CONTRIBUTIONS : FAUNA J MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVA DURING THE YEARS 1870- 1 ia ~~ By CHARLES F: GIS : : y yy yah: fa The sixth developing-state of Qypris oot — i * ; ND FIVE PLATES, CONTA INGS ON STONE. RINTER, No. 204 FUEL 1872. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE FAUNA OF THE NEW YORK CROTON WATER. MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS DURING THE YEARS 1870-71, By CHARLES FEF. GS vw The sixth developing state of Cypris ovum. WITH SEVERAL WOOD-CUTS AND FIVE PLATES, CONTAINING FORTY FINE -ENGRAVINGS ON STONE. & New Hovk : “CHARLES VOGT, STEAM PRINTER, No. 204 FULTON ST. ® 1872. iram oper pretium est, quo nullum majus,” ae | s* yer ee 4 al { rr% ro * r a AS ' . Linné. ; bs Me Ps a INTRODUCTION. In presenting this, my first endeavor, to you, I must beg your kind indulgence for a subject till recently but little studied ; if you, my reader, will only make an at- tempt, you will find it a most interesting study. It is bound to but a small cahier, although the double volume would not be space enough to make a close and accurate description and explanation of only one single family of these little water-inhabitants. = It contains myriads of beings as perfe ourselves ; provided with organs, which high a state of development as ours, n Many an hour have I passed with a tur in one hand and a loop in the other, alwa new creature which till then had escaped tion. if ee 4. from nature by the author’s own hand, and engraved on stone by Mr. F. Rixinger, of New vor | Also, seven wood-cuts, made by Mr. Bernstein, have been placed in the body of this pamphlet. - Of the orders and families having representatives in this water, there have been only one or two drawings made of each order. } vial Of the frequently found ate#, fractures and single al- ge, (Conferva, Spirogyra, Desmidium, Diatoma, &c.)I have had no drawings made. | The crustacean Cypris—figure i is made after Carl Claus, Prof. ot Zoology in Marburg ; (Beitrege zur Kenntniss der Ostracoden), some of the other figures are made su- perficially, representing only the outlines of their bodies. Many of these mentioned beings are only of periodical appearance, and for months may not be seen. j at me again urge upon you, my reader, ou may make this study if y6u only required is a small MICROSCOPE, cost- dollars, and a few other inexpensive Respectfully, The Author. “‘Certe natura nil facit frustra.”’ The Croton water, after filtering by the very simple method adopted at ue reservoir in the Central Park, contains, in addition to inorganic impurities, such as ox- ide of lead, carbonic acid, soda, magnesia, lime, and so forth, representatives of the vegetable kingdom, with their germs, (spores) and of animal life a very extensive group of Invertebrata and their larve in different stages of development. (See *.) Of animalcules visible‘ only under the microscope, I found some of the class RADIOLARIA, Amoeba, Actino- phrys, Acanthocystis and Difflugia. These belong to the lowest form of organized life, having no particular shape, consisting only of the so-called Protoplasmat or Sarcede, whose movements are few and very slow, remaining motionless for ten to fifteen minutes at a time, when it suddenly will elongate itself, contorting itself into all imaginable shapes, though naturally it assumes the glo- ‘bular form. Its food consists of putrescent corpuscles of Alge and of single Alge, (Desmidians, Diatoms, etc.,) which it devours by coming in contact with, and surround- ing it, improvising a stomach in that part of its body which after digestion is ejected. The whole animalcule . generally looks like a little transparent mass or jelly-like substance. Their movements and organization can only be distinctly observed under a high power of the = im aeae on the Water Supply of New York and Brooklyn.—Chemical Report by Cy Chandler, Ph. D., Prof. of Anal. and Applied Chemistry, Columbia College, and Microscopical Report by Willliam B. Lewis, M D., New York. ‘D. Appleton & Co., 1870. t The Protoplasma, according to Huxley, is a commend of Oxygen, Water and Ammoniak, which view, Lionel A. Beal and T. H. Sterling con- tradict, and assert that it is impossible in any way to determine its compo- sition —Fortniahily Review. - 6 microscope... (500—700 diameters.) The figure XII, on the third plate, represents the species DirrLueia, found in the sediment of the Croton water. Another animalcule similar to an amoebial form, is the ACTINOPHRYS, re- markable for the long, tentacle-like, so-called ‘“ Pseudo- podia,’’ with which its globular body is surrounded, and which has not been fully represented on the wood-cut on account of want of space. I : observed this interesting crea- ture with another species Acan- thocystis viridis, (G'renacher in Z Z., 1869) during the July and August of 1870, and September of 1871. The class InFusoRIA, which are higher organized, are large- ly represented by the species Colpoda, Monas, Paramecium, Cyclidium, Enchelys, Nassula, Chilodon, etc. Of more interesting Infusorial — forms, I found VoRTICELLA* CoNVALLARIA, EPISTYLIS NuTANS, VoLvox GLOBATOR, SPIROSTOMUM AMBIGUUM, whose movements and organization can be very easily observed with a magnifying power of 200 to 350 diame- ters. The. VorricELLa consists of an inverted bell-shape body, ¢ on whose open edges a number of vibrating fringes (cilia) mar constant motion, are perce forming a sort of pay the ‘drawing. in of food, while at the lower surface is attached a leg-like projection consisting of a sheath with a central, longitudinal, muscular band, _whose one end end is fibtened ti the bell-shape a —— — Pi 7 attaches it to any thing with which it may happen to come in contact, and the animalcule so attached swings in different directions, until a particle of food (smaller Infusorials, single Alga. vibrating Alge—spores and so Forth) is brought into the mouth, and thence into the chy- miferous cavity, when the stem contracts screw-like. F're- quently, after water had been standing for hours, a per- fect little tree of these Vorticells is formed, connected by their muscular stems. Nine specimens have been drawn canes of six different Infusorial species. CHILODON, SPIROSTOMUM, ENCHELYS, VORTICELLA, PARAMACIUM AND VOLVOX. The CuiLopon drawing is accompanied with a figure, showing its successive division into two parts (the so- called semi-partition); the PARAM &cIUM body is furnished with a star-shaped vesicle, called Vacuole, placed in the protoplasma of its body, altering its form every moment. This Vacuole is found in almost all Infusorials, and serves for locomotion; also for breathing as the ambu- lacral system of the Echinodermata or of the worms. The different forms (A. Hoelliker) of the Vacuole or con- tractile space are shown on the third plate, at the figures XIV, a, GB, v, 0, ¢. Another organ in the Infusorial body is the so-called Nuctzus, including the NuctEoLtus. It is an integral part of the whole animalcule, taking part both in subdi- vision and in conjugation of any Infusorial in which it may happen to be. Almost all Infusorials are nucleated. The increase of the Infusorials is very rapid, taking place by subdivision, and then scattering the body-cells in all directions Mronehout a large quantity of water: Also, a kind of sexual fructification takes place in the Infusorials, whereby the Nucleus and Nucleolus play the part of the genital organs (Fertilization, Fecundation). The type COELENTERATA is represented by a single 8 member, Hypra Vuuearis (plate lV and V, H). The HYDRA (of 0,2 to 3,5 Mm. length) is, besides the CoRDY- LOPOHORA LaAcusTRIS (in England), the only polyp found in fresh waters. After water has stood a few minutes in a glass, this yellowish polyp seeks to fasten itself by its lower extremity, which terminates in a little disk or sucker, and then gradually expends its four to ten tenta- cles (feelers), waiting for food. If now any little animal- cule comes in contact with one of its arms, they all con- tract inwardly (plate TV, H, VJZ/.) and force the im- prisoned animalcule into the mouth, which is placed in the centre of the tentacles. There the nourishment is brought into the alimentary canal (endoderm), and after digestion is expelled through the mouth again. The ten- tacles are furnished with so-called nettle-cells (lasso- cells), (plate V at H, IX, and H X), which instantly kill the animalcules as they come in contact with them. Owing probably to the presence of free formic acid; which is supposed to be contained in the projected end of the nettle-twine (in the lasso-cell). ‘They increase* by sexual fructification (male and female ovules repro- ductive calycle), by budding, and by separation (artifi- * James D. Dana gives the following different modes of reproduction : “TI. Oviparous. 1. By ovules proceeding outward from the side of the polyps, singly or in clusters. 2. By ovules formed from verticle lamelle in the visceral cavity and ejected through the mouth. The viviparous is but an accident in the oviparous mode; the eggs within develope in the same manner as internally and for like reasons, as the external waters have free admission. 5 “II. Gemmiparous. 1. By single buds, developing young, which after- | wards become free and independent animals. 2. By buds, which become developed and remain persistent, and these may be either lateral or ter- minal. Pas “III. By artificial sections. This mode may depend on the same cause as the general distribution of the budding function, and may be properly an analogous process, but depending on the imperfect character of the nervous system, or its absence.” ) cial sections) of a single polyp into several distinct com- plete bodies. The sexual fructification takes place only in the months of September and October, as is the case with many Crustaceans (Daphnia, Sida, etc.) The Hydra vulgaris produces no hydro-medusarium, as al- most all Hydroid-polyps do. (Ll. AGAsstz). Of the worm type, the species NAis PROBOSsCIDEA pre- dominates, (plate II, fig. VI, with natural length of 1, 0 to 2,0 Mm.) which is very thin, with a still thinner pro- boscis. They reproduce very rapidly, by sexual fructi- fication and by separation into parts, every fragment be- coming a perfect animal, and the division may be con- tinued indefinitely. This phenomenon is caused partly by the multiplying of the body-cells and partly by the division of the body- segments (the so-called gemmipar and fissipar multipli- cation, (Carl Gegenbaur). The process begins always with the division of one metamere into several, which together form a complete, new individual. In Nais Proboscidea the advance in cellular differentia- tion of several segments was noted by me in specimens found in a little pond in the Cefitral Park. The Nais are found mostly in the sediment of the Croton water; their movements are wavy, snake-like. The BryozoaNns are found as greyish- white, branched pieces of a leathery consistence in the sediment of the water. The representative species being PLUMATELLA RE. PENS (plate II, at the figure LX, 7), and-CRISTADELLA Mucepo. Viewed by a 70 to 100 diam. magnifying power, they offer to the eye a magnificent view by the movements of their tentacles (feelers), their manner of securing. food, and other curious habits. They may be found in the summer-time in any of the small ponds of the Cen_ tral Park on almost every stone, which they cover with their body-tubes (integumentum) like a moss. I saw the 10 Bryozoan CRISTADELLA MucEDO only twice within the two years I have been examining this drink-water. The single ones are fastened together in three longitudinal- rayed lines, with a general sucker on the lower part of the body, which body moves but very slowly in the sedi- ment. Of all Bryozoans the Cristadella mucedo is the only one having the facility of moving. Allman, of London, calls this Bryozoan-family the PHYLLACcTo- LZMATA, on account of the tongue-like cover placed over the ciliated mouth. The whole animalcule looks like a very little transparent sponge. Now and then we find a worm possessing character- istics absolutely “ sui generis” of a milky color, whose stomach (alimentary canal) branches like a tree, whose mouth is placed on the belly, having two eyes on the head ; this is called DENDROcOELUM LACTEUM, or PLAN- ARIA LACTEA. (Plate III, Fig. VII.) lts body is very soft, and surrounded with vibrating cilia, the movements are snail-like. Its systematical position in Zoology is in the order TURBELLARIA— Worms. Three other creatures, belonging to the worms (RoTA- torrA)called RotTireR, HypaTiIna and STEPHANOPS, are of frequent occurrence. They are very small organisms, but larger than the largest Infusorials, possessed of a mouth, jaws, intestine, chitinous skeleton, and increase rapidly by the production of eggs. Individuals with separate sexuality. Of the Worm order, NEMATODA (round worms) occurs ANGUILLULA (1,0 to 2,0 Mm. long), a worm occurring in almost all fresh waters in the sediment, which have a great resemblance to the very well known analogue, or- ganized Trichina spiralis. Of the class CRUSTACEA are found three orders, each represented by a few species. The predominating CycLops QuUADRICORNIS belongs to the order CopEpopa, has jumping (saltating) move- 11 ments, and generally swims by leap-like movements of the abdomen, but it wears its antennes in the position not as the fig V, a, plate II shows, but always in a hori- zontal position. The upward curved abdomen shows an obtuse angle with the cephalothorax. (Plate J/, jig. Me cthy.)y : The Cyctops* has two pairs of antennes, (feelers) the abdomen has two separated, brush-like appendages, (se¢@) one eye formed like an x, (the eye is drawn a little too wide on the figure) which is placed on the middle of the cephalothorax, the colorless blood is moved by the movements of the intestine; the females are furnished during the whole year, except immediately after shed- ding, with an egg-bag, fastened on each side of the ab- domen. (Genital-segment.) The Cypris (0,7 to 1,8 Mn. in length), of the order OsTRACODA is greyish-brown, with two oval shields fastened together with a ligament on the back. This crustacean generally seeks the sediment of the water, and may be found always there. This creature has a single eye, (pigmented) which may be seen through its transparent, brown shields, placed on the forepart of its body.+ The wood-cut represents a larva of the crusta- cean CYPRIS OVUM, in this state called Nauruius. It ~——@ ig magnified three hundred times, and the drawing is a. | made by a camera lucida By eee with Hartnack’s micr. from : Paris, (Claus.) A, the an- ie : tenne of the first pair, five cn g jointed ; B, the five jointed *Cyclops (after Cuvier to the order Lophyropoda), Navicularis, is in De Kay’s fauna described by Dr. Charles Pickering. This species has spiny legs, ete. Scopiphora vagans, found in deep water in Lake Ontario. + In James De Kay’s fauna of New York, is Cypris hispida figured on the 12 antenne of the second pair ; O, the maxillary part; C, the mandibular leg, four jointed ; M, muscular band, Jastened to the inside of the shields ; the other organs are like those of the fully developed Cypris. (Fig. IV, plate I.) The shields of Cypris become very transparent when touched with a drop of solution of caustic potassa. The male Cypris is very seldom observed, and the eggs are produced by the females as it is the case with Daph- nia, Sida, the plant-lice, (Aphida), etc., by partheno-’ genetical production. * The third crustacean occurring in this water, and also the largest, DAPHNIA PULEX (1,2 fo 2,2 Mm. long, and 0,06 to 1,0 wide) of the order CLADOCERA or PHYLLOPODA, is reddish-grey with two scales. The much larger female carries her eggs under the scales on the back, until the embryos are in a forward state of development.t Seen under the microscope, they show a brain, a movable eye, surrounded with crystal-like, globular bodies, a mouth, simple intestine, anus, liver, heart, breathing apparatus, branched antennes, and so forth. The males only appear periodically in the autumnal months; during the inter- plate X, 48 and 49. This species was found by Dr. Budd, in the neighbor- hood of Lake Champlain. Yet two other species are described by J. De Kay, C. agilis and C. simplex from the Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. * Their relationship to the Poecilopoda, (Xiphosura) which are represented by the Limulus polyphemus (Horse-shoe) on the eastern coast of N. Amer- ica, is very close. Van der Hoeven says in his work, page 37 (Recherches sur Vanatomie des Limules, Leyde 1838), “ Mais soit qu’on range les Limules parmi les Crustacés, soit qu’on les mette avec les Arachnides, ils devront tou- jours former a eux seuls un ordre distinct, qui dans l’état actuel de nos con- naissances, est éloigné de tous les autres ordres de ces deux classes. O’est en efét bien gratuitement et seulement d’aprés une simple ressemblance extérieure, que la plupart des naturalistes ont placé le genre Apus a cété des Limules. Leur(Phyllopoda) systéme nerveux différe essentiellement de celu des Limules et consiste en deux séries de nombreux ganglions. + The tamily Cyproidea is described in James D, Dana’s Crustacean-work (U. 8. Expl. Exped.,) pp, 1277 to 1304. 13 vening time, the females produce eggs by the above mentioned parthenogenesis. Of the crustacean Cyclops* and Daphnia,+ I saw still two other species, but so seldom indeed, that I could not make any drawings of them. I consider them to be CYCLOPS CORONATUS, (Copepoda) and SIDA CRISTALLINA (Phyllopda). The Sida cr. has six rowing feet, (natatory - feet) its abdomen, with its appendages, being carried in a horizontal position, one branch of the antennes is two, the other three jointed. Some were two millim. in length, and furnished on their backs with a sucker, with which they fasten themselves to the glass, lying there somtimes for hours, keeping their rapidly-moving rowing feet of foliaceous character, in constant motion to assist breath- ing. (These legs are like Daphnias of branchial character, gill-like. fr. Leydig.) A few species of the Cyclops coronatus (Copepoda) had the length of 1,03 Mm. Their anterior and posterior antennes have hairy appendages. The Cyclops, the Daphnia,t and the Cypris (no popular name has been given to any of these little organisms) give amusement for hours by their con- stant jumps and leaps, as all four can easily be distin- guished with the naked eye. If several of these Crustaceans be kept in a little aqua- rium with alge, (Conferva, Batrachospermum, etc.,) they may be observed for several months with their embryos, eges and manner of fructification. The Cyprids are swarming in the swamps and ponds in the neighborhood of the Central Park in millions, and they can be collected * James D. Dana describes several Cyclops species in his work: C. Brasiliensis, Curticaudatus, Pubescens, McLeayi, Vitiensis. + In J. D. Dana’s work, pp 1262 to 1275. t+ De Kay places the Daphnians, after Cuvier, under the order Ostracoda, and mentions a D. angulata and rotundata, found in stagnant water in the forests of the Southern States. 14 by the handful without admixture with the four other crustaceans (Daphnia, Cyclops, Sida and Cypris). The PoDOPHYRA CYCLOPUM (Diesing) is frequently found as an ektoparasitical animalcule on the whole body of the Cycl. coronatus, and C. quadricornis. It belongs to a very simple organized family of the lage Infusoria. (ACINETA, SUCTORI. ) By placing and pressing several specimens of Daphnia, and also of the Cypris-larvae between two glass-covers under the microscope, Ifound, but seldom during the last Spring, (1871) a very interesting animalcule of a very low organization, the parasite GREGARINA. The wood-cut seems to show an Infusorial in divi- 400 sion, but it has no contractile vesicle, (Vacu- } ole) and no mouth, etc., only a nucleus-like spot on each elongated side of its very elastic body. The small wood-cut exemplifies two Gregarines in Conjugation. Through this very conju- gation and confoundation, the protoplasma of their bodies is subdivided into innumerable little cells, called PsruDo- NAVICUL&, by a kind of internal budding of cells from the protoplasma. At a certain time, when these so encysted Gregarines have grown larger, the external _ cell-body (epidermis) breaks, and scatters the Pseudo- navicule throughout the water, or as a guest in the intestine of a Daphnia or Cypris, where the Gregarine occurs. The minute organisms which serve as food for other crustaceans, etc., grow larger in their intestines, and the same process will begin again. Another wood- cut has been made by way of comparison of a Grega- rine, which generally is found in the tractus intetestinalis of Blatta Americana (cock-roach) in the common earth worm, also in almost all insects, especially in Coleoptera, The encyated GREGARINA BiaTr# has nearly the same form as the encysted and conjugated Gregarine with 15 Pseudonavicule, which 1 foundin the Daphnia. A very close examination into the development of the Gre- garines has been made by Alexander Frantzius.* The systematical posi- tion is still somewhat doubtful; they generally are placed between the Radi- olaria and Infusoria. By having opened hundreds of living cock-roaches, (not then having the fear of Mr. Bergh be- fore me) I found thirty-three of these parasitical Gregarines in their intestines. Perhaps I may find in some future time, an occasion for continuing the examination of their development, etc., which will be published separately. The easiest method for getting the larger animalcules swimming in this water (Crustaceans, worms, etc.) under the object-glass of a microscope, is the following: You fill a large-mouthed, half gallon bottle with fresh water, and let it stand for half an hour. If you have caught any one of these animalcules, you will see it swimming around, or having attached itself to the glass; take a glass-tube, having one of its ends drawn to a point, and draw the water just over the animalcule into the tube. Now, close the other end of the tube with the finger, and put the contents of the tube with the animalcule in a waich-glass, from which it is very easy to put under the microscope. The other smaller beings are generally only found by chance, or in the sediment, when the water has stood for some time. These observations were all made with water collected in different parts of the city, and not from water taken from the reservoirs in the Central Park. Many of the mentioned beings are only of periodical appearance, and * Observationes quaedam de Gregarinis. Vratislavie, 1846. 16 for months may not be seen. (Hydra, Daphnia, Plu- matella, etc.) I have never found any larve of insects, a not im- possible circumstance, although so many millions are living in the reservoirs. I only wish to remind you of the myriads of Diptera, which on a fine Summer eve- ning are swarming over the surface of the placid reser- voirs, whose larve live in the water only, breathing by gills, after a certain time transforming into ‘‘pupe,”’ in which the ‘‘imago”’ is developed. The most interest- ing works on the development and histology of Diptera, are August Weismann’s, from whose lips I imbibed the love of this interesting study.* The little wood-cut represents the ex- ternal part+ of an abdominal segment of Cyclops with an encysted parasite, (600— 700 diam.) which I several times observed. I regret that I had no time then to prose- cute any further inquiries to determine its species, etc. These little crustaceans, worms and - polyps occurring in the Croton water for themselves alone, are not injurious, but when containing those en- cysted parasites may spread intestinal worms. (Zrema- toda, Taeniada, Nematoda, ete. eS * Die Entwiklung der Dipteren, Leipzig, 1864, von Dr. A. Weismann, Prof. d. Zoologie, Metamorphose der Corethra pl., von A. Weismann, Prof. d. Zoologie in Freiburg in B. + Wood-cut Hxplanation.—w, external chitinous body integument; v, frac- ture of the segment; 6, encysted parasitical trematoda larva (7) N. B.—In the British Association for the Advancement of Science, held at London, September 14 to 21, 1870, was discussed the ‘“‘ Spontaneous Generation,’ and the “Spreading Agencies of Zymotic Diseases,’ by Hux- ley, Frankland, Child, Samuelson and Calvert. Samuelson finally expressed his opinion, resulting from experiments and observations which extended over a long series of years, that those who prefer to adopt the theory of the creation of living forms only from germs already in existence, would eventually find their view to be correct.—Jl. London News. 4 LITERATURE. DUJARDIN, histoire naturelle des Infusoires. Paris, 1841. W. CARPENTER, researches on the Foraminifera. Philos. Transactions. 1856-59. C. G. EHRENBERG, die Infusorien als vollkommene Organismen. Leipzig, 1838, Fr. STEIN, die Infusorien auf ihre Entwiklung untersucht. Leipzig, 1854. ALEXANDER ECKER, Hydra vulgaris. Freiburg i“ JB. Duass, recherches sur l’organisation et les mceurs des Planaires, annales des sciences naturelles. Serie I., Tab. XV. OscAR SCHMIDT, ueber dendrocele Turbellarien. Zeitsch fuer wiss, Zool. X, XI. ALLMAN, a monograph of the fresh water polyzoa. London, 1896. BASTIAN, monograph on the Anguillulide. Trans. Linn. Soc. XXV. 1865. P. Il. American Naturalist, Salem, Mass. IURINE, Histoire naturelle des Monocles. 1820. Fr. LEIDIG, naturgeschichte der Daphniden. Tuebingen, 1860. CARL CLAUS, die freilebenden Copepoden. Leipzig, 1863. W. LILJEBORG, Crustacea ex ordinibus tribus Cladocera, Ostracoda et Copepoda in Scand. occurentibus. Cum 27, tab aen. 1853. London. F. Dana, Crustacea of the U. S. explor. exped., under Capt. Chs. Wilkes, 2 vol. and atlas, 1852. JAMES DEKaAy, Zoology of the State of New York, or the New York Fauna, Part VI, Crustaceans. Albany, 1844. Besides the above mentioned bcoks, consult the works of A. H. Verrill, Baer, Stimpson, Laurent, Cope, Smith, A. Hyatt, Shaw, Bailley. Stirling, etc., ete. 18 EXPLANATION OF THE ENGRAVINGS. PLATE I.—Fig. I, c. Chilodon cucullus, an Infusorial. Magnified about 650 diam.; a, Nucleus with the Nucleolus; d, the mouth-opening, sur- rounded with a chitinous, fish-net-like apparatus, b, which is peculiar to the whole family of the Nassulina, c¢, oily, globular bodies; e, cilia, or hair-like fringes ; ce, cuticula, cell-epidermis. Fie. I, cc.—d, nucleus with nucleolus; b, mouth; a, fish-net-like appa- ratus ; ¢, oily bodies; ¢, cilia. The Chilodon cucullus showing in division. Magnif. about 600-—700 diam. Fie. I1.—Spirostomum ambiguum, an Infusorial. 0, mouth; ¢, cilia; J; lower end, turned up; 7, the chain-like nucleus with the nucleoli. Mag- nif. about 550—600 diam. Fie. IL. 6.—Daphnia pulex, a crustacean (2 female). ¢, antennes; ¢, the brain ; é, the eye, movable by two muscular bands; a, mouth; J, the liver; g, the so-called “scale-gland ;’ p, the rowing-legs; g, two chitinous hair appendages (setz); h, the heart; 0, the “ summer-egg-bag;” 0, the eggs; i, the intestine; m, muscles; s, the two transparent scales; an, the anus on the abdominal end. Magnif. about 40 diam. Fie. 1V.—The crustacean Cypris fasciata in its sixth state of develop- ment. (The Cypris, according to Carl Claus, undergo nine changes in their development). oc, the pigment-eye; nc, nerve-centre; ov, the position of the ovarium; LZ, the liver; st, the position of the stomach; Ch, the first chitinous abdominal segment; z, protoplasmatical cells in the shields which are connected with the hair-like appendages by very fine ramifica- tions ; g, the hind-leg under the “furca;’ jf, the three-jointed fore-leg; e, the maxillary leg; br, breathing apparatus (gill); m, muscles and liga- ments; maz., the maxilla; md., mandibula; mdf. mandibulary leg ; 2 ant. the antenne of the second pair; si/. and sh., the two connected shields ; bas. 2, p. ant., the basal joint of the second antenne-pair; 1, ant., the an- tenne of the first pair; S. D., the so-called shield-gland. The figure is made after C. Claus’s work on the Ostracoda-developement, (Tab. II. fig. 17,) with closer explanation of the internal organs. Magnif. 135 diam. Seen from the right side. PLATE Il._—Fig. V shows the dorsal view of the Cyclops quadricornis, a crustacean , a, the first, b, the second pair of the antennes; c, the x like pigment-eye on the forepart of the cephalothorax; cth., the oesophagus: 19 d, seen from above; f, the liver-glands; ¢, the stomach, with g, the wavy moving intestine, around which the colorless blood circulates; h, the first of the four abdominal segments on whose underside the four pairs of rowing-legs can be seen; p, of which only the left-sided pairs have been drawn; 7%, the so-called “genital segment.” The position of the genitals begins from the segment /, on both sides of the intestinal part g, extending to the segment 7, consist- ing of very fine granulated, band-like glands, whose porus is on the female on both sides of the segment 7, also carrying in that place the two egg bags; HK. The much smaller and more seldom male-ones carry at certain times of the year the ‘‘Spermato- phore,” an elongated, bag-like body on the middle under-side of the segment g, which contains the products of the testicles, the spermatic particles to fructify the eggs of the females; /, the anus > m, the “furca,” with the setaceous appendages n, magnif. about 60—65 diam. The wood-cuts represents a Spermatophore. Fig. V.—e, a young Cyclops with four legs (at a) around its mouth D., the oval body d, magnif. 300 diam. Fig. V.—ee, the same Cyclops in a higher state of development ; 0, the mouth, with the bag-like stomach ; e> without anus; a, the eight legs with setaceous appendages drawn around the stomach, but not in favorable position for better showing the stomach— several segments are developed; d, the furca confounded with all other segments at e,and f, the furcal-brushes. Magn. 250 diam. The Cyclops- larva is generally called Nauplius, and undergoes five changes in their development. (Carpenter.) The wood-cut represents a Nauplius of a Cyclops. Fig. VI—The Nais proboscidea (Annelide-worm); p, the tongue-like proboscis ; ¢, the pigmented eyes ; 0, the esophagus ; b, a muscular bag, in which the proboscis » can be retracted by the musculi retractores m; the bag is furnished on both sides with four brush-like bodies; ch., the chitinous brushes, (cirri) arranged in four longitudinal lines along the body ; ¢, the chain-like stomach with dissepiments in constant motion for moving the colorless blood which surrounds it; 7, the tractus intestinalis; and a, the anus. Magn. about 30 diam. Fie. III. 66., shows the so-called ephippium, the egg-bag which the Daphnia carries during the winter ‘time; s, the horny, chitinous epi- dermis of the bag, which is attached on the shields of the Daphnia by the ligaments m.; c, the glue-like mass in which the two hard-shelled winter eggs are placed. Fic. IX. z., represents a piece of the Bryozoan Plumatella repens- os, the mouth in the centre of the ciliated tentacles f, of which three are 20 magnified i120 diameters at the fig. IX. 6, with the cilia c.; tb, the inside ciliated funnel-body, retractile by the muscles m,; p, the leather-like, elastic body-tube, with the buds at 0; the fracture of the tube is shown at fr. ; (a Plumatella, as the engraving IX. z. shows, I only saw three times, and I have not been fortunate enough to find it again); w, the oesophagus ; 8, the stomach with the backward recurving intestine at 7; the anus at an; the ovarium’s position is at ov, with a gland-tube at g ; the spermatic par ticles are produced opposite from the female apparatus at ¢s, with ciliated surface, and connected with the same gland-tube at g. Magnif, about 45—50 diam. The internal organs are only shown at one of the two branches (with closed tentacles). The two arrows show the direction of the move- ments of the tentacles. A Bryozoan-embryo, which moves very rapidly in the water, is represented by the fig. IX. 6. Magnif. about 300—350 diam; @., a retractile tube with long cilia on the edges; c, the mouth with several very long hairs 7; c, cilia around the whole body ; pg, pigment spots with longer cilia. Magnif. 360—400 diam. This figure has great resemblance with the figure of Dr. Lewis in the “ Report on the Water Supply of New York and Brooklyn. Croton water sediment 7. Halteria grandinella ? PLATE III.—Fig. VII—A worm, Planaria lactea; b, the proboscis, ex- pendable and retractile by muscles; os, the mouth ; ¢, tree-like branched chimiferous channel (stomach); ¢, the two pigment-eyes, each with a globular, glass-like body (corpus vitreum?); c, the cilia surrounding the very soft body ; ov, the two ovaria; od, the forked oviduct; g, the two tes- ticles ; vd, vasa deferentia ; ex, edhital-porus of this hermaphrodite. Fie. VIII.—Hydatina senta, (a Rotatorial-worm). os, the mouth; ma, maxillary apparatus; c, the ciliated rotatory apparatus; gl, stomach-glands : st., the alimentary cavity; s, segments around the chitinous body-integu- ment; ov, the two ovaria ; ¢, eggs; ab, ambulacral-tubes; abe, the two con- tractile vesicles of the ambulacral system; an, the anus; p, the furea. (+). Fie. X., represents another animalcule belonging to the Rotatoria-worms (family Philodina), Rotifer vulgaris. ma, the chitinous jaws; 7, the alimen- tary canals, with gs, two stomach-glands (secreting chimiferous juice) ; 0c, two red-pigmented eyes on the forehead ; edge, the two ciliated edges (two movable lobs) ; ov, the egg-producing cavity of protoplasmatical structure ; e, two snmmer-eggs; eb, a nearly developed embryo; ex, the enlarged end of 7; an, the anus; ga, intestinal glands (?), or rather a muscular band around ea, for removing the eggs when developed ; m, muscles ; cd, the spy- glass-like appendage. (}) After having become dry, they will revive on being moistened. The thin-shelled summer-eggs, whose position is on both sides of the alimentary canal, are produced by a parthenogentical manner; the thick-shelled winter- eggs, fastened on both sides of the chitinous body near the furea (exter- nal), are fructified by the very small male-ones. (#nteroplea hydatine). 21 Fie. XIl.—qa and #, An Infusorial, Enchelys pupa, os, the ciliated mouth 8, alimentary cavity; an, the anus. When young, colorless; older, greenish. Fie. XII.—The Difflugia pyriformis (foraminifera, monothalamia). ss, the protoplasma ; v, the contractile vacuole with constant heart-like move- ments (Systole and Diastole) ; sp, the pseudopodia. Fie. XV. — a; f, v, 6, €é, Exemplifying the 5, different states of the con- tractile space (vacuole). sp, space; 7, rays: a, space contracted, rays filled ; fs, the first ejaculation of the rays, with filled space; v, the second time filled rays; 6, the second time emptied rays; ¢, a moment before empty- ing the space, momentany showing the rays. (Koelliker). PLATE IV.—Fig. XIII. 4, an Infusorial, Vorticella microcostomum. 77, the screw-like contracted stem ; 7, Nucleus, including several nucleoli (Bal- biani, Engelman); v, the vacuole; es, the mouth; c, the vibrating cilia (adoral ciliated peristome). Fie. XIII.—e, the same Infusorial in semi-partition ; t7, muscular stem ; os, the mouth; n, the semi-divided nucleus. Fie. XIV.—The Paramaecium aurelia, an Infusorial, of which only the outlines have been drawn; os, the mouth; », the contractile spaces; c short, and cc, long cilia; cp, another contracted space, enlarged, showing the second state. (Plate III. Fig. XIV. £.) Fig. XV.—The Volvox globator, an Infusorial. A globular jelly-mass, surrounded and having imbedded many individuals of Volvox, which are all connected together with a kind of proplasma-net. The larger balls in the figure XV, are, according to Cohn, the reproductive organs. Figure XV.gq, represents one of the smal! points by a high power of the microscope, showirg two pseudopodia, several connecting links, and a few vacuoles in the protoplasma. The Fig. H exemplifies the different forms and developments of Hydra vulgaris. Fig. H. VIII.,a Hydra catching a Cyclops cg ; st, the alimentary cavity ; tr, the truncus body stem; s, the sucker or disk; fig. H. VIL, a Hydra producing several persisting buds, cd; f, the tentacles. Magnifi. about ten diam. Fig. H. VI., a Hydre with two stem-buds /d; os, the mouth ; fig. H. IL., a, 6, v, three Hydres, each magnif. about 20—25 diam., in a more or less contracted state. Fig. H. V., an ovule (egg); c, epidermés. Fig. H. 6/., a horizontal tissue of a hydre-stem, with a bud cd; pr, the alimentary canal. Magn. 60—70 diam. PuLate V.—Fig. H. III. bd, a young Hydre-bud, just appearing by expansion of the ectoderm ; eb, a larger bud, a few days older, with four little ten- tacles, body ciliated; tr, the stem; s, the sucker; os, the mouth ;3 J, the - 22 tentacles ; sf, the alimentary cavity ; fig. H. IV.. egg, a porus egg under the ectoderm, fructified by the spermatic particles, which are contained in the little vesicles sp ; fig. H. 1X., a 200 times magnified lasso-apparatus; c, a vibrating cluster of smaller cells around a larger one; w, the lasso-twine ; n, the oval cell, containing formic acid. Fig. H. X. represents the end of a tentacle with several lasso-twines; pr, the streaming protoplasma with small granules. § —The sign for a male. ? —The sign for a female. % —The sign for a hermaphrodite. HRRATA. At the wood-cut Cypris, page 11, the dotted points should reach from m to the little ring near the mandibular leg c. Acanthocystis. .... Acinetae, Suctoriae 14 Actinophrys ...... Amoeba Anguillula Bryozoans Chilodon.......... Cilia, fringes...... Cladocera......... Coelenterata Colpoda Contractile space . Conjugation Copepoda Cristadella ....... Crustaceans....... eee eee 23 INDEX. Bimcheliyss ..3')5 visaieceis aks os 6. BISGY IIS), sd sence 6 eta sree 6 Explanation of the plates. 18 Fissipar Multiplication... 9 Prin@es,. Cilla... oi 5.25% 6 Gemmipar Multiplication. 9 Grepvarinay si aiacldan|ocs 5 « 14 BMV CAGE, OP. ete e iss ee Woe « 10 AEH EE 2/2 Sel Stciahan

Plate IIL. te ti Nas li: Cisster del. 1872. Francis Itixinger Eng. (has lr. Cisster det. 1872. Plate IV. Lrancis Kivinger Ena; Plate IV. thas ls: Cisster del. 1872. Trancishicinger Eng; francis Rivinger Fae: Lo: Cisster del. 1372. “3