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DR. FREDERICK M. BAYER

John W.Wells
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Texas, 1929,

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COR ALLIN A

C O t: A I. L IMA.

OH,

A CLASSICAL ARRANGEMENT

OF

FLEXIBLE CORALLINE POLYPIDOMS,

SELECTED FROM THE FRENCH

OF

J« V. F. LAMOUROUX, D.E.S.

LONDON :

PRINTED BY A. J. VALPY, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.
SOLD BY SHERWOOD AND CO. PATERNOSTER* ROW ;
RATTLE AND BRINE, BATH.

1824.

The term Poly pur being found difficult to translate into
English, the name Polypidom, signifying dome or dwelling
of the polypi, has been adopted in its place.

THE TRANSLATORS PREFACE.

The following selection was originally designed for
the accommodation of friends, whose leisure was too
much engrossed by kindred and social claims, to
study a history which, though interesting in the ex-
treme, was written in a foreign language, and replete
with scientific terms.

The Translator had fewer ties, and anxious that her
friends should share the increasing pleasure she felt
in perusing M. Lamouroux’s “ Histoire des Polypiers
Corallig&nes Flexibles,” she consulted among scienti-

11

fic dictionaries, and her more learned acquaintances,
for the explanation of obscure terms. She was induced
at length to hope her exertions might extend to the
gratification of others of her sex, and give a direc-
tion to the delight and admiration so generally ex-
perienced on first visiting the coast, where all is
exhilarating and new, and where we feel inclined to
view every scattered object fresh imported from the
deep with curiosity and interest.

No books are wanting in the beautiful department of
Marine Botany ; but any knowledge of Polypidoms,
(hitherto known under the general denomination of
Corals and Corallines, prior to M. Lamouroux's
Histoire, &c. if we except Ellis’s Corallines, and
a subsequent work on Zoophytes, edited by Solander,)
had only been dispersed in the works of learned
men.

If, therefore, in this selection, the Translator can
enable her countrywomen to decipher one more page
of lovely Nature, and, in retracing the wonders of

Ill

creation, strengthen their consciousness of superin-
tending Goodness, and revive the heartfelt con-
viction that, “ in wisdom hast thou made them all,”
her best wishes will be accomplished.

In the following pages no species has been omitted,
described by M. Lamouroux : but as the chief object
was to benefit those who, like the Translator, were in-
terested in Nature's history, and unskilled in learned
languages, she has not inserted the Latin descriptions,
nor the transcriptions from other authors. Depending
solely on M. Lamouroux for her guide, she has con-
tented herself with the harvest he reaped from the la-
bours of his predecessors, and the result of his own
studious observations. Those who lament the dis-
carded treasures, must seek them in his original.

INTRODUCTION.

Notwithstanding the information of celebrated
voyagers and philosophers, much yet remains un-
known of those Polypidoms which people the vast
empire of the deep ; a very small number of their
polypi have been observed, and entire orders still
exist, whose animals have not to this moment been
discovered : no light has been thrown on their orga-
nization, their growth, or their continuance ; all yet
remains in obscurity respecting the physiology of this
singular class of organization ; but that they are
wholly animal, remains no longer a doubt, and the
term Zoophyte, though still used, becomes, from its
signification of animal plant, not strictly applicable.

The Polypidoms present no character so decided,
as serving for habitation, and forming the most solid

vi

part of many living animals, united, and incapable of
voluntary separation from each other. These animals,
or polypi, have but one character in common, that
of being continually attached to an animated mass,
sharing in, and contributing to, its existence; and, not-
withstanding this involuntary attachment to the colony,
each individual possessing a life peculiar to itself,
and distinct from the rest of the colony, all the polypi
of a Polypidom participate in its existence ; and the
food which one of these little creatures takes in, ex-
tends its influence to the most distant part of the
colony it belongs to.

CLASSES, ORDERS, &c.

The arrangement into Classes, Orders, Genera, and
Species, so advantageously employed in Botany, has
been adopted in the present work ; the Polypidoms
are separated into four Classes, with the first of
which we commence a sketch of our History.

The first Class is that of the celluliferous Polypi-
doms, whose polypi are found in shelly or non-irri-
table cells ; it is divided into three Orders, begin-
ning with that whose cells are apparently isolated ;

VI!

it comprehends the Flustreas, Cellarias, See. The se-
cond Order includes all those with coalescent or
united cells, formerly all styled Sertularia. The Tu-
bular i a forms the third Order, their cells being tubular
and horny, simple or branching, with one or many
openings.

The second Class, whose Polypidoms are styled
Calciferous, are of a calciferous substance, mixed
with that of animal, and continuing apparent in every
stage, contains also three Orders ; the first of which
has, like the Tubularias, the polypi at the extremities
of the stems and branches, but, being less horny and
more calcareous, forms an intermediate link between
the last Order of the preceding Class and the second
Order of the present Class, whose Polypidoms are
very cretaceous or chalky, but whose polypi are not
apparent ; they are articulated. The third Order
of this Class are not articulated.

The Polypidoms of the third Class are termed Cor-
ticiferous : they are composed of two substances, the
one exterior, and enveloping, named rind , or in-
crustation ; the other called axe , placed in the centre
of the first, and supporting it : it is also divided into
three Orders. The first Order comprehends the
Spongia, whose polypi are dubious, but decidedly
invisible. The second includes the genera of the

viii

Gorgonia, whose axe is inarticulated. The third Or-
der contains the Isideae, whose polypi are more ap-
parent, and the axe articulated.

The fourth Class has no Order ; it is denominated
Carnoid Polypidoms, composed of a fleshy mass,
wholly animated, covered with polypi, and possess-
ing no central axe.

SITUATION.

The greater number of Polypidoms are found to
originate in the heart of the ocean, and in its nume-
rous divisions, with the exception of the Naissas and
the Ephydatias, which always inhabit fresh water,
whether stagnant or current.

Some of the Polypidoms appear to prefer the im-
mediate influence of the atmospheric changes ; they
are seen on the rocks and on the plants which the tide
leaves uncovered, and sometimes in such profusion,
that all appear concealed under an animated mem-
brano-calcareous covering. These species, however,
at least on our shores, are neither numerous, nor at-
tain any considerable size.

They almost all suffer from the action of the air.
At the period of the great equinoctial tides, the sea
retires from those rocks it covered for many prece-

IX

ding months : when the water first leaves them, the
polypi are full of life, but suffer and languish as they
lose their moisture ; nor fail to perish should the sea
remain too long without re-covering them : those that
can retire into the recesses of their cells, are more
enabled to hold out, by means of the moisture they
preserve ; but the uncovered polypi, and those whose
whole mass is animated, like the Alcyones, experience
a quicker alteration, proportioned to the higher tempe-
rature and the dryness of the air. Taken in this state of
sufferance, and replaced in sea water, these little ani-
mals slowly resume their activity : there are some which
do not expand their tentacula till the second or third
day, whilst those which immediately after their expo-
sure to the air have been carefully returned to their
natural element in a tranquil place, where the water
was not agitated, have as soon expanded from their
cells, or the mass to which they were attached. It
may be necessary to remark, that naturalists have
sometimes erred, in describing the polypus con-
tracted, for the polypus expanded.

Some species of Polypidoms are found always si-
tuated on the southern slopes of the rocks, but never
on those of the east, west, or north : others, on the
contrary, develope only on the last aspects, and never

Cor.

B

X

on the first : in general their branches appear directed
towards the main sea.

The larger Polypidoms are rarely found in places
exposed to violent currents, or the full shock of the
waves. It is in the hollow of rocks, in the submarine
grottos, in the shelter of large and solid masses, and
above all, in those gulfs where the waters are not
agitated, that these singular beings fix themselves.
Many of them appear formed to share the powerful
action of the surges ; their pliant branches bending to
the movements of the waters, and balancing the ani-
mals that form them in the agitated medium. Others
again, constructing immovable and rocky dwellings,
give them the form of tunnels, placing themselves in
the interior : while some, by their re-union or aggre-
gation, form an extended mass, narrow in proportion
to its length, prolonging it uninterruptedly many ter-
restrial degrees, and forming an immovable dike, which
usually crosses the great currents of the ocean, whilst
its solidity and greatness are continually augmenting.
Sometimes these madrepore rocks curve in the form
of a circle ; the polypi that inhabit it, established in
its interior, elevate by slow degrees their rocky dwell-
ings to the surface of the waters : thus, ever sheltered
in their labours, they load by slow degrees the bottom
of the deep ; but in the higher part of this impenetrable

XI

wail openings are always left that communicate with
the external waters, that the polypi within may be
continually supplied with aliment, and the principal
materials for the construction of their habitations.

The navigator confidently sailing in a sea that his
predecessors have indicated as free from rocks, dashes
his prow on an unexspected shelf, whose sides are
so perpendicular, that at his stem no sounding can
be found ; and when combating with the fury of the
tempest he meets one of these openings which chance
or the instinct of the polypi have left unclosed, he
enters a harbour of slightly undulating waters,
sheltered from the contending storms, which without
the barrier seem bent on its annihilation, but cannot
shake it.

The Polypidoms do not always rise to the surface
of the waters ; some extend themselves horizontally
on the base of the sea, or pursue its curvatures, and
spread Ocean’s floor with an enamelled carpet of va-
ried and brilliant colours; at other times this carpet
has only one shade, almost equalling the Tyrian purple
of antiquity. Many of these beings resemble a bush
that winter has despoiled of its leaves, but which
spring has renovated with fresh flowers ; and attract
by the beauty of the petalcd animals with which their
branches are covered from the base to the extremities.

xii

The Polypidoms are found near the surface of the
water as well as in the greatest depths of the ocean :
some exist in parts where the light of the sun cannot
reach* and multiply to infinity, notwithstanding the
enormous pressure and extreme cold which they must
experience, at a depth of two or three thousand fa-
thoms* There are strong grounds to presume that
their growth is slow in proportion as they are im-
mersed in the water, and that at a thousand metres
from the surface of the sea, it would be one hundred
years before coral would attain the same growth as
when only a few metres of the fluid covered it.

Polypidoms as well as plants vary with the climate
they inhabit; in the colder latitudes the Cellarias
and Sertularias only are to be found, with a few close-
woven sponges, and a small number of Alcyones. In
the neighbourhood of the volcanic isles of the polar
regions, or on those shores exposed to that marine
flow, which after being heated with the tropical sun,
has bathed the eastern coast of America, and then di-
rected its course to the western shores of Europe, you
meet with Corallinas, with Gorgonias and Isidias : the
two first multiply a little from 60 to 50 degrees of
northern latitude ; their numbers then increase to the
44th or 45th degree ; Gorgonias with rampant stems,
Spongias, with loose tissue, brittle or clastic, and

xiii

Millepores with foliated and fragile expansions : a
little farther the coral reddens the depths of the ocean
with its brilliant branches, soon followed by the Po-
ly pean madrepores. It is not however before the
34th degree of northern latitude that these animals
commence the developement of that grandeur and im-
mensity that presents itself at every step to the ex-
tent of a parallel southern latitude ; here they disap-
pear, after having exhibited the same series of pheno-
mena observed in the northern hemisphere.

It is then within the tropics, or in a zone of more
than sixty degrees expansion, that these beings, these
animalcula, scarcely visible to the naked eye, and
whose operations uninterruptedly proceed, eternally
exercise their empire in a medium whose temperature
never changes. From the depths of the ocean they
elevate those immense reefs, that may in their conse-
quences entertain a communication between the inha-
bitants of the temperate zones. The naturalist when
he visits these xnadreporous islands, once covered with
the ocean, is astonished at their enormity and perfect
preservation— so perfect, that the sea seems recently
to have abandoned them ; and frequently the same
species of Polypidom that crowns the greatest heights,
and forms the whole island, extends from its shores
to an endless distance ; so that when the tide retires,

XIV

perhaps an intermediate league presents the same
Polypidom to observation, that composes the heads of
their mountains. The air, light, and rains, have con-
tributed to destroy the animals of these madrepores ;
their skeletons alone remain to attest the ancient so-
journ of the ocean in these elevated sites, and the
slow but incessant diminishing of the waters on the
planet we inhabit. Voyagers have found fossil ma-
drepores on the Alps, the Pyrenees, & c. M. Ra~
mond, in a letter to M. de St. Amans, says, “ he dis-
covered marine relics on the summit of Mount
Perdu,” the highest of the Pyrenees.

BASE OR POINT OF FIXING.

Some plants are found in all latitudes, in all coun-
tries, and in all soils, whether on the roof of the cot-
tage, or on the marble of the palace ; the number of
these plants is however inconsiderable. The majority
of vegetables that adorn the surface of the globe, re-
quire a particular soil and climate : the same is not the
case with Polypidoms ; few among them prefer one
substance to another in fixing : the greater number of
these beings, requiring only one point of rest, attach in-
differently to any hard or solid body the sea contains ;

XV

They are seen on primitive, secondary, and other
rocks, sometimes on stems of coral, or on blocks
of lava, on fragments of vases* and even on human
skulls, which are exhibited in museums. Sometimes
these Polypidoms wholly envelope the wood that
floats upon the water ; at other times they surround
and bury the fragments of wrecks, and the old vessels
that are abandoned in the ports ; in fine, there are
some whose base, dividing into numerous fibres like
those of a root, penetrates deep into sandy or muddy
shores to find a point of fastening which the surface
cannot afford them. In general their base is solid or
extended in the corticiferous Polypidoms ; fibrous in
the calciferous ; and non-existing, or almost so, in the
carnoid Polypidoms and the celluliferous. Thus, as
this part only serves the Polypidom to fix itself, we
may consider it as a means employed by Nature to
prevent these beings, deprived of locomotion, from
becoming the sport of the waves ; in this respect only
they resemble vegetables.

DURATION.

All organized beings have three epochs of existence
—their growth, their perfection, and their decline—
both among the animal and the vegetable world

xvi

Some commence and finish their existence in the short
space of a day, perhaps an hour, while others live
through centuries., The same occurs among the Poly-
pidoms ; some have only an ephemeral life, while the
existence of others seems eternal. I here speak of the
Polypidoms, not of the polypi ; the latter, separately
considered, do not appear to have a long life, but on
the contrary many circumstances induce us to pre-
sume it is very short.

In the Flustreas, Cellarias and Sertularias are found
annual species, and others whose duration is sub-
ordinate to the marine plants that support them. In
almost all Polypidoms, the lower parts are wholly
devoid of animalcula, and in the greater they are only
seen at the extremities : some there are, that are en-
tirely covered with polypi through the summer and
autumn, but they perish with the cold of winter. No
sooner however has the sun resumed his revivifying
influence than new animals are developed, aud fresh
branches are produced upon the old ones ; the lower
part appears inert, and deprived of all kind of life ; the
Flustreas, Sertularias, and Gorgonias afford us many
examples. Arrived at this last stage of existence,
the Polypidom languishes, it has no longer the power
to resist the destructive influence of time, or the at-
tack of those enemies which the energies of life had
till then repulsed : some of them feed on its fleshy en~

xvii

velope ; others penetrate to the interior of the axe,
and live on its substance however solid it may be, till
at last perishing, its fragments are cast upon the
shore in a state scarcely recognizable, and at the
mercy of the elements finally reduced to calcareous
sand.

FORMS.

Their forms are too various to admit a general de-
scription, as may be seen in the following outline.

The Celluliferous Polypidoms appear in aggrega-
tions of isolated cells, placed on the surface of ma-
rine bodies ; or else cells so united as to form, by their
adherence to each other, a thin crust on the surface
of the Thalassiophytes or testaceous Molluscas ; and
frequently appear in leafy and diversified expan-
sions : sometimes the cells are placed on stems, like
leaves on their branches; at other times these cells
appear in the form of very long branching or simple
tubes, separated from each other in their upper part,
and united in their lower to form stems, as well as a
footing or root by which they adhere to a solid base.

In the Calciferous Polypidoms there are also great
disparities ; some of them ramify like shrubs, whilst
others divide in numberless dichotoma, or imitate a

Cor,

c

XV1U

painter’s brush, or take the form of an umbrella ; some
resemble an open fan ; in short, some are simple,
some are branched, some articulated, some com
pressed, some flat, and some cylindrical.

The Corticiferous Polypidoms display an equal
variety : there are Spongiae that spread in thin patches
on the rocks and marine plants ; others form them-
selves in globular masses, or are hollowed in the
form of tunnels; many rise in tubes like the pipes of
an organ, and some divide in the form of thick leaves.
What diversity of forms between the Gorgonias with
a simple unbranched stem, and others whose ana-
stomosised branches resemble fishing-nets, from their
net-work and extent ! The Flabellated Andyomena
exhibits meshes so regularly and elegantly designed,
that they strike us by their resemblance to lace.

The Isidias have an alternately stony and cartila-
ginous stem, bearing some resemblance to the ver-
tebrae of animals more perfect in their organization ;
others in appearance may be compared to shrubs
despoiled of their leaves, but covered with flowers
whose whiteness is rendered more conspicuous by
the deep and brilliant red of the branches.

To conclude : in the Carnoid Polypidoms differ-
ences almost as numerous exist, but much less known
than those described in the preceding Orders,

xix

After this sketch, a general definition of their form
will scarcely be expected ; for if this be impractica-
ble as respects one division, what must it be in
regard to all these animal productions ?

COLOURS.

If, notwithstanding the energetic influence of air
and light upon these organized beings, we may judge
from the hues that still remain to them in the collec-
tions, their colours must be varied and brilliant in the
extreme on their natural sites in the depths of the sea.
The atmospheric fluids have a rapid influence on
the colour of the Polypidoms : it is by no means rare
to see a Sertularia of a brilliant yellow when first
discovered in the sea, turn to a tarnished brown three
hours after it has left it. The change sometimes is
still more rapid ; I have seen Spongias, of a lovely
lilac when covered with the water, become nearly
white when exposed a few minutes to the contact of
air and light. There are however Polypidoms pre-
served many years in the collections, whose colours
appear more permanent ; their stems are of a bright
and deep hue, or their rind is of a brilliant colour :
we can readily suppose this envelope to have been

XX

infinitely brighter while the polypi were in life ; it is
however not impossible that, like many of the marine
Floridas, some of these animal productions may as-
sume more varied and brilliant hues from the com-
bined effect of light, humidity, and their first step
towards decomposition.

These general considerations on Polypidoms are
not applicable to the Polypi ; these latter are some-
times of the clearest transparency, at others this trans-
parency is clouded and whitish ; frequently they par-
take of the colour of the animated mass to which they
belong, only differing in shades according to the dif-
ferent parts of organization. In many of the Gor-
gonias and in some Alcyonias the colour of the Po-
lypi is entirely different from that of the Polypidom,
and forms an agreeable contrast. In general their
brilliancy and transparency become tarnished and
opaque, as soon as deprived of life, or exposed
to the influence of the air.

SIZE.

With respect to size, we find Polypidoms so small
that it requires the aid of glasses to distinguish them,
whilst others are as elevated as the mountains : their
base fixed on the foundation of the sea, to a depth
that cannot be measured, whilst their extremities are

xxi

lost in the regions of the clouds : such are the madre-
porous islands so numerous in the South-eastern
Ocean, which Polypi are every day augmenting by
their inconceivable labours. Some authors have
imagined that these isles were only the summits of
submarine mountains, that had been covered by Po-
lypidoms ; but these submarine mountains, the almost
perpetual source of subterranean fires, are found in
all latitudes, and greatly vary in their extent and in
their forms : the madreporic islands, on the contrary,
exist only within the tropics, and present forms con-
stantly analogous to each other, and are never over-
turned by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. They
are described by most modern voyagers who have
traversed those seas.

If we compare this polypean mass, that rises from
the immeasurable depths of the ocean to its surface,
and that shoots into air under jthe form of mountains,
to that Melobesia, to that Cellepora, which has only
the appearance of a white spot, a small deposite of
calcareous particles, how striking is the difference !
what an infinity of intermediates must exist between
the two extremes ! Generally speaking, the Cellular
Polypidoms, as well as the Calciferous and Car-
noid, seldom exceed a metre in height ; usually
they are much smaller. The Corticiferous are some-

xxii

times many metres in height. It is then in the Ma-
dreporic Polypidoms, those that are wholly stony,
that we must seek for giants in this department of
the animal kingdom ; whilst their Polypi are so small
as frequently to elude the naked eye, and can only be
perceived by the help of glasses, and sometimes re-
quire very powerful microscopes ; in some groups
they even escape the power of our instruments, and
leave us only analogy and reason to demonstrate their
existence in the animal kingdom. It is however not
improbable that the Equinoctial seas may inclose
Polypi of sufficient magnitude to be observed without
the help of instruments ; but none of them exist on
our coasts, or in the north of Europe.

UTILITY, GENERAL AND PARTICULAR.

The unreflecting may ask, what is the utility of
these creatures ; too small to afford material nourish-
ment to others, yet capable of rendering venomous
those which partake of the little they can supply ? De-
voured by fishes, the Polypi have rendered those
fishes so unwholesome, that soldiers who have fed on
them have experienced maladies so serious and so
general, that the expedition for which they were in-
tended has been necessarily given up.

Other species of fish, and in particular the mollusca

XXill

when fished from these madreporous rocks, have been
found to possess an insufferable stench ; this may be
occasioned by the Polypi being in a state of decompo-
sition, as their fetidness is then sufficiently powerful to
cause vertigos, and even suspended animation ; as I
myself experienced whilst preparing the Antipathes
Myriophyila, which a friend had sent me from Nice.

Sometimes they wholly envelope in a calcareous
coating the vegetables of the sea, and, in obstructing
the pores necessary for their aliment, cause them to
perish in an animated prison. Innumerable instances
of their power of annoyance might be adduced,
such as choking up harbours, causing shipwrecks,
&c. &c.

But He who formed the Universe, created nothing
in vain ! His works all harmonize to blessings, un-
bounded by the mightiest or most minute of His cre-
ation. Each day displays to the reflecting, new proofs
of His wisdom in new developements of His plans,
and gives fresh force to the conviction that our
ignorance alone must obscure our view, when we
cannot comprehend His aim of eternal good.

On land, the vegetable tribes absorb the carbonic
acid our inhalements have created, and return us the
life-giving oxygen. In the bosom of the deep, the
Polypi absorb the calcareous salts brought from the

xxiv

various countries whose coasts it has visited ; which
salts by an eternal increase might otherwise prove as
destructive to its inhabitants, as the carbonic acid
proves to those on land ; but the Polypi collect, decom-
pose, and render them insoluble to the surrounding
element which their labours have thus purified ; they
unite them in a mass of such extent, that in the
course of time the domain of man becomes enlarged,
and vegetation blooms and blesses with its fruits on
the structures that have ceased to serve them.

One circumstance worthy to be observed, must not
be omitted. To the assistance of Lime we owe the ele-
gance and solidity of our buildings, particularly the
latter. The calcareous stone, or Carbonate of Lime,
that Proteus of the mineral world, is wholly wanting in
the Equatorial regions : may we not be allowed to consi-
der these Madreporous Polypidoms as destined to sup-
ply its absence? At Djeddah in Arabia, and on many
other parts of the Red Sea coast, the houses are con-
structed with blocks of beautiful Madrepore. In the
Indian Isles, as well as in those of the Eastern Ocean,
and in many other parts, the madrepores are used
for the manufacture of lime : at Martinique they drag
them for that purpose from the bottom of the sea.

What could we substitute for the Sponges in medi-
cine, or for domestic uses ? where should we find a sub-

XXV

stance equal to this polypean production in the
property of imbibing water, without any diminution of
elasticity or alteration of its nature? The sponges
we have in use, are found in the equinoctial seas of
both worlds, and in the warmest parts of the tem-
perate zones: they are an object of considerable

commerce; many of the Mediterranean isles have
no other product to export.

In France, and throughout Europe, the Corallina
Officinalis is used as a powerful anthelminthic ; it
is known under the name of Coralline of Corsica, and
brought from the different ports of the Mediterranean ;
it is very abundant on the western coasts of France,
and also on the shores of England. Sir H. Davy has
remarked, that it has a fattening tendency, as well as
others of its family.

The inhabitants of Iceland, celebrated for its frosts
and its volcanos, make use of a Flustra in the form of
snuff, to excite sneezing : either on account of its agree-
able smell, resembling violets, or as a preservative
against the scurvy, so dangerous in those regions.

To conclude. In all ages and in all countries, men
have acknowledged the beauty of the Coral. War-
riors have always employed it in the decoration of
their arms, and women in their dress. The physicians
of the middle ages looked upon it as a universal

Cor.

D

XXVI

remedy ; and the priests of ancient religions, as an
object acceptable to the gods.

After this rapid sketch of Polypidomean history,
it may be easy to comprehend how bounded is our in-
formation in this department of nature : the most that
we do know, is nothing in comparison to what we do
not know. It is therefore to draw the attention of
intelligent men to these new objects of Natural His-
tory that I have been induced to publish this work,
in which I have endeavoured to unite the remarks of
my predecessors, and to augment the domain of
science by some new observations of my own.

J. V. F. Lamouroux.

MEASURES.

1 Metre .

1 Decimetre
5 Centimetres .
10 Millemetres .

. 40 inches.

4 inches.

. 2 inches.

1 centimetre.

POLYPIDOMS

4 CLASSES.

*

CLASSES.

1st Class. Celluliferous Polypidoms in non -irri-
table cells.— 3 Orders.

2nd Class. Calciferous Polypidoms. Calcareous
substance, united with animal substance, or incasing
it : apparent in all circumstances. — 3 Orders.

3rd Class. Corticiferous Polypidoms, composed
of two substances ; one exterior and enveloping, called
Rind, or Incrustation ; the other named Axe, placed
within, and supporting the first.— 3 Orders.

4th Class. Carnoid Polypidoms. A fleshy mass,
wholly animated, covered with polypi, but having no
central axe.— No Order.

30

ORDERS

BELONGING TO THE FIRST CLASS.

1st Order. Cells isolated, or else uniting in each
other’s formation, as do the cells of a honey-comb.

2nd Order. Cells of distinct formation, but uniting
together, and coalescing with the stem.

3rd Order. Cells tubular in form, and horny in
substance.

ORDERS

BELONGING TO THE SECOND CLASS.

1st Order. Polypi at the extremity of the Poly-
pidom or its branches.

2nd Order. Articulated Polypidoms ; Polypi not
apparent.

3rd Order. Inarticulated Polypidoms.

31

ORDERS

BELONGING TO THE THIRD CLASS.

1st Order. Polypi none, or not perceptible.

2nd Order. Polypi apparent ; axe in articulated.
3rd Order. Polypi apparent; axe articulated.
No Orders belonging to the 4th Class*

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE FIRST ORDER OF THE FIRST CLASS.

Cellepora. Submembranous, in concrete expan-
sions. Cells projecting.

Flustra. Concrete expansions, foliated ; submem-
branous. Cells united in formation, and placed in
series, on one or many surfaces.

Pherusa. Flat and frondescent. Cells oblong, pro-
jecting, and only on one surface.

Electra. Branching. Cells campanulated, ciliated,
and verticillatcd.

32

GENERA.

FIRST CLASS.— FIRST ORDER.

Elzarina. Cylindrical and in articulated. Cells dis-
persed, and almost projecting.

Cellaria. Cylindrical and articulated. Cartilagi-
nous and’stony, cells dispersed.

Caberea. Slightly compressed and articulated.
Cellular in front, and furrowed in the back.

Canda. Dichotomous, and fan- shaped. Branches
united by diverging side fibres.

GENERA.

FIRST CLASS.— FIRST ORDER.

Acamarchis. Dichotomous. Cells in united for-
mation, alternate and vesicular.

Crisia. Cells generally alternate, slightly projecting,
and opening on the same side.

Menipea. Articulated. Cells grouped in wreaths,
opening only on one side.

33

Eucratea. Articulated. A solitary and a curved
cell at each articulation.

GENERA.

FIRST CLASS.— FIRST ORDER.

iEtea. Stem rampant, and branching. Cells so-
litary, and club-formed. Opening at the side.

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE SECOND ORDER OF THE FIRST CLASS.

Pasithea. Articulated. Cells in threes, or in fours,
at each articulation.

Amathia. Cells long and cylindrical; either all
touching, or separating in many groups of various
sizes.

Nemertesia. Garnished with minute branches, or
rather polypiferous hairs, bent towards the stem, and
verticillated.

Aglaophenia. Little branches, pinnated. Cells on
one side ; axillary or isolated.

Cor.

E

34

GENERA.

FIRST CLASS. — SECOND ORDER.

Dynamena. Not much branching. Cells opposite.

Sertularia. Stem or branches flexible. Cells al-
ternate.

Idia. Branches pinnated and alternate. Cells al-
ternate,, nearly awl-shaped, and curved.

Clytia. Stem filiform, twining or climbing. Cells
campanulated and pediculated; pedicles long and
curved.

GENERA.

FIRST CLASS.— SECOND ORDER.

Laomedea. Plant-like. Cells dispersed ; peduncu-
lated, or almost sessile.

Thoa. Stem formed of numerous interwoven tubes.
Ovaria in clusters.

Salacia. Cells long, cylindrical, and in united for-
mation to the number four; side and verticillated
openings.

35

Cymodocea. A pulpy stem, marked with rings in
the lower part, and smooth in the upper. Cells fili-
form, alternate or opposite.

GENERA.

BELONGING TO THE THIRD ORDER OF THE FIRST CLASS.

Tibiana. Branches in zig-zags. Polypous openings,
placed alternate, and on the sides, at the summits of
the angles.

Naisa. In fresh water. Polypi with each a single
row of tentacula, generally ciliated.

Tubularia. Tubular, simple or branched. A soli-
tary polypus at the extremity of each branch.

37

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

CELLEPOEA.

Polypidoms partly membranous; in stony con-
crete expansions, or subfoliated: very fragile, and
furnished on their external surface with urceolated,
or else turban-shaped projecting cells.

The Celleporas are not remarkable either in form or
colour ; they often escape observation, appearing like
simple calcareous concretions, from their minuteness,
or rendered less visible by their half transparency.

Their polypi are not sufficiently known to admit
a description ; the rapidity of their movements ren-
ders the difficulty of observing them very great.

These polypidoms are usually found in patches
of greater or less expansion, on all marine produc-
tions, whether vegetable or solid ; they exist in all seas
and in all depths.

Their species are distinguished by the form and si-
tuation of the opening of their cells, which we may

38

CLASS L— ORDER I.

reasonably conclude must be subordinate to the form
of the animal.

TRANSPARENT.

1. Cellepora hyalina. Cells nearly globular, and
transparent; opening simple and oblique.

On marine plants of European seas.

BRANCHING.

2. Cellepora ramulosa. Dichotomous branches,
rounded and obtuse. Cells very close, and cylindri-
cal.

Sea of Norway.

BRILLIANT.

3. Cellepora nilida. Cells merely cylindrical
and transparent, marked with rings ; opening simple.

Northern seas.

FURROWED.

4. Cellepora sulcata. Cells bent, projecting, and

longitudinally channeled: colour, whitish. Size,

scarcely a millemetre.

On the fucus of Australasia.

EGG-SHAPED.

5. Cellepora ovo'idea. Cells, egg-formed, with
each a small round opening ; united in a round patch,
slightly projecting.— -Plate 1. fig. 1.

Found on the fucus of Australasia*

G. CELLEPORA.

* 39

PIERCED.

6. Cellepora pertea. Concretions forming round
patches from one to two centimetres in diameter,.
Cells gibbous, with a small round mouth.

On the Thalassiophytes of European seas.

LIPS-FORMED.

7. Cellepora labiata . Cells egg-shaped, rayed, and
imbricated : opening large, and formed like two lips,
the upper arched, the lower shorter, and more straight.
—Plate 1. fig. 2.

Australasia.

8. Cellepora manguevillana . Surface of the cells
covered with tubercles, invisible to the naked eye, and
placed in vertical lines.— Plate 1. fig. 8.

Bay of Cadiz.

WARTY.

9. Cellepora verrucosa . Cells in globular or oval
masses ; openings slightly three-toothed.

European seas.

FOSSIL.

10. Cellepora megastoma . Incrustations irregu-
lar, but not wide-spreading expansions. Cells very
distinct and oval, with a very large opening, and al-
most central.

On the fossil bodies found in the chalk formation
in the vicinity of Paris.

FOSSIL.

11. Cellepora globulosa. Incrustations with

40

CLASS L— ORDER I.

very distinct globular cells, that have an oblique
opening.

Found situated as the preceding.

RING.

12. Cellepor k annularis. Cells oval, and slightly
projecting, forming parallel rings round the steins of
the thalassiophytes : opening surrounded by some glo-
bular tubercles.

On the Gelidium concatenatum of the French coasts.

POUNCE.

13. Cellepora pumicosa . Rough to the touch, and
fragile. Cells globular, with a thorn at the border of
their openings.

Variety. Almost without a thorn. In the Euro-
pean seas. Variety from the Cape of Good Hope.
On Thalassiophytes.

CRIMSON.

14. Cellepora coccinea . Cells urceolated, and
punctured ; opening with a single short tooth, placed
on the upper part.

On the coast of Heligoland.

CALIX.

15. Cellepora caliciformis. Cells nearly oval, with
a rugged surface ; opening large at the top of each
cell, and garnished with several teeth.

On the Thalassiophytes of the bay of Cadiz.

G. CELLEPORA.

41

RADIATED.

16. Cellepora radiata . Cells sub-oval, almost
radiated, granulated, and nearly convex ; openings
half orbicular, bordered with from four to six teeth.

Mediterranean.

FRINGED.

17. Cellepora ciliata . Cells convex, with the
opening usually divided into seven spines.

On the European fucus.

SIXTEEN-TOOTHED.

18. Cellepora sedecim-dentata . Openings of the
cells oval, and longitudinally oblique, with sixteen
teeth on the border.

Mediterranean.

TWO-POINTED.

19. Cellepora bimucronata . Cells oblong and
nearly oval ; surface rough, with points situated in
transverse lines ; openings nearly orbicular, with two
opposite teeth.

Mediterranean.

COMMON.

26. Cellepora vulgaris . Cells oval, convex, and
alternate ; openings half orbicular ; lower lip slit, with
two holes underneath.

Mediterranean.

ROUND-MOUTH.

21. Cellepora cyclostoma. Cells oval, alternate,
and slightly punctured ; openings round and entire.

Mediterranean.

Cor,

F

42

CLASS L— ORDER I.

22. Cellepora Pallasiana. Cells oval, slightly
convex, and punctured ; openings round above, and
transverse-oblong in the lower part.

Mediterranean.

23. Cellepora Borniana. Cells alternate and trans-
parent ; the opening an almost four-sided oval, drawn
in at two of the sides, and closed by a small mem-
brane slightly punctured.

Mediterranean.

24. Cellepora otto-mulleriana. Cells a little con-
vex and opaque ; the opening a longish oval, closed
by a smooth membrane,

Mediterranean.

I#

A

l ¥

f v r t

"77

s

llp-

FLUSTRA.

Crust ac eous Polypidoms, or of a leafy appear-
ance, horny or nearly membranous, consisting of short
tubular polypiferous cells, placed at the side of each
other, and disposed in regular series on one or more
surfaces.

That character of existing union, which, in our in-
troductory history of Polypidoms, we observed was the
chief peculiarity by which Polypidoms could be defined,
seems to claim an exception with the Celleporas, and
also with the Flustras, whose polypi, in their mem-
brano-calcareous cells, appear distinct and unconnect-

G. FLUSTRA.

43

ed with the animals to whose cells their habitation ad-
heres. There are, however, strong grounds of pre-
sumption that the more perfect result of observation
will prove them not excluded from what we deem a
general and characteristic distinction. When we are
better acquainted with the Polypidoms, we shall be
more at liberty to observe the Polypi ; when the atten-
tion is devoted to one object, its peculiarities are more
likely to be discovered.

The Flustras vary much in form ; sometimes they
appear as simple membranes extended on the fu-
cus ; others rise in leafy but flat surfaces, lobed or
entire, sometimes in verticillated branches, the cells
always contiguous, hexagonal or polygonal, and have
their partitions perpendicular to the surface on which
they are established ; the upper part usually convex
or hemispherical, and formed of a substance more
membranous, thinner, and more transparent than the
side partitions, and which usually disappears by dry-
ing, sometimes so soon after the death of the animal,
that we are inclined to suspect it either forms part of
the body or adheres to it.

When the animal of the Flustra has acquired its
full growth, it flings from the opening of its cell a
small globular body, which fixes itself near the open-
ing, increases in size, and soon assumes the form of
a new cell : it is yet closed, but through the transpa-
rent membrane that covers its surface, the move-
ments of a polypus may be perceived, who delays not
to burst the enclosure of his little habitation ; then,
exulting in the plenitude of existence, he exercises
its functions, and by the assistance of twelve tentacula

44

CLASS L— ORDER I.

that surround his mouth, he gives a rotatory motion
to the water, and involves in this diminutive whirlpool
the animals on which he feeds .

The color of the Flustra is in general a lighter or
a darker fawn ; sometimes they incline to red, or grey ;
but they never assume those brilliant hues which are
seen in the Corallines and Sertularias.

Left to themselves and without support, I know no
species that exceeds two decimetres in height ; but at-
tached to the leaves, or surrounding the branches of
the great Thalassiophytes, they envelop these in a
cretaceous covering, which sometimes extends itself
over the whole plant.

The Flustras are found in all seas, and in all depths,
on the marine plants of the deepest waters, as well as
on those that are scattered on our shores; in the
neighbourhood of the polar ices, as well as under the
burning sun of the tropics.

The seas of former periods enclosed them in their
bosoms, as well as the Cellepores ; and their impres-
sions, or their fragments, are discovered in those cal-
careous rocks that are anterior to chalk formations.

FOLIACEOUS OR LEAFY.

1. Flustra foliacea . Branching ; divisions fan
and other shapes.

Seas of Europe*

TRUNCATED.

2. Flustra tr uncat a. Leaf-like and dichotomous ;
divisions linear and truncated*

Seas of Europe.

G. FLUSTRA.

45

PEAR-SHAPED.

3. Flustra piriformis. Foliaceous and dichoto-
mous ; summits truncated ; cells formed like a pyramid,
very sharp at the bottom ; height about one decime-
tre ; width in the middle of the branches from two t©
four millimetres. — Plate 1. fig. 4.

Australasia.

CERANOIDOUS.

4. Flustra ceranoides. Flower-like and dichoto-
mous ; summits bifid ; extremities obtuse ; cells long ;
mouth almost linear, with the border rolled over;
height from five to eight centimetres ; width in the
middle of the branch two or three millimetres.

Australasian sea.

BOMBYCTNOUS.

5. Flustra bomhycina . Plant-formed, with ob-
tuse divisions, dichotomous or trichotomous ; cells
rounded ; foot root-formed.

On the coast of Calvados, a reef of rocks bordering
on Normandy ; and also said to be found in the Indian
and American seas.

flaxen.

6. Flustra carbasea. Foliaceous, dichotomous,
and obtuse at the summit ; cells long and formed py-
ramidically.

On the coasts of Scotland and Calvados.

CHARTACEOUS.

7. Flustra chartacea . Foliaceous, digitated, and
truncated at the summit ; cells four-sided.

Coasts of England and France.

46

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

STONY.

S. Flustra ^raz. Foliaceous, fan-shaped, and
proliferous ; summits rounded ; cells alternate, co-
vered with small papillae, placed on two opposite
lines ; height from three to four centimetres.

On the Thalassiophytes of Australasia.

TREE-FORMED.

9. Flustra frondiculosa. Arborescent; divisions
obtuse, trichotomous, and crowded ; cells placed one
above the other.

Indian Ocean.

BRTSTLY.

10. Flustra hispida . Arborescent and spongy ;
divisions branching ; stuck and surrounded with hairs.

Mediterranean sea ; very scarce.

VELVET.

11. Flustra pilosa. Foliaceous or covering Thalas-
siophytes ; the under border of the cells with a bristly
tooth.

European seas ; usually on the Thalassiophytes,
which it sometimes wholly covers, but does not in-
crustate.

DOWNY.

12. Flustra tomentosa. Incrustation, soft and
velvety ; cells scarcely visible.

In the European seas, attached to Thalassiophytes
and Sertularias.

LINEAR.

13. Flustra lineata. Incrustation ; cells situated
on transverse and oblique lines.

G. FLUSTRA.

47

On the Delesseria Palmata, and other marine plants
of the European seas.

COMPRESSED.

14. Flustra impressa. Stony, and membranous ;
cells nearly rhomboidal, obliquely compressed.

Hab. ....

MEMBRANOUS.

15. Flustra membranacea . Incrustation; cells
quadrangular oblongs.

On the fucus of the Baltic sea.

PAPYRACEOUS.

16. Flustra papyracea. Frondescent, wedge-
shaped, with many clefts ; cells rhomboidal oblongs,
with the summits helmet- shaped.

Mediterranean.

CONCENTRIC.

17. Flustra concentrica. Incrustation ; cells
placed on concentric lines ; openings small, irregular
and rounded.

On the fucus of Australasia.

PEARLY.

18. Flustra baccata . Incrustation; cells long
and gibbous ; openings very small.

On the under surface of some marine plants of
Australasia and the Antilles.

tubular.

19. Flustra tubulosa. Incrustation; cells simple.

48

CLASS I. — ORDER I.

oval, oblong, and projecting ; opening marginated, and
nearly pentagonal.

On the Fucus natans.

TOOTHED.

20. Flustra dentata . Incrustation; but fre-
quently foliated; cells nearly oval, shining, and
toothed at the border.

European seas.

SQUARE.

21. Flustra quadrata. Incrustation; cells form-
ing a long regular quadrangle with even borders.

On the Fucus pyriferus.

Variety on the fossils in the vicinity of Paris.

TRIACANTHOUS.

22. Flustra triacantha . Incrustation; cells oval
or round, with two side thorns on the upper part, and
one on the lower.

On the Thalassiophytes of Australasia.

MANY-TOOTHED.

23. Flustra multidentata . Incrustation ; cells
large and nearly round ; opening garnished with many
long unequal teeth.

On the fucus of Australasia.

LANIGEROUS.

24. Flustra eriophora . Incrustation; cells very
small, alternate, round at the summit, covered with
unequal and numerous hairs. — Plate 1. fig. 5.

On the fucus of Australasia.

G. FLUSTRA,

49

MAMMILLARY.

25. Flustra mammillaris. Incrustation ; cells
nearly flat, with two obtuse risings at the sides of their
opening; colour brown.— Plate 1. fig. 6. a. B.

On the marine plants of Australasia.

SHAGGY.

26. Flustra hirta. Incrustation; coriaceous and
flat; cells rambling and ciliated.

Greenland sea.

SINGLE-TOOTHED.

27. Flustra unident at a . Incrustation; cells cy-
lindrical, long and large, placed in parallel lines at
the side of each other, or in longitudinal lines ; open-
ing as large as the cell, with a large tooth on one side
of its base.

Australasia.

ITALIAN.

28. Flustra Italica. Membranous incrustation ;
cells oval, almost compressed ; openings very small,
placed at their summit .

Strait of Messina.

SANDY.

29. Flustra arenosa. Incrustation friable and yel-
lowish ; cells simple, ranged nearly chequer-wise.

European seas.

THICK. (FOSSIL.)

30. Flustra crassa. Very thick incrustation ;
Cells short and round, with projecting partitions, the
upper part depressed ; openings large and crescent-
formed.

On an oyster and other fossils found near Ghent.

Cor.

G

50

CLASS I. — ORDER I.

TESSELLATED. (FOSSIL.)

31. Flustra tessellata. Incrustation, thick ; parti-
tions rounded in the fore part; openings in front, small
and nearly round ; top of the cells flat and thick, of
an ivory white, and very shining.

On the fossils of the chalk in the vicinity of Paris.

CRETACEOUS. (FOSSIL,)

32. Flustra cretacea. Thick incrustations, with
long oval cells.

On fossil shells in the vicinity of Plaisance, analo-
gousto the MurexTritonis of our seas.

RETICULAR. (FOSSIL.)

33. Flustra reticulata. Rather thick, forming
free expansions, celluliferous on both surfaces ; cells
oval and long, the partitions very projecting ; openings
middling in size, and rather transversal.

In the sand near Valogne in France, with Bacu-
lites and Beleraites. *

BIFURCATED. (FOSSIL.)

34. Flustra bifurcata. Foliaceous, dichotomous
expansions, bifurcated at the summits, and garnished
with hexagonal cells on both surfaces.

At Grignon, and in a lime* stone at Cerithes.

BOTTLE-SHAPED. (FOSSIL.)

35. Flustra utricularis . Incrustation in very
spreading expansions ; cells oval and a little flat-
tened, larger at the back, with rather a small opening
placed in front.

G. FLUSTRA,

51

On the fossils of the chalk in the vicinity of
Paris.

SMALL-MOUTHED. (FOSSIL.)

36. Flustra microstoma. Rather thick incrustation,
with cells not very distinct, oval, and rather prominent;
the opening in the middle, very round and small.

On the large fossil oyster in the vicinity of Sceaux.

DEPRESSED.

37. Flustra depressa. Cells oval, alternate, hori-
zontal, and slightly punctured ; openings half-moon
shaped, and closed with a valve.

Adriatic.

DISH-SHAPED.

38. Flustra patellaria. Cells oval, flat above and
convex below ; nearly isolated, horizontal, and sub-
alternate.

Mediterranean.

OBLATE.

39. Flustra planata. Cells oval, flat, alternate,
and distant, bordered and closed by a membrane.
Mediterranean.

The succeeding genera belonging to this Order
have hitherto been included in the general denomina-
tion of Cellarias : but their varieties induced me to
separate them into families ; whose species are indeed
few, but which will probably be augmented when these
little beings shall have been more attentively studied.

These Polypidoms are plant-like, frequently arti-
culated, either flat, compressed, or cylindrical. Cells

P j,

By

cm

v

-y

52

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

communicating together underneath, with one or more
bristly appendages on the outside, having their open-
ing generally on the same surface. They have no
distinct stem.

PHERXJSA.

Fron descent Polypidom with many clefts. Cells
oblong, projecting, and placed only on one surface;
openings irregular.

The Pherusas differ so materially from the Flus-
tras, that an eye the least exercised cannot pos-
sibly confound them with the numerous species of
that genus, nor with the Celleporas; though, like
the latter, they have distinct projecting cells, but not
isolated like them, as the Pherusas communicate at
their base. They are equally removed from the Plus-
tras by the situation of their cells ; in this latter, when
the Polypidom is frondescent or foliated, the cells are
found on both surfaces ; in the Pherusa they are al-
ways placed on the upper surface, the under part
being perfectly devoid of them, but shining and
marked with nerves, corresponding to the partitions
at the base of the cells.

The Polypidoms of this genus have tubular cells,
projecting in the upper part, large and compressed
below: the opening is large, and usually irregular,
with the border turned in, perhaps resulting from
desiccation. Those at the extremity of the branches
are nearly straight ; the others become less so in pro-
portion as they approach the base.

G. ELECTRA.

53

Their substance is almost wholly membranous and
flexible. Colour generally a deep brown. Their size
never exceeds eight centimetres. The only species yet
known belonging to this genus is often met with on the
marine productions of the Mediterranean ; they are
found attached to plants, polypidoms, and rocks.

Pherusa tubulosa. Oblong, tubular, and pro-
jecting cells, having their opening on one surface.—
Plate 2. fig. 1. a. B. C.

ELECTRA.

Polypidoms branching ; cells oamparmlated, ci-
liated on their border, and verticillated.

This genus consists of but a single species, whose
cells are verticillated round a pulpy centre, or adhere
to some Thalassiophyte, usually cylindrical. The
rings are in general so close as to make them appear
imbricated.

The Electra is very common in the European seas ;
when the polypi are alive, their colour is a red-violet
of greater or less brilliancy ; but when exposed to air
and light, it becomes an earthy white.

VERTICILLATE.

Electra verticillata. Cells campanulated, ci-
liated in their borders, and placed in rings one above
the other. — Plate 2. fig. a. B. 2.

European seas.

54

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

ELZARINA.

Frondescent Polypidoms ; dichotomous, cylin-
drical, and not articulated. Cells large and dispersed,
scarcely projecting ; openings oval.

The only species comprised in this genus resem-
bles a small cylindrical fucus, branching or dichoto-
mous.

The substance is nearly membranous. Colour brown,
more or less dark.

They never exceed four centimetres in height ; the
diameter of the branches varies from one to two mil-
limetres ; the higher ones are sometimes in the form of
clubs.

Elzarina Blainvillii. Cells membranous, large
and dispersed.— Plate 2. fig. 3. a. B.

On the Tbalassiophytes of Australasia and of the
isle of Timor.

CELL ARIA.

Plant-like Polypidom, cartilaginous, stony, cy-
lindrical, and branching. Cells dispersed on the whole
surface.

The Cellarias are always articulated, cylindrical,
dichotomous or branhcing; covered with dispersed
cells, having a large polygonal opening. Their sub-
stance is almost wholly calcareous, which renders
them very fragile and very little flexible.

When first taken from the sea, their colour is some-

G. CELLARIA,

55

times a bright red, and sometimes a more or less
brilliant yellow ; in the collections some are white,
and some yellowish.

They never exceed a decimetre in height.

They appear always fixed to rocks or other hard
marine bodies ; I have never observed any on the leaves
or branches of the Thalassiophytes.

HAIRY.

1. Cellaria hirsuta. Articulated, dichotomous or
branching; articulations cylindrical, very small at
their extremities, covered with dispersed cells and
numerous long articulated hairs; straw colour; a
decimetre high. — Plate 2. fig. 4. a. B.

SALICORNINE.

2. Cellaria salicornia. Stem articulated and
dichotomous ; articulations nearly cylindrical, inter-
spersed with plain rhomboidal cells.

Seas of Europe and Asia.

SALICORNOIDOUS.

3. Cellaria salicornoides. Very small and branch-
ing.

Mediterranean.

N. B. This species is very distinct from the last,
but easily confounded with it.

CEREOUS OR WAXEN.

4. Cellaria cereoides. Stem branching; articu-
lations nearly cylindrical, interspersed with cells ter-
minated by projecting orifices.

Mediterranean and Indian seas.

56

CLASS 1.— ORDER I.

FILIFORM.

5. Cell aria jiliformis . Articulations filiform, very
fine, and quadrangular ; cells alternate.

Indian Ocean.

CABEREA.

Fron descent Polypidom, cylindrical or a little
compressed ; cells on one surface, the opposite side
furrowed ; furrow longitudinal, straight, and pinnated.

The substance of these Polypidoms is more calca-
reous than membranous.

Their colour is yellow fawn, more or less brilliant.

Their size varies from four to six decimetres.

They are never parasites on marine plants ; it is
by numerous fibres, and, not by a base, that they fix
themselves on the rocks and solid Polypidoms of
Australasia.

PINNATED.

1. Caberea pinnata . Stem pinnated and cylin-
drical, as are also the branches ; pinules or branches
alternate, cells in united formation, usually two toge-
ther ; furrows transverse. Colour yellowish : height
seven or eight centimetres.

Australasia.

DICHOTOMOUS.

2. Caberea dichotoma. Branches dichotomous and
compressed. Cells small and numerous, convex on
the back of the Polypidom, where they produce a lon-
gitudinal furrow, with alternate and diverging furrows.

57

G. ACAMARCHIS.

Hairs numerous, rather long, and bent towards the
branches.— Plate 2. fig. 5. a. B. C.

Australasia.

CANDA.

Frondescent, fan-shaped, and dichotomous Po-
ly pi dom. Branches united by small lateral and hori-
zontal fibres. Cells alternate, united, placed on only
one surface, and not projecting.

Description can give but an imperfect idea of the
appearance of this Polypidom, or of the effects pro-
duced by its dichotomous branches, united by side
and horizontal fibres, which connect all the parts of
this beautiful polypous production.

It is probable that in their living state their colours
are very bright ; but desiccation has diminished some,
and destroyed many others.

Their substance is membranous, horny, cretaceous,
and friable.

Their height varies from three to four centimetres.

Canda arachnoides, Plate 2. fig. 6. a. B. C. D.
On the rocks of Timor.

ACAMARCHIS.

Dichotomous Polypidom. Cells united and al-
ternate, terminated by one or two lateral points, with
a vesicle at their opening.

The vesicles are nearly globular ; in form they re-
Cor. H

58

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

semble military casques, and are placed on the bor-
ders of the cells, which they appear wholly to
close ; they are sometimes wanting, nor is it rare to
find Polypidoms entirely deprived of them. Various
have been the opinions respecting their purpose : I
am inclined to consider them as ovaria enclosing the
germs of future individuals; having observed that
these vesicular bodies are sometimes whole, and in
this case I have always found them filled with small
globular bodies. It appears that these ovaria open by
a transversal slit; whenever this is met with, the
ovaria are found empty.

The Acamarchis resemble each other in form ; they
differ by the number of the teeth that are placed on the
external side of the cells, and by the form of the latter,
whose border is either smooth or toothed : the upper
membrane of the cells is frequently wanting, and it
was in this state that Ellis figured his first species.

The substance of the Acamarchis is more horny
than cretaceous.

Their colour is a dull green, or greyish, which
changes to a fawn, more or less bright, by desiccation,
or exposure to air and light.

Their size never exceeds a decimetre, and is usually
much less.

They attach themselves by numerous fibres to solid
marine productions ; they are found in the equato-
rial and temperate seas of either world.

NERITAL.

1. Acamarchis neritina . A single tooth on the
external side of the cells. —Plate 3. fig. 2. a. B.

Mediterranean.

G. CRISIA,

59

TOOTHED.

2. Ac am arc his dentata . Two teeth on the exter-
nal side of the cells ; opening toothed. Plate 3, fig. 3.
a. B.

Australasia.

CRISIA.

Plant-like Polypidom. Dichotomous or branch-
ing ; cells slightly projecting, alternate, rarely oppo-
site, with their opening on the same surface.

All the Crisias have so much analogy of form
with each other, that these Polypidoms are easily to
be distinguished.

Their substance is in general calcareous, with arti-
culations more or less horny.

In the dried specimens, the colour slightly varies ;
it is usually a dirty white, but sometimes quite pure,
and at others tinged with yellow or violet. Their
height is generally from four to six centimetres ; in
sbme species it reaches to a decimetre, but I never
met with any exceeding that size.

The Crisias, unlike the Cellarias, which shun the
Thalassiophytes, exclusively prefer these vegetables,
which they embellish with their white cretaceous
tufts : they are found, in the warm and temperate
regions, at all seasons of the year ; but in the colder
climates, they are rarely found during winter; and
their existence in all places appears to depend on
the marine plant to which they are fixed.

60

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

IVORY.

1. Crxsia eburnea . Upright, articulated and branch-
ing; cells alternate, truncated, and slightly pro-
jecting ; ovaria gibbous.

European seas.

CILIATED.

2. Crisia ciliata . Cells almost lateral, alternate ;
the opening large and oblique, garnished with nume-
rous hairs unequal in length.

European seas.

hairy.

3. Crisia pilosa. Stem upright and dichotomous,
cells oblique ; the opening garnished with one or two
long flexible hairs.

Mediterranean.

RUGGED.

4. Crisia scruposa. Rampant and dichotomous;
cells united and alternate : the opening oval, and bare.

Seas of Europe, Asia, and America.

THORNY.

5. Crisia muricata. Stem articulated and dichoto-
mous. Cells alternate, and garnished on their upper
part with some sharp tubercles ; the opening toothed ;
teeth silky. Colour, a dull white ; height about one
centimetre.

On the Fucus Horneri in the seas of Japan.
rampant.

6. Crisia reptans . Articulated, dichotomous, and

G. CRISIA.

61

rampant : opening of the cells garnished with two
hairs of unequal length.

European seas.

MAILED.

7. Crisia lorkulata. Very branching and dicho-
tomous. Cells opposite ; opening obliquely trun-
cated.

Seas of Europe.

BIRD’S HEAD.

8. Crisia avicularia. Stem upright and dichoto-
mous ; ciliated at the border of the cells, with a ve-
sicle in the form of a bird's head.

European seas.

FLUSTRAL.

9. Crisia Jiustroides. Frondescent, flat, and dicho-
tomous ; summit truncated ; cells long, with two small
teeth on the inner border.

On the Millepora, otherwise Flustra foliacea, on
the coasts of Calvados.

TERNARY.

10. Crisia ternaia . Branching, dichotomous, ar-
ticulated, and rampant ; articulations angular, almost
turban-shaped ; cells in threes, unilateral.

Scotland.

THREE-CELLED.

11. Crisia tricyttara. Frondescent, dichotomous,

and articulated ; cells oblong oval, larger above than
below, usually placed two on the same line, some-
times three : colour greyish yellow ; height about

five centimetres.— Plate 3. fig. 1. a. B. C.

On the fucus of Australasia.

62

CLASS I. — ORDER I.

FEATHERY.

12. Crisia plumosa. Stem very branching, up-
right and dichotomous ; cells unilateral, alternate, and
terminated at the summit by a point.

European seas.

Q, C/r J

MENIPEA.

Plant-like Polypidom; branching and articu-
lated ; cells having their opening on the same side,
and many united together in concatenated masses.

The general appearance of the Menipeas, and the
singular form of their cells, give them a distinct and
peculiar character. Their branches bend in the form of
plumes, and instead of straightening, curve still more
when put into water. Their cells, more or less nume-
rous, are placed in masses of a triangular form, and
linked one to the other, having their opening always
on the same side and in parallel lines ; there are ge-
nerally three placed on the larger part of the wedge,
two on the second line, and then a single one termina-
ting this reversed pyramid ; sometimes there are only
two rows of cells, and even a single one placed at
each articulation. The Menipeas bifurcate at each
articulated mass.

Their substance appears more calcareous than
membranous or horny ; they are very friable, and
preserved with difficulty.

Their colour is a yellowish white, bordering on
grey.

G. MENIPEA.

63

Their height never exceeds a decimetre.

The Menipeas are found at the base of marine
plants, or on the solid polypidoms of the equatorial
seas, and attach themselves by numerous fibres.

CURLED.

1. Men I pea cirrata . Stem very branched, dichoto-
mous, and curved inwardly ; articulations nearly oval,
and ciliated on their external side.

Indian ocean, and Mediterranean.

FAN-SHAPED.

2. Menipea flabellum. Stem branching and di-
chotomous ; articulations of an angular form, entire,
truncated at both ends.

Indian and American seas.

WOOLLY.

3. Menipea jioccosa. Stem very branching and
dichotomous; articulations nearly cuneiform, and
slightly toothed at the edges.

Indian ocean.

GLASSY.

4. Menipea hyalaa. Articulations convex,
smooth and shining underneath ; flat or concave on
the side where the cells open ; subcuneiform, thin at
the edges, and terminated above by two prickly
appendages: colour yellowish fawn; height a deci^
metre. — Plate 3. fig. 4. a. B. C. D.

Indian seas.

64

CLASS I.— ORDER I.

eucratea/

A plant-like articulated Polypidom ; each arti-
culation composed of a single cell, simple and curved ;
opening oblique.

The cells of the Eucrateas, always simple, isolated
and articulated one to the other, have a more or less
arched form ; the curves they form, whether concave or
convex, are always on the same side of each branch ;
the openings are oblique, and placed in the upper part
of the concavity of the cells, which are all provided with
a filiform appendage of greater or less length, whose
situation varies frequently on the same Polypidom.
The form of the Eucrateas is in general elegant.

Their substance is not very flexible, being more
calcareous than membranous : this circumstance, and
the extreme tenuity of the lower part of the cells,
renders them very fragile.

Their colour in a state of desiccation is either pure
white or brownish fawn.

Their height never exceeds three or fourcen ti-
metres.

They are found on the Thalassiophytes and other
marine productions of the European seas.

HORNED.

1. Eucratea cornuta. Hairs longer than the cells,
and issuing from the articulations.

European seas.

CLAWED.

2. Eucratea chelata . Very fragile ; cells in the

G, AETEA.

65

form of a horn, with an oblique opening, having a
cil shorter than the celh Plate 3. fig. 5. A.

European seas.

AETEA .

Polyp i DOM, with a rampant and branching stem ;
cells solitary, opaque, and tubular, in the form of
clubs, and arched ; opening at the side.

This Polypidom appears to unite the present Or-
der with that which follows, having a rampant stem
from which the cells issue ; but it differs essentially
from the second Order, in the form of its undulated
stem, which is branched and swelled at stated dis-
tances, and also in the form of its cells ; it is therefore
truly an intermediate species.

This genus as yet comprises only one species,
very common on the marine plants of the European
seas ; they embellish these vegetables by the pearly
whiteness of their cells, which forms a beautiful con-
trast with the brilliant red of the Plocamis, on which
the Aetea anguina is frequently found : one might ima-
gine them many-clefted leaves of red coral, covered
on all parts with hairs of silvery white.

SERPENTINE.

1. Aetea anguina . Described in the genus : is
found both in the European and Australasian seas,—
Plate 3, fig. 6. A.

Cor .

i

66

CLASS L— ORDER IL

Cells of distinct formation , but uniting together , and
coalescing with the stem .

Plant-like Polypidoms with a distinct stem , which is
either simple or branching , very rarely articulated , but
generally a hollow tube, filled with a gelatinous animal
substance , into which the lower part of every polypus is
inserted that inhabits a cell , whose situation, form and
size vary with the individual that inhabits it .

GENERA AND SPECIES,

PASITHEA.

Plaht-like Polypidom, a little branching, and ar-
ticulated. Cells in threes or verticillated ; sessile or
pedicellated at each articulation.

The two known species, which form the genus Pasi-
thea, bear so strong a resemblance to each other, that
the naked eye can with difficulty distinguish them ;
it is necessary to employ a glass to observe them well.
Their substance is much more horny than calcareous.
Their colour is a dull yellow, more or less deep.
Their size varies from one to three centimetres.
They are generally found on the fucus natans, or
some other Thalassiophytes of the equatorial seas.
They are rarely to be found in collections.

G AMATHIA.

67

TULIP-FORME Do

1. Pasithea tulipifera . Articulations in the form
of clubs ; cells three in number* united on one pedicle.
—Plate 3. fig. 7. A.

American seas* principally on the J amaica coast.

FOUR-TOOTHED.

2. Pasithea quadridentata • Rampant* cells ver-
ticillated* four and four* with an odd one ; that in the
centre frequently proliferous.— -Plate 3. fig. 8. a. B.

On the fucus natans.

AMATHIA.

Branching Polypidom ; cells long and cylindri-
cal, united in one or many groups.

The Amathias, by their numerous cells* their horny
and hollow stem* filled in a living state with a gelati-
nous and irritable substance* show the general cha-
racter of the Order ; they differ* however* from their
neighbouring genera, by their aspect* their ramifica-
tions, and also the form and respective situation of
their cells. In some species the cells are united in
isolated groups, resembling Pan’s flute with cylindri-
cal reeds varying in their length ; in others all the
groups touch* but can easily be distinguished by the
unequal length of their cells : some of them have
their polypous cavities united at the sides* forming
spiral and projecting lines round the stems* to which

68

CLASS L— ORDER II.

they adhere by their lower part : in fine, there are some
in which these lines cease to project forward, and are
attached to the stem by the back part of the cells.
Therefore, notwithstanding the apparent difference be-
tween the Amathia lendigera , and the A. spiralis, it is im-
possible to place them in separate genera, on account
of the intermediate species which gradually link toge-
ther beings at first sight exceedingly dissimilar.

No distinct character can be formed from the dis-
tance which separates these cellular groups from
each other ; in the Amathia lendigera , so common in
our seas, we find individuals in which all the groups
of cells touch, and others in which those same groups
are distant two or three millimetres from each other.
It is in the number and the form of the cells of each
group, in their situation, ramification, &c., that we
find the means of distinguishing the species.

The Amathias are of a horny substance, very
slightly cretaceous.

Their colour is a brown fawn, more or less deep.

They vary in height from one to fifteen centimetres.

They are frequently found parasites on the Tha-
lassiophytes ; sometimes they adhere to rocks or other
hard marine productions by a fibrous base.

They appear more common in the equatorial and
temperate seas, than in the cold or icy regions ©f
either pole.

LENDIGEROUS.

1. Amathia lendigera . Branching and filiform ;
cells with an even border ; groups at unequal dis-
tances, sometimes very wide apart,

European seas.

G. AMATHIA.

69

HORNED.

2. Amathia cornuta . The largest cell of each
group has a free unattached border, garnished with
two setaceous appendages. — Plate 4. fig. 1. a. B.

On the fucus of Australasia.

UNILATERAL.

3. Amathia unilateralism Branches curved in-
wardly ; groups of the cells almost all touching, and
placed on the same side.

Mediterranean.

alternate.

4. Amathia alternata. Very branchy; groups
of cells very long, placed alternately, and very close
upon the branches; cells numerous, and of nearly
the same size.

American seas.

convoluted.

5. Amathia convoluta. All the cells united and
forming one group, projecting, and spirally surround-
ing the stems and branches.

American seas.

SPIRAL.

6. Amathia spiralis. Branching and dichotomous ;
cells forming only one group, spirally surround-
ing a centre, and adhering by their inner surface.
—Plate 4. fig. 2. a. B.

Australasian seas.

70

CLASS T— ORDER IL

NEMERTESIA.

Plant-lire and horny; garnished through its
whole extent with small polypiferous oils, curved to-
wards the stem, and verticillated ; cells placed on the
inner part of the cil.

The Nemertesias, not numerous in their species,
are distinguished from the Sertularias, with which
they have hitherto been classed, by a variety of cha-
racters that belong to them exclusively, and which
do not allow us to confound them with any of the
genera which compose that Order.

These Polypidoms are sometimes branching, some-
times not branching ; in the latter case, their general
appearance resembles a mouse's tail ; in the first case,
they cannot be compared to any thing, their aspect is
peculiarly their own.

Their cells are invisible to the naked eye, bare,
and always placed on the interior part of the cils, a
single one at each articulation.

The numerous ovaria are axillary to the cils and
stem.

The substance of the Nemertesias is membranous,
horny, and very flexible ; they become almost trans-
parent by desiccation.

Their colour, when first taken from the sea, is a
beautiful citron-yellow, sometimes orange; they be-
come dull and whitish when exposed to the air and
light.

Their height varies from two to five decimetres.

The Nemertesias are never parasites on marine

G. AGLAOPHENIA.

71

plants ; they are almost always found attached by long
and numerous filaments to the solid sands or rocks
of the Mediterranean and European oceans ; they
seem to prefer deep waters.

ANTENNINE.

1. Nemertesia antennina . Ramifications verti-
ciliated, simple and setaceous; stem simple or very
little branched.

European seas0

N. B, It is a rare thing to find this species
branched ; and when so found, the number of branches
is confined to one or two, seldom more.

JANINE,

2. Nemertesia Janini . Stem a little branching ;
verticils very distant from each other; slender bristles,
very long.— Plate 4. fig. 3. a. B. C.

Bay of Cadiz.

BRANCHING.

3. Nemertesia ramosa . Stems branching ; ver-
ticils approximate.

European seas.

AGLAOPHENIA.

Plant-like and homy ; furnished through the
whole length, and on the same side, with axillary or
isolated cells.

72

CLASS L— ORDER II.

The Aglaophenias have been confounded with
Sertularias by all authors who have written on Poly-
pidoms, notwithstanding the numerous and invaria-
ble characters which constitute them a very distinct
group.

Their small polypean lodges are sometimes placed
between two appendages, like a flower in its calix ; at
other times the upper appendage is wanting, and the
lower one may then be compared to the bractea of an
axillary and sessile flower. There are some, of which
the cells are isolated and placed at regular distances
from each other ; others, which by their near approach
form groups at each articulation. But through all
the species the generic character is constantly found,
i. e. that of having the cells on the same side of the
branches.

The Aglaophenias are of a homy substance, mem-
branous, and flexible.

Their colour, which is fawn, varying almost from
black to white, presents not, indeed, those brilliant hues
that adorn some of the Sertularias, or some of the
Corallines ; but they excel those Polypidoms in the
elegance of their form and in the situation of their
branches, arching gracefully over each other, and re-
sembling the waving plumes of the ostrich in their
divisions and general inflection.

Their height varies from one centimetre to three
decimetres, or even more.

They are found in all seas, at all depths, and in all
latitudes ; frequently parasites on the Thalassiophytes
and other marine productions ; sometimes adhering to
rocks by fibres more or less numerous.

0. AGLAOPHENIA.

73

HOOKED.

X. Aglaophenia angulosa. Stem angular, and
slightly flexuous ; branches dispersed, and pinnated ;
divisions opposite ; cells in the form of a cupola,
with an appendage below, rather long, and arched ;
height three decimetres..

Australasia*

SPIKED.

2. Aglaophenia spicata . Stem cylindrical, a little
cretaceous, and upright ; branches alternate, pinnated,
numerous, straight, and in the form of thorns ; cells
eampanulated, with the lower appendage like a calix ;
height from two to three decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

FLEXUOUS.

3. Aglaophenia flexuosa. Stem cylindrical, flexu-
ous, and branching ; branches curved above, as well as
the pinules ; cells toothed, and longer than the lower
appendage; height from twelve to fifteen centimetres ;
colour, a bright fawn.

Eastern Ocean.

ARCHED.

4. Aglaophenia arcuata. Stem branching, and
dichotomous ; branches arched, but not numerous ;
cells placed between two appendages ; the lower one
formed like an elbow, with two opposite teeth,
placed in the angle of the bend ; the upper very short :
colour, a deep but bright fawn ; height from twelve to
fifteen centimetres.— Plate 4. fig. 4. a. B,

Western Ocean.

Cor .

i

K

74

CLASS L— ORDER II.

WINGED.

5. Aglaophenia pennaria. Stem branching, and
bent ; cells nearly campanulated ; the border toothed
with pointed teeth.

Mediterranean.

MULTIFOLIOUS.

6. Aglaophenia myriophyllum. Stem simple; cells
campanulated ; border generally entire.

Seas of Europe.

feathered.

7. Aglaophenia pennatula. Cells campanulated
and truncated ; borders toothed ; two opposite teeth
longer than the others.

Indian seas.

elegant.

8. Aglaophenia degam. Stem dichotomous;
pinules alternate, numerous, long, and setaceous ;
cells with a short and sharp appendage; colour, a
brilliant yellow fawn ; height about a centimetre.

Indian Ocean.

CYPRESS.

9. Aglaophenia cupressina. Stem upright, cy-
lindrical, scaly, and very branching ; branches oppo-
site, and pinnated; pinules short and stiff ; cells shal-
low, and nearly without the lower appendage ; ovaria
oval, and placed at the middle of the branch ; colour,
an olive brown; size from twelve to fifteen centi-
metres.

East Indies.

CRUCIFORM.

10. Aglaophenia crucialis. Stem upright, and not

G. AGLAOPHENIA.

75

much branching ; branches opposite, and diverging ;
colour, a bright fawn ; height from one to two deci-
metres.

Seas of Australasia.

PLUMED.

11. Aglaophenia pluma. Cells slightly gibbous
and toothed ; ovaria denticulated at the edges with
transverse and oblique rings, on the side of the
stem.

European seas.

MARINE.

12. Aglaophenia pelagica . Stem simple; cells
oval, with a small opening ; ovaria oval, smooth, and
shining on the surface ; height about a centimetre.

On the fucus natans.

BEAUTIFUL.

13. Aglaophenia speciosa . Cells only on one
side, campanulated, toothed, and with stipulas ;
branches pinnated and curved.

Coasts of Ceylon.

GLUTINOUS.

14. Aglaophenia glutinosa. Root in fibrous
branches; stem simple, and pinnated; pinules ap-
proximate, and alternate ; cells without visible appen-
dage ; colour, a bright and brilliant red ; height from
six to eight centimetres.

Indian and Australasian seas.

DELICATE.

15= Aglaophenia gracilis . Stem simple, and pin

76

CLASS I.— ORDER II.

nated ; pinnies setaceous, few, dispersed, and upright ;
cells invisible to the naked eye, distant from each
other, and without appendages ; of a bright rose co-
lour ; height about a decimetre.

Indian Ocean.

BRISTLY.

16. Aglaophenia setacea . Cells very remote and
very small ; ovaria axillary, tubular, and oblong.

European seas.

PINNATED.

17. Aglaophenia pinnata . Stem simple and pin-
nated ; pinnies alternate, and arched ; cells half
eampanulated.

Indian and European seas.

SECONDARY.

18. Aglaophenia secundaria . Cells campanu-
lated ; ovaria axillary ; stem curved.

Mediterranean.

FRUTICANT.

19. Aglaophenia frutescens. Cells cylindrical,
eampanulated, with a small thorn on the interior
border.

English coast.

HYPNOTIC.

20. Aglaophenia hypnoides. Cells eampanulated,
terminating in a beak ; border with live teeth.

Indian Ocean,

AMATHUSIAN.

21. Aglaophenia Amathioides . Stem branching;

G. DYNAMENA.

77

cells simple, of a long oval form, united in groups of
from three to six, but not coalescing with each other;
ovaria of a pyramidical form ; height from one to two
centimetres.

Bay of Cadiz.

FALCATED.

22. Aglaopiienia Jalcata. Stem branching, and
flexuous ; cells tubular, bulging, and imbricated ; ova-
ria dispersed and oblong.

European seas.

DYNAMENA.

Pl amt-like, cartilaginous, somewhat branching,
garnished through the whole extent with cells in pairs
and opposite.

The Dynamenas are distinguished from the other
genera of their order by their minuteness, their sessile
and opposite cells, and their mode of ramification ;
characters which are not found in the other Polypi-
doms of this order. The cells are sometimes so
transparent, that they can only be perceived by a
strong magnifier, when they first leave the sea, and the
polypi are yet alive. One is then tempted to imagine
them naked polypi, fixed to their stem by a pedicle of
greater or less length ; but we soon recognise the cell
which serves for a retreat to the animalcula ; and in
the Polypidoms preserved in collections these are often

78

CLASS L— ORDER II.

seen at the bottom of the cell, dried, in the form of a
little opaque globule.

The substance of the Dynamenas is membranous
or horny.

In the bosom of the sea they are adorned with
brilliant colours, which fade or disappear by exposure
to air and light.

All the species, with the exception of the Opcrcu-
lata, scarcely reach a few centimetres in height, al-
though their growth appears rapid : they are usually
parasites on the Thalassiophytes, or the other marine
productions of the different seas that cover the face of
the globe.

OPERCULATED.

1. Dynamena operculata. Cells oval, and closed
by a lid terminating in a sharp point.

Seas of Europe and America.

WILD PINE.

2. Dynamena pinaster. Stem simple, pinnated 5
pinules alternate ; cells curved.

EVANS’S.

3. Dynamena Evansii. Branches opposite ; cells
very short; ovaria lobed and opposite.

Coast of England, near Yarmouth.

SERTULARIOUS.

4. Dynamena sertularioides. Stem thick, short, and
branching ; branches alternate ; cells often nearly al~

G. DYNAMENA.

79

iernate ; border entire ; height from two to three
centimetres ; colour brown.

On the Thalassiophytes and Polypidoms of Aus-
tralasia.

ROSY.

5. Dynamena rosacea . Cells tubular; border
oblique ; ovaria in the form of a flower with six di-
visions, pointed, unequal, and curved.

European seas.

BEARDED.

6. Dynamena barbata, Stem dichotomous ; cells
with an oval mouth, the borders of which are garnished
with very long cils ; colour whitish ; height about two
centimetres.

On the fucus of Australasia.

PURSE-SHAPED.

7. Dynamena bursaria. Stem branching, and ar-
ticulated ; cells transparent and carinated.

European seas.

DWARF.

8. Dynamena pumila. Cells campanulated and
gibbous ; inner border long and pointed.

On the plants and Polypidoms of the Atlantic
Ocean.

OBLIQUE.

9. Dynamena obliqua . Stem simple and upright ;
cells oval and a little arched ; the opening so oblique as
to appear almost perpendicular ; colour, deep fawn ;
height one, or one and a half centimetres.

On the fucus of Australasia.

80

CLASS I. — ORDER II.

DISTANT.

10. Dynamena distans . Cells very distant from
each other, with border entire ; colour whitish, and
a little transparent ; height about one centimetre. —
Plate 5. fig. 1. a. B.

On the fucus natans and other marine productions
of the Atlantic.

TURBINATED.

11. Dynamena turbinata . Root rampant; stem
simple, and upright ; cells rather long, with a wide
open mouth, and border entire ; colour, a yellow fawn ;
height about one centimetre.

On the Australasian fucus.

DIVERGENT.

12. Dynamena divergem . Stem flexuous; branches
diverging, and alternate, almost at right angles with
the stem ; cells with a toothed border ; colour, yellow
fawn; height a centimetre.— Plate 5. fig. 2. a. B.

On the fucus of Australasia.

BIFORM.

13. Dynamena disticha. Stem simple, upright,
and articulated ; cells scarcely visible, almost trian-
gular, with the extremity curved.

On the fucus natans.

MARINE.

14. Dynamena pelagica. Stem composite, and
flexuous ; branches alternate ; cells tubular, with an
horizontal border.

On the fucus natans.

G. SERTULARIA.

81

SERTULARIA.

A plant-formed Polypidom, branching; stem
usually flexuous or in zigzag ; cells alternate.

The form of the Polypidoms which I have united in
the family of theSertularias varies considerably : some
have their branches dispersed, and form almost pani-
culated stems ; there are some whose stem is upright
with flexuous branches ; a great number have their
branches straight upon a flexuous stem : finally, there
are some whose divisions are dichotomous and diver-
gent, and which break, when dry, on the slightest at-
tempt to bend them.

The substance of the Sertularias is horny-mem-
branous ; with sometimes a slight cretaceous incrus-
tation on the lower part of the Polypidom.

Their colour, in general agreeably shaded, does
not equal the Corallines in brilliancy of tints. This
colour varies from white to a lawn, from rose-colour
to a tarnished green.

They greatly differ in size ; some scarcely reach-
ing a centimetre, while others raise their branches
many decimetres high.

They are found in all seas, and in all latitudes.

FIR.

1. Sertularia abietina . Cells oval, tubular,

with a border entire ; bulging towards the stem.

European seas.

PECTINATED.

2. Sertularia pectinata . Base or root branch-
Cor.

L

82

CLASS I. — ORDER II.

ing ; stem simple, pinnated ; branches very long ; cells
very small, with a border entire ; ovaria inclining to
oval, and rather large ; colour deep brown ; size about
a decimetre.

THREE-TOOTHED.

3. Sertularia tridentata. Base branching ; stem
straight and pinnated ; pinules diverging ; cells with
three teeth on their border, the opening oblique ; co-
lour yellowish ; height from four to six centimetres.

Australasia.

TAMARISK.

4. Sertularia tamarisca. Cells tubular, with
three or four teeth on the border ; ovaria compressed
as if truncated, with a thorn at each side.

Northern and Mediterranean seas, &c.

FERN.

5. Sertularia jUicula. Stem flexuous ; branches
articulated ; cells tubular at the summit.

European seas.

TOOTHED.

6. Sertularia dentata. Stem branching; cells
pyriform, with a toothed border ; ovaria oval, border
of the opening blackish; height two centimetres.

Bay of Cadiz.

ELONGATED.

7. Sertularia elongata. Base branching; stem
usually simple, pinnated, but rarely bipinnated ;
branches situate at the upper part of the stem ; cells
approximate, and small, with ciliated borders ; ovaria
oval, truncated at the summit, compressed, with twro

G. SERTULARIA.

83

pointed lateral appendages ; colour, a reddish green ;
height, from one to two decimetres.—Plate 5. fig. 3. a.
B. C.

Australasia ; also on the English coast, as well as
the Pectinata.

Nota. This Sertularia is remarkable for its elegance.

CLIMBING.

8. Sertularia scandens . Principal stem filiform,
with very few cells, and climbing upon Gorgonias or
other marine productions ; secondary stems numerous,
simple, dispersed, and pinnated ; cells with a toothed
border ; ovaria oval, truncated, and bicornous ; colour
inclining to rose ; height from two to four centimetres.

Australasia.

ZONED.

9. Sertularia polyzonias. Cells oval; border
with four slightly projecting teeth ; ovaria inclining
to oval, marked with transverse zones.

European seas.

RIGID.

10. Sertularia rigida. Dichotomous; branches
diverging and fragile ; cells distant, rather large, and
conical ; opening oval, with a point on the external
border; colour greenish grey; size from three to four
centimetres.

Australasia.

. distant.

11. Sertularia distans. Stem slightly ramified;
cells campanulated, very distant from each other,
and gibbous ; opening contracted and toothed ;
height from one to two centimetres.

Australasia.

84

CLASS I.— ORDER II.

SHINING.

12. Sertularia splendens . Stem branching and
articulated ; two cells, alternate at each articulation ;
cells nearly cylindrical ; opening with three teeth, the
one on the external border much longer than the side
ones ; ovaria nearly cylindrical ; height from two to
four centimetres.

Bay of Cadiz.

SHRUBBY.

13. Sertularia arbuscula. Root forming a large
base ; stem thick, short, and branching from its base ;
branches and shoots numerous, short, and scattered :
cells small, campanulated, bulging, and entire at
their border ; ovaria long and oval, with a small open-
ing at the summit; colour deep brown; height from
four to six centimetres. — Plate 5. fig. 4. a. B. C.

Seas of Australasia.

CYPRESS.

14. Sertularia cupressina . Cells tubular and

adhering through all their length ; external border of
the opening higher than the inner.

European seas.

SILVER.

15. Sertularia argentea. Cells pyriform ; branches
alternate and panicled.

Seas of England and America.

ARBOR VITJE.

16. Sertularia thuja. Cells in two rows and

G. SERTULARIA.

85

compressed ; ovaria nearly of an oval form, and bor-
dered ; branches dichotomous, and in rows.

European seas.

CYPRESS-FORMED.

17. Sertularia cupressoides . Cells scarcely pro-
jecting, simple, and obliquely truncated; vesicles oval;
branches dichotomous, articulated, and dispersed.

White sea.

MISENIAN.

18. Sertularia Misenensis . Very branching, and
dichotomous ; cells alternate, small, and diverging ;
ovaria oval, pedunculated, and axillary.

Mediterranean, near Misena.

LICHEN.

19. Sertularia lichenastrum. Stem pinnated
and articulated ; cells imbricated in two rows.

European seas.

CLUSTERED.

20. Sertularia racemosa . Stem upright, cylin-
drical, and branching ; branches almost arched ; cells
dispersed ; ovaria branching.

Mediterranean.

dusky.

21. Sertularia fuscescens. Cells nearly opposite,
and tubular ; ovaria approximate, small, and with
three tubercles.

Coast of Cornwall.

SPIKED.

22. Sertularia spicata. Stem tubular, panicled,
and marked with rings ; branches very close, verticil-

86

CLASS I. — ORDER II.

lated, and trichotomous ; cells in threes, cylindrical,
with a very small opening ; ovaria oval, and axillary.

BLACK.

23. Sertularia nigra. Cells nearly opposite,
and very small ; ovaria very large, oval and quadran-
gular ; branches pinnated and black.

Indian and American seas ; and coast of Cornwall.

CEDAR.

24. Sertularia cedrina. Cells nearly cylindri-
cal, tubular, and imbricated, in four rows ; branches
quadrangular, and largest at the summit.

Sea of Kamtschatka.

PURPLE.

25. Sertularia purpurea . Branches quadrilate-
ral and dichotomous ; cells nearly oval, tubular, and
imbricated, in nearly four rows ; ovaria upright and
campanulated.

Sea of Kamtschatka.

OBSOLETE.

26. Sertularia obsoleta. Cells oval, nearly
heart-shaped, placed five and five in eight rows;
branches alternate.

Frozen sea.

WILD PINE.

27. Sertularia pinaster . Cells in six rows; ova-
ria much swelled ; branches alternate and pinnated.

Frozen Ocean.

DODDER.

28. Sertularia cuscuta . Cells in groups round

G. IDIA.

87

a cylindrical stem ; groups distant from two to five
millimetres : branches diverging, coming from the stem
only where there are groups of cells.

European sea.

IDIA.

Pinnated, plant-like Polypidom; branches al-
ternate, and compressed ; cells alternate, distant, pro-
jecting, sharp at the summit, and curved.

1. Idia pristis . This singular Polypidom was

brought by Peron and Lesueur from the coasts of
New Holland ; and the genus it forms is easily distin-
guished by the perfect resemblance of its branches to
the upper jaw-bone of the shark, armed with all its
teeth. It differs from the Sertularias by its ramifica-
tion, as well as by the form of its cells ; but its
general characters give it a decided place in our
second Order.

The colour a yellow fawn, rather bright.

Its height does not exceed a decimetre.

Its fibrous root indicates its adherence to hard
bodies rather than marine plants.— Plate 5. fig. 5. a.
B. C. D. E.

Australasia.

88

CLASS I.— ORDER II.

CLYTIA.

✓

Plant-like, branching, filiform, twining or climb-
ing ; cells campanulated, and standing on long pe-
dicles, generally curved.

The Clytias form a very distinct group in our se-
cond Order. The polypi, fixed in their campanulated
cells, can seek their food at a little distance from their
colony, by means of a long pedicle which supports
their little habitation : this elastic pedicle enables
them to move in a circle of which the radius extends
from four to five millimetres, and at the same time
gives a rotatory motion to the water, which serves to
draw within its vortex the animalcula on which it
feeds.

The substance of the Clytias is cartilaginous ; their
colour, a yellow fawn, seldom varying ; they are very
small, sometimes hardly perceptible to the naked eye,
and always parasites on the Thalassiophytes of the
various seas on the face of the globe.

VERTICILLATED.

1. Clytia verticillata. Cells campanulated, toothed,
upright, and supported on long peduncles, rather
twisted, four to each verticil.

Seas of Europe.

CONVOLVULUS.

2. Clytia volubilis . Cells campanulated, toothed,
and dispersed ; peduncles very long, and very much
twisted.

In the Atlantic, and on the Thalassiophytes of the
European seas.

a LAOMEDEA.

89

SYRINGA.

3. Clytia syringa. Cells inclining to a cone,
longer than their peduncle, and dispersed.

Seas of Europe.

URN-SHAPED.

4. Clytia urnigera . Stem flexuous, stoloniferous,
and rampant ; cells on long peduncles, globular, and
truncated ; ovaria nearly oval, with a small truncated
opening.— Plate 5. fig. 6. a. B. C.

On the fucus of Australasia.

GRAPE.

5. Clytia uva. Branching and rampant ; cells
nearly sessile, oval, and pointed.

European seas.

WRINKLED.

6. Clytia rugosa . Ovaria oval, marked with ir-
regular transverse bands ; the opening small, with
one, two, or three teeth.

European seas.

LAOMEDEA.

Plant-like, and branching; cells stipited or sub-
stipited, and dispersed on the stems and branches.

The Laomedeas are easily known by the short pe-
duncle that supports their cells, by the form and situa-
tion of those cells, as well as by the inarticulated and
slightly branched stem ; in some species but little
Cor. M

90

CLASS I. — ORDER II.

flexible, and sometimes thinly incrusted at the lower
part with a calcareous substance ; and this part is al-
most always found devoid of polypiferous cells.

The form of these Polypidoms varies more than
those of other genera ; but the same generic character
is observable, that of having their cells supported on
a short pillar.

Their substance is horny, membranous, sometimes
slightly cretaceous.

The colour varies according to the species ; there
are some of a deep brown fawn, and others of a bright
clear yellow fawn.

Their height is also various, exhibiting every inter-
mediate gradation from two centimetres to two or
three decimetres.

These Polypidoms are found in all seas, sometimes
parasites on the Thaiassiophytes, and at others ad-
hering to rocks by more or less numerous fibres of
greater or less extent.

ANTIPATHES.

1. Laomedea antipathes. Stem rugged, branch-
ing, and bushy ; branches pinnated ; cells campa-
nulated, and dispersed on the branches and shoots ;
pedicle rising from a flat base ; colour red-brown,
sometimes greyish ; height a decimetre. — Plate 6.
fig. 1. a. B.

Australasia.

LESAUVAGEU

2. Laomedea Sauvagii. Stem but slightly branch-
ing, and fistular; from a millimetre to a millimetre
and half in diameter; cells campanulated, and very

G. LAOMEDEA.

91

distant from each other ; colour yellow fawn ; height
about two decimetres.

Indian ocean.

SIMPLE.

3. Laomedea simplex. Stem simple ; cells long,
campanulated, and dispersed ; colour a deep brown ;
height two decimetres.

On the fucus of Australasia.

M. LAIR’S.

4. Laomedea Lairii . Base or root branched ;

stem simple, or very slightly branching ; cells dis-
persed, diverging, and supported on long peduncles ;
colour red-brown ; height a centimetre.

Australasian seas.

DICHOTOMOUS.

5. Laomedea dichotoma . Stem dichotomous, and
geniculated ; cells campanulated ; ovaria axillary, and
supported on curved peduncles.

European seas.

THORNY.

6. Laomedea spinosa . Cells very small, almost
invisible ; branches dichotomous, and terminated by
two bristly appendages; base composed of inter-
woven tubes.

European seas.

JOINTED.

7. Laomedea geniculata . Stem geniculated and
uneven ; ovaria oval, truncated, and pedicelled ; pedi-
cle curved.

European seas.

92

CLASS L— ORDER II.

GELATINOUS.

8. Laomedea gelatinosa. Cells campanulated ;
border elegantly crenated ; branches, both principal
and secondary, numerous and dispersed.

Coast of Belgium.

PRICKLY.

9. Laoebieda muricata. Stem articulated; cells
peduncled, alternate and solitary on each articula-
tion ; ovaria peduncled, prickly, and placed on the
tubes of the root.

Coast of Scotland.

THOA.

Plant-like and branching ; stem formed of nume-
rous interwoven tubes ; cells few; ovaria irregularly
oval ; polypi projecting.

These Polypidoms have characters peculiar to them,
but also many irregularities, principally among those
which are come to their full growth ; in this last state
they resemble a root of a stiff and horny substance,
brittle in the lower part, a little flexible in the upper,
and garnished with a large quantity of straight, short,
stiff fibres.

The substance of the Thoas is horny, membranous,
and rather brittle.

Their colour is a fawn, more or less deep, some-
times dull, at others bright and shining.

They seldom rise beyond two decimetres, and ad-

G. SALACIA,

93

here to rocks or other solid bodies by interwoven hol-
low fibres, which sometimes form a mass of an inch
in diameter; they are never parasites on marine
plants.

FISH-LIKE.

1. Thoa halecina. Cells scarcely any; two arti-
culations at their base; ovaria oval, irregular, and
solitary.

European seas.

SAVIGNI’S.

2. Thoa Savignii. Ovaria in clusters, rarely iso-
lated.— Plate 6. fig. 2. a. B. C.

Mediterranean.

SALACIA.

Plant-like and articulated ; cells long, cylin-
drical, and in united formation to the number of four ;
their openings verticillated on the same line ; ovaria
oval and truncated.

The stem is compressed, slightly flexuous, stiff
and brittle, as is the whole Polypidom ; it supports
branches formed of long cylindrical cells, four to-
gether in united formation, having their openings on
the same line, as if verticillated, and a little projecting :
this opening frequently appears situated at the side of
the tubes.

94

CLASS L— ORDER II.

The branches are placed on the flat part of the
stem ; their divisions, always alternate, have in their
length one or two articulations.

The ovaria, nearly sessile, frequently axillary, some-
times dispersed, resemble an antique vase ; at certain
times their opening is closed by a lid with a concentric
zone.

Their substance is horny ; their colour a dull and
deep fawn ; their height a decimetre.

Australasia.

FOUR-CELLED.

1. Salacia tetracyttara. The only species known.
— Plate 6. fig. 3. a. B. C.

CYMODOCEAo

Plant-like ; cells cylindrical, varying in length,
filiform, alternate or opposite ; stem fistular, marked
with rings below, plain above, and without interior
division.

These Polypidoms bear a strong resemblance to the
Tubularias ; but the Polypi belonging to the last-men-
tioned order are always placed at the summits of their
branches, whilst those of the Cymodoceas are as con-
stantly found on the branches or their divisions. The
stem of the Cymodoceas is a continued horny or car-
tilaginous tube, simple or branching, and which in a
living state should be filled with an irritable animal

G. CYMODOCEA.

95

matter, with which the numerous Polypi placed on the
surface of the stem are connected : this circumstance
retains it in the second order ; it is in reality an inter-
mediate between the two.

The Cymodoceas are either simple or slightly
branching.

Their substance horny, rather transparent, and fra-
gile.

Their size varies as well as their colour, which is
sometimes a reddish fawn, at other times lighter and
more bright.

They adhere to solid bodies by a fine fibrous and
extended base, from which issue the stems, or rather,
on which the stems spread and twist before they rise.

One species has been brought from the Antil-
les, and another from the English coast, which two
constitute all of the genus as yet known : the spe-
cies will probably prove more numerous, when more
frequently collected and attentively observed.

SIMPLE.

1. Cymodocea simplex. Base branching ; stem
simple, and slightly undulated ; cells alternate, long,
and filiform ; colour, a yellow fawn ; height, ten or
twelve centimetres. — Plate 7. fig. 2. a. A.

England and Ireland.

BRANCHING. ,

2. Cymodocea ramosa. Stem a little branching ;
cells opposite at each ring ; colour, a brown fawn ;
height, three or four centimetres.— Plate 7. fig. 1. a. A.

Antilles.

96

CLASS I.— ORDER III.

Plant-like Polypidoms , tubular , simple or branched,
never articulated ; of a horny or membranous substance 9
but sometimes slightly covered with a calcareous layer
neither cellular nor porous : Polypidoms situated at the
extremity of the sterns, of their branches and their divisions .

GENERA AND SPECIES.

TIBIANA.

Plant-like, and fistular; branches flexuous or in
zig-zag, with polypean openings at the sides, alter-
nate, and thinly scattered.

The Tibianas are formed of numerous tubes, agglu-
tinated or fastened together without being anasto-
mosed. Their height varies according to the species or
individual ; the tubes separate, spread out, and assume
the form of branches, that are simple or very slightly
ramified, generally flexuous or in zig-zag : the open-
ings from whence come the Polypi are placed in a
prolongation of the tube, and at the extremity of each
bend produced by its flexuosity : sometimes these
openings are wholly directed to the base of the Po-
lypidom, usually they are vertical ; the tubes of the

G. TIBIANA.

97

stems, as well as those of the branches, are fistular,
without articulation or division . The principal

branches, as in the Tubularias, appear to have no
communication with one another ; so that each tube
seems to inclose a family isolated from those of the
other branches when the polypus is multifarious, and a
single animal when the tubes have but one opening.

The substance of the Tibianas appears horny,
rather brittle than flexible, and sometimes slightly
cretaceous.

Their colour is a brown fawn, more or less deep, or
whitish.

Their height varies from one to two decimetres.

I believe them to be indigenous to the East Indies
or Australasia.

FASCICULATED.

1. Tibi an A fasciculata. Branches in zig-zag, the
thickness of a sparrow's quill ; polypean opening at
the side, alternate, placed at the extremity of each
angle, and sometimes directed to the base ; colour
brown fawn ; height a decimetre. — Plate 7. fig. 3. a.

BRANCHING.

2. Tibiana ramosa. Stem the thickness of a goose-
quill ; branching at the extremity, flexuous, with thick
polypean tubercles scattered on it ; opening at the top,
or horizontal ; height from two to three decimetres ;
colour whitish.

Australasia.

Cor .

N

98

CLASS I.— ORDER III.

NAISA.

A fixed Polypidom; stem slender, membra-”
nous, frequently ramified, terminated, as are also its
branches, by a polypus, whose body can wholly enter
within the stem, and whose mouth is surrounded by a
row of tentacula, generally ciliated.

These Polypidoms are found in various situations ;
some place themselves beneath the large leaves of
the Nymphaeas which float on the surface of running-
waters ; others prefer stones that shelter them from the
light.

They seldom exceed three centimetres in height,
but are generally much smaller.

It is usually in clear running streams that the Na'isas
are to be found ; the number of their species is small,
probably because they are not much known, and the
few that are known are confined to Europe ; although
there is no reason to suppose they do not exist in the
equatorial regions, as these little beings, concealed
beneath the leaves of aquatic plants, have been over-
looked by the naturalists who have visited those
distant countries.

CREEPING.

1. Naisa repens. Tubes nearly cylihdrical, black-
ish, narrow at their base, larger at their summit, and
spreading.

In the Rhone, and other fresh waters in the north
of Europe.

G. TUBULARIA.

99

TRAILING.

2. Naisa reptans. Tubes membranous, transpa-
rent, branching, and much larger at the base than at
the summit. — Plate 6, fig. 4. A.

In fresh water.

LIGHT-SHUNNING.

3. Naisa lucifuga . Tentacula retreating within
the tube, ciliated at their edges, from twenty-five to
thirty-two in number; ramifications numerous and
horizontal ; interior beads round and flat, and opening
parallel to the body on which they rest— Plate 6.
fig. 5. A.

CAMPANULATED.

4. Naisa campanulata. Stem filiform, and alter-
nately branching ; orifice of the tubes marked with
rings.

In stagnant waters.

SULTANA.

5. Naisa sultana. In a funnel-shaped tuft, cilia-
ted at the base ; tentacula twenty in number, and
pointed.

In the fresh waters in the vicinity of Gottingen.

TUBULARIA.

Polypidoms simple or branching; tubular, of a
substance almost horny, and transparent ; a solitary
polypus at the extremity of each branch, with two

100

CLASS I.— ORDER III.

rows of tentacula ; the inner ones rising in a little
plume, the outer spreading in the form of rays.

The Tubularia vary little in their form ; they are
simple or slightly branched : their substance is more
or less thick according to the size of the Polypidom,
always horny, membranous, and slightly transparent.

Their colour is a shade of yellow fawn, clear or
deep, dull or reddish • their height varies much, but
never exceeds three decimetres.

It is very rare that the Tubularia are parasites on
marine plants: they usually attach themselves to

rocks, shells, or other hard bodies ; sometimes, ad-
hering to the keel of a vessel, they are transported from
the Asiatic seas to those of Europe without losing
any of their characteristics ; but the climate and tempe-
rature soon affect these delicate beings, and they lan-
guish and die, leaving nothing but their habitations to
attest their existence in countries so distant from
that which produced them.

ANNULAR.

1. Tubularia annulata. Tubes simple, of the
thickness of a crow-quill, marked with projecting
and approximate rings.— Plate 7. fig. 4.

Catalonia.

CORNUCOPIA.

2. Tubularia cornucopia. A simple tube, smallest
below, tortuous, and rough on the surface.— Plate 7.
fig. 5.

Mediterranean.

UNITED.

3. Tubularia indivisa . Tubes very simple.

G. TUBULARlA.

101

sometimes tortuous, and firmly united together at
their lower part.

European seas.

MOSSY.

4. Tubularia muscoides. Tubes nearly dichoto-
mous, marked at certain distances with transverse
rings ; many tubes united together, and forming very
thick tufts.

European seas.

TRICHOTOMOUS.

5. Tubularia trichoides. Tubes lightly branch-
ing, in thick tufts, marked with rings, and of an equal
diameter throughout ; height about a decimetre and
half.

European seas.

BRANCHING.

6. Tubularia ramosa . Tubes branching; rami-
fications attenuated at their commencement, and
varying in length, but marked with rings throughout,
sometimes curved : height from five to seven centi-
metres.

European seas.

dwarf.

7. Tubularia pygmaa. Tubes isolated, marked
with rings, somewhat flexuous, and slightly branch-
ing; branches very short; height about a centimetre.

On the Amphiroa Dilatata of Australasia.

102

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE FIRST ORDER OF THE SECOND CLASS.

Telesto. Polypidoms branching; fistular; creta-
ceo-membranous, opaque, longitudinally striated.

Liagora. Lichen-formed ; slightly incrusted with
a chalky substance.

Ncomeris. Simple, cellular in the upper part;
embossed in the middle, and scaly in the lower part.

Acetabularia. Umbelliferous ; umbel flat and
striated in rays.

Polyphysa. Stem simple, and crowned with eight
to twelve pyriform and polypean bodies.

Nesea. Pencil-form : branches articulated, cylindri-
cal, and dichotomous.

Galaxaura. Fistular, dichotomous, and articu-
lated.

103

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE SECOND ORDER OF THE SECOND
CLASS.

Jama. Resembling moss, hairy and dichotomous ;
numerous ovaria.

Corallina. Compressed and trichotomous.

Cymopolia. Cylindrical and dichotomous ; neck-
lace-formed.

Amphiroa. Branches dispersed, dichotomous, tri-
chotomous, or verticillated ; articulations separated.

Halimeda. With flat or compressed articulations,
generally fan-shaped.

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE THIRD ORDER OF THE SECOND CLASS.

Udotea. Fan-shaped, marked with curved and
transverse lines.

Melobesia. Chalky incrustation ; cells very small
and dispersed.

CLASS IL— ORDER I.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Polypidoms plant-like, generally articulated, and
formed of two substances : the one internal, or axe,
which is membranous or fibrous, fistular or compact ;
the other external, or rind, of various thickness, which
is calcareous, and incloses the polypiferous cells,
rarely visible to the naked eye: some genera ap-
pear to have their polypi at the extremity of the
branches or their divisions, or else they are found on
the sides.

TELESTO.

Plant-like, branching, fistular, cretaceo-membra-
nous, opaque, and longitudinally striated.

These Polypidoms are generally found in thick
tufts, attached to marine plants as well as rocks.

G. TELESTO,

105

Their colour varies from violet to fawn, orange,
and golden yellow, and presents the most beautiful
tints, which fade by desiccation.

They rarely exceed a decimetre in height, and are
generally much smaller.

They are found in the Australasian seas, and the
tropical regions of the Atlantic.

YELLOW.

1. Telesto lutea. Branches loose and straggling,
not much striated; colour, a brilliant gold.

Australasia.

ORANGE.

2. Telesto aurantiaca. Slightly branching ; orange
colour, with a tinge of violet at the base of some of
the branches; height from two to four centimetres.
—Plate 7. tig. 6.

Australasia.

MARINE.

3. Telesto pelagica. Stems very branching, cylin-
drical, and slightly striated ; colour green,

Atlantic Ocean.

LIAGORA.

Poly pi dom s branching and plant-like, fistular,
having the appearance of lichen, with a thin creta-
ceous incrustation.

Cor.

o

106

CLASS II.— ORDER I.

There are no Polypidoms in existence which bear
so strong a resemblance to certain lichens, as the Lia-
goras, whether in their form, their appearance, or
their colour; indeed the similarity is so striking
that previous to the result of recent observations
which have fixed their rank among animal existence,
our most learned botanists classed them with the
Fuci.

The Liagoras differ from the Sertularias, in the total
absence of any cells ; from the Corallinas, in their want
of articulations ; and from the genus Tubularia, in the
flaccidity and opacity of the sides of their almost fis-
tular branches ; but they belong to our present order
from the situation of the Polypi, which are placed at
the summit of their branches and divisions.

Their substance is membranous, sometimes slightly
covered with a cretaceous coating, which is either uni-
ted in a crust, or friable. The surface has frequently
the appearance of being wrinkled, from the drying of
the Polypi contained in the interior of the branch.
In the living state, this surface is even, and sur-
rounded by a gelatinous matter, doubtless of an animal
nature, which becomes earthy by desiccation.

The Liagoras in their colour present the most deli-
cate of tints, blending most pleasingly together : some
of them are white ; some inclining to red, others yel-
low, or green, and sometimes violet ; one individual
has sometimes been found to possess all these hues ;
but they are very fugitive.

The Liagoras are not rare in the equatorial or
temperate regions, particularly in the Mediterranean ;

G. LIAGORA.

107

probably they would not be found in the latitudes
bordering on the frozen seas of either pole.

VARIEGATED.

1. Liagora versicolor. Stem branching or dicho-
tomous; extremities simple or bifurcated:- colours
varying from white to yellow, to red, and to green.

Var. A. Branches dispersed.

Var. B. Branches compressed, very flexible, and
frequently dichotomous.

Var. C. Branches constantly dichotomous ; rather
stiff, and nearly cylindrical in the state of desiccation .

Variety A. European seas ; B. coasts of France;
C. Mediterranean.

CERANOIDOUS.

2. Liagora ceranoides. Stem dichotomous; di-
chotoma numerous and near to each other ; branches
the thickness of a boar’s bristle, forked in its ter-
mination ; colour whitish ; height from four to five
centimetres.

On the coast of the Island of St. Thomas.

VESICULAR.

3. Liagora physcioides . Stem branching and

even ; branches dispersed, few in number, and of a
brown colour.

Mediterranean.

ORANGE.

4. Liagora aurantiaca . Stem branching, and gar-

(

108 CLASS II.— ORDER I.

nished, as well as the branches, with small, scattered,
and rather numerous filaments ; colour orange.

Mediterranean.

FARINACEOUS.

5. Liagora farinosa. Stem very branching, ap-
pearing as if thorny; branches dispersed; smaller
branches long and filiform, sometimes dichotomous,
and covered with a whitish powder which gives this
Polypidom a farinaceous aspect ; colour, a deep
olive green ; height, from one to two decimetres.

Red sea.

WHITE.

6. Liagora albicans . Stem branching; branches
dispersed ; colour, a uniform greyish white ; height
fifteen centimetres. Plate 7. fig. 7.

East Indies.

EXPANDED.

7. Liagora distenta. Stem cylindrical, filiform,
and very branching ; principal and smaller branches
spread out, and forked at the summit.

Bay of Cadiz.

NEOMERISo

Simple Polypidom, incrusted ; incrustation cellular
in the upper part, embossed in the middle, and scaly
in the lower part.

G. ACETABULARIA.

109

The Neomeris do not branch ; their form resembles
a spindle, and they are about two or three deci-
metres long.

Their colour is whitish.

They are found in thick tufts mixed with the stems of
the Acetabularia Crenulata, and other Polypidoms.

BUSHY.

1. Neomeris dumetosa. This is the only species
belonging to the genus ; it is found in the Antilles.
—Plate 7. fig. 8. a. B.

ACETABULARIA.

Umbel-shaped Polypidom; stem branchless,
slender, fistular, and terminated by a striated and
radiated umbel, either fiat or inclining to a funnel-
shape.

The Acetabularias partake of the characters of the
Tubularias, as well as Sertularias, by the situation
of their Polypi, each placed in a distinct tube, and
participating a common existence by means of the
stem to which the lower part of each animalcule is
attached ; these tubes, which are very visible and
projecting in the lower part of the umbel, blend and
disappear when they reach the stem ; they form dis-
tinct lines, on the upper part of the disk.

110

CLASS II. — ORDER I.

They are found in thick tufts on rocks and solid
bodies ; in the first stage of their development, the
tube attains its full size, and the umbel is about one
line in diameter ; by little and little this umbel en-
larges, and soon acquires its full size ; when it has
reached this point, it only increases in thickness, and
soon after perishes ; for many circumstances induce
the belief that these Polypidoms have not a long
existence. In the sea the stems are flexible, gelati-
nous, and of a greenish colour ; the disks sometimes
display a very brilliant shade of green. By desiccation
some of these characteristics disappear, the polypidom
becoming very fragile, and nearly white.

The Acetabularia seldom reach a decimetre in
height ; they are found in the tropical and temperate
seas of both hemispheres.

MEDITERRANEAN.

1. Acetabularia Mediterranean Umbel with an
even border.

Mediterranean.

CRENATED.

2. Acetabularia crenulata . Umbel with a
crenated border. — Plate 8. fig. X.

Seas of Antilles.

G. POLYPHYSA.

Ill

POLYPHYSA,

A simple stem, fistular, filiform, and surmounted
with from eight to twelve polypous pyriform bodies,
all proceeding from one point.

This Polypidom has a filiform and hollow stem ;
simple, fragile, and cretaceous ; surmounted by a
cluster of pyriform fistular bodies, which are filled
with small white spherical grains, imagined to be
the remains of the dried animal : by desiccation
these pyriform bodies are compressed ; they become
concave on one side, and convex on the other, re-
sembling a small oval spoon.

The substance of the Polyphysas is membrano-
cretaceous ; they are brittle in a dry state, and
become flexible in water.

Those individuals which have come under my ob-
servation had a whitish appearance, but it is said that
in a living state they are of a brilliant green ; this,
however, disappears on exposure to air and light.

Their height never exceeds four centimetres, and
the pyriform bodies growing at the extremities are
each about two millemetres in length.

1. Polyphysa aspergillosa . This is the only species
hitherto observed ; it was found in King George’s
Sound, on the western coast of North America, some-
times known by the name of Vancouver’s Island.
—Plate 8. fig, 2. a. B. G. D.

112

CLASS II.— ORDER I.

NESEA.

Polypidom in the form of a hair-pencil; stem
simple, terminated by articulated branches, which are
cylindrical, dichotomous, and united in a head.

The Neseas have been classed among the Coral-
lines by all preceding naturalists ; they however differ
from the latter in too many circumstances to permit
our confounding one with the other. Their stems are
not fistular, like those of the Polyphysa and the A6e-
tabularia ; nor so compact as those of the Corallines ;
they are composed of numerous fibres loosely anasto-
mosised, rather longitudinal than transversal, and con-
tained in a membranous tube, which is encased in a
calcareous crust, varying in thickness. These stems are
always simple, sometimes isolated, and at other times
consisting of several united together, and adhering so
firmly that it is difficult to separate without injuring
them. This adhesion is probably caused by the gela-
tinous matter which wholly covers these Polypidoms
in a living state, and which in drying glues together the
parts where it most abounds.

The branches which diverge from the extremity 'of
the stem are always dichotomous, articulated, cylin-
drical, polypous at the extremities, and bear a strong
resemblance to the genus Galaxaura.

Having had no opportunity of seeing the Neseas
in the plenitude of existence, when they are first
taken from the sea, I can only presume, from atten-
tively observing their organisation, that in a living
state the stem is animated like the mass of the
Alcyoneas, and susceptible of some obscure move-

G. NESEA.

113

ments; and also that these Polypidoms are wholly
enveloped in a mucilaginous substance, which is of a
green colour.

These Polypidoms are of a membrano-calcareous
substance, of a bright green in a living state, becom-
ing white by desiccation, and rarely exceed a deci-
metre in height ; they are found in the Antilles, and
on the shores of the islands at the entrance of the
Gulf of Mexico ; they adhere to rocks and solid sands
by numerous and rather long fibres.

PHCENIX.

!• Nesea phoenix . Stem rising from a fibrous root,
simple till it reaches the brushy head, whose branches
are composed of several rows of articulations united
and convergent, forming an oblong tuft.

Coasts of the islands of Bahama.

ANNULAR.

2. Nesea annulata. Stem simple and in rings, or
strongly marked with transverse wrinkles.

The Antilles.

WOOLLY.

3. Nesea eriophora. Stem cylindrical or slightly
compressed, short, smooth on the surface ; branches
as fine as the hair of wool; the full size about four
centimetres.

The Antilles.

PENCIL-SHAPED,

4. Nesea penicillus. Stem cylindrical, and nearly
Cor.

p

114

CLASS II.— ORDER I.

equal throughout its length ; branches numerous,,
filiform, and united in a headc
Caribean sea.

PYRAMIDAL.

5. Nesea pyramidalis. Stem very large at the
base, and gradually diminishing as it rises, crowned
by some branches of nearly a millemetre in dia-
meter, but not so numerous as in the preceding
species.

The Antilles.

TUFTED,

6. Nesea dumetosa. Branches short, cylindrical, and
irregular ; growing so close as to touch each other,
and forming a mass by the desiccation of the gelati-
nous substance which surrounds them in a living
state ; each branch is more than a millemetre in
diameter, and three or four centimetres in length.—
Plate 8. fig. 3. a. B.

The Antilles.

GALAXAURA.

Plant-like, dichotomous, articulated, fistular,
and cylindrical; cells, if there are any, are invi-
sible.

Preceding authors have differed in the classification
of these Polypidoms, which in their characters ap-

G. GALAXAURA.

11.5

proach some species of Tubularias, as much as they do
the Corallinas ; like the first, their stem and branches
are fistular and of a cylindrical form, frequently mark-
ed with parallel and circular rings ; like the second,
they are articulated, regularly ramified, and of a mem-
brano-fibrous substance, incrusted with a calcareous
matter which effervesces in acids. But again these
Polypidoms have not that rigidity which seems pe-
culiar to the Corallinas ; they approach nearer the
Liagoras in their flaccidity, their substance, and the
position of their polypi. These animalcula are
placed at the extremities of the ramifications,
which frequently appear closed by the drying of
the body of the animal, which is formed of a non-cre-
taceous substance, more homy and more gelatinous
than the other parts of the Polypidom : sometimes
the substance is the same throughout the whole sur-
face ; at others, the ramifications are open at their
extremities. With such variety of character, we
cannot wonder at the difficulty of determining their
order.

The form, however, of the Galaxauras does not
greatly vary ; they are most of them dichotomous and
regular in their divisions. Some of them are strongly
articulated, and in others the articulations are
scarcely discernible ; these last have in general their
rings more strongly marked than the first; it appears
as if nature had provided them with these rings to
supply the deficiency of articulations.

The colours of the species that are preserved in
collections show a diversity of hues, from the violet
to green, yellow, or white, sometimes most pleasingly

116

CLASS II.— -ORDER I.

blended ; probably in the midst of the sea, and whilst
their polypi are living, the Galaxauras, as well as
the Neseas and Acetabularias, are of a more or less
bright grass-green, slightly tinged with violet.

The height of these Polypidoms is not considerable,
rarely exceeding a decimetre ; and there are some
which scarcely reach three centimetres.

It is with these that I shall conclude the description
of the species belonging to this genus, which seems
naturally to unite itself with the one which follows,
viz. the Janias, an intermediate link between the Ga-
laxauras and the Corallinas.

OBLONG.

1. Galax aura oblongata . Articulations long,
and rendered flat by desiccation : rind or exterior very
thin, and inclining to red.

Seas of America and coast of Portugal.

UMBELLATED.

2. Galaxaura umbellata . Branches dichotomi-
sing at every articulation, and each rising to the same
height, which gives the Polypidom the form of an um-
bel; the diameter of the stems and their branches
about three millemetres ; colour inclining to white ;
height from six to eight centimetres.

Caribean sea.

OBTUSE.

3. Galaxaura obtusata. Articulations oblong
and oval, rounded at both extremities.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

G. GALAX AURA,

117

ANNULAR.

4. Galaxaura anniilata. Stem and branches
marked with approximate rings ; extremities flat-
tening by desiccation; colour yellowish green or
inclining to red ; height five or six centimetres.

Oriental seas.

wrinkled.

5. Galaxaura rugosa. Articulations marked
with rings, and slightly wrinkled, cylindrical, and flat-
tened at both extremities ; branches sometimes di»
verging.

American seas.

MARGIN ATED.

6. Galaxaura marginata . Branches flattening
by desiccation, and turning up at their edges.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

stony.

7. Galaxaura lapidescens. Articulations slightly
marked, cylindrical, and hairy.

Cape of Good Hope.

SHRUBBY.

8. Galaxaura fruticulosa. Branches cylindrical,
contiguous, inclining to yellow, and pointed at the
summits.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

HARD.

9. Galaxaura indurata . Branches nearly con-
tiguous, cylindrical, even, and diverging.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

118

CLASS II.— ORDER I.

RIGID.

10. Galaxaura rigida. Articulations invisible ;
branches stiff and brittle, marked with transverse
rings; rings covered with a row of straight short
hairs ; colour reddish green ; height one or two cen-
timetres.— Plate 8. fig. 4. a. B.

On the Thalassiophytes of the Indian seas.

LICHEN-FORMED.

11. Galaxaura lichenoides . Branches continuous,
a little wrinkled, and flattened at the extremities.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

janian.

12. Galaxaura Janioides. Stems in tufts ; branches
dichotomous, filiform, slightly articulated, with a
strong resemblance to those of the genus Jania ; height
about two centimetres ; colour whitish, tinged with a
grey violet.

Australasia.

CLASS IL— ORDER II.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

JANIA.

Mossy or liair-like, dichotomous, and articulated ;
articulations cylindrical, axe or interior horny ; rind
less cretaceous than that of the Corallinas.

Former zoologists have united the Janias to the
genus of Corallinas ; but these two groups of Polypi-
doms have characters sufficiently distinct to admit
their separation. The Corallinas are constantly
trichotomous, whilst the Janias are as regularly di-
chotomous ; the former have their articulations more
or less compressed, frequently triangular, and only
cylindrical in some parts of the Polypidom ; whilst
the articulations of the latter are cylindrical from
the base to the extremities. The position of the
polypi may perhaps be different : however, every thing

120

CLASS ORDER II.

favours the presumption that, they are placed as in
the preceding genera, at the extremities of the
branches. The Corallinas, far from indicating this
character, appear on the contrary covered on the
surface with polypiferous filaments, which, though
scarcely retractile, are yet endowed with a move-
ment that can only be attributed to life.

The Janias resemble the Corallinas in their sub-
stance, and particularly in those oval bodies which
are looked upon as ovaria, and thus form a perfect
analogy between the two groups ; this analogy is
most discernible in the Jania corniculata , which
sometimes exhibits all the characters of a true Co-
ralline in its lower part, whilst the upper is wholly
devoid of them.

Thus then, as previously observed, may these Po-
lypidoms be considered as intermediates between the
Corallinas and the Galaxauras, without decidedly be-
longing to either the one or the other.

In the bosom of the sea, the Janias are of a green-
ish violet ; this colour changes to a rose, or bright red,
which becomes pure white by the action of air and light.

Their height never exceeds four centimetres, but
some of them are not more than three millemetres high.

They are found in all latitudes, and in all depths ;
in general parasites on the marine plants, which they
sometimes wholly cover with a thick coating.

GIBBOUS.

1. Jania gibbosa. Articulations swelled in the
central part : height from one to three millemetres.

On the Fucus latifolius of the Red Sea.

G. JANIA.

121

DWARF.

2. Jania pygmaa. Branches diverging ; articu-
lations unequal, flexuous, and wrinkled ; colour red-
dish violet ; height from two to three millemetres.
—Plate 9. fig. 1.

On the Galaxaura lapidescens of the Cape of
Good Hope.

DIMINUTIVE.

3. Jania pumila. Branches awl-shaped ; articu-
lations of the extremities two or three times as long
as those near the base ; whitish colour ; height from
five to six millemetres. — Plate 9. fig. 2.

Within the hollow of the leaf of the Fucus turbi-
natus found in the lied Sea and Indian Ocean.

ADHERENT.

4. Jania adherens. Branches diverging, intertwined,
and brittle, of the thickness of hair, and adhering to
paper on desiccation ; colour greenish.

Mediterranean.

PEDUNCULATED.

5. Jania pedunculata. Articulations short; ex-
tremities of the branches truncated ; ovaria pyriform,
and always on foot-stalks, never with an appendage ;
colour light rose ; height from one to two centime-
tres.—Plate 9. fig. 3. a. B.

Australasia.

WARTY.

6. Jania verrucosa . Branches few and stiff; arti
Cor. q

122

CLASS IT.-— ORDER II.

culations long, and covered with warty pustules ; co-
lour greenish ; height from four to five centimetres*
— Plate 9. fig. 4. a. 3B.

South America.

Nota . Many species appear warty as well as this;
their asperities are probably owing to some extraneous
calcareous deposition, perhaps to some more stony
Polypidom. Far from making a part of the Polypi-
dom, these asperities are easily detached on being
slightly rubbed, leaving bare the cretaceous enve-
lopes of the Jania.

SMALL-JOINTED.

7. Jania ruler arthrodia. Articulations very short,
and contiguous each to other ; colour greenish red ;
height from two to three centimetres .—Plate 9. fig. 5.
a. B.

On the fucus of Australasia.

Nota . This species is only distinguished from the
one that follows by the articulations, of which the
length does not exceed their diameter in the first,
but is from four to six times longer in the second.

RED.

8. Jania rubens. The articulations of the dicho-
toma are in the form of clubs, the other articulations
cylindrical ; ovaria of many forms, solitary or con-
nected as if strung, those at the extremities always
accompanied with one or two appendages.

European seas.

Variety A. Branches long; no ovaria.-— Plate 9.
fig. G.

European seas.

G. JANIA.

123

Var. B. Inclining to pyriform ; solitary ovaria on
each branch.—Plate 9. fig. 7.

South America.

Var. C. Crested, or like a plume ; with truncated
ovaria.

European seas.

Var. D. Seeded ; ovaria numerous, with long seta-
ceous appendages.

European seas.

Var. E. In links.

European seas.

Var. F. Surface of the articulations sometimes
covered with small projecting asperities.

Mediterranean.

Var. G. In no wise differs from Var. A. except in
being considerably smaller.

America.

HORNED.

9. Jan i A corniculata. Articulations of the stems
and branches slightly compressed in the upper part,
the sides terminating in setaceous appendages, vary-
ing in length.

Var. A. Appendages short.

Var. B. Polypidom very small, appendages long.

Var. C. Polypidom of moderate size ; appendages
long and curly.

124

CLASS II.— ORDER II.

Var. A. European seas ; E. ThalassiophyteS of the
coast of Cherbourg ; C. Bay of Cadiz.

CORALLINA.

Plant-formed Polypidom, articulated, branched*
and trichotomous ; axe or interior wholly composed
of horny fibres ; rind cretaceous and cellular ; cells
invisible to the naked eye.

The ancient authors had united under the name of
Coraliinas all the flexible Polypidoms, such as the
Sertularias, Tubularias, &c. Later writers on the sub-
ject deemed it advisable to reserve this denomination
for one order in this class of creation : but observing
the various characters which accompanied this order,
I have been induced to divide it into genera, and
assign particularly to one genus the appellation of
Corallina.

The Coraliinas of Europe have their polypean cells
so very small, and so subject to obliteration, that it is
not extraordinary they still remain undiscovered :
in the equatorial seas the cells are much larger, and
frequently visible to the naked eye.

In rambling over the Calvados, (a range of rocks
on the coast of Normandy,) I have frequently found
a very large Corallina, a variety of the C. Officinalis ;
it was covered with simple transparent filaments, a

G. CORALLINA.

125

millemetre in length, which had a movement peculiar
to themselves : they disappeared with the slightest
agitation of the water, or when the Polypidom was
exposed to the air; in the latter case I was never
able with the strongest magnifier to discover the
slightest remains of these filaments, the point they
had been attached to, or the cells they might have
issued from, supposing them to have been polypi.
This however remains doubtful, as it was only in
spring I ever observed them, and then only on a few
particular individuals : I never could discover them
in winter.

We frequently observe in the Janias and Coralli-
nas small globular bodies, more or less volumi-
nous, and varying in their substance ; the tubercles
that are found on the Amphiroas, the Halimedas,
the Udoteas, and the Melobesias, appear analo-
gous. Ellis imagined them air-vessels to support
them in the water; but these vesicles are rarely
empty. I have frequently found them solid, or filled
with small grains of an unknown nature. They are
more probably ovaria, enclosing the germs of future
Polypidoms. All the flexible Polypidoms appear
thus to multiply.

The Polypidoms for which I have reserved the
generic name of Corallina, have always articulated
stems, more or less compressed, more or less
branched, and constantly trichotomous. Their co-
lours when fresh generally incline to red or purple ;
exposed a very short time to* the action of air, light
and humidity, they display a variety of hues, each more
brilliant than the other, from the lightest or the bright-

126

CLASS 1L— ORDER IL

est rose to a dull brown, or greenish, or only with
a tinge of red. Infinite gradations are observed : but
they all bleach by the action of the atmospheric fluids.

The Polypidoms of this genus are found in all la-
titudes, in all depths, and on all the coasts of the five
divisions of the world. They are however observed to
be larger in the equatorial seas, more brilliant in their
hues, and more elegant in their form. Fixed usually
on rocks, or other hard and almost immovable bo-
dies, they resist the influence of the waves, and are
very rarely cast upon the shores. Only one or two
species of Corallinas are parasites on the Tha-
lassiophytes, whilst nearly the whole of the Janias
are found upon these vegetables.

The Corallinas vary but little in their height; they
sometimes exceed a decimetre, but are in general
less : I however never met with any under two centi-
metres.

The Corallina Officinalis was formerly used as an
anthelminthic, or destroyer of worms, and absorbent ;
but in the beginning of the eighteenth century it
seemed nearly to have fallen into disuse : at a later
period it was again brought into vogue from the re-
putation of the Fucus Helminthochorton, vulgarly
called Moss of Corsica, whose properties seem to be
of the same nature.

A very good analysis of the Corallina Officinalis,
such as it is found in the shops and in collections, has
been given by M. Bouvier of Marseilles : he found the
component parts of a thousand grains to be —

G. CORALLINA. 127

Grains.

Marine salt . . ... 10

Gelatine . . ... 60

Albumen . . . ... 64

Sulphate of lime . . ... 19

Silex . . . . ... 7

Iron 2

Phosphate of lime ..... 3

Magnesia . . . ... 23

Lime ....... 420

Carbonic acid combined with lime . 196

Carbonic acid combined with magnesia. 51
Water ....... 141

1002

This analysis does not essentially differ from that
of the Moss of Corsica.

OFFICINAL.

1. Corallina officinalis . Almost bipennated ; ar-
ticulations nearly cuneiform.

European seas.

MAILED.

2. Corallina loricata . Articulations compressed,
convex, cuneiform, angular at the sides, and nearly
lobed above ; lobes small and obtuse.

Mediterranean.

KNOTTED.

3. Corallina nodularia. Very branching; arti-

128

CLASS II. — ORDER II.

dilations thick and cuneiform, those of the bifurca-
tions being the largest, the terminals three-pointed or
oval.

Mediterranean.

Nota . It is not improbable that the Nodularia and
the Loricata may be mere varieties of the Officinalis.

ELONGATED.

4. Coral LINA elongata . Articulations of the base
cuneiform, those of the branches cylindrical, and
the terminating ones obtuse.

Coasts of Calvados and English Channel.

POLYCHOTOMOUS.

5. Corallina polychotoma. Articulations nearly
triangular, sometimes undulated or else concave, flat
at the extremities, cylindrical in the stem, compressed
in the intermediate parts, frequently producing more
than three branches, which issue from the sides.
Height three or four centimetres.

Found among the Thalassiophytes of the Bay of
Cadiz, and, from the various forms of its articulations,
is one of the most singular of the genus.

LOBED.

6. xCoralljna lobata . Articulations of the stems
and their branches cylindrical at the base, five or six
times larger, and compressed, or nearly flat, at the ex-
tremity, which is horizontally truncated, and marked
with three or four lobes of no regular depth ; the ar-
ticulations of the summits are of a leafy form ; colour

G. CORALLINA.

129

greenish violet ; height from two to three centime-
tres.

On the Fucus corneus of the Canaries.

CYPRESS.

7. Corallina cupressina. Very branching;
branches bipennated, and very close* nearly imbri-
cated.

Coast of Calvados.

CUVIER’S.

8. Corallina Cuvieri. Very branching ; branches
bipennated ; divisions flat, proceeding from each arti-
culation, and, as it were, imbricated; articulations
nearly globular in the stems, compressed in the
branches and their divisions, and cylindrical in the
pinules ; ovaria oval or globular, and placed at the
summit of the pinules; colour reddish violet; height a
decimetre.— Plate 9. fig. 8. a. B.

Australasia.

scaly.

9. Corallina squamata. Articulations of the base
rounded, compressed, and cuneiform ; those of the
branches flattened, the upper ones sharp-edged.

European seas.

graniferous.

10. Corallina granifera . Articulations of the
stems compressed and cuneiform ; those of the
branches nearly cylindrical ; ovaria oval, peduncu-
lated, opposite, and frequently proliferous.

Mediterranean.

Cor.

R

130

CLASS II.— ORDER II.

AWL-SHAPED.

11. Corallina subulata . Articulations of the

stem sharp and cuneiform, proliferous at their upper
angles ; branches short and awl-shaped, with cylin-
drical articulations.

Seas of America.

SLENDER.

12. Corallina gracilis . Branches numerous and
slender, elegantly bending ; articulations approxi-
mate, cylindrical below, and compressed at the upper
part ; colour an agreeable mixture of violet and white ;
height about a decimetre.— -Plate 10. fig. 1. a. B.

Australasia.

TURNER’S.

13. Corallina Turneri . Much and elegantly
branched, tripennated ; articulations of the principal
branches cuneiform, and compressed on the sides ;
those of the smaller ramifications and their divisions
perfectly cylindrical ; the colour, a greenish yellow,
with red and violet agreeably blended ; height from
five to eight centimetres. Plate 10. fig. 2. a. B.

Australasia.

CURLED.

14. Corallina crispata . Very branching, co-
vered with articulated filaments, curved, short, and
appearing dispersed, although situated on the sides ;
articulations very close, those of the filaments long
and cylindrical ; ovaria pedicelled, oval, and sharp-
pointed ; rose-colour ; height from five to eight cen-
timetres.—Plate 10. fig. 3.

Australasia.

G, CORALLINA.

131

HAIRY.

15. Corallina pilifera. Articulations of the stem
and principal branches nearly globular, covered with
dispersed and hairy filaments, branching from their ori-
gin, articulated, cylindrical, and sometimes half a centi-
metre long ; ovaria pyriform, sometimes with filaments
like the articulations of the stems ; colour white, with
a slight shade of green or violet ; height from four to
five centimetres.

Australasia.

SIMPLE.

16. Corallina simplex . Very slightly branching ;
articulations cylindrical at the base, compressing al-
most immediately, unequal in size, and of various
forms ; straw-colour ; from four to five centimetres in
height. — Plate 10. fig. 4.

American seas.

CALVADOS.

17. Corallina Calvadosii . Articulations irregu-
larly compressed, sometimes zoned like the Ulva pa-
vonia ; those of the stem and the lower branches more
broad than long, nearly triangular, and marked with
two or three furrows ; those at the extremities nearly
cylindrical ; height three or four centimetres.

Particularly observed on the rocks of Calvados.

PALMATED.

18. Corallina palmata . Articulations com-

pressed, convex and cuneiform; the upper ones
large and lobed.

American seas.

132

CLASS II.— ORDER II.

PROLIFEROUS.

19. Corallina prolifera . Small ramifications im-
planted on the surface of the articulations ; the
articulations resembling the cells of bees, com-
pressed, and near two millemetres in breadth ; colour
very white by desiccation ; height one decimetre.—
Plate 10. fig. 5.

Oriental India.

PINNATED.

20. Corallina pinnata . Branches pinnated, ap-
proximate ; colour inclining to yellow.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

CYMOPOLIAo

Polypi doms plant-like, necklace-formed, and di-
chotomous ; articulations cylindrical and separated
from each other ; polypean pores almost visible to
the naked eye.

Two species alone have served me to establish this
genus, which differs from that of the Corallinas by the
dichotomous ramifications, from that of the Galax-
aura by the thickness of the cretaceous rind, and the
smallness of the interior tubular axe ; it also differs
from the Amphiroas by the regularity of its divisions
which peculiarities distinctly separate them from any
of these genera. They are easily recognized by the

G. AMPHIROA.

133

form of the articulations and by the division of the
branches.

Their organisation and colour resemble those of
the Corallinas.

Their height does not appear to exceed a decimetre.

They are said to originate from the Antilles, and
chiefly from J amaica.

BEARDED.

1. Cymofolia barbata. Dichotomous; articula®
tions cylindrical ; branches with hairs at their extre-
mities.

Coast of .Jamaica.

NECKLACE-FORMED.

2. Cymopolia rosarium . Articulations nearly

globular, the lower cylindrical ; separated from each
other by a very small interval.

Caribean sea.

AMPHIROA.

Plant-like and articulated ; branches dispersed,
dichotomous, trichotomous, or verticillated ; articu-
lations long, and separated from each other by a bare
and horny substance.

The Amphiroas resemble the Corallinas in the sub-
stance both interior and exterior of the articulations ;
their colours exhibit the same hues ; their height is

134

CLASS II.— ORDER II.

nearly equal. The substance of the part connect*
ing the articulations in these Polypidoms possesses
a rigidity and fragility, somewhat resembling the Isis
when divested of its polypiferous rind.

The Amphiroas multiply by tubercular ovaria,
placed on the cretaceous part of the articulations ;
these ovaria are sometimes abundant, and sometimes
scanty ; they appear organised like the pyriform ovaria
of the Corallinas and Janias.

The Amphiroas differ in their forms more than the
Corallinas ; in the latter the articulations are nearly
alike : but in the former they are sometimes found
cylindrical in the stem, compressed in the branches,
and either flat or spoon-shaped at the extremities.
They vary equally in their ramifications ; dispersed
in some, dichotomous in a few, and in others ver-
ticillated once or many times, the verticils in many
species consisting of numerous branches; some-
times all these characters are found united in the
same individual.

Their colours are similar to those of the Corallinas.

They do not exceed a decimetre in height, nor are
they ever less than three or four centimetres.

They are usually found in warm and temperate
latitudes. I am inclined to think they are not inha-
bitants of the colder regions. They are attached to
rocks and other hard substances, never parasites on
marine plants.

The Corallina Officinalis, or Corsican moss, is some-
times chiefly composed of polypidoms of this genus.

G. AMPHIROA.

135

RIGID.

1. Amphiroa rigida. Branching ; branches dis-
persed and few in number ; articulations cylindrical,
nearly touching each other, and wrinkled ; colour
greyish white ; height about three centimetres. —
Plate 11. fig. 1.

Mediterranean.

SHINING.

2. Amphiroa lucida. Branches dichotomous ;
articulations perfectly cylindrical and shining; colour
white ; height from four to six centimetres ; diameter
of the articulation one millemetre.

SPINDLE-SHAPED.

3. Amphiroa fusoides . Dichotomous; articula-
tions spindle-shaped, the lower ones warty ; colour, a
brilliant white ; height from four to six centimetres ;
diameter of the stem and lower branches from one to
two millemetres.— Plate 11. fig. 2.

Indian Ocean.

BRITTLE.

4. Amphiroa fragilissima . Nearly dichotomous;
branches hair-like ; articulations cylindrical, with a
swelling in the form of a ball or pad at their extre-
mities.

Mediterranean, Indian and American seas.

DE GAILLON’S.

5. Amphiroa Gaillonii . Dichotomous; articula-
tions long and cylindrical, a little swelled at the ex-
tremities ; those at the summits slightly compressed ;
surface sometimes warty ; beautifully coloured with

136

CLASS II.— ORDER II.

rase, violet, and green ; height from six to eight cen-
timetres.—Plate 11. fig. 3.

Australasia.

DILATED.

6. Amphiroa dilatata. Dichotomous, and very
stiff ; branches almost divergent ; articulations very
distant, frequently with a small round swelling at
the extremities, cylindrical in the lower part, com-
pressed in the middle, and becoming nearly flat at the
summits ; generally of unequal breadth ; colour va-
riegated with green, red, and violet ; height from five
to seven centimetres.

Australasia.

DE BEAUVOIS’S.

7. Amphiroa Beauvoisii. Dichotomous; stem
cylindrical ; branches compressed ; extremities nearly
flat; much smaller than the preceding in all its
parts.

Coast of Portugal.

CUSPIDATED.

8. Amphiroa cuspidata. Generally tetrachoto-
mous, but sometimes having only two or three divi-
sions ; articulations long, cylindrical, and pointed at
the extremities.

American seas.

WARTY.

9. Amphiroa verrucosa. Trichotomous or subver-
ticillated; articulations swelled at each extremity,
cylindrical, and almost wholly covered with warty

G. AMPHIROA.

137

points ; colour, a greenish rose ; height from three to
four centimetres. — Plate 11. fig. 4.

Australasia.

INTERRUPTED.

10. Amphiroa interrupta. Branches verticillated ;
articulations of the principal branches separated by
long and unequal intervals ; these intervals approxi-
mate in the secondary branches, and touch in the
small ones ; colour, a reddish green ; height from three
to four centimetres. — Plate 11. fig. 5.

Australasia.

MANED.

11. Amphiroa jubata. Branches verticillated ;
articulations of the principal branches very thick ;
those of the verticil very small, unequal, and hair-like ;
colour inclining to red ; height from four to six centi-
metres.—Plate 11. fig. 6.

Australasia.

CHAROIDAL.

12. Amphiroa charoides. Branches verticillated,
with verticils of small branches at each articula-
tion ; articulations cylindrical, long, and unequal ;
the surface warty or with tubercles ; colour, an
earthy yellow ; height a decimetre.

Australasia.

BRIERY.

13. Amphiroa tribulus . Articulations cylindrical,
compressed, or sharp-edged.

American seas.

Cor. s

138

CLASS II. — ORDER II.

HALIMEDA.

Polypidoms plant-like and articulated; articula-
tions flat or compressed, very rarely cylindrical, gene-
rally fan-shaped ; axe fibrous ; rind cretaceous, and
usually rather thin.

The Halimedas are unlike any genera of the pre-
sent order ; the interior and exterior substances can
alone establish their place in it.

They are found in the seas of the warmer latitudes ;
they sometimes, though rarely, appear on the southern
shores of the Mediterranean, increasing in number as
you approach the equatorial seas. They are abun-
dant in the Antilles.

The Corallinas surpass them in variety and bril-
liancy of hues ; although green in the bosom of the
sea, they become white on exposure to light and air.

They rarely exceed a decimetre in height, and
are never below five centimetres.

The Halimedas are sometimes parasites on the
Thalassiophytes, but more frequently adhere to
rocks or solid sands by numerous fibres of unequal
length.

They are found mixed with the Corallina of Cor-
sica, and appear in no wise to alter the anthelminthic
and absorbent qualities of that Polypidom.

NECKLACE-FORMED.

1. Halimeda monile. Lower articulations com-
pressed, convex, cuneiform, and oblong ; the upper
ones nearly cylindrical.

American seas.

\

G. HALIMEDA.

139

THICK.

2. Halim eda incrassata. Articulations convex,
compressed, or flat, and of many shapes.

Caribean Sea.

MA NY-STALKED.

3. Halimeda multicaulis. Lower articulations
nearly cylindrical ; upper ones kidney-shaped, flat-
tened and lobed.

IRREGULAR.

4. Halimeda irregularis. Articulations of va-
rious shapes, from two to three millemetres in length or
breadth ; height of the Polypidom four or five centi-
metres.— Plate 11. fig. 7.

The Antilles.

THREE-TOOTHED.

5. Halimeda tridens . Articulations flattened,
and in three lobes.

American seas.

OPUNTIA.

6. Halimeda opuntia. Articulations compressed,
fan or kidney-shaped, undulated on the borders.

Mediterranean and Atlantic.

TUNA.,

7. Halimeda tuna . Articulations plain, and nearly
round.-— Plate 11. fig. 8. a. b.

Mediterranean.

CLASS IL— ORDER III.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

INARTICULATE POLYPIDOMS.

UDOTEA.

A fan-formed, non-articulated Polypidora; creta®
ceous, uninterrupted rind, marked with many curved
and concentric lines, which are parallel and trans-
versal.

The colour of the individuals, which I have had
opportunities of observing, has inclined to white, like
the Halimedas when dry. I am induced to think this
colour would originally be green, as well as that of
many Corallinas.

Their height varies from five to fifteen centime-
tres.

The Udoteas originate from the equatorial seas

G. MELQBESIA.

1.4 1

of America ; from their rarity in collections, it is pro-
bable they are not very numerous.

FAN-SHAPED.

1. Udotea Jiabellala. Stem simple, with a fibrous
root ; expansions divided in fan-shaped branches,
which are rarely proliferous. Plate 12. fig. 1.

Equatorial seas of America.

CONGLUTINATED.

2. Udote a conghitinata. Stem simple, with a fibrous
root ; expansion plain, and fan-shaped.

Coasts of the Bahamas.

MELOBESIA.

Stony Polypidom, found in thin patches of greater
or less expansion on the surface of the Thalassio-
phytes ; cells very small, and placed at the summit
of small tubercles dispersed upon the patches.

The Melobesias form patches of various sizes,
sometimes round and regular, and at others irre-
gular ; some wholly cover the marine plants with a
calcareous layer, so as entirely to conceal their
form and colour ; whilst others merely appear like
powder or mouldiness on the surface of the plants,
according to the size of the patches, which resemble
small scales or atoms of dust. On these patches
may be discerned projecting tubercles, having in their
centre a small hole, or cell, which serves as a dwell"

142

CLASS IL— ORDER 111.

ing Tot the polypus or constructor of this stony habita-
tion.

Their colour is the same as that of the Corallinas,
either fresh or in a dried state.

They are found on the Thalassiophytes of the va-
rious seas, generally on the same species.

MEMBRANOUS.

1. Melobesia memhranacea. Patches very thin,
nearly orbicular ; some projecting cells in the centre,
but invisible to the naked eye.

On the marine plants of the western coast of
France.

PUSTULATED.

2. Melobesia pmtulata . Patches round, and
raised as if embossed ; cells visible to the naked eye,
and projecting. Plate 12. fig. 2. a. B.

On the marine plants of the French coast.

MEALY.

3. Melobesia farinosa . Patches of various shapes,
and very thin, in general extremely small, and giving
a white dusty appearance to the leaves of the Fu-
ci ; cells invisible to the naked eye, placed on the
summit of small projections. Plate 12. fig. 3.

Very abundant on the Fucus linifolius.

.

WARTY.

4. Melobesia verrucata. Patches fragile, with
uneven surfaces ; cells placed on the top of small
elevations in the form of warts.

On the Fucus of the Mediterranean.

143

CLASS III.

Corticiferous Polypidoms , composed of two substances,
one exterior and enveloping s called rind, or incrustation ,
the other named axe, placed at the centre , and support-
mg the first .

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE FIRST ORDER OF THE THIRD CLASS.

Polypi none, or not perceptible.

Ephydatia. Fresh-water Polypidom, of a spongy
nature ; colour green ; and in long masses, which are
lobed or bundled together.

Spongia. Polypidom of a porous mass, lobed,
ramified, turbinated or tubulous ; formed of horny
or leathery fibres, flexible, interwoven, or glutinated
together, and surrounded or enveloped, in a living
state, with a gelatinous, irritable, and very fugitive
substance.

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE SECOND ORDER OF THE THIRD CLASS.

The Polypidoms of this order are usually tree-
formed and inarticulated ; the interior consisting of
an axe, in general horny and flexible, sometimes
sufficiently hard to receive a fine polish, at others

144

GENERA OF CLASS III.

whitish, soft, and corky ; this axe is enveloped either
in a gelatinous and fugitive exterior, or a fleshy rind of
greater consistency, which is animated and frequently
irritable, becoming more or less cretaceous by desic-
cation, and enclosing the Polypi, as well as their cells,
when there are any.

Anadyomena. Fan-shaped, furrowed with articu-
lated and symmetrical nerves ; almost transparent,
and enveloped with a gelatinous substance.

Antipathes. Tree-formed, simple or branched ;
axe horny, usually hairy or stuck with small spines,
rarely smooth ; rind polypiferous, gelatinous and slip-
pery, almost wholly disappearing by desiccation*

Gorgonia. Polypidom tree-formed, simple or
branched; branches dispersed or coming from the
sides ; free or anastomosed ; axe longitudinally stri-
ated, hard, horny, and elastic, or pithy and brittle ;
rind fleshy and animated, becoming cretaceous by
desiccation ; polypi either not projecting beyond the
rind, or when dead forming small tubercles on its
surface.

Plexaura. Tree-formed, branching, and frequently
dichotomous ; branches cylindrical and stiff ; axe
slightly compressed ; rind, in a state of desiccation,
corky or earthy, very thick, and effervescing in acids ;
covered with large and numerous dispersed cells,
frequently of unequal sizes, and never projecting.

Eunicea. Tree-formed and branching ; generally
compressed, and mostly so at the junction of the

GENERA OF CLASS III.

145

branches ; covered with a thick cylindrical rind, irre-
gularly set with polypeau projections.

Primnoa. Tree-formed and dichotomous, with long
and conical projections, internally as well as exter-
nally formed like bags or purses, which are pendent,
imbricated, and covered with scales that are also im-
bricated.

Corallium. Polypidom tree-formed and inarticu-
lated; axe stony, stiff, and susceptible of a high
polish ; rind fleshy, becoming cretaceous and very
friable by desiccation, and adhering to the axe.

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE THIRD ORDER OF THE THIRD CLASS.

Tree-formed Polypidoms ; composed of a rind,
similar to that of the last order, but with an articu-
lated axe; the articulations alternately horny or
corky, and calcareously stony.

Melitea. Polypidom tree-formed and knotty ; with
branches generally anastomosised ; stony articulations,
substriated; the intermediates spongy and swelled;
rind cretaceous, very thin, and friable in a state of
desiccation ; polypi on the surface, or tubercular.

Cor.

T

146

GENERA OF CLASS III.

Mopsea. Tree-like, with pinnated branches ; rind
thin and adherent, covered with very small but long
bags, bent in towards the stem, dispersed or subver-
ticillated.

Isis. Tree-like Polypidom ; rind very thick, friable,
not adhering to the axe, from which it is easily de-
tached ; cells dispersed and superficial.

Adeona. Stem articulated like the axes of this
order, but surmounted with a fan-shaped expansion,
which is irregularly sown with small cells on each of
its surfaces, and pierced with round or oval apertures.

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

G ENERA AND SPECIES.

EPHYDATIA.

Polypidoms of freshwater; spongy in their nature,
greenish, in long masses, which are lobed or bundled
together.

Recent observations have decided on the removal
of this genus from the vegetable tribes, among which
former philosophers had placed it, and have now
stationed it among the Polypidoms of the Spongia,
chiefly distinguishing it from that genus by its fresh-
water residence. It resembles the marine Spongia
by the gelatinous mucus which surrounds the mass
and fibres, and which disappears on desiccation ; by
the very fetid smell it yields when burning or
decomposing, and also by the quantity of lime ex-

34S

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

tracted from its ashes, which even sometimes ex-
ceeds half the weight of the dried Polypidom.

They differ from the marine Spongia by their fresh-
water habitation, and by their disagreeable smell
when first taken from the water.

These singular beings are yet but little known ; no
exotics are to be found among the collections. It is
however probable that the fountains, rivulets, and
rivers of other regions contain them as well as our
own ; but they have not been sufficiently attractive
hitherto to catch the attention of voyagers, occupied
in more important objects, or engaged by forms more
elegant, or colours of greater brilliancy.

The Ephydatias are seldom of the same form ;
their colour is green, of different shades, apparently va-
rying with the nature of the body to which they adhere.

They inhabit fresh and limpid waters, covering
stones, roots, and almost every substance that comes
within their reach ; frequently acquiring considerable
size.

CANAL.

1. Ephydatia canalium. Branching and dicho-
tomous ; branches round and bent.

In an aqueduct.

FLUVXATIC.

2. Ephydatia jluviatilis. Upright, fragile, and of
no particular form.

In ponds.

FRIABLE.

3. Ephydatia friabilis. Ashy, friable, sessile,
without form, and a little branching.

In a lake near Buda.

G. SPONGIA.

149

LAKE.

4. Ephydatia lacustris. Spreading’, and fragile ;
branches upright, cylindrical, and obtuse.

In the lakes of the north of Europe.

SPONGIA.

Spongy, inarticulated, and porous Polypidoms,
formed of fibres crossed and interwoven in every di-
rection, never tubular, but covered with a fugitive
and gelatinous matter, which according to some au-
thors is irritable.

The preceding description of the Spongias, in ge-
neral, being found every way applicable to the Ephy-
datias, established the opinion of their alliance to that
genus.

The marine Spongias are characterised as a very
porous mass, lobed, ramified, turbinated or tubu-
lous, formed of horny or leathery fibres, which are
flexible, interwoven or agglutinated together, and in a
living state coyered with a gelatinous, irritable, and
very fugitive matter.

It is difficult to define the characters which con-
stitute the various species of the Spongia ; the form
alone is insufficient, without an additional detail on
the nature, the quantity, the arrangement, and the co-
lour of their fibres.

Considered in relation to their substance, or rather
their texture, the differences they exhibit are consider-

150

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

able ; in the thickness of the fibres, for instance, some
of them resemble the Antipathes, having their branches
anastomosised, whilst others are composed of fibres
as fine as the threads of silk, and wove as close as
down, or the hair of beaver when formed into hats ;
every intermediate gradation between these two ex-
tremes is to be met with.

In the texture of the Spongias it is also observable
that they have their holes of different sizes and depths,
sometimes regularly and sometimes irregularly dis-
posed : of the use for which these holes (which hence-
forth we shall denominate oscules ) are designed, we as
yet remain ignorant ; but observation leads us to con-
clude that they answer the purpose of introducing
water into the central parts of the Polypidom ; so that
if there are any polypi internally, they may be sup-
plied with the necessary aliment. There are however
many Spongias destitute of these oscules ; the absence
or presence of which, together with their form and si-
tuation, may assist in furnishing us with criteria for
defining the several species : the same may be said of
the variety in their texture.

I can say nothing decisive as to their colours ; they
appear varied, but fugitive ; those authors who have
been enabled to observe them in a living state, men-
tion the colours as being numerous and bright. The
few I have seen on the coasts of Calvados, when
first taken from the sea, exhibited a beautiful red, or a
bright citron ; those dried, in collections, present us
with every hue from a dirty white to a deep black,
passing through fawn-colour and every intermediate
shade.

Their height varies from a millemetre to a complete

G. SPONGIA.

151

metre; and their diameter from the thickness of a
thread to many decimetres.

We have chosen the forms of the Spongia to cha-
racterise the sections, beginning with those of shape-
less masses, then taking the more regular cup or cra-
ter form, which in succeeding species becomes lobed,
gradually assuming the form of branches, till the plant
or tree-like sponge appears.

But these singular and useful beings, to which we
are indebted for the sponge, still continue to be un-
known; no research has hitherto discovered more
than a gelatinous substance, resembling the white of
an egg, which surrounds the sponge when undisturbed
on its native site, but so fugitive that it runs imme-
diately away when taken from its natural element.

The Spongias are very common between the tropics,
less so in the temperate regions, and wholly disappear
in the neighbourhood of the Polar circles.

I shall not in these limited descriptions detail the
manner of procuring the sponge, but content myself
with reciting two circumstances that prove the esti-
mation in which it is held in the countries where it is
procured.

In the island of Nicaria, one of the Grecian Archi-
pelago, the young men are not allowed to marry
until they have given proofs of their skill in diving
for the sponge : Hasselquist also mentions a small
island named Himia, near Rhodes, where the young
women cannot marry until they have dived an ap-
pointed depth, and procured a certain quantity of
sponge.

152

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

SECTION I.

Masses sessile , simple or lobed, either covering or
enveloping,

COMMON.

1. S pon 61 A communis. Masses rather large,
spreading, and slightly convex upon the top, soft,
tough, and coarsely porous ; scooped out and jagged
particularly below, exhibiting round holes, mostly
very large.

Red Sea, Indian Ocean, and perhaps in the Medi-
terranean.

JAGGED.

2. SpoNGtA lacinulosa. Surface rather finely po-
rous, and stuck with numerous little jags or risings,
which are soft, and make it appear downy; lobed
above, or pierced with holes of a middling size, having
their borders ciliated with those little spongy jags,
called lacinules , from whence it derives its name.

Found in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean, and is
not unfrequently used as a substitute for the common
sponge ( S. communis ) for domestic purposes.

SINUOUS.

3. Spongia sinuosa. Oval and sessile; texture
fibrous, stiff, and partially incrustated ; surface covered
with numerous and deep holes, crevices, and sinuo-
sities.

Indian Ocean.

G. SPONGIA.

153

CAVERNOSE.

4. SpongIA cavernosa . A kind of conic oval ; stiff*
rather hard, and very full of cavities ; surface stud-
ded with small risings, and irregularly porous*

American seas.

CARIOUS.

5. Spongia cariosa . Shapeless and irregularly
lobed ; furrowed, and caverned, as if bitten ; texture
fibrous, rather finely reticulated with irregular meshes ;
surface covered with crevices and holes.

Indian Ocean.

LICHEN-FORMED.

6. Spongia licheniformis. Sessile, rugged, and
clustered ; fibres very loose, crossing and anasto-
mo sing together, branching and tough.

Found in many seas, and varying in form.

BEARDED.

7. Spongia barba. A long mass, loosely reticu-
lated, strongly resembling a goat's beard, or the Li-
chen barbatus.

On the Spondylus Goederopus of the Mediterra-
nean.

FASCICULATED.

8. Spongia fasciculata. Stiff, and nearly globu-
lar, formed by bundles of fibres, prism-shaped and
branching.

Mediterranean.

LACERATED.

9. Spongia lacera . Sessile, oval, and convex;

Cor .

u

154

CLASS III, — ORDER I.

the interior full of small lacinules ; surface many-
lobed, divided, and laciniated; texture fibrous and
reticuated; slightly in crusted,

FILAMENTOUS.

10. Spongia jilamentosa . Orbicular ; the surface co-
vered with upright lobes, separated above and united
below by lateral transverse filaments.

Seas of New Holland ; King’s Island.

HONEY -COMBED.

11. Spongia favosa . Masses oval, or oblong, and
convex; surface covered with cells like a honey-
comb, subangular and unequal, of which the sides are
nearly membranous.

Australasia; King’s Island.

CELLULAR.

12. Spongia cellulosa . Masses proliferous or

lobed ; surface covered with honey-combed unequal
cells, whose sides are thick and porous.

Australasia ; King’s Island.

PARTITIONED.

13. Spongia septosa . Fibres completely incrusted,
forming a sort of net-work, the layers of which irre-
gularly cross each other and form large and unequal
cells or holes.

Southern seas.

PIERCED.

14. Spongia fenestrata. Simple and incrusting.

G. SPONGIA.

155

with a level surface, but irregularly creviced; fibres
stiff, reticulated, and almost bare®

Indian ocean.

THICK-LOBED.

15. Spongia crassiloba . Incrusting, with several
upright lobes, which are thick and compressed, be-
tween an oval and cone in form, but obtuse, having
round holes upon the borders, irregularly ranged.

TABULATED.

16. Spongia tabula . Mass flat like a small plank;
sides transversely and irregularly undulated, with
holes on the summits of the risings ; texture fibrous, a
little woolly, very porous, and slightly incrusted.

Australasia.

CAKE-FORMED.

17. Spongia placenta . Form obliquely orbicular,
and marked with rayed furrows ; texture firm and
very porous, fibrous, and reticulated ; holes very few,
and not large.

Australasia ; King's Island.

GAUZY.

18. Spongia byssoides . Mass simple, sessile, and
oblong, more or less swelled, spread upon marine
bodies ; texture very loose, transparent, gauzy, and
fibrous.

Australasia.

cushion.

19. Spongia pulvinata. Sessile, oval, cushion-formed,
and scantily lobed ; colour orange, and sometimes olive*

Australasian seas.

156

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

COAL,

20. Spongia carbonaria . Unshapely, very stiff,
and black ; texture fibrous, reticulated, and very po-
rous.

On the Millepora Alcicornis of the American
seas.

INCRUSTING.

21. Spongia incrustans. Mass forming a thin, fi-
brous, rose-coloured layer, on the surface of a fucus ;
texture reticulated, fibrous, loose, and irregular, with
rather large holes.

Southern seas.

AGARIC.

22. Spongia agaricina. Compressed, lobed, ses-
sile, reticulated, prickly, and osculated.

Indian ocean,

CRESTED.

23. Spongia cristata. Even, upright, and soft ;
pores projecting and regularly placed.

Coasts of France and England.

COTTAGE.

24. Spongia domuncula. Convex; surface smooth,
but covered with little papilla) ; very cellular within.

Gulf of Genoa.

GLOBULAR.

25. Spongia globosa . Tough, and very cellul ar;
surface covered with simple or branching protube-
rances, elongated and rather stiff.

Gulf of Genoa.

G. SPONGIA.

1 57

LANK.

26. Spongia macida. White, crustaceous, and
rising in spines.

Norwegian seas.

BREAD-LIKE.

27. Spongia panicea. Shapeless and diffuse masses,
not more than a finger in thickness ; substance white,
very finely cellular; surface sleek, and slightly porous.

European seas.

PAPILLARY.

28. Spongia papillaris . Crustaceous; surface co-
vered with conic protuberances more or less elevated,
either distinct or coalescent, and in some measure tu-
bulous ; substance soft and friable by desiccation.

American seas.

BURNING.

29. Spongia mens. Of various shapes, porous,
somewhat prickly, and downy.

Western shores of Europe and of North America;
said also to be found in Africa and India.

NEEDLE-FORMED.

30. Spongia acicularis . White and solid, exter-
nally porous and hard ; internally composed of bun-
dled and upright fibres, converging towards the
centre.

Gulf of Genoa,

N. B. Not improbably an Alcyonia.

158

CLASS nr— ORDER I.

SECTION XL

Masses subpediculated or contracted at their base , simple
or lobed.

ANGULAR.

31. Spongia angulosa . Masses upright, nearly
turbinated, with longitudinal angles, compressed and
irregular at the sides ; fibres very fine and reticu-
lated ; holes orbicular and distinct, formed on the flat-
tened or imperfect projection of the angles.

Var. B. Shapeless, and almost lobed.

Australasia ; King’s Island.

MANY-LOBED.

32. Spongia pluriloba. Upright, contracted at
the base, compressed, deeply and irregularly lobed ;
lobes flattened, and obtuse as if truncated at their
summit ; oscules scattered, distant, and sometimes
rather projecting.

Seas of Australasia.

CHINKY.

33. Spongia rimosa . Fibrous, but not incrusted ;
surface marked with irregular and longitudinal cre-
vices sometimes oblique ; oscules dispersed.

Var. A. In the form of a column.

Var. B. In the form of a club, rather compressed.

Australasian seas.

G. SPONGIA.

159

PENCIL-FORMED.

34. Spongia penieillosa. Surface stuck with small
pencil-like brushes, which are stiff and upright.

Var. A. In the form of a club.

Var. B. Shorter, and nearly globular.

Australasia.

PROTUBERANT.

35. Spongia turgida. Mass substipited, gib-
bous, and fibrous ; summits pierced with three or
four separate oscules, or with a single terminating
hole.

Var. A. Upright, gibbous, and with three oscules.

Var. B. Mass oval, oblique, and with a single
hole.

Australasian seas.

SILKY.

36. Spongia bombycina. Form oval, swelled, or
bulging, divided at the summit into short and upright
lobes ; texture loose ; fibres bare, crossed, inter-
laced, and of a scarlet colour; surface hairy and
curly.

Var. B. Smaller, bulging, and almost compressed.

Australasian seas.

flammeous.

37. Spongia flammula. Generally simple, rather
upright, and of a lanceolated oval form ; summits ob-

160

CLASS IIL— ORDER I.

tuse and rather flattened; the longitudinal fibres
stronger than the transversal or diverging ones.

Var. B. Protuberant* and nearly oval.

Australasian seas.

MYROBALAN.

38. Spongia myrobolanus . Small, pediculated,

and of an oval form, slightly compressed, more or
less oblique ; texture fine and closely compacted.

LION’S FOOT.

39. Spongia pes-leonis . A very short pedicle,

supporting an oval or round compressed mass,
of a soft and porous texture ; the upper border oscu-
lated.

Southern seas.

GOOSE-FOOT.

40. Spongia anatipes. Wholly fibrous, greyish
and transparent ; longitudinal fibres stronger than the
transversal, forming an imperfect net-work with long
meshes ; pedicule hard and porous.

Southern seas.

RED.

41. Spongia rubra. Simple, tough, nearly round
or compressed, osculated, and porous ; tubercles pro-
jecting.

Red Sea, near Suez.

FLAT.

42. Spongia plana. Extended, crustaceous, and
fan-shaped.

Sea of Norway.

G. SPONGIA.

161

MUSHROOM.

43. Spongia peziza. Of a yellow colour ; branches
rising out of the cavities of stones, in the form of
a small mushroom.

Charlestown, in America.

N. B. The foregoing species is only found in the
cavities of stones and pieces of wood that are in the
sea ; they fill up the interior, and project from their
orifices in the form of small yellow fungi.

BLACK.

44. Spongia nigra. Globular, tough, and solid;
black externally, and grey within.

In the Bed Sea, near Suez.

SECTION III.

Masses pediculated, flattened, fan-shaped , simple or lohed.
PALLET-FORMED.

45. Spongia plavicella. Flat, a truncated oval,
not very thick, and in some parts uneven ; rather
curved on one of its borders ; texture a little incrusted,
and finely porous.

SHOVEL SHAPED.

46. Spongia pala. In the shape of a shovel or
spade, fibrous and not incrusted, upright, simple or
proliferous, and osculated on the upper border.

Var. B. Surface proliferous and lobed ; lobes cy=

Cor.

X

162

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

lindrical and nearly tubulous, fixed through their
whole length.

Var. G. Spatulated, and very thick.

Var. D. Surface jagged, and proliferous.

Australasia ; near Kangaroo Island.

FAN-SHAPED.

47. Spongia Jlabelliformis. Upright, pediculated,
brown or blackish ; fibres stiff, reticulated, and in-
crusted.

Indian and Australasian seas.

FEATHERED.

48. Spongia pluma. Pediculated, finely fibrous
as if feathered ; transparent, and a little flattened.

Southern seas.

THISTLE.

49. Spongia carduus. Pediculated, fan-shaped, and
uneven ; surface incrusted, and having thin conti-
nuous wrinkles or folds, stuck with a few sharp
points.

Southern seas.

CLOTH-LIKE.

50. Spongia pannea . Upright, pediculated, and

very thick, flattened and fan-shaped ; texture fibrous
and reticulated, like cloth ; upper border osculated.

Var. B. Very thick, compressed, and round.

Southern seas.

CLEFT.

51. Spongia Jissurata . Pediculated, flat, and thin ;

G. SPONGIA.

163

fan-shaped, more or less lobed, and covered with
small irregular crevices.

Southern seas.

LATTICED.

52. Spongia cancellaria. Pediculated, compressed,
and fan-shaped ; ramifications incrusted, coalescent,
and forming a sort of irregular trellis-work ; border
stuck with points.

LYRE-SHAPED.

5*3. Spongia lyrata. Pediculated, upright, and
composed of tubes united together ; texture fibrous
and reticulated ; upper border osculated.

DELTA-SHAPED.

54. Spongia deltoidea . Pediculated, upright,

flat, and rather thin; incrusted, delta or fan-shaped,
and truncated ; small Alcyonic worms incrusted on
each surface.

FRYING-PAN.

55. Spongia sartaginula. Pedicle short ; expan-
sion in the form of a frying-pan ; surface convex and
much osculated, and garnished with oblique tufts, in
undulated series; texture fibrous, finely reticulated
and incrusted.

TAILED.

56. Spongia appendiculata. Nearly pediculated,
flattened and spatulated, with narrow lobes or appen-
dages varying in length, nearly cylindrical, digitated,
and obtuse.

164

CLASS III.— ORDER If

SECTION IV.

Masses concave, vase , crater, or funnel-shaped .

ORDINARY.

57. S pong i A usitatissima. Tough, soft, downy, and
very porous ; oscules disposed in rayed ranges on
the sides of the cavity.

Var. B. Larger and crater-formed ; the ranges of
oscules running into furrows.

Var. C. Appendages in the form of lobes, both
inside and outside.

American seas.

N. B. Employed for domestic uses.

TUBULIFEROUS.

58. Spongia tuhulifera . Sessile, soft, and very

porous, extending at the sides in angular and pro-
jecting lobes, which are tubulous and disposed like
stars.

Supposed to originate in the American seas.

STARRY.

59. Spongia stellifera. Large, and formed like a
deep crater ; soft, rather thin, and very porous ; the
interior osculated ; oscules star-shaped.

Var. B. Very large, in form resembling an ear.

Probably America.

STRIATED.

60. Spongia striata . Funnel-shaped, slightly

G. SPONGIA.

165

compressed, and black; striae thorny, and longitu-
dinally placed on each surface.

Supposed to originate from America.

BELL-SHAPED^

Cl. Spongia campana. Large, rough, and stiff, in
the form of an upright bell ; fibres incrusted, inner
surface osculated.

American seas.

TURBINATED.

62. Spongia turbinata. In the form of a long
funnel, rather narrow, stiff, and very simple ; inter-
nally marked with longitudinal striae and small os-
culiferous jagged risings.

American seas.

CRUCIBLE.

63. Spongia msculum. Turbinated and thick ;
surface smooth ; border woolly.

CABBAGE-FORMED.

64. Spongia brassicata . In the form of a large
open foliated cup, or resembling a cabbage whose
under leaves alone are expanded.

Indian Ocean.

GOBLET-FORMED.

65. Spongia cyathina. Crater-form, simple and in-
crusted ; surface elegantly and very finely cleft, sown
with small oscules.

Southern seas.

166

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

OTAHEITAN.

66. Spongia Othaitica. Crater-formed, divided, or
deeply incised and lobed ; incrusted with large hol-
lows, whose borders are raised, studded, and spongy,
but without incrustation.

Australasian and Atlantic seas.

RIBBED.

67. Spongia costifera. Turbinated; the external
partitions furnished with longitudinal ribs rather sharp-
edged, appearing like narrow planks ; texture fibrous,
stiff, without incrustation.

Southern Ocean.

VASE-FORMED.

68. Spongia labellum. In the form of a vase with
an elliptical opening, whose borders are undulated
and festooned ; sides stiff, resembling leather or
pasteboard, with longitudinal nerves, from which
spring smaller ones in trellis form.

CUP-FORMED.

69. Spongia pocillum. Irregularly formed like a
chalice, stiff like woollen cloth, partly incrusted,
and very porous; exterior surface finely cleft, the
interior more bristled or prickly, and almost gra-
nulated.

Northern seas.

VEINED.

70. Spongia venosa. Turbinated and very wide ;
thin, incrusted, and reticulated ; net- work formed by
veins or small longitudinal nerves.

Supposed to originate from the Indian Ocean.

G. SPONGIA.

167

BASKET-SHAPED.

71. Spongia sportella. Formed by an union of
ligneous nerves, whitish or yellow, bare and smooth,
having the appearance of an open funnel-shaped
basket.

Coast of Madagascar.

PURSE-FORMED.

72. Spongia bursaria. Mass fan-shaped, more or
less flattened, formed by three or five tubes or
purses, which are spongy, cuneiform, flattened, and
united by their narrow sides.

TWO-LEAVED.

73. Spongia bilamellata. A short pedicle, rather
funnel-shaped, terminated by two large thin upright
expansions, which are parallel, approximate, and
fan-shaped.

Var. B. Expansions nearly smooth externally.

Southern Ocean.

CUP-FORMED.

74. Spongia calix. Pediculated, upright, and re-
sembling a calix ; the internal cavity contracted by
gibbous irregularities.

Southern Ocean.

FIG-SHAPED.

75. Spongia ficiformis . Stiff and turbinated; the
summit pierced.

Coasts of Barbary.

168

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

COMPRESSED.

76. Spongia compressa. Simple, conical, and com-
pressed ; internally cloven lengthways.

Greenland seas.

RUGGED.

77. Spongia lacunosa. Simple, cylindrical, tubu-
lous, and very thick ; deep clefts on the outside, si-
nuous and irregular.

TUBULAR.

78. Spongia tub&formis. Tubes long, coarse, and
simple, united at their base ; tubercular on the ex-
ternal surface, as if granulated.

American seas.

candle of the sea.

79. Spongia fistularis . Tubes long and narrow;
fibres bare, stiff, reticulated, loosely and visibly inter-
woven.

American seas.

PLIABLE.

80. Spongia plicifera. Tube inclining to funnel-
shape, flexible, very much wrinkled; fibres slightly
incrusted; on the outside are numerous folds and jags ;
in the inside dispersed cells resembling a honeycomb.

American seas.

FURROWED.

81. Spongia scrobiculata. Funnel-shaped and
flexible ; the two surfaces covered with little round
und unequal pits resembling dimples.

G. SPONGIA.

169

SHEATHY.

82. Spongia vaginalis. From six to nine bun-
dled and coalescent tubes, slightly incrusted, hard
and brittle ; surface osculated, and stuck with com-
pressed tubercles which terminate in a point.

American seas.

FINGERED.

83. Spongia digitalis . One or two short, united,
and flattish tubes, which are rough, stiff, and rather
prickly from the numerous little asperities on the
surface.

Var. B. With long tubes.

Indian and American seas.

STUDDED.

84. Spongia bullata . Tubes knotty, more or less
coalescent, and incrusted ; composed of semi-trans-
parent blisters, of a very fine and fibrous texture ; the
terminal opening gathered in.

Var. B. Tubes very short, numerous, and diffuse.

The first is found in Australasia, the second in the
Indian Ocean.

SIPHON.

85. Spongia syphonoides. Tubes upright, drawn out
in form of a siphon, flabby, semi-transparent, bifur-
cated or trifurcated, insensibly contracting towards
their base.

Var. B. Scarcely any incrustation.

Isles of St. Peter and St. Francis, in Australasia.

DISTAFF.

86. Spongia colas. Pediculated, upright, and in
Cor.

Y

170

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

the form of a club, fibrous, and irregularly hollowed
on the outside.

Var. B. Semi-proliferous, opening into a kind of
compressed calix, cavities larger and fewer.

Kangaroo Islands, in Australasia.

TUBULOUS.

87. Spongia tubulosa. Branching, cylindrical,
irregular, waved, osculated, and with a few strong
hairs ; texture fibrous, rather finely reticulated.

Indian ocean.

PRICKLY.

88. Spongia muricina . Tubes cylindrical and

nearly branching, long, and covered with sharp and
scattered tubercles.

Var. B. Tubercles smaller and more numerous.

Seas of Australasia.

CONJUNCT.

89. Spongia confederal a. Tubes upright and nu-
merous, united in a mass that is rather thick and
compressed, the upper border being sometimes di-
vided in digitations ; some of the tubes adhering only
to the base of the mass.

Seas of Australasia.

INTESTINAL.

90. Spongia intestinalis. Lobed, fibrous, stiff, and
internally hollow; lobes unequal, cylindrical, and
fistular, with holes or clefts.

Mediterranean ; near Cette.

G. SPONGIA.

171

CROWNED.

91. Spongia coronata. Tubulous, simple, and very
small ; crowned with a radiation of thorns.

Coasts of France and England.

TUBULAR.

92. Spongia tubularia. Sessile, semi-oval, com-
pressed, stiff, and pierced with longitudinal tubes ;
external border convex.

Seas of America.

CILIATED.

93. Spongia ciliata. Simple, tubulous, conical,
tortuous, thin and ciliated at the extremity.

Coast of Greenland.

SECTION V.

Masses foliated , or divided into flat lobes in the shape of

leaves.

FOLIATED.

94. Spongia perfoliata. Stem simple, upright,
hollow, and leaved ; lobes round, foliaceous, re-
sembling the leaves of a Crassula, incrusted, and
placed spirally round the stem.

Australasian seas.

N. B. This species is the most extraordinary and
remarkable of any known Spongia.

172

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

PINNATED.

95. Sfongia pennatala. Stem arched and twisted,
supporting flat leafy pinnies, which approximate and
stand out in a sort of crested tuft; surface incrusted,
and very porous.

Australasian seas.

ARTICHOKE.

96. Spongia cactiformis. Pediculated and branch-
ing; expansions flat, cuneiform, fan-shaped, rounded
or truncated at the summits, nearly lobed, prolife-
rous, and slightly incrusted ; small dispersed exca-
vations on the surface.

Southern seas.

CURLED.

97. Spongia crispata. Foliaceous expansions,
proliferous and conchoidal, turned in like the border
of an ear ; they are irregular in form, and appear
blistered, coalescing in some parts, and unequally
punctured ; texture fibrous, and very fine.

Southern seas.

BLACK-PLUMED.

98. Spongia basta. Expansions fibrous, leafy,
turned in as if curled, laciniated, enclosed one
within the other, and appearing like a small black
plume ; fibres bare, rather stiff, and disposed like a
loose net.

Indian Ocean.

LAMINATED.

99. Spongia lamellaris . In thin parallel laminae.

G. SPONGIA.

173

upright, approximate, soft, and more or less coales-
cent ; texture fibrous, and very fine.

Indian and Australasian seas.

ENDIVE.

100. Spongia endivia. Laminae soft, spatulated,
rounded, lacerated and crisped at their borders, and
disposed like the petals of a rose ; texture fibrous,
and longitudinally channelled.

PITCHER-SHAPED.

101. Spongia urceolus. Oblong-oval, greenish and
pedunculated ; summit narrow and perforated.

Norway.

MAMMILLARY.

102. Spongia mammiUaris. Shapeless and caver-
nose, with tubular and projecting fibres ; tubes co-
nical and flexuous.

Norway.

MANY-LEAVED.

103. Spongia pohjphylla. Pediculatcd upright
leaves, wedge-shaped, rounded at the summits, slightly
lobed, rolled in the form of a coronet, frequently coa-
lescent, irregularly hollowed, and with longitudinal
nerves stronger on one side than the other.

Indian Ocean.

PEACOCK’S-TAIL.

10-1. Spongia pavonia. From a stiff and com-
pressed pedicle spring many foliated expansions, ob-

174

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

liquely rounded, and productive of smaller ; incrusted
and punctured on one side.

Australasian sea.

SCARIOLA.

105. Spongia scariola. Expansions punctured and
dividing into a multitude of upright laminae, which are
soft, laciniated, lobed, and variously turned as if curled
or crimped.

Southern seas.

HETEROGONOUS.

106. Spongia heterogotia. Expansions upright
and flat, fibrous, slightly incrusted, and rolled back so
as to form imperfect tubes ; internally furnished with
longitudinal and detached nerves ; externally set with
points nearly resembling thorns, rather large, and nu-
merous.

TIARA-SHAPED.

107. Spongia tiaroides. Laminae upright and
bundled, rather thick, frequently coalescent, and much
lobed in the upper part ; lobes narrow, terminated in
a cone and set with points.

SEAR-LEAF.

108. Spongia xerampelina, Stem short, and corky
in appearance ; expansions flat and foliaceous, oval
or oblong-oval, slightly incised and lobed ; nerves
projecting and forming a net-work ; honey- combed
oscules in the interstices.

Yar. B. More loose in form, expansions deeply
laciniated, and oscules more numerous.

Northern and American seas.

G. SPONGIA.

175

JUNIPER.

109. Spongia * juniper ina. Foliaceous expansions,
incrusted, rough ; oval, round, or three-sided ; formed
of a multitude of small branches, partly united, partly
detached, and disposed in the form of a fan.

Var. B. Cypress-formed; expansions latticed, and
very porous.

Indian Ocean.

fi.

RADISH.

110. Spongia raphanus. Expansions foliaceous,
strongly furrowed on each side, and stiff ; texture
fibrous, woolly, and slightly incrusted.

Southern seas.

mesenteric.

111. Spongia mesenterina. Growing in laminae,
upright and turbinated ; laminae large, in folds, trun-
cated at the summits, sometimes lohed, with circular
undulations.

Southern seas.

leporine.

112. Spongia leporina. Deeply cut in thin straps,
smooth and oblong, widening at the summits, obtuse,
a little incised, lobed, and incrusted.

Southern seas.

laciniated.

113. Spongia laciniata. Laminae leaf-shaped and
rather thin ; cut almost in the shape of a lyre or lance-
head, and soft ; fibres bare and interlaced ; surface
like velvet, but cleft or flawed, with dispersed oscules,

Indian Ocean.

176

CLASS III. —ORDER L

LEAFY.

114. Spongia frondifera. Somewhat branching, di~
vided in unequal lobes, which are proliferous ; the last
of the lobes being the largest, less irregular, more fo-
liaceous, incrusted, compressed, and as if bearded or
fringed on the upper border ; oscules scattered, and
nearly star-formed.

Yar. B. Less shapely, with a more compact crust.

FRINGED.

115. Sfongia jimbriata. Lobes leaf-formed, pedi-
culated, broad, a little incrusted, covered with unequal
pores like punctures ; borders garnished with crisped
or curled fibres.

SECTION VI.

Masses branching , plant or tree-formed ; ramifications
distinct.

ARBORESCENT.

116. Spongia arborescens. Stem firm and almost
cylindrical ; branches standing out, a little compressed,
but widening, palm ate d or digitated at the summit ;
oscules scattered, and sometimes pretty regular.

Var. B. Lobes longer and upright.

Var. C. Lobes long, compressed, narrow, straight,
and approximate ; borders osculated.

American seas.

G. SPONGIA.

177

ROD-SHAPED.

117. Spongia virgultosa. Stem hard, upright, and
unequally cylindrical ; branches stretching out in the
form of rods, upright, spriggy, unequal, and termina-
ting in obtuse points; surface velvety and osculated.

Var. B. Branches flexuous and diverging.

Seas of the north of Europe.

LONG-POINTED.

118. Spongia longicuspis. Base forming a coarse
trellis, supporting from six to nine long upright
branches, which are sometimes coalescent, forming
slender digitations, or long points.

Southern seas.

ASPARAGUS.

119. Spongia asparagus. Upright and branching ;
branches in the form of rods, unequally cylindrical,
and rather obtuse at the summits ; incrustation not
thick ; oscules almost disposed in series.

Seas of Australasia.

DICHOTOMOUS.

120. Spongia dichotoma. Upright; branches cy-
lindrical, hairy, and lateral.

Var. B. Branches tortuous, frequently anasto-
mosed.

Sea of Norway, and Mediterranean.

BRISTLED.

121. Spongia echidncea. Corky and branching ;

Cor.

z

178

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

branches stiff, upright, divided, cylindrical, pointed,
subangular, and hairy ; spiny on their surface.

Western coast of France.

PRICKLY.

122. Spongia muricata. Stem long and branching ;
branches loose, few, simple, tough, tail-shaped, and
stuck with linear obtuse projections, which are spa-
tulated and very close.

Western coast of Africa.

VULPINE.

123. Spongia vulpina . Upright, branching, and in-
crusted ; branches tail-shaped, thickly covered with
small projections, which are divided, frequently coa-
lescing in trellis form, and irregularly porous.

Southern seas.

SPIKED.

124. Spongia spiculifera. Whitish mass, deeply
cut in upright lobes, which are proliferous, and re-
semble ears of corn ; porous, osculated, and stuck with
small tubercles.

Seas of Australasia.

thistle-shaped.

125. Spongia carlinoides. Resembling a small
thorny bush, in a fan-like tuft, whose ramifications
resemble the leaves of the Carline thistle ; surface
incrusted.

amaranthine.

126. Spongia amaranthina . Upright, branching,

G. SPONGIA.

179

and very porous ; branches compressed, but dilating
towards the summit, and longitudinally channelled ;
texture fibrous, spongy, slightly incrusted, having nu-
merous and dispersed oscules.

CURRY-COMB.

127. Spongia strigiiata . Stem short, and nearly
cylindrical, dividing into six or eight flat branches, fan-
shaped, and stuck with numerous and unequal risings,
which are slightly compressed, and appear disposed in
longitudinal ranges.

nervous.

128. Spongia nervosa. Nearly fan-shaped, and
branching; branches divided, but partly coalescent,
flattening and dilating a little towards the summits,
where they are almost laciniated ; nerves longitudinal,
slender, and reticulated, more numerous on one sur-
face than the other.

Indian Ocean.

BRAMBLE.

129. Spongia rubispina . Branching; the fan-like
branches stuck with prickly tubercles resembling those
of the bramble, and covered with a leathery crust.

FIR.

130. Spongia abietina. Pillared, branching, and
expanded ; ramifications narrower, and more pliable,
covered with thorny appendages, which are terminated
by a horny filament.

ELONGATED.

131. Spongia elongata. Caudiform, and cylin-

180

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

drical; branches short and few, forming sometimes
only a simple tuberosity, situated in the upper part ;
texture fibrous, reticulated, bare, and osculated.

Southern seas.

SELAGO.

132. Spongia selaginea. Very branching ; branches
diffuse, stiff, incrusted, rough to the touch, com-
pressed, attaching to soft bodies, and charged with
small longitudinal tufts, which are somewhat thorny,
and numerous.

ROUGH-HORNED.

133. Spongia aspericomis. Branching, and slightly
porous ; branches loose, numerous, nearly cylindrical,
lengthened in the form of horns, and stuck with
pointed tubercles, which are stiff and prickly ; fibres
slightly incrusted.

Var. B. Branches large and compressed.

Australasian seas.

RUGGED.

134. Spongia hispida. Soft, branching, and irre-
gular; branches cylindrical, proliferous, coalescing
at intervals, obtuse, and osculated ; fibres very fine,
interlaced, and almost bare.

Southern seas.

SERPENTINE.

135. Spongia setpentina. Very branching; branches
cylindrical, irregular, mis-shapen, soft, and diffuse ;
texture very fine, fibrous, and scarcely incrusted; os-
cules scattered and distant.

G. SPONGIA.

181

Var. B. Branches upright, rather compressed, and
incrusted.

Australasia.

OCULATE.

136. Spongia oculata. Branching, upright, tough,
and cylindrical ; branches obtuse ; oscules small, and
almost double.

European Ocean.

SAUSAGE-SHAPED.

137. Spongia botellifera. Stem short and narrow,
dividing into upright branches, irregularly tubercled,
jagged, blistered, and resembling small ill-shapen
sausages ; surface osculated.

South seas.

PALMATED.

138. Spongia palmata. Stem short, thick, com-
pressed, and incrusted ; ramifications palmated, flat,
with bare and wide digitations, which are lobed,
forked, and sometimes three-forked at their summits ;
scattered oscules.

Var. B. Branches longer, and dilated towards the
summit, with the extremities forked and pointed.

The first, in the seas of Europe and India ; the
second, in the seas of Australasia.

WOOLLY.

139. Spongia lanuginosa . Branching, dichotomous,
rather compressed at the ramifications ; branches cy-
lindrical, slender, and upright ; fibres bare, very fine,
interlaced, and woolly.

TYPHINE.

140. Spongia typhyna . Branching and soft ;

182

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

branches upright and cylindrical; surface unequal,
a little jagged, and partly striated; fibres in bundles
or long locks.

Australasia.

TUPHA.

141. Spongia tupha. Branching, soft, and very po-
rous ; branches ascending, few, cylindrical or slightly
compressed, obtuse at the summit, and nearly resem-
bling straps ; texture a little incrusted.

Mediterranean.

ARCHED.

142. Spongia fornicifera. Spread out at the base,
and branching; ramifications flattening as they
expand, anastomosing, and forming arches and ar-
cades.

Mediterranean.

SEMI-TUBULOUS.

143. Spongia semitubulosa. Soft, and very branch-
ing ; small branches cylindrical, variously tortuous,
almost united, and sometimes half tubulous.

Mediterranean.

ELK-HORNED.

144. Spongia alcicornis. Tufts of many stems ;
stems branching, and flattening at the commencement
of the branches ; ramifications irregular, attenuating in
straps that are slender towards the summit ; oscules
small, and dispersed on the wider parts.

DEER-HORNED.

145. Spongia damacornis. Tufts formed of many

G. SPONGIA.

183

stems ; branches short, wide, palmated at the extre-
mities, and hollowed on one of their surfaces.

TAILED.

346. S pong la caudigera . Upright, compressed,

and palm-branched; upper ramifications presenting
long upright tails in very distinct net-work.

Indian Ocean.

MAILED.

147. Spongja loricaris. Branches loose and nar-
row like straps, a little compressed, divided, irregu-
larly curved, and porous ; fibres adhering.

LATTICED.

148. Spongla cancellata. Branching, fan-shaped,
and incrusted ; branches cylindrical, flexuous, anasto-
mosed, and forming a fan-shaped net ; surface finely
reticulated.

TOW-LIKE.

149. Spongia stuposa . Branches short, cylindrical,
a little incrusted, obtuse, nearly dichotomous, hairy,
and of the consistence of tow.

European Ocean.

LINEN.

150. Spongia linteiformis. In a round tuft; the
branches rather narrow, laciniated or fringed, rough
and harsh to the touch.

Var. B. Branches nearly membranous, anasto-
mosed in net-work.

Indian Ocean.

184

CLASS III. — ORDER I.

CROSS-BARRED.

151. Spongia clathrus. A conglomerate tuft, nearly
globular, soft to the touch, composed of short branches
which are tortuous, anastomosed and osculated, with
obtuse and swelled summits.

COALESCENT.

152. Spongia coalita. Base an expanded mem-
brane, enveloping many bodies, and dividing itself
into proliferous branches, soft and pleasant to the
touch ; surface irregularly reticulated.

Northern Ocean.

PITTED.

153. Spongia foveolaria. Branching, long, and
blackish ; branches anastomosing, nearly cylindrical,
and conical at the summit ; the outside covered with
small unequal pits having ragged borders.

Mediterranean.

LONG-FINGERED.

154. Spongia macrodactyla. Branching and long;
branches nearly alternate, long, and partly com-
pressed, unequal, attenuated, upright in the lower
part, and curved in the upper.

Indian Ocean.

CLUSTERED.

155. Spongia botryoides. Branching, diffuse, but
small ; branches charged with triple spines, and sup-
porting small oblong- oval lobes, hollow, and open
at the summits, finely porous, and in drapery.

Coasts of England and France.

G. SPONGIA.

I 85

HOOT-SHAPED.

156. Spongia radiciformis. Branching, shapeless,
and stiff ; branches tortuous, dichotomous, and com-
pressed at the summits.

PROLIFEROUS.

157. Spongia prolifera. Repeatedly branched and
palmated, the digitations distinct ; internally reticu-
lated ; the external surface set with small thorns,,

North America.

OSSIFORM.

158. Spongia ossiformis. White, and almost branch-
ing; extremity swelled and osculated.

Sea of Norway.

MEMBRANOUS.

150. Spongia membranosa. Somewhat branched;
osculated, externally wrinkled or garnished with soft
triangular spines.

Indian Ocean.

YELLOW.

160. Spongia falva . Branching; branches long,
cylindrical, about the thickness of a quill or a finger;
fibres stiff, fragile, and almost longitudinal.

American seas.

FLOWERING.

161. Spongia ftoribunda* Shapeless; bundles of
branches, covered with a chaffy down, and thickest at
their extremities.

Indian Ocean.

Cor. 2 A

186

CLASS III.— ORDER I.

CRUCIFORM.

162. Spongia cruciata. White and branching;
branches opposite, compressed, obtuse, and downy.

Sea of Norway.

STAFF-SHAPED.

163. Spongia bacillaris. Upright and branching ;
branches finely perforated.

Sea of Norway.

CLASS III. — ORDER II.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

The Polypidoms of this order (formerly all included
under the denomination of Gorgonieae) are tree-
formed, and inarticulate: the interior consists of an
axe, generally horny and flexible, but sometimes of
sufficient hardness to receive a high polish ; at others
it consists of a whitish substance, very soft, and re-
sembling cork ; this axe is enveloped in an exterior
which is gelatinous and fugitive, or fleshy and solid,
animated, and frequently irritable, becoming more or
less chalky when dry, and enclosing the animals as well
as their cells when there are any.

IBS

GENERA

BELONGING TO THE SECOND ORDER OF THE THIRD
CLASS.

ANADYOMENA.

A fan-formed Polypidom, with articulated and
symmetrical nerves, almost transparent, and enve-
loped in a gelatinous substance.

As only one species is known to constitute this
genus, it has long remained a doubt whether to class
it with animal or vegetable productions : even the
power of chemical analysis has been found insufficient
to solve the difficulty, as many Thalassiophytes ap-
pear to yield almost the same productions as this Po-
lypidom ; nor does the microscope assist us in dis-
covering any part we can consider as fructilicative.
Analogy remains our only guide, and has induced me
to place the Anadyomena among the animal creation.
No marine plants, whether articulated or not, pre-
sent the slightest resemblance in their organization
to the object in question ; but that is not wholly the
case with respect to Polypidoms, many of which are
equally deficient in polypean cells. The substance
of the Anadyomena, however, seems to be of the same
nature as that of many of the Sertularias, andTubula-
rias; it is much more horny than that of the Thalassio-
phytes, and possesses a degree of stiffness and trans-
parency which is common to some Polypidoms, but

G. ANADYOMENA.

189

scarcely ever found in vegetables ; in short, the regu-
larity of its net- work, its form, and the gelatinous sub-
stance which covers every part of this singular being,
the fibres which attach it to solid bodies, and the total
absence of every thing that can give the least idea of
fructification, has decided me to place the Anadyo-
mena among the Polypidoms. The small nerves or
fibres that decorate this marine production, are so
elegantly and so regularly disposed, that it may be
compared to the finest net-work.

Its colour on desiccation is a tarnished green.

It never exceeds three centimetres in height.

FAN-SHAPED.

1. Anadyomena Jiabellata. Fan-formed, and
marked with articulated nerves, forming a regular
net-work, resembling lace : a gelatinous substance,
which doubtless is polypiferous, covers the whole sur-
face of the polypidom.— -Plate 14. fig. 3. a. B.

Mediterranean, but very scarce.

ANTIPATHES.

Polypidom tree-formed, simple, or branching;
axe horny, generally shaggy, or stuck with small
spines, rarely smooth ; rind or exterior polypiferous,
gelatinous, slippery, and almost wholly disappearing
on desiccation.

190

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

The Antipathes vary much in form, some ex-
hibiting a simple stem without the slightest appear-
ance of ramification, whilst others branch to infi-
nity, and the branches anastomose like those of the
Gorgonea flabella ; all the intermediates between these
two extremes exist in the various species of this ge-
nus, which I believe to be naturally numerous, though
former authors have noticed but a small number.

The colour of the Antipathes is but little known, as
their gelatinous and slippery exterior almost wholly
disappears on desiccation ; the axe or interior, which
alone remains, exhibits various shades of brown or
fawn, from the brightest to the darkest hue.

They vary much in size ; for whilst some scarcely
reach to the height of a decimetre, we find others that
measure two complete metres.

They are found in the temperate and equatorial re-
gions, but appear more abundant in the warmer cli-
mates.

According to Rumphius, the Indian nations make
use of the stems of the Antipathes for divination
wands, or talismans, which are supposed to resist the
power of the enchanter. The sceptres of the Indian
princes are sometimes made of this Polypidom, as
are also the beads used by the superstitious Bramins
to count their prayers.

SPIRAL.

X. Antipathes spiralis . Stem simple and spiral.
Var. B. Very long, and simply undulated.
Mediterranean ; and seas of Norway and India.

G. ANTIPATHES,

191

CORTICATED.

2. Antipathes corticata. Stem but slightly branch-
ing; branches simple, tortuous, spiny, covered with a
thin rind that has neither pores nor cells ; height about
four decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

TRIANGULAR.

3. Antipathes triquetra. Stem triangular.

Indian Ocean.

DICHOTOMOUS.

4. Antipathes dichotoma. Stem upright, very
long, and dichotomous.

Mediterranean.

WOODY.

5. Antipathes boscii. Stem flexible and branch-
ing; branches diverging; extremities setaceous ; co-
lour a deep brown ; height a decimetre.— Plate 14.
fig. 5.

North America.

FOX-TAIL.

(). Antipathes alopecuroides. Stem branching ;
branches in a close panicle, shaggy, and setaceous.

PYRAMIDAL.

7. Antipathes py rami data. Stem tuberculous
below, and branching ; branches numerous, springing
from the sides, dichotomous, shorter at the top than
in the lower part, and forming an echinated pyramid ;
height about two decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

192

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

BRONZE.

8. Antipathes anea. Stem simple, very straight,
and bronzed ; branches dichotomous, panicled, and
forming a spiral line round the stem.

Indian Ocean.

BROOM-SHAPED.

9. Antipathes scoparia. Stem branching and
panicled ; panicle loose, inclining to a corymbus,
composed of long filiform twigs, nearly upright, and
thickly covered with short prickles ; height from five
to six decimetres.

Mediterranean.

LARCH.

10. Antipathes larix. Stems upright, very sim-
ple, above half a metre long, but not thick ; rough,
and thinly garnished with setaceous branches.

Mediterranean and Adriatic.

lacerated.

11. Antipathes lacera . Stem with runners, spiny,
and branched ; branches twined, tortuous, and long,
putting forth smaller branches, laciniated, curled, and
spiny; height from five to six decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

THORN-BROOM.

12. Antipathes ulex . Extremely branched;

branches scattered, open, and projecting considerably.

Indian seas.

WINGED.

13. Antipathes pinnatifida. Branches mime-

G. ANTIPATHES.

193

rous, alternate, open, and subdividing into smaller
branches ; the little branches bristled, straight, stiff,
inclined to the front, and disposed in pairs or thinly
scattered ; height from four to five decimetres.—
Plate 14. fig. 4. a. B,

Indian Ocean.

MANY-LEAVED.

14. Antipathes myriopliylla. Stems very branch-
ing, and curved ; branches scattered, and rambling ;
pinules few, setaceous, short, erect, and sometimes
ramified.

Var. B. Ramifications more upright, and less wide ;
height from four to five decimetres.

Indian Ocean and Mediterranean.

SEA-FENNEL.

15. Antipathes fxniculacea. Stem much branched ;
branches setaceous, and irregularly pinnated ; pi-
nules discomposed.

Mediterranean.

FEATHERY.

16. Anti path f.s pennacea. Stem much branched,
and couching ; branches pinnated ; pinules very close,
setaceous, and rough.

Indian Ocean.

subpinnated.

17. Antipathes subpinnata. Branching, pinnated,
and rough ; pinules setaceous and alternate.

Mediterranean.

CYPRESS.

18. Antipathes cupressus. Stem simple, long.

Cor. 2 ii

194

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

and undulated ; branches numerous, open, scattered,
curved, and bipinnated.

Var. B. Stem branching; branches tail-formed.

Indian Ocean.

RADIANT.

19. Antipathes radians . Stem very short, spread-
ing wide at the base, and branching ; the branches
diverging in the form of an espalier ; height from six-
teen to eighteen centimetres.

Mediterranean.

PECTINATED.

20. Anti path es pectinata. Stem branching and
fan-shaped ; branches compressed and pinnated ;
smaller branches setaceous, almost divided, and thinly
set with spines.

WOOLLY.

21. Antipathes ericoides. Stem very branching,
very woolly, and blackish ; branches scattered, and
frequently anastomosed ; little branches numerous.

Indian Ocean.

TONGUED.

22. Antipathes Ugulata. Fan-shaped, and finely
reticulated ; side ramifications flattened in the form
of little tongues, widening in the middle, and form-
ing a delicate net-work ; height from twelve to fifteen
centimetres.

LATTICED.

23. Antipathes clathrata. Stem very branching ;

G. GORGONIA.

195

branches very close, and coiling one round the other ;
the latest-formed setaceous.

Indian Ocean.

FAN-SHAPED.

24. Antipathes flabellum. Stem flat, and branch-
ing ; branches and smaller branches fan-shaped, la-
teral/ and anastomosed ; height from five to six deci-
metres.

Indian Ocean.

GORGONIA.

Tree-like Polypidom, simple or branching; the
branches dispersed or lateral, single or anastomosed ;
axe longitudinally striated, hard, horny, and elastic,
or pithy (alburnoide) and brittle ; rind fleshy and ani-
mated, becoming chalky by desiccation; polypi not
rising above the rind, nor when dead forming more
than little tubercles or protuberances on the surface.

These Polypidoms, by their size, the elegance of their
form, and the brilliant colours of their envelope, first
attracted the attention of Zoologists in the 17th and
18th centuries. With the assistance of the micro-
scope, which was unknown to their predecessors,
these revivers of the sciences discovered the polypi of
the Gorgonias ; but, either engrossed by former preju-
dices, or from the imperfection of their instruments, and
not extending their researches beyond the European
species, in general much smaller than those of a higher

196

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

temperature, they mistook these little animals for the
blossoms of marine vegetation. This error continued
many years after the discovery of Pcyssonnel, a dis-
covery which was forgotten till Trembley’s observa-
tions on the fresh-water polypi brought to the recol-
lection of many members of the Academy of Sciences
the marine Polypi of Peyssonnel ; and, thanks to the
investigations of Bernard de Jusias and of Guettard,
the true nature of the Gorgonias, as well as that of
other Polypidoms, remained no longer doubtful.

Since this period Linneus, Ellis, Pallas, Cavolini,
Spallanzani, Bose, and other learned men, have studied
the polypi of the Gorgonias, and have given us the
result of their observations ; but their discoveries have
not yet dispelled our ignorance respecting their manner
of existence, or the nature of their internal organi-
sation.

All the species of Gorgonias are attached to rocks
and other marine bodies by a more or less extended
base, whose surface is usually deprived of the fleshy
substance which covers the other parts of the Polypi-
dom. From this base arises a stem, which gradually
diminishes in thickness up to the smallest branches,
the extremities of which are often setaceous. The
branches vary much in their form and respective si-
tuation ; they are either dispersed or spring regularly
from the sides, sometimes they are found growing
double, and at others regularly pinnated ; some are
flexible, some straight, some curved, some single, and
some anastomosed ; in short, some are found slightly
compressed, some nearly flat, and some angular or
three sided, but the greater number are cylindrical.

G. GORGONIA.

197

All the Gorgonias appear in their organisation to
consist of two substances ; the interior is sometimes
horny and hard, sometimes more soft and brittle, like
the blea ( alburnum ) of some trees and of many biennial
plants. This interior substance seems to be composed
of concentric layers, formed of longitudinal fibres. M.
Lamark has given it the name of Are (Axis). When
the rind or exterior is thick, the axe is proportionably
smaller and more compact ; but larger and of a softer
consistence, when the rind is thin. The surface, be-
sides, is marked with lines and pores, by means of
which, doubtless, a communication is kept up between
the outer and innermost parts of the animated mass.
In short, this axe in Polypidoms appears destined to
perform functions analogous to those recognized in
the skeletons of vertebrous animals, or the articulated
and horny envelopements of insects ; and it undoubt-
edly makes part of the animal, as the animal cannot
exist without it.

The growth of the axe in the Gorgonias appears to
proceed by layers, placed one upon the other. They
frequently enclose in their interior, portions of the
fleshy envelope, by some unknown cause deprived
of life; this phenomenon seems to be effected in
the same manner that the bark of trees is renewed
when a part has previously experienced any injury.

The rind envelopes the axe throughout its whole
extent; it is fleshy in the living state of the Poly-
pidom, and we feel justified in the presumption
that it is then irritable and susceptible: by desic-
cation it becomes chalky and earthy, and will dis-
solve in acids ; it always effervesces with them.

198

CLASS III.— ORDER IL

Some authors have imagined that the cells were dis-
cernible on the exterior of this envelope ; but an at-
tentive examination of the Polypidom has enabled me
to discover in the warty Gorgonias, characterised as
having projecting cells, that these cells were no other
than the bodies of the polypi themselves, whose sum-
mits were crowned with their retractile tentacula. This
polypus is not enclosed within a cell ; it is more or
less projecting, and its exterior is a mere prolonga-
tion of the fleshy mass that forms the rind ; so that
what has been hitherto looked upon as the cell and
shelter of the polypus, is nothing more than a ca-
vity destined to enclose the organs most essential to
the existence of the animalcule, whose more exposed
parts are found destroyed by contact with other bo-
dies. These observations are easily made on Gor-
gonias that have been preserved with care ; in these
the imagined cells are all obliterated, and this oblitera-
tion is produced by the part of the animal to which the
tentacula are attached ; this part is sometimes clearly
distinguished from the other part of the rind by a
circular contraction, which gives it a rather globular
appearance. In the Gorgonias of the third section
(distinguished as having projecting polypi) the lower
part of the body is frequently marked with transverse
wrinkles, which are occasioned either by desiccation or
the situation of the polypi ; these wrinkles constitute
no particular character. In the species of the first
section, where the animal appears not to have had
the power to raise itself beyond the rind, the open-
ing of this imagined cell is frequently garnished with
cils lengthened more or less, which I take to be the

G. GORGONIA,

199

tentacula of the animal; when the borders of this
opening* are smooth, we may either ascribe it to the
destruction of the tentacula, to their diminutiveness,
or to their possessing the retractile property to a
greater degree than the first mentioned.

The Gorgonias vary consideraly in their form ; the
stem of some of them is wholly simple, devoid of any
ramification ; others have numerous branches, anasto-
mosed together, and forming a net-work of very
close meshes ; between these two extremes are found
a crowd of intermediates, forming a gradual chain of
union.

The colour of the dried Gorgonia rarely exhibits
brilliant hues ; but in the bosom of the sea it may be
very different. In the collections, some are found
white, some black, some red, green, violet, and yel-
low, almost always tarnished by the action of the air
and light, which are known to produce a very power-
ful effect on the colouring material of the Coralline
Polypidoms, even so far as to change or destroy it
almost instantaneously.

The colour of the axe is not so variable as that of the
rind ; it is usually a deep brown, nearly black in the
opaque parts, and becoming a clear brown, fawn, or
even whitish, at the extremities, or in the parts where
the axe is transparent. In general the colour ap-
pears deeper in proportion as the axe is harder and
more horny. In the Gorgonias of which the axe is
pithy, it is whitish or yellowish ; this rule applies
pretty generally.

Their size varies as much as their colour ; some
species scarcely reach five centimetres, whilst others

200

CLASS ILL— ORDER II.

rise to many metres in height. If we may judge from
the axe of some unknown Gorgonias I have had the
opportunity of examining, and whose diameters have
exceeded five centimetres (about two inches), their
size must be enormous in the equatorial seas, from
whence these Polypidoms originate.

The Gorgonias inhabit all seas, and are always found
at considerable depths : I do not imagine they could
exist in those places that are covered and uncovered
by the tides. Like other Polypidoms, they are larger
and more numerous between the tropics, than in the
cold or temperate regions. No use either in art or
medicine has yet been made of them ; they have hi-
therto only been sought as objects of curiosity, and as
ornaments to cabinets of natural history.

SECTION I.

Polypi in the interior , and not projecting ; rind smooth ,
very rarely charmelled or furrowed.

TWO-EDGED.

1. Gqrgonia anceps . Panicled, and nearly dicho-
tomous ; branches flattened like a sword with two
edges ; polypi on the sides.

Seas of Europe and America.

PINNATED.

2. Gorgonia pinnata. Stem branching, and al-
most compressed ; pinnated, and marked with one or

G. GORGONIA.

201

many opposite farrows; pinules almost always simple,
numerous, long, linear, and furrowed ; polypi long,
placed laterally or on the narrowest part of the pi-
nules ; axe brown ; rind violet in a living state ; height
from three to twelve decimetres.

Var. B. American ; pinules always at the sides.

Var. C. Hairy ; pinules sometimes scattered.

Van D. Acute; pinules long, flexible, and dispersed.

Var. E. Sanguine ; pinules very long, polypi of a
deep purple, almost black.

Norwegian and Mediterranean seas, and coasts of
Africa and equatorial America.

LOOSE.

3. Gorgonia laxa. Branches loosely palmated and
flattened ; the ramifications crooked ; rind orange-co-
lour, and porous ; height from two to three decimetres.

*

FLEXUOUS.

4. Gorgonia flexuosa . Very branching, fan-shaped,
and almost reticulated ; branches sub-dichotomous,
flexuous, and expanded ; rind rather thick, corky,
knotty, and friable ; height from ten to fifteen centi-
metres.

Indian Ocean.

SPOTTED.

5. Gorgonia petechizans. Very branching; branches
with two opposite furrows ; rind yellow ; polypi red,
either simply and marginally ranged, or in double or
more dispersed rows.

Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Cor. 2 g

J7 H 2-

rv ?

202

CLASS m.— ORDER II.

SPREADING.

6. Gorgon i A patula. Compressed, tortuous, brandl-
ing, almost pinnated, and of a deep red colour ; polypi
in two rows.

Mediterranean.

PALMATED.

7. GoRGONiAfa/raa. Compressed, branching, and
almost pinnated ; branches long, undulated, nearly
pinnated, and cylindrical at the extremities ; axe
brown, horny, and closely compressed ; rind scarlet ;
polypi small, numerous, and dispersed ; height from
two to six decimetres.

Cape of Good Hope, and Indian Ocean.

SANGUINE.

8. Gorgon ia sanguined. Branching, and cylin-
drical ; ramifications slender, almost simple, ascend-
ing, and usually on the same side as the branches ;
axe brown ; rind thin, of a scarlet colour, sown with
oblong polypi rather irregularly ranged ; height from
four to five decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

OLIVIER’S.

9. Gorgon i a Olivieri . Rather branching, and cy-
lindrical ; branches slightly flexuous ; polypi dispersed,
very small, and linear ; colour varying from yellow to
red or violet ; height from two to three decimetres.

North America.

ROOT-LIKE.

10. Gorgon i a rhizomorpha . Branching; branches
dispersed, long, and resembling the fibres of roots ;

G. GORGONIA.

203

rind brown; axe somewhat horny; polypi invisible
to the naked eye.

Coast of Biaritz, near Bayonne.

VERMILION.

11. Gorgonia miniacea. Branching ; branches
lateral, growing upwards, and curving variously ; axe, a
blackish brown ; rind a deep red, smooth, and thick ;
height from ten to twelve centimetres.

Seas of China.

SASAPPO.

12. Gorgonia Sasappo. Dichotomous, and cylin-
drical ; branches scattered, and few ; rind thick ; cells
stuck with hairs.

Indian Ocean : a very scarce species in collections.

FLAXEN.

13. Gorgonia flavida . Branching, almost pinnated ;
branches cylindrical, numerous, and rather short ;
rind a yellowish white; polypi dispersed; height
about two decimetres.

The Antilles.

SECTION II.

Polypi projecting, and forming by their desiccation pus-
tulent or warty excrescences ; rind generally furrowed .

FLABELLATED.

14. Gorgonia ftabellum. Reticulated; branches
vertically compressed ; rind yellowish.

In all seas.

204

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

NET-FORMED.

15. Gorgonia verriculata. Reticulated; wide and
angular meshes; branches cylindrical; reticulations
slender ; polypi dispersed, rather projecting, and
blackish ; axe solid, ligneous, and whitish ; rind grey-
ish ; height about one metre.

Coasts of the Island Mauritius.

FAN- LIKE.

16. Gorgonia ventalina. Reticulated ; side branches
externally compressed ; rind red, and warty.

Indian Ocean.

RETICULATED.

17. Gorgonia reticulum . Branches very close, and
cylindrical ; rind red, and warty.

Indian Ocean.

umbrella-shaped.

18. Gorgonia umbraculum . Fan-formed, almost
reticulated ; branches very close, cylindrical, and di-
verging ; polypi warty.

Indian Ocean.

LATTICED.

19. Gorgonia clathrus . Reticulated ; branches
cylindrical ; rind smooth.

MEALY.

20. Gorgonia furfuracea. Semi-reticulated, and
inclining to fan-form ; branches cylindrical ; small
side branches very short, some of them simple and
others anastomosed ; polypi numerous, dispersed.

G. G0RG0N1A.

205

and slightly projecting ; opening small ; axe brown ;
rind earthy ; height from fifteen to twenty centi-
metres.

Coast of Bengal.

GRANULATED.

21. Gqrgonia granulata. Almost reticulated;
branches rather brittle than flexible, and frequently
dichotomous ; hardly any axe ; rind stony, covered
with small polypous tubercles ; colour white ; height
from one to two decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

GRANIFEROUS.

22. Gorgon fa granifera . Fan-formed, and nearly
reticulated ; net- work with irregular and lengthened
meshes ; branches cylindrical or compressed ; cells
almost globulous, truncated at the summit, with a
round and regular opening ; axe brown ; rind thin, and
whitish ; height from four to five decimetres.

The Isle of France, or Mauritius.

M. RICHARD’S.

23. Gorgon i A Richardii. Branches dispersed, or
nearly lateral, and rather fan-formed ; axe cylindrical,
and of unequal thickness, sometimes compressed, of a
consistence resembling that of the softest wood, and
whitish ; rind thin, friable, and of a light fawn colour,
sown with polypiferous cells ; the external polypi
having eight tentacula, and forming a conical and
projecting pustule of two millemctres : height six to
eight decimetres.

The Antilles.

206

CLASS HI.— ORDER II.

COMPACT.

24. Gorgonia stricta. Reticulated ; meshes of the
net- work rather lengthened, and irregular ; branches
compressed at the sides ; polypi tuberculous, dis-
persed, and very compact ; axe compressed, almost
flat, and brown ; rind thin, downy, and purple ; height
three decimetres.

PROJECTING.

25. Gorgonia exserta. Cylindrical, and branch-
ing ; branches alternate ; polypi projecting ; rind
scaly.

Seas of South America.

VIOLET.

26. Gorgonia violacea. Stem compressed, branch-
ing, and pinnated; polypi projecting, almost qua-
drangular ; rind violet.

American seas.

TUBERCULAR.

27. Gorgonia tuberculata. Stem compressed, very
thick, with a broad base; branches dispersed, and
widely anastomosed ; irregularly cylindrical, and al-
most fan-shaped ; polypi placed in scattered tuber-
cles, and rather numerous ; the opening large, and very
frequently obliterated by the body of the dried ani-
mal ; rind thin, of a deep red fawn ; axe brown,
horny, and shining, formed in concentric layers;
height from five to seven decimetres; diameter of
some of the branches four or five centimetres.

Coast of Corsica.

G. GORGONIA.

207

FLAT.

28. Gorgon i A placomus . Branching, rarely ana-
stomosed ; polypi projecting, conical, and upright.

Var. B. Branches almost compressed.

Mediterranean and Indian seas.

FORKED.

29. Gorgonia furcata. Branching, dichotomous,
and cylindrical ; branches diverging, variously curved,
and nearly lateral ; polypi tuberculous, dispersed, and
discernible ; axe brown, and cylindrical ; rind whitish,
and rather thin ; height from fifteen to twenty centi-
metres.

Mediterranean.

AMARANTH.

30. Gorgonia amaranthoides. Branching, and
almost fan-shaped ; branches cylindrical, lateral, and
thinly dispersed ; tubercles numerous, obtuse, and
dispersed ; axe brown ; rind whitish ; height from fif-
teen to twenty centimetres.

warty.

31. Gorgonia verrucosa. Branches in two rows,
and flexuous ; polypi projecting.

Mediterranean, and other seas.

Note. Colour bright orange in a living state.

CITRON-COLOUR.

32. Gorgonia citrina. Stem branching ; branches
numerous, short, and almost cylindrical, rind either
yellow, or a yellowish white, or greyish ; polypi pro-
jecting, and rather scattered than regularly disposed ;
height about six centimetres.

America.

208

CLASS III. — ORDER II.

ROD-LIKE.

33. Gorgonia virgulata. Widely branching;
branches not numerous, cylindrical, long, almost
simple, and distant at their commencement; rind a
red lilac or yellow ; polypi rather projecting, and al-
most dispersed ; height from three to four decime-
tres.

Carolina, in North America.

FURROWED.

34. Gorgonia sulcifera, Stem branching ; branches
lateral, dispersed, long, and marked with two oppo-
site furrows, which reach to the extremities ; polypi
dispersed, and rather projecting; ciliated on the
borders of the opening ; axe whitish ; rind orange ;
height from ten to twelve decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

HORNED.

35. Gorgonia ceratophyta. Branches long, chan-
nelled, and nearly dichotomous ; polypi in two rows ;
rind red.

Mediterranean and other seas.

SUPPLE.

30. Gorgonia viminalis. Very long, branching,
and slightly compressed ; Branches distant, scat-
tered, long, and straight; polypi slightly projecting,
and dispersed.

Mediterranean.

BERTOLONI’S.

37. Gorgonia Bertolonii . Cylindrical, and dichoto-

G. GORGONIA.

209

mous ; branches long, very narrow, and bundled ;
rind rather warty, with simple and oblong cells.

Mediterranean.

TWIGGY. 1

38. Gorgonia sarmentosa. Branches loose, long,
and flexible ; axe bristly ; rind cretaceous, and thickly
covered with papillous or projecting polypi ; co-
lour, an orange yellow; height from four to five
decimetres .

Found in the Mediterranean, and chiefly near the
islands of Ivica and Formentera.

PUSTULOUS.

39. Gorgonia pustulosa. Branching; the principal
branches, as well as the smaller ones, dispersed ; polypi
placed at the summit of conical and pustulous excres-
cences, which are divided in two almost lateral ranges
by a small slightly projecting line ; rind of a bright
red ; axe cylindrical ; height from two to three de-
cimetres.— Plate 15.

PURPLE.

40. Gorgonia purpurea. Almost dichotomous;
branches slender ; polypi warty.

American seas.

KNOTTED.

41. Gorgonia nodulifera . Branches marked with
small alternate knots, a little distant, rounded, ap-
pearing spongy, and formed by polypous cells ; rind
an orange yellow ; height from fifteen to sixteen cen-
timetres.

Cor, 2 D

210

CLASS III.-— ORDER IL

PECTINATED.

42. Gorgon i a pectinata. Branching ; principal
branches dispersed, and pectinated on the inside ;
smaller branches proceeding from only one side, sim-
ple, upright, parallel, long, and pointed ; polypi tu-
berculous, and scattered ; axe whitish ; rind red, and
not thick ; height from five to eight decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

Nota. This species has been regarded, and with rea-
son, as one of the most beautiful and remarkable of
the Gorgonian Polypi doms.

I am inclined to believe it is to be met with in the
Mediterranean, and also in the Red sea.

SECTION III.

Polypi very prominent on the whole of the Polypidom , or
only on one party always curved in the upper part
and near the stem .

Stem simple , dichotomous , or with very few pinnated
branches .

VERTICILLATED.

43. Gorgon i A verticillaris. Branching, and pin-
nated ; pinules alternate, stiff, either simple or slightly
branching ; papillous polypi, verticillated, ascending,
and curved inwardly ; height from six to seven deci-
metres.

Mediterranean.

G. GORGONIA.

211

FEATHER.

44. Gorgonia penna. Branching and dichoto-
mous ; branches expanded, and few in number ; ra-
mifications alternate, straight, parallel, approximate,
and filiform; polypi alternate, recurved, and lateral;
rind thin, and whitish ; axe solid, and of a fawn co-
lour ; height about two decimetres ; length of the ra-
mifications from two to three centimetres.

Australasia.

ELONGATED.

45. Gorgonia elongata. Dichotomous ; branches
remote; polypi scattered, and almost imbricated.

Northern Sea and Atlantic Ocean.

RUSHY.

46. Gorgonia juncea. Very simple, very long, cy-
lindrical, and attenuated at the extremity ; polypi
scattered and small ; rind red or orange ; height from
ten to fifteen decimetres.

American Ocean, and the Isle Mauritius.

Nota. A fragment of this Gorgonia more than a
metre high, and fixed to a piece of lava, was found
and brought me from the Isle of France or Mauritius.

MOUSE-TAIL.

47. Gorgonia myura . Stem simple, filiform,
bent, and whitish ; polypi knob-formed, transversely
wrinkled, curved towards the stem, and placed by
double rows in an alternate disposition on the two
opposite sides of the stem ; height from fifteen to
twenty centimetres.

212

CLASS IIL— ORDER II.

NECKLACE-FORMED.

48. Gorgonia moniliformis . Simple, upright, and
filiform ; polypi tuberculous, sometimes alternate, and
sometimes dispersed, with an umbilical opening ; rind
white, and very thin.

Australasia.

BRISTLY.

49. Gorgonia setacea. Simple and stiff; rind
white and cretaceous, almost warty.

American seas.

SECTION IV.

Doubtful Polypidoms , which may riot belong to the genus
Gorgonia.

BRIAREAN.

50. Gorgonia Briareus . Slightly branching, cy-
lindrical, and thick ; rind nearly white internally, and
ashy externally.

Seas of Southern America.

Nota . The polypi of this Gorgonia appear very
large ; it is in these that Ellis, in dissecting, thought
he discovered nerves and muscles.

FLORID.

51. Gorgonia florida . Branching ; branches scat-
tered and reflected ; rind reddish, and spongy ; cells

G. PLEXAURA.

213

pedicelled and urceolated at the summits of the
branches.

N orway.

SCARLET.

52. Gorgonia coccinia. Branching ; branches
short, dispersed, and formed like Cladonias (some
exotic lichens) ; axe horny ; rind scarlet ; height from
three to five centimetres.

Australasia.

RED.

53. Gorgonia coralloides. Upright, and almost
dichotomous ; polypi projecting, and starry ; rind
red.

Mediterranean.

PLEXAURA.

Tree-formed Polypidom, branching, and fre-
quently dichotomous ; branches cylindrical and stiff ;
axe slightly compressed ; rind in a state of desiccation
corky or earthy, very thick, effervescing but slightly
with acids, covered with numerous large and scat-
tered cells, unequal in size, and which never project.

These Polypidoms differ from the two succeeding
genera by the form of the polypean opening, always
projecting in the Euniceas and Primnoas, but never
in the Plexauras. It cannot be confounded with the

214

CLASS III. — ORDER II.

Gorgonias of the two last sections, whose polypi ap-
pear in small papillous risings or tubercles, nor with
the first, whose very thin rind almost wholly dissolves
in acids, whilst that of the Plexauras scarcely effer-
vesces with them : in short, the nature of the fleshy
envelope, its great thickness, the stiffness of the
branches, their form, and the largeness of the polypi,
which never project, and still more the existence of
real cells, will always distinguish the Plexauras from
others of the Gorgonian order.

In these Polypidoms is found a membrano-granu-
lous substance, of the colour of violet, which ap-
pears to unite the rind with the axe, and adheres to
these two parts, or sometimes to one alone, or first
to one and then to the other ; its thickness is not
considerable ; the internal part is slightly striated ;
the external surface is marked with numerous deep
furrows, longitudinal and parallel. This membrane
is in all probability of great importance during
the existence of the animal ; it is scarcely apparent
in the Gorgonias; it visibly exists in the Isidias,
and also in the Corallinas. It is perhaps destined
to connect the myriads of animalcula which com-
pose the swarms inhabiting the deep, and to effect a
mutual communication between these singular beings,
every individual of which seems to enjoy a peculiar
life, whilst the mass is endued with a general exist-
ence independent of that of the individuals : or it
may be destined to supply the increase of the inte-
rior, by adding new layers to the axe that sustains
the fleshy envelope or rind ; its adherence to both the
envelope and the axe renders this hypothesis not im-
probable, particularly as the cells do not penetrate so
deeply through the fleshy rind.

G. PLEXAURA.

215

The rind of the Plexauras is probably irritable, anti
susceptible of contraction and dilatation, as the poly-
pus can contract the borders of its habitation and
wholly close it. In the species with large cells, such
as the Plexaura friabilis, heteropora , &c. this cell al-
ways remains open ; the polypus, instead of contract-
ing its borders, shelters itself from the air and the
contact of other bodies by horizontally extending a
membrane, which forms the bag or peculiar envelope
of its own body, but having an opening in the centre of
this operculum or lid large enough to allow the water
to penetrate to the bottom of its habitation.

The axe of the Plexauras is not so smooth as that
of the Gorgonias ; it is channelled, or rather wrinkled,
and marked with points, which may be openings des-
tined to maintain a communication between the inte-
rior of the axe and the exterior envelope.

These Polypidoms vary much in their form and
size ; many are dichotomous ; some have their branches
dispersed, and some almost pinnated ; there are some
whose height is five centimetres, and others reach two
metres ; in short, some are found of the thickness of a
crow-quill, by the side of others whose branches are
more than an inch in diameter ; and yet the number
of species is by no means considerable.

The Plexauras are not so brilliant in their colours
as the Gorgonias ; usually they are of a dull reddish
fawn, of various shades, which sometimes turns to
an olive colour.

They are found in the equatorial seas of both the
New and the Old world, and also in the Mediterra-
nean. From the magnitude of their cells and polypi.

216

CLASS III. — ORDER II.

they are likely to be the iirst to attract the attention
of naturalists travelling with a view to study the ana-
tomy and physiology of the animal inhabiting the
Coralline and flexible Polypidoms.

HETEROPOROUS.

1. Flex aura heteropora. But slightly branching,
and dichotomous ; cells distant, and dispersed ; open-
ing long, pointed at each extremity, but irregular,
and bending in all directions ; colour, a red fawn ;
height from three to five decimetres ; diameter at least
a centimetre and half.

Porto Pico and Antilles.

LARGE-CELLED.

2. Plexaura macrocyttara. Stem branching;
branches almost dichotomous, covered with large
unequal cells, and almost all touching one another ;
fawn colour ; height from three to six decimetres.
Habitation unknown.

THICK.

3. Plexaura crassa. Cylindrical, and dichoto-
mous ; branches thick, remote, and straight ; cells
dispersed ; rind violet colour.

American seas.

FRIABLE.

4. Plexaura friabilis. Stem and branches dicho-
tomous ; cells round, of unequal size, and rather re-
mote from each other ; colour, a tarnished fawn ;
height from three to five decimetres#

Indian Ocean.

G. EUNICEA.

217

CORKY.

5. Pl ex aura suberosa. Dichotomous or branch-
ing ; branches long and diffuse ; cells radiated.

Indian seas, and Africa.

BENDING.

6. Plexaura homomalla . Branches numerous,
dispersed, and often bowed down ; cells dispersed ;
rind brown or reddish ; height about three decime-
tres.

American seas.

OLIVE-COLOURED.

7. Plexaura olivacea. Very branching ; branches
scattered, and rather pinnated ; rind olive-colour ;
cells dispersed, and thinly sown ; size about one de-
cimetre.— Plate 16.

East Indies.

EUNICEA.

A tree-formed, branching Polypidom; axe al-
most always compressed, particularly at the juncture
of the branches ; covered with a thick cylindrical
rind, and strewn with projecting papillae, which are
always scattered and polypous.

In this genus the polypi are always placed in pa-
pillous cells, often several millimetres in length and
breadth, sometimes rather smaller, and always re=
Cor. 2 e

218

CLASS HI.— ORDER II.

markable for their form: this character is peculiar;
for although [some of the Gorgonias equally present
polypous projecting cells* they are in those Polypi-
doms always reflected towards the stem and branches*
and frequently the lower branches have only simple
tubercles, or else their surface is completely smooth ;
whilst in the Euniceas the papillous cells are al-
ways straight, and of the same length through the
whole extent of the Polypidom ; moreover, their sub-
stance, as well asdheir appearance, differ so materially,
that it is impossible to mistake the Gorgonia for the
Eunicea.

The rind of these Polypidoms appears organised
like that of the Plexauras ; it resembles their envelope
in its thickness, its consistence, and the very apparent
Intermediate membrane between the axe and the'fleshy
exterior, as well as in the colour. As far, however, as
we can form any judgment from beings no longer in
existence, a long time dried, and frequently defaced,
the polypi seem to be different. It appears as if,
their body being less retractile, the deficiency w7ere
supplied by tentacula of greater length than those
belonging to the Gorgonia ; and it seems as if the ani-
mal itself must be of considerable extent to fill up that
cavity in the rind which we have always imagined to
be a cell ; none of the Gorgonias exhibit such an extent.
The tentacula of the polypi belonging to the Eu-
niceas, of a cylindrical form and pointed in the
state of desiccation, seem to be numerous, and wrap
over each other apparently without regularity, but
cannot wholly enter the interior of the cell.

The Euniceas vary little in their form ; they are

G. EUNICEA.

219

generally branchy ; and their|b ranches are dispersed
and cylindrical. In the papillous risings, however,
there is a considerable difference ; for some of them
are short, and some in the form of pyramids pressed
down, whilst others are seen of great length and with
a rounded summit ; sometimes they have a smooth
surface, and at other times it is prickly.

Their colour is the same as that of the Plexauras,
which is a reddish-brown fawn, of a fainter or deeper
hue ; it varies less than in the Gorgonias, and becomes
white by exposure to light and air, and the more ra-
pidly in proportion as the tentacula of the polypi are
more extended.

These Polypidoms are found in that part of the
ocean situated between the Tropics, extending but
little into the temperate seas ; they are not scarce, and
are to be met with in most of the collections.

ANTIPATHIAN.

1. Eunicea antipathes. Polypi very large, on a
thick brown rind; the axe compressed, and almost
flat in the branches.

Mediterranean and Indian seas.

PAPILLOUS.

2. Eunicea microthela. Branching, and almost pin-
nated ; branches curved ; papillae conical, and but
slightly projecting ; rind friable and cretaceous ; colour,
greenish fawn ; height from six to eight centimetres.

FILE-FORMED.

3. Eunicea limiformis . Branching or dichotomous ;
papillae conical, and from one to two millimetres long ;

220

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

rind thick and corky, of a reddish brown approach-
ing to black ; axe compressed at the articulations ;
height from two to three decimetres.

American seas.

SOFT.

4. Eunicea mollis. Cylindrical and dichotomous ;
branches flexuous and intermixed ; rind spongy and
blackish ; height from three to four decimetres.

Mediterranean.

AMBER.

5. Eunicea succinea. Branches dichotomous ;
papillae prominent and very open ; axe transparent,
and of a colour resembling yellow amber.

Nota. The three preceding species have so much
resemblance to each other, that they may be merely
varieties of the same species.

PSEUDO-ANTIPATHES.

6. Eunicea pseudo-antipathes . Branching and di-
chotomous ; papillae broad at the base, and trun-
cated at the summit ; rind very thick, not adhering
Strongly to the axe, which is always compressed at
the bifurcations ; height from two to three decimetres.

American seas.

CLUBBED.

7. Eunicea clavaria. Branches cylindrical, in the
form of clubs, and very few ; papillae with a large open-
ing, but varying in their length ; rind blackish ; axe
diminishing greatly by desiccation, and appearing
compressed ; height two decimetres ; diameter of the

G. EUNICEA.

221

branches in their thickest part from two centimetres
to two and a half.

The Antilles.

MAMMIFORM.

8. Eunicea mammosa . Branching ; nearly dichoto-
mous ; papillous projections cylindrical, from two to
five millimetres in length, the opening almost lobed ;
Carmelite colour ; height two decimetres.— Plate 17.

CALIX-FORMED.

9. Eunicea calyculata . Dichotomous ; branches
thick and upright ; projections large, and formed like a
calix.

PRICKLY.

10. Eunicea muricata. Dichotomous or branch-
ing ; papillae cylindrical, from two to three millime-
tres in length, dispersed, upright, and in a manner
imbricated.

American seas.

RUSH-LIKE.

11. Eunicea scirpea . Base with a foliated or
leafy appearance ; stem very simple and upright.

Indian seas.

Not a. We are informed by Pallas, (one of the philo-
sophers of the last century, who, though not emanci-
pated from the prejudices that had preceded his age,
yet by his observations and labours contributed
greatly to the advancement of knowledge), that this
last species of Eunicea is remarkable for the form of
its base, composed of numerous, thin, leaf-shaped
membranes, torn, striated, and of a curly appearance
when desiccated.

222

PRIMNOA.

A tree-formed, dichotomous Polypidom ; papiP
Ions projections long and pyriform, or conical, pen-
dent, imbricated, and covered with scales equally
imbricated.

One only species of Polypidom forms the genus
Primnoa, which all authors have agreed in uniting
to this Gorgonian order, but whose characteristic pe-
culiarities are too striking to confound it with others
of the same order.

Many naturalists have mentioned the Primnoa
Lepadifera, but have never noticed the polypi of this
singular production, and all of them have taken the
long pyriform and pendent bodies covered with im*
bricated scales for polypean cells ; my observations
have induced me to consider them as the polypi them-
selves, and not their habitation. The tentacula appear
to me to be conical, and, in a state 6f repose, seem to
close the opening that communicates with the interior
cavity, which is large, and without doubt destined to
contain the organs of most importance to the exist-
ence of the animal. The external part of the papilla
( mamelon ) is covered with scales of the same nature,
and of a form resembling that of the tentacula.

The Primnoas, placed at the latter part of the order
of Gorgonias, ought perhaps to conclude the genera
of rind-formed or corticiferous Polypidoms, from the
peculiar character of their polypi. These little ani-
mals,— which in the Spongias are confounded with the
gelatinous substance that envelopes them, which in

G. PRIMNOA,

223

the Antipathes are but just discernible, which in the
Gorgonias are decidedly apparent, and still more
evident in the Plexauras, which in the Euniceas
rise above the rind, — appear as if they would in-
sulate, and detach themselves from each other, in
the Primnoas ; thus commencing the order of ra-
diated and unconfined animals. Still, however, the
essential character of the Gorgonian order exists
in full force, and we find in the Primnoas the two
very distinct substances of the axe and rind. The
first appears calcareous and stony in the stem
and larger branches ; its hardness diminishes in
proportion as the branches become smaller ; and in
the smallest it is nearly horny. The rind, not so
thick as in the Euniceas or Plexauras, still presents
an organisation analogous to that of those Polypi-
doms. All these circumstances unite the Primnoa
to the Gorgonian order.

Their colour is an earthy white, with a tinge of
yellow.

Their height seldom exceeds three decimetres.

The P. Lepadifera, described in the above ac-
count of the characters of the genus, is found in the
North seas, particularly on the coast of Norway,

224

CORALLIUM.

A tree-like, inarticulated Polypidom ; axe stony,
stiff, and susceptible of a beautiful polish ; rind
fleshy, becoming chalky and very friable by desicca-
tion, and adhering to the axe.

The Coral is a Polypidom resembling a small tree
deprived of its leaves and twigs, having nothing left
but the trunk and branches ; it is fixed to rocks by a
large base, from which it rises to the height of three
decimetres.

It is composed of a calcareous axe, and of a gela-
tino-cretaceous rind : the axe is equal to marble in
hardness ; it is formed by concentric layers, which
become perceptible by calcination ; its surface is
more or less striated, the striae are parallel, and un-
equal in depth.

A reticulated body, formed of small membranes,
with numberless vessels and glands filled with a milky
juice, appears to unite the rind with the axe ; this re-
ticulated body is found in all corticiferous Polypi-
doms : the rind is of a less deep colour, of a soft sub-
stance, and formed of small membranes and slender
filaments ; it is pierced by tubes or vessels, and co-
vered with tubercles which are thinly scattered and
have a large base, the summit of which is terminated
by an opening divided into eight parts. In the interior
is found a cavity which contains a white and almost
transparent polypus. Its mouth is surrounded by

G. CORALLIUM.

225

eight conical tentacula, slightly compressed, and ci-
liated on their borders.

Coral is found in different parts of the Mediterra-
nean and in the Red Sea : it grows in all directions,
and each trunk forms a perpendicular to the level
from whence it springs.

Coral attaches itself to all hard rocks, whatever
may be their nature ; it is also found on unfixed
bodies, such as fragments of lava, of stone vases, or
broken glass, and it is even seen, in the cabinets of
naturalists, adhering to human skulls.

When the Coral is once detached, and at the mercy
of the waves, it soon loses its polypiferous rind ; to
enable the constructors of this brilliant edifice to
labor for its increase, it is necessary that it should be
fixed. Their work does not advance with a rapidity
equal to that of the madreporic polypi in the Indian
sea, or the immense Eastern Ocean, whose labors, in
the short space of a few years, close the entrance of
ports, and raise immense reefs, on which many ves-
sels, sailing in those distant regions, strike and perish.
Eight or ten years, at a moderate depth, are requisite
for the Coralline Polypi to raise their habitation to the
height of two or three decimetres, an extent it never
surpasses, whatever may be the age of the Polypidom.
Arrived at this degree of growth, it widens, though
very slowly, and soon, pierced on all sides by those
destructive worms which even attack the hardest
rocks, it loses its solidity, and the slightest shock
detaches it from its base : becoming then the sport of
the waves, the polypi perish, and leave exposed its
brilliant stem, which, cast upon the shore, loses its
Cor. 2 f

226

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

bright hue, or, by its incessant attrition with harder
bodies, is reduced to powder.

Coral is found at different depths in the heart of
the waters, but, notwithstanding the density of the me-
dium in which it exists, all aspects are not suitable to
it. On the coasts of France it covers those rocks that
face the south; it is rarely found on those having an
eastern or western aspect, and never on those having a
northern one. It is never met with at less than three
metres below the surface, nor ever at a greater depth
than three hundred metres.

In the straits of Messina it prefers an eastern as-
pect; on the south it is seldom found, and still less on
the rocks of the north or west. They there fish it
from a depth of one hundred to two hundred metres.
In those straits, which Homer and Virgil have im-
mortalised, the solar rays strike more perpendicularly
than on the coast of France, their heat penetrates to
a greater distance, and the Coral is found even deeper
than three hundred metres ; but then its quality no
longer compensates for the risks and numerous diffi-
culties which attend the procuring it.

On the north coast of Africa it is not sought be-
yond thirty or forty metres in depth, and at a distance
of three or four leagues from shore ; they abandon it
when it reaches two hundred and fifty or three hun-
dred metres.

The influence of light appears to operate power-
fully on the growth of Coral. A foot of this ani-
mal production, to acquire a determinate height, re-
quires eight years in water of the depth of from
three to ten fathoms; ten years, if the water is from

G. CORALLIUM.

227

ten to fifteen fathoms in depth ; from twenty-five to
thirty years, at the distance of a hundred fathoms
from the surface ; and forty years at least, at the
distance of one hundred and fifty.

The Coral is generally of a more beautiful colour
in shallow waters, which easily admit the light, than
where the immense column of water, by absorbing all
the luminous rays, deprives it of the energetic influ-
ence exerted over all animated beings by that benefi-
cent fluid which unceasingly emanates from the sun.

The Coral on the coast of France, perhaps better
chosen than in other countries, has the reputation of
having the liveliest colour, and possessing the greatest
brilliancy ; that of Italy, however, rivals it in beauty :
on the coasts of Barbary it attains greater thickness,
but the colour is not so lively, nor so brilliant.

Fifteen different varieties are distinguished in the
course of commerce, which, from their colour and de-
grees of beauty, obtain the several names of froth of
blood; flower of blood ; first, second, third blood, fyc.

N. B. The manner of obtaining Coral is so well
described in a short account of Trepani in Sicily,
that, as M. Lamouroux refers us to other books for
information on the subject, I shall take the liberty of
inserting it.

“ At this place is carried on the principal Coral
fishery of the island, which is managed by a very in-
genious and simple contrivance. To the centre of a
large cross of wood is fixed a stone sufficiently
ponderous to carry the cross to the bottom of the
water. Pieces of small net are tied to each limb
of the cross, which is poised horizontally by a rope.

228

CLASS III.— ORDER II.

and then let down into the sea. As soon as they
feel it touch the bottom, the rope is tied fast to the
boat. They then row about over the beds of coral,
and the great stone breaks the branches of the rocks,
which are immediately entangled in the nets.”

RED.

1. Corallium rubrum. Branches rambling, and
cylindrical.

Mediterranean ; Red Sea ; and warmer climates.

CLASS 1IL— ORDER I1L

GENERA AND SPECIES*

Xr ee-like Folypidoms, formed of a rind analogous
to that of the Gorgonias, but with an articulated axe ;
the articulations are alternately horny or corky, and
calcareously stony*

MELITEA,

A tree-like, knotty Polypidom, with branches al-
most always anastomosed ; articulations stony, and
substriated ; between the knots spongy and swelled ;
rind cretaceous, very thin, and friable on desiccation ;
polypi on the outside, or in tubercles.

It has been generally observed in this genus, that
a horny articulation is constantly united to a stony,
hard, and compact one ; should the former be spongy,
the latter is then found porous and not solid. In the
first case, the horny articulation is easily distinguished

230

CLASS III.— ORDER IlL

from the stony, and it is always smaller ; but in the se-
cond, the name of stony articulation is no longer appli-
cable ; it is no more than a spongy knot, larger than
the stony articulation, and often so confounded with
it, that it becomes difficult to distinguish the limits
that separate them. This character has induced me
to place the Melitea immediately after the Coral ; for
it appears as if Nature in these Polypidoms was be-
ginning a new order, in forming an axe, or articulated
skeleton, instead of the stiff continued one of the
Gorgonias.

The cells, or rather the polypi of the Melitea, vary
in their form and situation ; they are either superficial
or tuberculous, either dispersed or only on the sides ;
there are some whose border and interior, of a car-
mine red, blend most agreeably with the lively and
brilliant citron colour of the rind.

The colour is pretty uniform in all the Meliteas;
it is a red passing through all the shades from the
lightest rose to the deepest purple, and which some-
times changes to a more or less brilliant yellow. The
polypi are red when the Meliteas have a yellow rind,
and yellow when the rind is red. Most of them
originate in the equatorial seas.

OCHREOUS.

1. Melitea ochracea. Homy articulations, pro-
jecting and spongy ; the stony ones unequal in length,
smooth in the small branches, furrowed in the greater.

Indian seas.

RISSO’S.

2. Melitea Rissoi . Branches diverging, and ana-

G. MELITEA.

231

stomosed together; cells surrounded by a projecting
rolL

Indian Ocean.

NET-FORMED.

3. Melitea retifera. Branching, and almost di-
chotomous ; branches flexuous, and frequently anasto-
mosed ; articulations either remote or deficient in the
twigs, very apparent in the branches, and approximate
in the stems ; height from two to six decimetres.

This species is remarkable for the number of its
varieties.

Var. B. Red; very large.

Var. C. Purple ; articulations knotty, and appearing
as if truncated.

Var. D. Spotted ; rind yellow, and polypi red.

Australasia and India.

WEB-FORMED.

4. Melitea textiformis. Stem short, knotty, di-
viding immediately into very slender twigs, filiform,
warty, anastomosed, and producing a fan-shaped net-
work, simple orlobed, with lengthened meshes; colour
varying from white or yellow to orange and red ;
height from two to three decimetres. — Plate 19. fig. 1.

Australasia.

232

MOFSEA.

A tree-formed Polyp id om, with pinnated branches ;
rind thin, adherent, covered with very small papillae,
( mamelons 3) which are elongated, curved towards the
stem, dispersed, or subverticillated.

The articulations of the axe are alternately horny
and stony ; the first, of a deep brown colour, are very
thick in the stems, sometimes even more so than
the second : this thickness diminishes in the branches,
and in the twigs it becomes invisible to the naked eye,
being only rendered perceptible by friction. The
stony articulations are of a fawn colour, or a dull
white, in general thicker and alwTays larger than the
first, and of sufficient hardness to receive a fine
polish : their surface is finely striated, and the striae,
which are parallel and longitudinal, sometimes extend
to the horny articulations.

The rind, thin and adherent, appears devoid of po-
lypi in the stem and principal branches ; but the mi-
nor branches and their divisions are covered with
polypous papillae, which are dispersed or almost verti-
cillated, elongated, straight at their commencement,
with the extremity recurved interiorly ; their sub-
stance is the same as that of the rind ; the form of these
papillous protuberances, as well as of the branches,
which sometimes divide themselves in pairs, some-
times in side twigs, or else are pinnated, gives these
Polypidoms some resemblance to the verticillated
Gorgonia and its connexions.

Their colour is a brilliant fawn, sometimes a red
purple, or scarlet.

G. ISIS.

233

Their height varies from one to four decimetres.
They originate in the Indian and Australasian seas.

VERTICILLATED.

1. Mopsea verticillata. Branches pinnated ; twigs
simple, and long ; polypi recurved like a hook.—
Plate 18. fig. 2.

Australasia.

DICHOTOMOUS.

2. Mopsea dichotoma. Branches slender, cylin-
drical, almost filiform, and dichotomous at each arti-
culation ; polypi mammiform in the higher branches,
tuberculous in the middle ones, and superficial in the
lower; rind smooth upon the stem,

Indian Ocean.

ISIS.

A tree-formed Polypidom ; rind very thick,
friable, not adhering to the axe, from which it easily
detaches ; cells dispersed and superficial.

The Isideas, like all the corticiferous Polypidoms,
are composed of two parts, one central, called the axe,
and an envelope of a fleshy consistency, called the
rind, as in the Gorgonias. In this genus, however,
the articulations which mark the order are alter-
nately stony and horny, varying in their height and
their diameter: the first are white, slightly trans-
lucent, marked with longitudinal furrows of greater
or less depth, sometimes larger and frequently
Cor. 2

G

234

CLASS IH.— ORDER III.

smaller than the second or horny articulations ; these
last are always opaque, of a deep brown colour, and
easily distinguished from the preceding by the great
difference which exists in their composition. They
appear destined to give to the Isideas, or genera
of the present order, the power of yielding to the
movements of the waters, and thus, by a slight flexibi-
lity, to make up for their want of solidity : this flexi-
bility ceases when the Polypidoms are dry, then in-
deed their fragility is such that it is impossible to bend
them so as to preserve them in a herbal. In general,
the Isideas are more fragile in proportion to the dif-
ference that exists between the two substances that
compose the axe.

The rind, or external envelope, is of a soft and fleshy
consistency in the living Polypidom ; by desiccation
it becomes cretaceous and friable, not adhering to the
axe, from which it separates with so much facility,
that some authors have imagined it was never entire.
It is very rarely so found in the collections, but in
its natural state the case is different ; then the stem
and the branches of this articulated Polypidom are
covered through their whole extent with a fleshy en-
velope, animated with swarms of small and brilliant
polypi. This envelope or rind is always very thick,
both when taken from the sea, and after desiccation.

It may not be useless to remark in the Isidean or-
der a circumstance equally observable in that of the
Gorgonias, which is, that where the rind is thin it
always adheres to the axe, and separates from it with
proportionate facility as the rind increases ind thick-
ness. Thus the Isideas and the Plexauras, the Gorgo-
nias and the Meliteas, exhibit a striking analogy in the

G. ISIS.

235

two fold circumstance of the thickness of the rind
and its adherence to the axe.

These Polypidoms vary but little in their form,
being always cylindrical, with branches dispersed.

Neither in colour do they differ materially ; they are
whitish when the Polypidom is clothed with the rind ;
but in the axe two very distinct shades are ob-
servable ; the calcareous articulations having a white-
ness rembling rock-salt or marble, from its semi-
transparent purity ; whilst in the horny divisions the
colour is sometimes brown of various hues, some-
times yellowish, and sometimes almost black.

Their height varies from one to five decimetres.

These Polypidoms, inhabiting all seas, are found
on the coasts of Iceland, as well as those of the
equatorial regions ; there are but few species known,
but the greater part are said to originate in the
Indian Ocean.

HORSE-TAIL.

1. Isis hippuris. Stony articulations, irregular,
striated longitudinally, those at the extremities com-
pressed, sometimes almost flat.

In all seas.

ELONGATED.

2. Isis elongata . Branches very few, and those

frequently anastomosed ; stony articulations, long,
cylindrical, deeply striated, and larger than the horny
articulations ; height six decimetres.

Indian Ocean.

Nota. In this species, and the preceding, the stony

236

CLASS III.— ORDER III.

articulations of the twigs are longer than those of the
branches.

SLENDER.

3. Isis gracilis. Base laciniated ; stem and branches
cylindrical, the latter few in number ; stony articula-
tions of the stem sometimes near each other, some-
times distant, those of the branches very long ; both
kinds translucent, sleek, white, and larger than the
homy ; the rind unknown ; height two decimetres.—
Plate 18. fig. 1.

Antilles.

ADEONA.

Stem articulated like the axe of the preceding
Isideas, surmounted by a fan-shaped expansion, that
is strewed on both surfaces with very small scattered
cells, and pierced with round or oval oscules.

The organisation of the stem of the Adeonas being
exactly similar to the axe of the Isideas, has induced
me to place them under the same order, though some
peculiarities of character might seem to exclude
them from that division. And here it may be proper
to observe, that this genus appears in the most na-
tural manner to unite the Coralline and flexible Po-
lypidoms with those Polypidoms that are wholly
stony : in fact, we can only compare it to a Millepore,
fixed to the axe of a Mopsea or an Isis. And although

G. ADEONA.

237

in the preserved specimens brought to Europe no rind
has been discerned, yet it is by no means certain that
when fresh, and in a living state, they do not possess a
rind. Supposing that these beings do not change by
desiccation, we must admit that Australasia, in these
Polypidoms, offers us a new example of organised be-
ings which have no place in our classifications, a cir-
cumstance not rare in that fifth division of the world.
The difference between the fan-formed expansion and
the stem is so great, that naturalists at first sight
were tempted to look upon these two parts as distinct
beings ; it is however easy to prove that they belong
to the same animal. Peron, who had seen them in
the very site of their growth, told me he had frequently
convinced himself that they were one and the same
Polypidom. If the base of the fan-formed expan-
sion of the Adeonas be attentively observed, it may
be seen to extend itself into the stem,, and only by de-
grees to change its nature : when that change is com-
pleted in the stony articulations, we find this same
stony substance forming the expansion, which differs
only from the articulations in possessing cells that
are not found in the stem. These circumstances are
sufficient to prove that the stem and the expansion
of the Adeonas, notwithstanding the disparity of their
form, cannot be the productions of different ani-
mals.

The stem of this Polypidom is irregularly cylin-
drical, sometimes branching, and composed of calca-
reous articulations without pores or cells, as hard as
coral, and separated from each other by disks or
plates of a horny, fibrous, and flexible substance. The

238

CLASS HI.— ORDER III.

expansion, as has been already observed, is stiff and
brittle ; its hardness is equal to that of many of the
Madrepores, and superior to that of most of the Mille-
pores : the pores or cells are very numerous, placed in
short curved lines, or dispersed on both surfaces ; all
those that are found on the same side, appear to com-
municate with each other by very thin perforated divi-
sions. The polypi of the two surfaces appear insulated
by means of a diaphragm, which is very thick, and
parallel to the plane of the two surfaces, dividing the
Polypidom in two laminae of equal thickness.

The colour of the Adeonas is an iron-grey, some-
times of a deep hue.

They rise to two or three decimetres in height.

GREY.

1. Adeona grisea . Stem short; expansion al-
most orbicular or fan-formed, and pierced with os-
cules ; colour a deep iron-grey ; height about one
decimetre.— -Plate 19. fig. 2.

Australasia.

ELONGATED.

2. Adeona elongata. Stem long and tortuous,
sometimes branching; expansion long, and nearly
oval; oscules inclining to oval; colour whitish;
height two decimetres.

Australasia.

FOLIACEOUS.

3. Adeona foliacea. Stem long and branchings
cylindrical, with foliated expansions, which are almost
linear, dispersed, or placed in clusters ; height from
two to three decimetres.

Australasia.

CLASS IV.

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Polypidoms of various shapes, formed of a fleshy
and animated mass, sometimes inert, sometimes sus-
ceptible, and filled with retractile polypi, which ex-
pand like blossoms upon its surface. In a state of de-
siccation this mass appears composed of interwoven
fibres, reticulated at the centre, radiating to the cir-
cumference, and enclosed in a firm cellular exterior,
leathery and cretaceous. The number of tentacula
varies in the different species.

Alcyonium ; of various shapes, with a smooth sur-
face, or slightly tuberculous.

Palythoa ; with numerous papillae, each one inclo-
sing a polypus.

240

CLASS I\T.

ALCYONIUM.

Polypidoms of various shapes, having the appear-
ance of a thick, porous, or cellular mass, spread out or
ramified, sometimes lobed, and at others in the form
of a crust ; the interior substance spongy or corky,
surrounded by a radiated, tubulous tegument, and en-
closed in a hard leathery rind.

The cells of this Polypidom are round, and une-
qual in their diameters, from four to five milleme-
tres in depth, separated from each other by thin
partitions, which are rendered opaque by a vast
quantity of solid globules, that appear to form the
least animated part of the zoophyte. These cells en-
close a polypus, externally composed of a transparent
sack or membrane ; which is fortified by eight fili-
form longitudinal fibrous bands, placed at equal dis-
tances, and difficult to be perceived owing to the
presence of numerous transverse and parallel fibres.
The longitudinal fibres seem attached to the bor-
ders of the cells, and to the roots of the tentacula.
The sack (which is capable of extending and con-
tracting, the upper part falling back when the little
animal retires within its transparent covering) en-
closes the body of the polypus, having in the centre
a hemispheric mass, divided into eight equal parts
by vertical partitions, whose summits present a
round or lozenge-shaped opening, at the will of the

G. ALCYONIUM.

ni

animal. I take it to be the mouth ; the borders are
furnished with irritable appendages, the form of which
I have not been able to ascertain.

Around the half-globular mass is a projecting mem-
brane, on which are found eight perforated tubercles,
and at the base of these is seen a furrow of greater or
less depth, extending almost to the extremities of the
tentacula. These eight organs are placed round the
polypus ; their form is flat above, round below, ob-
tuse at the summit, and larger at the base than at the
extremity ; the lower surfaces and sides are even ; the
upper, marked with the furrow already noticed, is
covered with small moveable papillae ; those of the
centre appear different from those observed on the
borders. These tentacula fold over each other, and
surround the globular mass, which then forms a sphe-
rical or pyramidal body.

All this upper part of the animal is fixed to a
much smaller body, of a cylindrical form ; at its ex-
tremity are eight long pointed cuts or scallops, which
adjoin to the eight bands of the sack, or general en-
velope, and are terminated by eight small bodies in
the form of intestines, the extremities of which ap-
pear to float freely in the fluid that fills the sack.

The interval between the long cylindrical body
of the polypus, and the membrane which encloses
it, appears much less transparent than that which
exists in the part where the intestines float.

The general envelope of the polypus sometimes
rises a centimetre above the surface of the Polypi-
dom, and all the parts it encloses are easily observed
by the aid of a good lens.

Cor. 2 H

242

CLASS IV.

The semi-globular mass in the centre of the polypus
may be looked upon as a collection of stomachs,
separated by vertical partitions, or one stomach with
eight divisions, having one mouth in common, sur-
rounded by moveable appendages. But what may
be the use of those tubercles on the projecting mem-
brane found at the base, and surrounding the hemi-
spheric mass, remains yet to be discovered.

It is necessary to observe that the tentacula, the
tubercles, the divisions of the hemispheric body, the
intestines and the bands, always correspond in number.

After this description, imperfect as it undoubtedly
is, it will be easy to conceive how complicated is the
organisation of the Alcyonian polypi ; many points of
resemblance seem to unite them to the animals of
the harder Polypidoms.

These Polypidoms vary much in size ; some of
them extend in patches of greater or less thickness on
the surface of the bodies to which they adhere, whilst
others raise their branches more than two metres high.

Some live on marine plants ; others delight more
in miry waters, and raise above the surface their ani-
mated tubercles; the greater number attach them-
selves to rocks and the larger shells, which they
sometimes wholly cover with their polypean mass.

They are found in all seas and at all depths ; never-
theless, in consequence of the difficulty attending re-
searches into the nature of these beings, the number
of species known is as yet very inconsiderable,

ARBORESCENT.

1. Alcyonium arboreum . Stem tree-formed ; ex-

G. ALCYONIUM.

243

tremities of the branches obtuse ; cells placed on large
tubercles.

Sea of Norway, Mediterranean, and Indian Ocean.

Nota. Most authors have mentioned this Polypi-
dom as originating on the coasts of Norway ; Koel-
reuter found it in the Mediterranean, and Pallas says
he has seen them in the Indian Ocean ; but the differ-
ence in the temperature of these seas is such as to
incline me to think the authors here mentioned may
have mistaken the identity of the species, and that pro-
bably the A. Arboreum of the north may differ from that
of the Mediterranean, or that of the Indian seas ; al-
though, as the temperature is more nearly alike in the
last-mentioned seas, there may be a stronger resem-
blance in their Polypidoms.

PALMATED.

2. Alcyonium palmatum. Stem flattened, and
reddish; terminated above by lobes resembling fin-
gers, and strewn with starry pores.

Mediterranean.

LOBED.

3. Alcyonium lobatum. A tube-formed mass,
drawn in at the base, and terminated by finger-shaped
lobes, whose number varies. — Plate 13.

European Ocean.

Nota . The colour of this Polypidom varies from
a white, lightly tinged with rose, to the deepest orange,
beautifully contrasted by the white polypus, whose
colour never changes.

RED.

4. Alcyonium rubrum. Thin patches of a red
colour, wholly covered with dispersed points or cells
with eight rays.

Sea of Norway.

244

CLASS IV.

SEA-QUINCE.

5. Alcyonium cydonium. Mass oval or elliptic,
convex above, and flattened below ; laciniated or irre-
gularly creviced ; little cells apparent when the exte-
rior has not been rubbed off.

Seas of the North, of Africa and of India*

LUMPY.

6. Alcyonium massci* Shapeless, fawn-coloured,
spongy, and spread out ; little cells with five rays ;
centre black.

Sea of Norway.

TURBAN.

7. Alcyonium cidaris. Of a nearly round form ;
surface firm, hard, cellular, undulated, and sometimes
osculated.

Mediterranean.

HIVE-FORMED.

8. Alcyonium vesparium. A large, upright mass,
of an oblong oval sh ape, slightly pyramidal, obtuse
or truncated at the summit ; from five to eight deci-
metres in height.

Seas of India.

INCRUSTING.

9. Alcyonium incrustans. Masses incrusting,
obtuse, proliferous, or lobed, and very white; pores
numerous, close together, and somewhat in the form of
a star.

On the fucus of the European seas.

climbing.

10. Alcyonium serpens . Fleshy and whitish

G. ALCYONIUM.

245

bands or fillets, which climb or twine on the Spongia
Deltoidea and Loricaris ; warty protuberances, ri-
sing very little, pierced at the centre by an oscule
frequently plaited in rays.

Seas of America.

TRIANGULAR.

11. Alcyonium trigonum. A fleshy mass, rather
thick, compact in a dry state, trigonal, whitish, and
porous both on the inside and outside.

PERFORATED.

12. Alcyonium foratum. Oblong, and nearly cy-
lindrical ; surface almost reticulated ; oscules large,
and dispersed; substance spongy, firm, and not
flexible.

SIEVE-LIKE.

13. Alcyonium cribrarium. In large envelopes,
whitish, and bored with non-projecting oscules, which
are terminated by tubulous cells.

PHALLIC.

14. Alcyonium phalloides. Pedicle short and
thick, supporting wide branches, which are tortuous,
lobed, and collected in dense packets ; oscules small,
and dispersed.

Oriental seas.

PYRAMIDAL.

15. Alcyonium pyramidale . Of a conical or cy-
lindrical form ; interior substance fleshy and red.

Mediterranean.

246

CLASS IV.

LOBED.

16. Alcyonium pulmonaria. Mass round, and
lobed ; interior substance pulpy ; colour inclining to
olive.

Seas of Europe.

ORANGE OF THE SEA.

17. Alcyonium lyncurium . Globular in form;

surface tuberculous and yellowish ; interior susbtance
fibrous.

Northern seas, Mediterranean, and Cape of Good
Hope.

PITHY.

18. Alcyonium alburnum. Stem white, and branch-
ing ; extremities of the branches attenuated, and tu-
bulous.

Indian Ocean.

PLAITED.

19. Alcyonium plicatum. Flat and large, gar-
nished above with thick, tortuous, undulated and
plaited laminae ; the upper border round ; oscules
or pores very small, and dispersed ; width twenty-five
centimetres at least.

Var. B. Misshapen ; laminae irregularly raised and
plaited.

Australasia.

SINUOUS.

20. Alcyonium sinuosum. The upper part of the
mass divided into upright laminae, which are short,
thick, tortuous, sinuous, and osculated in their termi-
nating border.

G. ALCYONIUM.

247

DEVIL’S HAND.

21. Alcyonium manus diaboli. A very shapeless
mass, irregularly lobed, subangular ; lobes coales-
cent, obtuse, cylindrical or compressed ; varying in
their length.

Northern sea.

DIFFUSE.

22. Alcyonium diffusion. Branches numerous,
long, diffuse, almost compressed, irregular, and coa-
lesced ; oscules dispersed ; height from twenty-eight
to thirty centimetres.

SCEPTRE-SHAPED.

23. Alcyonium sceptrum . Long, cylindrical, and

in the form of a club ; oscules numerous, dispersed, or
in heaps ; fibres very fine, and incrusted ; colour
whitish ; height twenty-five centimetres.

SWORD-SHAPED.

24. Alcyonium ensiferum. Upright and branch-
ing ; branches long, almost compressed, curved like
a scimitar, simple or proliferous, porous, and os-
culated ; colour whitish ; height forty-five centime-
tres.

Australasia.

JUNCOUS.

25. Alcyonium junceum. Tuft of whitish shoots,
•which are long, slender, branching, dilated or com-

248

CLASS IV.

pressed, frequently cylindrical, obtuse at the summit,
and osculated ; oscules dispersed, or in marginal se-
ries ; height twenty-nine or thirty centimetres.

Coast of Madagascar.

Nota. Some doubts exist whether this may not be a
Spongia.

OAK-LEAVED.

26. Alcyonium quercinum. Stem short, stiff,
firm, full, and rather tortuous, ramified, dilating in flat
expansions, foliaceous, incised, laciniated, slightly
lobed, having some resemblance to the leaves of
the oak, and sometimes enveloping fuci ; height fif-
teen centimetres.

Australasia.

ASBESTINE.

27. Alcyonium asbestinum. Stem nearly cylindri-
cal, and reddish, strewn with oblong pores, disposed
in fives.

American seas.

SKULL-FORMED.

28. Alcyonium cranium . Tubulous, white, and
covered with hairs.

Sea of Norway.

PAPILLIFEROUS.

29. Alcyonium papilliferum. Sessile and spread
out; surface covered with short smooth papillae,
more or less projecting, and osculated; the space
between the papillae reticulated, and stuck with
small thorn like tubercles ; colour reddish fawn

G. ALCYONIUM.

249

or greyish; height from seven to twelve centime-
tres.

Indian Ocean.

TUBEROUS.

30. Alcyonium tuberosum. Yellowish and tube-
rous ; summits frequently a little divided ; cells tu-
bulous and approximate.

Coasts of the Island of Mauritius.

FIG-SHAPED.

31. Alcyonium ficus . Mass in the form of a fig or
pear ; almost oval, pulpy, livid, perforated at the
summit, and presenting from one to three oscules.

Mediterranean.

CYLINDRICAL.

32. Alcyonium cylindricum. A solid cylindrical
mass, of the thickness of a finger, with oscules placed
on a side range, and common to several cells.

ROOT-FORMED.

33. Alcyonium radicatum . Cells very small,
and dispersed ; base with many clefts.

Southern Africa.

GELATINOUS.

34. Alcyonium gelatinosum . Of various shapes,
greenish and pediculated ; pedicle cylindrical, of the
thickness of a crow-quill, and with a base; polypi
transparent, with a funnel-shaped body, having a mar»
ginated border, armed with twelve equal, long, and
filiform tentacula.

European Ocean.

Cor. 2 I

250

CLASS IV.

PAPILLOUS.

35. Alcyonium papillosum . In a raised mass*
thickly covered with large convex tubercles.

Mediterranean.

TWO-MOUTHED.

86. Alcyonium distomum . In thin patches sown
with red tubercles, pierced with two openings.

On the stems of the large fuci in the European
seas.

GORGONIAN.

87. Alcyonium Gorgonioides . In small envelop-
ing patches; cells tuberculous, with a star-formed
opening.

Coast of Cura<^oa,

CORNICULATE.

38 Alcyonium corniculatum. Four star-formed
oscules, surrounding a central tubercle, and termi-
nated by four upright appendages.

Coast of Belgium.

STELLATE.

39. Alcyonium stellatum. Two terminating star-
formed oscules.

Coast of Belgium.

ELUVIATIC.

40. Alcyonium Jluviatile. In shapeless spread-
ing patches, covered with pentagonal pores set close
to each other.

G. ALCYONIUM.

251

In the running and still waters in the environs of
Paris, particularly at the fountain of Bagnolet.

COMPACT.

41. Alcyonium compactum. A globulous and ra-
ther irregular mass, perhaps detached ; surface sleek ;
flesh firm and corky in a dry state.

Var. B. Lower part almost pointed.

Atlantic Ocean.

Nota. This last species commences the second
section of M. Lamarck’s Alcyonias, which are distin-
guished from the first by the non-apparent oscules of
the cells on the dry Polypidom ; it includes the Alcyo-
nium compactum, medullare, paniceum , testudinarium,
orbiculatum , radiatum , cuspidiferum , granulosum , putri -
dosum , purpureum, boletus, boletiforme, gelatinosum, and
bursa . The last of these I have placed among the Tha-
lassiophy tes, under the name of Spongodium bursa ;
the Alcyonium gelatinosum evidently belongs to the
genus ; all the others are doubtful, and perhaps form
an intermediate group between the Alcyonias and
the Spongias.

MARROW OF THE SEA.

42. Alcyonium medullare.

43. Alcyonium paniceum. See the description of
Spongia panicea, (p. 157).

TORTOISE.

44. Alcyonium testudinarium. Elliptical patches,
a little convex above, and concave below, friable, and
reticulated ; the upper surface garnished with a coat-

252

CLASS IV.

ing of tufts, osculated on their borders ; colour grey-
ish ; height from twenty to twenty-five centimetres.

European seas.

ORBICULAR.

44. Alcyonium orbiculatum. A thick orbicular
mass, compressed, very porous both within and with-
out ; of a firm consistency, and surface rough to the
touch ; height from eight to nine centimetres.

RADIATED.

45. Alcyonium radiatum. An orbicular and ra-
ther concave mass, sleek, plaited in rays toward the
borders, having in the middle a projecting disk, com-
posed of about six conoidical tubercles, that are united
and cavernose ; lower surface convex ; border gar-
nished with ribs of unequal length, of a fibrous tex-
ture, and radiating ; colour yellowish white ; height
sixty-five millimetres.

POINTED.

46. Alcyonium cuspidiferum. Base in the form
of a thick hollow pedestal, divided above into upright
lobes, which are very long, crenated, fistular, and
pointed; of a rather leathery consistence; height
three decimetres.

GRANULOUS.

47. Alcyonium granulosum. Orbicular masses,
convex above, flattened below, with some irregular
gaps and furrows ; height from three to five centimetres.

European Ocean.

G. ALCYONIUM.

253

FETID.

48. Alcyonium putridosum. Spindle-shaped,
short, and very bulging, in the form of a pear or
pomegranate ; fibres very fine, closely compacted and
intertwined on the inside, but stronger and parallel,
or in bundles, at the projecting extremities.

Australasia, Vancouver’s Island.

Nota. This Alcyonium is very fetid.

PURPLE.

49. Alcyonium purpureum . Large patches, from
ten to twelve millimetres thick, firm, porous, and in-
ternally spongy ; surface sleek ; colour deep purple,
like the lees of wine.

Cape Ewin, Australasia.

MORIL.

50. Alcyonium boletus. Resembling a moril in
form and size ; pedicle short and hard, gradually di-
lating into an oval mass, irregular, and obliquely
truncated at the summit ; unequally incrusted, tu-
berculous, internally porous, fibres loose, branchy,
and dilating in thin layers ; colour brown.

Australasia.

MORIL-FORMED.

51. Alcyonium boletiforme. A round mass ; firm,
flattened on one side, and rather convex on the other ;
having on its crest and on the convex side scattered
and tuberculous cells ; height about a decimetre.

254

CLASS IV.

PALYTHOA.

Polypidom in one extended patch, covered with
cylindrical protuberances or papillae of more than a
centimetre in height, and united to each other ; the
cavities or cells insulated, almost longitudinally parti-
tioned, and containing only one polypus.

The Palythoas vary but little in their forms, and
exhibit a mass composed of papillous protuberances
five or fcix millimetres wide, and from one to one and
a half centimetre high; these papillae are united and
adhere together almost to their extremity, which is
round, and pierced at the centre so as to allow the
issue of the polypus. It is not improbable but that
this opening may be the mouth of the animal ; which
is contained in a large cell, having its partitions
marked with projecting and longitudinal laminae, the
number of which I have not been able to ascertain.
The colour is an earthy grey. Such are the principal
characters of the dried Palythoas. In the living state,
that earthy colour does not exist, but brilliant hues
then adorn this animated mass ; for I do not look
upon these papillae as inert cells into which the po-
lypi retire, but as forming part of the animal itself,
as far more necessary, and far more connected with
its existence, than are the shells of many testaceous
Molluscas with theirs.

These Polypidoms, scarce in the collections, are
found in the Antilles.

G. PALYTHOA.

2 55

STELLATE.

1. Palythoa stellata. Cells polypiferous* with a
star-formed opening.— Plate 15. fig. 2.

Coast of Jamaica.

OCELLATED.

2. Palythoa osculata. Papillae wrinkled ; openings
of the cells radiated and star-formed.

Coast of St. Domingo.

INDEX

Page

Page

Acamarchis

57

Myriophyllum

74

Dentata

59

Pelagica

76

Neritina

58

Pennaria

74

Acetabularia

109

Pennalula

. ib.

Crenulata

110

Pinnata

76

Mediterranea

ib.

Pluma

75

Adeona

236

Secundaria

76

Elongata

238

Setacea

ib.

Foliacea

ib.

Speciosa

75

Grisea

ib.

Spicata

73

iETEA

65

Alcyonium

240

Anguina

ib.

Alburnum

246

Aglaophenia

71

Arboreum

242

Amathioides

76

Asbestinum

248

Angulosa

73

Boletiforme

253

Arcuata

ib.

Boletus

ib.

Crucialis

74

Cidaris

244

Cupressina

ib.

Compactum

251

Elegans

ib.

Corniculatum

250

Falcata

77

Cranium

248

Flexuosa

73

Cribrarium

245

Frutescens

76

Cuspidiferum

252

Glutinosa

75

Cydonium

244

Gracilis

ib.

Cylindricum

249

Hypnoides

76

DifFusum

247

Cor .

2 K

INDEX.

Distomum

Page

250

Testudinarium .

Page

251

Ensiferum

247

Trigonum

245

Ficus

249

Tuberosum

249

Fluviatile

250

Vesparium

244

Foratum

245

Amathia

67

Gelatinosum

249

Alternata

69

Gorgonioides

250

Convoluta

ib.

Granulosum

252

Cornuta

69

Incrustans

244

Lendigera

68

Junceum

247

Spiralis

69

Lobatum

243

Unilateralis

ib.

Lyncurium

246

Amphiroa

133

Manus-diaboli .

247

Beauvoisii

136

Massa

244

Charoides

137

Medullare

251

Cuspidata

136

Orbiculatum

252

Dilatata

ib.

Palmatum

243

Fragilissima

135

Papilliferum

248

Fusoides

ib.

Papillosum

250

Gaillonii

ib.

Phallo'ides

245

Interrupta

137

Plicatum

246

Jubata

ib.

Pulmonaria

ib.

Lucida

135

Purpureum

253

Rigida

ib.

Putridosum

ib.

Tribulus

137

Pyramidale

245

Verrucosa

136

Quercinum

248

Anadyomena

188

Radiatum

252

Flabellata

189

Radicatum

249

Antipathes

ib.

Rubrum

243

JEnea

192

Sceptrum

247

Alopecuroides .

191

Serpens

244

Boscii

ib.

Sinuosum

246

Clathrata

194

Stellatum

250

Corticata

191

INDEX.

259

Cupressus

Dichotoma

Ericoides

Flabellum

Foeniculacea

^Lacera

Larix

Ligulata

Myriophylla

Pectinata

Pennacea

Pinnatifida

Pyramidata

Radians

Scoparia

Spiralis

Subpinnata

Triquetra

Ulex

Caberea

Dichotoma

Pinnata

Canda

Arachnoides

Cellaria

Cereoides

Filiformis

Hirsuta

Salicornia

Salicornioides

Cellepora

Annularis

Bimucronata

Borniana

Page

42

Caliciformis

40

Ciliata

41

Coccinea

40

Cyclostoma

41

Giobulosa

39

Hyalina

38

Labiata

39

Mangnevillana .

ib.

Megastoma

ib.

Nitida

38

Otto-Mulleriana

42

Ovoidea

38

Pallasiana

42

Pertusa

39

Pumicosa

40

Radiata

41

Ramulosa

38

Sedecim-dentata

41

Sulcata

38

Verrucosa

39

Vulgaris

41

Clytia

88

Rugosa

89

Syringa

ib.

Urnigera

ib.

Uva

ib.

Verticillata

88

Volubilis

ib.

CoRALLINA

124

Calvadosii

131

Crispata

130

Cupressina

129

Page

193

191

194

195

193

192

ib.

194

193

194

193

192

191

194

192

190

193

191

192

56

ib.

ib.

57

ib.

54

55

56

55

ib.

ib.

37

40

41

260 INDEX.

Cuvieri

Page

129

Simplex

Page

95

Elongata

?28

Cymopolia

132

Gracilis

130

Barbata

133

Granifera

129

Rosarium

ib.

Lobata

128

Dinamena

77

Loricata

127

Barbata

79

Nodularia

ib.

Burs aria

ib.

Officinalis

ib.

Distans

80

, Palmata

131

Disticlia

ib»

Pilifera

ib.

Divergens

ib.

Pinnata

132

Evansii

78

Polychotoma

128

Obliqua

79

Prolifera

132

Operculata

78

Simplex

131

Pelagica

80

Squamata

129

Pinaster

78

Subulata

130

Pumila

79

Turneri

ib.

Rosacea

ib.

Corallium

224

Sertularioides

78

Rubrum

228

Turbinata

80

Crisia

59

Electra

53

Avicularia

61

Verticillata

53

Ciliata

60

Elzarina

54

Eburnea

ib.

Blainvillii

ib.

Flustroides

61

Ephydatia

147

Loriculata

ib.

Canalium

148

Muricata

60

Fluviatilis

.

ib.

Pilosa

ib.

Friabilis

ib.

Plumosa

62

Lacustris

149

Reptans

60

Eucratea

64

Scruposa

ib.

Chelata

ib.

Ternata

61

Cornuta

ib.

Tricyttara

ib.

Eunicea

217

Cymobocea

94

Antipathes

219

Ramosa

95

Calyculata

221

INDEX.

Clavaria

Page

220

Limiformis

219

Mammosa

221

Microthela

219

Mollis

220

Muricata

221

Pseudo- Antipathes

220

Succinea

ib.

Scirpea

221

LUSTRA

42

Arenosa

49

Baccata

47

Bifurcata

50

Bombycina

45

Carbasea

ib.

Ceranoides

ib.

Chartacea

ib.

Concentrica

47

Crassa

49

Cretacea

50

Dentata

48

Depressa

51

Eriophora

48

Foliacea

44

Fiondiculosa

45

Hirta

49

Hispida

46

Impressa

47

Italica

49

Lineata

46

Mamillaris

49

Membranacea

47

Microstoma

51

Multidentata

48

261

Page

Papyracea . 47

Patellaria . 51

Petrea . 46

Pilosa . ib.

Planata . 51

Pyriformis . 45

Quadrata . 48

Reticulata .. 50

Tessellata . ib.

Tomentosa . 46

Triacantha . 48

Truncata . 44

Tubulosa . 47

Unidentata * 49

Utricularis . 50

Galaxaura . 114

Annulata . 117

Fruticulosa . ib.

Indurata . ib.

Janioides . 118

Lapidescens . 117

Lichenoides . 118

Marginata . 117

Oblongata . 116

Obtusata . ib.

Rigida . 118

Rugosa . 117

Umbellata . 116

Gorgonia . 195

Amaranthoides . 207

Anceps . 200

Bertolonii . 208

Briareus . 212

Ceratophyta . 208

Page

Page

Citrina

207

Sarmentosa

209

Clathrus

204

Sasappo

203

Coccinea

213

Setacea - .

212

Coralloides

ib.

Stricta

206

Elongata

211

Sulcifera

208

Exserta

206

Tuberculata

206

Flabellum

203

Umbraculum

204

Flavida

ib.

Ventalina

ib.

Flexuosa

201

Verriculata

ib.

Florida

212

Verrucosa

207

Furcata

207

Verticillaris

210

Furfuracea

204

Viminalis

208

Granifera

205

Violacea

206

Granulata

ib.

Virgulata

208

Juncea

211

Halimeda

138

Laxa

201

Incrassata *

139

Miniacea

203

Irregularis

ib.

Moniliformis

212

Monile

138

Myura

211

Multicaulis

139

Nodulifera

209

Opuntia

ib-

Olivieri

202

Tridens

ib.

Palma

ib.

Tuna

ib.

Patula

ib.

Idia

87

Pectinata

210

Pristis

ib.

Penna

211

Isis

233

Petechizans

201

Elongata

235

Pinnata

200

Gracilis

236

Placomus

207

Hippuris

235

Purpurea

209

Jania

119

Pustulosa

ib.

Adherens

121

Reticulum

. 204

Corniculata

123

Richardii

205

Gibbosa

120

Rhizomorpha

202

Micrarthrodia .

122

Sanguinea

ib.

Pedunculata

121

Pumila

Pygmsea

Rubens

Verrucosa

Laomedea

Antipathes

Dichotoma

Gelatinosa

Geniculata

Lairii

Muricata

Sauvagii

Simplex

Spinosa

Liagora

Albicans

Aurantiaca

Ceranoides

Distenta

Farinosa

Physcioides

Versicolor

Melitea

Ochracea

Retifera

Rissoi

Textiformis

Melobesia

Farinosa

Membranacea

Pustulata

Verrucata

Menipea

DEX.

26a

Page

Cirrata

63

Flabellum

ib.

Floccosa

ib.

Hyalsea

ib.

Mopsea

232

Dichotoma

233

Verticillata

ib.

Naisa

98

Campanulata

99

Lucifuga

ib.

Repens

98

Reptans

99

Sultana

ib.

Nemertesia

70

Antennina

71

Janini

ib.

Ramosa

ib.

Neomeris

108

Dumetosa

109

Nesea

112

Annulata

113

Dumetosa

114

Eriophora

113

Penicillus

ib.

Phoenix

ib.

Pyramidalis

114

Palythoa

254

Ocellata

255

Stellata

ib.

Pasithea

66

Quadridentata .

67

Tulipifera

ib.

Pherusa

52

in:

Page

121

ib.

122

121

89

90

91

92

91

ib.

92

90

91

ib.

105

108

107

ib.

108

ib.

107

ib.

229

230

231

230

231

141

142

ib.

ib.

ib.

62

264

INDEX.

Tubulosa

Page

53

Pinaster

Page

86

Peexaura

213

Polyzonias

83

Crassa

216

Purpurea

86

Friabilis

ib.

Racemosa

85

Heteropora

ib.

Rigida

83

Horoomalla

217

Scandens

ib.

Macrocyttara

216

Spicata

85

OJivacea

217

Splendens

84

Suberosa

ib.

Tamarisca

82

POLYPHYSA

Ill

Thuja

84

i^spergillosa

ib.

Tridentata

82

Primnoa

222

Spongia

149

Lepadifera

223

Abietina

179

Salacia

93

Acicularis

157

Tetracyitara

ib.

Agaricina

156

Sertularia

81

Alcicornis

182

Abietina

ib.

Amaranthina

178

Arbuscula

84

Anatipes

160

Argentea

ib.

Angulosa

158

Cedrina

86

Appendiculata .

163

Cu pres sin a

84

Arborescens

176

Cupressoides

85

Asparagus

177

Cuscuta

86

Aspericornis

180

Denlata

82

Bacillaris

185

Distans

83

Barba

153

Elongata

82

Basta

172

Filicula

ib.

Bilamellata

167

Fuscescens

85

Bombycina

159

Lichenastrum .

ib.

Botellifera

181

Misenensis

ib.

Botryoides

184

Nigra

86

Brassicata

165

Obsoleta

ib.

Bullata

169

Pectinata

81

Bursaria

167

INDEX

265

Bysso'ides
Cactiformis
Calix
Campana
Cancellaria
Cancellata
Carbonaria
Carduus
Cariosa
Carlinoides
Caudigera
Cavernosa
Cellulosa
Ciliata
Clathrus
Coalita
Colus
Communis
Compressa
Confoederata
Coronata
Costifera
Crassiloba
Crispata
Cristata
Cruciata
Cyathina
Damsecornis
Delto'idea
Dichotoma
Digitalis
Domuncula
Echidnaea
Cor .

Page

Elongata

179

Endivia

173

Fasciculata

153

Favosa

154

Fenestrata

ib.

Ficiformis

167

Filamentosa

154

Fimbriata

176

Fissurata

162

Fistularis

168

Flabelliformis

162

Flammula

159

Floribunda

185

Fornicifera

182

Foveolaria

184

Frondifera

176

Fulva

185

Globosa

156

Heterogona

174

Hispida

180

Incrustans

156

Intestinalis

170

Juniperina

175

Labellum

166

Lacera

153

Laciniata

175

Lacinulosa

152

Lacunosa

168

Lamellaris

172

Lanuginosa

181

Leporina

175

Licheniformis

153

Linteiformis

183
2 L

Page

1 55

172

167

165

163

183

156

162

153

178

183

153

154

171

184

ib.

169

152

168

170

171

166

155

172

156

185

165

182

163

177

169

156

177

266

INDEX

Longicuspis

Page

177

Loricaris

183

Lyrata

163

Macida

156

Macrodactyla .

184

Mamillaris

173

Membranosa

185

Mesenterina

175

Muricata

178

Muricina

170

Myrobolanus

160

Nervosa

179

Nigra

161

Oculata

181

Ossiformis

185

Otha'itica

166

Pal a

161

Palmata

181

Panicea

157

Pannea

162

Papillaris

157

Pavonia

173

Penicillosa

159

Pennatula

172

Perfoliata

171

Pes-Leonis

160

Peziza

161

Placenta

155

Plana

160

Plancella

161

Plicifera

168

Pluma

162

Pluriloba

158

Pocillum

Page
1 66

Polyphylla

173

Prolifera

185

Pulvinata

155

Radiciformis

185

Raphanus

175

Rimosa

158

Rubispina

179

Rubra

160

Sartaginula

163

Scariola

174

Scrobiculata

168

Selaginea

180

Semitubulosa

182

Septosa

154

Serpentina

180

Sinuosa

152

Spiculifera

178

Sportella

167

Stellifera

164

Striata

ib-

Strigilata

179

Stuposa

183

Syphon oid es

169

Tabula

155

Tiaroides

174

Tubaeformis

168

Tubularia

171

Tubulifera

164

Tubulosa

170

Turbinata

165

Turgida

158

Tupha

182

INDEX.

267

Page

Page

Typhina

181

Savignii

•

93

Urceolus

173

Tibiana

96

Urens

157

Fasciculata

97

Usitatissiraa

164

Ramosa

ibo

Vaginalis

169

Tubularia

99

Vasculum

165

Annulata

100

Venosa

166

Cornucopise

ib.

Virgultosa

177

Indivisa

ib.

Vulpina

178

Muscoides

101

Xerampelina

174

Pygmsea

ib.

ELESTO

104

Ramosa

ib.

Aurantiaca

105

Tricboides

ib.

Lntea

ib.

Udotea

140

Pelagica

ib.

Conglutinata

9

141

EIOA

92

Flabellata

•

ib.

Halecina

93

268

plates to class l

ORDER I.

Cellepora ovo'idea.
Cellepora labiata*
Cellepora Mangnevillana.
Flustra pyriformis.
Flustra eriophora.

Flustra mamillaris.
Pherusa tubulosa.

Electra verticillata.
Elzarina Blainvillii.
Cellaria hirsuta.

Caberea dichotoma.
Canda arachnoides.

Crisia tricyttara.
Acamarchis Neritina.
Acamarchis dentata.
Menipea hyaleea.
Eucratea chelata.

M tea anguina.

ORDER II.

Pasithea tulipifera*
Pasithea quadridentata.

Amathia cornuta*
Amathia spiralis.
Nemertesia Janini.
Aglaophenia arcuata.
Dynamena distans.
Dynamena divergens.
Sertularia elongata.
Sertularia arbuscula.
Idia pristis.

Clytia urnigera.
Laomedea Antipathes.
Thoa Savignii.

Salacia tetracyttara.
Na'isa reptans.

Naisa lucifuga.
Cymodocea ramosa.
Cymodocea simplex.

ORDER III.

Tibiana fasciculata.
Tubularia annulata.
Tubularia cornucopiee.

269

PLATES TO CLASS II.

ORDER I.

Telesto aurantiaca.
Liagora canescens.
Neomeris dumetosa.
Acetabularia crenulata.
Polyphysa aspergillosa.
Nesea dumetosa.
Galaxaura rigida.

ORDER II.

Jania pygmsea.

Jania pumila.

J ania pedunculata.

Jania verrucosa.

Jania micrarthrodia.
Jania rubens. Var. E. S.
Var. a.

Jania rubens. Var. E. S.
Var. b.

Corallina Cuvieri.
Corallina gracilis.
Corallina Turner!.
Corallina crispata.
Corallina simplex.
Corallina prolifera.
Amphiroa rigida.
Amph. fuso'ides.
Ampb. Gaillonii.
Amph. verrucosa.
Amph. interrupta.
Amph, jubata.
Halimeda irregularis.
Halimeda tuna.

ORDER III.

Udotea flabellata.
Melobesia pustulata.
Melobesia farinosa.

270

PLATES TO CLASS IIL

ORDER II.

Anadyomena flabellata.
Antipathes pinnatifida.
Antipathes Boscii.
Gorgonia pustulosa.
Plexaura olivacea.
Eunicea raammosa.

ORDER III.

Isis gracilis.

Mopsea verticillata.
Melitea textiformis.
Adeona grisea.

PLATES TO CLASS IV.

Alcyonium lobatum.

Do. do.

Ale. lobat. polyp.

Palythoa stellata.

27 1

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Anastomosed,

branching out, and reuniting, thus form-
ing meshes, and giving a net-work ap-
pearance.

Articulated ,

jointed.

Australasia ,

islands that lie south of Asia, as New
Holland, New Guinea, &c. &c.

Axillary,

coming from the junction of the stem
and branch.

Bifid,

cleft in two.

Bifurcated ,

two-forked.

Bractea,

floral leaf.

Campanulated ,

bell-shaped.

Cartilaginous,

gristly.

Cil,

hair like an eye-lash.

Ciliated,

fringed.

Corymbus,

a broad-topped spike.

Cretaceous,

chalky.

Cuneiform,

wedge-shaped.

Deltoides,

triangular.

Desiccation,

dried state.

Dichotomous,

dividing in two equal branches.

Digitated,

like fingers.

Filiform ,

like thread.

Florida ,

applied to red marine plants.

Foliated,

leafy appearance.

Friable,

crumbly.

272

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Frondes cent.

cells and tbeir bases the same material.

Geniculated,

knee-jointed.

Gibbous ,

protuberant.

Imbricated ,

tiled one over the other.

Lacinules ,

jags or shreds.

Laciniated,

jagged.

Lynceous ,

woody.

Mollusc as,

soft-bodied animals, as worms, oysters, &c.

Oscules,

lips, here applied to the holes in sponges.

Ovaria ,

the supposed embryos of future polypi-

Paniculated,

doms.

an assemblage growing on stalks, irre-

Pedicels, t
Pedicules, 3
Pedunculus ,

gularly united to one stalk, like oats,
or many grasses.

little foot* stalks.

a foot-stalk.

Pelagian ,

sea deeps.

Pinnated ,

winged, or growing like the feather part

Pinnates , and }
Pinnies, 3

of a quill.

the pinnated expansions.

Proliferous,

shooting out fresh branches from the

Pyriform,

summits of former ones,
like a pyramid.

Rhomb,

a figure of four sides.

Rhomboidal ,

nearly of the figure of a rhomb.

Sessile,

close to the stem without a foot-stalk.

Setaceous ,

bristly.

Simple ,

unbranched.

Spatulated,

spoon-shaped.

Stipitated ,

standing on a pillar.

Stipula,

a prop.

Stoloniferous ,

having suckers.

EXPLANATION- OF TERMS.

273

Striated,
Sub ,

Tetrachotomous ,
Thalassiophytes ,

Trichotomom ,
Truncated ,
Urceolated,
Verticillated,
Vesicula ,

channelled.

when shape or any other character can-
not be precisely defined, sub is prefixed
to the term ; as sub-foliated, obscurely
leaf-shaped,
in four equal branches,
signifying a daughter of the Ocean ; but
here applied to marine plants,
in three equal branches,
lopped off.
pitcher- shaped,
whirled,
a little bladder.

Cor,

2 M

274

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I,

Fig. 1. Cellepora ovoidea, p. 38.

a. The natural size, on the leaf of amarine plant.

B. Cells magnified.

2. Cellepora labiata, p. 39.

a. Groups of cells, of the natural size, on afucus.

B. Cell magnified, seen sidewise.

C. . .in front.

D. . . truncated.

3. Cellepora Mangnevillana, p. 39.

a. Of the natural size, on the Fuciis hirsutm
of Linnseus.

B. Cell magnified.

4. Flusira pyriformisy p. 45.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a branch, magnified,

5. Flustra eriophora , p. 48.

a. Groups of cells, of the natural size, on a
fucus leaf.

B. Cells magnified.

6. Flustra mamillaris, p. 49.

a. Groups of cells, of the natural size, on a
marine plant.

B. Cells magnified.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

275

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. Pherusa tubulosa, p. 53.

a. The front of a branch, of the natural size.

B. The back.

C. Cells magnified.

2. Plectra verticillata, p. 53.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B Cells magnified.

3. Elzarina Blainvilliit p. 54.

a. The natural size.

B. Extremity of a branch, magnified.

4. Cellaria hirsuta, p. 55.

a. Of the natural size.

B„ Fragment of a branch, magnified.

5. Caberea dichotoma , p. 56.

a. The natural size.

B. The fore part of an articulation, magnified.

C. The back.

6. Canda arachnoides , p. 57.

a. The natural size.

B. Fragment of a branch magnified, seen in

front.

C. Ditto the back.

D. The transverse cut of a branch, magnified.

276

EXPLANATION OF

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Crisia tricyttara, p. 61.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B. The fore part of an articulation, magnified.

C. The back.

2. Acamarchis Neritina, p. 58.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B. A fragment of a magnified branch, shown in
the back.

3. Acamarchis dentata , p. 59.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a magnified branch, seen in
front.

Nota. In B, Fig. 1, as well as B, fig. 3, are shown many
cells which have lost their upper membrane.

4. Menipea Hyaleea, p. 63.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B. Cell magnified, seen in front.

C. Ditto, seen in the back.

D. Cells magnified, seen sidewise.

5 Eucratea chelata , p. 64.

a. The fragment of a branch, magnified.

6. JEtea anguina , p. 65.

a. Fragment of a branch magnified, with the
cells in various positions.

7. Pasithea tulipifera, p. 67.

a. Fragment of a branch, magnified.

8. Pasithea quadridentata , p. 67.

a. Fragment of a branch, magnified.

B. Ovarium transversely striated, and magnified.

THE PLATES.

277

Fig. 1
2.

3.

4,

Fig. 1
2.
3.

PLATE IV.

. Amaihia cornuta, p. 69.
a. Of the natural size.

B. Groups of cells, magnified.

Amathia spiralis, p. 69.
a. Of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a branch, magnified.

Nemertesia Janini , p, 71.

a. The extremity of a stalk, of the natural size,

B. Fragment of a sprig magnified, garnished

with its double cells.

C. Ovarium magnified.

Aglaophenia arcuata , p» 73.

a. A branch, of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a branch, magnified. ]

PLATE V.

Dynamena distans, p. 80,
a. Of the natural size.

B. Branch with cells, magnified,
Dynamena diver gens, p. 80.
a. Of the natural size.

B. Branch with cells, magnified.
Sertularia elongata , p. 82.
a. The natural size.

B. Branch with its cells, magnified,

C. Ovarium,

278

EXPLANATION OF

Fig. 4. Seriularia arbuscula, p. 84.
a. The natural size.

B. Branch with its cells, magnified.

C. Ovarium.

5. Idia pristis, p. 87.

a. Of the natural size.

B. The front of a branch, magnified.

C. The back ditto.

D. An insulated cell, greatly magnified.

E. Transverse cut of a magnified branch.

6. Clytia urnigera, p. 89.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Cells magnified.

C. Ovarium.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Laomedea Antipathesy p. 90.
a. Of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a branch, magnified.

2. Thoa Savignii, p. 93.

a. The natural size.

B. Branches magnified.

C. Ovaria.

3. Salacia tetracyttara , p. 93.

a. The natural size.

B. The lower part of a branch, magnified.

C. Ovarium.

4. Naisa reptans, p. 99.

A. This figure was copied from Trembley.

Naisa lucifuga, p 99.

A. Copied from Vaucher.

5.

THE PLATES.

279

PLATE VIL

Fig. 1. Cymodocea ramosa , p. 95.

a. Of the natural size.

B, Fragment of a branch, magnified,

2. Cymodocea simplex , p. 95,

a. Of the natural size.

B. Fragment of a stem, magnified.

3. Tibiana fasciculata , p. 97.

a. Of the natural size.

4. Tubularia annulata , p. 100.

Of the natural size.

5. Tubularia cornucopia, p. 100.

Of the natural size.

6a Telesio aurantiaca , p. 105.

Of the natural size.

7. Liagora albicans , p.108.

Lower part of the Polypidom, of the natural
size.

8. Neomeris dumetosa , p. 109.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Polypidom, a little magnified,

PLATE VIII

Fig. 1. Acetabularia crenulata, p. 110.

Of the natural size.

2. Polyphysa aspergillosa , p. Ill®
a. Of the natural size.

B. Polypidom magnified.

C. Cell magnified, and entire.

D Cell cut transversely, magnified.

280

EXPLANATION OF

Fig. 3. Nesea dumetosa, p. 114.

a. Polypidom entire, natural size.
B. Branch, a little magnified.

4. Galax aura rigida, p. 118.
a. The natural size.

B. Branch magnified.

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. Jania pygmcea, p. 121.

Of the natural size, on a Galaxaura lapidescens .

2. Jania pumila} p. 121.

Of the natural size, with the leaf of the Fucus
turbinatus of Linneeus.

3. Jania pedunculata, p. 121.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Extremity of a branch, magnified.

4. Jania verrucosa , p. 121.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Extremity of a branch, magnified.

5. Jania micrarthrodia , p. 122.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Branch magnified.

6. Jania rubens , Far. E , Sub-var . A , p. 122.

Branch magnified.

7. Jania rubens , Far. E, Sub-var . p« 122.

Branch magnified.

8. Corallina Cuvieri, p. 129.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Branch magnified. ■

THE PLATES.

281

PLATE X,

ig. 1. Corallina gracilis, p. 130,
a. Of the natural size.

B. Branch magnified.

2. Corallina Turneri, p. 130,

a. The natural size.

B. Branch magnified.

3. Corallina crispata , p. 130.

Of the natural size.

4. Corallina simplex , p. 131

Of the natural size,

5 . Corallina prolifer a, p. 132,

Of the natural size,

PLATE XI

ig, 1. Amphiroa rigida , p. 135,

Of the natural size.

2. Amphiroa fusoides, p. 135,

Of the natural size.

3. Amphiroa Gaillonii, p. 135.

Of the natural size.

4. Amphiroa verrucosa , p. 136.

Of the natural size.

5. Amphiroa interrupta , p. 137.

Fragment of a branch, magnified,

6. Amphiroa jubataf p. 137,

Of the natural size.

7. Halimeda irregularis , p. 139.

A branch, of the natural size.

2 N

Cor .

282

EXPLANATION OF

8, Halimeda tuna , p. 139.
a. Of the natural size.

B. Of the natural size.

PLATE XIL

Fig. 1. Udoteajlabrilata, p. 141.

Of the natural size.

2. Melobesia pustulata , p. 142.

a. Polypidom of the natural size, on the Chou
drus polymorphus.

B. The same, magnified.

3. Melobesia farinosa, p. 142.

Of the natural size, on a fucus leaf.

4. Alcyonium lobatum , p. 243.

a. Of the natural size, and dried.

B. The transverse cut of a branch, also dried.

PLATE XIIL

Fig. 1. Alcyonium lobatum , p. 243.

a. The entire Polypus out of its cell, with its
tentacula a little expanded, although en-
closed within a membrane.

B. Polypus wholly- expanded, the upper part.

C. One of its tentacula detached.

D. Polypus expanded at the opening of its

cell.

E. Polypus contracted.

F. Vertical section of an expanded Polypus.

THE PLATES.

283

G. A Polypus deprived of life, half contracted,
and almost opaque.

H. The lower part of an expanded Polypus.
Nota. These figures are all magnified.

PLATE XIV.

1. Polypus of the Alcyonium lobatum, p. 243.

A. Copied from D. Spix.

B. Ditto, copied from Ellis.

2. Palythoa stellata, p. 2 55.

Copied from Ellis.

3. Anadyomena jlabellata , p. 189.

a. Of the natural size.

B. Fragment very much magnified.

4. Antipathes pinnatifida, p. 192.

a. Fragment of a stem, of the natural size.
B. Branch magnified.

5. Antipathes Boscii , p. 191.

Of the natural size.

PLATE XV,

Gorgonia pustulosay p. 209.
Of the natural size.

PLATE XVI

Plexaura olivaceaf p. 217.
Of the natural size.

284

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE XVIL

Eunicea mammosa , p. 221 .

Of the natural size.

PLATE XVIII

Fig. 1. Isis gracilis, p.236.

Of the natural size.

2. Mopsea verticillata, p. 233.

Stem and branch, of the natural size.

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1. Melitea textiformis, p. 231.

Of the natural size.

2. Acleona grisea , p. 238.

Of the natural size.

THE END.

Printed by A. J. Vnlpy, Red Lion Court , Fleet Street ,

£ Yftjk. JwtfJt LiVh'Vg.

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