76

Wood 78
Sagittaria 9

Sarracenia 47
Sarraceniaceae 47
Sarsaparilla, Bristly 66

Wild 66
Satureja 77
Savin 6
Savory 77

Summer 77
Saxifraga 48
Saxifragaceae 48
Saxifrage 48

Early 48

Family 48

Golden 48

Swamp 48
Scabious, Sweet 88
Scheuchzeria 9
Scirpus 22
Scoke, Common 37
Scorpion-grass 75
Scouring Rush 5

Common 4
Scrophularia 80
Schrophulariaceae 79
Scutellaria 77

Secale 16
Sedge 17

Family 17
Sedum 47
Selaginella 6

Rock 6
Selaginellaceae 6
Self-heal 77
Seneca Grass 13

Snakeroot 57
Senecio 91
Sensitive Fern 2
Service Berry 49
Sessile-leaved Bell-
wort 26
Setaria 16
Shad Bush 49
Shagbark Hickory 31
Sharp-fruited Rush 24
Sharp-lobed Liver-
leaf 41
Sheep Laurel 69

Sorrel 36
Sheepberry 83
Sheep's Fescue 12
Shellbark Hickory 31
Shepherdia 64
Shepherd's Purse 45
Shield Fern 1

Water 40
Shin Leaf 70
Shining Club Moss 5

Cyperus 21

Willow 30
Shore Shad Bush 49

Horsetail 5
Short-stalked False

Pimpernel 79
Short-styled Snake-
root 67
Showy Lady's Slip-
per 27

Orchis 29

Tick Trefoil 53
Shrubby Bitter-sweet 58

Cinquefoil 51
Sicyos 84

Side-saddle Flower 47
Silene 39
Silkweed 73

Common 73
Silky Cornel 68

Dogwood 68

Willow 31
Silphium 91

120

INDEX

Silver Maple 59

Wa\,er 35

Speedwell 80

Weed 50

Smilacina 26

Common 80

Silver-leaved Poplar 29 Smilax 26

Corn 80

Silvery Cinquefoil 50

Smooth Alder 32

Marsh 80

Spleenwort 2

Rock Ci'ess 44

Purslane 80

Sinuate-leaved Even-

Rose 52

Thyme-leaved 80

ing Primrose 65

Sumach 58

Spergula 39

Sisymbrium 46

Yellow Violet 63

Sphenopholis 16

Sisyriuchium 27

Smoother Sweet Cice-

Spice Bush 43

Slum 68

ly 67

Spike Rush 21

Skullcap 77

Snakehead 79

Spikenard 66

Mad-dog 77

Snake-mouth 29

False 26

Marsh 77

Snakeroot, Black 41, (

S7 Spiuulose Shield Fern 1

Small 77

Clustered 67

Spiny-leaved Sow

Skunk Cabbage 23

Large-fruited 67

Thistle 92

Sleepy Catchfly 39

Seneca 57

Spiraea 53

Slender Gerardia 79

Short-styled 67

Ash-leaved 53

Ladies' Tresses 29

White 88

Spiranthes 29

Mountain Rice 14

Snowberry 83

Spirodela 23

Muhlenbergia 14

Creeping 69

Spleenwort 2

Nettle 34

Garden 83

Ebony 2

Rock Brake 2

Soapberry Family 59

Maidenhair 2

Rush 24

Soapwort 39

Narrow-leaved 2

Vetch 55

Solanaceae 78

Rue 2

Wheat Grass 9

Solanum 78

Silvery 2

Wild Rye 12

Solidago 91

Sporobolus 16

Willow 30

Solomon's Seal 26

Spotted Cowbane 66

Wood Reed Grass 11

False 26

Dead Nettle 76

Slippery Elm 34

Small 26

Medick 54

Slough Grass 16

Star-flowered 26

Mint 76

Small Bedstraw 82

Three-leaved 26

St. John's-wort 62

Bitter Cress 45

Two-leaved 25

Touch-me-not 60

Crab Grass 12

Sonchus 92

Spreading Dogbane 72

Cranberry 71

Sorbaria 53

Spring Beauty 40

Red Morning Glory 7

3Sorghastrum 16

Broad-leaved 40

Skullcap 77

Sorrel 36

Spruce 6

Solomon's Seal 26

Common Wood 56

Black 6

Sundrops 65

Field 36

Bog 6

White Aster 87

Garden 36

Cat 6

Whorled Pogonia 29

Lady's 56

Red 7

Wood Orchis 28

Sheep 36

White 6

Yellow Pond Lily 40

Wood 56

Spurge 57

Smaller Enchanter's

Yellow Wood 56

Cypress 57

Nightshade 64

Sour Gum 68

Family 57

Purple Fringed Oi'-

Sour-top Blueberry 70 Flowering 57

chis 28

Sow Thistle 92

Spurrey 39

Red-root 60

Sparganiaceae 7

Corn 39

Yellow Lady's Slip-

Sparganium 7

Field 39

per 27

Spartina 16

Squaw-weed 91

Small-flowered Crow-

Spatter Dock 40

Roljbin's 91

foot 42

Spear Grass 15

Round-leaved 91

Evening Primrose 6i

5 Spearmint 76

Squirrel Corn 44

Gerardia 79

Spearwort, Creeping

42Squirrel-tail Grass 13

St. John's-wort 62

Speckled Alder 31

Stachys 77

Smartweed, Common 35Specularia 84

Staff Tree 58

INDEX

121

Family 58
Staghoni Sumach 58
Staphylea 59
Staphyleaceae 59
Star Cucumber 84

Flower 72

Thistle 87
Star-flowered Solomou

Seal 26
Starwort 39

Lesser o9

Water 57
Steeple Bush 53
Steironema 71
Stellaria 39
Stemless Lady's Slip-
per 27
Stickseed 74

European 74
Stick-tight 87
Stiff Aster 86

Club Moss 5

Gentian 72

Water Crowfoot 42
Stitchwort, Lesser 39

Long-leaved 39

Northern 39
Stone Clover 55
Stonecrop 47

Diteh 47

Mossy 47
Storksbill 56

Musk 56
Stout Ragged Golden-
rod 92
Stramonium 78
Strawberry 50

Barren 53

Elite 37

Tomato 78

Wild 50

Wood 50
Straw-colored Cy-

perus 21
Streptopus 26
Striped Maple 59
Strong-scented Era-

grostis 12
Succory 87
Sugar Maple 59
Sugarberry 33
Sumach 58

Dwarf 58

Poison 58

Smooth 58

Staghorn 58
Summer Grape 60

Savory 77
Sundew 47

Family 47

Long-leaved 47

Round-leaved 47
sSundrops, Small 65
Sunflower 89

Common 89

Pale-leaved Wood 89

Rough 89

Thin-leaved 89

Woodland 89
Swamp Beggar's-
ticks 87

Blueberry 70

Buttercup 43

Dewberry 52

Dock 36

Hickory 31

Loosestrife 64

Maple 59

Milkweed 73

Persicaria 35

Pink 70

Red Currant 48

Rose 52

Saxifrage 48

White Oak 32
Sweet Alyssum 46

Birch 32

Cicely 67

Clover 54

Fern 31

Flag 23

Gale 31

Gale Family 31

Scabious 88

Vernal Grass 10

White Violet 62

William 38

William Catchfly 39
Sweetbrier 52
Sweet-scented Bed-
straw 82

White Water Lily 40
Sycamore 49
Symphoricarpos 83
Symphytum 75
Symplocarpus 23
Syringa 72
Tacamahac 29
Taenidia 68
Tall Anemone 41

Blue Lettuce 90

Buttercup 42

Cinquefoil 51

Cone-flower 90

Crowfoot 42

Green Orchis 28

Hairy Agrimony 49

Hairy Golden-rod 92

Meadow Rue 43

Oat Grass 10

White Aster 86

White Lettuce 90

Wild Nettle 34

Wormwood 86
Taller Fescue 12
Tamarack 6
Tanacetum 92
Tansy 92

Common 92
Tape Grass 9
Taraxacum 92
Tare 55

Tartarian Honey-
suckle 83
Taxaceae 6
Taxus 6
Teaberry 69
Tea, Labrador 69

Mexican 36

New Jersey 60
Tear-thumb, Arrow-
leaved 36

Halberd-leaved 35
Tendril Creeper 60
Ternate Grape Fern 4
Teucrium 78
Thalictrum 43
Thimbleberry 52
Thimble-weed 90
Thin Grass 10
Thin-leaved Sun-
flower 89
Thistle, Bull 88

Canada 88

Common 88

Common Sow 92

Field Sow 92

Plumed 88

Plumeless 87

Russian 37

Sow 92

Spiny-leaved Sow 92

Star 87
Thlaspi 47
Thorn Apple 78

122

INDEX

White 49
Thorny Amaranth

88

Trillium 26
37 Nodding 26
Thoroughwort 88 Painted 26

Three-leaved Solomon's Purple 26
Seal 26 White 26

Three-seeded Mei'cury 57Triosteum 83

Thuja 7

Thyme, Basil 77
Thymelaeaceae 64
Thyme-leaved Sand-
wort 38

Speedwell 80
Tiarella 48
Tick Trefoil 53
Tiger Lily 25
Tilia 61
Tiliaceae 61
Timothy 15
Tinker's Weed 83
Toad Rush 24
Toadflax 79

Bastard 34
Tobacco, Indian 84

Ladies' 85
Tomatillo 78
Tomato, Husk 78

Strawberry 78
Toothache Tree 56
Toothed Arrow-wood
Toothwort 45

Cut-leaved 45

Large 45

Two-leaved 45
Touch-me-not Family

Pale 60

Spotted 60
Tower Mustard 44
Tragopogon 92
Trailing Arbutus 69
Traveler's Joy 41
Treacle Mustard 46
Tree Club Moss 5

Cranberry 83

Nettle 33

Plane 49

Rowan 51

Staff 58

Toothache 56
Trefoil 55

Showy Tick 53

Trembling Poplar
Trichostema 78
Trientalis 72
Trifolium 55

30

Triple-awned Grass 10

Trisetum 16

Triticum 16

True Forget-me-not 75

Trumpet Weed 88

Tsuga 7

Tuberous White Water

Lily 40
Tufted Loosestrife 71
Tumble Mustard 46

Weed 37
Tupelo 68
Turnip 45

Indian 23

Wild 23
Turtlehead 79
Tussilago 92
Twayblade 28, 29

Heart-leaved 29

Large 28
Twin-flower 82
Twisted Whitlow-
83 grass 46
Twisted-stalk 26
Two-leaved Miter-
wort 48

Pepper-root 45
60 Solomon's Seal 25

Toothwort 45
Typha 7
Typhaceae 7
Ulmus 34
Umbelliferae 66
Upright Bindweed 73

Goosefoot 37
Urtica 34
Ui'ticaceae 33
Utricularia 80
Uvularia 26
Vaccinium 70
Valerian 84

Family 84
Valeriana 84
Valerianaceae 84
Vallisneria 9
Vanilla Grass 13
Velvet Leaf 61

glass 84
Veratrum 26
Verbascum 80
Verbena 75
Verbenaceae 75
Veronica 80
Vervain 75

Blue 75

Family 75

White 75
Vetch 55

Blue 55

Common 55

Milk 53

Slender 55
Vetchling 54

Cream-colored 54
Viburnum 83
Vicia 55
Vinca 73
Vine, Allegheny 44

Common Matri-
mony 78

Family 60

Love 73

Matrimony 78
Viola 62
Violaceae 62
Violet 62

Canada 62

Dog 62

Dog's-tooth 25

Downy Yellow 63

Early Yellow 63

Family 62

Lance-leaved 63

Long-spurred 63

Marsh Blue 62

Round-leaved 63

Sand 62

Smooth Yellow 63

Sweet White 62

White 63

Woolly Blue 63
Viper's Bugloss 74
Virginia Creeper 60"

Chain Fern 3
Virginian Cowslip 75
Virgin's Bower 41
Vitaceae 60
Vitis 60
Wake Robin 26
Waldsteinia 53

Velvet-leaf Blueberry 70Walking Leaf 2
Venus's Looking- Walnut 31

INDEX

123

Family ;51

White 31
Wai'tweed 57
Water Arum 23

Avens 50

Beecii 32

Cress 46

Hemlock (>6

Hemp 37

Horehound 7G

Lily 40

Lily Family 40

Marigold 87

Milfoil 65

Milfoil Family 65

Nymph 40

Oats 16

Parsnip 68

Pennywort 67

Pepper 35

Plantain 9

Plantain Family 9

Purslane 65

Rice 16

Shield 40

Smartweed 35

Star Grass 24

Starwort 57

Starwort Family 57

Willow 64
Waterleaf 74

Family 74
Water-weed 9
Wavy-leaved Aster 87
Waxwork 58
Weak Spear Grass 15
Weed, Bugle 75, 76

Carpet 38

Cut-leaved Bugle 76

Jamestown 78

Jimson 78

Joe Pye 88

Silver 50

Tinker's 83

Trumpet 88

Tumble 37
Wheat 16

Cow 79
White Ash 72

Avens 50

Baneberry 40

Beak Rush 22

Bent Grass 10

Birch 82

Bog Orchis 28

Campion 38

Cedar 7

Clover 55

Daisy 87

Elm 34

Fringed Orchis 28

Golden-rod 91

Grass 13

Lettuce 90

Maple 59

Melilot 54

Mulberry 33

Oak 32

Pine 7

Poplar 29

Snakeroot 88

Spruce 6

Sweet Clover 54

Thorn 49

Trillium 26

Vervain 75

Violet 63

Walnut 31

Willow 30

Wood Aster 86
White-grained Moun-
tain Rice 14
White-heart Hickory
Whiteweed 87
Whitlow-grass 46

Twisted 46
Whorled Loosestrife

Mallow 61

Mint 76

Pogonia 29
Wicky 69
Wicopy 64
Wild Allspice 43

Balsam-apple 84

Bean 53

Bergamot 76

Black Cherry 51

Black Currant 48

Broom Corn 15

Calla 23

Carrot 67

Chamomile 90

Chess 11

Clematis 41

Coffee 83

Columbine 41

Comfrey 74

Cranesbill 56

Cucumber 84

Elder 66

Ginger 34

Iris 27

Leek 25

Lettuce 90

Lily of the Valley 25

Liquorice 82

Lupine 54

Madder 82

Mint 76

Morning Glory 73

Oat Grass 11

Orange-red Lily 25

Parsnip 67

Peppergrass 46

Plum 51

Raisin 83

Red Cherry 51

Red Raspberry 52

Rice 16

Rye 12

Sarsaparilla 66

Strawberry 50

Turnip 23

Yellow Lily 25
Willow 30

Beaked 30

Black 30
31 Bog 30

Crack 30

Family 29

Glaucous 30
71 Heart-leaved 30

Prairie 30

Purple 30

Pussy 30

Sand-bar 30

Shining 30

Silky 30

Slender 30

Water 64

White 30
Willow-herb 64

Great 65

Northern 64

Purple-leaved 65
Wind Flower 41
Winter Cress 44
Winterberry 58
Wintergreen 70

Aromatic 69

Bog 70

Chickweed 72

Flowering 57

Greenish-flowered 70

One-sided 70

124

INDEX

Round-leaved 70

Wire Grass 15
Witch Hobble 83
Witch-hazel 49

Family 49
Withe-rod 83
Wood Anemone 41

Betony 79

Chess 11

Fern 1

Grass 16

Horsetail 5

Lily 25

Nettle 33

Reed Grass 11

Rush 24

Sage 78

Sorrel 56

Sorrel Family 56

StraM'berry 50
Woodbine 60
Woodland Agrimony

Sunflower 89
Woodsia 3

Blunt-lobed 3

Rusty 3
Woodwardia 3
Wool Grass 22
Woolly Blue Violet 63

Sweet Cicely 67
Worm-seed Mustard 46
Wormwood 86

Roman 85

Tall 86
Xanthium 93
Yarrow 85

Common 85
Yellow Adder's
Tongue 25

Avens 50

Bartonia 72

Birch 32

Clintonia 25

Clover 55

Cress 46
49 Daisy 90

Dock 36

Foxtail 16

Iris 27

Melilot 54

Myrtle 71

Nut Grass 21

Oak 33

Pimpernel 68

Pond Lily 40

Puccoon 42

Rocket 45

Sweet Clover 54

Water Crowfoot 42

Wood Sorrel 56
Yellow-barked Oak 33
Yew 6

American 6

Family 6
Zanthoxylum 56
Zea 16
Zig-zag Clover 55

Golden-rod 91
Zizania 16
Zizia 68

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New York Botanical Garden Librar

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