Ais hot Bret Ii Ele eeeey My, estate el xf 1 y Si fe BY Oia s POLS SES ESSER beth ecas cones HER eeet? fhe es fe ie — e238 yates ree fy * ws. ‘§ Cae Sas aes 345 Bosch k Lhe eee ees wae lie Pe : Bee a) SETS : SH . ie < suereeraeeees NE Ghia) Ae 4 Stas Yy, Bs *} fae PASS, ee ites MIME iGee na eee Broce aS Sr Eas ee: ~ fe Epis tenes smi 0G —— ae Department of the Bunterior: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN NITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. : ; No. 25. OF THE BERMUDAS. VOLUME Ee EDITED BY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE NATURAL HISTORY J. MATTHEW JONES and GEORGE BROWN GOODE, WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICER. 1584. Fait Department of the Gutecior: U. 8. NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ING ©. 2a: PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. We ASS ENG: TON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFIOE. 1884. ADVERTISEMENT. This work is the thirty-first of a series of papers intended to illus- trate the collections of natural history and ethnology belonging to the United States, and constituting the National Museum, of which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of August 10, 1846. It has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and printed by authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior. The publications of the National Museum consist of two series—the Bulletins, of which this is No. 25, in continuous series, and the Pro- ceedings, of which the sixth volume is now in press. The volumes of proceedings are printed signature by signature, each issue having its own date, and a small edition of each signature is dis- tributed to libraries promptly after its publication. From time to time the publications of the Museum which have been issued separately are combined together and issued as volumes of the Miscellaneous Collections. These are struck off from the stereotype plates from which the first edition was printed, and in this form are distributed by the Smithsonian Institution to libraries and scientific societies throughout the world. Volume 13 of these collections includes Bulletins 1 to 10 inclusive; volume 19, vols. 1 and 2 of the Proceedings; volume 22, vols. 3 and 4 of the Proceedings; and volume 23, Bulletins 11 to 15 inclusive. Full lists of the publications of the Museum may be found in the cur- rent catalogues of the publications of the Smithsonian Institution. SPENCER F. BAIRD, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, June 1, 1884. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE ~~ < NATURAL HISTORY OF THE BERMUDAS. EDITED BY J. MATTHEW JONES and GEORGE BROWN GOODE. ViOirn kr. Part I.—GEOLOGY .......---.....-....By PRor. WILLIAM NortH RICE. Part II.—BOTANY ..............-.....-BY GEN. SIR JOHN HENRY LEFROY. PART ele —MAMMATIS 222 2258s ooh By J. MattrHEw JONES. FAR Tah Vie—— DDR Ssisiccs ssa aee ee cme ee cence CAPD SAMI G ErD: Part V.—NOTES ON BIRDS .....-...-- By Dr. C. Hart MERRIAM. JPYATEDO NY Lo) £4] Dy 24 BL rd Dp sys Sl ee es oe eras oe By SAMUEL GARMAN. PART VIL.—ANNELIDS...................BYy Pror. H. E. WEBSTER. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1884. “~ PRE EAC E. The Bermudas or Somers Islands, since their discovery in 1515, have given origin to a literature of very considerable extent. Not only have they been the subject of discussion in many a book of history and travel, they have inspired the poetic fancies of Thomas Moore and Andrew Marvell, and supplied Shakespeare with an environment for “The Winter’s Tale.” The natural history of this littlearchipelago has also been a fruitful subject of description from the days of Sil Jourdan and his quaint old black-letter volume, ‘‘The Wreck of the Sea Adven- ture.” The literature of the islands, as will be shown in a bibliography to be published in a subsequent part of this work, includes many papers of considerable importance from a scientific standpoint. The ‘‘enchanted isles” have proved very attractive to naturalists, especially during the past decade, and to the old list of observers, con- taining such names as those of J. Matthew Jones, Sir William Reid, Sir Henry Lefroy, Lansdowne Guilding, H. B. Tristram, J. L. Hurdis, Col. H. M. Drummond-Hay, Colonel Nelson, Dr. J. J. Rein, and Colonel Wedderburn, must be added those of Sir Wyville Thomson and his as- sistants on the Challenger staff, especially John Murray and H. N. Moseley, Prof. W. G. Farlow, Mr. Walter Faxon, Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Mr. J. W. Fewkes, Prof. William North Rice, Dr. G. W. Hawes, Dr. F. M. Hamlin, and Prof. A.S. Bickmore. The field of marine zoology is as yet hardly touched. No place can be more suitable for a laboratory of biology. The only book in which a general survey of the flora and fauna of the islands has been attempted is in ‘“‘ The Naturalist in Bermuda,” an oc- tavo volume of 200 pages, published in London in 1859, by John Matthew Jones, Esq., ’. L. S., barrister, of the Middle Temple. This work is full of interest and suggestion. It bears upon its title page as its legend, the well-known saying of White of Selborne, “ Every kingdom, every prov- ince, should have its gwn monographer,” was conceived and executed in the spirit of.a true disciple of the Hampshire sage, and received a well- merited encomium from Darwin in his Origin of Species. In “The Naturalist in Bermuda,” Mr. Jones made no attempt to of VI PREFACE. _grapple with marine zoology, the book being devoted almost entirely to the land animals and plants. The lists are all, of course, very incom- ‘plete in the light of subsequent discoveries, but the book is a classic, -and will always remain so. Since 1859, a number of special papers have ‘been published by Mr. Jones, and by others; and a series of faunal lists, very nearly complete for vertebrates, is given in Mr. Jones’ Visitors’ Guide to Bermuda, printed in 1876. Dr. T. L. Godet, in his “ Bermuda,” published in 1860, attempted to discuss the zoology of the islands, but his chapters on “ natural history,” “shells,” and “corals” give evidence not only of ignorance of but shameful dishonesty in his methods of book-making. The plan of the work, of which the first instalment is now published, was arranged by Mr. Jones and the writer of this preface in the spring of 1877, at the close of a second winter of joint exploration of the isl- ands. Mr. Jones has collected in Bermuda for several winters, between 1859 and 1876, and has become the standard authority on matters relat- ing to the natural history of the islands. It has been our purpose in our joint work to bring together in convenient form that which is known of the natural history of the islands, and to make a complete series of faunal and floral lists, to serve as a starting point for future works in the study of the region. In the present volume are printed seven separate papers. Professor Rice’s essay upon the Geology of the islands (Part I) is the result of a careful reconnaissance during a six weeks’ visit in the spring “of 1877. The previous work of Nelson and Thomson, and the discus- ‘sion of the region by Dana, have been taken into consideration in the “preparation of this paper. The Bermudian Flora, by Sir John Henry Lefroy (Part ID), is the re- ‘sult of the studies of that eminent geographer while governor of the islands from 1871 to 1877, most of the specific identifications having ‘been made at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. An especial feature -of interest in this paper is the thorough manner in which the native ‘flora has been differentiated from the extensive exotic flora, which has been energetically increased by the Bermudians since the very beginning of the colony in 1609. It is of great value, too, as a record of the suc- _eesses of Sir Henry Lefroy himself in acclimatizing numerous species. During his administration, two or three hundred species of trees, shrubs, and plants were introduced from different quarters, particularly from PREFACE. VII the Royal Gardens at Kew, which will greatly extend the interest of the Bermudas as a botanic garden. The catalogue of Bermuda Mammals (Part III), by Mr. J. Matthew Jones, is one of the monographs, which will probably never be extended unless by the addition of certain species of whales. Capt. Savile G. Reid’s essay on Bermuda Ornithology (Part IV) is the final result of the labors of Jones, Hurdis, Wedderburn, and others, and may be regarded as a final report. Much of the completeness of this list is due to the labors of a most ingenious local collector, Mr. John T. Bartram, of Stock’s Point, whose little museum is full of interesting ma. terial. Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in a short visit to the islands in 1878, discov- ered one or two additional species of Birds, which, by special request, he records in Part V. Mr. Samuel Garman’s paper on Bermudian Herpetology (Part VI) is undoubtedly a final statement. The discussion of the marine turtles in this paper is of great general interest. Professor Webster’s paper on the Annelids (Part VII) is only a be- ginning, being based upon a very incomplete collection gathered in con- nection with other work. A number of other papers are in preparation, and it is hoped that they may be completed within the next year. Among these are a second edition of the present writer’s Fishes of Bermuda, and papers on the Crustaceans, by Prof. 8. I. Smith; the Radiates, by Prof. A. E. Verrill; the Sponges, by Prof. A. Hyatt; the Spiders, by J. H. Emerton; and the Mollusks, by J. Matthew Jones. G. BROWN GOODE. WASHINGTON, April 2, 1884. is iat ey eh Pine ae Pee EIT at nets x mn pa ig Npay alles ae Bull. No. 25, U. §. National Museom. PLATE I. 65" West of Greenwich MAP OF THE BERMUDA ISLANDS, prepared for JONES’ NATURALIST IN BERNUDA. ee GREAT SOUND eam A. . oN. Peart I. he os Say si e\ ROINT OR EY aA Long Pt. ANCHORAGE hots B, . ings Reference to the Parishes. ; LstGiorges | 5: Pembroke 2.Hamilten | 6. Paget 3. Satu TD Warwide 4: Devensiare \ 8 Southampton DO Sandys TNE Ono CC is @ Ni By J. MatrHew JONES, F. R.S. C, Alone in mid-ocean, about 600 miles east of the Carolina coast, lies the little group of islets known as Bermuda. In former days, when light-houses were few and far between, and navigation was beset with greater danger and difficulty, these islands were counted among the greatest terrors of the deep; lying in the track of merchantmen from Europe to America, and surrounded by barrier reefs extending far out to sea, they too often became the last home of mariners, whose ships were driven in fury upon the breakers and dashed to atoms amid the seething foam. There are no bold scenic effects to impress the visitor on his first ap- proach; no elevated peaks or cone-like craters, nor hillside gorges. All is on a Small scale, and although with islands and rocky islets together, over three hundred may be counted, yet the whole lie in a space of 23 miles by 3, and so slightly raised are they above the ocean surface that the very highest point of land only reaches 250 feet. The Gulf Stream flows between the Bermudas and the eastern coast of the United States, trending to the northeast as it reaches the latitude of New York, thus affording the ocean to the southward protection from the cold winds of the north during the winter months. On the eastern edge of this heated concourse of waters which circle around from south to northeast are the Bermudas; while within this semicircular space float vast masses of Gulf-weed, the Sargassum bacciferum, intermingled with driftwood, seeds of trees and plants, and abundance of other veg- etable matter bearing upon its surface, or within its tangled masses, myriads of mollusks, crustaceans, and other invertebrate forms, which float hither and thither as the winds direct, while thousands of fishes frequent these aquatic preserves to feed upon them. Itis to these float- ing masses of Gulf-weed that the northern shores of America owe the presence of isolated examples of tropic fishes taken generally during the later months of summer. During that period the ocean surface is rarely disturbed by violent storms, and the Gulf weed floats along in im- IX x INTRODUCTION. mense fields, propelled both by the swift, warm current and southerly winds to a far more northerly point than usual; indeed, instances are known, one very recently, where turtles have been captured while float- ing on the water within 100 miles of Halifax. The denizens of this favorable cover, thus brought within a compara- tively short distance of the northeast coast of America, wander away right and left, and many strike the shores and are captured, to afford wonder to those who are unaccustomed to their singular forms. Thus itis that on the coast of Nova Scotia are found, almost every summer, examples of West Indian Balistes, Fistularia, Hemirhamphus, Exocetus, &c., also the well-known ‘“ Portuguese Man-of-War” (Physalia pela- gica); while many large seeds of West Indian plants, such as Entada scandens, Mucuna urens, and others chiefly belonging to the family Legu- minose, are picked up at Sable Island, which lies 80 or more miles off the Nova Scotian coast. North and west of the islands, at a distance from shore in some di- rections of 10 or more miles, lie what are known as the outer reefs, a belt of submerged rocks coated with Serpule, whose hard, irregularly- twisted calcareous tubes often form incrustations an inch or more in thickness, and various other forms, particularly nullipores, stony sea- weeds of a rosy color, which occur as wart-like processes on all portions of the reef rock. Within the outer reefs, and coating the inner edges of these submerged rocks, grow numerous species of corals. Thousands of other objects help to form the population of these outer reefs and contribute not a little to their growth, while myriads of tropic fishes lurk in the snug holes and corners formed in the wave-worn rocks. Through certain channels in this reef vessels reach the harbors within; but without the aid of the pilots, a daring, clever set of fellows, with eyes as sharp as hawks and nerves that never fail, it would be useless to attempt an entrance. The latitude of the light-house on Gibb’s Hill is 32° 15/ 4” N.; longi- tude, 64° 51’ 36’ W. In shape the Bermudas form a narrow elongated strip of land about 23 miles long, running east and west, bent in- wards at one extremity like a fish-hook, and indented throughout by inlets, with numerous little inlets scattered over the whole extent. The distance from Cape Hatteras is about 600 miles; and from Halifax 750 miles. The land lies very low, but it is pleasingly diversified through- out its whole area with little hills and dales. It is covered over large areas with groves of cedar (Juniperus barbadensis), having an under- INTRODUCTION. XI wood of sage bush (Lantana odorata) and (L. camara). A few depres- sions, slightly below the sea level, are wet and marshy, and are grown up with coarse grasses, reeds, and sedges, with palmettoes and cedars where the ground is dry, and mangroves and avicennias where it is muddy. There are no lakes, streams, or wells of fresh water, the only water-supply being derived from the clouds. The roofs of the houses are sloped and whitewashed so as to allow the rain to run freely into tanks under ground; some of these are of large size and keep an abun- dance of water perfectly clear and fresh for two or three months, if droughts should occur. The climate, during the winter months of November, December, Jan- uary February, and March, is simply charming, the thermometer usu- ally ranging from 60° to 70°. Cool and pleasant breezes almost con- tinually prevail; and as may well be imagined from its position on the wide ocean, the air of Bermuda is the purest of the pure. The trade of Bermudais carried on by a dozen or more island vessels and others from England, United States, Nova Scotia, and Prince Ed- ward Island. The island vessels are built of cedar, the most durable of all woods; but as that timber is getting scarce, ship-building is not carried on to the extent it was formerly. The principal exports are onions, tomatoes, and potatoes, chiefly to New York, during the months of April, May, and June. Arrowroot has also been for many years a well-known Bermudian product, commanding a high price in every part of the world. Bermuda is a British military post, and there is one line regiment always garrisoned there, as well as artillery and engineers; and the dock-yard is one of the stations of the West Indian squadron of the British navy. The following brief topographical description of the islands is here presented as an introduction to the special natural history papers which are to follow, and which often contain reference to special localities. It should be read in connection with the map. Beginning at the eastern extremity of the archipelago, we observe upon the map. St. George’s.—This was once the chief town of the islands and resi- dence of the governor; but Hamilton, which is more centrally situate, was chosen in its stead about the latter part of the last century. The town is quaint and interesting ; the streets are so narrow that in places two portly persons would almost jostle each other in passing. They were constructed when carriages were unknown on the islands. XII {NTRODUCTION. These narrow streets, winding up the hill on which much of the town is built, with their gardens hemmed in by high walls, over which hang different species of cacti, with papaws, bananas, and plantains tower- ing above, and here and there the graceful form of the palmetto sur- mounting the same, will remind the visitor of a small Spanish or East- ern town. To obtain a good view of the harbor and surrounding country the visitor should proceed either up to the Signal Station or Barrack Hill, from which will be obtained an extensive prospect. Not far beyond the barracks, and eastward of there, is a small cove on the northern shore, known as ‘Buildings Bay,” said to be the place where, in 1609, Sir George Somers had his cedar vessel, in which he proceeded to Vir- ginia, built. There are three or four strong forts commanding the channel through the reefs on the north side. ; David’s Island, forming the southern boundary of St. George’s har- bor, is quite small. It is here that some of the best arrowroot is grown and manufactured; and this island also furnishes most of the pilots who hail from the east end of the islands. There is a whalehouse here, which is now, however, rarely used, as the whale fishery has been much neglected of late years. In its many pretty little bays and inlets a variety of shells and sea-weeds may be obtained; thousands of sea anemones occur in the clear shallow water, and many species of crusta- ceans and echinoderms may be collected on the white sandy bottom, which renders their forms wonderfully conspicuous. Castle Harbor.—This charming sheet of water, the beauties of which, on a bright sunny day, with sufficient breeze to ripple the surface of the azure waters, are not to be excelled in any part of the world, is an ex- cellent collecting place. The day’s work should commence by a Visit to Castle Island, which commands the entrance to the harbor. The visitor can only land upon the island at one spot on its southern side. Here are the ruins of what, many years ago, was a fort of some im- portance, called ‘‘The King’s Castle;” the old brick oven, too, has be- come a cave with miniature stalactites. The island is about 270 yards long by 90 broad. It is a lonely, desolate spot, the home of the lizard and prickly pear (Opuntia). In sailing along for Southampton Island, which is the next to attract attention, the entrance channel to Castle Harbor will be crossed, show- ing how intricate the passage must have been for the large West Indian mail steamers, which made this harbor their port of entry for some few INTRODUCTION. XI years after 1842. Southampton Island was also fortified for the same pur- pose as Castle Island. Nearly opposite Southampton Island, but at some little distance from the shore on the south side, stands “‘Gurnet Rock,” an isolated mass, very interesting to an ornithologist, from its being almost the only spot in the Bermudas where breeds that rare bird, the dusky shearwater (Puffinus ob- scurus), which is evidently the curious bird mentioned by Capt. John Smith in his account of the Bermudas (which is included in his “ History of Virginia”) about two centuries ago, under the name of the “‘ cahow.” The rock cannot be landed upon in safety, owing to the almost continued swell of the ocean; and many are the hair-breadth ’scapes that have occurred when enthusiastic naturalists, who are somewhat rare in the Bermudas, have daringly attempted the task. The last effort was made by Lieutenant Reid, R. E., about 1874. Getting as near as possible in the boat, he had to make a spring just as the swell lifted her up the side of the rock; but although he luckily succeeded in making good his foot- ing, he received some severe bruises from the jagged nature of the sur- face. His embarkation was happily effected without injury, and he had the pleasure of carrying home a fine young specimen of the bird which he had secured. After passing Southampton Island the western shore of Nonsuch Island comes in view. This island now belongs to the military department. Several rare species of mollusks may be obtained in the sandy bays of its southern shore. Cooper’s Island next claims attention ; here many shells and sea-weeds are to be found, as well as a few interesting plants growing on the sandy hillocks which are such conspicuous features in its scenery. If the day should be calm instead of breezy, the visitor will do well to pay attention to the curious objects beneath the waters of the harbor. The bottom is everywhere studded with reefs, on which grow corals, gor- gonias, sponges, &c., in profusion, and if the boat be provided with a air of long-handled nippers, any quantity of specimens may be obtained. Mullet Bay— About half a mile from St. George’s, is Mullet Bay, one of the many pretty little inlets with which the islands are everywhere indented. Stock’s Point.—Past Mullet Bay, and forming its western shore, runs out toward Castle Harbor an irregular promontory known as Stock’s Point. At the extreme end of this point, and situate in a pretty nook, is the residence of Mr. J. T. Bartram, whose collection of Bermudian Stuffed birds and fishes is the only one of its kind in the islands. XIV INTRODUCTION. The Causeway.—This bridge was constructed in England and sent out in pieces. Just at itsend, on the Walsingham side, is a deep pool, which is known as “ Blue Hole,” in which many kinds of fish may be seen disporting themselves in the clear water. Walsingham Caves.—A bout a quarter of a mile up the hilly road which leads from the causeway towards Hamilton, stands a small wooden shed on the left hand; while on the right, a rough and narrow road is seen, which leads to the famous caves which have afforded for many years the most singular scenes to be met with in the Bermudas. It would take pages to describe properly the various portions of these sub- terranean recesses, which present the usual appearance of stalactitic halJs and spacious chambers, floored with transparent waters, on which no boat has ever yet been launched to explore the darkness beyond. - Walsingham.—The grounds about Walsingham are by far the most picturesque in the islands, presenting a singular chaotic appearance of broken rocks, caverns, and ponds, interspersed with grassy patches and thickets in which numerous kinds of trees and shrubs mat their foliage with that of the orange and lemon. Here may be found species of plants unknown in any other part of the islands, and in the clear waters which occur in almost every cavern mouth, the most brilliant-hued fishes may beseen. The coffee-tree grows luxuriantly at Walsingham, and a climb- ing jasmine overruns both rocks and trees profusely. The soil of this district is different to that of other parts, being of a bright brick-red. Paynter Vale.—Not far from Walsingham, and snugly ensconced in a grove of fine old trees, lies all that remains of the old homestead of the Paynter family; the house a complete ruin, with ferns growing out of the crevices, and bananas, papaws, and cedars hemming in its remains on every side. Near what was formerly the principal entrance gate stands a magnificent fiddle-wood tree (Citharexylum), the parent of all the fiddle-wood trees in Bermuda. It was brought from Barbadoes about the year 1829. A little east of the ruined house an avenue of tall tapering cedars leads to the old burial place of the family, which has recently been covered over with blocks of stone to prevent desecration. Climbing a steep hill near by, the visitor finds himself in full view of Harrington Sound, with the Flatt’s Bridge and village in the distance, while a little higher he will find a patch of red ground, on which it is said nothing in the shape of vegetation has ever been known to grow. About 80 yards north- wards of this patch, and situate in the adjoining wood, is a small cave, INTRODUCTION. XV known as “Chalk Cave.” On returning and recrossing the red patch, there will be seen on the left hand a deep hollow called ‘‘ Plantain Hole,” in which coffee, myrtle, wild cherry, fiddle-wood, and other trees are growing and entwining their branches together. After leaving this cavernous depression and ascending the steep hill above for a short distance the visitor will come suddenly in view of Castle Harbor. Descending the slope before him and arriving at the shore he will find himself near the Government Limestone Quarry, from which large blocks of compact stone have been taken for building forti- fications, and which is frequently referred to below in Professor Rice’s paper on the geology of the islands. To the southeast is a cave called **Cooper’s Hole,” well worth a visit. Returning northwards, along the margin of the water, the visitor will perceive a current of water rushing almost under his feet, which is supposed to flow under the land from Harrington Sound. Still continuing northwards he will soon arrive at a rail fence, which, if he follows along through ferns, myrtle, orange, &c., will bring him to another deep hollow, called “Little Plantain Hole.” At one time this was overrun with citron and orange trees; but very few, owing to the great disease of 1854, now remain. Still follow- ing the fence he will again arrive at the ruins of the old Paynter home- stead, from which he started. Just outside the entrance gate, and across the public road, on the shore of Harrington Sound, will be seen a cavern in the cliff, which goes by the name of ‘‘ Shark’s Hole.” If a boat can be obtained this cavern is well worth investigating, for several species of sea-weeds are to be obtained on the rocks on either side; while in the recesses of the cave beyond, by the aid of a torch, a beautiful collection of stalactites can be seen. A fine collection of stalactites from this cave are preserved in the National Museum and in that of Wesleyan University, Middletown. Tucker's Town.—The land which lies between Paynter Vale and the south shore, including the long narrow neck which stretches out east- ward to Castle Island, is known as Tucker’s Town. Tucker’s Town ponds are favorite resorts of the migratory water birds which visit Bermuda from the North American continent during the fall and winter months. Along the shores of these ponds the mangrove (Rhizophora) grows luxuriantly wherever congenial mud affords its roots a resting place. The walks about the sand hills near the shore will be found interest- ing to the lover of nature, for many interesting maritime plants may be XVI INTRODUCTION. \ seen, while along the coral strand are found rare sea-weeds and. shells, mingled with the pink-colored nullipore and débris of the reefs. Devil’s Hole.—This is a cavernous recess filled with salt water on the south side of Harrington Sound, about midway between Walsingham and the Flatts. For years it has been one of the “lions” of Bermuda, as it generally contains a stock of groupers (Serrani), and sundry other fishes; which swim about and can be as easily seen as if in an aquarium. Here will be found a species of ground shark, which, although not un- common on the east coast of America, is, from its retired habits, very rarely seen. The angel-fish (Holacanthus) will be observed disporting itself in the clear waters, as if proud of its splendid livery. The group- ers themselves are easily recognizable, as they crowd together with open mouths in hopes of a feed when the visitor arrives. Harrington Sound, which lies before the visitor as he emerges from the entrance door to Devil’s Hole, probably possesses in itself and its surroundings more picturesque scenery than any other locality in the islands. Its surface is usually calm, owing to its land-locked position, and a boating excursion on its waters, especially about the shores of Trunk Island, will reveal many submarine wonders to the eye of the naturalist, in the form of gorgonias, sponges, corals, and hosts of other things. Its northern shore, westward of Bailey’s Bay Church, presents a series of high cliffs, in many places quite inaccessible, much to the satisfaction of the several pairs of tropic birds which here annually, in perfect security, make their nesting places and rear their young. From the water is seen the high cliff known as “ Devil’s Head,” its face all ragged and torn by the storms of many winters. From out its numer- ous crevices spring dwarf trees and shrubs, whose only holdfast appears to be the solid rock on which they grow, while circling around its shat- tered brow the tropic birds lazily float, mingling their plaintive cries with the sounds of the rippling wavelets which dash on the rock-bound shore a hundred feet below. Harrington Sound, owing to the fact that the rise and fall of the tide is almost nothing, is one of the best places for collecting corals, such as Millepora Oculina, Meandrina, Porites, Mycedium, and Siderastrea. Here occur in great numbers the Bermuda scollop, Pecten ziczac, fished for at a depth of 5 or 6 fathoms by means of long-handled nipper. Flatt’s Bridge.— At the western end of Harrington Sound there is an outlet into Flatt’s Harbor, through which the tide ebbs and flows with great impetus. This channel has from the earliest times been spanned INTRODUCTION. XVIT by a bridge. In the torrent below the bridge Mr. Goode discovered Amphioxus in 1877, and this vicinity is one of the best collecting grounds in the islands. Much may be done by raking up stones and sponges from the bottom and examining their interstices for small animals. Flatt’s Harbor.—In days of yore this pretty little inlet of the sea pre- sented a different aspect, for the shores, particularly at its head, were lined with wharves from which good-sized vessels discharged their car- goes. It was, in fact, one of the ports of Bermuda, and considerable trade was carried on here. Even now the extent of the ruins of several houses testifies to their capacity in former times. All, however, now wears a look of desolation; the moldering walls with the carved portals are draped with the prickly cactus, while gigantic papaws and plantains raise their leafy crowns above the whole. Gibbons’ Bay.— A bout a quarter of a mile from Flatt’s Village, on the north shore road to Hamilton, on the right hand, will be seen a little sandy bay, with an island beyond, joined by a causeway of large stone blocks to the shore. The little bay to the right is known as Gibbons’ Bay. It is an excellent place for collecting shells and sea-weeds, as also marine invertebrates, which are common under the stones and sand at low water. In the little rock pools here and along the north shore occur frequently groups of young Velella, while in the crevices of the rocks, after a northerly storm, may be found great masses of Gulf weed covered with pelagic crustaceans and hydroids. Mount Langton.—Government House is situated on an elevated ridge of land, and commands a fine view of the sea-coast all along the north shore. The garden contains interesting examples of foreign trees, shrubs, and plants. It was here that Lady Turner, between 1826 and 1832, planted the first weeping willow ever seen in the islands, a spe- cies now very common. Governor Reid, about 1841, planted the India- rubber trees which stand near the steps leading down to the garden. The wampee and litchi trees were also planted by him. The large silk cotton trees in the garden were planted by Governor Elliott about 1850, and Sir Henry Lefroy, when governor, added largely to the list. Peniston’s Pond.—This beautiful little lake, screened from the ocean by small hills covered with cedar, lies on the south shore of the islands, about a mile and a half west of the Devil’s Hole. The waters of Peniston’s Pond are quite brackish, having communi- cation with the outer sea by underground channels. In heavy southerly storms a perfect stream of water is forced over the shore rocks at the XVIII INTRODUCTION. eastern end, giving it the appearance of a natural water-course, which is arare sight in Bermudas except during a heavy rainfall. On the southern shore of this pond, about its center, and within a few paces of the water, are wells used for the purpose of watering cattle. The water they contain, like all similar excavations throughout the islands, is fresh above, but brackish beneath, as soon as the sea level is reached. This is, of course, owing to the simple reason that fresh water is lighter than salt. The islanders declare that there are “springs” of fresh water in various places. ‘This is only true to the extent of supply furnished by percolation of rain water to the depth such springs are found in; a few weeks of drought would be sufficient to prove the fallacy of the as- sertion that such sources are really springs. Bermuda, which is merely the peak of a submarine mountain, rising to a height of nearly four miles from the bottom of the ocean, having its whole land area honey- combed throughout above, and most probably far below the level of the sea, Can possess no fresh-water supply from below, and can only rely upon rainfalls for the necessary fluid. No hard water, therefore, is to be had in these islands; none but what the tanks supply, running from roofs and smoothed surfaces, constructed for the purpose. Peniston’s Pond is a great resort of water fowl and waders, which visit Bermuda during the winter; and many arare bird has been obtained by ornithol- ogists in favorable seasons. Spanish Rock.—A few yards east of the cattle wells spoken of, just at the base of the shore hills, an open grassy patch will be seen, having a mud hole about its center. After passing this, proceed up through the cedar grove in front, and immediately at the top a little pathway will be seen leading to the cliff beyond. Care must be taken on approach- ing this precipice, for if a false step be made, there is nothing to prevent a fall of fully 100 feet into the foaming waters below. The flattened rock, on which is an inscription consisting of a monogram and the date 1543, supposed to have been made by the Spaniard, Ferdinand Camelo, is cut, is a little below the crest of the cliff. Itis one of the oldest histori- eal monuments in America. Hungary Bay.—About three miles from Devonshire Bay, along the coast westward, is Hungary Bay, an excellent place to gain some idea of what a tropical mangrove swamp must be. This is, of course, only one on a very small scale; but still the mangrove grows luxuriantly here. With the exception of the crabs which climb the trees, hardly a sign of animal life is observable. Fine specimens of Littorina scabra occur on INTRODUCTION. XIX the trunks of the mangrove trees near the mud. Melampus flavus and M. FRedfieldti also occur in abundance under stones at the edge of the mud Near the entrance to this bay on the eastern side will be seen the ruins of a building formerly used us a magazine. A battery existed here also. It was just inside the mouth of the bay that, in the month of January, 1860, the largest example of the ribbon fish (Regalecus) ever yet seen was captured. The head and some other portions of the fish were for- warded as a present to the British Museum. The total length of the specimen was 16 feet 7 inches. Regaining the public road again, the visitor is now only a mile or so from the capital town of the islands. Hamilton.—Incorporated June 30, 1793, and named after the then goy- ernor, Henry Hamilton, the town has very slowly but steadily increased in size. Below the hill on which the Sessions House stands is the ‘ Public Building,” erected in 1839. Here are the ‘“‘Custom-House,” “ Colonial Office,” ‘‘ Public Library,” ‘“ Council Chamber,” &c., while on the land- ing of the upper staircase are a few cases containing enough natural history specimens to make the visitor regret that the inhabitants do not possess sufficient enterprise to establish a museum. No place in the world presents the facilities Bermuda does for the collection of marine specimens; and as nearly all could be preserved in alcohol, there is less excuse for the omission. It is hoped, however, that ere long the tide of improvement will at last reach ‘‘the remote Bermudas,” and that institutions generally established in other communities for their benefit and satisfaction will be considered necessary in this. There are several interesting localities within walking distance of Hamilton which will well repay the trouble taken in reaching them. Proceeding along the public road going to the eastward, skirting the shore of Hamilton Harbor, and before the end of the harbor is reached, there may be seen four fine specimens of the cabbage palm (Oreodoxa oleracea) with trunks as smooth as ivory, and bearing above the curious bunch of foliage which, from its resemblance to the vege- table in question, has given the tree its name. One or two specimens of the cocoanut palm (Cocos nucifera), are also to be seen here, as well as numerous shrubs, natives of the West Indies. At the end of the wall which skirts this property will be seen in a cottage garden a tree pos- sessing to all appearances crimson leaves. This is the fire plant, or xX INTRODUCTION. burning bush (Poinciana pulcherrima), and the gaily colored leaves will be found to be merely the elongated petals of the flower. At the bend of the road round the harbor head, and immediately by the guard wall, in the dark, offensive looking mud, several mangrove trees grow, having attached to the roots and lower parts numbers of an oyster-looking shell (Perna ephippium). A little further on, on the rightthand side of the road, will be observed a fine tamarind tree (Tamarindus indica) standing in a neat little garden, while on the left, just beyond the tanks, runs along the wall side a hedge of the “snuff plant” (Buddleja americana). Paget Sand Hills.—This sterile locality, which is an extremely wild and lonely spot, is well worth a visit, and close examination also, for here can be seen the mode adopted by nature to form the Bermudas; viz, drifting sand gradually increasing its deposits and elevating the land; thereby overcoming cedar groves and cultivated ground, and in one place even the dwelling of man. On arriving at the northeast corner of the sand hills, the encroach- ment of the drifting sand will at once be perceived, as the mass, some 10 feet in depth, is now gradually covering a small garden. According to the observations made by persons residing close to, this overwhelm- ing body has advanced over the cultivated land about 80 yards during the last twenty-five years. At the northeast corner of the hills will be seen, among some oleander trees near the top, the chimney of a cottage which formerly stood there, inhabited by a colored family. It is now wholly buried in the drifting sand, save the chimney, which alone rises above the mass to show the position of the structure. With the exception of a few irregular patches here and there, and the long reach of white sand gradually encroaching on the cultivated ground at the northeast corner, the whole slope, which some twenty years ago was almost wholly clear drift sand, with a few patches of bent grass in scattered spots upon it, is now clothed with wild plants and shrubs, as well as young cedars, which will no doubt in a few years attain goodly dimensions, and, with the aid of the universal underwood of sage-bush, put an end to the further encroachments of the sand drift. On the western side of the sand hills there is now a plateau of about half an acre, or perhaps more, of hardened drift sand, forming gradually into rock. On its face are cracks filling with drift sand, showing that the sun doubtless affects this hardened surface. Elevated protuberances of a foot or so in height, rise amid this plateau, having each a hole or depression at the center. These denote the sites in which cedar trees INTRODUCTION. XxI formerly grew. At the east end of the hills may be seen the gradual decay of cedar stumps, exhibiting more clearly the several stages of change, which are the more worthy of study in consequence of the light they throw upon the many curious chimney-pot looking structures every- where to be met with on the Bermuda shores. Indeed, the naturalist, on carefully observing the whole appearance of these sand hills, and taking into consideration the facts which are so prominently placed before him, will be able to form a very fair idea of the circumstances under which the Bermudas attained their present elevation after the great submergence. At the foot of these hills, along the shore, runs a charming stretch of sandy beach. At low water, and almost within wading distance of the beach, will be seen a series of “ boilers” as they are locally termed, 7. ¢., rounded masses of rock hollowed within, containing sea water, having their mar- gins raised by incrusting serpule. The origin of these boilers, which occur all round the shores, has never been satisfactorily ascertained, and would form a very interesting source of inquiry for any one desirous of advancing scientific knowledge. The Royal Engineer Quarries.—These quarries, where the most com- pact stone to be found in the islands is procured for the purpose of building fortifications and other Government work, are situate upon the shore about a quarter of a mile east of the sand hills. The Light-house.—This commanding structure, which possesses one of the most powerful lights in the world, is situate on the summit of Gibb’s Hill. The light itself stands 362 feet above the sea level. From an elevation of only 10 feet above the water it can be clearly seen at a distance of 25 miles, while at 40 feet it can be easily distinguished 30 miles off. There are some very pretty little coves under the light-house, having their shores irregularly indented by rocks which have in some places become detached from the cliffs above. Upon these rocks, and on the sides of the cliffs, grows a pretty species of stock (Matthiola), and in holes burrowed in the more friable rock, the tropic bird (Phaéton) makes its nest. Many species of alge can be collected about the shore, and the conchologist must not forget that it was under stones at this locality where the Rev. J. B. Freer, in 1861, discovered the fine Pupa, an inch in length, which has never been taken since. Here, too, occurs in great quantities Imperator calcar, and also occasionally the large Echinus esculentus. XXII INTRODUCTION. Somerset Bridge connects the island of Somerset or Sandy’s with the main island. To the westward of the bridge, on a neck of land which protects the water of Elis Harbor from the ocean swell without, rises “Wreck Hill,” so named from its being the spot from which the best view of the western reefs could be obtained, which have always been considered the most dangerous of all the reefs surrounding the islands. Elis Harbor.—A perfect little gem of an inlet, which, to be seen in its greatest perfection, should be visited on a bright sunny day, when its waters appear of the lightest emerald tint. It is an excellent collect- ing ground for crustaceans, holothurians, and naked mollusks. Mangrove Bay.— At the extremity of Somerset Island lies Mangrove Bay, so named from the number of those trees which formerly grew around its margin. The scenery is very pretty hereabouts, although the land.is almost level with the water. Boat excursions about the bay and adjoining shores reveal many interesting forms to the naturalist, especially among the submerged rocks near the shore. On the other side of the neck of land which divides Mangrove Bay from the ocean lies a stretch of sandy beach well worth examining, for as it lies open to the heavy westerly gales, some fine specimens of sponges and sea- weeds are often cast ashore. Watford and Boaz Islands connect Somerset with Ireland Island, and do not contain much to interest the visitor, as their surfaces have been partially leveled by convict labor, during the time that Bermuda was unhappily burdened by the presence of the worst of criminals trans- ported from the mother country. Ireland Isle.-—Probably the most important position in the Bermudas is Ireland Isle, which, although not much more than a mile in length, or a quarter of one in breadth, contains the dock-yard and other estab- lishments connected with the Royal Navy. The Camber is a dock shel- tered from the usual swell of the ocean by an excellent breakwater. But the principal feature of attraction is ‘‘ the Great Bermuda Dock,” a floating mass of iron, the largest structure of the kind in the world. In preparing the bed for this dock there was made an excavation to the depth of 54 feet below low water, and no less than 1,200,000 cubic feet of sand and coral débris were removed for that purpose. The geological teachings of this section are referred to in Professor Rice’s paper. The anchorage ground opposite Ireland, on its east side, where one or two men-of-war are generally to be seen, is known as ‘‘Grassy Bay.” There was an old lady living in Bermuda in 1876, aged 93,-who well INTRODUCTION. XXIII recollected the time when Ireland and Boaz were inhabited by fisher- men, who lived in huts made of boughs of cedar, and brush for sides, and having the roofs thatched with palmetto leaves. The Islands in the Sound.—The large sheet of water, which is inclosed by the curve of the land running from Paget Parish to Ireland Island, is known as ‘‘The Great Sound.” It contains several islands, generally of small size, but the larger ones are very picturesque. Tucker’s Island, which lies close in shore near Somerset Bridge, is well worth a visit, and the visitor should not omit to notice a lovely little cavern upon it. Marshal Island and Godet Island lie east of the latter, and around their shores may be obtained many fine specimens of sponges, zoophytes, and small crustaceans. : Brackish Pond, an extensive morass about two miles east of Hamil- ton, on the skirts of which grow some fine specimens of cedar trees, while amongst the close thicket of shrubs and palmettos which tenant its interior some giant ferns and aquatic plants of divers species occur which are not seen in the open. In this dense region the ornithologist will find a good collecting ground, as owing to the difficulty of travers- ing the treacherous bog hardly any one disturbs the solitude which almost continually prevails here. Here also, up in the branches of the old cedars, and occasionally in the shrubs around, may be procured the curiously constructed nest of the tree rat (Mus tectorum), a species re- cently added to the Bermudian fauna. AS Ey A ae: THH GHOLOGY OF BERMUDA. BY Professor WILLIAM NORTH RICE, Ph. D., Or WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, MIDDLETOWN, CONNECTICUT. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25——1 ay TABLE OF CONTENTS. istouyganarbaterature of the Subject. . 22-232... sete esc cecwcccces essere oe deme hivsictaGeootaplnycOL DeLMUGA 2. oci\cicl cial eitivie Sere wae wis cinicieniee ele wie wa cleeine Tis) Ve yeyereny ana sy ea Aaa sea a op a Ee PU MA a a el iheiCoralsiamestone, and its varieties: .-- 22-2. 2.2.-222 2 eens Sees cone ecee Movements of Elevation and Subsidence ..-..-..----.-.-. .----.-------+ ----e Has Bermuda subsided within historic times ?....-.-.--------.----- soccee ones TEVIRORSTIOLEY, ch a | a SPS tS An a a LS ey Phenomena resulting from the unequal hardening of the Limestone........--.. Non-Calcareous Rocks and Minerals...... SE BHON DO OME ORO Gado SdEH aubodoseetasoH POSES so SdacG06000 CAOHOD OHO DEH GC OONE CaCO So oAES BonUDe ceenbs saeeeC asoceeobease on ata HINTS ah, ‘i \\ ¥, iba PONIES RAVE THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. HISTORY AND LITERATURE OF THE SUBJECT. The Geology of Bermuda has already been the subject of more or less elaborate discussion by several authors. An important memoir by Lieut. (now Maj. Gen.) Richard I. Nelson, R. E., is contained in the Transactions of the Geological Society of London, Second Series, Vol. V., Part first, pp. 103-123. This paper is based on observations made in the years 1827-1833, while the author was stationed on the islands. The excavations made in the construction of the fortifications under his charge afforded him admirable opportunities for the study of the structure of the rocks, and his work gives evidence of thorough and conscientious investigation. Though written before the genius of Dar- win and Dana had given the world the true interpretation of coral reefs and islands, and therefore failing to trace aright the history of the events recorded in the Bermudian limestones, this paper is invaluable to subse- quent investigators as a store-house of facts. J. Matthew J ones, F. L.8., who has resided a number of years in Bermuda and paid much atten- tion to its natural history, has given us important geological notices in his Naturalist in Bermuda,* and Visitor’s Guide,t and various papers in the Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotia Institute of Natural Science, and in Nature. In 1873 Bermuda was visited by the Challenger expedition, and important observations were made on the geology, as well as other branches of the natural history, of the islands. Some important points, notably the origin of the “red earth,” were first explained by the naturalists of the Challenger. Bermuda forms the subject of an interesting chapter in Sir Wyville Thomson’s work.t Brief references to Bermudian geology are contained in the classical works * The Naturalist in Bermuda; a Sketch of the Geology, Zoology, and Botany of that remarkable group of islands; together with Meteorological Observations. By John Matthew Jones. With a map and illustrations. London, 1859. tThe Visitor’s Guide to Bermuda. With asketch of its Natural History. By J. Matthew Jones. London. {The Atlantic. A preliminary account of the general results of the Exploring Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, during the year 1873 and the early part of the year 1876. By Sir C. Wyville Thomson. New York, 1878. Vol. I., Chapter IV. 6 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. of Darwin* and Dana;+ but their treatment of the subject is less satis- factory than it would have been if these masters of the theory of coral formations had had the opportunity of visiting the islands. My own observations were made during a sojourn of a few weeks in the win- ter of 187677. Itis a pleasure to me in this connection to acknowledge my obligations to Prof. G. Brown Goode, of the Smithsonian Institution, J. Matthew Jones, F. L. S., Maj. Gen. Sir J. H. Lefroy, Governor of Bermuda at the time of my visit, Mr. James Carruthers, of Her Majes- ty’s Dock-yard, and Mr. C. M. Allen, United States Consul, for calling my attention to interesting and instructive localities; and especially to - Prof. James D. Dana for most important suggestions in regard to the problems presented by the islands, communicated in a conversation just before my visit. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BERMUDA. The reefs and islands comprised under the name of Bermuda are nearly included between the parallels of 32° 10’ and 32° 20’ N., and be- tween the meridians of 64° 40/ and 65° W. from Greenwich. The line of the outer reef incloses an approximately elliptical area, whose major and minor axes are respectively about twenty-five and about twelve miles in length. The major axis trends about N. 50° E. Only a very small part of the elliptical area thus described is dry land. The dry land is almost confined to the south-easterly side of the ellipse, forming a narrow and broken strip about fifteen miles in length, and nowhere more than three miles in width. The areas of the principal islands are as follows: Acres The ‘Main Esler oes hs ee 9, 725 Su Georges island aa ena as Yo ey Sears ee Se at Se 706 Somerset; [glam dh nee Wu yt Wee ee a Oe ela 702. David's: Psland'..2 oo S222 2 ees a eee rea aH Freeland Usa yee A ey a ee eee gees Sol cl Gh Aaa nee 133 The whole area of dry land in the archipelago is estimated at 12,378 acres. About three quarters of the whole area of dry land is included in the Main Island, or Bermuda proper. The line of the Main Island is con- * The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs. By Charles Darwin. Second edi- tion. London, 1874. Appendix, pp. 264, 265. +Corals and Coral Islands. By James D. Dana. New York, 1¢79. pp. 218-221, 361, 370, 391, 393-395. {The Bermuda Pocket Almanack. Bermuda, 1877. pp. 60, 61. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 7 tinued north-eastward by St. George’s and David’s Islands. The south- western extremity of the Main Island bends around towards the north, and the curve is thence continued northward and north-eastward by the islands Somerset and Ireland. The hook-like south-west extremity of the Main Island, with its continuation in Somerset and Ireland Islands, incloses a lagoon called Great Sound. Two other lagoons are included within the chain of islands on the southeast side of the ellipse: namely, Harrington Sound, inclosed entirely by the Main Island, and commu- nicating by a passage not exceeding 50 feet in width with the great elliptical lagoon inclosed by the outer reef; and Castle Harbor, inclosed by the eastern end of the Main Island, St. George’s, David’s, and sev- eral smaller islands. The central part of the Main Island is occupied by a peat-bog. The surface of this part of the island is elevated but little above the sea-level; and the peat, as Iam informed by General Lefroy, extends to a depth of 40 or 50 feet below the sea-level—a depth about equal to that of the great lagoon inclosed by the outer reef. This bog appears to mark the situation of a small lagoon now entirely filled up. The surface of the land is considerably diversified, though nowhere attaining any greatelevation. The highest hills are only about 250 feet above the level of the sea. | In consequence of the small extent of the land both horizontally and vertically, and the extreme porosity of the rock of which it is composed, there are no springs, streams, or lakes of fresh water in the islands. The rain that falls, where it is not collected in artificial tanks, soaks down into the porous rock until it mingles near the level of the sea with the salt water with which the lower parts of the rock are saturated. The water in the ponds and marshes, which occupy considerable areas in the less elevated parts of the islands, is always brackish. The in- habitants depend for their supply of water chiefly on the collection of rain in tanks. These tanks are connected not only with the roofs of the houses, but with areas on the hillsides scraped smooth for that purpose. The chain of islands is bordered on the south-east by a fringing reef, distant perhaps a quarter of a mile on the average from the shore. On the north side of the ellipse the line of the reef is nearly continuous; but the only dry land is the little islet, or group of islets, the largest of which, called North Rock, is about 8 feet in diameter and about 14 feet in height. Along the course of the reef are numerous rings of calcareous rock, a few feet or yards in diameter, rising to a level of about 2 feet above 8 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. low-tide level. The crest of these circular ridges is formed in large part of the calcareous tubes of tubicolous worms. They are appropriately called by Nelson “serpuline reefs.”* The elevation of these serpu- line reefs above low-tide level is due to the fact that these worms, un- like the coral-forming anthozoa and hydrozoa, can survive an exposure for some hours out of water. There are circular ridges of coral reef similar to these serpuline reefs, except that they are less elevated, their upward growth being limited by the inability of the coral animals to survive an exposure above the water. These circular reefs are called, commonly, “boilers.” The form of both varieties of these ‘ boilers” illustrates well Chamisso’s theory of atolls—a theory which, though in- adequate for the explanation of atolls in general, recognized a principle which has played an important part in the history of coral formations.t The depth of water in the elliptical lagoon inclosed by the outer reef © is generally 6 or 8 fathoms, though there are many patches of reef scat- tered through the lagoon. Outside of the reef the water deepens gradu- ally for a mile or more, the average depth at the distance of a mile being only about 12 fathoms. A little further from the shore a more abrupt descent commences, the depth at a distance of 10 miles in every direc- tion except the south-west being from 1,500 to 2,250 fathoms. “Twenty miles to the southwest-by-west from the Bermudas there are two sub- merged banks, 20 to 47 fathoms under water, showing that the Bermudas are not completely alone, and demonstrating that they cover a summit in a range of heights.”t The Challenger expedition obtained a sound- ing of 2,950 fathoms about 300 miles further on in the same direction, indicating apparently that the range is not of great extent in that direc- tion.§ IS BERMUDA AN ATOLL? The general form of the Bermuda Archipelago, as represented on & map, is strikingly suggestive of the belief that it is a compound atoll, similar to Mahlos Mahdoo and some other atolls of the Maldiva Archi- pelago. The great depth of water within a few miles of the islands, and the exclusively calcareous character of the rocks of which the islands are composed, tend to confirm this impression. Danaj|| and Thomson] regard Bermuda as truly an atoll. Darwin apparently SR ea eee *Op. cit., pp. 105, 116. t Darwin, Coral Reefs, pp. 78, 118. t Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 370. § Thomson, op. cit., Vol. L., p. 286. || Corals and Coral Islands, p. 218. 4 Op. cit., Vol. I., p. 280. PLATE II. Bull. No. 25, U .S. National Museum. ( “epNULIO ‘Toga’ FT 0 ‘ [Aor eal Ig Aq qd. iSoqyoyd v ut041,~)\— VION é MOO’ WT LYON ll Hl MUTT Hl me ye Ten 4 cosy eg (aaa) a 44 i THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. ‘ 9 inclines to the belief that it is not an atoll, and calls attention to the following points in which Bermuda differs from atolls in general: ‘First, in the margin of the reef not forming a flat, solid surface, which is laid bare at low water; secondly, in the water gradually shoaling for nearly a mile and a half in width round the entire reef; and, thirdly, in the size, height, and extraordinary form of the islands, which present little resemblance to the long, narrow, simple islets, seldom exceeding half a mile in breadth, which surmount the annular reefs of almost all the -atolls in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.”* These differences are cer- tainly of great importance; yet I believe that they are all capable of explanation on the theory that Bermuda is an atoll. I believe we may recognize the causes of these peculiarities in the peculiar history of the islands. Bermuda has a special interest in view of its position. It is perhaps the only atoll in the Atlantic Ocean, the atoll character of the Bahamas being at least doubtful.t Bermuda is also remarkable as being more remote from the equator than any other coral formation, the growth of corals there being rendered possible by the influence of the Gulf Stream. THE CORAL LIMESTONE AND ITS VARIETIES. As already stated, the only rock found in situ in Bermuda, if we ex- cept the peat or muck of the bogs, and the *‘red earth,” which will be specially treated of hereafter, is limestone. The rock varies, however, exceedingly in texture. The extremes are an unconsolidated, calcareous sand, a suberystalline rock of almost flinty compactness, and a coarsely crystalline stalagmite. The hard, compact rock is locally called “base rock,” and the name is employed in that sense by Nelson;¢ but it does not uniformly underlie the softer rocks, nor is there any evidence that it is older than they. Dana distinguishes in coral reefs and islands three kinds of rock in respect of the mode of formation: viz., reef-rock, beach sand-rock, and drift sand-rock.§ The reef-rock is that which constitutes the reefs proper. It is formed by the accumulation of the more or less finely comminuted material of the corals, shells, and other skeletons of marine animals, on the grounds where the corals are growing. It can there- fore never be formed at an elevation much above low-tide. The beach sand-rock is formed by the action of the waves sweeping up against the * Coral Reefs, p. 264. + Darwin, Coral Reefs, pp. 256-259; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 213-218. t Op. cit., p. 109. § Corals and Coral Islands, Ch. II. 10 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. shore the calcareous sands resulting from the disintegration of shells and corals, precisely as in other places the waves sweep up the silicious sands of an ordinary beach. The beach sand-rock is therefore formed chiefly between the levels of low and high tide, though the action of storms may cause it to extend somewhat above the ordinary high-tide level. The drift sand-rock is formed by the action of winds seizing the dry sand at the upper margin of the beach and transporting it further inland and to greater elevations. The drift sand-rock may therefore be formed at any level, from that of high-tide upward. The cement which converts all these fragmental deposits into solid rock is formed by the solution of the calcareous particles themselves. A most important step in the investigation of the history of a coral island is the recognition of the respective distribution of these three kinds of rock. The discrimination of the true reef-rock from the sand- rocks is not usually a difficult task. The reef-rock, whether fossilifer- ous or not, is usually readily distinguishable by the impalpable com- pactness of parts of the mass, resulting from the consolidation of the finely triturated coral mud; while the sand-rocks, even when appearing quite compact, will almost invariably reveal on closer examination their arenaceous texture. The discrimination of the two kinds of sand-rock from each other is much more difficult. Indeed, no absolute criteria exist for the diserimi- nation of beach-rock and drift-rock, though serviceable indications may be obtained from the texture, lamination, and fossil contents of the rocks. The beach-rock is, on the average, of coarser grain than the drift-rock, as the wind sweeps along chiefly the finer sands; but some specimens of the drift-rock are coarser than some specimens of the beach-rock. The beach-rock is, on the average, more perfectly consoli- dated than the drift-rock, but in this character also both rocks vary widely. Drift-rock, when submerged by a subsidence subsequent to its deposition, may come to assume the degree of consolidation usually observed in beach-rock. On the south shore of the Main Island, near Spanish Rock, I observed strata perfectly continuous dipping towards the water, exceedingly hard at the margin of the water, but becoming considerably softer as they were traced upward and landward. Mr. Ebenezer Bell, who some years ago had charge of some works in prog- ress on Boaz Island, informed me that he found that rock so soft as to crumble in one’s fingers became quite hard on immersion for a week or : a fortnight in sea-water. Some of the hardest rock which I observed in THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. sk Bermuda was shown by other characters to be unmistakably drift-rock A more reliable distinction is found in the lamination, the beach-rock showing a gentle and tolerably uniform dip towards the water, while the drift-rock shows the high and extremely irregular dips which are characteristic of wind-blown sands. But not every section exhibits characters sufficiently marked to settle the nature of the rock, since the beach-structure admits of a considerable degree of irregularity in dip, while wind-blown sands in a long ridge or dune may have for long dis- tances a gentle and nearly uniform dip. The indication furnished by the fossil contents of the rocks is important. The beach-rock is often richly fossiliferous, containing shells and pieces of coral of considerable size. The drift-rock can, of course, ordinarily contain no relics of marine ani- mals except fragments so small as to be blown by the wind. A high wind can, however, sweep along pieces of shell and coral larger and heavier than one would at first suppose. The flat, thin valves of lamel- libranchs are more likely to occur in drift-rock than shells cf gastero- pods. In the recent sand-drifts at Tucker’s Town I collected a number of organic relics, thinking they might afford some indication as to the limit of size of marine fossils likely to occur in the drift-rock. Among them were a fragment of the shell of Spondylus weighing 1.8 grammes; a valve of Chama, incrusted with tubes of Serpula, weighing 2.7 grammes; and a fragment of the coral Mycedium, having a length of 45 millimeters and a breadth of 30 millimeters, and weighing 8.3 grammes. Of most frequent occurrence in the drift-rock of Bermuda is the large and heavy shell of Livona pica. This seems at first sight utterly para- doxical, as the shell is altogether too large to be moved by the wind. The true explanation is undoubtedly that given by Nelson, who states that he has on more than one occasion seen soldier-crabs running about in these shells.* While the presence of marine fossils in a sand-rock is an indication that it is a beach-rock, the drift-rock 1s quite apt to con- tain the shells of land snails. The presence of snail-shells cannot, how- ever, be regarded as a sure proof of drift-rock, since they might easily be washed down by rains from a bank or bluff above the beach, and imbedded in the beach sands. That there can be no absolute distinction between beach-rock and drift-rock will be manifest from the consideration that the two forma- tions are in their origin strictly continuous. Near Elbow Bay and at Tucker’s Town, sand-hills are now in process of formation. At the * Op. cit., p. 112. 2 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. former locality the advancing dune has nearly buried two small houses, and is encroaching upon cultivated grounds. Nelson* gives us an account of the beginning of this invasion, and Thomson} describes the present condition of the dune. At these localities there is an oppor- tunity to study the mode of formation of the two kinds of rock, and to observe the perfect continuity of the two formations. As the wind catches the sand on the upper and drier part of the beach, and moves it landward, the beach merges above, with no. perceptible line of demarkation, into the base of the sand-hills. But though, in the nature of the case, there can be no absolute distinction between beach- rock and drift-rock, it is practicable, by noting all the indications of texture, lamination, and fossil contents. to decide in most cases with confidence whether the rock exposed in a particular section is beach- rock or drift-rock. There is no reef-rock in Bermuda in situ above the water-level. Nel- son speaks of blocks of coral reef imbedded in the rock on the south shore of the Main Island.¢ I observed detached blocks of reef-rock on the shore at Stock’s Point, but none in situ. In the statement, ‘Toward the shores the solid reef-rock outcrops,”§ Dana is apparently misled, in a way very natural for one who has not visited the locality, by a state- ment of Nelson. The rock described in Dana’s quotation from Nelson as ‘very hard, fine-grained or compact limestone, in which scarcely a vestige of organic structure is to be seen,” || shows on careful examina- tion an arenaceous texture, though consolidated by percolating waters to a sub-stalagmitic condition, exhibits traces of irregular lamination, and contains fossil shells of land snails. It is unquestionably an extremely hard drift-rock, such as is found at several localities and at various altitudes. Beach-rock occurs at various localities along the shore of the isl- ands. Thomson’s statement that the Bermuda limestone is entirely an ‘“ Molian formation” | is certainly inaccurate. I have never observed the beach-rock in the interior, nor at an altitude of more than about 15 feet above the water-level. To the category of beach-rock may undoubtedly be referred the fossiliferous stratum described by Nelson ** as appearing in the chain of islands stretching across the mouth of Crow-lane or Hamilton Harbor. This stratum reaches an elevation of about 6 feet above the water, and its nearly horizontal lamination con- * Op. cit., pp. 109, 110. t Op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 289-291. } Op. cit., p. 111. § Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 220. || Nelson, op. cit., p. 106. ¥ Op. cit., Vol. I., p. 287. Sp uOpncits sup lite THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 13 trasts strongly with the high dips observable in the drift-rock on the Main Island in the vicinity of Hamilton. Near the south end of Ire- land Island I observed a stratum of almost perfectly unconsolidated sand abounding in shells. In the lower layers of this sand the shells are of marine species. In the uppermost layer the shells are those of land snails. The stratum is overlain by ordinary drift-rock. The layers containing marine shells attain an elevation of about 15 feet above the water. In spite of the lack of consolidation of this stratum, I can hardly doubt that its lower layers are truly a beach formation, and that the transition from marine to terrestrial fossils marks an epoch of elevation. A conglomerate evidently of beach origin appears at Stock’s Point, the part which remains in situ on the north shore of the Point reaching an elevation of about 12 feet; though Mr. J.T. Bartram, an enthusiastic self-taught naturalist residing near the spot, assured me that, in a part of the bluff which has been removed in quarrying, the conglomerate attained a considerably greater altitude. Unquestionable beach-rock appears on the north shore of St. George’s near Fort Catherine. The rock is at that locality richly fossiliferous. But the most instructive localities of the beach-rock which I have observed are along the south shore of the Main Island. At various points along that shore the beach-rock, more or less fossiliferous, with its characteristic gentle dip seaward, forms a gently sloping platform, at the back of which rises a low cliff of drift-rock with steep landward dips. The most thoroughly satisfactory locality which I observed for the exhibition of the relations of the two rocks is near Devonshire Bay. There the beach-rock, which forms (as in other localities along the south shore) a platform gently sloping seaward, is in places fine-grained and very hard, in other places fossiliferous with shells and pieces of coral of considerable size. It is surmounted by the usual low cliff of drift-rock with high landward dips. Overlying the hard beach-rock of the shore platform, and underlying the drift-rock of the cliff, is a stratum of unconsolidated sand, resem- bling that observed at Ireland Island, containing marine shells in its lower layers and land shells in its uppermost layer. ‘his stratum of sand is mentioned by Nelson,* though he seems to have misapprehended the character and relations of the fossiliferous beach-rock which under- lies the sand stratum. The sand stratum is not recognizable at some of the localities on the south shore where the phenomena are in other respects as above described. * Op. cit., p. 107. 14 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. All the rock in the interior of the islands, and all the rock which is | much elevated above the water level, is drift-rock. Indeed, substan- tially the whole mass of the rock visible in the islands is drift-rock. Probably along the greater part of the shore drift-rock comes down to the water’s edge, no other rock being visible. I was not able to exam- ine the whole of the coast, but I am confident that drift-rock comes down to the water’s edge along the north shore of the Main Island from Spanish Point to the Flats and beyond, along a part at least of the north shore of St. George’s, around a considerable part, if not the whole, of the circuit of Harrington Sound and Castle Harbor, around the head of Hamilton Harbor, and in many places even along the south shore of the Main Island—the region of the coast in which the beach-rock is best exhibited. North Rock, at least in its upper part, is formed of drift-rock, as is shown by the high dip of its lamination.* This char- acter of the rock is well shown in the beautiful photograph taken by Mr. J. R. Heyl, of Hamilton. The drift-rock is usually very soft, so that itis quarried out for building purposes by means of a peculiar long- handled chisel, in large blocks, which are readily sawn into pieces of such size and shape as may be wanted. Most of the houses in Bermuda are built of this exceedingly friable stone. Even the roofs are covered with the same material sawn into thin slabs. This stone, covered with a coat of whitewash, is sufficiently durable for ordinary buildings in the Bermudian climate. Exposed to the frosts of a New England winter, it would of course crumble very rapidly. Although the drift-rock is generally quite soft and friable, it is sometimes very firmly consolidated and of a suberystalline texture. This hard rock is quarried like any ancient limestone or marble, and has been used in the construction of the fortifications and other government works. The quarries at Payn- ter’s Vale and on Ireland Island are in such a hard drift-rock. The quarry of the Royal Engineers, near Elbow Bay, appears to be in beach- rock. It would be a curious question, what are the precise conditions which have determined the varying action of the rains on these accu- mulations of coral sand. While in some localities the sands have been merely washed away and dissolved, in others the grains have been, by the action of the same rains, cemented firmly together, until the rock has assumed a sub-stalagmitic texture, as at Paynter’s Vale. The usual softness of this drift-rock has made it a matter of small labor and expense to secure easy grades on most of the roads in the *Thomson, op. cit., Vol. I., p. 296. e = a [a 5 = (2) oS : = 4 o = = = BS) oH iiss x 1 my EON EE e THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 15 islands, by making quite deep cuts wherever they are required. These cuttings are of great interest to the geologist, from the beautiful illus- trations which they afford of that extreme irregularity of lamination which is characteristic of wind-drifts. Not only the country roads, but also the streets of the towns abound in these beautiful and instructive sections. Fine exhibitions of this same structure are to be seen in the natural sections afforded by the cliffs and pinnacles of the shore. The characteristic structure of the drift-rock is shown in plates III and LV. The height of these accumulations of wind-blown sands is certainly remarkable. The highest hills on the islands attain an altitude of about 250 feet; and, since no rock of marine formation has been observed at an elevation of more than about 15 feet, it is evident that nearly the whole elevation of these hills must be due to the accumulated sand- drifts. Sand-drifts, however, of such extraordinary altitudes, though exceptional, are by no means unparalleled. Prof. W. C. Kerr, State Geologist of North Carolina, informs me that sand-hills more than 100 feet in height occur along the coast of that State. Dunes of even greater altitude than those in Bermuda occur on the coast of Gascony and near Cape Verd.* In one respect, it seems to me, calcareous sands are better adapted than silicious ones for the formation of hills of great height: viz., the . comparative solubility of the material, producing a more rapid consoli- dation by the cementing of the grains. At times when the direction of the wind is unfavorable to the increase of a sand-hill, in a region of variable winds, the tendency will be to reduce the height by removal of the sands from the summit. If the sand has already become partly con- solidated, the loss from this cause will be much lessenéd. MOVEMENTS OF ELEVATION AND SUBSIDENCE. The facts which have been already detailed in regard to the distribu- tion of the various kinds of rock, and other facts which will presently be referred to, afford clear evidence as to changes of level which the islands have undergone. The occurrence of beach-rock above the water-level, as noticed at several localities, is of course unquestionable proof of ele- vation. Proofs of subsidence are equally clear. The relation of the beach-rock and drift-rock at Devonshire Bay and various other localities along the south shore is evidence of subsidence. The cliff of drift-rock which in these localities rises immediately back of the narrow platform *The Ocean, Atmosphere, and Life. By Elisée Reclus. New York, 1873. p. 195. 16 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. of beach-rock, is shown by its steep landward dip to be the landward side of a dune, whose seaward slope has been removed by erosion. The dip of the laminz of sand on the seaward face of a dune is, of course, seaward. If we conceive the seaward face of the dune to be restored, it would certainly in some localities extend beyond the narrow shore plat- form into the area now covered by the sea. It is evident, then, that the drift-rock of these cliffs on the south shore was formed at a time when the islands stood at a higher level than at present. It is easy to see the rea- son why the exposures of beach-rock should be much more frequent and extensive on the south shore than on the north, in the fact of the vastly greater erosive action of the sea on the south shore. The south shore receives the full dash of the waves of the Atlantic, while the north shore is acted upon only by the lighter waves raised in the great lagoon between the shore and the north reef. Another proof of subsidence is seen in the occurrence of caves with floors of stalagmite below the water level, and with stalactites whose tips are immersed in the sea- water.* About the year 1870 “submarine blastings were carried on at the entrance of Hamilton Harbor, and at a depth of over 6 fathoms a cavern was broken into which contained stalactites and red earth.”t In the excavations made somewhat later for the lodgment of the im- mense floating dock at the Dockyard on Ireland Island, 46 feet below the water-level was found a stratum of “red earth,” 2 feet in thickness, containing remains of cedar trees. This stratum was underlain by a stratum, 4 feet thick, of hard calcareous sand-rock, containing land snails. J. Matthew Jones has called attention to the fact that an ele- vation equal to the subsidence indicated by the phenomena observed in the excavations at the Dockyard would lay bare the whole elliptical area inclosed by the outer reef. + The series of movements required to account for the main features of Bermudian geology seems to be the following: 1. A subsidence, in which the original nucleus of the islands disappeared beneath the sea, the characteristic atoll form was produced, and the now elevated beach- rock was deposited. 2. An elevation, in which the great lagoon and the various minor lagoons were converted into dry land, and the vast accumulations of wind-blown sand were formed, which now constitute the most striking peculiarity of the islands. 3. A subsidence, in which * An elegant description of one of these beautiful caverns may be found in Thom- son, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 304, 305. t Jones, Recent Observations in the Bermudas: in Nature, Vol. VI., p. 262. t Recent Observations in the Bermudas. PLATE IV. ~ Bull. No. 25, U. S. National Museum. AND ISLAND, Bermuda. Rock pinnacle near the shore of [REL THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 17 the soft drift-rock around the shores suffered extensive marine erosion,, and the shore platform and cliffs already described were formed. On this hypothesis, the peculiarities of Bermuda mentioned by Dar- win as rendering its atoll character at least doubtful,* admit of ready explanation. The absence of the usual horizontal reef-platform, and the gradual shoaling of the water for a mile or more around the islands, may be accounted for by the supposition that the last subsidence was too rapid and too recent to allow the growth of the reef into its usual and typical form.t The original atoll character has, indeed, been greatly modified by the subsequent changes; and the gradually sloping bottom for some distance from the shore presents, instead of the typical hori- zontal reef-platform, a plane of marine denudation formed by the rapid erosion of the soft calcareous sand-rock during the progressive subsi- dence. Dana has shown that a subsidence too rapid for the growth of the reef to keep pace with it may lead to the formation of narrow fring- ing reefs, producing thus an effect which may counterfeit the effects of elevation.t Darwin is inclined to regard the fringing reefs on the south shore of Bermuda as evidence of recent elevation;§ but I believe all the facts taken together are far more satisfactorily explained on the hypothesis that the latest movement has been one of subsidence. The extraordinary size and elevation of Bermuda, as compared with other atolls, is accounted for by the vast accumulation of drift-sand during a period of elevation. Darwin, indeed, admits that the probable Holian formation of most of the Bermudian rock renders the unusual height of the islands immaterial as an objection to their atoll character. || The difference in the amount of dry land between the northern and southern sides of the ellipse is doubtless due, as suggested by Dana,{ in part to the prevailing southerly winds, the windward side of the atoll being the more favorable both for the growth of the reef proper and for the accumulation of beach and drift sand-rock; and partly to differ- encies in the configuration of the lands around which the reefs were formed. It is a profound and comprehensive suggestion of Professor Dana * Coral Reefs, p. 264. ’ +¥For estimates illustrative of the extreme slowness of the growth of coral reefs, see Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 249-254. {Notes on the new edition of Mr. Darwin’s work on the Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs: in Nature, Vol. X., pp. 408, 409. § Coral Reefs, p. 265. || Coral Reefs, p. 265. 4] Corals and Coral Islands, p. 221. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25——2 18 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. that the great oceanic subsidence recorded by the coral islands of trop- ical seas was the counterpart of the great elevation of the continental lands in the Glacial Period.* It is not improbably a legitimate follow- ing out of this suggestion to recognize, in the three great movements which are indicated for at least a part of the North Atlantic basin by the geological phenomena of Bermuda, the counterparts of the three great movements of the North American continent which have charac- terized in American geology the epochs of the Quaternary Age. The great subsidence in which the Bermudian atoll was formed, would then be recognized as correlative with the Glacial elevation of the continent. The epoch of elevation in which the Bermudian lagoon was converted into dry land, would correspond with the Champlain subsidence of the continent. And the final subsidence, of which Bermudian geology affords evidence so manifold, would correspond with the re-elevation of the continent which marked the transition to the Terrace or Recent Epoch. While we may reasonably conclude that Bermuda, in common doubt- less with an area of the North Atlantic of very considerable extent, has undergone these comprehensive movements, it would be strange if there had not occurred at least locally minor oscillations. Such oseil- lations may possibly be indicated by the stones reported by Neison as occurring in the layers of “red earth” in Ireland Island.t His state- ment, however, is Somewhat indefinite. At one locality on the south shore, a short distance west of Tucker’s Town, I observed a hard layer of rock containing marine shells immediately overlying a soft layer con- taining land shells. The clearest evidence, however, of repeated oscil- lations of level is afforded by a remarkable locality on the north shore of Stock’s Point. The rock which has been quarried there, and which now appears in the base of the bluff, is a very hard rock of suberystal- line texture and of ferruginous color. It shows vestiges of irregular lamination, and contains fossil Helices and no marine fossils. It is undoubtedly a drift-rock, like that at Paynter’s Vale. The upper sur- face of this rock is exceedingly irregular, giving evidence of much sub- aerial erosion preceding the deposition of the overlying strata. It is overlain by a remarkable conglomerate, evidently a beach-rock, con- taining fragments of the underlying hardened drift-rock, peculiar ferru- ginous nodules, compact lumps of “red earth,” and pretty large marine * Corals and Coral Islands, pp. 366-372. t Op. cit., p. 118. Bull. No. 25, U. S. National Museum. DD. Drift-rock B. Beach-rocl WW. Water-line. PLATE V. Section illustratiug relation of beach-rock and dvrift-rock, cae a i 2 Rares ae THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 19 shells. The upper surface of this conglomerate, unlike its lower sur- face, is quite regular—the usual plane of marine deposition. This con- glomerate is overlain in places by a stratum of sand, like that observed at Devonshire Bay, containing shells of land snails in its uppermost layers. Above this sand, where the sand is present, in other places resting immediately upon the conglomerate, is the ordinary drift-rock. HAS BERMUDA SUBSIDED WITHIN HISTORIC TIMES? Assuming that the last movement of subsidence has occurred in times geologically very recent, the question arises whether that sub- sidence has occurred within historic times. The affirmative of this question is held by General Lefroy in his interesting and valuable work on the early history of Bermuda.* Mr. J. Matthew Jones coincides with this view.t This opinion is supported chiefly by three passages from early writers, which I propose to examine in chronological order. The earliest is from Gonzalo Ferdinando de Oviedo, who visited the islands about the year 1515.t It reads as follows: ‘In the yeere 1515, when I came first to enforme your maiestie of the state of things in India, and was the yeere following in Flanders, in the time of your most fortunate successe in these your kingdoms of Arragon and Castile, whereas at that voyage I sayled above the land Bermuda, otherwise ealled Garza, being the furthest of all the lands that are found at this day in the world, and arriuing there at the depth of eight yards of water, and distant from the Land as farre as the shot of a piece of Ordinance, I determined to send some of the ship to Land, as well to make search of such things as were there, as also to leave in the Iland certaine Hogs for increase. But the time not seruing my purpose by reason of contrarie winde, I could bring my ship no neerer the Iland, *Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of the Bermudas or Somers Islands, 1515-1685. By Major-General J. H. Lefroy. 2 vols., London, 1877, ’79. +t Recent Observations in the Bermudas. {The extract is quoted by General Lefroy (op. cit., vol. I., pp. 2, 3) from an early English version contained in a work entitled as follows: ‘‘The history of Trauayle in the West and East Indies and other countreys lying eyther way towards the fruit- full and riche Moluccaes, as Moscouia, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Zgypte, Ethiopia, Guinea, China in Cathayo and Giapan. With a discourse of the North-West Passage. Gath- ered in parte and done into Englyshe by Richard Eden. London, 1577.” The same version of Oviedo’s narrative, under the title, ‘‘ Extracts of Gonzalo Ferdinando de Oviedo his Summarie and Generall Historie of the Indies,” appears in Purchas his Pilgrimes, Part 3, pp. 971-1000, London, 1625. The passage here cited may be found in Purchas, p. 989. The original Spanish of the same passage is quoted in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., p. 677. 20 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. being twelue leagues in length, and sixe in breadth, and about thirtie in circuit, lying in the three and thirtieth degree of the North side. While I remayned here, I saw a strife and combat betweene these fly- ing-fishes, and the fishes named giltheads, and the fowles called sea mewes, and cormorants, which surely seemed unto one a thing of as great pleasure and solace as could be deuised.” On this passage, General Lefroy comments as follows:* ‘The terms of this narrative imply a stay of some slight duration, which is to be inferred also from the approximation with which the dimensions of the group are fixed; and it is very unlikely that none of the party landed. * * * Itis probable that the purpose he was prevented from fulfilling was that of landing hogs, not that of communicating with the shore.” It seems to me, on the contrary, a more likely infer- ence from the language of Oviedo, that he was altogether prevented from landing. It would not require a sojourn on land to witness a fight between flying-fishes and cormorants—the only incident which he refers to in connection with his visit to the islands. Certainly every circum- stance indicates that Oviedo’s estimate of the size of the archipelago must be taken as merely a rough guess, and no inference can be drawn from the slight excess of that estimate over the present actual dimen- sions. The chief evidence relied upon by General Lefroy to support the belief of a subsidence within historic times is the testimony of Henry May, an English sailor in a French vessel, who was shipwrecked on the islands in December, 1593, and remained there until April, 1594., The statements in May’s narrative bearing upon the subject in question are as follows: ‘‘We made account at the first that we were cast away hard by the shore, being hie cliffs, but we found ourselues seuen leagues off, but with our boat and a raft, which we had made and towed at our boats sterne, we were saued some 26 of us. * * * Werowed all the day until an hour or two before night yer we could come on land, towing the raft with the boat. * * * This island is diuided all into broken islands; and the greatest part I was upon, which might be some four or five miles long, and two miles and a halfe ouer, being all woods, as cedar and other timber, but cedar is the chiefest.” General Lefroy adds to this narrative the following comments: “There * On. cit., Vol. 1., p. 3. tHaklnyt’s Collection of the early Voyages, Travels, and Discoveries, of the English Nation. New edition, with additions. 5 vols. London, 1809-12. Vol. IV., pp. 55, 56. May’s narrative is quoted in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 7-9. tOp. cit., pp. 9, 10. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 21 isnothing moreremarkablein this narrative than the statement that they made account at the first that they were cast away hard by the shore, being high cliffs, whereas they found themselves seven leagues off. It is a positive proof that the north-west reefs, only a few points of which are now above water at the lowest spring tide, were then some feet above it. The expression high cliffs must be interpreted by the circum- stance of seamen in a small boat approaching a dangerous shore, with a heavy swell on, rendering it dangerous and difficult toland. But if they were only 10 feet high, the amount of subsidence in less than three centuries, shown by their present submergence, is a most significant geological fact ; and Henry May has rendered an invaluable service by mentioning the circumstance. The map in Purchas, published 1625, confirms it. It shows three distinct islets, that have now disappeared, along the line of the northern reefs. The North Rock of Bermuda, 14 feet high, and some smaller rocks near it, are all that remain. to attest the accuracy of these early descriptions.” The statements of May ap- pear to me rather to warrant exactly the contrary inference. If the northern reef formed then aline of cliff nearly or quite continuous, Iam unable to understand how he could have supposed himself hard by the shore when really several leagues from it. But, on the supposition that the vessel struck near some islet or group of islets like North Rock, the account becomes perfectly intelligible. The rocky islet could easily have been mistaken in the storm for a line of cliff, and the mistake would speedily become obvious on starting to row to the supposed shore. The 7 leagues of distance is, of course, the exaggerated estimate of men who were rowing a heavy-laden boat, with a raft in tow, on a stormy sea. That there may have been several islets scattered along the line of the north reef, which have now succumbed to the action of the waves, is on all accounts exceedingly probable. May’s statement that the island is divided into broken islands, and his estimate of the dimensions of the island on which he found himself, and which he supposed to be the principal one of the group, though the description is not sufficiently definite to afford any very reliable conclusions, certainly favor the belief that the land was then not appreciably higher than at present. An elevation which would convert the north reef into a continuous line of cliff, would very seriously modify the broken character of the southern side of the atoll, connecting most of the islets by continuous dry land. The last notice supposed to indicate a subsidence within histori¢ 22, THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. times is from John Smith’s History of Virginia.* In an enumeration of the birds found in Bermuda occurs the expression: “ Very many crows, which since this plantation are killed, the rest fled or seldom Seen, except in the most uninhabited places, from whence they are observed to take their flight about sunset, directing their course towards the north-west, which makes many conjecture there are some more islands not far off that way.”{ The statement is too indefinite to justify any very positive conclusions. If we accept it as indicating the existence of some dry land in the position of the north reef, it may per- haps be sufficiently accounted for by the supposition already suggested: namely, that there may have been a number of small islets which have since been degraded to the water-level by the erosion of the waves. Certainly the statement does not justify a belief in the recent subsidence of the islands, in opposition to the evidence now to be presented. The earliest descriptions of Bermuda which are sufficiently accurate and detailed to admit of intelligent comparison with the present condi- tion of the islands, date from the time of the shipwreck of Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers in 1609. The following extracts from these descriptions will show that at that time the size and form of the islands and the depth of water within the reef were essentially the same as at present. The statement of the depth of the water seems to me perfectly conclusive against the theory of any considerable subsidence within the last three centuries. The first of these extracts is from the narrative of William Strachy.r ‘The Bermudas bee broken Llands, fiue hundred of them in manner of an Archipelagus (at least if you may call them all Lands that lie, how little soeuer into the sea, and by themselues) of small compasse, some larger yet then other, as time and the Sea hath wonne from them, and eaten his passage through, and all now lying in the figure of a Crois- sant, within the circuit of sixe or seuen leagues at the most, albeit at first itis said of them that they were thirteene or fourteene leagues; and more in longitude as I have heard. Forno greater distance is it * The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles. By Capt. John Smith. London, 1624. The work is reprinted in A General Collection of Voyages and Travels in all parts of the World. By John Pinkerton. London, 180814. Vol. XIII., pp. 1-253. t Pinkerton, op. cit., Vol. XIII., p. 173. +A true repertory of the Wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates Knight; upon, and from the Hands of the Bermudas: * * * written by William Strachy, Esquire. The narrative is contained in Purchas, Part 4, pp. 1734~53. Copious ex- tracts are given in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. L., pp. 22-54. THE GECLOGY OF BERMUDA. 23 from the Northwest point to Gates his Bay, as by this Map your Lady- ship may see, in which Sir George Summers, who coasted in his boat about them all, tooke great care to expresse the same exactly and full, and made his draught perfect for all good occasions, and the benefit of such, who either in distresse might be brought upon them, or make saile this way. It should seeme by the testimony of Gonzalus Ferdinan- dus Oviedus, in his Booke intituled, The Summary or Abridgement of his generall History of the West Indies, written to the Emperor Charles the Fift, that they haue been indeed of greater compasse (and I easily beleeue it) than they are now, who thus saith [here follows the extract from Oviedo, as above given, except that, by a mistake of copyist or printer, the breadth of the group is given as sixteen leagues, instead of six]. True it is, the maine Iland, or greatest of them now, may be some sixteene miles in length East North-East, and West South-West the longest part of it, standing in thirtie two degrees and twentie min- utes, in which is a great Bay on the North side, in the North-west end, and many broken Iands in that Sound or Bay, and a little round Iland at the South-west end.”* The second extract is from the narrative of another member of the expedition.t ‘This Iland, I meane the maine Iland, with all the broken Tlands adiacent, are made in the forme of a halfe Moone, but a little more rounder, and divided into many broken Ilands, and there are many good harbors in it, but we could find but one especiall place to goe in, or rather to goe out from it, which was not altogether free from some Danger, there there is three Fathoms water at the entrance thereof, but within, six, seauen, or eight Fathoms at the least, where you may safely lie Land-locked, from the daunger of all Winds and Weathers, and moore to the trees.”¢ To me these descriptions appear to justify a very positive conclusion that there las been no considerable subsidence since 1609; and, of course, all geological probabilities are against so rapid a subsidence as. * Purchas, op. cit., Part 4, p. 1738. tA discovery of the Barmudas, otherwise called the Ile of Divels, by Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Sommers, and Captayne Newport, with Diuers others. Sil. Jourdan. A reprint of this narrative bears the title: A plaine Description of the Barmudas, now called Sommer Ilands. With the manner of their Discouerie Anno 1609, by the ship- wrack and admirable deliuerance of Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Sommers. Lon- don, 1613. Hakluyt, op. cit., Vol. V., pp. 551-8. Tracts and other papers relating principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America. Collected by Peter Force. Vol. III., No. 3. Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 14-21. t{Hakluyt, op. cit., Vol. V., p. 557. Force, op. cit., Vol. III., No. 3, pp. 13, 14. 24 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. would be required to convert the north side of the atoll from a high cliff to a sunken reef in the interval between May’s shipwreck in 1593 and Somers’ in 1609, or to diminish considerably the area of the archi- pelago in the century succeeding Oviedo’s voyage in 1515. A conelu- sion so improbable is certainly not to be adopted on evidence so indefi- nite or ambiguous as has been gathered from the narratives of Oviedo and May. The belief that the level of the islands in the time of John Smith was higher than at present is utterly out of the question. The opinion advocated in this paper finds additional confirmation in the Map by Richard Norwood, in 1663.* That map is an accurate delinea- tion of the islands in their present condition, and renders it certain that within the last two hundred years no considerable subsidence has taken place. EROSION. One of the most interesting incidental subjects of study for a geolo- gist in Bermuda is the immense erosion which has taken place. The softness of most of the drift-rock, and the solubility of calcium carbon- ate in rain-water, combine to produce an exceedingly rapid erosion, even though the powerful agency of frost is wanting. Many of the most picturesque features of Bermudian scenery are due to this ero- sion. The shore cliffs in many localities are carved into the most pic- turesque pinnacles, in whose endless variety of form the eye may find perpetual delight. Another result of erosion is the formation of innu- merable caves, ranging in size from exquisite miniature grottoes to extensive caverns. One of these beautiful miniature caves I observed at Paynter’s Vale. It had been laid open by the removal of the stone in quarrying. Its horizontal diameter was about 5 feet, its height in the middle about 2 feet. Pygmy stalagmites rose from the floor, and pygmy stalactites depended from the roof. In the peripheral parts of the little cavern the stalactites and stalagmites united in many cases to form little columns. Many of the larger caves are of exceeding beauty; but it is unnecessary to give any detailed description of them, as the phenomena are of course those which occur in all limestone cay- erns. A curious feature which the traveler meets here and there in Bermuda is a deep hollow with walls nearly vertical, or in places even overhanging. One may be walking over a nearly level plain, and suddenly find himself on the edge of a precipice looking down into a *The curious history of Norwood’s Map is given in Lefroy, op. cit., Vol. I., preface. A copy of the map itself faces p. 645 of Vol. IL. No. 25. U.S Nationa: Museum. Rocks on the south shore of Bermuda. PLATE VI ae Pee Shit ay hava ay) ae THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 25 e deep and wide gulf. These hollows are simply caves whose roofs have been eroded by the mechanical and chemical action of water, until, too weak to support themselves, they have caved in. On the walls of these unroofed caves beautiful stalactites may be seen half enveloped with velvety mosses and feathery ferns—a strangely beautiful combi- nation of the adornments of the underworld with those of the world of daylight. In other cases the process of erosion has continued still further, so that the sides of the cave, as well as the roof, have been entirely removed, and nothing is left to mark the site of the former eave but a floor of crystalline stalagmite. Near Walsingham on the Main Island, and near Mullet Bay on St. Georges, I observed consid- erable areas where the coarsely crystalline calcite forming the sur- face rock is unquestionably a stalagmite floor—the only memorial of a former cave. THE *“‘RED EARTH.” > The so-called “‘ red earth” bears striking testimony to the amount of erosion which the islands have undergone. The usual superficial soil of the islands is a clayey earth, sometimes of a deep brick-red color, sometimes showing various shades intermediate between this deep red and the white or cream-color of the underlying rock. The material is occasionally somewhat firmly consolidated, but usually quite soft and earthy. It varies much in depth, forming deep pockets in some places, while in other places the white rocks are bare. It often occurs in eracks and cavities in the rocks. Where any considerable thickness of the drift-rock is exposed in a section, as at the extensive quarries on Ireland Island, one or more layers of the same “‘red earth” may gener- ally be observed extending nearly horizontally at intervals through the rock. Various unsatisfactory explanations of the origin and nature of this “red earth” have been given. Jones formerly believed it to be ““composed of decayed vegetable matter”;* and this is indeed the common opinion of the inhabitants of Bermuda. Nelson conjectured that it was largely derived from the excrements of bats and birds. t The true explanation of its origin is undoubtedly that given by Thomson, as follows: ‘The coral-sand, like the mass of skeletons of surface ani- mals accumulated at the bottom of the ocean, does not consist of ecar- bonate of lime alone. It contains about 1 per cent. of other inorganic * On the Geological Features of the Bermudas: in Proceedings and Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Vol. I., Part IV., Art. II., 1867, p. 21. + Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 391. The citation is from a paper on the Baha- mas, in Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 1853. 26 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. substances, chiefly peroxide of iron and alumina, silica, and some earthy phosphates. Now these substances are to a very small degree soluble in water charged with carbonic acid; consequently, after the gradual removal of the lime, a certain sediment, a certain ash, as it were, is left behind. One per cent. seems a very small proportion, but we must. remember that it represents one ton in every hundred tons of material removed by the action of water and of the atmosphere; and the evi- dences of denudation on a large scale are everywhere so marked, that, even were some portion of this 1 per cent. residue further altered and. washed away, enough might still be left to account fully for the whole of the red earth.”* Assuming the “red earth” to be the insoluble resi- due left by the solution of the major part of the calcium carbonate of the coral rocks, it should be observed that its materials doubtless have the same twofold origin which has been recognized in the case of the somewhat analogous red clays of the deeper parts of the ocean bottom. t+ They are doubtless in part derived from the minute quantity of non- calcareous mineral matter existing in the corals, shells, and other cal- careous skeletons of marine animals and plants; in part from the decomposition of volcanic minerals, which are continually being trans- ported in various ways to all oceanic islands. Analyses of samples of the ‘‘red earth” are quoted by Thomsont from a “‘ Report from Professor Abel, F. R. S., to H. E. General Lefroy, C. B., F. R.S., on the Character and Composition of Samples of Soil from Bermudas.” PHENOMENA RESULTING FROM UNEQUAL HARDENING OF THE LIME- STONE. A number of interesting phenomena result from the unequal hardening of the sand-rock where vegetable stems or roots or other accidents have determined the location of channels for the percolating waters. On the weathered surface of cliffs and banks of the drift-rock may often be ob- served hard bodies somewhat projecting, consisting of a more firmly con- solidated sand-rock, having the form of slender cylinders irregularly branching, the main trunks being generally nearly vertical. These stems may generally be seen to be tubular, and in the slender cavity may gener- ally be found more or less of woody fiber. These bodies have much the form and aspect of the “ branched bodies” observed by Darwin at King George’s Sound on the south-west coast of Australia, and at the Cape of “Thomson, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 294, 295. t Thomson, op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 215-218; Vol. II., pp. 255, 256. t Op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 325, 326. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. Pag Good Hope*, though differing from them in some respects, particularly in the very general presence of woody fiber in the center. Darwin states that the ‘‘branched bodies” at King George’s Sound have ‘the central parts filled either with friable calcareous matter, or with a substalag- mitic variety; this central part is also frequently penetrated by linear crevices, sometimes, though rarely, containing a trace of woody matter.” In the similar bodies found at the Cape of Good Hope, he says, the “centers are often filled with black carbonaceous matter.” Darwin’s. theory of the origin of these bodies is that they were “ formed by fine calcareous matter being washed into the casts or cavities left by the decay of branches and roots of thickets buried under drifted sand.”{ The more distinctly tubular character of the Bermudian specimens, and the very common presence of a core of woody matter, seem to point to a slightly different mode of formation; and I believe the true explanation of the origin of the Bermudian “ branched bodies” is that given by Jones. He believes that they have been formed by percolating waters, which would naturally follow in their descent the channels formed by under- ground stems and roots, cementing the grains of sand into tubes of harder rock inclosing the stems and roots.{ Both theories assume the burial of the vegetation beneath drifted sand. But, while Darwin con- siders the bodies in question as casts formed after the decomposition of the stems and roots, Jones considers them as having been formed by the cementing of the sand around stems and roots as yet undecomposed. Closely analogous to these *‘ branched bodies” is the sort of stalagmitic net-work formed in some localities around the roots and stems of smaller plants. Essentially analogous, also, are probably the so-called ‘palmetto stumps.” These have been described by Nelson,§ Jones,|| and Thomson. They appear generally as shallow, cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cavities, a few inches in diameter, the rim somewhat elevated above the general surface of the ground, the bottom evenly rounded and pitted with small depressions. The surface of these cups is quite hard; and the rock * Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands and parts of South America visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle. Second edition. London, 1876. pp. 161-165. Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle round the World. Newedition. New York, 1875. p. 450. t Geological Observations, p. 163. } Geological Features of the Bermudas, p. 24. § Op. cit., pp. 115, 116. || Geological Features of the Bermudas, p. 21. | Op. ctt., Voi. I., pp. 306-311. 28 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. beneath for some inches in depth, though less hard than the superficial crust, is more firmly consolidated than the surrounding rock. The ob- jects accordingly appear, when the surrounding rock is removed by weathering or otherwise, as irregular cylinders. It has often been crudely supposed that these cylinders are petrifactions or casts of the trunks of the palmetto; but this is certainly erroneous. I believe, how- ever, that this error is but a misconception of the truth. The base of the palmetto stem is convex, with numerous small roots radiating from its surface. Its form is the counterpart of the shallow cup, pitted with little depressions, which is the characteristic feature of the bodies in question. The true explanation of the formation of these bodies appears to be simply this: the rain-water trickles down around the convex base of the palmetto stem, and thence follows the little radiating roots. As in the other cases already discussed, the course of the waters is marked by a more perfect cementing of the grains of calcareous sand, giving the rock in those parts a sub-stalagmitic character. When the tree finally dies, and drops out of its socket, there is left a saucer-shaped cavity, lined by a sub-stalagmitic crust, and an irregular cylinder of Somewhat hardened rock beneath it. Sir Wyville Thomson combats the idea of the organic origin of these bodies, and calls attention to the frequent irregularity of their form. He tells us that a perfect series of gradations may be traced from the regular circular form (‘‘the most characteristic, and probably by far the most common”)* to forms so irregular that their organic origin is entirely out of the question. Now in maintaining that the common and typical sort of these bodies are produced by the rain-waters following the course determined for them ‘by the stem of the palmetto, I by no means deny that by accidents of a totally different sort special channels for the percolating waters may ‘be determined, and “calcareous concretions” produced of all sorts of irregular forms. Moreover, it would be the most natural thing in the world that some of the concretions whose form is determined by other conditions should considerably resemble some of the least regular and perfect of those formed in the way I have explained. Admitting that all the ‘‘concretions,” regular and irregular, are the result of the un- equal hardening of the stone by the cementing action of water, the regu- lar saucer-shaped cavities already described are so frequent and so characteristic that it is worth while to inquire what is the special con- dition which has hardened the rock in precisely that form. That ques- *Thomson, op. cit., Vol. I., p. 308. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. 29 tion, I believe, is satisfactorily answered in the explanation I have given. Sir Wyville Thomson’s explanation I transcribe entire, lest I should do injustice in criticizing a passage which I do not quite understand. ‘In the caves in the limestone, owing to a thread of water having found its way in a particular direction through the porous stone of the roof, a drop falls age after age on one spot on the cave-floor accurately directed by the stalactite which it is all the time creating. The water contains a certain proportion of carbonate of lime, which is deposited as stalag- mite as the water evaporates, and thus a ring-like crust is produced at a little distance from the spot where the drop falls. When aring is once formed, it limits the spread of the drop, and determines the position of the wall bounding the little pool made by the drop. The floor of the cave gradually rises by the accumulation of sand and travertine, and with it rise the walls and floor of the cup by the deposit of successive layers of stalagmite; and the stalagmite produced by the drop perco- lating into the limestone of the floor hardens it still further, but in this peculiar symmetrical way.”* On this explanation I will only remark that stalagmites deeply and broadly concave on the top, and cave-floors rising by accumulation of sand and travertine (the material having the structure of drift sand-rock) so as to keep nearly on a level with the grow- ing bosses of stalagmite, are phenomena never observed, to my knowl- edge, in Bermuda or elsewhere. NON-CALCAREOUS ROCKS AND MINERALS. While the only indigenous rocks in Bermuda are the various varie- ties of limestone, the “red earth,” and the peat or muck of the bogs, grains and nodules of various minerals, mostly volcanic in origin, occur mingled with the coral sands, and blocks of various rocks are liable to be occasionally brought in the roots of drifted trees. These accidental arrivals are common to all oceanic islands. John Murray, F. R. 8. E., in a letter to General Sir J. H. Lefroy (a copy of which has been furnished me by the kindness of J. Matthew Jones, F. L. 8.), names the following minerals as occurring in samples of Bermuda sands examined by himself: menaccanite, magnetite, au- gite, olivine, hornblende, sanidin and other feldspars, mica, and per- haps quartz. Mr. Murray notes the fact that the “red earth,” on treat- ment with acids, leaves a residue much resembling the “ titaniferous sands” found at various localities along the shore. He suggests that the volcanic minerals of the “ titaniferous sands” may have been in * Op. cit., Vol. I., pp. 308, 309. 30 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. great measure washed out by rains from the “red earth.” The follow- ing interesting passage is quoted from the letter above mentioned: “TI think it most probable.that in the far past there would be a great quan- tity of this sand on the shores of the then Bermuda. This, however, as the island sank, and the coral grew, would become less and less in proportion to the coral sand. Some of it would, one may be sure, always be carried up by the wind along with the coral sand, and these grains would accumulate in the ‘red earth,’ which one must regard as the residue after the removal of the calcareous matter. In this way, much of this voleanic sand may have belonged to the original Bermuda. Much of it, I cannot but think, has been carried to the island by pum- ice stone. Volcanic and other dust carried by the winds will doubtless have contributed to the mineral particles we now find in the rock of Bermuda.” The considerable abundance of menaccanite, magnetite, augite, olivine, and other volcanic minerals in the sands at various lo- calities may be due to the fact that the material has been repeatedly worked over—now blown up in sand-dunes, now washed down to the shores by the rains. Thus the comparatively insoluble grains would be concentrated and reconcentrated by the removal of the more soluble ealcium carbonate. Whether these volcanic grains are in part indigen- ous, as Mr.,Murray supposes, or have all been transported to the island in the form of pumice or otherwise, we might reasonably expect that they would now occur here and there in considerable abundance as the result of this process of concentration. Nelson reports the occurrence of ‘“‘small pieces of oxide of iron, of very questionable origin; menaccanite, found near the ferry between St. George’s Island and Bermuda or Main Island; arragonite; and a minute quantity of manganese in the red earth.” * Among the nodules of oxide of iron I have recognized both hematite and limonite. J. Mat- thew Jones has noticed the occasional occurrence of pieces of trap, doubtless brought among the roots of drifted trees.t George W. Hawes, Ph. D., late of the United States National Museum, has noticed the occurrence of pebbles of a variety of kinds of rocks. In a letter to me, a few weeks before his death, he wrote concerning them as follows: “One is a beautiful augite porphyry with large crystals finely formed of augite, and most of them are eruptive rocks; but I have two that are plainly silicious, apparently metamorphic rocks. I have found two quartz (flint) pebbles, small in size, and one I took out of the inside of a sponge.” * Op. cit., p. 105. t Geological Features of the Bermudas, p. 22. THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. dl FOSSILS. Fossils of recognizable character are found chiefly in the compara- tively scanty deposits of beach-rock. The drift-rock, however, contains in abundance shells of several species of land snails, the most common being Zonites bermudensis and the perhaps specifically distinct variety nelsonit, Helix microdonta, and Helix circumfirmata. Among these it is noteworthy that Zonites bermudensis var. nelsonit no longer exists in a living state. The other three forms are still abundant residents of the islands. Shells of Livona pica are also abundant in the drift-rock, hav- ing doubtless been carried up from the water by “soldier” or hermit crabs. I have also observed bones of birds and fragments of the shells of crabs. The remains of marine shells and corals in the drift-rock are usually so finely comminuted as to be unrecognizable. The beach-rock in several localities contains marine shells in great abundance and variety. Nelson appears to be not far out of the way in the statement that ‘‘almost every shell now known in the surrounding sea may be found in the rock.”* I made no endeavor to make a com- plete collection of the fossils of the beach-rock. I append, however, a list of the shells which have been recognized among the specimens of rock which I collected to illustrate the geology of the islands. The list may be of some interest as indicating:in general the most common spe- cies of fossils: Mytilus exustus, Linn., Pectunculus ; Barbatia domingensis, Lam., Incina pemmsylvanica, Linn., Chama macerophylla, Chem., Chama lingua-felis, Reeve, Bulla media, Linn., Fissurella barbadensis, Gmel., Fissurella graeca, Lam., Livona pica, Linn., Nerita peloronta, Linn., Truncatella y) Vermetus lumbricalis, Linn., Tectarius muricatus, Linn., Cerithium versicolor, C. B. Ad., Cyphoma gibbosa, Linn., * Op. cit., p. 114. 382 THE GEOLOGY OF BERMUDA. Cypraea . Trivia rotunda, Kien., Columbella mercatoria, Linn., Columbella cribraria, Lam., Olivella oryza, Lam., Nasa candei, d’Orb., var. antillarum. For the preparation of the above list I am indebted to Henry L. Osborn, A. B., formerly assistant in Natural History in Wesleyan Uni- versity. Besides the shells of mollusks, those of Balanus also occur. Fragments of coral admitting of specific identification appear to be rare, the fragile skeletons of the coral animals having generally been pretty thoroughly comminuted. Bogie. Ud inn eal Co is Eth) BOTANY OF BERMUDA: BY General Sir JOHN HENRY LEFROY, F. B.S. (GOVERNOR OF BERMUDA, 1872-1877. ) ATHENAUM CLUB, LONDON. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25——3 33 et peat THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. From the limited area of the Bermudas, which does not exceed 20 square miles; from their evenness of surface, which nowhere rises more than 250 feet above the sea; and from the uniformity of the soil, which is almost entirely derived from the disintegration of calcareous or coralline sand, the botanist would naturally expect a native vegeta- tion of very little range or variety, and if he remembers their position on the eastern margin of the Florida Gulf Stream he will further expect a predominance of West Indian species among those that may exist. Both these inferences would be correct, but there are some other factors which have materially modified the result. This green oasis in the desert of Atlantic waters, so late discovered by man,* was for countless ages before that epoch, as it still is a resting place for birds in their migrations from the American continent. Man himself when he came found a soil of virgin fertility and a singularly genial climate, giving welcome alike to strangers from the north and from the south. Thus for nearly three centuries seeds and plants from the most distant parts of the world have been introduced by him, or have followed in his foot-steps and made themselves at home, until it is in many cases difficult to decide whether design or natural causes independent of human agency or mere accident have produced the assemblage we find. For about eighty years Indian corn (Zea mays) and tobacco, both of them exhausting crops, were the staple products of Bermuda, varied chiefly by sweet potatoes (Ipomea Batatas), and it is not improbable that the opinion which prevailed in the last century of a deterioration of the soil may have had some foundation, although the cause assigned, “the cutting down of pine and spreading cedar trees,” can have had little to do with it. The cedar tree itself is the enemy of cultivation, and nothing valuable grows under its shade. Its roots run to astonishing *About 1511. — 35 36 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. distances, and, as every one knows who has tried to improve plantations in the neighborhood of cedar trees, they monopolize all the good soil they can reach. “Tt is universally agreed,” says Dr. Robertson, “that the nature of this (St. George’s) and the other Bermuda Islands has undergone a surprising change for the worse since they were first discovered, the air being much more inclement, and the soil much more barren than formerly; this is ascribed to the cutting down of those fine spreading cedar trees for which the islands were famous, and which sheltered them from the blasts of the north wind at the same time that it pro- tected the undergrowth of the delicate plants and herbs. In short, the Summer Islands are now far from being desirable spots; and their natural productions are but just sufficient for the support of the inhab- itants, who, chiefly for that reason, perhaps, are temperate and lively to a proverb. * * * The Bermuda Islands, however, might still pro- duce some valuable commodities were they properly cultivated; * * * their oranges are still valuable; their soil is also said to be excellent for the cultivation of vines.”* As the historian had never visited the islands, his opinion is only cited for the strong testimony he bears to the general opinion a century ago that they were barren. There is, in fact, but very little good soil among them; the element silica in particular, which enters so largely into the composition of most fertile soils, being very wanting; potash and soda present in very small quantities, and iron, in the form of oxide or peroxide, much in excess in the soils which are otherwise the best. The small number of deciduous trees, and the prevalence of the cedar (Juniperus Bermudiana), which contributes little to the soil, are also a source of poverty. * Robertson’s America, 1777, VI., p. 286. “ Magnesia THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. oT The following table, extracted from an agricultural report drawn up by the writer in 1873, and based on analyses by Mr. F. A. Manning and others, gives a concise view of the mineral elements of the Bermuda soils: TABLE I.—Relative proportions of the component parts of Bermuda soils, omitting water. Water (not included) Organic substance Lime Lime, carbonate of Lime, sulphate of Magnesia, carbonate of Alumina Sand and insoluble clay Silica Oxide of iron and alumina Oxide of iron Oxide of protoxide Oxide of sesqui or peroxide Potash SIGH doco nn cce SD ICOb ae BOD OSBSeUEOEOoE (Cai tytn, BVOTG a eas Spe DER aOBIBEoere Sulphuric acid Silicic acid Phosphoric acid ..--... Chlorine Chlorides, phosphates, &c., not deter- mined 102. 01 White soil. Red soils. Manning. Mr. Manning. a] cat A a No. 3. Nove eos! oJ rd zi i if Tier 5 I = B B pal A (ial rae a ge s g nD n fo) 2 >) Pere Gs) 2 ms n mn Lomnl fo] Loml gs cod | a of Se x a a 3 i = "a Seer hou eneaals cer hacia tera le lacs ane A A Ay Ay a) A Nn A| a & | | ioe “/SrecesOtoReocS 0. 316/18. 134) 18.7 | 42.5716. 231).....-.| 6.930 2a520h\peeeee 100. 00 0.17316. 155! 0. 120124. 850| 0.105, 9.474 Waa ied |47. 380|.....-/21. 910|.....-/40. 670 oP S| sere era (eel esl eager | lene BSnPP MeTANE pane ee Seyi eee ot 0. 047/14. 580) 0. 362/30. 880) 0. 046 12. 840 Bee ee O40 O69 essen 4,0. 013 soe 02007|-ceaos 0. 060).--.-- | 0. 033 23666|252 50 02536|fee eau eSOlGeees a= trace |...--- O8065/Aeeee- 0304022 ae = OMS Saaee O20387)|Peeae 08159 eee eee 0. 742!....-.| 0.676)..---.| 0. 684 edicts allie ----| 0.046)...---|------|------ | ee ee JP2RE RO 20. 058'79. 945/19. 075 80. 931/36. 012 64. 030 ——S es 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Notwithstanding, however, this want of natural fertility due to the geological origin of the group, and to a cause, perhaps, remotely con- nected with the stormy character of the region, the abundance of rain and the genial temperature make up for many disadvatages. There appear to be few West India plants or fruits which could not be grown in the islands with a proper selection of localities. It is otherwise, however, as Dr. Rein has remarked* with many fruits belonging to northern temperate regions; many American species which on the con- tinent descend to much lower latitude refuse to flourish or die out in Ber- muda, not so much, probably, from the heat of the summer as from the “Strawberries, grapes, figs, peaches, ripening in March and April, grow in Bermuda, but not the ordinary kernel and stone fruits.—Rein. 38 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. sustained high temperature of the winter, which is such that the tem- perature of the soil six inches below the surface was never found lower than 52°.66. Frost is nearly, but not quite, unknown. There are but two well authenticated cases on record. On the 24th December, 1840, while frost was visible ‘in low situations, water in tubs was frozen to the thick- ness of half a crown.”* On the 21st February, 1878, a thermometer on grass registered 28°.2. There is a tradition of snow, about 1811 or 1812;+ a few flakes, indeed, fell at St. George’s on the 4th March, 1874. ‘On 20th February, 187 2, the ground was in some places white with hail, which did not disappear for some hours. These facts are sufficient to Show that the temperature of the air is subject to much greater ex- tremes than are experienced at sea level within the tropics, although the vegetation partakes so largely of a tropical character. Low temperatures occur most frequently in the month of March. During the years 1872-77 a thermometer on grass registered below 40° F., as follows: In December 2 times, lowest 35°.2 in 1876. In January 4 times, lowest 34°.0 in 1874. in February 3 times, lowest 359.0 in 1877. In March 8 times, lowest 35°.0 in 1877. Notwithstanding many years of observation, the data for determining the mean temperature of the air are imperfect. Observations have only been made at 9 or 95 a. m., and at 3 or 34 p. m., and the diurnal low for the several months is unknown. While the record was kept by the royal engineers, however, a monthly term day of hourly observation was ob- served, and from the days so recorded some approximation to the horary corrections might probably be derived, but I prefer to give the actual observations at those hours, subject to future reduction. To these are added in the subjoined table the mean temperature of the soil at 6 inches and 12 inches depth, which will have future value, the Interna- tional Meteorological Congress held at Rome in April, 1879, having re- solved to include for the future the temperature of the surface of the earth among the meteorological elements to be observed. *Mr. J. L. Hurdis, in Jones’ ‘‘ Naturalist in Bermuda.” tMr. John Harvey Darrell is the authority for this statement. THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 39 TABLE II.—Conditions of temperature and rainfall affecting vegetation in Bermuda.* Temperature of | Temperature of | = the air. the soil. q a ~ 6 12 g 9 a.m.) 3p. M-| inches, | inches. 2 e} fe} fe} oO In. ARTE TINY 5 os co SABO Ca So SU GG OB OUDE ITI OOH EOECOC CDOS TORO BUEEUEOApoRE 64. 0 65. 5 62. 0 62.5 3.8 LEI DTEERAY. « sno codcoddbooooA De boehbeSor oH OGoUn easuEEspEeneEacsine 63.7 65.1 61.1 61.4 4.2 NTC Np lapeee yololemetaee sive ciaiclejcis/ejeiaiaislaie seis wpoitinimmaibintalalereymere aie wine 63. 8 65.5 61.5 61.5 3.6 JAH os Ss eceoS Matalatelalelsratolalsataiatetaielstlais intel areiotataiatslevat aia atelattal states 67.4! 69.3 64.8 64.9 BAR WEN oondasecsocsoposopdamssoasnpbetbanoecoooEosaanecedsosesoadee 72.0 W3no 69.9 69. 5 4.1 RUNING eet aes eta clocicto miele tenn ciclntains o Wiclbola cele ewieielocamineitine eee 76.8 78.8 74.5 73.9 Bie: TIGIRY croc ap SEU OS USE ES OTE e a e a ee a eye me eg IAN pe URLS FAB RPC WO EERSY lly CBG) |) SARIS Ue eetiniects elses c ciaisio ae eee ices een tara lsiaeiaiinteienal eats 8 82.5 84.2 79.1 79. 2 3.9 SWS IMNITO? 4 = oASGdod eRe bss DO BE EO EB SCH BOS CUED EOESer SSE mckeias 80. 2 81.9 pot 76.9 4.8 OYCNOIGIR: ss ¢ CB COR CD AOE SOR ECE SEE CEE CE SE ESSE eae ee ser mice 75, 5 76.7 73.4 73.7 6.7 TONGAN GLEE SS SEERA RS a eae a RS a 69. 8 71. 1: 67.2 68.1 5.7 BNE COM Deke a eae selec ae OE eee Ue Seis cciSie WAS Sims ciatacjoete 65. 4 66. 4 62.9 63. 2 4.0 71.9! 73.4| 693] 694| 514 *The mean temperatures are given by observations extending (with some lacune) from August, 1855, to March, 1877. The temperature of the soil at 6 inches is the mean between observations at 9 a.m. and 5p. m., apparently the hours of extreme daily range. The temperature at 12 inches is that at9a.m.; the daily range at this depth is under 0°.5, and is about the mean at 9a. m. The earth temperatures are probably very near the true mean temper- atures of the air. The rainfall is not the same all over the island. It is decidedly greater in the broader and more wooded region towards the center than at either extremity, and is least about the light-house, where the island is narrow and comparatively denuded of wood. There are grounds for supposing, also, that the mean temperature at the east end, probably under the influence of the cold northeast winds of winter, is lower than in the central regions; but these are niceties not affecting the present question. Under the conditions of climate thus briefly described the cocoanut and sugar-cane grow, but not to perfection. The writer had no success with pine-apples, although they were formerly grown in Bermuda. The orange, lemon, lime, fig, mango, banana, pawpaw, avocado pear, pome- granate, loquat, litchi, and the anona family come to perfection. Straw- berries and excellent celery, with all ordinary vegetables of the table, thrive in the winter. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, almonds, apricots, nectarines are a complete failure. The raspberry and blackberry die out, and neither rhubarb nor asparagus can be grown to any satisfae- tion. The peach, although not now actually produced, all the trees in the island being infested by the peach fly, was very abundant twenty years ago, and therefore differs from other stone fruits, in being suitable to the climate. The reader of the following list will notice frequent references to “the 40 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. Walsingham tract.” This remarkable region is a narrow ridge, about two miles long and from a quarter to half a mile wide, which separates Castle Harbor from Harrington Sound, at the east end of the islands, and does not altogether comprise above 200 acres, including Tucker’s Town. It contains nearly the whole of the indigenous vegetation of the group. A few characteristic species, such as Randia aculeata, Pavonia spinifex, Myginda Rhacoma, are only found at the other end, and a few are diffused here and there pretty generally. Such are - Hugenia axillaris, Forestiera porulosa, and Dodonea viscosa. But, on the whole, this small tract is the Mecca of the botanist in Bermuda, and his pilgrimages will be many before he exhausts it. For this we must, of course, seek a geological cause. This narrow ridge of land, honey- combed by caverns, fretted with the dissolving rains of ages, and rent by fissures, is, in the writer’s opinion, the last surviving contemporary of former Bermudas that have disappeared, whose surface-rocks form the reefs that fill Castle Harbor and both the sounds, and form the northern barriers against the fury of the Atlantic. The evidence in support of this opinion would be out of place in this section. It will be evident that if such be the case, we should expect to find here, as we do find it, the greatest accumulation of those species which, not being capable of self-origination anywhere, can only have reached this very isolated spot by the slow operation of natural causes long continued. The surface of the contemporary Bermuda is not of high geological antiquity, as follows necessarily from its AXolian origin and its contin- uous subsidence, but what it has of antiquity is to all appearance found here. The following is a list of 25 species exclusively or almost exclusively to be looked for in the Walsingham tract. They are nearly all West Indian; few of them American in the sense of belonging to regions of corresponding latitude on the continent. AISChyMOMENE, SP) 12-5 sceseelsces WT.) Jatropha Curcas:eees-s22sseeeee ee W. I. Ampelopsis quinquefolia......--.- A.” | Passitiora ciliatamesmas s-2 eee W. I. Asplenium crenulatum ..-....----- Peperomia obtusifolia...---..----. W.L. Asplenium myriophyllum -.....-.. Psilotum triquetrum-......-.----.. W. I. Callicarpa ferruginea .....-....-.- W.I. | Psychotria undata...-..-.....-.-. W. I. Chiococea racemosa. ..-..--...---- W. 1. | Pteris heterophylla. -.-.....--: ---. W. I. Modon war viSCOSa sssecee sa cccee Wi Tes Sabal Adansonil asec. 2s.) asses A. Eleodendron xylocarpum......-.. W. I. | Sicyos angulatus -......-...-...-. A. Kugenia axillaris.....-...-.-..... W. I. | Sponia Lamarckiana........-..-.. WwW. T Forestiera porulosa ....-..-.------ W. I. | Statice Limonium,var. Caroliniana- A. Guilandina Bonducella -...-...-.--- W. I. | Triumfetta semitriloba....-..-.--- W. I. Tpomees purpurea s/s srecs jee W. I. | Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis -.... Neel: Jasminumieracile 22022 sys W. I. THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. Al The species in the general list which the writer considers to be native—that is to say, introduced by natural causes irrespective of human agency, and probably earlier than the settlement of the islands in 1612—are 150 in number, distinguished by the letter A in the alpha- betical index. For the convenience of the botanical reader they are here enumerated. List A.—Species regarded as native. Acrostichum aureum.....-.---. W.1I.,A. | Eleocharis plantaginea.......--. W.I.,A Adiantum cuneatum -.......... S.A. | Equisetum palustre ...-...---.- A. fEschynomene, sp..---.-------- Wile As || ugenia axillaris -ecseos) se see W.i Ampelopsis quinquefolia .....-.. A. | Forestiera poralosa .---. -.---- w.l Arundinaria tecta -...--..----. A. | Guilandina Bonducella.....----. W.i Asclepias Curassavica -.--..--. W.1I. | Heliotropium Curassavicum.... W.1I.,A Ascyrum Crux Andree-........- A. | Herpestis Monniera .....-----.- W.I1.,A Aspidium capense -..---...---. S.A. | Hydrocotyle Asiatica ....-.--.- W.tI Aspidium Thelypteris.........- A. | Hydrocotyle repanda-.-....-----. A. Asplenium crenulatum ......-. W.I. | Hydrocotyle umbellata. ...-.--. w.i Asplenium dentatum-........... W.1.,A. | Ipomea Jamaicensis -.---..---- W.t Asplenium myriophyllum ....-.. WreilenrAs WilmonrosayNill is ome sas ae nae Ww.il Asplenium Trichomanes ....-... AS OMMoea, Pes-Capreenes seers sa ae W.I.,A Atmplex/eristata. ==. \o2s0)-2- = SUS. fpomesa purpurea s-e- es oeee W.i Avicennia nitida-.....--....-.. W..:| Ipomoea sagittata.2.. 25-22. 222 A. Baccharis heterophylla* -..-.:.. Juncus maritimus)--25554 45-22 A. Boehmeria cylindrica ....-.---- W.1.,A. | Juncus tenuis....--- se Sa ear W.I,A Borrichia arborescens ...-.--. WL. SUS. || Jungermannia Sp -sr tenes Cakile maritima ...-.-.--..--.- W.1I. | Juniperus Bermudiana...-....- Wiest. Cakile maritima, var. ? equalis. W.I. | Kosteletzkya Virginica-....-...- A. Callicarpa ferruginea. ....-...-. W.1I. | Laguneularia racemosa .-..... -. IWissleweAe Canavalia obtusifolia ....2.-.-- Wiles emnalminoneeeasesseeeteeree SW: Tes: Cardiospermum Halicacabum .. W.I.,A. | Lemna trisulea --......---. W.I.,N.U.S. Cardiospermum MHalicacabum, Lippia mieromeras-— 232 22 252! W. I. VaAtMiCrOcaLpum<- 2 seus. We Ly) ippiamoditionay 2222 2522s. 3 W.I., A. Celtis Missisipiensis........---- A. | Lippia lanceolata .......--.--.. Wicpl Cenchrus echinatus ...--..----. W.I.,A. | Lithospermum distichum....... W.I. Cenchrus tribuloides ........-.. Wil. ACs Montia fontana tee clases eee E. Centrosema Virginianum..-..-.- Wels Aw: Morin daolocjauaseissee so cemees W.I., A. Ceratophyllum demersum ....-. Wi: Ao)’ MyoimdavRhacomas.ss22ce. co. Wir LAG Charaitotidape cee ee Wil. Ae | Miyricanceriterarssesce seein se A. Chiococea racemosa .--.-.--.... W.1., A. | Nama Jamajicensis............- W.I., A. Coccolobauvitera:=:255:2 225. -- Wid: A. | Nepeba Catania cnn. -iewcce sel A. Conocarpus erectus ---.-.---... W.I1.,A. | Nephrodium amplum ......--- W.1.,S. A. Convolvulus Jamaicensis-...-... W.I. | Nephrodium patens ...-......-- A. Dichondra Carolinensis ..--...- A. | Nephrodium tetragonum . .----- S.A. Dichondra repens ---........-.. W.I.,A. | Nephrodium villosum-.-.....--. W.I.,S. A. Desmodium virgatum ......-... W.I. | Nephrolepis exaltata....-..--... W.I., A. Dodonwea viscosa ....-. .--.-,-. Wil. A> | |Ganotheraybiennises -- 2255. case A. Hc lintakenrecuaicaeaccerscceee ee W.I.,A. | Gnothera humifusa............ A. Elzodendron xylocarpum ...-.. Wi. T.)|.@hnothers rosea... 2s 22. -25- W.I. Elxodendron melanocarpum.... A. | Gnothera sinuata .....-.....-- A. * There are five West Indian and three American species, but none of them the samme as the Bermuda species. 42 THE BOTANY Opuntia Tuna Opuntia vulgaris Osmunda cinnamomea Osmunda regalis Panicum brevifolium-......-... Panicum capillare Panicum lineare Panicumimolles sesso eee eee - ee cees ccoes coos 4 =| PP HHP Pe ee Pe Panicum virgatum -........--.. Paspalumedistichum ees esse. W.L, Paspalum filiforme: - 2-2-2222 W. Paspalum setaceum -.-.-.--.---- W. Ravoniaspinitexa)<-etaee eee W. Phryma leptostachya .......--- Plucheajodorataea=-2- ariel W Pluchea purpurascens..-.------ Wil T.,-A: Polypodium plumula-...-..-.--. W.I. Polypogon Monspeliensis- .----. A. Portulacasoleraceasesece os -sesse W.1I., A. Psilotum triquetrum ...-.-..--- Wile Ar iPienisyaquilinaz hess seser see W.I., A. Pteris heterophylla .......--.--- W.I. Rhachicallis rupestris-.-..--..-- W.1I. Rhizophora mangle .....-.--..- Werle AG Rhus Toxicodendron--......---- A. Rhynchospora florida ..-...--..- W.L. Rhynchospora fusca....-------- Rhynchospora pura syn -------. Rhynchospora speciosa. -.-.---- Rhynchospora stellata .---.---- Ww.il Ricinus communis ....-....---- W.I.,A Ruppia maritima .......--.---- W.I., A. Sabal)Palmettomes-e-<2-eeeeeee A. Salicornia fruticosa .----...---- A SceevolaiPlumiert 2222. .-eeee WisalscA Scirpus plantagineus-...-...--. Wels Scizpus validus 2-22 -\ The same remark applies to the scarlet rhododendron, which, how- ever, did not flower so freely as the azalea. LXIII.—PLUMBAGINEZ. Statice Caroliniana, Wallt. Sea lavender. Found by the margin of pools in the Walsingham tract, throwing up tall spikes of small blue flowers in September. . Plumbago Capensis, Thunb. Plumbago. Not uncommon in gardens. It was introduced from Kew about 1832. P. coccinea, Boiss., and P. rosea, Linn. Were introduced at Mount Langton, and living, but not established, in 1877. THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. 87 LXIV.—PRIMULACEA. Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Red pimpernel. A weed in cultivated ground. Primula Sinensis, Hochst. A garden flower. LXV.—MYRSINEZ. Ardisia acuminata, Willd. A. humilis, Vahl. Introduced from the West Indies in 1873 and established at Mount Langton. LXVI.—SAPOTE. Chrysophyllum Cainito, Linn. Star apple. From the West Indies; in a few gardens. Sapota Achras, Mill. Sapodilla. From the West Indies; rather more common than the last; flowers about May; fruit July and August. LXVII.—EBENACEZ. Diospyros Virginiana, Linn. Persimmon. Introduced at Somerville some years ago and quite established. It grew also readily at Mount Langton, and becomes a nuisance by send- ing up suckers from the roots. D. mabola, Roxb: Was imported from the West Indies, but did not thrive. LX VIII.—JASMINE 2. Jasminum gracile, Andr. Wild jasmine. A remarkable example of rapid naturalization. This pretty climber was introduced at Paynter’s Vale by Archdeacon Spenser, about 1840. It has now completely overrun the Walsingham tract to such a degree as to make the rocks in many places nearly impassable; flowers in June. J. officinale, Linn., W. Common white climbing jasmine with pinnate leaves. J. Sambac, Ait., W. White jasmine with cordate leaves. J. fruticans, Linn. Common yellow jasmine. All naturalized; the last flowers nearly all the year round. 88 THE BOTANY OF BERMUDA. LXIX.—OLEACEZ. Olea Europea, Linn. Olive. ‘We haue oliues grow with us, but no great store.” Such is the evidence of nearly the first writer on Bermuda, in 1612. It appears sufficient to prove that the tree was then naturalized, probably from seeds sown by the crews of Spanish vessels visiting the islands or wrecked on them in the sixteenth century. It is mentioned by Smith, 1624, and in 1661 the Bermuda Company ordered them to be planted on every shore; some of those trees are still standing. The fruit is very scanty and not put to any use. Forestiera porulosa, Poir. A bushy tree found in the Walsingham tract; there are specimens south of the road leading to the Causeway. It flowers in December, and the fruit may be found in March. Flowers, which are minute, are polygamous, in short, axillary, amentaceous racemes. ° Ligustrum vulgare, Linn. Privet. From an old stock found among the roots of a Ficus elastica at Mount Langton. min we eirieinio mini 111 PAITSONIC PLAN tiene cts sje s cine «sini= eleeel= BoGkoo 106 PATCH OK Qeeemeeaesateniccinsisiscieisaciela\cicie == 83 PAM eee e isi ieciainiaisialsinicisinin's elses cin(em(= ")--'in'min 114 PAIS AVVOSUPUN CI AM sc nie) cletcicinciainininiola ima - 87 Jerusalem artichoke -.....----s-.-<-e-ss-e- 85 SONQUIL 25 sakes oe sooo sees eee ee 116 JOsepH’S Coat. - 2-52.22 see sees eee 107 Justicia, blue. 22.225 os Socee eee eee 96 large; white |. = .V-2-2 sc cee 95 Labarmum 30 sss0.2 see ee 64 ibace plant .’-o 2-2 osbece ee sae ee eee 102 INDEX OF ENGLISH OR LOCAL Page WAM DMEbEN CE ails icinicic|oinialnisn'a\ela(a'alniaia'e)= alaial= olnln 82 TORTIE oo scn ope coponene DOO HUCSODOFODDHOOGE 46 MORTTG)) oe Ae bese go geq ae nesecnepcecoane see 51 NGANTOSUINUS se y)- oracle oa iricia eiaeniia=/sieinciavwliess 80 WARGIIG? 52. Jac0gnecneBgOnRG BQCae Be TEETdoeObS 99 IOOTOM -ocpqccppOQbCUSOHOBOEOSESSEEoppoodaEo 56 MAGINONFOTASS hla a'aeln cle[eioieiwiclsivie we sei w/e/el=ecl=inis/=1= 121 MRICS) s56ecd OSD SOOOO ROAD ACCOBODOOTOISOO 83 MURKY = oadacdsodecepoconeOo ReOULOUCoU DUEL IO 62 Lorn Ain) Soon bp OeEoSEE COBB EU COOSCUCOSORE 55 aN DLAC Konia lelaiatal ls male 103 MINISHTOOM yee t oc ciecaucs sc cccmeesect sce 126 Mirstardscardeny ace: iste ccicase= cece cles o 48 NGA Pees en aen sen nose cen wackinweae 48 Mer milO PUAN Risen cocci ccseseceseeuin se 75 Napoleons plume)--0. 2-2-2 scceceuceswe 69 INBU LATING esate crea ocaic-t fe oes ecee ociss oe ciees 71 INOMLON Na eae sace ea sreccswceseehebemonst 89 IN@ULLON COMMON 2 sces on cc oo cceeeis ecole hae 102 RAO ce secis siecle ewes eee eciwie canes 102 small atin ping so. so sae ewes eke 102 Nottlojtree canes seen ose oateueseveccs 104 INT CKGESEOG) sai tere ined ee ae aeSacan atk 68 Night-flowering cereus. ...........-..-.-..- 78 INIghtshade!...ssciese cessive ccc s SORA NAS 93 INOVAMVANG ricise sce heb inet cos Sieben dou 90 INTE BTASH./scloccs wo seinse ete e ease oon ooce sap 119 Bull. Nat. Mus. 25——9 NAMES. 29 Page. OP pdbetg acc taridcdoac asoarebodoanGECHonhGoo 122 Okrasts. seer eis seen sce te sets 53 Oleanderccese- senator esesieeeeclsonase 88 OHVG 22 ase are ee eee aoe aie ieiae 88 Oliveswood'bark=ssccscose ee er eae ee sese 59 ONION so oes sore o eee eNotes eee eae CE eceeee 115 Orache;|s6acscseccece see eee ee eee ee 101 Dittersss ay poesia eee eeeecicesces 57 Orange; Mandarinesass onsen ee eee eee 57 Sevilletsiosoneseecs sone eee 57 ENCE SS coganpcabanoEcasencencescote 37 PanPerine a. le pes eee caw ee eee 57 Osage\orange:n =. 4220222 cesses ose eee 103 Otaheitei gooseberry 22-2222. -s.seee- sees 106 Wann teee se ae ee cces ess eee 106 Oyster-plantzaecesosse ne cee eres eee ee eeee 119 Palmetto so psy ease sae cose nie eee 113 Owartys ee ce oes Soa ene eer tee 113 IPAMPAS PLAGE: 2 cee tee saw eee easel ase eae 121 IPANS Yuta ea iaictoe ioe tomer eee yo ant ee a abr 50 Papa eset cesecascac Ae omarsa ae eee en 76 PATA OTASS yee a seein es ecinine eco ose eeo ee 121 Barsleyiesocs cece secieeee oscars ee eeeeee 80 IPaLenipS)eece cacao ase ee aan See eee 79 Passion flowers wild eesseecses coe eeeceenss 76 Bea ble ey ees ia ela Lee a ae sete a 65 COMMON ocr cleiejeiania sole ieee eae 65 PULLS se oswciee sear epee eee 65 spurred buttertly--+-=-s---j-2ecnee anes 65 BWCOU een seem risces ect pee eee eerie 65 Reacher tie ieee eiteia ta arsteaala earner ape 71 Bear scocissat tie sea reat eels aie ee ee meee ie 73 Rear AVOCA AWS aae cae cee see eee ee eee eee 101 POLILOnY ees seo ee a senioceceae pee seer eee 102 Pennywort, thick leaved ...........-------. 78 ePNCrig Tags econseceiseis see csise seen ease 48 Spanishy ese ccecac sea eee se 63 Periwinkle see eee ee aae eee eae o 88 Persimmon eeracscccenesee once seemee 87 Petunia essen eseenare saeniccisieoneeeeseene 94 IBNySiCMUtaloaremaas sesietisia selene seca eiee 105 IPI COMMDOLLY pens sala newe ne alae acne eee 97 DOWiee a clamlsfele elaineleineioe sien cis ontere aise toms 64 Pimpernel] sess see sess voce scoaccsceeeees 87 Pineappleyemsseemessiscises aa eee eee 112 iRitcherplantisesscsse ses ecesees see ees 47 Pane; /AMericani-s scoses eeisce sese ee eee 104 Plantain jcescsc sesso nceeiccee comemene cea 111 POM seen names ceaene ce caine toeee 71 West Indian tos. cccac case est nee 71 Plnmbagoeenscceesescri ccc cen eeae reas 86 Poin cianajesepen saeco scseacasceetee ccee as 67 POISON Vy aimee ceinwesai nese cee ee 62 POppy;, OPIUM ece ce s- sess se wees eae eee nee 47 IROMGPTANALG Nowe ses ae wees see eee 735 iPork-fatiappleseseen see -cee ses ae ee mesiene sec 70 Potato: Irigheers eose ed eee ot ee 90 BWeCUiuonee es sease eee nee Abae sees 93 Prickly Durr ee cies ck ce cet cmcee senna 92 PORE eae sinninalnwainipHYUHY HYHYO HoeAaesh asacerea Asplenium crenulatum, Fries....-..-.... dentatum, Linn .-....-.- ayo Fabianum firmum myriophyllum, Pres] ..-..---- Nidus trichomanes, Linn...-...---- SIVA WL PD AISULMM Mee aye este eae eietete HPA S teks brito lm plan Me yea e eileen eerie . Astrocaryum aureum, Griseb.-.--..----- . Atriplex cristata, H.B...-..-. LESS eee INO CHONG OY: i BAA ay Mia en RAs Aart LWA VETO SOUL OY Mure aati a eres eer Avicennia nitida, Linn ..../.-.--..-...-- tomentosa, Linn.. syn-.---.--- PAZ Lec MUSCOSG Mei iene els aernnya aye hetorophylla, H.B.K.......-. ISYN SYN DONS ABS ocadeopenacHob-monDHmoce Bambusa vulgaris, Wendl...-..-..-..--- PBatatas Wauliss Choise reac ise coe Bauhinia parviflora, Vahl..-...-.-..---- Vantin, Waght- 32.2222 2. 5) 5..( . Beaumontia grandiflora, Wall..--...---- BEGONIACE . Begonia fuchsioides, Hook ......-....--- hydrocotylifola, Grah.......--. PRexP Ti iZ ee yee te eines Maen TmitolraWalldee esterases eee Betawulgaris WimMrcss = sina aale a ati=l . Bidens leucanthus, W. var. discoideus.-. BIGNONIACEE tinctorio; Nlart ass niesee nce. onlentalissDonee eee tangata nae IBIS. GINI CH Te Aaa s src Sua SPAS enOS son PUB UcanOnelan as lui tee se seaiee He see . Blechnum occidentale, Linn WBlightarsapida, Woe n\n s sein iets oeicielale tel Boerhaviaerecta winnie. 22 eee ce gece es . Behmeria cylindrica, Willd ..-......-.-. Bombax) Ceibasseinn a. ses aseeere ray he BORAGINEZ : Borago officinalis, Linn: :.-.-. 22.2. 2222. asBorrerialzvis) GLiseDsea-)- ones eneeee= + Borrichia arborescens, DCs. 22222526522 putescens, DC., syn-.-...---.--- . Bougainvillea spectabilis, Willd..-.-...--- CUMURUGES no sops ash aoRSeaGe . Boussingaultia baselloides, H. B...--.--. . Brassica botrytis COMUEMED noe eine see eee eee oleraceasuinnie eee se eee nnsen ee (BROMELLTAC HAs see aly eae ees ere aerate . Brownea grandiceps, Jacd..------------- . Brugmonsia suaveolens, Willd ......--.. . Brunfelsia Americana, Linn..-....------- . Bryophyllum calycinum, Salisb . Buddleia Neemda, Roxb .-...-...----.-- CACTE Cactus. See Opuntia, Sw. INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. ClCactus Plata. Suess sseeses see eases 67 C. Galliesi/sWiallessee eee eee eeeeree 67 C. Cesalpinia pulcherrima, Sw-.-..-------- 66 B. Cajanus indicus, Spreng ..-------.------ 64 A. Cakile equalis, Herit..--2.2222 222-2226 48 A. maritima, Scop. = -=-.=seise= eine 48 Cs@aladuamsn ose eee eee 115 B. Calamintha Nepeta, Linn.---..---.---.- 98 A. Callicarpa ferruginea, Sw ..---.-------- 97 C. Calophyllum calaba, Jacq..--..--------- 52 C. Camellia japonica, Linn ..--..----------- 52 A. Canavalia obtusifolia, DC .-.--..------- 66 CANIN AIG TH aie 2/5) Se eevee re 110 @Cannaicoccinea. VAitiys-.cacee eae eee 110 C. edulis: Ker): 0228k eee ee 111 C. indica Winn eeeees essen see eee es 110 C. lutea. uATG eR ee eee eee eee 110 CAPPARID/A CE An) 2 ae see = eneteer neler 49 B. Capparis torulosa, Swartz .-.-.----.---- 49 ©) Capraria biflora, “inns 2226s eeeee eee 94 CAPRIFOLIACE 22-2022 v2 ses =e eee eee 80 C. Caprifolium Italicum, R.S .-....-.-..--- 80 C. sempervirens, Michx ..-..... 80 B. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moh.....---.--- 48 C. Capsicum annuum, Linn ---/.:.-..--.--- 93 C. frutescens, Minn! Sse. 4-seeeee A. Cardiospermum Halicacabum, Linn ..--. 61 BH Carica Papaya, inn Sessa ssse ee eer 76 C. Carludovica palmata, R. P.-...----.---.- 114 CARYOPRHYILE 222 eases ere ei enee se eaeeeite 51 C. Caryota Cummingii, Lodd.....-....----- 114 C. Casparea porrecta, Kth ..-.-...-.--.---.- 69 ©? Cassia bacillaris) dhinniee2 pees eee OS C. bicapsularis*Winny2e eee 68 c: Oorymbosa; ames t22eeee eee 69 ChiCassiafistula, inne ee eee 68 C. glancasHiame cece aeeaeee 69 C. ligustrina; Winns soe eeeeeeae 69 C. occidentalis, Linn. ..-+...2.22-..6 69 CASUARINE Ai) so -eeelee eee eee aera eeeeee 104 C. Casuarina equisetifolia, Linn. f.-.....-- 104 C. Catalpa corallodendron, syn.--.--......- 68 CEDAS TRACE Aaya waters cease states rear 59 CELLED Ania eelaeteste lease eteete teeta ieate 104 A. Celtis mississippiensis, Bose -.......-..- 104 occidentalis, Linn., syn .--....--- 104 A. Cenchrus echinatus, Linn-----...-...... 121 A. tribuloides, Linn.- 22232222222 121 A. Centaurea gymnocarpa, Moris. and Not. - 85 B. Centranthus macrosyphon, Bots ..-...---- 82 A. Centrosema Virginianum, Benth........ 65 B. Cerastium viscosum, Linn -...-..--...--. 51 Ci Ceratonia tiliqua, Winns. 25 -2-eeeee eee 65 CERATOPEYEDE Ase ac aese eee aate 107 Cerbera Theoctia, Linn., syn..-..-..----.----. C. Cereus grandiflorus, Mill........-....-.- 78 C. triangularis, Haw -....-.-..-.----- 78 C: Oestrum, parqut, Winn 2242-2 -2--22 eee 94 A. Chamerops Palmetto, Michx ......-.--- 113 C. Cherophyllum sativum, Gaertn .....--. 79 (Ops ONO SOAs Seb nee noo BS suOnOUO AoS= 125 AeiChara twtida AUiBrssseeceesosseceeeeee 125 C. Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn .-...--..------ 49 @HENOPODIN Ate e eee eee eee eeceeroe 101 B. Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linn......- 101 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. 135 Page. Page. B. Chenopodium album, Linn..--......-.-- 101 CORNACE Biaeaeer as-is bier = aabeanl 80 B. anthelminticum, Linn.---. 101 | C. Cornus stricta, Lam ...-......-/.-...----- 80 A. Chiococca racemosa, Linn...-.-....-..--- 81 CRASSUUACH Aire t epee este eae ce = fase 73 ORIOnISIDEIT. CED SWie phases eee sas ae thse 120 | C. Crategus pyracantha, Pers ..----..------ 72 C. Chloroxylon Swietenia, DC ...-..--..------ 59) |B. Crepis lyrata, Wroelk shee ae ee le 83 C. Chrysobalanus pellocarpus, Meyer ...--- 70. | C. Crescentia Cujete, Linn ...-...----------- 95 A. Chrysodium aureum, Fée, syn .--..-.--------- C. Crinum cruentum, Ker.:..:--. <-..----- 118 C. Chrysophyllum Cainito, Linn ..-.-...--.- 87 | C. Croton Angustifoliwm, Hort ..----.----- 106 CmCrccadisticha ain nlssieseer Sele eciee sss 166 | C. Connatius) Vielen sess eee een eee 106 B. Cichorium Intybus, Linn..........--.--- 83 | C. discolor) Rich 23--hes-sssees nee 106 © Cineraria maritima, Ginn. ------2----2--- 85 | C. mMAritingum, \Wialiessees see ee 106 CISTINEA. C. wretun, Wortiseance see eces anon 106 C. Citharexylon quadrangulare, Linn ..-..- fin On tenceum, Mnlityiee eee ene 106 CmCiinallusiwilearig) <2 ccs 5 secs = 2-1 -\=- Tees yariegatum, Horsk 252 2:-cesc-cc. 106 CrCitrus-Avnantiomn, Linn <-)-22/5 2225-2. Dial: ML OULOLUNTR AEE eae eee 106 C. Bioaradian WoOiSbsercm=n seein) 57 CRUCIBERAE) js -yo2/o = dace ne eee Se eee eee 48 Cc. bibs folia, oi ya. ve aan i miiclone) i 57 | C.-Cryptomeria elegans, Veitch....--...-.-- 110 C. Mecnwmanns whiny ne saa ese fa) CuCucumiseelom bine ence oer soe ene er 77 Cc. MIME hta WRISS Ol iciesjeler eis ote cle ciary ie. 56). (> Cucumisisativus, Ginn 222. 5. sessaseeeee 77 B. TT UMOMUMI RISO eels en ieeiay es eels 56 CUCURBIAVA CRAs oe Sa ere ai reer poe aie 77 C. Medied. Wainm):\-(. 4 s\s2s' occ -Seaaic oi) ©: CucurbitasPepo; innsosees- 22 saeco Lif C. MODIS sol O crease baer t salar 57 | C. Melopepo, Linn ....-..------- i7 C. racemosus, Ris et Poit .---..-.-.- 5 | moschata, Winnesss-ese- eee ee 77 spinosissima, Meyer, syn ..--.----- 56 | C. Citrullus, Linn:, syn---..----- 77 ¢C. WULSAPISHMVISSO je — apse eni seein SN CeCuprniatolvase Martie see 61 @MCissus discolor Blum) 2-5-2. -)-c)9< 61 | C, Cupressus funebris, Endl ..........-..-- 109 CriGistusilaurifolvus: Winn) 2232 sia 5 82 2 HOM @x Lawsoniana, Murr.......-.-. 109 C. Monspeliensis, Linn..........----- 50 | C. macrocarpa, Hartw ..-.--.-.- 109 C. BULVOROLUULS GIN Ms eee re elae 50 COTULOSG WAM DA ee eee a cee 109 B. Cladium occidentale, Schrald.......----. 119 GGA Ba S52 hee OPT ek shape are ere 110 C: Clematis Virginiana, Linn ..........-..- 46 | C. Cycasrevoluta, Thunb.....-.......-..-- 110 C: Jackmanni, Hort ...-..--.----- 4651) 2) Cydonia wulearis, Perse s:-222 22-52 42-552 73 Cleome pungens, Willd ..-...-.--....-.-- 49 | C. Cynara Cardunculus, Linn .--.--------- §3 C. SPeClosawe Desa sieciemele cio w es la- 39: | B. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers --..-.-2..--2--- 120 C. Clerodendron capitatum, Schum. & Torr. 97 CPB CH Ai eis 2 Se ee 119 C. aculeatum; Gris---- <5... - 97 | C. Cyperus alternifolius, Linn -....-......-. 11 €: Clitoria Brasiliana, Arrab.-.......-.....- HOH flexuosusaviahleessseee ese cee 119 Cc: Mernates, NM 22 eyes clelenysre lois: (fay COL rotundus Winns eee ones 119 C. Cobea scandens, Cav ..------------------ 89h Ci Cyrtanthera mosed,.Wlonte seen: essen oe 96 A. Coceoloba platyclada, Hook......-..--.- 100 | C. Cyrtanthus catalpefolia, Nees ....-.----- 117 A. UNAbB ARNE eA AA aue on eeses 100 | ©. Cytisus Laburnum, Linn ..2...2..------ 64 ©: (Cocos nucifera, Linn .--.....--..---.-.-2: 4) Ca Dahtialsuperfiud Alte =oeee sess os aoe 85 CiCofeavAmabicm, Winn 22 )/. 0.6 se -j2 cate) sais 82 Datwratashiosa sss esse eee §2 CAC Ole Sere eetsetisce cin ctissicinisiciseeisi(s 98 mretel ssn 2 hye oe see screeetan eaoeine 92 C. Colocasia esculenta, Schott.-.-...--..--- 115 | A. Stramonium, Linn ........-.---- 92 C. Colubrina Asiatica, Brongn .-.-...------ 60 | C. suaveolens, Hub ce sesee seca ee oe 92 C. Colutea arboreseens, Linn .....--.-------- 67 | B. cleaners lees as eee 92 COMBIRETA CATR ci eia\sn)a)ainictaaol'=fatslels)=1=)sls) 1-18 TEC Dartcus Oarota,, ints ons eels eee 79 (COMMIT YIN Zip asl ee ihe rolls LOA Delphininmesseasssee sense eee ee ee sees 46 B, Comnielyna agraria, Kth ..........-.-.-- 119 | A. Desmanthus virgatus, Willd., syn...-.--- 69 cayennensis, Rich ...-.----- 119 | C. Desmodium gyrans, Linn .-----...----.--.: 64 COMPOSI Are arnt-erisia\nisiebininesaniae aise latims/= 83 | A. virgatum, Desv...---...---- 64 (CONIA RAL S Soaeig Soo oneeaoomerciaas 1085)|5C.) Deutzia scabras Dhunhineessa—2 eee oo. 73 A. Conocarpns erectus, Jacq ----.--------.- 74 | A. Dichondra Carolinensis, Michx.......--. 91 racemosus, Linn., syn..----- 74 | A. Dichondra repens, Forst.............---- 91 CONVOLVUTAGE ZG yeriis sie e et eae 90 | C. Dieffenbachia seguine, Schott......-...-- 115 B. Convolvyulus sagittifolius, syn .....-..--. 91 | C. Digitaria setigera, Rth..-..... Fee selene 121 Conyza albida, Willd; syn-.:..------.--- 84 | C. Dimocarpus Litchi, Lour..............-. 62 ambigua, DC., sym «......-.-0--- 84 DIOSCORM Anh oe ae eis ens ee Sain 113 €: Cookia punctata, Retz ..-...-2.2-.--:--- 58 | C: Dioscorea sativa, Linn --2...-..--.----.- 113 C. Cordia Sebestana, Linn .........--.----- 91 | C. lubes pWeyen wee ccese. cence 113 C. Cordyline angustifolia, Hort......------- 118 | C. Diospyros Mabola, Roxb ....--..-..-..-- 87 C. Coriandrum sativum, Linn ...........-.. 79 | C. Diospyros virginiana, Linn....-..--..--- 87 136 : } Page C. Dipteracanthus afinis, Nees...--.------ 90 A. Dodecandria trigynia --.-....---..------ 106 A. Dodonza angustifolia, Lam., syn .....--. 62 AS Dodonza: ViSCosa, Wain 322222). 22 sce oe 62 CieDolichos:bablab aainn eye eet 66 C. Dracena australis, Forst (Sp. New Caledo- Mies) eee ain anal hese fats cue saees 118 C. Dracona terminalis, Linn .. .--..---.--- 118 C. Duranta Plumieri, Linn...-..-...--..---. 97 SB ENIA O12 Seats one eis aetesaeiaye teapots aleia a 87 C. Echeveria gibbiflora, DC., var. Meaican 73 Alba, Hassk, sym .--.-..---.-- 83 AME cliptaerectay Minn: oye se ees ilar 2 83 A. (orientale) Jacq., syn ---- 59 C. Eleusine indicx, Gaert..--......--..--.-. 120 Entada scandens, Benth -...-.-.--. -.-- 66 IH QUIS VAC HAs erento eee ania eraicistatarat 125 A. Equisetum palustre, (?) Linn .-...-.-.--- 125 Dranthemum Andersonii, Mast..---.----- 96 pulchellum, Andr.....---- 96 PORT COA CHVE terete see neisen lelctsieleststettaleleratel= 86 BL. Erigeron animum. Linn., syn..-..-.-..-- 84 bY Bonariensis; Linn-.- 22 :222-5-- 84 B. canadensis) Winns -)--- (<1: -1-1- 84 B. ‘trifolinm=aWalldyeeesseee cee 84 LB. Philadelphicum, Linn .-...--- 84 B. quercifolis, Lam ....-.........- 84 C. Eriobotrya japonica, Lind] ..-....--...-.. 73 Eriodendron entractuosum, DC., syn ..-. 54 C. Erythrina caffra, Thun) ......-....----- 68 Cc. @pista-caireloimn es ee sy epie 68 C. corallodendron, Tinn..----..-.-. 68 C. ORO COU arte eiaces eee aes 68 €. Imdicay(?) seam sass eene eee 68 C. sneciosawAmdn een eseeeereoee 68 C. Velibinasaw yall doesn sre eee 67 B. Erythrea centaurium, Pers -...--.....--- 89 C. Eucalyptus coriacea, Cum .....-.--. .-.- 75 C. globxtus abil setae 7d C. resinifera, Smith.........--. 75 C. Euclearis Amazonica, Lindl ...-..-...... 117 @:2Hucomis regva, Ait). 22 oscios cis eseleeiei=is)- 117 AV Eur enivasilaris we Ol sce pece asec i C. FamMVos, Linn. Syl) i. ssa) le- 74 C. Malaccensis: inne se aeee ne. - 75 C. Michehiiiams syneecrscciessen 74 C. Ib WNUK Pye ean GE SA One M a Srebee 74 C. Euonymus Japonica, Linn...-...-..-..-- 59 B. Eupatorium conyzoides, Vahl ......-..-.- 3 B. feeniculaceum, Willd......-- 83 EUPHORDIACE.Z AoA Lr Bam ROO ASA 105 A. Euphorbia Baeseole Demele edoounsodaBoS 107 C. Candelabrum, Trem...-.-.... 107 A. glabrata, Sw -22-222+2--/--2--< 107 A. hetoropbylla, Linn......-.-.. 107 A. hypericifolia, Linn .....--..-. 107 C. Jaquineflora, Hook.......--- 107 A. maculata inml sae yy sera col Og B. Penlus en Daee se eee eal Oi A. Prostrata Artest esate 107 Cc. splendens, Bojer -.....-.---. 107 B. Fedia olitoria, Gaert .. ........... ..-. $2 B. Ferula communis, Linn ................- 80 C. glauca simmer sce coe aceon 80 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAM S. Page. I COND Pate ees sees) sine loaner esses 78 CaeBicusiaiurdta, Nigh. = sss Eee eee 103 C. elastica, Roxbieh Gace ee ee 103 TVILICEs - Li ap oie Agaale eater oe C. Rate argyroncara, oun Soaacbboones: 96 C. Flacourtia prunifolia, UW. B .2-22 222. ---- 50 C. Ramontehi, Werit..-.-.------ 50 C2 Feniculum dulce) BiC 2222352425 80 vulgare, Gaert., sym.--..--. 80 A. Forestiera porulosa, Poir....... -.-..--- 88 C. Fourcroya gigantea, Vent......-.--.---- 118 C. Fragraria virginiana, Ehrh.....--.------ 71 G. Fuchsia coceinea, Linn. --.---- 222222 76 TE USUAR VA CE Asi se tiers) eis ee eer 47 B. Fumaria officinalis, Linn.....--.-------- 47 B. Galiumirubrim, endl. 2a eres §2 B. unifioram) Michxes sees eesee 82 C:, Gardentaytorida; Winn eee eel $1 C. Fortunes eee ee 81 C. Mittdd, TOO Kees eee 81 C. Gasterica maculata, Haw ..-...--.--.--. 117 C. oObliqua,; Hawi ss-2 aes ees= eel C. Gazania spendens, H.K....-..... .-...- 85 @. Gaura coccinea, Fras). 5.--- 25522 ace cea 76 GENDUAN E0520 ae is eee ee eeeeeeeaa &9 GERANTA CE 2600 02/-ec aero eistoeteletetetts 54 B Geranium dissectum, Tian Sips fd B. pusillums inn\s\2seeee- eee 55 GIESNERIACE 2) 2) | 22h eee eberreer 95 BB; Geum radiatum, Mich<22s2--e-eeeeee 72 CMGladivlusy 22 eee eee eee eee 117 Gloxinia ..--. Li Sate Dee Rye ae oe eras ee 95 C. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindl., syn....-.--. 57 C. pentapbylla, Carr ..........-. 57 GOODENTACI 2 3) (eee ae eee &6 B. Gossypium album: 2225. 22oaes- ees 53 herbaccumavinnseeeeeeeeeee 53 TDUEUMLD eb pace acecs \acccaness 53 GRAMINE SS o15)5 55 3s ee eee aes 120 C. Graptophyllum versicolor, Hort......... 95 C. Guaiacum officinale, Linn..............- 55 C. Guazuma tomentosa, H.B...... ....---- 54 A. Guilandina Bonducella, Linn --......--. (8 GUTTIFERAE eee cesses eee sees 52 C. Gymnogramme tartarea, Desv -..------- 125 GYMNOSPERM Zi) 0.0355 ence eee Eee 108 C. Gynerium argenteum, Nees .....--..--. 121 C. Hardenbergia dinitata, Lindl .......---- 65 CAaworthiatortiosa) a= ee ree 117 @2 Mederavhelixsyuinnes ea eee ee eeeeeeee 80 C. Hedychium speciosum, Wall...-----.--- 111 C. Hedysarum onobrycbis, W.-.-.---.-----.- 64 @sMelianthis/annuus.3: sees cece cee eel &5 C. tuberosus, Linn.....-.....-- 85 A. Heliotropium curassavicum, Linn ....--. 91 C. Peruvianum, Linn ..-...-. 91 C. Hemerocallis fulva, Linn ..-.....-..5.... 117 A. Herpestis monniera, H.B ...--.....---- G4 C. Hibiscus Bancroftianus.....-.....------ 53 C. Cooper Horteeesascee eee eee 53 C. grandiflorus, Michx........-..- 53 C. esculentus, Linn. -..).-.22.22-- 53 C. mutabilis, Linn ...-.-...-...--- 53 C. populneus, Linn..............- 53 INDEX Page. C. Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, Linn...-...-.--- 53 Cc. PIISCOUS HEINE essere sel a see 52 C. Higginsia splendens, Hort., syn .-..----- 81 C. Hoffmannia splendens, Benth. --..------- 81 C. Hordeum vulgare, Linn..........--.-.-- 122 CHOY SicCaArnOsayh. Drop 2s --es--s- coe see 89 ©: Hura crepitans, Linn..........---------- 106 C. Hyacinthus orientalis........------------ 117 C. Hydrangea, hortensis Sm .....--...----- 73 A. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Linn., var........ 79 “Bis repanda,; Pers..--.-----..-. 79 A. umbellata, Linn..........-. 79 HAV D ROLE ACE sje sols ea - since ee eee soe 89 C. Hyophorbe Vershafeli, Wendl ........--. 114 PIV PM RICA CHAS pean ae te sere Vale be scabs 51 relberis wiolaces, "Aut. onsen Se 48 MGIC IN MAG eee oe ee NALS eo 59 Cex A quifolinm; Linn -/-.5:--0.0.22.22. 2 59 Cc. WASEINC ELEM es Saat aeons cece cise 59 MOMILOTIA, ANt.; SyMli+-2---------2-- 59 C. Impatiens hortensis (?)-...-.-..-.--.--.. 55 C. Indigofera Anil, Linn., syn. tinctoria, TAN ee ese cise os heb we os oe oe tee 63 CAI OU WeEndWWAIG)= 2525 sees eset et en ess 70 C. Ipomea dissecta, Poir...-............... 90 INA Jamaicensis, Don.............-. 90 C. COT PAX basa. = eee Pes ae oe 90 A. TOSS TES) oy ES aS ma ea 90 A. Pes-Capre, Roth. -..<.-2-22.-2 90 A. purpurea, Lam: 2325-22 2-6c2c 2 90 A. sagittifolia, Pursh .............. 91 C. sidifoliniSchradsisss225cee2522. 91 Cc. tnmberosa,;Uint./2-eeonccsece 90 B. willosa whist Pie oe ee 90 ER ID Ate yemerie sais a ciiclscisiieisce cece es 112 Cr Taisine Herbstiv, Hook..2.2522--22. 622-2: 100 C. Iris violacex, Sweet.............. Beatie 112 Crelriswareinica, Winns) -csessel eee veee sc 112 MC PISCRATUME-DOVEUE oo esse ieee a ee eee 117 B. Isnardia repens, DC............---.222-- 76 €. Ixora acuminata, Roxb......--.....-.. 82 Cc. QMUCYNENsts WD Cr aaey eee ose e ce 82 C. COCCINGA SLANT se =e se eee ae eee 81 C. ACR TH US Tih VOX OP ROE EN Mapes 82 C. TIambosa Milaccensis, LC., syn-- Br 15 Cc. WMS APIS HC 2 ooh roetsnateyseeee eee 74 WASMINE 2 eters sm eeistes sthstoclss traces eote 87 Cm cASIMINIOM inno. 4. eos ae al oS 87 C. gracile,-Amdre- isos. 2 ce 87 OF officinale Winnspases-e sees 87 Cc. SambaciGAiGesn ses. secs on 87 A. Jatropha Curcas, Linn .................. 105 B. Jatropha, Linn..............-. 105 C. multifidawinn tess pete ss 105 Cc. pandurefolia, Andr........... 105 Cc. podagrica, Hook ...........---- 105 OMG AND EAL seme cape on Yt Sa, apie ee 108 Crdaglans nigra, Winn». 5.-22sse2es. 2. ek 108 SHONCE Ase isce sonia ne Siena) aa odes 20 119 A. Juncus maritimus, Lane..............-. 119 A. LONMIS WAL GAs esate ce nse ee 119 ACV O TN SOTMAUNIAT- a sees eae sakds eee 126 Juniperus Barbadensis, Thunb.......... 108 A. Bermudiana, Linn..-......... 108 C. Justicia alba, Roxb.......... Pec cae Nl 95 OF BOTANICAL "NAMES. aawaaa Page. C. Justicia Ecbolium, Linn............-.--. 96 C. lucida, Nees. Sauquinea, H. B.. 96 CaeKalanchod frerneaaea saved acess sae 73 B. Kleinia repens, Haw ....-.....2------00- 83 C. Koelreuteria paniculata ...--...--------- 62 A. Kosteletzkya Virginica (Hibiscus, Linn) - 52 B. Kyllingia monocephala, Linn.....-.-.-.- 119 WABVAD 2 ct siecle oe omicisie spe ealeiecieeaeaciee or 98 C)Mactuca sabivay Winnesspeseseee eee ee 83 A. Laguncalaria racemosa, Gert ..-..--.-.- 74 C. Lagerstremia Indica, Linn.........---.- 15 B. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn........----- 98 B. purpureum, Linn .............. 98 C: Lantana aculeata, Linn. --222.-ssccence 97 C. camard Winns seco esereaeseoeee 97 C. CLOCEA, WACQ een cents osiale alejeatoisia 97 C. odorataw inn sere sees eee 97 C. Lathyrus odoratus, Linn .--.......-...-. 65 LAUMINEZ ...-- JU eR BOOCCS Bot demcingo en 101 CxVaurus mobilisil annie esse eae sees 102 C. Caroiinianum, Michx ........... 102 C. Lavandula spicata, DC......-.-.......-- 99 IPG UMINOS Ae sateen Ao oe ain ln aint ieiote 117 C. japonicum, Thunb..--..----..--- 117 WUIN'A CEG ies Semen acles sweeten aes 54 C. Linaria Llatine, Desf, var. E..... .....- 94 VOlearish ooscees ia eeeceeee ede 94 C, Linum usitatissimum, Linn .. .......-- 54 A. Lippia micromera, Schauer.......----.-. 96 eA NOUMOT wl Cheere eee emcees 96 A. reptins WW Bees ce eee ene 96 A. Lithospermum distichum, Orteg ..-..--. 91 C. Livistona Chinensis, Mart .............. 114 C. rotundibolia, Hort. Lindl ...... 114 LOBELIACK AG 3 32. eas eee oeeetseaies:- 86 Lobelia cardinalis, Linn ....-.........-... 86 . Lonicera xylosteum, Linn ...-........... 80 . Lophospermum erubescens, Don .....--. 94 . Lucuma mammosa, Linn.-.............. 52 Lyceum! yulgare, Duns sees an nae ine ae 94 . Lycopersicum esculentum, Mill., syn.-... 93 EY COPRODIACE Are set eee sa deeieesiems 125 DGYTHWARWOA eee Mee aioe oe nisen ae = 75 C. Maclura aurantiaca, Nutt............... 103 C. xanthoxylon, Endl.............- 104 MAGNOLYA CE AG Prep iactan « mania ateein Joye 2 a)eale 46 Magnolia glauca, Linn ..-..-...--...-.---- 46 C. grandiflora, Linn.............. 46 DUTDUTERCUG:-csectenene= sas 46 A. Malcolmia maritima, R. Br .....-......-. 48 138 qpaaganaseasseecaesas HHrHaSobHHAS Page. VEAP TG HDA CK An) j22s)s)eicnte ers aire anes 55 C. Malpighia punicifolia, Linn....-..--.--- 55 C. SebosaSplyaeessore ee eee eee 55 VEAL VA GEA ohare ence cameo sts 52 C. Mammea Americana, Linn.....-....---- 52 C. Mangifera indica, Linn ----.3.-..-.----- 63 C. Maranta arundinacea, Linn-...-...--..- 111 C. Marrubium vulgare, Linn.....--.--.---- 98 Martinezia caryotaefola, H.B....-.---- 114 © Mathiolaimeana, Ra Breese ose eae e ee 49 C. Maurandia Barclayana, Bot. Reg-.------ 94 C. semperflorens, Jacq., var. E.- 94 B: Medeola Virginica, Linn.-2/2-.2:.-.--- 117 B. Medicago denticulata, Willd......--..-.. 63 B. lupolina inns tess cence = 63 B. maculata, Willd---.2..-.-.--- 63 iB: MUTI CAbA PALIN S Ores eee 63 IME UA CH Aa yap las Wie eNO ee rt ate 85 Melia Azedarach, Linn:--..--...2.5.2..- 58 Melianthus major, Linn.-:..---:.---.--- 55 weMelilotusvalbaphMochseee aes eieaciee eee 64 offieimalis inne se ececenee 64 parviflora, Desf..5--.....-2.2- 64 - Melissa calamintha, Linn ---......--..... 98 officinalistEinn! 2-5 yas sees 98 . Melocactus communis, DC-...-.......... 77 . Mentha arvensis, Linn...--.....-....... 98 rotundifolia, “Hinn'23.222.-52---- 98 VATIGISS aI NN ee Ae ee 98 . Mercurialis annua, Linn -.......-......2 107 Mesembrianthemum, sp .----..-..------- 78 acinacefonmaNlinniee== sees see oe. 78 cCandensiblaweeeee eee eer eee 78 canlescens, Haw ..-..-. eT DAL aerate 79 CEDTESSUNU Sasa ete ee eaey eae ia 78 edulis mbinnieesaecee ese as eases cee 78 emangimnatuny, inns os. SoS e ees ce 79 heterophyllum, Haw ...---..--..---- 78 multijlorum, Haw ..-.-22:+.22-2..-. 78 MUNICOtUm/HLAWaescoecee cette sees 79 i rhomboideum, Salm.............---. 79 : SUOUMACONUNY Na ease ce nee yet 79 LENUfoliwm ws binn se ence seen eee ee 79 ALT COLUMN SALI aie ae oe eee 78 ALTUCT OLLI ala NN eee ee ste 79 MaginatiLmn ME awWasseedeaee eee cee 78 DUOLACCUIN AD) Oe ee sa eeta ee ep 79 Mimosapudicat inns: 22 esac ces aeecceee 69 Mirabilis dichotoma, Linn ..--........-. 99 B Jalapa, Wininmes sss uee eee ee 99 A“ Montia fontana, inn: 2222 $222 ae 51 MORE A0r MORAGCH AS Ese uote eee et 102 IMORINGE aifscereers ia nee lea am ania ee a 50 MONOCOTYLEDONSS sees eee eae 110 AY Morindasroiog ybinm)2 ee wees eee 82 C. Moringa pterygosperma, Gaert........-. 50 €. Morus macrophylla, Hort ............... 103 C. multicanlis;!Perrotessss essen ee 103 C. pel] sy fi Fel Dane aie ees seg Sesh ee AG 103 DI OFS V NCO Oy. DY Sell es tan ieee te Ia Ne 111 C. Musa Cavendishii, Paxton .............-. 111 C. paradisiaca, inn 2.222222 2268 111 C. saplentum; Winn sessesse eee 111 Cc. TOSACCA MI ACG aman sae ee ee eet 111 C. Murraya exotica, Linn.-............-... 58 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. _ Page. A. Myginda Rhacoma, Sw.......------.-.. 59 IMDY RICE Aa yeisnisele sesso ea sieles ee ae eee 104 A. Myrica cerifera, Linn ---.-22.2 022. ce-ce 104 punctata, DC.) syn !2s-222ecs42- 104 C. Myrospermum perniferum, DC ..-.-..-. 68 MUYIRSIN AG aici 2s SES ae tere rere 87 IMYVRTACH Atl s\jco scien a ctheee aoe eee ee 74 INATADE 25) 200005 202) 8 see ei ca ti 113 A. Nama Jamaicensis, Linn-------.-2--.2-- 89 C. Narcissus Jonquilla, Linn .--..--...-.-. 117 C. Nasturtium officinale, R. Br.--.-.-...-.- 48 C. Nemophila insignis, Benth......-....... 89 AS Nepeta Catania inn) = 3c ee see eee 98 @. Nepheium | Litchi;G) Don) 223222 sseeeee 62 A. Nephrolepis exaltata, Schott...---...... 124 A. Nephrodium amplum, Baker..-.....-.--- 124 A. patens Desveasaeresemeaee 124 UX tetragonum, Hook...--..... 124 A. villosum, Prest...... cc... 124 C: Nerine pulchella, Herb! 2222 eseeeeeeee- 118 C= Neruwm- Oleander, Linn! 22322 eeeeeeeeee 88 B. Nicandra physaloides, Gaert.-.....----- 94 C. Nicotiana glauca, Grah 22322222 252-222 22 92 C. tabacum; Dinnes2seeseeee eee 92 NYCTAGINGAS 202522) 220-252 Sa era 99 INYMPHEACE 25). -\-).c Su emenie ee eens 47 C. Nympha cerulea, Savign.....-.2----...- 47 c: dentata, Sch. & Thonn... ...... 47 A. Obione cristata, Moquin, syn .--.....--. 101 A. Ginothera biennis; Linn -252352 5225-28: 76 A. humifusa, Nuttss.ceeeseese ee 76 A. longiflora(?), Jacq ....-...--. 76 A. Tosen, Autijso sees eee eases 76 A. Sinaia) inne eee 76 C. Ocimum basilicum, Linn....----........ 98 ©: Olea Huropzea, Linn) 2o52225-- eee 88 OLBACE 2 ysa = Soe ere nite sala pie ase tees 88 ONAGRARIB ZS jose sa eee eee eee 76 C. Oncidium Papilio, Lindl ...--........... 112 C. Opuntia coccinellifera, Mill -..........-. 78 C. dejecta, Salmo 222 eee 78 G Micusindicay Mill eee 78 C. Jlavicans, Lemair......---....-. 78 C. ANCEGTULOUUA sa sinie ee eee eee 78 @ longifolia aa eee ee eee 78 C: megacantha, Salm ...-----..--.- 78 Pes Corvi, Lecompte ...-.-..-.. 78 C. tomentosa, Salm’ 2222242 2a eee 78 (Oh; Bona Mallee eee eee Pes 78 C. SVU ard Sein eee reper etenete 78 ORCHIDE25 7 8)225 2 33 ee eee eee 114 C. Oreodoxa oleracea, Mart.--..--......... 113 C. Ornithogallum latifolium, Linn --......- 117 A. Osmunda cinnamomea, Linn ....-....... 125 A. regalis hin ca sme eaeeeetaes 124 OXALIDEX. B. Oxalis corniculata var. strieta, Linn -... 54 B. coTund, Thunb oes esses eee eet 54 B. microphylla, St. Hal esses 54 B. wiolacea, ain tose eases eee 54 1G DSRS Om Roam OO OSA DE ccBcHEeocacac 113 C. Pancratium oyatum, Mill --...2.2-...2.- 118 IPANDANE 25)0 222/22 252 Da eee 114 C. Pandanus odoratissimus, Linn .........-. 114 C. Mts BOLSs sees eee eee 114 INDEX OF BOTANICAL NAMES. C. Pandanus Veitchii,Lem.........---.----. 114 A. Panicum brevifolium, Kunth............ 121 A. COMMUTE MEIN Ae sleeneitncae ans 121 A. linearey Burmese sees soe = 121 Cc. MAKIMUM SAC |)= ve C. Psidium cattleianum, Sabin............. 75 Ge COrdatumM ss Sims ease eeeceeeeee 15> C. CUA NAC eas a enieeiaeele ae 15 pomiferum, Linn., syn..-..----- 15 pyriforme, Linn., syn .......... 75 A. Psilotum triquetrum, Sw.-.--------..... 125 C. Psoralea glandulosa, Linn..-..---.--.---- 66 C. Psychotria undata, Jacq ...-.-..-.-..--- 82 AS Pteris aquilina, Ginn sent cossianemecicicey oho A. heterophylla, ainn® jc alyia COCCINes sin liere ree seee eee cee 98 occidentalis, Sw., syn-.--...-.--- 98 B. Serotinayiinne eee eee 68 Cc. splendens) Keree sso senses. eee 98 ©. Sambucus nigra, Linn ----.............. 81 C. Sanseviera Guineensis, Willd............ 118 SAPIND/A GE: Atis 22s cH eGe ee erent aera here 61 C. Sapindus longifolius, Vahl ...........-. 62 C. saponaria, Linn..-............ 62 SAPOTE Aaa iis aae ka catenin e eee ate oe 87 - Sapota Achrasy Mill’: ee. ore. eo oe 87 SARRACENINC Aiiye tee sa oae eee ne ae eee 47 C. Sarraecnia purpurea, Linn.......-...... DAKUHRAG BE Ae coc nelancisceasce cle A. Scevolsa Plumieri, Linn .... -.......... Be SCS MMOLE MU ALIN a eee el ee OF BOTANICAL NAMES Page. Scirpas lacustris, Linn., syn .--------.-- 119 A. melanocarpus, GT...--...-+...-. 119 A. plantagineus, Retz_.....-.------ 119 A. yalidus, Vahl 222225) sseser eee 119 A. Sclerachloa rigida, Gr.-.--.-.----.------ 121 SCROPHULARINUZ {— 2-252 eee eee 94 B. Scutellaria purpurascens, Swartz..-...- 98 @ Sedum) acre; Winn (22 a9u--e eee eee 74 C: selaginellajurcata= oo. eee ee eee 125 IG Grifithsii, Spreng --.--.-..--- 125 C. hematodes, Kunze.-....---. 125 C. inequifolium, H. & G..-.--- 125 C. Martensii, Spreng.-.-.-..----.- 125 C. DILLCULOSO > an ae eee eee 125 C. Wathichit, He & Geese eee 125 A. Senebiera pinnatifida, DC....--..---.... 48 C. Senecio mikanoides, Otto ..-...-...-..-. 85 B. Vulgaris; Winn): ---2--Sscseaeese= 85 Sequoia gigantea, Torr...-------------=-- 109 A. Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linn.-.-..--. 51 C., Setaria glance, Beauv, --2--22--5-seeeeee 121 A. Sicyos angulata, Linn. ..-.--.---.--2--<. 7 A. Sida carpinifolia, Linn.............-.... 52 Be Sideritis'romana, Linn) -) >see 98 B. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop...-..--..--- 48 Sisyrinchium anceps, Lam., syn-..--..-.-- 113 alatum, Hook., syn......-. 113 A. Bermudiana, Linn ...-..-- 112 SOI OW Vitlemenensansbosbnenacldsc 6 Ones 118 C. Smilax sagittefolia, Bot. Maj ....-...... 118 C. Smyrnium olusatrum, Linn ........-..-. 79 SOUANES 2225522025. peeae sree Bo CERSacene 9% B. Solanum aculeatissimum, Jacq------.--- 93 C. Lycopersicum, Linn -.-..--...-. 93 A. nigrum, Win 2s. ss\sess=e ee 93 Ae nodiflorum, Jacq..--. ssccceees: 93 C. ovigerum; Dunes. o-se=s-eeesee 93 A. torvum) SW, -s: sss-- eee eas 93 | C. tuberosum, Linn ......--.---..-. 93 B. Solidago Mexicana, H. B...-.-.---...----- 84 L. sempervirens, Linn .-....-...... 84 B. virgata, Miehx:---sse--seeeeeee 84 IB: Sonchus asper, Ville 222 sae eee 83 B. Oleraceus) Winn 2225 -eee eee eee 83 C. Sophora Chinensis, Todd .......-.------- 68 B. tomentosa, Linn--22----eeeeee 68 | C. Sorghum saccharatum, Moench... .-... 121 | A. Sphagnum palustre ......-...-2-----s--. 126 C. Spartium junceum, Linn ............... 63 | A. Spermacoce tenuior, Linn.-.......-..... 82 C. prunifolia, Lieb ............ 72 C. salicifolia, Linn -.-.-.....-. 72 Spiranthes apiculata, Lindl, syn¥.-..-.. 112 A. brevilabris, Lindl ---.-...... 112 tortilis, Rich, syn .-.-..-.... 112 A. Sponia Lamarckiana, Don......-..-..... 104 A. Sporobulus elongatas, R. Br., syn.--...- 120 A. indicus Ra Biases eseeeeee ee 120 A. pungens, Kth ......-.-...... 120 purgans, 58yNl .----..---.-.-.- 120 peat. Virginicus, Kth............. 120 PAS Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis, Vahl.....- 96 C. Stapelia maculosa, Jacq.-.--....-------- 89 A. Statice Caroliniana ? Walt..-...........- 86 iB. Stellarva media, Viale eee 51 a eaaekoaa Haaeaogeaaa . Sterculia Carthaginensis, Cav . Steriphoma ellipticwm, ~pr . Strelitzia Regine, Ait . Strobilanthes longicaud 1tus . Suriana maritima, Linn QPaOWaAa Abpbpre . Tamarindus indica, Linn . Tamarix gallica, Linn . Taraxicum Dens-leonis, Desf.-....-.-.--. . Thymus vulgaris, Linn . Tradescantia discolor, Herit bb a2aQnanappaya INDEX OF BOTANICAL Stellaria nemorum, Linn Stenactis anneca, var. Cass . Stenataphrum Americanum, Schrk...-.- glabrum, Trin . Stephanotis floribunda, Pet...----------- STERCULIACEZ... |... Swietinia mahogoni, Linn SYNANTHERLE Tacsonia mollissima, H. B Van Voxemii, Funk.........-.. Tecoma capensis, G. Don.-...--.-....---- pentaphylla, Juss Tadicans, Juss stans, Juss PEE REBINERUA CH os iteclss s/s cs ss cleee sic Tetragoniacie, Linn Tetragonia expansa, Ait......-.....---- . Thespesia populnea, Correa........-.--- Thevetia neriifolia, Juss ..........------ Thrinax Barbadensis, Todd ...-...- elegans, Hort, Lind . Thuja gigantea. Nutt.......-...-.---.--- plicata, Lam pyramidalis, Tenor....-..-------- Thunbergia, Hook SIP A CW Asmar eerals mics ocldaiec css om cmalcie'e SP -LInantiay spriicey. Gert. ----.---.-5--= Mornilismodosa,.©:'B. Clarke:2:- 2.52 5..-<- » Lorreya californica, Torr.-.--.---------- . Tournefortia gnaphalodes, R. Br-.-...-- Janurifolia,Vient=cess este. erecta, Jacq. syn Trifolium pratense, Linn.....-.......--. repens, Linn . Triphasia trifoliata, DC......-.-.--.----- . Triticum vulgare, Linn Triumfetta altheoides, Lam. syn. -.--.--. Lappulaeeinnee saseeiestc sae semitriloba, Linn NAMES. 141 Page. TY PHACE Ren cee eae cmecrae ca ciere ences 115 A. Typhaangustifolia, Liun ....--..--.---. 115 Domingensis, Pers....--...--.--- 1Of.% 053) OOP Oru Yop eS Ao ee A ian 79 C. Ulex evropeeus, Linn... ... cc cccesceccace 63 URTICACE Bette el Ee ee tenses ese aeons. 102 Ba Urticadioicasbinn\e-ereecceeeeeeeee eee 102 B. purpurascens, Mitt ........-..--- 102 B. UTCNS HVAT Lee ee tenes rats 102 B. Vaillantia hispida, Linn....... -. .-.--. 82 B. Muralis inne. ssess see ee 82 AVE TERR MAINE Atay fepeeie aie) vetaieetoe ieee mete 82 C. Vanilla planifolia, Audr .......--.----- 112 B. Verbascum Thapsus, Linn .-.-....------- 95 IERBENA GE e eevee a aerate aon 96 CaiVierbenaimultifida, RP i aes eee eee ee 96 B. Veronica agrestis, Linn ..........-..---. 94 B. AL ENSIS seINN esas aceite 94 B. peregrina, Vinn-~ 2.2.22... 52. 94 Ce Viburnimibinus winner see esse see 80 Ce Viciaisativa inns estes ciecieele cir 65 B. Vigna luteola, Benth .-----. 2-25-22. <. 65 C. Vinca rosea, Linn., var. alba..---......-- 88 C. TOSEA WINN ss sa aisiscets se esa oases 88 NYA (0) WIN) OY. pci aes es een ese es ee 50 C2NiolaodorataeLinMisee session teers eee 50 C. tricolorslinnitestsesesssseeeeeeees 50 VITACE#. See AMPELIDEZ. ......----- 60 Cp Watisiviniferawiinnlsssen s-cossiee ene cee 60 C. Volkameria aculeata, Linn ........-..... 97 A. Waltheria americana, Linn.....-......-. 5A CAiWastariayrutescena DC retaemcelleieee ce 64 A. Woodwardia Virginica, Willd.........-- 123 B. Xanthium echinatum, Murr ..........-. 86 Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis -....--.... 56 Youngia lyrata, Cass., syn....-.-..--.--- 83 Yucca alotfolia, Linn., syn .--.-...-..--- 116 C. wiulomentosa Minn a-esee soe sce 116 A. SerrulatasHawescoweteesceciessee= 116 C. Whipple, Lorrey.---\.----+--+0- 116 A. Xanthoxylum aromaticum, Willd ....... 56 CieZeamaysehinne serene eee eee eee cece 122 C. Zephyranthes Atamasco, Herbach.....-.-- 118 C. TOSeA sind ees eee sete 118 CUZ nideleqgang WaCQaeesacceccsaes leneceis 85 C. Zingiber officinale, Rose ....-......---.--- 111 ZINZIBERACE Eas cece eceseccecsneucces 111 AS ZOStera Marina; Manne = scuwiccas sewicisckicree 113 AXGOPHYLIE MEP ese ce soececenecine oes 55 shhh Ran BISA Uist maser A EY Gs a THE MAMMALS OF BHRMUDA. BY J. MATTHEW JONES, F.R.S.C., Or FERN LopGr, WATERVILLE, Nova ScoTIA. 143 Lae ayy | THE MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. Paucity of species, as regards mammalian life on oceanic islands, is a fact well known to all observers; nor can the circumstance create any ; degree of surprise when we become cognizant of the complete isolation of such positions from any continent, their small area, and recent origin. The Bermudas present no exception to this general rule, and there- fore the present meagre list will not excite astonishment, especially when their peculiar formation and density of population are taken into account. Order CHEIROPTERA. Family VESPERTILIONID. SCOTOPHILUS NOCTIVAGANS, Lec. ‘6 Silver-haired Bat.” Only one specimen of this Bat is known to have occurred in the Ber- mudas. It was taken alive near Hamilton on the 8th of October, 1850. Its geographical range on the North American continent extends, according to Allen,* from the Atlantic coast to the Rocky Mountains, and as far north as the Hudson’s Bay Territory. LASIURUS CINEREUS, Allen. “Hoary Bat.” According to the observations of my friend, Mr. J. L. Hurdis, of Southampton, England, who passed fourteen years upon the islands in an official capacity, and during that lengthy period was a close observer of the habits of all animals which came under his notice, only two species of Bat are known to visit the Bermudas, and that usually in the autumn and early months of winter. The present species is observed occasionally at dusk during the autumn months hawking about accord- *Monograph of the Bats of North America. By H. Allen, M. D., asst. surg. U.S. A. p. 41. Bull. Nat. Mus. No. 25———10 145 146 “MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. ing to its nature in search of insects; but as it is never seen except at that particular season it is clear that it is not a resident, but merely blown across the ocean by those violent northwest gales which also usually bring numbers of birds from the American continent. The geographical range of this species appears to extend all over the continent of America north of Mexico, extending as far north as Red River Settlement in British North America. Order CETACEA. There are two species of Whales now frequenting the sea surrounding the Bermudas, in spring and early summer, and they are doubtless the same which visited the group in the earliest times of which we possess arecord. Jourdan* has the first account of Whales being observed there in 1610. “There are also great plentie whales which I conceive are very easie to be killed for they come so usually and ordinarilie to the shore that wee heard them oftentimes in the night abed and have seen many of them neare the shoare in the day time.” In Smith’s “History of Virginia” (1616), we also find mention of Whales at the Bermudas during the months of January, February, and March. Again, in the ‘‘Constitucons and Instructions to Mr. Daniel Tucker now chosen Deputie Gounor for the Somer Islands given by the Goue- nor and Companie of the Cittye of London for the said Plantacon” (1616), allusion is made to them. “As touchinge the whale fishinge we would have you observe that we have sent John Headland our chief harpeneere, Henry Hughes his mate, and others of his ginge (gang) to whose assistance we ioyne Mr. Wilmott as skillful in that buisness, with such others to help as you shall appointe thereto. And that you omitt noe tyme at yor first com- minge thither to sett upon that worke, consideringe that the whale fishinge will be soe neare spent before you shall come thither.” It is therefore evident from the foregoing statements that one or more species of these marine mammals regularly visited the islands every spring, and we shall now endeavor to identify those species from the descriptions given by early writers, which are fortunately sufficiently expressive to permit of such determination. * A Plain description of the Barmodas, now called Sommer Ilands, with the manner of their discouerie anno 1609. By Sylvanus Jourdan. London, 1613. MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 147 Family BALAANIDA. EUBALZNA CISARCTICA, and others. Common Whale. Right Whale. Cape Whale. Hump-back, de. The Right Whale is the only species which may be called a regular migrant to the shores of the Bermudas, and its occurrence there opens up a very interesting source of inquiry as to whether the individuals annually visiting the islands really come from the north and return thither, or merely pass their existence in mid-Atlantic, and resort for some reason to the group with their young during the months of Feb- ruary, March, April, May, and June. Now, first as to the identification of this species with that so often mentioned by early writers. In the Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society of London) for 1668 appears a communication from Richard Norwood, who was the first person to survey the islands and divide them into shares. It is dated— ‘‘ BERMUDA, June 18, 1667. “The killing of whales, it hath been formerly attempted in vain, but within these two or three years, in the spring time and fair weather, they take sometimes one, two, or three in a day. They are less, I hear, than those in Greenland, but more quick and lively; so that if they be struck in deep water they presently make into the deep with such vio- lence that the boat is in danger of being haled down after them if they cut not the rope in time. Therefore they usually strike them in shoal water. They have very good boats for that purpose, manned with six oars, such as they can row forwards or backwards as occasion requir- eth. They row up gently to the whale, and so he will scarcely shun them, and when the harpineer, standing ready fitted, sees his oppor- tunity, he strikes his harping-iron into the whale about or before the fins rather than towards the tayle. Now, the harping-irons are like those which are usual in England in striking porpoises, but singular good metal, that will not break, but wind, as they say, about a man’s hand. To the harping-iron is made fast a strong lythe rope, and into the socket of that iron is put a staff, which, when the whale is struck, comes out of the socket, and so when the whale is something quiet they hale up to him by the rope, and, it may be, strike into him another harping-iron, or lance him with lances in staves till they have killed 148 “MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. him. This I write by relation, for I have not seen any killed my- self.” The fact of their capturing the whale in shoal water proclaims it to belong to this species, for the sperm whale, which is the only other cetacean known to visit the Bermudas, is never known to come near shore. Another communication to the same society from one Richard Staf- ford, dated at Bermuda, July 16, 1685, also proclaims the identity of this species : ‘“We have hereabouts very many sorts of fishes. There is amongst them great store of whales, which in March, April, and May, use our coast. I have myself killed many of them. Their females have abun-- dance of milk, which the young ones suck out of the teats that grow by their navel. They have no teeth, but feed on moss growing on the rocks at the bottom during these three months, and at no other season of the year. When itis consumed and gone, the whales go away also. These we kill for their oil.” The Right Whale fishing around the Bermudas appears to have been prosecuted by the islanders with more or less success from these early times until the present, when, owing probably to the more profitable and pleasant pursuit of agriculture, which combines at the same time a security of person quite foreign to that of the whale fisher, as the numerous accidents on record prove, it is not followed with the same ardor which characterized the efforts of the early settlers. Neverthe- less we find that almost every year some of these whales are taken; and one season they were so numerous that no less than twenty were taken off the east end of the islands. Cub whales are more commonly taken than adults. These are of all sizes, as announcements in the island papers such as the following, prove: ; ‘A fine whale of the hump-back species, a maiden cub of last year, was captured on Friday morning last (April 22, 1866), by the boats be- longing to Mr. Masters’ establishment at Port Royal. It was 33 feet long, exceedingly fat, and it is supposed will produce 40 barrels of oil. It was first harpooned, and then shot at three several times with bomb- lances, and though hit each time the third bomb only exploded and caused the almost instant death of the leviathan. This is the first whale that has been captured here for some years.” Again: ‘A cub whale about 22 feet long was captured by the boats of Port Royal cn Wednesday last (April 26, 1871). The old whale followed the young one and struck the boat with its tail. It was harpooned but broke the MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 149 warp; it bled freely. It came to the shore the next day, but was not captured. The cub will yield about 54 barrels of oil.” The adult whales, when struck near shore, often lead their captors a long chase—sometimes as much as 7 or 8 miles out to sea—and even then the warp has to be cut to save the boat. But when taken they amply recompense their lucky captors for their trouble, yielding in some cases from 60 to 70 barrels of oil, When these large whales are towed to shore the vast quantity of blood escaping from their wounds attracts numbers of sharks, some of very large size, which mutilate the body and devour much of the meat. This well-known habit of the sharks is sometimes turned to profitable account by the colored boat- men, who take what is left of the body of a whale, after the process of “flinching” has been gone through, outside the reefs, and let it remain as a bait. Several boats will join in one of these expeditions, having experienced spearsmen on board, who, at every opportunity, spear a large shark which, in its turn, is converted into oil which is of particu- lar commercial value. There are some curious habits indulged in by this species of whale, known to the islanders, but perhaps none can be accounted so singular and remarkable as that of the animal leaping completely out of water ‘to the height of several feet. A naval officer has placed on record an instance of this extraordinary circumstance as follows: ‘‘ While we were lying on our oars, in a cutter belonging to the Leander, frigate, in Mur- ray’s Anchorage, off Saint George’s Island, during the winter of 1802-3, we beheld one of the most extraordinary sights in the world. A whale which had by some means got inside the reef, and was endeavoring to extricate itself from its uncomfortable position, and perhaps provoked at not being able to disentangle itself from the sharp coral reefs, or for some other reason, suddenly made a spring out of the sea. So complete was this enormous leap, that for an instant he was seen fairly up in the air, in a horizontal position, at a distance from the surface, not much short I should think of half his own breadth. His back, therefore, must have been at least twenty feet in perpendicular height over our heads. While in its progress upwards, there really appeared in its spring some touch of the vivacity which belongs to a trout or salmon Shooting out of the water. The whale, however, fell back again on the sea, with all the clumsiness imaginable, like a huge log thrown on its broadside; and with such a thundering crash as made all hands stare in astonishment. Total demolition, indeed, must have been the fate of 150 MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. our party had the whale taken his leap one minute sooner, for he would then have fallen plump on the boat. The waves caused by the splash of the monster spread over half the anchorage, nor, if the Leander her- self had blown up, could the effect have extended much further.” Scoresby, in his interesting work on the Arctic Whale Fishery, corrob- orates this curious habit, so that there can be no doubt of its being an indisputable fact. This whale appears to have been the victim of assault from the Sword- fish (Xiphias gladius) and Thresher (Alopias vulpes) in days of yore, as as we glean from the pages of. an old writer on the Bermudas.* ‘“T forbeare to speake what a sorte of whales wee have seene hard aboaed the shoare followed sometime by the Sword Fish and the Thresher, the sport whereof was not unpleasant. The sword-fish, with his sharpe _and needle finne pricking him into the belly when he would sinke and fall into the sea; and when hee startled vpward from his wounds, the Thresher with his large Fins (like Flayles) beating him aboue water. The example whereof giues vs (saith Ouiedus) to vnderstand, that in the selfe same perile and danger doe men liue in this mortall life, where- in is no certaine security neither in high estate nor low.” And this account is borne out by a further statement to the same effect, made by another eye-witness about the same date. ‘« Whales there are in great store at that time of the yeare when they come in, which time of their comming is in Februarie and tarry till June. Likewise there commeth in two other fishes with them, but such as the whale had rather bee without there companie; one is éalled a Sword-fish, the other a Threasher; the sword-fish swimmes vnder the whale and pricketh him vpward; the Threasher keepeth aboue him, and with a mightye great thing like vnto a flayle hee so bangeth the whale, # that he will roare as though it thundered, and doth giue him such blowes - with his weapon that you would thinke it to be a cracke of great shot.” The Right Whale will sometime become playful with its young, toss- ing it out of water time after time, and it is a somewhat curious fact that they are more prone to indulge in this pastime during bright moon- light nights, coming close in near the edge of the reefs on the south side of the island and exhibiting their exploits within full view of per- sons on shore. *“Purchas His Pilgrimes,” vol. iv, London, 1625, The ninth book, chap. vi: “A true repertory of the wracke, and redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, Knight; vpon, and from the Islands of the Bermudas: his comming to Virginia, and the estate of that Colonie then. and after, vnder the gouerument of the Lord LA WakRE, July 15, 1610. Written by WILLIAM Stracuy, Esquire.” MAMMALS OF BERMUDA. 151 Some of the larger whales when captured are found to be infested externally by parasites, among others the well-known cirripede (Balanus), which, from the large size some of the specimens attain, must have been im situ for a considerable period. The flesh of this whale, especially that of the cub, is often sold for food, and is considered a treat by the families of the fishermen and labor- ers, who cannot afford to pay the exorbitant prices demanded by the vendors of butchers’ meat and poultry. We cannot, however, coincide with the statements of those who declare it impossible to tell a whale- steak from a beef one, when properly cooked, for the oily nature of the substance cannot wholly be obliterated under any circumstances, and never fails to afford the palate of the most ordinary taster a clew to its origin. The migrations of this whale,* as far as the North Atlantic is con- cerned, are by no means clearly ascertained, as evinced by the state- ment made by M. F. Maury, who affirms that “the Right Whale does not cross the equator or reach so low a latitude as Bermuda in the West Atlantic, although it does so on the side of Madeira.”