Historic, archived document Do not.assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. = ay =~ Ke . rsa we \ _ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE a ha MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 225 J gaesie i we lesbed hily Ws Washington, D. C. Revised June 1949 | _ CONVERTING FACTORS | | AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY ped OF pl JOR aRIMENT OF AGRIC ah Oy, fi LIBRARY Ter | : 1 pe |e i | \ . | a | Sol haere cme 7 : Sosy i | eae ILE om oe NS atm Coa ty a ee BR Tt iain ee So RA ee ee CS Se ae —. aa eS eS. Pg RSS aS a | For sale by the Superintendent of Ddelinents: U. S. Government Printing Office buh ah (20 ’ Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATION NO. 225 Issued July 1935 Washington, D. C. Revised June 1949 CONVERTING FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY’ By E. N. Muwnns, THERESA G. HoERNER, and V. A. CLEMENTS, Forest Service CONTENTS Page | Tables—Continued ‘Page Tat rOGuChiOone Memes ow ees rR Cri ae 1 28. Scribner decimal C log rule_____--_____- 17 Tables: 29. Solid cubic contents of logs__---_____-__- 18 Wibloncg hte be) wie es ls SS 2] 30. Comparison of log rules__-_-----.-----_- 19 3 31. Ratios for customary map scales--____-_- 20 2. Area OF Surfaces 2524) (es 22-2 lees e ‘ ; ; : 32. Vertical aerial photo scale relations__-____ 20 3. Volume and capacity ___-----_------_-_-- 3 ‘ s ahi Mawicichtet ee he oS Po 4 33. Number of seeds per unit weight: = =2<_* 21 5. Velocity 4 34, Number of seeds per unit area_________- 21 pe teanieh rae wet (OAT ae EAT 5 oF Pp ibchatee secu d [eeb enous ee i ae 2 Wace rr sen re, OR eg ei et a . Runoff gallons—second-feet_________-__- ee ee S| $f. Runoff acre gallong ooo 2 : / Se ON SOO OR AOE 8. Runoff gallons—acre-feet_______________- 22 9. Weight as applied to volume---------_-- 6] 39. Discharge second-feet—runoff acre-feet. 23 10. Volume of units of weight of water_____- 6 40. Discharge second-feet—runoff inches___- 23 11. Weight of units of volume of water______ 7 41. Inches depth to cubic measure---_-_-____-_- 23 12. Rainfall per unit area_____--._..-_--___- 7 42. Random numbers_.-_-._-_-_-------_---- 24 13. Reservoir capacity-_-------------------- 7 | Text figures: 14. Discharge or flow of water__-____-_------ 8 Temperature, figure 1__________---_--_-__-- 28 15. Forest products in board feet______-____ 8 Wenethyhicures 2-3. Uk ew ee a eee 29-30 16. Equivalents of forest products --_--___---- 8 Area, feUTES.4—= serene Naa ie ee 31-34 17. Area of squares ___--- ce Rep eS ee we ae 9 Volume, figures 8-10____________________-__- 35-37 18. Basal area of small circles_____----__---- 10 Wieichthoureni es eee ee ge es 38 oA sores oe large Cleclesmeree ser ee Se ar se fe Power, neute ae eee in oe a . Number of trees per acre_-__----------_- ‘ood volume, figure 13___.________________- ZimGradenpercentesossseee see ey 13 Wood volume and basal area, figures 14-15__ 41-42 22) Degree of slope! ses a ieee oe Be 13 Weight per unit area, figure 16_____________. 43 ar pester wing pea velocities___----_--- 13 Vojuine and wele nts fT OUT eLee see ee 44 . Relative humidity____..___.__-_--------- 14 ischarge or flow of water, figure 18______-_-. 45 25. Quarter girth units______...-___-----_--- 15| Values per unit area, figure 19______________. 46 26. Natural trigonometric functions_--___-_- 15 Coefficients of correlation, figure 20._______- 47 27. International log rule_-__-.-------------- 16] Equivalent rates of runoff, figure 21-_----_- 48 INTRODUCTION The increasing use of metric measurements in the natural sciences is causing considerable confusion and difficulty in interpreting data. This is particularly marked in forestry where not only are direct measurements involved, but these measurements are also applied to different units of area. Thus while the conversion of centimeters to inches is a relatively simple matter, the conversion of board feet per acre to cubic meters per hectare is fraught with difficulties which are further increased when monetary values are involved. The purpose of this handbook is to provide members of the Forest Service with conversion factors and forest measurements that are more or less fre- quently encountered in forestry literature. These are expressed in tabular form where it appears most advantageous to do so; in the 1 This revision corrects certain errors contained in previous issues. Z MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE other cases a series of alinement charts have been prepared which permit the direct determination of values in multiple form. There ~ are included also certain other tables giving data more or less com- monly used in forest calculations. In the tables the unit value on which the conversion is based is indicated as 1. Conversion units are not carried beyond six decimal places. When the final digit is not exact but represents a rounding to the nearest value, it is italicized. Figures in parentheses ( ) below the decimal figure are » approximate values for use in rough calculations where a high degree of accuracy isunnecessary. Figures in brackets [ ] below the decimal figure are exact values. | The tables are adapted for ready use. An example or two will best ~ ulustrate this. Given the average height of a stand as 42.67 meters, | to convert to feet: In table 1, column 9 is headed “Meters” ;on the same line with the figure 1 in this column will be found all the various conversion factors that are likely to be needed by the forester; the factor under “Feet” is 3.280833, by which the given height, 42.67 4 meters, is converted to 139.993 feet. Similarly, a cubic centimeter of a certain tree seed weighs 0.35 gram; how much will a bushel, avoirdupois, of this seed weigh? In table 9 the factor for pounds per bushel, found by locating first the figure 1 under ‘‘Grams per cubic centimeter” is 77.6893. This factor gives 27.19 pounds per bushel. In all the tables, United States units of weight are understood to be avoirdupois unless otherwise specified. TABLES TABLE 1.—Length; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Inches | Links’ | Feetsa\aVards. | Rods .| Chains? | Miles? |) coer leaniater es ee etl meters meters Seo }05 12626971 Os OS88sontnOs O02 Uicoalis 1 Os O05 050m cee | eee ere ae 2. 540005 0),02547|2 20 saan (4%) [Me] [46] (400) (214) (40) 7.92 i 0. 66 0. 22 0. 04 OROU | se eae 20. 11684 OF 201168, |= (%) [445] [Moo] (20) (4) AD) 2. 515152 31 | 0.333333 | 0.060606 | 0.015152 | 0.000189 } 30.48006 | 0.304807 | 0.000305 (1) [4] (46) [166] (30) (40) 36 | 4. 545455 3 31 | 0.181818 | 0.045455 | 0.000568 | 91.44018 | 0.914402 | 0.000914 (4%) (¥%) (442) (%o) 0539377 |\ °0204972- 12050328087 | 202010936) = | Se RS | Renee re aT OOM (%) (40) (Yo) (0) 39.37 | 4.97096 | 3.280833 | 1.09367 | 0.198838 | 0.04977 | 0.000621 100 1 0. 001 (40) (5) (%) (40) | (eo) Furlongs 198 25 16.5 5x5 1 0. 25 | 0. 003125 0. 025 5.02921 | 0.005029 [14] [%20] [Mo] (5) (1400) 792 100 66 22 4 1 0. 0125 0.1 20.1168 | 0.020117 ; [240] (20) (40) operates oF 5, 280 1, 760 320 80 1 8 | 1, 609. 347 1. 609347 1,600) (134) A ee 2 660 220 40 10 0. 125 1 201.168 | 0.201168 [¥] (¥%) ec ee ey 3, 280. 83 | 1, 093. 61 198.838 | 49.7096 | 0. 62137 4. 97096 1, 000 1 (200) (50) (54) (5) 1 Surveyor’s chain; the engineer’s chain=100 links of 1 foot each is not used. 21 nautical mile (termed ‘‘knot”’ as unit of velocity) =1.1516 statute miles=1.85325 km=1 minute of arc on the earth’s surface at the Equator. 3 British units: 1 yard=0.914399 m; 1 foot=30.47997 em; 1 inch=2.539998 cm; 1 hand=4 inches=10.16 cm; 1 span=9 inches=22.86 cm; 1 cubit=18 inches=45.72 cm. 41 millimeter=0.1 cm=0.02937 inch=0.00328 foot. FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 3 TaBLE 2.—Area or surface; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Square | Square Square Square | Square eres pauare Square Eicotares pouare inches links feet yards chains Taare meters meters fe ROSOU5 9425 OS O0694s tee a= | Ee ee ee 6. TG ONOOOG 4518 eee a | Pane ei ad (463) 6% 62. 7264 é 1 On4 3567 | Bee = 0.0001 | 0.00001 | 404.6873 | 0.040469 |___.______]_________- (63) (3%) (145) 144 | 2. 295684 1 | 0. mais 0. 00023 | 0. 000023 929. 034 | 0. Cum Ta 0 aie | a a % 11 1, 296 20. 6612 9 1 | 0.002066 | 0. 000207 SISO SD | PORSSOl3T see ae |p ee ae (20) (400) LG OG a ae eae ee QROOIO (Gia Aer ieciespess hr ESS oA ae LTE RR ONOOO IS |e Se et es (4) (Yo00) 1, 549. 997 24. 7104 10. 76387 1.19599 | 0.002471 | 0.000247 10, 000 1 OL (O\0}0) On| See (11) (1%) (1400) Square miles 10, 000 4, 356 484 24 0.1 | 0.000156 | 404.687 | 0.040469 | 0.000404 [40c] (45) (14500) 43, 560 4, 840 10 31 | 0.0015625 | 4,046. 87 | 0.404687 | 0.004047 [4640] | (4,000) (%) (1450) 27, 878, 400 |3, 097, 600 6, 400 640 1 |2, 589,998 | 258.9998 | 2. 589998 (260) (23%) 107, 638.7 | 11, 959.9 | 24.7104 | 2.471044 | 0. 003861 10, 000 1 0. 01 (12, 000) (25) (214) (1450) 10, 763, 867 |1, 195, 985 | 2,471. 04 247. 104 0. 386101 |1, 000, 000 100 | . 1 (250) (% 1] mm 2=0.01 em 2=0.00155 square inch. 21 square chain=16 square rods. 3 1] acre=area 208.710 (210) feet square=3.16 iis square. TaBLE 3.—Volume and capacity; unit conversion factors, with approximate values United States TSS Oe United States apothecaries’ and liquid Metric system volume ! United measure ? States dry =a measure ; [ 3 : : ) : Cubic Cubic eure ye quarts see Pints Quarts | Gallons centi- Liters 4 | meters + meters 3 (steres) 1 | 0.000579 | 0.014887 | 0.554113 | 0.034632 | 0.017316 | 0.004329 163872") OF O1G6387 yee (2) (140) (40) (16) (Yo) 1, 728 5 25. 714 957.5 | 59.8442 | 29.922/ 7.48052 28, 317 28.316 | 0.028317 (26) (60) (30) (742) (28) (14s) HES OAC Oe eae me an ee meee oe 1 OX06252)|)= 0203125" Paes ZOE DIST NOLO 295 (Guess (14) [Me] [2] 30) (44) PC et eewhes eaters 0. 429684 16 1 0.5 0. 125 Ai See GNs OBATBUG TE see 2 aes (30 (%) [42] [3] (475) (4) 57.75 | 0.033420 | 0. 859367 32 2 1 0.25 | 946.359 | 0.946333 | 0.000946 (58 ( (%) 14] (950) (1) 231 | 0.13368/ 3. 43747 128 8 4 6] 3785. 43 | 3.785332 0. 003785 (4%) (4,000) (4) (465) OROGTO23 Fates es 0.000908 | 0.033814 | 0.002113 | 0.001057 |____-______ 1 0. OOLO 0. OOOCG1L (“Ae (%o) (“oo0) (M000) 61.0250 | 0.035315 | 0.908102 | 33.8147 | 2.11342 | 1.05671 | 0.264178 | 1, 000. 027 i 0. 001 (61) (34) (2) (1) 4) (1,000) (000) Bushels 67. 200625 | 0. 889 1 0. 03125 Baten nip ogame 1. 163647 | 0. 290912 1,101. 23 |} 1.101198 0. 001 (67) (%s) [2] (14) (000) 2,150.42 | 1.24446 32 CON Deas Bee 37. 2367 | 9.309177 | 35, 239. 28 | 35. 23833 | 0.035239 (14) (37) (9) (35) G eo DOToIAD OUST OMSH| 2S) Sie asaee oe 1,056.68 | 264.170 | 1,000,000 | 999.973 (35) (910) (1,000) (265) (1,000) 11 cubic yard=27 cubic feet =21.696 bushels=0.764559 m 3 (stere). *1 gill=7.21875 cubic inches=4 fluid ounces=0.25 [4] liquid pint=0.125 [48] liquid quart=0.03125 [2] gallon=0.118292 liter. 3 1 cubic millimeter =0.001 cm ?=0.00006/ cubic inch. 4 a liter=volume pure water at 4° C. and 760 mm pressure weighing 1 kg =0.028378 bushel=0.001308 cubic yar 51 cubic foot= 0.80356 bushel=0.037037 cubic yard. 6 The British imperial gallon=10 pounds distilled water at 62° F. (and barometer at 30 inches) = 277.418 cubic inches=1.20094 U.S. gallons=0.16054 cubic foot = 4.545963 liters. 71 cubic centimeter=0.999973 milliliter (ml). erie British imperial bushel=8 British gallons=2219.340 cubic inches=1.032050 United States bushels= iters. § 1 m 3=1.308 cubic yards. 4 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 4.—Weight; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Avoirdupois weight 2 Troy and apothecaries’ weight Metric system Drams | Ounces | Pounds | Drams | Ounces | Pounds 1 | 0.03657 | 0.002286 | 0.000143 | 0.016667 | 0.002083 | 0.000174 64. 7989 | 0.064799 |__________ 7 [Y%oo0] [460] (%00) (65) (45) 27. 34875 1 0. 0625 | 0.003906 | 0.45573 | 0.056966 | 0.004747 |__________- LSA Om | eee ee [Hel] (4450) (4) (4410) 437.5 16 341 0. 0625 7. 292 OL9115 |/-0:.075955: [2.2 = DRE 49 55) | Ce eee meee (440) hed [Me] (Hs) (28) 7, 000 256 16 1 116. 667 14. 5833 L228) | eee 453. 592 0. 453592 (1412) (14%) (450) (34) , 60 | 2.194286 | 0.137143 | 0.008571 1 Opt25 OS 0104073] eee Betas yl ays | baie ee tee i (2) (4) [4] [446] (4) 480 | 17.55429 | 1.09714 | 0.06857 8 fi) | LO3083833u | eee se se SUS MOR [Soe ee : (1) (Ys) [M2] (31) 5,760 | 210.657 | 18.1657 | 0. 822857 96 12 1k eee 373. 2418 | 0.373242 (13) (%) (375) (%) OF0154325|ROSO0056 1s |e ee | OROO02572 | eee es | eee 41 OF001| 222 a | (%s) 15. 43236 | 0. 564383 | 0.035274 | 0.002205 | 0. 257206 | 0.032157 | 0.002679 1, 000 1 0. 001 ) (15) (48) (40) Milliers, Eger See ee | ee tonnes, or Hundred- Short Long metric weight tons tons tons (ei) eee 100 0.05 O80458 |= se O°045359) | === eee 45. 35924 [+40] (140) (440) (45) 71) La ae aes | 2, 000 TGIOSS92862 |e eee O/90718A |=: ae 907. 1849 (Mo} (Mo) (900) 7H Age: al a es 2, 240 1.12 j bj eens 101606" |22 2222-2" 1, 016. 05 (Mo) (1) (1,000) D250 M a henrme sees 2, 204. 62 | 1. (sie) 0:984206"|=-- =:- 262 Ul eer ee 1, 000 lY%o 15, 482. 4 | 0.022046 | 35. 27396 | 2. 204622. | 0.001102 | 0.000984 | 2. 679228 0. OOL 1, 000 1 | (35) (2%) (234) 1 The grain is common to avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries’ systems. 2 British units inciude 1 hundredweight (long, or one-twentieth long ton)=4 quarters=8 stone=112 pounds=50.8 kg; 1 stone=14 pounds=6.35 kg. 3 1 ounce (avoirdupois) =0.001 cubic foot of water at 16.7° C., or 62.06° F. 41 metric carat=200 mg=3.08647/ grains. 6 1 tonne=10 quintals=100 myriagrams. TABLE 5.—Velocity; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Feet per Feet per | Miles per | Knots per | Meters per} Meters per | Kilometers minute second hour hour minute second per hour 1 0. 016667 0. 011364 0. 009868 0. 304801 0. 00508 0. 018288 [Yo] (oo) (Yoo) (340) (4400) (40) 60 1 0. 681818 0. 592086 18. 2880 0. 304801 1. 0973 (34) (%) (18) (340) (1. 1) 88 1. 46667 1 0. 868393 26. 8225 0. 447041 1. 60935 (1%) i (%) (27) (134) 101. 337 1. 68894 1.15155 1 30. 8875 0. 514791 1. 85325 (100) (174) (1) (31) (4) (1%) 3. 28083 0. 054681 0. 037282 9. 032376 1 0. 016667 0. 06 (34%) (40) (447) (4o) [460] (347) 196. 850 3. 28083 2. 236932 1. 94253 60 1 3.6 (200) (314) (214) (2) 54. 6806 0. 911343 0. 621370 0. 5389593 16. 6667 0. 2777 1 (55) (1) (98) (2) (17) (A) FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY +) TABLE 6.—Power; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Foot- Foot- Kilogram- : pounds pounds Watts | meters per F once Foe Kilowatt per minute | per second second 1 | 0.01667 0. 0226 OROO2Sik | Seats ee eras ee ho See ee [60] (45) 60 1 1. 35582 0. 188255 0. 00184 0.00182 |_-_---_- 8 (144) 44, 2537 0. 73756 1 1 0. 101972 0. 00136 0.00134 0. 001 (45) (34) (Mo) 433. 9799 7. 23300 9. 80665 1 0. 01333 0. 01315 0. 0098 (434) 10 32, 548. 5 542. 475 735. 499 75 24 0. Oe 0. en 4 33, 000 550 745.7 | , 76.04 | 1.01387 1 | 0.7457 (750) (1) (34) 44, 253.7 737. 56 1, 000 101. 972 1. 3596 1. 341 1 (45, 000) (100) (14) (14%) 11 watt=10’ ergs per second=1 joule per second. 21 force de cheval=1 metric horsepower. TaBLE 7.—Weight as applied to length; unit conversion factors, with approximaie values Grains per | Pounds per| Pounds per Pounds per| Grams per | Grams per| Kilograms inch yard foot inch meter centimeter| per meter 1 MOO DAS cers | Gees ore ak SS 2. 551133 OF02551))) a2 22ee oes (1400) (244) (40) 194. 444 1 0. 333 0. 027778 496. 054 4, 96054 0. 496054 (200) [44] 46] (500) (5) e) 583. 333 3 1 0. 08333 1488. 16 14, 8816 1. 48816 (600) [42] (1500) (15) (144) 7, 000 36 12 DT is Pal AS ek 178. 579 17. 8579 : (180) (18) 0. 391983 0. 002016 0. 000672 0. 000056 11 0. OL 0. 001 % [Yoo] [000] 39. 198 0. 201597 0. 067197 0. 005600 100 1 (40) y (4s) (400) 391. 9826 2.015911 0. 67197 0. 055998 1, 000 10 1 (400) (2) (24) 11 gram per meter=3.5480 pounds per mile=1 kilogram per kilometer. TaBLE 8.—Weight or pressure as applied to area;! unit conversion factors, with approximate values Feet of : Milli- Pounds per|Poundsper| water col- | Kilograms | Grams per | eters of | Atmos- square foot |squareinch} umn or Pe Se See etiane mercury pheres head 2 es noted column 3 1 0. 006944 0. 016018 4. 88241 OF488247 |e eee es ee 0. 000473 [M4] (0) (5) (4) 144 41 2. 306645 703. 067 70. 3067 51. 7134 0. 068044 (70) (Ys) 62. 4283 0. 483530 54 304. 801 30. 4801 22. 4193 0. 029499 (2214) (145) 0. 204817 0. 001422 0. 003281 1 CO Ear [eta oe Eat 0. 0000968 (44) (0000) 2. 04817 0. 01422 0. 03281 10 Nir eee eee 0. 000968 (2) (Yo) 2. 784578 0. 019337 0. 044604 6 13. 59545 1. 359545 71 0. 001316 (234) (%o) (114) 2, 116. 28 14. 6964 33. 8993 10, 332. 54 1, 033. 254 760 81 (14/0) 1 Pressure unit=1 barye=1 dyne per square centimeter=0.0010197 gram per square centimeter =0.010197 kilogram per square meter=(approximately) 0.000001 atmosphere. 1 megadyne=10° dynes per square centimeter =0.98692 atmosphere. 2 At 4° C., or 39.2° F. 8 At 0° C., or 32° F. 1 inch of mercury column=70.728 pounds per square foot =1.132954 feet of water= 345.325 kilograms per square meter =25.40005 millimeters of mercury =0.033421 atmosphere. 41 pound per square inch=0.072 ton per square foot. 51 foot of water =0.882648 inch of mercury =0.30480/ meter of water. 6 The specific gravity of mercury at 0° C. 71 millimeter of mercury =0.03937 inch of mercury =0.013595 meter of water. § 1 atmosphere = 29.9212 inches of mercury =10.332542 meters of water. 6 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 9.—Weight as applied to volume; unit conversion factors, with approximate values Grains per |Pounds per|Pounds per) Pounds per|Pounds per 5 : eee : F per cubic | cubic cent- cubic inch | cubie yard bushel cubic foot gallon eter imoter Ais | ee Ae 0. 307203 0. 246857 0. 0330 3. 95425 0. 003954 (4) (40) (4) (450) 1 EM ee pases vines a O2038 703725 | 22 0. 593273 0. 000593 [147] 36) B Mpa yay Ropes be oe eee LE 1 0. 803564 0. 107421 12. 8718 0. 012872 (314) (4) (Yo) (13) 4. 05093 27 1. 24446 11 0. 133681 16. 0184 0. 016018 (4) (144) V4) (16) (%o) BORS030 an |e eee 9. 3092 7.48052 |- 21 119. 826 0. 119826 (30) (944) (744) (120) (48) | 1. 68556 0. 077689 0. 062428 0. 008345 0. 001 (134) (46) (20) | 252. 893 1, 685. 56 77. 6893 62. 4283 8. 34545 1, 000 31 | (250) (1, 700) (80) (6214) (8) Kilograms | Grams per 11 pound per cubic foot=1.60188 kilograms per hectoliter=0.0135 ton per cubic yard. 21 pound per gallon=0.1198 kilogram per liter. 3 1 gram per cubic centimeter=1 tonne (metric ton) per cubic meter=(approximately) 1 kilogram per liter. TaBLe 10.—Volume of various units of weight of water, with approximate values Volume of various units of weight in— z ubic ints uarts cis B cent! | inches | Giquid) | (liquid) | ‘ers | Gallons MOTRIN Sra At Lae edi Ve Ee ee 0%054799:,|-0: 008954.) = 242 Ses Ss | | ee | ee ee (Ys) (4250) il OUNCE 222 eee pees: EN 18 De eee te 28. 3495 1.72998 | 0.059913 | 0.029956 | 0. 028349 0. 007489 (134) (M6) (42) (46) Te pound 4a a aa ek ee eae 453.592 | 27.6797 | 0.958606 | 0. 479303 | 0.453580 | 0. 119826 (450) (1) (44) (4) (48) (VOTAI ee. Snes oe ee Mee eee 1 | ROL OGLO 23s |= 2aas =n ee [Ee | SRR ee | pe eee : (46 PK OGTAIN gr. ee et Ree, ere ee ~ 1,000 61. 0234 2. 11336 1. 05668 1] 0. 264170 (60) (2) () (4) ANSHOLtiitON cee Pee ee eee Seas | Se | gee | eee 907. 160 239. 652 ; (240) LEIMNOERIGHLON 22 = ee a Ss ea Sp | Ce eas |e oe ce | ee 1 1000 264. 170 Volume of various units of weight in— Unit of weight “pae . Cubic Cubic Cubic feet Bushels_ | Hectoliters yards anetors LU OUNCOM 2 oe2 ee a ee ee ee Hb A 0) 0 A ee oer er va MAPS Se [eerste oe || sce [me ee IS DOUNG ES 322 ssa oe ee Sie ne Wie oe 0. 016018 OVOL2878.)| 3s Peo 5 EE | ae eee eee : (40) (440 Te kal Og Tarn oe ase Sa ee ee ee es 0. 03531 0. 028377 10.01 0. 001308 0. 001 (48 (4s) TSHOLULONS: 22 2 tae se et oe ene eer eae ee 32.0367 25. 7436 9. 07160 1. 18655 0. 907185 : (32) (26) (9) ay (.9) ISINCELI CLONE = = sas ek oe oe ae De Meee 35. 3145 28. 3774 110 1. 30794 1 (35 (28) (144) | 1 Water has its greatest density at 4° C. and 760 millimeter pressure. weighs 0.999973 kilogram. This value was used in the conversion here presented. At this density, 1 liter of water For all practical forestry purposes, a liter of water can be considered as weighing 1 kilogram. Similarly, 0.001 cubic foot of water is considered as weighing 1 ounce. This density is attained at 16.7°C. 2 Metric ton=1.1023112 short tons. FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 7 TaBLE 11.—Wezght of various units of volume of water, with approximate values Weight of various units of volume in— Unit of volume Grains Ounces Pounds Grams Kilograms Mcubieicontimeter= 2 eres a eek 15. 4824 0. 035274 0. 002205 1 0. 001 (1542) (0) Iveubicincheee nhs eae ee 2 Be DL 252. 893 0. 578040 0. 036128 16. 3872 0. 016387 (250) (36) (40) (16) (%o) feninte (ig uid) pase =. hee Sa es ee es sae 16. 6909 ij oa ies eee 0. ees 1 Ys cart ACG 1G) Mesa © eee SE eed os 2 33. 3818 2EO8G36)| seer es = ne 0. 946359 , (33) (2) (1) Tis) DUST age Se TES BS SO TCC ALY 25 Sc pee Se gee ee] peer Shee 35. 2749 2. 20468 11,000 1 (35) (2%) Ure rae a ee ieee RS st ee ee te 133. 527 Sh345452 | pee 3. 78543 ae (185) OO ———— (4) Short tons Metric tons HACUIDI CHOOT Ss = eee ee ae a eS Se Pek 0. 031214 2 1,000 62. 4283 0. 028317 28. 3170 (42) (62) (45) (28) DUS] Sele es cee a Vo ON038845)) | eee sea 77. 6893 0. 035239 35. 2393 (41) (80) (4s) TEN ECTOMLER ser ee eee ee OBI 23/5 |e 220. 468 10.1 1100 (46) (220) EGET CRY ATG ey eetees eek ee Se Se ITE TN OF 842782" | kone Bes 1, 685. 56 0. 764559 764. 559 (%) (1, 700 leeubienmeter* oes: see test er BIL TOP R YEN See 2, 204. 62 1- 1, 000 (2200) 1 A liter is, by definition, a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume occupied by the mass of a kilogram of pure water atits maximum density (4°C.) and under a pressure of 760 mm. It is actually equivalent in volume to 1.000027 cubic decimeters. In forestry measurements, however, | liter is considered as weighing 1 kilogram and having a volume of 1 cubic decimeter. 2In forestry measurements, the weight of 1 cubic foot is taken as 1,000 ounces. The absolute value is 998.8538 ounces. 3 Approximately 1 long ton. TABLE 12.—Rainfall per unit area; equivalent measurements ; : In cubic In gal- | In cubic} In short ; In metric Unit of rainfall inches lons feet tons In liters tons ihimncheperjacrebase = ees ae see oe EES 6, 272, 640 27, 154 3, 630 113.3 | 102, 788. 0 102. 8 1 millimeter per hectare_-_------------- 610, 234 2, 642 353 11.0 110, 000 10 1 millimeter per acre------------------ 246, 954 1, 069 143 4.6 4, 076. 76 4.0 | 19,999.73. TaBLE 13.—Reservoir capacity, in equivalent measurements Cubic Cubic Cubic Acre-foot 1| Gallons foee yards Ta 1 | 325, 851 43, 560 1, 613. 33 1, 233. 49 1 The volume of a prism 1 foot high with a base of 1 acre. 8 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 14.—Discharge or flow of water; unit conversion factors, with approximate per minute second values Cubic feet Nero Cubic feet |Gallons per |per second | Gallons per | Acre-feet feat Miner’s (second- day per hour a inch 1 feet) er ay 1 0. 124675 0. 016667 10, 771. 95 0.001377 |0. 033058 | 0. 66667 (1) [160] (140) [24] 8. 02083 1 | 0.133681 86,400 | 0.011048 |0. 265152 | 5.34722 (8) (4) (440) (44) 60 7. 48052 1 646, 316. 88 0. 082645 | 1. 98347 40 (71) (44) (2) 726 90. 5143 12.1 | 7, 820, 434. 29 1 24 484 (90) (12) (500) 30. 25 3. 77143 0. 504167 325, 851. 43 0. 041667 1 | 20. 1667 (30) (334) (14) [144] (20) Ls 4 0. 187013 0. 025 16, 157. 92 0. 002066 |0. 049587 1 [114] (14) [140] 2. 11892 0. 264178 0. 035315 22, 824. 90 0. 002919 |0. 070047 |_________ (2) (4 (0) 2, 118. 87 264. 170 SONS 14a l= Se ae 229185082705 04525 |l aan se a (2000) (265) (35) (3) (70) Liters per second 0. 471938 (38) 3. 78533 (334) 28. 3163 (28) 342. 627 (350) 14. 2761 (14) 0. 707906 1 999. 973 (1000) Cubic meters per second 1 Approximate values only; the miner’s inch, used in many Western States to measure water flow, is the quantity of water that will pass through an orifice 1 square inch in cross-section under a given head, and varies from 1.36 to 1.73 cubic feet per minute. In California the legal standard is 1.5 cubic feet per minute, or the flow through an aperture 2 inches high in a 1.25-inch plank under a 6-inch head above the center of the stream. 2 See footnote 1, table 11. TaBLE 15.—Approximate quantities of forest products represented by 1,000 feet of timber board measure (1 M feet b. m.) Product Quantity Product Quantity Shin Pl6S 2 28 bas ees ee ee 110)000) |||. Right heading. sets= Nee ee 250 atHee 2 2 2 eas Se eee eae 58 0002|\|FhencespostSsi ats 2S ow a ee See 200 HOODS het ke ee ee a ne, 3,000 || Round timber (ratio, 6:1) cubic feet_-___- 166. 667 SlaGkistavesia se ee ee eee 3, 000 || Sawed material (ratio, 12:1) cubic feet___ 83. 333 Moh t:Sta vies o-< 5220. ta tin ee eee 1 O00% ||» Bolesn(telephone)=-=. 2s ee 16. 667 Slacksheading, sets! ==. == 2 es 500 TABLE 16.—Approximate ! equivalents of forest products Cubic Cubic feet | Board feet Cords meters (steres) 1 Most of these volumetric units are not capable of absolute conversion because of the character of the prod- uct and the manner of its utilization. 2'The board foot per cubic foot ratio varies greatly, depending upon usage. Theoretically, 1 cubic foot contains 12 board feet. For average values 6 should be used, though 10 is a convenient figure for approxima- tions. When the conversion applies to trees, ratios of 3 to 8 should be applied. 3'The number of cubic feet of wood per thousand board feet varies as between softwoods and hardwoods. In softwoods, conversion factors vary from 160 to 220 cubie feet (working average about 183), and in hard- woods, from 220 to 250 (working average 242). 4 Standard cord is 4 by 4 by 8 feet and contains 128 cubic feet gross volume (3.625m3). Because of methods of piling, character of material, etc., a cord contains from 75 to 115 cubic feet of solid wood. 90 cubic feet is taken as a rough conversion figure generally applicable. FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 9 TABLE 17.—Areas of squares, length of one side being given } Length of each side of square Area of square Feet: Meters Chains | Square feet Acres Hectares 0. 66 0. 201 0. 01 0. 4356 CO) (00 0,0) Wie (es aren eae 3. 28 1 . 050 10. 76 . 00025 0. 0001 6. 56 2 099 43. 06 . 00099 0004 6.6 2.012 1 43. 56 2.001 0004 9. 84 3 149 96. 87 . 00222 0009 10 3. 048 152 100 . 00230 0009 13.1 199 172. 22 . 00395 0016 13. 2 4. 023 2 174, 24 . 004 0016 15 4, 572 227 225 . 00517 0021 16. 4 249 269. 10 00618 0025 16. 5 5. 029 25 272. 25 00625 0025 19.7 298 387. 50 00890 0036 19.8 6. 085 3 392. 04 009 0036 20 6. 096 303 400 00918 0037 23.0 348 527. 43 01211 0049 25 7. 620 379 625 01435 0058 26. 2 398 688. 89 01581 0064 26. 4 8. 047 4 696. 96 016 0065 29. 5 447 871. 87 02002 0081 30 9. 144 455 900 02066 0084 32.8 0 497 1, 076. 39 02471 01 33 10. 058 5 1, 089 025 0101 35 10. 668 530 1, 225 02812 0114 39.6 12. 070 6 1, 568. 16 036 0146 40 12. 192 606 1, 600 03673 0149 45 13. 716 682 2, 025 04649 0188 46. 2 14, 082 7 2, 134. 44 049 0198 49.5 15. 088 75 2, 450. 25 05625 0228 50 15. 240 758 2, 500 05739 0232 52.8 16. 093 2, 787. 84 064 0259 55 16. 764 833 3, 025 06944 0281 59. 4 18. 105 9 3, 528. 36 081 0328 65 19. 812 985 4, 225 09699 0393 65.6 20 994 4, 305. 55 09884 04 66 20. 117 1 4, 356 sill 0405 70 21. 336 1. 061 4, 900 . 11249 0455 75 22. 860 1. 136 5, 625 . 12913 0523 80 24. 384 1, 212 6, 400 . 14692 0595 82.5 25. 146 1. 25 6, 806. 25 . 15625 0632 85 25. 908 1, 288 7, 225 . 16586 0671 90 27. 432 1. 364 8, 100 . 18595 0753 95 28. 956 1. 439 9, 025 . 20719 0838 98. 4 30 1. 491 9, 687. 48 . 22239 09 99 30. 175 1.5 9, 801 . 225 0911 100 30. 480 1.515 | 10,000 . 22957 0929 104. 4 31. 808 1.581 | 10,890 . 25 1012 115.5 35. 204 1. 45 13, 340. 25 . 30625 1239 131. 2 40 1.988 | 17, 222.19 . 39537 16 132 40. 234 2 17, 424 14 1619 147.6 44, 983 2.236 | 21, 780 .5 2023 148.5 45. 263 2. 25 22, 052. 25 . 50625 2049 164 50 2.485 | 26, 909. 67 . 61776 25 165 50. 292 2.5 27, 225 . 625 2529 196. 8 60 2.983 | 38, 749.92 . 88958 36 198 60. 351 3 39, 204 9 3642 200 60. 960 3.030 | 40, 000 91827 3716 208. 7 63. 615 3.162 | 43, 560 1 4047 229. 7 70 3.480 | 52, 742. 95 1, 21081 49 231 70. 409 3.5 53, 361 1. 225 4957 262. 5 80 3.977 | 68, 888. 75 1. 58147 . 64 264 80. 467 4 69, 696 1.6 . 6475 295. 3 90 4.474 | 87, 187.33 2.00155 .81 297 90. 526 4.5 88, 209 2. 025 . 8195 328. 1 100 4.971 |107, 638. 7 2. 47104 1 330 100. 584 5 108, 900 2.5 1.0117 1 The value in heavier type is that from which the corresponding values were computed. Continuing gecnuels or rounded values not shown in this table. 21 milacre. 10 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TaBLE 18.—Basal area in square feet from given diameters of 0.1 to 60 inches? Diameter, inches i es 3 es ee 1 7=3.1415926536; basal area in inches. Area of circle Diameter, inches Area of circle Diameter, Area of inches circle Sq. ft. Lif aSee sete 1. 3444 U5 :Semen one 1. 3616 L5G eS sao 1. 3789 Gite es 1. 3963 (Ghia sce Sess 1. 4138 16i2Ss ee 1. 4314 16:3 ee 1. 4491 UG Y4 Sah see eee 1. 4669 G25 ee ae eee 1. 4849 16:62 = Ser 1. 5029 1G ay (aan leGyAll 1GS8aoe= == ees 1. 5394 G2 9v ee sees 1. 5578 d Vy (oie ace th So a 1. 5763 17 (2) a eo, See 1. 5948 R72 ee 2 1. 6136 i iy fies eoceencaone Os 1. 6324 MY Oe oe eee a 1. 6513 1 by (ts oe ees 1. 6703 lly ef (Yoram os Soe 1. 6895— Nis ee eae 1. 7087 11 Ro fa mees = east dae 1.7281 ily (4 eee ie Sa 1. 7476 Gee se Sse eee 1. 7671 AQ seeks 1. 7868 RED eee ee es 1. 8066 1S 3e ak see 1. 8265+ 8:4 eles sree 1. 8466 187522 Fes 1. 8667 Oc 6 aie pea on 1. 8869 is Sy Ae eae 1. 9073 LS. Boas Ae Re 1. 9277 1h eas Sc eae 1. 9483 LOS es mente Shoe 1. 9689 qo Fs Leslee eae) 1. 9897 AS Yo Aaa cae ee WE 2. 0106 6 Ke Pos ie ae eee 2. 0316 [9:4 2. 0527 QUE eet Seis 2. 0739 196i ige a Soe 2. 0953 nS 7 (aaa eee Se 2. 1167 POLSe spe So ELE 2. 1382 LOI Me Secs 2. 1599 7, eee ap iti er 2.1817 DOME 28a Sas 2. 2035+ DIA earae oes tAS 2. 2255+ 7.0) eee eer oa 2. 2476 20 :4a0 ee Fes 2. 2698 Pe NGS gee er 2. 2921 2062S 22 =e 2. 3145+ D0 Fee Se 2. 3371 20:82 = == 25 = 2. 3597 A092 Se 2. 3824 2 ew 2. 4053 2 [isles ee SEE 2. 4282 7A ey ea 2. 4513 Dip see 2.4745— DR ee ee 2. 4978 VAT a eee 2. 5212 21:68 22222 = 2 2. 5447 21 fee Sree 2. 5683 21 Gees ee 2. 5920 DOM se 2. 6159 2 De ewes are aes 2. 6398 DO elie aes 2. 6639 7 Hag Mee tae ae ae 2. 6880 22 3 eee 2.1123 22 ease eee 2. 7367 22. On peese eae 2. 7612 2256 Sas ee 2. 7858 Ped (pai pine NE 2. 8105 — DDB eke eee 2. 8353 D2iO ers eee 2. 8602 2.3 On a Ree 2. 8852 23 iss eS ee 2. 9104 25 2 eas 2. 9356 23:0 Es 2. 9610 7a Yt. is See ene 2. 9865— Diameter, inches Area of circle sq. ft. =0.0054541539/ (0.005454154) times the square of the diameter in FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 11 TABLE 18.—Basal area in square feet from given diameters of 0.1 to 60 inches— Continued Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of Diameter, Area of inches circle inches circle inches circle inches circle Sq. ft Sq. ft. Sq. ft Sq. ft Sl Seats ee 5. 3434 Bot eee ae 8. 0844 CS eta 11. 3909 B2:Q eee ae a 15. 2630 BSL Bre aa a 5. 3776 SOlOr Bee ees 8.1265— || 45.8______ _.__| 11. 4409 join} ees ar oh AS 15. 3207 3 Leo ee aed 5. 4119 Reel habeas fos Bae 8. 1686 Fe Uh 0 VRNSAN stein Bt 11. 4999 OSabiapes cw eS 15. 3786 Ole Gere ete 5. 4463 SOR ee ole 8. 2109 A Gale ea 11. 5410 Ei YO a eT 15. 4366 SU pate 5. 4808 Rayo yte Sepa nns rae 8. 2533 CNG) Uae ER 11. 5912 LBS fa) ee 15. 4947 Pa ULES Ye eda pe EONS | |O Oe es eee 8. 2958 AGE Dey ia: Unite 11. 6416 Don doe sone 15. 5528 SUES in ae 5. 5502 PY bade aa B08 8. 3384 AGES 3 nn cone 11. 6920 Dato mee see 15. 6112 Aas = Met aad es 5. 5851 BORD MMe EN 8. 3811 AGRA ANS ailing. 11. 7426 DstOeee ae neme 15. 6696 Pel Pes Soames 5. 6200 Rae i tet 8. 4239 AGT aia etree ge 11. 7932 ta sl (ee i TE 15. 7281 S2io earners 5. 6551 SOPAM mitvsraytt 8. 4668 AG Giese tS 11. 8440 Ly hs meee een 15. 7867 BQ Eerste ae 5. 6903 SOLS eae alle 8. 5098 AS (a ee Aes 11. 8949 DoaO Meese ee ee 15. 8455 — Boast cera ser: 5. 7256 SONG asia 8. 5530 46.8._.____-__| 11. 9459 dae eas epee a 15. 9043 SEG Relea ah ane 5. 7610 SON eeesMe 8. 5962 46.9________ 11. 9970 BY al Ut apse cep 15. 9633 G2AG eee eiaiess De Q6o— OO ses toe ae 8. 6396 2 face ed ots ie 12. 0482 yA Dial etal e le 16. 0223 VAN foes atiss eae 5. 8321 ORO eee abs stella 8. 6831 A(plavauek nel 2NOOG btn ih ha ous ee ee 16. 0815+ BPS be sh ee 5. 8678 A) EES NA AE aR 8. 7266 Ae Detar s ASN 12. 1510 AAs ei aes OU 16. 1408 BA Jase oy SN 5. 9036 AQ ses Ss 8. 7703 LO Re UD RID 12. 2025-+ || 54.5.__-_-_-_- 16. 2002 Bye ob aiken trae 5. 9396 AQ ED ea ia ORF 8.8141 ATA ees __| 12. 2542 OAT Gexeene peewee 16. 2597 Soe eer ee 5. 9756 AES wah See oan 8. 8580 2 Bed gp apni aa 12. 3059 Aa ee ee en Earn 16. 3193 SBE erat see a cae 6. 0118 CN es ba ae ta 8. 9021 PATA Gv aS a 12. 3578 Faye Aca sia 16. 3790 SO Meese 6. 0481 AQ TS Wecmee iG) 8. 9462 PAT ay (Sa eae tape 12. 4098 AAG ees ie 16. 4389 oy. UMS Sok reas 6. 0844. ADIGE Ss sates 8. 9904 ATER eee eel 12. 4619 Deere ee eel 16. 4988 DOE eee mean 6. 1209 AQ SEs ee eu 9. 0348 ATROMS RE © 12. 5141 #5465 locate iy eae 16. 5589 Soe sec at 6. 1575+ |} 40.8___-_-_-_- 9. 0792 A Sih canna aio 12. 5664 DoOe2 iia Be ee ar 16. 6190 Sy eek ee 6. 1942 ARO eg he 9. 1238 A Sale N eee i 12. 6188 ES feta ese a et 16. 6793 BOIS ee pa se 6. 2310 ASR ans Deeks 1684 A Tey Ne ae I Be 12. 6713 SYNE He isla cammba 16. 7397 Pa Ae eS eer eel 6. 2680 CONT heute decoy aces _.| 9. 2132 ASPSss feaa ee 12. 7239 bpyaynaes Bees eae 16. 8002 Oe ee hye ae 6. 3050 Arle Dials Ua die eM 9, 2581 AR A shay 12. 7767 eG aoe) MR 16. 8608 A Mle ae ace) 6. 3421 ANE RO esi NC ays 9. 3031 AQ yen BIAS ates 128295 EW Op ee eee 16. 9215— SAND: Seas DEN ns 6. 3794 CLA: Saale dan es 9. 3482 ARG A Le 12..8825— || 55.8. =----_-_ 16. 9823 Oy ee ea a 6. 4168 AN rs De ese EE 9. 3934 ARI (astern oak ony 12. 9356 HH LO aoe 17. 0432 cay. bY. eel ore ue ne, 6. 4442 CLG} meena pe 9. 4387 AS TRinu dec aE 12. 9887 By Gus ees aN ae eG 17. 1042 SY Bete Sy eee 6. 4918 CU D7 Fults ec iauane 9. 4842 ASQ rai Bete ee 13. 0420 Hay yy) at ld oe 17. 1654 By ae Eee 6. 5295— || 41.8_-_.______ 9. 5297 AON i Aaeys eae 13. 0954 G2 ee eS ee 17, 2266 OH (es ceh ek tesa 6. 5673 AEG Renate ae te 9. 5754 A Qi) isaiyrg ie 13. 1489 SOvoee eas: 17. 2880 BAT RM ae ale bial 6. 6052 AD eee ane 9. 6211 AND Sans Ns 13. 2025+ || 56.4_____--___- 17. 3494 34:9 ec ees 6. 6432 AND iscereilin (eat i 9. 6670 AQ ES Wir murat sk 13. 2563 SOU nes ese 17. 4110 he sa 6. 6813 CDP eels SAEs BRE 9. 7130 AQ) Acer ee 13. 3101 ObiGe sels 17. 4727 Lays] Wales Sate eee ee 6. 7196 ADR OIS ca aie 9. 7591 AQp mses eet NEA 13. 3640 56a eee 17. 5845+ Oe Auteur aed 6: 7579 LDU RTE, cops ane p ee 9. 8053 AG RG unter Meany 13. 4181 OOS ea ee ees 17. 5964 Sea Re ee LS 6. 7964 AOA Gy aN hg is 9. 8516 AOU eee a 13, 4723 OO ROBE Senn 17. 6584 Co 2 ae ea ee 6. 8349 AD IG tte mits: 9. 8980 AQUR i cent oe Nes 13752657) | Die eee a 17. 7205 SoU p ae ines 6. 8736 CO fe tl Sea ay 9.94454 || 49.9.__-___-_- 13. 5809 Espa Ween airs Saree 17. 7828 SO Oma = eae 6. 9124 AD AR uaa tee pres e: 9. 9911 HO Beate oe 13. 6354 LY ASP ARS eee eR 17. 8451 Bo eae VEL 6. 9513 ADO ia ee EN: 10. 0379 BO uIp eee ey 13. 6900 DIR Oe cs lain 17. 9076 BO See We. 6. 9903 ABE Re pagal 10. 0847 DORs eee es 13. 7447 ES AG gi re sp 17. 9701 5 Loh! ee 7. 0294 Ai [tee esd 10. 1317 BOSS aes. 13. 7995+ |] 57.5._-_--_-___- 18. 0328 Cae ete gee er ea 7. 0686 AS Dee ata ees 10. 1788 DOLE rae ee 13. 8544 DIAG eae Seu 18. 0956 Cod a) Kae ee 7. 1079 LR Yee ee 10. 2259 DOTS esas: 13. 9095— || 57.7___---_-_- 18. 1585— BBi2voe es eds. 7. 1473 ASU Ae saat retail Ss 10. 2732 SO56e eee 13. 9646 HV (ee seen bas kaa 18. 2215— SOto ees 7. 1869 CBN Galen or ee 10. 3206 SON Se PEE ee 14. 0198 Eh fSt0 isola ups eS 18. 2846 SOAe se GANS 7. 2265+ || 43.6__--_-.-_- 10. 3681 SOS ae 14. 0752 Hite Here hrarienes Blea sf 18. 3478 CLO agg es vat 7. 2663 Cayo (oe eae a 10. 4157 SOQ 14. 13807 Layo ha) eae sn pu eran nat 18. 4111 BG6se- 7. 3062 Cayo MEE IR es 1024635 =<) Ol 14. 1863 BB LQue 18. 4745+- OS 7s erie eee 7. 3461 AZO UG GME 10. 5113 daft ig Leos aa rad 14, 2419 DSe abe tais ees es 18. 5381 CLS eyes ye gee 7. 3862 AAMT IH Net Be 10. 5592 [iS Ve A eee ie ae 14, 2977 8.42 eee 18. 6017 SHUG oa 7. 4264 1) Calb Neme eS 10. 6073 LS Eee Ya ane a 14, 3536 Lao PH ene Sen 18. 6655— meee Sues 7. 4667 Av Sb dee ae a ah Teg 10. 6565— || 51.4_-________ 14, 4097 5826222225282 18. 7293 (sees rete Rhine 7. 5072 ZV Us ee pe Te 10. 7037 bay) Vetay ee de 14. 4658 0827 eke eee 18. 7933 OAS Se ee 7. 5477 44 4ee it Sop 10. 7521 Ole 622 14, 5220 58:8-222222222 18. 8574 Sie deta Leen 7. 5883 yl Ok Bia i ee 10. 8006 OL eats yee hs 14. 5784 DSO ise Soest hae 18. 9216 a) 2 ae Seed 7. 6291 2s NA 6 Vi 8 ah 10. 8492 OLS ess a 14, 6348 HOE. see aS ole 18. 9859 Cia aa 7. 6699 AG fae A 10. 8979 dof) Gis ete oe 14. 6914 BOE a ks Be 19. 0503 Su Owes 7. 7109 44 Bias OE 10. 9467 D2 asa ae 14. 7480 HO Qs ewe eos 19. 1148 81a hae Sen 7. 7519 44 OE aioe eur 10. 9956 OZ seo eee 14. 8048 HOL8 ee wee 19. 1795— OH) toes a aE 7. 7931 AD ee sh ee 11. 0447 QED re Rr ae 14. 8617 BOA toes mil 19. 2442 eae ee ia 7. 8344 ARUIE BE ywct ch 11. 0938 QI Me 14. 9187 59.5230 een ek 19. 3091 OB ea 7. 8758 ADP QE Teint) 11.1431 O24 14. 9758 5964422825025 19. 3740 Cfo [Ea oy en ea 7.9173 ARQ Cr se 11. 1924 6225 neu eee 15. 0330 BOLT Sek os ova 19. 4391 yoy ie Se i Bide 7. 9589 | 45 ae ee 11. 2419 OZ: Gaae eae 15. 0903 tos pee pany a 19. 5043 Sie caine anos Parad 8. 0006 ANY Othe siren gies 11. 2915— |) 52.7_________- 15. 1478 69:9 ese -4ess: 19. 5696 Sic kC Mike eee mas aed 8. 0425— | AN Gste LNB 11. 3411 S28 eva suk. 15. 2053 GO Se ae 19. 6350 SS 12 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 19.—Area of large circles with equivalent in squares } Radius of Side of rea in Area in circles squares square feet? acres Feet Inches | Feet Inches 3 8.7 6 deve, 43.6 0. 001 5 8 10.3 78.5 . 0018 | 5 CU 10 100 . 0023 | 6 10 7.6 MIBE1 . 0026 7 6 13 3.5 176.7 . 0041 8 14 252 201. 1 . 0046 10 11¢/ 8.7 314. 2 . 0072 11 3.4 20 400 . 0092 11 9.3 20 10.5 436 .01 12 6 22 1.9 491 . 0113 } | 12 7.4 22 4.3 500 . 0115 } | 15 26 10 707 . 0162 Weel Ol 31 15 1000 . 0230 18 7.4 33 1089 . 025 | 25 Ae 357 1963 0451 | | 26 4.0 46 8.0 2178 05 1 | 28 2.5 50 2500 . 0574 30 53 255 2827 . 0649 30 «610.8 54 9.3 3000 . 0689 32 3.0 57 1.9 3267 . 075 33 585.9 3421 . 0785 | 35 8. 2 63 2.9 4000 . 0918 37 2.8 66 4356 1 37 6 66 5. 6 4418 . 1014 Be lez 70 8.5 5000 . 1148 | 50 88 UD 7854 . 1803 | 52 7.9 93 4.1 8712 we ene 5Sieel Ono 104 4.3 10890 Sp48 64 5.9 114 3.8 13068 .3 66 Ge 1158 13685 3142 67 11.8 120 6. 0 14520 3344 69 2 122 5st 15000 3444 74 5. 132 17424 4 79 9.5 141 Bel 20000 4591 | 83 Bee, 147 Ta0 21780 | OTS Es 7, 180 9.0 32670 75 117 9.0 208 8.5 43560 1 1 The value in heavier type is that from which the corresponding values were computed. 2 Area in square feet equals 3.141592654 times radius in feet squared. . | TABLE 20.—Number of trees per acre by various methods of spacing Spacing (feet) Trees Spacing (feet) Trees Spacing (feet) Trees ses on ke ae Number Number Number 22s ee ee 10, 890 AQ a ES es 691. || I2 152 eee ee 242 SDS Sia Soe 4, 840 CX10-2 2 = 622) |eI2 ASE t= se es Se 202 aN4Gem et oo. eS eS L218 | OX 22S Ses ee 3633 SIOSGIGES = ee eee 170 | 6X(e See Se ee TOS Te OX b= o> tee See 200i 1G S< 20 ee 136 OSs ee ee 9085) | GLO for) qs jor) re on ve) or for) Or Ts or reas HS veo) ws “I We or He bo we o (Jv) (0/4) oo lor) ture °F. 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 SS es es a, a a, / ONDE tO O OI 1 Or ONIOD Orr LS) Ve) iw) GO bo lor) bo HS to bo iw) e — Ne) fot ie.) — a> ft Or HHH WOON RPWNHWODNMDANO ao Wb oso Dork Wr OOnrIDBRwr FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 15 TasBLE 25.—Quarter girth;! equivalents in true girth, diameter, area, and volume, United States measurement and metric system Quarter girth unit United States measurement Metric system 1 inch ie tue sinth—=4in chess esi ar ese eee In true girth=10.16 em. it se nck en In diameter =1.2732 inches_-_-_..-_------- eeeaielin Cte vehe e284 cm. sass g =0.118288 m2 per acre. 1 square foot per acre__-_---_-- =1.2732 square feet per acre--.._____--------- aes 0 m? per hectare. : aE . : =0.036054 m3 per acre. 1 cubic foot per acre_-_------ = 1.2732 cubic feet per acre__-_-------------- \Zoigsecce m3 per hectare. 1A British unit used customarily in East Indian forestry, equivalent to about 114 diameters. The converting factor from diameter to quarter girth would be 7 or 0.7854. TABLE 26.—Natural trigonometric functions, by half degrees Degree} Sin Cos Tan Degree Sin Cos Tan Degree Sin Cos Tan ° 7 ° 7 fo} / 0 380 | 0.0087 } 1.0000 0. 0087 15 30 | 0. 2672 | 0.9636 0. 2773 30 30 | 0.5075 | 0.8616 0. 5890 1 - 0175 . 9998 .0175 i6 . 2756 | . 96138 . 2867 31 -5150 | . 8572 . 6009 1 30 . 0262 | . 9997 . 0262 16 30 . 2840 | . 9588 . 2962 31 30 . 5225 . 8526 . 6128 2 . 0349 . 9994 . 0349 17 . 2924 . 9563 - 3057 32 . 5299 . 8480 . 6249 2, 30 . 0436 . 9990 . 0487 17 30] .3007 . 9537 . 3153 32 30 . 5373 . 8434 . 6371 3 . 0523 . 9986 . 0524 18 3090 | . 9511 . 3249 33 . 5446 . 8387 . 6494 3 30 . 0610 . 9981 . 0612 18 30 . 3173 - 9483 . 3346 | 33.30 . 5519 - 8339 - 6619 4 . 0698 | .9976 . 0699 19 - 3256 | . 9455 . 8443 34 . 5592 . 8290 . 6745 4 30) .0785 . 9969 . 0787 19 30 . 33838 | . 9426 . 3541 34 30 . 5664 . 8241 . 6873 5 0872 | .9962 . 0875 20 . 3420 | . 9397 . 8640 35 . 5736 . 8192 . 7002 dD) 30 . 0958 . 9954 . 0963 20 30 3502 | . 9367 . 3739 35 630 . 5807 . 8141 LSS 6 . 1045 . 9945 - 1051 Dil! - 3584 | . 9336 . 8839 36 . 5878 . 8090 . 7265 6 30 IBY? . 9936 . 1189 2130 . 3665 . 9304 - 3939 36 30 . 5948 . 8039 . 7400 7 . 1219 . 9925 . 1228 22 . 3746 . 9272 - 4040 37 . 6018 . 7986 . 7536 7 30 . 1305 . 9914 SSL7 22° 30: |) 3827 . 9239 - 4142 37 «30 .6088 | . 7934 . 7673 8 . 1392 | .9903 . 1405 23 . 3907 . 9205 . 4245 38 . 6157 . 7880 . 7813 8 30 . 1478 . 9890 . 1495 23 30 | .3987 | .9171 . 4348 388 30 . §225 . 7826 . 7954 9 . 1564 | . 9877 . 1584 24 . 4067 . 9135 . 4452 39 . 6293 Br ldilG: . 8098 9 30 . 165 . 9863 . 1673 24 30 4147 . 9100 - 4557 39 30 . 6861 . 7716 . 8243 10 op ti/aXo) . 9848 . 1763 25 - 4226 . 9063 . 4663 40 . 6428 . 7660 . 8391 10 30 . 1822 - 9833 . 1853 25 30 - 4305 . 9026 . 4770 40 30 . 6494 . 7604 . 8541 11 . 1908 . 9816 . 1944 26 . 4384 . 8988 | - .4877 41 . 6561 . 7547 . 8693 11 30 . 1994 . 9799 . 2035 26 30 . 4462 | . 8949 - 4986 41 30 . 6626 . 7490 . 8847 12 . 2079 . 9781 . 2126 27 . 4540 . 8910 . 5095 42 . 6691 . 7431 . 9004 12e 30 . 2164 . 9763 2217 27 «30 - 4617 . 8870 - 5206 42 30 . 6756 solo . 9163 13 . 2250 . 9744 . 2309 28 - 4695 . 8829 . 5317 43 . 6820 . 7314 - 93825 13 30 . 2334 | .9724 . 2401 28 30 -4772 | . 8788 . 54380 43 30 . 6884 . 7254 . 9496 14 . 2419 . 9703 . 2493 29 . 4848 . 8746 . 5543 44 . 6947 . 7193 . 9657 14 30 . 2504 . 9681 . 2586 29 30 . 4924 . 8704 . 5658 44 30 2HOO9s M33. . 9827 15 . 2588 . 9659 . 2679 30 - 5000 . 8660 . 5774 45 - 7071 . 7071 1. 0000 16 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. 8. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Diameter (inches) 8 apa eg Ace ea Uy =a Sh oa ae Dees Sew elias ee Ee Sete eae 5 Ose os sisse 2 ee ee eee 10 [ress a pets oa aan eee ve a ee eee 10 Sod See ae ne Se t= See Ee see 15 Qe ie a a ee ns) Sarees 20 [QGs. Seen 22 eek eso ee eae eu 30 [iS Pere ONS soe ae eet ee ne Se a 35 Le eres eR eis EL es ee SiR IND Re Se 45 1322-2283. oe ee ee Res 55 AC cee Pena te eee tee ee ee 65 [Oe ee eee et oe eee se ee eee 75 (Geis 2 2s Je Sao oe Seer aoe aes 85 Ace Se SUR ee eae 95 SAB eres ae eee eas eee eee 110 a ane ee ROSES Sees ie oe eae ee 125 20a besos peewee ae eee 2 oe aan ehe 135 QUES SEE aoe ieee een es 155 2Qb Ee Basle ae oe ee sae OO ere a beh 170 QUEUE cee ate Lee Bee eae 185 DA ep SOL eel SCE ees ee 205 SES a eS es a es re pee Se tres 220 D6 eee Sa ee See sees Nae t 240 Dee = 2S ee nee a EM are eae eer 260 Dee cas 1. SEE Geet OMSL eee ee 280 7 eS ee oe ee aa sali Se oN PR ats ge 305 Bs Pe he tee a 325 Glee ss Stee te ye Se ee eee ee 350 B2 bee jan We Eee ee a eee ee 375 Pe hc see ere te ee al pe rey eer 400 Pe ae a ge es ns ets ee ee ee 425 G0e8 oe ee S02. Seas se es 450 OOM e ea ae eo PEM ee eee 475 Stes eee KE eee sa ee See 505 O8hie 28 onthe eee sacs coe eens 535 2 ee a ee ee ee ee 565 AQUI as ceases See re aoe 595 Ail Bt cee Be eek Pee nee rie 8 625 AQINES 2 sanjaya SM aw SPe ees a SEN 655 AGR i w= JL SUC A ee Soe Lee ee ee 690 AA aso e ete Se ea os ee ee ee oe 725 BS a ce ye pe er aA 755 AGM ee see te Se een Uo 795 Ales e ee eee. see ee ee ee nee 830 AS RENT fe Sues e Be Se See oe Ue es ee 865 FAS ae ee rach ee SRM a 905 HOHE Sse eas eT Oe ee 2 Ee el eR 940 OWES Oe eee. Se ae ee eens ee eee = 980 O2be. 62 eaters ho sa, Se el i e See 1020 Las pee a Eee ee el eee PR Sa 1060 OAS 2S eae Ne S58 le eee ee ee eee 1100 0) Oana renee me eae oe ees Ae ee 1145 8) 0 ee ee ee ee 1190 Li (in ee Nea iS Bet gs ona 1230 HGP os Bee eee eee ee 1275 O60 oae toe ese. oe ee eee eS 1320 GO te eee ae Se Se eee erase ee a 1370 [Saw kerf 4 inch]! TaBLE 27.—The International log rule Volume in board feet of logs of indicated length in feet ————q~] | —_——q—] |S —_——o]|] oo qc—m lium i“ i ne = 1605 1660 1720 2425 980 1040 1095 1155 1220 1280 1345 1410 1480 1550 1620 1695 1770 1845 1920 2000 2080 2165 2245 2330 2420 2510 2600 2690 2785 3510 1 Seale for seasoned lumber with 16-inch shrinkage per l-inch board, and saws cutting a 44-inch kerf, or for green lumber, for saws cutting a 16-inch kerf. Formula: ((D2X0.22) —0.71D) X0.904762 for 4-foot sections. Taper allowance: % inch per 4 feet lineal. NotE.—The International log rule gives consistent results under good milling practice. It is the most fair rule for all classes of timber and logs and should be used for second-growth material particularly. For this reason the International volume tables are recommended. For saws cutting a 14-inch kerf add 10.5 percent. FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 17 TABLE 28.—Scribner decimal C log rule [In tens—i. e., 0 omitted] Contents in board feet of logs of length indicated in feet Diameter (inches) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 (Si ene ates een 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 1 aps Ae Se .5 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 Bee a ie ake 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 tae a a SS 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 Lee eee Sa Oe ee 2 3 3 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 4 A i ee a 2 3 4 4 5 7 8 8 9 10 CUZ era ih LN 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1] 12 es a hatte hes ie ae 4 5 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 15 pL ee ik Ee Le 4 6 7 9 10 11 13 -14 16 17 1 Go TERS Ls a Seopa aby kp eg 5 7 9 11 12 14 16 18 20 21 LG pee cee ae oe 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 1 fe le ela Soe Pte 7 9 12 14 16 18 21 23 25 28 1S Seek eben yas 8 11 13 16 19 21 24 27 29 32 I eS Be tre eat el 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 PA UT ba Ste al a eg yt 11 14 17 21 24 28 31 35 38 42 eAilinahe Bike SA SLE AL 12 15 19 23 27 30 34 38 42 46 (of Rare Ap a BR tt 13 [ 17 21 25 29 33 38 42 46 50 Pate aig ata Se Be kee | SE 14 19 23 28 33 38 42 47 52 57 70 he Reap tee ge i eae 15 21 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 61 De) Se aa A Neve el EE 17 23 29 34 40 46 52 57 63 69 7a arta oe hl hs sr eo 19 25 31 37 44 50 56 62 69 75 7 feast ears bere Saha 21 27 34 41 48 55 62 68 - 75 82 Seasons irenis teeta She 22 29 36 44 51 58 65 73 80 87 PA ee al RES Seal 23 31 38 46 53 61 68 76 84 91 OMIA NESE tue eae 25 33 41 49 57 66 74 82 90 99 So ES Le ile el bob amie 27 36 44 53 62 71 80 89 98 106 Bye tetag ee Panis eae 28 37 46 55 64 74 83 92 101 110 Shine eee ere ese eed 29 39 49 59 69 78 88 98 108 118 a ae a MNO Ere uN Peg a 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 BOLLE» fern Seyis Beales 33 44 55 66 77 88 98 109 120 131 Ba ese se ee cee ep 35 46 58 69 81 92 104 115 127 138 CY ets ah a sei BE neta 39 51 64 77 $0 103 116 129 142 154 BSE SOBRE elise | iat ele 40 54 67 80 93 107 120 133 147 160 SAO is = ate ge ae es SS 42 56 70 84 98 112 126 140 154 168 AG) beat intel aie ah OS 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 166 181 Aware eke ee 2 48 64 79 95 111 127 143 159 175 191 A) ARPS Le Wee 50 67 84 101 117 134 151 168 185 201 GB EE cape Sie Se Boreal 52 70 87 105 122 140 157 174 192 209 ACM he fa i Bel pm eccha sda 56 74 93 111 129 148 166 185 204 222 A aes eee Sey ee 57 76 95 114 133 152 171 190 209 228 AG ae Ser Ae Sy ee 59 79 99 119 139 159 178 198 218 238 CE ERE EAA OE A 62 83 104 124 145 166 186 207 228 248 AS aes ee ae eS 65 86 108 130 151 173 194 216 238 260 AOU IAS 28 38% ntS0) 2 EN ie 67 90 112 135 157 180 202 225 247 270 HON omeeeees au Lie 70 94 117 140 164 187 211 234 257 281 ele eerie eae A 73 97 122 146 170 195 219 243 268 292 Dees Ae ASS ee 76 101 127 152 177 202 228 253 278 304 Goek Sea eee hee eee 79 105 132 158 184 210 237 263 289 316 I nae ee ee Na a ao 82 109 137 164 191 218 246 273 300 328 (Sap GA Se en hp lances es 85 113 142 170 198 227 255 283 312 340 Gres ee ee mae ek pee 88 118 147 176 206 235 264 294 323 353 fe Sean are! USS ye 91 122 152 183 213 244 274. 304 335 365 DS ane eee PEs eS 95 126 158}. 189 221 252 284. 315 347 379 LG a ee SE ee sh Liane 98 131 163 196 229 261 294 327 359 392 CO EA MRE oie Ae ee pepe 101 135 169 | 203 237 270 304 338 372 406 Diameter given is for the small end of the log measured inside bark. 18 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TaBLE 29.—WSolid cubic contents of logs Contents in cubic feet for average middle diameter of log in inches indicated Length (feet) | Yee eae 0 ai 0.25) 0.251' 0:5, 1) 1 dt 2) 22! 3) P38] 419 4) Si el) Gin 7) Mer e> Rare aes .25)- .5 Blt 2h <8 Sia ee Pei 6 ere 8 | Or TO etd (OE GN es ee s25)| 275 fe ol Vie 2) 2). 23] 13h 4 PS eGt Gis 7 Sie Si all 19) 19 pom tine ot ee ‘ol 15] 1 | af 3} 2 3} 4! 5] 5l 6] 67 9} 10} a1) aal-aal 45 eee x ee ee ee Hap ety fal A. 2 3B 4) G4. 5) 1 6l a Fi Vole AON, Dy AS 145 Wel az, Qi ee eee ee ee eiyipal 1 2) 2| 38 4) 5 6] aadlie 8] LO) EL) Sir 1417 aie 18" 99 ite ee one 5/1 i 2} 3) 31 4) 5S! 7] 8 9} 11] 12) 14] 16! 18] 20] 292 Aieee An ee ene .5] 1 1 2 38] SC 4) 6h. of] OP 10) | Laie 13] 1 5 17) Sol 29) 94 | Sy a Sed 3k anes Ss ~5/| 1 2 2 3} 4 5) 7} 8 9 11) 13] 15) 17; 19] 21) 24] 26 1 et ee AS s\pl 2 3] 31 51- 6| 7 9| 10} 12) 14] 16] 18] 20] 23] 26] 98 {eS es ee 5] 1 2 3}. 4 5). 6 8 9} 1)" 13} 15) 17]. 20) 22) 25 28 31 (Se ee SA eee Sees a 1B. 1 2 31 4| 5! 7] 8! 10] 12) 14) 16] 18] 21) 24! 27] 30) 33 : Re "Se aed Bead 1 1 2 at At Gh. 7] Of, 11) 13h S15) pIZIE 20] |. 22/251) ogi sal Se dig wee bel es Loe bol 1 2, 3 5| 6; 8} 9} Il) 18) 16) 18) 21) 24) 27) 30) 33) 37 |: ee Diente Sse byt 2 2 4| 5] 6] 8 10) 12) 14! 17] 19) 22} 25) 28) 32] 35! 39 ree ees ER As {2\ [2 3 4) 5| 7 8 10} 13) 15) 18) 20/ 23] 27| 30) 34) 37] a ite leh nn) send coe: 1) 2 13 41 5] 7! 9) 11! 13) 16! 18) 21! 25) 28! 32] 35! 39] 44) 7 ed Se eee 1) 2) te 4; 6| 7 _9| 11) 14) 16] 19] 22) 26] 29| 33] 37| 41] 46 5) ee Saree see 1 |}2 | 8 41 6} 8] 10} 12) 15) 17) 20) 24] 27] 31] 35] 39] 43/~4¢ 52 ee oe aa oe 1 2 is 5| 6 8 10) 13] 15} 18) 21] 25] 28} 32} 36 41] 45] 50 ) aaee Ieee cae 1 |2 | 3 | 5 6.8 11] 13] 16) 19] 22) 26| 20 34) 38| 49] 47] 5a 7 earme e EO eemn ae ae J 5} 7] 9} 11) 14) 16} 20) 23) 27) 31) 35) 39) 44) 49) 55 pee ee et | eee jee ee 5| 7| 9} 11) 14] 17| 20] 24) 28] 32) 36] 41! 46] 51! 57 7 ae, Coin Sens eile jeeaes [ager ae 5| 7| 9| 12] 15) 18] 21] 25) 29] 33] 38] 43! 48] 53] 59 poe ee ieee ieee ae 5| 7] 10} 12) 15) 18) 22) 26] 30) 34] 39] 44! 49] 55] 61 7 eee MP naan hoe eae eee | Reet 6| 8! 10] 13] 16] 19} 23] 27} 31} 36] 40] 46] 51] 57] 68 Nc Bans Leet pe Gopes (1 ae leans 6} 8} 10] 13] 16) 20) 24] 28) 32] 37] 42] 47] 53! 59] 65 Sy Sipe BAe eee Fes eae ae 2 6| 8] 11] 14] 17] 20] 24] 29] 33] 38] 43] 49] 55] 61] 68 ae! DERE Otol eG Pees Bee 6| 9 11 14 4 a 25) 29] 34| 39] 45! 50! 57] 63! 70 | | | Contents in cubic feet for average middle diameter of log in inches indicated Length (feet) | . | 21 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30] 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38] 39 | 40 Pas = salle tees) ls ct ele clam ain = ses at re i en | 40} 11) 12| 13] 14) 15] 16] 17] 18] 20) 21] 22| 24! 25] 27] 28! 30) 321 33! 35 nna ot ane 2 12} 13] 14] 16] 17; 18] 20) 21] 23] 25! 26; 28! 30] 32] 33] 35] 37| 39] 41| 44 ae ieee 14; 16] 17] 19| 20} 22] 24! 26) 28] 29] 31] 34} 36) 38] 40] 42] 45] 47| 50] 52 (eee ae 17| 18} 20) 22) 24) 26) 28) 30 2| 34] 37| 39| 42) 44) 47) 49) 52! 55) 58) 61 Ma. Si eacls: 19} 21} 23] 25) 27] 29] -32) 34! 37] 39] 42] 45! 48] 50) 53! 57] 60] 63! 66, 70 Gree oe oat ld 22} 24/ 26] 28) 31] 33] 36] 38] 41] 44! 47] 50) 53] 57| 60| 64] 67| 71) 75] 79 102 ee 24| 26] 29] 31) 34] 37| 40) 43! 46] 49] 52) 56! 59) 63] 67| 71| 75! 79) 83] 87 ya Seale 26| 29] 32] 35] 37| 411 44] 47| 50} 54] 58] 61] 65| 69] 73] 78] 82| 87| 91] 96 | ae 29| 32} 35] 38| 41] 44/ 48! 51| 55, 59| 63] 67| 71) 76} 80] 85| 90! 95] 100| 105 i eee eter 31] 34] 38! 41] 44] 48] 52! 56] 60| 64] 68) 73} 77] 82) 87; 92] 97] 102] 108] 113 i eee ere 34] 37| 40| 44! 48! 52} 56! 60) 64| 69) 73] 78] 83] 88] 94] 99] 105] 110) 116] 122 een Se a 36] 40) 43] 47] 51] 55] 60} 64! 69} 74! 79) 84! 89] 95] 100] 106) 112] 118] 124] 131 a eee 38| 42! 46] 50} 55] 59| 64| 68] 73) 79) 84} 89| 95] 101] 107| 113) 119] 126] 133] 140 cy ean epee 4i| 45] 49] 53] 58! 63! 68! 73| 78} 83] 89] 95] 101] 107] 114] 120] 127| 134] 141] 148 (faire ena 43) 48) 52| 57| 61) 66) 72) 77| 83) 88) 94] 101) 107] 113) 120) 127) 134] 142] 149) 147 a eens 46} 50) 55] 60] 65] 70) 76) 81] 87| 93] 100) 106] 113 120, 127 134] 142] 150] 158] 166 7, | ee ere gene 48| 53! 58) 63] 68] 741 80| 86! 92) 98! 105) 112! 119) 126! 134] 141! 149) 158| 166] 175 7 ee oa 51| 55) 61) 66) 72} 77| 83) 90| 96) 103) 110) 117) 125] 132) 140) 148) 157] 165] 174) 183 D2 pend pan ee 53] 58) 63) 69) 75) 81] 87| 94/ 101) 108) 115| 123) 131) 139) 147] 156) 164] 173] 183) 192 7-3 gaan (ee ee a 55| 61} 66] 72) 78) 85} 91} 98) 105) 113) 121| 128] 137] 145] 154] 163| 172] 181] 191] 201 | eee | 58} 63) 69) 75] 82) 88) 95| 103} 110) 118) 126] 134) 143) 151} 160] 170) 179] 189] 199] 209 Dine ye ee 60| 66) 72) 79) 85) 92) 99) 107 115] 123] 131| 140] 148] 158] 167| 177| 187| 197| 207| 218 7) eee ree | 63) 69] 75} 82; 89] 96] 103] 111} 119] 128] 136] 145] 154] 164] 174| 184] 194] 205] 216} 227 De eee | 65| 71! 78! 85] 92} 100} 107) 115] 124] 133] 142] 151] 160! 170! 180] 191] 202] 213] 224] 236 Da DEaRe 70} 77| 84) 91) 99} 107} 115) 124) 133) 142] 152] 162] 172) 183) 194) 205} 217/ 228) 241) 253 73, ey ate ae 67) 7 | 81| 88) 95) 103] 111} 120] 128 149} 153 156} 166} 177| 187 ue 221; 232) 244 SO See. ee ee aie 72| 79 157| 168] 178] 189] 200] 212] 224] 236] 249] 262 OY a ee ape ee | 75} 82) 89) 97) 106; 114} 123) 133] 142) 152] 162} 173] 184} 195] 207} 219] 231) 244) 257] 271 BY faa as eee eee 77 ‘ai 92] 101) 109) 118; 127) 137) 147] 157] 168] 179) 190 Piece 226} 289 252] 265] 279 FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 19 TaBLE 30.—Comparison of log rules Board foot values for 16-foot logs for log rules and in percentage of International 1 Top diam- ; eter inside | Inter- Blodgett bark a Scribner | gyauld- Doyle and| Holland | or New | _4um- inches) |tional] Scribner | Decimal pau Doyle y. : "| phrey or ( ) iV, C ing Seribner | or Maine ee Vermont kerf Bd. | Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per-| Bd. | Per- ft. | ft. \cent| ft. |cent) ft. |cent| ft. |cent| ft. jcent| ft. |cent| ft. |cent| ft. | cent A eres a Laie (ICU) eX 0 FCC) M01) A Ff 0 I eg (3) 60] 13) 260) 11) 220 ay eae steht PLO (13)i|' +130) C10) 100)-22=5)2---- Ae LO DLO] CLL) les LO. LO) 190)" \16r™ 160 (of Geaapiie oe See 208i “9Oly 20). LOO/eeee = =. 4; 20 41 20! 20) 100) 26) 130} 24! 120 Ti elicits ean 30] 24); 80) 30} 100)--_--}--_-- 9} 30 9} 30} 31) 103) 35) 117) 32) 107 Snes AOiers2ie 80 30] ~ 75/2 eee s2 —- 16; 40; 16) 40) 44) 110} 43) 108} 48) 108 tS) ent epnte ewes SO pealts S44 rs40) SO Seeae tee 25} 50} 25) 50) 52) 104) 54) 108} 53) 106 Oi ei ae 65] 54; 83); 60} 92) 50) 77) 36) 55} 386) 55) 68} 105; 66) 102) 67} 103 1 eS 80} 64; 80! 70} 88) 63) 79} 49) 61) 49) 61) 83) 104; 78) 98) 80) 100 Ie epg eese 95] 79) 83] 80] 84) 77) 81) 64; 67; 64! 67; 105) 111) 92] 97) 96) 101 ile fae ae as 115) 97) 84} 100) 87} 94) 82); 81) 70); 81} 70} 120) 104) 106) 92) 112] 97 1s See e atte 135} 114} 84; 110) 81) 114) 84} 100) 74) 100) 74) 142) 105) 123) 91) 131) 97 Oe Se eee 160; 142) 89) 140) 88} 137) 86) 121) 76} 121) 76} 161) 101} 139} 87] 149} 93 DG eS ererenconsre tks 180} 159; 88} 160) 89) 161) 89) 144; 80) 144) 80} 179) 99} 157) 87) 171} 95 17 (a ie 205} 185; 90) 180} 88) 188); 92) 169) 82] 169) 82) 205} 100) 176] 86} 192] 94 See Sk 230} 213) 93) 210) 91} 216) 94) 196) 85) 196} 85) 232) 101) 197) 86! 216) 94 eee ees 260) 240) 92) 240) 92) 245) 94) 225) 87) 225) 87} 271] 104; 217) 83) 240) 92 20 oat 290) 280) 97) 280} 97} 276) 95) 256] 88} 256] 88} 302] 104) 240) 83! 267) 92 7A lsesnrnnenepenie 320) 304) 95} 300} 94} 308) 96} 289) 90} 289] 90] 336] 105) 262} 82) 293] 92 Pp ye RAL 355} 334; 94] 330) 93! 341] 96! 324) 91! 324) 91! 363) 102!) 287; 81} 323) 91 DS ie eae Orne 390} 377} 97} 380! 97) 376} 96) 361) 93] 361) 983] 401] 103] 313] 80] 352; 90 7 GaN Ecce 425] 404; 95} 400} 94; 412} 97) 400) 94; 400) 94) 439) 103) 339] 80; 384] 90 7d Bane puns 460} 459} 100} 460) 100) 449) 98) 441) 96] 441) 96] 477; 104] 367} 80] 416} 90 26 5a See 500} 500; 100} 500} 100) 488) 98} 484) 97) 484! 97) 507) 101) 397] 79} 451] 90 7d (EUAN OIE 540} 548); 101} 550} 102) 528) 98} 529) 98) 530} 98) 546} 101] 426] 79] 485! 90 2855 585] 582) 99} 580} 99) 569) 97) 576} 98] 582) 99) 614) 105) 457) 78] 52 89 ZOE re 630} 609} 97) 610} 97} 612) 97! 625) 99) 609] 97] 657] 104) 489) 78] 560} 89 SO ae ss 675} 657) 97) 660} 98) 656] 97) 676) 100) 657} 97] 706} 105) 514) 76} 600} 89 Ole fee ae 720) 710} 99) 710} 99) TOL] 97) 728) 101} 710) 99) 755) 105} 557) 77} 640; 89 Ogee nae ae 770} 736) 96) 740] 96) 748) 97] 784! 102) 736; 96] 792] 103) 592] 77] 683] 989 Ob eee 820} 784} 96) 780} 95} 796] 97] 841) 103) 784! 96] 848] 103) 628! 77) 725) 88 OH = 2 Syeps 875) 800} 91} 800) 91) 845} 97} 900) 103) 800} 91! 900] 103) 666] 76) 771) 88 BON a aera 925} 876; 95) 880) 95] 897] 97} 961] 104) 876} 95) 949} 103] 704| 76} 816! 88 306 = 22a 5. 980} 923} 94) 920) 94) 950} 97/1,024| 104) 923} 94/1,026] 105] 744| 76] 864] 88 Py files ep se Si 1, 040/1, 029} 99/1, 030; 99/1,006} 97/1, 089) 105}1,029} 99]1, 089} 105] 785} 75} 912! 88 382 a tae 55 1, 095)1, 068} 98/1, 070} 98/1,064] 97/1, 156) 106/1,068} 98/1, 135} 104] 827) 76] 963] 88 BOE See ae 1, 155}1, 120) 97/1,120} 971,124) 97/1, 225} 106/1,120] 97|1, 209) 105] 870} 75]1,013) 88 40s ona. 5. 1, 220/1, 204; 99/1, 200; 98/1,185] 97/1, 296) 106)1, 204) 99]1, 261] 103] 914) 75]1,067| 87 rant 1 International log rule for saws cutting a 14-inch kerf taken as a standard=100 percent. 20 TABLE 31.—Ratios for customary map scales Seale 1 to— He Inches per Ee pe inch G00ides. | OYE 105.6 1.200771 Sau 52.8 9.500. 1. aes 25. 344 AS00N aoe 13.2 yO paar 12 TO000 8 tan dod 6. 336 15,840 12 2542 4 90,000 laze. bs: 3.168 54 000i hoc 122 2. 64 25,000. -------- 2. 534 31.6802. 12= 2 £5000. tae fee 1. 408 G3:300eb ise 1 90,000___--___- . 704 96,000. __--_--- .66 125200050... 12" . 507 500,000 __-____- 127 1,000,000__.___- 063 2,500,000_--___- 025 Siete are Oe Wien bar teen =e or —_ on ho 15. 7828 39. 4571 | 41, 667 | 208, 333 Feet per TABLE 32.—Vertical aerial photo scale relations Representative fraction Inches per mile 1 FPN N OO RR Ooo (i=) (ao es) SS oo So He ee ee ne eel ell oll oll oll ool ol PERE EERE RRRNNRNNNPHHY So 1 Seale in inches per mile=representative fraction X63,360 (constant). Teverse. OOO seer RE ies? ORO) 2 ew ie ee O00. 2 Se. yr ote Nit | einen eaciies | ae ee SC sae Ete ae 6,500 23 oe oe GE 0000 22 = SS se tS foros) Om for) LWWWWWWWWWWWWNNNNNND =) © e — a MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Square miles Meters per} Feet per | Acres per inch 145 inch | square a Der Eras 15.2 2 0.06 ole ack 0.0001 30.5 4 . 23 | . 0004 63.5 8.3 1.00 - 0016 121.9 16 3.67 . 0057 134.1 17.6 4,44 . 0069 254.0 33.3 15. 94 . 0249 402.3 52.8 40.00 0625 508. 0 66.7 63.77 . 0996 609. 6 80 -91. 83 - 1435 635.0 83.3 99. 64 «1557 804.7 105.6 160 - 2500 1, 143.0 150 323 . 5044 1, 609.3 211.2 640 1.00 2, 286.0 300 1, 291 2.02 2, 438.4 320 1, 469 2.30 3; lito: 0 416.7 2, 491 3.89 12, 700.0 1; G60 sie lores sence ts 62.3 25, 400. 1 Sooonedaly eeose lets 249 63, 500. 1 SB ooec oda, getoeecce L557 : : Inches per Representative fraction eal ULE EF) Fi (00 a baal ge i ie bea NUD fe Dice Lee de 4.088 TD SOO 0RS ee 2 See ya seen ea 4.224 Lt ASH OQ eect e ee ee ene een 4.370 Ss 1:1 010 0 nee a Re oes Moc Rk adce, Red 4. 526 JUS SOO ey ee eh eee 4.693 det A 74010 0 AS i a a 2 Da Me See ace 4, 874 TAD O22 Ree oko as a 5 L922 (0 0 ee en | ana Ne ba Ae aad oc 5.069 HU 000.2 rs 2 SE ee eS 5. 28 dea HS 95% 0) 0 VAR Mire pepe IN bs ee? bos We 5. 510 GLE Ua be (0 80 jaro as ck pe ene «REE SAL ee 5. 76 Ral eh 60 eis eee Ree ee es 6 AVES) 5500) Seber ull beh Dae Sse ey te 6. 034 11 O00 22 ae. aaa we eee 6. 336 [OVS (0 sess ee i ee ape aie Ue ees ee 6. 669 1910 5 ee ere ke eee ee ee es it 18D 000 228s oboe ak Se ee 7.04 13855002. 22 teteecens dace ee at 7. 454 18000 202 e2 e252 on ee eS 7.92 ETI 75 O20) cere eared ee ee espe 8 Figures in bold face computed in FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 21 TABLE 33.—Number of seeds per unit weight 1 Number Number 2 Number Number Number 2 Number per ounce per gram per pound per ounce per gram per pound 100 3. 5274 1, 600 1, 984. 47 70 31, 751 125 4. 4092 2, 000 2,000 70. 5479 32, 000 141. 75 5 2, 268 2, 267. 96 80 36, 287 150 5. 2911 2, 400 2,500 88. 1849 40, 000 200 7. 0548 3, 200 2, 551. 46 90 40, 823 283. 50 10 4, 586 2,750 97. 0034 44, 000 300 10. 5822 4, 800 2, 834. 95 100 45, 359 312.5 11. 0231 5, 000 3, 000 105. 8219 48, 000 400 14. 1096 6, 400 34125 110. 2311 50, 000 425. 24 15 6, 804 3, 750 132. 2773 60, 000 500 17. 6370 8, 000 4,000 141. 0958 64, 000 566. 99 20 9, 072 4,375 154. 3236 70, 000 600 21. 1644 9, 600 5, 000 176. 3698 80, 000 625 22. 0462 10, 000 5, 625 198. 4160 90, 000 700 24. 6918 11, 200 6, 000 211. 6437 96, 000 708. 74 25 11, 340 6, 250 220. 4622 109, 000 800 © 28. 2192 12, 800 7, 000 246. 9177 112, 000 850. 49 30 13, 608 4812.5 275. 5778 125, 000 900 31, 7466 14, 400 9, 375 330. 6934 150, 000 937.5 33. 0693 15, 000 10, 000 352. 7396 160, 000 1,000 35. 2740 16, 000 12, 500 440. 9245 200, 000 1, 133. 98 40 18, 144 14, 174. 76 500 226, 796 1, 250 44, 0924 20, 000 15, 000 529. 1094 240, 000 1, 417. 48 50 22, 680 15, 625 551. 1556 250, 000 1,500 52.9109 24, 000 20, 000 705. 4791 320, 000 1.56255 55. 1156 25, 000 28, 349. 53 1, 000 453, 592 1, 700. 97 60 27, 216 30, 000 1, 058. 2187 480, 000 1, 750 61. 7294 28, 000 31, 250 1, 102. 3112 500, 000 1, 875 66. 1387 30, 000 1 The value in heavier type is that from which the corresponding values were computed. 2 Number per kilogram equals 1,000 times number per gram. TaBLE 34.—Number of seeds or plants per unit area } Side dimensions Side dimensions Bate SG ieee bor MUR st on juneer Number eee Number Rectangle Square square per Rectangle Square square per foot milacre foot milacre Inches Inches Feet Inches Inches Feet oS 3 0. 85 0. 071 200 8, 712 3x «9 5. 20 0. 433 5. 33 232 Use al 1 . 083 144 (3) 7-7/8). call ene as 5, 37 . 447 5 218 bee ae V2} Bal 100 4, 356 3 x 10 5. 48 . 456 4.8 209 Oe 139 -115 75 3, 267 4x 4 4 . 333 9 392 axe 2, 1.41 SLs 12 3, 136 Axe § 4.47 . 373 7.2 314 Lo a oo 1.70 . 141 50 2,178 Aol Sea ee 4. 57 . 881 6. 89 300 ie xea 3 1.73 . 144 48 2, 091 4x 6 4. 90 . 408 6 261 th a 1.90 . 158 40 1, 742 4x 7 5. 29 . 441 5.14 224 1x 4 2 . 167 36 1, 568 4x 8 5, 66 471 4.5 196 Sb eS 2.19 . 183 30 1, 307 4x 9 6 a) 4 rs 174 exe 5 2. 24 . 186 28.8 1, 255 4x 10 6. 32 . 527 3.6 157 NAG 2.4 524 25 1, 089 5x 5 5 417 5. 76 251 1x 6 2.45 . 204 24 1, 045 5x 6 5. 48 - 456 4.8 209 Bae ys 2. 50 . 209 22. 96 1, 000 ee Ae 5. 60 . 467 4.59 200 Ise 7 2. 65 . 220 20. 57 896 iayup cals 7 5. 92 . 493 4.11 179 ag 3 2.83 236 18 784 9 1xu+8 6. 32 » 627 3.6 157 il sen 9) 3 25 16 697 dD) Xu 49 6.71 . 559 3.2 139 es 3. 10 258 15 653 ee SE 6.93 BOUT. 3 131 Sc) 3.16 264 14.4 627 5 x 10 7. 07 . 589 2. 88 125 D3 DY 2, 167 36 1, 568 6x6 6 ata) A 174 MD RB} 2.45 204 24 1, 045 6x 8 6. 93 DOLE 3 131 55 -Ceme! 2.83 236 18 784 6x 9 7.35 . 612 2. 67 116 2Xa 5 3.16 264 14.4 627 6 x 10 (eT) . 645 2.4 105 2exi= 16 3. 46 289 12 523 (koe eth 7 . 583 2. 94 128 aes 3. 54 295 11. 48 500 he X 28 7.48 . 624 2-57 112 PhS Tf 3. 74 312 10. 29 AAP! | gee te 7.92 . 660 2. 30 100 Le > ee 3. 79 316 10 436 7x 10 8. 37 . 697 2. 06 90 2am § 4 333 9 392 8x 8 8 . 667 2. 25 98 2ext 9 4. 24 354 8 348 8) .9 8. 49 197 2 87 2x 10 4.47 373 152 314 8 x 10 8. 94 . 745 1.8 78 Seb 3 3 25 16 697 9x 9 9 afi) 1.78 7 3x 4 3. 46 289 12 bY alll eee hee 9.15 . 762 1; 72 75 Sexe D 3. 87 323 9.6 418 10 x 10 10 . 833 1. 44 63 By 28 (9) 4. 24 . 354 8 B4Sr eh asl kere. 11. 20 933 1.15 50 Lm sae 4. 57 . 381 6. 89 300 LI axel 2 12 1 1 44 3xa 6 4,90 . 408 6 261 : pc ouesbonding values were computed from the value in heavier type where no rectangular values are indicated. yy MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 35.— Discharge in second-feet converted to runoff in millions of gallons per day! | 11 second-foot is equivalent to 7.48052 gallons per second, 448.8312 gallons per minute, 26,929.87 gallons per hour, or 646,316.88 gallons per day. TABLE 36.—Runoff in million gallons per day converted to discharge in second-feet : Units | Tens | | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | | ee Se btn a 1.55 3.09 4.64 6.19 7.74 9.28 | 10.88] 12.38] 13.93 | | eee Coa 15.47 | 17.02 | 18.57 | 20.11 | 21.66 | 23.21 | 24.76 | 26.30 | 27.85] 29.40 | 7 unmeeee taped 30.94 | 32.49] 34.04] 35.59] 37.13] 38.68| 40.23] 41.78 | 43.32] 44.87 | ae ae 46.42 | 47.96 | 49.51 | 51.06] 52.61] 54.15 | 55.70] 57.25 | 58.791 60.34 Se ae TD 61.89 | 63.44 | 64.98 | 66.53] 68.08] 69.63 | 71.17 | 72.72 | 74.27 |. 75.81 i Poe ead 7.36 | 78.91 | 80.46 | 82.00 | 83.55] 85.10 | 86.64] 88.19 | 89.74]! 91.29 Git soon ane 92.83 | 94.38 | 95.93 | 97.48 | 99.02 | 100.57 | 102.12 | 103.66 | 105.21 | 106.76 ey eee eS 108.31 | 109.85 | 111.40 | 112.95 | 114.49 | 116.04 | 117.59 | 119.14 | 120.68 | 122.93 ale enamine oe 123.78 | 125.33 | 126.87 | 128.42 | 129.97 | 131.51 | 133.06 | 134.61 | 136.16 | 137.70 He Guecetatinet 139.25 | 140.80 | 142.35 | 143.89 | 145.44 | 146.99 | 148.53 | 150.08 | 151.63 | 153.18 11,000,000 gallons in 24 hours is equivalent to 1.547229 second-feet. TaBLE 37.—Runoff in acre-feet converted to runoff in million gallons } Units Tens 0 1 2 3 4 i 6 7 8 9 | Ql. 2 2 | eee 0.326 | 0.652 0.978 1.303 1.629 1. 955 2. 281 2. 607 2. 933 1 he ees 3.259 | 3.584 | 3.910 4. 236 4. 562 4. 888 5. 214 5. 539 5. 865 6. 191 De st SoS ee 6.517 | 6.843 7.169 7.495 7. 820 8.146 8. 472 8. 798 9.124 9. 450 2 ahaa soy ee 9.776 | 10.101 | 10.427 | 10.753 | 11.079 | 41.405 +1) 11. 731 4)) 12. 057 2}, 12.382 |: 12:708 | te en 2S. 13.034 | 13.360 | 138.686 | 14.012 | 14.337 | 14.663 | 14.989 | 15.315 | 15.641 | 15.967 ee eae 16.293 | 16.618 | 16.944 | 17.270 | 17.596 | 17.922 | 18.248 | 18.574 | 18.899 | 19.225 We Gia eo ed 19. 551 | 19.877 | 20.203 | 20.529 | 20.854 | 21.180 | 21.506 | 21.832 | 22.158 | 22.484 oan See 22.810 | 23.135 | 23.461 | 23.787 | 24.113 | 24.439 | 24.765 | 25.091 | 25.416 | 25.742 [ay oe eee 26.068 | 26.394 | 26.720 | 27.046 | 27.372 | 27.697 | 28.023 | 28.349 | 28.675 | 29.001 | 0 Nepstar eee ee 29.327 | 29.652 | 29.978 | 30.304 | 30.630 | 30.956 | 31.282 | 31.608 | 31.933 | 32.259 | 11 acre-foot equals 43,560 cubic feet; equivalent to 325,851.43 gallons. TaBLE 38.—Runoff in million gallons converted to runoff tn acre-feet 1 Units Tens 0 1 2 3 4 Osea | eee 3.07 6.14 SEGAL 12. 28 15. 34 ee ees 30.69 | 33.76 | 36.83 39.90 | 42.96 | 46.03 Ie eee ae 61.38 | 64.45} 67.52 70.58 | 73.65 76. 72 eee eeen ae 92.07 95.14 98.20 | 101.27 | 104.34 | 107.41 Aas eee 122. 76 | 125.82 | 128.89 | 181.96 | 135.03 | 138 | Hen Jie se 153.44 | 156. 51 | 159. 58 | 162.65 | 165.72 | 168 Osoets fn 3ar 184.13 | 187.20 | 190.27 | 193.34 | 196.41 | 199. y ae ee ees 214. 82 | 217.89 | 220.96 | 224.03 | 227.10 | 230. Sica 22 eee 245.51 | 248.58 | 251.65 | 254. 72 257.79 | 260. : Ore Bae ee 276.20 | 279.27 | 282.34 | 285.41 | 288.48 | 291.5 | 294.61 | | | 11,000,000 liquid gallons (231,000,000 cubic inches) is equivalent to 3.068883 acre-feet. | FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 23 TABLE 39.—Discharge of water: conversion of second-feet to runoff in acre-feet 1 Period in days Second-feet 11 second-foot is equivalent to 1.98347 acre-feet. TaBLe 40.—Discharge of water: conversion of second-feet per square mile to runoff in depth in inches over the area } Period in days SSS CCOTT CeO Up DE: Tepe | anata aS es Sa square mile 1 5 10 15 28 29 30 31 1 = RE SS 0. 03719 0. 18595 0. 3719 0. 5579 1.041 1.079 1.116 1.153 De ya foetus o's . 07438 . 37190 . 7438 1.1157 2. 083 2. 157 2. 231 2. 306 Ce a ee . 11157 . 09785 1. 1157 1. 6736 3. 124 3. 236 3. 347 3. 459 A Bias ae Des . 14876 . 74380 1. 4876 2. 2314 4. 165 4.314 4. 463 4.612 Gg! aoe a ee . 18595 - 92975 1. 8595 2. 7893 5. 207 5. 393 5. 579 5. 764 Ge ei. aera: . 22314 1. 11570 2. 2314 3. 3471 6. 248 6. 471 6. 694 6. 917 Tee ei eres 2 . 26033 1. 30165 2. 6033 3. 9050 7. 289 7. 550 7.810 8.070 So. - SIEM . 29752 1. 48760 2. 9752 4. 4628 8. 331 8. 628 8. 926 9. 223 Ore Oiy ste . 33471 1. 67355 3. 3471 5. 0207 9. 372 9. 707 10. 041 10. 376 11 second-foot per square mile is equivalent to 0.03719008 inch in depth per day. TaBLe 41.—Inches depth in terms of approximate volume per unit area ! : Cubic . Cubic Inches a yards per Tnches cnt yards per depth e ne square depth . tee square mile mile 0.01 36 860 0. 24 871 20, 651 . 02 73 1,721 225 908 21,511 .03 109 2, 581 . 26 944 22, 372 . 04 145 3, 442 BONE 980 23, 232 .05 182 4, 302 . 28 1,016 24, 092 . 06 218 5, 163 . 29 1, 053 24, 953 .07 254 6, 023 . 30 1, 089 25, 813 . 08 290 6, 884 33 1, 198 28, 395 . 09 327 7, 744 . 85 1, 270 30, 116 . 10 363 8, 604 . 40 1, 452 34, 418 ll 399 9, 465 45 1, 634 38, 720 nt) 436 10, 325 . 50 1,815 43, 022 ole} 472 11, 186 Atay) 1, 996 47, 324 .14 508 12, 046 . 60 2,178 51, 627 J15 544 12, 907 . 65 2, 360 55, 929 .16 581 13, 767 .70 2, 541 60, 231 eae 617 14, 628 5 chS 2, 722 64, 533 .18 653 15, 488 . 80 2, 904 68, 836 .19 690 16, 348 . 85 3, 086 73, 138 . 20 726 17, 209 . 90 3, 267 77, 440 .21 762 18, 069 .95 3, 448 81, 742 222 799 18, 930 1. 00 3, 630 86, 044 . 23 835 19, 790 1 Inches depth multiplied by 3,630 gives the number of cubic feet per acre to a depth of 1 inch: multiplied by 86,044.44 gives the number of cubic yards per square mile to a depth of 1 inch. 24 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 42.—-Random numbers: ten thousand randomly assorted digits 1 00-04 00 54463 01 15389 02 85941 03 61149 04 05219 05 41417 06 28357 07 17783 08 40950 09 82995 10 96754 il 34357 12 06318 13 62111 14 47534 15 98614 16 24856 17 96887 18 90801 19 55165 20 75884 2 16777. 22 46230 23 42902 24 81007 25 68089 26 20411 2] 58212 28 70577 29 94522 30 42626 31 16051 a2 08244 33 59497 34 OTL 55 98409 36 45476 SWE 89300 38 50051 39 31753 40 POUSZ. 41 44560 42 68328 43 46939 44 83544 45 D621 46 91896 7 55/51 48 85156 49 07521 05-09 22662 85205 40756 69440 81619 98326 94070 00015 84820 64157 17676 88040 37403 52820 09243 15993 03648 12479 21472 T7312 12952 37116 43877 66892 00333 01122 67081 13160 42866 74358 86819 33763 27647 04392 13428 66162 84882 69700 95137 85178 53829 38750 83378 38689 86141 00881 67126 62515 87689 56898 10-14 65905 18850 82414 11286 10651 87719 20652 10806 29881 66164 55659 53364 49927 07243 67879 84460 44898 80621 42815 83666 84318 58550 80207 46134 39693 Syne 89950 06468 24969 71659 85651 57194 33854 09419 40293 95763 65109 50741 91631 31310 77250 83635 63369 58625 15707 04900 04151 21108 95493 12236 15-19 70639 39226 02015 88218 67079 92294 35774 83091 85966 41180 44105 71726 57715 79931 00544 62846 O9S5t 66223 77408 36028 95108 42958 88877 01432 28039 123735 16944 T5718 61210 62038 88678 16752 44705 89964 09985 47420 96597 30529 66315 89642 20190 56540 71381 08342 96256 54224 03795 80830 88842 60277 20-24 79365 42249 13858 58925 92511 40614 16249 91530 62800 10089 47361 45690 50423 89292 23410 59844 98795 86085 37390 28420 72305 21460 89380 94710 10154 06902 93054 82627 76046 79643 17401 54450 94211 51211 58434 20792 25930 11658 91428 98364 56535 64900 39564 30459 23068 46177 59077 02263 00664 39102 25-29 67382 90669 78030 03638 59888 50948 75019 36466 70326 41757 34833 66334 67372 84767 12740 14922 18644 78285 76766 70219 64620 43910 32992 23474 95425 74373 87687 76999 67699 LGD 03252 19031 46716 04894 01412 61527 66790 23166 12275 02306 18760 42912 05615 85863 13782 55309 11848 29303 55017 62315 30-34 29085 96325 16269 52862 84502 64886 21145 39981 84740 78258 86679 60332 63116 85693 02540 48730 39765 02432 52615 81369 91318 OLA 75 91380 20423 39220 96199 96693 05999 42054 44741 99547 58580 11738 72882 69124 20441 65706 05400 24816 24617 69942 13953 42451 20781 08467 17852 12630 37204 55539 12239 boo) 69831 23248 65978 62733 72095 20002 05217 62481 62660 96488 23930 22554 48888 73947 54440 73443 71058 53342 32141 41943 89872 87894 03164 60137 19774 97017 87236 58680 12696 05437 32404 47629 55784 17805 82171 39435 61203 66669 68091 09609 77448 79149 64559 09284 89469 27491 98375 96926 LATE 07105 40-44 47058 60933 01385 33451 83463 97365 47286 49177 RiaTo 88629 53249 90600 21505 Popipede) 32949 43167 90368 42846 30268 47366 45375 81378 98656 60609 31782 41273 77054 96739 93758 39038 17918 54132 95374 21896 59058 11859 53634 48708 FATAO 83942 S926 18710 97501 26333 93842 89415 52068 30506 69448 11844 45-49 08186 26927 15345 77455 755 if 30976 76305 15IT9 90279 37254 27083 ATAAS 80182 11551 13491 34770 44104 94771 18106 41067 85436 10620 59337 13119 ~ 49037 21546 33848 63700 03283 13163 62880 60631 72655 83864 82859 41567 22557, 03887 29256 22716 48805 68618 65747 OLTGT. 55349 23466 60142 09808 87530 01117 1'Table from Snedecor, George W.: Statistical Methods, 4th” ed., 1946, the Iowa State College Press, Ames, Iowa. FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 25 TaBLE 42.—Random numbers: ten thousand randomly assorted digits \—Continued 50=54 (55-59 (60-64 65-69. 70-74 75-79, 80-84 85-89 90-94. 95-99 00 59391 58030 52098 82718 87024 82848 04190 96574 90464 29065 O1 99567 76364 77204 04615 27062 96621 43918 01896 83991 51141 02 10363 97518 51400 25670 98342 61891 27101 37855 06235 33316 03 86859 19558 64432 16706 99612 59798 32803 67708 15297 28612 04 11258 24591 36863 55368 31721 94335 34936 02566 80972 08188 05 95068 88628 35911 14530 33020 80428 39936 31855 34334 64865 06 54463 47237 73800 91017 36239 71824 83671 39892 60518 37092 07 16874 62677 57412 13215 31389 62233 80827 73917 82802 84420 08 92494 63157 76593 91316 03505 72389 96363 52887 01087 66091 09 15669 56689 35682 40844 53256 81872 35213 09840 34471 74441 10 99116 75486 84989 23476 52967 67104 39495 39100 17217 74073 11 15696 10703 65178 90637 63110 17622 53988 71087 84148 11670 12 97720 15369 51269 69620 03388 13699 33423 67453 43269 56720 13 11666 13841 71681 98000 35979 39719 81899 07449 47985 46967 14 71628 73130 78783 75691 41632 09847 61547 18707 85489 69944 15 40501 51089 99943 91843 41995 88931 73631 69361 05375 15417 16 22518 55576 98215 82068 10798 86211 36584 67466 69373 40054 17 Jald2 ~ G0485.. 62173. 02132 A4878 -92879 22281. 16783 86352 00077 18 80327 02671 98191 84342 90813 49268 95441 15496 20168 09271 19 60251 45548 02146 05597 48228 81366 34598 72856 66762 17002 20 57430 82270 10421 05540 43648 75888 66049 21511 47676 33444 D4 73528 39559 34434 88596 54086 71693 43132 14414 79949 85193 22 25991 65959 70769 64721 86413 33475 42740 06175 82758 66248 23 78388 16638 09134 59880 63806 48472 39318 35434 24057 74739 24 12477. 09965 96657., 57994. 59439, 76330. 24596, 77515. 09577 91871 25 65266 , 62883. 42451. 15579. 68155. 29793. 40914. 65990. 16255. 17777 26 (OO. SU8TO] 10237 69515. 79152. 74798 39357 . 09054- 73579. 92359 27 37074 65198 44785 68624 98336 84481 97610 78735 46703 98265 28 83712 06514 30101 78295 54656 85417 43189 60048 72781 72606 29 20287 56862 69727 94443 64936 08366 27227 05158 50326 59566 30 (4201 82592, 86538 27041. 65072. 85532. OF571 80609 . 39285, 65340 31 64081 49863 08478 96001 18888 14810 70545 89755 59064 07210 32 05617 75818 47750 67814 29575 10526 66192 44464 27058 40467 33 26793 74951 95466 74307 13330 42664 85515 20632 05497 33625 34 65988 72850 48737 54719 52056 01596 03845 35067 03134 70322 35 27366 42271 44300 73399 21105 03280 73457 43093 05192 48657 36 56760 10909 98147 34736 33863 95256 12731 66598 50771 83665 37 72880 43338 93643 58904 59543 23943 11231 83268 65938 81581 38 77888 38100 03062 58103 47961 83841 25878 23746 55903 44115 39 28440 07819 21580 51459 47971 29882 13990 29226 23608 15873 40 63525 94441 77033 12147 51054 49955 58312 76923 96071 05813 41 47606 93410 16359 89033 89696 47231 64498 31776 05383 39902 42 52669 45030 96279 14709 52372 87832 02735 50803 72744 88208 43 10735." GOISD 07425 62309. 07515. 82721 37875, 72153, 21315 , 00132 44 59848 11695, 45751. 15865 74739 . 05572, 32688 . 20271. 65128 14551 45 12900 71775 29845 60774 94924 21810 38636 33717 67598 82521 46 73086). 23537. . 49939 . 33595 . 13484 97588 . 28617 17979 . 70749.. 35234 47 99495. 50434 29181 09993 38190 42553 68922 52125 91077 40197 48 26075 31671 45386 36583 93459 48599 52022 41330 60651 91321 49 13636 93596 23377 51133 95126 61496 42474 45141 46660 42338 26 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE TABLE 42.—Random numbers: ten thousand randomly assorted digits \—Continued 00-04 50 64249 51 26538 52 05845 53 74897 54 20872 55 31432 56 66890 57 48194 58 11303 59 54374 60 64852 61 16309 62 42587 63 40177 64 82309 65 79788 66 40538 67 64016 68 49767 69 76974 70 23854 71 68973 72 36444 73 03003 74 17540 75 38916 76 64288 77 86809 78 99800 79 92345 80 90363 81 64437 82 91714 83 20902 84 12217 85 45177 86 28325 87 29019 88 84979 89 50371 90 53422 91 67453 92 07294 93 79544 94 64144 95 90919 96 06670 97 36634 98 75101 99 05112 05-09 63664 44249 00512 68373 54570 96156 61505 57790 87118 57325 34421 20384 37065 98590 76128 68243 79000 13598 12691 55108 08480 70551 93600 87800 26188 55809 19843 51564 99566 31890 65162 32242 53662 17646 86007 02863 90814 28776 81353 26347 06825 35651 85353 00302 85442 11883 5359 93976 72891 71222 10-14 39652 04050 78630 67359 35017 89177 01240 79970 81471 16947 61046 09491 24526 OF1G1 93965 59732 89559 18609 17903 29795 85983 25098 65350 07391 36647 47982 69122 38040 14742 95712 32245 48431 28373 31391 70371 42307 08804 56116 56219 48513 69711 89316 74819 45338 82060 58318 86275 52062 85745 72654 15—19 40646 48174 55328 51014 88132 75541 00660 33106 52936 45356 90849 91588 72602 41682 26743 04257 25026 73150 93871 08404 96025 78033 14971 11594 78386 41968 42502 39418 05028 08279 82279 04835 34333 31459 52281 53571 52746 54791 67062 63915 67950 41620 23445 16015 46471 00042 92276 83678 67106 51583 20-24 97306 65570 18116 33510 25730 81355 05873 86904 08555 78371 13966 97720 57589 84533 24141 27084 42274 62463 99721 82684 50117 98573 23525 21196 04558 69760 48508 49915 30033 91794 79256 39070 55791 33315 14510 225392 47913 64604 26146 1158 64716 32048 68237 66613 24162 52402 17591 41256 26010 05228 25-29 31741 44072 69296 83048 22626 24480 13568 48119 28420 10563 39810 89846 98131 67588 04838 14743 23489 33102 79109 00497 64610 79848 00427 00781 61463 79422 28820 19000 94889 94068 80834 59702 74758 03444 76094 74921 54577 08815 82567 25563 18003 70225 07202 88968 39500 28210 46924 60948 62107 62056 30-34 07294 40192 91705 17056 86723 77243 76082 52503 49416 97191 42699 30376 37292 62036 40254 17520 34502 45205 09425 51126 99425 31778 52073 32550 57842 80154 59933 58050 53381 49337 06088 31508 51144 55743 96579 17735 47525 46029 33122 91915 49581 47597 99515 14595 87351 34075 60839 18685 60885 57390 35-39 84149 51153 86224 72506 91691 76690 79172 24130 44448 53798 ZLP53S 76970 05967 49967 26065 95401 75508 87440 26904 79935 62291 29555 64280 57158 90382 91486 72998 16899 23656 88674 99462 60935 18827 74701 54853 42201 77705 71186 14124 18431 45378 33137 62282 63836 36637 $3272 55437 48992 37503 42746 40-44 46797 11397 29503 82949 13191 42507 57913 72824 04269 12693 76192 23063 26002 01990 07938 55811 06059 96767 07419 57450 86943 61446 18847 58887 77019 19180 99942 79952 75787 35355 56705 22390 10704 58851 78339 80540 95330 34650 46240 92978 99878 31443 53809 77716 42833 00840 03183 19462 55461 39272 45-49 82487 58242 57071 54600 TI2N2 84362 93448 21627 27029 27928 10508 35894 51945 72308 76236 76099 86682 67042 76013 55671 21541 23037 24768 73041 24210 15100 10515 57849 59223 12267 06118 52246 76803 27427 20839 54721 21866 14994 92973 171591 61130 51445 26685 79596 71875 73268 15191 96062 71213 96659 FACTORS AND TABLES OF EQUIVALENTS USED IN FORESTRY 27 TABLE 42.—Random numbers: ten thousand randomly assorted digits \—Continued 50=5459 55-59) 160-64; (65-69 270-74. 15-79) "80-84, 85-89) (90-947 95-99 50 32847 31282 03345 89593 69214 70381 78285 20054 91018 16742 51 16916 00041 30236 55023 14253 76582 12092 86533 92426 37655 52 66176 34047 21005 27137 03191 48970 64625 22394 39622 79085 53 46299 13335" 12180-16861 ~38043 59292 62675°-763631 37020 78195 54 22847 47839 45385 23289 47526 54098 45683 55849 51575 64689 55 41851 54160 92320 69936 34803 92479 33399 71160 64777 83378 56 28444 59497 91586 95917 68553 28639 06455 34174 11130 91994 5 if; 47520 --62378- 98855783174 13088 16561 68559:'- 26679 06238 51254 58 34978 63271 13142 82681 05271 08822 06490 44984 49307 62717 59 37404 80416 69035 92980 49486 74378 75610 74976 70056 15478 60 32400 65482 52099 53676 74648 94148 65095 69597 52771 71551 61 89262 86332. 51718-70663 11623 .29834- 79820 73002 84886 03591 62 86866 09127 98021 03871 27789 58444 44832 36505 40672 30180 63 90814 14833 08759 74645 05046 94056 99094 65091 32663 73040 64 19192°° 82756. 205537758446 55376 88914 75096-926119 83898 43816 65 Wooo se 52599" 56612-95766 10019 29531 73064-..20953 53523 58136 66 25 oe VOS64 050962203192 62386: 45389 85332-4°18877 -55710 96459 67 45989) 96251; 28850126216 23309 21526 07425-50254 19455 29315 68 92970 794243, 0731623-41467 64837 52406 25225°"51553 31220 14032 69 74346 59596 40088 98176 17896 86900 20249 77753 19099 48885 70 87646 41309 27636 45153 29988 94770 07255 70908 05340 99751 fel 50099 71038 45146 06146 55211 99429 43169 66259 97786 59180 72 10127 46900 64984 75348 04115 33624 68774 60013 35515 62556 73 67995 81977 18984° 64091 02785 27762 42529 97144 80407 64524 74 26304 80217 84934 82657 69291 35397 98714 35104 08187 48109 75 81994 41070 56642 64091 31229 02595 13513 45148 78722 30144 76 59531 54662, 796314789403 65212 .09975 O6118-).86197 5 58208 16162 Ha 51228 10937 62396 81460 47331 91403 95007 06047 16846 64809 78 31089 37995 29577 07828 42272 54016 21950 86192° 99046 84864 "9 38207 97938 93459 75174 79460 55436 57206 87644 21296 43395 80 88666 31142 09474 89712 63153 62333 42212 06140 42594 43671 81 55905) 2 DOlS4~" 675825-92557 89520. 33452 05134.470628%, 27612 33738 82 SUS0/e 74550-58004 90102. 11693 ~90257 055002. 79920 62700 43325 83 18682-3181038 85662790915 .91631 22223 91588 80774 07716 12548 84 GSoW le S2519" 639425 725971-09234 94592 98475°.".76884 37635 33608 85 68927 56492 67799 95398 77642 54913 91853 08424 81450 76229 86 BOAO IS 69186' = 39389488798 - (31356 89235 97036).32341 33292 73757 87 24359) 95603. 02359-72942 46287 95382 08452).,62862 °97869 71775 88 LOZ SES 8420250°951999"%62272 06366. 16175 97577 99304 41587 03686 89 02804,-7-082535'521334- 20224 68034 50865... 57868 +22343 55111 03607 90 08298. 03879" 209957..19850 73090 13191 918963. 82244 78479 99121 91 59883 01785 82403 96062 03785 03488 12970 64896 38336 30030 92 46982 06682 62864 91837 74021 89094 39952 64158 79614 78235 93 31121 47266 07661 02051 67599 24471 69843 83696 71402 76287 94 I SOl me O04, 5634 16%. 17577 “30161 ° 87320 , 37752 -73276 48969 41915 95 57364 86746 08415 14621 49430 22311 15836 72492 49372 44103 96 09559 26263 69511 28064 75999 44540 13337 10918 79846 54809 97 53873 55571 00608 42661 91332 63956 74087 59008 47493 99581 98 Sopot otO2 60406 05299" 77511 24311 ~57257) 22826 77555 05941 99 28229 88629 25695 94932 30721 16197 78742 34974 97528 45447 28 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE FAHRENHEIT CENTIGRADE 130 210 206 90 190 {20 {80 80 170 110 160 6 150 100 140 60 130 ipo sees 90 110 40 100 BO 90 30 80 70 70 Be 60 50 me) 60 40 30Er° 50 20 -10 10 = 4 Oo O -20 =10 -20-F 5, ce DEGREES FAHRENHEIT (‘°F=°C.X 1.8432) DEGREES FAHRENHEIT DEGREES CENTIGRAD-E FicurE 1.—Temperature alinement chart for converting Fahrenheit to centigrade. 54.4 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 °F. - 32 1.8 ) DEGREES CENTIGRADE (‘. CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS CENTIMETERS INCHES 1.0 0.9 0.8 ry fad ()t/ WwW = uJ = if — = 0.6 Le) [e) t i'o) ~ i] 22) a 0.5 WwW ke WwW = = Zz {ea} ~ 0.4 [e) {o) v w rau] W aT: O Oz 2 = Ww J ae Oo Zz =- 0.2 O.! 0.0 Anis} 0.6 0.5 0.0 0.3937 INCH) CENTIMETERS (1 CENTIMETER: FEET (! FOOT = 0.3048 METER) FEET METERS 1.0 3.2 3.0 0.9 2.8 2.6 0.8 2.4 0.7 2.2 2.9 0.6 1.8 0.5 1.6 1.4 —0.4 2 1.0 0.3 i: 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.2 c.0 0.0 METERS (1 METER = 3.2808 FEET) FIGURE 2.—Alinement charts for converting inches to centimeters and feet to meters. 29 30 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE CHAINS MILES METERS KILOMETERS V0=_ 99 lO—7=""6 15 0.9 18 9 14 0.8 Ie Fal eg l2 Oa7 14 7 (I ~- 10 Ww 0.6 = ° l2 6 = a ne t oa Zz Da 9 iy) Wd = & © ‘ é Ww = rs ‘ Py O iw u 0.5 10 na Ss 5 8 « a o fe) LJ 2 t 2 LW = ° “ > ro) ro) i) ¢@) nN " es 7 = " Cc o x 0.4 Ww : = = g : a TT = Se < uJ tJ x = J 6 ” rs iS = ia — = - 7) ol eg lw - 0.3 6 i= Ww 3 re) r Ww a a ) = s < 4 0.2 —Z 2 ---3 2 0.1 2 t i 0.0——0 o-E20) FIGURE 3.—Alinement charts for converting chains to meters and miles to kilometers. CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS Bill SQUARESEEE T RE ~INCR'ES oa SQUARE METERS SQUARE CENTIMETERS 1.0 10 ie) 60 0.9 +) 55 9 0.8 8 ~~ I F 50 ~ pes ry a2 a 8 nt Vv S z " u ? 0.7 = a 745 us = 2) a fed oC a i@ q "Yn rf > =) F o G G a uJ wn 9) . © = i Si fo) o : r pi Q sw 0.6 S) 6 vs) Ee Pe Zz fo) " us os Oo o ° (8) : 6 iv) ° " b uJ TT WwW os 22 o s (a < ro) > a) ve 0.5 w o 5 F w vp) ud Ww 3 CG o] > & 3 ” re] Ww ) vp) kb < : ” 15 = WW I iy 0.2 = e) wW tJ cc 10 rr < < > =) Cc ie} 7) | 77) I Onl 5 (@) 0.0 Q (9) Fiaur& 4.—Alinement charts for converting square inches to square centimeters and square feet to square meters. MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 32 SQUARE CHAINS SQUARE YARDS SQUARE METERS SQUARE METERS .o) Te) ° ts) fe) wo ° v ” ” av) nu -_ - ° o © iS Ce) Ts) t ” i) = ° ° ° ro) °o ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° °o ° °o ° ARAM BEAASOAARELERAAED {0 ao (SYUBLIW BYVNOS ELBI'VOP = NIVHD JUWVNOS 1) SNIVHD JuvNoOs (SQYVA BUVNDS 6GE6S6I‘'|=YILIW BYVNOS!) SYBALIW Buvnds ™ oO (Y3LIW BYVNOS C19LF8'O0 =GUuvA AYVNOS!) SGUVA JUVNOS 0.00 FIGURE 5.—Alinement charts for converting square yards to square meters and square chains to square meters o wy vT isp) a) - o tC o w vw ” N al o CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS SQUARE METERS ACRES 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 n~ Ww jeg J uw 0.6 W = WwW [eg C-¢ =) Oo o 0.5— mr) i @ © bg oe 2 0.4 4 WwW [1.4 (6) < LS 0.3 Vv) uJ e VU < 0.2 Q.1 9.0 FiGURE 6.—Alinement charts for converting acres to square meters and hectares. 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0.000247 ACRE) SQUARE METERS (1 SQUARE METER = 0.40469 HECTARE) ACRES (1 ACRE ACRES HECTARES 10 4.0 9 3.5 8 3.0 7 2.5 6 5 2.0 4 1.5 3 1.0 2 0.5 \ 0 0.0 = 2.47104 ACRES) HECTARES (1 HECTARE 33 34 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE SQUARE MILES SQUARE MILES SQUARE KILOMETERS HECTARES 0.10 me) sof 25 3.6 24 9 0.09 3.4 22 3.2 5 0.08 8 -_ 3.0 ey 20 a = Yn oc ~ ce oe : eo a & ; WwW 7 =} < 18 = ie, - 2.6 in # ef uJ a fo) - x = a c=) & 5 2 > 0.06 < oS . md 2 2 iu ° v4 ; 4 nu = " 14 ° ae °o Ww J ° 2.0 s 4 2 5 O = 0.05 o 3 a - 1.8 = s ie = uw w x sh — q - = 1.6 =d - es AP Ww - ” a [0 x : <7 < i.4 a = = ow = cS WJ WJ 7) a - : = ine w < 0.03 3 = 5 - o w& (e) n = | =! = 1.0 z 6 uw Ww = lad < 0.856 S < 0.02 > = Cc Cc “” 7) 0.6 4 0.4 | 6.0! 2 0.2 ao 00 i) 0.0 ro) Q. FIGURE 7.—Alinement charts for converting square miles to square kilometers and hectares. HECTARES (1 HECTARE = 0.003861 SQUARE MILE) CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS FLUID OUNCES CUBIC CENTIMETERS 1.0 0.9 0.8 a c uJ e Ww 0.7 = | z uJ U bed rey 0.6 > U ~ ™ nt Ww oO wu 0.5 " LJ (8) 72 >] (o) 2 0.4 = et we Ss (Tp) uJ SZ 0.3 >) (e) pod =) a uw 0.2 0.1 0.0 29 28 26 24 a2 20 t) 0.0338 FLUID OUNCE) CUBIC CENTIMETERS (1 CUBIC CENTIMETER -CUBIC FEET (I CUBIC FOOT: 0.0283 CUBIC METER) CUBIC V-REE TF CUBIC’ METERS 1.0 3-5 0.9 30 0.8 mi 0.7 0.6 20 0.5 15 0.4 0.3 10 0.2 5 : O.! ce) 0.0 35.3145 CUBIC FEET) CUBIC METERS (1 CUBIC METER FIGURE 8.—Alinement charts for converting fluid ounces to cubic centimeters and cubic feet to cubic meters. 36 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE U.S: GALLONS IMPERIAL GALLONS 10 U.S. GALLONS LITERS 0.63268 IMPERIAL GALLON) 3.78533 LITERS) (64) ‘U.S. GALLONS (IGALLON a = 0.26418 GALLON) d IMPERIAL GALLONS (!1IMPERIAL GALLON g 1.20094 U.S. GALLONS) LITERS (I LITER U.S. GALLONS (iU.S. GALLON 0-0 0.0 te) FIGURE 9.—Alinement charts for converting United States gallons to imperial gallons and liters. CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS IMPERIAL GALLONS BUSHELS LITERS HECTOLITERS 252 10 10 3.5 3.4 2.1 2.0 9 9- 3.2 1.9 @. 3.0 1.8 : S-—F.2.8 1.7 a 2.6 « 1.6 WwW - 7 7 = 5 2.4 o “2 ‘oO n 1.4 ~ t z 2.2 S o ° pay = t 1.3 6 z - c ”. " < re > > re) ie 2.0 oO ° 1.2- 4 S © ad < - & a) = ; ” < rd S 1.8 © oO t.J 5 w I 5 ats re oS = = © ft z 1.0 a 1.6 w ww 2 m) i= a tus) ” - = 0.9 2 . ad = . (eo) {e) ” 0.8 YT} w bony 7% x = ° = un 1.2 = ® ud > 2 0.7 F 0 w” < = wc ru) 3 a — 3 w - tK m 0.6 = n £0 = S ” a 2 « a ws ° u) as a 0.5 = ” 0.8 Vv = = > ud = 2 cad o 2 = 0.4 0.6 0.3 ' 0.4 0.2 ‘ 0.1 0.2 0.0 ce) 0 0.0 FIGURE 10.—Alinement charts for converting imperial gallons to liters and bushels to hectoliters. 38 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE OUNCES (AVOIRDUPOIS) GRAMS = 28.35 GRAMS) OUNCES (| OUNCE 16 450 15 Ba 400 13- 350 f2 il 3006 10 9 250 8 Ff 200 6 150 5 4 1090 3 a 50 ] fe) te) = 0.0353 OUNCE) GRAMS (1GRAM = 453.6 GRAMS) POUNDS (I POUND POUNDS GRAMS = 4500 9 4000 8 3500 7 3000 6 2500 5 2000 4 1500 3 1000 2 500 i 0 fe) = 0.0022 POUND) GRAMS (1 GRAM FIGURE 11.—Alinement charts for converting avoirdupois ounces to grams and pounds to grams. CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS FOOT=POUNDS KILOGRAMMETERS 10 1.3 9 1.2 8 ee} = 7) a Zz a) a fo) C2 1.0 a. A) ’ - 7 - W (o} fe) 2 w& > $ g 0.9 fo} a o ” ” 4 slice s Zz 0.8 . 0 © NW jad lve) WW fo r ld ae 3 us ° 5 OF = It = a < z : « = t ound (o) fe) 0.6 [e) oO al 2 4- zZ .o) ~ fe) 0.5 7) zs a ww Gd o E fa) wW 3 = es 0.4 = ce) <¢ a. w ' ru) = ° 5 ro) 0.3 = 0.2 ) 0.1 0 0.0 Figure 12.—alinement chart for converting foot-pounds to kilogrammeters. MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 40) -~ - WH WW) >a OW 2 (RB Oo woe o —w Vw Zur o< a U3 cm (oer) UV ” oc ke w Ww J wy “'s Qa av ? av 10 °o 25 24 (TVIY3LVN GITOS 1334 DIGBND 06 JO GUO) wZ6E°O = Y3ILIW DJIGNI!) SHYBLINW DIGND (TVINBLYVN GITOS SUYBLIN DIGND 6yS°z2 =41334 DJIGND 06 4O GHOD!) SaYuOod (1003 31IBND Y3d 1334 GUVOES JO Olivy HLIM 1334 OuvOE 2S°9L1=YSLIW DIGNI!1) SYALAW DIGNS i) @ rn © wn v “” a o ° : 3 ° ° rey ° ° ° ° ° ra) be ee LEE CEE Eo EEDA EE bE Sle re HH o °o oO 2 oO oO °o °o °o °o oO te) oO te} oO te} = 3 n vv ™ ~w = oOo oa @ ~ © w gy ™m ~N - - — —_ <= - - (uaLaW DIGND €99600'0 = 1004 GuVvOE!) 1334 GYVvVOE FIGURE 13.—Alinement charts for converting board feet to cubic meters and cords to cubic meters. 41 CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS BOARD FEET PER ACRE CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE CORDS PER ACRE CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE 10 10 700 60 55 "249 AD? ='249'°9O FS 3NDV Y3d L334 GUVOS LZSviId = IYVLIIH Y3d YILIW JIANI! S3IYUDV OILY’!S = 3YV1LIIH | 93H Y3d SYBLIW DIBND here Quvog LS‘'9LI = y¥RLIW DIEND ; 3Y¥VvL33 Y¥3d a S © w ¢$ ” i") -_ ° ° o ° ° ° ° °o ° ° ° ° ° Ts) te) te) (oe) w fo} wn fo) w to} w ° w wo t ae ” oY ey) ry - = JYVLIIH LyOb'O = 3NDVI : eres 21ND 4§00°0 = 1004 auvOE ‘ SN Ve eae Sots JYUWLIZH Y3d YILAW JIGND 66EIO'O=3YDV Y3d 1LOO0I AYVOE 3 3IYDIV Yad AYOD SEGi'O=3YVLIIH YAd YILIW DIAGND! (IVIY3LVN GIT0S 1334 DIGND 06 40 QUOD wZ6E°0 =YILIW DIGND!) IUYVLDIH Y3d SURLIN DIGND 30 15 10 50 45 40 35 25 20 JYVLIZH Y3d SYBLIW JIEGND G$L62°9 = 3NDVW Y3d ANODL (IWIY3LVN GINIOS SYALIW DIGND 6¥S°2= 1334 DIGND06 4O quod!) J¥DdV U3d SAYOD i) te) FIGURE 14.—Alinement charts for converting cords per acre to cubic meters ie) per hectare and board feet per acre to cubic meters per hectare. MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE 42 BASAL AREA (FT?) PER ACRE CUBIC FEET PER ACRE BASAL AREA (M°) PER HECTARE CUBIC METERS PER HECTARE 10 10 140 40 130 3YDV Y3d 1334 BYWNOS O9GE'P = 3HYWLDIH Y3d YILIW BYWNOS 1 BYVLOBH Yad (SYILIW BYVNOS) vayuV IvsvAa: 30 15 10 5 35 25 20 JYVLIIH Y3d YILIW BYVWNOS 9622°0=3HIV YAad LOO AYVWNDOS | aYDV Yad (1334 3JYVNDS) V3aYuV IVSVA JYDV Y3d LII4 DIGND Cl6!?' vl = IYVLIBH Y3d YILIW DIGND! eee DIGND SGvpIle’Se =YALIW DIGNSI ! 120 Sau dW OILv'2 = 3YVLIIH i JYUVLOGH Yad SYaL|IW D1END 40 30 20 °o 100 90 80 70 . 60 50 QUVLIIH UAd YALIW DIGND 46690'0= 3NDv Yd LOOS DIBNDI f JUVLISH LpOv‘'o= 3yudV I ¥OV Yad 1334 3I18N YILIN DIGND €820°0 = 1004 DJIEND i . 4 2 FIGURE 15.—Alinement charts for converting cubic feet per acre to cubic meters per hectare and basal area (square feet) per acre to basal area (Square meters) per hectare 43 CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS IN. POUNDS PER SQ. POUNDS PER ACRE KILOGRAMS PER SQ. CM. KILOGRAMS PER HECTARE 10 14 ( HONIAYVNDS Y3d SANNOd vece v1 = YSLIWILN|O SYVNDS Y3d WVYSO TY 1) YSLSWILNGS JYUVNDS Yad SNVHYIOTN a = : 2 n Si ty) N = S ° c fo) o ° ro) ° fo) ° ° | bith a) Nn - fo) © © é re) w t i) ag - fo) ( YSALSWILNSS 3YVNOS Yyad WVYDOTY If « Ps w a 9 x Ww F a [e) . fe) 4 8 - & oO (e) bed w oO ) p=) 7 A) VU (nd & (6) < 3 6 o er z (o) > rf 5 < n (a) (1 vg Ww 4 Ww a 2 a b b uw w w 3 w Lo i ’ UV = ' 2 w oO x =) U U < —| 0 oO Figure 18.—Alinement chart for converting cubic feet per second to acre-feet per day 45 46 MISC. PUBLICATION 225, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE DOLLARS PER ACRE MARKS PER HECTARE 16 g 8 | © - wo T a es 5 ® x < g F uit | =8 : 2s v I OF Zz Ono te VU © qc 4 Oo WwW Be ” isd iJ eens pee z < oa eo = y @ =) ak « Qa ac ° < uw q 4 nee 3 ef 2 =I. x < =) [omme) <= A er= =2- > 2 0.0——}0 FIGURE 19.—Alinement chart for converting dollars per acre to marks per hectare. Value of foreign currency approximate. CONVERTING-FACTOR ALINEMENT CHARTS AT RELATION OF COEFFICIENTS OF CORRELATION (R) AND ALIENATION (K) KorR RorK 1.00 00 = .05 10 .98 .20 -96 .30 94 «92 .40 .90 .45 50 «85 OD .60 .60 —+{—.65 .75 .70. .707——.707 FIGURE 20.—Coeflicients of correlation. 4 a =) H | =) eS) _ a oS