eg mee Marine Biological Laboratory Library Woods Hole, Mass. Presented by Dr. Alfred C. Redfield septe 6th, 1956 ea a ee EE fe, Sa a QO 0301 002313? 4 WN QUA NL ocT 28 Reco Woods Hole Oceanographic institution Project No. Copper and Copper Base Alloys Copper and Copper Base Alloys The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Copper and Its Commercial Alloys in Wrought Form BY R. A. WILKINS Vice-president and Director of Research and Development Revere Copper and Brass Incorporated AND E. S. BUNN Assistant Director of Research Revere Copper and Brass Incorporated First Epirion McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK AND LONDON 1943 COPPER AND COPPER BASE ALLOYS Copyricut, 1943, By THE McGraw-Hitt Book Company, Inc. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. THE MAPLE PRESS COMPANY, YORK, PA. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The data presented here have been compiled for the purpose of rendering readily available reasonably complete engineering data on each of those many alloys of copper that are of commercial significance and, except when otherwise noted, are based on tests conducted by the Research and Develop- ment Department of Revere Copper and Brass Incorporated. / ~ a we (fox 4 el ™ ~GlCAps + 4 Sl AN an 5‘ > (“fame en = A , PREFACE Copper: has certain basic properties that have rendered it of unusual significance in the development of our industrial economy. Copper in itself possesses the valuable properties of high electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, reasonable strength, great malleability, and an excel- lent resistance to the corrosive action of the atmosphere, sea water, and many chemical media. Copper can be alloyed readily with many other metals and in com- mercial practice such alloying is resorted to extensively where it is desired to improve certain of the basic properties of copper itself and where such an improvement can be effected with the sacrifice only of such other properties as are of limited significance in the application intended. Although many variations in properties are obtained through a control of alloy constituents, there are further controllable variations that are introduced in each case by the method of fabrication. It is necessary that the engineer or technician in contemplating the use of copper-base alloys or in specifying the properties of a specific alloy for a given use be fully aware of the limitations to which the specific alloy is subject as well as of the interrelationship that exists between properties. It is equally essential that the fabricator have data at hand by which to establish alloying, working, and annealing schedules directed toward the production of material to meet a particular specification. R. A. WILKINS, E. 8. Bunn. Rog, N. Y., March, 1948. vii x CONTENTS PAGE INGKNOWEEDGMENT = 2 4 5 2 4 5 Hos esas on 2 8 Vv TPRIDTRAGID «sb ees eee Me ee Rin mean Re eee ae CARR Tt CHAPTER I Tur Coppers... . 1 Physical and Mochabical Peepeies of ‘Slewciats Cop- per, Phosphor Deoxidized Copper, Oxygen-free Copper, Silver-bearing Copper, Phosphorized Arsenical Copper, Arsenical (Tough Pitch) Copper, Leaded Copper, and Tellurium Copper. CHAPTER II THE BRASSES... . . BY Physical and Meena Deere of £ Gilding Motel Commercial Bronze, Red Brass, Low Brass, Spring Brass, Spinning Brass, 70-30 Brass, Deep-drawing Brass, Common High Brass, Common Brass, and Muntz Metal. CHAPTER III TPE ADED BRASSHS- _ 4.9... -c 4... 89 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Hardware Bronze, -Laneashire Brass, Leaded High Brass, Brass Rod (Leaded), Heavy Leaded Sheet, Engraver’s Brass, Riveting and Turning Rod, Free-cutting Brass Rod, Low-leaded Brass Rod, Deep-drilling Rod, Forging Rod, Extruded Shapes Rod, Architectural Bronze, and Red Brass. CHAPTER IV PEMITINGRASSHS 4 40) 20 f2e\a 6.802 2 « . a 1382 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Bearing Bronze, Chain Bronze, Pen Metal, Admiralty Metal, Tobin Bronze, Government Naval Brass, Hard Naval Brass, Low-leaded Naval Brass, Medium-leaded Naval Brass, High-leaded Naval Brass, Manganese Bronze, and Modified Manganese Bronze. : CHAPTER V ein Sagan IBRARSIOR 5 5 2 59Gs5 50) se 6 ee Ce Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminum Brass, Silicon Brass, and Arsenical Brass. CHAPTER VI INTOREMOINVERSE. “ios & eee ae a Eien 2 90 Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Commercial Nickel Silvers Containing from 30 Per Cent to 5 Per Cent Nickel. CHAPTER VII THE Cupro- NICKELS... . . 226 Physical and Mechanical Deperiene of 70-30 ote nickel and 80-20 Cupro-nickel. CHAPTER VIII THE Sinicon Bronzes... . . 239 Physical and Mechanical Broantion of cos A and B Silicon Bronzes. CHAPTER IX Tut ALUMINUM BRONZES . Physical and Mechanical Deena of 5, 8, a 10 Per Cent and Silicon-bearing Aluminum Bro CHAPTER X THE TIN BRONZES . Physical and Mechanical Dee of rnd. A (6. Per Cent) Phosphor Bronze, Grade C (8 Per Cent) Phosphor Bronze, and Other TReSaNOE Bronzes Containing from 3 to 8 Per Cent Tin and from 0.03 to 0.40 Per Cent Phosphorus. CHAPTER XI THE CopPER-BERYLLIUM ALLOYS. Physical and Mechanical Prope ties of Claas BaSiiion with and without Nickel Additions. CHAPTER XII LOW-TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WrouGuHt CoprER AND CoPpPER-BASE ALLOYS . Sub-room-temperature Mechanical Properties of Copper, Brass, Leaded Brasses, Tin Brasses, Nickel Silver, Cupro-nickels, Aluminum Bronzes, Tin Bronzes, Silicon Bronzes, and Beryllium Coppers. CHAPTER XIII FaTIGUE AND CORROSION-FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF WrouGcut Coprer AND COPPER-BASE ALLOYS . Fatigue and Corrosion-fatigue Properties of the Coppers, 85-15 Brass, 80-20 Brass, Cartridge Brass, Common High Brass, Muntz Metal, Leaded Brasses, Tin Brasses, Nickel Silvers, Cupro-nickels, Aluminum Bronzes, Tin Bronzes, Silicon Bronzes, and Beryllium Copper. CHAPTER XIV BENDING PROPERTIES OF WROUGHT COPPER AND CoprER-BASE ALLOYS. Bending Properties of Copper, Red Brass, ee Bie. Spinning Brass, Common High Brass, Lendledl High Brass, Engraver’s Brass, Grade A (Deep Drawing) Nickel Silver, Grade B (Spring Stock) Nickel Silver, Grade A Phosphor Bronze, Grade C Phosphor Bronze, Type A Silicon Bronze, Beryllium Copper, and Berylliium- nickel Copper. BIBLIOGRAPHY. APPENDICES A. Test METHODS. Description of test methods used for determination of data for which no reference is given in the text. B. DEFINITION OF TERMS. Inpex oF ALLOY PROPERTIES . rs 71233 3 PaGE 253 266 291 . 294 . 303 321 331 333 334 339 oe COPPER AND COPPER-BASE ALLOYS aaa CHAPTER I THE COPPERS Electrolytic tough-pitch copper is the type of copper most widely used in industrial applications in the United States. Such copper contains controlled amounts of cuprous oxide introduced during refining. The cuprous oxide, which ordinarily is present in amounts ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 per cent, causes the copper to take a “‘level set”? on solidifying and does not impair its electrical conductivity or materially affect its physical properties. Oxygen-free copper (bigh-conductivity and low-conduc- tivity). The following oxygen-free coppers have been developed during the past several years: 1. An oxygen-free copper that is prepared by melting and casting copper under special atmospheres and out of contact with oxygen. 2. An oxygen-free copper that is prepared by melting cathodes and removing oxygen by the judicious use of phosphorus. A residual phosphorus content of under 0.01 per cent is maintained. 3. Coalesced copper—manufactured by compressing specially prepared granular cathodes in a reducing atmosphere while hot and then extruding through a die into commercial shapes without any previous melting. 4. Copper which is deoxidized with calcium boride or other such deoxidants and which contains no residual deoxidant. 5. Copper that is deoxidized with phosphorus and contains between 0.01 and 0.03 per cent residual phos- phorus. This is the common type of “phosphorized copper.” Types 1, 2, 3, and 4 are known as “‘high-conductivity oxygen-free copper” because they possess electrical con- ‘ductivities sufficiently high to meet A.S.T.M. and other specification requirements for use as electrical conductors. Type 5 is known as “low-conductivity oxygen-free copper” because of the lower electrical conductivity incidental to the phosphorus content. Lake or silver-bearing copper derives its name from the fact that large deposits of this type of copper were located in the vicinity of Lakes Superior and Michigan. Lake copper usually contains silver in amounts ranging from 7 to 30 ounces per ton and may or may not contain arsenic from 0.001 to 0.50 per cent, depending upon the exact source of the ore. Natural Lake copper is fire-refined to a high degree of purity, and some types have sufh- ciently high electrical properties to be suitable for electrical conductors. Because the Lake deposits have been extensively worked and are approaching exhaustion, it has become the practice recently to add silver to electrolytic copper. Such copper is known as ‘“‘synthetic Lake” or “‘silver-bearing”’ copper. In addition to the coppers of major importance, already mentioned, the following special coppers are of com- mercial significance: 1. Arsenical copper—in which arsenic in controlled amounts up to 0.60 per cent is added to electrolytic cathode copper for the purpose of improving certain mechanical properties and properties of corrosion resistance. Oxygen may or may not be present. 2. Tellurium copper—in which tellurium in amounts up to 0.75 per cent is added to previously deoxidized copper to produce free-cutting properties without impairing too seriously electrical conductivity or hot-working properties. 3. Leaded copper—in which 1 per cent or more lead is added to previously deoxidized copper for the purpose of imparting free-cutting properties without seriously impairing electrical or thermal conductivities, but with a sacrifice of hot-working properties. The coppers, with the exception of leaded copper, are exceptionally plastic through a wide range of temperature and possess no critical range in which plasticity is seriously reduced. It is commercial practice to hot-roll copper through a temperature range of 1200 to 1650°F. as this is the range of maximum plasticity. Copper, with the above exception, may be hot-worked by any of the commercial fabricating methods. The coppers possess almost unlimited capacity for being cold-worked. However, although it is common practice in the manufacture of certain types of products to effect reductions of 90 per cent without intermediate annealing, copper that is to be used for deep drawing or stamping operations is usually brought to its final gage by reductions not exceeding 50 per cent of its cross- sectional area. Copper to be used for drawing, stamping, or forming is, of course, supplied in the annealed condition. Copper is annealed at temperatures between 450 and 1500°F., depending on the properties desired. ‘Those grades of copper which contain oxygen must not be annealed in reducing atmospheres as under such conditions copper becomes gassed, 7.e., the copper oxide eutectic is reduced to pure copper leaving voids or fissures (see Figs. 1 and 2). Copper that has been gassed is completely lacking in ductility and unsuited for further use. Those grades f 2 Copper and Copper-base Alloys of copper which are oxygen-free or have been deoxidized by phosphorus or other deoxidants are not materially affected by exposure to reducing atmospheres at elevated temperatures. The presence of small amounts of phosphorus, silver, arsenic, or antimony has the affect of raising the mini- mum temperature at which copper will soften. In many applications this higher annealing point is desirable and silver in amounts up to 25 ounces per ton is fre- quently specified. j sige ig , Fie. 1.—Structure of cold-worked and annealed copper (tough pitch). Etchant NHsOH + H2O2. Magnification 75 x. Corrosion Resistance —Although the commonly avail- able commercial coppers differ in their content of certain minor constituents, none of these significantly alter the characteristics of the metal in respect to its ability to resist corrosion. Copper withstands atmospheric corrosion and sea- water corrosion as satisfactorily as any other com- mercially available metal, and it has been used for centuries in construction where resistance to attack of this nature is desired. In addition, copper is sub- stantially immune to the chemical attack of a large number and variety of industrial chemicals, although copper ordinarily should not be used in contact with oxidizing acids and most oxidizing agents, or in services where alternate exposure to oxidizing conditions and acid reagents is anticipated. Metallic salts readily susceptible of chemical reduction are particularly dangerous in respect to the corrosion of copper; and ferric, stannic, mercuric, and cupric com- pounds, particularly, constitute a source of danger when present in an otherwise non-oxidizing acid solution, which of and by itself might be inactive with respect to copper. Ammonia and carbon dioxide in the presence of moisture and in relatively low concentration can con- stitute active corrosive agents with respect to copper. USES Electrolytic (Tough-pitch) Copper.—Electrolytic (tough- pitch) copper is the most important type of copper commercially available. It is consumed in large quanti- ties by the electrical industry as wire for electrical conductors, bars for bus-bar and commutator use, and in forms such as sheet, strip, plate, etc., for widespread architectural and industrial applications. Phosphor Deoxidized Copper.—The phosphor deoxi- dized coppers are used for refrigerator tubing and other applications where flaring, flanging, and spinning operations might be deleteriously affected by the presence of the copper—copper oxide eutectic dispersion that is characteristic of electrolytic copper. The Etchant NHsOH + H20>2. annealed in a reducing atmosphere). Magnification 75 X. phosphor deoxidized coppers also are preferable to electrolytic copper when welding operations are to be performed. The small residual quantities of phosphorus reduce the electrical conductivity of copper materially, as indicated in Chart 1, and phosphor deoxidized copper, therefore, is seldom found in electrical applications. Oxygen-free Copper Containing No Residual Deoxi- dant.—The modification in physical properties intro- duced by the elimination of oxygen is indicated in the data following. Although this type of copper is more expensive to produce than the tough pitch, its satis- factory performance in many manufacturing operations and the reduction of manufacturing scrap consequential to its use in such operations compensate In many applications for its higher initial cost. Silver-bearing Coppers.—Silver present in amounts - ordinarily ranging from 5 to 6 ounces per ton up to 12 or 13, but in special cases running as high as 30 ounces per ton, does not impair the electrical conductivity of copper where this property is of significance and does have the effect of increasing the equicohesive or recrystal- lization temperature of the metal materially, as is indicated by the data in Chart. 2. Copper with a silver content of from 8 ounces per ton up has a recrystallization or softening temperature materially in excess of the melting point of commercial soft solders so that copper of this type can be soldered into assemblies, such as automobile radiators, without impairment of the physical properties imparted to such copper by means of cold work. The Coppers 3 Arsenical Copper.—Copper containing arsenic in moderate amount appears to form a tenacious, adherent, initial film on exposure to the atmosphere and many other corrosive media. With such coppers subsequent mild corrosion appears to progress uniformly and without causing pitting. In mechanical applications where vibration and alternation of stresses by reason of expansion and contraction introduce the possibility of crackimg or failure in fatigue, the presence of small pits introduces the notch effect with a drastic lowering of the resistance of the copper to fatigue failure. Arsenical coppers find useful application where stresses of this type are to be combated. It has also been observed that copper containing arsenic in moderate amount hardens less rapidly on cold working than arsenic-free copper. This in itself indicates a higher resistance to failure in corrosion fatigue, particu- larly as influenced by the notch effect. The arsenical coppers are widely used in England and have found wide application in the construction of such parts as locomotive fireboxes where the arsenic appears to prevent excessive scaling of the metal at elevated temperatures. In this country the use of deoxidized 70 65 60 Tensile strength prey. red. 6B&S nos. 55 110 50 | eee 100 6 45 = | | u 90 a 9) ev | mee ‘25 — © 70 ea 5 30 ” 60 S 2 esas | < 50 o — 20 + 40 Thermal cord. v 15 c 30 & 10 20 5 Electrical cond. 0 0 0 0.10 0.20 0.50 040 0.50 0.60 0.70 080 0.90 1.00 Percent Phosphorus Cart 1.—The effect of phosphorus on the electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and tensile strength of copper, cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area). Based on data by Smith. (#8) arsenical copper as a condenser tube material for com- bating the corrosive attack of inland waters is growing. More recently tough-pitch arsenical copper with an arsenic content of 0.3 to 0.5 per cent arsenic has found wide application in the building field as roofing, flashing, and gutter material. Tellurium Copper.—This alloy is rapidly supplanting leaded copper in the fabrication of electrical hardware requiring machining operations in its manufacture. Fire-refined Copper.—This type of copper, resulting either from the processing of scrap metal or from the treatment of ores, is usually cast as ingot bar for use in the production of copper-base alloys. However, shapes cast for use in the direct fabrication of wrought-copper forms are produced in certain types of fire-refined coppers. In general, such copper is used in applications which do not require the higher electrical conductivities attainable with electrolytically refined copper. Tables 1 to 8 on pages 4 to 23 give the physical proper- ties and a summarization of the mechanical properties of the more important coppers. Charts 1 to 74 on pages 3 to 26 show in greater detail the effect of cold working and annealing on the mechanical properties. Softening Temp.- Deg. F 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Silver-Oz per Ton CuartT 2.—The effect of silver on the softening temperature of cold- worked tough-pitch copper according to J. L. Gregg.‘ Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 1 ELECTROLYTIC COPPER (TOUGH PITCH) GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 99.03 %; oxygen, 0.04%; phosphorus, nil; silver, nil Forgings Property Hard? | Soft® Hot | Cold* | Cold4 shensileystreng thy p-s1e1 OOOlomutted)) haere err aera rere 55 33 33-36 | 35-50 55 Apparent elastic limit, p:s-i-, (OOOlomitted)).- 4. -em- sess eae ee 40 4 4-8 8-35 44 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................ 48 8 8 22—46 50 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............. SSA TERS 49 7 7 21-45 45 Wield'strenrth, 05% ottset,, psa) (Q00lomitted)-ay- ss eee eee eee see 43 6 6 10-40 44 Mlon gations.) Ins2 Is. Soc x yep Se ee een Rea ee cee eee 10 50 50-45 | 40-10 5 ReductionWoharea Gps ciate «cetacean ae ene oR ence FS oe ee ee 45 65 60-40 | 60-50 40 Pndurance limites pss-len (GOO kona ted) semaine eee ete eee 15 10 10 12-15 15 Rockwell hardness F, 14 g¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................. 90 25 25-65 | 65-85 90 Rockwell hardness B, }¥,-in. ball, 100-kg. load............................ 55 ewe laconic 15-50 55 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load............................ Eee PA Aga: 40 40-60 | 60-83 89 Modulustofielasticityssp:Silas so set ss Gta Peace er ns ey sd San oes econ 16 ,000 ,000 WOToIN pyran Les eE neice eee es ee WIS SCO EM aeran tone eovah ened apres 1250-1450 OTe IN Pa QUALi bys scone Nts trek cre ne ee Og ees Mere dele nec ge A Good Mypetstru cture: crys eit seeks ca pg Seer eee nae es Aha eae aera eee ea Single phase, alpha ’ GENERAL Data—Srtrip Copper, 99.92%; oxygen, 0.05% Property : Hard¢ Soft mMensileystrens th yp s19 (O0Okomitted) peepee eet eee eet ei er rea er eee 52-55 33 Mlon gations Sylvan swe mia naar teh aye est ic Aaa ps RANE a eee ere ee Ee 4 45 Apparentrelastic#limitap ssi| OO0lomitted) -epeee eee eaten eee eet ee nee 40-45 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.1. (000 omitted)................................... 48-51 7 WaeldtstrenethyO!2/7G7ottset,sp:s 1-1 O0Ofomitted) paar aaa ee ee eee ee ae 48-51 7 Waeldlstrens the O8kojvofisetsyps-141 OOO/omitted) heen ee eee ane een neee 45-48 7 Rackwellthardness/Hee4ig-inai pall GO0-keailoadeerren ar Seas eee anne ee ena 91-93 45 RockwelljhardnessiB ss 7ig-1ns balled O0-kealoade acme rete ee ace nae 53-57 RockwellghardnessiGa 246-10 ball wi5O-ke = loadnas nase aan eecierreeeee eineiretie 18-22 iRocionall amines II, Megan, [pall Wiese, Wome... concn acoscsscacseenecyasesane 80-81 aRockwelluhardness 30-7461) ball. 30-kesloadennn sass ne Gee eee er ee neeenee: 57-59 Endurance limit (at 108 reversals) :4:.8 Softeap sien OOOvomitted) eres anya se sie een te © oes eS aa. Pee ie Ean 11 ZED Was BNOSesp:s:1-4 (OOOkomitted)) eeracceracwe ae eee ee | eee eee eee 13 ) 1b C2 Sh ING@Eb, Weil joss (UU ome)... 22 orc ea avoconouncdugoudasnaeseosopeesec 14 oung7simodulusiofselasticity spicier sarees ere a nae ore ee ee eee 16 ,000 ,000 PuysicaL Data Dy (CMM st eV gh ofoy bat ep Derr eerie Rac aan a aan orcs aes reser eee cn rise Rear Aico Cloths andis Gadon O°6 na:c 9-6 - 1981 @oefiicientiofvexpansion.yper.© trom 25—S00. Ca rere reo see cee eee eee ee eee 0.0000177 Hlectricaltconductivatys, GO) OC ICA CS G8 oh yet diye slo aie sisisteie See ce one ee ce oe 101.6 Thermal conductivity,‘’”) B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68 °F................. LUMEN Ee Ra eS Lic 227 Density Sper Cus Las Acc B ss crsucgs ees het) ae more eons otha Spene ane aes ogee ede teh ETI She Co Eee oe .. 0.322 AvaiLaBLe Creep Data® (Electrolytic tough-pitch copper; fully annealed) At 400°F. a stress of 3,100 p.s.i. is required to produce a rate of creep per 1,000 hr. of 0.01% At 400°F. a stress of 6,700 p.s.i. is required to produce a rate of creep per 1,000 hr. of 0.10% Superior numbers in parentheses in tables refer to the numbered items in the Bibliography, page 331. 2 Refers to rod previously hard-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready to finish grain size 0.030 mm. > Refers to 1100°F. anneal for 1 hr. © Material cold-forged from soft rod (5 to 40 % reduction). 2 Material cold-forged from 1d-worked condition (40%). ¢6 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.045—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. J Refers to 800°F anneal (1 hr. at temperature). The Coppers 5 Tensile strength | —_— Ipparert elastic lirnit |000Lbs per Sq. In. in size Per Cent in 21n. — — 0,015 mm. 0.045 mm. Elongation, | | |Flongation Rockwell Hardness-¢ Ball-F 60 Kg. load-B 100 Kg.load BS _ iss een | RR | ree eee 1L0 207 294 322 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.6 68.6 11.0 207. 294 372 440 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Per Cent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OMe zs 3) 4 | som Cm ream Oo! 4.9\7 10 OMG Hm DiranBtin Al, 5E AG i Nie Bs Oa O) Band S Numbers Hard B and S Numbers Hard Cuarr 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper apparent elastic limit of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper (99.92 % (99.92 % copper, 0.05 % oxygen) strip previously annealed to two differ- copper, 0.05 % oxygen) strip previously annealed to two different grain ent grain sizes (0.015 and 0.045 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). sizes (0.015 and 0.045 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). -— fobsBede fe 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. fee | ee eee W.0 207 294 372 44.0 500 555 60.5 648 68.6 11.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OR Palit sr eS Ae oi 16h Te Bh SO 10 Oe al 2S SP Ae (OL we eG) woanl 0, B and S Numbers Hard Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 5.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of electro- Cuanrt 6.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of electro- lytic (tough-pitch) copper (99.92% copper, 0.05% oxygen) strip lytic (tough-pitch) copper (99.92% copper, 0.05% oxygen) strip previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (0.040-in. stock). previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (0.040-in. stock). 6 Copper and Copper-base Alloys — — 0.015 mm. —.— (0,(04!5 inal. Cold-rolled to 6 B&S numbers hard (50.0 percent reduction) Tensile strength 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. “ai elast lirratt CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.(1 Hr at Temp) CHart 7.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. hard (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different ready-to-finish grain sizes (0.015 and 0.045 mm.) (0.040- in. stock). =f. to finish grain size S00) Sinatra: 0.045 mm. Rockwell F hardness W oO ote Core (eo ne CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hrat Temp) CHart 9.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell F hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. hard (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different ready-to-finish grain sizes (0.015 and 0.045 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). =s nel Code Ready to finish grain size — — 0.015 mm. —— 0.045 mm. Cold-rolled to 6B &S numbers hard (500 percent reduction) 0.040 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. hard (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different ready-to-finish grain sizes (0.015 and 0.045 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). (1) 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) Q 0.20 ” ” ” ” 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ph CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hrat Temp.) Cuarr 10.—The effect of annealing on the yield strengths of electro- lytic (tough-pitch) copper previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. hard (50 per cent reduction of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). The Coppers . 7 ® 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) @0.20 ” 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr at Temp) Cart 11.—The effect of annealing on the yield strengths of electro- lytic (tough-pitch) copper previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. hard (50 per cent reduction of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.045 mm.) (0.040-in. stock). (20.7 %o 4) (11.0% ») (50.0% 7) andannealed 700 deg.F. iO} = for {hour fe . Zee a | J a5) Ga : as g° ae oS _ oc = i) Ait aaa ee 10 Ye Gs aie eae Se Ac eee anaes 0 0.00! 0002 0003 0004 0005 0006 Strain- Inches per In. Cuart 13.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper strip having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. (0.040-in.-thick stock); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. Tensile strength #1000 RS.]/. LAN [| Vau AREY HH Tensile Strength in 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness F- 7 Ball 60 Kg. Load 5 3 40 58 76 ~Rockwell Hardness B-7 Ball 100 Kg. Load 63 6B an one 80 8685 Rockwell Hardness 15-T- 7 Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3l 43 55 67 Rockwell Hardness 30-T- Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 12.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Stress- 1,000 Lb. per Sq.\n. 0 0 Q.00) Q002 0003 Q004 0005 Strain- Inches per In. Cart 14.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper strip having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.045 mm. (0.040-in.-thick stock); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. 8 : ; Copper and Copper-base Alloys PO a baal) | | i Bee ae Ball F60Kg. Load-B100Kg, Load Rockwell Pa 90 + : 80 ; ras ON aes Apparent elastic fee limit G 5 *e mma 1 tu 7) oO oO 4 a 2 Cc. = Reduction 5 £ = - = 5 marea = 5 S oD ne 7c 2 > ee 5S E a ie LL ee jag @ 10) 20) 30) 40) 50) 60) 70) “80 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction in Area Percent Reduction Area Cuart. 15.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and CuHart 16.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell F and B apparent elastic limit of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod (99.93 % hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of copper, 0.04 % oxygen) previously annealed to a grain sizeof 0.030mm. area of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod (99.93 % copper, 0.04 % (rod under 1 in. in diameter). oxygen) previously annealed to a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ZB mals iCal ee eee TSN Ce Cle ee eee Gieies) Hanae i | ee *A e 000 Lb. per Sq,In. Oo Oo © (0 0) 30 40 SQ G 70 &) SO low HD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Percent Reduction by Cold Work Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (IHr. at Temp.) Cart 17.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strengths of Cuanrt 18.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod (99.93 % copper, 0.04% oxygen) elastic limit, and grain size of electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1in.in (99.93 % copper, 0.04% oxygen) previously cold-drawn 50 per cent diameter). (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Coppers 9 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Rockwell Hardness-7g Ball-F 60 Kg. Load HD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp. Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp)) Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cart 19.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell F hardness, Cuanrt 20.—The effect of annealing on the yield strengths of electro- percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of lytic (tough-pitch) copper rod (99.93% copper, 0.04% oxygen) electrolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod (99.93 % copper, 0.04 % oxygen) previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). K a x ro) Fs ms Tensile Strength- |,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Reduction of Area, Percent Elongation Percent in 21n. 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Temperature in Deg.F (IHr at Temp) Curt 21.—The effect of elevated temperatures on the tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of elec- trolytic (tough-pitch) copper rod previously cold-drawn 25 per cent (reduction of area) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 10 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 PHOSPHORIZED COPPER Type or Propuct—TuBE Copper, 99.96%; phosphorus, 0.02% Property Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)’...................... NEAT Ao aR ie an be Hen sma mibiad sie ols Mab atcae so Apparent elastic limit, P- Sis QOOlomitted) 22ers eee Rockwell hardness F, }4,-in. ball, 60-kg. load............... Endurance limit* (at 20 X 10® reversals), p.s.i. (000 omitted) Young’s modulus of elasticity, p.si........................ Melting pontiac mca cieen eee ere IeRase en we eee ye Density. Ibs per cued > PSY — — 0.015mm. es Ae ee = 20 = Bl baw LO 2 10H AS ~ t y 3 y |? Elongation we 0 SH 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 440 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Gh AL Ne 2s SAN Gs Aor Sk MOMIO B and S Numbers Hard Cuanrt 25.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell F and B hard- ness and percentage elongation of oxygen-free copper strip (no residual deoxidant) previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 12 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) ” ” (extension) 11.0 20.7 29.4 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 1 2 3 f45.5 6 7 8 9 Vo Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 26.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strength of oxygen- free copper strip (no residual deoxidant) previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015 mm. Cold rolled 6 B&S Nos. hard (50.0 percent reduction) {500 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) CuHart 28.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of oxygen-free copper strip (no residual deoxidant) previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from material annealed to different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). CR 500 100 900 100 Copper and Copper-base Alloys A PES ela SE Tle mel ttt @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) ” (extension) 11.0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 ds 18 9 10 B and S Numbers Hard CuHart 27.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strength of oxygen- free copper strip (no residual deoxidant) previously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size — — 0.015mm. 1500 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 29.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, and apparent elastic limit of oxygen-free copper strip (no residual deoxidant) previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from material annealed to different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). CR 500 700 900 1100 The Coppers Ready to finish grain size ——0.015mm. 0.040 mm. 100 90 (E ~ 80 & are 70 iB ie 60 2 50 6 5 40 oh (eS ° io Rockwell Hardness-# Ball-F 60 Kg. Load-B100Kg. Load 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp,) Cuarr 30.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell F and B hard- ness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of oxygen-free copper strip (mo residual deoxidant) previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S: Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from material annealed to different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). @ -010 percent yield strength (offset) @® - 0.20 _@) - 0.50 eNO T 000 Lb. per Sq. In. (0) Q 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hrat Temp.) CuHart 32.—The effect of annealing on the yield strengths of oxygen- free copper strip (no residual deoxidants) previously cold-rolled 6B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 13 0.20 ty 0.50 Cm ae ia 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 31.—The effect of annealing on the yield strengths of oxygen- free copper strip (no residual deoxidants) previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a material having a grain size of 0.015 mm. (99.94 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). th in 000 Lb. per Sq. In. pb ° Ie) oO Elongation + 5 per cent in 2171. Elongation Percent in 2In. Tensile Streng 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness F-6" Ball 60 Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 76 Rockwell Hardness B-Y16" Ball 100 Kg. Load 63 68 14 80 85 Rockwell Hardness |5-T-“%6" Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3\ 43 55 67 Rockwell Hardness 30-T-/6" Ball 30 Kg.Load CxHart 33.—This chart can be employed to Cevonenne the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of oxygen-free copper strip when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits (99.94 % copper). 14 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 4 SILVER-BEARING COPPER TyrE or Propucr—Srrir* Silver, 10 oz. per ton; copper, 99.95%; phosphorus, nil Property Hard? Soft ensileystrensthsp'sti-4 (OOO omitted) were ean cancel eRe ees eee ae 52-58 33 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... Peete, Sea. 39-46 5 Yield strength, 0:5% extension, p.s.1. (QOO omitted)...............................-.. 49-57 6-8 Naeldestrensthy 0:2 7ovottsetas piss QOO;ommt tec) nent rr ie nent ee 48-55 6 Woeldistrensth™ Os! yoliset) piss) OOOlomitted) seers ence tee ae een 46-52 6 1D ean OY RC hath peer oe eee eA Ae ene oe roan N aes SReO GS SRG ak RE RUS CR ae sees 4 40 IRC alll loaclnass 185 Vigan, lll, GOHles, WAC SG so cocscooccenosccecnvadadesdanacouooe 92-95 34 Rockwelllhardn esses s(n ball) OO=ko=n]oa.cl ee enier eee ete een en ea 56-64 Rockwelluhardnessio— hele mimes fell lanl 5 = ko] 2c eee ron 85-86 53 Rockwellghardnessts O=d qin eo alles OF; oan 0 2.0] eee epee ee 62-67 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 aay BEE See aa RESO OS aC te me orice RRR NET, te 15 Young’s sagdiling OPJElAStICIbY GAD Sains sue ee Gen nN AAT Rin Oe. eke ar a ee olan rege pea tea ; 16,000,000 Mel tin gap lit oR re teewce ners a ea! a aag' ic CHEE ua! Specter ie ae ee a eer a 1975 AD ENSiGY Ail Ds ely CU tae ra eve rere pce usteus eeeeT A SAO Sie Se ee Ta OTL ae ene eA Ee 0.322 Coeficientiotexpansions pers Catromk25—3007 Chere ee 0.0000174 Mlectricalkconductivityn 7G) UAL C19 SO GS rR er ener rey eae 4 arate es 101.6 Thermal conductivity, 8 B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F................ 228 « Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 66 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.035—-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢ Refer to 1200°R. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). Ball-F 60 Kg. Load-B 100Kg. Load £ fo Y A a £ a “ B £ = + S ~|2 Cc S MY i] = Code & oO Ready to finish grain size aS Ready to finish grain size | & fee 0.015 mm. 5 0.015 mm. = —— 0.035mm. SE —— 0.035mm. Re = a D : el: a Elongation Es) < © he heen ean ae es a 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 110 20.7 29.4 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling oO ff 2S) AS 5. 164 We 89) 0 O. « 2 Be A CD 16 ORO) B and S Numbers Hard Band S Numbers Hard Cart 34.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 35.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of silver-bearing copper strip previously annealed percentage elongation in 2 in. of silver-bearing copper strip previously to two different grain sizes (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) annealed to two different grain sizes (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver (0.040-in. stock). per ton) (0.040-in. stock). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 ® @ The Coppers 15 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) 0.20 ” ” ” 11.0 20.7 29.4 37.2 440 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 1 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling RZ 5 & & 6 FT 8B YY B and S Numbers Hard CHanrt 36.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengtls of silver- bearing copper strip previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). Grain Size in Mm. | Code | | Ready to finish grain size __| 0.015 mm. —— 0035 mm. °00 7100 900 1100 1300 1500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ({Hr at Temp) Cuanrt 38.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of silver-bearing copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 11.0 20.7 29.4 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | DISS. “Ae 5) | 16,5 78 88) 6910 “Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 37.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of silver- bearing copper strip previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. 000 Lb. per Sq. In. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 39.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of silver-bearing copper strip previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). 16 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. SS LSS train 100 —— Ss Rockwell F 6 90 t+—— ° 80 Elta x \ : © 70 = . Vineiinnl < = 60 = a 1s see : 2) tc v 40 = a 5 e = 30 ze) = / 5 3 3 fe) % 10 Elongation a aa) CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1 Hr.at Temp) Cuart 40.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of silver-bearing copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) Qloza " " " 60 ©) 0.50 p (extension) 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 42.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silver- bearing copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Tensile Strength in | ent in 2In. K 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. BESSees ala 60 0 @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) @ 0. 20 ” ” ” Lhe ode] el a 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. atTemp.) Cuart 41.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silver- bearing copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.035 mm. (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation, Perc Tensile strength 1000 PS./. AO 50 60 10 _ a Rockwell Hardness F-% Ball 60 Me) Load 5 °0% 40 58 76 Rockwell Hardness B-7 Ball 100Kg.Load 63 68, 74 80 85 Rockwell Hardness 15-T- # Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3! 43 55) wow Rockwell Hardness 30- T-t Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 43.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of silver-bearing copper strip (99.95 % copper, 10 oz. of silver per ton) when only Rockwell hardnessis known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. The Coppers 7 TABLE 5 PHOSPHORIZED ARSENICAL COPPER GrenERAL Data—TusBE Copper, 99.61%; phosphorus, 0.024%; arsenic, 0.35% Property Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Elongation, % in 2 in Rockwell hardness F, 14¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load Endurance limit? (at 20 X 10° reversals), p.s.i. (000 omitted) Melting point, °F Young’s modulus of elasticity, p.si....................... Density, lb. per cu. in Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C Electrical conductivity, % I.A.C.S., 68°F Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F pecihicraravlbty neem hee Cia waneyen yeahs aia sage «Rata @ Wxtruded and cold-drawn to 34 X 0.049 in. > 900°F. anneal for 1 hr. ¢ Annealed 34 hr. at 1290°F. | Jensile strength [Ss Apparent elastic limit Tensile Strength and Apparent Elastic Limit, 000 Lb.per Sq. In. CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp) CuHart 44.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of phosphorized arsenical copper condenser tube previously cold-drawn 70 per cent (reduction of area) (99.61 % copper, 0.35 % arsenic, 0.024 % phosphorus). Elongation Percent in 2 In. Hard? Soft? BARE BES ae coy Be Sites PLT EE cote 60 37 bah Blaha So aap creer ame ei cut A NE POT en RAR Cae ts 55 9 5 EE eI Fe PC oe 4 43 1 CRG fot Orci fel Bet see Seni eteece Go rece Sie eee ieee 98 42 SHE: & Sots otro cats hte oUt eet 15 BUR ee vanity or eric hee = Manan ted ile tant ae ein eer 1978 RTS a se ae ee tae Mean 16,000,000 Dt ane hanya Mngt 5c 0.323 Re Eo Ry eT eR ee AS (ols en daa 0.0000174 Ean. ASR ee RE Pon ARIS ASM Sele el el 45.0 EEC oul mer Uae rey icc es Fn sae 102 Sade Neverthe eee oe eR Pete 8.89 ° o oO oOo so oO Ball-B Scale-60 Kg. Load a x (o) (oe) i6 Rockwell F Hardness - 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1 Hr at Temp) Cuart 45.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of phosphorized arsenical copper condenser tube previously cold-drawn 70 per cent (reduction of area) (99.61 % copper, 0.35 % arsenic, 0.024 % phosphorus). 18 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 6 ARSENICAL (TOUGH-PITCH) COPPER GENERAL Dara—SHEET AND STRIP* Copper, 99.50%; arsenic, 0.45% Property Hard? Soft¢ eRensilerstrenath yp rssian (OO zomittecl)) eee ace eee 55-60 34 AN TPANEM GSS eM, POST, (WOO @mmiiiael) .o.cacccsccaccoss vests encoananeansauceuane 38-47 2 Yoieldistreng th, 0!5% extension, psa. (O0Olomitted)) 995-5. 55- 45 neces ee see one ae: 38-40 5 Waele sarang, O29 CHa, ust, (OOO @rminiael),. os scacccsscccussucooeuucaouenucnave 50-54 5 boeldistrens th, O:o%) offset, ps1. (O0O/omitted)mensass 4 eee ee oe eens 45-49 5 TDN arayee HCG) st evo | aay Aer alee meat No cet Naclals fa amtenta’ Gt Wisse peaisiclehe ae Biota erate nah LA eatinn SlacoelG 4 47-42, idachrames limit, UST, (CUO unite). oso ccoc scree obec baronenvdaoepadensacnaacen 17 13 Rockwell hardness F, 14,-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................00005. Te ta 93-97 41 Rockwellehardness#s w4ig=lney ball wl OOK oan] o arc ere r ee tee 60-65 Rockwell@hardmessmlo—see lie —1em bell | wel Koel eee eee et 86-87 48-49 Rockwell hardness 30-1, 14 g¢-in. ball, 30-ke. load...............5........2.---2--- sess 64-65 Modulusiotielasticityaipsselenicy-scren eis aces oeniclre occa Ee ce Oa Pee aa ee 17,000,000 Mel bine spomnit Ea irapertinnerc hareala ce tet a here RD aa tanh ah: vet Ree ay We LCBO cS et ag ay 1981 Densities wb ners CURT eye Arc ety Gees cece ete ee See a Ve cetera 0.322 Coehicientiofexpansion penis Ct rOlae25—3 0 Oe © Here ae ne sae : 0.0000174 Bilechreall comechnounatinn, GH UvACHS, GSW. socccccueseuovedcosos eas ooccsvescusce aoe 45 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 102 « Apply to strip only (tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 66 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.050—0.020 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢ Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). | frente strength |etet] | — I es RS “cache me} 5 ) -! 50 z ee ea ern ae rll 7) a c L_— = 40 8 g a Apparent elastic | S 230 lirait S : ve : oO i=) See | 20 ae F Wi Ready to finish grain size Ready to finish grain size — — 0.020 mm. Smee ee mm. } mm. 0.050 mm i ee a » Rockwell Hardness -% Ball 10 eS et Ae ees = 11.0 20.7 29.4 37.2 440 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 1.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 500 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 1 2B 8 AOS BOe ti {3 € YW 0 { 2 Se Ay Sea ors 9. 0 Band S Numbers Hard B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 46.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 47.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously percentage elongation in 2 in. of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.020 and 0.050 mm. (99.50% previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.020 and 0.050 mm. copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). The Coppers 19 1,000 Lb, per Sq. In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ey eee |. | eS OSS enue ian @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 11.0 207 294 372 440 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ome or SAG GO TB 9 10 OP, eae Bh Gan ye) 40 B and S Numbers Hard Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 48.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Cuart 49.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously annealed to a grain size arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). of 0.020 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). ‘Ready to finish grain size — — 0.020 mm. 000 Lb. per Sq. In. oO) So Nw Apparent elastic limit SY Me ie 0 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp) Cuart 50.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and Cuart 51.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- apparent elastic limit of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously istics of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously cold-rolled cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two 6B. &S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain different grain sizes, 0.020 and 0.050 mm. (99.50% copper, 0.45% sizes, 0.020 and 0.050 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) ¢0.040-in. arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). 5 stock). 20 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Ready to finish grain size — — 0020mm. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp) Cuart 52.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.020 and 0.050 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq,In. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) Cuart 54.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.050 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuart 53.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.020 mm. (99.50 % copper, @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) @ 0.20 ” ” CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp) 0.45 % arsenic) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation-Percent in 2In. Tensile Strength in |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. well hardness is known. Cuart 55.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of arsenical tough- pitch copper strip (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) when, only Rock- It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 Tensile strength ~ £2000 /b. per gin. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness F- /i6" Ball 60 Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 76 Rockwell Hardness B- Yi6" Ball 100 Kg. Load 63 68 174 80 85 Rockwell Hardness 15-T-Yi6" Ball- 15 Kg. Load 19 3l 44 55 67- Rockwell ‘Hardness 30-16" Ball-30 Kg. Load and 0.080 in. Within the given limits. The Coppers 21 » (37.2 % 20.7 % 2 Cold Morte B&S numbers hard (60.5 % reduction © 2 : annealed 700 deg... for lhr. Stress - 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Stress = 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 0.012 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Strain - Inches per Inch Strain -Inches per Inch Cuart 56.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- Cuart 57.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip (0.040-in. thick) having a istics of arsenical tough-pitch copper strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic); ready-to-finish grain size of 0.050 mm. (99.50 % copper, 0.45 % arsenic) ; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. TABLE 7 LEADED COPPER GENERAL DatTa—Rop Copper, 99.00%; lead, 1.00% Property Hard2 Soft? whensileistrenzthyp:s14 (OOOlomitted));ayaeyae ses ods oo sae oe noe cee yaar 55 35 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................6.. 00.0 e cee eee eee eee 38 5 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................-.....2..-....---. 48 8 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 02222222005. 49 7 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................... 2.02.0 .000-5. 43 6 ENOM PA LION 7 MMe APM fare cy sya Geveh ois are se coysncuer anaes Mieke) Ae sty Mee eea chee A nett oaljeiye spouse ats ne 50 10 FVECUCLIONKOLATCA Mai apres ateuays cronatene cust lasd sexes ays sisi sezaetrn Sregas oteusiguepads, Rise RS ae yaaa 68 40 Rockwell hardness F, 4 ,-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................-..... 00. e eee eee 90 30 Rockwell hardness B, 14 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load......................-5....0-5002..0.. 52 Niodulustofgelasticitys pists ct aes -ys ssheve rs cnet syey secre Sie ary oalesashateieaes eaalae Stale Syanemeneitc airs 15,000,000 IVES L barre ou Ge Mas Me aioe A tials ete hats a divewe ys cays ahs een choy suthevis alarm ekachevs ek sets taste saayist sit cs 1980 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C............5...... 2c eee eee eee 0.0000177 Electrical conductivity, % I.A.C.S., 68°F..........22..2. 2c eee ee 98 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F ., 68°F.................... 221 Densitycullo gpermGusmim ree eure hole ae eine acuepneiigelencuaies Meets ei eucoateasy au nyak Gomi omede haem laneerantaciens 0.323 MIN DENS UTC LUT N ee sere Ney etic Resa cuca cle serra stetraer seal Stace ienestl te abn steeanti ae a sen ee cts we nasi cD aS See Two phase, alpha + lead a ¢ Refers to rod cold-drawn 50 %; from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.030 mm. ® Refers to 1100°F. anneal for 1 hr. 22 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Sy a [See a ae a Pa fee Pa Tensile strength mo} io) fe) 4 55 Nai S 50. 0 1 AB 3 90 © Ss = 40 ) $ ® 80 35 © 70 : e 5 30 = 60 = oO a8 = 10 50 > ! 20 % 40 2 REaLEFER 15 P 30 = 10 = 20 3 se SP se 0 a ob 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction in Area Percent Reduction in Area Cuart 58.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and Cuart 59.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of leaded copper rod previously annealed to a percentage elongation in 2 in. and percentage reduction of area of grain size of 0.030 mm. (99.00 % copper, 1.00 % lead) (rod under 1in. leaded copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.030 mm. in diameter). (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Pace NA r Le any oO SAG Y Bae ee AACE (1) 0.10 percent oe strength (offset) ] © 0.20 ” 10} : (extension) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. ol Oo 20 0 0 610 7) Zo) 40) Bo) Go) 7) wo HD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 60.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of Cuart 61.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent leaded copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.030 mm. elastic limit, and grain size of leaded copper rod previously cold- (rod under 1 in. in diameter). drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Coppers 23 Rockwell So) io} Ball 60Kg.Load Loe) ro) (c ba 70 2g Wd} ee : = 060 \ Fe £30 { 9 ¥ B “50 Se n ) £1 y) = 40 2G 220 mo) fe} He) : bel 2 = 30 g 8 = (e ro) eee Eiri emer” SSS $ ti (ava Fe) s ‘ || Elongation SS 2 moe Cie! ee ae HD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. Deg.F. (1Hr at temp) Temp. Deg.F. (IHr at temp.) Cart 62.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 63.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded percentage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of leaded _ copper rod previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from copper rod previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). TABLE 8 TELLURIUM COPPER GeNnERAL Data—Rop Copper, balance; tellurium, 0.45% Property Hard¢ Soft’ . | Forgings hot Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................-2-------0055- 53 32 33-35 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................-.....- 42 5 4-9 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... 49 7 6-12 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................... 50 a 5-11 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................... 45 7 4-8 Dinamo, GF tn BiinsssencasoaoosdaneosseseoseoedcecGoosoodue. sm Acboun een 7 40 40-43 TRECCHEM, OF OnE "Gan camera cis oro 8 Cie Bere a ceaIerae eeerr otc iets eeiekcl ic eremSIese heen 22 46 50-30 Rockwell hardness F, }g-in. ball, 60-kg. load.............................. “a 86 40 30-45 Rockwell hardness B, 1/.-in. ball, 100-kg. load............................... 48 Ey ModulustotelasticityAll bsypersqudne eye eee eran r eee e 16,000,000 idling Pons A osscogocsoacuoos odmooomAeroaEs ose bebe odtp op ude omnoaD aoe i 1980 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C.............................. 0.0000177 Electrical conductivity, % I-A.C.S., 68°F................................... 98 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F............ 221 Menisrty spline pers Usp ep eeMeeeres else Coes ton traci cr-hcbsd se accitonse-aeh atsuenetey MteysacuctepMe rarekesl 0.323 Monavaye mM, AP og occascocecovccosoocsd pean co Do on aDDo ESE GOCE DOs EHaDanCES 1250-1450 iDtorealns GEN cos wg cis Smid Sta ha o Geohre hart ara ene Wie Bio eee Mora Ora a ts oanc Ben ir otc Good TNS O UALR. » clo clad Bneae eee ABO See PRA aMB oe Homten De cc re oe om ao oem ares rae Two phase, alpha + copper telluride « Refers to rod cold-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. diameter ready-to-finish grain size 0.025 mm. > Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 24 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Ol (=) SS oO 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. Ot oO 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working CuHart 64.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of tellurium copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.45 % tellurium, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). @ 0.10 percent yield strength (offset) @ 0.20 ” " " © 0.50 D m (extension) 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 66.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of tellurium copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.045 % tellurium, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). el | a wel/ F hardness ik ball-60 kg. load Rockwell B hardness ~% ball-100 kg. load 0 10 OQ . 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working CuHart 65.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of tellurium copper rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.45 % tellurium, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. \ Apparent elastic lirratt 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 Temp. in Deg. F (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 67.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent | elastic limit, and grain size of tellurium copper rod previously cold- drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.45 % tellurium, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). . The Coppers 25 50 90 80 Rockwell F hardness £ A0 % ball-60 kg. load s 70 L cd) 60 = oo Reduction of. | Ss 50 L-2re2. percent S (s) o 40 > YX0) 30 - Elongation, percent 20 in 2in. 10 fa | | __ Cea aaa eee 0 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 68.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 69.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of tellurium percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of copper rod previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from tellurium copper rod previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.45 % tellurium, balance area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (0.45 % tellurium, copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). balance Sp SF @ & SoS © © S ao B.t.u. per Ft Sq. per Hr. per Deg.F per Ft. - oD ro) oo © & 6 © nN r Fh ipo) [o) (o) .per Hr per Deg.F pe B.t.u. per Ft. Sq 0 0.05 O10 O15 020 0.25 030 035 040 045 050 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Addition to Copper, Percent Addition to Copper, Percent Cuart 70.—The effect of phosphorus on the thermal conductivity CHartr 71.—The effect of iron on the thermal conductivity of copper of copper annealed at 1832°F. for 1 hour and quenched in water based on data by Hanson and Rogers.“ based on data by Hanson and Rogers.“ Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Project No. / 26 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Izod - Ft. Lb. NO [=) Q 010 0.20 030 040 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Addition +o Copper, Percent Temp. in Deg. F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 72.—The effect of arsenic on the thermal conductivity of copper Cuart 73.—The effect of elevated temperatures on the Izod impact based on data by Hanson and Rogers.“ strength ge an annealed 99 % copper, 1 % zine alloy based on data by Bunting.‘ Tensile Strength-1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 20 25 30 Shear Strength-1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cart 74.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of the coppers when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 per cent.8® CHAPTER Il THE BRASSES The most widely used and the best-known copper-base alloys are those with zinc known as ‘the brasses.”” Copper and zine together form a complete series of solid solu- tions. As zine is added to copper, tensile properties increase, electrical and thermal properties decrease, and some diminution of resistance to the action of most corrosive media results. Brasses are commonly used in applications where it is desired to improve upon some specific characteristic of copper, and where such improvement may be effected at a sacrifice only of such characteristics of copper as are unimportant in respect to the particular application at hand. Commonly, certain mill products and certain manu- factured products may be produced at lower cost if, instead of copper, certain of the brasses are used. Obvi- ously therefore, cost frequently is the consideration that leads to the use of brass rather than copper for a given product. In general the brasses offer mechanical properties superior to those of copper; the advantage in this respect being gained at a sacrifice of both electrical and thermal conductivities. There are two broad classifications of the alloys of copper and zinc: one containing from 64 to 99 per cent of copper, consisting of a single phase and known as ““alpha”’ brasses; the other containing from 55 to 64 per cent of copper, containing two phases and known as the ““alpha-beta”’ brasses. The alloys of copper and zinc containing less than 55 per cent of copper, owing to the predominance of the beta phase, are brittle and of no commercial significance. ALPHA BRASSES Cold Working.—The alpha brasses are exceptionally ductile and malleable at room temperature and can be cold-worked by any of the commercial methods such as deep drawing, spinning, stamping, forming, cold rolling, cold heading, flaring, and upsetting. As the brasses are cold-worked, they become increas- ingly hard; the degree of hardness being dependent on the amount of cold work and the copper content of the alloy. The alpha brasses containing in excess of 85 per cent of copper have work-hardening properties similar to those of copper. Those containing between 64 and 85 per cent of copper work-harden less rapidly than those of higher copper content. Because of this property these brasses are used extensively for applications requiring successive drawing operations without inter- mediate anneals. 27 Annealing.— After cold-working operations, the brasses ean be rendered malleable or ductile again by heat- treatment at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1400°F., depending upon the properties desired. Since the alpha brasses are single-phase alloys, they are not susceptible of hardening by heat-treatment. Hot Working.—Those alpha brasses containing be- tween 64 and 80 per cent of copper possess relatively poor hot-working properties. In order to hot-roll or hot-forge these alloys successfully the utmost care must be taken to keep lead, a natural impurity of most zinc, to a trace. (The presence of even 0.03 per cent of lead causes these alloys to crack at any hot-working temper- ature.) Brasses of this group are best hot-worked at temperatures in excess of 1350°F.; the best results are secured if all hot working is done within the range of 1350 to 1550°F. The alpha brasses containing 80 per cent or more of copper have hot-working properties comparable to those of copper, which is extremely plastic through a wide tem- perature range. However, as in the case of copper, care must be exercised to control the lead to within very close limits. As a general rule, if these brasses do not con- tain in excess of 0.01 per cent of lead, they can be hot- forged, hot-rolled, or otherwise hot-worked without any difficulty. Physical Properties—General.—In the alpha range, tensile properties increase with increasing zine content, which is also accompanied by a change of color from red through gold to the green yellows and a progressive diminution of electrical and thermal conductivites. Corrosion Resistance.—Alpha brasses are, for the most part, adversely affected by the same substances and the same conditions that have an adverse effect on copper. In some instances they may be corroded by substances, particularly those which might be termed “active chemical reagents,”’ that do not affect copper to any appreciable extent. An exception to this generality is that in resisting the corrosive attack of sulphides the brasses, on the whole, are better than copper, and their superiority in that respect becomes more marked as the zinc content increases. Further, it is of particular inter- est that in combating the corrosion of sea water certain of the brasses, e.g., 85-15 brass (known as “‘rich low”’ or “Yed brass”) gives materially better service in respect to withstanding corrosion than copper itself. Brasses containing less than 85 per cent of copper, when exposed to certain media, frequently fail in a characteristic manner termed ‘“dezincification.” Fail- ures of this kind are identified by the appearance of 28 Copper and Copper-base Alloys spongy areas of copper in the form of layers or so-called “plugs” on the affected surface. This spongy copper is a consequence of the solution of fractions of the alloy in the media and a redeposition of the copper by chemical displacement. Arsenic, antimony, and phosphorus in small fractional percentages are demonstrably effective in repressing or inhibiting dezincification in the alpha brasses. Brass that contains less than 85 per cent of copper may under certain conditions fail by stress-corrosion cracking or, as it is more commonly called, “‘season eracking.”’ Conditions that favor this form of failure are the presence of internal stress or stress gradients produced by cold-working operations followed by exposure to mild atmospheric corrosion. The presence of traces of ammonia in the atmosphere is said to favor this form of corrosion. Season cracking can be effec- tively prevented by relief annealing below the recrystal- lization temperature. A type of failure closely associated with season crack- ing and known as “‘fire cracking’? occurs when sus- ceptible brasses in a stressed condition are suddenly exposed to elevated temperatures. The presence of lead in the brass decreases the resistance to this type of failure by promoting greater intercrystalline weakness. In order to avoid this form of failure it is common practice to bring stressed materials up to the annealing temper- ature gradually rather than precipitantly. In the fabrication of susceptible rod alloys it is com- mon practice to flex or spring the rods prior to annealing, to counteract tensile stresses produced during fabrication, and thus reduce liability to fire cracking. Following is a table of the more important commercial alpha brasses: Most common name Copper, % Zine, % Guidinzsmetaleaa ae ae oe 95 5 Commercial bronzeeee ee eae 90 10 Rich low brass or red brass......... 85 15 OWADISSS As See eters ee 80 20 Springibrass soe eae rete es 75 25 70-30 or cartridge brass............. 70 30 IDGGD CRN 3cacscecogssodoanee 68 32 Common high brass (2 and 1)....... 66 34 Tubular rivet brass................ 65 35 Brassirodie cee eee eke eae 64 36 The alloy of copper and zinc containing 95 per cent of copper is known as gilding metal. It is an extremely easy alloy to cold-work and flows readily in the intricate dies used for jewelry, emblems, plaques, and coining operations. It can be readily spun, drawn, forged, and upset. Its hot-working properties are comparable to those of copper. This alloy has slightly higher tensile properties and about the same ductility as copper but its thermal and electrical properties are lower. Gilding metal is used extensively in the jewelry and emblem industry because of its excellent cold-working properties and its golden color. It is also an excellent base for articles that are to be gold-plated or finished to a high polish in their natural color. This alloy is com- mercially available in all common wrought forms. Physical and general mechanical properties of the most . common form—strip—are given in Table 1 on page 30. Charts 1 to 13 on pages 30 to 33 give in greater detail the effect of cold working and annealing on its mechanical properties. Brass with 90 per cent of copper through long usage has become known as commercial bronze. It has excel- lent cold-working properties and can be readily spun, drawn, forged, and upset. Its hot-working prop- erties are very similar to those of copper. Commercial bronze is used in the manufacture of cos- tume jewelry, compacts, weatherstripping, stamped hardware, forgings, screws, rivets, and various ammuni- tion components. Because of its attractive color it is used to a limited extent in architectural metalwork. The alloy is fabricated as sheet, strip, plate, rod, wire, bar, and tube. Physical and general mechanical proper- ties of the more common forms (strip and rod) are given in Table 2 on page 34. Detailed mechanical prop- erty data are given in Charts 14 to 35 on pages 35 to 40. : Rich low brass, or red brass, has excellent cold-working properties and can be cold-worked to a greater extent than copper, owing to a better combination of strength and ductility. It is widely used for severe cold-drawing, stamping, or spinning operations. Red brass can be hot-worked commercially at temperatures in excess of 1350°F. when the lead content is less than 0.02 per cent. However, red brass is not so plastic at elevated tempera- tures as the other commercial brasses and for that reason is seldom used for forgings or for parts requiring fabrica- tion through hot working. Red brass has excellent corrosion-resisting properties, in many cases superior to those of copper. When in contact with salt or brackish waters it offers better resist- ance than copper itself and it is used successfully under conditions of operation that cause the higher zine alloys to fail through dezincification. Rich low brass is used extensively in the construction — of automotive radiators, in the manufacture of tube and pipe for oil refineries and utilities, and in the field of domestic and industrial plumbing. This alloy is com- monly fabricated in sheet, strip, plate, rod, bar, wire, and tube. Physical and general mechanical properties are shown in Table 3 on page 41 for the more common products (sheet and strip, rod and tube). Charts 36 to 58 on pages 42 to 47 give more detailed information. Low brass has hot- and cold-working properties similar to rich low brass. Its corrosion-resisting properties are generally the same as those of the latter. Under certain severe conditions it may dezincify or fail by season cracking. This alloy is used for flexible hose, bellows, clock dials, and numerous drawn and stamped parts. It is usually fabricated in sheet, strip, rod, wire, bar, and tube. Its The Brasses physical and general mechanical properties are given in Table 4 on page 48 for the common forms (strip, rod, and tube). Charts 59 to 77 on pages 49 to 53 show in greater detail the influence of ccld working and annealing on the mechanical properties of this alloy. Spring brass containing 75 per cent of copper has excellent cold-working properties and can be readily fabricated by spinning, drawing, forging, and upsetting. It is not generally hot-worked as its hot plastic range is extremely narrow. Spring brass is suitable for forming into springs where loads are not excessive and where corrosion resistance is important. It is commonly fabri- cated into sheet and strip. Its physical and general mechanical properties are given in Table 5 on page 54. Charts 78 to 91 on pages 54 to 57 show more detailed information. 70-30, or cartridge, brass, deep-drawing, 2 and 1, and common high brass are known generally as the high brasses. These alloys possess the optimum combina- tions of strength and ductility. They-all have excellent cold-working properties and can be readily spun, drawn, forged, and upset. As a general rule they are not fabri- cated by hot-working processes as the range in which they are hot plastic is very narrow. Since the operations in which these alloys are used require excellent ductility, those elements which have an adverse influence on this property are very carefully controlled. Iron because of its hardening action and lead because of its influence on fire cracking are usually limited to 0.05 per cent, maximum. Such impurities as phosphorus, antimony, bismuth, nickel, chromium, and aluminum are kept to a trace or less. Since alloys in this copper range are susceptible to “season cracking,” it is common practice to relief-anneal, at low temperatures, formed parts that are to be used under conditions of mild corrosion. High brasses are used for the manufacture of pins, rivets, eyelets, snap fasteners, automobile radiator cores, heating units, musical instruments, automobile lamp bodies and reflectors, cartridge cases and clips, electrical sockets, lamp bases, and many other drawn or formed shapes. The high brasses are available in sheet and strip, rod, wire, bar, and tube. Their physical and general mechanical properties for the common forms (strip and rod) are shown in Tables 6 to 9 on pages 58 to 76. Detailed data are given in Charts 92 to 158 on pages 59 to 78. ALPHA-BETA BRASSES Hot Working.—The alpha-beta brasses, 7.e., those con- taining from 64 to 55 per cent copper, are much easier to hot-work than the alpha; the ease of hot working increas- ing as the copper content decreases. Although lead is virtually insoluble in the alpha brasses and as such inter- feres with hot rolling, there is reason to believe that the beta phase will hold up to 1 per cent of lead in solution as it is possible to hot-work by any process alpha-beta 29 brasses containing this amount of lead. The alpha-beta brasses are most commonly fabricated by hot processes since they are most plastic under these conditions. Cold Working.—The alpha-beta brasses become in- creasingly difficult to cold-work as the copper content decreases. Those alloys containing less than about 58 per cent of copper are considered commercially unsuited for any cold-working operations. The poor cold-working properties of the alpha-beta brasses are caused by the presence of the beta phase. The brasses containing between 60 and 62 per cent of copper are suit- able for parts requiring light cold-working properties. Cold-working properties improve progressively as the copper content increases to 64 per cent, at which point the beta phase disappears and the characteristic proper- ties of the alpha range are encountered. Annealing.—Like the alpha brasses, the alpha-beta brasses can be rendered soft after cold-working opera- tions by annealing within the temperature range of 700 to 1400°F. depending upon the properties required. The alpha-beta brasses, however, can be hardened slightly by quenching from the annealing temperature. The hardening is produced by the formation of a greater amount of beta in the alloy than would be produced by air or furnace cooling. Physical Properties—General.—The alpha-beta brasses possess the highest tensile properties and the lowest ductility of any of the copper-zine alloys. Both of these properties are affected by the ratio of the beta phase to the alpha phase. Alloys of the lowest copper content, because of the greater percentage of beta phase, are the strongest and least ductile. The alpha-beta brasses with the higher copper content approach the alpha brasses containing 64 per cent of copper in ductility and strength. At the appearance of the beta phase an increase in electrical and thermal properties over those of the low- copper alpha brasses is effected. Muntz metal contain- ing 60 per cent of copper, the most important of the alpha-beta brasses, has an electrical conductivity slightly higher than that of 70-30 brass. Muntz metal, known also as “yellow metal,” has extremely good hot-working properties, being hot plastic over a wide temperature range. It possesses the highest tensile strength and lowest ductility of the brasses and consequently only light cold-working operations are possible with it. Muntz metal is widely used in architectural work for panel sheets, grilles, door stiles, and so forth. It is also used for tube sheets and baffle and support plates in heat exchangers. It also has been used for condenser tubes and as pipe for domestic and industrial plumbing. It is fabricated in sheet and strip, plate, rod, bar, and tube. Its physical and general mechanical properties are given in Table 10 on page 79. Charts 159 to 186 on pages 80 to 86 show the range of properties that can be secured. 30 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 1 GILDING METAL Copper, 94.59%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................... Elongation,© % in 2in........ Apparent elastic limit,¢ p.s.i. (000 omitted)................ Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.1. (000 omitted) Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............ Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............ Rockwell hardness F, 14-in. ball, 60-kg. load®............. Rockwell hardness B, 1¥¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load®............ Rockwell hardness G, ¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load’............ Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14 ¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load’.......... Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 ¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load’.......... Young’s modulus of elasticity, p.si....................... Melting: pomit; Res Mev. occa sea aah von Ry Oe Site tae Mensit yal by per Cuvee Aecey eee Peo teary steals Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-3800°C............ Electrical conductivity,” % I.A.C.S., 68°F............... Property Hard* Soft? BAe Retina ine Shenae or icp ie aes 58-63 36-38 Sash Ate oo Rie NS seeeel oo hae CA Aa ge Saepe SC ER pry Ra tect 4 45 EAS Ue go tae waar gen ae 48-55 5-9 LCRA MUR PEERY tice oak cael arc PEM eso tir scac a teh 54-58 8-13 SUA RR tak eet ceo og Betastbe 54-60 8-13 PE REA Cs geo ee rene Ooty ic GUC Rees 51-57 8-13 Cae col ancl Stake cole token aes eee 95-100 52-63 Sg HO iste ee aE ee eet 62-73 0-8 mA RIM a, ACOA cach eee Te 21-38 Re ents inci eee a Ree thse 81-83 63 NiAbremcnen Ra ana ete M MIAN AG 58-66 21 a ert Cae ahr Sam omy | 15,000,000 Aran E Ue iet frien teem tna, Bens ARE eG 1950 Sa els RR EE RE meena: ng gee 4 0.320 NAAR orcs nee ten ae eS hse 0.0000181 Rnd ie colo aheic strate te age 57 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F................. 139 °6B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. > Refers to 900°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). ¢ Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 70 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Le a SR See eee Ea eas es) ILO 20.7 224 372 44.0 50.0 55.0 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction ot Area by Rollin 9 ORs ee Oh Ge Tie INO: me lO B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of gilding-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040- in. stock). Rockwell F hardness ce eT || pet YY Zi ae IY Rockwell B haralness ieee eee Perl a Ready to finish grain size == 0.015 mm. = 0.070 mm. Elongation Percent in 2in. N Ril Elongation Rae he aE 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | C25} 45) iG 8 9 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 2.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of gilding-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (o) 10 The Brasses Bl 50 (e E = 40 on i”) a) L L o o Qa fa 650 a =) 9 o (=) ° Code 0 CG) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 0 1.0 207 294 374 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 686 UOT SOTA SEZ AAO 200 22 2ael 2 ene 5 : Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 G28 a ee Die MOE a 8S 9 Io oa g Dt ae AED Cal bernie: eResNumbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of gilding- Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of gilding- metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (94.59% metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). copper) (0.040-in. stock). 0.120 Ts ae === 0.015 mm. 0.070 mm. 0.100 Code Ready to finish grain size —=— 0.015mm. —— 0.070 mm. yrain Size in Mm. 0) CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 5.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and Cuart 6.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- apparent elastic limit of gilding metal, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. __ istics of gilding metal, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 32 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015mm. Sa pce nwed F hardness CCE ese feat J Elongation percent 60 7 277. a aa _ 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ( |Hr. at Temp.) © SS ' ” ” o iE w 6 40 x= iw v > & U 2} fang Cxuart 7.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of gilding-metal strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. (¢) 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 9.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of gilding- metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq,In. || TLS QO 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of gilding- metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduc- tion of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (94.59 % copper) (0.040- in. stock). 80 igeraa! bien 2 jaime Pall aza Zara i 217? HBR a D@SGESGGE TI —— 50 70 80 90 100 Rockwell tpednee es Ye" Ball- 60 Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 16 Rockwell Hardness B-Yie Ball-100 Kg.Load 63 68 TA 80 85 Rockwell Hardness 15-1 Vie Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3| 43 55 67 Rockwell Hardness 30-T- “ie Ball 30 Kg. Load Cxuart 10.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of gilding-metal strip when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits (94.59 per cent copper). The Brasses Tensile Strength-|000 Lb. per Sq, In. Shear Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. CuartT 11.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of gilding metal (95.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.(® Code ” ” (11.0 %o a Cold worked 6B&S No.hard (50% red.) and annealed |,000 deg.F. for Ihr. Stress, |,000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 Stress, 1000 Lb.per Sq. In. (0) 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 Strain-Inches per Inch Cuart 12.—The effect of cold-working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of gilding-metal strip (0.040-in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (94.59 % copper). 0.006 A 0.004 Strain, Inches per In. 0.005 0.006 Cuanrt 13.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain characteristics of gilding-metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (94.59 % copper). 34 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 COMMERCIAL BRONZE GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 89.99%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Forgings Property Hard? | Soft’ Hot Cold: | Cold¢ TRANS HAA, THs (OOO Oaminiee)) nos anccneoncecdensssnenecnseneneses 65 35 35-40 | 40-65 65 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................2.05. 54 7 7-10 | 20-52 54 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................... 60 18 12-15 | 25-58 60 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 63 11 11-13 | 25-61 63 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 60 10 10-12 | 20-55 60 Donation, GAs Bin, 5 oisnkcaoosusosounenenuasosessGagcagesonvososeus 18 56 60-50 | 48-19 19 TRIO TUITE OAokc ontines Se SOOO TENG GAGISS b cls o 6 Odieece cn oo o.oo bran 75 82 90-80 | 82-75 75 Endurance) imate p ise OOOlomit ted) seanere eee ee oreer 18 12 12-16 | 12-16 18 Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................ 97 55 50-60 | 69-97 97 Rockwell hardness B, 16-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................... 68 igh, ui eee —65 67 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load..........................2-55. 107 SQUNC een ee 62-102 | 103 IMIGCUTE OF GASUOT DEM consoescodaveuscudesscontauveornooosovaoccet 15,000,000 TERRES TERE, AD go close domos seb cider becsioeraonao ses cence dieses ce 1300-1450 LEMONT AUS CUA oso de some cuaansoogacce ge onenengcanmcnseoaowemauws Good IRyDeEs LUG LUTE Ser we ena et ese eee eet ee Single phase, alpha GENERAL DatTa—StTrip Copper, 89.74%; lead, nil; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard* Soft? Ttanlle sineailn, OSs, (UO OMCs scsscnases baa daaubaasagadcodoocc0nucnde 64-69 36-39 lennon, 9G tin PWM cccoagaveocoonseoescs: | eebncdmpnnanconsdooudadanupe 5 A5 Apparent elastic limit, p.si. (000 omitted)?..-.-... 0 6... see. 53-57 8 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)”............. 2.2... 59-60 11-12 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)?.................. 0... e sete eee eee 62-64 11-12 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)7.................. 21... eee eee eee eee 57-60 11-12 Rockwell hardness F, }{g-in. ball, 60-kg. load?.............. 0.112. e eee eee eee 100-103 59-62 Rockwell hardness B, }(,-in. ball, 100-kg. load?............. 0.1.1. eee eee 73-77 3-11 Rockwell hardness G, 14g-in. ball, 150-kg. load?........... 02.1121 eee eee eee 38-44 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load?.......... 1... eee eee 85-86 62-64 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14,-in. ball, 30-kg. load?.............-.............--..---.- 66-68 17-23 Young's modulus of elasticity, p:sl..-..---- 2-262 ee ea eel 15,000,000 ‘ PuHysicaL Data MiKo HONE AD gon Veta bo geen eaud edo epeevonshoenadd suL SreaBabnE GOs Dodind coe bu vy an cpus cba 1913 Chace OF @peMsomM, jae WC tio PHS. oo eo cc ep cvocecansoun dove ss oueDesoacEscagsoassDoO6 0.0000182 MEM Coached GA WARE, GW aocceecocsoucesapescadeuoces ours uasnuacooadsdouseedaaae 43.6 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per “F., 68°F.................................. 108 Danning, ds WEP Ge No so odocooogade caus oceooooeoPoodnE TOD DGE DUR dO TOCOdDDEUESASEHoOSFENDaSODOOCDE 0.318 « Refers to rod cold-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. in diameter with ready-to-finish grain size, 0.050 mm. > Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr.). © Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). 2 Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40 %). <6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. J Refers to 1000°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 0 Refers to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). The Brasses 35 Tensile strength {fel li a a a= 000 Lb. per Sq.In. ILO 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area Hey Rolling On 2. 23) AS 6 8 9 10 B®&S Numbers och Cuart 14.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 40 Ready to finish grain size ——0.0!15mm. 0.070 mm. uo [o) np (fo) Elongation Percent in 2 In. | Neer Ee LL 2 ea N.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oe ieee Sy an YG. ad 8 9 Io B &S Numbers Hard Cuart 16.—The effect of cold rolling on the percentage elongation in 2 in. of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). fo) Code Ready to finish Ee size —— 0.015 mm. 0.070 mm. Rockwell Hardness-/i6 Ball-F 60 Kg.Load- B 100Kg.Load 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OP ey? By ee Cle el vat wasn ee) uy 110) B&S Numbers Hard CuHart 15.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling (Oia Ve easy ez rhe ei) GO ft & 9 10 B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 17.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 36 Copper and Copper-base Alloys (eee a © +H ® epee | See eco © BZ —— 0.015 mm. 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. i ne Ura aay es ae ace 68.6 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 ercent Reduction of Area by Rollin A hi i Bipticrces Nereus yaar oe D9 if nnealing Temp.in Deg. (1Hr at Temp.) B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 18.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Cuart 19.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously annealed apparent elastic limit of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size —— 00/5 mm. 0.070 mm. —— 0.015 mm. 0.070 mm. 3 KSeees i ? CL LNG ee e} Bia IN co)) a060 eae) 3 80 me 5 70 oO = 60 0.040 4 a Rees oo LZ! (= oe : ; a : Ao70 df | =. 20 U “aa ee sae See o (a4 c¢) (0) 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. (|Hr.at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 20.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- Cuart 21.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and teristics of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously percentage elongation in 2 in. of commercial bronze (Government- cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two gilding) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. stock). (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses 37 fe 010% yield strength (offset) @020% » » . Bee ee Se oe _ aaa Sea _ Ua See 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 22.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of com- mercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). ~ Tensile strength + 2000/6. per sq. in. — AWA Elongation Percent in 2 In Tensile Strength in 1,000 Lb.per Sq, In. 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Rockwell Hardness F-/6" Ball 60 Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 16 Rockwell Hardness B-‘6" Ball |00Kg. Load 63 68 -74 80 85 Rockwell Hardness |5T- “6” Ball 15 Kg. Load \9 3\ 43 55 67 Rockwell Hardness 30-T- %6" Ball 30Kg. Load CuHart 24.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of commercial bronze (Government-gilding strip (89.74% copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. @) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @ 020% » n @) 050% » Ix®) y) PZ, A 000 Lb. per Sq.In. A400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 23.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of com- mercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (89.74 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 70 Code @ Cold worked 8 BUS No.hard (60.5 Yo Red, 60 (4) Cold worked | B&SNo.hard 50 (10% Red.) = Cold worked 6B&SNo & hard(50.7%o Red.) a and annealed 900 y 40 F deg. F. for Ihr. G a ° ‘S| S 30 o Yn oO cm 42 A) XO) 10 (0) 0.00! 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 Strain- Inches per In. Cuart 25.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic exten- someter accurate to 0.00001 in. used (89.74 % copper). 38 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 70 » (372% ») 60 Ole % (1.0 %o red.) £ 2 (5) Cold worked 6 BBS No. = hard (50.0 %o red) A 0 and annealed |400 V/A ¢ : a Wi pparent elastic S ble 3 3 ah * 40 Z A oF S| ee, Os 5 : Won : ro) ta) 2 ge a = : 8 ie » 20 /| 10 y pA a SS aE TT aa ey (0) 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0005 0.006 Extr 10 40 60 Strain, Inches per In. coe Redluction by Cold Worting Cuart 26.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- Cuart 27.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and teristics of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) strip (0.040 in. apparent elastic limit of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm. (89.74% rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin (rod under 1 in. in diameter). automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. 2." ball-60 Kg. load i o Ss L u jae eas z me eckwel B aploniees ey ! “ball -100 kg. load o . i coe = SS 30 See (extension) “ac "TT LT La oie J rE 0) (0) Extr 10 20 30 40 50 60 Extr. 10 20 30 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Percent Reduction by asia wereee CuHart 28.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 29.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of | commercial bronze (Government-gilding) rod, previously annealed to a commercial bronze (Government-gilding) rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Brasses 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Apparent elastic limit CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 \300 4400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1Hrat Temp) CuHart 30.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of commercial bronze (Government-gilding) rod, previously cold-drawn 37 % (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). : @) 0.16% ” GB) 0.50% ” See £ com ” = 9) oO S an fo) ce) = Ly 2) cal | | ee [a Ee is s CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.( | Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 32.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of com- mercial bronze (Government-gilding) rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). = NN Oo oO fo} fo) ct 16 cS) Rockwell Hardness Ball, B 100 Kg., F 60Kg. Load @o pe) (=) je) t / Sonne nr: Santee cae Se ee Rockwell F harad7ess Percent reduction \ Rockwell Bhardmness : CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp) Cuart 31.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of com- mercial bronze (Government-gilding) rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (89.99 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq.in. ) iS) oO oO er Tensile Strength, |, S Reduction of area in 21n. i} ~ Elongation Percent i ? Reduction of Area 5 a es . Elongation Nie EE as ES a a aa ies 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp.) Cart 33.—The effect of elevated temperature on tensile strength, reduction of area, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of commercial bronze rod (89.99 % copper), previously annealed to a grain size of 0.030 mm. according to W. B. Price™ (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 40 ; Copper and Copper-base Alloys Izod- Ft. Lb. N cose ee a i a 40 Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 +1200 30 40 50 Temperature, Deg.F Shear Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cart 34.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod-impact Cuart 35.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength strength of annealed commercial bronze (90.00 % copper) according to of commercial bronze (90.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile D. Bunting. strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.8® Footnotes FoR TaBLE 3 ¢ Refers to rod cold-drawn 50 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size, 0.050 mm. + Refers to 1050°F. for 1 hr. ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). @ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40 %). ¢6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. J Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 2 Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 4 Extruded, reduced, and cold-drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. ?950°F. anneal for 1 hr. The Brasses TABLE 3 RICH LOW BRASS (RED BRASS) GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 85.68%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard¢ | Soft® Hot Cold* | Cold¢ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................2...2022-005. 75 37 37-42 | 42-68 72 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................... 60 8 8-12 | 18-50 56 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................... 64 14 14-18 | 25-57 67 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 72 14 14-16 | 22-54 68 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 67 12 12-15 | 24-62 62 Tai orayeaairtorey, ana gto eens cretolena io sial iy cet ohaie eect: Seana te neon a te tee natok tat 55 18 60-50 | 47-20 18 FREUUCLIONVOMATC A aiicie ta cactena rd ack eatecae eerie esha ois: Aaah ei Maer eee 80 72 85-80 | 80-74 72 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................-...2.0-5. 20 PANG cae: 14-18 20 Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................ 100 59 48-68 | 70-98 100 Rockwell hardness B, }4¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................... 78 ae 18 75 78 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.............................. 126 54 60 63-120 126 Modulus) of elasticityeip sie tsec acta eden sae hd Oe oe en nese ones 15,000,000 TE Qa plage aban Seana Vege CUD Ais Lapa eens ic celle et uaa ar Bar as Pane RL Nanch A 1350-1500 oO tarorean eA Ualitysey car ary sec ac dt ans £ a Mes 5p Gad he vaueuneee ears leu Fair PIS DCRSULUC CUTE ary ecg sant setters yee semi Sespegs eo Nest sss aeh i. nies Braye ae sae el wey eee eee eae Single phase, alpha GENERAL DatTa—StTRIP Copper, 85.42%; lead, nil; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard¢ Soft’ Tensile strength, p:s:i. (OOO)omitted)9...............202-2. 22 eee ees eee sees sens eaee 74-82 38-40 BMlon rations gelea pli Seta cis cette cate Sacen aie ain noe wnt oe aus ee ake oat Ny Rene tee Hi 4 43 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)?.....................2.00 002s 52-63 7-8 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)?........................2....055. 61-64 10 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)?............. 0.0... 22 cece eee 67-73 10 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)?................... 00... e eee eee eee 62-66 10 Rockwell hardness F, 14 6-in. ball, 60-kg. load?...........................02.....0.5. 104-107 55-57 Rockwell hardness B, 1(¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load’......................--..0 2002s ee eee 82-86 Rockwell hardness G, 1}/-in. ball, 150-kg. load’............... Fe EO ee: 58-59 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1g-in. ball, 15-kg. load’...........................0.-.000-. 87-89 Rockwell hardness 30-T, }/,-in. ball, 30-kg. load’...........................---5.-.55. 72-74 Nounsspmodulushofelasticity;p sleep ema aeon ee aoe eee ae ae 15,000,000 GENERAL Data—TuBE Copper, 85.01%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard* Soft? Mensile’strength} p:s:1) (OOOlomitted) ih. 2 9. see ans. seed sees oda) sane eee eee 89 45 Hlongation yy ooumy2simtas eet tame raciiaistein ae Navara ticity eter aunts a isoalentiaes ie Ko Wapato 4 43 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............... 200-00 ee 85 15 Rockwell hardness F, 14-in. ball, 60-kg. load..................... 02. ee eee 108 60 Puysicat Data IVVel time Spo im bey ober yey tareyegevaesiaiae lace scl stahctejane seh tet lets, sutpeeteycuctetrepaciscntsy Neve ant cum sen Hay De Se MURA eR ences 1870 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25—300°C............2.. 22-22 s ee ee eee 0.0000187 Dikeirigall conclnoihmin7 EO F% UAACdShes GI on ocavcevosoowoaescegndcoonsaccocdounduedovandecucudoccce 34.7 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. perhr. per °F., 68°F........................0-.00-00-- 87 Density. plbsperscueslNe erste says sists aks ee) aa ge ye eS eieie ae non Se aaa alarms: exist OLSIG AVAILABLE CREEP Data®) Previous history: hot-rolled to 0.750 in. in diameter; grain size 0.030 mm. Stress, p.s.i., required to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. Temperature, °F. No measurable flow 0.01% 0.10% 1.00% 400 7,500 8,800 12,000 17,000 600 : Approaching zero 1,000 2,600 6, 800 See p. 40 for table footnotes. 41 100 90 : a aS = _ 3 60 a = L a Be a) S ae Code S 30 Ready to finish grain size 10 207 294 322 440 500 555 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0) i ® BSA. 5 6 7 8 S(t) B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 36.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of rich low-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040- in. stock). © 0.10 Yo yield strength (offset) @ 0.20% » @® 050% 000 Lb. per Sq.In. 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Q |l B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 38.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of rich low-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 0) Copper and Copper-base Alloys me} 5 fo) 2 oT ee ion) x 110 = ro) 2 (= 5 Rockwell F hardness 3 § D> 4 ro) WO L rs jaa) i6 Percent in 2In, Ready to finish grain size == 0015 mm. =—— 0.070 mm. Elongation, Rockwell Hardness ~ Elongation aig ~~ i 1L0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Qo {| 2 3 SAE NS 6: 26mg, 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 37.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of rich low-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (85.42 % . copper) (0.040-in. stock). @ 0.10% yield strength (offset) Q@) 0.20% ” ” ” @ 0.50% » 5 (extension) oa 1000 Lb. per Sq. in. 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 I 2 3 Gp Qf & 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard -CHartT 39.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of rich low-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses 43 a= O,.015 mm. =—— 0.070 mm. 3100 S 90 eo) x 80 S$ 80 7 Es 0 = s 70 > 60 £ £60 = =a) 3 50 o % 50 Y o L me § 40 a 040 5 4 8 = 30 © © 30 (eo) + Ww (o) @) © 20 = ov 20 5 3 10 be g lO ex = 6 —s CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 !400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1 Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp.) Cuartr 40.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and CuHart 41.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of rich low-brass strip previously cold-rolled percentage of elongation in 2 in. of rich low-brass strip, previously 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). - - a 0.180 Ready to finish grain size a) 0.10 Yo yield strength (offset) — — 0.015 mm. 020% » ec) 0.070 mm. @ 2 0.140 0.120 Grain size in m7. 0.100 0.080 is oi L 0.060 y a — 0.040 g QI 0.020 0 (@) 600 700 800 900 1000 \i00 1200 1300 1400 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (IHr at Temp.) CuHart 42.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- Cart 43.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of rich teristics of rich low-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. low-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (85.42 % copper) and 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (0.040-in. stock). 44 Copper and Copper-base Alloys pe Ss oe ea ea Pep ss a peas ae Tensile strength .. Wi eal + 2000/b. per sg.in. ~ @ 020% » @) 0.50% ea 50 | lL 7 80 np =a See eat | | | hr UNO ee 70 = Spo tA HE 60 za Beagle NG (a --+ 5% in 2in- as \>K > Pa > » GOI >) sla ” ” » ” 1.0% ” [ | O° : eon 50 a G) » » 6 » » » (500% »)& Be annealed 800 Deg.F for Ihr. ie 80 oO 340 6 L £ 70 ® o J ae a Se Y Code contd al s_ @) 2 @) cold worked 2B®S Nos. a 50 8 hard (20.7 Red) = ® x () Cold worked 1BBS Nos. © 40 % 90 hard (1.0 7o Red.) S re Cold worked 6 BRS Nos. = 30 ae ae a5 hard (50.0% Red.) and 9 . @ © + 20 © oF Va) 10 WV ) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0008 0010 0 me 0.002 0.003 0.004 0005 0006 Strain- Inches per In. Cuart 47.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of rich low-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.070 mm. (85.42 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. The Brasses 45 Jee (cs seal a z ball - 60 kg. load x 90 Rockwell B hardness iz ball 100 Kg. load ~ =~] (=) Lb. per Sq. In. uw oO So Apparent 3 40) Jastic lim 40 = 30 30 20 20 10 p 10 0 0 Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Percent Reduction by Cold Working CuHart 49.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of rich low-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.68 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Tensile strength Cart 48.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of rich low-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.68 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 80 70 60 60 > 30) £ = 50 o ion L a We 40 2.40 4 Z : 8 S 30 2. 30 @) 0.20% yield strength (offset) @) 20 20 0.10% » ” ” @) 0.50% » » (extension) 10 - 10 |e sass 0 Extr. C.D. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr. at Temp.) CxHart 50:—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of Cuart 51.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent rich low-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. elastic limit, and grain size of rich low-brass rod, previously cold- (85.68 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.68 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 46 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code ® 0.20% yield strength( offset) @) 0.10% » ®o50% » CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 (300 1400 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(|Hrat Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F ( |Hr at Temp.) Cuartr 52.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 53.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of rich percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of low-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) rich low-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.68 % copper) (rod area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.68 % copper) under 1 in. in diameter). (rod under 1 in. in diameter). £ fon Va) ‘= vu oO aa} = oO 8 = || £5 | ion WY - o jas re) = 1) to) I (>) Elongation, Percent in 21n. Tensile Strength X1 Tensile Strength and Apparent Elastic Limit 10 0) 0 200 400 600 800 1000 CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature in Deg-F. (Ihr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuarr 54—The effect of elevated temperatures on the tensile Cuarr 55.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 85-15 brass rod according apparent elastic limit of 85-15 brass condenser tube, previously to W. H. Bassett.) cold-drawn 65 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.050 mm. (85.01 % copper). The Brasses 47 " 5 is} 5 = al i=) 2 <2 5 faa) a} | 0 i/o) () - ao) 5 5 Brittle = range, ei) | z & 3 : | ra x . Ss 5 ~ A : ae e o : AS ) oO 2 : oe ie) D fl Ee £ i O CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 !200 1300 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (! Hr at Temp.) Temperature, Deg.F. Cuart 56.—The effect of annealing on percentage elongation in Cuart 57.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod-impact 2 in., Rockwell hardness, and grain size of 85-15 brass condenser tube, _ strength of an annealed 87 % copper-zine alloy according to D. Bunt- previously cold-drawn 65 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain ing.) size of 0.050 mm. (85.01 % copper). Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb.per Sq.In. Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuarr 58.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of red brass (85 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.89) Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 4 LOW BRASS GENERAL DaTra—Rop Copper, 80.95%; lead, trace; tin, trace; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Cold* | Cold¢ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).....................0 0 sees 75 44 42-48 | 47-80 85 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................-....:. 52 9 7-14 | 20-50 55 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................... 56 13° | 10-19 | 25-58 65 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 68 13 10-19 | 25-70 85 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 59 12 9-17 | 20-65 80 Tone ations. 7 Wn Dimes ce. eee eS caret ease hate Sacco er kes Neca NA ATT 18 65 65-58 | 30-15 15 Redwetionsore anes eG stlnse cs eerecgs acs h sist eases cc Mee ae a eae ra TEPER Ry 70 80 82-80 | 80-65 60 Endurancellimit.yp:sas(O0Olomitted) Pascale eee 22 15 Rockwell hardness F, }¥,-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................ 103 60 45-70 | 70-104 105 Rockwell hardness B, g-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................... 80 9 24 81 82 Brinelljhardness, 10=mm®= ball 500-ke. loadke se ssa) eo oes een ease 130 56 63 63-133 135 Modulustomelasticityayp:ssice mca ceates metre race rea ets aie 15,000,000 Horpinaywran ee; Sh smoctevaceirs Shea see AG mies ARES eels satan A tee eran S 1250-1450 IRoreineaqualityre cts sac socio cespe VA cRus roe a noe tee Se aes Good My; PEHSURUCLUTE ek ate ete teres ate vee tele Ean uege eet tn sas, ecu seer ean ae ke g Single phase, alpha GENERAL DatTa—StTrIpP? Copper, 80.41%; lead, trace; iron, trace; tin, nil; zinc, balance Property Hard’ Soft? Mensilerstrengthesp scien OOOromitted) MeaManeee oer rineice eer ene icienicn 91 46 IBlon gation ZG pine Sein eee remorse iene erare aca evecee cnemeeereucr cic era OS RIT SCT Rr Ree 6 49 Appenentrelastichlimits p saan Q00lomitted) weraeennre re neeeceeriGe renner eincere 69 13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. 0... c cee eee eee 65 | 14 Yaeldistren eth 02 oZoffisets pisus (O0Olomitted) ha... assesses does eens eee 74 ° 14 Wieldistrength (0:1'% ‘otiset, psi (O0Olomiutted) 3-2-2 55-.. -255525)s esos es een eee 61 14 iRockwiellihardnessehy4i¢-in sibel 6 O=koey load eee ante rnin ener nee 108 60 RoekwellihardnessiB4j¢-1n si ball 1 O0-keload@e nen ane eae nacmert eccrine acre 88 2 Rockwell hardness G, }g-in. ball, 150-kg. load.....................0 0.02 e eee eee 63 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1 ¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load................... 0... eee eee cee eee 89 62 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 -in. ball, 30-kg. load....................0 0.00 eee eee eee 75 17 GENERAL Data—TvuBE Copper, 79.74%; zinc, balance; lead, trace; iron, trace; tin, nil Property Den Sire OR (OUO Game) coacococansubscocancunouncacbogsaubpoocbosoouuec 48 AD aya¥cgeh stove e Leary ola OVE eer RReN nica etReck Race naraiey ata teac a mice aac nee MaGiernin ee araor ctiais Oleic an Pict 43 Appareniumelasiiculimiltspts-ien O00lomitted) Baan eee nene eee crete nein 19 Rockwelljhardness shee (e-104 ballG0-kealoadmaemns eee ase eae ice aie 58 Puysicat Data INV aE oa Herpes ol Netanya ee teen ee irea RPM eh ave Tat ne ee AT as omy is ie A he a Stree ren MO ey call dc cS yn 2 1832 (Cocticrentiofrexpansion pers. iromezo—300c Oneness reese econo nn note necie 0.0000191 IDecwicall Concho hyn {CO Ge ILA CdS CIN cnovocooocg ones caoo vend ooDAddDUGORNODOIE HORS CHDADOOUOES 32 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F.,68°F..................---e esse eee eee 81 Density. Ibi pericueime yh hide else sedarS cate lesa Melo eh. Scoehein elec naeg oy emote a, 1) SURE eh cece ayaa eR RENTS 0.313 « Refers to rod cold-drawn 37 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size, 0.050 mm. + Refers to a 1100°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). @ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40 %). ¢ Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 6B. & S. Nos., 0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. 9 Cold-rolled 4 B. & S. Nos.; refer to 1000°F. anneal. 4 Cold-drawn to 134, by 0.049 in. ? Refers to 1000°F. anneal. The Brasses 49 : Tensile strength fate eae eee : "| as anes 2 oe Po | Elongation, Rockwell Hardness jg Ball Loads as Noted , Ee = fe a [ee Tensile Strength and Apparent Elastic Limit, |,000RS.1. 10 on i QO ILO 207 31.2 50.0 60.5 68.6 Q WO 20.7 312 50.0 60.5 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling ca | 2; 4 6 to) 10 @ | 2 4 6 8 10 B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 60.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of low-brass (80-20) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Carr 59.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of low-brass (80-20) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). i) (o) fe (Joe ae See eee a a: 70 8 S 110 = ae 90 e 50 S cs in 80 o 3 e < 70 v 40 : & 2 60 B Code < = 30 G) 0.10 %o yield strength (offset) 50 2 5 ” ¥ £ 40 : Se 20 ; (extension) e 30 = a5 Y & O (S o | ol a es 10 0 “See eee 0 e ane a ee ae 55.0 605 64.8 68.6 CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \}00 1200 1300 1400 ercent Reduction of Area by Rolling Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1{Hrat Temp. Oo | Dee 5 eA, ce eo We 38:09! “10. 4 5 ; ee B &S Numbers Hard Cuart 61.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strength of low- Cuart 62.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of low-brass (80-20) strip, previously cold-rolled 4B. & S. Nos. (37 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). brass (80-20) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 50 in 2 In. Rockwell Hardness B /e Ball a NESE = es i N I Elongation Percent 0) CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.inDeg.F (Hr at Temp.) Cuart 63.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of low-brass (80-20) strip, previously cold-rolled 4 B. & S. Nos. (87 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). lor [ + 3000 2. Per sqg.in. Elongatior HN /percent in 2in. 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 \IO Rockwell Hardness F~- “6 Bal] 60 Kg. Load 5 5S 40 53 718 Rockwell Hardness B-“ie" Ball 100 Kg.Load 63 68 74 80 85 Rockwell Hardness I5-T Vie Ball 15 Kg. Load 193i 43) 55 Gi Rockwell Hardness 30-T “6 Ball 30Kg. Load Cuart 65.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of low-brass (80-20) strip (80.41 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Copper and Copper-base Alloys 0 Hel Tita o taeeeeeee C 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. be) So 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !!00 1200 1300 !400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (| Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 64.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of low- brass (80-20) strip, previously cold-rolled 4 B. & 8. Nos. (37 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (20.7°%0 red.) ) Cold worked 1B®S No. ~ hard (11.0% red.) and annealed way Ami) | y | TEA | ee J A [YY | | | | ee | YZ aE Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq.Jn. 0) 0.00! 0.002 0.003 Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 66.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of low-brass (80-20) strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. (80.41 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. 0.004 0,005 0,006 The Brasses 51 Rockwell B hardness 90 -£" ball 100 kg. load _ = Tensile strength —- WN So Oo iw) (so) ARG 0 (0) 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Percent Reduction by Cold Working CuHart 67.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of low-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80.95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Cuanrt 68.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of low-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80:95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ©) 0.20 Yo yield strength (offset) @) 0.10 % » % G) 0.50 Yo» (extensio walk Grain size. 7 1777. ]000 Lb. per Sq.1n. 1000 Lb. per Sq,In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Annealing Temp.in Deg. F.(!Hr at Temp) Cuart 70.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of low-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80.95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Cuart 69.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of low- brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80.95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 52 Copper and Copper-base Alloys ae eo ee Cos -Rock well B hardness Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball-F 60Kg.Load B 100Kg. Load Eslegal meal kal ZI K Percent elongation in 2 777. Se) | oe [ CD. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.( Hr. at Ternp.) Cart 71.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of low-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80.95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Oo (2) sale 7 aaiee 2 ] 200 400 os fase 1000 1200 1400 \600 Temperature in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) DS) (o) Tensile Strength in Lb.per Sq.In. (X1000) EE oa ue a So om} L bs SK) reals Omr Ec 52 fot “5 © 22 oo raat) Cuart 73.—The effect of elevated temperature on tensile strength, percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 80-20 (low-brass) rod (80.12 % copper), previously cold-worked 30 per cent (reduction of area) according to W. B. Price.™ aol AG %o yield strength C) 0.20 (offset) ® 0.10% yield strength (offset) co 0.50% yield strength (extension) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. bh ros) 400 500 600 700 800 900 {000 !I00 1200 13500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 72.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of low- brass rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.060 mm. (80.95 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr at Temp) Cuart 74.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 80-20 (low-brass) tubing, previously cold- worked 70 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.025 mm. (79.74 % copper). The Brasses 53 Grain Size,Mm. Rockwell F hardness Rockwell F Hardness-/e Ball-60 Kg. Lo QO 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cart 75.—The effect of annealing on the percentage elongation in 2 in., Rockwell hardness, and grain size of 80-20 (low-brass) tubing, previously cold-worked 70 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.025 mm. (79.74 % copper). 50 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 40 30 Va a PA esas Pa Dies EAS a 60 50 BSS (>) Brittle 1zod- Ft. Lb, WN ro) 0 OQ 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Temp. in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) Cuart 76.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod-impact strength of previously annealed 80-20 (low-brass) according to D. Bunting.©® Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuart 77.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of low brass (80 % copper, balance zine) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %. (86) 54 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 5 SPRING BRASS GENERAL DatTa—Srrip* Copper, 74.69%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft? GRensilelstrene thy pss srs (OOO) omit tec) eae etee sete tert eve telat seas e 84-97 45-49 Plena, OG 1 Oi, acenoces nage dass oreuacodsanassmasnpassGedsosesssddveoognoage 5-7 58-66 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.1. (000 OMUIbtEG): "Ser rare Bee. eto cos aes che etal a. actu eee ce ese rae 64-68 6-13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................--.....----. 61-67 15-17 Yield strength, 0:2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..-...........7...-:-...-.--5.-..2..5. 73-82 15-17 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................-.-.....-55. 67-73 15-17 indurancey limite pisses (OOOonnL itech) meee seinen tee te ee eet 21 17 Rockwell hardness BY 14¢-in- ball) 60-ke: load: (2.0. 232-2 ee ee == 107-110 57-61 Rockwell hardness B, 1,¢-1n. ball, 100-kg: load... -..-.-. 86-93 2-7 Rockwell hardness G, {,g-in. ball, 150-kg. load.................---- sss sees ete eee 59-71 Rockwell hardness 15-1, 4,¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................-..-.----2..-.-----. 89-91 62-63 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14,-in. ball, 30-kg. load................-.....-5.-----+-.-5-: 74-78 17-20 ounsysimodulusyotmelastieit yamisS-lsteett tere orienta ere tee eo ee eee 15,000,000 Melting point, °F....... Begs alas Be Se an PAN Sree cre cin Hie ets eee Sie aor: Toa Sra 9x5" 0 1795 TDemeiting Mos SOP GM MN cc Scecwoceesoonve EMTS te ee rete ea teed te: sep RU RE Ee 0.310 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25— 300°C. SS STW are ta anced EY Se ree eae 0.0000196 Electrical conductivity, % 1.A.C.S. at 20°C, 68°F. bid Fated Rey MRD co pa en eB Sea NEE Ne 30.0 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 75 « All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. >6 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.095-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ 1300°F. anneal for 1 hr. mo) 40} & D x re) 2 rca) me) 3 “Ef a ae ET (Ee DI or x i S s fe £ L 3 - ou Ee = “2 + a s Z ’ : 3 Code £ o = Ready to finish grain size tg aa 0.015 mm. S cae — 0095mm.| = a Be ce} 3 18 xe 2 ° in ~ W.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 I.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling o 6 De ahd) AS Tb ae ONL a snow 2 lO @ 2 3 A 5 6” i SOMO B&S Numbers Hard B®&SNumbers Hard Cuart 78.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and ° Cuarr 79.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of spring-brass strip, previously annealed to percentage elongation in 2 in. of spring-brass strip, previously annealed two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040- to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) in. stock). (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses —~55 @ 0.10 Yo yield strength (offset) @) 0.207% » 70 ©) 050% » AG 60 |000 Lbs. per Sq.In. (0) (0) I 2 3 4 5) 6 7 8 9 Io) (0) | 2 3 4 5) 6 7 8 910) B®&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 80.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of spring- Cuart 81.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of spring brass strip, previously Annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (74.69 % brass, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). copper) (0.040-in. stock). =—— ().0!5 mm. —= 0.095 mm. Grain Size Mm. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Apparent elastic 0 8 00 900 1000 100 1200 1300 1400 Room 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 82.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- Cuarr 83.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and teristics of spring-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. apparent elastic limit of spring-brass strip, previously cold-rolled (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 6B. &8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain and 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). sizes, 0.015 mm. and 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). —— 0.015 mm. —== (0.095 mm. 0 Kg. Load ro) .Load B10 oo rs) “I (jo) (© is ao @ 8 Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(|Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 84.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of spring-brass strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 80 000 Lb. per Sq.Jn. is ° oOo oO Cd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) lo @) 0.20% » G) 0.507% 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 JI00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (IHr.at Temp.) Cuart 86.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of spring- brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(IHr.at Temp) Cuarr 85.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of spring- brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (74.69 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Tensile strength A £ 2000 Ib persg.in.\f Elongation Percent in 21n. Tensile Strength in 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Flongation — + 3Zpercentin 217. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “ie Ball 100 Kg.Load 57 63 69 74 80 8 9 97 Rockwell Hardness F “ie"Ball 60 Kg. Load 6l 64 67 71 74 77 £480 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness |5-T %e"Ball 15 Kg. Load I5 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30-T Ye Ball 30Kg.Load Cart 87.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of spring-brass strip (74.69 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. The Brasses 57 6 Ie aa (oa Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.002 0.004 0006 0008 0010 0012 Strain, Inches per In. Cuarr 88.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of special spring-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. (74.69 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. 60 Izod-Ft.Lb. WN to) Brittle _ CEN ie 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1|400 Temperature, Deg.F. 20 Cuart 90.—The effect of temperature on the Izod-impact strength of previously annealed spring brass (75.00% copper) according to D. Bunting. (37.2% red.) (20.7% red.) (II.0% red.) (50.0% red.) and annealed 1100 Deg.F for hr [ae eee mney Dy) 6 » H ae’ 7 a ea Ze 0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Strain, Inches per In. 0.012 Cuart 89.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of special spring-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.095 mm. (74.69 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. Tensile Strength, 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Shear Strength, |,000 Lb. per Sg.In. Cxarr 91.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of spring brass (75.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.“*® Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 6 70-30 OR CARTRIDGE BRASS GENERAL DatTa—Rop Copper, 70.26%; lead, nil; iron, nil; tin, nil; zine, balance Rod Forgings Property 7 Hard? | Soft? Cold¢ Cold¢ Mensileystrenz th yp:saem OOOlomitted) paar eneenee ene tne eee eee 100 48 55-90 98 Appaxentielastic limit, ps1) (GOOlomitted) sess oe ae ene 67 22 28-60 65 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................. 64 38 42-60 64 Yield strength, 0:2% offset, p:sa. (000) omitted)... -..5......2..2 72-2222. do, 75 38 42-70 74 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................ 63 34 37-62 62 TN Ley YE LO) CRU ARSE OPT Tb AUR Bee vena ee, Conia ic ts maa ON ea UNG Os Bieter ete i ceeeIe Bid iehe 14 55 50-15 Reductionsof anes. 6s cea acetone caer tats tre a ate ry eee eas res Ate 60 75 73-62 IDichinaacS Iii oS, (COO amie) .ccnsscdsshocecussscnacnnbouwcannasenveus 22 17 Rockwell hardness F, },¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load..........................2 2000. | 108 75 88-105 108 Rockwell hardness B, 14 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................................. 89 34 56-85 89 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load..................-....2---...--05-- 154 70 90-142 154 Modulusioivelasticity:; ip sae sane: stacey le cv aec usta meme Tas asieve ay eves cet we ere 15,000,000 GENERAL Datra—Srrip Copper, 69.83%; lead, nil; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard¢ Soft? mRenstleystrensubep's 19s (OOOlomntite cl) Zea rse ere ere res eee ee Lo 86-97 45-48 BMlon wa biome Giant um eS oy ha ane. os a Pec wate Ai-p RAN NERO yy ee he op apace Sea 4 48-64 Apparent elastic limit, p:s.i. (Q00 omitted)7.......................-- eee ee 69-81 13 Yield strength, 0:5:% extension, p:si. (O00 omitted)¢..............................5..! 67 13 Nieldusinens thy O!2.7qnottset.srs-lem(OOOkormit te cl) Ze pra er area ys rene oe 77-86 13 Waeldstreng thy O5loGsofiset,)p:s-9(O0Okomitted)) saan 4 --e een ae ener 69-74 13 Rockwell hardness F, 14¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.....................................-- 108-111 60-61 Rockwell hardness B, 1¢-mn. ball) 100-ke. load@..... we 88-93 11-13 Rockwellwhardnessi Gael ie-1n 9 balsa) 5 O-keallo sc oaepe eee 63-71 Rockwelluhardnessi5—l 1 l4(¢-1ne ball eilio=kp-a ll Oa Coe aren) eee ene ne ns 89-91 64-65 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 1/,-in. ball, 30-kg. load?.........................00......... 75-78 23-24 Endurance Limit? (at 108 reversals) :4.® Softwep'sssi(O0Otomitted) pers Acers seat ae eae ee yee an eee to ee 16.5 4B. &S. Nos., hard, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..... DERE eae RM es AN. A test teh ets BEANS) Shey oxy ft 19.0 318), a5 Sh ING@Ekp leemel Hs (COO @rthi@el)) oo coasccocaonsococe oes oseosucudsshonannove 22.0 VOUTES MOGs OF GHSHCMAG WSs. cossasscedossccuocsredseuesvovesomoessuuboeow aos 15,000,000 GENERAL DatTa—TuBE Copper, 69.74%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property \ Hard’ Soft? sRensileystrengthap-s:1- 7 (O0OKommtted acer cesses coon os year eee ie SE ee 95 51 Mlon gation Gan eo iin tn pete seas ie meter ener ae ee asim u AACS ION ears eset 7 52 Aiojpancmns GERI Ibtoorts,, jE, (OOD Cane). ooo nccosnbeoceesacoacccendesdareueoccucede 90 13 Rockwellshardmess 9H s+ 4ie=10e9 2) Ox ken] 0 scl eee ere a 110 59 PuysicaL Data Melting points S Biss ve relversi vat aspect te es geet sca PT Sete op Sore ee UN ea eo Ca Reel Peace 1750 . Cociicrentiofiexpansion-sperus © strom 25 —300u Caney ey ee 0.0000199 I ROiGAll ConclieBKains Gh INI CHS}GO ROMS = oo ocbanendendacdsuenbonoessuccaceumacusucaseseude 27.3 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F........................... 70 IDYeSTISSErR ire cites tte Acree ern ete eee PEASY en ot, SNM UI a ARD emai A aH S.C KE a an vera [hana 2 0.308 MSVDO AS UMUC LUTE stack ial tc ae ate een cie esses othe Sou cpee eats via SPR RA arene uc ea ee oe a ee ee Single phase, alpha The Brasses 59 TABLE 6 (Continued) AVAILABLE Creep Data() Previous history: hot-rolled to 0.875 in. diameter, cold-drawn to 0.750 in. diameter. Stress, p.s.i., required to produce designated rate of creep per No 1,000 hr. Temperature °F. measurable How, 0.01% 0.10% 1.00% 400 10,000 12,700 18,000 27,000 600 Approaches zero 290 850 2,150 800 Approaches zero Approaches zero « Refers to rod under 1 in. in diameter and rod cold-drawn 50% with a ready-to-finish grain size, 0.045 mm. > Refers to a 1100°F. anneal (1 hr.) © Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). @ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40%). ©6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. 4 Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 0 Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 4 Extruded, reduced, and cold-drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. *1000°F. anneal for 1 hr. Peel ga Rockwell F Hardness Beer ome Rockwe// B Hardress Sa) (eo) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. D ‘S) A Ready to finish grain size ——(0.015 mm. — 0.070 mm. PEPE fe aS So Elongation Percent in 2in. Rockwell Hardness Ye Ball -F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load ~ (=) 30 20 ESSE a > Elongation oL_| | at tt | 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 64.8 68.6 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 l 2 Chas he) 6 7 8 9 10 N 0 | Z 3 4 5 6 Wf 8 q 10 B®&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 92.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 93.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (69.83% annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). copper) (0.040-in. stock). 60 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Le ae G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) aeaa A et ae een LV = 30) 000 Lb, pe 0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2 3° 4 5 © 7 8 9 10 ‘I B&S Numbers Hard CuHart 94.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Ready tofinish grain size —— 0.015 mm. — 0.70 mm. 70 000 Lb. per Sq. In. KR u So QQ © WN (=) | CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 [200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1 Hr at Temp.) 20 Cuart 96.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 mm. and 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040- in. stock). 1.0 20.7 29.4 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling O bo G2 3 OA bh 6 7 Cae B&S Numbers Hard Cuanrt 95.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 0.280 —=— 0.015 mm. —— 0.070 mm. Grain Size in Mm. fo} i) fo} 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 97.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses == 0.015 mm. 0.070 mm. Plas percent 17 277. “CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (lHr.at Temp.) Cuarr 98.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 1000 Lb. per Sq.1n. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \}00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (Hr at Temp.) Cuart 100.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). _ ICode @ 0.1070 yield strength (offset) 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) CxHart 99.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (69.83 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 110 c 108 reas Tensile strength 5 99 t 2000 /b. per sg.in. cu So ee & a 80 =4 ool 70 Ke) feo Dien 60 2 HS ED ae ae "8 Led Cc all v = 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Rockwell Hardness B- “ie Ball 100 Kg. Load S @ 6) ZH &© 8 A Gy = Rockwell Hardness F- “6 Ball 60 eomtoce 6) 64 67 Tl 7% 77 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness |51T- Vie Ball 15 Kg. Load (5 Mm 36 4 SO Sy GO 1 1 we Rockwell Hardness 30T- Yie" Ball 30Kg. Load Cxuart 101.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip (69.83 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 62 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.5 %o red.) ” ” (37.2 [To ” (20.7 Jo @ @) ») @ @ Oo and annealed 900 deg.F 80 for Jhr. WwW (2) De) f=) Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. p Oo 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain Inches per In. CxHart 102.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. (69.83 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensom- eter accurate to 0.00001 in. used. 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. evan Wane him ZA esl ee e) 0) = 90) fo) 44) Bs FO)s 7) 1) SO) Percent Reduction in Area Cuart 104.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). C) cold worked 8 BBS No. hard (60.5% red.) » (372% ») » (20.77% ») » (11.0% ») ‘» (50.0%0 ») Stress, 1000 Lb.per Sq. In. 0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per In. Cart 103.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 70-30 (cartridge brass) strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm. (69.83 % copper); 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensom- eter accurate to 0.00001 in. used. Rockwell F hardmess ci) Rockwell Hardness /ié Ball- F 60 Kg. Load-B 100 Kq.Load Percent in 2 In. Reduction of Area, Percent- Elongation, 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction in Area © @ 20 Cuanrt 105.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Brasses 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuarr 106.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). = Rockwell F rs) ele ead o 0 jo) Se © Es ae fo) fo) =a mae Dae EE eo (ab (cg io} 50|—of area vo Og 40 ae (e e) 30 25 cee Oo 20 eo o & Elon Rockwell Hardness Vie"Ball- F 60 Kg. Load- B 100 Kg. Load an x 3 O Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 |I00 1200 \300 Deg.F (!Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 108.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26% copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Grain size i? mm Ao|-_ Apparent. elastic 30 limit Room 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (IHr at Temp.) Cuart 107.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 0.20% yield strength (offset) @ 0.10% » @) 050% » (@) HD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 !300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 109.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (70.26 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Tensile Strength in 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. ie) [o) Reduction of Area, Percent Elongation, Percent in 2 In 0 200. 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Temperature in Deg.F (IHr at Temp) Cuart 110—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, reduction of area, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 (cartridge brass) rod, previously cold-worked 20 per cent (reduc- tion of area) (68.00 % copper) :according to W. B. Price.‘ ie Grain size WA mm mm. Ws a7 ae 0.080 Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Rockwell Hardness Ye Ball 60Kg.Load i} ea eae aes CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 112.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of 70-30 (cartridge brass) tube, previously cold-drawn 65 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.050 mm. (69.74 % copper). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Gz eeee IN lense al ee Tensile Strength and Apparent tic limit in 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. Elas CD. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F ¢1Hr.at Temp.) Cuartr 111.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 (cartridge brass) tube, previously cold- drawn 65 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.050 mm. (69.74 % copper). 50 30 Izod- Ft. Lb. 400 600 800 000 1200 Temperature, Deg. F. 0) al Cuart 113.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod-impact strength of previously annealed 70-30 (cartridge brass) according to D. Bunting. The Brasses 65 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq.|n Shear eeaeanetiny 1000Lb. per Sq.In. Cant 114.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of cartridge brass (70.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.{86) TABLE 7 DEEP-DRAWING BRASS GeneRAL Data?—Strip Analysis: copper, 68.41%; lead, 0.01%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard’ Soft pRensileystrenz ths p'ss1-9(OOO(omitted) p-reeece aa. conn adeno eee on aaa saeeee. 85-96 45-49 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................2 2002202 eee eee eee eee 55-60 10 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................0--.002-0205- 64-65 11 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................5..2..2-.52.-.-+0--- 79-86 11-12 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................00.-- 70-77 11-12 long atone eime 2 Iya os A A arstoesy auc Homers aysys nitee Seekers eat acre eter aye Weegee aise acs Cha «eevee 3 55-70 Rockwell hardness F, Ag-in. ball $6 02kecload se 3550's tee dahlias ee Toe 106-109 59 Rockwell hardness B, } A ‘ig=nsballeOO=ke loads). 6852 sn vous ee eeinee CARON ee hea 85-92 13 Rockwell hardness G, },-in. ball, 150-kg. load..................--2-2--02--2- 20 eeee- 60-70 Rockwell hardness 15-T, },-in. ball, 15-kg. load......................-.:----------- 90-92 57-58 Rockwell hardness 30-T, }7,-in. ball, 30-kg. load......................--..-.-2-0--4-- 78-80 8-5 Bindumanceslunit-spsssien OOOkomitted) pemaeteeesre a6 eee anneee earner eiane 21 17 ouneisemod wlusrofeelasticityas| bssoe rss snl oie eisai tee eye 15,000,000 INVeltin ee po mite lee ytcente marae ve cece eles esis) Sheter tei tneeban os Seis Oboe lieder oat eke oelvand caceteakte 1725 IDEUSIt yA aD LAGU HIN pr terete ta pera mcstey sic eys tc seites Coes erecel ech avs pein cn eet eS evs Lite arose 0.307 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C.................2.222 2222 tee eee eee 0.0000200 lacwacal coackhhomnmay, YG NACH, Gy Moshe docacvesucocncoucscganucacdecoedcboaben 27 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F................... 68 « Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). > Refers to 6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.100—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. < Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 66 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Rockwell F hardness SSS Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. 0.100 mm. Nae NS SSL Z/engetion Ee SS 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Rockwell Hardness-/ig Ball F 60Kg.Load B 100Kg.Load 0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 \.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling @ i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 o) 10 ® | 2) 3 4 5 6 U 8 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 115.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 116.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of deep-drawing brass strip, previously annealed percentage elongation in 2 in. of deep-drawing brass strip, previously to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and. 0.100 mm. (68.41 % (0.040-in. stock). copper) (0.040-in. stock). : Code ® 0.1% yield strength (offset) @) 0.2% » » ” (extension) a 7 ae CYC a 7 ee faa) Re Ace 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. LO 20.7 294 372 440 500 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 1.0 20.7 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 ! 2) 5. 4 5 6 7 ts) 9 10 0 ! 2 3 AN >in |© 7 8 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 117.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Cuart 118.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of deep-drawing brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 deep-drawing brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses Ready to finish grain size —=—0.01I5mm. 0.100 mm. [la aS aoe eel Meena a | EEE FEN as | Pa Nee OL ceeeeree ApS LE. (asian oi Apparent elastic lirnit aS (2) 000 Lb. per Sq, In. iS) fe) 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hrat Temp.) CuHart 119.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of deep-drawing brass strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size = — — 0015 mm. 9120 CJ 0.100 mm. Eee > Y110 — ro) QY = 100 Ne ee 1 n. [NJ Rockwe// F hardress a o 6 90 —— to) =! > 80 Rockwell Hardness “46 Ball F60Kg 40 ockwe// B hardness 30 20 fo) Se ES es Ce Rio ais to) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 [300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 121.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness of deep-drawing brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Grain Size in Mm 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr.at Temp) 700 CuHart 120.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of deep-drawing brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size ee meee) See eal ee ee PE ee Pea ees el cal 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 |300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1 Hr.at Temp.) CuHart 122.—The effect of annealing on the percentage elongation in 2 in. of deep-drawing brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 68 Copper and Copper-base Alloys ©) 0.10 %o yield strength (offset) ” » » 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 123.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of deep- drawing brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Lae e eae eee PERERA RS Sey. Breteayaa 110 ro) ro) Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strength, !000 Lb. per Sq, In. ur (o) CL aaaze NH °F 60 70 80 90 100 s10 Rockwell Hardness F-“6" Ball 60Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 75 93 Rockwell Hardness B “i6" Ball 100 Kg. Load Bil 63 68 4 80 85 9) Rockwell Hardness I5T Yié Ball 15 Kg. Load 6 19 3 43 55 67 78 Rockwell Hardness 30T Ye" Ball 30Kg. Load Cuanrt 125.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of deep-drawing brass strip (68.41 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 124.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of deep- drawing brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.100 mm. (68.41 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. CuHart 126.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of deep-drawing and spinning brass (68.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.°39 The Brasses TABLE 8 COMMON HIGH BRASS GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 64.87%; lead, trace; iron, trace; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Cold¢ Cold? Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................0. 2.00022 eee 90 42 45-73 80 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................................5. 55 5 14-50 52 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................. 55 13 22-52 54 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...........................,.... 65 13 22-62 63 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................2............. 59 11 20-57 57 Milom pation 7) Ine Dhim ss ae Saye easye es see cuteness veo Ss rae se eae omen ake Serene cooly « 60 15 52-18 17 RECUCUIOMEOL ANCA Neo react nce Talay ire cas ASueL RES ro aia sid, Sot igen clay SEER eeteo eee ey > ete oe 65 78 75-68 66 Endurance limit, p.s.1. (000 omitted)..................................... ee 21 16 Rockwell hardness F, 1/,-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................................. 104 60 76-102 103 Rockwell hardness B, ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................................. 82 8 34-79 81 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.................................... 136 56 70-128 135 Modulusiof elasticity sspisiis +. sachs Accs cite we ste ee oc saben) gee bose eee orerensesa Ac 15,000,000 GENERAL Data—Srriré Copper, 66.49%; lead, 0.04%; iron, 0.02%; zinc, balance Property Hard’ Soft@ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. 0.0... ee 84-93 4446 HlongationmeGe lea iims sey ys pcre eciea ties Gates ei consid siege ARMOR D See HERUAI el osienoe Sts uns sles 5 63-70 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...........................0 0.00. - eee eee 54-58 10 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................... 59-61 11 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...............................2...-.. 70-73 11 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................................... 61-62 11 Rockwell hardness F, 14 g-in. ball, 60-kg. load....... ......................02.....2.. 108-111 57-60 Rockwell hardness B, ,-in. ball, 100-kg. load..........................0....0220... 87-92 0-5 Rockwell hardness G, 14g¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load...................................... 61-69 Rockwell hardness 15-T, },-in. ball, 15-kg. load..................-.0 0... e eee eee eee 89-91 63 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 ¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load............................-.02.005. 75-718 19 Endurance limit (at 108 reversals) :“® Softapprseie OOO omitted!) ee cces rye occ tcc sie. Paes w se ol oecNctai aedeagus were eieeaeeiede oe: 13.5 ABS: Seq SINOS!y Piss15(OUOlomitted) foci ttre see neg an ed da Someone aie ee oa 15 8 B: & S. Nos., hard, p.s.1. (000 omitted)............5.................22.+...-.---. 17.5 1OPBSé& 1S) Nos hardy pis-.(OOO/omitted) 222228 oe) yess eo eee eee ee 20 Vous nach ing OF GHTOMIRT, IDdSiloco000 aoanc0seccdsecsdeocceGcvaseaq4asenncnnanon 14,000,000 Mel Ging spOim tome Hemeere eae ahs mr rtes Ae pe topa hist gop acace ele ak ase a eke aeragt Seo Naeem eRe esata cy el 1700 Density Apl beeper CusplM sca -oicech sveee esi ne aperesm cl cne ety ces ores SiG tan aA auee eee NA SRR BB air en 0.306 PuysicaL Data ISSGTM AER Foray otha” OLS ion ote Acacia ecto lo ahead meee etre anne er Sale CSD Ecce Sia eo Saoirse oma chaner Em NEEnI 1700 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C................ 0. 0c eee eee cee ee 0.0000202 legtaicall conchnounnainz,©O 96 WAC, GSP oscccosnsccg00bcccceanncadc 1GoDedbdeaDDaD OOOO DS 26.4 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F........................... -69 Density ay lbr pere CW Ura ee ora ss. S it) nis ai omen oytee wi syeeesscirs lens saws neath ans Sie hspe ane epeave at ace als ten alti ats 0.306 PBOr em eRrAaN gems yaiee ees Fara ete rctec ade, seek pane Taee icc ea a ed SMR certain oie, Aide Secured Ate eM ENE Qua MIND ERS ERUC CULE mye yac yyy eu cli aay seek las Nis ayo ay auch creusaeinm Shaionsyaoslegebn side caste Marae ctiewshed uaa tN Pevenesdesd aust ny elenecal Single phase, alpha ¢ Refers to rod under 1 in. in diameter and cold-drawn 50% with a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.040 mm. 6 Refers to 1050°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 %) reduction of area). @ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40 %). ¢ All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 6B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. 9 Refer to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 69 70 Copper and Copper-base Alloys a ee ie a ae eee ° = = Ree Rockwell F hara’ress 100 © 100 7 | ; = oe lA Lee . ep a ei ee a 80 N = 80 /| l= Rockwell B hardness ee | VVAVZ | ie] e570 +S 0h y i WAAL. 60 P= 60 : ae rN al ia 2 50 cw 50 { Ready to finish grain size ; ° =—=—0.015 mm. = OY AX — 0.070 an PIN | ea 3 30 Ready to finish grain size os 30 aa ee ef MALE | a ie ie. Sapa ina 10 x 10 hs —— Flongation So ~ ee ee 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 605 64.8 68.6 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Cold Working Percent Reduction of Area by Cold Working Onan lite Resa eb eG Tee Steno 10, Qo | Bi 3 A SS G6.) a7 Seno © B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 127.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and CuHart 128.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of common high-brass strip, previously annealed percentage elongation in 2 in. of common high-brass strip, previously to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.49 % (0.040-in. stock). copper) (0.040-in. stock). © 0.107% yield strength (offset) @ 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » @) 0.20% » al a a (a Bey eae Sens el caie ey ay cca 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 500555 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Cold Working Percent Reduction of Area by Cold Working (0) | 2 Sie 4T5 6 7 go Y) 10 Om! 2 5) 4 5 Gna 8 o {fo) B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 129.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Cuart 130.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of common high-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 common high-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses (o) Apparent elastic Iirrat 1,000 Lb. per Sq. w BF wu eS © 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (IHr. at Temp.) CxHarr 131.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of common high-brass strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 400 500 600 700 800 900 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (IHr at Temp.) Cuart 133.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of common high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 UO! G S$ G@l00 Rockwell F x hardness .O EO SG co bao} —XN OL oO “Ln ov Baie Cc cone 5 fe) no SS fm = Se 18) ° ~ 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ( 1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 132.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of common high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 50 & WN io) 1,000 Lb. per Sq.!In. 20 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 134.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of common high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). 72 70 Code 0) 0.1070 yield strength (offset) 60 — mall K Bev (tesla an 5 OY i a 2 EN eae v Qa se —! 27 S aime Je 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 \300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 135.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of common high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (Il Yo red.) Cold worked 6 B&S No. hard (50.0% red.) and annealed \J Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.006 0.005 0.002 0.003 0.004 Strain, Inches per In. (0) 0.001 Cuart 137.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of common high-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.49 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strength in 1,000 Lb.per Sq.In. OT \ Copper and Copper-base Alloys oe 0 OS Ooo Oo Tensile strength |f t 2000 Lb. per scale rf, a wn [o) 50 60 70 80 90 100 Ife) Rockwell Hardness F- “ie Ball 60Kg. Load 5 23 40 58 76 Rockwell Hardness B-/6 Ball 100 Kg. Load 63 68 14 80 85 Rockwell Hardness !57- “ie Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3| 43 55 67 Rockwell Hardness 30T- Vie" Ball 30Kg.Load Cuarr 136.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of common high-brass strip (66.49 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses petween 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code G) Cold worked 8B8S Nohard (605% red.) ” 4 ” ” (4 ) 6 (50.0% red.) and annealed 1,000 deg. F. for Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.002 0.003 0004 0.005 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. 0 0.00] Cuarr 138.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of common high-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.49 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. The Brasses 73 CZ A Readly-to-finish ke Sf / grain size, m7. fifa 7 S/N cae eae | Tensile Strength, |000Lb. per Sq.In. 1) 1 Annealed 4 BKS No. 6 BES No. CuHart 139.—The effect of ready-to-finish grain size on the tensile strength of cold-rolled common high-brass strip (65.10 % copper) (0.040- in. stock). 75 70 65 s E 60 fie E 1 ov 55 he 5 ~ 50/S = : fo} Ele os w 455% £ 40 : o 35 10) \C, @ 30 6 25 % 20 C Oo 15 io 10 5 0 1 | | Annealed 4 B&SNo. 6B&SNo. Hard Hard CuartT 141.—The effect of ready-to-finish grain size on percentage elongation in 2 in. of cold-rolled common high-brass strip (65.10 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Pain n/a ee A GI Qin? SIZCS, 771777. WL Apparent elastic limit sre ea Apparent Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb.per Sq. In. ' H Annealea 4 B&SNo 6 B&SNo. Hard Hard Cart 140.—The effect of ready-to-finish grain size on the apparent elastic limit of cold-rolled common high-brass strip (65.10 %. copper) (0.040-in. stock). a ae DS [iardness__—_—| (SN TIRE Rockwell Hardness B- Vie Ball 60 Kg.Loaa d) as ) JE le) L OV ac 12 ue Ge t ie) ae, t >~ ~o) ce) i) jaz A Annealed 4 BRS No. 6B& S'No. Hard Hard Cuart 142.—The effect of ready-to-finish grain size on Rockwell hardness of cold-rolled common high-brass strip (65.10% copper) (0.040-in. stock). 74 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 100 one aa 70 alan = 60 Se sol | eet | a ean eels Ss 40 Fal es Dae (2) = wl 1Y e 10 a 0 aie 10) 20 30 40 50 - 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 143.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of common high-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (64.87 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). Code qa) 0.20% yield strength (offset) nem Rasen CO r= Yield Strength in 1,000 Lb. per Sq.1n. Extr 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuarr 145.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of common high-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (64.87 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). mm. (64.87 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). L- = Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuarr 144.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in. and percentage reduction of area of common high-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 ean a | | i PT ewiestrena | TT eh wa RS | 60 \ Apparent elastic lirmitt _ | OS Sa LU hee BRR re 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) CuHart 146—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of common high-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (64.87 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Brasses 75 70 000 Lb. per Sq. In. \ Percent elongation In 2777. ; CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F( !Hr.at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(! Hr at Temp.) Cuart 147.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cart 148.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of common percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of high-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) common high-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction from material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (64.87 % copper) (rod of area) from material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (64.87% under 1 in. in diameter). copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Reduction of Area, Percent Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. ro) US 5 as Q 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Temperature, Deg. (IHr at Temp.) Cart 149.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation im 2 in. of common high-brass rod, previously cold-worked 50 per cent (reduction of area) according to W. B. Price™ (67.61 % copper). 76 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. ” Lay = + ie © ° As (0) 200 400 600 800 1000 ~=1200 ‘ Temperature, Deg.F. Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. CuHart 150.—The effect of elevated temperatures on the Izod- Cart 151.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength impact strength of previously annealed common high brass (66.00% ~— of high brass (65.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength is copper) according to D. Bunting. known. Accurate to +5 %.% TABLE 9 COMMON BRASS ROD Copper, 62.65%; lead, 0.03%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Cold¢ Cold¢ Wensilerstrengthyprs191 (O0Olomitted) peeeee ena eens eter etree eee 88 47 51-80 83 Armen GHsine Ibo, joss, (OOO) @amine))). «6 scaceescescsaee0csess0s50000s0008 60 12 25-53 56 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................. 57 16 31-52 56 Wield’strenge ths 0!2/Grotisets p:s-1- (OO0lomitted) Eeenenet ese eeee ee creaae 74 16 30-65 70 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................ 65 15 27-57 61 1D eyayeenaloa Aaa esis ame aden pplone Heres oiva 4 ain eacw tte erate Ar ten Aerrn Cin iotens A eet a 15 60 50-18 16 Reduchionyotranean Gna ree reais eee eh ee Ptenere omic ot 60 75 73-63 62 iGaclmamce Itai, just, (WOO Oratieel).occscescecdaooscdoboasanoccwsesnssnccsccs 22 17 Rockwell hardness F, 14 5-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................................. 104 77 87-100 103 Rockwell hardness B, 14 -in. ball, 100-kg. load..............................4.. 86 35 50-82 84 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.................................-.. 145 71 83-135 140 IModulusiofrelasticityayp:s.\eee cemceys oh cee rae co aaa ters ate oe Sree a) de eens ata 15,000,000 Mil tin exports oH yey coe ary ee ea seta ae aay cece Vea Nice en he gE en Ane sere 1680 Cochiciemtioiexpansion yperig © tromMe2.5—3 0 Os © aan ree een ee re 0.0000205 Deeiicall Goncennminy, GG U/C, CSI os oro cchondsesdaessoseoosooooomaces 27.6 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.............. 71 Density 7 lbs, periCusslm spores eeuses ers tere cieese eke lees eae heen eer evetetee Saeey seer amg ar ars 0.304 @ Refers to rod cold-drawn 50% and for rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size, 0.045 mm. + Refers to a 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). 4 Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40%). The Brasses Tensile strength “lene a ee ee a Leas | Dea aa aeeea | 2a ee. eee mises Apparent elastic /imit A= 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Extr. 10 20 40 60 Percent aedtieiion be Cold eda Cuart 152.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of common brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.65 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. A0 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing 10 20 30 Cuart 154.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of common brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.65 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 77 eRe ee) B hardness 716" ball jee load Sc mmm Sei Percent ee ae 2 Extr. 10 20 40 50 60 Percent aednete by Cold Working Cuart 153.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of common brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.65 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 155.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of common brass rod, previously cold-drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.65 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 78 _ Copper and .Copper-base Alloys Rockwell Hardness /\6 Ball-F 60 Kg. Load B 100 kg, Load 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. / Rockwell B hardness G) 0.207 yield strength (offset) @ 0:10 Fo ” G) 050% » CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1\100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (lHr. at Temp.) Cuart 156—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 157.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of common percentage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of common brass rod, previously cold-drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) from brass rod, previously cold-drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.65 % copper) (rod under material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (62.45 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1 in. in diameter). Izod - Ft. Lb. FoornoTes To TaBLe 10 « Refers to rod cold-drawn 30%; rod under 1 in. in diameter with ready-to- finish grain size, 0.010 mm. > Refers to a 900°F. anneal (1 hr.). (0) 900 400 600 800 1000 1200 ¢ Material cold-struck from forged condition. Je -qt Temp. 4 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. Tem peratu re, Deg F (1 Hra P) ©6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.045-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. Cuart 158.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod-impact J Refers to 1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). strength of previously annealed common brass (64.00% copper) 2 Cold-drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. according to D. Bunting. 4 1200°F. anneal (1 hr.). The Brasses TABLE 10 MUNTZ METAL GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 60.73%; lead, 0.07%; iron, 0.02%, zine, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Colds Tensile strength, p.s.i. (O00 omitted)...................-.-.....--2-----0:: 80 52 56-60 56-62 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 022 eee ee. 50 17 12-19 25-30 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... 57 22 17-22 30-35 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................. 66 22 16-22 25-35 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................: 57 22 15-20 25-85 Monae tion woul Zul teyays stra Secor ese ene es devs) os: fa a sey emi meR aeons secteur 20 48 55-45 45-40 Reductionyoraneay Camamant err ie rae sion eo. ble booed eeees Mita chen t 58 70 70-60 65-60 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........ bas SHIM peg Awe Ss Use as DODO Reo eR 25 21 Rockwell hardness F, 14 5-in. ball, 60-kg. load...........................-.4.. 104 84 75-78 90-95 Rockwell hardness B, 14 g-in. ball, 100-kg. load............................... 88 49 33-45 57-67 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.....................2.-..-.--.... 151 82 69-79 91-106 Moduluspofaelasticibyanm Sil'-y tater ie eres cee ae dae zens dane gen tiertt cree roma sds eenoort 15,000,000 OLIN aera Ge Meee ee cotati Lem Nr oe ear Sheet cleats”. cod aira tics uie neers ran ctey eee tes Bye eo Sey 1250-1450 HOTEIME HOUMA ygpesetensee seer ere ec AS al Sean are ep otrn ei We Aieiee = eee 3 ra Excellent PI DCESULIC LUTE meet emir CLR Sten: create aint nce cute yes Sere Meds: caret acon ciel Two-phase structure, alpha-beta GeneRaL Data—Srrip4 Property Hard’ Soft/ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............... 0.2... eee 91-93 56-58 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................0...00200.00000.005. 61 13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............. ..................... 65-66 15.5-18 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...............................22..05. 77-81 15.5-17.5 ' Yield strength, 0.1% offset, poe (O0OLomitted)! 4. cee, vee we eee oa eee eS eae 68-72 15-17 long atone gue a piers ss Naa arse Nee anc a cin s Slat eee EN a Seen Ache Ses eee 5 45-52 Rockwell hardness F, Wn g-1n. ball, 60- te ileal Fee Pe EERO MER eon tance tne ees ok cia thc ee ere me ee 108 74 Rockwell hardness B, Acer ball, TUCO} bea Koss Kl Meare Reyes risa pha e yo ateicaial seoicee eater amar cmt 90 33 Rockwell hardness G, 4 ean ball U5 Okko loads... i .15 cent uneas cicen cess Raed nee uate aoe ess 66 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14 g¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load...................................-. 90 72 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 1,-in. ball, 30-kg. load.................................-... Ui 37 TBachromamoe Iiihrais Vaysene oem erencereos a Gast ove. cae eae cy ECE NOS OU oeone Setiey eee didid clos ectetcame ease 25,000 21,000 Vronme's mocknins OF GHSHGhi Wile cacasonocbnepcanccocnnssdocacecdcosuncocnyeootee 15,000,000 GENERAL Data—TuBE Copper, 60.80%; lead, 0.01%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard? | Soft Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Bare pen ARSC 2 Grie eR ae aRR eee tyra ira Es ea 88 59 lon pation Gee eM. arse Meter ores pepe she Ses ake e's ve 8 aes Senecio gt Some Accra, Sines toes 12 49 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................... 0.0.0.0... 82 15 Rockwell hardness F, 4 -in. ball, 60-kg. load.........................2.0...00.2.04.. 109 73 Wounezsimodulus\oiselasticibys lbeyperisqea ars ee aes a a ee eee eee eee 15,000,000 Puysican Data IM el stayin joxoytaniis MIN, Sia hq Belo ateuyta dia a enrages Nee) ea ere UTERINE SY ISIE Ace cno Hem MG ACRE er an cn aR UIE Tenth Mon ict 1660 Cosiniengmnh Or Gxgoryasion, jose AC, won PSO, oso on0 se covgudsoeonesesdugoanaseoseurenssudacnscupDs 0. 0000208 legal Gonoinicunmn7e® 9G AICS. G8. ccouccchocsscscunsoneouscdnascudsusovesooabnoue So ee LOSS: Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per “F., 68°F................................-.. 73 Den sityryl beeper cule yes eve arses eiees Selig eid eS a ceive Set SrA See ae irae ls aie 9 Fl coe NIE ete to nip seea eee rs 0.303 AVAILABLE CREEP Data“) Previous history: hot-rolled to 0.750-in.-diameter rod; grain size alpha constituent 0.020 mm. Stress, p.s.i., required, to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. Temperature °F. No measurable flow 0.01% 0.10% 1.00% 300 7,500 9,000 12,000 17,000 400 Approaches zero 2,000 4,750 : 11,500 80 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Rockwe/l F hardness —$—= Be ceanGe | Rockwell B hardness Ae SCS ae BOs eM | a \ cy al a a A a O00 Lb. per Sq, In. Rockwell Hardness ie" Ball-F 60 Kg.Load- B 100 Kg.Load £ N aS ie | es eal es ea ao | L La Aw 60 | = Apparent elastic limit Ee ag ea 2 50 ' ic ee es a EP ee alt 2 uu 30 JOSS be 10 Elongation o_| | | EEE eS 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 605 64.8 686 10 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Om 2 SRA Sei Gn Mame eo nO! omelO Oo 4 2 3. 4A 5 OG 2 CSO B®&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 159.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 160.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of Muntz metal strip, previously annealed to _ percentage elongation in 2 in. of Muntz metal strip, previously annealed two different sizes, 0.015 and 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. . to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.045 mm. (60.50% copper) stock). (0.040-in. stock). dd) 0.10% yield strength (offset @) 020% ” ” ” @ 0.50 % G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% . 90 : £ £ = 80 o Y Y) o 70 o a jaw ec’ s = ° ae: 3 ~ 40 30 20 10 0 0 11.0 207.294 37.2 44.0 500 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 1.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 i} QR & gb b 6 7 8 @& i 0 | 2.18 AAG Oo v7 8 SF {fo Band S Numbers Hard Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 161.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Cuart 162.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Muntz metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. Muntz metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Brasses 81 0.015 mm. —=— (0.045 mm. 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. Apparent elastic ge | [ISSSss Se Sic 0 600 800 1000 1200 1400 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuartr 163.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- CuHart 164.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and teristics of Muntz metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. apparent elastic limit of Muntz metal strip, previously cold-rolled (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 6B. &S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain and 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). sizes, 0.015 and 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). Q) 0.10% yield strength (offse @ 0.20% » ee) ome hardness 7 re ag me} 4} ie} =] on) NZ >) 9 a mo) 10) ° = LY 80 je) o w 10 a . 60 2 £ i x 50 : o = EO i A = S 30 = Rockwell B ° S hardness S 20 So & = 3 Ko) & (0) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 1490 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp,) Cuart 165.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cuart 166.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Muntz percentage elongation in 2 in. of Muntz metal strip, previously cold- metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6. B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduc- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different tion of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). stock). 82 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp in Deg.F.(|Hr at Temp.) Cuart 167.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Muntz metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper) (0.040-in. stock). » (37.2% ») » (207% ») (11.0% 100 (50.0% 90 and annealed 900 deg. ZA for lhr roa) So ome Ww oO Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. ip) oO 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per In. 0 0.002 0,004 0.010 Cuart 169.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of Muntz metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm. (60.50 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. ine) Se Raeneeee. | Oe = 55 (0100) [=== per sq.in. 60 vi oO i f=) WN o 5 percent: in 2in. S Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. (oe) 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105 10 Rockwell Hardness F-“ie" Ball 60 Kg.Load 5 14 23 32 40 49 58 67 75 Rockwell Hardness B- Vie Ball \00K 63!" 65) 68 tl 745 76) 80) 18207 88 Rockwell Hardness |5T-Ye" Ball 15 pe Load Ks) 25) sil st) 4b) 4) by ll 6 Rockwell Hardness 301- 6" Ball 30Kg.Load Cuarrt 168.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of Muntz metal strip (60.50 % copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accu- rate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. . Load es T+ Be gee 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.010 Strain, Inches per In. 0.008 Cuart 170.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of Muntz metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.045 mm. (60.50 % copper); 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. The Brasses H+ JIS See eae i _— Tensile strength Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Work Cuart 171.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Muntz metal rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). a 0.20 % Lea strength (pect @) 0.10 % @) 0.50 % Yield Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Work Cuarr 173.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of Muntz metal rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 83 Rockwell F hardness 110 Pes Ne" ball 60 kg. load SSS 100 ae alee Rockwell B hardness N16" ball 100 kg. load Fercent elongation in 2 ir. 10 Se EW Extr. 10 20 50 60 Percent eee by Gi Drawing Cuart 172.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Muntz metal rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 C.D. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) CHart 174.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of Muntz metal rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 84 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Se Scee Be || UCN | Oe Pt = [a 0 0 CD 400 500-600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in. Deg. F (1Hr.at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 175.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 176.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Muntz percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of metal rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) Muntz metal rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.73 % copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter) copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). longation | Reduction 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. [o) (o>) | 2. Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ne — elastic limit Elongation Percent in 2 In.-Reduction of Area Perce Tensile Strength & Apparent Elastic Limit in ra ae i CEES 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1200 Temperature, Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.(1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 177—The effect of elevated temperatures on the tensile Cuart 178.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and strength, percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation in apparent elastic limit of Muntz metal (60.80 % copper) tube, previ- 2 in. of Muntz metal rod (62.40 % copper), previously cold-drawn ously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 20 per cent (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 0.020 mm. The Brasses 85 , Percent in 2 In. Elongation Ro} S110 = £100 ro) m0 3S 6 a : | BS 22 ee = Ww S 7) t (sae ® 60 K a ee Ba tea £ 50 = | Sem eee ea es \ = A0 | : Zee S eee io a2 BERASENEEECENS : ,,| Jae eee \ 4 : aa Caer eves eae 10 0 CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Temperature, Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) CHart 179.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 180.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod- percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of Muntz metal (60.80% impact strength of Brewagualy, annealed Muntz metal (61.00 % copper) copper) tube, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) according to D. Bunting.“ from a grain size of 0.020 mm. 30 s s \ pS + 8 © 20 0) Poo asp 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Temperature, Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp) ~~ Temperature, Deg. F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 181.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod- Cuart 182.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Izod- impact strength of a previously annealed 58% copper-zine alloy impact strength of a previously annealed 52% copper-zine alloy according to D. Bunting. ®) according to D. Bunting.‘® 86 Copper and Copper-base Alloys \ Tensile strength Elongation, Percent as) ART \- ft eae \ oe Nal Elongation bal Re Ee ea a a Soh See aN ee ee SS eae 20 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 10 0 O 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Temperature, Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Temperature, Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 183.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile Cuart 184.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of rolled Muntz metal strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of rolled Muntz metal (60.52 % copper, 0.40 % lead) according to Bengough.“») (59.52 % copper, 0.74 % lead, 0.39 % nickel) according to Bengough.@1») 80 P| ae || | | dC ee | | Ld ee INS eee cae SNES Llongation Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Na ZN coins IN SOR at a 9x10 Tensile Strength and Elastic Limit 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. Elongation, Percent and Brinell Hardness Number Modulus of Elasticity, Lb. per Sq. In. 0 200 400 600 800 Temperature, Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Shear Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. CuHart 185.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile CuHart 186.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength strength, elastic limit, modulus of elasticity, Brinell hardness, and of Muntz metal (60.00 % copper, balance zinc) when tensile strength percentage elongation in 2 in. of a modified Muntz metal (58.96% is known. Accurate to +5 %.(8® copper, 0.56 % tin, 0.67 % lead) according to Lea.“2:13,9) The Brasses 87 ae ee ea SE se eae Ht ~ me 212 Deg.F (100 Deg.C. CARN. NG) 572 Deg. FN SS 1 me NS SEEISVAnIMS ISN eae L INSS --58 percent copper Qt -752 Deg.F ~~ | 400 Deg.C.) -100 percent copper ae a SO eS ae aX Nees A00 ae 1600 2000 — -— 4. ASheeeaiire. oe F (1Hr. at Temp.) Percentage ea As Cuart 187.—The effect of elevated temperature on the resistance CuHart 188.—The effect of chemical composition on the resistance to compression of copper-zine alloys according to Doernickel and to compression of copper-zinc alloys at various temperatures according Trockkels.(14)9) to Doernickel and Trockkels.(14,» Neer eee Lt | Neeiperaent copper] | |_| SSE eee mS “SN P| RA ~65 percent copper Brinell Hardness Numbers Energy - Ft. Lb. 0 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Temperature, Dég. F. (!Hr. at Temp.) Temperature, Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 189.—The effect of elevated temperature on the resistance Cuarrt 190.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Brinell hard- to compression of copper-zine alloys according to Doernickel and ness of two copper-zinc alloys according to Edwards and Herbert. 15.) Trockkels.“4. (A—70.63 % copper; C—60.88 % copper.) 88 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Brinell Hardness Number Brinell Hardness Number [292 beg F 27 ann oe 2 a “A772 Deg. F Selzer 2 ie See 0 ee ee 58 50 42 1 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 eee hae s 8 Bae Temperature, Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) CxHart 191.—The effect of chemical composition on Brinell hardness Cuart 192.—The effect of elevated temperature on the Brinell hard- of copper-zine alloys at various temperatures according to Edwards ness of two copper-zine alloys according to Edwards and Herbert.“5 and Herbert. 59) (B—65.10 % copper; D—56.84 % copper.) 85 Code de —Hard ——Soft 65 “| Cc ; Teneo strength = 155) ion Y) fe oO 2 45 = He} =_ =a = 35 Tensile strength fs) So 25 Arr fatigue, \ S- —>. =O” 15 it Garrasien Bpigue 5 (same for fresh & tidal water) Cu % 100 90 80 70 60 Zn% O 10 20 30 40 Cuart 193.—The tensile strength, fatigue, and corrosion fatigue strength of alloys of copper and zinc according to H. J. Gough.) CHAPTER III THE LEADED BRASSES Lead is virtually insoluble in alloys of copper and zinc and, when present, occurs as finely divided and dis- tributed metallic particles. Its presence in brass does not appreciably influence the mechanical strength or cor- rosion resistance of the parent alloy but it does drastically reduce the ease of flaring, upsetting, cold-heading, and bending operations, all of which can be performed with- out difficulty on most of the unleaded copper-zine alloys. The one reason why lead is added to brass is to improve its machinability. Copper-zine alloys, because of their ductility, machine rather poorly. The chips are long and tough, tool wear is high, and lubrication problems are difficult. Lead uniformly distributed in a brass alloy causes the chips to break off and, since the chips of leaded brass are practically undistorted and are only in momentary contact with the tool face, very little heat is transmitted to the cutting edge of the tool during machining. With leaded brasses, friction between the chip and the tool is reduced to a minimum. Experiments conducted on leaded brass indicate that, at any feed with cutting speeds up to 500 feet per minute, the principal factor determining the cutting life of the tool is the linear dis- tance traveled by the cutting edge in contact with the work. “® In selecting leaded brass for a particular application, however, thought must be given not only to the matter of machinability, but to the question of the influence of lead on future operations or on the service life or per- formance of the fabricated part. Brass that is to be cold-headed should contain little if any lead. Careful control of lead is required in brass that is to be brazed, welded, or silver-soldered. Where spinning, heavy knurling, or heavy roll-threading opera- tions are to be performed, a high lead content should be avoided. ‘There are available brass rods either lead- free or semi-leaded that are satisfactory for operations of this type. Lead in brasses definitely improves shearing, blanking, and piercing operations. Lead in the alpha brasses renders them hot short and unsuitable for fabricating by hot-working methods. The alpha-beta brasses containing between 55 and 60 per cent of copper can be hot-rolled if the lead does not exceed 1 per cent and can be successfully hot-forged with up to 2 per cent of lead. If greater amounts of lead than this are present, cracking in forging may occur. As the copper content increases beyond 60 per cent, smaller Superior figures in parentheses refer to the numbered items in the Bibliography, pages 331-332. 89 amounts of lead can be tolerated. When the limit of the beta phase is reached, between 63 and 64 per cent of cop- per, lead must be kept to a trace if hot-working proper- ties are to be retained. In the annealing of leaded brasses care must be taken to avoid sudden exposure of cold-worked parts or material to high temperature as the presence of lead makes brass more sensitive to ‘‘fire cracking” (see Brasses). There are available today a wide range of composi- tions in leaded brass to cover a multiplicity of require- ments. The most common commercial leaded brasses are as follows: Most common name Coppa, || Hen | Zinc, % % % Hardware “bronze”’............ 87-90 | 1-2 | Balance Lancashire brass...............- 73 2.50 | Balance Leaded high brass.............. 65 | 0.90 | Balance Brass rod (leaded).............. 64 1.25 | Balance Heavy-leaded sheet............. 64 2.50 | Balance Engraver’s brass............... 63.50 | 1.50 | Balance Leaded brass.................. 62 1.50 | Balance Riveting and turning rod........ 62 1.60 | Balance Free-cutting brass rod.......... 61.50 | 3.00 | Balance Low-leaded rod................ 63 0.50 | Balance Deep-drilling rod...............} 61.50 | 3.75 | Balance Horging sod sehen nearer reer 60 2.00 | Balance Extruded shapes............... 59 2.00 | Balance Architectural “bronze”.........| 56.50 | 2.20 | Al, 0.3%; Zn, balance Red brassieycn reac ers snot es: 55 1.50 | Balance Hardware bronze, so-called because it is used in the manufacture of hardware, is most commonly fabricated in rod form. This material has excellent cutting proper- ties and has a color closely approximating that of the more expensive tin bronzes. In addition, it has corro- sion- and tarnish-resistance properties approximating that of copper. The most important physical and gen- eral mechanical properties are given in Table 1 on page 91. Detailed data on the effect of cold working and annealing on the mechanical properties are given on Charts 1 to 7 on pages 91 to 93. Lancashire brass is widely used in the fabrication of clock parts. The presence of the lead in this alloy causes it to shear and punch with clean, smooth edges. It is most commonly fabricated in strip form only. Physical properties and general mechanical properties are given in Table 2. More detailed data are given in Charts 8 to 20 on pages 94 to 97. 90 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Leaded high brass has the same copper content as com- mon high brass, which is one of the most popular of all the brasses and which is used extensively for deep draw- ing, stamping, or any cold operation requiring unusual ductility. Lead is present in this mixture to improve piercing, punching, and shearing operations. Because of the high copper and reasonably low lead content, this alloy is well suited for those applications requiring good machinability, shearing, and punching properties in combination with reasonably good bending and forming properties. It is extensively used for the manufacture of plumbing parts and is most commonly fabricated in strip form. Its physical properties and general mechan- ical properties are given in Table 3. More detailed data are given in Charts 21 to 32 on pages 98 to 100. Leaded-brass rod, because of its copper and low lead content, has the same desirable properties as leaded high brass and it is suited for applications requiring these properties. This alloy is seldom supplied except in rod form. It is used in the manufacture of spark-plug terminals, battery terminals, and similar machined parts that are required to be knurled. Its physical and general mechanical properties are shown in Table 4 on page 101. More detailed mechanical data are given in Charts 33 to 40 on pages 101 to 103. Heavy-leaded brass containing 2.50 per cent of lead and engraver’s brass containing 1.50 per cent of lead are used extensively for applications involving good free- cutting properties. The more severe the engraving and/or tooling, the higher the lead content will be. Both of these alloys have poor bending or forming proper- ties and are usually fabricated in strip form only. Their physical and general mechanical properties are given in Tables 5 and 6 on pages 103 and 107. Greater detailed mechanical properties are shown in Charts 41 to 63 on pages 104 to 110. Free-cutting brass rod is the most important of all the leaded brasses. Each year millions of pounds are con- sumed in the manufacture of screws, nuts, bolts, door hinges, and general hardware of all kinds. This product has excellent plasticity within a temperature range of 1200 to 1450° F. and can be extruded into intricate shapes. It cannot be hot-rolled or forged because of its high lead content. It is usually fabricated by hot ex- truding and cold drawing to size. Commercially free- cutting brass rod is furnished in the hard condition for best machining properties. If very light upsetting opera- tions are necessary in the manufacture of a specific part, it is best practice to use an annealed or soft rod, thereby sacrificing somewhat machining or free-cutting properties in order to obtain the ductility required. Physical and general mechanical properties are shown in Table 9 on page 115. More detailed data are given in Charts 80 to 87 on pages 116 and 117. Deep-drilling rod, as the name implies, is used for parts requiring deep and accurate drilling. Because of the very high lead content of this alloy, tool and drill wear is reduced toa minimum. This alloy is most com- monly supplied in the form of rod. Physical and general mechanical properties are given in Table 11 on page 120. Charts 94 to 100 on pages 120 to 122 give in greater detail the effect of cold working and annealing on the mechanical properties. Riveting and turning rod represents a compromise between good machining and forming properties. This alloy has good free-cutting properties and in addition can be lightly cold-worked by such operations as riveting, flanging, upsetting, knurling, and roll threading. Its physical and general mechanical properties are given in Table 7, and Charts 64 to 69 on pages 111 arid 112 show the effect of cold drawing and annealing on the mechan- ical properties. Low-leaded rod is used extensively in the manufacture of screws, bolts, and like parts, which require for their manufacture good cold-upsetting properties in combina- tion with fair machinability. Although this alloy is considerably more difficult to machine than free-cutting brass, the presence of 0.50 per cent of lead drastically increases the machinability over that of a non-leaded brass in this composition range at not too great a sacri- fice of ductility. For example, an addition of 0.60 per cent of lead to an alloy of this type reduces the power required by machining 46 per cent; a 3.5 per cent lead addition will reduce it by only 15 per cent more. Physi- cal and general mechanical properties are given in Table 10. Charts 88 to 93 on pages 118 and 119 show the influence of cold working and annealing treatment. Forging rod is used almost exclusively for the produc- tion of hot pressings and hammer forgings. It contains the maximum of lead that will not cause difficulty in its copper range in hot forging. This alloy is extremely plastic within a temperature range of 1200 to 1450°F. and can be shaped hot into a multiplicity of shapes. It is used for the fabrication of all kinds of brass hardware, ammunition parts, transformer caps, valve stems, plumb- ing fixtures, and similar parts. Lead is present as an aid to machinability and also to improve piercing, punch- ing, and shearing operations. The physical and general mechanical properties of brass forging rod are given in Table 12. For greater detail see Charts 101 to 107 on pages 123 and 124. Architectural bronze and eatruded-shape brass, be- cause of their lower copper content and consequently greater amount of beta phase, are considerably more plastic than forging rod and consequently can be extruded with less power and greater ease into more intricate shapes. These leaded alloys may contain a small amount of aluminum added primarily for its effect on color. Copper-zine alloys in this range of copper have a color approximating the ‘‘bronzes”’ and for this reason are known commercially as ‘‘architectural bronze.” As the name implies, they are used for architectural trim in such applications as door frames, jambs, thresholds, cor- nices, and windowsash. Physical and general mechanical properties are shown in Tables 13 and 14 on pages 125 and 127. Charts 108 to 120 on pages 125 to 129 give in The Leaded Brasses 91 greater detail the effect of cold working and annealing on the mechanical properties of this alloy. Red brass (forging) is used for the hot forging or stamping of plumbing fixtures. Its color closely approxi- mates the higher copper content copper-zine alloy con- taining 85 per cent of copper and for that reason it is known as ‘‘red”’ brass. Its physical and general mechan- ical properties are given in Table 15 on page 129. More detailed mechanical data are given in Charts 121 to 126 on pages 130 and 131. TABLE 1 HARDWARE BRONZE GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 88.78%; lead, 1.61%; zine, balance Property Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................... Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............... Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............. Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............ Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............ Elongation, % in 2 in. Reduction of area, %.. Teta ae Ce eee Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 aaaetiiad)) ctl art eine Roulsralll headmess 1, U4 qcin. bell, QDS lomo. Rockwell hardness B, 14 ball, 100-kg. 1OACER RE Are ae Bee Modulus of elasticity, p.si................... Melting point, °F............. Densiiyepl bauer Cubs ec srereteteseq rere ais kasnnsrasiaeed soa ak Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C............ Electrical conductivity,°” % I.A.C.S, 68°F..........:... Hard+ Soft? baked beds Cha Blo MP eR LN ee 62 37 ee ERPS EONS bel Dey on akin chin 50 6 s SA sels aonetaee ee a 59 10 Re BOE NE OE tans OP a NS 61 9 Ae nee ee ER | Reena 55 8 co SS th Be RA A Ser) Sah eye al iy 50 Pree th ere oi) 2d boa ik ae RES RR Oe 60 70 Sy Snes ep eR cha Tiny 18 12 Ba a Bas ooo Ss GR ES ee eee ote 96 50 Bee SS baa REP en es 64 hee, 5 eae aE 15,000,000 Byes ice cos tec ce ee RoR 1913 Fed Merde cae eI eee re 0.318 Aree br aaa CS Pa Mera a Pas TB a Ts 0.0000182 Fee bhi bash aiekn See Sea eo en Bete 42.3 104 Thermal conductivity,” B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F................. « Refers to rod cold-drawn 37 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.050 mm. + Refers to rod cold-drawn 37 % and annealed at 1300°F. for 1 hr. at temperature. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Extr 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cxuarr 1.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of hardware-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell F hardness 00 Ye" Ball-60 kg. load Rockwell B hardness N16" Ball-100 kg. load. Percent reduction of area - 40 4 Percen t ps tion Extr 10 20 30 Ay) 0 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 2.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of hardware-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). 92 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. @) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 020% ” eS) OHS) (extension) Extr 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 3.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of hardware-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). Rockwell F hardness hie" ball-60 kg.load 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 5.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- centage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of hard- ware-bronze rod, previously cold drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61% lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 70 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (IHr at Temp.) Cuanrt 4.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of hardware-bronze rod, previously cold- drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). @o 020% | \@ 0.50 % al een UN | Kee 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuanrt 6.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of hardware- bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 37 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (88.78 % copper, 1.61 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Leaded Brasses 93 Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Shear Strength, |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuarr 7.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of hardware bronze (87.00 to 90.00 % copper, 1.00 to 2.00 % lead, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.(30) TABLE 2 LANCASHIRE BRASS GrenERAL Data—Srrip* Copper, 73.53%; lead, 2.24%; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. 00 eee eee eee eee 83-95 45-48 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. 005+ e eee eee eee eee eee 56-63 12 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...............-..-..---2sees eee 73-86 13-14 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..............-..---.---2 ee esse eee eee- 70-81 13-14 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................-.--- +222 eee ee eee 65-70 13-14 Bioragatiom, GB TN Bid, sccosognaaaneccscocgsusccnoosD DDD DE EsecoaDADsOOdOdEREaREOE 5 59-54 Rockwell hardness F, 1{¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................- 222222 esses sete e eee 106-108 64 Rockwell hardness B, .¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load..................-...--- 2+ see eee 85-89 13 Rockwell hardness G, 14g-in. ball, 150-kg. load......................-.--- 0. sees eee 56-65 Rockwell hardness 15-T; 1/,-in. ball, 15-kg. load............... Sa abe rethciey ceca epee eC Eee 90-90 65 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14,-in. ball, 30-kg. load. .................. 22.00... se eee e es 74-78 23 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. 2006. 23 17 Noung smmoduluslofselasbicitiyesp Sls neie er ec eke cient iterates 15,000,000 Michiing joint, Ico ccodcacssgoocngsoosnoobono been oUEEE oO ONwa nO AE DOO Da bala So BONN 1769 IDremeantivy, MS, HOP GW Nog acosoccucccgcedagcseooodoodsocacDoonduovacKE doc DedDOuDONE 0.309 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C.................... 0. eee eee eee 0. 0000198 ional conclnemmawiay, G6 WNC, GIT oscccccoobescegsscccd bocce sauanaadcgodoue 28.6 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F................... 71 « All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 26 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢ Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). 94 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Y Z| Ante ae arent elastic limit 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Code y | 4 Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —— 0.065mm. 1.0 207 204 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OP ie Sie ON Ola? uu POI 0 B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 8.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Lancashire brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code @) 0.10 % yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% * ” ©) O50 YS : (extension) ~O j=) a © (>>) Dp fo) oO 1000 Lb per Sq. In. 1.0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ba (eatin eee As eiGiaey NGieer Ol mn: B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 10.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Lancashire brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. = 7=_ 0.065 mm. Rockwell Hardness “'6Ball-F 60Kg.Load B100 Kg, Load 11.0 207 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2 SAS 6 7 RSC meatO B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 9.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Lancashire brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code G) 0.10 % yield strength (offsett) @ 020% » : % @ US0% © a (extension) ~O j=) 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In x \\ \ : \ \ \ @ io) ©) @) 1 we 4 ]10 207 29.4 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OM oh 9D Bor ay EO NG iy Somme B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 11.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Lancashire brass SEED, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). The Leaded Brasses 95 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.( 1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 12.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of Lancashire brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — = 0.065 mm. Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Elongation Rockwell Hardness ie Ball-F60Kg.Load- B 100 Kg. Load CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (Hr. at Temp.) CxHart 14.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Lancashire brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two 2.24 % lead, different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.065 mm. 100 ra r Bs a ee Ol ao is io Y c oO jou He) a =) >) S aN So tL CCE pet ae WN So 20 CR 500600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1H: at Temp.) Cuart 13.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Lancashire brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Code a) 0.10 % yield strength (offset) ” (extension) 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp) Cuart 15.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Lanca- shire brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm.° (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 96 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Copper and Copper-base Alloys @) 0.10 % vield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » ” " 0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp.) ie +3000 PS/- Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B Mie" Ball 100 Kg. Load 57 635 69 74 80 86 91 QF = - Rockwell Hardness F Ye'Ball 60 kg. ea 61 64 67 Tl 74 77 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness 15-T Vie" Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30-T “6 Ball 30Kg.Load Carr 16.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Lanca- CxHart 17.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- shire brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of Lancashire brass reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.065 mm. (73.53 % copper, strip (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) when only Rockwell 2.24 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 inches within the given limits. Code Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (605% reduction) " "(312% © ~ (207% (11.0% ” (50.0% Annealed 800 Deg. F. for 1 Hour ao oOo So oO SI So Oo oO Stress, 1,000 Lb. per, Sq.In aD ry 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0005 0.006 0007 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cart 18.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain characteristics of Lancashire brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, palace zinc.) The Leaded Brasses 97 Code @ Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (605% reduction) ” ” (372% ” (207% (11.0 % » (500% .F. for | hour Percent reduction _-- of area Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In.. Reduction of area in Percent Elongation, Percent in 2 In. 0 0.00! 0.002 0.003 0004 0.005 0006 0007 0.008 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Strain, Inches per Inch Temperature, Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cart 19.—The effect of cold rolling on the:stress-strain character- Cuart 20.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile istics of Lancashire brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having aready-to-finish strength, percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation of a grain size of 0.065 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine leaded brass (70.95 % copper, 1.10 % lead, balance zinc) according to and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. W. B. Price.‘ (73.53 % copper, 2.24 % lead, balance zinc.) TABLE 3 LEADED HIGH BRASS GENERAL Data—Strip? Copper, 65.19%; lead, 1.09%; iron, 0.04%; zinc, balance Property Hard?’ Soft eRensileistrength pp:s-15 (O0Olomitted)) merce a soe cn eke ere ee eee ier pe eres ie 82-98 45-49 lomeaiom, YG Tuy ise eeeoriec aes teak cetec mene en Rea S oto ea eae Sree Oe are 4-6 55-64 Apparent elastic limit, p:s1. (OOOlomitted) <2 5-2. 2-22-2202) -- 5s eee ee eee 61-68 9 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................-.....- 66-67 12-13 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................................-- 76-83 12-13 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................................-.. 66-73 12-13 Rockwell hardness F, 1 5-in. ball, 60-kg. load.........................-.....--.-5---- 106-110 58-62 Rockwell hardness B, 1/,-in. ball, 100-kg. load......................0...-...-.--.5.. 84-91 3-8 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1/,-in. ball, 15-kg. load.........................-..-.-...... 88-90 62-64 Rockwell hardness 30-T, }/,-in. ball, 30-kg. load.......................-.--..--.--.-- 73-77 17-21 Nouns spmodulusiofelasticityasp:s ise Eee ae eee eee ee ee ie rae 15,000,000 MWieltin paper tame Hy ye se yep-nersrey wey pc ieic ence aXes Sie vei raut iss seve) SPD) or situates love erehs acy somes oy efeveyeysgeue jas tov 1700 Darshan, Joe we CLS ditlas qa ton cores Foe Mislead: > DO Ie eRS SRI nn cord re eco cl renee ol ncke ea rete 0.306 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C.........................-.20 22-22 ee 0. 0000202 ligomcall Gomelmoiinuny, GG INCH, GMs a acccnsvecosouccgssqccecsessucesacceenss00 26 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F.......................... 67 @ All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. +6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm., grain size at ready-to-finish. <1200°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote a. 98 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Tensile strength 1,000 Lb. per Sq.{n. Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —-— 0.080 mm. 110 207 294 372 440 50.0 555 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ore at We IG mii Rone 89/99 510 B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 21.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of leaded high-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). ” (extension) 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1.0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ohi ell ge BR rn nibocy HINO eerie toe gC) *) B and S Numbers Hard Cart 23.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of leaded high-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). a ae aweil F cee Vow Cap agen | | WaW ee Rockwell B Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. == = OEY inven NK EB SOClL. oi VSS EN Elongation eae hi he ee 11.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oa! 2 3. 4 5 6). TSO ReeT0 B and S Numbers Hard Cuart 22.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of leaded high-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell Hardness “1e" Ball-F60Kg.Load-B 100 Kg. Load Elongation, Percent in 2 In. oe Code | [Qe 0.10 % ae Bare (offset) (extension) Oo oO a DD NY @ Sy © & Oo 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. a fs oOo oO ips) (>) 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rollin Or Wi eS: 4 AS, OB AG e/a C eC manly) Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 24.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of leaded high-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Leaded Brasses 99 Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —— 0.080 mm. Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 100 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1 Hr at Temp) CuartT 25.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- Cuart 26.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and teristics of leaded high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. apparent elastic limit of leaded high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 6B. &S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain si 0.015 mm. — — 0080 mm DRIES Rockwell F Cd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @ 0.20% ” (extension) 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Rockwell B Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Rockwell Hardness Yié" Ball-F 60 Kg. _Load-B 100 kg. Load CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp) Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp) CHart 27.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cuarr 28.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded percentage elongation in 2 in. of leaded high-brass strip, previously high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (65.19 % copper, different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 %lead, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock), balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 100 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr at Temp.) CxHart 29.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded high-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code ) Cold worked 8 B &S numbers hard (605% reduction) (372% (20.7% » (11.0% » (50.0% .F. for 1 hour Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0008 0.009 0.010 Strain, Inches per Inch CuHart 31.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of leaded high-brass strip (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 110 100 Tensile strength Oo oOo les) fo) Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sg. !n. Elongation, Percent in 2 In oO ro) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B Vie’ Ball- 100 Kg. Load by (66. Ge) Wb 60 GS Gl Gy = = Rockwell Hardness F Ye" Ball 60 Kg. Load 61 64 67 Tl 7 77 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness 15-T %16"Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30-1 %' Ball 30Kg.Load CuHart 30.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of leaded high-brass strip (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code Q) Cold worked 8 B&S numbers Hard (60.5% reduction @) » (312% ©) » (207% @) 1 » (11.0% © 6 » (500% 90 .F. for 1 hour 23 NG Sila Y o 70 = 5 60 oO S 50 bed ata ® A0 Eee aio 20 A ; ih 0 0 0.00! 0002 0003 0.004 0005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.010 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 32.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain characteris- tics of leaded high-brass strip (65.19 % copper, 1.09 % lead, balance zinc) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (0.040-in. stock). The Leaded Brasses 101 TABLE 4 LEADED-BRASS ROD Copper, 63.89%; lead, 1.38%; iron, 0.10%; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft’ Cold¢ Tensile strength, p.s.1. (000 omitted).........................................5.22-5-- 71 42 45-60 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... 220.2 e ee eee 49 13 20-40 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................... 45 15 25-42 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...............................2........ 56 15 24-50 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................-...2.-....22..-- 47 15 22-42 HOME atIOM say WOpIINe were ey tase re rayapner sou rats ret apsitl a Sus sve ey cheep enetelaenie eee ope avcheng, ese lsteaesai sie 15 60 50-20 RECUCLIONGO ATE eC MRaR rN Saeed wp re pa ee Seep is vnciuTaie Se MN eal rioate nono. See eemet are mate 50 65 62-58 Rockwell hardness F, 14 -in. ball, 60-kg. load................................-...2---. 100 68 76-96 Rockwell hardness B, 14 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.........................--...002.000--- 76 18 36-68 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball,-500-kg. load......................- 2.22 e eee eee eee 122 60 71-107 Mocking OF GhSHGIn, Wbloosesss sco ceccvsbacke oss ooeoocoFoeEobEoDDDODOUCUSEGUOOUG 15,000,000 Min PRON AS O85 sen pake a6 6.45 ole pit asian Moleanns elute bin a fro nre bao kerr imtcoen arto eee as 1680 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C....................-.2.2-..02-2..0--5- 0.0000202 Isleswmenll conclnounaing, % UAC. oc ccnace case hboocseo50c0d0cDbE AHDoS GCC DESO OU oOKSGE 26.8 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F..................... 69 Wensityppl lo sp ecrc Use eeteten yore teas sine: Nave cacheta as vais vel ate owe repeve nie steionapans Gems, c/arevslcutec otras sate 0.307 TN7DO GUAROCUNGadde aoccetec sees cece sean COOH Uo Comme Arbon cog da ride achmcdc olga eA Sins Single phase, alpha « Refers to rod cold-worked 38%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.035—0.045 mm. ® + Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr.). < Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-20 % reduction of area). 100 ACE = Beet Speech Apparent elastic 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. a a a el Extr 10 40 60 Percent sant by Cold oot Cuart 33.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of leaded high-brass rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (63.89 % copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ex Rockwell F hardness ale %6"ball 60kg. load Rockwell B hardness YN eball 1 100 kg. Percent reduction “of area Extr 20 30 40 50 60 anes Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 34.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of leaded high-brass rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.045 mm. (63.89 % copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). 102 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 60 i Grain size oO 5 e im mim. © 40 a rey — S Q S 30 & a @ Y = 20 a tay 4 Sime Gane) S 10 : & : (extension) Apparent elastic lice limit 0 Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 60 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 35.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of CuHart 36.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent leaded high-brass rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.045 mm. __ elastic limit, and grain size of leaded high-brass rod, previously cold- (63.89 % copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diam- drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having eter). a grain size of.0.045 mm. (63.89 % copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Code “8 @ 0.20% yield strength (offset) 8 @) 010% » » » Li10 G) 0.50% » » (extension) ee be 100. S90 ° care > 80 : S . u 70 ot = L & 60 a =o & Say) recent elongation =) Ke Tm 2inches S c 40 =. FS 6 30 ais 3 20 3 % 10 fe} m0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1|00 1200 1300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 13500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.( 1Hr.at Temp.) Temperature, Deg.F (|Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 37.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- Cuanrt 38.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded centage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of leaded _ high-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) high-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 38 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (63.89 % from extruded material having a grain size of 0.045 mm. (63.89% copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The leaded Brasses 103 70 Code Q@) 387% red.in area by cold working @QUh > op ws GB) Previous red.in area 387 by cold working and annealed |I00 deg.F. for | hour Tensile Strength, !000 Lb. per Sq.In. Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 30 515) 40 - 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Strain, Inches per In. Cuarr 39.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength Cuart 40.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- of leaded high brass (65.00 % copper, 0.90 % lead, balance zinc) when _ teristics of leaded high-brass rod (under 1 in. in diameter) previously tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.(80) extruded to a grain size of 0.045 mm.; 100,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (63.89 % copper, 1.38 % lead, balance zinc.) TABLE 5 HEAVY-LEADED BRASS GENERAL Data—Srrip* Copper, 63.35%; lead, 2.79%; iron, 0.08%; zinc, balance Property ° Tard? Soft¢ dlensileystreneuhenps 1 (O0O;omitted) paaeereeoe ec oan oo ae coe eae eerie nc see 82-93 44-46 EMO CabIOM emt AMM en Mesias anep ie gems eaters ters ics losaitepeya erat custe ale Gee tigseenien dees Bless eee 3-5 58-65 Apparent elastic limit; pis. (O0Olomitted)),.-.-..-.:--2--. 1. --- seee ee 59-62 8-11 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................2-..2--..02. 64-66 11-13 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................02..0.000. 75-79 11-13 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).....................52--..-222..-50-. 65-70 11-13 Rockwell hardness F, 1{6-in. ball, 60-kg. load....................... 2.0.2.2 eee eee. 105-108 56 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.......................... 00... eee 83-89 Rockwell hardness G, 1 g-in. ball, 150-kg. load.................. 00sec eee eee 54-64 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................... 2.0. eee eee 88-90 Rockwell hardness 30-T, ,-in. ball, 30-kg. load........................ 2.00.00 020005. 72-76 Gharpysimmpac terval west. lM aetsuje cic aiccseelenig esd a el aN eyeegrhdens mula nett nat a 8 Young’s modulus of elasticity, lb. per sq. im........... 0.0.0 eee eee ee 15,000,000 Mel bin pepo Leewaiee erway eo rce rentals h tase mtn ahi eons evioomeae eam Sulaoe Macca en tla caliLieats 1680 Density A lo ApernCuUl Uys cry sere vetlel ened pele eveusieie cid skeen. ty eas Mmuothiias Ate Beart ail ansaid sh ese et 0.307 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C................ 0.0 eee 0.0000204 Micouseall Gonchiounmniys G6 Wy SCUSL, GSP ooo cossudsococnecsasodoedacuoccudaducacrde 27 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 69 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 6B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢ 1400°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote a. 104 Copper and Copper-base Alloys =o io} s D> Vv ’ le st A s Tensile strength 100 Z o 0} 90 8 = 80 Na : g = 70 cs o 1 4 (eo) S o 110 i 3 100 aa) OP 90 S 80 iL = 70 Aa : 60 Co} SS wn 50 m7) E ~~ 40 5 + 30 IN Rockwell B = hardness Vv 920 . 3 av 9 «NO (av eS CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 |300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) CuHart 59.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cuart 60.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of percentage elongation in 2 in. of engraver’s brass strip, previously engraver’s brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (63.37 % copper, different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (63.37 % copper, 1.53 % lead, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 2 Code G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » D (Extension) WN oO 000 Lb. per Sq, In. S i) (o) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hrat Temp.) Cxart 61.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of engraver’s brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (63.37 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 110 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Elongation ay Benge 65 Tensile Strength in 100OLb, per Sq. In. Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “6 Ball 100 Kg. | Load MY & GP 4b GO) GS OW OW = Rockwell Hardness F “ie" Ball 60 Kg. Load Gl G64) ery tl 74 Til 80) 845187990) 495 i ee | | Ii | ree Rockwell Hardness I5T “ie Ball I5 Kg. Load col [Sie 2229 O45) Om, i 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30T “ie Ball 30Kg. Load Shear sieeare 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuart 62.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- CxHart 63.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of engraver’s brass of engraver’s brass (63.50 % copper, 1.50 % lead, balance zinc) when strip (63.37 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zine), when only Rockwell tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.‘86) hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. TABLE 7 RIVETING-TURNING ROD:2 Copper, 61.98%; lead, 1.42%; iron, 0.12%; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard® | Soft¢ Cold4 Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. LAR ee Pest, ction ease | 80 50 51-55 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. ae tenet: PEE ee ees eel GS} 13 22-28 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p:si. (OOO omitted)....................4..-.4-..:---+: | 58 17 27-35 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....... Bae RNa U2 eae hr em Say etr eee 64 17 27-35 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......... ets vgehy ous PR exe, Seen 53 15 22-28 BloeioIn, OG ii Pi scobcasoaaavoposbavesasodse Neck onl SREB oneal desea ae 15 49 42-38 INGCWICHOM OF BRED, Yoooccocssenocosoaconcesvecres : oe ee ae es Pe Hite gs) 63 62-57 Rockwell hardness F, 1/,-in. ball, 60-kg. load.......... evatd : earl lo: 78 85-90 Rockwell hardness B, 14 -in. ball, 100-kg. load..... aaron Mayed aot Sf raites . Mee elles tO 33 46-56 Brinell hardness, iiGeaan. ball, 500- Bi load.. De Ape eR rae CES Te Papen eo OT eae ona tis | 140 70 80-101 Modulus of elasticity, p.s.i. Ae SeRe ys Bint cere See eo erate carers ; She aural 15,000,000 Melting pointys Kye kee sap eye ry ete eae SMe Se SALT ON EOE Baa Sasa 1650 Copinoiems GF Goins, jor KC, Tiron PHB. sooo c ance sdoons soar adosguaueanaguevers 0.0000204 iBlecinicalaconduchivatya SOM met Os Sen 6 Se hae tera eae ett 28 Thermal conductivity, 8” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F............ bits 73 Densitye lb yper Cute rey pic see eee asec we oes eee eh aa eas cee ee Ree ih eee eee 0.306 Ry PErsbRUCtUTe Ae tee ed cei ya yo ae a ae ene oe etc Lees Bare 2c eee ....| Two phase, alpha-beta « This alloy combines excellent machinability with fair cold-forging properties. + Refers to rod cold-worked 40 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.040 mm. ¢ Refers to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr.). @ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-10 % reduction of area). The Leaded Brasses eA ae as Apparent? elastic lirrit 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Extr \0 40 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 64.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of riveting-and-turning rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Extr. 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 66.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of riveting-and-turning rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell F hardress jal ee \ | Le —— || Gace pre Ge | pa Rockwe/l/ B hardness ial LL N a | ieee wal " Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg Load-B 100 Kg.Load m— — Llongation, / Reduction of Area in Percent Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Extr 0) 20 30 40 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 65.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of riveting-and-turning rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. nS NS Apperent gp S| 777: as Pe awe mam: 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature, Deg. (1Hrat Temp) Cuart 67.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of riveting-and-turning rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). J pecee ca ae = eA a a i See _c Rockwell F hardness ~| Ke ball 60kg. load ls 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Be BASIN // Rockwell B hardness jz, ball C) 0.20% yield strength (offset) @) 0.10 % » 7 GB) 0.50 Slo ” ” CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 {000 \\00 1200 1300 1400 Temperature in Deg.F (| Hrat Temp.) ma Percent elongation in 2 I77. (extension) CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (| Hrat Temp) Cart 68.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- Cuarr 69.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of riveting- centage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of riveting- and-turning rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % 112 Copper and Copper-base Alloys | } and-turning rod, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (61.98 % copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). copper, 1.42 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). TABLE 8 LEADED BRASS GENERAL DATA—STRIP Copper, 60.96%; lead, 1.53%; iron, 0.04%; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft? eRensilerstrenethesp sie OOOomitbed)) Beeanee tere eine cite errs ener 88-96 50-51 Apyomamns GESHO Iikoatt, joa, (COO @saitieael)....5cc0sc5cgucscuaeo nay onncdecdonsooo0uD[s 56-63 13.5-16.5 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................-....--...-- 65-65 17.5-18 WiC Amen, OG Oise, joss (OO) @ccineo)).5565c0nsceccnssganncacaueacabeosncs 79-82 17.5-18 aYoeldistren sth OsCZrotisensp seen O0Okonaitted) eeeerer ace rain iene rine 72,.5-73 17.5-18 TD oyarigy payee Cle nesainle c oere aie eictn cern ete nee rnc A Cena enn ton Sen carat Ses meat 6-5 52-45 .5 RockwelluWanrdnesspbees4(¢—mne 2) 6 Ook een load een ees aie eens eee eee 108.5-109.5 71-72 Rockwelluhandness#s5ei¢—1m bal lee OO-kpayloaicl erin est ena ss enn neneeee reer 88. 5-90 27-29 ROG RG Inoroiness Ch, fea. lolly Wye MoGl. cass cconecossoan ave eHoseasssoscaccos 61-66 Rockwell superficial 15-T, 4,-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................................... 90-91 68-72 Rockwell superficial 30-1, 146-1. ball, 30-kg. load...........:........................ UU 32-36 Noungesmodulustoiselastichtyayp shee eet ere nee ey ie ener teenie inst rate 15,000,000 IMA AV ear afoyh arena] ON ores Seen aahcele: ale Pere chem hae ran itia ys ence ches Cereal Gan erry ate @ kOe ia had One Dice 1645 Density als eric us aMicy econ tarcee ere ave ces bere eucveye eae eater ee ite (eet eager a Paes ecmrey as 0.306 Coeflicienttofiexpamsion®: Si yee spss he he ote lewitsekeo coe etsy soeue tessa Hegde, eee atededatter dee eas Pens 0.0000208 Hlectricallconductivitya CONZMleAY Cis sat OSe her eee riser eee tiers ts heleerhs 28.6 Thermal conductivity,‘’” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F ................. 73 Specwicieraivat yyvrere whe eyo ee ere ea eh Mee tahels pees feet IM Vcc ee cnet seein ee ne A 8.49 ¢6B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.035-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish (0.040-in. stock). > Refers to a 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). ¢ Average linear coefficient per °C., 25-300°C. The Leaded Brasses 113 Seo es ail | Pile es e aa ea coo GEG Pa Wan ee Rockwell B hardness ZF LAG Apparent elastic limit aa 40 ‘IN —— 0.0!5mm. ae Ses 000 Lb. per Sq. In. (6) WO 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 ILO 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | oS Ay 5 a 7 8 F OMe meme Sekt) Gh Te 18 9 NO B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 70.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 71.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of leaded-brass strip, previously annealed to percentage elongation in 2 in. of leaded-brass strip, previously annealed two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (60.96 % copper, 1.53% to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (60.96 % copper, lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq.In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq. |n 10 (0) .0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 605 648 68.6 ILO 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling @® ee eaie Ae Uae XG Thu etchame So) 10 @ | 2 ot Ae ee Di 6 7 .& ¥§ {@ B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 72.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of leaded- Cuart 73.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (60.96% leaded-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). (60.96 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 114 Copper and Copper-base Alloys === 0.015mm. 0.035 mm. Grain Size in Mm. 700 8800 900 1000 _~—s«: L100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 74.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of leaded-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (60.96 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.035 mm. cS ro) ME mEis Wy I+ Rockwell F hardness RO ins See CANCELED Rockwell B hardness Rockwell Hardness /6 Ball, F 60 Kg. Load-B 100 Kg. Load ~ ro) I i Se Flongation ore, [ee a Eek sete leo jes eal ata 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F(IHrat Temp.) Cuart 76.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of leaded-brass strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (60.96 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). eS eX Tensile strength ini SN Se ee TUNA Sa CCN SaaS A ea elastic limit 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. E (IHr at Temp.) iN S 000 Lb. per Sq. In. ‘ 1Si) oO WN [o) De) oO S (oe) CxHart 75.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of leaded-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.035 mm. (60.96 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code Cd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) CxHart 77.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded- brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (60.98 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). en Ee ee a es aL ee ee The Leaded Brasses eS —\ cy 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(IHr. at Temp.) Cuarr 78.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of leaded- brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.035 mm. (60.98 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 115 = 90 rom WY L .o Ee v4 £8 +o LS Rae Caan oo il ioe bo ree PSCC 25 30 £ 3% in 2in. ou sa eae 20 ce. MRR ine ro) qe 70 80 90 100 110 Keenan Hardness F- 46" Ball 60 Kg. Load Wa ig Tce he Rockwell Hardness B- “ie Ball 100 Kg.Load 62 68 4 80 85 an Rockwell Hardness 5 Vie’ Ball 15 Kg. Load 19 3) 44 55 67 78 Rockwell Hardness 30T- ie" Ball 30Kg. Load Cart 79.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of leaded-brass strip (60.98 % copper, 1.53 % lead, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hard- ness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. TABLE 9 FREE-CUTTING BRASS ROD Copper, 60.99; lead, 3.13%; iron, 0.15%; zine, balance Rod Property Hard? Soft? shensileystrengthesp sss (O0Olomitted)ynenae ee eee ase eee | eit oe eee 71 50 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted). . Bey OTe ce A PRIMA ected care Se CGE ti Rote eaten 39 12 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 aantied)).- beet iis vie ett We fa ch pia aes SRNR ee 54 17 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)... ............................22-4.. | 59 17 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..............--..02 0-2 eee. 54 17 Silom Moral, Gf shay PA Tenses tees pecker a ain otao Bate acount lobe cher el ecan er ree cue Peel Ara 50 10 FRIECUCLIONRO IFAT CASE Carr ere at iarucy- Paetsch EWA Sete ye aiuto tien ok ear aedeagal Reisen lar eaee tlh pa fare 50 35 Rockwell hardness F, Wadia. ball, 50- lee, ileal. Ne nacre aida la faKss ene eM ceon ert CnaT 100 68 Rockwell hardness B, 1 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. ioe. Ter i RECT ahh RGR Pace Pic alcs/ te NSLa oi ont Aneto ne 73 16 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load...................- 0.2 116 60 IModuluslofelasticityampssst| serena ccm cme Kiscieas fits) so mdsile Nam) ojos levee tunica mille spate te eel 15,000,000 Melting ;poinitha Heer rarer eu omee Mae chy Manin cp hs suMabic ac omneacute mine eteaakiils Gls 1645 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C........................--..00200-. 0. 0000204 Bilectricalconductivaty, (8) 9G WAVC:S= 689H). 2-22.22.) seen] ee eee ee 28.6 Thermal conductivity, °°? B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................. 73 Demenigy Wo, (TIP CUs Mo vosocosops dec oobo gs Sous boonGov ome colounedEE soso Hcjo00 bid a Ma os 0.307 TROD SUADLOUD ID o ad bla saree ible nib olela Slatelc choo recon atone oes uatens ene tereches ar hehe Cantar ua ve etclioenn Sacre Two phase, alpha-beta @ Refers to rod cold-worked 30%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size of 0.025 mm. * Refers to a 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). 116 Copper and Copper-base Alloys (E i) ic = Za) © x = Extr 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuarr 90.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of low- leaded brass rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.030 mm. (62.95 % copper, 0.60 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). _ Jee | Rockwell F hardness a Ne" ball - 60 kg. load 2) 12) vu S 9) L 5 ae i) 3 x 1S) ) ia Percent Elongation in 2 In-Percent Reduction of Area CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuarr 92.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- centage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of low- leaded brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (62.95 % copper, 0.60 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). elastic ltt Tensile Strength and Apparent Elastic Limit, |000Lb. per Sq.In. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 SI00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 91.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of low-leaded brass rod, previously cold- drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (62.95 % copper, 0.60 % lead, balance zinc) (cod under 1 in. in diameter). CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 I200 1300 Annealing Temp.in.Deg.F. (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 93.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of low- leaded brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.030 mm. (62.95% copper, 0.60 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 120 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 11 DEEP-DRILLING ROD: Copper, 62.11%; lead, 4.00%; iron, 0.05%; zine, balance Rod Property Hard? Soft¢ INANE FMEA, PS (COM @Qemtiieel) csornsoocconngeudodboodanovohaovedcennssuoneade 63 43 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted). . et aca eer orrenmene tratnniia See eehcamncts, Hetaen beta 49 18 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 aantiied)),. PARE aes ee ce raiekees GE wbtGlo. 3 44 14 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.1. (COO ORD). coc o5 c-cu sess. A ete cere. ois a 54 14 Waeld'strengthy OMe, offset, p's O0Olomit ted) maa. n une inci ic vid enerins nie 45 13 ilonea tom jag eirico pins aer nye eat ease er aN egret ae Let cae AN a eck TRE ie | 13 52 Reduction ofvaneas igiacrs te destcnsas sea taiionnie Geen ener eaters Hue hae me Oras | 35 47 TRO alll necks 195 hf Gatol, lo, OAS, MOG cos coecacaunc sone v soon canusseeuucaancus 98 68 Rockwell hardness B, }/g¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................... SSD ER CRE OIE 69 11 Brinell hardness, gene ball 500=koloadky maaseseaeoeaciacr en eee eats chance tes A09 57 Modulusvofielasticity; pss: sus wasn scion ur ciatrar oy aera sone arses Mer eee net 15,000,000 IMeltin eHpo mnt hobo eer Meet cn chy MeN A Are Os oe aR Oe een te te eam | 1655 Coeficientitoifexpansionsspeten © sLrOmi2 50) Oe Camere een aero rene eee 0.0000204 IDieeime@nll eoagwewnauy le OF IAC, CEPI, co econo nsoocououdbsoancscccuuceuocooone 28 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per° F., 68°F .................) 73 Dems, No, IAP Glo WD. cooopg ng 0 adecapoucoocosAcocNSDO DUNN SOC ODD UOCUO OUTDO OOF OOS 0.308 « This alloy has excellent machining properties. > Refers to rod cold-drawn 30%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.050 mm. ¢ Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr.). ie) oO | Elongation 7 wee. eS -~ ie} sy Tensile ; oD strength Y oll0 nee ee 2100 at s fo) : | wae - c D = X 80 on * 3 AL] ce Le uw 70, eee ot < G vo 6 ® 60 < & ° x) yo ° SS 50F ic) c g 7 OBS :3 a0) a £0 5 SES ae 5 30 4 Q Zo = aA IR ee v BS =x 1S) fe) 0 Lil 0) Extn 10 20 30 40 Extr. 10 20 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Percent Reduction “cold Working Cuart 94.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and Cuart 95.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of deep-drilling rod, previously extruded to a percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of grain size of 0.050 mm. (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) deep-drilling rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). The Leaded Brasses 000 Lb. per Sq.1In. CG) 0.20% yield strength (offset) @) a10% » @) 050% ” Extr 10 20 30 40 Percent Reduction by Cold Working CuHanrt 96.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of deep- drilling rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell Hardness /i6Ball-F 60 Kg. Load- B 100 Kg.Load paca ne ola Grain size 172 Tarr. fe ENE ce ea iEG \ Apparent elastre limit RE ae PS es GE | eS is Se ee) aes Nees 000 Lb. per Sq. In. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 Temperature, Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 97.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of deep-drilling rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter), _ 9 Reduction of Area, Percent eS CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp) Cart 98.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of deep- drilling rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 122 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code Cod CG) 0.20% yield strength (offset) aes C) 3270 red. in area by cold working Previous red.in area 50 32 To by cold working and annealed 1200 deg.F. for |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. PSS Stress, |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. W lo) CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.(1Hr at Temp.) Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 99.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of deep- Cuart 100.—The effect of cold drawing on the stress-strain charac- drilling rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) teristics of deep-drilling rod (under 1 in. in diameter), previously from extruded material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (62.11% extruded to a grain size of 0.050 mm. 100,000-lb. capacity hydraulic copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (62.11 % copper, 4.00 % lead, balance zinc.) TABLE 12 BRASS FORGING ROD: Copper, 60.05%; lead, 2.12%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard® | Soft¢ Hot Cold? Tensile strength, p.s.i. (O00 omitted)...........-.--.--...-.+-2----+ 22s esses 66 56 50-33 57 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................-....----2 s+ ssseeeee 44 18 11-15 25 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................-.....---.:. 50 - Pil 16-19 31 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................--------::- 50 21 15-19 28 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................------++:: 39 21 14-18 24 Domo, GN BWM; coscocoocroogesavegsecunsnessscecs aie ER th ch Cee 25 45 55-50 40 IREGMCHOMN OF OIG, Poosoooscsososacccodessovsescuss Ce Ee ROARS gee OR ar, 50 54 50-57 55 Rockwell hardness F, 14¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.......... ay Se ee PAROS een 99 84 73-78 87 Rockwell hardness B, 14,5-in. ball, 100-kg. load................-.......--.--..--. 73 43 30-36 50 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load............-.......... bE ate oes ceececal| yee t(G) 77 67-71 83 AViodulusto tel asticity amp ss ere eer eee ee ete etter ete ee ee 15,000,000 IMIGHIn? rons, IN. coconcdw aes vo oesias beecoosendoodOSE EO gS oooNSoOe So NEIHOR 1640 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-800°C........-....- 5-2-0 e esse 0. 0000208 Electrical conductivity,” % I.A.C.S., 68°F...............:.2.------ +222 see eee 28.6 Thermal conductivity,®” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per hr. per ft. per °F., 68°F.............| 73 IDEN Md), AGP GMs WN, coacoeavocos sooo dus ecco seOues Doe zosDGHOeCOOnON OR SB OS 0.305 Tomine Te, IP soo ococeoco uses ous dougedodcuadoacoge hac boebsousoOnB aca gene 1250-1450 Norah CUM, ooo gosbocovsercucbeoocooTBnacnopodornespapunsousdaRGHOUesAUE Excellent TNAee UMW 6 anoageennon absooe so cboseqapon0ds cooc oo dda Sew oronancRT an doce Two phase, alpha-beta 2 This alloy combines excellent hot-forging properties with good machinability. + Refers to rod cold-worked 17.5% from the extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.010 mm. ¢ Extruded condition (800°F. 1 hr.). 2 Material cold-struck from hot-forged condition. The Leaded Brasses 80 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ww ° Extr. 10 20 30 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 101.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of forging rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05 % copper, 2.12 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). | eae eae eT _ et aeees4 [ae @ pz ae HAAS AS (J [a |,000 Lb. per Sq, In. Code C) 0.20% yield strength (offset) Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 103.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of forging rod, previously extruded to.a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05 % copper, 2.12 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 123 See a Rockwell F hardness - Ne"ball 60 ak load \ = Rockwell B hardness 46" ball 100 kg. load Percent reduction of area Percent elongation im 27 = Extr Percent ees by eat "Weclene Cuart 102.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of forging rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05 % copper, 2.12 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Seawee aea: Fe eS Ri) Tensile strength 70 Apparent elastic limit CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cxart 104.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of forging rod, previously cold-drawn 18 per cent (reduction. of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05 % copper, 2.12% lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 124 Copper and Copper-base Alloys B 100 Kg. Load ro) ro) Satie oe vaa sees SIE) Cannes Rockwell F hardness eae BK RRS ict GORI (i es ea EN Reduction of area, eae ese r_\ — — fee ee Elongation 4 >. ae oe ais Rockwell B hardness ~ ” Rockwell Hardness- 46 Ball- F 60Kg. Load ation, Percent in 2In. Gd) 0.207% yield strength (offset) Rlacluctien of Area, Percent me 2 6 @) 010% » eleiPea lise Gali sa OMe. 0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing.Temp.in Deg.F (lHr. at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 105.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuanrt 106.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of forging percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of rod, previously cold-drawn 18 per cent (reduction of area) from forging rod, previously cold-drawn 18 per cent (reduction of area) extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05 % copper, from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (60.05% 2.12% lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). copper, 2.12 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Code dG) 125% red.in area by cold working (2) 85% » » 6 G 3) Previous red.in area = Gd) 17.5% by cold Z| working and iS) (oe) & Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.002 0.004 0006 0.008 Strain, Inches per In. Cuarr 107.—The effect of cold drawing on the stress-strain characteristics of standard-brass forging rod (under 1 in. in diameter), previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm.; 100,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (60.05 % copper, 2.12 % lead, balance zinc.) The Leaded Brasses ; 125 TABLE 13 BRASS ROD FOR EXTRUDED SHAPES: Copper, 59.31%; lead, 2.02%; iron, 0.05%; zinc, balance Rod Forgings Property Hard?’ | Soft¢ Hot Cold¢ sensilesstrengbhysps-1-1(O00fomibted) Meepene eee one cee eae anne ee 74 60 58-60 64 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......... 0.0.0.0. ec ccc 48 19 14-25 35 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................. 55 21 19-24 34 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).....................2........05- 58 21 18-23 32 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 cmitted)..........................-...05- 46 21 17-22 28 BON EAtION se 7GhlNEA Mes tiaceonr rane Dane dk es cag te ae ll 23 44 45-40 35 FREGUCHIONKO LEAN CAE 7a eee ete RO Te een SIH cha oe Mee eer ES eal Souk ets 40 49 ' 46-53 45 Rockwell hardness F, 14,-in. ball, 60-kg. load....... Te ie Dg aint, oes con eee eae IE 100 79 74-84 85 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.................................. 74 53 35-49 58 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.............................-.-.005- 118 86 71-82 92 Modulustofielasticitysgp see -2 Aer wee ete aces etc dndk teen ete ae eae pice bers as 15,000,000 INTEltIn ee pOLM broly ween syne ent ae apn) sea ste au he, cinta listers Where Seuss sees waren 1640 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C...................2-.0.0 2-000 eee 0.0000208 Hlectricalwconductivity,. 30 07a leas ©. Se OSe Er aren eaceieiaciieer eerie 28.6 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F............... 73 Harcinebrany crashes wee haat an es eRe Si Ni, ay gihol enone ar eens eo co cul eee 1250-1450 SGOT PRC ALL Veer aeemeer ach ene cco ener wanehy Maistre th iene tron nie saree ene che fhe 2 once un nuereee Excellent MIR DEESUNU CLUTE ryt racist eae acre tA Iae ae Reena aah wie Rha Adee tine aievals Staats eau tore ate Two phase, alpha-beta ¢ This alloy combines excellent hot-working properties with good machining properties. ® Refers to rod cold-worked 15% from extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.010 mm. ¢ Extruded condition (850°F. 1 hr.). ¢@ Material cold-struck from hot-forged condition. [a atin Tensile strength Rockwell B hardness Tes) ae Percent reduction of area 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. ERs (2) 19 0 ARE ee 0 ual Extr 5 10 20 Extr. 5 15 20 25 Percent pereenee by Cold Working Percent section by Cold Working Cuart 108.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and Cuart 109.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of extruded-shapes rod, previously extruded toa percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of grain size of 0.010 mm. (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zinc) extruded-shapes rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). 126 Fst fd ea eg ATE) BE eee Ea la ca eee acme ee aS ae) E72 60 000 Lb. per Sq.In. Extr. 5 10 \5 20 25 30 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 110.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of extruded-shapes rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.010 mm. (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diam- eter). Rockwell F hardness 16" ball 60 kg. load pclae moo Rockwell B a ee “Ne "ball 100 kg. load of areas SES a SS ese =s oe Percent reduction Percent elongation in 2 ir 0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 112.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of extruded-shapes rod, previously cold-drawn 15 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \00 1200 1300 1400 ; Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 111.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of extruded-shapes rod, previously cold- drawn 15 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) Cuart 113.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of extruded-shapes rod, previously cold-drawn 15 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.010 mm. (59.31 % copper, 2.02 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 100 CuHart 114.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent-elastic limit of architectural-bronze rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64 % copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in, in diameter). The Leaded Brasses TABLE 14 ARCHITECTURAL BRONZE? Copper, 56.64%; lead, 1.91%; zinc, balance; iron, 0.05% Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft¢ Hot MRensilemstrengthyp:s-i9) (OOOlomitted) amare eae aeia ee ss ae | eee ar oe eclectic 88 63 68-75 Apparent elastic limit, p:s-1. (000 omitted); .--..........-.:..-....-:....2--.-+2222-+se- 51 25 14-22 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).........................2.--..25-55. 58 35 21-33 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................2-2..0---002-205- 68 35 19-32 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................-.---- 0-000 0s 59 33 17-29 TBlomeniiorn, Gf, say OAT ge oie cee era .oae SIhOG Gan 0 0-0 ck eee SHO cee ai eee ce Cec eam se ese Ten 15 25 35-25 Rechwowlon OF Gn, Gos scascocndascsocdcsasuouccegoeedne ceosaopdseamarodnasaaegomage 25 35 35-25 Rockwell hardness F, }¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load......................-....-.-222--50--5-5- 105 93 88-92 Rockwell hardness B, 10-mm. ball, 100-kg. load......................... 00sec esse eee 84 63 51-64 Mecilns OF GHSMOHy, WSs oss50 sod cncccQodese ngaepndaearsacoussuoss oboe ooHanana gas 15,000,000 IMighibags joromayy, SIDS 355 3 omtaie-ormtocie 510-000 G6's wold Otero Ore Uiesenor OLG-eio cits Solon ees ino. uae ait Beco ciara 1625 Density al ben pera Cusine ae eee ees eatieicy cae eres eet Sieh ete ener elevates Pt Nela ved reer eilyarctant 0.305° Tntonysaanee nnzavavegeys PI Dee 6 Sie olor oes tia Ope oO ee OOH OI Bron mole etvueweco Rpnoy sits erreeagLe qecmene cube sce nearcs Beat 1250-1350 Ioan? CUA ereddaes lois mano aes Uoe atblbs oA Oooo as oma a ae conc aoe abn oe aa aD Excellent TNFDS SAUOGNUIR sdys boo woe lon can acco geno Meet aint semeias Biches sistem. Green reste ote Sieg ois Two phase, alpha-beta € This alloy combines excellent hot-forging properties with good machinability. 6 Refers to rod cold-drawn 18% from the extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. ¢ Refers to extruded condition. Extr 10 Percent Reduction by Cold Working diameter). Rockwell B hardness Né ball 100 kg.load 70 LS) Sa SSS Sa 20 Percent Reduction by Cold Working 127 Cuart 115.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of architectural-bronze rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64 % copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in Code a) 0.20% yield strength (offset) 000 Lb. per Sq, In. Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 116.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of architectural-bronze rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64 % copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 |300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 117.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of architectural-bronze rod, previously cold- drawn 18 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64 % copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell B haraness 4ie"bail 100 kg. load CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 118.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of architec- tural-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 18 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64 % copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq.In. Cuanrt 119.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of archi- tectural-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 18 per cent (reduction of The Leaded Brasses C) 0.20% yield strength (offset) @) 0.10% » ” G) 0.50% » (extension) £ - i) Qa a 4 to} te) 2 coc + fey) Cc i + YY & a (S iy Ee 0 3 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 IZ 3| 32 Shear Strength, joooLs per Son, ne Cuart 120.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of architectural bronze (56.50% copper, 2.20 % lead, balance zinc) Annealing Temp.in Deg. F ( 1Hr.at Temp.) area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (56.64% when tensile strength is known. copper, 1.91 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ae a a 2 a a oP esa i i ZA ae eee Accurate to +5 %8® TABLE 15 RED BRASS Copper, 55.02%; lead, 1.62%; zinc, balance; iron, 0.05% Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot shensileystrengthyp:s:ien( Q0Olomitted) hansen oe ieee eer ee eee bree eran 100 80 72-81 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............0-. 2.2020 ee 54 15 15-19 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................2.....0.2---4-- 61 25 20-24 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................0 2.0 eee eee eee 78 23 18-23 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................2022 0002 e esses eee 73 21 17-21 Blom rations; bine Dbim eyes sere teach od enemetes ceases eychcn eos ass Achaea cheek ees uae cene nthe ecb var mu sacel he 14 28 27-35 IREAICHONTOL ATCA eer Py EER ater care eae eres cater Re UN) Serena ae eae ROU AA Ui ie tet 20 30 25-35 Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load................. 00... eee ee eee eee 99 33 87-92 Rockwell hardness B, 14 g-in. ball, 100-kg. load.................... 000... eee e eee eee eee 85 70 58-63 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.......................2..... ES An, ene eed 142 110 92-99 Modulustoivelasticityicpiselvcva scene ain chasse ue ein cect ome ers cate ne Seen hares Ries eased caus Sen mre 4 15,000,000 IM [GI anayee yoyesnaR en SUD Gola he ale ce elaurthal tl ca cat set cl gee ie URS pe CRRA ME La ae Sn tag Pe 1610 Density All uperg Cusp pyc Mee Ch etelsiea se saeceeS, Somes cyces erate tebaee pureep ea A SON we ied ARN dau is 0.305 HORT cara pe erly eer er oea ee SE MERON tra ol Sill lcd Ue Real oe nd HAL ule abe aso steers ts OI a all at 1250-1350 IGOngin pag Ualityerier eran ian hte ps ce oyh as Soaks) cl ae ea efit tame Aieeed tow, see icle ste knal enaiater stdin gue GPs hme Excellent PR PeISuLU Clune tp craw ory ee remote ie cicusree rere Meehan edie ciel evap ein Ge wile ewe Wane cerehte Wanerge’ « Refers to rod cold-drawn 17 % from the extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter. > Extruded condition. Two phase, alpha-beta 130 000 Lb. per Sq.In. Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuarr 121.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of red-brass rod, previously extruded (55.02 % copper, 1.62 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). s uo oO Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. ” (extension) a 10 20 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing (fia Extr Cart 123.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of red- brass rod, previously extruded (55.02 % copper, 1.62 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys + Cc Y) w) o a ce — N ie —— Ee v UO L a9) Qo c 2 + Le} o S £ pre) y] Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball- F 60Kg.Load B 100 Kg.Load Reduction of Area 0) Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 122.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of red- brass rod, previously extruded (55.02 % copper, 1.62 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). kw 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Apparent elastic limit [ Ee | ee) a a 4 See | 7 a CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) CuHart 124.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of red-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 17 per- cent (reduction of area) from extruded material (55.02 % copper, 1.62 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Leaded Brasses 131 Code Gd) 0.20% yield strength (offset) © 0 le} = L 8 110 oO i 4, 100 8 = 90 L 2S 8 ue E x = 10 = ty N 5 pe Nae eB =, 60 oe \ xg ae CURE Rie 3 0 5 iy) O Vv = ce > 40 oct L QO 5 G ~ x 30 SE a FO 3 20 Oho z eee 9 (10 io w je uy) 0 : CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !I00 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 '300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.(1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 125.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cart 126.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of red- percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of _ brass rod, previously cold-drawn 17 per cent (reduction of area) from red-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 17 per cent (reduction of area) extruded material (55.02 % copper, 1.62 % lead, balance zine) (rod from extruded material (55.02 % copper, 1.62% lead, balance zinc) under 1 in. in diameter). (rod under 1 in. in diameter). CHAPTER IV THE TIN BRASSES Ternary alloys of copper-zine and tin have been estab- lished in commercial use for many years. Many, including Hoyt“!8, Guillet, Hudson, and Jones®®, and Campbell‘?, have investigated their structural charac- teristics and established phase relationships. There are many tin brasses in use but the following are the more important of those commercially available in wrought form. : ; Copper, | Tin, |Lead,}| Zine, Most common name % % % %, Bearing or weatherstrip bronze.| 90 0.50 | .... | Balance (Chaar IOROWAT scosecsousccsae5 87 1.25 | .... | Balance Renumietaleiay-mrriss see eu ecie 83.5 1.50 | .... | Balance Admiralty metal.............. 71 1.00 | .... | Balance AN) NN LOROWVADS Sococoavousesene 60 0.75 | .... | Balance Government naval brass....... 60 0.75 | 0.20 | Balance Hard naval brass............. 61 0.75 | .... | Balance Low-leaded naval brass........ 60 0.75 | 0.50 | Balance Medium-leaded naval brass....| 60 0.75 | 0.75 | Balance High-leaded naval brass....... 60 1.00 | 2.00 | Balance Properly to be included with the above are the so-called “manganese bronzes.’’ These alloys are actually tin brasses in which manganese is present only as a residual deoxidant. The more important alloys of this type are the following. “Manganese bronze,”’| Modified ‘‘manganese % bronze,” % Copperyyaeeaso2 ss 57-60 61 ANS pron sen eiccr araet 0.50-1.50 0.75 Presrc ss ahora Sy 0.20 max. 0.30 Manganese....... 0.50 max. 0.10 ZANC Hee ee Balance Balance Bearing or weatherstrip bronze is largely used as a bushing material involving light bearing loads and also for weatherstrip applications. The presence of the tin in the alloy slightly increases its resistance to atmospheric tarnish and corrosion and moderately improves its tensile strength. This alloy has excellent cold-working properties and is most commonly fabricated in strip form by cold rolling. The more important physical properties and a sum- marization of mechanical properties may be found in Table 1. Charts 1 to 10 on pages 134 to 136 give in detail the influence of cold working and the effect of various annealing treatments on the mechanical prop- erties of this alloy. . all admiralty-metal condenser tubes. Chain bronze and pen metal are most commonly used for the manufacture of brass chains and pen points. The tin additions are made in both cases for the purpose of improving strength, color, and corrosion resistance. These alloys are also cold-working alloys and can be hot-worked only with difficulty. They are seldom fabricated in other than strip form. Tables 2 and 3 on pages 137 and 140 indicate the more important physical properties and give a general summary of their mechan- ical properties. Detailed mechanical properties of cold- rolled and annealed material may be found in Charts 11 to 32 on pages 137 to 148. Admiralty metal was developed as a condenser-tube material by the British Navy in 1890 as an improvement over 70-30 copper-zine, which up until that time was the most important commercial condenser-tube alloy. Research indicated that the presence of 1 per cent of tin in 70-30 brass produced an alloy that had slightly better mechanical properties than plain brass and, in addition, had the property of developing a more protec- tive film in contact with salt or brackish waters. Since that time the use of admiralty metal in heat exchanger applications has grown continuously. Today approxi- mately 75 per cent of the total poundage of condenser tubes sold in the United States is admiralty metal. In 1922, British investigators determined that the presence of 0.02 to 0.05 per cent of arsenic in.admiralty metal effectively prevented a type of corrosion known as ‘‘dezincification.”” Since then it has been standard English practice to include a small amount of arsenic in Early in the 1930’s American fabricators of this alloy adopted similar prac- tice. The presence of arsenic in no way influences the working or structural properties of the metal. Admiralty metal is also used extensively for tube sheets in heat exchangers of all types. It is used occa- sionally in strip form for the fabrication of stamped or drawn. articles. Admiralty metal is essentially a cold-working alloy although it can be fabricated hot if especial care is taken. If hot-working operations, such as rolling, are to be per- formed, it is absolutely necessary that lead be kept to a trace, otherwise serious cracking will occur. Because of the tin content and also because of the copper-zine range, hot working can be carried on in a limited tempera- ture range only. Hot extrusion of tubes is usually per- formed at temperatures of 1350 to 1400°F. and hot rolling at a range of 1350 to 1450°F. Prior to any hot-working operation it is essential that castings be soaked at a temperature of from 1350 to 1450°F. for several hours 132 The Tin Brasses so that the delta or eutectoid phase, which may be pro- duced during solidification of the casting, may be absorbed. The presence of this phase produces “hot shortness”’ and causes cracking. In Table 4 on page 144 are given the important physical properties and general mechanical properties of admiralty-metal tube, sheet, and strip. gs ar ey id as ote a 3 Fic. 1.—Hot-rolled Roman-bronze shafting rod (longitudinal section). Etchant NHsOH + H2O2. 75x Labs. FEB er Naval brass is a generic term for those alloys contain- ing 60 per cent of copper, 1 per cent of tin, and 39 per cent of zinc. When prepared from materials of especially high purity and fabricated by hot rolling rather than extrusion, an increase in resistance to corrosion fatigue is effected, and the alloy is ordinarily offered under various trade names, the best known of which are Tobin bronze, Roman bronze, and Chamet bronze. In applications involving resistance to corrosion fatigue, such as marine shafting, it has been established that hot-rolled non-ferrous metals have a much higher endurance limit in fatigue than the same alloys produced by the extrusion process. Hot rolling produces a fine- grained uniform structure, while the extruded structure tends to be coarse and non-uniform. Figures 1 and 2 show typical structures of hot-rolled Roman Bronze rod and extruded naval brass. These hot-rolled bronzes are widely used for marine shafting and similar applications where good resistance to fatigue is required and naval brass for those applica- tions where comparable corrosion resistance and struc- tural strength are necessary but where resistance to fatigue is not a vital factor. Naval brass is extensively used in the manufacture of heat exchangers for tube sheets and plates. It is common commercial practice to add lead to the naval brasses to improve their machinability. The amount of lead added is dependent upon the nature of the intended application and the amount of machining involved. There are two general types of leaded naval 133 brass: a low-leaded and a high-leaded. The low-leaded has improved machinability over plain naval brass and is ductile enough to withstand light cold heading and upsetting operations. The high-leaded alloy is designed primarily for high-speed machining and is not suitable for bending or upsetting operations. Its machinability compares favorably with free-cutting brass. a. er # Fig. 2.—Extruded naval-brass rod (longitudinal section). Etchant NH.OH + H.02 75x When naval brass is intended for cold heading or upsetting operations as in the manufacture of bolts and nuts, it is customary to increase its copper content moderately. All the tin brasses in the naval-brass range with the exception of the leaded alloys have excellent hot-working as well as reasonably good cold-working properties. They can be fabricated by hot rolling, hot forging, and extrusion. Those naval brasses containing lead are not commercially hot-rollable although they can be hot- extruded without any difficulty. Hot working is best accomplished within the temperature range of 1250 to 1400°F. Tables 6 to 10 on pages 152 to 165 give detailed data on the effect of cold working and annealing of the naval brasses. ““ Manganese bronze” is an alloy of the Muntz-metal type modified with tin, iron, and manganese in which manganese is of minor importance. This alloy possesses the highest mechanical properties of all the brasses and at the same time has almost as good resistance to salt- water corrosion as have the naval brasses. It is largely used in the form of rod and finds extensive application in the marine field as shafting, hardware, bolts, and tie rods. Its hot-working properties are similar to those of the naval brasses. Because of its lower copper content it is not ordinarily processed or fabricated by cold work- ing. Table 11 lists the more important physical and mechanical properties. For greater detail see Charts 106 to 127 on pages 168 to 174. 134 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 1 BEARING OR WEATHERSTRIP BRONZE GENERAL DatTa—StTrRip* Copper, 90.49%; tin, 0.48%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property : Hard? Soft¢ Mensilerstrenpth, p:s-1-4 OOOlomitted) aetna ecco eee eae 70-79 40-41 HMlonwations "My 2 Meso Rena tts case cus over Naiio irst ener s taeyentic on tea alnce dr eteeuey «ae 5 adds epee eer 4 41-39 Apparentrelasties imitteg possi (OOOlom1 ited) pesrey meter rere eet yee eee ee 53-60 78 Waeld strength, 0:5:% extension, pis. (O0Q/omuitted)< 2-2... 5224.22. ene eee ne: 65-69 10 Wield strength, 0:2% (offset, pis. (O0Ojomitted) 5-9... -a4.-- 445g e esos ee ee eee 65-73 10 Waeldistrenmths O8lGrofiset-sps.ie OOOlomii ted) merry e eerie ety eee 62-66 10 Rockwellehardness shy 76-104 ball 16 0-koe load ape ee enna eneeie nee 103-107 56-53 iRockwelluhardness#Bse4ig-l0 ball sal O0=kc as load ame einr eae een einer iar eerie 79-85 RockwelljhardnessiG.4(q—10 4 ball al(50=ke- load see ane ener eer 48-59 iRockwellihardness 5h. 7ieg-ne ballad 5-kpaload eee arisen ieee oe ee 86-89 Rockwelldhardnessts O=del4igcinen ball lores 0-59 0 cl eee eer 70-74 Youngisimodulusiofelasticityayp sts --eeaeeenerimcre te ae eee an noe enema tie 15,000,000 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. *6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Annealed at 1300°F. for 1 hr. Rockwell F hardness Zhan 0.015 mm. 100 =—— 0.080 mm. In. Rockwell Hardness “é Ball F 60Kg.Load B 100 Kg. Load Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015 mm. — = 0.080 mm. 000 Lb. per Sq.tn. Elongation, Percent in 20 10 0 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 11.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling (0) [2 Sse UD GS YF & YY I (0) | 2° 5 4 .5 (6 st) -SaeoeO B&S Numbers Hard B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 2.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, previ- percentage elongation in 2 in. of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, ously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses Code @) 0.10% yield strength (offset) HH @° 0.20% » | LS @) |_ aa ae Es = - —— NO 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 500 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OMe 2 A 5 G® 7 & fo B&S Numbers Hard Cuanrt 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. 0.080 =—=— 0.080 mm. Grain size 177 mr, y 1300 900 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F ( |Hr at Temp.) CuHartr 5.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) {0.040-in. stock). 1000 1100 1200 0.20% » 0.50% » ol aes eels a Si ee ©© —_ W.0 20.7 294 372 ib 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | 2 $3 4 535 6 F 8B Y W Ul! B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 0.015 mm. =—=— 0.080 mm. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 6.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 136 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 0.10% yield strength (offset) 0.20% » 0.50 % Percent in 2 1n. Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball-F 60 Kg, Load-B 100 Kg. Load Elongation, CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 13500 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. ( 1Hrat Temp.) Cxuart 7.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of bearing percentage elongation in 2 in. of bearing or weatherstrip bronze strip, or weatherstrip bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (90.49 % from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (90.49 % copper, copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). - Ces amie sih SUSE is a 70 50 = Tensile strength a + 2000 PSI. £ £ & 40 = L ) vo" oO a 0 a a zi 30 Ee S = to} D> (E ° iu Tensile Strength in 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 {00 Rockwell Hardness B Yie"Ball 100 Kg. Load yy ey) Fh) 7 OED OSC Rockwell Hardness F Yie"Ball 60 Kg. Load 6 64 67 Tl T4 TT 80 84 87 90 93 Code Q) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » ” (CEs) ie) Rockwell Hardness I5T “ie' Ball 15 Kg. Load 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Ib 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Annealing Temp in Deg.F. (IHr at Temp.) Rockwell Hardness 30T Ye" Ball 30Kg. Load Cuart 9.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of bearing Cxart 10.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- or weatherstrip bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of bearing or weather- (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (90.49% strip bronze strip (90.49 % copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc) when only copper, 0.48 % tin, balance zinc (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. The Tin Brasses 2 137 TABLE 2 CHAIN BRONZE GENERAL Data—Srrip¢ Copper, 87.58%; tin, 0.86%; lead, nil; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft? sRensilerstrenetheipes-i5 (OOOomitted) pean meen etry ye itil erectile er 72-84 39-42 Mloaaitons GA cin) tins ecbacewals ca poe sien oS 6 6 oon > opine eeecmin sb aro orelarc Oe tloectrens Ineo 5 58-48 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. 2.0.0.0... seers eee ees 56-63 9 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................-...22-2555. 61-66 10-11 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted) ........................-- 1s eee eee 65-79 10-11 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................0 0 eee eee 59-72 10-11 Rockwell hardness F, 14,-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................- 2... eee eee 105-109 55-57 Rockwell hardness B, ,-in. ball, 100-kg. load.................. 0... eee eee 84-88 Rockwell hardness G, 1/-in. ball, 150-kg. load.................... 0... eee eee 56-66 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1 ,-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................... 2.2.0.2 eee eee 88-90 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 1/¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load..............................---.05. 73-76 3 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. *6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Annealed at 1400°F. for 1 hr. = 5 _ (ee ee D _U ae ea ee S110 co 100 % 100 90 S FO toy 80 = 0) Cc oO — 70 co ol = 60 a 60 a “o ‘ 20 = 50 may 2) ” 8 40 t 40 Ready to finish grain size tS) BS) ——= 0.015 mm. 3077 Ready +o finish grain size 5 30 N —— 0.080 mm. saps SNL Eis 20 —=— 0.080 mm. = 20 | °C Nike 10 ~ 10 > SS |e alee ‘ § ot | | oe 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 686 ILO 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling QO | Boies Ai h, 2, Ge | Bar Seo Oo | Dein She ae Dies Oe) Meth # Bie $ge 1) B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 11.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 12.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness apparent elastic limit of chain-bronze strip, previously annealed to and percentage elongation in 2 in. of chain-bronze strip, previously two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86% annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (87.58 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 138 000 Lb. per Sq, in. W.0 20.7 224 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OT een oa Eo RO i eae Eo cenlO B& S Numbers Hard. Cuarr 13.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of chain- bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (87.58 % eopper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.100 Code Ready to finish grain si 0.015 mm. —> — (0,8) iinimn. 0.090 0.0 80 0.070 Grain Size in Mm. 9 lo) ww fo) 1000 ]00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 15.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of chain-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zine (0.040-in. stock). 900 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 1.0 20.7 294 372 440 500 55.5 60.5 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by ee - ® 3 4 5 oO Ff & § B®&S Numbers Hard CuHart 14.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of chain- bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Oo | Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —— 0.080 mm. Tersile ,000 Lb. per Sq.In. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F( 1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 16.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of chain-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses ac} : 9) aE Ss Q 2 ee : s be Soo 100 E ee N Rockwell Fhordress | @& 90 | = =| e ° poo, Sa Bee rel . ial Lie io 60 Rockwell B rs > hardness ~~ ial es awe 40 w fo) ine) io) Zi a = a BO [TN LL Peececten | | eer CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hrat Temp.) Cuarr 17.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of chain-bronze strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball-F 60Kg.Load Code @) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% ” eo aah) @) 0.50% ” Ea 7 SSeS ae es 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 19.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of chain- bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduc- tion of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zine (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq.1In. “2 9 B i) (o) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I/00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 18.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of chain- bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc (0.040-in. stock). « Tensile strength +5000 PSL. sd | eg 000 Lb. per $q.In. eee eee , Percent in 2 In. Elongation Tensile Strength in1 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B Yie"Ball 100 Kg. Loa. 57 63 69 74 80 86 91 97 Rockwell Hardness F Vie" Ball 60 Ka. eee 64 67 7l 74 77 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T “%e" Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30T Yie"Ball 30 Kg. Load CHart 20.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of chain-bronze strip (87.58 % copper, 0.86 % tin, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness isknown. It is accur ae for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 6l 140 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 3 PEN METAL GENERAL Dara—Strip? Copper, 83.32%; tin, 1.32%; lead, 0.03%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ Tensile strength, p.s.i. wee omitted): 2 iad cathoarnca teen gaeion piteaee atdeud Rae ne eee ecRA gerne ~ 85-98 43-56 Elongation, % in 2 in. ba Poti esi NETRA Min ea UD coten ena a tr eH aT dS MENON tis Sire Tish fe les 5-3 66-57 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omiiied). bea Le Recnee RN RER TS bch eo AAU eee OER a 62-75 10 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................ 0.0.0. 68-74 12-13 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........ 0.0.0. eee 75-88 12-13 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............. 0... cee eee 67-74 12-13 Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.................... 000s eee ee 108-111 62-64 Rockwell hardness B, 4 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................ 0c eee 88-95 13-17 Rockwell hardness G, 1 ¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load........... 2.0... eee 64-74 Rockwell hardness 15-T, }/,-in. ball, 15-kg. load....................- 00 eee 90-92 65-66 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 g-in. ball, 30-kg. load................................ ae 76-79 24-26 < All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. °6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Annealed at 1300°F. for 1 hr. Apparent elastic lirnit 1,000 Lb.per Sq. In. 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ose oA oid 18). TOO B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 21.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of pen-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zine (0.040-in. stock). PLL eae 5 fe) -_ so ee <110 = a ES | (2) - 100 Rea Rockwell F haraness Ral a Ab | et ++ cS 90h Z| ae S . = 80 ae Rockwell BiRoreEes & =< nN © 70} £ é : = 60 7 8 = é g °° = 0.015 mm. ° 2 ag — — 0.080 mm. Ke) rf = S 3 © 30 c 2 20 iT} g 10 NS Elongation ¥ 8 0 ie [a4 1.0 20.7 29.4 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 nercent Reduction of Area Py Relig Oo | 2 4 5 (0) a RS Sura Hee Cuart 22.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 inches of pen-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses 141 Code (1) 0.10% yield strength. (offset) Bale Jone 11.0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 686 11.0 20.7 29.4 372 440 500 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling (oe | Dunes «4. 5 eh yer 9 10 Oo | 2 3 ~4.-5 6 oF Bey S10 B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 23.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of pen- Cuart 24.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of pene metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (83.32% metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.100 Code i Ready to finish gram size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — =— 0.080mm. Grain size in mm. | 7 Mol Sie ZN ee Tel iis ala e727 a See _ Eva o> Apparent ~ | | este sime | tabs 0.000 Se le ea a 800 900 1000 li 1100 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 [200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (1! Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 25.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- Cuart 26.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and istics of pen-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per apparent elastic limit of pen-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 S&S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (83.32% copper, 1.32% tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 142 Code e Ready to finish grain size 2 0.015 mm. = —— 0.080 mm. Na Se “100 F— op) Le 80 70 - Rockwe// I hardness (op) (o) a fa) Rockwell Hardness ie" Ball—F 60 Kg, Loaol OW oO o oO 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 27.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of pen-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys loo oa [o) Se ic Sans ais Pp u (on) 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In w ro 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 28.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of pen- metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Zo) GBs a nig a 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 29.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of pen- eae strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses Tensile strength- + 2000PS./. Elongation _ t+4% in 2 In. Elongation Percent in 2 in. Tensile Strength in 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “ie” Ball 100 Kg. | Load Sy Gs Ge) 745 i) 8 Si SiS Rockwell Hardness F Vie" Ball 60 Kg. Load 61 64 67 Tl 74 T7 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T Ye’ Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 2) BG 43 bo S/ GO 1) 71 & Rockwell Hardness 30T %e" Ball 30Kg.Load Cxarr 30.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of pen-metal strip (83. 32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. © @ » @» 4) ©) 100 143 (37.2% (20.7% (11.0% (50.0% a7 ace ee oe 4 0.004 0006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch 0 0 0.002 0.010 Cuart 31.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of pen-metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000 lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (83.32 % copper, 1.32 % tin, balance zinc.) Co Cold worked 8B&S Da hard 60.5% reduction (37.2% oT) ; » CTR ° ) » (11.0% » )} 1 (50.0% ) and annealed 1300°F. for | hour © wo So Oo Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. W oO 0 0.002 Strain, 0.004 ae eee ee) Cee 0.006 0.008 0.010 Inches per Inch Cart 32.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain characteristics of pen-metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0. 00001 in. used. copper, 1.32 % “ie, balance zinc.) (83.32 % Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 4 ADMIRALTY METAL GENERAL DatTa—TuBE Copper, 71.34%; tin, 0.97%; lead, nil; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft? ISAS SuREMaUD, TAS, (CHO Gres) oo ccccesacaoocconsscageossopaacn0qg0pac0600R0% 100 53 lon pation 9%. tn 2s esta des ot Seer vaew hylan ese eesne eR emaue bigs eae SER e: a Seen sen eae mera 4 67 Apparent elastic limit} p:s15 (Q0O/omitted)s7- 4954s ee nde ee eee ae 98 18 Rockwell hardness F, g-in. ball, 60-kg. load......................-2s0 eee eee eee Sab 111 67 hounp simodulusiofelasticibyaip SuGee cee eee EE Cee ee eater ECe tern nearer 15,000,000 GENERAL Data—Srrir¢ Copper, 70.37%; tin, 1.01%; lead, 0.02%; iron, 0.01%; zinc, balance Property Hard? Softe sRensiletstren ech ypss-ten OOOO Gte Cl) Beet eet ete eet eee eee ee 88-114 45-48 blongations: Opin 2 Ms sire secre Sort te tetas sen aes eats ons tee iw canna ere raha eae appear ateetee 14 62-69 Apparentielastiesimityp-s-1-)(O00/omitted) pyeeesee eee eee teeter ase 58-73 10-13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i (000 omitted) ........................-..---0-5- 72-74 13-14 Wieldistrenzths 0:2 ¢Z7ottset,yp:s-i9 (O00lomitted) pee neers ee eee ee eee 80-95 13-14 Yield strength, 0:1.% offset, p.s:i (QO0O!omitted).-.-..-..5.2..25..... 525. - se eee 69-82 13-14 Rockwell hardness F, 14 -in. ball, 60-kg. load.................-.0 00 eee e eee eee 109-113 59-60 Rockwell hardness B, }4¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load......................-:...-.502-200-. 90-97 9 Rockwell hardness G, }/g¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load...............-...2--. 020s eee eee eee 66-78 Rockwell superficial 15-T, 14¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load..................-....-..-2--00----- 90-92 64 Rockwell superficial 30-T, 14g-in. ball, 30-kg. load......................---..--.--4--- 76-81 20 Puysicat Data IMeel ting points sys os cscs sehecu cs ge eh a aoe Src catete a2) avis ay Rohe ten be ere ane ph siea anne) cescalons 1G Sree Legeuretthe vel tenes Se eke eee 1715 Mensitye Nos per: Cus Wh tess ee oe ce oy oy Meese geac ed eran payee ys arr ay nev ceai ale aac iene Wile. ea one eC eineta uacr eeaat nee a ee 0.308 Goefficientioftexpansion pers ©atrom) 25) to S005) ser er ae eee eee ee eee eee 0.0000202 Darnell Conch onan, CO OF IMO minGsns osadgqocoocadgoucooccooddssanenecoseenootoendecbooddo 24.65 Thermal conductivity,®” B-.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per “F., 68°F.........................-...---- 64 Specifies eraivatiys sco eis s wdiare eS ce sues ste ey Bape roe eer nace Resa ON ae eC ae era at tC eves we a cee 8.53 AVAILABLE CREEP Dara‘) Previous history: rod hot-rolled to 0.875 in.; cold-drawn to 0.750 in. i] | Stress, p.s.i., required to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. , No measurable Temperature °F. flow 0.01% 0.10% 1.00% 400 10, 000 13,000 19,000 27,000 600 Approaching zero 1,000 1,950 3,800 800 Approaching zero 54 160 500 « Admiralty condenser tube 34 by 0.049 in.—extruded, reduced, and cold-drawn. > Same as footnote a after 900°F. anneal (1 hr.). « All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 246 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. «1200°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature of material described in footnote d). The Tin Brasses Apparent elastic Virmt 1.0 20.7 29.4 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oma! Dit oie AS Br Y 8 9 VW B& S Numbers Hard Cart 33.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of admiralty-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 20.7 29.4 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling @ Zee eos Oui. iBy 19 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 35.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strength of admiralty-metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 %, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 145 Rockwell F hardness| |_| ea ane Se Fe et MANS Soe ess (ZE Z| Rockwe// B hardness d B 100 Kg. Load S 7a a ne e “WAL Hiei (eS 60 = o © 50 0.015 mm. E — — 0.080mm. a Elongation, RS ey ees ize eee LASS 2CEr | 1.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 J 2. 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuarr 34.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of admiralty-metal strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell Hardness /i¢ Ball F 60 Kg. Loa cS) 0 11.0 20.7 29.4 3724.40 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B &S Numbers Hard CuHart 36.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strength of admiralty-metal strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —— 0.080mm. 0,000 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1 Hr: at Temp) CxHart 37.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of admiralty-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). g. Load (oe) 90 BElongation oS —— ee a ee CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 39.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of admiralty-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell Hardness 6" Ball-F 60 Kg. Loadl-B 100K ron) r) Copper and Copper-base Alloys | Satis time | [ys PUt ET Te 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 38.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of admiralty-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code G) 0.10% yield strength (Offset) 1 0.20% 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp in Deg. F. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 40.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of admir- alty-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses £ a ip) L o joe 4 40 So jo) oa 20 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (i Hr. at Temp.) Cart 41.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of admir- alty-metal strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (70.387 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code @) Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (60.5% reduction ) mn (SURG 2 ) mn (ATG x y ) ) Ww 17 4 7 ” » (11.0% 2 { 1 19 6 @m wo So 28 © io) S WwW FP oO wD a (=) (2) Stress, !000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.010 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 43.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of admiralty-metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc.) (0) 0.002 Tensile strength #2000 PS.1. Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strength in 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness BY%e" Ball 100 Kg. Load 57 63 69 74 80 86 91 9T — = - Rockwell Hardness F ie" Ball 60 Kg.Load él 64 67 Tl 74 77 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T ie’ Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell! Hardness 30T Vie"Ball 30Kg.Load Cart 42.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of admiralty-metal strip (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 1 (37.2% » (20.7% ag (11.0% »» (600% annealed 1200°F. For | hour Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq.|n. 0.008 “Strain, Inches per Inch 0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.010 Cuart 44.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of admiralty-metal strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (70.37 % copper, 1.01 % tin, balance zinc.) 148 Copper and Copper-base Alloys ey -- Terssile strength eee 100 £ o to) o > | ia ee ee Rae: 90 | | co : ° CAE - Elongation WY _ 80 ' co & ‘ = =o > 70 E ES S | rr o a t 60 iS) i < a. 5 aS a 20 oe £c a 2 20 © 40 2 t+ S wa ff PEE elastic a to) —~ 3a) = : s3 ln See | oa Lo rs pi ee i ee _! ) 5 OQ 200 400 600 800 1000 oe foo, 1600 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) Annealing Temp.In Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 45.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile Cuart 46.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and strength, percentage reduction of area, and percentage elongation in apparent elastic limit of admiralty condenser tube, previously cold- 2 in. of admiralty-metal rod (70.52 % copper, 1.27 % tin, balance zinc), drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) (71.34% copper, 0.97 % tin, previously cold-worked 35 per cent (reduction of area) according to balance zinc). s W. B. Price“ (rod under 1 in. in diameter). -B100Kg. Load Rockwell Hardness ie" Ball- F 60 Kg. Load CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 47.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of admiralty condenser tube, pre- viously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) (71.34 % copper, 0.97 % tin, balance zinc). The Tin Brasses TABLE 5 ROMAN OR TOBIN BRONZE Copper, 60.00%; tin, 0.74%; iron, 0.04%; lead, trace; zinc, balance Property Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................... 0.00.2 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................2-...022.... Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................. Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................2..-5.. Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................. a ee Tonge atiomGp ame mt Bice lead pee ateete coerce ene sn she | econ Auckeyebewe seh cvaawras Sats He macerated: Vedic tions ofrareal Goss ieees sega we eee yn ce eaauevin Sins Glstaee een selee cial sxcp tl Gane ct aPaabh anes Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................-...-22-:-- es eae Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load........................-2...2..20.. Rockwell hardness B, }¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.......................-.......... Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load.........................22-......... Mod wlustoielasticity.ppislaeeyaes ean eer nae cokers aie tecare ees nope -neis Gua tyres nee ee Weltin egpoint ober era ey eter ere Mar siti Cee asses Geese gtleusantcesbtce eats wee Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C........................2---.0--. Blectricall conductivity, % DeACC:S,) 82h. 22.22.22. -5--2-.-- eases sees Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.............. Wensityail beeper Cus Mrs n)pe tec omey Meet teva ocbsee Se srty Fite ech eeeoeoans avai ake en Seow Hore eran fey GE ris yrs one eS nee fy ay yePoeUs ay cereus Siteae equal (A ete oat Mle eects E [Dtoyrpeatran ee REED MTN rane e eesereteee ronan ace S08 sora gt I onal REG) oe DUES et ie cle ee rene eH PIN DE ESULULCEUING erry: csirens este ney Scie ee a wer ere ete tess Lavo Sectvisasinel Sl neue pease d aaaRe eee @iaieseleede AVAILABLE CrEeEP Data) Previous history: hot-rolled to 0.750-in. rod; average grain size 0.025 mm. & Temperature °F. No measurable Rod Forgings Hard: | Soft® Hot Cold 86 59 59-62 64 69 16 16-20 32 58 22 22-25 35 56 20 19-24 32 60 22 22-25 35 15 48 48-40 40 46 52 50-59 50 27 22 88 78-85 92 84 55 50-55 62 140 89 83-89 98 15,000,000 1635 0.0000214 26.1 70 + 0.304 1250-1450 Excellent Two phase, alpha-beta Stress, p.s.i., required to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. flow 1.00% 300 10,000 21,500 500 Approaching zero 9,400 ¢Refers to rod cold-drawn 30%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. > Refers to 1200°F. anneal (for 1 hr.). ¢Material cold-struck from hot-forged condition. 149 150 Copper and Copper-base Alloys A a elastic limit 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In 0 5 1? 1 20 25 30 35 20 45 80) Percent Reduction in Area Cuarr 48.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Tobin-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % tin, balance zine (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0 10 20 30 A0 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 50.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of Tobin- bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell Hardness B /i6 Ball ]00Kg.Load oO j=) 00 90 Rockwell B Bae Let | eis 0) 70 2 Ae a é Reduction of area Sor Ss © ice) So Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Reduction in Area ine) oO ja a bs ecstatic nial L_| AR Va as |: Nee wie WA ae j | 0 5 (© i 20 25 sd 35 40 4 50) Percent Reduction in Area CuHart 49.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Tobin-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Apparerit PR am CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 Temp. in Deg. F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cart 51.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of Tobin-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % tin, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Tin Reduction of Area = _ {s cy) O o Oo £ N g x e 0 = iS O c 2 uJ =o (Silas Elongation CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Rockwell Hardness V6" Ball-F 60 Kg.Load-B 100 Kg. Load Reduction of Area Cuart 52.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Tobin-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % tin, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 10 ee S haa 3 60 12 2. a =!) 2 _ (oa = : + E Torsional = tt | srenaih NU || © AN ath IN 8 + me NE S Bee tN = 30 6 1) Ac + Oo (€ v0 20 4 £ WY cs) (S © 10 2 Y iS © 100 300 400 500 200 Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 54.—The effect of elevated temperature on the torsional properties of Tobin-bronze rod (59.86 % copper, 0.80 % tin, 0.46 % iron, balance zinc) according to Bregousky and Spring“)22) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Brasses 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0.20% yield strength (offset) ne @B) 0.50 % 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temp. in Deg. F. (1Hr. at Temp.) ” Cuart 53.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Tobin- bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.00 % copper, 0.74 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). £ op WY Cc ich) o Qa eres) qe 39 = F- = cc Cc => = W) ee we ae One ee See ze men o 0-12 35 CU OE + ov ct iS = @ <100 e = © 6-80 = 5 Se FE ce So we is 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 55.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Tobin-bronze rod (60.14 % copper, 0.75 % tin, balance zinc) according to W. B. Price™ (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 152 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 6 NAVAL BRASS GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 59.64%; tin, 0.66%; lead, 0.12%; iron, 0.08%; zinc, balance Rod , Forgings Property Hard? | Soft’ Hot Cold¢ TREMNSS GRENGUD, Sa (TOO @waiiweel)..c.cevscscusvooessesunsvogscveseoconecnscs 86 59 59-62 64 MGMAAUOM, GG TiN BAN, scosonagsovoosvecnsnonoeavecvegoudsescoreascsssaeosnaHe 15 48 48-40 40 Mpparemticlastic Limit pp:stien OOOlommtted) pene sinister eerie 69 16 16-20 32 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.1. (000 omitted).............................. 58 22 22-25 35 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, (p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................ 60 22 22-25 35 Vield strength, O'% offset, p:s. (OOO\omitted) yy se eee 56 20 19-24 35 Reductioncofanea Go aam secs oa ers eects leita rake Ses Reyes ceeuicacr Ese aU sigue 46 52 50-59 50 nduranceplun uaypessen OOOkornit tec) Brersee iit ere eee reat 26 21 Rockwell hardness F, 1{,6-in. ball, 60-kg. load................................... 88 78-85 92 Rockwell hardness B, ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................................. 84 55 50-55 62 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load..................................... 140 89 83-89 98 IModulusiot elasticihy-apiscieme sericea lator ae ore oe eRe Se ace ees meter 15,000,000 Io MAMAS, AD ooo cecscsomoeeoeesnsgc eda sooneonavDesousEOF OnE aDDOICCONES 1250-1450 [Megas OMEN Uaia idan noes La 6 cine 6 Rice Mo RIOR MA Ms olen emo co NG. Lis Rotten ee aueb oe Excellent TNO AWAD. cootocomu toute ede soe 7555 ou SoS oKED OED NGOD ITHACA aM GN G9: Two phase, alpha-beta GENERAL DatTa—Srrip? Copper, 61.51%; zinc, balance; tin, 0.57%; lead, 0.08%; iron, trace Property Hard* Soft’ FRensileystren eth saps seiem (OUOKO TLE te cl) perenne eterna eee ea 96-103 58 IGRI, GG Ma Bin, casooodadacacgdoeouenge ator en onoseso coves sagegeducras90005 200 3-4 33-40 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. 22.2.2... esse eee ee 69-75 15-17 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................... 70-73 19-22 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).........................-.---.-20055- 86-87 19-22 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).........................:.2.--..-..5- 76-79 19-22 Rockwell hardness F, }{,-in. ball, 60-kg. load....................... 0... e eee 111-112 80 Rockwelluhardness! Ba 4i¢-1ns ball OO kp zelosdlyer eels sere een eet 94-95 44-46 Rockwellohandmessh Grepeq girly bel aes Oma ea Glee eee eee eee ere 73-74 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1/¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load..................................... 91-92 75-76 Rockwell hardness 30-1, }g-in. ball, 30-kg. load..................................... 79 46-47 NVounersmodulusroimelasticii yay ols: leet etait tet tiie htt et tite ee ere ee 15,000,000 Puysican Dara IMIgNinne TOM, AP coo no opcacccdocresnapabcoo ss eeec oud ogcON Dod sOUOd Od EDOODISOadoOdODgOOOGNRAADONS 1640 Woefiicientiomexpansion per © rome25—3 005 Ope erent eerie eee 0. 0000214 keCineall concernant) G% WAAC, GE so csc0 nc ccocd cedar oso soos n doc cosocosascDSDC ODODE OSUECOOSE 25.8 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.........-.. 2.0... ess seers 68 DWreastiy, Woy WAP Gls TM, son acoonecsood aceon oevscoaeogDeoDOUODOD GOON CoUDeOUREDEDODEGODODO SOOO DOCS 0.304 « Refers to rod cold-drawn 28%; rod under 1 in. in diameter only—ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. 6 Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-struck from forged condition. @ All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. ¢6 B. & S.Nos., hard, 0.080—-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote c. The Tin Brasses omen ese aa peo eee S.ap2== Pacer nn pe Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm —=— (0.080 mm. foe} So a ww Oo oO 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. iN l=) GN So ie) oO oO 10 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 56.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Government naval-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Oo | 2 1.000 Lb. per Sq.In © 010% yield strength (offset) @ 02% ~ ” 11.0 20:7 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2 86 4&4 5 G 7 & YF B&S Numbers Hard Cart 58.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Government naval-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 153 Bee Percent in 2 In. Se 11.0 20.7 29.4 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0) || 2B 8 & 8 © FY B F 1 Band S Numbers Hard Cuart 57.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Government naval-brass strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). BRE Rockwell Hardness M6" Ball-F 60 Kg, Load-B 100 Kg. Load 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. qd) 0.10% yield strength @ 0.20% ” ” 110 20.7 294 372 440 500 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 i 2. 3 4 +5 OQ 7 8 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 59.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Government naval-brass strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.080 Code 0.015 mm. —— 0.080 mm. 0.060 0.040 0.020 900 1000 N00 1200 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr at Temp.) 1300 CuHart 60.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of Government naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51% copper, 0.57% tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation, Percent in 2 in. Rockwell Hardness Vie" Ball-F 60 Kg. Load- B 100 kg. Load CD 400 500 600 700 I 900 1000 1100 ne i Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 62.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Government naval-brass strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. >— = ERreeesscs CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 61.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Government naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr.at Temp.) Cxart 63.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Govern- ment naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Brasses 155 0.10% yield strength (offset) Tensile strength + 3000 PSL x Flongation tess ae in. 2.1. te es -Tensile Strength in 1000 Lb. per Sq.In Elongation Percent in 2 In. oI oS 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Oe i 100 Rockwell ardness B Mie" Ball “too Kg. load 80 86. 1 97 = Rockwell Hardness F Vie" Ball. 60 Kg. hee TA TT 80 84 87 90 93 0 - Rockwell Hardness 15-1 46" Ball 15 Kg. Load 0 400 500 600 700 800 900: 1000 1100 1200 1300 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F. (1H at Temp.) Rockwell Hardness 30-T 46" Ball 30 Kg.Load Cart 64.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Govern- Cuart 65.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- ment naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of Government naval- cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (61:51 % copper, _ brass strip (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) when only Rock- 0.57 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). well hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (60.57%ored. » (372% ») © @) G) » (20.7 To ® ® ” » (372% ») » (2077 ») » (IL0%o ” Stress, 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Stress, 000 Lb. per Sq.In. (0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 (0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Strain, Inches per In. Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 66.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- CuHart 67.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of Government naval-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having aready- istics of Government navyal-brass strip (0.040 in. thick) having a to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to used. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc.) 0.00001 in. used. (61.51 % copper, 0.57 % tin, balance zinc.) 156 Copper and Copper-base Alloys FST [a is PP ea a eS ee ee Es eae eS Baal Termsile strength 40 ,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 eee Reduction in Area Cuart 68.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Government naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64% copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zine (rod under 1 in. in diameter). aa Coe 20 30 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 70.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of Government naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell B hardness Rockwell Hardness B “ie Ball 100 Kg. Load + in 2In Percent Reduction of ared Cl wam =... PBR n 2 Perce in Area gation, ction 20 cs NS) 10 Lu Oe fo Oo 5 1) Ib wo we 30) 3) Ho) 45 50) Percent Reduction in Area Cuart 69.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Government naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). : EEE Hee ee! CD .400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 Annealing Temperature in Deg.F (IHr. at Temp) CuHanrt 71.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of Government naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 28 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). —— The Tin Brasses a Teas Rockwell F hardness ie _|__aa eee ees FA ay | | ot Pockwell B hardress 60 Reduction, of area W Percent Rockwell Hardness V6 Ball F 60Kg.Load B 100 Kg.Load “i So in [o) ) E nN JE ae iS 9 cs) L o at Ee 2) ae Le} ie) (= 2 in jo) y) L < gh 12) c =o = iS) =) ae) iS) o& CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature, Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 72.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of Govern- ment naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 28 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). L 8 3 hs a§ NX! £S + O& Reduction-7 of area Tensile Strength in |,000Lb. pe Elongation, Percen Reduction of Area, 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Temperature, Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 74.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Government naval-brass rod, previously cold-worked 28 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Nae a. _—— CG) 0.20 %o ase ee (offset) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1!I00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cart 73.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Govern- ment naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 28 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.64 % copper, 0.66 % tin, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Tensile Strength in 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 40 4| 42 43 A4 AS Shear Strength, !000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cuart 75.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of Government naval brass (60% copper, 0.75 % tin, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %. 158 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 7 HARD NAVAL BRASS GENERAL DatTa—Serrie* Copper, 61.50%; tin, 0.75%; lead, 0.20%; iron, trace; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ Rares Sawa, HE (COO Orange) ovocaaonmeriosocbaddbonnvonnsedvaenssessewaobneave 96-103 58 1D) eyeverN nloyatge Gah ape tah oie enews ere cara cy: yaa ie nip as OIG Ee eicla ci cin Sh Ie EG oem Bee eis 3-4 3340 AARNE GASME lean, YS, (OOO CAMA) vo paoseangaocscorececersssosdvnesusgavoecse _ 69-75 15-17 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...:............................... 70-71 20-22 Wielel sma, O96 Oia, uss (TNO Ganwiiiee)) oc soccccocascnccacauceesecauenesoocucs 85-87 20-22 Yale! quraaauin, O16 OLEH, st. (CLO OmTanec))scosssccbeoccenogoanssoscaessanueascce 78-79 20-22 Rockwelluhardness! Ee 7¢-ins ball 36 0=k eal oa demeanor erie errs ieee ae 111-112 80 Rockwell hardness B, },-in. ball, 100-kg-load................................. Roan 94-95 44-46 Rodagrall laarciness CG, Vissi, loll, Wo, OAC oc cnc coon osacasoonouvoocanesontsenes 73-74 Rockwellhardnessplo—iltserfe » 20 2 5 ys i ae ee v 10 10 2) ES Apa aa 'o ——_| CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1\I00 1200 1300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 !200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F(iHrat Temp) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 82.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and CuHart 83.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of hard- percentage elongation in 2 in. of hard-naval-brass strip, previously naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (61.50% copper, different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.50 % copper, 0.75% tin, 0.75% tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). balance zine (0.040-in. stock). ae 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F( 1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 84.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of hard-naval-brass strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (61.50 % copper, 0.75 % tin, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation Percent in 2In. Tensile Strength,|000 Lb. per Sq.In., Cuart 85.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of hard-naval-brass strip (61.50 % copper, 0.75 % tin, balance zinc) when only Rockwell The Tin Brasses Tensile strength LIL 5 5000 (PSI 40 50 60 710 is 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “6 Ball 100 Kg, Load 80 86 91 97 ‘ = = = Rockwell Hardness F Vie Ball 60 Kg. Load 74 TI 80 84. 87 70 9s Rockwell Hardness I5T “6 Ball 15 Kg. Load 43 50 57 64 10 76 82 40 4| Rockwell Hardness 307 “e' Ball 30 Kg. Load hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. TABLE 8 NAVAL BRASS—LOW LEAD tensile strength is known. 42 Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sg. In. Cuart 86.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of hard naval brass (61% copper, 0.75% tin, balance zinc) when Accurate to +5 %.‘86) Copper, 60.95%; tin, 1.03%; lead, 0.39%; iron, 0.02%; zinc, balance 44 45 Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Elongation, % in 2 in Reduction of area, % Rockwell hardness F, 14,-in. ball, 60-kg. load Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load Melting point, °F Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C Electrical conductivity,°” % I.A.C.S., 68°F Density, lb.-per cu. in Forging range, °F Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Cold¢ SOI ENE TEE Os CR ER ECR eens CPOE ROSE eC ese 86 63 55-60 63 DiS ChE OC Ra OTC E Me Baten arn Rene Re REE ete Reet a 55 21 14-20 29 Ba eke) Ra ee ac as TS ee REI 59 26 20-24 37 De aaah aan eer alo eee teee tenes ETE 73 26 19-23 39 aeons Si Favactpee O15 Gee a em cee Gea esis 65 26 16-22 35 BOC ODOR CIO ere eee OIC ane Chale acces ornate eC rere ree 10 35 40-45 34 Seed Ree ORG OMe SE EE CICA ER UCR ec oaeaeeR 35 50 45-50 45 FORENAME a: errata’ xR eS ect 102 90 82-87 93 Rockwell hardness B, 1/¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................-.....--.. 82 55 49-52 63 Sac cepa acdsee ta MN TN ae Sea mene rehaie 135 89 82-85 99 NModulustotrelasticityatptstiter seat sie dee cs ae ce ee nace nes LiGiaeyeie cia iusls 15,000,000 SSS SSL OcO58 DITO OR NCES CN ORME RI rer eA oer a an 1635 . Boe er eroty om thao Bernini o mae een eee 0.0000214 EROS RE TIO Ish te RN STREP osen eed age 25.8 Thermal conductivity,” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per “F., 68°F............ SO rete eeostenere Birches ete eae earl aul aenanney vewcuen meinen tanita eer wodenacece 0.305 a Archana HiRio alco ig Sees cl eh otro nate Sra caster ect ene 1250-1450 SP Per RM wc Reena att see hee Me RaHNMeE Gua ey cir MR omar acetates evans ate Excellent Forging quality Type structure « Refers to rod cold-drawn 30%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. ® Refers to 800°F. anneal (1 hr.). e Material cold-struck from forged condition. Two phase, alpha-beta 162 Copper and Copper-base Alloys ® ae al | ToT ta) fo) = L ) S foay 0} 8 90 a Rockwell B hardness on 80 x + S Es . 70 L nw E £ = ye ra) eo o 60 is3) + £ WY =o = 2 < me vw 50 om) o % ue & | . iS) 5 40 -£ eae mo} ie) iS) G Sc S 30 ac £0 — = OF 20 g PS 3 (ome) = = Ww 10 RQ Li & & 0 Ext- 10 20 30 40 50 Extr 10 20 30 40 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 87.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and Cuart 88.—The effect of cold drawing on.the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of low-lead naval-brass rod, previously annealed percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of low- to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.89 % lead, lead naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.39 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 70 D o 000 Lb. per Sq. In. uu ro) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. iN ro) 30 20 10 0) Extr 10 20 30 40 50 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 89.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of low- CuHarr 90.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent lead naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. elastic limit, and grain size of low-lead naval-brass rod, previously (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.39% lead, balance zinc) (rod under cold-drawn 28 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain 1 in. in diameter). size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03'% tin, 0.389 % lead balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Tin Brasses 163 me) ie) (o} = o Sz (2) S (2a) me) le) = ¢ L 2 fo) Op oO 7) Te ee he = eS a fea) m2 S = Bal 3 %) i oS (eo) o OR) ° (= OE = 2 wes ie} eee fe) xr el = Be Flongation [| 20 CO) 0.20% vee ets roa 3 Y oss) pee es Menon: ae Oo ay) & in G) 050% » CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F( 1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 91.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, CuHart 92.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of low- percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of lead naval brass rod, previously cold-drawn 28 per cent (reduction of low-lead naval brass rod, previously cold drawn 28 per cent (reduction area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95% 1.03 % tin, 0.39 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). copper, 1.03% tin, 0.39% lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). TABLE 9 MEDIUM-LEADED NAVAL BRASS Copper, 60.95%; tin, 1.03%; lead, 0.72%; iron, 0.02%; zinc, balance Rod Property Hard* Soft? Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).. Slee oS hace Bea eRe CC eee Ric OES Sen aoe 86 63 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 amined). 2 Gt cath hcl en NC WNP Ree EA ae te oor ho eas | 55 21 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 anietiea). BR aT Mees eed AMT Sra secs dete || 59 26 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (O00 omitted).................................. Bs 73 26 Yield strength, 0.1% aie, Drsat-n(OOOiomitted) Pees eae ee tele SANS. 62 26 IBV oraverenrianay, OG) atta 7) hale Side cad ened cre esate ek rem act chete tel Seedrane EOS ek Oe Ouest ee eae ee 10 35 FRVECIIC PONMOLP ATCA kOAPe mmrmet esterase ee asie aon ysestanet use Greuep ache ere aes WAU Rte ert zctae 35 50 Rockwell hardness F, 1 pic ball VG OEke wil oad yrs oe cic ster Sete eee movers laid orset teats 102 90 Rockwell hardness B, 14,-in. ball, 100-kg. load..................................... 82 55 Israel Inemohaass, Oar, Jopilll, GO, Iolo ooacashacacsdcdauss040aso4annscucseqgeue 135 89 Modullusrotvelasticitiysppisel ace race cscnciinintace ee edaera cere: ee SeatlseriS|ine ealia wade ves syn cual = ais 15,000,000 Vielitin ce polritape Hamam RDU NE Cnet cir e Lies CM ep Nan aa ch Oa UMMM re aalig Roe lance led 1635 Coekicientioizexpansion sper ©atrome25—300" Cane nne aera ener tae 0.0000214 Decrweall concieunnnig7, OP OF WINCH, GIAMs cccccoonsoccccnussdncscodkasuoudacaucds 25.8 Thermal conductivity,‘ B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................. 68 ID ENS y aml oma CL CUNBINE eee rw cater pai econ tala suey mtiie 1a tegen toed Wee fetete tres GP deerne ena) oes fence 0.306 PSV DESUEUC DUNE meso re M Nec rer enn ae tiene eS tata a Nlas Saucy tsi Gye detenrar eta cpcyinceeeraveRslaes a Se Two phase, alpha-beta @ Refers to rod cold-drawn 30 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. » Refers to 800°F. anneal (1 hr.). Copper and Copper-base Alloys d 100 Tersile strength ae i aed | sete a 000 Lb. per Sq, In. Extr: 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 93.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of medium-leaded naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). So eras a7 (ea? ble TA & 50 o (Va) 5 40 [au a) =i © 30 oO S Code 20 G) 0.20% yield strength (offset) (2) 0.10% » ed A Go) 10 G) 0.50% » ” (extension) eye eee a ea Extn 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 95.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of medium-leaded naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). oe | eee mae | | —}—- Reduction of areq ieee Baus! a N | Flongation Semi (CEC i 0 30 40 Extr 10 2 ie) fo) = on) x eee be) S(O et eat © 100 oe Sri aac | © 80 _ 9 Bale Rockwell B hardness 3 ua) © Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Reduction of Area in Percent Rockwell Hardness UO ro) 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuart 94.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of medium-leaded naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 0.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). AN Apparent elastic limit ie : | (a 20 na [ paa=a 000 Lb. per Sq.in. b oO CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !I00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1Hr at Temp.) CuHart 96.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of medium-leaded naval-brass rod, previ- ously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Tin Brasses 165 me} 5 fo) —) Zi10 (e} S100 (va) LN Rockwell F hardness Meas =| . - 80 a g sort aes +| & © 70 o he zZ Pa sleet 5 60 a a jaa) E Z) =o o— | (oe) x 50 3 o 5 o S na Ook ae S 40 es so 6 Code eG 30 6 5 Q) 0.207% yield strength (offset) tee — at ” ? 3 20 : G (2) 0.10 %o , me) ) 0.50 Yo 8 10 roe G) a) ’ €D 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CD 400 500 600 700 800 9700 1000 I\00 !200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F ( 1Hrat Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr at Temp.) Cart 97.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- Cuanrt 98.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of medium- centage elongation in 2 in., percentage reduction of area of medium- leaded naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of leaded naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (60.95 % copper, 1.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1.03 % tin, 0.72 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). TABLE 10 HIGH-LEADED NAVAL BRASS Copper, 59.66%; tin, 1.02%; lead, 2.06%; iron, 0.05%; zinc, balance SS EE Rod Property Hard¢ Soft? Mlensilemstrenrthesp ssi" O00 lom ited) pease eens ee eee 88 58 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................-...+---+-2-++2+2-20-5--- 57 21 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................--- 22.2205 - eee. 59 26 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.si. (000 omitted)........................-...22.22-55-- 73 25 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................--- 25205: 62 24 Tariana, OG ht) Hinson aon asn org dolar mee s6 Soca be doe eere.g alviale aie as cians ed eben oe 9 29 IRacnorlomn G? EAN. Bocdsdsarocencdvocy guesvobsmosoecos saeeasban nen dancnuquin Amn ait. 25 30 Rockwell hardness F, 14 g-in. ball, 60-kg. load...................... 2222s sees sees 103 89 Rockwell hardness B, 14 ,-in. ball, 100-kg. load..................2.-...... 222s ses eee. 89 54 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load................-...0. 02s sees ‘ 154 87 Mocning OF Glsmelny, El. occ oconscpebop Reser odosneoocnododoncosausenpedeounuued 15,000,000 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C....................------..52- 5202s 0.0000214 IMighkiiae foot, AM, oogeesace sceseeuposuenooscoocsdcdosEsuuaocdondebuaaecnnea BDO rE 1640 Blectrical conductivity, @ 9% D-Av@:S!, 68cR........-.....5.--:...-....:.----.---::- 25.8 Thermal conductivity, °” B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................. 68 IDEM, 1dp OEP CULiiNs oon cadre oobdmabdenmbisonines Se obiae > ohe woe oomamamigan oma DP oo 0.306 FIky Pers brale LUTE SHy yates eet ey tepaeicra taste SA caae music Rural ae ee. eceea leas aprile shaemicy te Two phase, alpha-beta ee EEE eee « Refers to rod cold-drawn 30 %; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.025 mm. 6 Refers to anneal at 1000°F. for 1 hr. 000 Lb, per Sq. In. 0 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 99.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of high-lead naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in, in diameter). 000 Lb. per Sq.In. Code CG) 0.20% yield strength (offset) ) 10 20 30 —40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 101—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of high-lead naval-brass rod, prev ipualy, annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys d- B 100Kg. Load 16 Ball F 60 Kg. Loa wt | Reduction of Area in Percent Percent Elongation in 2 In. Flongation Rockwell Hardness (0) ‘0 20 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 100.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of high-lead naval-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Grain size 17) Tr? ama Ss Ye jon Oean A LT Termsile scene a 30 20 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 102.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of high-lead naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameteér). The Tin Brasses Rockwell B hardness Rockwell Hardness /é Ball F 60 Kg.Load,B 100 Kg. Load ments Ss Sc aa Bh ese ee gation, Zrongaton | Elon CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CxHartr 103.—The effect of annealing in the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of high-lead naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Tensile Strength, [000 Lb. per Sq. In. NE Ey 36 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Code C) 0.20% yield strength(offset) CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 104.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of high- lead naval-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (59.66 % copper, 1.02 % tin, 2.06 % lead, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Shear ces lo00Lb ee a In. Cuart 105.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of high-leaded naval brass (60 % copper, 1.00 % tin, 2.00 % lead, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.(88 168 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 11 MANGANESE BRONZE Copper, 58.64%; iron, 1.13%; tin, 0.75%; manganese, 0.02%; zinc, balance Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................... Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)... Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.1. (000 cmmiied).. Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........... Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...... Elongation, % in 2 in. ng : Reduction of area, %.. Rockwell hardness F, K oa. ibe, 60- le. LOADS ee ee esgaceeiee Rockwell hardness B, 14 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................-..2.... Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load................ Modulustotmelasticity~ip:s:lnnaeeeeeeeeoneeo eee oer Electrical conductivity,“ % I.A.C.S., 68°F.............. Thermal conductivity, ° B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.......... Density, dbs peniGus Um yeeetiorc oes Parse coenvaa ris ast eerebategee Moreing rane esp eh was staeras cece canner les mle teats cea ieci Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft’ Hot Cold ARO aA Te eee 90 65 64-67 68 Te USA Ele pHs eC Pe 65 22 17-27 35 ARLE E ect cetcn in ie tate 65 27 27-47 35 sete aiase Gadd OReO a 8 costo Bare 65 28 22-50 40 MNS AMER AS cashes 55 24 18-45 29 se Nee tec. ieee or are aaa 10 35 25-40 40 Reet re ere sepa Cates eG tar Gites Ra cra 20 48 45-50 65 suite ssa ceayciacn tata 93 92-100 93 86 64 64-75 64 Sere a Nee NO eer ae 145 101 101-120 101 Pea ceisdiverte Bist Gteaatoga ae ea 15,000,000 wherein eect tos Brats 23.6 58 Gucci abenttec aol beterr Pare gs 0.302 OM terre Neier a fee 1250-1450 ophisdigge Riese waa as cene Excellent Rorging qualityn) me) Vv Oe Rockwell Hardness B “ie Ball 100 Kg. Load g Oo 5 0 Ib Wo) BD 30 sh 40 wb bf) Percent Reduction in Area Cuart 107.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of manganese-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75 % tin, 0.02 % manganese, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Tin Brasses Q 10 20 30 40 50 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 108.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of manganese-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75 % tin, 0.02 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). So fo) to) Ball, F60 Kg. Load, B 100 Kg. Load So} ro) 80 70 60 S 59 Yn o = 40 ao. 2 30 > 20 2 ae 8 10 [o fo) CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature, Deg.F (Hr at Temp) Cart 110.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of manganese-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75 % tin, 0.02 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Apparent elastic limit 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 Temperature Deg.F. (1Hr.at Temp.) Cart 109.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, and apparent elastic limit, of manganese-bronze rod, previously cold- drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75% tin, 0.02% manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 60 50 £ o 40 Ve) = a S 30 GB) fo) be] S == 20 Code @ 0.20% yield strength (offset) 10 a (extension iS) See ci fo) QO 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature, Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) Cuanrt 111.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of man- ganese-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75 % tin, 0.02 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 170 . Copper and Copper-base Alloys a Reduction 5 [aN B.t.u. /Ft2/Hr / F.o/ Fr Elongation, Percent in Z In. Reduction of Area, Percent Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 QO 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Temperature in Deg. F. Temperature, Deg.F (!Hrat Temp.) CHart 112.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile Cuart 113.—The effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of of a manganese bronze (60.70 % copper, 0.50 % tin, 0.30 % manganese, area of manganese-bronze rod, previously cold-worked 30 per cent balance zinc) according to Griffiths and Schoefield. (29) (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.025 mm. (58.64 % copper, 1.13 % iron, 0.75 % tin, 0.02 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 75 ~ (2) Dp Ol Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cart 114.—Conversion chart for determination of shear strength of manganese bronze (58.50 % copper, 0.75 % tin, 1.25 % iron, balance zinc) when tensile strength is known. Accurate to +5 %.‘8® The Tin Brasses 171 TABLE 12 MODIFIED MANGANESE BRONZE GENERAL DatTa—Srrip? Copper, 61.51%; tin, 0.47%; lead, 0.08%; iron, 0.10%; manganese, 0.05%; zinc, balance | Property | Hard? Soft¢ shensileystreng thy pss OO0lomitted) keener an eaenn arian eee eo cir 96-102 58 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................, 00.00 69-75 15-17 Eilon cai GOTO pat 2 lM are pope sere ie eratere Nokes a ceret ce aah Pie clo s2Sin mi comune as al.) apateens Cac taryrg ty saansie es 3-4 33-40 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................2.....00.2.. 69-71 19-22 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................22.....5. 85-88 19-22 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..........................0.....022... 74-17 19-22 Rockwell hardness F, 4 -in. ball, 60-kg. load...................... 2200s | 111-112 80 Rockwell hardness B, }4¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.........................2..-02--205-. 94-95 44-46 Rockwell hardness G, g-in. ball, 150-kg. load....................2....02..0..0..0.. | 73-74 Rockwell hardness 15-T, }¥,-in. ball, 15-kg. load..........................2...002200.. 91-92 75-76 Rockwell hardness 30-T, }/,-in. ball, 30-kg. load...............................2..... | 79 467 ounpzspmodulusjofelasticitys sp snes ae ae on ade aos se aca aes eee ee 15,000,000 Mel tinea untee oy ors rs ete ausaleleb cect speteut eam tal eda ae datsvnrd ces e! vod dde too Ghaichady Mae SMR aes 1645 Density Aplrmp era Cuan sepacwr mhccrte claves, aac a Ede fo. tt Don nyse gis ee gis Geode etme 0.304 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-800°C.................... 20020000 eee eee 0.0000214 Bizomcall conchounminn Yo WACOSS, OAS ococscoopeboccavuounscuuesn te acscubopoagne 24.9 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 68 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 66 B. & S. Nos., 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote a. 000 Lb. per Sq,.|n. WO 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ont 2g Ae! 5 6 7 B®&S Numbers Hard CuHanrt 115.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 mm. and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in stock). 8 9 10 70 Ball F 60 Kg, Load B 100Kg.Load " 16 Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. NSCOR ECE H.0 207 294 372 440 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | Vd 3 4 5) 6 it 8 & B&S Numbers Hard CuHart 116.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwell Hardness ! 10 172 Code @) Q10% yield strength (offset) ear) (extension) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. NWO 207 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 60.5 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 23 5 4 GO YF 8 F 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuarr 117.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (\Hr at Temp.) Cart 119.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Grain Size in Mm. Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code G) 0.10 %o yield strength (offset) ~ @) 0.2070 » ”» (offset) G) 050% » @) Me W.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 605 648 Me Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OO 2. 3 Ae bis Gh air. 9 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 118.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). (extension) ) 100 2) S o So Da wn Ss & hb (f=) 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. Sa] ° Ww oO Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. 1000 1100 1200 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F(1Hr at Temp.) Cart 120.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing characteris- tics of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51% copper, 0.47% tin, 0.15% iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 900 The Tin Brasses Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. Re NGG sat cia NN Rockwell F hardness ro) Eo il le dh le ie |e 20 («(O oo LE fos) ie) wo DD oa oO Rockwell Hardness ¢ Ball F 60 Kg. Load~- B 100 kg. Load — is) Sen sctne == =—— w +b So So ey Elongation ast _eV aSeaene CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CHart 121.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of modified manganese-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 8 Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Code 0.1070 yield strength (offset) Tensile Strength, |000Lb. per Sq.In., Elongation, Percentin 2In 000 Lb. per Sq, In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) Cart 123.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of modi- fied manganese-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (61.51 % Bn 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code CG) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20%. » G) 050% » Cm} (extension) 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (| Hr at Temp.) Cuart 122.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of modi- fied manganese-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (61.51 % copper, 0.47 % tin, 0.15 % iron and manganese, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). rS) Tensile strength * 5000 PS.1. D> way & 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B /ie" Ball 100 Kg. Load 80 86 9] Stake ts - - Rockwell Hardness F Yi6 Ball 60 Kg. Load 14 71 80 B4 BT 90 B Rockwell Hardness I5T /é Ball 15 Kg. Load 43 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30T ie Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 124.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of modified man- ganese-bronze strip (61.51% copper, 0.47% tin, 0.15% iron and manganese, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknegzses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 174 Copper and Copper-base Alloys LLRs Veena DN Gevrera sever 2 Omnia ~~ Y ON eee 50 NY —=15x10° 2100 See s IS [o) LASS eo 40 S ~ BX10&= 80 eases tic Limit, 3 CI [retest IN 3 Elongation, Percen & Brinell Hardness Number o 50 IX Ce ; Saar aNe 9x10&c 40 [| (| SEDagaAN. EL qo wonsetion | | NN “e) 90 Ry Ede) Modulus of Elasticity, Lb. per Sq Torsional Strength and Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb. per Sq,In. : eer ne: 3 NOwe — c 10 : aS 2 Fs 0) 200 300 400 500 600 Oo 200 400 600 800 rome ies in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp.) Temperature in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 125.—Effect of elevated temperature on tomoan properties Cuart 126.—Effect of elevated temperature on the tensile proper- of Parson’s manganese bronze (59.58 % copper, 1.22 % iron, 0.64% tin, ties and Brinell hardness of a cold-worked manganese bronze (56.91 % 0.34 % aluminum, balance zinc) according to Bregousky and Spring.®22)__ copper, 0.75 % tin, 0.19 % manganese, 0.82 % iron, 0.66 % lead, 0.18 % aluminum, 0.21 % nickel) according to Lea. (912-13) fo) oO Torsiona 1S] [o) in Turns 5 | Total Twist ° Torsional Strength and Elastic Limit, 000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Temperature, Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuanrt 127.—Effect of elevated temperature on torsional properties of delta metal (56.56 % copper 2.40 % iron, 0.76 % tin, 0.56 % lead, 0.004 % phosphorus) according to Bregousky and Spring.‘%22) CHAPTER V THE SPECIAL BRASSES Many special or modified brasses have been devel- oped to meet specific requirements. Nickel has been added to produce desirable color characteristics, alumi- num to improve corrosion-resisting properties, silicon to improve hot-working properties and to increase tensile properties and electrical resistivity. Arsenic has been added in more than trace amounts to improve tensile strength and corrosion resistance. The more important of the special brasses are 1. The nickel brasses. 2. Aluminum brass. 3. Silicon brass. 4. Arsenical brass. NICKEL BRASSES There is a wide commercial range of alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc used primarily because of their color characteristics. ‘These alloys are known commonly as the “nickel silvers” or “‘German silvers.’”’ A complete discussion of the properties of these alloys will be found in Chap. VI under Nickel Silvers. ALUMINUM BRASS In 1928 in the Eighth Report of the Corrosion Com- mittee of the British Non-ferrous Research Association®”, data are given on an aluminum brass containing 76 per cent of copper, 2 per cent of aluminum, and the balance zine. This alloy was developed specifically as a con- denser-tube material for use under conditions of high water velocity. Experimental evidence developed at that time indicated that it possessed unusually good resistance to the type of attack known as “‘impinge- ment.”’ Practical experience since that time with mil- lions of pounds has thoroughly substantiated the original conclusion. This aluminum brass was introduced to the United States about 1930. Since that time an increasingly large amount of this alloy in the form of condenser tubes has been consumed annually by the heat exchanger industry. It has been determined that the inclusion of 2 per cent of aluminum with 77 per cent of copper pro- duced an alloy with mechanical and structural properties closely approximating 70-30 brass. It further had been proved that the aluminum conferred on the brass the property of forming quickly when exposed to corrosive media such as salt or brackish water, a highly protective film that was tenacious, impervious, and self-healing. Aluminum-brass condenser tubes are used extensively in this country for handling salt or brackish waters in both stationary and marine condensers where cooling water velocities are high. In the development of this alloy it was found desirable to maintain an arsenic content of from 0.02 to 0.05 per cent. The function of the arsenic is to prevent dezincifi- cation particularly during stand-by periods. Since arsenic acts as an oxygen carrier, the presence of the above amount in aluminum brass also renders it more resistant to pitting as a consequence of oxygen-concen- tration cell action. A summarization of mechanical properties and the most important physical properties may be found in Table 1. Complete mechanical properties in the annealed and at elevated temperatures may be found on page 177. SILICON BRASSES An investigation on the effect of silicon on copper-zine alloys containing up to 70 per cent of copper was first made by Guillet in 1909. He determined that 1 per cent of silicon exercised as much effect structurally as 10 per cent of zine. Although his work indicated that there were many interesting alloys possible, there was little if any commercial interest shown in the silicon brasses until about 1935. With the development of refrigeration, particularly as it pertained to domestic installations, a need arose for a material of moderate cost, which could be fabri- cated economically, would possess reasonably good cor- rosion resistance, and could be spot- or seam-welded. After considerable experimental effort, on the part of both metal fabricators and refrigerator manufacturers, two silicon brasses were developed. These alloys are the only ones in commercial use today. One of these contains 77 per cent of copper, 1 per cent of silicon, and the balance zinc; the other contains 70 per cent of copper, 0.50 per cent of silicon, and the balance zinc. The higher copper-silicon brass has been the most popular since it possesses physical properties and spot- and seam-welding characteristics very closely approxi- mating those of the silicon coppers, which in turn, by reason of their low electrical conductivity, approach the performance of mild steel.?° More recently, primarily because of economic reasons, the lower copper-silicon brass has been used more exten- sively in the manufacture of evaporators for refrigerators. Both of these alloys possess better hot-working prop- erties than equivalent copper-zince alloys and, in addition, are nearly as plastic in the cold condition as their copper- zine alloy counterpart. These two alloys are usually supplied in sheet and strip form. Because of the pres- ence of the silicon, specialized methods for cleaning or removing oxide scales, produced during annealing oper- 175 176 ations, are necessary in order to obtain a surface suitable for most welding. A summarization of mechanical properties and the more important physical properties may be found in Tables 2 and 3. Detailed mechanical properties of the silicon brasses may be found in Charts 4 to 27 on pages 178 to 185. ARSENICAL BRASS Within the past several years there has been developed an alloy of copper and zinc in the alpha and beta range, modified with 2 per cent of nickel, 1.25 per cent of iron, and 0.60 per cent of arsenic. Lead is present to improve machinability. This alloy is known as “‘arsenical brass”’ Copper and Copper-base Alloys and finds wide application in the manufacture of valve stems. It has excellent wear-resisting properties and, by reason of its arsenic content, it is much more resistant to failure by dezincification than arsenic-free alloys in the same composition range. In addition, the presence of the arsenic greatly improves the mechanical properties. Arsenical brass has excellent hot-working properties and can be cold-worked lightly. Owing to its lead con- tent, its machinability is about 75 per cent that of free- cutting brass. Its more important physical properties and its general mechanical properties may be found in Table 4 on page 186. Detailed data on the effect of cold drawing and various annealing treatments are given in Charts 28 to 39 on pages 186 to 189. TABLE 1 ALUMINUM BRASS GeneraL Data—TvuBING Copper, 75.78 %; aluminum, 2.54 %; arsenic, 0.04%; lead, 0.02 %; zinc, balance Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)...................... Blongation eZ pines Inks ace oe eer oe sean Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.............. Young’s modulus of elasticity, p.s.i.................-..... Meltin eapolmtsac bye cy tee te ue cepnre eae oe nc aed geen nee secs eee Density sl bs perscus ner. srs er ert tke Verne Teens nes Electrical conductivity,“ % I.A.C.S. at 68°F............ Property Hard¢ Soft? BERS ey Sse onedte Bee So ee ae 83 62 Pte cs378 ara cocancer er TRE Be 17 52 Seas ege re Ru ekes One 76 16 Ee enc van gett si aetted nea ties 106 V7 Sr spate oa eeitene teh mats RV men 15,000,000 sae aPete ey aes sltetes ain He cene roe averse 1770 Ree nadine MAGE om are k 0.301 SNe een tes bangin Bers teaie) Senki ee 22.50 Thermal conductivity, ® B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................. 58.1 EN A Ee Se TREE ROPE nO 8.31 Specific ieravitycen «occ seems tec ee eee teen ienstore « Extruded, reduced, and cold-drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. +’ Condenser tube anneal for 1 hr. (1050°F.). The Special Brasses ile c om 2 Crain size a 7 177. 6 110 =| ) S100 100 i Ge 90 90 Rockwell hardness 8 = ion) = (30) 80 x 2 eS 2 70 Tensile strengft, _ 70 = += 60 = 60 + #30 2 oO 3 50 = 50 ron a = & = 40 40 ie = 30 Apparent elastic 2 30 * 5 limit ; c I = ry) + 20 2 20 males 5 2 10 1G 8 = Oo @ 0 nh (0 CD. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 ||00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) CHart 1.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and Cuart 2.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of aluminum-brass condenser tube, previously percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of aluminum-brass con- cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.045 denser tube, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) mm. (75.78 % copper, 2.54 % aluminum, 0.04 % arsenic, balance zinc). from a grain size of 0.045 mm. (75.78 % copper, 2.54 % aluminum, 50 40 30 20 10 O Tensile Strength 1,000 Lb, per Sq, In. 0) 0.04 % arsenic, balance zinc). Reduction of area —- coat rTensile strength + » 5 2 © N ee +95 5 2 vg Q 4 a 0 = 6 6 2 9 a ore ee 9% ly & 200 400 600 800 {000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Temperature in Deg.F( 1Hr. at Temp.) CuarT 3.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of aluminum-brass rod (79.00 % copper, 2.52 % aluminum, 0.02 % iron, balance zinc), previously cold-drawn 45 per cent (reduction of area) according to Price™ (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 178 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 SILICON BRASS NO. 1 GeneraL Data—Srrir* Copper, 77.74%; silicon, 1.30%; lead, nil; zinc, balance Property Hard® Soft? Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......-... 2.0.0... eee 99-119 56 Manan, 96 Th Mir osoeosecodscsaanavaccncsqugonsvassbessoogesncagdoebboosstoes 3-4 61 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. 2021s 75-91 13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..................--.--- 0 esses 70-75 12-15 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (O00 omitted).................-...-.200 2-22 sees 89-104 12-15 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................2.-- 22s 80-91 12-15 Rockwell hardness F, }¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load................--.-.-- 225-0 110-114 67 Rockwell hardness B, 1/¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.............---. 2.22025 221s eee 93-99 23 Rockwell hardness G, }(¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load.........-....--..----2. 22-222 69-81 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1/.-in. ball, 15-kg. load..........................-.-..---+-- 91-93 68 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 .-in. ball, 30-kg. load.................------ 25-2222 78-82 31-30 Young’s modulus of elasticity, p.s.i.........-...- 2212s eee te 15,000,000 IIe AOFM, TD co onc ce osndgcooge oe su oes aeons Hog anon eacEDcoeoodgHIDEsagaOSDnDD 1690 DEMS Md, WE! Goto sgernccosagcoo eon an docuseunsoudsanuesaganesoanonsaneanones 0.304 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C.?... 22... ees 0.0000185 Plectrical conductivity, % T.A.C'S., 68°R.¢....... 6.2.1. ee 13.0 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F.................-.--.-.5.. 39 SSO GRENAG7o coses code gaccceos scuoccugoDUREOUEmbscK bag SHS DORE acBargdoD RODE SSE 8.40 e All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 66 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.090-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Refer to 1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). @ Approximate values. 130 120 Tensile 8 strength § 110 ae Xx 100 S 90 eS Apparent elastic ee A plimit g = 80 Ss : Fo S = + 70 = SX a < {£ S 60 aa == = > Code e S 50 i Ready to finish grain size oO Ss 3S —= ——= OO mnie vu OF Code 2 2 | Ready to finish grain siz w o 30 = — O01 tian: nS “= 0.090 mm. 5 20 2 = ie! E = 10 2 ia 1S) 0 w W.0 20.7 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 10 20.7 294 372 440 500 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction ef Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling \ Zo apo Ce | 6 Ui Oe IRE elO nee 2: B14 ecueyieac: 5) 00 B&S Numbers Hard B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and CuHart 5.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously annealed _ percentage elongation in 2 in. of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.090 mm. (77.74 % copper, annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.090 mm. (77.74% 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Special Brasses 179 100 E 90 a 80 L . c a a 70 2 = 60 (oe) o (2) (os 50 = s a 8 40 i 30 Code i (1) 010% yield strength (offset) 20 10 : (¢) 110 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 500 555 605 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling ice 4: Sb) Oe ee Shige 5410 1 EIS e A SY SS GRY Al Beng are silO. B&S Numbers Hard B&S Numbers Hard CxHanrt 6.—The effect of cold rolling’on the yield strengths of silicon- Cuart 7.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of silicon- brass No. 1 strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. brass No. 1 strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.090 mm. (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.140 Ready to finish grain size tae Bios — — 0.015mm. Ready to finish grain size 0.090mm. — — 0.015 mm. 0.120 0.090 mm E 0.100 3 € £ : » 0.08 3 N L i) 7) E a 5 0060 = © 8 oS 900 1000 1100 1200 300 1400 CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) Cuanrt 8.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- Cuart 9.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and istics of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. apparent elastic limit of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously cold- Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different 0.015 and 0.090 mm. (77.74% copper, 1.30% silicon, balance zinc) grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.090 mm. (77.74% copper, 1.30% silicon, (0.040-in. stock). balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size — — 0.015 mm. 0.090 mm. 100 es 60 i (oe) Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg,Load B 100 Kg, Load KR fo) WwW [o) eS Aas eee TN eee a SNE Aa CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.£(1Hr at Temp.) ie) oO Elongation, Percent in 2 In. a Cuart 10.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.090 mm. (77.74% copper, 1.30% silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code C) 0.10% yield strength (offset) “(as Rel "TER Oo “IN| TLL. See ees Eaceee. | 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) \000 Lb. per Sq,in. 40 30 CuHart 11.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silicon- brass No. 1 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 500 600 700 800 900 1000 |!00 (200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ( 1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 12.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silicon-brass No. 1 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.090 mm. (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Special Brasses 60 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. Elongation, Percent in 21|n. Oo 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness-B /ié Ball 100 Kg.Load Sy 6h & TF 8 & DS) Gi Rockwell Hardness- F Vie Ball 60 Kg. Load 65 64 67 Tl 4 #77 #80 84 8? 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T Ye Ball 15 Kg. Load 15 22 29 36 45 50 57 64 10 16 82 Rockwell Hardness 30T Yié Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 13.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of silicon brass No. 1 strip (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 181 Code (1) cold worked 8 BBS No.hard (605 7 red) 120 4 n » 0 (37.2 Jo ) 110 Bo Se} o hard (50.0 %o red.) and annealed 900 °F for Ihr & fo) ~s oO 40 Stress- 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. D (eo) 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 010 Strain- Inches per In. Cuart 14.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of silicon-brass No.”1 strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc.) Code Cold worked 8B&S No.hard (60.5 %o red.) ” ” 4» ” ) » (20.7% ») » (11.07% (37.270 ” ” 100 ” ”) “e (50% red.) 2 80 and annealed 1300 £, . for Jhr. c = 710 fom Ww t 60 9) oO. ss 50 =a) 6 40 S uv 30 gL ZL + r / )Z4= (AI 0 0 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.010 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. Cart 15.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain characteristics of silicon-brass No. 1 strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.090 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (77.74 % copper, 1.30 % silicon, balance zinc.) 182 000 Lb. per Sq. In. CuHart 16.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 3 SILICON BRASS NO. 2 GENERAL Data—Strip* Copper, 72.36 %; silicon, 0.47 %; zinc, balance Property Mensile7streng th; pist- (OOO omitted) Pe accceccssseitremidis ie met aenkoe ese robin ernie lon gabon. Ans 2) [Nae sercyserieo sts secs aeee acc h orcas Aen hee A RIG gale RT ee MeC ede PT et ee A\pyran: Gigi lita, jee, (OOO @eMnies)), .coscocce sos anccagecsasosaandcacessccagans Yield strength, 0.5 % extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....... SRE eet pee tre Ua URC Me gs RR Vorb! sia, O26 Oise, TSak (CLO) Omni) occedscccocacccsrsccensebeaacanseuace Welle! simanein, OIG Oise, AE (CLO Or) coc ccoceascooooueseaccuoosoanenocoads Roekwellshardness He s4i¢-1ns ball 3GO-ko load mene seere eerie terriers yar RockwellshardnesspB 46-104 ball Sl O0-kos loaders iene sien erent Rockwell hardness G, 14g-in. ball, 150-kg. load.............-.. 05. eee ee ete ee ees Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14 -in. ball, 15-kg. load............ 0.0.2.0... eee eee eee ees Rockwell hardness 30-1, 34 ,-in. ball, 30-kg. load.......................---- sees - sss YOM DOCS OF GHERIGHIA Wits conpscnnsccupsconcconceucvuconaooonuBsocsnsadaaa Density, Mb ip ers UM aes cr whee aan ee oiranc teen NA caspase Ge ROIs OC Ne Ste a anes Melting spain tis SB ice, -8 cokes chee oregtra somes veto bs ctellee eens aot ase re aeienay Soest rape ger sBe rane atbeva gers uer steveesteneerate Hard? Soft? 97-106 49-50 4 65-62 73-80 8 66-68 10-11 84-93 10-11 73-81 10-11 111-114 58 93-98 8 69-78 91-92 71-70 78-81 37-36 15,000,000 0.302 1730 e All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 56 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Annealed at 1300°F. for 1 hr. Tensile strength elastic limit Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — (0),0'(0) nnina Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F60Kg. Load B100Kg.Load W.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OM ee SA bi On. Th Velo Z10) OEM Zo" 25 0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 4 5 6 reo 2 Io B®S Numbers Hard B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 17.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (72.36% copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). ee The Special Brasses 183 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 6 38 307 eee lipes a Code 10 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 ree Si oA 5) 6G ei Oo FO B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 18.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.120 0.040 Grain Size in Mm. Ready to finish grain size 0.015mm. — — 0.080 mm. 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.( 1Hr at Temp.) 1300 Cuanrt 20.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing character- istics of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). ee Code CG) 010% yield strerigth (offset) (2) 0:20 %o ” ” ( ” ) po ael (extension) __| ,O00 Lb. per Sq, In. 1.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent -Reduction of Area by Rolling: QO | Cee IAS FAS 6 7 8 9 10 B®&S Numbers Hard j Cuart 19.—The effect of cold rolling on this yield strengths of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). ‘Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.080 mm. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (IHrat Temp.) Cuart 21.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (72.36% copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 184 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code Code 6 Ready to finish grain size G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) fo} 0.015 mm. ” ’ S120 — — 0,080 mm. aga (2) 0.20% Com) D> 0.50% » (extension @ll0 igi Rockwell F @ ) S hardness 100 — Se} (o) oO fo) 70 Rockwell B hardness ia =| 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Elongation,Percent in 2 In. Rockwell Hardness Ye Ball F 60Kg. Load iw r=) 10 (a) ——— CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ( }Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (|Hr at Temp.) CHART 22.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cuarr 23.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silicon- percentage elongation in 2 in. of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously brass No. 2 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (72.36 % copper, different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (72.36% copper, 0.47% 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code @) 0.10% yield strength (offset) (2) 0.20% » a He F (extension) 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 24.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silicon-brass No. 2 strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). The Special Brasses 185 120 Code 110 | (1) Cold worked 8 B®&S No. Hard (60.5% red.) if 100 | | | ” (31.2% ”? ) on a 90 Tensile strength (20.77%o ») a 30 + 2000 PSI ie za | a 100 70 = 8 sc 90 We sna © Pee aE eee = (50.0 % red.) = g c 80 and annealed 1000°E & £ 50 | S) = for Ihr. Se Qo oy D x na 10 5 40 Elongation E L Bes) + 2°%o in 2 In. ze x 60 ”n io} E co z 2 900 e 50 2 ei é in © 10 = 40 2 2 30 OR OZONE ON O50 GO TON CON 7000 L Rockwell Hardness B /é Ball 100 Kg. Load D 90 5 8 Oh i BORO! Gl) sn | ff Rockwell Hardness F Vie Ball 60 Kg. Load otF¥ Glee or il) 14° Ti 80 184 87 190) 93 /, Rockwell Hardness |5T 46" Ball 15 Kg. Load (0) I 2) HO 435 50 by C4 10 16 Ge (0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Rockwell Hardness 307 6" Ball 30 Kg. Load Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 25.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- Cart 26.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of silicon-brass istics of silicon-brass No. 2 strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- No. 2 strip (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zine) when only finish grain“size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing Rockwell hardness is known. 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 80 Lor line and annealed !200°F. It is accurate for all thicknesses between machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc.) Code 8 B&S No.hard (60.5% red.) Aon» n n (37.2 To ” ) (20.7% » ) (11.0% » ) (50.0% ») WwW (o) i) io) Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 3 fo) 0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 27.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain characteristics of silicon-brass No. 2 strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (72.36 % copper, 0.47 % silicon, balance zinc.) 186 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 4 ARSENICAL BRASS: GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 56.28 %; nickel, 1.97 %; iron, 1.84%; lead, 0.98 %; arsenic, 0.65 %; zine, balance Rod Property Hard? | Soft Hot phensileustrengthimp:s-tn OOOKomm1t ted) ep ae aan senor rae eee tenner ana 85 65 65-70 ANAM GENE With, uss (WOO GaANEE)). oe vecoesesoorasdeoscudnonodnuansganeooocns: 54 17 17-25 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................. Sain: 62 26 37-22 Yoo! cima, O2796 Oise, se, (COW @mminiee)) on decncs bonanccocuapoacusacuescuvescact 69 26 40-23 Waele! siemsiin, O1% Onisei, OSL (OOO ountinee)). sacs 5accpnssessgnuorodovunsscecouonae 57 25 34-20 ENT OM AUTOM wO% FDO PAINS oro cire coerce ye SR AIRE SETS a VERT pee oes Re ee Pee ae ee ee 10 40 40-30 Reductiontofarcay Geese ceen Bae RE re Maree cites Nae eee ace oto ee EA set 30 35 30-35 Rockwell hardness F, 4g-in. ball, 60-kge. load...... 0.0.0... ete 105 85 85-95 Travel quell Ingroharstsst 18}, gare, Lovell, WOW, WoC on occu aooenonnanceuasonunoucegavauvnoon 85 55 55-65 iBrinel Shardnegs sed O-mmeg 2) OO=k or] Oat cl erties este neat en ae 140 89 89-102 Modulusjofselasticityan pisses seiercn aire ie cape ck Peter ere reece UES nee ee 16,000,000 Melting? pointer: sac cspees A cathe nar tdea eis sce emonel eeu choy tees Sete strc ree NA ede en ee areas ei ane, 1630 IDYaOSMA, Mo, TOP OWs Doss cocaadonaenaoocaos ss DUA Ry Re ea OID eb Rae See ue Meg NT SG a ha 0.302 ROT EIN pram esr She ehh hve tid aus ae Coates end chomp sus mbes cs a ners Maen ce eed anette cab eae dae 1200-1450 IBOrezin equality phicescnc hues cts sin enste es seine Went Melea Pe ras page aic rs mica ees elr Mere ones Mi Excellent IAD HORUOUNOs coo coun hovasenasde QoLesHnoscUAdeocoeasouRTDossobaogvoOReROCGagaones Two phase, alpha-beta « This alloy has excellent hot-working properties. Because of its structural characteristics it is not reeommended for operations involving cold forming, forging, or upsetting. The presence of 0.60% of lead materially aids machining. 6 Refers to rod cold-drawn 23 % from extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter with a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.020 mm. ¢ Refers to 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). nsile strength 90 Apparent elastic limit D [o) 16) [o) iN oS 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0 5 10 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing CuHartT 28.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and Cuart 29.—The effect of cold drawing plus relief annealing at 20 25 30 0) 3) 10 I5 20 25 30 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing apparent elastic limit of arsenical-brass rod, previously annealed to a 575°F. for 45 min. on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34% iron, of arsenical-brass rod, previously annealed-to a grain size of 0.020 mm. 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Special Brasses me) Ty Rockwell Hardness “Ne Ball F60Kg.Loa 0) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing CuHart 30.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of arsenical-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. (offset) (extension) 0 5 10 15 20 725) 30 Percent Reduction by Cold Work Cuarr 32.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of arsenical-brass rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 2| m B hardness Rockwel/ Area, Percent Rockwell Hardness ie Ball F 60 Kg.Load B 100 Kg,Load ion in Elon |gation, Percent Redufict 0 5 10 I5 20 25 30 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing Cuartr 31.—The effect of cold drawing plus relief annealing at 575°F. for 45 min. on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of arsenical-brass rod, previ- ously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97% nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 50 a (oe) iss) [e) |,000 Lb. per Sq.In. pote Code 20}-G) 0.20% yield strength (offset) @) 0.10% » » (offset) G) 0.50% » | | | 0 5 ite) 15 20 25 30 Percent Reduction.by Cold Work CHartT 33.—The effect of cold drawing plus relief annealing at 575°F. for 45 min. on the yield strength of arsenical-brass rod, previ- ously annealed to a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34% iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zine) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). (extension) 188 Grain size im mi. 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Room 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F( 1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 34.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of arsenical-brass rod, previously cold- drawn 23 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.87 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). .Load B 100 Kg, Load Rockwell B hardness EEE Reduction of area _| Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 36.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in, and percentage reduction of area of arsenical-brass rod, previously cold-drawn 23 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Elongation, Percent in 2!n. Reduction in Area, Percent as 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1I00 1200 Temperature in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuartr 35.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of arsenical-brass rod (56.28 % copper, 1.87 % nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc), previously cold-drawn 27 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.025 mm. followed by relief annealing at 570°F. for 45 min. (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 50 E 40 ze V5) je a S 30 ° ‘S) Q 20 Code @ 0.20% yield strength (offset) 10 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp) Cuanrt 37.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of arsenical- brass rod, previously cold-drawn 23 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.020 mm. (56.28 % copper, 1.97% nickel, 1.34 % iron, 0.98 % lead, 0.65 % arsenic, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Special Brasses 189 strength te \ ew [ae ee [z a EY | E £ lon Y he v a. S can ° =) S ba ales Sal Oo 5 0 6 @ BD 3 B® 40 50 Percent Reduction in Area CuHart 38.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of ‘‘ Weldfast’’ bronze (modified Muntz metal), previously extruded (57.00% copper, 1.96% nickel, 1.46% iron, 0.21 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 7 100 0) Ss a 90 g aren melee 2 noes is) = i iva) AN 3 £ + 5 O = id} (al, ation ie) Reduction of Area, Percent Elongation Rockwell Hardness B Elon 0 5 © [5 © B® 30 3 4O 45 BO Percent Reduction in Area CuHart 39.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of “Weldfast’’ bronze (modified Muntz metal), previously extruded (57.00 % copper, 1.96 % nickel, 1.46 % iron, 0.21 % manganese, balance zinc) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). CHAPTER VI NICKEL SILVERS The copper-nickel-zine alloys, like the copper-zinc alloys, are of two general types: one containing 65 per cent or more of copper and nickel combined and struc- turally consisting of a single phase; the other containing 55 to 60 per cent of copper and nickel combined and structurally consisting of two phases. Nickel is added to copper zine primarily for its influence on color. Figure 1 shows the range of colors that may be secured with nickel additions to copper-zine alloys. The single-phase nickel silvers possess excellent cold- working properties and only fair hot-working properties. Accordingly they are most frequently used for those applications requiring ductility in the cold condition. Figure 2 indicates the range of commercial nickel silvers and their general working characteristics. I |) 20 25 Percent Nickel Camnen ane Copper, | Nickel, | Zine, % % -% 30% mickelisilvers..5.).004) oes 62 30 8 20% nickel silver.................. 75 20 5 PANGS TANCE SHIGE, go ¢cecscocvccene 66 20 14 SioAmuckelisilvierseeni sane 66 18 16 1s mickelisilvenso.. 4. 52 see dee 62 18 20 PZnickelisilviers.ssss. 05.405 4oeee 66 15 19 NGG WOKE SHINER cosccncoescesccse 66 12 22 1LOSZmickellsilyernseenenee eae 67 10 23 10% nickel silver.................. 62 10 28 5% nickel'silver.......2.......... 62 5 33 18% nickel silver (spring stock)..... 55 18 27 12% nickel silver (leaded).......... 66 12 2% lead; 20% zine ~~ Shaded area inelicates sensibly “white alloys 30 Fig. 1.—Color trends of copper-nickel-zine alloys, according to Kihlgren. 9) The single-phase nickel silvers are used almost exclu- sively for articles that are subsequently to be plated such as tableware and hollow ware. However, the alloy containing 55 per cent of copper and either 15 or 18 per cent of nickel is used extensively as spring material, because it possesses higher tensile properties in combina- tion with higher modulus of elasticity than any of the copper-zine or copper-nickel-zine alloys. Lead is frequently added to these nickel silvers to improve machining, blanking, and shearing operations. The nominal composition of the more important of the nickel silvers is given in the table on this page. The more important physical properties and a sum- marization of mechanical properties of these alloys may be found in Tables 1 to 13 on pages 191 to 222. Charts 1 to 108 on pages 192 to 225 give in detail the influence of cold working and the effect of various annealing treat- ments on the mechanical properties. The alpha-beta nickel silvers can be readily hot-worked by any of the commercial processes. Because of their hot plasticity over a wide temperature range they can be fabricated into difficult and intricate shapes, such as plumbing fixtures, stair rails, architectural shapes, and escalator parts. ; Occasionally lead is added to these alloys to improve machining. The addition of lead does not interfere with the hot-extrusion properties of these alloys but it does make them unsuitable for hot-rolling and forging operations. The mechanical properties of the more important of these alloys have been developed by Cook®® and are contained in Table 12 on page 221. 190 D Nickel Silvers (0) 20 ~ 30 40 50 Percent Zinc Fic. 2— Composition ranges of nickel silvers, according to Kihlgren, Pilling, and Wise. (27) TABLE 1 30 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL DatTa*—Strip Copper, 62.02 %; nickel, 29.77 %; zinc, 7.938 %; manganese, 0.14 %; lead, 0.003 %; iron, 0.09 % Property Hard® Soft? TEAS HRAN SN, I (WOO waar), .ccoodsopaacccsaosccoudvounnsnae sseesanobencens 94 59 0.10% proof strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................-..-.0---5.-5- 86.5 imitot proportionality pis. (O0Olomitted) pees. 445-20 ee eee ea eee eee ee eae: 46 Illorysen torn, Of abay Pail pee erolors lc aie a alu eo Seana ane ates Sten Gre ohare ome ele a ara resee 5.5 35 FRECUG IONE OL ATCA Gr 5-0 ci Forte Nee aN Re ee ea enn ape e tne ay PN aioe Malte Mech hear at 8 Rockwell hardness B, 1/¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load...............................06...-. 91 Rockwell hardness E, }£-in. ball, 100-kg. load..........................5-5.-..--..-- 111 Diamond ypyramidvhardness) 10-kos loadeeeesss see oer oe eee ae ee een eee: 199 94 EACH Sem ALU e RINT es Seber ra ee ee eR ee Aertel tReet Stich manta teen a, fet ake are oer 60 Brinellphardnesss Oke. Tommi halle nee Aete pcs elas cies cg reeks cae behest reds Seesjeeicn SS 174 ShoreSeleroscope ViGibiy a1 Sate p aaNet Misia AM es MLE Lani: 54 S. & S., Shore Scleroscope U..H. and self-recorder....................-..--0.-----4--- 38 SOC OHING CHARTING & Be ofcre eue ERM RCI Noro RET tai author Jel acoa techs ace) Cae enone spo eect, kB emaceee don ra 8.868 8.872 Densiivegl DeRperECUsaney. tA ac ina ta ee eT eS ees Wake tare el iaticos cicdene sate 0.320 Coefficient of thermal expansion, X 107°: At 0-400°C............ 17.8 Thermal conductivity: ANG 7 og IB SiUls THAT] Thy THEE he Toe Jaw, HIP 1) sues scasoncceoocsc0cssnuabvoucsaour 11.13 At 400°F., B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F...........................-...05. 13.55 Temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity................................-..-.- 0.00120 SSCS TAMEIEMES, Lime minor A AOC, . ao gccarcsgavensseveesagacdsacsbsunacotace 37.89 Viel bin repo un bp be eet tee cot hah. 2s Sem ellqats ate ie Beers Bey REL aie Ba rr elie 2190 Modulustotgelasticityzyprseleire fc. sa.4 2 tau fies sue sre tae einen ora seeeay sa oh eat ieaear cheesey arora ouehorrb pale 18,000,000 2 Based on data by Cook.(25) ® Refers to strip cold-rolled 60 % (reduction in thickness) from a ready-to-finish anneal at 1450°F. for 2 hr. ¢ Refers to a 1450°F. anneal for 2 hr. 191 192 80 Pe le Ei eG a Reduction of area 70 Elongation, Percent in 2 In. 20 ae a Llongation ie eee ces See a 0 pause 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Reduction in Thickness Cuart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the percentage reduction of area and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 30 per cent nickel-silver strip (29.77 % nickel, 62.02 % copper, balance zine), previously annealed at 1450°F. according to Cook. 2) |_| Diamond | Diamond pyrarnid| eee ——_ | ie es ee Saeecamee ces ae (ee ee Brinell, /OKg., | mm. es ee AL vA omens aa / S ockwell, 100 kg. Ne ‘ball J mie sth is en | 10 a Poe M. FA. ie a 1 a mane scleroscope UH. eS & se/f-recorder Hardness Values a [o*) aS NT i) (oe) 1ONZ0 50540550 60 0 SOO Percent Reduction in Thickness Cart 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of 30 per cent nickel-silver strip (29.77% nickel, 62.02% copper, balance zinc) previously annealed at 1450°F. according to Cook. 25) Copper and Copper-base Alloys Ultimate tensile stress a ra fe Be Z = Pee ae i ss 00% proof stress ey a AC | a Py 7 all L Limit of proportionality 20 30 40 50 60 70 80°90 100 SEE Reduction in Thickness Cuart 2.—The effect of cold rolling on tensile strength, proof strength, and proportional limit of 30 per cent nickel-silver strip (29.77 % nickel, 62.02 % copper, balance zinc), previously annealed at 1450°F. according to Cook.@® : Ll ae o aoe Se LT SNe ere TO ve ee stress a LIN S UN ae 26 = 14 ay S| ee TLS oO oO 5 E anne a= oS Yn e = 2 ~ 10: we g 38 ze 5 fe 3 ae) vid c % 9 ig ic == xe) = in 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr. at Temp) Cuart 4.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, Hrichsen value, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 30 per cent nickel-silver strip (29.77 % nickel, 62.02 % copper, balance zinc), previously cold- rolled 60 per cent according to Cook. 2) 600 800 1000 1200 1600 Nickel Silvers 193 TABLE 2 20 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL Data—Srrip* Copper, 66.11 %; nickel, 21.13 %; manganese, 0.09 %; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ Tircils sua, Ds (lO Omnis!) ocoacccssccccococenccopsaccusencececcaosus0dse6 82-90 51-54 HELO PATIO peo nlIa 2M es cecyeyeyiescveinters ele Sine ee Holl —— (0,07 iininmns 000 Lb. per Sq. In. Na | Flongation NSPE 0 Steer tf Rockwell Hardnéss / \.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling ORR 82) Meshal Amel 6 GT &% @F (o B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 5.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~610 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 6.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, pre- viously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 194 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TT eS Se= ree | 1000 Lb. per Sq,In. 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Ola De G5 Aa eS @ 7 3S) Slo) B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 7.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock) 0.050 ie} oS Ww (S) Grain Size in Mm. fe) ro) nN >) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(]Hr at Temp.) CHart 9.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) £ 60 000 Lb. per Sq, \.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | 2 3. 4 5. 6 Te SRR aO B&wS Numbers Hard CuHart 8.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — = 0.070 mm. Tensile strength aera NCL TON SSS Na” Room 500 600 700 800 900 j000 II00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 10.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 mm. and 0.070 mm. (66.11% copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Nickel Silvers =—— 0.015 mm. —== 0.070 mm. Rockwell Hardness Vig Ball F60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg.Load Room 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1I00 1200 !300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F( 1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 11.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, pre- viously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code Q) 0.10% yield strength (offset) {000 Lb. per Sq.1n. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.( ]Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 13.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq,In.- Elongation, Percent in 2In. Code C) 0.10% yield strength (offset) (@) 0.207%o » 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp.) Cart 12.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 20 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). aioe pi EL ees ce Tensile strength + 4000 PSL 5 + 6% in 2in. 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B /é Ball 100 Kg. Load Cuart 14.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 20 per cent nickel- silver strip (66.11 % copper, 21.13 % nickel, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 196 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 3 20 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL Data For TUBE Copper, 75.00 %; nickel, 20.00 %; zinc, 5.00 % Property Hard¢ Soft? SRensileysoren = theep sean (OCOkOmmt te cl) meee een rien ee ies enero ee ear 81 49 IDG eh eerie Gann Oe eden oO MAO Kon emcee RC SS ao Hes owe oueeame nace Goes 5 46 JNapencins GSN Mien, OS, (TOO Oates). cosoasccvoccsvccsonscoccvecescosvaagnsnsaec 78 16 Rockwell hardness BH, 14/¢-ink balls 60-ke! loads se... oe ie ee eee 106 66 oun estmodulustoimelasticiiyap pisces eran iets cite taicn nee enor eer eer nacre 17,500,000 Nieltinespointn ol sce alee hts citer koe ee eee ero Re ER Re cace Meee we 2100 Specificveravabyrner reer cierto eee cic ee ete aie se eee ey ne eet en tai 8.84 Digonmcall Gomcluetinaig GG U/AKGIS, GW ss oc do0coc voce ca oouooocesvogessoscooecEoues 6.20 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 22.3 Coefficient of expansion, per (©. from 25-300°@).......-- =... sees 0.0000164 IDEA, Mob TEP GN, Mao ooo gab baodopseoaucUb eds OboboDN DO CUDODODOADAGOROSOUDES ORCS 0.319 AVAILABLE CREEP Data“) Previous history: cold-drawn rod 0.750 in.; annealed 1202°F.; tensile strength, 50,400 p.s.i.; % elongation in 2 in., 51; % reduction of area, 75. Stress, p.s.i., required to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. Temperature, °F. 0.01% 0.10 % 600 13,800 27,800 750 8,400 13,500 « Extruded, reduced, drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. & Annealed at 1300°F. for 1 hr. : eee... e Grain size pe 2) 7 777. L LA a S 110 aay S ian 100 S me) ' ie) eo S79 Rockwell F 5 ao © 56 hardness 2 S nN % 70 = = in ae Tensile strength 8 = + 60 = (= i= © uv o SS Q = (= o 50 2 a = \ c (S s 40 ae £ fc Apparent 5 = D 30 elastic Iimmit ie oy ) 0°) Ce) = 20 ou g we MEEBeaae A {e) A ee or ee Lv (0) (0) ga CD. 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 16.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of 20 per cent nickel-silver tube, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) (75.00% copper, 20.00 % nickel, 5.00 % zinc). CD, 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F( 1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 15.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 20 per cent nickel-silver tube, previously cold-drawn 40 per cent (reduction of area) (75.00 % copper, 20.00 % nickel, 5.00 % zinc). Nickel Silvers 197 TABLE 4 18 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER (DEEP DRAWING) GENERAL DatTa—Srrir* Copper, 66.00 %; nickel, 18.00 %; zinc, 17.00 % Property Hard? Soft¢ sRensilestrengubssp:s:i (OCOlomitted) Beer ream eeee a aneeneecn sae eee oH: 84-98 61 IDiaaREKNTOTA, Go un, 2 Thal sn clacieto a0 chn.,0)0/c'o-0h bio ele) cha alee eats ese ieee merece ee ees ate hate 3 32-36 A pALenithelasvicsimitsp st OOOlomitted) peerss seers aa eee ee ee eens 68-78 26 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................................... 82-85 24-30 oelddstrengthes 0'2)7.ottsets ps5 (O0Olomitted) yas eee sees ee see eee eee eee 84-94 24-30 Yield strength, 0.1 % Offsetssprssise O00fomitted) ia ya crete Heer ea aa eee 82-90 24-30 Rockwell hardness F, Aga alUGOzkc oslo acl ee ter poy et eae ee eae eons } itat@=at zl 85 Rockwell hardness B, 1{,-in. ball, 1C0-kg. load.................................-..-. 88-94 54 Rockwell hardness G, 14 eine (balleoli5 OS ko 5k) oa Gaeiee prehension cat ee beeen, ety ae 63-73 3-16 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 1/,-in. ball, 15-kg. load.........................-....0.2..5.. 89-91 77-80 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 1/,-in. ball, 3C-kg. load.......................2-..-..--.---. 75-719 50-56 Woume's maochillng OF GAHIGHIIZ, Elo ocose0cccccandgscedscousdccunedsecucgcesuunsudes 18,500,000 TMLee esas fay biny es SUB Sy chal SOM RRS SEH B41 gee ee oP Rags ry bc ORR tre ci ete ees Dene eee ne Rates cE 2030 Wensitiyeml bsp ericuseimes ey erm ciee de waters trait went, rs Mies aete, ames le sa Nanas ene eRe 0.316 Coehicientroijexpansicn pers © ircme2o—3 005 Cn meee ser ae) ree en eee 0.0000148 ecuigall Gonchonwmar, GG WAS Ge caccnuoccecsssuudocgoueGocadaboceounosecaue 5.91 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 19.30 SDECIICRELA VAL yer te tee INE pia cn nesta sine ie ceetoe, che ne oe an Serene eee Ro Acadian 8.76 « All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 66 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢Tefer to 1100°I’. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). Rockwell F Werle || ay eeeo aoe | galt =—=— (0.015 mm. 0.070 mm. Apparert elastic lirit i. ue ,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ready to finish grain size —=— 0.015mm. 0.070 mm. Elongation, Percent in 2In. a SEE ~ ongarion (ea Rockwell Hardness ie Ball F 60 Kg.Load B 100 Kg. Load ~! fo) (0) as SS SS ee SS 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 68.6 I.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 555 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | PRES) AD 6 7 ts} 9 10 @ | iz 3 4 5 © 7 2) {fo} B&S Numbers Hard BUS Numbers Hard ‘Cuart 17.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cart 18.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, pre- annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.00% viously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in.stock). (66.00 % copper, 18 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 198 Copper and Copper-base Alloys 3 000 Lb. per Sq,.In. is o 30 Ga) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 2 (2) 0.20% » » Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling On! DON pA ee 6 i If) B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 19.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 0.070 Ready to finish grain si 0.015 mm. 0.060 0.070 mm. ee 0.050 : ide = 0.040 fs v ao W 0.030 = 5 ‘ ro) ) S ro) 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. inDeg.F (1Hrat Temp.) CuHart 21.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ca) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 000 Lb. per Sq. In. & 8 10 20.7 224 372 440 500 555 60.5 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo J DEN Se Ae © 7 to} 9 10 B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 20.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of be ie (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish —=— 0.015 mm. =—— 0.070 mm. Apparent elastic 000 Lb. per Sq, In. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (I Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 22.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Nickel Silvers Rockwell] B hardness Elongation percent in 217. Rockwell Hardness 46 Ball F 60 Kg.Load B 100 Kg. Load CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 |300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 23.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, pre- viously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code CQ) 0.10% yield strength (offset) |000 Lb. per Sq, In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 24.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Pes cee a Ss ai iis - 110 100 90 Tensile strength + Z000 PSI. Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Elongation £570 Im 2in. ensile Strength in 000 Lb. per Sq. In. |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr.at Temp.) Cuartr 25.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 400 500 600 700 800 900 i) 100 Rockwell Hardness B ie Ball 100 Kg. Load 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 GP # @ & UW WW o= Rockwell Hardness F Vie" Ball 60 Kg. Load G Hi w@ HW @ & oy GF B® Rockwell Hardness |5-T /ie" Ball 15 Kg. Load G) 3 45 bo by C4 1 to by Rockwell Hardness 30T “ie” Ball 30Kg.Load Cuart 26.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 18 per cent nickel- silver strip (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % silver, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 200 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code | = Code : Q) Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.5% reduction) C) Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.57% reduction) @) ” 4 BBS» » (372% ) (32.2% G) » (20.7% 1\oof-(4) » 90 GC) » . 50% reduction 80 [A = iS : (or S66 ‘ S 6 50 = 2) ro) Ss 40 eS > a ww 30 rh) a 20 10 of 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Strain, Inches per Inch CuHart 27.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- CHart 28.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 18 per cent deep-drawing nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. teristics of 18 per cent deep-drawing nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-Ilb. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensom- capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensom- eter accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (66.00 % copper, 18.00% nickel, eter accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (66.00 % copper, 18.00 % nickel, balance zinc.) balance zinc.) TABLE 5 18 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER (SPRING STOCK) GENERAL DatTa—StTrip* Copper, 56.56 %; nickel, 17.77 %; zinc, balance a a i ce eee Property Hard? Soft? mensilestren sth apts1-8 OO0romitted haere cere ee eee eee ene ee eee 100-125 49-61 lon cation Gio? SLO Ree rer eee er eee erent SiS Bese gy Boa aes Se ee: ON 2-3 47-48 A\pyeRaM, hse Iki, joss, (OVO Game) icococesaoccsasnancesvvces0envcreossc0s006 78-99 17 aeldéstirenc th 05) 9extension=spis-11 OO0lomut bed) Reese rere eee eee neene renner 91-92 20-22 WieldistrengthO!2iGrottset-yp-s-1e (O00komitted) Bassano eee neo eee 101-119 20-22 Well tirana, OLY Ose, jo (OO Oasis). .ccccccospoccasgnnace0ensecesasesone: 93-109 20-22 Rockwellehardwessee wf —uns ball G 0) =keo-20] O21 taney ee 112-115 81 Rockwellshardnessy 5.4/1 ball sl O0=kewloa denen rae eres eee eee eee 95-101 44 Rockwell§hardnesshGse4i¢—1 el ball less O= kon] Oa. eee eee ee eee eee 72-84 Rockwellshardnesspl5—l4i¢-ins pall lo—koasloadameer eee seer teeter 92— 75 Rockwellihardness(30-h a 4(__-insipallrsO-koe load seene- seis ee eee eae ee 79— 46 Mounz;smodulusjoiaelasticityaip sueeerane emer oer cr ote cet Ea 18,000,000 Endurance limit (at 108 reversals) :“:® Solty p: sts (O0O omitted) Sterrsnwen ek cer ee aa cre oe ee ene ee oe ees NZ) Ai 1d. Ge Ss Nos, Weel jsut, (OOO @rmiies))jcocconocecasscogqecoo scan gdunonyeogsan z. 21.5 110) 133, Weis INGE, Ine, je (OOO cmainicol). obs cocgocconcgscuesboscodcnouousasussde 21.5 Pe LE 1 resp Or ye Hy yoo fe sy sos ice eee sp see oe fol nareoete ence ees cat AeA RE ae I ee 1930 Density; 1b sper Cusp selon mest Seve arsed rehoge Vs re ae ee EER OTE Dea Re EE elena crane: 0.314 Coeticientiotiexpansion sperm © sxirom25—30 0c © per eyareseeee eee 0.0000150 Blectricaliconduchivatiysm yap le au Cr Sel Om terre ieee Cette eee ee Sool 5.56 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F .................. 18 Speci cee ra watiyg ey racsv tees tesecs clase Lee ee hae aes eee ala Gaile eaclin eeite Aes Wace Soares 8.70 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. +6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Refer to 1400°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). Nickel Silvers Apparent elastic /iraitt & 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OF 2 3 Gr 5 6 iii 8 BwS Numbers Hard CuHart 29.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, pre- viously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. 56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 1,000 Lb. per Sq, In. ode C) 0.10% yield strength (offset) I1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OR lamas A 1b 6 STi ol. 9 B®& S Numbers Hard Cuart 31.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (56.56% copper, 17.77% nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 201 1 recta porgness Rockwe// F ehwny secre ei eee = iA L =| Fo ane B re aa Vane 4 i) lo) Ss So S) Rockwell G a Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —= — 0.080mm. Rockwell Hardness Vie Ball F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load G 150 Kg, Load Elongation, Percentin 2 In. Smee = _—S——— 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 555 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9) 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 30.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code / (1) 010% yield strength (offset) 11.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling (0) | iz 3 4b & 6 7 8 B® S Numbers Hard CuHarr 32.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.080 mm. (56.56% copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 202 Copper and Copper-base Alloys ’ 0.080 |40 it ee YAS “LLL. | 0.015 mm. 10 ata i : 0060} —] — — 0,080 mm. oe Nee Aa aN s\ Tensile strength ee | . “CLULUI\N CE E = 80 IY as : $ LN eS £ 0.040 ~ 70 : SL TN eS er ie | a c ) ; is) © 50 \ ¢ ; = = PPparen 5 SNe | 40 3 0.020 (0) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp) Cuart 33.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Rockwe// Fh Ball ”" 16 F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg.Load G 150 Kg, Load Code dy to finish grain 0.015 mm. Rockwell G hardness Rockwell Hardness 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp in Deg.F (1 hr at Temp.) Cuart 35.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Annealing Temp.in Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 34.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and j apparent elastic limit of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). =I (fe) D (S) wo So 000 Lb. per Sq. In. aS a>) Ww oO G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) | 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. (Ihr at Temp.) CuHart 36.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Nickel Silvers Code G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.207% » (extension) 4 ewes | ae N Se Se 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (1Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 37.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 18 per cent nickel-silver (spring) strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 130 120 ” » 2 ® 110 (20.7 % red.) Cold worked | ray o 0 S Ss Oo © and annealed J} 100 deg.F. for lhr Y : 7 Aocce C/o ee se [DSS ~I So Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. aN (>) 0 0.002 Strain, Inches per Inch 0.004 0.006 0,008 Cuanrt 39.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 18 per cent spring-stock nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity ' hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc.) 140 N fo) ° ro) Tensile streng + 4000 PSI. jes) (o) D oO iS (jo) Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Tensile Strengthin 1,000 Lb. per Sq, In 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B Yé Ball 100 ) Kg. Load 80 86 rl 97 = Rockwell Hardness F Ve Ball 60 Kg. Load 74 vai 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness |5T Ye" Ball 5 Kg. Load 45 50 il 64 70 16 82 Rockwell Hardness 307 Vie Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 38.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 18 per cent nickel- silver (spring) strip (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thick- nesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code C1) Cold worked 8 B&S No. Hard (60.5 % red.) ” Cb op % » (37.2% n) (20.7% ) ” ” (11.0% .red.) Cold worked 6 BS No. hard (50%/] | real) and annealed 7 Hoe e/a a 22 ae S| Ye IAT Be 7 ae ee ye ieee ee ee Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.006 Strain, Inches per Inch 0) 0.002 0.004- 0.008 Cuart 40.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 18 per cent spring-stock nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (56.56 % copper, 17.77 % nickel, balance zinc.) 204 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 6 18 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL Data¢—Srrip ; Copper, 62.05 %; nickel, 18.40 %; zine, 19.386 %; manganese, 0.12 %; lead, 0.004%; iron, 0.07% % ” Property Hard’. Soft¢ ; TEMS Sui A, OSE (COW) GME), cascaccocacsanhooccasasaucovancadnnananoacacae 100 61 OO PRO KARIN, Os (COO CrMMAG)).. race cgoncocoaaseccesorsansosscosusascesel 91 : Dimit OL proporvionaliiyeypo:s-ten QOOkomibted)) seem sr sire ae ee een ee eee | 49 Mloneation 96 ankd inemes coer ea tetas eee tee ee Neeats oe Ata eee eR Oa Tac | 4 43 TRUE Ub etn Coy ata(oy toh vor: CY air aie ss Sialic paren aanver amare aaintce clonns Caomeomane: ciation cron ne een eet esta Seep | 8 Rockwell hardness B, }4g-in. ball, 100-kg. load...............................-2.-..- 94 Rockwell hardness E, 1g-in. ball, 100-kg. load.................................0...5. | 112 Dremel joyRTAGl nemolness, MOIS. WAC coco cacascnoougcooscdcossoegssonendsencances 209 89 TBiulelaeraal ail ich andl Gtigtre sncnuleeherecentate cea eterG Glo ciel Okchoiretencrtlent Orb,.aid CNecats aa mine mais ce Blakes | 64 iBrinellWhardnesssy | O=keowl mm ball leer een ee eee eer rae as 184 ShoreiScleroscope Mls WH cease vcepeeusieis sue esas lecys wists ES Sexe sceue lepers car omsIa sieaeacue Nepemepeaerepe racks 58 Saco s shorerscleroscopesU.srencdseli=necord eleenteey eet elec ae 39 Specificveravitye caccwec.cc ers ried snsenrsneia mele cae e ovceus ecoraieas ustureyanen’s Mbt aes austen arta 8.719 8.724 Density dl bMpericui; inte ete c cy teteye aye stecciier hoses Aucetrere= cre, Sep EM e eewhlteg ar yea eee eg 0.315 Coefficient of thermal expansion, X 107°: IAT ATO OFR Olt prides ek eae tie cash haan et Me Aen Gs aOR S SUH eeReae te IAL CGE Baretta meng WRG 14.8 t AHO AOORG ian sare creek oreves te psec cere Soeterz acu tene eieteg urges. oe Ne eens ti pera yanh RRA Se ee 15.4 t NOSSO ff te hatin Rand Re etn e Sen co 8 Nh ae TN A 16.0 NEL A 10 SC aor sparse ha ceoter at ove rere tec ec area epat apse oe ase lovee swe eg atena Meee reac Bay Sey Sth Aiea 16.8 Thermal conductivity: j ANG TO Buty DOP Sie its SPU TOP Ne, HP TW cqescossvovbacevcvcusaogno00Dosc0GE 13.07 At O02H es Bsteuss pens erttaspebettcn pers hice pe tie Hemet lier rire tien ieerii entire ar 15.73 Temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity......................00. sees ee eee eee 0.00114 Speciicaresisuan cena Crohn SCOR rat? Os Cine ttt te ieee ete itcitensettr tt eare 27.55 Mighsinye fro “I oa ounoncooonadesbeee oeenoans Op OO OOS OoODO OHO DOMOSOOUCUOOOUUD OOD 2010 IMO dMluUstor elasticity; yp issbaee sie cys sce eles eens et cles coe pov ancora yaiaiteveteas eters eae ledayere cite revey shar sgeteastoys 18,000,000 ¢ Based on data by Cook. (2) Refers to strip cold-rolled 60 % (reduction in thickness) from a ready-to-finish anneal at 1450°F, for 2 hr. ¢ Refers to a 1450°F. anneal for 2 hr. Diamond pyramid ne oe eee 110 100 90 Brinell, 10 kg., 177777. 80 = 10 (oy LZ) 60 a = 50 ie) S 40 30 20 —— re scleroscope Ut & 10 r 0 0) 610) oO 30) 40 Bo G0) 70 £0 FO) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Reduction in Thickness : Percent Reduction in Thickness Cuart 41.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength, proof CuHart 42.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of 18 per cent ‘strength, and proportional limit of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip nickel-silver strip (18.40% nickel, 62.05% copper, balance zinc) (18.40 % nickel, 62:05 % copper, balance zinc) previously annealed at previously annealed at 1450°F. according to Cook.) 1450°F. according to Cook. 25) Nickel Silvers 205 NEG 1 SX as ea a ~| eduction of area Ultimate tensile 50 oo oO ~I Oo bk DD o oO aN ° Elongation Reduction of Area, Percent Ww rs) Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Elongation, Percent in 2In. Erichsen Ultimate Tensile Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0 Bees) rr ot T 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Percent Reduction in Thickness Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) CHART 43.—The effect of cold rolling on the percentage reduction Cuart 44.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, Erichsen of area and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver value, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 18 per cent nickel-silver strip (18.40 % nickel, 62.05 % copper, balance zinc), previously annealed strip (18.40 % nickel, 62.05 % copper, balance zinc), previously cold- at 1450°F. according to Cook. 25) rolled 60 per cent (reduction of area) according to Cook.@® TABLE 7 15 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL Data—Strip@ Copper, 66.18 %; nickel, 15.02 %; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ phensilerstrenath ps1) O00lomitted) he-perens- pore eas eee ee eee oe 85-96 54-55 FROM Aton smn gpl eZ PLT strepes Soy aco Seay sm Meee OP IRE SRG Sat or i Oe hs Te ees 2 40-45 Appanentrelasticnimitey prs ies OOOomitted) heaeeeeneeie ne erie eee ree 66-75 15-16 Yield strength, 0.5 % extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................-. 79-81 17-19 Woeldistreng thm O:2/7q1oftset- ips) (O0Olomitted) sarees) es sae ase ane 81-90 17-19 Waeldtsirenr:thOsleGrottset-yp-s-(OOOlomitted) sameee sense ae oe eee eee 79-85 17-19 Rockwell hardness F, 1 4 gainaballMG0Skoloadeevterwe stare ose eee seca Wee =i 70-71 Rockwell hardness B, } A e-in. ball, 100-kg. load... .. 51s SHR chon tn BARRE eae ey aes 88-91 24-25 Rockwell hardness G, 14 ¢-in. ball, 150-kg. load....... 5 lee Bs Sic eras ane eee ts 63-68 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14,-in. ball, 15-kg. load............... Be eee ee Lae 89-90 69-69 Rockwell hardness 30-T, PAteaineballyaQck on loadsa aie tapas Aarne ery ery tele 15—U1. 32-33 pNounsismmodulustoimelasticity.,p sieee ee eeet ee ee erin eae ene see 18,000,000 Weltin eso tc heer tener ysita eerie fc aes iia cena eee ts CIR peat pe eee tans clack aos 1965 Wensityallbesperrcuepimergrart svete sere cae Sos Gs chs neat ae ante, she elas, eau 0.314 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C..........................--...---.--- 0.0000150 Biccungall comchiommaiiny, G WN CHS, FUNC as dccdososccooecoccotceundocenacucnasonbaae 6.3 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F..................... 20 SS DEClhicue Ta vilbypen. torrie cS rat aN Slee sterols and ae esate aeeeteuen de aen ae eee eesaee eevee Bee ele 8.70 a All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. +6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.100—-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Same as footnote b after 1400°F. anneal (1 hr.). 206 ,000 Lb. per Sq. In. _ WO 20.7 294 372 440 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling @ { Za £5 4 5 @ 7 8 9 {le B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 45.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.10 To yield strength (offset) 0.20% » ILO 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | 2s SL A 5 7 8 9% 10 B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 47.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys ee eae a aeeae JA Rockwe// B hardness Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015 mm. —=— 0.)00 mm. (2) 100 Kg. Load B S ro) Se} (=) Sj Gd So © Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg. Load ‘Sai top) fe} fo) n, Percent in 2 In. as fs} W oO ips) oO N Vy 7 ZA Ea | Fa a ea Ey a Be Elongatio Ra fongete? i a es ——— 1.0 207 294 372 440 500 55.5 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling vA Bhi Ge G 7 By ey io) B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 46.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previ- ously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). oO | Code C) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 000 Lb. per Sq In 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 605 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling QO |} ey Semen inne > DIO B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 48.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Nickel Silvers Grain Size in Mm. 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp.) Cuarr 49.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). : 3 to} = eet Rockwell F hardness re w = : eta, Seen S =, 100 ES eee NG PACS NeaasS NGS eal Se BS@ | LarRY | Rockwe//] B hardness 0.015 mm. —— 0.100 mm. YN | Rockwell Hardness ié Ball F 60 Kg. Load ae 7 | py | ed (0) a Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1]00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 51.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). iS Apparent 50 elastic limit Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015 mm. == 0.100 mm. Room 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 50.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code @ 0.10% yield strength (offset) 000 Lb. per Sq.1n. 1000 N00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 52.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 400 500 600 700 800 900 208 f 000 Lb. per Sq, In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 }100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (Hr at Temp.) Cxuart 53.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.100 mm. (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Cold worked 8 BWS No.hard (60.5%o red.) 4 (37.2 To a ) >) @) (2) ° Oo} (4) (10% » ) 100 =) (20.7% and annealed 80 00 deg.F tor lhr Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 0.008 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 55.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (66.18 % copper, 15.05 % nickel, balance zinc.) Copper and Copper-base Alloys 100 E = 90 Tensile strength oa + 5000 PS.I. a E > 70) A = £ Oo 60 4] = ee : 2 ee D 40 ewe a 5 +5 % | 6 + 30 mn 2in. = s Elongation 2 = 20) S38 AO tig Bug |r = ) 2 io fe 2 10 O 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B /ie' Ball 100 kg. Load Ge) fe 8 & MN WW = os Rockwell Hardness F “6” Ball 60.Kg. Weed Gr Ww WW GO 4 Gr SO G5 Rockwell Hardness |5T Ye’ Ball 15 Kg. Load Wo) 3 Ae Fo) Fy Ch 10 te Rockwell Hardness 30T 6" Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 54.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 15 per cent nickel- silver strip (66.18 % copper, 15.02 % nickel, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.5% red.) 4 » (372% » ) 2 (20.7% » ) (ILO% ») © @) @ - Ox (50.0% » ) G) » mH © and annealed |400 deg.f for | hr. Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 0.002 0,004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 56.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 15 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.100 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (66.18 % copper, 15.05 % nickel, balance zinc.) Nickel Silvers TABLE 8 12 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL Data—Srrip* Copper, 66.24 %; nickel, 11.57%; zinc, balance 209 Property Hard? Soft densilerstrenzthewoisieN OOOlomitted) Bereeneee artnet eee eens 88-102 52-54 Bl tovavegnnonM Gp ahah 47a coo eecictarc Rrosio! cid or eicions Sata e Sie eae aa oe Ee Bie mente Come 3 43-49 Apparentelastie limit ps1 (O0Olomitted)hors-5-s s+) scm oases ease ee ae 69-82 16 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................-. 77-82 17-18 Wield strength, 0:2% offset, p:si. (QOO/omitted).................................5.... 84-96 17-18 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..............................2...05.. 80-90 17-18" Rockwell hardness F, 14 ,-in. ball, 60-kg. load.....................6..00200 2 cece e eee 110-113 69 Rockwell hardness B, },¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load...........................-...--.-.-- 90-94 22 Rockwell hardness G Tagan ball 502k oe loadras 60 s0n cs ecgh cepa See enatesiagsia te eres 64-71 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14 ,-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................................-..- 90-91 68 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load..................................... 76-78 31 Nouncwspmodcdulustoielasticityppo Sumaeenae aan ern iia naa een eee 18,000,000 IWielicin esp Olnt wash tore EMT rp ini Mie ee ciate ger etac tae aeacaiue CRAG EIU Pi veme Capes Ue ccna cs 1900 Den sivy eel lompeLicuhy impo dey ie tere ac tien sates oierrigncdiate Mens Renee ye ehe pala ew neaia allacean 0.314 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C...................... 2.0002 e eee 0.0000150 Wieecinicall concennainy, G6 UAC. GIs ooooeoodoungoucdoGosodg0cnsGGccasuauc5oKeGs 7.3 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 23 DECI CHora Valier tac ee SCIEN LIST ac ees s.c dane c-Si ayer Pie uchoreererw die Mi apters, «ais siete non ello ates 8.70 @ All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 26 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Same as footnote b after 1400°F. anneal for 1 hr. Ready to finish grain 0.015 mm. = = 0.080 mm. Rockwell F hardress esa TS} O e) | o 110 ~ 110 me: gS ee amie: 2a = me) Paap |} a" £ 80 3 E570 Ee $ : fe am 60 A. < —S 50 a 2 ° = 40 3 : ae 7 3 x (8) (e) & 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling @ || ZN eEN AN 5 © 7 8 FY B &S Numbers Hard Cuart 57.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 LCS Elongation 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Ared by Rolling oso By Ay bis SO Se 8a HO B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 58.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previ- ously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). © | 2 210 1,000 Lb. per Sq, In. Code Ca) 0.10% yield strength (offset) 1.0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo t (ee ee Olam een 5 a YF 6 9 B®&S Numbers Hard Cuarr 59.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Grain Size in Mm. Ready to finish grain size =——— 0.080 mm. 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 61.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | 2 Bo tA 35 6 7 9 10 , B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 60.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously annealed to a grain size of _ 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Apparent elastic limit 000 Lb. per Sq.In. ea fo) i 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 62.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). - 4 Nickel Silvers 211 Rockwell B hardness w Rockwell Hardness ‘ie Ball F 60Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load Elongation =a 0 -Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 |200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp) CuHart 63.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hnat Temp.) Cuarr 65.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.080 mm. (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 000 Lb. per Sq. In. 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 |200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 64.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent r 11.57 1 1 Tensile Strength in 1,000 per Sq.!In. Elongation, Percent in 2 In 70 eduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (66.24 % copper, % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 10 00 90 Tensile strength # 2000 BS.1. 80 | 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B Vie" Ball 100 Kg. Load Go) 745 G0) Gs Ci Si = Rockwell Hardness F Ye" Ball 60 Kg. Load Gf Tl A 77 80 84 SF GO Ge Rockwell Hardness I5T “6" Ball 15 Kg. Load wk) Ss 45 bh) bY G4 70 To GP Rockwell Hardness 30-T “s6" Ball 30 Kg.Load Cuart 66.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 12 per cent nickel- silver strip (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. 212 G) Cold Worked 8 B&S No.Hard (60.5 Yo red.) (2) » ” 4» ” (37.27% a3 ) one 100 (@)» hea ”) 6 ao Ge % red.) 80 and annealed 70 40 LSS} oO Stress, 000 Lb. per Sq.In. ipo) ° WAA ae aa (A Se ee 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 67.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc). ro) oe Copper and Copper-base Alloys » (207% ») » (110% ) And annealed 80 1400 deg.F for bh oO Stress, 000 Lb. per Sq.In. aoe Bae | | fot || -}- i fe}, =} Ae ea 0.002 0.004 0006 0008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuarr 68.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 12 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (66.24 % copper, 11.57 % nickel, balance zinc). TABLE 9 10 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL DatTa—Srrip* Copper, 66.02 %; nickel, 10.73 %; manganese, 0.15 %; zine, balance Property ard Soft? Aensilerstrength-yprs-1) COOlomitted) yaeeee esac erene teeter eer Orraeeacr 87-103 50 NN oyavex a toyae PUAN ey apts learn ease eocE Ne ott Ree carer eeONeIOre, Screen me meste tae Cima meeG ie mioial sisi c B 51-42 AXponmemt, GE gio Iii, ToS, COD amie) ccoscccocosccceunancevcccvceconscuaguesesue 71-81 13 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.. (000 omitted)...................2+.----++eee eee 81-82 15-16 Waeldistreng ths 0:2/%rotiset, ps. O00lomitted) eeeaaeeeeeae eae. sees eae neeeae 84-98 15-16 Naeldistrens phe: Os orotiset apices OOOkomitted) peers eee eee eee 81-92 15-16 1Roelawyallll lnorchnesys} 19, Ui gain, jomill, GOA, Wome accocesacaovodsoncadeveasgasovoasoasncce 108-112 68-69 Rockwelljhardnesssbs4ie—ls bales OO=koayl oad ern nee arise erence erin 88-96 21-23 Rockwell hardness G1 Vigains pall We Qube Moadsyitemes sees teeny ober oe eRe ARIS Aa seas 63-76 TRoGkyralll Inawolness WEIN, igi, loalll, Wises, WoC! 5c0ccccccascsoanucagcocn0evses00000 89-92 68 Rockwell hardness 30-1, 14 ¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load.............................------.- 75-80 30-31 SWounvisnmodulusroipelasticityalp is ieee ree nere rome rer nner ont ener 17,500,000 WAGs Ha eay oYoh teh famed Nicge al sneer hue alg erentngtatole eye caches clases aieaee comics rhelta aesen Wosel tho s/o etre o-aiaiara es \oAie 1850 Densrtiysnllo eer iCute fe yoy ea eyeyeie ete tees ccc oe ie Bs ste eT Gone Col caeR te AES LC ORN ng nets ee RT sEcet 0.313 Coeiticrentiofgexpansiontsperss © pirome25— 3005 Cement tierra ere reer 0.0000150 Meenacall comohnoonainy, GG WANKCHSL, GSP ssceoccoroceascodcsncuconecpeobocacansaases 8.27 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... 26.6 i=) SsoikiT Oy arch yak agement enBeoD Bice otced orcs ro Cole Actin Cmca ota wed cloak Deon ciee cea c 8.67 « All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. ®6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.080—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Refer to 1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). Nickel Silvers 213 Seen Sane =u oe a Ae mee 50 ee VA ec nen ae mo) 19) ss o 2) S a me) 5 ° — = ony : eo ae ee = 70 iA rN)

(0) © inatinn Ef hee ann Saami Terrsi/e strength 1000 Lb. per Sq. In, Room 400 500 600-700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 - Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (IHr. at Temp.) CHart 89.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 5 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.110 mm. (63.55% copper, 5.14% nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code C) 0.10 Yo yield strength (offset) (2) 0.20% » ” ( » } no @) 050% » n (extension) \ ~I (os) D> [o) KR ro) IL bial 000 Lb. per Sq, In. LSS} LG) Oo (o) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 92.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 5 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (63.55 % copper, 5.14 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Q 0 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 93.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 5 per cent nickel-silver strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.110 mm. (63.55 % copper, 5.14 % nickel, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code n 6 » ” and annealed 900 deg. F. Ate A ae 0.002 0.008 Strain, Inches per In 0.004 0.006 0.010 Cuart 95.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 5 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (63.55 % copper, 5.14 % nickel, balance zinc.) Tensile Strength in 1,000 per Sq. In. Elongation Percent in 2In Copper and Copper-base Alloys Se Renee | eae Tensile strength a FE £3,000 PS./. 10 0 Lit 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness BYis Ball 100 Kg. Load 57 65 69 74 80 86 91 Q7 Rockwell Hardness F 16" Ball 69 Kg. Load yl 4h Ge Wl 7A Wi 0) Bb By GO oe Rockwell Hardness 15-T Vie" Ball 15 Kg.Load 15 22 29 36 445 50 57 64 70 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30-T Vie" Ball 30 Kg.Load Cuart 94.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 5 per cent nickel- silver strip (63.55 % copper, 5.14 % nickel, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardnessis known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code ©) cold.worked 8 BES No. hard (60.5% red) (37.270 » ) » (20.7% » ) (11.0 % » ) Stress, lOOOLb per Sq, In. (0) 0.002 0.004 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. 0.008 CuHart 96.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 5 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.110 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (63.55 % copper, 5.14 % nickel, balance zinc.) Nickel Silvers 221 TABLE 12 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EXTRUDED NICKEL SILVERS:- L Chemical composition, % Physical properties Tensile El ae ae Micro Forging a strength |. 788" | Pytamu lae8! | Winans | etmetienz range, °F Copper | Nickel Zine Other additions , tion, %in| hardness | value, =e tee p.s.1. (000 : f bility’ Gantied) 2 in. No. (10- t.-lb. kg. load) 44.8 10.1 | Balance F90°¢ 28.0 155 27 60 B (and a) 1100-1550 B95¢ 26.0 166 29 B (and a) 44.6 12.6 | Balance| Deoxidized with E77 41.9 132 47 52 a (and B) Cu-Mn B87 37.0 144 54 a (and B) 43.8 16.1 | Balance F79 40.5 168 20 40 |a (and B) B83 34.0 171 48 44.5 10.2 | Balance No deoxidant F84 rages 157 29 56 B (and a) 1200-1550 B86 28.5 161 32 B (and a) 44.8 9.9 | Balance 0.02% P F92 25.3 157 27 55 B (and a) 1200-1550 B100 aa 175 28 B (and a) 44.9 10.2 | Balance 0.08% P F97 21.0 162 22 60 B (trace a) B100 15.5 166 25 B (and a) 44.7 10.5 | Balance 0.11% So F84 10.5 172 20 63 B (trace a) | 1100-1550 B86 9.5 170 28 B (trace a) 44.6 10.1 Balance 0.26% Si F100 14.0 198 19 53 B 1100-1550 B102 12.5 196 14 B 44.8 10.1 | Balance E90 28.0 155 De 60 B (and a) B96 26.0 166 29 B (and a) 44.9 9.7 | Balance | 0.56% Pb Desk F93 28.7 177 28 57 B (and a) rahe B93 18.5 164 23 B (and a) dized 44.6 9.4 | Balance | 1.55% Pb ene F89 27.2 150 28 0 B (and a) B89 17.0 151 20 B (and a) 44.1 9.1 | Balance | 2.88% Pb F89 25.0 154 22 80 B’ (and a) B79 12.0 161 16 B (and a) «Based on data by Cook.(28) + Assuming free-cutting brass (60% copper; 3 % lead; balance, zinc) as 100%. ¢ F and B refer to front and back ends of extruded rod. 222 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 13 LEADED 12 PER CENT NICKEL SILVER GENERAL DatTa—Strip? Copper, 65.49 %; nickel, 12.11%; lead, 1.96%; zinc, balance Property Hard? Soft¢ Theale RANE, SE (COO) Oa), .caccconaunchderoockenrresounnovecveesouooesocas 83-96 51-53 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted). . Be ee sieccihn ena oar Bevo atics crab ieee 60-73 13 Yield strength, 0.5 % extension, p.s.i. (000 onutted) Sia arene aCe crel Aone ety SU Sie 8 ait Oso ta 77-88 17-19 WoeldistrengthO:2,7Goitset-sp sss OUOkomi tied) meee aeee erie nent ee 76-85 16-18 Wielel sian, O96 Guise, Dsl (OOO @aaiitiee))...-scccccennennsusneonsoucsesonenesce 74-80 16-18 Mlonrations) (oem Dein pay scerces as oe ere eR Ne IER eee ee ea ee eer 3 44-38 Rockwellhandmess) Hee4i¢=0nee olen 6 =o] oC eee eee ee 106-110 73 Rockywellshardnesss By 4ig=10 balla OO=kossl oad eee ae eee ee eee 81-91 27 ROC All Inarchngss WosIh, We gain. lovnlll, Wek, WOACl - nce concen nocaveesanoesovonvenseue 74-44 71 Rockwellihardness: 30-1 e(¢-1ne ball 30-kealoadereenee ene aera erion | seen ae 80-56 37 Vounp’s:modulusofielasticttyvespsiae- ores een nice ee ey ee en ee oe AT nae? 17,000,000 IZ IGY hark c¥iehy of OV iar ete ces, Meera ect tes a eee lee the: ase Mnaater peel erc ia Senecio oem aaa sone ce eno mete 1900 IDYETETHTN Ae Lola ofa CUT Net ernie tcis unin nn dices ont ak hn Aiea otis aes erate Ca Mien Me acer enathy celia ee 0.314 Coeticientioiiexpansion.speres Ca tromy25—30 05 Opener eee er eee ee 0.0000150 Biecimicall Comeloeunvannyg, Go UANCUS, GBI. connec assbagosvnonusondcotccoursensecauure 7.3 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per “F., 68°F..................... 23 Specifictoma ya bye eck rte ee reece eae oer EEE ER aT bcs ROR cue age ee 8.70 « Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). 66 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.060—0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢ Refers to 1400°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). “ Rockwell Hardness Vie Ball F 60 Kg, Load B 100 Kg. Load Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. == 0.060 mm. 000 Lb. per Sq, In. aS So Ww (oe) ips) oO anes Percent in 2 In. EI HE? oi 10 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 11.0 20.7 ae 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Onl Dee Ae) IGY of Bs ©) Te) 0) fi 2 BY 24a 5 6 tes I= N0 B® S Numbers Hard B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 97.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and Cuart 98.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and apparent elastic limit of 12 per cent nickel-silver-leaded strip, previ- percentage elongation in 2 in. of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, ously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.060 mm. previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 196 % lead, balance zine) (0 040-in. stock). stock). Nickel. Silvers 70 407 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 3 10 0) 1.0 20.7 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 605 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Qo | Lio Ae St omen no. 9° tO BE&S Numbers Hard CHart 99.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 12 per cent nickel-silver-leaded strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). 0.070 0.060 Ready to tinish grain size 0.050 ———= (0/5 mm. — — 0.060 mm. 0.030 Grain Size in Mm. oS oS SS (s) 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuant 101.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Code @ 0.10% yield strength (offset) 0 20.7 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo ol 2 3 4 5 6 7 8.9 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 100.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zine) (0.040-in. stock). Apparent elastic Vrrrit 000 Lb. per Sq. In. CR 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (| Hr at Temp) Cuarr 102.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previ- ously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). 224. Rockwe// B hardness Rockwell Hardness (6 Ball F 60 Kg, Load B 100Kg.Load Elongation, Percent in Z In. / Llongation vj Eee (@) ao CR 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr. at Temp.) CxHart 103.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, (12 11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). ee a ese Cd) 0.107%o yield strength (offset) 600 700 800 900 1000 JI00 1200 1300 1/400 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 105.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.060 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Cd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) ” (Cec) 32. 100 & Sema | AN eee 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (I Hr at Temp.) Cuart 104.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 12 per cent nickel-silver—leaded strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) (0.040-in. stock). Elongation t 2% in Zr. Elongation, Percent in 2 In. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 {00 Rockwell Hardness B Vie" Ball 100 Kg. Load 69 74 80 86 YI Cl. 2 Rockwell Hardness F Vie" Ball 60 Kg. Load Oo Wl He it SO 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T “i6"Ball 15 Kg. Load 29S GAS Oe Di/ae OA OM OMS Z Rockwell Hardness 307 “6" Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuart 106.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 12 per cent nickel- silver—leaded strip (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Nickel Silvers Cold worked 8 B&S No.hard (60.5% red.) (31.270 » (207% » (IL07o (50.0 Yo » » $7) 6 ” bP) and annealed 1,000 deg.F Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 10) 0.002 0.004. 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. CxHart 107.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of leaded 12 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 inches used. (65.49 % copper, 12.11% nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc.) 0.008 225 Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.5% red.) @ » » 4BRS» » (372% @) » (207% © » (ILO Jo G) » (500% ‘ and annealed |500deg.F. for Ihr. 8 7 6 50 40 0.008 0 0.002 0,004. 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 108.—The effect of cold working on the stress-strain charac- teristics of leaded 12 per cent nickel-silver strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.060 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (65.49 % copper, 12.11 % nickel, 1.96 % lead, balance zinc). CHAPTER VII THE CUPRO-NICKELS The copper-base alloys of nickel, z.c., those in which copper is the predominant alloy constituent, are commer- cially available in two types: one containing 80 per cent of copper and 20 per cent of nickel, and the other contain- ing 70 per cent of copper and 30 per cent of nickel. Both of these alloys are single-phase solid solutions of copper and nickel and are known as the ‘“‘cupro-nickels.” Although these alloys have been known for many years, they did not assume commercial importance until about 1925. At that time the demand for con- denser tubes capable of resisting the erosive-corrosive attack of high-velocity salt water used as the coolant in Navy surface condensers led to their commercial development. Since that time 70-30 cupro-nickel has shown a marked superiority as a condenser-tube alloy to the 80-20 alloy. The 80-20 cupro-nickel tube continues to find some use as a condenser-tube material in less severe applications. Both of these alloys, in addition to their excellent corrosion-resisting properties, possess tensile properties similar to those of 70-30 brass and, in addition, are the most resistant of the copper-base alloys to failure by stress corrosion and corrosion fatigue. Both cupro- nickels have been used in strip form for the manufacture of ammunition component parts. Bolts, nuts, screws, and similar parts are manufactured by cold-heading operations. Because of their generally valuable proper- ties, it is probable that their use will be extended. The physical and general mechanical properties of the two cupro-nickels are given in Tables 1 and 2 on pages 227 and 234. More detailed data are given in Charts 1 to 39 on pages 228 to 238. Foornores To TaBLeE 1 @ Refers to rod cold-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size, 0.035 mm. + Refers to a 1400°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-40 % reduction of area). @ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (40%). ¢ Extruded, reduced, and drawn to 34 by 0.049 in. f Footnote e after 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). 9 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 46 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.070-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively ? Material described in footnote A after 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). 226 The Cupro-nickels 227 TABLE 1 70-30 CUPRO-NICKEL GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 68.56 %; nickel, 30.48 %; iron, 0.39 %; manganese, 0.57 % Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Cold* | Cold¢ Mensilerstrenguhyspis-ien GOOkomiutted) passant eens 85 55 55-60 | 60-80 85 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................-. 69 16 16-20 | 33-67 67 Yield strength, 0.5 % extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)....................... 78 20 14-25 | 44-76 78 Yield strength, 0.2 % offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... 78 20 14-25 | 38-75 78 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................... 70 18 14-25 | 37-66 68 Idlomexieioial, “Gein P}snins A alglera.s ois uo er arcsaic onic Cole cnoe cnet aerceeia a Cee ae 15 45 45 40-15 15 Reductionwoiparecas Gere ieee teers eae nese css Mies cit ee wees eacgiga doh eee 75 85 85-80 | 83-76 75 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................2-..--2++-0:s 32 22 22-24 | 22-27 32 Rockwell hardness F, 14-in. ball, 60-kg. load..........................-. 103 79 79-85 | 90-103 103 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg.load........................... 81 37 37-50 | 58-80 80 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg.load...............................] 188 72 72-83 | 92-130 130 Modulustofxelasticity prs lin eamoar coos ahr eit em elo ages Sy ue aisles 22,000,000 IROn PAE Teen AVG SS SD) ers are) acataln saints er d cen ipio' or Bitola eR nS Ghetto Rey aaEnG te meres ie eenna re alee 1600-1900 Haron org ualitiynyci ce ocr sate tate Mga eon ie aeote clo ei he icone eae Ste Peete Fair MIR DEVS ORUCUUTE Nemec see neers tear tee tet oe iwe mind incre ae Menem none oe eta Single phase, alpha GrenreRaL Data—TusBe Copper, 68.94 %; iron, 0.26 %; nickel, 30.15 %; manganese, 0.60%; carbon, 0.049 % Property Hard? Soft wRensileystrength isp ss (O00lomitted) Hee eee eee eee nee ne oer 84 49 1alkorneaititonals Gf shay OA ah araretiomnie enact aids Gio laioroccsdo och ci la aie ai acl eee aes ER RIE TR eet re 4 50 Apparenttelasuicylimit=prsties OOOkomibted) Maneeneeeee mee eee eee eerie 83 18 Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load.......................- 0. cee cee eee ee 107 68 Nouneistmodulustofelasticity-pp Sueeeeeeee een nC eee erie eicneinnrn: 22,000,000 GENERAL Data—Srrip9 Copper, 68.94%; nickel, 29.61 % ee Se Gd Property Hard* Soft? ehensileystrength sp s195 O0Olomitted) eee eee cee aan ee nee eee 82-87 54-57 OM RATION OPT AM delete otter cue aie ee ee sea: eecteemenc at eee eee Sis, Auk oee Picasa dn Reo 3 38-35 Apparent elastic limit; pisa. (O0O/omitted). 3. 3.3... 64-69 14-18 Yield strength: Olbecrextension sp:s-15 O0lomitted) hase enee en ancen eee eae anes 79-80 18-19 ODM Otis, Who COD wamiiadl).osccecsccvasdecvcscocsesnocescssuncsvcouscvocaens 81-84 18-19 OMG offset sip:s'1-(OOOKonat ted) oo2 cuts cers loc ea eee epee ev ate re 1 GME rcushel hier yeiat 77-80 18-19 Rockwell hardness F, 14¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load........................................ 106-108 78-81 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.........................00..00..000.. 85-87 36-44 Rockwell hardness G, }4¢-im: ball, 150-kg. load.....................................- 57-61 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14¢-in. ball, 15-kg. load.................0 2.0... 88-89 73-15 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 -in. ball, 30-kg. load.................0 2... eee 74-15 40-46 Puysicat Data Mel tinespoin type here met pus oc tee oor dh 5 aac inimap neta Sum ce gi Ris ee RU ce nad Aa A umlieeee eos leln 2250 (Coeficientiotexpansion pers ©4nromeo5—3 005 Career ie erie cee er ne ese 0.0000162 lectricaltcomducibivatiyay sail Ae Oasys car eye stl ere te ey ane aU Alot onl py oR Sey, 0 ee espe Un ae Ci) 4.7 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F..................0 00sec 16.7 Density ralbaperscu-cimisr. dee csc aoc iene oes ets isle: Fier UE CN ich ee EON ASR RRR 0.323 Specihicrera vibes eee tie em eee ee TRC Rare ae Ae ner in Poor (etre enon ie aN tet Reg 8.96 Stressprelietgamniea lMagh: wenn mers ase te a tah abr Arte ANNONA eiratbes Soe th nik tot ale Se. Mafseet hye) Sth Ha 555 PATA ANT 2aeyce 10 Oe en EM ape Met Pi ornate ree nas Meni ya nee Git Ree eeu ties etch GALE INE Sr yg MP rar tt a 1250-1600 AVAILABLE CREEP Data‘) Previous history: cold-drawn to 0.750 in. in diameter, annealed 1022°F., Rockwell B, 72, tensile strength, 64,700 p.s.i.; 0.50 % yield strength, 48,300 p.s.i.; % elongation in 2 in., 37; % reduction of area, 65. At 750°F. a stress of 9,100 p.s.i. is required to produce a rate of creep per 1,000 hr. of 0.01% At 750°F. a stress of 18,800 p.s.i. is required to produce a rate of creep per 1,000 hr. of 0.10% See page 226 for footnotes to, table. 1,000 Lb. per Sq.tn. =—— (.015 mm. —=— 0.070 mm. 11.0 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 HP De Se TAL BY 6) = 257) B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). a) 0.10 % yield strength (offset @) 020% q.\n. Yield Strength, 1,000 Lb. per S Copper and Copper-base Alloys Rockwell Hardness Vie" Ball-F 60 Kg. Load-B 100 Kg.Load Rockwell F hardness | ee Ww | Flengation mel ie a 1.0 207 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 8 Oly ey 32 Rockwell B hardness Elongation, Percent in 21n. QB 4 Oo 7. & B&S Numbers Hard CHart 2.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (68.94% copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 1.0 20.7 294 372 48.0 50.0 555 60.5 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 | Deol e OOS all 1cO B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). 11.0 207 294 37.2 48.0 50.0 55.5 605 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oneal 2° $5 4° Se 16) ieee, B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock) The Cupro-mickels 0.080 Ready -to-finish grain size —— 0.070 mm. 0.060 0.020 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 5.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. == 0.0/0 mm. Rockwell F hardness Rockwel//] B hardness Ball F 60Kg.Load B 100 Kg, Load pe} ‘S) =o SS 50 g imo} 3 30 cE g 20 4 EO sewetee [TT Te ea eee a aS - CR 700 800 900 000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 7.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). 1.000 Lb. per Sq. In. Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — —_ 0.070 mm. CR 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 6.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (68.94% copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). Q Code qd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) CR 700 800 900 1000 \I00 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). Code Cd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » ( 50% » » ) po) Oo fost fo) ~ [o) D io) in fo) i ° [S) oO no oO Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. CR 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) CxHart 9.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) (0.040-in. stock). Gd) Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (60.5% reduction) a Ao Bs > (GES ® ) D(A © » (11.0% » (500% @ = @o = Ov sie = (©) » 6 and annealed 70 60 50 Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0.010 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 11.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel.) Copper and Copper-base Alloys 90 80 fe W Tensile strength + 2000 PSL. WY > 60 v a 2 50 ° S S 40 ec a D 30 w D 20 x 2 10 2 0 30 40 50 60 10 80 90 Rockwell Hardness /ie’ Ball B 100 Kg. Load 14 80 86 9\ 91 = = Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball F 60 Kg.Load 7 4 TT 80 84 87 90 Rockwell Hardness “ie” Ball 157 15 Kg. Load 36 43 50 57 61 10 16 Rockwell Hardness Ye" Ball 30T 30 Kg. Load CxHart 10.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. a) Cold worked 8 B&S numbers hard (60. 5% reduction) Gh ” D (G6 p % @ = (207% 1 (11.0% @ 9 y » (500% Stress, 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 0.004. 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per Inch Cuart 12.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 70-30 cupro-nickel strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.070 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (68.94 % copper, 29.61 % nickel). 0 0.002 0.010 The Cupro-nickels pa ieee nan G Tensile strength 1,000 Lb. per Sq. In. 0 CD 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Cuart 13.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 cupro-nickel tube, previously cold- drawn 70 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.065 mm. (68.94 % copper, nickel 30.15 %, 0.26 % iron, 0.60 % manganese). 40 Elongation, Percent in 2In, Jee 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Temperature in Deg. F (IHr. at Temp.) Cuarr 15.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 80 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 231 oOo Elongation, Percent in 2 In. Rockwell Hardness B 6" Ball-60 Kg. Load CD 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Cuart 14.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of 70-30 cupro-nickel tube, previously cold-drawn 70 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.065 mm. (68.94 % copper, 30.15 % nickel, 0.26 % iron, 0.60 % manganese). 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. & Cc i) Oo s= o a. S Y 1s < qq 3 < £ 0 = as i) ie 0 0M DO 4 BO 7 8 SH i100 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing Cuarr. 16.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength, percentage reduction of area and apparent elastic limit of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.389 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 232 Rockwell Hardness Vie" Ball-F 60 Kg.Load-B100 Kg. Load 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing Cart 17.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). £ p00 wn 3 90 Qo S — 80 oO Oo 2 70 ' co) @ 60 d 6 50 o 2£ 40 5) > 30 vu & = 20 elastic limit S 10 3) eG CD 700 800 900 {000 \100 1200 1300 1400 [500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F.(1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 19.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and percentage reduction in area of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Reduction by Cold Work Cuart 18.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 0.060 Grain Size in Mm a is 0.000 1100 1400 1700 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (!Hr at Temp.) Cuart 20.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1200 1300 1600 The Cupro-nickels one Rockwell] F hardness w >) Serer oe oy aon |S eevesss Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball F 60 Kg.Load B100Kg.Load CD 700 800 900 ‘/000 100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 21.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Code > C1) 0.10% yield strength (offset) = 10 (2) 020% 7 v ( a PERS is G) 0.50% » ” (extension) eed) hea 0 CD 700 800 900 1000 II00 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 T/00 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 22.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 70-3D cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq.1n. Code Ca) 50% reduction in area by cold working a 4) Previous reduction in area 50% by col for | Hr working and annealed 13500 deg.F D Oo iSa] [o) & Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq, Jn. S 0) 0.00) 0.002 0.005 0.003 0.004 0,006 Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 23.—The effect of cold drawing on the stress-strain characteristics of 70-30 cupro-nickel rod (under 1 in. in diameter) having a ready- to-finish grain size of 0.035 mm.; 100,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (68.56 % copper, 30.48 % nickel, 0.39 % iron, 0.57 % manganese). 234 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 80-20 CUPRO-NICKEL GeneRAL Data—TuBE Copper, 78.18 %; nickel, 20.65 %; manganese, 0.51% Property Hard? Softe shensilerstrenet hemp seen (CO COK Ova Gt Cl) letersi eee eles eee eee en 80 49 lone ations (iam Ane tree esenepe teas ae steohs oe tee arte es pate Pea Se erase eevee EES 3 40 Apparent elastic limit, jp:s.1. (OOO/omuitted) oo Sas. ee ce eee 73 17 Rockwell hardness F, 4¢-1n. ball, 60-kg: load........................................ 107 71 Worms mia Gliling @? GEGUIIGRN, TSH co. coc oon oceGnode ssedsoveanoddeeuenesesaen5005 20,000,000 GENERAL DatTa—Strip* Property Hard¢ Soft¢ Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................. TTR Res oA Mees GR ae 77-81 51 IDE AOM, G6 rN WN cocqessoe eo Godo uae bodeebbe don gooanor aden ccoamosemec oon DOSE 3 35 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............. RLY Atte Meee RW St ge ne mes 64-66 ll Yield strength: ; OR SACOM, ET OU GaN accc=serengaasvecsoonebcrdeusgoestucrencnesece 75-17 14 DAG OIC, Sas (CUO Guaiieo))cavesoos sane eed 4s ypeberboe rondo so aseadee RPA MeES.b 75-79 14 Oil % Oise, OSU, (OOO OMANI), -aseseccss0eccozseceneseaecodsveecsoscocEscsees 72-76 14 Diaclimames Manni, Sal, CUO OnatiiGel). .. csccaccesssocosouncovssysosesucooosossuonuE 27 17 Rockwelluhardness) Heel4fe—tnes oa les G Oko] o 2c] ener epee eee ar ar Tee teeta teen 105-107 73 Rockwellihardnesssbel4r,—ineg baal al COS ray] os eee eye ene eee er 81-84 23-25 Rockwelluhancness) Geelage ined tall eis Oke] 0 2c ened eee 51-56 iRockwelluhardness) 15-dei24(g—1ne foals 1 5= kore) osc tegen ye eye tetete lett tee tr ye) teeter 87-88 68-69 Rockwell hardness 30-2, }¢-in. ball) 30-kg. load..................................... 71-73 31-33 Younes mochilis Of GiGi, DSuls + --00csceceboososccucrosvsccnaacea ss ¥a009a000cr 20,000,000 Puysitcat Data Melting points ORs 2 ye fe eae ae cas cnet Sees eksuenuyeenaseges oe soa gcpaae ee Sree pene charuseen a Cem ey a oa 2190 IDSA, WO. DAP Gb WMoscacdcasccapsccnspoeesouenveescosusnasacose Dieamcall comclnennntiy, Go WAC GSAT oc conn cesosoasonoccneead Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F. .... pee kite Sande © Audi guste Ree Ae 22 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. 3 ’ Extruded, reduced, and drawn, to 34 by 0.049 in. ¢ Same as footnote b after 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). 26B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.055-0.015 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish. ¢1600°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote d. 4000 Lb. per Sq. In. The Cupro-nickels Tensile strength dS eee Sedan 1.0 20.7 294 372 440 500 555 605 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | leet ee SA LD 6 TY §& 9 ~ | B&wS Numbers Hard Cuart 24.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). s) lo) po) io) WE sk LiNGaae o (oe) ~ lo) D oO ae t elastic limit 1S, So w # SoS © Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. — — 0.055 mm. Pe aS NEE ‘Code G) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » » ,000 Lb. per Sq,|n. 10 207 294 322 440 500 55.5 605 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0 \ 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 B®&S Numbers Hard CxHaArtT 26.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). ae Rockwell iF hardness = fe ae alee A s sonanaa ckwell B hardness d B'100 Kg, Load 70 " Rockwell Hardness /ie Ball F 60 Kg.Loa 50 40 7 30 20 Flongation an er er ee ee ee 1.0 207 294 372 440 500 55.5 60.5 64.8 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling M | 2 3.4 5 6 mi 8 9 10 B®&S Numbers Hard Cuart 25.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). ea ane @ 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 020% » _ 000 Lb. per Sq, In. 1.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 555 60.5 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 0) \ 2 3 4 5) 6 7 8 9 10 B®&S Numbers Hard Cart 27.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.055 mm, (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). Grain Size in 0.020 0.910 Pei ee ae coe ae ae 1200 1300 1400 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp) Cuart 28.—The effecf of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size —— 0.015 mm. —— 0.055 mm. Rockwell F hardness = SS Ball F 60 Kg, Load B {00 Kg, Load Ss 3 me 50 Rockwe// B Pa alee hardress o 40 ef en AS E 30 f = . ey = 20) ieee Oe 2) ————— : emesis wen ed Room 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (Hr at Temp.) Cxart 30.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). 1600 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Code Ready to finish grain size 0.015 mm. —— 0.055 mm. ro) 50 Apparent elastic hirmit 20 | |) See | | |) | a 700 800 900 1000 1]00 1200 1500 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (I Hr at Temp.) Cuart 29.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold- rolled 6 B. & 8. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). L000 Lb. per Sq.\In Code G) 0.107 yield strength (offset) @) 0.20% » ”» @) 0.50% » 000 Lb. per Sq, In. RaBBERe ie | aera — CR 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuanrr 31.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). 20 The Cupro-nickels 237 Code ue 0.10% yield strength (offset) CR 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F. (Hr at Temp.) Cuart 32.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.055 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) (0.040-in. stock). (20.7 To (1L0 Yo , » (50.07% and annealed 1200 deg.F for {hr Stress, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. eZ pC 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. Cart 34.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese.) 0.008 Tensile strength + 2000 PSI. Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 20 30 40 50 ; 60 70 80 90 Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball B 100 Kg, Load 69 14 80 86 9 91 = = Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball F 60 Kg. Load 67 7a) 14 vai 80 84 87 90 Rockwell Hardness Ye Ball I5T 15 Kg. Load 29 36 43 50 57 64 70 76 Rockwell Hardness “ie Ball 30.7 30 Kg.Load CuHart 33.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese) when only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code G) Cold worked 8 B&S No.hard (60.5% red.) (37.2 To (20.770 (11.0 Yo (50.0 Yo and annealed 1600 deg.F. for thr. 80 710 c = 60 on WY . 50 v ou 40 = 3 50 B HG 2 & 10 () 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 Strain, Inches per Jn. Cuanrt 35.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain character- istics of 80-20 cupro-nickel strip (0.040 in. thick) having a ready-to- finish grain size of 0.055 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (79.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese). 0.008 238 60 — Tensile strength ie) (o) iN fo) ie) oO Tensile Strength, 1,000 Lb. per Sq, In. OJ io) fo) (0) A400 800 1200 1600 2000 Temperature in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 36.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 80-20 cupro-nickel rod, previously cold-drawn 20 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (79.99 % copper, 19.60 % nickel, 0.41 % iron and manganese). Based on data by G. D. Bengough®!?) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Grain size 7 mim. Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball 60 Kg. Load 0 CD 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg. (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 38.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of 80-20 cupro-nickel tube, previously cold-drawn 60 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Tensile strength Tensile Strength & Apparent Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Cop) ) CD 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 Annealing Temp.in Deg.f (1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 37.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 80-20 cupro-nickel tube, previously cold- drawn 60 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.050 mm. (78.18 % copper, 20.65 % nickel, 0.51 % manganese). | Tensile strength 000 Lb. per Sq.In. Corrosion fatigue’ BS (same for fresh & tidal water) O CuT% 100 Ni Yo CuHart 39.—The tensile strength, fatigue, and corrosion fatigue 100 90 80 70 Q 0 2 60 50 40 30 40 50 60 30 20 10 70 80 90 (for both fresh and tidal waters) of alloys of copper and nickel. Based on data by H. J. Gough.) CHAPTER VIII THE SILICON BRONZES The silicon bronzes are essentially alloys of copper and silicon containing usually from 0.25 to 1.25 per cent of one of the four elements: tin, manganese, zinc, iron. These alloys were introduced in the United States about 1925, and since that time their use has increased continuously. There are many silicon bronzes in com- mercial use, differmg one from the other primarily in the silicon content and nature of the third constituent. Within the past several years there has been a com- mercial division of the silicon bronzes into two general types, which are known as Grades A and B. The Grade A silicon bronzes are those containing the maximum of silicon and of the third constituent and are used in those applications which require the highest tensile properties in combination with a resistance to Grade A silicon bronze work-hardens much more rapidly than Grade B silicon bronze. As a consequence it is possible to attain tensile properties greatly in excess of those attainable with Grade B. This latter grade has cold-working and work-hardening properties similar to 70-30 brass, which is one of the most ductile and malleable of the brasses. Annealing in both grades is carried out within the temperature range of 700 to 1400°F., depending upon the degree of anneal required. When annealing is carried out under oxidizing atmospheres, the scale formed on the silicon bronzes is very refractory and difficult to remove by ordinary cleaning methods. A cleaning solution of 10% H.SO, + 20% HNO; + 5% HF, balance water, has been found effective. TABLE i COMMERCIAL SILICON BRONZES -Grade Name Copper, % | Silicon, % Tron, % eee ae Tin, % Zine, % Lead, % | Nickel, % (4) A Herculoy 418 BAkiNG® || BoWE-B2H || osccseces || oudoccacs 0.35-0.65 A Herculoy 420 Balbmce | Bo705-B.BS |} csccocsce 0.75-1.25 A Everdur 1010 ~ Balance 2.85-3.35 | 0.25 max OF Sb SIS ahaa ces lle eroayere 0.05 max. A Olympic A Balance | 2.75-3.25 | 0.20 max. | ......... | ......... 0.5 -1.5 | 0.05 max. A Duronze 2 Balance 2.75-3.00 | 0.10-0.15 A PMG 10 Balance AEU=B GO| OOS) Saseocese ll easeaceee bce ocho sc 0.05 max. A PMG 94 Balance 7403.00 || O.e0=0500 |) escccosce || cocoocccc 2.5 4.5 0.05 max. A PMG 96 Balance 2ZEo0-a OOF ORSO=OP ZO ence ccietcen \leecrst tees oe. Aleve er ayceyee: 0.05 max A iNew, Hayven'Copper | Balance: |)2-25-3225) | 0750-125) ......... | .......-. |eee----.- | .---.---- 0.4-0.60 B Herculoy 419 Jee. |) We o2) || sacadaoue || ceocccuss OSS ORS Die heeeeeee 0.05 max B Herculoy 421 Balance Ue GO=200 || casccoces 0.15-0.40 B Everdur 1015 Balance UPI 7/5 |) OH mes, || Mo NOVO |) ccsseec0a |lboosnacce 0.05 max. B Olympic B Balance Loe | O20 me, |) scaaocase || concacocs 0.5 -1.25 | 0.05 max. B Duronze 5 Balance WN S0—2 OOM ee et eget: ll eae tact ce || See nee 0.05-max, B Duronze 1 Balance OF90S TO epee aoa Sig ss 1.25-1.5 B PMG 98 Balance 28 O0=2 56 OR CORSO =O Ute 2 slaz.clete cv ell| aero eed oltre eves eek 0.05 max. corrosion equal to or better than that of copper. These Grade A silicon bronzes are most commonly used in Grade A alloys possess welding characteristics similar to those of the mild steels. _ Grade B silicon bronzes are those which contain smaller amounts of silicon and of the third constituent and are characterized by unusually good cold-working properties in combination with tensile properties com- parable to 70-30 brass, corrosion resistance similar to that of copper, and welding properties only slightly inferior to the Grade A alloys. Both grades of silicon bronzes have excellent hot- working properties and can be readily rolled, forged, and extruded. As in the case of copper and copper-rich brasses, lead must be controlled to trace amounts in order to avoid cracking in hot forging or hot rolling. the form of sheet, strip, plate, and rod for the construc- tion of welded tanks, range boilers, chemical equipment, and the like. Since ease of welding in combination with the strength of mild steel and the corrosion resistance of copper is the important specific property of these alloys, detailed recommended practice is given on page 250. Grade B silicon bronzes are used almost exclusively for the manufacture of products requiring excellent cold-working properties in their manufacture. Cold- headed bolts, nuts, screws, lag bolts, and similar items annually account for the consumption of large quantities of these materials. The physical and mechanical properties of competitive grades of silicon bronzes are essentially the same. 239 240 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 SILICON BRONZE—TYPE A GreneRAL Data—Rop Silicon, 3%; manganese, 0.5-1.0%; copper, balance $e Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft’ Hot | Cold Rensilerstrenrthep sis OOOkomib ted) weeenerrit et titative terriers 110 62 60-70 68 Npparentrelastic innit yprssis OOOlorm ted) seen meratset eit cietsisesi ie terete etter 94 21 20-35 35 ING PENG OA UPA Ne, Gaew anus keno edocs owe Bhs Foo SR BHD Ob Oop bbe adadaoee0 ome 5 72 65-75 60 Reduction Of Area: G6 .celcis sess uaens wae kno hen tod greet eens aa oe eis Ba musreier steers pepe 45 75 55-75 64 Bndurance limite ssies QOOlomi tied) neneenteere eect i renee it ice rictataie 30 18 Rockwell hardness F, 14 .-in. ball, 60-kg. load.....................22..0..-02-2000- 112 81 80-95 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load......................2........-55.. 98 45 35-60 70 Modulusromelasticity ap stlac teen eran iterates aitercesrrieianertt ren terrae e cK nercie 15,000,000 IMPel tii g PONS SE Sevan terest ste eevee tats ca ee Pees on cor Rees cee age 1860 Toy euia pases yaNe(epC ham Ween ee A camera ten Picea ote tO A Get iC Inns WO Sioa mimo o's GE Roca nae carina. Se 1250-1450 ING eAAO PENN Es ocads Sdn ton adeeoC ds Onoe Ao MadAeBoEseREoto Bade pb aMEbeeo aga ude. Good YBa IRW AUS Dos aesRa mene Mian carbon Sombre cate oe aoa oped ceemctG Onlocanime ddoqu cube b Single phase, alpha Density wilbs pericue ine cess seit te acre a ye Ree ere ate knee to ete a OC IoE 0.308 GENERAL DatTa—STRIP Silicon, 3.19%; tin, 0.46%; copper, balance Property Hard?¢ Softe Mensilexstrenethyip:s1s O0Olomitted) eeepecercer shares cateeer cece cesar 107-119 62-73 IDNA HOA, GO ol BNNs ooocdeaocadssad vaooho sda FOdHoKD Oe ODDOOaEOUC OHOROEOBCDdIO 5 22-47 Apparentelastic limites sien (COOkomitte d)) emir ret tenerseeec ier 94-104 22-38 Riogancill Inches 18, Yigain, loll, Gays Woe. oconanadacagacescneubocbnauocoaneanDs 111-116 87-98 Endurance limit at 108 reversals: © Si, ss (COUN GM eoomdcnobdnabweouboseaomesdoueeooecunedunuaunioddooDcdd 16 4. 1S dk SINGS; eG, Tae (OO Omi). occocncane poggcenorescoos0eon0Gseaeasoccs 23 By IBS Watsh INGShy NEAR josey (OOO CisatinC))orccccornpouscnooueboensuoceseoduseusenooe 25 houngsnnodulusiofrelasticitvap Smee ee eee ee eee ieee Once r enc 15,000,000 MiG ON, “IPs scooeadeoseeoveoesu goo oc MOUS pas ovoOOaDOOO~OD COO UIDoOOO OO DCObOUOS 1860 PuysicaL Data Coefiicientofexpansiony pera © arom 20-300 Cette iterate erst tiene eet trae 0 .0000180 hermaliconductivaty-eo.tus persqe tue permts per br. pel gH |OSehr esse ell eteeeerteeitetae 27 Dikcincall comcheumatin, GG UVAICAS, GRU, oo accaconcsencnesandannbooauss / ohshale eee cea eR ROG eer ae 8.1 Density, lb. per cu. in AVAILABLE CREEP Data‘) Previous history: (I) Cold-drawn 0.750-in. round bar; annealed 842°F.; Brinell hardness, 119; tensile strength, 70,300 p.s.i.; % elongation in 2 in., 52; % reduction of area, 46. (II) Fully annealed. Stress, p.s.i. required to produce designated rate of creep per 1,000 hr. Temperature °F. 0.01% 0.10% I 400 | 8, 100 | 14,900 550 3,750 6,400 II 400 | 10,500 22,500 @ Refers to rod cold-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size of 0.080—0.100 mm.’ > Refers to 1300°F. anneal (for 1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-struck from forged condition. 26 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0:015—0.080 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Refers to 67 % cold-rolled sheet, 900 and 1300°F. anneal which leaves 0.015 and 0.080 mm. grain size, respectively. / Apply to strip only (all tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock). The Silicon Bronzes rep Tensile strength ys Ce [Azase 2aape Bye Aes or ABE LA ~ AeApparent elastic a—= ().015 mm. =— === ().080 mm. 1.0 207 294 372 440 500 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OM 2 34a Bb 6 2 38 6 2 10 B&S Numbers Hard CHart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (96.50% copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. fF. (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuart 3.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold- rolled 10 B. & S. Nos. (67 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). CR 550 600 700 800 900 241 Foe aerate F hardness ee fo) ay ees Ready -to-finish grain size —— 0.015mm. =——= 0.080 mm. Rockwell Hardness “Yie!'Ball F60 Kk Sale Percent in 2!n. L£longation ee ee I1.0 20.7 294 372 440 50.0 55.5 60.5 648 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Oo | 424.6 4 5 Gye © iy B&S Numbers Hard CuHart 2.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). aie PSCC hardness F60Kg. Load BIQ0Kg.Load Rockwell Hardness Ye" Balll CR 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 4.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 10 B. & S. Nos. (67 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). Grain .Size in Mm. 1200 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (I Hr at Temp.) 1000 1100 1300 Cuart 5.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 10 B. & S. Nos. (67 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). 970 Code 297o reduction by cold rol ling 22% , ’ —— ee ’ A B C D E Apparent Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb. per Sq, In. CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 |100 1200 |300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F ( |Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 7.—The effect of annealing on the apparent elastic limit of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled from 2 to 29 per cent (reduction of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.090 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). 1400 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Copper and Copper-base Alloys 100 - A 29% pedueee by cold rolling B 22% ” ” ” ” ie IWS) ” ” ” ” D 10% 90 CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp.) Cuart 6.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength of Type A " Rockwell F Hardness ig Ball-60 Kg. Load silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled from 2 to 29 per cent (reduc- tion of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.090 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). 120 Code A 29% reduction by cold rol B 22 To ” » ” C 15 %o D 10 % \ [EEE 8 CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F ( 1Hr. at Temp.) >°) fo) Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled from 2 to 29 per cent (reduction of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.090 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). The Silicon Bronzes 80 Jina ae See seenny2s JS 258 70 ail ee fe | 7 D7 Ges ie oY a Elongation, Percent in 21n. CR 500 600 700 800 900 1000 !100 1200 1300 !400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(1Hr. at Temp.) Cart 9.—The effect of annealing on the percentage elongation in 2 in. of Type A silicon-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled from 2 to 29 per cent (reduction of area) from a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.090 mm. (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) (0.040-in. stock). a ro) Relief annealed S 2 8 a of Ss So} (oe) 60 50 40 W 077 Apparent elastic limit Tensile Strength & Apparent Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. [o:) o 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction by Drawing Cart 11.—The effect of cold drawing and cold drawing plus relief annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Type A silicon-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (96.30 % copper, 3.10 % silicon, 0.42 tin) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 140 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq.In,Elongation, Percent in 2 In. 70 80 90 100 1pKe} 120 Rockwell F Hardness (60 Kg.Load) CxHart 10.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of Type A silicon- bronze strip (96.50 % copper, 3.00 % silicon, 0.50 % tin) when only Rockwell hardness is known. 0.020 and 0.080 in. It is accurate for all thicknesses between © Relief ann. + Hard drawn 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Reduction in. Drawing Cuart 12.—The effect of cold drawing and cold drawing plus relief annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of Type A silicon-bronze rod, previ- ously annealed to a grain size of 0.040 mm. (96.30 % copper, 3.10% silicon, 0.42 % tin) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Oo 610 Apparent elastic Iirrit Tensile Strength &Apparent Elastic limit, |000Lb. per Sq. In. C.D. 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg. (1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 13.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Type A silicon-bronze rod, previously cold- drawn 55 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (96.30 % copper, 3.10 % silicon, 0.42 % tin) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). os Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq: In longation, Percent in 2 In Reduction of Area, Percent 0 Q 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Temperature in Deg.F.(1Hr at Temp) CuHart 15.—The effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength, reduction of area, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Type A silicon-bronze rod (copper 96.00 %, silicon 3.00 %, manganese 1.00 %) based on data by W. H. Bassett?) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Reduction of Area, Percent Elongation, Percent in 2In.- Rockwell Hardness Vie"Ball Y || Be enmeee | |_| lL CD 550 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 \200 1300 400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) CHarr 14.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area and grain size of Type A silicon-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 55 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.040 mm. (96.30 % copper, 3.10 % silicon, 0.42 % tin) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 70 Tensile Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. D i=) 50 50 60 70 Shear Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. CxHart 16.—This chart shows the relationship between shear strength and tensile strength of Types A and B silicon bronzes. 30 A0 The Ratieon Bronzes TABLE 3 TYPE B—SILICON BRONZE GENERAL Data—Rop Silicon, 1.91%; copper, balance; manganese, 0.51% Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Cold* | Cold¢4 Tensile strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. 0.0... .0 022202000 ee 100 42 42-50 | 45-55 92 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............................... 55 7 7-20 | 20-30 60 Yield strength: 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)................. Moat Sth ten eae 60 14 35-11 | 24-58 59 OD Orisa, Wa, (COO Ommitieel).ccccaccnncececcssasasconnesscubancec 75 13 25-8 | 24-68 72 OMGrofisetyyprs-1) O0Olomitted) Bannerer aces oe a eee 65 12 24-7 22-58 63 Bou eationyy OZ hime Aimee yer spe s cacveivee ete acy a Miler es ar tenes sv fous ales Meier aera) easton 70. 15 70-50 | 50-40 15 VEAUCTIONNOMATCA Gram atic Sasi Me scasiats GIGS eoouehsiees (tushy selens me oe es GE A Cyne 70 85 85-80 | 80-80 68 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................... 25 15 15-18 Rockwell hardness F, }{¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load............................ 108 44 44-76 | 85-100 108 Rockwell hardness B, 1/¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load........................... 90 a 48 49-76 90 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load............................... ae = 81 82-122 | 157 Moduluspofcelasticitysspisiy icy a eee = spss ine hhetewts sustevs sesh) Stennis 15,000,000 Forging range, °F................ Ware ee GARR Siow yh ayn anes ie ari a ake Genes 1250-1450 TPRayee ayes BEAD NUMBER = by See 5 [el 100) 8|150} tack 6'-8"'to “>| maintain approx. $ aper ture Fie. 1—Chart of recommended carbon-arc-welding procedure for silicon bronzes, single V welds, 34 - to ®-in. plate, according to Bunn, Hunter, and Seidlitz.” may interfere with the welder’s ability to ascertain when fusion and blending have been obtained. Recom- mended filler-rod sizes for various thicknesses, as well as base-metal preparation, if any, are indicated in Table 4 and Figs. 1 and 2. The use of the more expensive oxyacetylene method of welding is more or less confined to joining the medium and heavy gages of material. Joint setups employed are the same as those employed for the carbon-arc method; the seams are, however, run as free welds, a tapered aperture of approximately 3{¢ inch being desir- able to allow for contraction of the weld metal. The oxyacetylene flame is less intense and the rate of heat flow considerably less than the carbon-are method. Cooling of the weld is, therefore, much slower and it is necessary in order to prevent cracking to begin welding Copper and Copper-base Alloys at some point P, 4 to 6 inches from one end of the seam and run to the nearest end. After this section has cooled to a black heat, welding may be started again at P and the seam run to the other end. Tip sizes and filler-rod diameters are essentially the same as employed for the same gage of steel. The flame should be neutral to slightly oxidizing—definitely not reducing. The use of a flux, either in the powder form or applied as a water paste to the base metal and the filler rod, is essential. Bead sequence Complete weld bead requirements OD DIAMETER I fe] IS SARC VOLTAGE I=|SI=|NI=[CARBON DIA. +o] BEAD NUMBER S|CURRENT RANGE BEAD NUMBER Fare 1640 Lipedges « >| setup in Le tight butt Fic. 2.—Chart of recommended carbon-are procedure for silicon bronzes, double V welds, 14- to 1-in. plate, according to Bunn, Hunter, and Seidlitz. 2) Proprietary fluxes are available, or a satisfactory flux may be made up of boric acid (85 to 90 per cent) and borax (10 to 15 per cent). The metal-are method has found little application except as a method of depositing bronze overlays on steel for wear surfaces. There are to date no completely satisfactory coated electrodes available. Metal-are welding with bare electrodes is characterized by globular, intermittent, and somewhat wild transfer of metal across the arc, necessitating maintenance of a comparatively large well pool if any measure of control is to be main- tained. In the lighter gages it is necessary to deposit an unduly large bead if cross-bead checks are to be avoided. Welds executed by this method will not, in general, compare with those executed by either the carbon-are or oxyacetylene methods. CHAPTER IX THE ALUMINUM BRONZES Aluminum bronzes are high-copper alloys with alumi- num, most commonly containing between 4 and 10 per cent of aluminum. Additions of iron, nickel, silicon, and manganese are frequently made to the alloys of higher aluminum content to increase strength and hardness. The industrial use of the aluminum bronzes has until recently been largely restricted to castings for acid- resisting parts. Difficulties in the fabrication of wrought aluminum bronzes have greatly retarded their extensive application. Developing technique and improved man- ufacturing facilities are gradually rendering wrought forms of these alloys more readily available. Industrial aluminum bronzes are of two general types: the alpha or single-phase alloys—often referred to as homogeneous alloys; and the alpha-beta, or two-phase alloys—known commercially as duplex bronzes. Under perfect equilibrium conditions 9.8 per cent of aluminum is soluble in copper before the beta phase appears, but in commercial practice perfect equilibrium conditions are practically never reached, and alloys containing in excess of 7.5 per cent of aluminum usually exhibit two phases. The alpha aluminum bronzes possess excellent cold- working properties. They also have good hot-working properties and can be readily hot-forged, rolled, and extruded. They are’most plastic within a temperature range of 1450 to 1650°F. Their hot plasticity increases as the aluminum content increases and, conversely, their cold-working properties decrease with a corresponding increase in sensitivity to work hardening. The duplex bronzes have excellent hot-working proper- ties through a much wider range than the alpha bronzes. They can be extruded and hot-forged into very intricate shapes. Their hot-working properties compare very favorably to the alpha-beta brasses but like the latter alloys they can be cold-worked only lightly. Generally, these aluminum bronzes are furnished in the hot-rolled or extruded condition. Occasionally, however, they are given light cold-working operations for the purpose of obtaining dimensional accuracy. Hot working is usually performed within a temperature range of 1300 to 1650°F., depending on the alloy composition and the amount of plastic flow required. The alpha aluminum bronzes have tensile properties comparable to the high brasses and possess the maximum ductility of any of the aluminum bronzes. However, they work-harden rapidly and are not generally used for severe drawing or stamping operations. Duplex alloys possess very high tensile strength, but are lacking in ductility. These alloys in the heat- treated or hot-worked condition have tensile properties comparable to the work-hardened silicon bronzes. The annealing characteristics of the alpha aluminum bronzes are similar to those of the alpha brasses and softening of work-hardened alloys can be accomplished by annealing within the temperature range of 800 to 1400°F., depending upon the properties required. The duplex bronzes are capable of being heat-treated for the general improvement of mechanical properties and are usually furnished or used in this condition. Heat-treatment of these alloys consists of quenching in water from temperatures of 1500 to 1600°F. and reanneal- ing between 700 and 1100°F., according to the thickness of the section and composition of the alloy. All the aluminum bronzes possess good resistance to scaling or oxidation at elevated temperatures, being better in this respect than any of the other copper-base alloys. The resistance to scaling or oxidation increases with the aluminum content. The resistance of the aluminum bronzes to corrosion is largely due to the formation on their exposed surface of aluminum oxide (Al,03). Because this film is very resistant to attack by mineral acids, aluminum bronzes have been widely used in constructions requiring resis- tance to the action of such acids. Since, however, this film is soluble in alkalies, aluminum bronzes offer but mediocre resistance to the attack of strong alkalies. Resistance of aluminum bronzes to acid attack tends to increase with increasing aluminum content. Under certain conditions of corrosion the alpha-beta aluminum bronzes are susceptible to a form of corrosion that is analogous to ‘“‘dezincification” in brass and has been called ‘‘dealuminization.” The alpha bronzes, either plain or modified with up to 4 per cent of nickel to increase resistance to salt- or brackish-water corrosion, have shown signs of being suit- able for use in oil-refinery service, and other heat- exchanger fields, as condenser tubes and tube plates. The alloy containing 5 per cent of aluminum is commer- cially available in the form of strip, rod, and tube. This alloy has a very pleasing golden color approxi- mating that of 18-karat gold and has found some applica- tions in the costume jewelry field, for radio faces, and decorative emblems. In general the wrought aluminum bronzes are used in those applications requiring high tensile properties in combination with good corrosion resistance; in such parts as valve stems, propeller-blade bolts, air pumps, condenser bolts, and for other purposes requiring high strength in combination with good wear-resisting proper- ties, such as slide liners and bushings. The physical and general mechanical properties of the more common aluminum bronzes may be found in Tables 1 to 4 on pages 254 to 263. Charts 1 to 350n pages 255 to 265 give more detailed data. 253 254 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 1 5 PER CENT ALUMINUM BRONZE GENERAL Data—Rop Copper, 95.19%; aluminum, 4.66% Rod Forgings Property Hard? | Soft? Hot Cold¢ Cold¢ Mensilesstrenethep ssn (OOOsomitiied) Waten nee e ener ee ere rarer 110 55 55-65 60-90 95 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).............................. 75 18 10-20 | 30-58 62 Yield strength: , OMs extensionssp str OOO lomutted)) Beemer neers st teenie tte: 65 20 30-15 32-60 62 ONG OTE, oso. (COW GaHieGl)).c nos conaconsense cet poonsocoscean0ens 90 20 30-15 32-68 75 ONG OHSS, Ks (CUD OaTNMHiWl)). vos sccgersauesacedaconsooesso0cns00% 78 18 30-15 25-55 62 Dio, OG TiN AMM. cov acecassnvosooccoascoesesaoogaanoossscodune 60 15 55-65 50-15 15 eductiOnvOr areas =< Gonc, ses ieee the cesta ae ok eae, oa eee eae SEAS OS 55 75 70-78 72-62 60 Rockwell hardness F, 14 .6-in. ball, 60-kg. load........................... 110 85 65-88 93-107 108 Rockwell hardness B, 146-in. ball, 100-kg. load.......................... 92 45 55-30 70-85 88 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load..............................| 168 79 89-67 | 110-142 | 151 Modulustotselasticity ep Silanes oe acl Chae aa sean ee ee ar 17,500,000 TMorpAaye TANAS, UN ocowseconeoogksancmeoe boc oGcons ou GroowDD DOSS ep Oana. 1350-1550 TARAS CMEMUR yoo ockgoonsadouesoueeresoseoseadoonvarsecangove oun dnus Good Tyee SHAMNONMES 5c oc oamaocesb eo nseeansseooegoavocebsasaanyouceecudee Single phase, alpha eee a ee ee eee eee ee eee GENERAL Dars—TvuBING Copper, 94.62%; aluminum, 4.69%; lead, trace: tin, nil See eee Property Harde Soft! Tale SiraMNSA, DS (CUO OamtHiwel))..cococoecacscosesvcdsbeodvcoeccoobscsonscnsaone 71 57 ToMaMT OM, GG ti OM. coccosoooscsbegseonsososssacanocdoved sass conn C000 DD0BGUSOGD 30 65 Apparentelashicylimitsspessian OOOkomit ted) Beran rere eee re arene reer 50 10 Rockwell hardness F) }4(g-n. ball; G0-ke load. -.-2.).2 2.22 2..552.......45..5.5--5.-- 106 60 Rockwell hardness B, }/¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................................-...5- 85 Rockwell hardness G, 24¢-in. ball; 150-ke: load’. =... 55.1222. 8. 58 You's mochuilne OF GASHIOHIAy, DBs. csocc occ ego peop ucosc aso ace Do0ueD DoE DOD ccODUD DODD 17,500,000 Puysican Data Meltinaapointi cB eye ne eats Smee OLI acetate teeters r= ee se ie senate ec on eo 1945 Woeficientiolsexpansion sper ©-etrOmN 25-3 0 Os Chere rier eee een ie et tee eee 0.0000180 ieanieall conclniounany, GG ILA(CHSooccca sos sconcenuocccsdonasnseonscdneoscooDoscaccedccsonEuesocoos 17.7 Thermal conductivity, B.t-u. persq. ft. per ft. perhr. per cH. 689H 9.2.02). 5.2.52. ee 47.9 DMs ills IE Clk Mla cop saaomedscoosoaunsndeqdageHoundy cebu sos eUODKUGTNDODUONDooSvGbEDSeasoO000 0.295 a Refers to rod cold-drawn 50%; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size 0 025 mm. + Refers to 1200°F. anneal (1 hr.). ¢ Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-30 % reduction of area). d Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (30 %). e Extruded, reduced, and cold-drawn to 34 in. O.D. X 0.049 in. wall thickness. J 1300°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote e. Tensile Strength®Apparent Elastic Limit- 000 Lb per Sq.In. > i) The Aluminum Bronzes ml ae ee | See Tensile strength ea 80 10 A pce: elastic ree limtt# —- WN (oe) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction in Area CxHart 1.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previ- ously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). a a eS ~S WwW fF @) © 20% Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction by Cold Drawing Cuarr 3.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66% aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 0 10 20 30 40 259 Rockwell F hardness Rockwell Hardness Ye" Ball F 60 Kg Load B 100Kg. Load Elongation, Percent in 2 in Percent Reduction of Area D0 OD ao ZO so tw Go Percent Reduction in Area Cuart 2.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). a ae Boe Fi is es ea ie @ Oo fo) aD 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. 2S ol (2) CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1/000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.inDeg.F (1 Hr. at Temp.) CHart 4.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 256 0.070 a A a Pe ae oe a SE 0.050 , 0.040 E £ x 0.030 2 ARBs Se ES a ae Se SR mies segs oa a 800 900 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1Hr. at Temp.) 1000 1100 1200 1300 Cart 5.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66% aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Q) 0.20% yield strength (offset) | @ 010% » G) 0.507% » Yield Strength, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(lHr.at Temp.) Cuart 7.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 1400 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Sof LE Be LTS 0k 8 Roc. aie B =) hardness ‘ ess ces 70 << ot 60 of area ce te eee 40 | ae ahs (ey) fo) Percent elongation 20 in 2 in. ESIN a || (ana CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F: (1 Hr. at Temp.) Cuart 6:—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, per- centage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduc- tion of area) from material having a grain size of 0.025 mm. (95.19 % copper, 4.66 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Rockwell Hardness Ye" Ball F 60K 40 Apparent elastic 30 Rae ise} So fo) Tensile Strength & Apparent Elastic Limit, 1000 Lb. per Sq. In: ea aE = eee CD 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (!Hrat Temp.) Cuart 8.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze condenser tube, | previously cold-drawn 20 per cent (reduction of area) (94.62 % copper, 4.69 % aluminum). fo) The Aluminum Bronzes 257 [2 a a \ Tensile strength ES ad al les ZN oa 60 B 100 Kg.Load ° 20 as fo) 4 esa a 7) Flongation \) 90 + \ IN - 80 = 40 ro) (o) 70 3S ce 60 > 30 : : 50 Je wy ES) 7) c A) ee ee | ae a GRRE eae. soaeeten Percent in 2 In. 10 nN to) Rockwell Hardness 6 Ball F 60 Kg, Load roy 0 0 CD. 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1/00 1200 {300 1400 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 .1000 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(IHrat Temp.) Temperature in Deg.F(1Hr at Temp) CuHart 9.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, Cuart 10.—Effect of elevated temperature on the tensile strength percentage elongation in 2 in., and grain size of 5 per cent aluminum- and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 5 per cent aluminum-bronze tube bronze condenser tube, previously cold-drawn 20 per cent (reduction (94.62 % copper, 4.69 % aluminum). of area) (94.62 % copper, 4.69 % aluminum). TABLE 2 8 PER CENT ALUMINUM BRONZE Copper, 91.73%; aluminum, 8.01%; lead, trace; iron, trace; nickel, nil Rod Forgings Property Hard’ | Softe | Hot Cold¢ | Colde shensilejstrengthysp:s1-9 O0Olomitted)paysce see le ese ee eee cee eee 140 60 60-70 70-80 85 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted)......................2.-2.25. 100 15 15-20 20-40 50 Yield strength: 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................---.22--5. 65 15 15-40 OLZCiyofisetyp's5 OOOlomitted) sana- see e tae ese eee 88 15 15-40 Qn rottsetyp's1-5(O0Olomitted) heme eae ae oe eee ea eee 67 15 15-40 IN OMEAHOMS GG Thal) sty g Maro. os Fol u Mac eclooo me me cameron Senet oe sabes 10 70 60-70 | 5040 30 MRECUICHONROLAT CAR Gry ett ecsey ee eis ere bis sveie: oo si Ns ret yee 40 75 70-75 65-60 50 Endurance limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................-...2--2-05. 22 An 22-23 Rockwell hardness F, 14 6-m. ball, 60-kg. load..........................-. 108 74 74-84 | 95-100 104 Rockwell hardness B, }4¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load.......................... 89 33 33-48 67-76 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load..............................] 154 69 69-81 | 106-122 Modulustofdelasticiiyaypstiterk seta pape ce ceca setaclecden © aeeanie ee) oe 17,500,000 IMI eiayee yoveytiatte TD ee ees meer etc i Cate Ghceonc Ge Bern accLe ne Eh cSt Oo ellen role eae 1905 Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-3800°C......................... 0.0000178 lectricaliconductivabyato AG ©:S') OSt Hwa aniae sane ae eae eee 14.8 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F........ 46 IDYeraAy, dMloys 4 axe Ghani bes acai tactians oe cots Cte oat Orn eR OR eo NSTC eee Eh Chee nae : 0.281 OTein cura gee Ry te eRe ecru pen Nee eels ie enw yw eS eS 1400-1600 HOT ein aC Uallity eye ye reer nash meee eI Le A aac ee tle Slat ae 0 ee Ae Excellent ‘ASO SURG HEL o Seip edt aeelolocd Ge Blom orre EAST ciote. RA tcl nE Ra OR Lr aa oe Single phase, alpha « This alloy has excellent hot-working properties and can be cold-worked; compares in this respect with Type A silicon bronze. + Refers to rod cold-drawn 50 %, rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size 0.070 mm. ¢ Refers to 1300°F. anneal (1 hr.). 4 Material cold-forged from soft rod (5-10 % reduction of area). ¢ Material cold-forged from cold-worked condition (10 %). ro) (0) Soft 10 20 30 Percent Reduction in Cold Drawing CuHart 11.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 8 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previ- ously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (91.73 % copper, 8.01% aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 40 50 60 70 80 Tensile strength 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. oo ro) Apparent elastic limit ee iii CCD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Temperature in Deg.F. (IHr.at Temp.) Cuart 13.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent elastic limit, and grain size of 8 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previ- ously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.070 mm. (91.73 % copper, 8.01 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Copper and Copper-base Alloys ee i ae | ; Ce 2 80 ro) Pannen | i OES sf cs — ao ae = 3 501% ia iN Be 2 40 ee ic} £ aw et w 30 ee \ 2 6 = +:= 7) | \ Elongation, percent oD = 20 SD da 2 ka. ae u 59 w 10 ra ee 0 Soff 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Percent Reduction in Cold Drawing CuHaArtT 12.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 8 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (91.73 % copper, 8.01 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ‘Na SL Rockwell B hordness Reduction of area in percent | ECA) i eet SE lie Rockwell Hardness Me Ball F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature in Deg.f.( 1Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 14.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 8 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.070 mm. (91.73 % copper, 8.01 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Aluminum Bronzes 259 70 Code qd) 0.20% yield strength (offset) ” ( ” ) ‘Vi ea - Dec ae seta ‘y _a See 1000 Lb. per Sq. In LLIN Ee Tensile Strength in 1000 Lb. per Sq, In w Oo (0) 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Temperature in Deg.£ (|1Hr at Temp.) Temperature in Deg.F (IHr at Temp.) CuHart 15.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 8 Cuart 16.—Effect of temperature on the tensile strength and per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 50 per cent percentage elongation in 2 in. of 7 per cent aluminum bronze (6.73 % (reduction of area) from material having a grain size of 0.070 mm. aluminum). 3) (91.73 % copper, 8.01 % aluminum) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). IES E ake aes Elongation | 7 Iwi | NA Reduction of area Elongation, Percent in 2 In Percent Reduction of Area Tensile Strength 1n 1000 Lb. per Sq.In. -300 -200 -100 0 100 Temperature Deg.F. (1 Hr at Temp) Cuanrt 17.—Effect of low temperature on tensile strength, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 8 per cent aluminum bronze (7.31 % aluminum).“3) Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 3 10 PER CENT ALUMINUM BRONZE2 Copper, 88.83%; aluminum, 10.02%; iron, 0.77%; manganese, 0.31% Property Mensileistrength;p:sae(O0O0lomitted) haa eect cea see acres eee a ee Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Yield strength: OD fextension pists (OOOlomitted) sunset eta ine ore ine O27 coffset, pis 1-.(O0Olomitted) Bante waarmee dees cicraen eee IE Ay emer 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted) Elongation, % in 2 in Regu ctionvoh area [ito ya cles cess cor neeten ee Sacer nash ces CR MI SPT ECP rc oo A Nh Sa Een en ca Eindunencesiina tes prssrem (OOO Lom Tt tec) herr iit ter ae ae eaten Rockwell hardness F, 14 ¢-in. ball, 60-kg. load Rockwell hardness B, ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. Modulustofielasticity; ip isstira-secce ec tees caked eee eV Ae eS oe PN er a ee e Melting point, °F Coefficient of expansion, per °C. from 25-300°C Bilectricaltconductivaty ae 7gMle Ae OS ca OSH tet eer eae ee Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F... .. Densit ye beer CU Aimy yee eee se ery Meee Te iC eT OE Cs I eee Forging range, °F Forging quality WIRY PE SLTUCtUNe yee eres 5h peen TA ace ert ee ak so eae ear ooh Ge Mea Meces Pee eer Se 2 This alloy has excellent hot-forging properties. + Refers to rod cold-drawn 5% from extruded condition (extrusion temp. 1350°F.); rod under 1 in. in diameter. ¢ Refers to rod annealed 1350°F. for 1 hr. with ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm. 0} 3 SEU oe : isa Sine he Rockwe// aie So ES es 200 ee ee 0) = LT Mensile strengths |_| _| ima a Rockwell B hardness ao Se © (Sy) fo) << | Apparent elastic limit wm w Ss © © Rockwell Hardness Vie" Ball F. 60 Kg. Loa Rod Forgings Hard? | Soft¢ OE 95 85 85-90 SPE Nees Cie ice erties cane otc Seren romarte nth cia sa, Aer ion oss 48 22 22-42 49 36 36-50 54 34 34-50 45 30 30-45 23 23 12-23 25 25 12-30 40 37 Uietameatcet Sh este ARG, Soe PN Lent P ae Meant Atsue Espen ae oe 103 102 105-102 Sige h tacos pee aaetmeneen te arene es cr eRe ys 79 81 80-90 TONE peter arse ey Rane none tate SECRETED 128 133 130-157 17,500,000 1905 eee oe os cecenens optadenin olay d A roe wastes crane mare iar aro 0.0000170 13 MN che eee 36 0.274 1400-1650 Excellent Two phase, alpha-beta 10 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 18.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded (88.83 % copper, 10.02% aluminum, 0.77% iron, 0.31% manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cuart 19.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded (88.83 % copper, 10.02 % aluminum, 0.77 % iron, 0.31 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Aluminum Bronzes per Sq. In. nS S 1000 Lb. 5 Percent Reduction by Cold Working Cart 20.—The effect of cold drawing on the yield strength of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded (88.83 % copper, 10.02 % aluminum, 0.77 % iron, 0.31 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). ito F hardiness aie a Rockwe// B elias eT Percent reduction elongation —in 2in. » Beckowell Hardness Vie Ball F 60Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load “cD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 13500 Annealing Temp. in Deg. FC! Hr at Temp.) Cuart 22.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material (88.83 % copper, 10.02 % aluminum, 0.77 % iron, 0.31 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 90 60 Apparent elastic limrt 7 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (1 Hr.at Temp.) CuHart 21.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material (88.83 % copper, 10.02 % aluminum, 0.77 % iron, 0.31 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). Ls ee AW Pee NEN ee REI Seas 1000 Lb. per Sq.Jn. CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 J}00 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 23.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material (88.83 % copper, 10.02 % aluminum, 0.77 %iron, 0.31 % manganese) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 262 Copper and Copper-base Alloys area by cold working @) As extruded, I" diameter @) Previous reduction in area 5% by 60 50 £ . 90 a s 5 40 s 80 Qo (29) + L 4 © 70 im : S 30 iGo re S a © 50 £ £ nm 20 <= 40 “k Lop) (S oOo L + wn ) 7 (S oO poms cold working and annealed 500 10 0 deg.F. for 1 hour 0 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.010 ~ 200 400 600 800 1000 Strain, Inches per In. Temperature Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 24.—The effect of cold working and annealing on the stress- Cuart 25.—The effect of elevated temperatures on the tensile strain characteristics of a 10 per cent aluminum-bronze rod, previously strength and percentage elongation of 10 per cent aluminum-bronze extruded (rod under 1.00 in. diameter); 100,000-Ib. capacity hydraulic rod (9.90 % aluminum).‘®) testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (88.83 % copper, 10.02% aluminum, 0.77 % iron, 0.31 % manganese). (22G < 90 S 80 Tensile strength ® a 10 < = 60 cle = 59 > £ iS — \ ca) = Flongation f NhZ N 5 < 40 2 i>) ——-7 > © 30 —_—T c . o 3 i rere | oF oT Ue & £ 2 2 5 2 il a Fe 0 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Temperature Deg.F (1 Hr at Temp.) Cuarr 26.—The effect of elevated temperatures on the tensile strength and percentage elongation of a modified 10 per cent aluminum bronze (9.90 % aluminum, 1.00 % manganese, balance copper).‘® The Aluminum Bronzes 263 eee 4] | ee a a Ee He a= Paces ee es cae : - Bhu. per Sq.Ft per Hr per Deg.F per Ft. 0 50 {00 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 0 20 40 60 80 10.0 120 140 Temperature Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) Addition to Copper Percent CHart 27.—Effect of elevated temperature on the thermal con- Cuart 28.—The effect of aluminum additions on the thermal ductivity of 10 per cent aluminum bronze according to Griffiths conductivity of copper, previously annealed at 930°F. according to and Schoefield. 24) Hanson and Rogers.‘ TABLE 4 SILICON-ALUMINUM BRONZE ROD GENERAL Data Copper, 90.72%; silicon, 2.03%; aluminum, balance Rod Forgings Properties Hard? | Soft® Hot MRensileistrenethesprssis OOOlomit ted) tee arene eee reer eee eee ana e 95 80 78-88 Apparent, Gasie Writ, joSul, (WOO Orme), .5526-500cccscccccsseece votes sucsuecsveace 51 21 21-30 Yield strength: Oo Grextensiony ps1) (OOOkomitted) saasse) seen deen aaa cee oeee eee eee ee ose ae 54 33 31-43 OAYG Oise, Sa, (UM Gomi) Sao dade eee rdegsscassress ecesueee ss do bee aon peeand | 63 32 29-44 ONC Bofisetepseien OOOkomut ted) 52 aise ciate a cease ne es es ee ee Gis ee ey saan ula ee oe 51 29 26—40 Hlongation, % in 2in......................... Ss VM ROME hue Naor lus rel ed uN hey 25 38 42-33 ECU CTIOMBOLATE A ee retest us ce aint ee chal gees rae ened eect antnd ape ena ee ane ho eae 37 40 43-37 Rockwell hardness B, 1/-in. ball, 60-kg. load.............. 0.0.0.0... 00 eee ee 84 78 74-86 Brinell hardness, 10-mm. ball, 500-kg. load...........................................| 140 126 118-140 Modulustofielasticityeyp:ssiapacin crc: souks grt eeu Aces eee eee et ek ee 14,000,000 IM eT KHiinge ToVOTatR, AD Ge gills oui ai ghe eee AUS CaR Ieee eer cent RT Noe) CTA) SVs a8 ale JL) ogi an Seas 1810 Dersitiyaw MAD CERC ULL: teen cacre re Neo es coy srt CHS ee cece Ned Et BINS) Sb Setest 0.278 Specific gravity.. Seale ee ONS EO Soe eRe BN IIS OM ae 7.69 Blectrical conductivity, % LACS, 68°F. SERENA Fe GILG She Claas sects ceca chen aS Ares ae a 7 Electrical resistivity, ohms per mil.-ft. per oF, afrcch ape Rani coeuems he Se eel seve T Ae EARS eee ele 148 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F ..................... 22 CoenicientrofslincanexpansionspenieHieee ee eran eer ener eae eee ee eee eee ner 0.0000092 @ Refers to rod cold-drawn 10.5 % from extruded condition; rod under 1 in. in diameter, ready-to-finish grain size 0.035 mm. 6 Refers to a 1400°F. anneal (1 hr.). 264 Copper and Copper-base Alloys [on eee 90 mi 3, (a a > ala Me > 70 arent elastic limit t = oO = | Ae commen ees 20) | [Reduction of area Rockwell Hardness Ye" Ball F60 Kg, Load B 100 Kg.Load iS N & + c vo 1) iL ic) a c & + 5. o Cc ao uu ! + Cc o 1S) SS o a S o <= Gq o. £ fo) ++ iS) =) me) U) jes 30 eS aes | ae — a CeCe) a 10 : eae | Extr | Extr | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 er Redueien oF hee sy esi Weeees Percent Reduction of Area by Cold Working CuHart 29.—The effect of cold work on the tensile strength and Cuart 30.—The effect of cold work on the Rockwell hardness, apparent elastic limit of silicon-aluminum-bronze rod, previously percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of extruded to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (7.01 % aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, __ silicon-aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded to a grain size of balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter) 0.035 mm. (7.01% aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). W (2) |,000 Lb. per Sq.In. 1,000 Lb. per Sq.In. Apparent elastic : lirntt 20 0 Extr. | 2 3 4 3 © Y 8 9 10 CD 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Percent Reduction of Area by Cola Working Temperature Deg.F. (1 Hr. at Temp.) CuHart 31.—The effect of cold work on the yield strength of silicon- CHART 32.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength, apparent aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded to a grain size of 0.035 elastic limit, and grain size of silicon-aluminum-bronze rod, previously mm. (7.01% aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, balance copper) (rod under cold-drawn 10.5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material 1 in. in diameter). having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (7.01 % aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). The Aluminum Bronzes eis = Pye a EN ae SEN ae | Elongation Rockwell Hardness Ye" Ball F60 Kg. Looid B 100 Kg. Load CD 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature Deg.F. (I Hr. at Temp.) Cart 33.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness, percentage elongation in 2 in., and percentage reduction of area of silicon-aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 10.5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (7.01% aluminum, 1.98% silicon, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). 50 £ S40 s BES ei DS eS SSS Sy a Se ot ee Fr a ed i Be a aE CD 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 Temperature Deg.F. (1 Hr: at Temp) Cuart 34.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of silicon- aluminum-bronze rod, previously cold-drawn 10.5 per cent (reduction of area) from extruded material having a grain size of 0.035 mm. (7.01 % aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, balance copper) (rod under 1 in. in diameter). @) 10.5% reduction in area by cold working @) 8.0% ” ” @) Previous reduction in area 10.5% by cold working and annealed 1200 deg. F. for | hr. 80 ee =70 ion co Sacto eee, Q ema SAS 0 30 # = 2 Ves £2 0 A NC] (0) 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.010 0.006 Strain, Inches per In. Cuart 35.—The effect of cold working and annealing on the stress-strain characteristics of silicon-aluminum-bronze rod, previously extruded (rod under 1 in. in diameter); 100,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (7.01 % aluminum, 1.98 % silicon, balance copper). CHAPTER X THE TIN BRONZES Tin bronzes are alloys of tin and copper. The com- mercial wrought bronzes do not usually contain in excess of 10 per cent of tin. In the casting of these alloys it is common practice to add from 0.03 to 0.40 per cent of phosphorus as a deoxidizer in order that sound, dense castings may be secured. Because of the use of this deoxidant, the tin bronzes are known commercially as “phosphor bronzes.” The tin bronzes when in the completely homogenized condition are single-phase alloys having a structure similar to alpha brass. As the tin increases above 5 per cent, it becomes increasingly difficult to cast tin bronzes that are free of inverse segregation. Inverse segregation in tin bronzes has been identified as a tin-rich, lower melting-point phase and is known as ‘‘delta.” Unless extreme care is taken during melting and casting to keep reducing gases from the molten metal, inverse segregation will occur. In fact, the amount of delta produced in the tin bronzes during solidification is directly proportional to the amount of gas retained. The two most common types of tin bronzes are those containing 5 and 8 per cent of tin. These alloys have excellent cold-working properties. Tin bronzes are not considered hot-working alloys since they are only slightly hot plastic within a very narrow temperature range 1150° to 1225°F. The phosphor bronzes have corrosion-resisting proper- ties comparable to those of copper. In addition, they possess higher tensile properties than copper in combina- tion with good resistance to fatigue. Phosphor bronzes of the Grades A (5 per cent tin), C (8 per cent tin), and D (10 per cent tin) are used extensively-in the form of welding wire for carbon-are and gas welding of many of the non-ferrous alloys and the brazing of cast iron. - Grades A and C phosphor bronzes are used in the manufacture of springs, diaphragms, contact points, and other application requiring good resistance to corrosion and fatigue in combination with high-tensile properties. The physical and general mechanical properties of Grades A and C and other phosphor bronzes may be found in Tables 1 to 10 on pages 266 to 283. Charts 1 to 77 on pages 267 to 290 give more detailed data. TABLE 1 GRADE A—5 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE GENERAL Data—Srrip* Copper, 95.72%; tin, 4.09%; phosphorus, 0.035% Property Hard? Soft? Temas cumenyain, jose (COO Camel) somscacsobucnsesdsodonopbncauascoacuasagosdade 82-97 49 lon gation. Gralie2 Viti cersecage Seekee panes suee ne Set saeee Le. shcncate A eyuat odes eM e es epee, eens ea Reet eget 2 48 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.i. (000 omitted). . SEP RES BS ea Nee? 60-77 16 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 aun’). eRe a Raath sachs 70-20 13-19 Yield strength, 0.2% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted)... Fa RU EP Wii me hs 77-93 18-19 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 oamtiied)).. SA URE ATS ER REE aT SEM Se eee HERE 2a Se Seta S 71-81 18-19 tock yell bardness Bsc ts pally CObea load 5-820 3a t: Se att y ete etd Een atest ets.) Ooccite 108-113 73 Rockwellihardnesspsqqi¢—1a 5 ball el OO= cosy oad nei eee eee eee eae 88-95 35 TROGRwealll Inarohnass; (Gh Migena., loll, WO. WonClss cco ccc es ocrccpascsdanasadsoaaeenoens 63-74 Rockwell hardness 15-T, ¢-in. ball, 15-kg. Joad..................................5.. 89-92 73 Rockwell hardness 30-T, ¢-in. ball, 30-kg. load..........................2--++.----- 75-80 40 Endurance limit (at 108 reversals) :! Soft. spis7i(OOO omitted) ate Merve eta: ees cee ne ee cpa sc aie ots easva ec ates eines enema 13.75 AsBaGos NOs voard apis" O0Ofonmitted) Ga wsaaee am aeriie ae ey een ei errr rans 25.5 8 B. &S. Nos., hard, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......... 22 Woumas moc tilts OF GESTGIIZ, DSi oonncemonsere cca ovouanysensee omooeoenneovede 15,000,000 I KET haa ete oLoy bah neal aolerecrra tacks cea cham GAT ee Bre eats oer paste che eepleaio Shien es Siete ieee CS ols 6 1922 Density, sil. per tCueiniseicienses etreicte ee oere suse iaat ners cosines ge usec en ccusear yen ate as Cae eee eG 0.320 Coeflicientior expansion) per@.romy25—3005 Came ee ee eres eee eae 0.0000190 Diecimical conchiomrmnay, GY GG VAIS: Bib GEIP os 2codonoceansnnae 900 sau dasceonuocoEEs 18.4 Thermal conductivity, °® B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................. 47 2 All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. +6 B. & S. Nos., hard, 0.070-0.015 mm. grain,size at ready-to-finish, respectively. ¢ Refer to 1100°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature). The Tin Bronzes 267 Apparent elastic limit ——~| 0.0/5 mm. - 0.070 mm. 1000 Lb, per Sq. In. W.0 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 55.5 60.5 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling ORR 2h ae Seta GD 6. ifae 18 9! 10 B®&S Numbers Hard CHart 1.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (4.09% tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code (alo % yield strength (offset) 110 20.7 294 372 44.0 500 555 605 64.8 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling OR eta 3) eae Di Gis 26.4 Gk ol B&S Numbers Hard Cart 3.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.015 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). ° iS N {5 ar (5 y cL AY) o ce 2 so 10) ion) = & lu 10 ae Elongation : SS ILO. 207 294 372 44.0 50.0 550 605 648 mee Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling One 227 SA Vo 6 ain a) Oe tO B& S Numbers Hard CHART 2.—The effect of cold rolling on the Rockwell hardness and Rockwell Hardness Vie Ball F 60 Kg.Load B 100 Kg. Load percentage elongation in 2 in. of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code qd) 0.10% yield strength (offset) @) 020% » ” Co ) - @) 0.50% » 10 0 IO 20.7 294 37.2 44.0 50.0 55.5 605 648 686 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling ONE 2h SAND eG nd Ge ee rl0. B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 4.—The effect of cold rolling on the yield strengths of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.070 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). 268 0.080 Mm ize in AV), Sega vol § eT Perr TTL 900 Grain S$ 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 5.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). Ready to finish grain size 8 = 101015 8120 Zio | — = SS So m01!100 ia Rockwell B hardness N Fe aaa A a ee Ne Baar w Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60Kg. Load o 8 FE, ZA Cae m 217. CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp in Deg.F.(1 Hrat Temp.) Cuarr 7.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). Copper and Copper-base Alloys —=—=(0.015mm. ——= 0.070 mm. \ Tensile streng Nie SCs CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F(1Hrat Temp.) Cuart 6.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from two dif- ferent grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.070 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). Code ©) 010% yield strength (offset) (7) (extension) 000 Lb. per Sq.In. 7 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 I100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cart 8.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Grade A phosphor-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.015 mm. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). The Tin Bronzes 269 110 100 90 Tensile strength +2000 /b. per sq.in. N A= + fe i) O L o oO Cc (o) 30 20 Elongation _.+ 4percent _ Tensile Strength, |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Gi (o) Elongati 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “ie Ball 100 Kg. Foad G @ @ @ & FW W- Rockwell Hardness F /Yie" Ball 60 Kanload G Cy TWh A wm ft) we &y So SB Rockwell Hardness I5T Vie"Ball 15 Kg. Load CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 22 29 +36 43 50 57 64 70 16 8&2 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F (!Hr at Temp.) Rockwell Hardness 30T Ye"Ball 30 Kg. Load Cuarr 9.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Grade A CuHart 10.—This chart can be employed to determine the approxi- phosphor-bronze strip, previously cold-rolled 6 B. & S. Nos. (50 per mate tensile strength and percentage elongation of Grade A phosphor- cent reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.070 mm. (4.09% tin, bronze strip (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) when 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). only Rockwell hardness is known. It is accurate for all thicknesses between 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. Code Q) cold worked 8 BZSNo. hard(60.57o red.) @) ” ” 4, nn ” (372 Jo » ) G) ” ” QQ» » » (20.7% ) @) » ” lo» » » (ILO% » ) ® ” ” 6 » » » (500% ») and annealed 1400 deg. F. for Ihr. C) Cold worked 8 B&S No. hard (60.5% rec.) ” 4» on ” (37.27% ” ) » (207% ») » (IL0% ») » (50.0% ») 80 £ s ane VA) a. o F 60 o o “Co S at 40 yw ; S Pecan ©) ane) — (o) 5 a iy Zaman © . é a7 a ee » 7) = ® 96 T : je él ” ly oly a : eile 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 Strain, Inches per In. Strain, Inches per In. Cart 11.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- Cuart 12.—The effect of cold rolling on the stress-strain charac- teristics of 5 per cent Grade A phosphor bronze (0.040 in. thick) teristics of 5 per cent Grade A phosphor bronze (0.040 in. thick) _ having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.015 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity having a ready-to-finish grain size of 0.070 mm.; 5,000-lb. capacity hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer hydraulic testing machine and Templin automatic extensometer accurate to 0.00001 in. used (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance accurate to 0.00001 in. used. (4.09 % tin, 0.035 % phosphorus, balance copper). copper). 270 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 2 GRADE C—8 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE: Copper, balance; tin, 7.50%; phosphorus, 0.056% Property Hard® fRensilevstrengthip:s'1..(O0Orormtted) yas cr. essskoran doe sor ee tee See 107-99 LN Coe Le Gar aay 20 Cen eh eet eee eee fen cn tie rein ein een a eam Seen. pantie a! 3-6 ANION OHO Iwi VSL (OOO OaeeNogoocsosccasadaad soos ssosduuoasacasndesovasouswodnansesno 92-84 Rockwellthardness) Eh). 24i¢-int ball G0=ke Nloadiven rae ote ee ee en eee 113-110 Rockwellahaxdness) ss .+q(¢=10' ball sal OO= kena] Os leeway eer ean a 96-94 Rockwell hardness G1 Again ball 5 02ke.Gload se nee Sey knee oe eee an Ewe PS et 71-73 Rockwell hardness 15-T, 14¢-in. ball, AUG tse ake Xa lave Sea eee eA Par deb Meee ee en ta eS eo tt PROM Tae REN oe 91 Rockwell hardness 30-T, 14 ¢-in. ball, SOL a Ros Me cee Tea it Ory a et eel ae Ay aw Ga had a nen 78-79 Modulustofitensilemesilien cermin! Os snp eltg CU SEU sete ett ete tree ene 320-270 Endurance limit (at 108 reversals) :4 Soft ipisa\(COOkomit ted) Mec, sete aie le ree a dae Sa Wa cee ne Ong 21 45S & Ss NOs hard pists (O0Otomitted tea ae-c cc Sey en eis eerie Sen ocn en Eee 22 LOMBS & iS: Nos: hard jpisi15((Q0Qionaitted) Re) vaste ae eo Cee eh eye Sn eres ee ne ee 24.5 VOUNESsModulusoielasticitivaip sets nv merit e seeh ek ee a CRI ee eter ar ee one he eee ee 15,000,000 Mieltin 2a ports ge Bis scars ha meray ussite Sz Steyn cesta si cseets A claves eee ia ort aremene me Neches nar nn 1877 Density AD DERG Us AM aca's «ces nleueie oe ae NIG CREE Rea ee ne RS ee ee RE Lar At ne een ee 0.318 Coefficientiofexpansion-;pemc@sirom=25—S005Cseeaaeeemancn Senne eee eee eee eee 0.0000182 Mlechruicaliconductivaty nc) mam Ac Os scne ty Si Ei eee agree el reese ett eave 13.00 Thermal! conductivity, =) B:t-u: per sq- ft. per ft. per hr: per (Rs, 68°)... .. =... se eee ee 36.30 ¢ All tests conducted on 0.040-in. stock. ®6 B. &S. Nos., hard, 0.015—0.080 mm. grain size at ready-to-finish, respectively. Applies to first nine properties. DAS eee Se ee Bee iS er tee 120 gp !20 ai WA Shae 110 S 110 100 © 100 me} ie) ae 0 a - 80 S80 & 4 7 te elastic S gp limit u. 70 i = v 60 o 60 ; =© sy 50 SS 50 2 B S 40 w 40 ; i 30 5 30 as > 20 ? a 10 vo 10 Bases esi 20.7 37.2 50.0 60.5 68.6 20.7 312 50.0 60.5 68.6 Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling Percent Reduction of Area by Rolling 72 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10 B&S Numbers Hard Cuart 13.—The effect of cold work on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of 8 per cent phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 and 0.080 mm. (7.5 % tin, 0.056 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). B&S Numbers Hard CxHart 14.—The effect of cold work on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of 8 per cent phosphor-bronze strip, previously annealed to two different grain sizes, 0.015 mm. and 0.080 mm. (7.5 % tin, 0.056 % phosphorus, balance copper) (0.040-in. stock). bronze strip (7.5 % tin, 0.056 % phosphorus, balance copper) when only Rockwell hardness is known. 0.020 and 0.080 in. within the given limits. The Tin Bronzes Tensile strength iE 100 + 5000 |b. per Sq. 177. Sr alles Za 90 eps a a 2 ee ee fl a ee ira) 4 70 ° S 60 c 50 a5 2 40 2 & 30 & 20 2) iS 10 0 60 70 80 90 100 Rockwell Hardness B “ie Ball 100 Kg. Load 91 97 = = ra Rockwell Hardness F Ye" Ball 60 Kg. Load 80 84 87 90 93 Rockwell Hardness I5T Yie"Ball 15 Kg, Load 57 64 7/0) 76 82 Rockwell Hardness 30T “i6" Ball 30 Kg. Load 271 Cuart 15.—This chart can be employed to determine the approximate tensile strength and percentage elongation of 8 per cent phosphor- TABLE 3 CAROBRONZE GENERAL DatTa—TusBE Analysis (approximate): copper, 91.70%; tin, 8.00%; phosphorus, 0.30% It is accurate for all thicknesses between Property Hard¢ Soft? Tensile SHRED BWA TOS, (COO @amhinel). cocacavcadescasvcscancsuccccdogncnoucougeuasens 77-95 59 Apparent elastic limit, p.s.1. (000 omitted)........................ 0.0.2.0 2e ee sees 46-62 20 Yield strength, 0.5% extension, p.s.i. (000 omitted).................................-.] ......... 22-23 Naeldistreng thy 0:27) offset, pis (OOOlomitted) Ra. 2 555-4. 045-0... eee essences see gu egeeesee. 22-23 Yield strength, 0.1% offset, p.s.i. (000 omitted).......................... 0.000.000...) cee ee eee. 22-23 TaN orc Goyal, OA als PASTA seen te ea Rte ees Ce ceatt ELE sch ee ta ane na eae ne ee ee 34-15 63 Rockwell hardness F, ¢-im. ball, 60-kg. load.........:.................++....-+----- 107-114 77 Rockwell hardness B, 1¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load...................................... 86-99 38 Young's moclilis @F GlSUIGiin7? DSW o5000cc0ccnoacsboaocc0avaucncebosousbdanenoneuce 16,000,000 19,000,000 IWFe iti ompooumbemedBpae pene rere teehee sates ic tac uetact toh peg aries enpe ated mael ees Means eta mera ella erecayn eee 1877 ID Orns aml baa CLECUIApIT ena hes owl sis rasa e cueee ae chee Beal ae yeas cL No ciate tea ev ava Meet oes ass on ea 0.318 CoetiicrentToimexpansionnds. nak aut rcitese Girone fies co cpa nie sree okeeeeens nsemaedee etiam phecsicvacartots 0 .0000182 lalacimicall conclnounnyy, 9% WNC, GEM, coon soo cvcacccccsbocosusceenuauneubenoueoe 13.00 36 Thermal conductivity, B.t.u. per sq. ft. per ft. per hr. per °F., 68°F.................... PROPERTIES AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE? Tensile strength, Temperature, °F p-s.. (000 Elongation, % omitted) 70 78 30 210 78 32 390 77 28 570 74 27 750 47 15 930 40 11 a 5¢ in. O.D. X 0.050 in. wall thickness. Ready-to-finish grain, 0.035 mm. 15-30% reduction in area by cold drawing. + 1200°F. anneal (1 hr. at temperature) of material described in footnote a. ¢ Secant modulus to the apparent elastic limit. d Average linear coefficient per °C. from 25-300°C. e Tests made in the laboratory of the Skodawerke in Pilsen, on material of medium tensile strength. VG fo) 5 20 25 30 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing CuHart 16.—The effect of cold drawing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Carobronze tube (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phospho- rus, balance copper), previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. 0.040 E = -£ 0.030 w bs ” £ p w 2.020 Previous reductions 30 To SS 5% 1200 900 1000 100 Temperature, Deg.F (1Hrat Temp.) 800 Cuart 18.—The effect of annealing on the grain-growing charac- teristics of Carobronze tube, previously cold-drawn 15 and 30 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.035 mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance copper). Copper and Copper-base Alloys Rockwe// F hardness ) ° So Nes NE Ld fea re) Rockwell Hardness Vie Ball F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg. Load ~ fo) (0) 5 10 15 20 25 30 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Drawing Cuanrt 17.—The effect of cold drawing on the Rockwell hardness and percentage elongation in 2 in. of Carobronze tube, previously annealed to a grain size of 0.035 mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance copper). |,000 Lb. per Sq. In. Apparent elastic hirait Room400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Temperature, Deg.F(IHr at Temp.) Cuart 19.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and apparent elastic limit of Carobronze tube, previously cold-drawn 15 and 30 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.035 mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance copper). The Tin Bronzes 273 Rockwell B hardness Bw Flongation Bs Rockwell Hardness “6 Ball F 60 Kg. Load B 100 Kg, Load Room 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 ica 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 Temperature, Deg. F (1Hr: at Temp.) Annealing Temp.in Deg.F(1Hrat Temp) CuHart 20.—The effect of annealing on the Rockwell hardness and Cart 21.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Caro- percentage elongation in 2 in. of Carobronze tube, previously cold- bronze tube, previously cold-drawn 15 per cent (reduction of area) drawn 15 and 30 per cent (reduction of area) from a grain size of 0.035 from a grain size of 0.035 mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance copper). copper). Code oO) 0.10 %o yield strength (offset) 40 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. B.tu. per Ft Sq. per Hr. per Deg. F. per Ft. 0 CD 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 O 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F (1Hr at Temp.) Temperature in Deg.F (1Hr at Temp.) Cart 22.—The effect of annealing on the yield strength of Caro- Cuart 23.—The effect of temperature on the thermal conductivity of bronze tube, previously cold-drawn 30 per cent (reduction of area) an 8 per cent phosphor bronze (91.7 % copper, 8.0 % tin, 0.30 % phos- from Shag size of 0.035 mm. (8.00 % tin, 0.30 % phosphorus, balance phorus, balance copper) based on data by Griffiths and Schoefield ‘2 copper). 274 Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 4 3 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE GENERAL Data?—Srrip Copper, 96.50%; tin, 3.09%; phosphorus, 0.89% Property Hard? Soft¢ eRensileystrene thes p sen (OUOKomitted)) Peer seen een eee ee ee 84 47 OOS ORDO? AIAG, Pst (CWO Oa), nnccscuncooenocunsopacsragnewencdoneensur 7 himitoMproporwonalihysy pssst OOOlomibted) huaeemeeeeieme et tei ieee ree 57 Shearistrength'p:s:i.0(OOO! omitted) reese aes vhs sees s aioe aacqanestepet soaps aye stots satya cr geneesie thal Un eee rete 35.4 lon SAations-FGein Zins ash seat crs. org Poca estore cacloueds wo eketay oe ahah sme lnyaieericnaks chess eae stoe ee area 10 58 Rockwell hardness B, ,¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load................ 0.0... e eee eee ees 88 iRockwelluhardnessyb).e.¢-m si hall sOO=kesloadernme seen atic aneir titer 109 Diamondepyramids VOke Gade fone teak cae ane ccna susmisha ibys exe aera Siete: us acN eer ee 190 69 Bini Ghsenevalu es WaT yew sche ays ee cee raeusea el te ee eh trates aes Refers to strip cold-rolled 50 % (ready-to-finish anneal 2 hr. at 1150°F.)- © Refers to 1150°F. anneal 2 hr. at temperature. 276 1,000 Lb, per Sq, In. @ Limit of proportionality mS SN a as Llongation Cc ERs se 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 es Reduction in Area by Cold eee Cart 28.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength, proof strength, proportional limit, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (3.11% tin, 0.02% phosphorus, balance copper), previously annealed for 2 hr. at 1150°F. according to Cook and Tallis. 0 Elongation, Percent in 21n oS 56 2\n- 1000 Lb. per Sq. tn. eo} So 3 8 Elongation, Percent in ‘ae ee fia en CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F(2Hrat Temp.) Cart 30.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (3.11 % tin, 0.02 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduc- tion of area) according to Cook and Tallis, 30 Copper and Copper-base Alloys Diamond Boreal Y Brinell, (0kg., lmrn. [ul Rockwell 100 kg., 4 "ball +) hal Rockwell, /00 kg, GD Ne ball Hardness Values S&S, Shore scleroscope, UH. & se/f-recorder 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Working Cuart 29.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of a phosphor bronze (3.11% tin, 0.02 % phosphorus, balance copper) ponavcuely annealed for 2 hr. at 1150°F. according to Cook and Tallis, @0 | Value in | Mm. I Diamond Pyramid CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1500 Annealing Temp.in Deg. F(2 Hr. at Temp) Cart 31.—The effect of annealing on the Erichsen ductility value and hardness of a phosphor bronze (3.11 % tin, 0.02 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduction of area) according to Cook and Tallis, 0 The Tin Bronzes Palle TABLE 6 4 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE = GENERAL DatTa¢—Srrip Copper, 96.16%; tin, 3.71%; phosphorus, 0.12% Property Hard? Soft¢ Tensile strength; p:si. (OOO)omitted). 6.2.55. 2 oe ee ee ee 85 48 0.10% proof strength, p.s.i. (000 omitted)............... 0000 c cece cee eee eee 78 Limit of proportionality, p.s.i. (000 omitted)..............................05.........) ~ 51 Shearstrensthypss'1 OOOkomitted!) kemsrmec asnccis.< occas wero ws oa teeta att aesalh eters 36 1B ODE RMU, (GG Tha 7 3 HOS 8G Ae cin.o, 18 clio ocoto roi. eee ws RCE RT oe Oe SRT ren eI eae 9 52 Rockwell hardness B, 4 ¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load..................... 00.0.0. 0 00s eee 89 Rockwell hardness H, }-in. ball, 100-kg. load.................2..0 2 ce eee cee teense 110 Diamondypyranmidesl| Oskpwloadwee aaiaeecion Gis so cic ees sees aes uct ate eh crs oe bee 182 72 Hinic seminal Ue ssn iia sye oe psp paaey per hete pera te. = cise cao tice AER Re trea MEE Saw na Sahn dae quatlevels 13.4 STII PH ALAS peste ey te Acree Ree aee o aere. ya aac et ohare ees ea re Siaea otek dace ly sev thedcastomnnste 170 Shorerscleros cope w NEEM. seratyrets a celeinha ots e) shes usettagt.e tha Sets Memeo talancienceroe deters Soars 54 S. & S., Shore Scleroscope, U. H., and self-recorder................ 00000 cece cee ee 34 DECI CERT A VALLI ter pen leary rarer eer AIR eirenetencs rote ictixese fe teonte Serban Nee coe wired A Lasenl es) Setide ene eorebauetetal ters 8.919 8.916 Density pl MperyCUemlMar ys tyd jer tat erciiatis ite yirattay de Gealenr aia tarhie ay cpa. 2 eas vatemeen danas okesvan 0.322 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 1075: ENG: ADM CO Oia siore oe a sesry Sits ease ey G Oi PEROT SLC oR Me EAN ee EEO a EL RUE 17.6 ANG, ZAD=PAQ OR Oraiesisg as 6 010.8 Ore Ula acuen se Pha at are eRGH cate acs pene eer At a aca eRe OS a ra 18.4 ANG ZOO O AO Sa Ses ears coro 6 Do ee OPC ERs er era ere REN AGT ee i SS 18.8 ANG BOAO ORG ia 2 od ean seio he oroio a Sw tal ala rete ape rite ae ees ea P SP ae 19.4 Thermal conductivity: ANG COPING; ISelhslls JOSIP Os tlhe TOI hy poe love, fol? WO oodeageasooussocescocecsusonoadouce 48 .40 At 400He B:tulipersqa tt. perit. perhr per cB...) 00... )..25..-65.-55 5545-265. e- 62.92 Temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity.......................0 2.0.0.0 00-0000. 0.0016 SPACING RETBINGS, Chum, F< NOS me BNC. on0anccdcesosdoescosnsgonudoeoeesncons 9.17 Modulusfotrelasticityesp sisal aioe met nia krone Gide eto SoS ac ape en anes ote 14,500,000 Digcin@all conchounalny, GG IACI ath GSI. oocccococascodccanb00esogcsesccebasensce 18.8 « Based on data by Cook and Tallis®, 6 Refers to strip cold-rolled 50 % (ready-to-finish anneal 2 hr. at 1150°F.). ¢ Refers to 1150°F. anneal 2 hr. at temperature. Ultimate tensile strength, 010% proof strength, 90 70 = Anza Limit of proportionality TA Neeser | TT LI et (0) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 yee Reduction in Area by Cold Working Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Working Cuanrt 32.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength, proof Cuarr 33.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of a phosphor strength, proportional limit, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a bronze (3.71% tin, 0.12% phosphorus, balance copper), previously phosphor bronze (3.71% tin, 0.12% phosphorus, balance copper), annealed for 2 hr. at 1150°F. according to Cook and Tallis. 3 previously annealed at ROPE for 2 hr. according to Cook and Tallis. (3) 50 Hardness Values w # So Oo ie) o a ro) S&S. shore scleroscope, UH. & se/f recorder Elongation, Percent in 2 In.-1000 Lb. per Sq. In. 278 Elongation, Percent in 2In.- |00O Lb. per Sq, In. Cuart 34.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (3.71 tin, 0.12 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduc- tion of area) according to Cook and Tallis.” Copper and Copper-base Alloys CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 \100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg. F(2Hr at Temp.) TABLE 7 5 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE GENERAL Data*—StTRIP Copper, 94.60%; tin, 5.27%; phosphorus, 0.09% Annealing Temp. in Deg.E(2Hr at Temp.) Cuart 35.—The effect of annealing on the Erichsen ductility value and hardness of a phosphor bronze (3.71 % tin, 0.12 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduction of area) according to Cook and Tallis. 30 Property Hard? Soft¢ Ie SRE, JOG. (COO @mminnee)) ic osscccscauocondaces so05cccusca0cceconosacsuced 95 46 QLiIiOSG, DrOo? Sinean, Sa, (OOO oamiiieel), cook caccccgasoo cares eueedsoceosnesenac 84 ILTaE OF PRO OOO MEI, USL (MOO amine) csccccicasscnesaccsedcgcovaceesouasasasec 62 Sagar saraoeailn, jas, (WOO) ommineel). scocacee coscvaussacnescsroncoaresassbasccoasd Seta Pe ieeoe 37.8 lon cation GG hm 2 say ne se ences areata ree mtehelis Mle, ue ima he tee ache TNO IE GRE eS fe eee aA NBE 8.5 60 Rockwellphardnesseb-ei¢-lnes alll! OO= Keel ail eens ene 96 IRaelagall Inaiclaass 12, Uorm, Joni, WOO, HOG. cco cases ccoccdudussescasupacocesescas 113 Diamondypyrann del Okkoaloa deers a emer ameter Oe toe eer eet renee 198 75 JO ALOl Neeson ayUAOLS sient onls Neate eats G EieceroTmne ole a eeee Ree OR EE Gece eee Oe Odin me wisaridadal| = eogge 14.2 Brinellshardnesss! Ojos =m ball eee eee eee ere ARPT OPES ENN Ses ra 178 Shore7Scleroscopes; MigiEe ameter ge see ee ee ee ee Lier ee abe aeons cineredin nine | 59 Sacco Shore;scleroscopes|UssHeandiseli-record er see eee eee en eer ae 40 Specimens va bye pcs corre esee el Perea ore OR ee eco od Se Since er ene 8.923 8.919 Density Ml bey perr Cure si rey: gy ty tae ens each ae AN ee toe ace ea ee ea pe an neat 0.322 Coefficient of thermal expansion, X10°°: TOAD ESA Vl One ee Sits cre le mein tie coca tes ns ee ea arian ers Mere aed Hama ae Gc a ates eA 117/58) VAG 20 = 300 5 Cee ree cite ees et setae Shee eM a ee ac nada ne: eae eu gmeot eee raion eeee rater 18.0 NG DOA OO RC epoca es tite ore asics creme aerate Sows rege Sy niesta al Shoee eaters eae Noe MCE ahs, eae RP ele 18.4 Thermal conductivity: AT OSES Bb perisG sits» pert ts ELM n i= POL: Bye teny.cle, cise ketene secu oi nese reer ret eg 43.56 AG A0O SH Bsus per sqaiu-spemiusperhrajperel tare arte item a owe eo iceaers eee 58.08 ‘Remperaturecoeticient of thermaliconductivatyacesa tess ee eet eerie 0.0018 Speciicaresistance solm—cmey Gal Om het 0 © eee eee er 10.25 IModulusvoitelasbicity apps cle cme. siv-try seen ere- ra easy se eraee pee Seco Cree RE ee 14,500,000 16.8 Magical Gonxclwoinmin7, OG IVAKCHS., GEN, consconcdeacooccsdonooasedeseadcoesaconas 2 Based on data by Cook and Tallis®. > Refers to strip cold-rolled 50 % (ready-to-finish anneal 2 hr. at 1150°F.). ¢ Refers to 1150°F. anneal 2 hr. at temperature. The Tin Bronzes 279 Ultimate tensile strength 010% proof strength fo) fo) Bey D2a5 420 2 ~I i=) Elongation, Percent in 21n. 1000 Lb. per Sq. In. D oO 0 1 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Working CHaArt 36.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength, proof strength, proportional limit, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (5.27 % tin, 0.09% phosphorus, balance copper), previously annealed at 1150°F. for 2 hr. according to Cook and Tallis. (0 .- (000 Lb. per Sq. In. 6 8 s 3 Ww (o) Elongation, Percent in 2In ipo) rs} CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg. (2 Hr at Temp.) Cuanrt 38.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and per- centage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (5.27 % tin, 0.09 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduc- tion of area) according to Cook and Tallis.‘ Hardness Values ee / Beigel /0kg., lrmm. 100 an Shore scleroscopeé, 20 le ae & self- recorder (0) O 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Working Cart 37.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of a phosphor bronze (5.27 % tin, 0.09 % phosphorus, balance copper) previously annealed for 2 hr. at 1150°F. according to Cook and Tallis.” i) Diamond pyramid een ot A as 140 oe 5 z Fee eg) = AD £ 5 S £ ES) Caan 2 eo A Sa ee e 00 Vy, eo soa eee S eee Erichsen value RS a Hees ee Gee = 20 a CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp. in Deg.F (2Hr.at Temp.) Cuart 39.—The effect of annealing on the Erichsen ductility value and hardness of a phosphor bronze (5.27 % tin, 0.09 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduction of area) according to Cook and Tallis. Copper and Copper-base Alloys TABLE 8 6.5 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE GENERAL Data?—Srrip Copper, 93.19%; tin, 6.65%; phosphorus, 0.12% Property Hard? Soft¢ Mensileystrensthyspisty (O0O;omutted) pacer seme einen cise ie bacterin eres 98 54 OUONGS ROO ARMA, OHS (OU) emt) bcroannsonsconshoduusoanaeaseroussouwscees 87 Taraneh ronentionality psi (OOOkomibted) han pcre onnstc ele auimne ema Re eee 65 Shearstrenstheyp-s 1-5 OOOkomittied) maeee ene teeien enna Pot actae eatcl he atts 42 Toy e224 5 (0) Nam Gert eA Estero ian SU eerie. Gren See nie omttap cite as Hath Bota osped Chin EE EM cls Rene iG 11 66 Rockwellihardness #5 .4i¢—0s balls O0-keslloadem ener este ieee eran 97 Rockwelljhardness#H 4-10 ball sl O0-keSloadh semen cient ieee tase 112 Diamond pyramid plO-kewloadan. fy morysne ca Tee ee ee en ee 210 82 BITIC HSV GLU] SIM TNs fay ocak Sey ove Peon SIE Foes Sn ca ore ene eee Es toe ey ent en eee ae eet 14.6 Brine] hardness a O} esse] —maraey ball lees eee eae re eee ae ee ee 196 Shore Sclerosco pee Vesey 5 x eis yc sector sah oe ote oe ea eye) UN, cet a arr 64 S. & S., Shore Scleroscope, U. H., and self-recorder........................0-..0020--- 37 Spcelhiek ways cee era see a rere eC ee fee 2 re ra 8.918 8.914 IDSA ZS ose ols) AO Nie cero mtaeomicks oan bcs Gu mDeu oS ab catcoen aeoa ese outs 0.322 Coefficient of thermal expansion, X10-5: UN rie AU = (ODE Cena cs resect hcior ch seer oe CaN eaa ois ERE GIFS engines h Lnta inc a 17.2 ATI 2O— ZOO BO ie ener cone eect cei e td eb AWG NOUR MEN Rom cits lc, «Fo aa ee ee A ee 17.9 dati PAD EAU UE Oh re ereiisicratan rpscener er cic or aE Resch os ncaa Sitcn roses Catone ee STE ete eS LET Ge me ERS eee OE 18.3 PAT ZO —4 ORG src eer rs gsetue fer erererae scores PRU TI ae oe rs SJB ig egal OS TIA eNO 18.9 Thermal conductivity: JN COP G Wty DOP Ts Mts OOS titty THEW Tae; FAIS IN, so Sogo ocos eos cuss ossonodscnocoaed 36.30 ING COOK, Ie PSC Win ert jokers late, JOIN, Go gonaeaoocedouocouccodnoanaees oo 48.40 Temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity............................--...++.-- 0.0023 SPOSINe nA iAMCS, Gm-Cm, SC MOG a ADCscsacacaccsconpoanvevccesnesousesnseanace 12.83 IModulusiofselasticibyaipis:iieese miners eter case er Ra tess aera Ree nei OPE EOE ee ea eee 14,500,000 Inceinieall ComeluOnnaing, GY WWACHS GEN, o cocovodssancoodonvonnadcnaemennencucueone 13.6 « Based on data by Cook and Tallis. ® Refers to strip cold-rolled 50 % (ready-to-finish anneal 2 hr. at 1150°F.). ¢ Refers to 1150°F anneal 2 hr. at temperature. 100 Limit of proportionality iA Syeneane Es goa ee 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 9 poses Reduction in Area by Cold Working Cuart 40.—The effect of cold rolling on the tensile strength, proof strength, proportional limit, and percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (6.65 % tin, 0.12% phosphorus, balance copper), previously annealed for 2 hr. at 1150°F. according to Cook and Tallis. ISS ONZE a | See Savas Elongation, Percent in 2 1n.- 1000 Lb. per Sq.1n. (op) oO Diarnond pyramid ae = Brinell, 10 kg., rm. Hardness Values Rockwell, [00kg., ik ‘ball Sammmes | ‘A / pti a & self- recorder 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Percent Reduction in Area by Cold Working Cuart 41.—The effect of cold rolling on the hardness of a phosphor bronze (6.65 % tin, 0.12 % phosphorus, balance copper), previously annealed at 1150°F. for 2 hr. according to Cook and Tallis. 6” The Tin Bronzes 281 120 £110 % 100 2 90 2D = © 80 = 70 e ~ jaw 60 me} Cc fo) 50 E eo} 4 a 7 emreeten| : = i CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 CR 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Annealing Temp.in Deg.F (2Hr at Temp.) Annealing Temp. in Deg.F.(2Hr at Temp.) CuHart 42.—The effect of annealing on the tensile strength and Cuart 43.—The effect of annealing on the Erichsen ductility value percentage elongation in 2 in. of a phosphor bronze (6.65 % tin, 0.12% and hardness of a phosphor bronze (6.65 % tin, 0.12 % phosphorus, phosphorus, balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduc- balance copper), previously cold-rolled 60 per cent (reduction of area) tion of area) according to Cook and Tallis. 0) according to Cook and Tallis. (30 TABLE 9 8 PER CENT PHOSPHOR BRONZE GENERAL DatTa?—Strip Copper, 92.60%; tin, 7.31%; phosphorus, 0.02% Property J Hard? Soft > Tensile stremetiln, js (OUD @anikiael).o 056505 c20c ccccoceccsccecuconscsoovsscccdsceuee 99 _ 54 ONO proof strength, pis. (OOO/omitted) 32-55) ee 90 Limit of proportionality, p.s.i. (000 omitted)........................2.:2--2-0++---se- 64 Sheanstrengthsspysi41 (O0Ovomuitted) is. - oer. ania cakes oat cele gepe eels eee cesesuadls.ell| y ueeci eens 41 Hlongationss psi OOOKomitted)\s oe ate. cee sdaeyera ie eres eneut eet pve geal chee drain Senne Rais Be . 14 74 Rockwell hardness B, 14¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load...................................... 96 Rockwell hardness EH, 1¢-in. ball, 100-kg. load...................2.0 002.2002 c eee eee. 112 Dramondypyramidel O° kos oad’ sey cy ene screens choycttrsaus cievalcsncn nate tans Seis ne ausee tel euaiei sway 212 80 TEyEo) oSTeIny AAIMUG), Sea 9 Bia als Geer el aid 8 Gas a eecct rE ie coen tie pro terenoke Reha rece Relate rating cir. cee sree gee Os [nT nny 12.8 BrineliphardnesssslOvke-l-mm= balls a5) heeds Sdeg os sees eee cdc yt oo ch he es eee 192 Shorepocleroscope Vie Elander sem ycieisce ais aaiegeamisasanatelis asunnieee costa suerte Saustenamenne gialananesave as 60 S. & S., Shore Scleroscope, U. H., and self-recorder................ 0.0202 e eee eee eee 40 Specihienoravltyerr ayer ern keceery at acys icra rari meray tea tiara eek ieee apne Melee le A lon a es 8.932 8.928 Density pllosmpery Cus yal s vepsisy cytes valet taitics musa Loapteds eee aheeetoee ese raiyeuel Bacnsyees Sa Menon nate 0.322 Coefficient of thermal expansion, 107°: AN OSI MO NO sche cere tea ohoto a a Seon ace ee NOUS ee eres cea ne ae Dacia rere Ee Et a Re OR Re 17.6 JN PRO PAD ORS rete etic cho hthe erence He EER Ea BARR ects? ac AIS cE ae ne ee ee ee et ere eee 18.2 ANG AVBIOOA Gia ote ei io hoe Oiale. 9. Sa a Oe ah ree er roe aie RENCE PE ERS ee shel Co ope enn ont ert eae 18.5 Thermal conductivity: ANG 70D oy IBticlls AP KCl Whe TOS Int, foe Ime, joe IP, oo coco u on daceagscdccgcdscucna00 38 .72 A400 fH BB teuesperisdatcsperit-)permhrpen chee secs sae een anes ssa naar 53.24 Temperature coefficient of thermal conductivity....................-:+-.seeee see eee 0.0021 Speciuceresistance qokm=-cima