Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific Knowledge, policies, or practices. ‘al y A2C7NOL. 22 No. 14 April 7, 1972 ~ Cooperative - Economic ~ Insect Report i BOOROTECTION AND QUARANTINE PROGRAMS *UISDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE oe lm oo rw ; . q aed a : \ BEANE BA . nese eee, : a my ‘ ~ 5 ryt st ; ; EX VE Ae 1 @) é hi ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH SERVICE PLANT PROTECTION AND QUARANTINE PROGRAMS ECONOMIC INSECT SURVEY AND DETECTION STAFF The Cooperative Economic Insect Report is issued weekly as a service to American Agriculture. Its contents are compiled from information supplied by cooperating State, Federal, and industrial entomologists and other agricultural workers. In releasing this material the Service serves as a Clearing house and does not assume responsibility for ac- curacy of the material. All reports and inquiries pertaining to this release, including the mailing list, should be sent to: Economic Insect Survey and Detection Plant Protection and Quarantine Programs Animal and Plant Health Service United States Department of Agriculture Federal Center Building Hyattsville, Maryland 20782 Volume 22 Appeals i. (L972 Number 14 COOPERATIVE ECONOMIC INSECT REPORT HIGHLIGHTS Current Conditions GREENBUG continues to damage small grain in Oklahoma. Economic on oats in east-central Arkansas. (p. 189). ALFALFA WEEVIL continues to damage alfalfa in Oklahoma. Controls applied in all areas of Arkansas and planned in Missouri. RpiooL90). PEPPER WEEVIL serious on peppers in limited area of Florida. Gone ge O28 bp pe Total number of SCREWWORM cases in the U.S. increased from 22 Bieaprevtous period to 7 this period. (p. 192). WHITEFRINGED BEETLE larvae damaged tomato plants in southern AjTabama. (Cp... 194). Detection APPHYIOSE DEED MITE Geported from Elorida for first time. This Me is a new United States record. Little known of biology of thisespecies. <(p. 193). A WEEVIL reported from Maine for a new State record. (p. 192). For new county records see page 194. Special Reports Summary of Insect Conditions in the United States - 1971. Forest Insect Highlights (pp. 195-198). Contributors (pp. 198-199). A Review of Literature on the Pheromone of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (pp. 200-207). European Chafer Quarantines. Map. Centerfold. Reports in this issue are for week ending March 31 unless other- wise indicated. - 187 - CONTENTS special Insects Of sResronaleystemnbictel Cane Cer ee ei ere eS Insects Affecting Corn, Sorghum, Sugarcane..... 189 ColemCrons a. tesa ee OAL SMA CGA UNS oe eres mene w ener eRe 189 Cucurbi CSc eae IS)al Turf, Pastures, Rangeland....190 Ornamentals = acu see oe 192 Forages He sume stacy = osu ae 190 Forest and Shade Trees. .192 DUGAL BESS mises te eines TOW Man and sAnaimallis ys) saa LOZ Potatoes, Tomatoes, Peppers..191 NLOLed) ProducitsSmasae ase 193 Beneficial NSS CS so ec. ean chs anc meio op sit cee ee gS Federal and State Plant Protection: Programse. «ae eee gS Hawaii Insect) Report . oa. ces sok: oc MEE Oe he ee eee 194 DOC C ULOD oi Lies seregetewes cue enone amet ose. 0) siete eee eee 194 Summary of Insect Conditions in the United States - 1971 Forest, Insec CiHighlightisi: ten ond ek te ee ee ee eee 195 COmUrtbUCOrs iyo i7 a cicieis ste suns hae ke anor eee a 198 A Review of the Literature on the Pheromone of the Boll Weed Dispos. Ss 5 jaunlscss reer ght ge iyaiels sale Aaa Gee See ney ne Pee eee rane 200 Kuropean Chafer Quarantines, Map. Centerfold. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE'S 30-DAY OUTLOOK APRIL 1972 The National Weather Service's 30-day outlook for April is for temperatures to average below seasonal normals across the Nation except for near normal in the Northeast and along the south Atlantic coast and near to above normal over California, por- tions of the central and southern Plateau, and the Rio Grande Valley. Precipitation is expected to exceed normal from central and southern portions of the Mississippi Valley to the middle and south Atlantic coast and also along the north Pacific coast. Subnormal totals are indicated for the Southwest as well as for the north Atlantic coast States. Weather forecast given here is based on the official 30-day "Resume and Outlook" published twice a month by the National Weather Service. You can subscribe through the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D.C. 20250. Price $5.00 a year. WEATHER OF THE WEEK ENDING APRIL 3 Reprinted from weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin supplied by environmental Data Service, NOAA, PRECIPITATION: A severe late winter storm brought a variety of disagreeable weather to mid-America in the first half of the week. Heavy snow fell over the northern Great Plains and Montana to the Great Lakes. Light snow fell in the Northern and Central Rocky Mountains, intermittent snow glazed highways from the Great Lakes to New England. Gusty winds, blowing snow and drifting snow, snarled automobile traffic, delayed air travel, and closed schools. Eleven inches of snow fell in 12 hours Wednesday, at Moline, Illinois, 9 inches accumulated in Madison, Wisconsin, and o to 8 inches covered the Chicago, Illinois, area. Ten inches Weather of the week continued on page 208. - 188 - SPECIAL INSECTS OF REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE ARMY CUTWORM (Euxoa auxiliaris) - COLORADO - Larval counts per linear foot of small grain: 1-4 in Adams County; 2 in Arapahoe Coumty-0l=259 intkibert Countyy 2si an Lincoln County: and 6.210 Washington County. (Marquardt). OKLAHOMA - Pupation started in 2liabea, in Pon Latoc, county, (Okla: Coop. Sur... ARMYWORM (Pseudaletia unipuncta) - ARKANSAS - Moths reported in area east of Little Rock, Pulaski County. (Boyer). BEET LEAFHOPPER (Circulifer tenellus) - CALIFORNIA - Treatment underway. Spring population moderate throughout most of San Joaquin Valley. Strong winds drying host vegetation. This will cause some natural mortality but will also cause dissemination of adults) to croplands earlier than anticipated. (Cal. Coop. Rpt). CORN EARWORM (Heliothis zea) - ARIZONA - This species and CABBAGE LOOPER (Trichoplusia ni) required controls on lettuce at Yuma, Yona Counti.CAriz., Coop. Sur. ). GREENBUG (Schizaphis graminum) - OKLAHOMA - Light to heavy on wheat in Wagoner County. Ranged 50-100 per sweep in Pottawatomie County. Moderate in Kingfisher County. Ranged 25-75 per linear foot in wheat and oats in Sequoyah and Le Flore Counties with some damage in spring oats. Ranged 20-40 per linear foot in Kay County. Numbers reduced by predators and parasites in Major County. Greenbug ranged 1-5 per linear foot in McCurtain and Choctaw Counties and light in Dewey and Roger Mills Counties. (Okla. Coop. Sur.). ARKANSAS - Some concern mainly in east- central area small grains. Economic in about 15 percent of oat- fields east of Little Rock. Two fields treated in Lee and Monroe Counties. In most cases, Macrosiphum avenae (English grain aphid) associated with greenbug. Greenbug increased slightly in north- west areas, no economic infestations observed or reported. (Boyer). SPOTTED ALFALFA APHID (Therioaphis maculata) - ARIZONA -Counts of 253 per 100 sweeps of alfalfa in Maricopa County. (Ariz. Coop. Sur.). NEW MEXICO - Light on alfalfa in Chaves and Eddy Counties. (Mathews). OKLAHOMA - Ranged 25-150 per square foot in alfalfa in Ma joracounmy., )(Okila:. Box 3623 Portland, Oregon 97208 10 U.S. Forest Service Federal Office Bldg. P.O. Box 1628 Juneau, Alaska 99801 Area NA Northeastern Area U.S. Forest Service 6816 Market Street Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082 SA Southeastern Area U.S. Forest Service Suite 800 1720 Peachtree Road, IN Wie Atlanta, Georgia 30309 HAWAII K.F. Kawamura IDAHO R.W. Portman ILLINOIS T. Cooley INDIANA R.W. Meyer IOWA H. Gunderson KANSAS K708) Bet KENTUCKY DE. Barnett U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL & PLANT HEALTH SERVICE PLANT PROTECTION DIVISION AND CANADIAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTL COOPERATING WITH AFFECTED STATE COUNTIES ENTIRELY COLORED ARE COMPLETELY REGULATE ARE PARTIALLY REGULATED GENERALLY INFESTED AREA — STATE, FEDERAL, AN (ERADICATION TREATMENTS NOT IN PROGRESS OR PL, STATE REGULATIONS ONLY (ERADICATION TREATMER Yfyjj~p = RADICATED — REGULATIONS REMOVED nn cullen ¢ i ee 2 € On 2) c 5 ) v4 4, mus— ws Z 1 Moe NGUM A > - NT < eR 9% Ga 2 yw wt MONO : é S “ & ba HOw & ert _ GAL e o of ws ve mOBLE MONROE ARG RESTRICTIONS ARE IMPOSED ON MOVEMENT OF REGULATED A AS FOLLOWS: (onary meget or — ee vem ? s Reheat er ey esd sath TP ge Ne oe aw j a = +1 © ihe: Sih 8 fi ed — EUROPEAN CHAFER QUARANTINES U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ANIMAL & PLANT HEALTH SERVICE PLANT PROTECTION DIVISION AND CANADIAN DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE COOPERATING WITH AFFECTED STATES COUNTIES ENTIRELY COLORED ARE COMPLETELY REGULATED: COUNTIES PARTIALLY COLORED ARE PARTIALLY REGULATED GENERALLY INFESTED AREA — STATE, FEDERAL, AND CANADIAN REGULATIONS (ERADICATION TREATMENTS NOT IN PROGRESS OR PLANNED) STATE REGULATIONS ONLY (ERADICATION TREATMENTS APPLIED OR IN PROGRESS) VUZVZZZ7,_: ERADICATED — REGULATIONS REMOVED RESTRICTIONS ARE IMPOSED ON MOVEMENT OF REGULATED ARTICLES FROM A REGULATED AREA AS FOLLOWS t RED INTO OR THROUGH WHITE OR BLUE 2, BLUE INTO ANY OTHER AREA WHEN REQUIRED BY APPROPRIATE STATE QUARANTINE OR BY AN AUTHORIZED INSPECTOR IN THE UNITED STATES, CONSULT YOUR STATE OR FEDERAL PLANT PROTECTION INSPECTOR OR YOUR COUNTY AGENT AND, IN CANADA, YOUR NEAREST PLANT PROTECTION DIVISION OFFICE FOR ASSISTANCE REGARDING AREAS UNDER KEGULATION AND REQUIREMENTS FOR MOVING REGULATED ARTICLES. THE FOLLOWING REGULATED ARTICLES MOVED FROM GENERALLY IN- FESTED AREAS (RED) REQUIRE A CERTIFICATE OR PERMIT YEAR- ‘ROUND EXCEPT AS INDICATED :* 1. two Soil, compost, decomposed manure, humus, muck, and peat, separately or with other things. Soil samples shipped to approved laboratories do not require attachment of certificate or permit.** Compost, decomposed manure, humus, and peat are exempt*** if dehy- drated, ground, pulverized, or compressed. Plants with roots, except soil-free aquatic plants, moss, and Lycopodium (clubmoss or ground-pine or running pine). Grass sod. Plant crowns and roots for propagation. True bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers of ornamental plants when freshly harvested or uncured. True bulbs, corms, rhizomes ‘and tubers (other than clumps or dahlia tu- bers) of ornamental plants are exempt*** if free of soil. Used mechanized soil-moving equipment. Used mechanized soil-moving equipment is exempt*** if cleaned and _ re- painted. Any other products, articles, or means of conveyance of any character whatsoever, not covered by the above, when it is determined by an in- spector that they present a hazard of spread of the European chafer and the person in possession thereof has been so notified. THE FOLLOWING REGULATED ARTICLES MOVED FROM STATE REGU- LATED AREAS (BLUE) REQUIRE A CERTIFICATE OR PERMIT YEAR- ‘ROUND EXCEPT AS INDICATED:* Is 2 Bulk soil, Used mechanized soil-moving equipment. Used mechanized soil-moving equipment is exempt** painted. if cleaned and re- Any other products, articles, or means of conveyance of any character whatsoever, not covered by the above, when it is determined by an inspector that they present a hazard of spread of the European chafer and the person in possession thereof has been so notified. See ‘Restrictions Imposed on Movement. of Regulated Articles’ on the re- reverse side. Information as to approved laboratories may be obtained from an inspector. * Exempt if not exposed to infestation after cleaning or other prescribed han- dling. i. Te 4 RR tare "an saddens... ick einai iat be — are er PES * Bie R- i. a : E wy for ee Regt we re 3 ‘SUl[P 20[9 1a}iJe UOT}VISeTUI 0} pesodxe jou FI ydwexy q ABUL Sel1o1eIOqeR] peAoidde 04 se UolyeUAIOsUT Z ‘OPIS VSIBAII [ JO JUeWIeACTY UO pesodwWy suUOT}.II}seYy,, 9e9 JU OS Us9G SBY josley} UoIssessod ul uosased jo peaids Jo paezey e jueseid Adyy yeYy I UdeYM “dAOGB dy} AG PateAOd Jou “TaAVOS}BYM jo suveul 10 ‘SapoTjae ‘syonpoid daeyjo Auy on ‘poyured — SI jJuewdinbes sulAoul-[Ios peziueyoeu peasy con ‘JYuewidinbe SUIAOW-[IOS paeZzIUBYy.eUl pesg ‘Z ALS ‘Tos AMA vT AR] « CGALVOIGNI SV LddOxXd ANNO4, ALLHHO V TMINOTY (HANI) SVAUV GHLVI apn SHIOILYV GALVINOFd ONIMOTION HAL CAIU OS Ueedq SBY JOa1eY} UOISsessod UI UOSIed 94 watds JO paezey B jUussoid Ady. VY} 10zDedS eyM ‘sAoqe sy} Aq paiteAos jou ‘TeAsOS}eYM COl so suveu 410 ‘saprjae ‘sjonpord seyjyo AuY DEl ‘peyuted SI JueudInbe SUIAOW-[IOS peZIueYyeul pes Be ‘yuotdINbs SUIAOW-[IOS pezIueyoeIU peasy) Jl ..».jdwexe oie syuBld [e}UoUIeUTO jo (sieq 40) ‘s19qn} pue sewoziyt ‘“‘suiod ‘sqrnq ent, ‘peinoun 10 po ,seaArey Jo steqn} pue ‘sewozIyt “suitod ‘sq[nq ent, ‘uolyesedoid 10fJ SjoOL puv SUMOID JUR[d "pOS SSBI4y f4—--- Tb Q---eeeer eR Arexrd_nimate In eaenti|ANnn) ~~ CONTRIBUTORS (Cont. ) MAINE A, Gall MARYLAND J.L. Hellman MASSACHUSETTS G.L. Jensen MICHIGAN Rod ssauerset: al. MINNESOTA R. Flaskerd MISSISSIPPI J. Robinson MISSOURI R E. Munson MONTANA Coke bisartst NEBRASKA Dole keds th NEVADA ReaCavbechtel NEW HAMPSHIRE Ri. Blickle NEW MEXICO G.L. Nielsen NORTH CAROLINA RIN. “huni NORTH DAKOTA W.J. Brandvik = 19s) = OHIO R.W. Rings EoP. Andress OKLAHOMA DECe Arnold OREGON R. Penrose PENNSYLVANIA Ke Gre skerm RHODE ISLAND Gre alec SOUTH CAROLINA Ven MeCackinil SOUTH DAKOTA P.A. Jones TENNESSEE C2aDe Gordon TEXAS L.R. Green UTAH G.F. Knowlton VERMONT aWice OCOtGt VIRGINIA W.A. Allen et al. WASHINGTON R.F. Harwood WISCONSIN M.S. Conrad A Review of Literature on the Pheromone of the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) D. D. Hardeel/ Since its introduction into the United States about 1892 (Hunter and -Hinds 2] 1905) east hes bore weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, has been the most costly insect in the history of American agricul- ture and is often termed the "$10 billion insect" (Dunn 1964), Losses in cotton production due to the boll weevil are estimated to average $200 to 300 million annually; to prevent even greater losses, growers Spend an estimated $70 million each year (Knipling 1964) for its control. It is estimated (Rainwater 1962) that about one-third of all insecticides used for agricultural purposes are applied for control of the boll weevil. The exten- Sive use of insecticides for control of boll weevils not only may cause a serious problem of environmental pollution but often causes a drastic reduction of natural biological agents that otherwise would hold other agricultural pests in check. The ad- verse effect on natural insect parasites and predators often leads to an increase in Subsequent populations of such insects aS the tobacco budworm and the bollworn. This, in turn, may result in increased crop losses and increased intensive use of insecticides to protect the cotton crop. Attempts to solve the problem resulted in considerable research in the past decade directed toward the development of ways to eliminate the boll weevil from all infested cotton growing areas in the United States. An area of research that has shown a great deal of promise in manipulation of populations of the boll weevil has been the use of pheromones (Karlson and Luscher 1959). Gen- eral reviews of literature on the boll weevil are available (Dunn 1964, Mitlin and Mitlin 1968). This review, however, is concerned - only with literature relating to the pheromone of the boll weevil. In the earliest record of sexual attraction in the: boll weevil, Hunter and Hinds (1905) concluded that females were not attrac- tive to males and that ". , ., instead of Seeking widely for the females, the males are content to wait for them to come their way.” It was not until 1962 that Cross and co-workers (Cross and Mitchell 1966, confirmed by Keller et al. 1964) showed conclu- Sively that the male boll weevil produces a wind-borne sex attractant (pheromone) that is attractive to females. Once’ a laboratory bioassay procedure was developed (Hardee et al. 1967a), female attraction to males was confirmed, and sub- sequent research in the laboratory (Hardee et al. LIG7b, Bar tiletst et al. 1968) showed that (1) males sterilized with apholate or gamma radiation were equally as attractive as untreated males when both were fed cotton squares (flower buds) as food; (2) peak Sexual activity of both males and females occurred when weevils were 4 to 6 days old; (3) females responded to a single male, but response was Significantly greater to D5 lO), org Ws 1/ Entomology Research Division, Agr. Res. Serv., USDA a State College, Mississippi 39762 - 200 - males; (4) virgin males were twice as attractive and virgin females were 3 times as responsive as mated males or females; and (5) comparisons between laboratory-reared and native weevils in- dicated food to be of greater importance than culture in deter- mining female response. Additional diet studies in the laboratory and field in 1966-69 (Hardee 1970c) showed that: (1) Males fed cotton squares, bolls, and blooms were considerably more attractive than males fed terminals, cotyledons and leaves; (2) pheromone production by males was reduced by about 50 percent one hour and over 90 percent twenty-four hours after food was removed; (3) males survived well and produced pheromone in laboratory bioassays on a variety of foods (50-70 percent as much as on cotton squares) such as apples, bananas, okra, peaches, and string beans, but the most favorable diet was cotton Squares; and (4) overwintered male boll weevils Survived longer without food than laboratory-reared males, but both needed some food before pheromone production began. In field tests, however, Cross et al. (unpublished data) were not able to show response to male boll weevils fed on any diet except cotton. The results indicated that a constant supply of adequate food, preferably cotton squares or small cotton bolls, is essential to continued production of a high level of pheromone by males. The effectiveness of males or extracts of males in different kinds of traps in capturing virgin, released females (Cross et al. 1967, 1969, Hardee et al. 1969a) was evaluated in 1965-66 in several field studies in Mississippi, Florida, and Mexico. It was concluded from these studies that a wing-type trap coated with an adhesive was the most effective trap for boll weevils. Hardee et al. (1969a) concluded from these field tests that: (1) Males in close proximity to females were no more attractive to females than isolated males; (2) females responded to males aS many aS 3 times and from distances of as much as 250 feet; and (3) the high percentage of females captured in traps baited with males in the absence of competing males, and the low per- centage captured with males in traps in an infested plot contain- ing large numbers of competing males suggest that the sex phero- mone might have a major role in suppressing boll weevils in areas where populations are extremely low; for example, in the spring after an effective fall diapause-control program has substan- tially reduced the number of overwintering boll weevils. They also substantiated results from previous tests in Showing that: — (1) Laboratory-reared males were as attractive and females were aS responSive as native weevils if they had access to cotton squares (flower buds) as food; (2) isolated males were more attractive than grouped males; (3) males in close proximity to females were no more attractive to females than isolated males; (4) the lack of response of recently mated females emphasized the need to capture females in traps before they mate with free, competing males; and (5) sterilization of males with apholate OG PeteaeGda tL LOn did pot srsnit cantly }decrease their attractive— ness compared with untreated males. In 1967 Cross and Hardee (1968)- demonstrated for the first time, Bradley et al. (1968) confirmed, and Hardee et al. (1969b) showed in detail that the male pheromone is not only a sex pheromone for females but also acts as an aggregating pheromone for both sexes, primarily in the spring and fall, and to a lesser degree in mid- season. In 1968, Hardee et al. (1970a) confirmed the aggregating characteristic of the pheromone and studied in the field. the influence of diet on production of the aggregating pheromone. amp 0) Uae The potential of the pheromone in survey, control, and eradica- tion procedures was studied in detail in west Texas in 1968 and 1969 and in Mississippi in 1969 (Hardee 1969c, Hardee et al. 1970b, 197la, Lloyd et al. 1972a). Conclusions from these studies were that (1) live male boll weevils in traps afforded 60-80 per- cent suppression of boll weevils in the spring following an effective reproduction-diapause control. program in the previous fall; and (2) 1 or 2 traps per acre were more effective than 4 or 8 traps per acre in Suppressing boll weevils. Since 1967 males in traps have been used extensively: (1) In sur- vey and ecological studies (Bottrell et al. 1970, Walker and Bottnrell 1970; Roach etealy 1971b, Mitchell vet vals 197:2)5 2) in demonstrating that boll weevils will disperse up to 45 miles in search of cotton or other boll weevils (Davich et al. 1970, Ridgway et al. 1971); (3) in showing that treatment of male boll weevils with the chemosterilant, busulfan, does not reduce pher- omone production (Klassen and Earle 1970); (4) in obtaining a positive correlation between the number of over-wintering weevils captured and the number observed in the field (Roach et al... 1971), and; (5) in determining that a metal wing trap, (about 4 X 6 inch wings X 9 inch base) painted daylight fluorescent yellow over a white undercoat, coated with an adhesSive, containing live male boll weevils or synthetic pheromone, and placed around a cotton field adjacent to overwintering sites at distances of 1-3 feet above ground was the most effective trapping procedure (Hardee eit Pale 197 2b) Following the isolation (Tumlinson et al. 1968), identification, and synthesis (Tumlinson et al. 1969, 1971, Zurfluh et al. 1970) of the 4 components of grandlure, the name assigned to the pher- omone of the male boll weevil (Hardee et al. 1971b), a great deal of effort was made to study in the laboratory factors that influence activity of grandlure, to develop a gas chromatogra- phic procedure that would permit analysis of the four components with a single injection, and to develop a slow-release formula- tion of grandlure that would remain competitive with square-fed males in traps for at least one week. Hardee et al. (1971b) determined that: (1) Inert firebrick was an effective carrier to use in laboratory bioassays; (2) grapdlure was attractive to females at dosages as low as 5 X 10 ™m™ but was most attractive ate2o to S0;m=; and (3) addition of a cotton (pliant “attractant to grandlure markedly increased its attractiveness. Bull et al. (1971) devised a gas chromatographic procedure that detected accurately as low as 20 ™ of each of the 4 components of grand- lure in a Single injection. McKibben et al. (1971) developed a polyethylene glycol tablet formulation of grandlure that showed no decrease in activity after aging 128 hours under simulated field conditions. Hardee et al. (1972a) reported that a formula- tion of grandlure containing glycerol, water, polyethylene glycol, and methanol impregnated on a cigarette filter wick was more than 80 percent competitive as an attractant for 7 days with caged, live males, fed cotton squares once or twice per week. They also showed that grandlure attracted boll weevils in sex ratios similar to live males, indicating that it evokes the aggregating response from both sexes as do live males. Subse- quent to the development of this formulation, Moody et al. (1972) and McKibben (1972) developed devices for dispensing grandlure automatically to cigarette filters. In the 1971 growing season grandlure in this formulation was used with great success by 28 investigators representing 8 agencies in 7 states across the - 202 - Cotton Belt (Hardee, unpublished data). In 1970 Cross et al. (1971) reported improved designs of the standard wing trap constructed of cardboard, painted daylight fluorescent yellow, coated with an adheSive, and baited with gerandlure or square-fed males. Subsequently, Leggett and Cross (1971) developed a non-sticky trap ("Leggett" trap) which cap- tures boll weevils alive and is more effective than the wing trap when baited with grandlure or males. Lloyd et al. (1972b) Showed the potential effectiveness of males and grandlure in conjunction with the systemic insecticide,aldicarb, in a modi- fied trapping system for suppressing low density populations of overwintered boll weevils. From their theoretical calculations on the effects of pheromones used for insect control, Knipling and McGuire (1966) concluded that under the right set of conditions, pheromones offer a great potential in insect suppression. Studies during the past 7 years have shown that the potential for such use of the pheromone of the boll weevil is great, and grandlure will undoubtedly play a major role in the future in survey, management, suppression, and hopefully eradication of the boll weevil. - 203 - References Cited Bartlett. AG. Pi Ae Hookers. ands); Damhacdecre ol 963: Behavior of irradiated boll weevils. I. Feeding, attraction, mating and mortality. J. Econ. Entomol. 61(6): 1677-80. Bottrebll, Dy Gig Rath. Reeves. ak. ska Almand...Dee Drasiacdee. and W. H. Cross. 1970. Studies of boll weevil populations and their movement in the High and Rolling Plains of Texas using- male—hbaited traps, 1968.) Texas: Agric. Exp. Sta: Mise. Pubis 39482278 "p.. Bradleys,7 32 °R. ry Dao tClower and: Ji9 Ban Graves» ebo6or Field studies of sex attraction in the boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 1-615¢5)s d457-8 Bulds, Diag se Rs. ALY Sitoker: DieeD o-Handee) asandr Ria. Gueldner: 1971. Gas chromatographic determination of the components of the synthetic boll weevil sex pheromone (grandlure). J. Agric. Food Chem.) aGiG@)t:7202—57 Cross, W.-H. and H.C. Miteheliy 966> “Mating behav 10n 20. the female boll weevil. J. Econ. Entomol. 59(6): 1503-7. Cross; W. H..3; D-DD. Hardee’ and £2. Nichols. 51967.) Punch=cards in attraction and population studies of boll weevils. Ibid. 60(5): 1484-5. Cross, W: H. and D. D.»Hardee. 1968: “fraps for surveyeot sover— wintered boll weevil populations. Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt. 18(20): 430. Cross, W. H., D. D. Hardee, EE. Nichols; Hh. Ce Miteheia hyip. Mitchell, PP. M. Huddleston, and J. G. fumiliansone 9697 Attraction of female boll weevils to traps baited with males or extracts of males. J. Econ. Entomol. 62(1):154-61. Cross, W. H., J. E. Leggett, and D. Di Hardees ~197 LL.” Improved traps for capturing boll weevils. USDA Coop. Econ. Ins. Rot <-24021) = -367—s8:: Davich, -l. -B.,\ Di, D.. Hardee; and) J. Alcala. 910. thong range dispersal of boll weevils determined with wing traps baited with mates? “J: Heon. “Entomol. ! (63 Ca) 1706—se Dunn, H. A. 1964. Cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman: Abstracts of research publications, 1943-1960. USDA Misc. Publ. 985, 194 p. Hardee, D. D., E. Bs Mitchell, and Pe Mo-Huddilleson-. {LIGiia. Procedure for bioassaying the sex attractant of the boll weevil. J: Econ. Entomol, .;60 (CP) 2169-71. Hardee, D. D., E. Be Mitchell, and = Ps Mo Huddilesiton=: —1967b,. Laboratory studies of sex attraction in the boll weevil. Ibid... 605) 1221-4 - 204 - Hardee, D. D., W. H. Cross, E. B. Mitchell, P. M. Huddleston, Ho seitenely Mw. Ef. Merkl, ‘and T. B. Davich. 1969a. Biological factors influencing responses of the female boll weevil to the male sex pheromone in field and large cape stests. + ibid. § 62(1); “161-5, Hardee Deo era a He Ccoss!,) “and (hs "Bs Mitchell. 969p-)'\) Maile boll weevils are more attractive than cotton plants to poll weevils. Ibid. 62(1): 165-9. Hardee, D. D. 1969c. Pheromones - their potential use in eradicating the boll weevil. Proc. 1st Annu. Texas Conf. on Insect, Plant Disease, Weed, and Brush Control. p. 214. Haence wD De, Ls C. Cleveland; oJ. Wi Davis; and °W.. H. Cross’. 1970a. Attraction of boll weevils to cotton plants and to males fed on 3 diets. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(3) 990-1. Hardec > DoD. W. Hs Cross; P.°M. Huddleston; ‘and T, B;. Davich. 1970b. Survey and control of the boll weevil in west Texas with traps baited with males. Ibid. 63(4): 1041-8. Hardee, D. D. 1970c. Pheromone production by male boll weevils as affected by food and host factors. Contrib. Boyce Thompson Inst. 24(13): 315-22. HacdeeneD iD .,.20. “H. indies \and T. By. Davich, 197la. Suppression of populations of boll weevils over a large area in west Texas with pheromone traps in 1969. J. Econ. Entomol. 64(4): 928-33. Hamdee aD. Din oN. M. Wilson, EBS Mitehell,; and..P. M. Huddleston. 1971b. Factors affecting activity of grand- lure, the pheromone of the boll weevil, in laboratory bioassays. Ibid. (In Press). Hardee, D. D., G. H. McKibben, R. C. Gueldner, E. B. Mitchell, J. H. Tumlinson, and W. H. Cross. 1972a. Boll weevils in nature respond to grandlure, a synthetic pheromone, Ibid. (In Press). Hardee, D. D.; W. H. Cross, E. B. Mitchell, P. M. ‘Huddleston, andgiewe. Matehell. 1972Zb. =Etitect of size, location, and distance from ground level of traps baited with males on capture of boll weevils. Env. Entomology. (In Press). Hunter, W. D. and W. E. Hinds. 1905. The Mexican cotton boll weevail, ~USDA Bur. Entomol. Bull. 51, 181 p. Karlson, P. and M. Luscher., 1959. Pheromones, a new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature 183: 55-6, KoMmlerred) aac... Mitchell» G. MeKibben, and: T. B.. Davich. 1964. The potentials xolle of athe site aithy, method for insect population control with special reference to combining this method with conventional methods. USDA ARS-33-98, 54 p. Kniplang E. F. and J. Uz MNacGuire., 1966.) Popwlataonsmodeilisito test theoretical effects of Sex attractants used for insect controle USDA Agr. init Bula Sys 30S4eZ0mp. Leggett, J. EH. and W. H. Cross. 1971. A new trap) tom capturing boll weevils. USDA Coop. Econ. Ins. Rpt. 21(45-48): 773-4. Lloyd, Ee Ps, ‘Mote. Merk, or. (Co langle, (Wares ocotiit. Dear Hardee, and T. B. Davich. 1972a. A large-scale field evaluation of reproduction-diapause control and male-baited traps for boll weevil control in Monroe County, Mississippi. J. Econ. Entomol. (In Press). Liloydiiat.-B. Davach, . 1972b. -A-modifiaied trapping. system: for Suppressing low density populations of overwintered boll weevils. Ibid. (In Press). MeKibbeng Gah DineD. Hardee. I; .BasDavaichy ih. CenGueldnews and P. A. Hedin. 1971. Slow-release formulations of grand- lure, the synthetic pheromone of the boll weevil. Ibid. 64(1): 317-9. McKibben, G. H. 1972. An automatic device for dispensing grandlure. Ibid. (In Press). Mrtchei. i. Bi; D. De Hardee, Wa .H. Cross.) 27 wahuddlesiton: and | H= ©... Matcheld, 91972... Intluence or wasintall sex ratio, and physiological condition of boll weevils on their response to pheromone traps. Ibid. (In Press). Mitlingoi. ie. and N. Mitilin. 1968. ¢ Bolil@weeval, Anithonomus grandis Boh.: Abstracts of research publications, 1961-5. USDAY Mase. Pub 10925327 p. Moody) De sey 2d.) Rh. WhitersgandD-SG. Bottiredly palo 2AG machine for automatic dispensing of a synthetic boll weevil phero- mone. Ibid. (In Press). Rainwater, C. F. 1962. Where we stand on boll weevil control and- research. In: Proc. Bold Weevil, Research Symposium, State College, Mississippi. March 21, 1962. USDA pps O-A9: Ridgeway0kK. Lit, lacA. Bazatola, and? Di .D. Hardee... 1971 Seseason— al movement of boll weevils near the High Plains of Texas. J). Roach, S. H., L. Ray, H. M. Taft, and A.-R. Hopkins. 1971la. Wing traps baited with male boll weevils for determing spring emergence of overwintered weevils and subsequent infestations in cotton. Ibid. 64(1): 107-10. Rosen.) See Ge hay, SS KR. Hopkins, and H. M." Taft.” W971b. Comparison of attraction of wing traps and cotton trap plots baited with male boll weevils for overwintered weevils. Annals Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64(2): 530-1. Pann sOne es h. ).. De nardee, ts. PP. Minyard, Ay Cy Thompson, hee eeGast and Po AY Hedin. 1968") Boll weevil’ ‘sex attractant: isolation studies. J. Econ. Entomol. 61(2): 470-4. Tumlanson.ed. Ht, D. Di. Hardee, R. CC. ‘Gueldner, A. C. Thompson, P. A. Hedin, and J. P. Minyard. 1969. Sex pheromones produced by male boll weevils: isolation, identification and synthesis. Science 166: 1010-12. Taint ansonersd. lf. kh. Cy Gueldner, D. D. Hardee,” A’. Cl Thompson, P. A. Hedin, and J. P. Minyard. 1970. The boll weevil sex attractant, pp. 41-59. In M. Beroza (ed.) Chemical Controll- ing Insect Behavior. Academic Press, New York, 170 p. tumitensSonyed. He, Ro. CC." Gueldner, D. D. Hardee, A. ‘©. Thompson, Peeoeehedine andes “Pe Mainyard, ~971.--“ldentification and Synthesis for the four compounds comprising the boll weevil Sexaautractant. 9d.) Ore. Chem. ~ 36 (18): 2616-21 . Wathen te and: Di Giabottrcell..- 1970. Infestations of boll weevils in isolated plots in Texas, 1960-69. J. Econ. Entomol. 63(5): 1646-50. Aisi Un wees Oe Gee DUnhamee Vi, “Lies Spaan,— Weis, Jere - Coop. sicon,) Ins, Rpt. 22(14) :200-207, 1972 = AVP Weather of the week continued from page 188, fell at Rockford, Illinois. Rain and drizzle fell on the warm Side of the storm Monday, followed by Showers, thunderstorms, strong winds, hail, and a few tornadoes Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. Showers fairly well covered the area from Kansas to the Ohio River Valley and southward to the Gulf of Mexico. Hail, ‘approaching the size of baseballs, fell in spots in Arkansas and Louisiana, High winds blew down a house, trees, and a power line 6 miles south of Eldorado, Arkansas Tuesday afternoon. A late evening tornado occurred at Clinton, Arkansas. In western Tennessee, high winds destroyed a tractor shed and uprooted trees. The storm center moved across. the Great Lakes to Ontario Thursday, but a new storm developed over the Gulf of Mexico and moved across the Florida Peninsula headed northward along the coast. It spilled several inches of rain over the northern part of Florida, parts of Georgia, and the Carolinas, Hail fell in spots and up to 8 inches of snow fell in the mountains and western North Carolina. As the storm moved northeastward, it caused considerable cloudiness and light rain from North Carolina to New England. A weekend storm brought snow flurries to the northern and central Great Plains with rain farther south. Blustery winds accompanying snow made conditions hazardous for your livestock. Rain fell late in the week along the northern Pacific coast with snow in the Cascades and northern Rocky Mountains. Much of the Southwest received no rain or only light, widely scattered sprinkles and needed rain badly. TEMPERATURE: Cold northerly winds kept temperatures below freez- ing Monday afternoon from the Continental Divide to western Wisconsin, Warm moist air covered the southern Great Plains, Little Rock, Arkansas, registered 84 degrees Monday afternoon, Nashville, Tennessee, recorded 76 degrees Tuesday, and the mer- cury at Pikeville, Kentucky, reached 75 degrees Wednesday when lower Michigan was still near the freezing mark, The North Central States continued cold because of northerly winds and deep snow. Snow remained on the ground because of cold weather. Cold air spread southward as the week advanced, Birmingham, Alabama, and Atlanta, Georgia, registered 30 degrees Sunday morn- ing. Spots in the Rocky Mountains recorded subzero weather on one or two days. The mercury at Leadville, Colorado, plunged to 9 degrees below zero Thursday morning. Temperatures ranged mostly in the 70's and 80's across the Southland except Tuesday; they reached the 90's in the lower Rio Grande Valley: McAllen, “Texas, registered 100 degrees Tuesday. Temperatures averaged below normal over most of the Nation. Parts of the central Great Plains averaged 6 to 10 degrees colder than normal, Above normal weekly mean ‘temperatures occurred along the western gulf coast, over most of the Florida Peninsula, northern New England and from Los Angeles to San Diego, California. - 208 - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 2 HYATTSVILLE, MARYLAND 20782 POSTAGE AND FEES PAID OFFICIAL BUSINESS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 AGRICULTURE