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OF

William ScHAus

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PRESENTED
TO THE

National Museum

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XXXII. Contributions to on Insect Fauna of the Amazon Valley. Lkpidopteu.v :
IIelicoxid.e. Hi/ Hexhy AValteu Bates, Esq. (Communicated by the Secretary.) *

Read November 21st, hsGl.

" Die wissenschaftliche rntersuchung der Natur strebt in den Einzelhciten das Aligemcine zu erkcnncn, urn endlicli
dein Gruudc allcr Dinge niiher zu koinincn. Fiir diese Art UntcTsuchungen, die immer das Ziel der N'aturforschung
scin sollte, bietet nohl keine Thicrclasse so reichen Stoff als die Insecten." — Karl Ernst ran Baer, Address on ihe
Opening of the Russian Entomological Society, St. Petersl)urg, May 18()0.

1 HE family llcticoniihe was established by ^Ir. E. Duul)leday in 1817, in D(jubleday
and Ilewitson's 'Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera.' It was founded on a uuml)er of
Butterflies, remarkable for the elongated shape of their wings, and peculiar (with the
exception of one genus, IIa)na(/r//a,s, wliieli the author placed j)rovisi()iiaUy in the family,
op. cit. p. 98) to the intertropical and subtropical zones of America. Many of them had
been described l)y the older authors under Heliconia, Media nil is-, and several other
ill-delined genera. They had been previously (in 183G) united in a lrii)e, Heliconides,
by Dr. Boisduval in his ' iSpecies General des Lcpidopteres ;' but this comjjrehended also
the group Acrceiche, which Dou])leday excluded from the family. Linuajus treated them
as a s(!ction of tlie genus I'(ipilio, under the name oi Ueliconii. The nearest allies of the
Ilelieunida- are the ^Icrwidai ]\\^i mentioned and tlie Danayhe: all are distinguished
from th(^ true Nyiiiphalidie by the discoidal cell of the hind wings being always closed
by jicrfect tubular uervules. Mr. Doubleday, placing more reliance on the shape of the
antemue and the al)doniinal border of the hind wings than on the far uKn'e important
character above named, was led to exclude the genus Encides from the J'amily : this
rendered the definition of the two groups very dillicult, if not impossil)le, Encides having
the wing-cells closed in tlie same way as the lleliconidce. Excepting that I re-admit
Eueides, and exclude Eamadri/as, which does not enter into the series of the American
Eel icon idee, the family will be treated of in the present memoir as defined in the work
above quoted.

The position of the Eelieonidcc in the order Lepidoptera may Ije luuhn'stood when I
state that in a natural system tin; group would stand at the head of the whole series of
families of which the order is ctmiposed. At least, this should be its place according to
the view now taken of the order by many systematists, who arrange the families of
Ithopalocera, or Butterflies, according to their degree of dissimilarity to the Eeterucci-a,
or Moths — in other words, according as their structure shows a lower or a higher stage
in an ascending scale of organization. Eor, as the lower families of ^Moths are allied to
other orders of insects, tlie further a group recedes from them in structure, the higher is
the grade of perfection of tlie Lejiidopterous type which it exhibits. The families show
their degree of aflinity to JMotlis by many characters, the jiriiieipal of which is the

* The materials on which this memoir is founded were collected l)y the author iluring eleven years' research on the
banks of tlic .\niazons.

vol-. XXUI. 3 X

i^^qb^-fc

196 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

structure of the anterior legs in the adult state of the insects. The Ueterocera have
always six perfect legs : most of the families of Rhopalocera have the anterior pair in a
more or less rudimentary condition ; and as the atrophy seems to have reached its furthest
stage in the Ilelicontdte, this group must l)c considered as occupying the highest rank in
the order. Other characters accompany the one derived from the structure of the legs,
which it is unnecessary here to enumerate. It will Ije seen from these remarks that the
order Lepidoptera is one of those groups in the Animal Kingdom which show, heyond the
many collateral branches of development that always exist, a clear linear advancement
of organization.

The Seliconidce, Danakl(e, and Acrcekhe are related to each other in a different way
from that which appears in the received classifications. A few remarks on their mutual
afiinities are necessary, in order to exhil)it the true relations of the IIeHco)iklce to the
allied groups of the Old World tropics. It has escaped the notice of all authors, that the
Ilelicouklce are composed of two groups, which differ vei*y consideralily in important
l)OLiits of structure ; in fact, the majority of the genera of which the family is composed
ought to be withdrawn from it, and placed with the Dunaklcc. The very great superficial
resemblance between the two sets of genera has led to their being united by all authors,
and j^revented inquiry into their real relationship. To avoid innovation, I will retain the
family as it stands, and call the group which is allied to the Danaklce, Daxaoid Heli-
coNiDiE, and the other, which a})proximates somewhat to the Acrceklce, Acr.eoid Heli-
coxiu.^. The Acrajoid groixj) comprehends the genera HeUcoiiius and Etiekles; the
Danaoid, the whole of the remaining Uelkonkhe. The following are the tUstinguishing
characters of the two groups : —

Aci'ccokl HeVieon'ulte. The hind wing-cell is very small, and the nervures are so
arranged that the upper and lower radials* (discoidal nervures of Doubleday) appear
to be branch and sub-branch of the subcostal nervure, the discocellulars being short
and continuous with them ; the costal nerviu-e is prolonged to the apex of the wing.
The larvie are similar to those of Acrtea and Argynnis (Ni/iiqjhalkhs), l^eing beset
with hispid spines f. The head is bnjad, the palpi thick.
DaiKiohl UcViconklcB. The hind wing-cell is very large, and irregular in shape ; the two
radials never appear as branches of the subcostal, but are very uncertain in position,
owing to the very vacillating length and direction of the discocellulars : the costal
nervure is short, and terminates on the costa, not reaching the apex of the wing.
The larvte (only one species is known) are smootli, lik(> those of the DaimkJiC, l)ut
are furnished with tubercles, instead of long fleshy threads. Head small, orbicular;
palpi sli'nder|.

* I liavo addpti'd tlu' terminology of Doublcilay (Doiibl., Ilewits., ,iiul WestwooJ's Geiipra of Diurnal Lepidojjtera)
with ri'j^ard to the ucuratiou or veining of the wings, excepting that I call the " nervnles " of the subcostal and
median neivnres "branches," and the "discoidal nervures" "radials," these alterations appearing necessary to
jirevcut the verbal confusion of nervule with nervure, and discoidal with discocellular.

f The early states of these insects were not known to Uoubleday. I reared, myself, IlcUronius Eratii (and Doris)
and Eucidcs l/ijlna. M'e are aecjuainted, through other sources, with the larvic of //. Mfliximeiic, II. Riciiii, and
Mcchtniitis I'lihjninia.

X Since the above nuinoir was read, Dr. C. Felder of N'ienna, in an article entitled, "Specimen Faun;u Lc]iidopte-
ri'liigiex ri|iarnm Negro snperioris in IJrasilia se|itentrionali," ' Wiener Eutomologische Monatschrift,' March 18G2,

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY

497

This view of the affinities of the family will make a great diiference in the conception
of the group as regards the affiliation of the forms. Instead of heing a group isolated in
its structure, and peculiar to the tro])ical parts of America, it results that the hulk of thi-
genera have a very close relationship to the JJanaidce, vhicli are i'ound in all hot countries
of hoth hemispheres: the Acucokl llcUconkhe alone are an isolated set of forms. The
American productions, however, show a great superiority in structure and in the diversity
of the foi-ms over those of the Old AVorld. In Africa only one genus occurs, namely,
Da/iais. In the tropical parts of Asia four genera are found, l)esides Danais ; these are
Icleopsis, Ilcstia, EitpUea, and llamadryas, which contain together 74 species. In the
hot parts of America IG genera (of Danaoid HelicoiiidcB) have heen discovered, comprising
233descrihed species. l?esides this greater diversity of generic and specific forms, the
American ])roductions show a much greater advance in organization than those of the
Old AVorld ; in other words, they recede further from what may he considered as the
common type, namely, J)(i>i<(is. This is clear from the great and progressive modification
in the position of the radial nervures and discocellulars of the hind wings, and the
advanced stage of atrophy of the male fore legs reached hy most of the genera. In all
the Asiatic genera the fore legs are in the same condition as in Ddiiais and the Xi/i/i-
phalhhe. The following Tahle Avill show the relative value of the productions of the two
liemispheres in a clearer manner. I have placed tlu^ genera in accordance with Avhat
seem to he their mutual affinities. The relative length of the lines between them is
a rough expression of th(> degree of relationship. The collateral lines of connexion are
also attempted to he expressed.

Asia.
Danais (.'il sji.)
is (2 s,..) I

Kuplcca ( J8sp.)

Ideo])

Ilestia (12s]i.)

DANAin*.

Africa.
Danais (lOsfi.)

America.
Danais (8 sp.)

Dan

Ilamadryas (-' sp.)

AOTD IlEMCONID-t.

Lvcorca (fi sp.)
Ituna (3sp.)

■thona (3 sp.)

Kutresis (1 s]i.)

I
Olyras (I sp.)

1

Thvridia (;i s]..)

.■ I
Dirccinia (S sji.)

I I

Caliithoniia (.3 sp.) Mc'lin;i>a ( 13 sp.)

I

Mt'clianilis (17 sp.)

Titliorca (7>p.)
(iiicludins: .\tln'sis)

Ceratiiiia (23 s]).) Sais (\ sp.)

Xa|i(ogencs ( 1 7 sp.) Itlioiiiia (107 sji.)
I
Ilynicnitis (10 sji.)

has ventured to withdraw tlie whole of the geiura composing the gronj) Danaoid Jleliconii/a; placing them with the
Danai'la-, and restricting the family Iletironiilii- to the two genera lleliconius and luwides. He has discovered an
excellent and constant character for the Ihiuaiihc (in wiiicli {Xw Danaoid Ileliconida- jiarticipate), in addition to those
already known, namely, the existence of a small neivnle at the base of the fore-wing median nervure which ana-

.•5 X '1

498 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

There is a very wide dissimilarity in minor jioints and in general appearance between
the Asiatic set of forms and the American : the only Old World genus which at all
apjiroaches the New World group is Hamadryas ; 1)ut the shape, colours, and neuration
of the wings show that it has no close affinity with them. The two sets of forms seem
to agree, however, in habits, and apparently occupy the same sphere in the economy of
nature in their respective countries. Mr. W'allace, who has had the good fortune to
observe l)oth in their native al)odes, says, the habits of the South Asian Euploece (the
most numerous genus) are precisely those of the Seliconidoi. The Asiatic Danaklce are
mostly above the middle size, and include some of the largest Butterflies known ; their
American equivalents are in general below the middle size. Both are extremely prolific
or abundant in individuals, and are amongst the most characteristic productions of their
respective countries. Each set, also, are the objects of numerous mimetic resemblances
on the part of other Lepidopterous insects of their own region belonging to different
families, — the Asiatic mimickers being modelled after the Asiatic Danakhv, and the
American after the American members of the same family. The entire dissimilarity of
the two sets of forms would seem to teach us that there can have been no land com-
munication east and west between the tropical parts of Asia and America since they first
came into existence, and therefore that the great continents must have remained separate
in those quarters from a veiy I'emote epoch to allow for such an extensive independent
development of forms. They are both strictly confined to the hottest parts of their
respective hemispheres. In America they are not found beyond the northern tropic,
nor much further south than 30° S. lat. They are not known to occur so far from the
eqviator as either tropic in the Old World, but are limited to the south-eastern parts of
Asia and the islands of the New Guinea group. The genus Daiiais, with which we have
seen both groups are connected, ranges as far north as 41° in Europe, and 45° in North
America. It is interesting thus to find that the only genus which is common to the
three tropical regions is the sole one of the family that occurs in high latitudes. The
only means of communication l)etween the intertropical lands of America and Asia seems
to have l)cen a circuitous route l)y the north (or south) ; and the essentially tropical
forms do not appear to have passed ahjug it. The fact of the peculiar equatorial Asiatic
DaiKiklce not reaching Africa is explicable on tlie same grounds as their entire distinct-
ness from the American ones, namely, the nou-existeace of an equatorial eonnexi(jn ol'
land of a nature suitable for their transit l)etvveen the two continents since the remote
date when the first forms of the group came into l)eing.

IMic liabits of the Helicoukhc have l)een described by various travellers, — Lacordaire
baviiig given a complete account of the Cayenne species, and Dyson and Gosse some
iiit<'i-('stiiig notes on those of Venezuela and Jamaica. The total numl)er of s|)eeies de-
sm'ibcd is 2S t, namely, 2',V.i belonging to the Danaoid, and 51 to the AcraH)id group. They
■<m\ j)eculiarly creatures of the forests, and, like tlie Platyrrhine Monkeys, the arboreal

stomoses with the median a short distance from its origin. In the systematic part of the present memoir I shall
follow Dr. Fclder in tiiis altered dassifiration. The two groujis which conqjosed the fiimiU ne/ico/iidti' im; it must be
repeated, completely and widely distinct. Yet the analogical resemblance between them is so great, that some si)ecies
of the one niiglit easily be confounded (if not closely exaniineil) with speei<'s of the oilier.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 499

Gallinacea {Toiclopidce and Cracida;), and other groups of tho same region, point to
the gradual adaptation of the fauna, during an immense lapse of time, to a forest-clad
country.

I found on the hanks of the Amazons 9i species (l)csides many local varieties, con-
sidered hy some authors as species) of the two groups (07 Uanaoid and 27 Aera-oid),
representing all the genera of the iamily hut three. They are most numerous in those
parts of tiie country where the forests are most extensive and the climate most sultry and
humid. I found t he numher of species to increase in travelling from east to west, from the
Lower Amazons towards the eastern slopes of the Andes. They were rare in the scmiewhat
drier tract of country which horders the Lower Amazons ahout the middle of its course.
I found in this large district only 20 species, namely, 10 helonging to the Danaoid and
10 to the Acraioid group. "Within an area of ahout the same dimensions, in tlu^ moist
region of the Uijjx'r Amazons, I collected 0 1 species, of which i2 were Danaoid aiul
22 Acra^oid Ilellcnn'nlm. I should judge, from the collections received in England
from tliose parts, that the hot .Vndean valleys near Bogota, or in Ecuador, contain a
still larger nimiher of species tlian the plains of the Upper Amazons. In the dry forests
which clothe a great part of the hanks of the Tapajos I found exceedingly few : at oni'
locality, where I collected fom- months, and which was rich in other families of Lepi-
doptcra, I saw only one species of the Danaoid and four of the Acnuoid group. Accord-
ing to Dyson, many species {Illioniue) of the lowlands in Venc^zuela have a vertical range
of 2000 feet, and souk; genera {Ili/u/eiuiis [II. Dercelis], Olyras, Ei'trcsia), which do not
inhahit the Amazon region, occur at an elevation of 8000 feet. The species arc exceed-
ingly ahundant in individuals wherever they occur: they show every sign of flourishing
existence^ although of slow flight, feehle structure, unfurnished with ap[)arent means of
defence, and living in ])l;ices which are incessantly haunted hy swarms of insect ivcn-ous
hirds. The patliw.nys in the forest near towns are (piite enlivfMied hy the multitudes
wliieh fly al)out amongst the lower trees, in their hright dresses of orange, hlue, and
yellow, and red and l)laek.

The mode of flight of the meml)ers of the two groups is somewhat (lilfercMit. The
Ilclicoiiii and Ei'ciilcs move along in a sailing manner, often circling round for a con-
siderahle time, with their wings horizontally extended. The species of tiie Danaoid
grcni]), for the most i)art, keep near the ground, and have a very slow irregular flight,
settling fnujuently. They are all of social or grcgax-ious hahits. ^sot only do individuals
of the same species congregate in masses, hut the set of closely allied sp(>cies which ])eople
a district keep together in one or more compact flocks. 1 noticed in four districts I'ich in
Danaoid IIrHconi<he, where I collected, that ahout half the speci(>s of Itlio)iiia Ih-w
together in one circumscribed area of the forest, and the other half in a second similar
locality, tlie rest of the toleral)ly uniform wooded country, in each case, heing nearl\
untenanted hy them. The larger species {Ileliconii, Lijcorcw) frecjuent flowers, prol)ing
the nectaries with tiu'ir prol)oscides ; hut the smaller kinds {Itltomuc), and the memlier>
ol' the Danaoid group generally, are very rarely fouiul thus occupied: I noticed them
sometimes imhihing drops of moisture from leaves and twigs. The line showy Ilcliajiiu
often assemble in snuiU parties, or by twos ami threes, apparently to sport together or

500 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

))erform a kind of dance. I believe the parties are composed chiefly of males. The
sport begins generally between a single pair : they advance, retire, glide right and
left in face of each other, wheel ronnd to a considerable distance, again approach, and
so on : a third joins in, then a fourth, or more. They never touch : when too many
are congregated, a general flutter takes place, and they all fly off", to fall in again by pairs
shortly afterwards. The species which I have seen most frequently employed in this
way is the Ildicoiiius lilieu, a glossy blue-black species, with In-ight yellow l)elts across
its ^\angs.

The larva? of the two or three species whose transformations I observed feed together
in clusters on the leaves of trees of moderate elevation, near the places where the adult
insects are found.

The majority of the species have very limited ranges. I was surprised, when travelling
on the Upper Amazons from east to Avest, to find the greater part of the species of
Ithomicc changed from one locality to another, not further removed than 100 to 200
miles. Por instance, there were 11 of these Ithomice at a place called Fonte Boa, and
9 at St. Paulo, 180 miles distant ; but only two of the total num1)er (20) were found in
both localities. This is remarkable when we consider that the whole of the country of
the Upper Amazons is a nearly level plain, uniformly covered with forest, and offering no
perceptilde diiTerencc in soil or other physical conditions. Five only out of the 20 species
have been met with in any other part of Soutli America. The areas of distriliution of
most of the remaining 15 m\ist be, in each case, a very limited tract of country. The
species which inhal)it other parts of Tropical America must have similarly contracted
ranges, if we may judge from the collections received in England from different districts.
Now, many of these local species have the appearance of being geographical varieties ;
I could not help suspecting them to be such when I met with them in nature, the dif-
ferences l)etween the forms of one and those of another locality relating in many cases
simply to the colours and colour-patterns of the wings. The marks of distinction, how-
ever, are in the majority so well defined, so ordinarily common to all the individuals
concerned, and there is so generally an absence of connecting links, that they are held
on all hands to be good and true species. Moreover, in those cases already mentioned,
where a number of very closely allied species fly together, they keep themselves per-
lectly distinct ; there are no hybrid forms (I am s2:)eaking of the Ithomice and allied
genera), and on observing individuals hi copula, I almost always * found the pair to l)e
pi'ecisely the same in colours and markings. In the multiplicity, apparent distinctness,
and restricted ranges of the species, tliis grouji much resembles the fiimily of Humming-
birds of the same regions.

i believe, nevertheless, that the suspicion of many of the species being nothing nion'
tlmn local modilieations of other forms has proved to be well founded. Amongst
the great number of ])erfectly distinct and well-marked species, a few occurred which
showed great vai'iability : these, I think, afTord a key to the explanation ol" the origin
of the rest. The details of variation will be given under the head ol' each species:

• Tiic i'\cc]ili(in uas in liii' cusc of Mcr/id/ii/i.s I'o/i/iii/iic/, wlni'li, as will l>i' seen, (in LrlVrriiij; to llu' acrtnuit of it
in Its |ilai-c, is a ]iolviiior|iliic s|ii'c'it's, wliosc local vaiii'tics arc in an ini|icrfi"ct state of segregation.

OFTllK AMAZON VALLEY. 501

those which sup])lv the most decisive resuUs arc MccltaiiUls Pohiiiniin, Itliomui Oroliiut
and nUnissd, CcraUniu yhionUi, and the Lycovece. The varieties of these present all the
dillerent c^rades hetwcen simple individual dillerenccs and well-marked local varieties or
races, which latter cannot be distint^uished from true species, when two or more of them
are found coexisting in the same locality without intercrossing;', as takes place in £lhoini<t
lUhiissa and its allies, and probably in Jlecfuinifis Nescea and LysinDiia. A strikini;
case of the production of a local variety now spread over a wide area, and uiulistin-
ijuishable from a true species, is alforded in Uclicoiiius Thclxiopc, to the details of which,
sjiven in the systematic part of this memoir, I must refer the reader.

These species, when carefully studied, seem to me conclusively to show that many of
the now distinct species of IleUconidtc have arisen from local varieties, segreifated from
the variations of preexisting widely disseminated species; for these distinct forms or
species do not essentially dilFer from the undoubted varieties of the species cited. The
genera show dillerent degrees of suscepti])ility of change under altered local ccniditions.
Thus, many species of Ilclicouius {II. Rhea, Chjtki, lilcim, Vc.sta, T/ieLriopt', Aiitiochd,
&c.) are unchanged over the whole of the wide country which includes the areas of
several successive local races of many Hhonihc and Xapcodencs*.

The process of the creation of a new species I belii^ve to be aceel(>rated in the Itho-
mice and allied genera by the strong tendency of the insects, when ])airing, to select
none but their exact counter])arts : this also enables a number of very closely allied ones
to exist together, (u- the representative forms to live side by side on the confines of theii-
areas, without amalgamating.

The course followed by Nature in the forniation of these numerous local species, I
think, is clearly exhibited in Mcchauitis Folipintui, to the details of which, given in its
place, I must beg the reader to refer. AV(! s(>{^ here i\\v manufacture, as it were, in
process. The species is widely disseminated and variable. The external conditions in
certain localiti(!s are more favourable to one or more of the varieties th(>re existing than
to the others; those favoured ones, therefore, prevail over the others. AVe liiid, in this
most instructive case, all the stages of the process, from the commencement of th(> forma-
tion of a local variety (var. Efja'etisis) to the perfect segregation of one (var. Lijsimnia,
considered by all authors as a true species). In this species, most of the local varieties
are conui^eted with their parent form by individuals exhibiting all the; shades of varia-
tion ; and it is on this account only that we know them to be varieties, in the species
allied to Ithoniia Flora, the forms are in a complete state of segregation (with the exce])-
tion of /. Illutissa, which throws light on the rest), and therefore they are considered as
species ; they are, in fact, perfectly good species, like all other forms considi-red as such
in natural histcny. It is only by the study of variable species that we can obtain a clue
to the explanation of the rest. But such species must be studied in uatur(\ and with

* These arelthomia Flora, an iiiliat)itmit of the wliole Lower .Vmnzon region (from the .\tlaiitie to the Rio Negro),
which is represented by /. Hipjifx/amia in Cayenne, and T. 0/ie</a, I/liniKSti, Giiiiillti, I'risci/lti, lUrduui, in ditferent
areas on the Upper Amazon ; Xapenr/enps Ctjrianassa, which becomes N. ailclphe on the banks of the Cnpari (Tapajos ),
and A'. Tunantina on tlie nortli bank of the L'p|)er Amazons; X. Iiiachin, wliieli is changed (o X sulphvrinn at
Bahia, and to N. Errilla, X. Coretia and .V. P/taro in different areas on tlie U|)per Amazon. Other .'•[Hcics inigbt
t)e adikd in confirmation. Most of the species of Ileliconius quoted are found unchanged over the collective areas
of all these forms of It/iomia and Xo/ieof/enrs.

502 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

strict refei'ence to the geographical relations of tlieir varieties. Many closet naturalists,
who receive disconnectedly the different varieties in any group, treat them all as inde-
pendent species : l)y such a proceeding, it is no wonder that they have faith in the
absolute distinctness and immutability of species.

The sexes in the Jleliconidce very rarely differ in colours. Secondary sexual characters
of another description occui-, however, very generally in the Danaoid group. The
males, in all the genera but two {Lyeorea and Ituna) of this section, are furnished with a
pencil or fringe of long hairs near the costal edge of the hind ^vings on the upper sur-
face. It sometimes arises from the bottom of a shallow horny cup sitviated between the
costal and subcostal nervures ; the hairs are long, soft, and adpressed. I was unable to
discover any use in this structure ; it seemed not to be under the control of the insect.
There is no movement in flight, or position in repose, peculiar to the male sex, which
might require an instrument to hold the wings together — a function wliich the position of
the bail's, in the place where the fore wing overlaps the hind wing, suggests to the mind.
I believe the ajjpendage must be considered as an outgrowth of the male oi'ganization,
which is not in this case applied to any especial purpose : it may l)e taken to be of the
same nature as the pencil of hairs on the breast of the male Turkey. Growths of one
kind or other, on the surface of the wings, peculiar to the male sex, are frequent in
Butterflies : in Denials the males have a small horny excrescence on the disk of the
hind wings, which, considering the near relationshiji proved to exist between the two
groups, I take to be homologically the same as the pencil of hairs in the Danaoid Heli-
conidcc. In the genus Davonia, belonging to the family Brassolidce, the males in some
species have a fringe of hairs near the abdominal border ; in others, a long pencil of the
same on the disk ; and, again, in others, instead of these appendages, a thickened plate
on the inner margin of the hind wings.

The most interesting part of the natural history of the Ileliconidcc is the mimetic
analogies of which a great many of the species are the ol)jects. Mimetic analogies, it is
scarcely necessary to oljserve, are resemblances in external appearance, shape, and colours
l)etween members of widely distinct families : an idea of what is meant may be formed
by supposing a Pigeon to exist with the general figure and plumage of a HaAvk. Most
modern authors who have written on the group have mentioned the striking instances
of this kind of resemblances exhibited with reference to the Heliconidw ; but no attempt
has lieen made to describe them fully, nor to explain them. I will give a short account
of the leatling facts, and then mention some circumstances which seem to throw light
(Ml their true natui'e and origin.

A large number of the species are accompanied in the districts they inhahit l)y other
species which counterfeit them in the way descril)ed. Tlie imitators belong to the following
groups: — Papilio, Pieris, Eulerpe, and Leptidis (fam. Papilionidce), Protogonins {Nipn-
p/a/lid(e), Illajiiicis (J'Jrj/einida'), Castnia [Castniadcc), Dioptis, Pericopis, llijeloslit, and
other genera {PiomhijridiC Motlis)*. I conclude thai the IlcUconiihe are the objects
iiiiil((led, liccausc they all have the same family facies, wliilst tlie analogous species are
dissimilar to their nearest allies — perverted, as it Avere, to i)roduc(> the resemblance, from

* Tlir ;icconi|iiui_viii,;; Tahlc, in which a iiuiiihcr of the most striking of these are arranged in ])arallel cohiinns, will
give some idea of the extent (o wliieli tins system of imitation l)revails.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY.

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VOL. XXIII.

3 Y

504 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

the normal facics of the genus or family to which they severally belong*. The re-
semblance is so close, that it is only after long practice that the true can be distinguished
from the counterfeit, when on the wing in their native forests. I was never able to
distinguish the LcptaUdcs from the si^ecies they imitated, although they belong to a
family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the IIeIiconi(hv, without
examining them closely after capture. They fly in the same parts of the forest, and
generally in company with the species they mimic.

I have already given an account of the local modifications to which the Reliconidce are
subject. It is a most curious circumstance, that corresponding races or species of coimter-
feiting groups accompany these local forms. In some cases I found proof that such species
are modified from place to place to suit the peculiar forms of Helicon id cv there stationed.
As this is an important point, and one which throws light on the origin of mimetic species,
I must ask the reader's careful attention to the details, referring to the plates.

Plate LV. fig. 1« {Ithoiiiia Flora) and fig. 1 {Lcptalis Theoiwe) represent a HeUconide
and its imitator, both of which inhabit the banks of the Cupari, a river belonging to the
Amazon system, in 55' W. long. Neither of these is found on the Upper Amazons
(60° to 70° W. long.), where I made the remaining part of my observations on these
insects. At Ega, on tliis u})per river, in 65° W. long., two species of Hhoniia occurred,
which I consider to be local varieties or races of I. Flora, namely, /. Onega (PL LV.
fig. 2 a) and /. Illinissa (PL LV. fig. Qa). It is immaterial to the question in hand
whether thes^^ be considered alisolutely distinct species or races ; the Jjeptalis whicli
was found in their company was the form called L. Lijsinoii (PL LV. fig. 3), with its ad-
mitted varieties (figs, l, 5, 6, and 8). Only one of these varieties of Leijtalis mimics
an Ilhomia; this is our fig. 6, which evidently counterfeits Ilhoinia Illinissa (fig. 6<^).
The prevailing form of Leptalis, the L. Ijijainoe (fig. 3), has no resemblance to any
Tthoniia of Ega, but is, when Hying, a wonderful imitation of the Slalac/ifis Dnralii
(PL LV. fig. 3^/), a common insect belonging to a genus (iamily Eri/cinidcv) equally
flourishing and abundant in individuals with the meni])ers of the iamily Helicon idee. I
think there will be no doul)t in the mind of any one that the Ega Leptalides are local
varieties of the Cu2)ari L. Theonoe (fig. 1), when all the connecting links between them are
studied in the figures given on our two i)lates. It is liighly proljable, therefore, that
this species has been by some means modified with esjjecial reference to the changed
Ithoinia;, or other insects, of the locality. The varieties, llgs. l, 5, and 8, were excessively
rare : they have the appearaiu-t' of sports, and show how variable the species has been in
t his district.

The same takes place at St. I'aulo, in 09° AV. long. Here we iind the Ilhoniiw again
changed. Neither Die /. ]<lora of the Cupari and Lower Amazons nor the I. lUinissa of
Ega occurs; hut (lie second Ega species, /. Onega, inhal)its tlie district, and several otlier
s])ecies not found in otiier ])Lices, amongst them I. Ilerdina (PL LVI. fig. la), I. C/ir//so-
donia (PL LVI. li-'. 3^/), and /. f'ij-gi//ia (PL LVI. i\<j;. i'ta). Tiie prevailing spcn-ies of

* This may l)0 sueii from (he figures given of Leptalis,— fi^j:,. :>, PL LVI. being /.. Xc/icii/in, a species exhibitiiig (lie
usual form of the family Pifrida; to which the genus Lppta/ix belongs ; whilst all tiie other Leptalides figured are
mimetic species, totally unlike, as far as facics is concerned, this normal form.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 505

Ithoiilio of tlic locality bciiiii' thus clKm^-cd, how stands it with the Lc}j/«i/i(k's? Tht'v
are chaiiLjed also, and ai^'aiu with close rclcrcnce to the Jthoinid'. i found a number of
different varieties, wliich I could not doubt were local forms of the same species as that
found on the Cupari and at Ega. Thus, there was one" (I'l. LV. lig. 2) closely resemltling
L. T/ieoiioe {tiii. 1), but moditied to produce a nearer imitation of the Itltoitiia Onega
(PL LV. fii?. 2r/), which 1 believe to be a localform of /. i•7o/v^ Another (PI. LVI. fiif. 3)
resembled UhoiuUi (JhrijHodoii'ni (PL LVI. lii^. 3<r) ; but the imitation is iu)t fixed or exact
in all the sjx'cinu'ns taken, as may be seen by com])arini^' lii^s. 1, 2, 3, of the same; Plate.
We here detect natnre, as it were, strlrhig after a correct imitation : tlu' explanation of
this will be attempted further on. A third form of Lcjddlis found at St. Paulo is the
one fit^'ured PL LVI. liy-. (i, which mimics the TUiomia I'iru'ntui (PL LVL fii,'. (J«).
Besides these, a i\'\\ varieties occurred which did not closely counterfeit any llhomia ;
they were very much rarer than the others. I tigure two of these (PL LA', liiis. 7, 9), to
show how they connect the othei- more strongly modilied varieties witii the Ega forms.

The Ithoiiihc concerned in these imitations luivc the character of true species, being
distinct and constant, with the exception of /. C/wf/sodoi/ic, whose varieties are detailed
under the head of the species, which is variable, and tiii'ows light on the origin of the
rest. They are all excessively numerous in indiWduals, swarms of eacii kind being found
in the localities they inhabit. The Lcjjlclidrs are exceedingly rare; they cannot be
more than as 1 to 1000 with I'cgard to the Jlhoni'ia'. it may be asked, how can we know
they are all \aricties (using the tei'ni as meaning forms descended iVom others) of one
sjK'cies ? 1 must refer to the figures gi\-en, which, although they do not incliule all the
connecting varieties that wen; collected, show^ how lu-arly all the forms are linked to-
gether. The most distinct amongst them are those figured I'L L\'l. tiiis. !• and (i. The
feature which (list im;'uishes fig. \ is the white colour of the disk of the hind winii's. and
the veins which traverse it. This character is shown to be due to variation, from the
facts that Jthoinia OiiridiK, an undoubtc-d variety of /. i'hrijmdonla (or Orolitia), exhibits
a commencement of this milky shade of the wings, and that many individuals of /. flcr-
(llud (I'L L\'I. W'x. \(t) (lis|)lay steps of modiiieat ion in the colours of the veins. The
variety iigui'ed I'L L\'I. 111;'. (!, ap|)ears distinct, from the singl(> pale spot near the tips of
the wings; an apjjroximation to this is seen in the variety figured PL L\'. iig. '.), wliich
is an undoubted modification of L. Lii.s'n/oi' (PL L\'. fig. .'5). The remarkable variety
figured PL L\'. Iig. !■ has been described by the only author who has treated on these
insects (Mr. llewitson) as a variety of L. Lf/s/t/oe. In a polymorphic form, like this
L('pt((lifi, none of the varieties can be taken from the rest ami denominated species,
(using the term as meaniiu;' foi-ms which cannot have descended from other closely allied
ones), without exercising the art of species-making in the most arbitrary manner. Loi' if
we allow so gr(>at a latitude to variation as that from ligs. ,'{ to 1, .">, (i, 7, S, and \), PI. L\ ..
how can we vent ure to say that nat ural modification, having gone so far. was incompetent
to go further, so as to ])roduce ligs. I and O, i'l. L\'l., and that those forms must have
arisen by .some unknown agency? It is true, they ha\(- not arisen I)y simple variation,
or sporla, in one generation, but, as we shall ])resently see, by an I'xternal agency
accumulating the nu)diiications of many generations in two diverging directions. As

3 v 2

506 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

the connecting links have not all been found, they may be called species : the word
is of little importance. The habits of all are the same. When I had collected only two
or three of the most distinct, I considered them separate species ; but intermediate forms
successively occurred, every capture tending to link the whole more closely together.
The explanation that the whole arc the result of hybridization from a few origmally
distinct species cannot at all apply in this case, liecause tlie distinct forms whose inter-
crossing would be required to produce the hybrids are contined to districts situated many
hundred miles apart.

None of these LcptaUdcs have been found in any other district or country than those
inhabited by the Ithomtic which they counterfeit. A species very closely allied to L.
Lysinoi', var. sirgochloe (PL LVI. fig. 6), has been received from Mexico {L. Anthevlze) ;
but an Ithomia, of nearly the same colours (J. Nero) also inhabits Mexico. Many other
species oi Leptalis, of much larger size than the one here discussed, also immic IleliconklcB,
the objects of unitation not being ItJiom'uc, but other genera of the family. Two of these
are figured on PL LVI. L. Orisc (PL LVI. fig. 8) is a remarkably exact counterfeit of
Methona Ps'kJ'u (fig. 8 c/), the resemljlance being carried to minutite, such as the colour
of the antenufc and the spotting of the abdomen. L. Aiiipliio)ie, var. E(j(iena (PL LVI.
fig. 7), is very curious, as being a satellite oi Jlccl/aiufis Polijmnla, var. Egacitsls (fig. 7 (t),
l)oth peculiar to the district of Ega, — the typical L. ^Imphioiic being found at Surinam, in
com2)any with the typical 31. Foli/iiniia, which it resembles — local varieties or sister
species of Leptalis Amp)hione accompanying local varieties of ILcchuititis Polymnia in
other parts of tropical America.

Several species oi Dioptis, a genus of Moths, and Ilhonieis, a genus of Enjcinkhe, also
ac(;onipany these species or distinct local forms of Itlioinia. A few of the Moths are
figured on PL LV. tigs. 10, 11, 12, 13. The imitations may not a2)pear very exact from
the figures ; l)ut when the insects are seen on the mng in tlieir native woods, they de-
ceive the most experienced eye.

A similar series of mimetic analogies occurs in the Old World, between the Asiatic
and African Dana idee, or representatives of the Uel/conulce, and species of other families
of Butterflies and jMotlis. No instance is known in these families of a tropical S])ecies of
one hemis])here counterfeiting a fcnin belonging to the otlier. A most remarkable case
of niimicry has been recorded by Mr. Trimen* in a Eajtilio of Soutliern Africa, JP. Cenea,
whose male wears to deception tlie livery of one S2)ecies of Danals, namely, I). Eeherla,
wliilst ilie female resembles a quite dilfei'ent one, J). ChrijsippHS, — both African. IVIimetic
analogies, however, are not confined to llie Lepidoptera ; most cn-ders of insects supply
them ; liut they are displayed only by certain iamilies. ]\I;uiy instances are known
whci-e ])arasitic Bees and two-winged Flies mimic in dress various industrious or nest-
])uihling Bees, at whose ex])ense they live in the manner of the Cuckoo. I finmd on the
banks ol" the Amazons many of these Cuckoo Bees and Plies, which all wore the livery of
working ]5rcs jjceuliar to tlic country.

Tln^ instances of this kind of analogy most familiar to l]uro])ean entomologists are those
of the European species of Trocliilini)i (a genus of Moths), which strangely mimic various

* ' lUiopaluccra Ai'ric;i; Austl■illi^,' ji. -\. Cajit' Town.

OF Tin: AMAZON VALLEY. 507

Bees, Wasps, and other ITymenoptorous aiul Di{)torous insects. Tlie parallelism In'twcen
these several iornis and their geoii:ra])hical relations have not yet, 1 helieve, lieen inves-
tigated. The resunihlanees seem to l)t' more closely spccilic in tropical countries than
in Europe ; and I think it likely that the counterfeits in hi^h latitudes may not always he
found in company with their models, it is possil)le the i;'eot;raphical relations hetween
the species coiu-erned may have; l)een disturhed hylhe ureat elimatal and L^'eoloi^ical
ehaiiii'es which have occurred in this ])art of the worhl since the dale when they tlrst
came into existence.

Not only, however, are Ilellcouida; the ohjects selected for imitation; some of them
are themselves the imitators ; in other words, they countin-feit eacii other, and this to a
considerahle extent. S])ecies l)(dom;-imc to distinct i^enera have hcen confounded, owinu'
to their heini,' almost identical in colours and markings; in fact, many of them can
scarcidy he distinguished except hy tlunr generic characters. It is a most strange cir-
cums1anci> connected with tliis family, that its two sections, or suhfamilies, have heen
miiiii'led together hy all authoi's, owiiii;' to the very (dose reseml)lance of many of their
species. Analogies hetween the two sLd)raniilies have heen mistaken for alllnities. It is
sometimes dillicult to understand in these cases which is the imitator and wliicdi the
imitated. We have, however, generally a sure t(\st in the one set cxhiliitinu' a departure
from tlie normal style of colouring of tlieir congeners, whilst tiie other are conlorniahle
to tlieir generic types. The species o[' Xtqteorjencs are, hy this criterion, evidently all
imitators of Itliom'ue; they are also rare insects, like the Lcphdidcs. The mimetic
species of ndicoiiins must h(>, for the same r(>as(Hi, imitators.

These imitative resemhlances, of which hundreds of instances could he cited, are full
of interest, and fill us with the greater astonishment the (doser we investigate them ; for
sonie show a minute and palpahly intentional likeness wiii(di is perfectly staggering. I
have found that those features of the portrait are most attended to hy nature whicdi pro-
duce the most elfective deccj)ti(jn when the insects ar(> seen in nature. The faithfulness
of the resemhlance, in many cases, is not so striking Avlu'u they are seen in the
cahinet. Although I had daily practice in insect -collecting for many years, ami was
always on my guard, T was constantly heing deceived hy them when in the woods, it
may he asked, why are mimetic analogies so numerous and amazingly exact in insects,
whilst so )"are and vague in tin* higlier animals*? The oidy answer that F can suggest
is, tiial insects have ])erhaps attained a highei' den'ree of specialization, after their type.
than most other chisses : tiiis seems to he shown hy the jierfection of their adai)ti\('
structures and instincts. Their heing more numerous and striking in trojiieal thrmin
temj)erate countries is perhaps attril)utahle to the more active com])etitive lile, and the
more ra])id successicm of their gen(>rations, in hot than in cold c()untries.

It is not dillicult to di\iue the nieauing or final cause of these analogies. 'When we

* Two instances of mimicry in hirds, ([uitc as wonderful as those hetween l^fpfa/is anil Ithomia, have just heen
communicated to me by mj' old travellinf; companion, Mr. A. 11. Wallace. He has o1)served two species of ()riu/ii/cc
(perverted from the normal facies of the family) attendant on two spci'ies o( Me/iji/iiii/u/a', and miinickin;; them in the
most curiously minute way in colours ami in general figure. The associated pairs inhabit sej)arale islands, as t'ollows : —
— L Bourou, Mimetii (Oriolidw) Buuro'cn^in, Trojiiilorliynchus (Mc/iji/iai/idd-), n.^). ; I. Ci'vain, Mi me la Forslini,
Tropidurhijnchus suhcarinatus.

508 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

see a species of Moth wliicli frequents flowers in the daytime wearing the appearance
of a Wasp, we feel compelled to infer that the imitation is intended to protect the other-
wise defenceless insect by deceiving insectivorous animals, which persecute the Moth,
l)ut avoid the Wasp. May not the Heliconide dress serve the same purpose to the
Lepfalis ? Is it not })roha1)le, seeing the excessive ahundance of the one species and the
fewaiess of individuals of the other, that the Heliconide is free from the persecution to
which the Leptalis is subjected ?

T think it clear that the mutual resemblance in this and other cases cannot be entirely
due to similarity of habits or the coincident adaptation of the two analogues to similar
physical conditions. This is a very al)struse part of our subject ; for I think the facts of
similar variation in two already nearly allied forms do sometimes show that they have
l)een atfected in a similar way by physical conditions. A great number of insects are
modified in one direcrtion by a seaside habitat. I found, also, tlie general colours of
many widely different s])ecies affected in a uniform way in the interior of the South
American continent. But tliis does not produce the specific imitation of one species by
another; it only prepares the way for it.

It is perha})s true that the causes (to lie discussed presently) which produce a close or
mimetic analogy cannot operate on forms whicli have not already a general resemblance,
owing to similarity of habits, external conditions, or accidental coincidence. Species or
groups which have this kiiul of resem1)lance to each otlier have been called by Dr. Col-
lingwood recurrent animal forms. The English Bee-Moths owe the narrow and pointed
shapes of their wings, which already approximate them to Bees, to their blood-relationship
to the Hawk-Moth family. Their Bee-like size, form, and llight doubtless arise from
tlieir Bee-like habits. A close specific analogy l)etween any one of these and a Bee,
such as exists between the insects discussed in this memoir, could scarcely be due to an
accidental resemlilance like that between the Hawk-Motli and a Bee, or to similarity of
Imliits. It would mean an adai)tation of the Moth with especial reference to the Bee.

I believe, therefore, th;it tlie specific mimetic analogies exhil)ited in connexion with
the IL'Hc(i)ii(hc are adaptations — -phenomena of precisely tlie same nature as those in
which insects and other l)eings are assimilated in superficial appearance to the vegetaiile
or inorganic substance on which, or amongst which, they live. The likeness of a Beetle
or ;i Lizard to the bark of the tree on which it crawls cannot l)e explained as an identical
rcsidt jtroduced l)y a coinmoii cause acting on the tree and the animal.

Some of tlie imitations I»y insects of inanimate and living objects are very singular,
and may be nunitioned in this place. Many caterpillars of Moths, but sometimes the
(•as(^s only which are manufactured and inhabited by the caterpillars, have a most
deceptive likeness to (h'y (wigs and other objects. Motlis themselves very frequently
resenilde tlie l>aik on wliicli they are found, or Iiave wings coloured and veined like
tlie fallen le;i\cs on wiiicli they lie motionless. The accidental general resemblance
lietween the shaj)e of Moths' wings and leaves lier(> gives nature the ground-work
Cor much mimetic analogy. It has been ])ointed out by liossler * that tlu; Buff-til)
Motli, when at rest, is intended to represent a broken piece of lichen-covered branch,
■' In iui article on rcNciuhlaiiccs l)(t\vccii insects ami M.'gctabk' substances (Wiener Entoniol. Monatschrift, 1861,

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 509

— the coloured tips ol' tlu'se uiiii;s, wlicu they are closed, rescmblini,' a section of the
wood. Other Moths are dccei)ti\ cly like ihe excrement of hirds on leaves. I met
with a species of Phytophaii'ous JJcctle {CliUnvijs jjiliiln) on ihe Amazons, whicli was
undistini::uishal)le ])y the eye from the duni>- of Cater])illars on foliage These two
lat1(>r cases of imitation siionld he can^fully considered l)y those wlio would he in-
(dined to think that the ohject of mimetic analogies in nature was sim))ly variety,
])eauty, or ornament: nevertlieh>ss these are certainly attendants on the ))iieii()meiia ;
some South-American CassUhe resemhle i!,ditterini^ drops of (h'w on the tips of leaves,
owinij^ to their hurnished ])early i^old colour. Some species of lion^icorn Coleoptera
{Onychoccni.s Scorpio and roiicciiiriciis) have ])recisely the colour and sculpture of the
bark of the particular s])ecies of tree on which eacii is fou)ul. It is remarkahle that
other species of the same small i;rou]) of LoiK/ifOinics {PlKU'clloccvd liutinctJl, t'lj-
clopcpliis Balcs'ii) counterfeit, not inanimate ol)jects, like their near kindred just cited,
hut other insects, in the same way as the LrptaVnlcs do tlie JTrUcoiinlce.

AuKUiii'st the living- objects mimicked by insects are the pr(*dacious species from wliicli
it is the int(n-est of the mimickers to l)e concealed. Thus, the species of Scdphnra (a
s;eiuis of Crickets) in South America resemble in a wonderful manner dilU'reiit Sand
AVasps of lar^e size, whicdi are constantly on the searcdi for Crickets to provision their
nests with. Another pretty Cricket, which 1 obs(>i-ved, was a ii'ood imitation of a '['iiivr
licet le*, and was always found on trees frequented by the J5eetles {OdoiilocIieiLc).
There arc endless instances of ])re(hicious insects l)eint;' disL;iiise(l I)y havinu' similar
sha))es and colours to those of their ])rey ; many Spiders are thus endowed: hut some
huntini>' Spiders mimic llower-buds, and station themselves motionless in the axils of
leaves and other ])arts of ])lants to wait for their victims.

The most extraordinary instance of imitation I c\i'r met with was that of a very
lar^^e Caterpillar, which stretched itscdf from amidst the foliaue of a tree which 1 was
one day oxamininii', and startled me by its resemblance to a small Snake. Tlielirst three
scii'ments behind the head wvvc dihitable at the will of the insect, and had on each side
a lirii:e black ])upillated sjjot, whiidi resembled the ey(> of the reptile : it was a ])ois()nous
orvi])(>rine species mimicked, and not an innocuous or colubi'ine Snake ; this was proNcd
l)y the imitation of keeled scales (m the crown, which was jjroduced by the recund)ent
feet, as th(! Caterpillar threw its(df backwards. The llev. Josejih (Jreenc, to whom 1 liavc
a description, supposes 1li(> insect to have bcloni;-e(l to tlie family X(>tnil(>ii[i(hr, many of
which have the habit of thus beiulin^' themselves. 1 carried oil' the Caterpillar, and
alarmed every one in the villanc where 1 was then living', to whom I slunvcil it. It
unfortunately died befoi'c I'cachinn' the adult state.

J). XdA). Tlie author eiiunu'ratcs many very singular cases of niiniiery ; ho also states his hclief that the niiiniery is
intended to protect the insects from their enemies.

There is an interesting; note, by the Rev. Jose])h (Ireenc, in the 'Zoologist,' IS.'id, p. :'i07.'J, on the autumn and
winter Moths of England, wliosc colours are shown hy the author to be adapted to the ])revailing tints of nature in
the season in which the species Rpi)ear.

* A remarkal)lc instance of deceptive analogy relating to a Cricket and a s|ieeies (jf C/cini/cln is docribed by West-
wood in Trans. Lin. Soe. vol. xviii. p. 119. In this memoir, Mr. Westwood has enumerated many curious eases ol
mimetic analogy.

510 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

I think it will be conceded that all these various kinds of imitative resemblances belong
to the same class of phenomena, and are subject to the same explanation. The fact of
one species mimicking an inanimate object, and another of an allied genus a living
insect of another family, sufficiently proves this. I do not see how they differ from the
adaptations of organs or instincts to the functions or objects they relate to. All are
ada])tations, either of the whole outward dress or of special parts, having in view the
welfare of the creatures that possess them.

Every species in nature may be looked upon as maintaining its existence by virtue of
some endowment enabling it to withstand the host of adverse circumstances by which
it is suri'ounded. The means are of endless diversity. Some are jirovided with special
organs of offence, others have passive means of holding their own in the battle of life.
Great fecundity is generally of much avail, added to capabilities, active or passive, of
widr dispersion ; so that when the species is extirpated in one part of its area of distribu-
tion, llie place is refilled by migration of individuals from another part. A great number
ha\ (• mt'ans of concealment from their enemies, of (me sort or other. Many are enal)led
to escape extermination, or o1)tain subsistence, by disguises of various kinds : amongst
these must ])e reckoned the adaptive resemlilance of an otherwise defenceless species to
one Avhose flourishing race shows that it enjoys 2)eculiar advantages.

"What advantages the Rel'icnnhhe possess to make them so flourishing a group, and
consequently the objects of so much mimetic reseml)lance, it is not easy to discover.
There is nothing ajjpareiit in their structure or habits which could render them safe
from persecution l)y the numerous insectivorous animals which are constantly on the
\\'atch in the same parts of the forest which they inhabit. It is probable they are un-
jinlatable to insect enemies. Some of them {Liicorea, Ituna) have exsertible glands near the
tiiuis, which are protruded when the insects are roughly handled ; it is well known that
similar organs in other families [Carahidce, Slcq^Iii/liuidu') secrete fetid liquids or gases,
:ni(l serve as a protection to the species. I have noticed also that recently killed speci-
minis of Danaoid Ilellcoi/ida; when set out to dry, were always less subject than other
insects to 1)e devoured by vermin. They have all a peculiar smell*. I never saw the
flocks of slow-flying HeUroiiidcc in the woods jiersecuted by liirds or Dragon-flies, to
w liicli they would have been easy prey ; nor, when at rest on leaves, did tliey appear to
l)e molested l)y Lizards or the predacious Flies of the family Asiliihr, wliicli were very
ofieii seen pouncing on ]3utterflies of other families. If they owe their flourishing ex-
islciice to this cause, it would be intelligible why the Leptalidte, whose scanty number
of individuals reveals a less protected condition, should Ik- disguised in their dress, and
lliiis share their imm\mity.

This explanation, liowever, would not apply to the imitation of Danaoid JL-rtcoiiidcc
1)V ollici- species of the same subfamily. IMoreover, there are several genera of otlier
groups {<•. //., Ilclico/ntfti, Piipilio) which contain mimetic species side l)y side with species
tiiat are the objects of mimicry by mcmliers of other families, as w ill lie seen by reference
to the Table at p. .50;^. There is lU) reason to coiu-lude that some of these possess the
peculiar means of dereiice of the Danaoid Ili'licoi/idd', vvliilsl tlu-i]' near kindred are de-
♦ .Mr. W'allncf tells me the Ei(p!a'tP of tlie Eastern .Vrcliiiielago have also this iieculiar smell.

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY. 511

privecl of them. It is not unreasonal)lo to suppose that some species are taken l)v in-
sectivorous animals, Avhilst otliers tlyiuii,- in company Avith them arc avoided. 1 (;ould
not, from their excessive scarcity, ascertain on the spot that the Lcptulides were thus
picked out. I noticed, liowever, that other i^enera of tlunr family {Pieri(hi') were mucli
persecuted. AVe have proof, in the case of Sand-AVasj)s, whicii ))rovision their nests
with insects, that a single species is very I'rnerally selected ont of numhcrs, even of the
same yenus, existing in the same locality. 1 was quite convinced in the c-ase of Ccrccria
binodis of South America, which destroys numbers oi a ^legalostoui is {hxmWy Cli/lhridcr),
that the great rarity of the ]5eetle was owing to its serving as prey to the Ccrccrin. A\'e
cannot point out all the conditions of life of each species concerned in these mimetic
analogies. All tliat we can say is, that some species show, hy their great abundanci; in
the adult state, that during this period, before they propagate their kind, they enjov bv
some means imnumity from eif(>ctive persecution, ami that it is tlu'refore an advantage
to others 7iot so fortunate, and otherwise unprovided for, if they are so like as to be
mistaken for them.

The 2:)rocess by which a mimetic analogy is l)rouglit about in nature is a prol)leTn
which involves that of the origin of all species and all adaptations. What I have pre-
viously said rc'garding the variation of species, and the segr{!gation of local rac-es from
variations, the change of species of Heliconidce from one locality to another, and the
probable vital necessity of their counterfeits which accompany them keeping to the
exact imitation in each locality, has prepared the way to the explanation I have to give.
In the eases of local variation of the Ilclicoiiidci', there was nothing, as before remarked,
very apparent in the conditions of the localities to show why one or more of the varieties
should prevail in each over their kindred varieties. There was nothing to show plainly
that any cause of the formation of local varieties existed, other than tlie direct action of
physical coiulitions on the iiulividuals, altiiough this might be seen to be clearlv incom-
petent to exj)lain the oceurrenc(> (jf several varieties of tiie same species in one locality.
"VVe could only conclude, from the way in which the varieties occur in nature, as described
in the case of JlcrhiniUis Pohniinid, that the local conditions favoured the increase of one
or more varieties in a district at the expense of the others — the selected ones being
diflerent in different districts. "What these conditions were, or have been, was not revealed
by the facts. AA'ith the mimetic species Lcplalis Theono'e the case is different. "We sec
here a similar segregation of local forms to tliat of Mechanitis Foli/intiia ; l)ut we believe
w(.' know the conditions of life of the species, and find that they vary from one locality to
another. The existence of the species, in each locality, is seen to depend on its form and
colours, or drcsti, being assimilated to those of the I//io)tii(C of the same district, Mhich
Ithoiii'uc are changed from place to place, such assimilation being apparently its only
means of escai)ing extermination by insectivorous animals. Thus we havc> here the
reason why local races are formed out of the natural variations of a species: the (piestion
then remains, how is this brought al)out !-

The explanation of this seems to be (piit(> clear on the theory of natural selection, as
recently expounded l)y Mr. Darw in in the ' Origin of Species.' The local varieties or
races cannot be supposed to have been formed by the direct action of physical conditions

VOL. xxiii. 3 z

512 MR. II. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTETA

on the individuals, because, in limited districts where these conditions are the same, the
most widely contrasted varieties are found existing together, and it is inexplicable how
they could have produced the nice adaptations which these diverse varieties exhibit. All
the varieties figured on PL LV. figs. 2, 7, 9, and on PL LVI. figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, are
found at St. Paulo, within a mile of each other, in the same humid forest. Neither can
these adapted races, as before remarked, have originated in one generation by sports or a
single act of variation in each case. It is clear, therefore, that some other active prin-
ciple must be here at work to draw out, as it were, steadily in certain directions the
suitable variations which arise, generation after generation, until forms have resulted
which, like our races of Leptalls Theonoe, are considerably diff'erent from their parent
as well as their sister forms. This principle can be no other than natural selection, the
selecting agents being insectivorous animals, which gradually destroy those sports or
varietias that are not sufficiently like Ithom'ue to deceive them. It would seem as
though our Leptalls naturally produced simple varieties of a nature to resemble
Ithoin'uB ; it is not always so, as is proved by many of them figured in the places above
quoted. There is some general resemblance, it is true ; and this is not purely accidental ;
for it is quite natural that the parent Leptalls should produce offspring varying in the
direction of Ithoiiihv, being itself similar to an Ithomla, and having inherited the pro-
perty of varying in this manner through a long Hue of ancestors. We cannot ascertain,
in this case, whether changed physical conditions have had any effect, quantitative or
qualitative, on the variability of the species after migrating to a new district. At any
rate, the existing varieties of our Leptalls show that the variations of Leptalls and
Ithomla are not quite coincident, and that the agency of natural selection is required to
l>ring the slowly forming race of one to resemldc the other. I do not forget that at each
step of selection the forms of Leptalls must have had sufficient resemblance to an Itho-
III I <i to lead to their preservation, or, at least, to prevent theii' complete extinction : as,
however, the two analogues so much resemble each other at the commencement of the
process, these steps would not be numerous. In many cases of mimetic resemblance,
the mimicry is not so exact as in the Leptalkles. This would show either that the imi-
tator has only inherited its form from remote ancestors who were actively persecuted,
the persecution having ceased during the career of its immediate ancestors ; or it would
show that the persecutor is not keen or rigid in its selection ; a moderate degree of
resemblance sufilces to deceive it, and therefore the process halts at that point. I leave
out of consideration all resemblances which can only be accidental, or which are resem-
l)lanccs of affinity.

[fa mimetic species varies, some of its varieties must be more and some less faithful
imitations of tlie o1)jeet mimicked. According, therefore, to the closeness of its ])ersecu-
tioii l)y enemies, who s(H!k the imitator, but avoid the imitated, will be its tendency to
Ix'conie an exact counterfeit, — the less perfect degrees of resemblance being, generation
after gem-ration, eliminated, and only the otliers left to propagate their kind. Tlie actual
slate of Leptalls Tlicoiioe is not the same in all of its tlu'ce districts. A few varieties, or
sjiorts, are seen at Ega (();")' W. long.) and St. Paulo (09' W. long.), namely, those figured
I'l. LV. figs. 1-, '), 7, S, and 9, which have an indeterminate resemblance. On the Cupari

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY. 513

(55' "\y. 1(^115.) tho ros('inl)laiic(> is ])rrl'c'ct (I'l. J^V. i'lL;'. 1) ; :iiul this is tlic only lorm of
tlie Lcpldlis kuowu in tlic locality. The varieties lij^ured J'l. L\l. iius. 1, 2, ;>, show
different degrees of resemblance to Uhom'm Clirysodoitid (fii;'. 3 o) ; these, therefore,
exhibit the selection in process. Thus, althoug'li we are unable to watch the ])rocess of
formation of a new race as it occurs in time, we can see it, as it were, at one glance, by
tracing the changes a species is simultaneously undergoing in dillerent parts of the ai'ca
of its distribution.

The fact of oyeof the forms of Lep/c/is Theonoi;, namely Jj. Liisinov, mimicking at Ega,
not an Illiomia, but a llourishing species of another (piite distinct family {Slalaclitis
Diivalii), shows that the object of the mimetic tendencies (jf the species is simply dis-
guise, and that, the simple individual diU'erences in that kjcality being originally in the
direction, not of an Itliomia, but of another object eciually wcdl answering the purpose,
selection operated in the direction of that other object. This point is well illustrated
by the species of a small group of Longicorn Beetles already cited, some of which mimic
a piece of bark, and others in.sects of another family— and l)y hunting Spidi-rs, many of
which wear the form of insects, and many that of inanimate objects amongst which
they seek their prey.

When the persecution of a varialde local form of our LepUtUs is close or long con-
tinu(xl, the indeterminate variations naturally become extinct; nothing then remains in
that locality l)ut the one exact counterfeit, whose exactness, it must lie added, is hence-
forward kept up to the mark by the insect pairing necessarily with its exact counterpart,
or breeding /;/ (nid in. This is the condition of LcptdHs Theonoi' (i'l. LV. tig. 1) in its
district ; and it is the condition of all those numerous species of dillerent orders which
now appear fixed and distinct. "When (as happens at St. Paulo, where a greater abund-
ance of individuals and species, both of lliioinia and LcplaliH, exists than in the locality
of the last-named) many species have been in course of formation out of the varieties of
one only, occasional intercrossing may have taken ])lace ; this would retard the jiroccss
of segregation of tlH> sjieeies, and, in fact, aid in producing the state of things (varieties
ami half-form(>d species) which I have already described as there existing.

In what way our Lfjildli-s originally acMpiired the general foi'in ami coloui's of ////owm'
1 must leave undiscussed. AVe may comdude (if we are to reason at all from existing
facts) that, as the antecedent forms of our races of Lcfifdlis which are still undergoing
(diange were themselves similai- to Uhoutia', the form has been inherited through a long
line of ancestors, which have been more or less subjected to similar conditions. The
instance of one of oui- forms leaving the Illiomia' to mimic a species of another family
may show us how a new line of mimetii- analogy and gradual modil'ication may have
been originally opened.

Such, 1 conceive, is the oidy way in \\hich the origin oi' minu'tic speei(-s can be ex-
f)lained. I bcdieve the case offers a most Ixnuitiful ])i'oof of the truth of the theory of
natural selection. It also shows that a lU'W a(Ia])lation, or the fornuit ion of a new species,
is not elleeted by i;'i-eat and sudden change, but by nuincrous small sle])>. of natural
variation ami selection. Some (jf the nuitual resemblances ol' the //^'//ro/z/'Ar already
mentioned seem not to be due to the adaj:)tation of the one to the ot her, but rather, as they

:•. z -1

514. MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

have a real affinity, the genera to which they belong being throughout very similar in
colours and markings, and all equally flourishing, to the similar adaptation of all to the
same local, probably inorganic, conditions. The selecting agent, which acts in each
locality by destroying the variations unsuitable to the locality, would not in these cases
be the same as in Leptalis ; it may act, for anything we know, on the larvaB ; in other
respects, however, the same law of nature appears, namely, the selection of one or more
distinct varieties by the elimination of intermediate gradations *. The conditions of life
of these creatures are different in each locality where one or more separate local forms
prevail, and those conditions are the selecting agents. With regard to the Leptalides,
I believe we maybe said to know these conditions. To exist at all in a given locality, our
Leptalis Theonoe must wear a certain dress, and those of its varieties which do not come
up to the mark are rigidly sacrificed. Our three sets of Leptalides may be compared to
a varial^le flowering plant in the hands of a number of floriculturists, whose aims are dif-
ferent, each requiring a different colour of flower, and attaining his end by " roguing"
or destroying all variations which depart from the standard.

It may be remarked that a mimetic species need not always be a rare one, although
this is very generally the case ; it may be highly prolific, or its persecution may be in-
termitted when the disguise is complete.

The operation of selecting agents, gradually and steadily bringing about the deceptive
resemblance of a species to some other definite object, produces the impression of there
being some innate principle in species which causes an advance of organization in a
special direction. It seems as though the pi-oper variation always arose in the species,
and the mimicry were a predestined goal. This suggested the only other explanations
that I have heard of, namely, that there may be an innate tendency in the organization
to become modified in a given direction — or that the parent insect, being powerfully
affected by the desire of concealment from the enemies of its race, may transmit pecu-
liarities to its offspring that help it to become modified, and thus, in the course of
many generations, the species becomes gradually assimilated to other forms or objects.
On examination, however, these explanations are found to be untenable, and the appear-
ances which suggest them illusory. Those who earnestly desire a rational explanation,
must, I think, arrive at the conclusion that these apparently miraculous, l)ut always

• Some of tlie close rcsfiiiljlanccs amongst the Heliconkhc tlieniselves seem to be kept up by tlieir varying in a
precisely similar way- There is a very singular instance in three species of three different genera, Meliiuca, Mecha-
nitis (Mothone), and Ih/iconius, which are all, in East Peru, orange and black in colour, and in New Granada
orange, black, and yellow. This seems to be a case of coincident, simple variation ; for if three forms are quite alike
in colours, it is conceivable that they may vary alike when placed under new conditions by migration. Our Lepta-
lides have been shown not to vary precisely like their models ; and therefore the case just quoted does not throw any
difficulty in the way of the exj)lanation I have given ; but it is a very extraordinary one.

I have not thought it necessary to mention cases of close resemblances in insects which are only accidental, or which
are explicable by the blood- relationship or affinity existing between the species which display them. Some orders of
insects contain an almost infinite variety of forms, and it will not be wonderful, therefore, if species here and there
he found to resemble each other, although inhabiting opposite parts of the earth, and belonging to widely different
families. Such analogies are accidental, and can have nothing at all to do with the evidently intentional system
of resemblances, carried on from place to place, which I have discussed. Some cosmopolitan families present very
similar s])ecics in all j)nrts of tiu- earth ; it can scarcely be necessary to say that close resemblances between New and
OKI World forms in these rases are resembLiuccs of affinitv, and not mimetic analogies.

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY. 515

beautiful and wonderful, mimetic reseml)lan('es, and therefore probably every other kind
of adaptation in beings, are brought about by agencies similar to those we have here
discussed.

IIELICONID/E.

I have mentioned, in a note at p. 496, that I should follow the example of Dr. Felder
in separating the Danaoid Ileliconida; from the remainder of the family, and com-
l)ining them with the Danaldce. I shall, however, consider these groups as sub-
families, instead of families. The modifications in tlie classification thus introduced will
be seen by the following synopsis of the section llhoi)alocera.

Order LEPIDOPrEllA.

Section Rhopalocera.

Family 1. Hesperid.*;. Six perfect legs in rf $ ; hind tibiae, with few exceptions, having; two pair of
spurs. Larva inhabiting a rolled-up leaf; pu[)a secured by many tlireads, or enclosed in a slijrht
cocoon. (These characters approximate the family to the Moths, or Ilctcrocera).
Family 2. Papilionid.e. Six perfect legs in S ?. Wing-cells (at least, of the hind wings) closed hy
perfect tubular nervules. Hind tibi;o with one pair of spurs. Pupa secured by the tail and a girdle
across the middle in an upright jiosition. (The Pupiliones have a leaf-like appendage to the fore tibia-,
as pointed out recently by Dr. Adolf Speyer ; the character ajiproximates the family to the IIcsperid.T and
Moths.)
Family A. Lycenid.e. Six perfect legs in 9; four in if ; the fore tarsi wanting the tarsal claws, but
densely spined beneath. Wing-cells (except in Euiiueus) not closed by perfect nervules. I'upa secured
by the tail and a girdle across the middle.
Family 4. Eryciniu.e. Six perfect legs in $ ; four in J ; the fore tarsi consisting oidy of one or two
joints, and spineless.

Subfam. 1. Erycimn.e. Pupa recumbent, flattened beneath, secured by the tail and a girdle across

the middle.
Subfam. 2. Stalachtin.e. Pupa not flattened beneath, secured rigidly by the tail in an inclined

j)osition, without girdle.
Subfam. 3. Libyth j.in.e. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.
Family 5. Nymphalid.e. Fore legs imperfect in both sexes; in the 9 wanting the tarsal claws; in
the d the fore tarsi aborted, consisting of one or two joints. Pupa suspended freely by the tail.

a. Lower disco-cellular nervule, especially of the hind wing, more or less atrojihied.
Subfam. 1. Nymphalin.e {Nymphalid(e, AgeronidiC, EuryteVid<e, and Morphidce, part, uf authors).

b. Lower disco-cellular nervule perfect.
Subfam. 2. Helicomn.e.

Subfam. 3. .\cr.t.in.e.

Subfam. 4. Hua.ssolin.e.

Subfam. 5. Satyri.n.e.

Subfam. 6. Danain.e.

The Danaoid Ileliconidcc, as before mentioned, are considered to stand at the iiead of

516

MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

the order Lcpidoptera, as being the perfection of the Lepidopterous type. This position
might be disputed with them l)y the Satyrince on account of the degree of atrophy of the
fore legs, which is perhaps as great in some species of Satyrhm as it is in the most
advanced genera of Danaoid Reliconklce. The order of affinities does not range in a
line ; there are branches ; and so it may happen that two groups may be nearly equal in
their grade of perfection through each standing at the head of its branch. The true
relationships of the groups of Ehopalocera may be therefore better explained by a diagram.

Danaoid IIcliconultB
Danaina;

I Satyrinse

Brassolinse

I . I

Nymphalinee

Acrseinae

. I
Heliconinfe

Libythseina;

Stalachlinae

Eryciniuce

. i
Lvctenidoe

PierinsR

I..
Papilioiiiuse

Hesperidie
HETEROCERA (Moths).

Subfamily DANAIN^.
A. Danain.e proper

[Dcnuiidd! of authors).

(icnus DanaIs, Latreillo.
1. Dawis Ekipits, Cramer.
l'(//)///n Erijijws, Cram. Paj). Kxot. t. .5. f". A, B.

\ (.•oinriioii and ucll-knowii insect. It is loLiiid in waste grounds aiui (ipni jilaces
everywIiriT llirou^lioiil the rci^ion of the Lower Amazons. Its larva feeds on .Isclcpias
Cirvdsnorictt.

■1. Danais (iii.ii'i'rs, Ci-aiiier.

I'li/i/l/o Cilipjius, Cram. I'ap. V.\o\. t. ^C. f. C, I").

Tliis is a rarer species (liaii the foregoing. Il is found in similai- situations at Para.

OF THK AMAZON VALLKY. 517

;j. Danais Kkesimus, Craiiun-.

Papilio Eri'simus, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 175. f- G, H.

Tliis is tlie common species in the interior of tlie country, it is very aljundant at Kija,
on the Upper Amazons, where Z). Erlppm did not occur.

B. Danaoiu Hklicoxiu.i;

{Heliconid<B, part, of a(ithors).

Genus Lycohka, Douhleday.
Doublcday and Ilewitson, Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. I07.
The six descriijed species of tliis yeiius di Her from each other by sucli sli^jht cdiaracters
(small dill'erences in colours, and in the arraui^cment of tlie pattern on the wini^s, beini;
the only ])oints wliich distini;-uish them), that tliey mii^ht fairly be considered as varieties
of one only. I liavc not yet seen specimens, however, wliich connect all the forms
together, and these are mostly the products of diilerent ^coipraphieal an>as ; it will be
more convenient therefore to treat them independently, than to combine them under the
head of one polymorphic species. A ij^ood collection of specimens from all parts of the
area of distribution of the g-enus would here be very instructive. We should then be able
to aset'rtain the metro])olis and ])rol)able area of oi'ii;ination of each of the various forms.
I have seen only L. lldlut in collections from S.E. Brazil. L. ulertjatis is peculiar to
Columbia and the T'pper Amazon region ; but a strikini;' variety of it prevails over the
type in this last-mentioned district, and another, L. Falcs (Felder), occurs on the Itio
NeijTO. L. Clcobcva (which is scarcely more diH'erent from L. ti/crf/atis than the just-
mentioiu'd L. atcrgotis, \ ar., is fnmi its type) is reputed to occur in the West India Islands.
At Para three forms, imdudini;' L. Jla/ia, are found toi-'ether ; ami here some intermediate
varieties occur, makini.^ it probable that the sei^re^'ation of the cpiasi-species is not in
that district complete.

1. LvcoRKA CiiUES, Cramer.

Papilio Ceres, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 90. f. A.

This species occurs in the Amazon rei^'ion at I'ani, and on the hanks of the Tapajos.
It is also an inhabitant ol" Surinam. Cramer's lin'ure is made from an example rather
aberrant in the markinifs of the hind wind's; otherwise it au'rees very well with the
sijceimens I have before me. 1 have a variety from Para which connects this form with
/.. llolJa.

2. LvcoKKA I'AsixrNTiA, Cramer.

Papilo Pasinu/itia, Cram. I'ap. Ivxot. t. .510, A, 15, C.

This form occurs thnumlidul the whole of the iVmazon reunion, iVom 1X° to 70° \V.
hm'j;. The extreme westei'ii examples, found at St. Paulo on the Cpper Amazons,
show a chanj^e of colour in the yellow irrciiular belt of tli(> fore wiiiu', which ha- accpn'red
the same oranire-tawnv shade as the rest of the wiuis. The same substitution of colour

518 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

occurs in several other species of Ileliconidae, found in that locality — a curious result of pe-
culiar local conditions. Cramer figures a slight variety as the cf of the species (fig. A).

8. Lycorea Halia, Iliibner.
Eueides Halia, Hiibner, Exot. Schmett.

Found in company with L. Ceres and L. Pasimintia at Para. As I have before
remarked, this is the form of Lycorea which prevails in S.E. Brazil. A variety, found
also at Para, connects it with L. Ceres, the chief Guianian form, and suggests the
conclusion that both the extreme local races or species were one and the same at not a
very distant period of time.

4. Lycorea atergati.s, Dou1)leday.

L. atergatis. Doubled, and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pi. 16. f. 1.

The figure here quoted was made from a Venezuelan specimen. I did not find the
species on the Lower Amazons ; but it was the most abundant form of the genus at Ega,
on the upper river. Many of the incUviduals there occurring, however, form a strongly
marked variety, in which the ground-colour is dark brown, suffused more or less with
l)lackish. Further to the west of Ega, tliis variety is the prevailing form.

Genus Ituxa, Doubleday.
Doubled, and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 113.
The species of this genus, like those of Lycorea, seem to be all geographical forms of
one only. But in this instance the segregation of races is complete, whilst in Lycorea
we have seen it to be in many of the forms only in process. Three ItiincB are known :
one, /. Lamyro, Latr., occurs in New Granada; the second, I. Ilione, Cram., inhabits
Guiana and, I believe, Brazil, along the Atlantic coast ; the third, /. Fhenarete, Dbld., is
peculiar to Bolivia and tlie Upper Amazons. All three are tolerably distinct in colours
and markings.

Ituna Pu^enarete, Douljleday.

/. PhdEiiarete, Dbld. and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. pi. 17. f. 1.

I met with one example only, at Tabatinga, Upper Amazons.

Genus Metuona, Dimbleday.
Dbld. and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lej). p. 115.
Tliis genus, which is so closely allied to the following {Thyrid'ta) that the species of
both liavc nlvvays been confounded, is distinguished from it by structural characters, viz.
the iiciiiatioii of th(! hind wings and the form of the male fore legs, which are of great
Nystcniatic im})ortance in another jiart of this family, but here can scarcely be considered
even of generic value. The internal (abdominal) nervure of the hind wing is long, and

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 519

terminates on the outer margin; tin- lower disco-cellular is jilaccd at a rii^lit aunle with
the median, is much longer than the middle clisco-eellular (which is straight), and
strongly angulated. The fore legs of the male have the tihite and tarsi linear in shape,
althou"-h much shorter than the femur; they ditler in length in individuals of the same
species, hut are never so far ahorted as to form a mere round knol) at tlie tip of tin-
femur, as in Thyr'uUa. In TInjridia the lower disco-cellular is short and straight, and
placed at an ohtuse angle with the median, whilst the middle disco-cellular is very long
and ano,-ulated; and the internal (ahdominal) nervure is short, terminating on the
al)dominal l)order.

1. Metiiona TuE^nsTO, lliihner.
Thyridia Themisto, Iliibu. Zutriig. f. 1G3-1.

I found this species at Para, where it was associated with 31. F^idii. Like the oilier
species of the genus, its ilight is somewhat slow and heavy. It freciuents thinned ])arts
of the virgin forest, moving about the lower trees and underwood. It dill'ers from
M. Psklii, principally, in the absence of a black belt across the disk of the hind wings.
It is pr(jbably a modiiicatiou of it.

2. :METnoXA PsiDii, Linnanis (PI. LVI. flg. 8(/).

Papiiio Psidii, Linnanis, sec. Cramer.
, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 23/, f. F.

ilr. Doul)leday and all subsequent authors have considered the P. Fsidii of Liiuueus
and Cramer to be a Thyridia. I cannot imagine how their mistake has arisen, all the
numerous examples of the insect represented by Cramer as 1\ Fsidii which 1 ha\-e
examined having the wing-neuration and male fore legs of Jfcl/ioua. It is an
exceedingly common insect throughout the Amazon region. The liuure of Cramer is
accurate: the small, rounded shape of the hyaline area lu^ar the tip of the hind wini;',
crossed by two nervurcs only, and the opake black colour of the l)asal part of the hind
margin of the fore wing reaching the median nervure (both good speeilic characters), are
well given. The colour of the tlun-ax: varies in almost every speciuuMi. In all there is
a round grey spot on the wing-lappets; but in some examples the edges of these t)rgans
are also grev, and in others the surface of the thorax is much variegated with grey colour.

Genus TiiviMDiA (niibner), Dcniblcday.
Doublcl. ami Ilewits. (Jen. Uiurii. Lep. p. 117-

TiiTiiiDiA Ixo, Felder.

Thyridio Ino, Feld. Wicn. Eiit. Moiiatschr. ISfl'J, ]>. 75.

I found this species at Villa Nova, on the Lower Amazons, in c()in])any with McUiona
Psidii. Dr. Tclder's specimens came from the Up])er Rio Kegro. It is distinguishable
from J/. PsitZ« at once by its structural generic characters, as will be seen from the
description above given of the genus Jlelhona; \m\ in size and colours the two rcscinblc

VOL. XXIU. I A

520 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

each other so much, that I coukl not distinguish them when on the wing. It is replaced
in South-East Brazil hy the Th. Pijtho of Felder, which I consider a local form of the same
species.

Genus Dircenna, Doublcday.
Double!, and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 119.

In this genus the hind-wing neuration resembles that of Ilethona, inasmuch as the
lower disco-cellular is strongly angulated, and emits a recurrent nervule ; hut the middle
disco-cellular in the S is bent, and directed towards the apex of the wing. The internal
nervure is very short, terminating on the abdominal edge. In the fore wing the first
median l)ranch is thrown oflF at a moderate distance from the base of the wing, terminating
on the hind margin, close to the posterior angle, the cell being much broader than in
JleUioiKi and Tlini-idia. The body is slender; the antennas moderately elongated, and
thickened towards the tip into an elongate club. The palpi are clothed in front witli
long porrcct hairs, their third joint being long and pointed. The male fore tibi;i} and
tarsi are aborted, being reduced to a small knob at the apex of the femur.

Doubleday left the list of species referable to this genus in an unsatisfactory state.
The following are all at present known* : —

1. n. Klugli, Hiibn. Zutr. f. 801, 802.— Mexico.

2. D. Jeiiiiiiia, Iliilm. ib. f. 807, 808. — Venezuela and New Granada.

D. lambe, Doubled, and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pi. xvii. f. 2.

3. D. Dero, Hilbn. Zutr. f. 213, 211.— South-East Brazil, Bahia.

1. D. lilujeo, Eelder, Lepidop. Fragment., p. 40. — South-East Brazil, Para, and
Amazons.

5. D. Xtintho, ib. p. 10.— South-East Brazil, Bahia.

(■). D. Zclid, Guer. Icon. Begne Animal, text, p. 470. — Bolivia.

7. 1). Epidero (Boisduval, MS.), n, sp. — Amazons.

8. D. Lenea, Cram.f t. 231, f. D. cf .

I). Mvlnnidu, Cram. t. 231, f. F. 2.
D. Zielo, Boisduval, MS.

1. DiRCEXNA uiiOEO, Eeldcr.

D. rho'eo, Felder, Lepidop. Fra;;ment., p. 40.

This form differs from the D. l\'i'o of IIiil)ner only in the greater Ijreadtb and irre-
gularity of tlic dusky-black border of the hind wing, especially in the 9, and in the

' Diiceniiu DiiiUid, IK'wits. Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. ii. N.S., ]il. xxiii. f. 3, is a llijmenids.

t Tliis spfcit's is inipertVctly kiiDWii. Cramer's figiiics are very un.satisfactory. In Cayenne examples, tlie wings
are clcaicr hyaline than represented by him ; the hasal halt' of the i'ore wing, the anal (piadrate patch of the hind
win£j, and the nervnres are suffnsed with l)riglit fulvous. The nervures near the apex of tlie fore wing are hright
yelliiw. It appears to he a rare species. In Dr. lioisduval's collection, typical examples stand under the MS. name
nf /;. Zti-h). I am indi'htcd to Dr. Ijoisdnva! for the [jresent of a fine examjile. 1 believe, however, that D.Lenea
((iniana), I). Epideru (Amazons), I). Zi'/ni (liolivia), and I). Xanlho (IJahia) might l)e all treated as geographical
forms of one and the same S|)eeies.

OF TIIK AMAZON VAI.LKY. 521

iu'r\ uros wliicli traverse the disk of the same wing heing of a ycllowisli cohjiir instead of
bhiek. In the 9 the diseocelhdars and tlie terminal parts of the median hranehes are
accompanied by dusky streaks. It eaiinot be considered, however, otherwise tlian as a
local variety of J). JJero, which has the hyaline disks of the wini^s always clearer, and
the black borders more sharply defined than 1). Bhoeo. J). Dcro is peculiar to South-East
Brazil, and is not found in the Amazon region, where the local form I). Rhoi-o lakes its
place. I have seen specim(>ns of D. llJioeo also from the neii;hl)oarhoo(l of ]?ogota. New
Granada. It (lies in thinned parts of the forest in Ygaj/), or flooded districts, in the dry
season. The sp(>cies is always aceom])anied by the followini,^ D. JCpi/lero, to which it has
so close a general resemblance, that I always found it dillicult to distinguish one from the
other when on the wing. The two forms, liowevca', lia\e no \('ry close real relationship,
there being ])oints of difference in their structure, namely, in the sba))e and neuration
of the hind wings in the males. The constant companionship of the two species can
only be explained by th(^ social and gregarious instincts of the Ucl icon idee.

2. 1)iuci;nna EriuKuo (Boisduval ]\IS.), n. sp.

Expanse 2" 5". 6. Wings hyaline, a patch of bright yellow across the middle and
apical regions of the fore wini;' and the? basal half of the hind win^-. Fore wiiitj:
(iborc, with the margins blackish, a triangular spot on the bind ])art of the cell, near the
base, and a narrow lu'lt across the disco-cellulars, extending down tlie second median
braiu'h (and jjartly down the third) to the hind margin, also blackisli, the dark colour
on the [josterior margin extending (piite to the median nervure and its first liranch.
Beneath, the same, except tiiat there are two or three wliite specks at the tij) of the wing.
Iluid icing : above, with the margins blackish, the portion between the seeoml nuHlian
I)ranch and the aI)dominal edge very much broader; a narrow dusky belt from the costa
across the disco-cellulars to the bind margin, most frequently interrupt(Ml in th(> middle,
also blackish ; tlK> nervures across the basal part cle^ir liylit yellow. Beneath, the same,
except that the base of the costa has a stripe of orange-colonr, and that the tip has two,
ami the liind margin near the anal angle four, white specks.

The hiiul wing is short and sulxpiadi-ate, the ajjcx beinn' siiarply truncated; tlu' lower
disco-cellular is angulated (with a reciUTcnt nervule) close to the juiu'tion oi" the lowei'
radial. The si)ecies varies in the bi'oad l)lack l)order, near the anal angle of the bind
wing, having a reddish sti'cak in the middle, through which shine the white marginal
sjiecks of thi> under surface.

2. Very variable in colours. The following are the chiel' variations : —

1. Same as the c?, exce])t that the broad anal black l)or(ler of the hind wing is of a
clear orange-r(Ml colour in the middle.

2. The wiiu;' mneh snll'nsed w itii l)lackish. leaving two broad l)elts across the fori> w ini;-.
the basal part and a sub;ipical spot of the hind wing alone iiyaline ; tlu> apical l)ell oi' the
fore wing has a patch of light yellow, and the nei'vur(>s traversing the basal ])ai1 oC the
bind wing are reddish.

GcneraDy distributed throughout the Amazon region, in thinned parts of the forest,

\ A 2

522 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

invariably associated with D. Rho'eo. Both have a weak, slow flight, and are generally
seen in company with Ithomice of various species.

Genus Callithomia, nov. genus.

Generic Characters. — Head, palpi, and antenna; same as in Dirccmia ; the long hairy
palpi, and their long pointed third joint, being charactei's which distinguish both from
Ithomia and its allied genera. Hind wing in the S short, subquadrate, in the 2 elliptical ;
in both sexes with the lower disco-cellular straight, rather long, placed at an obtuse
angle with the median ; the middle disco-cellular angulated (with a recurrent ner-
vule), in the c? very long, bent, and du*ected outwards towards the apex of the wing.
Fore tibia? and tarsi in the <S rudimentary, reduced to a small knob at the tip of the
femui-; tarsi in the 2 slender, filiform, the joints not l)eing contracted and crowded at
the tip.

The shape of the wings, structure of the head, antenna-, and palpi give this genus
very much the aspect of Dlrcemia, from which the neuration of the hind wing amply
distinguishes it. In this latter respect, it bears a similar relation to Dirceinia that T//;/-
r'tdia does to Methoua. In the hind-wing neuration it resembles also the genus Olyras,
but differs from it in the palpi and male fore legs. In colours it differs from Dirceniia,
the wings being rendered opake by fulvous-coloured scales, instead of being naked and
hyaline. The species are very rare, and seem to be confined to the far interior of
Equatorial America : none liave yet l^een noticed by authors.

1. Callithomia Alexirrhok, n. sp.

Expanse, c?,2"2"'; ?, 2" 7'". 'i . Forewhuj: above, with a large opakc orange-tawny
spot occupying the bnsal third of the wing — a round spot in the middle of the cell, and a
line running along the apical part of tlie first median jjranch being black ; to this snceeeds
an irregular l)elt of light yellow, semitransparent on its outer edge — the rest of the wing
iVom the end of \\w cell IxMiig lilack, with a row of five large, yellowish, semitransparent
spots, of which the fourth is placed out of line, near to the outer margin. In tlie
2 the apical part of the outer margin has a row of three or four pale spots. Beiieafh,
tiic same, except that t here is a marginal row of six large suljtriangular silvery-white
spots.

Hi 1/(1 iciin/ : (ihorc, sul)opake orange-tawny, with a row of foiu- large subrounded l)l;ick
spots along the wing Ixdiind tlie cell, of which tlie outermost is very small in the rf , and
a mnrginal series of six subtriant^ular black spots, through which, on the edge, shine the
white marginal sjjots oi' {he under side. Bciiealh, the same, except that there is a long,
subcostal, black stripe and a row of seven silvery-vvhit(> marginal spots. Body black,
beneath yellow; collar with two small yellow spots; wing-lapp(>ts eacli with one large
spot of llu" same colour. Antenna; pale fulvous, the basal part black.

1 found two or liircc cxamiiles of this very elegant insect in tiie forest at St. I'aulo,
on tiic ri)per Amazons, ilying in company with the UhoDiiw and Ccraliniie of the
locality.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 523

2. Callithomia Zeuxippe, n. sj).

2. Expanse 2" 6'". Very similar to the l)nY■e(lin^^ It dilTcrs in liavinc^ the fore
wing, the base of the eosta, and tlic posterior margin l)roadly blaekish : the apieal
part of the wing is l)rown, the margins of the nervures, at tlie end of tlie cell, being
ri'ddish ; the row of pale sjjots across this part is reduced in number to three. Brneath,
the marginal row of pah> spots in botii wings is clear yellow, instead of silvery white as
in C. Alexirvhoe. The neuration of t he hind wing is slightly different from that of Alcxir-
rhoi', inasmuch as the upj)er radial is brought much nearer the sul)costal, and the upper
disco-cellular is very minute.

One example taken on the banks of the Cui)ari, an alUuent of tlu' Tapajos.

3. C^u^lituomia TiioKXAx, n. sp.

2. Expanse 2" 10'". Win^s elongate, orange-tawny. Fore iciiKj : «/vo/7', with a large,
rounded spot in the middU' of tlie cell, the base of the costa, and the whole of the hind
margin black; the a])ical third is also bkickish, leaving a submarginal row of six
triangular spots and the edges of the nervures at the end of the cell orange-tawny ;
there is also a subaijical row of four elongate, semihyaline s])ots. Beneath, the same,
except that the submarginal row of fulvous spots is expanded into an irregular belt, and
that tliere is an inten'U|)t('(l row of minute yellowish spots on the extreme outi-r margin.

IVnid viurj: altore, with a row of four subquadrale spots along tin; wing, close Ix'hind
the cell ; the margins are spotless. Beneath, the same, except that there is a broad sub-
costal black stripe, and a iifth spot added to the central series; the l)lack stripe curves
at the end. so as to meet the line of spots ; the hind margin, towards the anal angle, has
a row of four whitisji spots.

Hody and antenna^ the same as in the two pi-eceding species. The neuration of the
hind wing is dilferent from that of the preceding, inasmuch as the U])per radial appears
as a branch ol'tlie subcostal after the cell.

A single exani|)le taken at Tabatinga, on the frontier of Peru.

(Jenus Cekatixta (Uiibn.), Doubleday.
Doiibld. and Ilewils. Gen. l)iin-n. Lc])i(l. p. Vll-

This genus, which Doubleday thought most convenient to treat as a section of Ithomia,
forms part of a grou]) of genera or subgenera (comprising CeratiiiUt, Nupeoyenen, Oterio,
Mechanitis, Sals, Ithomia, 11// in e nil in) which agree in their ])al|)i being destitute of
hairs in front, in tlieir terminal joint being short, very slender, pointed, and pi'ojeeting
from tlie foi'ehead, and in the antenna! Ixung somewhat elongate, only sligiitly and very
i^Tadually thickeiuMl towai'ds their ti])s. These genera or subgeiu'ra, however (n\ least,
such of them as I think it will be; advantageous, for the sake of clearness, to adopt), difler
from each other greatly in tiie neui'ation of the hind wings.

Ceratinia has the hind wing elongated in both sexes. In the male, the lower disco-
cellular forms a very obtuse angle with tiie median, is aniiulated, ami emits a recurrent
nervule near or close to the junction of the lower radial, the middle diseo-eellular lieiui;-

o24 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

long and straight, directod outwards, and the upper straight, nearly reaching the apex
of the wing. In the female, the lower disco-cellular forms a less obtuse angle with the
median ; the recurrent nervule is emitted either close to the junction of the lower radial
or fi'om the middle disco-cellular ; the latter is directed across the wing, joining the sub-
(tostal ; the up})er radial, is either emitted close to this junction, or is situated as a branch
of tlie subcostal, after the cell. The male fore tibise and tarsi are reduced to a small
knob ; the femur is not notably abbreviated. The female fore tarsi have the joints
slender and filiform.

This genus is interesting as exhibiting the wing-neuration in a vacillating state. Not
only do the sexes show an imjiortant difference in the position of the angle and recur-
rent nervule of the hind wing disco-cellulars, but individuals of the same species
vary in the position of certain ner-^iires. Those parts of structure which form fixed
generic characters in other groups are here variable in the sexes and in individuals
of the same sex. Ceratmia is nearly allied to MechanlHs (as defined in this me-
moir), on the one hand, and to Ithomia, through such species as /. Ij^jhianasso, on
the other.

1. Ceratinia Ninonia, Hlibner.

Ceratinia Ninonia, Hiibn. Exot. Schmctt.

Hlibncr's figures represent an insect with ratlier l)road fore and hind wings, and with
two large yellow spots across the middle of the fore Aving, besides a crooked yellow belt
across the black apical part. I found a species extremely common at different stations
on the Amazons, which Avas evidently the same as Ninonia, but very variable in shape
and colours, and presenting very few examples which agreed exactly with Hiibner's figures.
The species, however, evidently varies in different ways in different localities ; yet the
local varieties are not definite, the segregation of the races is not complete ; so that it
is embarrassing to decide whether to treat the form as one polymorphic species, in-
ciiuling the variations under one and the same definition, or to describe separately the
ty})e and the local varieties. Besides these incomiDlete local modifications, easily trace-
able to the type, there are, as often happens in the case of prolific, widely distributed,
and variable species, a numbc^r of other forms rather more strongly marked and better
defined, which inhabit regions rather more distant from the locality of the type than
those which the mere varieties inhabit. These are admitted on all hands to be distinct
species ; l)ut I think it would be diificult to |)rove that these were not also varieties of C.
Xiiioiiia, which have become more completely segregated from the parent fonu. Such are,
amongst others, C. T/'m (Hewits.), Eio Negro; C. Leprieuril (Feisthamel), Cayenne;
C. Fcncstella (Hewits.), Venezuela; C. Mclphis (lliibn.), S.E. Brazil; and C. Fiwhria
(Hewits.), New Granada.

The ibllowing are the chief varieties of Ceralinia Ninouia occurring in the Amazon
region.

\ ar. 1. C. Borri (Boisduval's Coll.).

Expanse 2" 1"' to 2" 3'". Uing wings in l)oth sexes much narrower than in the type;

OF THE AMAZON" VALLKY. 52.")

tlie two yellow si)()ts across the middle of the fore wiiit^- are i)ale and seiuitranspareiit ;
the basal area of the hind wing is als(j semitranspareut.

This vai'icty occurs in company with the typical C. Xinouin at Cam<'t:'i, on the To-
cantins, in much greater abundance than its tj'jie. I met with it also on the l)aiik'- of
the Tapajos, but there without the true C. Niiiouia. It is found also at Cayenne, in eoni-
panv with C. Leprieurii, a form which 1 did not meet with in the Amazon region.
\'ar. 2. Expanse 2"-5"' Much larger than var. 1. 'I'he yellow s])ots across tlie middle

of the foi'e wing are entirely wanting, there heiiit;' oidy a crooked yellow l)elt across

the black apical part. l?oth wings are much Ijroader than in var. 1 ; and the hind

wing is strongly angulated about the mid(Ue of outer margin.

This variety occurs much furtlun- to the west. It is fouiul, to the exclusion of \ar. 1.
at Obydos, on the Guiana side of the Lower Amazons, and, again, on the Upper Amazons,
at all tlie stations I examined, from the nunitli of the Rio Negro to Peru. AVith it arc
found many individuals agreeing in colours with var. 1, although not in shape ; others
occur intermediate l)etween vars. 1 and 2.

2. CiciiATixiv TiiEA, llcwitson.

Ithomia Tliea, Ilewits, E.xot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. 11.

I consider tliis a well-marked aiul fixed local variety or race of C. Xiiionin. It has
not l)ecn fouiul hitherto clsewlu're than on the banks of the llio Negro, wliose climate,
soil, and forests are ditlerent from those of tiie nuiin Amazons.

3. Ckkatixlv Xantiiostola, n. sp.

c? . Expanse 2" 5'". In colours resembling C. Tliea ; the wings very dill'crent in slia|)c.
The fore wing is long and narrow, very much longt-r than tlie hind wing (as in iig. I,
Ithomia, pi. 2. Hewits. Exot. Ikitt.). Opake orange-tawny; costal edge and a faint s[)ot
in the centre of the cell blackish; apical third (or more) black, crossed l)y a curved
yellow belt, which reaches only the second median bramdi ; margin with a row of seven
large rounded yellow spots.

Hind wing scmioval, the costal aiul subcostal nervures rigid and straight, reaching
the ai)ex, which forms a sharp angle : aboce, opakc; orange-tawny, with a l)road, some-
what regular dusky margin, in which is a row of seven rouiuled yidlow spots. Bcni'dlh.
the same, except that tlu; base of the costa is yellow, that there is a stripe of dusky colour
alongthe costal nervures, and a centi-al dusky strij)e along the wing, passing close liciiind
the c(dl.

This insect has \\\c a|)i)earanc(> of an aberration or extraordinary variety of C. yinviiKi.
in company with whicii and its varieties it is found. Many individuals, however,
occurred; and 1 think it is a form whose peculiarities are probably hereditary.

f. ClCllATIXIA Vam.oma, ileuitson.

Ithomia Valtonia, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. l.i.

This beautiful species was very rare at I'ara. in colours it rcscmldcs nuuh
Nopcogcnes C'l/riunussa.

52G MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

5. Ceiiatinia Fluonia, Hewitson.

Ithomia Fluonia, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. 26.

In this species the hind-wing upper radial nervure in the female is always connected
with the cell by means of an upper disco-cellular. It is a distinct, well-marked form,
closely allied, however, to C. Ninonia, and appears to l)e confined in its range to the
region of the Upper Amazons.

(j. Ceratinia Anastasia, n. sp.

<i ?. Expanse 2" 9'". A very large broad-winged species, having very much the
appearance of Mechanitis Ilaelns, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ilechanitis, fig. 9. Dark orange-
tawny. Fore toiny broad, rounded at the apex : above, with a transverse zigzag belt
after the end of the cell, from the costal to the second median branch, and a submarginal
row of seven large, rounded spots, bright yellow ; it has the following spots and marks
of black colour : — a streak along the base of the costa, a large triangular spot within the
])asc and a doulile spot at the apex of the cell, two large spots between the 1st and 2nd
median branches, and a Ijroad stripe on the hind margin, not reaching the median
nervure or the hind angle : the transverse belt and the submarginal spots are also
margined with black. Beneath, the same.

IFnid wiiuj nearly oval in shape : above, with a broad stripe crossing the hind part of
the cell, the apical margin, and a row of large elongate marginal spots black ; the
marginal spots towards the apex are small, the others Idend more or less with the central
stripe. Beneath, the same, except that there is a broad black subcostal stripe and two
small marginal yellow spots near the apex.

This very large and remarkable sjiecies is found only on the Upper Amazons, at Ega
and St. Paulo, where it flies in company with Melhuea (or Mechanitis) Maelus, to which
it is assimilated in colour. Both inhabit the shades of the lofty and humid forest, and
are slow flyers.

7. Ceratinia Makaos, n. sp.

6 . Expanse 2" 5'". iieseml)les much in shape and colours C. Bowcna (Hewitson,
Exot. Butt. Ithomia, tig. 123). It differs in the yellow transverse belt extending over
the terminal part of the cell. The hind wing has a central l)lack stripe composed of five
sul)(juadrate spots passing behind the cell, and a marginal row of six semicircular dull
l)lack spots. Beneath, all the wings have a submarginal row of white spots, and the
hind wing lias the usual black subcostal stripe.

Tills si)ecies, together with C. Boicena, cited above, have the appearance of small
examples of 3Icchanitis Bolnmnia ; their neuration, however, shows that they belong to
Cevalinia. C. Manaos was taken on the banks of the Kio Negro, at the Barra.

OF THE AMAZON" VALLEY. 527

Genus Sais, I)oul)l('(lay (jKirt).
Doiibltl. and llcwits. (icii. Diiirii. Lcpiil. p. L31.

The type of Doubk'day's i;-{'iuis Sni-s is the Fapilij Iio,siiH<i oi' Cramor, a spocics which
(lillVrs in tlic structure of tlie fore leij's of tlie male and in the liind-wint,^ neuration from
th(> allied forms of Helicon id:,r. Uouhleday, however, made the definition of his u-enus
impossihle, by plaeini;' in it a series of species {S. Ci//-iin//i.ss-(i and others) which have no
resem])lance to i'. liosulia in the features mentioned. S. Cyrhniasna and its allies form
a distinct <;roup, which 1 have named yojjcogciics. Sais may l)e known hy the followiim-
characters.

The hind-\\ ini;' lower disco-cellular in the f" runs in a line with the median nervure ; tiie
middle disco-cellular also runs nearly in the same straiiiht direction, l)n1 it is angular, and
emits a recurrent nervnle; the upper disco-cellular is short, and |)laced near tiic a])ex of
the wiuLi'. In the $ the ])osilion of the lower aiul middle disco-cellulars is the same ; hut
the u[)])er disco-cellular is wantiuL;-, the u])per radial hcinn' ])laced as a branch of the
subcostal, 'i'lie costal and subcostal nervures amalgamate foi- nearly the whol(> course
of the costal, as in the 'j;cnn^ Jfccliati/fis. The fore l(>ns cjf the J are (piite rudimentary ;
not only are the tibia* and tarsi reduced to a small knob, but the femur also is greatly
abl)reviated. in \\iv +* they arc nuich eloni;ated, and llie tarsi are liliform. The head
is very small; the antenna' ar(> very lom;' and slemh'i'.

In this i>-enus the elongation of the hind-wini;- cell and the attraction of the radial
neuration within the domain of the median, reach their extreme point, in one sens(>.
iV'/.9 may be ccmsidered to be the hin'hest develo])ment of tlic llcliconidc (or Danaine)
ty])e on the American continent, in the stMise of rec;'din<;' fuiihest iVoni J)<(i/ui.s and tli(>
\ymphalida\ Th(> ii-roup Ili/n/cui/is exhil)its ])robably as ^-.'cat a deviation from the
Nymphalideous type as ,SV^/.s', but in Ili/meititis this deviation runs in a dili'erent and
nearly opposite direction.

Sais llosALiA, Cramei'.

PupUio Rosalia, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 2\Ct, f. B.

Ci'amer's figure, made from a Surinam specimen, represents the a])ex of the fore win<i'
of the same orange-lawny colour as the rest oi' the surlacc. 1 did not meet witli any
exam})les coloured in this manner. The species varies much accordim;' to locality, as is
usual with the lleliconiche; but the variations do not embrace all the individuals in each
locality; in other words, the senrciiation of race is not com|)lete.

\ ar. 1. Pale oranirc-tawny ; apical ])art of the fore wim;' clear Iilack.

All the examples met with in tiie Pani and Tajjajos districts were conforniable to tiii-
ty])e. I did not liiul it at all on llie I'pper Amazons.

\'ar. 2. Dark oranti'c-tawny ; a])ical part of tiie fore winu' black, iiind winu' havinti- a
series of blackisli siiapes extendin.i;' IVoni the central macular \\\\\\ to the nnriiinal
lumiles.
Examples of this occurred at Eti'a, in company witii the follow ini'; :--

VOL. XXlll, \ 15

528 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

Var. 3. Pale orange-taAvny ; apical part of the fore wing dusky, with a large irregular
fulvous s])ot in the centre.
Ega.

Var. i. Dark orange-tawny ; apical part of the fore wing black, with a series of short
narrow isabella-coloured stripes accompanying the neinoires ; hind wing having a
scries of l)lackisli stri])es extending from the central macular vitta to the marginal
lunulcs.

Ega and 8t. Paulo. At St. Paulo this was the prevailing form of the species. These
dark varieties certainly do not inhabit the region of the Lower Amazons.

Genus Meciiaxitis (Eab.), Doubleday.
Doubkl. & Ilewit.s. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 1.30.

After a careful examination of nearly all the species, I tind that two widely distinct
generic types were comprised by Douldeday under Mec/iauitis. One of these (which
comjn'ehends his section 1, including, however, J/. Foli/mnki, placed in his section 2) is
closely allied to Ccj-nf/i/ic, tSius, Napeoaciies, and Itltomia, agreeing with them in the
shape and ])osition of the palpi aiul the rudimentary condition of the fore legs of the S ;
the other (in which the fore tibitc and tarsi of the cf are nearly of the same shape as in
Dai/((ls, Ixung only a little shortened, more or less, according to the species, and the
tcnninal joint of the jjalpi does not project in front of the forehead) approaches Olyras,
Tilliorc(u and Eutrcsis. This iiroup (Doubleday's sect. 2, in part) I shall name Ilcliiuca ;
the other (sect. 1) will retain the name oi Ilecluinltis. We have here an illustration on
a smaller scale of the same deceptive analogy which has led to the junction of the
l[eliconin;e with th(> Ilelicojiia-Wkc Danainas. There is, in truth, a very wide difference
in structure Ix^tween Ilecluniifis and Ileluuvc ; but the great similarity in dress of the
respective species, in greats i)art ]iair by pair, has led to their being grouped in one genus.
The distinguishing characters of ILccliaiiitis are the following : —

Head small; \r,\\\n thinly clothed with scales, terminal joint pointed, projecting.
Antenna' nu)derately Ioiil;, thickened into a distinct club at tlu' apex. Ilind-wing lower
discocellular nearly in a line with the median, rather short; middle discocellular at
right angles with the lower, angulated, and emitting a recurrent nervule in tlu' middle
in both sexes; upper discocellular in the S inclined towards the base, joining the sub-
costal not far from the middle of its course, in the ? very short or entirely wanting,
in tlie latter case tlu' upper radial l)t'ing as a braiu-h of the subcostal beyond the cell.
Costal ne)-vur<' ainali;aiuated with the subcostal for neaidy half the length of the wing in
the '?. Eor(> legs of the r? with the femur siiort, tibiie and tarsi reduced to a small
knol); in the ? sIcmhUt, the tarsi iiliform, the s])ines minute.

The genus, as tlius deiined, conijtrises two g)'ou])s of species of very dilferent general
ap))earanc(% — one containing .)/. Pohjiiui'ia and its allies, distinguished by their large size,
opake viings, and vai'ied coloration — the other including M. PhijUodocc of lliibner, and
several nearly related species, remarkable for their much smaller size and pale, semi-

OF THE AMAZON VAMJ'.Y. 529

transparont wiiii^s. Those lattrr may rclain as sectional distinct ion tlic name Oler'tfi, as
proposed l)y lli'ibncM".

Section 1. Olcrkt, lliil)ner.
Hiibncr, Verzciclniiss bckannter Schmelterlingc, ]). 9.

1. MkCUAMTIS (OlKUIA) TIIKAIMIIA, 11. sp.

Very similar in size, shape, and ij'enei'al appearance to 3It'cli(iiiitts or Uhinn'm rlliica
(Iknvits. Exot. iiutt. llhomhi, liii'. 110).

d$. Expanse 1" 2"'-l" S'". Willis pale sulpluir-w hite. scmilransparcnt. Fore w iiii,^
with a Avide liorder, and a hroad ohlicpie liaiul extending' from the eosta across the end
of the cell to the outer margin near the hind angle, hlaek ; a suhmarginal row of round
white spots in the outer lihick border, not reaching the hind angle. 15encatli, the same.

Hind wing with a l)lack border, narrow on the eosta, and hroad along the outer
mai'gin.the latter liavinga sul)marginal row of roumU'd white spots. Beneath, the same.

Body and antennre hhick. ileiid and thorax witli some wliilisii markings.

Found on the ])anks of the Ciipari, a branch of the Tapajos, and also at St. I'aulo, on the
Up])er Amazons. At St. Paulo the individuals were hivger and more vividly colonred
than on the liorders of the Cnpari.

Section 2. Media iiif'iii |)ro|)er.

2. .MixiiAMTis Poi.YMXiA (Liiiii.), CraiiKM', Tap. K.xol. t. 11)1. f. !■].

This species, like many oth<'rs of the llcliconida', is subject to nnnarkable local
Aariation. The varieties, taken in connexion with tluMr geographical distribution,
are a most interesting study. Tin; species is extremely abnndant wherever it is found,
and the dill'erent varieties are co|)iiinsly repr(>sented in collections. It is slow in
flight, and inhabits thinned parts of the forest, or negleeted and shady plantations near
settlements. The caterpillar (ligiired in Sepp, Papill. de Snriiiam, ])l. 2.) has a smooth
integument. The head is round, and the body has a row of small ])ointed tubercles on
each side. It is grey, with black s|)o1s, and ringed with yellow. it feeds on Soldnnm
nciilcdfitiNuuioii, and is gregarious. The chrysalis is smooth.

The ty])ical form of the ])erfeet iiis(>et, as figured by Cramer, prevails at I'ara and
throughout the Lower Amazon region. All the examples collected at I he diU'erent
stations in those ])arts resemble each other pretty closely in colours and markings. .Vt
Ega, on the I'jjper Amazons, the species is very unstable; very hnv individuals were
found conformable to the Cramerian type: it t here vari("s, not only in general colour
and pattern, but also very considerably in the shape of the wiin;s. es])eeially in the male
sex. One variety seems, however, to predominat(\ to which 1 give the name of M.
Efjo'ensis: L frccpu-ntly found pairs oi' it in copuhi, iuu\ never observed it t(j mate with
other varieties, from which I was inclined to conclude that the individuals preferred lo
pair with their (>xaet counterparts, and iherei'ore that the variety was in process of
segregation fnnn the type. All the intermediate forms between the tyjiical .1!. Pul>/iniiia
and J/. Egaciisis occurred at Ega, but in fewer numbers. At St. I'aulo, 2(!() miles

!■ 1! 2

530 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTEKA

I'urtlier to tlio west, the species was again extremely vana1)le, but the varieties were
quite different from those of Ega : iiadividuals coming very the near type occurred, but
not one was found quite conformaljle. M. Egaeiisis was quite absent ; but, on the other
hand, a new variety abounded at St. Paulo, of which there was certainly no trace at
Ega ; this has l)een figured and described as a distinct species, viz. 31. MazcBus (Hewits.
Esot. Butt. Mechaititis, fig. 8). Two other remarkable varieties also occurred — one near
31. 3IeN02)/uliis (Hewits. I.e. 3Iechaniiis, figs. 2, 3), and the other with a structural
modification in the shape of the wings, described below as 31. Olwencia.

The way in Avhich I found this species to vary, as just described, impressed me greatly,
and helped much, in conjunction with other facts of a similar tendency, not only to
di^stroy my belief in the constancy of species, but to teach how new ones may have
originated. The complete set of connecting forms found showed that I had here to deal
with one species only, disseminated over a large area, and modified in certain districts
under peculiar conditions there olitaining. The varieties were of such a nature as to
form and colours, that it was inconceivable they could have been hybrids produced by
the intercrossing of two or more originally distinct species. The amount of local
modification exhibited was not in accordance with obvious differences in the local
conditions; for the species was totally changed from Ega to St. Paulo, 200 miles apart
and very similar in soil, climate, &c., whilst very constant on the Lower Amazons, in
districts 600 miles apart and very different in physical conditions. Since returning
to England, I have learned that 31. Polymitla again varies on the eastern slopes of the
Andes, whilst a cluster of remarkable varieties or local forms (some of which have been
described as species) are found in the Andean valleys. Some of these {31. 3Iacn)ii(s,
3r. 3[enophilvs, &c.) are very clearly varieties of 31. Polijmnia, like the forms found at
Ega and St. Paulo ; l)ut others {31. 3Iothouc, 31. 3Ieiiapis) are more sharply defined, and
have the appeai-ance oi' tru(> species. Now I think th(> conclusion is unavoidable, that
these apparently distinct species are modifications, as well as the undoubted varieties are ;
for we have the species in all stages of modifi(!ation — simple variation, local variety
scarcely distinguishable from a mere variation, com2)lete local variety, and well-marked
rac(; or species. Tlie forms of 31. Polynuila found in Soutli Brazil confirm this view.
At Rio Janeiro the well-marked race or species 31. Lysimiiia alone is found; at Bahia
(travelling towards the hom(> of the type, 31. Poli/miiia), 31. Li/slmnia in company Avith
31. Nes(pa, a ibrm exactly intermediate between 31. Pol ij inula and 31. Lysbnnla; at
Pernaml)uco (further northward) 31. Nescea alone occurs; at Para this form is seen no
more, and 31. Poltjmula in its typical dress monopolizes the field.

These fixcts seem to tc^ach that, in this and similar cases, a new species originates in a
local variety, formed in a certain area, where the conditions are more favom-able to it
tiian to the typical form, and that a large number (jf such arc simultaneously in process
of formation from one variable and widely distributed species. The new species cannot
be proved to lie estal)lished as such, unless it be fimiul in company with a sistei- Ibrm
wliich has ii:id a similar origin, and maintaining itself perfectly distinct from it. Cases
ol' two extreme varieties of a si)ecies being thus brought into contact I )y redistribution
or mi^-ration, and not amalgamating, will be found to l)c nununous when the sulyect is

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 531

inquired into*. I fmmd no clear iustanei' on the banks of tlie Amazons of two forms
of J/. Poh/iiijua haviny tliis relationship; but, tojudgv from the c(jlleetions received, it
exists between M. Li/simnla and JI. Xcauut, in the middle parts of the Brazilian coast-
country, at Bahia.
Local var. Mcchuiiittn Egoensis (PI. LVI. llg-. la).

Expanse, d 2" 2"'-'2" '"', ? 2" l"'-;3". <?. Tore wint;- similar in shape to thai oi' J/.
Pol>/»i)/i<! : afjorr, dark oranu'e-tawny or reddish brown ; the bas;d i)art of tiu- eosia and
a l)road stripe along the hind margin, extending three-l'ourths the length of the win--, and
touching the edge, black ; there are, besides, six black spots, namely, a large (piadrate one
about the middle of the cell, a faintly nuu-ked one near the base, two (sometimes united)
over the end of the cell, aiul two between tlu> 1st and 2nd )nediau l)ranehes. Across the
wing, a little lieyond the middle, is a very irr(>gular l)right-yellow bi-lt, whieli begins on
the costa and terminates about the middle of the outer mar-in : this band -encn-ally
includes a quadrate spot lying within the end of the cell; its outer margin is deeply
bisiiuiated, and broadly edged with black: in the middle of the brownish apical part of
the wing, near the costa, is a larg(> ill-detined yellowish spot. BciirKlh, the same, excejjt
that there is on the outer margin, near the apex, a series of live whitish s])o1s, in somr
examples rcnluced in siz(> aiul number, in others altogether wanting.

ITiiul ichi(jv\wvi and (piadrangular, tiie angularity nu)st pronounced in small examples ;
ahorc, same colour as the fore wing; there is a broad, black, zigzag stripe alon^• the disk,
behind the cell, and generally a series of marginal lunules of the same colour. The
marginal lunules ar(> wanting in some examples ; in others they are large, ami blended
partly with the black discal stripe. Boicatli, the same, the margin spotless; there is a
yellow spot at the base of the costa.

9. Similar to the 6 in colours: the hind wing is not angular, but elliptical in shape,
and has generally a trace of the marginal white spots on the under surface. Individuals
occur much darker in colour, with the black marks spreading })artly over the surface.

Extremely abundant all the yeai- round at Ega, in thinned parts of the ioresl ; init lound
in no other part of the Amazon region. It occurred in company with the ty{)ical M.
Pohjiiuno aiul numerous individuals exhibiting all the gradations between the two
extreme forms. 1 add descriptions of some of these internKHliate varieties.

* I liave given a case in the first |)ai)er ])uljlislie(l of tliis series, " On the Insert Kanna iil' tlie .Vnia/.on Vallev," in
' Transactions of tlie Entomological Society of London,' n. s. vol. v. |.. ,;.V1, PiiihUo I'l-rtumniix and P. Ilu-ror/cx. It
seems to me that, as only those local varieties become sjiecies which nniintain themselves distinct when hronirlit li\
redistribntion in contact with their sister-forms, natnral selection comes here into play. It is an advantage to a
form to have a s|)here of life different from its allies : when two sister forms keep themselves distinct in a locality, it
is a sign they have accpiired siifHcient difference to fill two separate sjdiercs ; if they paired together, thiy wuulil s("'ii
become one again. Nature may be said to place a |)reminin on diversity ; lor she thus destroys the incompletely finnuil
race, and preserves the completely formed one.

The case oi Mechanitis Pohjmina differs from that i>l' Lepfalix Theonoe, in exhibiting the prodnclion, gencially, ol
only one local form in a district, instead of many. As far as my observations go, this seems to have been the mo-^t
frequent conrsc in nature. More than one new race would with dithcnlly be formed in a limited area, where (he
individuals live in close neighbourhood, except in such cases as our Leptulis, where rigid destruction of inlcrmcihiUe
forms is going on, thus restricting the choice of mates to the surviving forms, or in such genera as Itliomia, where
there is no doubt the insects carefully select their exact counter]iarts in pairing.

?)32 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

Var. 1. Same as 31. T'olymnlu, Cram., except that tlie ground-colour is of a dark orange-
brown, nearly as in 31. E(j(tensis.
This variety was numerously represented, and in both the sexes.

Var. 2. Between var. 1 and 31. Bf/nei/.sis.

The wings are dark isabella-colour, or orange-brown ; the black stripe along the hind
margin of the fore wing touches tlie edge for great part of its length ; and there is a large
irregular yellow spot, bordered with tawny, in the centre of the black apical part, liind
wing of the cJ more angular than in II. PoIi/Mi/if, the apex being as if truncated.

Many examples of this variety occurred at Ega. Few were exactly alike ; some approach
J/. Egueiisis, and others the var. 1 above described.

Local var. 3Iech<Mtlt'i)i 3Ia:(eiis, llewits. Exot. Butt. 3L'ch(uiU'iH, fig. 8.

This form prevailed at St. I'aulo, 200 miles to the west of Ega, in the same way as 31.
Eijaeiisls did in its locality. There is a wide contrast in colour between the two varieties,
and at a first glance tliey would be pronounced distinct species. Examples occurred at
St. Paulo, however, which connected 31. 3I(i:ct'iis with 31. Tohj^nnla type. The other
varieties found at the same locality are so numerous that they cannot conveniently be
described in detail : some are intei-mediate between 31(i:icus and the var. 2 of 31. Erjaens'ts ;
others are remarkable for their rich colouring of l)lack, yellow, and orange-brown, the black
spots at the end of tlie fore-wing cell forming a belt, which divides the yellow part into
two sinuous belts. One (found paii-cd with 3£'i~(i'/f.i) rcscmljles 31. 3I('ii()p]iihifi (llewits.
Exot. Butt. 31('ch(niiti.s, iig. ;5). All of these varieties, however, have the marginal row
of white spots beneath ; and none agree with the 31. Ef/(te//.si,s'. The following merits a
separate name and description, on account of the modified shape of its wings.

Local var. 3Ie('li(iiiiHs OUi-cncid.

2 . Expanse 2" 10'". Similar in colours to 31. 3Iiiza'iis. Fore 'O'ing much shorter, the
apex being obtuse and the outer margin less oblique, so that the end of the cell is l)rought
much nearer to tlie ajicx, reducing the extent of the dark-coloured part near the apex :
orange-tawny ; the costal margin near the Ijasc and a l)road stripe along ^ths of the
posterior margin, touching the edge, black. There is a triangular spot in the basal part
of the cell, a large quadrate one in the middle, and a large twin spot across the v\u\ of
the cell, also black ; beyond the twin spot there is a sliort undulated licit of a rather ])alcr
tawny than the ground-colour, which is yellow near the costa, and bordered exteriorly
with black, the apical part of the wing beyond this belt being orange-tawny like the
ground-colour: there is a black spot in the angle betweiMi the 1st and 2nd median
brancbes, and a twin spot [)osterioi' to it, nearer the outer edge, of the same colour.
BciK'dth, the same, (^xcept that there are three white marginal spots near the apex.

Illiig wii/(/ : dhori', the same; as in 3f. 3LiZ(C/is; bct/ral//, the same as above, excej)! that
th(i margin is destitute of white; spots, or has only a slight indication of them. iJody and
antenna! the same as in 31. PohitiniUt and all the varieties of it here described.

J'^ouiid in company with the 31. 3r((Z(Cus at St. I'aulo. It is a variety of 31. Eohntinia,
which varies in an important part of structure.

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY. 533

CiMuis Nai'i;()GKm;s, iiov. i^^'Ti.

Head small; palpi thinly clotli(>d with scabs, not hairy, the Icrminal joint slender and
projecting in front oftlie forehead. Antenntu moderately short, and distinctly tliiekened
towards the a])e\', fore-wint;- median nervure omittin!;- its first I)raneh at a short
distance from the root of tlii' wing-, hind-winu' lower and middle disco-cellulars rnniiiiiLc
at an obtnse annlc with the median ncrvnre ; both of the san\e length, directed obliipiely
towards the costa near the a))ex (a little less ohlicine in the V than in the d), straight
or very slightly bent, and withont recnrrcnt nervules : u])pcr disco-cellnlar in the
rather long, joining the subcostal near its terminatioTi ; in the 9 short, joininii- the
subcostal far from its termination. The costal and subeostal nervnres of the hind wini,^
in both sexes, are free and wide; apart. Fore tibiie and tarsi in the •' aborted; IV'inur
not abbreviated: fore tarsi in the " slender filiform.

The species of this uenns. such as were then known, were included by i)oul)ie(lay
under his genus Scis ; they are, however, perfectly distinct from .SV//.s- both in the wiii^:-
neuration and in the structure of the fore legs of the '. Most of the species mimic
corresponding species of the allied genus llJioiiiic, in the same way as the Lepialhlcs (Id.
In every locality where Ithoiiiuc are found in abundance, sjx-cies oi" Xajx'ogrucs arc
almost sure to b(> found also, mimicking one or more of them, the lllioniuc beini;'
always abundant, whilst their imitators are very generally scarce in individuals. The
resend)lance between species of the two grou])s is so great that it is dillicult to imagine
it not to be one of real aHinity ; the neuration of the wings, howevei- (a constant and
im])ortant character), is a sure guide in distinguishing theni. They are always represented
with this feature carefully marked in the beautiful figures given by ^Ir. Hewitson in his
• I'>xotic Butt(^r(li(>s.'

* Collar (1)1(1 iriii(/-l((i}p('lti oi-diific ; anleiiital (^lub less (ihrnjilln Ihickoted.

1. NAri;()f;i;xKs Cvriaxassa, ])ouI)leday.

>«/.? ('ijrianassa, Douhld. and llewits. (ieii. Diuni. Lep. pi. Is. f". 1 .
Ithoiii'ia ('ijriundxsa, llewits. I'.xot. l?utt. Ithoin'ia, iiir. 'J.').

Occurs at Tara, in humid ])artsof the forest, abundantly, it is distributed over a u ide
area in the .Vmazon valley, l)ut in each locality it suliers niodilication. The amount of
this modification is not in i)ro|)ortion to geoi;Tapliical distance. Thus, at I'onte lU)a, 1.">(MI
miles to the west of I'ani, it scarcely dilfers from the I'ara ty|)e, having only the discal
area of tlu^ hind wings less transparent; but on the banks of the ('u])ari, only .")<•((
miles west of rani (all th(>se places are in the same latitude), it e\i>ts only under the
form of a well-marked and constant local variety or race (oui' .\". ^Idcl/ilic) : a slioi-1
distance (1.")') miles) to the west of Fonte Boa, it occurs aiiain as a distinct local variety
(our X. TioKiHlhid).

The species much resembles, when on the wing, C('i'(irnii(( yinoiiic, var. luo-ii. It is a
slow flier, and, alt houuli abundant in individuals, is confined to limited areas in the
districts where it is found.

534 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

2. Xapeogenes Tunaxtina.

2 . Size, shape, and general colour of N. Cyrianassa. Apical yellow spot of the fore
Aving oval in shape, rounded on its inner edge, sinuated in the middle, leaving the dusky
crossbelt of undiminished thickness to the outer margin. Disk of the hind wing semi-
opake, fulvous. Tlie rest as in N. Cyi'iauassa.

Pound in the forest at Tunantins, north shore of the Upper Amazons. All the
individuals seen were conformable to the above description.

V>. Kapeogenes Adelpiie.

<;" 9 . Size, shape, and general colour of N. Cijrianassd. The wings are throughout
more 02>ake. The apical yellow spot of the lore wing is oblong, of nearly uniform width ;
its inner margin has two slight siiuuitions : the l)lack transverse belt between it and the
disk commences at the subcostal nervure, and is gradually attenuated to its termination
on the outer margin.

This constant local form diflers I'rom N. CiiriaHnssa more than N. Tinimdina does.
It is peculiar to tlie forests of the Cuparl, a ])ranch river of tlie Tapajos. All the
individuals found were constant to their type.

1. Ts^M'KOGENES Inaciiia, Hewitson.

IlliDiiiiii liiachia, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Jlhomia, fig. fifi (not fi/)*.

This sj)eeies closely resentblcs N Cyrici/assa in form and colours. The basal part of
llic fore wing, however, has a rntlier larger extent of yellowish hyaline; the suljapical
spot is regularly oblong oval, and the l)laek crossbelt is gradually narroAved, its edges
])eing straight, from the costa to the outer margin. The antenna> are entirely black,
'ilie hind wing l)eneath wants tlie basal costal yellow spot which is so constant in
.V. Cyr'nriiassa and its local varieties.

I'"()und in company with N. C'yi'hn/assa at I'ara. Althougli the two species are so
closely allied and lly together, they appear to maintain themselves perfectly distinct.
Notliing resemlding a ]iyl)rid example or connecting form ever occurred. I strongly
suspect that we have here a case of mimetic adaptation ; because most of the numerous
local varieties of A'. Jiiachiti iwv nujdilied to re))resent species of Itliomia occurring in the
same localities.

;"). Napeogexes I'vkois.

c< ?. Size, shape, and colour of antenna' of A'. Inaclda. The subajjical yellow spot of
the lore wing, and its acconii)auying black crossbelt, as well as the broad fulvous boi'dcr
of the hind wing, are also precisely the same. The ground-colour of the wings, ]u)wever,
is (piite diiferent. The basal area of the fon^ wing and the discal ])ortioii of the bind
wiiiL;' (with their iicrvures) ai'c straw-coloured aiul .sfiiiitransparent . The subniarginal

* Fii;. 07 is given by Mr. llcwitsuii as a variotv (if liuirhia. It ditVcrs ciiily in colour, and is willuuil a doiiht a local
\i\T\i-\x u\' Inorltiii. It occurs a))Uiuiaiitl_v at lialiia, wlu^rc it seems to uiiiiiic Ithnmia KurHuM iit that region. It
should have a distinctive name lor the sake of clearness ; I iirojiose that of A'. ci'lj)/i(ii-,ii(i.

OF rilE AMAZON VALI.FA'. 535

row of white spots on the fore wing is partly obsoh'tc. JJcncalli, it wants (like ,V. luachia)
the ycUow sjjot of tlie hind wing at the base of the eosta.

J\)Uii(l, ill cDinpaiiy \\ith X. Adclphc, on tiie hanks of tlif Cu[iaii. It is evidently a loeal
niodiiiealiuu of .V. y/a/f/(/</, although having a strikingly dillerent appearance through
the change in its coloration. It is remarkable that the Cupari form of .V. Ci/ridiicsNa
{X. Adelpfic) should have eliaimvd s,, little, whilst X Fi/rois. tln'Cuiiari f.nii of IiincliHf,
is so considerably modified from its type.

0. NAriiOGKNKs I'liAKo, I'Vldcr.

Ilhomia Phuro, l-Vld. Wicu. Kntoinoldr^ische Monatsschr. isr)2, p. 7^>-
Ithomia Inar/iia, var., Ilfwilsoii. Kxot. Butt. Jt/ioitti(i, fii^s. 1 1.5, 111.

Tabatinga, neai' the IVontief of Peru, Upper Ama/.ons. 1 believe, with ]M r. Ilewitson,
that it is a variety of X. Iiutchhi, but is a well-marked one, the product of a distinct area^
and constant in its differential characters; it merits, therefore, a separate nain(> and
mention. I did not meet with it in any other part of the Amazon region, except the
locality mentioned above. J )r. i'elder has received it from the I'pper Kio Xeuro. It is
similar in colours to the X. sidpliio-uKt (the race of A', litachia peculiar to S. \\. Brazil),
but differs from it in the broader black borders and the much paler colour with semi-
transparency of the diseal areas of the wings.

7. XAi'icoaiONLs Eittii.i.A, Ilewitson.

Ilhofiiin Errilln, Ilcwits. Kxot. Ikitt. Ithomia, fig. 12«.

Found only at Tonte 15oa, on the Upper Amazons. It mimics \fry curiously in colours
and markings a group of Illtom'uc which are peculiar to the .same part of the country,
viz., l.yFJid, f. Jllliiissa, I. Prisc/l /a, and T. C/it/iUa. It agr(>es so nearly in all essential
characters with A'. I,i"chi(i, notwithstanding the totally dillerent e(doration, that 1 think
there can be no doubt it is another local form of that species, in support of this view, I
would adduce that it is the only form of the A". 7/^r/r///V'-group found in the locality, where
some one or other might be expected to occur, from being f.und al\sa\s in company
with Jlltumuc. where these latter (>xist abundantly. I found it ilyiii- aiiioiiL;st a crowd
of the above-named species, \\ithin a limited area in the interior of the forest; it was
much rarer than the Tl hum id:, i\m\ (piitc undistinguishable from them on the wing.

8. NAi'HofiKXKs IrnitA, Ilewitson.

Ithom'iu Itlira, Ilcwit.s. I'^xol. Butt. Itlioni'iu, fig. 71-

AgrcH'swith liKicliin in the colour of tlu> body and antenna', but dilfers from it totally
in the c(dours of the wings. 11 has a remarkable and evidi'iitly mimetie ri'semblanee to
llhoinhi ('ijiiio. JJoth are jjeculiar to the neighbourhood of I'ara — the Uhoiuhi being very
abundant, whilst X. Itlirc is an extremely rare species.

t). Naim;o(;i;.\i:s ('(uikna, ilewitson.

Ilhomia Cdreua, Iltwits. I'',xi)t. 15iitt. Ilhomia, fig. 112.

I'ouiul only at St. I'aiilo. Agrees with Tiiachid in the eolom- ol' the lnnly and anteiiiKe,
but is totally dillerent in the coloration of the wings from that and all the allied species

VOL. X.X^lll. i C

536 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

or varieties. It wears, in fact, the peculiar livery of a species of Ithomia characteristic
of the locality in which it is found, in this respect being like the two preceding species.

** Colhir (1)1(1 whi(]-J(ippots black ; antennal club more abriipllu thickened.

10. Napeogenes piierantiies, n. sp.

c? ? . Expanse 2". Wings narrow ; shape and position of the black parts same as in
N. Inachld, except that the borders are wider. Fore wing : above, with the Ijasal and
apical hyaline areas faintly margined with purple, stained in the middle with light yellow,
the black posterior border reaching and slightly passing the median nervure and its first
branch ; outer margin spotless. Beneath, same as above, except that the marks which
are black above are of a fulvous colour, and the apical margin has three white spots.

Hind iriufi : abore, with the discal hyaline area faintly margined Avith purple, yellow
in the middle ; the hind border wide and orange-coloured, margined with black, as in N.
Inachia. Beneath, the same, except that the costa has a long fulvous stripe, and the
outer margin a series of five white spots.

Body black : collar and Aving-lappets spotted with white; a central line on the meso-
thorax also white. Antennjt; black : club yellow.

Taken at Eontc Bon. Rare.

11. Napeogenes ckocodes, n. sp.

6 . Expanse 2". Colours above and beneath almost precisely as in Naj^eogencs Pharo,
Hewits. (Exot. Butt. Tthomia, figs. 143, IM). The hyaline areas are rather paler straw-
colour, the wings much narrower. Antenna^ black ; clul) yellow.

Body black ; collar and wing-lappets spotted with white ; a central line on the meso-
thorax also white.

Taken at Tal)atinga, in company with N. Pharo. It is evidently a local modification
of N. pheranlhes, modified in colours to mimic N. Pharo.

12. Napeogenes Duessa, Howitson.

Illwmia Dut'ssd, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. I//iom/a, fig. 137.

I did not meet Avith this species myself. It Avas taken by M. dc Gand at Nauta, on the
Upper Amazons.

It Avill be useful to enumerate the rest of the described species Avhich I consider to
belong to this genus : I inchule a description of a new one in the list.

1. N. ToEosA, IIcAvits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. 72.
Mexico.

2. N. Lai;ina, Ibid. Ithomia, fig. 90.
NcAV Ciraiiada.

This is tlie mimetic analogue oi Ithomia Cclemia, IIcAvits. (1. c. Ithomia, fig. 22), found

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. B37

in the same country. Mr. Ilcwitson, iu the text, has called attention to the close
resemblance, stating that he had been inclined to refer them to the same species.

3. N. Arn.LV, Ilewils. 1. c. Illiumia, fig. 127.

New (iranada. This species, difTerent in style of coloration fi-om any llclicdiiidc found
iu the Amazon region, affords another instance of the strange adaptive- resemblances
existing m this geuus. It mimics a small group of Cernlutia- which arc also ])cculiar to
New Granada, namely, C. (or Jlcloicea?) Villnlu (llewits. Exot. JUitt. lUiomw, fig. 12(!)
and C. Canw {ib. fig. SI).

4. N. Xantuonk, n, sp.

6 . Expanse 2". ikdongs to our first section, and is pi'()bal)ly another loeal form of
N. Inachid. "Wings elongate-narrow. Fore icing : ahurc, \\\i\i the black Ijordcrs and
crossbclt arranged as in N. Tnacliia, except that the crosslxdt is much more obli(jU(>, com-
mencing nearer the base of tlie wing; basal area opakc; l)riglit fulvous ; the crossbclt very
broad on the costa, then narrower, but continuing of e(iual l)readth from the cell to the
outer margin; subapical .spot oldong-oval, bright clear yellow ; outer margin spotless.
Beneath, the same, except that there is a submargiual row of seven wliite spots.

Jlind v'liKj : above, with outer margin from before the (Mid of the costa to the anal angle
broadly l)lack, enclosing an orange-coloured stripe; discal area bright clear yellow.
liciieatli, the same, except that the basal jiart of the costa is yellow, ami that there is a
black stripe along the subcostal nervure, and a sul)marginal row of six white spots.

Body dark grey ; collar aiul wing-lappets orange-coloured. Antennte black.

Bahia and S. E. IJrazil. It somewhat resembles in its general colours Jlec/iouitis
Xescca, a prolific species p(!culiar also to the same part of Brazil.

5. X. suLruuniN'A, nob. Itliontia Inacliia, var., llewits. Jvvot. Butt, lllioijiia, fig. G7.
Bahia.

Genus [iuomia, I)oul)leday.
Doubid. and llewits. (ic-n. Diiun. Iajj. j). 122.

I propose to limit this genus to those species in which the hind-wing (lisco-cellular
nervule is placed so as to form a right or acute angle with the median jier\ ure, and is
directed across the wing (instead of tow ards the apex) in both sexes. The head and palpi
arc constructed precisely as in Ceeat'utiu, Sals, Meelianilin, and Xapeofjenes. The antenn;e
are long, and thickened towards the ti[)S ; sometimes they are excessively elongated and
filiform. J'hen when tluis limited, tlic genus contains a considerable diversity of forms,
constituting grou2)s wliich perhaps have an equal right with CeraLuiia and ^apeojenes to
be called genera. The chief groups are the three follow ing ; —

1. Jlhuiiila proper.

The hind-wing lower radial is visible on the disk, and terminates on the hind margin,
the median l)ranches not being widely separated. There is a long midille disco-cellular
nervule which is directed obliquely outwards. The arrangement of the upper ratlial and

Ic 2

538 MR. II. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

upper disco-ocllular is very vai'ia1)lc, there being a gradatiou from those species which stand
nearest to Cevatluia, which have an upper disco-cellular in both sexes, to those approach-
ing Htjwcmt'is, in which this nervule disappears, the upper radial Ijeing then as a branch
of the subcostal (in the $) or totally wanting (in the <S).

2. Ilymenltls, part (Doubleday).
In this series of species the lower radial and upper disco-cellular exist in the c?,
although the lower radial is more or less aborted, whilst in the 2 the ujjper radial becomes
joined as a branch to tlie subcostal, its corresponding (the upper) disco-cellular being
wanting. The lower radial is removed nearer the costa, terminating at the apex of the
wing, the median l)ranc]ies being rather widely spread.

3. Ilymeiiitis.

The hiiul-wing lower disco-cellular, in the extreme forms of the group, anastomoses
immediately with the su1)Costal in lioth sexes; consequently both middle and upper disco-
cellulars are entirely absent, the lower and upper radials being as branch and sub-branch
of the sul)costal. The median 1)rauehes are very widely spread, and the wing-cell is
thrown close to the fore margin of the wing. In the less extreme species, both disco-
cellulars exist in the cr ; luit they are very short, and the lower radial is always placed
nearer ihe subcostal tlian in group 2.

The explanation of this diversity in the system of neuration of the hind wing in the
genus TfhoDiia seems to be this : — The species exhiliit from one end of the scale to the
other the gradual determination of the nervuivs towards the costa. In Napeogenes, in
Crratiutd, in ]fL'cJ/(u/i//s, and still further in Sa/s, we have seen the radials brought
within the domain of the median nervure; in Ithomia they show the opposite tendency,
namely, to connect themselves with the subcostal system of nervures — a tendency which
progresses tlirough our sections 1 {Ithoniia proper) and 2, and culminat(>s in llijiiioiitls.
IIi/iiH'i/i//s, therefore, exhil)i<s the extreme develo[)m(Mit of a plan of wing-neiu'ation totally
unlike anything existing in the rest of the section l{ho})alocera.

In this direction it may l)e said to display the type of the beaiitiful oi'der Lepidoptera
in its greatest perfection. It is a curious fact that none of tlie delicate species comprised
in the suljgeuus IL/mpDiUs arc^ found in the Amazon plains : they seem to ha confined to
the more elevated valleys of the Andes, in Peru and New Granada, and to the higher
tro])ieal latitudes of Mexico and S. ]■]. lirazil*.

* The fnlliiuin:;- ilrsnibcd s[)i'ci(S of Ilhomiii bclmig to tlic Ilympnitis section : —

1. I. <n(ip}i(iiiii, Dniry, ii. ]il. 7. — Janmicn, St. Domingo.

■_'. /. esiihi, llrwits. Kxot. Butt. Uhomiit, tig. S.S. — New Granmla.

Ii. /. Thrii,/rli,i,la, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ulwrnin, fig. N().-^Ne\v Granada.

■I. /. Dinlliii, Ilewits. Trans. Enl. Sue. n. s. vol. ii. pi. ■_';;. fig. .'i. — \c\v (Jranada.

U. I. .tiiilrnniirn, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. .'{S. — Veneznela.

6. /. EniPd, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. 81.— Brazil, 'M)° S. lat.

'. I. A/on/a)ir, liiilnier, Zntriige, figs. 8fi!), 870. — Mexico.

8. /. l)rn;-ti.s, Donliled. & Ilewits. Gen. Dinrn. Lep. ])1. 18. fig. fi.— Venezuela.

9. 7. Nero, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. ,'?7.— Mexico.
K). /. Oto, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. M!).— Guatemala.

OF TIIK AMAZON VALLEY. 539

The species of Itlioni'ia are veiy iiumerous ; lO" have already heen dcseribed, but many
still exist impuldished in collections. They are most numerous in tlu- c(piatorial parts of
America, decreasing towards citlun' tropic. One only is I'ound in llic \\'c.st India [slands,
and none, T believe, in ('xtra-tro[)ical North America. Two or three occur in .'50'' S. lat. ;
but the genus is unknown in Chili and to the south of the Ivio dc la Plata. Most of
the s[)eeies have curiously limited ranges; many of those inhabiting the l)aiiks of the
Tj)per Amazons do not (>xtend more than lOO or 2(»() miles, although there are no apparent
physical barriers to their dissemination ; and it is probable, from the nnnd)er of new ones
received in colltTtions nuule in newly explored localities, that most of the Andean vallevs
have their peculiar species.

They are pmlilie insects, and gregarious in their liabits, flocks of many dillercnt sp(>cies
associating together. Their llight is low and weak ; and they affect only certain parts of
the forest, genei-ally shady hollows, where many hundreds may often bo seen sporting
together, althounh not an individual i> fouiul in any otiier ])art of the neighbourhood.

1. Ttuomlv EriiiMKDiA, Cramer.

Pajji/io Eurimedht, ("ram. Pap. V.xoi. t. lilf). f. C, D.

— yEgle, Iliiljner, .Saiiinil. V,\. Sclini.

A common .species at Tara and tliroughout the Lower Amazon region. Tt is oflei! f )un(l
in comjjany with Lei>Ui]is l^iniieVKt, to which it has so great a resemblance that the two
seem to b(> of the same species when on the wing. It is found .also at .'>urinam (in com-
pany w ith the Lep(alis) ; and I have examples from Bahia, in S. Iv Brazil, where a \ aiietv
of it also occurs which is widely disseminated over South and cxtra-tropieal ]5razil.

2. Tthomlv XrsK, Cramer.

Papilio Nise, Cram. I'ap. Kxot. t. J.il. f. I'^i.

Selene, Cram. Pap. Kxot. t. .51,'>. f. F, G.

— — Xeao, Iliibn. Sainml. F-x. Sclnn.

Cramer's tigures of this species are very bad ; but T think they are recognizaI)le with
the assistance of the descriptions in the text, and that they rei)rescnt the same specie's as
that figured by Iliibner under the name of AY'.s'ci. It is an abundant species ;\t Bai'.-i, but
is not found anywliei'c else in the Amazon region, i have spt^ciincns of both sexes from
Demerara, and tiiui that they do not differ from I'ara examples; at Cayenne, lu)wever, a
local variety ])revails in which both wings have above a submarginal row of pale spots,
and the general c(dom- is nuich paler. It is the only /(/io)///a known to me in \\lucli the
sexes are strikingly diffeivnt in ap[)carancc. The wings of the " are more trae.spareut,
and much jialer in colour that those of the ?, especially the discal area of the hind wing.
The peculiar texture of the surface of the wings is owing to the extreme fineness of the
scales with wliieli they are covered. I consider /. J:ar(i (llewits. Ivxot. Ibitt. Illiomid,
f. 23), which occurs on tin; banks of the Xapo, a local modiflcalion of this species, several
connecting forms being known, 'i'he very lieautiful lohiia (llewits. /. c. f. 1)7) of New
Granada is probably also another local variety *.

* /. Tutiu, Ili'wits. Kxot. IJiitt. Illtamin, ii. (i (a species allicif to 1. .W.sc), is givoii as an .Vma/oniau species
erroneouslv. It is a native of Venezuefa.

540 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

3. Ituomia rcECiLA, n. sp.

d . Expanse 2" 2'". Texture of the wings precisely as in I. Nise ; but both wings are
considerably narrower, as in I. Azara. Fore ivlng : above, seniitransparent, with the basal
half orange-tawny ; the costal edge, the hind margin, a narrow triangular spot at the
Ijase of the cell, and two rounded ones placed obliquely at the end of the cell blackish;
the apical third of the wing dusky black, the space between this part and the orange-
tawny basal part occupied hy a rather broad, oblique, light-yellow crossbelt ; the inner
edge of the black apical part has many indentations, and near the hind angle there is a
narrow dusky streak running from the outer margin halfway along the second median
branch. Beneath, the same, except that there is a row of 5-6 small Avhite spots very
near the outer mai'gin, and a series of \<-o fulvous spots across the dusky-black apical
part.

Ilind whuj semitransparent : above, orange- tawny, with a straight macular stripe along
the disk running behind the cell, composed of four semioval spots, which are connected to-
gether, and a marginal row of four or live nearly semicircular spots, all black. Beneath,
the same, except that the costal edge is yellowish, and that there is a marginal row of six
small white spots.

Body blackish ; thorax spotted with greenish yellow ; abdomen beneath wholly
greenish yellow. (Antenmc wanting).

My example of this species was received from Bogota, Xew Granada. There is a
specimen in the British Museum from Xauta, Upper Amazons.

4. Ituomia Svnnova, Ilewitson.

JlJiom'ni Si/iiiiova, Ilewits. E\ut. Butt. Ithom'iu, f. lofJ.

A distinct and beautiful species, found only in the forest at Tunantins, on the northern
bank of the Upper Amazons. Its nearest relative is no doubt the following, /. Gunllla.

5. Ituomia Guxilla, Ilewitson.

Ithomla GuiiUlii, Ilewits. Exot. Butt, llliuin'iu, f. 130.

Found at Fontc Boa, Upper Amazons, flying in company with the two folloAving. All
three stand in the closest relationship with each other ; they are identical in colours,
differing only in tlieir arrangement or pattern. They all seem to keep themselves
perfectly distinct.

('). Ituomia ruisciLLA, Ilewitson.

ItliDia'ut I'riscillu, Hewits. Exot. Butt. Ithuniia, f. 1.51.

J'^onte Boa ; equally abundant with the preceding and following.

7. Ituomia Illinis.sa, Ilewitson. (PL LV. fig. Ga).
Illiumia llUiiissa, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomla, f 2 and 132 (aberration).

This sp('(,'ies has a wider range than the two preceding, being ft)iuid nuich further
eastward, at I^ga, and prolialily also west\\ard in Peru. I found, at Ponte ]5oa, Avith
the type, a few individuals of a variety which connects the species with /. I'rincilla. I

OF THE AMA7,ON VALLEY. 541

am inclined to think that all throo aro modifications of one and the same species. They
may have arisen in separate localities, and liave hecn al'ter^vards l)rou<;ht l)y altered
distrihiition into contact ; l)ut il is not necessary to suppose tliis, as the UIiuiu'kc always
pair with their exact counterparts, so that separation is prohahly not reijuisite to aid the
segrei^ation of races, when tlie variations have once arisen.

The flocks of Butterflies, all of the same colour, and iindistinguishalde from one another
•when on the wing, which fly together in the same; dry hollows of the forest at J'onte Boa,
comprise, besides the three preceding species, also a fourth Ithouiin (/. ^EVm, belonging
to a difl'erent section of the genus) and Xapoo(jencs ErclUa. A LcpldHs (1*1. I.\ .
fig. G), coloured in the same way, occurs in company with /. lliniissd, at Ega ; and
an Ithomeis* {I. aio'antidcd, belonging to the widely diU'ennit family Ei'iicuiUUe) flies

* Itiiomkis, nov. gcii. (raiiiily Ekycimd.i,).

Allied to Lywnn'.? and Phe!es. Facies of Iffioniiri, having similar elongated fore wings and wliilisli spots near tlie
apex, imitating the transjiarent ones usual in the species of that genus.

Head clothed with even, soft hair-scales : palpi extremely short, thick, thinly and smoothly clad with scales.
AntenniT moderately slender, elongate, not pale-ringed ; thickened towards the apex into an elongate, slender, com-
pressed cluh. Fore wing elongate, apex more or less rounded : suhcostal and median nervures straight ; the former two-
branched, emitting its first branch just liefore, its second much beyond, the end of the cell : upper disco-cellular very
short ; middle disco-cellular mtudi longer, transverse ; lower disco-cellular slanting outwards, nearly |)erfectly tubular,
joining the median beyond its second I)ranch. llind wing snboval ; upper radial appearing as a continuation of tlie
subcostal, the terminal ])art of the subcostal -placed as a branch of it ; middle disco-cellular short, transverse ; lower
disco-cellular in the same relative position as in the fore wing. Legs thinly clad with scales, stout ; fore legs of the cf
densely h.airy ; fore legs of the 2 long, thinly clad, claw-joint very large, oblong-oval, claws minute.

In the shape and clothing of the liead, palpi, and antenna', this genus is extremely similar to Lijmnna, Pheles,
Zeonia, Themone, and the allied genera. Its nearest relationship is with Pheles, from which it ditTers in the second
suhcostal branch of the fore wing lieiug emitted after, instead of before, the end of the cell. The s])ecies of Pheles
have somewhat the aspect of Ithomiie and Staluchtes, but those oi Ithomeis have a much closer rcsenihlauce to those
genera.

\. Ithomeis ai^rantiaca, n. sp.

S . Kx]iausc 1" '.)" . Fore icinf/ : nhnre, black : a long triangular spot at the base of the cell, a smaller one just
after the cell, a rounded one between the 1st and 2ud median branches, and a belt of three similar spots across the
wing, between the radials and the '2nd and .'?rd median branches, whitish ; the costal margin at the base, a large spot
between the median and i)ostmcdian nervures, and a narrow, somewhat regular, submarginal band beginning on the
costa, running ])arallel to the outer margin, arched, and reaching the hind margin, orange. Benea/h, the same.

Hitiff winff : ahnrr, orange, the whole margin narrowly, and a large triangular spot on the basal part of the disk,
black. Beneath, the same, except that there are two white spots at the base of the wing.

Antenna? black. Body black ; forehead silvery white ; abdomen beiu-atii orange.

Found at Caii-ara, between Ega and Fonte Boa, iu com])any with Ithumia .E/ia, which it very much resei:d)led on
the wing.

2. Itiiomkis Stalaciitina, n. sp.

<S ■ Expanse 1" 8". Fore trint/ : nhove, black; the costal and hind margins near the base slightly tinged with
tawny orange ; a long stripe within the base, a speck beyond the cell, a spot lietween the 1st and 2nd nu'dian branches,
and a short macidar crossbelt, jdaced rather more than halfway between the cell and tlu* ai>ex, white. Beueiith, the
same, except that the tawny-orange marks near the base appear as distinct stripes, and that there is a short, narrow,
obscure tawny belt parallel to the outer margin.

Jlim/ winff : above, black ; a broad tawny-orange stri|)e begins at the base, runs along the .abdmuinal margin,
bending before reaching the anal angle, and continues thence to the apex ; there is also a dull tawny-orange s])ot iu the
middle of the costal margin. Beneath, the same, exce]>t that there are two white spots at the base.

Body and anteuim; black ; forehead silvery white ; abdomen beneath orange.

542 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA

with Tfliomiri ^TUl'ia in anothei" locality. A species of Bomhyeide Motli {Dioptls JEllana,
PI. LV. fig. 10) is also seen minyled Avitli the crowd in the forests of Fonte Boa. None of
these are found in any other part of the Amazon region, nor indeed in any other part of
America, to my knowledge, than the places inhabited by their counterparts.

Found at Eg.i, in company with Stalachtis Buvalii and Ithomia Theoaoe, var. Lysiuo'i. I think there can be no
doubt it is of the same stock as Ithomeis aunintiaea, and has become modified in colours by natural selection, like
Lepfdlis Li/sliio'(\ to ada])t it to the |irolific and flourishing Stciliic/ifi.f Duvalii.

3. IlllOMEIS IIki.ICONINA, 11. SJ).

c? . Expanse 1" 2'". Fore iriny : ahove, black ; a large Iriangular spot on the basal part of the disk, traversed by
the median nervure and its first branch, a short crossbelt beyond the cell, traversed by the costal, uj)per and lower
radials, and ."rd median branch, white ; a narrow submaiginal cmved belt, beginning on the costa and ending near the
hind margin, reddish. Beneath, the same.

Iliiid wing : above, black, with the disk (behind the cell), including the central jiart of the abdominal margin,
greyish white, semitransparent ; the nervures dusky : the broad' black bind border bus a narrow reddish-oiauge stripe
in its middle. Beneath, the same, exce])t that there is a white spot at the base.

Body and anteiiiise black ; forehead silvery white ; abdomen beneath orange.

Fomid at St. Paulo, flying in company with Ithomia. Itei-dina, which it resembles when on the wing.

•1. Ithomeis mimica, n. sp.

cJ 2 . Expanse 1" .'i'"-]" !)'". Fore ivin<j : atjove, dull black, with a reddish tinge on the margins near the base ;
a triangular spot traversed by the median nervure in the basal part of the disk, and an obscure spot between the 2nd
and 3rd median branches, dull greyish white ; a broad arched tawny-orange belt parallel to but distant from the outer
margin, beginning on the costa, and not reaching the hind angle. Beneath, the same, except that the tawny-orange
belt is yellower, and that there is a stripe of the same colour on the costal and hind margins, near the base.

Ilind wing : aljorc, dull black ; the disk crossed behind the cell by an obscure, narrow, greyish stripe, traversed by
the dusky nervures ; a broad regular submarginal stripe along the hind margin and the abdominal edge orange-tawny.
Beneath, the same, except that there is a whitish streak at the base of the costa.

Body and anteimai blaek ; forehead silvery white ; abdomen beneath orange.

This species is found at St. Paulo and at Ega. It has a great resemblance in colours (though much smaller in size)
to Statiiehtis Euterpe, which inhabits in great numbers both localities.

,'). IlllOMEIS Sati:i,i,itks, n. S|).

c( . Expanse ]" S'". Fore iriiig : ainive, Ijlack ; a very large triangular spot, occupying the basal ])art of the disk,
extending nearly to the end of the cell and to the hind angle, and a macular crossbelt consisting of six spots, half-
way bt'tween the cell and outer margin, greyisli white, slightly transparent; a submarginal belt, beginning on the costa
and extending nearly to the hind margin, reddisli orange. Beneath, the same.

////((/ n'inij : uliiioe, with the whole disk grey, semitransparent ; the costal edge blaek ; a broad submarginal band,
beginning on llie costa and miming parallel with the margin to the abdominal edge, reddish orange, bordered on each
side with blaek. Beneath, the same, except that the red submarginal belt runs also along the costal margin to the
base of the wing, ubieli has also on its black costal edge a whitish stripe.

Body and ,ui(eiiii:e black ; forehead silvery white ; abil i^n beiii'Uth orange.

This s|ieeies lla^ ilie liglil-eiili)iired portions of ihe wings much greater in extent, and much clearer iu hue, than any
of its kinilred. it l> found in the Inrests of the Ciipari', a lirani'h of the TajiajdS, in company with Ithomia Flora. It
is in .■leeordanee wilh the ii>t iif the faels of ada|itive reM'mblaiuvs hiTc recorded, thai this Ithomeis, the I.eptalis of
the loealily ( //. Theonoe), and the Ithnmia wliieb they both mimic ( /. Flora), are all much more transjiareiit and
cleari-r in colour tlian their allied forms of the I'pper Amazons.

1 believe that all the five species of Ithomeis liere described belong to (me stock. It is remaikable that the colours
(jf the anteiin.-e and body are iilentical in all live. This seems to show that the modifications have jilayed only
upon till' colours of the wings, and this strictly in aee(n-dance with the Ithomia- or !<talaehles which abound in the
lociillty they respectively inhabit. Thev are all excessively rare. I found but one specimen each of four of the
s])eeics, during eleven years' rcseardi.

OF THE AMAZON" VALLEY. 543

8. Itiiomia Ii,Era)iNA, ll(nvits()n. (I'l. LVI. lig-. 1 «.)

Ithomia Ihrdina, Ilewits. Exot. IJutt. Itltoinia, f. 129, 1 15.

This is closely allied to 1. Ill/uitut". It entirrlv takes the plaee of that speeies at St.
Paulo, dilTering- from it only in the white disk of tlu; hind wing and orange submarginal
band of the fore wing. It is clearly only a local modilieation of the same, wlujse segre-
gation from the original stock is complete. A variety oi Lcpddis Lijainu'e {L. Leu.conov,
n. L\'I. fig. 1) exists at St. Paulo in company with it, and presents precisely the same
modifications of colour ; also the Erycinide TtliornciH Tlclicoitiim, and a species of J?ond)y-
cide Moth (J^^/Vyy^Z/V, 1*1. L\'. fig. 11). The tlirec niiiniekiiig s])ecies were very rare, whilst
/. IlerdiiKi was extremely abundant. 1. lIci'diiKi varies a little in the white ner\ures of
the disk of the wings being partly black, showing the process of transition to the peculiar
white hue which disi iuguishes it from the allied species.

9. Itiio.mia Onkga, llewitson. (PI. LV. fig. 2 a.)
Ithoiiiiu UiH'iia, Ilewits. Exot. Hutt. Ithonwu t- 1-

This IiandsouK! s])ecies is found in abiuulaiu'(> tln'om^Hiout tlie r])per Amazon rei;-ioii,
where it seems to take the place of Uhom'ia Flore, which is ])eculiar to the rei:ion nearer
the Atlantic. I believe it to be a local modification of /. Flora. A Leplalh of similar
colours {^L. yichnioe, PI. \N . fig. 2) and a l?ombycide Moth {])io]ttin Oiicc/n) aecomjiany
it. Tlu> L('iit"lis is undoubtedly a variety or descendant from the stock of L. Thcoiioe,
which, we have seen, inhabits only those ])laccs where ftliouiid Flora occurs. Lt'jdnltx
Mclanoii has been found nowhere but in company \\\\\\ lUnnn'ia Oucya.

10. Itiiomlv Flora, Cramer. (PI. LV. iig. 1 a.)
I'ajtitio Flora, Cramer, I'ap. Exot. t. L',)/. f. 15, C (poor figure).
Ithomia Flora, Ileuitsoii, Exot. I5iitt. Itltnmiu, f. G8, G9.
Er/ra, ibid., f. 1 (a slif^ht aberration).

This s[)ccies al)ounds in the forests of the Amazon Delta, and as far up the river as the
banks of the Cui)ari (a l)rauch of the Tapajos), 120 miles above the mouth of that river.
Unlike the Uhomhe of the I'pper Amazons, its Avings have a \-ery large portion of their
surface ehvar of scales and transjjarent. Lcplalls T/ieonoe {VI. LN . tig. 1), Napcoijcnca
lUrra, and tlie l?ond)ycide ^[oth Diopti.'i C'l/ma, have a great resemblance to it, and are
found only in the regions which it inhabits. Diopliti Ci/)iia, however, is a)i exception ;
it has ac(|uire(l a wider ranue, being found at Ega, wliere no cl(>ar-wing(>d Ithnmuc are
met with. The Ilhomui'. increase in transparency in receding from the ('(piator. 'I'hey
are niunerous in \'en(v,uela. South Brazil, and Mexico. The tendency to transparency
reaches its acme in llhomia {lliinicuith) diaphana of Jamaica. Nearly all the species oi'
the Ui)i)er Amazon region Jiave o])ake wings.

11. Tth()mi.\ Doto, IFiibner.

Ilhoinia Doto, Iliibner. Saniml. Exot. Schmett.
Sisera, Hewits. Exot. Mutt. Illiomia, f. C.

Abundant on the liauks of the Tocantins. at Paiao. Fouiul also at Para.

VOL. XXIIl. -1. I)

544 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

12. Itiiomia Antisao.

IthoMui Sao, Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Ithomia, f. 110, 111.

This form requires to l)o distinguished by fi separate name from I. Sao of niibner,
although it he only a loeal variety of it, on account of its Avings Ijcing less clear, the
nervures tinged and bordei'cd with reddish, and the hind-wing border having a reddish
stripe wit) 1 in it. The true Sno of llul)ner, of which I examined the typical example in
Dr. JJoisduval's collection, has very clear wings, sharply defined nervures, and the hind-
wing border wholly dark ])rown. I did not find this in the Amazon region, the
whole of the cxam})lcs collected agreeing with the figs. 110, 111 of Hewitson. On the
Up})er Amazons it is an extremely abundant species.

"With this species comnKnices the tendency to detcirmination of the hind-wing neuration
towards the costa. In the d the upper radial is placed as a branch of the subcostal near
the apex, and consequently there is no upper disco-cellular nervule. In the 9 the upper
radial is connected with the cell I)y means of an upper disco-cellular, in the same way as
in the typical Ithomia I. Flora and its allies.

13. Ithomia Tucuxa, n. sp.

6 ?. Expanse 1" 9"'-2" 1'". Closely resembles in shape, markings, and neuration
Il.homia Zei'llna (Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Ithomia, f. 94-9G). Differs in colours. Foiv
lo'nnf hyaline : attorn, the entire margin evenly bordered with dark brown, which colour
also forms a short oblique belt running from the costa across the end of the cell; the
hyaline part brownish, with a large spot in the middle of the cell, a crossbelt beyond the
cell, and a- row of elongate s])ots between the nervures, near the margin, light yellow; the
costal stigma, with the nervurc.'s crossijig it, and the bas(^ of the upper radial light
yellow. licnaath, tlie same, excejjt that the outer margin, from the costal stigma to
the liind angle, is orange-coloured, edged with black, and that there are two white spots
at the ap(!x.

Wild lo'nig : attorc, more ])roa(lly margined with dark l)rown, except on the abdominal
edge; tile whole I)asal part of the disk, extending to the al)dominal margin, with the
nervures traversing it, light yellow ; an elongate spot over the lower radial, also, same
colour. licncalh, the same, except that the margin is orange, edged witli black, and that
tlicre is a marginal row of five white spots set in jjlack semicircles.

JJody I)lack ; thorax spotted with white; ahdomen yeUow beneatli. Antenna^ black;
ehib oi'ange-yellow.

A])un(lant in liiiniid pai'ts of tlie forest, at St. i'aulo, Upper Amazons. The hind-wing
u])per radial is totally wantin;;' in the rf.

It. Iriio.MiA Salai'ia, Hewitson.

ItlKiinlii Sa/ii/iia, Ilcwits. Exot. Butt. Itlioiii'ia, {'. If).

The collar and wing-lappets are rufous, and the anteiuial club yellow; otherwise it
very closely resembles /. Primnla.
15anks of the Napo.

OF THE AMAZON VALLKY. 545

15. Itkojita \'estilla, Ilcwitson.

Ilhomia Vcstilla, llcwits. Exot. Butt. //Aowu/, f. 17.

W'l'v ahuiidant in the forests ol' tlic I'ppor Amazons. It is always seen in company
with /. Aii/isco; at Ega those two species seem to prefer each other's comi)any to tliat
of any of their kindred. At Fonte Boa there were two phiecs in the forest ))eopled I)y
Ithom'KC: one was tenanted only hy /. lUinissn and its allies, as already described; the
otlicr hv /. Aiitisdo, T.VcstUlii, J. firi/iii/f, and 1.0iic(j(i. The same occurred at St. i'aiilo :
their societies were there increased by tlie attendance of /. Oricud.

The hind-wini,' upper radial is deficient in the <' , and is placed as a l)ranch of tlie sub-
costal a short distance after the cell in the 2 . This is a further approximation towards
Ilymoiilis.

10. Ituomia rui.Mii.A, n. sp.

c^ ?. In size, shape, and markings, identical Avitli /. Vcsdlhi. It difTers in colours.
The livaline i)arts of th(> win^s in their centres are sul])liur-y(>llow, as also tlu; nervures
which traverse them. h\ the fore wing there are two dusky lines, instead of one, i-xtend-
ing from the short black stripe at the end of the cell, naim^ly, one accompanying the 2nd,
ami the other the 3r(l median branch. The dark border of tlu; hind wing is much wider
than it is in /. J'cslilht.

These points of dilfercnce arc constant in all the examples (many hundreds) whicii I
examined. I belieAc, however, that /. Frimida and /. J'cslUhi have descended IVom tin;
same stock at no remote period. The grades of modification have not been found, and
probably no longer exist ; but allied species show, l)y their vai'iations, a segregation in
progress of two or mori; sjxH-ies from one stock not less dissimilar than the two s])eci(S
in question. The range of/. I'rimula does not coincide with that of /. VcstUld. It is
not found at Ega, which seems to be the head-quarters of /. VrslHld, l)ut makes its
first appearance furtlier west, at St. Paulo, where it is more al)undant than its sister
species.

The hind-winu' uppei' radial is totally wanting in llieo, and is placed, as a branch of
the subcostal, a long distance beyond the end of tlie cell in the ?.

17. IiiioMiA .Ei.iA, llfiwitson.

Ithomiu yEliu, Ili'wits. ICxot. Hutt. llhoin'in, fig. 7.

As before stated, this species ilies in company with the similai'ly coloured /. ///u/ins",
I. Gnnilld, and /. VriHcilln. It dilfers from them cimsidiu-ably in the neuration, the iqiper
radial being placed as a branch of the subcostal after th(> cell in the V, although .unlike
l.VcNiilhi and /. I'rii/i/'/") it is present in the J and connected with the ceil by means of
an iqiper disco-cellular nervule.

It is found at l']ga, and at vaiious places in the forest thence to Eontc Hoa.

18. rni():\nA Oi;omna, Ilcwitson.

Ilhomia Orolina, liuwits. Kxot. Hutt. Ilhomia, fig. Ml, d ■
Pound abundantly at St. I'atilo.

Expanse 1" 7"'. It is a very variable si)ecies ; and one at least of tlie varieties appears

1 J) 2

546 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

to have reached an advanced stage of segregation from the parental stock. They all fly
together in the same places, and their differences are so slight and graduated that they
cannot fittingly l)e treated as independent forms or species. They are as follows : —

Var. 1. I. Anreola.

2 . Size and general colours of /. Orull/zo. Fore wiiuj : aborc, with a complete black
border; the apical part has a large, broad, ol^long, opake orange spot occupying more
than one-third of the wing ; posteriorly the spot reaches only the 2nd median branch, but
covers entii-ely the 3rd ; interiorly it is bordered by the short dusky belt running across
the end of the cell : rest of the wing clear, transparent. Beneath, the same, except that
there are three greyish-white spots at the apex.

Hind ioinf/ clear, transparent, the nervures edged with Ijlackish ; costal and posterior
margins widely bordered with blackish, the latter having a rufous line in the centre.
Beueat/i,th.(ixnaY<^'n\s are orange-coloured, bordered with blackish, the margin without spots.

Body and antenna- black ; thorax with a few faint whitish marks.

Pound in company witli /. Orolind, Avhose 2 usually does not differ in markings from
the cJ . It is a mere variety of the 2 , but necessary to distinguish, as it connects together
the extreme modifications of the species.

Var. 2. /. Oneid'ui.

?. In size, shape, and markings, similar to /. Oroliua. Fore icing : ahore, with a
complete narrow dusky border ; the apical part has an arcuated orange lielt, whicli is in-
distinctly limited on the inner side, but reaches nearly the hind angle, and leaves both the
2nd and ord median l)ranc]ies visible for the greater part of their lengtli ; rest of the wing
transparent : the cell in middle })art is broadly fuliginous ; there is a thick dusky belt
across the end of the cell, and tlu* median branches are edged with l)lackish ; a spot over
the end of the cell and two spots Ijetween the median branches milky white. Beneath,
the same, except that the apical margin of the wing has a greyish-white stripe.

Hind ioi)ifi broadly margined with Idackish, the hind 1)order having in the middle a
narrow orangc^coloured line ; the whole of the discal portion, witli its nervures, milky
white. Beneath, the same, except that the margins liave a broadish orange line, widely
margined with dusky, and the apex has a short greyish-white stripe.

Body and anti'iina' lilack ; head aiul tliorax witli a few faint whitisli marks.

This variety of the 2 is interesting, as furuisliini;- proof of the variability in colour, from
smok}' hyaline to milky white, of the discal j)ortions of the wings and their nervures.

We can understand from this liow ItJajmia Ih'rdina, and its \\\\\\^Xi^x LepUdis Leitconoe,
may have originated.

Var. 3. /. ChriiHodonia. (I'l. LVI. lig. Za.)

Very similar in colours and markings to /. Ondina, but much larger; the hind wings
in the cf different in shape.

rf ?. Expanse 2'' 1". Fore ivinif the .same in colours and markings as 1. Orolina
(fig. cit.), the only diirerences bcuiig that the orange belt of the apical border is neatly
margined with blackish on its inner side, between the 2nd and ord median branches, and

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 517

tliat it wants, beneath, tlie <^rcyish-\vliit(' marginal strii)L' at llic apex ; tlic ii|)])cr disco-
cellular is rather longer.

Hhid tciiKj with the costal edge niueli more dilalcd before tlie apex than iu /. Orulnia,
and the apex itself in consequence is more broadly and transversely truncated; the two
radials are much closer together, the upper partly atrophied, ami the lower not visible on
the disk ; the third median l)raneh is directed more towards the apex of the wing; the
colours of the hind wing are the same as in /. Oroliita, except that the dusky border is
deeper in colour, more distinctly limited, and has an orange stri])e runnin;;- througli the
middle, which is most distinct towards the apex. Beneath, it wants the short grey-wiiitc
macular marginal stri])e at the apex.

Body and antenna- black; head and thorax with a few faint white markings. Tiic
elongate cup-like depression between the costal aiul subcostal nervures of the iiind wing
in the cf, connected with the pencil of hairs, is much larger in tills form than in /. Orolina.

This is the most abuiulant form of the species, and sliould be properly tai<en as tiictyj)e.
I. Oroli/ia being subordinated with the other forms as its varieties. 1 follow the usual
practice in taking the tirst-described form as the type.

Var. i. I. Aiircl'nijin.

In shape and mai'kiuus this form comes between f. Sorcpln (Ilewits. Exot. Ibitt. IIIkj-
)iiui, fig. 3.) and /. Vltrysodotiid. 6 . Exjjanse 2" 2"'. Fore ir'nuj much elongated, upper
disco-cellular wanting: nhoi-c, the subai)ieal orange belt, as in I. Sarrjilo. is l)roa(lly
margined along its cut ire inner edn'c with black; but it is nuich narrowci'. bcinu' broadest
near the costa, nai-rowiiig gradually to the .'5r(l median branch, tiience \r^•\ narrow to the
hind allele; it thus leaves between the u|)per radial and 1st median bi-anelia series of four
successively larger whitish trausparent spots: the dusky belt across the apex of the cell
is large; the transparent ])arts are whitish, and all the nervures are broadly bordered
with blackish: the black apical inaruin has a row of four obscure w liil ish spots. lu'/ic"///,
the same, exct>[)t that the nervures around the eiul of the cell are oi'anuc-colonred. and
the margiiud sj)ots near the apex are large and of a clear grey white.

Hind icliig oblong, costal border bi'oad, a|)ex rounded; outer mariiinwith a broad
dusky border, in the middle of which runs a broad orange stripe; t be hyaline disk i-
whitish, till' m'r\ ures dusky. Jlfiicatli, the oblong pouch near thi' cost:i is nnicii larL^er
than in LC/ii\i/sodoiii(( ; colours as abo\(', excej)t that there is near the apex a nuiruinal
row of four elinigat<> greyish-white spots.

Body and antenna' l)lack ; head and thorax with a few i'ainl white marks. The hind-
wing lower radial (t') is not visibh' on the disk, aiul the upper radi;d is partially aborted.

Taken, in ctmipany with the four preceding, at St. I'anlo.

19. Itiiomia Sari:pt.\, Hewitson.

Ithomid Sarcjita, Ilcwit.s. Exot. IJntt. Illiomin, fiir. ■^■

Eound at Barra, on the llio Xei^ro, I)y myself; and at Quia, several hundred miles
further up the same river, by Mr. "Wallace. 1 did not fiiul it at St. I'aulo.

I treat this as an independent lorm, l)ecause it ap))ears to have st'iiarated itself com-

5iS MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

pletely from tlic ])arental stock, /. OroUua, and iiiliabits a distinct area of country.
Illioiuia CUlonla (llcwitson, Exot. Butt. Ilhomla, fig. 122), of New Granada, is another
local race of the same stock. /. Sarepta comes nearest to /. Aiwcllana, and I, Cidoiiia
to /. Chrijsodonia. The five varieties found mingled together at St. Paulo cannot be thus
separated, altliough they show, as we have seen, differences of structure as well as of
colour and markings. They form a graduated series, and have not reached the stage of
(•omplete segregation. The differences in the veining of the mngs are evidently the
correlated result of the altered shape and increased or diminished size of the wings. I
considiH- this Orollmi grouj) cii Ithotnice to he nearly equivalent to the 7//i«z.s*<'' group;
tlic difference between tlie present condition of the two is that in Ithomla Orolina and
its allies the segregation of the forms is only partially complete, whilst in I. Illun.sfia and
its Icindred it is almost perfc^ctly so.

A variety of Leplalis Lysinoe {L. Erytliroe, PI. LVI. figs. 1, 2, 3), a Napeogenes [N.
('orciKi), and a Bombycide Moth {Diop)t'ts, n. sp.), all assimilated in colours to L. Oro-
lliia and its varieties, occur in company with them at St. Paulo.

20. I'PHOMIA Oriana, Ilewitson.

IllKini'iti Oriana, Hcwits. Exot. Butt. Ithomla, fig. 134.

Abundant at St. Paulo, in the moister parts of the forests.

21. Itiiomia Virginia, Ilewitson. (PL LVI. fig. <oa.)
Ithornia Virtjinia, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithomia, fig. 18.

Banks of the TT])per Amazons, from the mouth of tlie Pio Negro to St. Paulo. It is
|)i-ol)aldy a local \aricty of /. Cijino. The upper radial is partly aliorted in the $ .

22. Ithomia Cvmo, Hiibner.

Itiiom'ui CijvKi, Iliihn. Samml. Exot. Schni.
Galitii, Ilewits. Exot. Butt. Ithuiidu, fig. 5.

W'ry abundant at Para, in company 'with I. Flora. The u})per radial is totally wanting,
.•ind the lower disco-cellular partly aborted ui the d .

2:5. Ituomia Nmphkli;, n. sj).

'^ ?. Ex])anse 2" r/". Hyaline, slightly fuliginous. Fore lohxj with a luirrow black
border, which is broadest, along the bind margin ; there is a short, lu'oadish, obli(|ue bhu-k
belt across the end of the cell, and beyond this an oblique clialky-white belt, beginning
<in tlie costa, where it lornis an opake white stigma, and nearly reaching the middle of
I he .'ii-d median branch ; the nervures which it traverses arc also white ; the 2nd and 3rd
nicdi:in l)ranches, as well as the rest of the nervures, are black ; there is also a series of
ohscin-e whitisii spots l)et ween the nervures, near the outer border. Beneath, (lu- black
borders and l)elt. are reddish orange.

Uliid winy witli a narroAV, clearly defined l)lack l)ordcr, which beneath is reddish
orange.

Body and antenna; l)lack ; head and thorax marked with wliite.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 519

This spocies, which is the only JtliomUi Ibimd in tlic Amazon roiiion that niii^lit lie
consich-nnl a ITiiinenitis, is found only at Tat)atinira, on the I't'iaivian fi-onticr. It rr-
senil)l('s much /. Edcssa (Uewitson, Exol. Butt. Itlioiiiin, Wix. 1*2.). a native (il'S. 1]. 15ra/.il;
but it is a little larger, and diU'ers considerably in the iiind-wiug' ueuratiuu of the d. lu
/. Edcssa there is a middle and an upper disco-cellular ncrvuh% and the u])per radial is
only partially aborted ; indeed, the neuration is identical witli that of /. I'lrninin and
/. Or'uinii ; but in Kcphcic the a])proximation to Jlt/i/wi/i/is is carried a step further; for
the middle and U])])er diseo-cellulars, as well as tlie upper radial, ai-i' all (piite aborted,
altlioui;li the lower disco-cellular and radial are not attached to the subcostal. In the ?
the middle diseo-eellular johis the subcostal, and there is no trace of an upper radial.

Genus Melin.ea, nov. genus.

The species of this distinct group were placed l)y Doul)leday in section 2 of the genus
Mechanilis ; but he failed to mention or misstated most of tlie ])rincipal characters of the
section. The genus is nearest allied to 0////'«s and Tlnivldia; in fact, it ap])roximates
these much more closely tlian it does Mcchauitis. From Olijras it dilTers in the fore
legs of the c^, in the palpi, and slightly in the wing-neuration ; iVom Tliyvidin also in
the fore legs of the male, in the palpi, and in theantemue. 'i'he following are its principal
characters.

Pali)i short, smoothly clothed with scales, and closely ajjplird to tiie forehead; tliinl
joint not porrect as in 3[cchanUisM\(\. the allied genera. Antennse very long and slender.
Fore legs of the <? with the tibiae and tarsi more or less abbreviated, but never i-educed
to a rounded knob; the tibia always shorter than the femur. I'ore tarsi of the V long,
liliform, si)ines wid(^ a])art. Jlind-wing costal widely separated from the sidjcostal in
both sexes, in the c? long, reaching nearly the apex of the wing, in tlie 2 very short,
terminatini;- on the costa : the lower disco-cellular in l)oth sexes straight, nearly in a line
with the nu'dian nerviu'c ; tlie median nervure, in fact, describes a gentle curve, the lower
radial being placed as though it were a fourth median branch : the middle disco-cellular
is at right angles with th(> lower, strongly angulated in its middle, and emitting- a
recurrent nervule : ujjper disco-celkdar rather long, transverse, joining the subcostal at
about one-half the lengtli of the wing.

The great reseml)huice in colours aiul markings between the species ol' Jfc'!iii(C'( and
those o\' 3f{'cli(t)i// is has led to the confounding of the two n-en(>ra ; in other words, a
relation of analogy has been mistaken for one of allinity, just as in the case of the two
subfamilies Jlclicotii/tcC' aiul ])iiii<i'iii(C, There is. however, as will be seen on comparing
the characters of the two genera, a wide struct ui'al dillerence in the palpi, I'ore leg.> of
the male, aiul neuration of the hind wind's. Some species of Mt'liiuca so nearly rescmlile
s])ccies of Jlt'c/i(niilis, tliat they might easily be mistaken for them. 'J'lie two an.alogons
forms accompany eacli other; l)ut 1 think 1 found ])roof that they are not mln/i/ci/ onv
to the other, in the fact that the species of the two genera do not coincide in any locality
on the Amazons, but vary and sescrcijate races without any nuitual specillc similarity,
'i'hey are very frequently accompanied by a llcUconUts assimilated to them in colours

550

MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

and markings : in the case of tliis genus, adaptation seems to be intended. The following
are all the cases of this complex association known to me : —

Nicaragua.
Ileliconius Zuhnka.
Molinfea Ilezia.
Mechanitis, n. sj).

New Granada.
Ileliconius Ismenius.
Melina^a Mcssatis.
No Mechanitis.

The new species mentioned are contained
in the British Museum Collection.

Upper Amazons.
Heliconius Pardalinus.
Melinsea Pardalis.

No Mechanitis.

Ileliconius Aurora.
Meliutea Lucifer.
No jNIechanitis.

Para.

Ileliconius, n. sp. Heliconius Sylvana.

Melin;ea, n. sp. Melinsea Egina.
Mechanitis Meuophilus. No JMechanitis.

East Peru and Bolivia. Helicouius Numata.

Heliconius, n. sp. Melincea Mneme.

Mclintea, n. sp.

Mechanitis Mothonc.

Heliconius Ethra.

Mechanitis Nesiea.

No Meliniua.

Rio Janeiro.
Heliconius E aerate.
Mechanitis Lysimnia.
No Mcliniva.

1 . ^IklinjKA Egina, Cramer.

PapUio Egma, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 191. 1'. 1).
• Luduvica, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 2!t7. f. E.

'IMiis is n ('ommon sjiecies throughout t he Amazon region, and appears to he very con-
slant in character throughout the whole area. The cJ fore legs arc in a more rudimentary
corulition than in other species of the genus, the tihire and tarsi forming simply an
eloiigatiM'onical point at the apex of the femur. It tlies, in company with 3Icchanilis
PoJilinn'id, l\[cVni<C(i 3lii<'me, Jlclicoiiias Si/liuitta, and //. N/imata, slowly, amongst the
lower trees in thinned parts of the forest.

2. Melin^ea Mxe.me, Linnreus.
P(i/ti/io Mncme, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. ^Sd. n. 59.
, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 190. f. C.

.Vlso found at till staticms throughout theA\nazon region. It is constant in its specific
chjiracters, with the exception of a frequent aberration in the blending of the black

OF Tin: AMAZON' VAIJ.F.V. 551

contral and marg'iiial stripes of the hind wiiii;;', which many IIcHcou'kUi' are suhjcct lo.
'V\w fore tibia' and tarsi of tlie J are nearly as long as the femur.

3. ^Li;i,iN.EA Ec^iicoLA, Cramer.

Pdj/ilio Eijuicola, Cniin. I'ai). Kxot. t. 'J'JJ. f. F.

Tliis species seems intermediate l)et\veen JL JIiiituc and M. Etjum, not only in colours,
but in the structure of the for(> legs in the u. It is found at Kya. In my example the
yellow belt across the end of the cell in the forcAving is less distinct than it is in Cramer's
figure; the apical half of the wing is black, with two yellow macular belts, as in .]/.
Tjj'iiki ; there is a black s])ot in the angle formed ])y the first median nervure and its first
branch ; and the marginal row of jiale spots is indistinctly marked.

t. ]\Ielix,ka Licii Kit, n. sp.

?. Expanse 2" '.)"'. Similar in size and general appearance to M. Mnciuc; diU'ersfrom
it in the absence of the yellow cross1)elt, and the ])resence of a very laru-e subapical
yellow spot on the fore wing. Fore ichuj : vhnrc, tawny orange; the costal margin near
the base, a stripe along the middle of the hind margin, an irregular s])ot within the
cell before the middle, a short oblicjue belt across the end of the cell touchinn' the costa,
a spot between the 1st and 2nd median branches near the median nervure, and the a])ieal
fourth of the -vving black; the black apical part extends along the outer mai-iiin. and is
conn(X'ted with an oblong spot which ascends between the 1st and 2n(l median l)ranches ;
tlun-c is a yellow spot on the costa, at the end of the cell, and a very large oblom;- yellow
.spot in the middle of the ajjical ])art, crossed by three nervures ; near the middle of the
black outer border are two large orange-tawny submargiual spots. Ucuculh, the same;
margin spotless.

lllnd v:lii(i : r'/;r;r/', tawny orange ; a stripe ahmg tlie costa from the l)ase to the apex,
and a very laruc rounded spot which occupies the anal half ol' the wim;', black ; tliere is
also a small black spot l>etween the two radial nervures. Ilciirnlh, the same; mar^iin
spotless.

Body and auteniue precisely as in .V. ^Tnciiip and M. Fji'mn. Foi-e til)ia' and tarsi of
the f^ elongated, but much shorter than the femur.

St. Paulo; Upper Amazons. Its mimetic analogue, //f'//cY7///«.s' ^«/'o/v/, was found in
its company.

5. Mi;i.ix.KA M.KNiis, llewitson.

Mcchamtis Mamins, Ilrwits. ICxol. Butt. Mechctnitis, fig. C.
This species was plentiful at I'^ga.

0. Mki.in.ka IMahms, llewitson.

MecfuDiitis Murlus, Ilcwits. l'".\<)t. Hiitt. Mcclianitis, fig. G, ?.
M/irsn-us, Ilcwits. /. c. fig. 10, ,< .

.\lso plentiful at Ega, in comjiany with JJ. JLcniiDi. The two sexes are somewhat dis-
similar in the colours of the wings.

VOL. XX in. 4 li

552 MR. H. W, BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

7. Melin.ea Pardalis.

Mechaniiis Maehis (part), Hewitson, Exot. Butt. Mechanitis, fig. 9.

Mr. Hewitson cousidcrecl this form to be a variety of M. Ilaelns : both vrere very
abundant at Ega, and I did not find them to intermingle ; it will be better, therefore, to
keep them apart. The two sexes are alike in colours, as in the vast majority of the Ileli'
coiudcc. I did not meet with A[. FardaUs at St. Paulo ; but at Tabatinga, 80 miles further
west, it again occurred, not however under precisely the same form as at Ega, but in a
modified state, the yellow crossbclt and the spot at the hind angle of the fore wing having
liecome of the same dark orange-brown hue as the rest of the wing. The same trans-
formation of colour takes place in many species of IleUeoiiidce in travelling from east to
west, and I am inclined to think it is due to the direct action of the physical conditions
of the localities on the early states of the insects.

s. Melin.ea Mnasias, Hewitson.

Mechan/tis Mnasuis, Ilcwits. Exot. Butt. Mechnnttis, fig. 5.

Found at Para, where it is rare. The species mimics most accurately in colours the

Ccratlnia Nliioiiid, var. Barll.

Genus Tithorea, Doubleday.
Doubled, and Hewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 99.

1. TiTiioitEA IIarmonia, Cramer.

PupUio Harmonia, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 190. f. C,

Tithorea Mei/ara, Doubled, and IIe«its. Gen. Diurn. Lep. pi. 14. fig. 2.

Cramer's figure was made from an aberrant example, in which, as frequently happens
in the Ilclicouldce, the Ijlack central stripe of the hind wing is partially connected with
the hind border ; on tliis account Doubleday and other authors have passed it over, and
given a new name to the species. The figvuT, however, is a very fair one, and recogni-
zable l)y the tricuspid t(-rmination, on the outer border, of the fore-wing central yellow
crossbelt, which distinguishes the species from all others. It is fouiul pretty generally
throughout the Amazon rt^gion, in the moister parts of the forest, and in company
with Mclu/wo JIiie»/e, Ilcchaiiitifi Poli/iiinUi, &c.

2. TlTUOREA CUPARINA.

rf ?. Size, .shape, and general coloration of T. ILiniioiiid. Fore w'nifj: dborc, with
tli(! basal half orange-tawny, th(! outer edge of this colour running very obliquely from
tlie middle of the costa to tlie outer margin ; this is followed liy an irregular and oblique
cl(!ar yellow belt wliicli crosses the costal part of tlu? end of the cell aiul tei-minates in an
ol)tus(! point in tlie middle of tlic outer margin ; the a])ical part beyond the yelloAV belt is
l)lack, and is crossed in the middle l)y three yellow spots ; tlic liasal third of the costa,
the medimi nervur'(r to the 1st branch, and the whole of the hind margin are bordered
with lilack, bedsides whieli tlien? are three black spots on the disk of the wing, namely, a
triangular one in the middle of the cell, one across the end of tlie cell, and one between

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 553

the 1st and 2n(l nuMlian Ijranehes. Beiieath, the same, exeept that there is (in some
examples) a row of lour white spots along the outer margin.

Uiud iciiiff precisely as in T. ILirmonia, namely, tawny-orange, w it h a l)r()a(l stripe
along the fore margin not reaching the costa or the apex, an outer l)order, \\id(>ning
towards the anal angle, and a central stripe from the ahdominal edge to the lower radial,
crossing part of the cell, black. Beneath, the same, except that there is a row of fourteen
silvery -white submarginal spots.

Common on the hanks of the Cui)ari (branch of the Tapajos), where it re])laees
T. Ilarmonht, of which it is a tolerably well-marked local variety. I found it only in the
district just named ; whilst T. Jlormonio ranges, imder its typical form, over a wide tract
of country, from Surinam, I'ani, and the Tocantins to the baiiks of the Upper Amazons.

Subfamily 1 1 K LICOX I X .E *.

Genus Ukliconius.

Heliconiiisi, Feldcr, W'icn. Entom. Monatsschr. l^-fJS, p. 7^-

Heliconia (Latr.), Douljled. ami llewits. Gen. Diurn. Lep. p. 101, and anthors.

1. IIklicokils Syiaaxa, Cranun-.

Papilhi Sylvona, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. .ifil. f. C, D.

This species is common throughout tlu^ Amazon region, in company with H. Nv.mdht,
JIeli//(ea Egii/a, JLechoiilis Fohimn'ui, and other si)ecies of IIcli('0)iid(P. I have found
examples which almost link it to 11. Xnmata; indeed the three forms II. NiDiidhi,
II. Sylvana, and II. Eiicoma might be treated as so many varieties of one stock, being in
an incomplete state of segregation.

2. IIkliconii.s Ni'MATA, Cramer.

PapUhi Niiiiuita, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 297. f- C, D.

This species is so varial)le that it is dilTicult to find two exam))les exactly alike.
Cramer's figure represents a fre(|uent aberration, in which the central stripe of the hind
winu' is connected by dark lines with the hind border; in the markings of the fore wings,
liowever, it exhibits nearly the most common form of the species. It difiers from IF.
Si/lruiid in the following points : —

1. The yellow crossbelt of the fore wing lies wholly beyond the cell; the black apical
part is much smaller; and there is only one transverse row of spots, which are three in
luimber and widely separated.

2. The black spot in the middle of the fore-wing cell is connect(Ml witli a line of tlie
same colour, which runs to tlie base.

* Syiioiiviuoiis witii our Acni'oid lIclicoiii</a;,[).M)('<. The small iicrvulf iiicutioncd (in tlu- iidte on that page) as
one of the ilistinguishiiij; cliaracters oC the Dannoid Ileliconidte, was considered Ijy Doulileday (who noticed it in tlie
Danaidw projier) to he the internal nervurc. It is connected with the suhmedian ncrvnre, and not the mediim. as
stated by inadvertence.

t I'r. Feldcr jjroposes this innovation of the masculine for the feminine termination, on the grounds that the name
Heliconia clashes with that of a grou[> of [dants ijihabiting the same region, and that Limiicus first used the word in
the masculine form, Pupiliones Ilcliconii.

\ E 2

n.jl. MR. 11. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

'A. The black central sti'i[)e ol" the hind wing runs from the middle of the alxlominal
edge lo the apex of the wing.

I'. Tlie pah; suhniarginal spots of the upper surface arc wanting.

It is curious that these points of difference between II. Nnmata and II. Si/hana are
almost precisely the same as those which distinguish Ilelbxca Ilneme from M. Egiiui.
I judge Irom this that a mimetic resemblance is intended between the Hcl/couii and
tlie JlcliiKC'ce — //. NuHKila and 31. 3Ineme, II. SylvaiKt and 31. Eguia, — the llcliconine
insecis lj(;ing adapt(>d to the Danaine species. If we tr;ice tlie species or races allied to
IL Nuniiitd over the whole of Tro])ical America, we sliall iiud tliat each one mimics a
Dana'ine species in its locality ; and I think it probal)le tliat they are all of the same stock
as //. Nidiiald. 'Ill us, in Eastern Brazil H. Ethra mimics 3Iech(ni'itis Nescea ; and in the
southern parts of the same country, II. Euej'((lr precisely imitates 3Iechanitis Lyslmnin.
1 liave already mentioned tlies(» and other cases occurring in New Granada, Nicaragua,
EastiM-n I'eru, and the Upper Amazons : the Hclicoiiii are adapted sometimes to a 3Ie-
(■li((iiiH.s, and sometimes to a 3/('l/i/(ra.

II. XiiiiKitd varies iu struct lire as well as in colours. The wings are sometimes broader,
sometimes narrower ; and their edges are simple in some examples, and festooned in others.
The yellow crossbelt is sometimes blended with the ground-colour of the wing; in many
exani])les which connect the species with //. Etivoimi it is narrow, and in others very
liroad, as reju'csented in Cramer's ligure.

'J'he ciMitral lilack strijie of the hind wing is often ^ery broad, covering i)art of the cell ;
at- other times it is very narrow, and passes much behind the cell.

Tlie s])ecies is fo\ind abundantly throughout the Amazon region; it occurs in thinned
parts of the forest, wliere it is seen sjiorting about by twos and threes in the sunlight, or
lloatiiig lazily in the air. The following is a remarkable variety occurring only on th(>
npper Amazons.

\ ar. //. I. SI t hell I III', fi.

J V similar in sliapi; and in the position of the black markings to //. NmiKitd. Pale
orange-tawny; in tlie fore wiiit;' the two macular belts, which in Jl. Xnnidlit are distinct
and ol' a yellow t'dlour, are blended together and of the same ])al(> orange-tawny hue as
the rest of the wing; the nervures, at the point wliere the two bi'Us touch, are margined
witli blackish ; the apical part of the wing is black, as usual, and is crossed by a row of
i'niir pale sjiots.

'I'wo examples occurred, one at .St. I'aulo, and one (much smaller) at Tunantins.

J5. lliil.lGONirs I']! COMA, Jliibncr.
luiiidcn Iwicoiiui, niil)n(.T, Ziithijjjp, 1'. 5/7, .'>7S.

This species dill'ers from J/. Niinialu in the yellow crossbelt of the fori' wing being
narrow and submacular, consist iin;' of four or five nuire or less distinct elongate spots,
and also by its bi-ing s(>parated from the cell by a series of black s])ots, more or less joined
together in tlu; form of an obli(|ue licit. It is, liowever, extremely variable. At St.
I'aulo and otliia- stations on the I'pper Amazons, many exam])les occurred of a very dark

OF TIIK AMAZON VALI.KV. 5oO

orange-hrown colour, nioro or loss sufl'used witli Ijlack ; one variety is so distinct that it
merits a distiiu'tivo name, as follows: —

Var. Jl. P,fr<h>rt,ni.s.

6. Similar in size and slmpe to //. Xniiinlii and Ehcohki. Fore icinf/ : a /jo re, rich
oran^v-browu ; the basal half of the costal margin, a broad stripe on the hind margin,
broadest in the middle, :in(l an irregidar border along the outer margin black ; an
elongate spot within the cell touchini;' the l)ase, a quadrate spot at the <'nd of the rcll.
and two rounded spots, one between the 1st and 2nd, the other between the 2nd mihI ord
median branches, also black; beyond the cell is an oldicjue bright-yellow bell, ednsisiinu
of live clonu-ate spots, and betwi'en it and the apex is a second yellow licit of four smaller
spots: the outer edge of the first l)elt, the ner\ ures beyond it, and an irregular spot
around its extremity are l)laek. Jiciicn///, the same.

III?//} iri//;f : ofjorc, rich oranu'c-brown ; a stripe along the costa. a broad central one, and
a marginal series of very lari;'(> connected an^'ular spots l)lack. Bcucdlli, the same,
cxcejjt that there is on the hind margin, towards the anal angle, a series of ten short
yellowish-white lines.

Body and antenna' as in //. Xi'iikiIh.

The rich orange-brown colour of the a])ical part of the wing, divided into spots by the
dark lines whicdi accom|)any the nervur(>s, ^ives a distinct ai)pearanee to this form, which,
however, in all essential ]ioints is very (dosely allied to //. Enrnui'i . it is found in
company with //. Ennyiwi at St. I'aulo. It vciy nuudi I'escmblcs Miliiuea Purdtill-s of
the same neighbourhood.

1. IIkliconius An;oiiA.

2. Size and shape of //. X/'n/r'/d. Fare iriiirj: I'ljoiw, clear tawny oran-v ; the basal
half of the costa, a broad stripe on the hiiul marnin. toucbini;' theedL^c, but not reacdiiim'
the hind ani;h>, an elont^atc spot at the base of tht> cell, a stripe across the end of the
cell, from the costa to the outer margin, consisting of two elongate si)ots which meet
at th<' hind am^le of the cell, and the iipical fourth of the wing l)lack : in the middle ol
the l)lack ajiical portion is an elongate yellow spot, crossed by four m-rvun-s. Uci/cc/lt,
the same; margin spotless.

Jlli/d wiufj: r'/Oo/v, (dear tawny orange; a subcostal stripe, bent l)cfore the apex towards
the u])p(>r radial, and a very large rounded spot occui)ying more than the anal half of
tlie wing, black. F>iiH'<iUi, the same; margin spotless.

Body and antenna' precisely the .same as in II. Ximuilo and the allied siu-cies ami
varieties.

This apparently di.stinct species occurred at St. Paulo; it has a striking resemblance
to Mcliiucd Lucifer of the same locality. It agrees in all essential points with 11. Xiuiinle,
and is most likely a modilication of that species; but the intermediate connecting forms
are wantini::.

556 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

5. IIeliconius Aktiociia, Linna;us.

Papilio Antiocha, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. add. 1068. n. 12.
, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. .58. f. E, F.

A widely distributed species ; found in Venezuela, Guiana, and throuiyhout the Amazon
region, with the exception of the district near Para.

G. Heliconius Clytia, Cramer.

Papilio Clytia, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. CG. f. C.

This species is very abundant at all the places 1 visited on the banks of the Amazons.
In many places a variety occurs in company with the ij^Q, in which the first yellow belt
of the fore wing is narrow, and similar in shape to the first white belt of JI. Antiocha.
The colour of the belts in Cramer's figures of P. Chjtki is given as white, probably by
error of the colourist.

7. Heliconius Euea, Cramer.

Papilio Rhea, Ci'am. Pap. Exot. t. 5 1. f. C, D.

Also a generally distributed and abundant species througbout the Amazon region.

8. Ueliconius Leucadia.

(S . Expanse 2" (5'". Similar in size, shape, and general colours to H. Rhea ; differs
chiefly in having a series of eight large geminated whitish spots on the posterior margin
of the hind wing. The first yellow belt of the fore wing is in the form of an oval spot,
divided in two by the median ner\aire. The hind wing, beneath, is considerably different
from the same part in H. lihcn ; the red streaks and spots at the l)ase are as follows : —
there is an elongated streak along the basal part of the costa, a shorter one lictween the
basal parts of the costal and subcostal nervures, a round spot within the base of the cell,
another similar one at the base, l)etween the median and post-median nervures, and a
macular vitta running in a cvu've from the base of the abdominal edge to the third median
branch. The marginal geminated spots of the upper surface are represented l)y large
elongated white spots, one between each nervure.

One example, taken at St. Paulo.

1). IIeliconiu.s IlERMATnENA, Ilcwitson.

Hi'l/conia Ilermathena, Ilcwits. Exot. IJutt., Ilelicoiiia, tig. .'>.

This wvy beautiful s])ecies was found only on thi' l)anks of the Ta])ajos, in scattered
woods on the campos opposite Aveyros. It is not closely allied to any known species ;
as Mr. ITewitson observes, it partakes of the characters of //. Ffn/ll/s (of liio Janeiro)
and II. C'//ii/-ii(ji/i(i (of the AVest India Islands), wliich are tlie two extreme forms ol" tlie
"■enus.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEY. 057

10. IIelicoxits Erato, Linntpus.

Papilio Erato, Linn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. 231 (l/fiJ).

Amuthnsia, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 177' f- F. (I""")-

Doris, Linn. Mant. 5.5G (1771)) ^'^^-

, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. 3,}7. f. C. (1782).

Quirina, Cram. I. c. t. fi5. f. A, R. (1779).

The two forms, Erato and Doris, oiler a strikiiii;' contrast in their colours, one heini^ red,
the other hlue, and were naturally considered two ])erlectly distinct species. 1 thoutrht
they were such inysell', until I bred them from precisely siitiilar larv;e, which fed tof^cther
in one cluster on the same tree. There arc mak-s and females in about equal numbers of
both forms. I did not lind, in the many hundreds of examples which I examined, any
intermediate variety ; the sp(>cies, therefore, offers a case of dimorphism of wliich it is
difficult to surmise the ])urpose. This case of variation in colour may, however, heli) to
explain how the very diversified species of this i^enus have orit^-inated. //. Erato exists
in both forms throun'hout tin" delta rci^ion of the .Vmazons, Guiana, and New Granada;
but on tlie I'jjper Amazons, at St. Paulo, I found one of them absent, tlie blue one
[Doris] only existing" there; it occurred, however, in great numbers.

The lai'va has a series of moderately long hisjnd spines on each segment of the body :
the head is biful ; in colour it is yellow, with narrow black bands. The chrysalis is smooth,
without angles; the liead, however, is pnjlonged to a point. It is suspended freely by
the tail. The pupa-state lasts eight days.

11. IIelicoxius ]\[ktuakme, Erichson.

Heliconja Metharmc, Erichson in Scliomburi^k's Rcisu in Brit, (iuiana, p. 59J.

This species has very much the ajjpearance of //. Erato (var. Doris), l)ut it wants the
])atch of l)lue at the base of the hind wings above; it has, on the other hand, a series of
short bluish lines near the hiiul margin, which are absent in //. Erato. It was rather
a common insect at Ega and St. Paulo, but did not occur at all on the Lower Amazons.
The species is found only in tiic interior of the forest, Hying slowly, and delightini;- to
settle on the scarlet blossoms of a climbing-plant; whilst II. Erato is seen oidy on the
skirts of the woods and in damp waste places.

12. JlKLicoNrts MKLro.MKXK, Linna)us.

I'npilio Milpoinenr, Linn. Sy.st. Nat. ii. 7'>'^. n- 7L
, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. lUl. f. C.

Found only in the middh; ])art of the Lower Amazon rc-uion, at (Jbydos and Santar(Ma,
where the di'v, hilly country of (iuiana from the north, and that of interior Brazil from
the south, reach the banks of Ihe river. The soil in this ])art of tlu' banks of the .\nia-
zons is linht and sandy; the dry and wet seasons are more strongly contrasted, and the
forests thinner, than in the rest of the river valley. The species also occurs throuyhout
Guiana, Venezuela, and in New Granada. It is (piite absent, however, from the humid
forests of the Amazons, Ijoth to tiie cast and to the west of the places above mentioned.

558 MR. II. W. BATES ON THE IIELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

An allied spocio.s, H. TlieLviopf of Iliibner, exists there in its stead, having very similar
habits, and filling, as it were, the same sphere in the economy of nature. These two
I'orms {U. Melpomcuc and H. Thclxiope) have all the appearance of two thoroughly
distinct species ; but they are connected together by an unbroken series of varieties,
tlic principal of which occur, not in the places where the tAvo species come in contact,
hut in two isolated limited areas — at Serpa (west of Obydos) and on the banks of the
Tapaios (near Aveyros). Tliese connecting links cannot be the hybrid progeny of two
originallv distinct species, on account of their geographical position; many of them
(and otiiers not met with on the Amazons) occur also in Surinam and Cayenne, where
//. Tlii'l.rioix' has not l)een found. I believe there can be no doubt that //. TheLviope
is descended from IL. Ilelpoiitene, and that the intermediate varieties are remnants of
the ste])s ol' modification. The following are the principal intermediate varieties; they
are all very scarce, whilst the species they connect exist in great profusion : —

Var. 1. II. Cnlh/ropis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 100. f. E, F.

Same as H. Jlfilpomow, except that the I'ed belt of the fore wing is I'ither very l)road
and irregular, or is lu'oken into a nunTl)er of various-sized spots.

Surinam and Obydos, Lower Amazons, in company with II. Bli'lpumenc.

Var. 2. H. Elunaia, Erichson, in Schomburgk, Reise in Brit. Guiana, ]). 595.

The same as C(i/f,'/cop/s, except that, in addition to the irregularity of the red belt, the
basal part of lh(> fore wing has a large red patch.

Obydos, in company with //. Jirolponiciii'.

\ar. 8. //. Liic'ia, Cramer, I'ap. Exot. t. ;550. f. E, F.

Same as //. 3Iclpomcnc, except that tlie red crossbelt of the fore wing is narrow and
curved outwards, and that there is a large (puulrate yellow s))ot within the end ol' the
cell. This is tlic commencement of the chain of variations which leads to //. Tht'Lv'iope.
The H. Liicitt of Cramer was found at Surinam. I have ^Vmazonian examples, taken at
Serjki and on the Tapajos, which dill'er in the yellow spot of the cell being scarcely
|)('rcc|)tible.

\'ar. \. The same as //. Li(cia,vxvv\)\ that the base of the fore wings has a larger red spot,
and that the base of the hiiul wing is also red.
St-rpa, Lower Amazons ; banks of the Tapajos, near Aveyros ; Cayenne.

\ai-. 5. H. Enjtlu;r<i, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 180. f. A.
Santarem, in company with H. Melpotiienv; Sui'inam.

\ ar. (■). II. J)i(ln')ii(>iia, Cramer, 1. c. t. 297. f. A.

Surinam.

OF THE AMAZON VALLEV. 559

Var. 7. H. rdalrica, Cramer, I.e. t. 207. 1". B.

" Para" (Cramer). Taken prol)al)ly somewiiere on tlie banks of the ijowcr Amazons,
as no trace of any of these forms exists at I'ara.

These tlirce varieties (5-7) seem to be intermediate between II. Melpomene and //. Vesta.
I once took a 5 Enjthned in copula \\\W\ a c? Meliunnene. II. T'esln wouhl appear, from
this, to be descended from the same stock as IF. Thehviojie. It lias, liowrvcr, rcec(l<'d,
as a form, further from the common parent than //. T/ie/.riope, and has ac(iuircd a
much wider rani^^c.

Var. 8. H. Tyche, nol).

Fore winif as in var. '1, viz., black, with the basal third and a broad belt across the
middle rosy rcnl, lea\'intj a narrow black intermediate space. Tiie liind wing above and
beneath is precisely as in II. ThcLci(q)e.

Tak(m at Serpa.

Var. 9. //. lIip/)o/>/fe, nol).

Fore wini,' l)lack; the basal fourth and a narrow obli<pie belt crossiiiti- the winir
beyond the cell, from the costa nearly to the bind aiiiile, rosy red; there is also a yellow
spot on the costa, on the inner side of the red belt, and another obscure one within tlie
cell. Bcneatli, the same. Hind wing', above ami beneath, as in H. TheLriope.

Serpa and banks of the Tapajos.

The approximation towards H. ThcLciope in this and the j)receding variety is very
considerable.

Var. 10. H. Cnhele, Cramer, Pa]). Exot. t. 188. f. A.

Serpa. In this beautiful variety the foi'c wing has tlio arrangement oi' yellow spots
very similar to that of //. Tlicl.ciope; but the liiiul wing is black, as in H. Melpjomene,
with the exception tliat tiicre is a red si)()t at the base.

18. ilKi.K'ONirs TiiEi.xioi'i:, llubnor.

Nereis /estiva Thelxiope, Iliibn. Samml. Exot. Schmctt.

Very abundant at Pani and on the banks of the Tocantins, also on the Tpjier Amazons,
from the mouth of the ]\Iadeira to Peru. The geographical position of the complete
chain of transition-forms just enumerated seems to show that //. TheLriope originated
in a variety of //. Jlefponieue, which was naturally sel(>cted out of the many that arose
in the species on its descending into moist areas, as being belter adajited to the humid
forests of the Amazon plains than the parent form. It varies nmch in the slia|)e and
position of the yellow spots of the fore wing, but the most general form is that figured
by Ili'ibner. 'i'he followiiiii- are the more ini|)ortant varieties.

Var. 1. 11. A;/l(iope, Feldcr, "Wiener Kntomologisch(> ^Monatsschrift, 18(52, p. 71).

Differs from 77. Thelxiope, lliibner, in having simjily a narrow, oblicpie, slit,'litlv curved,
ycUow macular belt, consisting of seven spots, which crosses the fore wing considerabh-
bcTond the cell.

VOL. XXIII. 1 |.

560 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

Para, and north coast of the isLand of Marajo. Ur. Fckler describes it as a species,
from specimens received from the Upper llio Negro.

Var. 2. H. Vlcuuis, Menctrics, Cat. d. 1. Coll. de I'Ac. Imp. de St. P(:''tersbourg, p. 114.

In this variety the yeUow macular belt is placed close to the end of the cell ; the spots
are much elongated, and form, with the yellow spot within the end of the cell, a large
compact macular patch.

Para and Upper Amazons. Neither of these varieties shows a tendency to become
local, or separate itself from the parent form.

11. IIkliconius Esthella.

S 9 . Size, shape, and colour of //. Thelxlope : markings of the hind wing nearly the
same as in 11. Vesta. Fore iv/iir/ : above, black, the basal third reddisli carmine ; the
nervures bordered with black ; a narrow macular belt, consisting of six light yellow spots,
crosses the wing much beyond the end of the cell, nearly reaching the 2nd median
branch. Bencaili, the same, except that the red at the Ijase of the wing is scarcely
shown.

llliid loliig : above, black ; the centre of the cell and six narrow streaks radiating from
the base, and running between the nervures, but not reaching the margin, reddish
carmine ; the second streak from the abdominal edge has a black mark near the base.
Beneath, the same, except that the cell has simply two red streaks, that there is a round
red spot l)ctwceu the median and abdominal nervures, and that the costa is yellow at the
b.ase.

Body dilferently marked from II. Thelxlope, the thorax being Ijlack, with six distinct
rounded yellowish spots and two transverse lines beliind.

This form seems to be intermediate between U. Melpoiiiei/c and //. Testa. It agrees
with the latter in the design of tlu; hind Avings, but the shape and colour of the wings are
different from it. In U. T\'sla the shade of red is always inclLniug to orange, whilst in
II. EstrcUa it is of the same crimson tint as in II. Ilelpojiicne and Thelviope. This
is most perceptible in living sjiecimens. I look upon //. Estrella as a race, or a variety
tending to Ijecome a race, equivalent to H. Thel.viupe and II. Vesta, and to have segregated
from the common stock, independently of the other forms.

I met with it only in the I)(>lta lands of the Amazons ; at Para ; and on tlie northern
coast of the island of Maraj6.

15. IIkucoxius Vesta, Cramei'.
I'upUio Vt'sla, Cniiii. Paj). Kxot. t. 11!). f. A.

This species is very al)undant, and widely distrilmted, lieing found at Surinam ;
CayeiuK^ ; along tlie Avhole course of the Amazons, up to the Andes ; in Bolivia, and at
Cuenca, io tlie west of tli(> CordiHera. It is further removed than II. Thelxlope from
II. 31elpoiiieiie, differing from l)oth in colour and in the .shape of the liind wings, their
outer margin l)cing less rounded : llu; yellow marks of the thorax are the same as
those of //. E--ilrella. The yeUow spots of the fore wing vaiy hi the same way as in
7/. Thelx'iojH'.

OF Tin: AMAZON VALLKY. 561

The area of distriliution of //. Vcsla embraces tlic lesser areas of 77. .Ifclpoinrnc and
//. Thdxiojx'. As iutcnuediate forms connect it uitli //. J/dpf/nictic, llicrc can be no
doubt that it is descended from the same stock as tliat species; l)ut havinu' diveru'ed
more widely, it is not readily seen to be a modilication of it, like //. T/w/j-io/x'. It may
be the oldest-created of this cluster of imperfectly seg-reyated species.

10. IIelicoxius BiRXKYi, lliiluier.
Mir/o)iitis Burneyi, Iliibn. Ziitr;ii;:e, f. -101, 102.

This fine, laruc, vol)ust sp(>cies belong's to the same n'rouj) as //. Jlclpomri/e, Sec. It
seems to be coniined, like //. TlicLriojx-, to the for(>st plains of the Amazons ; it is not,
however, a common insect, but is restricted to certain localities. Its stront,', bold ilight
distinijuishes it from all ot lu-r species of Ilellcoitlii-s, when on the winL,^ M any individuals
of ])oth sexes have the hind winijjs black, cxce[)t a patch of red at the base.

17. llKLicoNiis Egkkia, Cramer.
FfipUio Kf/cria, Cram. Pap. E\ot. t. .51. 1'. 1?, C.

This resembles much //. Jiiii'iiciji in size and gcMieral apjicarance ; it seems, however,
to be a perfectly distinct species, recoL;nizablc by the glossy light-l)rown hue with jjaler
streaks l)etween the nervures, of the under surface of the wings. The hind wing l)eneath
has a red streak near the abdominal edge, and there is a yellow spot on the costa at the
base. It is a rar(^ species : I took it at I'ara : it is found also at Cayenne, where //. Buriiciii
ai)pears not to occur. ^ly specimens dilfer from the one figured by Cramer, in the design
of the upper surface of the hind wing-, the red colour of the basal half being continued in
a series of eij^ht short, wedge-shaped streaks into the broad, l)lack marginal half of th(>
wing.

IS. IIkmconhs A(i;i)i;, lliibner.

Mv/onilis Awdf, Iliihii. Ziitriigc, f. 12!), 1.50.

Hc/irortiii AstijiUauiu, Krichsoii in Sc-Iioiiiburgk's Rcisc in Brit, finian. p. .OOrj (aberration).

The antennae in this species are much shortei' than in the Ifclicoi/ii generally, and
more thickly clavate. It a])|)ears to be coullned to the Amazon region and (luiana. In
(iuiana (Denu'rara and Cayenne) a sjjecies is found* which closely resem])les it in shape
and colours, but dilTers in having slender antenna', like the typical IL'liroiiii.

* HkI.KONIIS \ ANTIIOC r.KS, U.S.

c? . .'5" 2'". Fore iriiu/ : uhort', black ; the basal third clear oranjro-rcd ; a large (iiiadratc spot witbiii the cell at
the end, and a bill of seven larj^e spots close after the end of the cell, clear yellow ; near the apex is a small oblont;
yellow spot, crossed Ijy three nervures. Itencolh, the same.

Hind win;/ very broad, nearly circnlar : ahorr, black, with tuo short red streaks at the base, liiumlh, the same,
except that there is a small yellow spot at the l)ase of the costa, and four small red s])ots between the nervnres at tbeir
origin. Body black; head with a few white marks; mesothorax with four small spots in front, in a transverse litw,
and two large ones in the middle, yellow. Scutellnm and two spots on the metathorax also yellow. The abdonuMi
has a series of narrow yellow bands, the tip of each segment being edged with yellow. Antennic long and slender,
black.

Dcinerara ; Cayeinie.

I I- 2

562 MR. H. W. BATES ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOPTERA

n. Asti/ddmid of Ericlison differs from the type in wanting the radiating lines of the
hind wing. We have already seen that this is a common form of aberration in the
Ileliconii of this group.

19. Helicon lus Ricixi, Linnneus.
Papilio Rlcini, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 756. G-i.
, Cramer, Pap. Exot. t. 37^. f. A, B.

A common and well-known species. It appears to be distriljuted througliout the
whole of the northern part of tropical America. It differs in habits from the other
species of the genus, inasmuch as it frequents the skirts of woods, semiciiltivated
grounds, and gardens. Its antcnnte are short, and strongly clavate : in this feature, as
well, indeed, as in size, shape, and habits, it approaches the genus Euekles.

Genus Eueides, IJoubleday.
Donbled. & Ilewits. Gen. Diurn. Lepid. p. 115.

1. Eueides I.sabella, Cramer.

Papilio Isabella, Cram. Pap. Exot. t. .350. f. C, D.

Papilio Isabella Nereis fulva Dianasa, Iliibn. Samml. Exot. Schm. (sliglit var.).

This is a common and abundant species throughout the Amazon region It does not
inhal)it the forest, but frequents open bushy places on the skirts of woods, flying in the
usual sailing manner of the Helicoiiii. Lilvc the species oi Helicon idee which have the
same style of coloration {Htdiconins Niimata, Mefdniuitis Foli/miiia, &c.), it is a variable
insect on the Upper Amazons, although constant in its specific characters at Para. H.
Dianasa of Iluljucr is a slight variety.

2. Eueides IIubneiu, Menctries.

Eueides Hidmeri, Mcnct. Cat. d. 1. Coll. de I'Ac. Imp. de St. Petersburg, p. IIG, pi. S. f. 5.

Ijga, rare. Although very closely allied to En. IsabrUa, this is a well-marked form,
which prol)ably maintains itself distinct from that species. It differs somewhat in the
shape of the wings; the pale central crossbelt is divided into separate spots; the
antenna^ are black, with the club pale beneath. It is an approximation towards Ek.
Cleohd'a (llubn.) of ]\[exico.

.'5. Eueides La.mi'kto, n. s.

+ o". lu>r(' loing broader, the costa more arched than in En. Isabella : above, orange-
inwiiy ; a small portion at the apex, a narrow outer margin, and a broad stripe near the
hind margin, extending from tin; base to near tlu^ hind angle, black; there are also four
black spots on the disk, viz. a largo wedge-sliapcd spot within the cell near the base, a
small o]io over the disco-cellulars, a large rounded f)ne between the 2nd and 3rd, and an
indistinct one 1)etweon the 1st and 2n(l median branches; close to the apex ai'c two
uliitisb spols. licncalli, the same, ('\(r[)t that there are three white apical spots.

Hind u'iiKj : i-'/O'^r^', orange-tawny ; a line along tli(! basal half of the subcostal norvure,
a broad central stripe of six elongate spols behind the cell, and a broad liind border

OF THE AMAZON' VALI,F,Y. 563

black; a siiliniarginal vow of whitish spots, interrupted in tlie middle. Bcncnth, X\w
same, except that the costal nervure is also l)laek, and the sul)marginal spots are larLjer
and of a clearer white, there heini^ two l)et\veeii each nervure, I'xcept near the aj)ex.
Avhere there is oidy one, instead of two.

IJody brown ; antennte yelloAv, except the twtri-nie l)ase, which is black ; forehead and
two spots on tl\(> crown white; mc^sothorax with four lari^i^ rounded orau^-e-tawny '<pots,
namely, two wide apart on the shoulders and two near tot^^ether in the middle.

This fine larii'c species is dece])tively like Sla/nf/t/i.s C'nUiopc. It a])pears to be very
rare. I met with only one individual; at St. Paulo. S'1't/ac/ifl.i C'c/f/oj//' is a very
abundant species.

k EuEiDEs ]\[KKi:Ari, Jliibner.
Colanis Mereaui, Iliibn. Zutriige, f. '201, 202.

The sexes dillcr considcn-ably in the colours and desig'n of their wing-s. The < is dark
orani^'C-tawny ; the apical half of the fore wing- is l)laek, sometimes crossed by a ^hort
orang-t^-tawny belt ; the hind wing- has a l)road and ratlun- well-defined black l)order.
The ? is paler ii\ hue, and has two or three larg<^ ochrcous sj)ots in the middle of the
fore wing; the apical half is black, som(>ti)nes with an oehreous spot on the costa, half-
way bctweiMi the cell and the a[)ex ; the black I)order of the hind wing is ill defined,
shading olf gradually into the ground-cid-nn- of the wing.

[ met with this sp(>eies on the Tapajos and Tp])er Amazons. It is found within the
forest, fiying- about the to])s of low trees in sunny oj)enings. It has no near ally in the
Amazon region, to my knowledge.

5. EiEiDKs Lybia, Fabricius.

PapUio Lijina. F;ib. Syst. Ent. p. IGO, n. 7'5.

Hypsipilc, Cramer, Pap. E\ot. t. 177. <• ('. D.

A very common species throughout the country. It Hies in open sunny places on the
skirts of the forest, or in semicultivatcd grounds. The caterpillar resembles in all
essential jjoints those of Ili'l/coui/'-s Erulo aiul the sjjecies of JrgijiniiN. P^ach abdominal
segment is furnished with a row of ratlier long liispiA spines ; the head has two similar
spines, longer than those of the abdcnnen ; the colour is pale red ; the spiiu's I)lack. The
chrysalis is angular, aiul s])inose on its dorsal surface!. Tlu> ])upa state lasts eight days.

0. Eri:iDi;s Tiiales, Cramer.

Painlio Thali'S, Cram. Pap. Pxot. t. .^s. f. C, D.

Eueides Thalcs, Hew it.soii, Journal of lMitoini)lorry, i. pi. lo. t'. .5 (var.).

A common and generally-distributed species in e(pui1orial America. Ft closely resem-
bles Hi>1icoii'nis Veslii, in company with which it is frequently found.

7. Eteidks JvvxKs, ilewitson.

Eueides Eanci. Ilfx^its. .lourii. of F.iitom. 1. pi. 10. t". 1.

This species also closely resemldes Ih'Hconuis T'c.sln. It is found only on the I'jipcr
Amazons, at St. Paulo, flying over bushes on the skirts of the ibrest.

561. MR. 11. W. IJATKS ON THE HELICONIDE LEPIDOI'TERA

8. EuEiDES Alii'IIIcjia, (jodai't.

H///ti/io A/ijj/icr/i, (Jodt. lOiicycloiK'dit; Metliodiquf, t. i\. [). 21().

A widely distrihiitcid si)ccics, being found over nearly the whole of tropical America.
It seems to be constant throughout. I met with it at St. Paulo.

Sul)fa,mily AClUilN^.

(Jeiius AciL'EA, Fabricius.

1. AciLKA TuAiiiA, Linna-us.

Pajji/ifj TIkiUu, Linn. Syst. Nat. ii. 7-''7> "■ ('>! ■
, Cramer, Paj). Kxot. t. 21(1. f. A.

T took (at Tani) only one individual of this soh' species of yicnca found in the Amazon
region.

hh\Pi;ANATION OF Till-: I'LATES.

Till' Plalo.-s arc dcnitrnod to show a few e.\ani[)les out of a jrriat niinilur of iniinctic analo;;ies Ijctwceii
\arious Lepidopterous insects and the lleiiconid.e. Tiie insects lifi'ured lielonj;- to four families, very
widely dissimilar in sirnetnre and metamorphosis: Lcjilalis (lam. I'leridu'), l)io/j/is (Bombycidie, Moths),
S/ii/ttch/is (fam. Kryeinida), Ithoiiiiii, Afrchanitis, Mutlionii (fam. liclieonida'). The figures also illustrate
the process of the origination of a mimetic s])ecies through variation and natural .selection, llea.sons have
been given (p. .OO 1 el scq.) for considering the S[)ecies of Lcptd/ix and D/o/tfis, amongst others, as having
been adajited by this process to the species tA' Slaluc/itis and the genera of llelieonid;e — the colours being
brought into exact resend)I,uiee by the .^itrcessive preservation of such naturally arising variations as
tended more and more to icsemble. One species only, Lcji/a/ix yV/ewwor, furnishes a good exam])le of the
process, it being one which, by a rare chance, shows in its existing varieties the |)ro('ess in ditferent stages
of completion. 'i"he figures indicated by a simple numeral re])resent the i/ild/i/cil forms ; those marked a,
the sjjccies to which they are adapted.

I'l.ATi.; liV.

Fig. 1*. /.i///(i/is 'riiraiior (llewitson). — Inhabits C'upari, r..'( ' \\'. long.

Fig. 1 (I. llhiiiiiid Flora (Cramer). — Iidiabits Cupari, ^tb" VV. long. ; also the mouth of the Amazons and

Surinam.

Neither of these forms is found further westward on the Upjier Ama/.ons, where the follo\\ing

allied species and varieties alone occur.
Fig. '_*. I.i'iildlis T/in/iioi', xnr. Mf/aiioi'. — St. I'aulo, ll])per .\nia/.ons, (il) W. long.
Fig. 2(1. Itltuiiiht Uuf(j(i (llewitson). — Upper Amazons, from 5s to ",0" \V. long.

* The spceiiiicii of 7/. Tlifdiiw in the Biitisli Aliiscmn ciillcetion, which served Mr. llewitson for his figure of the
s|iecios, is \civ iiiiich larger lli.ui the one lij^'uicd in this IMate. IJiit the Lrptii/lih-x arc apt to vary very iiiueli
ill size.

OF Tin. AMAZON VALLKY. 565

Fig. .3. LeptaViH Tlicoiiov, var. Li/sinui- (llcwitsoii. Dcscrilu-tl by tliis iiullior us ;i tlistliiict upccies. The
wliiU" foro part of the hind wing i.s merely a sexual chinacter, and i^, hidden hy (lie (ore wing in
tiie natural position of the wing.s). — Kga, Upper ,\nia/.ons, (Ij*^ \V. long.

Fig. :Ui. Stularltti.i P/uetliisa, var. Diiralii (I'erty).— Kga, Upper Ania/ons, l','> W. long.

The resendilanee hetween these two i.s very great, wiien flying in (heir native woods. 'I'he
Li'j)ta/ii is quite unlike any llliomla found in the whole region, and is supposed Id liiivc \n;\\
ailapted to the Ktaldclilin, because its original variations were in the direct ion ol Stitldililm, and
tlii.s disguise e(pially well .serveil the |)nrpose of pres<rvatioM with that of an llliniitKi.

Fig. 1. Lcptalis Thti)iii)i,\M\ — Fga. Described by llewiison as a variety of /.. Li/.sinor, JCxol. Mutt
Lcptalh, lig. l.i.

Fig. 5. Li'jittili.i Tltviiiinf, var. — I'^ga.

Fig. (i. Leptitlis Tliconor, var. — I'-ga. This has considerable resendilanre to Itlioinin lUinisnu, (ig. (1 «.

Fig. 7- Lcjjldlin Tlieimo'e, var. .St. I'aulo.

Fig. K. Lcjitd/i.i Tln-oiKji', var. — Kga.

Fig. y. Lr/i/it/is TIti'Oiioi', var. St. I'aulo.

'I'liese si.\ varieties occurred only in single or very li\v cxainpics : they iniilale (with the
exception of (ig. (J) no other insect, and .ue su|)posed to be either .sini|ile variations l.sjitjrtsj or
renniants of the steps of niodiflcali(jn which have led to the vaiious C(»niplele adapta'ions in tin'
two districts where they are found. In any case (since it is impossible to suppose that each is
an uninodilied descendant of a parent originally created, in the usual sense <jf tli<; tc-rinj thcv nia\
be taken as alTording proof of the variability ol' liie species in scv( r.d divergent directions,
tending towards resemblance to lllioiiiitf.

Fig. Ciii. lUioiiua lll'iHixxa (llewits.). — Kga.

Fig. 10. /^<Vyy;//,v y/s7/««« (n. sp. <jr var. ?), decejilively like, when (lying, UIkhuki :l;lt(i,:\. small -species
near akin to /. lUliuxaii, and found in company with it at Kga.

Fig. II. Diopiis llcrd'uia (n. sp. or var. ?j. (;io.sely resendjh-s, whin (lying, lllKniua IliriUnn 'I'l. L\'l.
(ig. 1 «), and found in company with it at St. I'aulo.

Fig. 12. Diojj/is Oiiff/a (n. sp. or var. ?j. (Mosely resembli-s, when flying, ///loi/ua Onri/n 'I'l. I,\'
tig. 2 u), and flies in company with it at St. I'aulo.

Fig. 1.5. Diojttis dijma (Doubleday). Closely resendjles Itlioinia ('ijmo, a sj)ecies similar Id /. hluni
(fig. 1 a olthe present Plate), and (lies in comjiany with it at I'ara.

ri.ATi; LVl.

Fig. 1. Lejital'ts Tliconu'e, var. I'lnjlknic St. I'aulo, *;!> \V. lonjr.

Fig. 2. LcjiIuUh ThcfjiiOi'-, var. Enjtliroi-.-'Sy. I'auhj.

Fig. .!. Lejitaris Tlicomji'-, var. Erijtliroi'-. — St. I'aulo.

Fig. .i «. Itli'tinia (Jrutiiiu, var. (Utrijsijdoniu. — St. I'aulo.

The linking variations belw{;en L. Eryl/iror- :iit(l 7'/i(0ii>/r can be traced through the \aneties
■S, .'), and C, of the [)receding I'late. The substitution of red fitr while in the fore wings is seen
t<j be a simple variation. Some traces of the iiarnjwing of the red margin of the hind wing are
also seen, 'i'lic imitation oi' l/homia is not nearly so close as it is in the cases of (igs. I and •_' ol
the preceding and (ig. ( of the jjresent I'late, but there is a consi(J(;r.ible approximation, giving
the aitjjcarance of a striving after a correct imitation. 'I'he selection of individnals ii.ivnig ilii-
most faithful likeness is here eitlier not rigid or \\( see tin- formalion >/f an . \aci rniMMtn
analogue in process.

Fig. 1. Lijjtulit I'ltfonoi', var. Leucoiioi'. — St. I'aulo.

Fig. Au. ItliOiiua lli'rdiaa (Ilewitsonj. — St. I'aulo.

This Li-iilaita ajipears at (irst sight an abscjlutely (Ji>tincl s|)i.cjis. but il |^ plainly a iimdilica-

OOG MR. H. W. HATKS ON THE AMAZON-VALLEY HELICONIDE LEPIDOITERA.

tioii whose adaptation is complete. As to the fore wings, the vaciihiting nature of the colours
is seen in figs. 4, 6, and 8 of Plate LV. in the clearest manner. The hind wings appear very
peculiar, on account of the milky colour ; hut this is sliown to arise by variation in Ithomue, which
exhibit all the grades of variation from dusky to white nervurcs atid ground of the hind win"-.

Fig. 5. Leptulis Nehemia (of authors). — New Granada and S. Brazil.

Figured to show the normal form of the family {Pieridw, called in England " Garden White"
Butterflies) to which Lcptulis l)elongs. The contrast in form and colours ])oints to the conclu-
sion that all the other forms of Lcptalis are perverted from the usual facies of the family by long-
continued process of adaptation to the lleliconidic, in whose com[)any (each species with its
Heliconian model) they are solely found.

Fig. f). LcptalLs Theonoc, var. Art/ucliloc. — 8t. Paulo.

Fig. (i«. Uhoiuia F//v/iw/« (llewits.). — St. Paulo.

The links of modification may be traced also with respect to this apparently distinct Lcptalin.
The shape of the spot of the fore wing is seen to be very variable in figs. 1, 2, .5 of this Plate,
and in 'J and 4 of Plate LV.

Fig. 7- Lcjital'us Aiiipluimc, var. E(jncnii. — Ega.

Fig. 7"- Mcc/iuniJis I'olymnlii, var. Ei/ui-nsis. — ICga.

Fig. H. Lcp/alls Orise (Boisduval). — Cupari, CtC/' VV. long. ; also (Cayenne.

Fig. S«. Methona I'sidii (LinnaMis). — Cuj)ari ; also Cayenne.

EKUATUM.

.\X |i. U\'.>, iiftcr the characters of Family 2. I'ai'ii.iomi) i., insert
Siihfam. 1. Paimlionin.i;.
Siild'ain. '1. I'lKKiN.i:.

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■V /-

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f

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qQL Bates, Henry Walter.
554 Contributions to an in-
A1B3 sect fauna of the Amazon
Ent. Valley : Lepidoptera :
Heliconidae.

ISSUED TO

qOL

554

A1B3

Ent.

■■tmm

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES

3 '^Dfia DD33mflM b

nhent qQL554 A1B3
Contributions to an insect tauna ot the

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