NPS ARCHIVE
1968
YESKE, L.

/

THE CORRELATION OF OCEANIC PARAMETERS WITH LIGHT
ATTENUATION IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

by

Lanny Alan Yeske

and
Richard Dean Waer

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DUDLEY KNOX I IRRARY

NAVAL POST' DUA IE SCHOOL

MONTEREY Cm 93943-5101

UNITED STATES
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

THESIS

THE CORRELATION OF OCEANIC PARAMETERS WITH LIGHT
ATTENUATION IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

by

Lanny Alan Yeske

and
Richard Dean Waer

Deceirber 1968

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THE CORRELATION OF OCEANIC PARAMETERS WITH LIGHT
ATTENUATION IN MONTEREY BAY, CALIFORNIA

by

Lanny Alan Yeske

Lieutenant, United" States Navy

B.S., University of Nebraska, 1960

and

Richard Dean Waer
Lieutenant/ United States Navy
B . S . , Naval Academy , 1961

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN OCEANOGRAPHY

from the

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
December 1968

ABSTRACT

An investigation of the correlation of oceanic parameters
with light attenuation in Monterey Bay, California, was conducted
during July and August 1968. Measurements of beam transmi ttance ,
salinity, temperature, density, and particulate matter, related in
time and depth, were obtained during four cruises. Nearly 400
water samples were taken from two stations at depths between 0 and
85 m.

Temperature showed the greatest correlation with beam trans-
mi ttance. Isopycnals and beam transmi ttance contours showed a
similar good correlation. Although salinity correlations were not
clearly defined, isolated salinity pockets often appeared to be
associated with transmissivity perturbations. A nearly linear
relationship between values of particulate count and beam trans-
mi ttance was observed. Particle sizes were found to decrease with
increased depths. Approximately 96 percent of the particles affecting
beam transmi ttance were less than 13 jj in diameter. Beam trans-
mi ttance isolines generally oscillate with a tidal cycle period,
the minimum values usually occurring at low tide. A possible
correlation between lunar period, tidal ranges, and turbidity layers
was indicated.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. INTRODUCTION 9

1.1 Background 9

1.2 Previous Investigations

1.3 Purpose of the Present Research ^2

1.4 Oceanographic Climatology ]_3

II. EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION 15

2.1 Beam Transmissometer 15

2.2 Coulter Counter 17

2.3 Hytech Salinometer 20

III. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 22

3.1 Station Selection 22

3.2 Sample Collection and Beam Transmittance Measure-
ments 22

IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA 33

4.1 Introduction 33

4.2 Beam Transmittance Measurements 34

4.2.1 Cruise 1 (26-27 July 1968) 34

4.2.2 Cruise 2 (17 August 1968) 35

4.2.3 Cruise 3 (23 August 1968) 35

4.2.4 Cruise 4 (30-31 August 1968) 43

4.3 The Correlation of Tidal Cycle with Beam
Transmittance 43

4.4 The Correlation of Salinity with Beam
Transmittance 44

4.5 The Correlation of Temperature with Beam
Transmittance 52

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Beam Transmittance Meter Diagram 16

2 Transmissivity versus Wavelength for the Wratten

61 Filter 18

3 Coulter Counter Diagram 19

4 Chart of Monterey Bay, California 23

5-11 Time-Depth Sampling Locations 26-32

12-18 Time-Depth Contours of Beam Transmittance in

Relation to Tidal Cycle 36-42

19-25 Time-Depth Contours of Beam Transmittance in

Relation to Salinity 45-51

26-32 Time-Depth Contours of Beam Transmittance in

Relation to Temperature 53-59

33-39 Time-Depth Contours of Beam Transmittance in

Relation to Density 61-67

40-43 Time-Depth Contours of Beam Transmittance in

Relation to Coulter Count 69-72

44-62 Depth Profiles of Temperature , Density, Salinity,

and Transmittance 75-93

63 Linear Least-Squares Fit for Beam Transmittance

vs. Particle Count at Coulter Threshold 0 .... 94

64 Linear Least-Squares Fit for Beam Transmittance
vs. Particle Count at Coulter Thresholds 10, 20,

and 30 95

65 Photographs of Particulate Samples and 6-14 y

Latex Spheres 96

66 Relative Pulse Height for 6-14 y Latex Spheres . . 97

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many people have assisted the authors in this research.
We wish to express our appreciation to Dr. Robert E. Morrison
for his assistance in initially planning the project. The
technical advice of Professor Warren W. Denner in physical
oceanography, Dr. Eugene C. Haderlie in biological oceanography,
and Dr. Charles F. Rowell in chemical oceanography, during the
preparation and sampling portions is greatly appreciated. To
Professor Stevens P. Tucker, our faculty thesis advisor, the
authors wish to express their profound gratitude. Without his
continued support and assistance, a project of this dimension
could not have been completed. For the Coulter Counter use and
technical assistance we wish to express our appreciation to Dr.
John H. Phillips, Director of Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford
University, and to Mr. William Hinds, Laboratory Technician. We
are greatly indebted to Mr. Theodore J. Petzold, Senior Engineer
of the Visibility Laboratory at Scripps Institution of Oceanography,
for his instruction concerning the beam transmissometer. The work
and cooperation of CWO James 0. White, U. S. Navy, and the crew of
the Naval Postgraduate School Hydrographic Research vessel were
outstanding and are deeply appreciated. We wish to express our
sincere thanks to Mr. Norman Walker, Leading Model Maker of the Naval
Postgraduate School Machine Facility, for his cooperation and
assistance in fabricating essential cruise equipment. To our
neglected wives, Gay Waer and Jacqueline Yeske, a great deal of
credit is due. Their continued encouragement, moral support, typing,
and editing was exemplary.

8

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Most of the optical properties of seawater can be investigated

by measuring all aspects of the flux distribution of a highly colli-

*
mated beam of monochromatic light as it passes through the water (7) .

One of these aspects is flux loss per unit length of path.

The flux loss, or attenuation, is an inherent optical property
of seawater and is equal to the sum of two independent losses,
scattering and absorption. Unlike the atmosphere, which is primarily
a scattering medium, the ocean is a medium in which both scattering
and absorption play significant roles.

Scattering, or the deviation of individual photons from their
original path, consists of two different components, that produced
by the water itself, and that produced by suspended particles (10) .
Scattering is a function of the refractive index of the particles
relative to the water and the ratio of particle diameter to wavelength,

Absorption is the result of light energy conversion into such
forms as thermal kinetic energy and chemical potential energy. Sea-
water is a highly selective absorbing medium and, as a result, acts
as a narrow-band filter with a transmissivity peak in the blue-green
region.

(*)

Numbers in parentheses refer to the listing in the Bibliography.

1.2 Previous Investigations

Optical oceanography became an increasingly important aspect
of physical oceanography when Petterson in 1934 developed a fore-
runner of the modern beam transmissometer (10) . The beam transmisso-
meter is an instrument used to measure the ratio of the transmitted
radiant flux to the incident radiant flux for a beam the diameter of
which is small compared to its length. Numerous investigations have
been made to determine the complex relationships existing between
beam transmittance , temperature, tides, internal waves, particulate
matter, and other parameters.

Bumpus and Clarke (4) attributed turbidity to suspended
particulate matter and noted that turbidity generally decreases as
the distance from land and the depth of water increases. Emery (8)
suggested that in the waters off Southern California upwelling, and
hence the increase in plankton-supporting nutrients, has a significant
effect on water transparency. Burt (5) concluded that a large portion
of the particulate matter causing attenuation is less than 2 y in
diameter.

Ball and LaFond (1) observed that water turbidity is mainly due
to concentrations of plankton and detritus. They also noted that
maximum turbidity often lies in the thermocline, and that relationships
exist between turbidity and tidal cycle, temperature, and internal waves.

Barham, Wilton, and Sullivan (2) noted that "macroplankton" have
little effect on light transmission while dinoflagellates of size range
between 14 and 218 y are the most significant of th<5 light-attenuating
organisms off ilission Beach, California, in the summer.

Oser, Berger, and Franc (12) observed current dependent fluctuations
in transmissivity.

10

Jerlov (9) noted that there is a correlation between particle
distribution and salinity and that this relationship changes due to
turbulent fluctuations in the ocean. He also found, through relations
computed from the Mie theory and scattering experiments, that particle
sizes of the order of 10 y are primarily responsible for scattering
in seawater.

Joseph (11) observed a correlation between density distribution
and beam transmittance in the upper 20 m of the ocean.

It has been suggested that transparency characteristics of sea
water can be used as a means for optical classification of water
masses (10) . Jerlov concluded that the presence of "yellow substance"
can be treated as a characteristic property of a water mass. Yellow
substance is formed from free carbohydrates and free amino acids
resulting in carbohydrate-humic acids or melanoidines which are yellow
in color and fairly stable in seawater. This phenomenon occurs when
organic matter decomposes and is most prevalent in regions of high
productivity. It is assumed to be the primary cause for light absorption
in the ocean. Jerlov has developed three different classifications of
ocean water types based upon irradiance measurements at various wave-
lengths .

Later investigations by Jerlov (10) led him to conclude that particles
composed of calcium carbonate and silica cause high scattering, while
green algae, composed primarily of aellulose, produce minimum scattering.

Although these and other investigations have contributed greatly
to optical applications in oceanographic research, the correlation of
several oceanic parameters such as salinity, density, tidal cycle, and
lunar period with beam transmittance have not been clearly defined.

11

This is in part due to the fact that nearly all of the previous
research efforts have concentrated on only one or two of the factors
possibly relating to beam transmittance . While attempts have been
made to relate each parameter individually to beam transmittance at
some time or another, the authors are unaware of any prior investi-
gation which has considered the correlation of a comprehensive set
of oceanic parameters related in time, space, and depth.

1.3 Purpose of the Present Research

The purpose of this research was to investigate and determine
which physical, dynamic, and biological oceanographic parameters are
r:ost closely correlated with light attenuation in Monterey Bay,
California .

To achieve these goals, the following specific parameters were
measured or observed:

1. beam transmittance

2 . salinity

3 . temperature

4 . depth

5 . density

6. tidal cycle

7. lunar period

8. particulate matter

9. internal waves

This research differs from previous investigations in several
aspects. As previously mentioned, it was an attempt to interrelate
simultaneously many parameters to beam transmittance. Beam transmit-
tance, salinity, temperature, depth, density, and particulate matter

12

measurements were taken concurrently. The duration and spacing
of cruises were planned to provide information concerning the tidal
cycle and the lunar period. Internal wave or seiche effects were
probably present in the sampling data.

Since most research investigations have been conducted in
shallow coastal water or very deep oceanic water, two stations were
selected which had different bathymetry and oceanic conditions in
order to provide more representative information.

Prior studies have indicated the thermocline as the area of
most interest. For this reason sampling was usually concentrated
at two meter intervals within the thermocline.

A Coulter Counter (described in section 2.2) was used to analyze
the particulate matter. This method of analysis has several advantages
over a microscopic technique, in that greater accuracy can be achieved
through elimination of operator fatigue; data reduction can be simplified;
and counting speed can be greatly increased. A major disadvantage of
the Coulter Counter is that particle sizes are determined by relative
pulse heights and thus an absolute measure of particle diameter is not
obtained.

1.4 Oceanographic Climatology

Monterey Bay is characterized by three seasonal oceanographic
periods as described by Skogsberg (14) . The period of upwelling
generally begins in February and terminates in late August. The
oceanic period then sets in. Skogsberg observed upwelling in Monterey
Bay from 1929-1933 at points located between the stations utilized for
this study.

13

Because this investigation was conducted in July and August,
rising temperatures and a decreased supply of nutrients were
anticipated. A reduction in upwelling with a resultant decrease
in surface salinity was also expected. Welch (16) discusses the
presence of two characteristic salinity minima in Monterey Bay
during the oceanic period.

According to Raines (13) , sub- tidal oscillations of amplitude
0.1 to 0.5 ft occur in Monterey Bay. He concluded that long period
oscillations in Monterey Bay have mean periods in the range of 19
to 39 minutes. These long period waves vary in duration from a
few hours to several days and are most prevalent in July between
1200 and 1600 hours.

Wilson (18) found a 50 to 70 minute period seiche to be char-
acteristic in Table Bay, Cape Town, South Africa, which has a
configuration and an oceanic exposure remarkably similar to Monterey
Bay. Although Table Bay is smaller and shallower than Monterey Bay,
both are significantly affected by long-period surges. Wilson (17)
concludes that the surges in Monterey Bay are probably the result of
long-period waves from the open ocean rather than surf -beats generated
locally by swells.

14

CHAPTER 2
EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTION

2.1 Beam Transmissometer

A Marine Advisors Model C-2 beam transmissometer was used t±irough-
out this investigation (Fig. 1) . This instrument weighs approximately
80 pounds in air and has an overall length of about 5 ft. It has a
self-contained light source (L) and can therefore be used during
day or night with an accuracy of about three percent. Its maximum
depth limit is 300 m.

The projector of the beam transmissometer consists of a General
Electric type 1759 4-amp incandescent lamp (L) , an International
Rectifier DP-2 selenium photovoltaic reference cell (R) , and a system
of lenses (C) to collimate the light beam. Collimation provides a
high ratio of path length to beam diameter/ which is desirable in
order to reduce scattering within the beam.

The detector consists of an acromatic lens (A) and a second DP-2
photovoltaic cell (D) which measures the amount of flux received through
a one-meter path length. The outputs of the two cells are compared by
means of a null-balancing meter (M) to provide a reading of transmittance ,
T, in percent.

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For this instrument r equals one meter, and the beam attenuation
coefficient is given by

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Eastman Kodak Wratten 61 gelatin filters were used to reduce
the optical bandwidth and to minimize coastal water absorption.
This filter has a maximum transmittance at 533.8 my as seen in Fig. 2.
Schott BG-18 filters were also installed to eliminate infrared light
passed by the Wratten 61 filter when the meter is calibrated in air.

2.2 Coulter Counter

A Model A Coulter Counter was used for particulate analysis.
This instrument (Fig. 3) is designed to register the number and relative
size of suspended particles in an electrically conductive fluid.

As the sample containing particles is drawn through aperature
tube (A) having a 100 y orifice (O) , the resistance between two
platinum electrodes (E) immersed on either side of the orifice is
altered. This produces a short-duration voltage pulse, having a
magnitude proportional to particle size. The series of pulses
produced by particles passing through the orifice is then electron-
ically scaled and counted by a digital register. The seawater sample
itself serves as the electrolyte.

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Sample flow-rate is controlled by an external vacuum pump.
Volume control is accomplished with a mercury manometer. As the
mercury column advances, it makes contact with "start" and "stop"
probes in the manometer, which activate the electronic counter.

The voltage pulses are amplified and fed to a threshold circuit
having an adjustable threshold level. For a given threshold setting
between 0 and 100, a pulse is counted if it reaches or exceeds that
level. The relative pulse height can also be observed on an

oscilloscope .

4
For counts in excess of 10 a correction for coincident passages

is required. This correction accounts for the probability of count

loss due to one or more particles passing through the orifice

simultaneously .

Prior to analyzing the samples it was necessary to establish
the proper gain setting on the pulse amplifier. This was accomplished
by analyzing a sample of filtered seawater containing Dow Chemical
Company styrene divinyl-benzene copolymer latex spheres which ranged
in size from 6 to 14 p. A gain setting of four was used.

From each Nansen bottle sample a two milliliter portion was
counted at each of eleven different thresholds (0, 10, 20, ..., 100)
to determine the relative size distribution.

2.3 Hytech Salinometer

A Hytech Model 6220 portable laboratory salinometer manufactured
by Bissett-Berman was used to measure salinity of the seawater samples.
This conductivity-type instrument utilizes an inductively coupled sensor
to establish a conductivity ratio between an unknown sample and Normal
Water prepared by the Hydrographical Laboratories in Copenhagen, Denmark.

20

A null-balance meter is employed to obtain a conductivity ratio
reading. This value is then used in conjunction with tables to
obtain salinity in parts per thousand (ppt) which must be corrected
for meter drift and temperature changes.

The salinity measurement range is 0 to 51 ppt with an accuracy
of + 0.003 ppt. Temperature is measured from 0 C to 40°C to an
accuracy of + 0.05 C. For temperature differences not exceeding
+ 3.0 C between sample and standard , temperature compensation is
fully automatic.

21

CHAPTER 3

i

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES

3.1 Station Selection

Two stations, Bravo and Delta, were selected on the basis
of differences between them in salinity, tenperature , density,
and depth, as well as their geographical location in order to
permit accurate radar navigation and reduce station to station
transit time.

Figure 4 shows the position of each station. Station Bravo
is located in approximately 102 m of water at latitude 36 41.8' N
longitude 121 57.2' W and is the site of a California Cooperative
Oceanic Fisheries Investigation (CALCOFI) station. Salinity,
temperature and density data have been taken at this station weekly
for the past several years. Station Delta is situated in approxi-
mately 1737 m at latitude 36°42.0' N longitude 122°02.1' W and
is the location used by Bassett and Furminger (3) to determine the
vertical variation of light scattering in Monterey Bay.

Prior to each series of observations the research vessel was
maneuvered to minimize the navigational error. It is estimated the
maximum error at stations Bravo and Delta was restricted to + 500
and + 1000 m, respectively.

3.2 Sample Collection and Beam Transmittance Measurements

Five cruises, separated by periods of one week and of 25 hr
duration each, were initially planned to investigate the correlation
of tidal cycle and lunar period with beam transmittance. Four were
completed; with a three-week interval occurring between Cruises 1 and 2

22

FIGU*€ 4

23

Cruise 1 was conducted entirely at Station Bravo to maximize
the frequency of observations (Fig. 5) . Seas were extremely calm
and no problems were encountered. Thirteen hydro-casts were completed.

During Cruises 2, 3, and 4 casts were made alternately between
stations Bravo and Delta. Times and depths of observations are
shown in Figs. 6 through 11. Cruise 2 was terminated after six
casts owing to high seas. Cruise 3 was concluded after seven casts
due to high seas and equipment malfunctions. Few difficulties
occurred during Cruise 4, and twelve casts were achieved in calm seas.

Each cast was preceded by a bathythermograph (BT) drop. BT
traces are shown in Appendix I. Ten Nansen bottles, each with one
or two protected reversing thermometers, were then placed on the
hydrographic wire at depths selected between zero and 85 m with the
main bottle concentration in the thermocline as determined from the
immediately preceeding BT. The beam transmittance meter was attached
to the end of the hydrowire. After the Nansen bottles were tripped,
beam transmittance measurements were taken enroute to the surface at
the previous Nansen bottle depths and at intermediate points if a
noticeable change in transmittance occurred. The time interval between
the messenger drop and the last beam transmittance measurement did not
usually exceed ten minutes.

The cast retrieved, salinity and particulate samples were drawn
from the Nansen bottles. Particulate samples, taken only at station
Bravo, were preserved in brown quart beer bottles with 25 ml of Lugol's
iodine solution (19, p. 99) .

r*5

The formula for Lugol's iodine solution is: 1 g iodine

and 3 g potassium iodide per 300 orr distilled water.

24

Tidal level readings were recorded on the Standard Automatic
Tide Gage (described in reference 15, pp. 7-15) located on Municipal
Wharf Number Two in Monterey Harbor (Fig. 4) . Tide gage readings
were not adjusted to the station positions because of the relatively
short distances involved between the gage and stations Bravo and
Delta, six and nine nautical miles respectively.

25

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32

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.1 Introduction

Because several oceanic parameters were investigated, each
parameter is discussed separately with respect to beam transmittance
in order to indicate clearly specific relations and trends.

Contours of beam transmittance were plotted on time-depth
charts as shown in figures 12 through 18. Ten percent intervals
were used throughout, except where shorter intervals were required
to increase definition. A 20 percent contour implies very turbid
water, whereas an 80 percent isoline suggests relatively clear water.
Beam transmittance values were linearly interpolated between actual
points of measurement. The tidal level above mean lower low water
is shown at the top of these figures.

Salinity, temperature, density, and particle count contours were
also plotted on time-depth charts using linear interpolation. These
contours were then separately transferred to their corresponding beam
transmittance charts. Figures 19 through 43 present these overlays.

An IBM 360 Model 67 (Duplex) computer was utilized to facilitate
data reduction. Appendix II presents the program used to correct
protected reversing thermometer readings, while Appendix III contains
the program used to determine in situ density and to plot profiles
of salinity, temperature, and density against depth (Figs. 44 through
62) . In Appendix IV is the program used to determine the best least
square linear fit for the beam transmittance measurements as a function
of Coulter particle counts at various counter thresholds (Figs. 63
and 64) .

33

Table 1 in Appendix V, contains the tabulated values of
depth, time, temperature , salinity, density, beam transmittance ,
and total Coulter Count. Table 2 presents the Coulter particle
count in relation to time, depth, and relative pulse height. Table
3 shows the relationship between lunar phases and sampling periods.

4.2 Beam Transmittance Measurements

The results of the beam transmittance measurements, separated
into the four periods of observation, are presented in the following
subsections .

4.2.1 Cruise 1 (26-27 July 1968)

The 25 hr series of measurements made during Cruise 1 (Fig. 12)
revealed a sharp transmissivity gradient at a depth of approximately
20 m, which prevailed throughout this sampling period. A turbidity
layer, i.e., a layer of minimum beam transmission, was not present.
Below about 20 m characteristic transmittance patches were observed.
An area of very low transmittance was present between the sea surface
and a depth of 10 m at the beginning of this series. This region
continued to persist in time and depth throughout all four cruises
at station Bravo.

Low values of transmissivity were observed at both low tides.
The following high tide in each case resulted in increased transmissivil
values. Oscillation of the beam transmittance contours after 0400 hour;
was generally of the same period as the tidal cycle although 180 degree
out of phase. The four-hour period oscillations occurring at 15 m
between 1500 and 0000 hours are possibly the result of seiches or

34

internal waves. These oscillations are discussed in further
detail in sections 4.4 and 4.9.

It should be noted that beam transmittance values for this
cruise were much lower than subsequent observations. During this
cruise an extremely large amount of particulate matter was visually
observed near the surface, in addition to a large amount measured by
the Coulter Counter, indicating a probable plankton bloom. This
phenomenon was not observed on ensuing cruises.

4.2.2 Cruise 2 (17 August 1968)

The 10 hr series of observations made during Cruise 2 (Figs. 13
and 14) shows the effect of high seas in reducing the transmissivity
stratification which was present during Cruise 1, although some
turbidity patches still appear at station Bravo. A turbidity layer
is present at station Delta at 10 m.

Figure 13 shows a transmittance minimum present at low tide.
Higher transmissivity values occur with the following high tide. A
possible in-phase relationship between the tidal cycle and beam
transmittance is seen in Fig. 14 although the record is too short
for accurate verification.

4.2.3 Cruise 3 (23 August 1968)

A generally similar profile of beam transmittance was observed
at both stations during Cruise 3 (Figs. 15 and 16) . A turbidity layer
was not present. Beam transmittance minima of approximately 40 percent
at 1800 hours for both stations coincide with the low tide. The
succeeding high tide again results in increased transmissivity values.
The 20 percent transmissivity minimum seen in Fig. 15 occurs during

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the lowest of the two high tidal levels. This minimum corresponds
approximately with those shown in Figs. 12 and 13, which occurred at
the same depth and hour of the day.

Each station depicts an oscillation of beam transmittance
contours having the same period as the tidal cycle and very nearly
in phase.

4.2.4 Cruise 4 (30-31 August 1968)

The 23 hr series of measurements obtained during Cruise 4 was
characterized by the presence of two turbidity layers.

Figure 17 shows a slight intermittant layer at 10 m and a
continuous, more pronounced, layer occurring at 70 m. This latter
layer was also present at station Delta (Fig. 18) .

The trend of minimum transmittance associated with low tide
was again observed at 0000 hours. As noted in section 4.2.3, we
again see a transmissivity minimum occurring during high tide.

Beam transmittance contours at both stations show an approximate
tidal cycle oscillation.

4.3 The Correlation of Tidal Cycle with Beam Transmittance

Beam transmittance contours as discussed in section 4.2, generally
show oscillations of a tidal period although phase relations are not
consistent. In most cases the water column is most turbid at low tide
with clearing accompanying the following high tide. Station Delta,
farthest from coastal influences, depicts these features much more
clearly than does the near shore station.

43

A possible correlation between tidal level, depth of maximum
transmit tance gradient, and depth where transmittance initially
increases most rapidly was investigated. No meaningful relation-
ship was found.

4.4 The Correlation of Salinity with Beam Transmittance

Salinity correlations with beam transmittance during the four
periods of measurement varied from excellent to poor.

Cruise 1 contours (Fig. 19) show a slight similarity after 0600
hours in the halocline. The three salinity pockets at 10 m suggest
a strong influence on the transmittance isolines and possibly account
for the four-hour oscillations occurring between 1500 hours and 0000
hours.

Figure 20 shows a fair comparison between salinity and transmittanc
especially in regions of minimum transmittance. Station Delta contours
(Fig. 21) are nearly the same above 10 meters.

The 23 August station Bravo series before 1900 hours (Fig. 22)
presents a fair correlation between isolines to a depth of 20 m. Figure
23 shows an excellent comparison between salinity and transmittance
throughout the sampling period in both time and depth. The coincidence
in time and depth of three salinity pockets with three beam transmittanc
discontinuities is remarkable.

The Cruise 4 results (Figs. 24 and 25) show poor correlation betwee
salinity and transmissivity , although a slight following of isohalines
exists with the 70 m turbidity layer at station Bravo. The corresponder
of two relatively high salinity pockets with two areas of minimum transn
tance (Fig. 25) below 40 m at station Delta was observed.

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Salinity profiles (Figs. 44 through 62) commonly reveal the
presence of two salinity minima at average depths of 10 and 19 m.
This condition is typical of the area climatology discussed in
section 1.4. The average depth of maximum beam transmittance
gradient was located at a depth of 16 m between the two minima.

An interesting possible correlation is indicated below 40 m
in the salinity and beam transmittance profiles. For example
Fig. 47 shows increased salinity gradients corresponding to decreased
transmittance gradients. The reverse is also true. Temperature and
density gradients appear to be negligible. This salinity and beam
transmittance relationship prevails in over 80 percent of the profiles
(42 instances) , where a salinity gradient change occurs.

4.5 The Correlation of Temperature with Beam Transmittance

The time-depth plots of beam transmittance, tidal cycle and
temperature (Figs. 26 through 32), show a generally excellent cor-
relation between isotherms and isolines of beam transmittance. The
undulations in the isotherms vary from being nearly in phase with the
tidal cycle (Figs. 31 and 32) to almost 180 degrees out of phase (Fig.
27) . These variations may be due to internal waves or other turbulent
disturbances (discussed in section 4.9).

In general the maximum gradient in beam transmittance occurs in
the lower half of the thermocline. The depth of the thermocline varies
between 8 and 16 m, and appears to be deeper at or near low tide during
the last two cruises (Figs. 29 through 32).

The range in temperature during the total period of observation
was 6.45°C, from a low of 8.91°C to a high of 15.36°C. Despite heavy

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weather during two of the four cruises, the presence of mixed
layers was the exception rather than the rule, indicating a stable
water column.

4.6 The Correlation of Density with Beam Transmittance

The similarity between isotherms and isopycnals shows that
temperature has the greatest influence in controlling the density
structure, which in turn significantly affects the propagation of
light.

There is an excellent correlation between isolines of beam
transmittance and isopycnals (Figs. 33 through 39). The maximum
beam transmittance gradient and the pycnocline occur at, or very
nearly at, the same depth. Below the pycnocline, transmittance
increases markedly. Occasionally, a turbid layer between 50 and
70 m was observed (Figs. 38 and 39) and these layers appeared to
oscillate in the same manner as the isopycnals. Some patchiness was
noticed in the density structure (Figs. 34 and 38), but far less
than that which was observed in the salinity structure.

The average value of density at the bottom of the pycnocline

3
was 1.0258 g/cm . This value remained constant throughout the period

of observations at the deeper station, but at the shallow station it

3

ranged from 1.0261 to 1.0256 g/cm .

The isopycnals have an oscillatory appearance similar to the

isotherms, but no constant relationship with the tidal cycle is

3

apparent. Density ranged from 1.02473 to 1.02676 g/cm during the

period of observation.

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4.7 The Correlation of Particulate Matter with Beam Transmittance

An excellent correlation was found to exist between beam
transmittance and particulate matter less than 100 y in diameter
(Figs. 40 through 43) . Isolines of particulate count vary from
smooth undulating contours to random and patchy concentrations. Beam
transmittance readings were lowest in the first 8 to 12 m while particle
count was highest in this region (Appendix V, Table 2) . The larger
particles were found closer to the surface.

Beam transmittance values at the surface showed marked variations
during the four cruises, ranging from less than 20 percent to a high
of 65 percent. These variations were accompanied by equally drastic
changes in total particulate count at the surface. While currents,
surface waves, and internal waves all have some effect on the distri-
bution of particulate matter, it is evident that biological productivity,
specifically of phytoplankton , is a significant factor in reducing
light transmission. This was particularly apparent during Cruise 1,
when all the surface readings of beam transmittance were less than 20
percent due to a plankton bloom.

Turbidity layers were present during Cruise 4 (Figs. 17 and 18) .
The upper layer coincides with the concentration of particulates in
the thermocline (Fig. 43) . The lower layer at station Bravo is perhaps
the result of bottom material being placed into suspension by currents,
although this does not explain the origin of the corresponding 60 m
layer occurring in approximately 950 fathoms of water at station Delta
(Fig. 18) . Carsola and Dill (6) observed that transmissivity within a
turbidity layer increases with distance from shore while layer depth

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decreases, indicating dilution of the turbidity layer by clear
oceanic water. This observation is clearly verified in Figs. 17
and 18.

An attempt was made to identify and classify the different types
of organisms found in each sample microscopically, but recognition of
specific organisms was difficult except for chain diatoms, specifically
Chaetoceros sp., as seen in Fig. 65. Ihis particular species of
phytoplankton dominated the samples taken in the upper few meters
of water during the first cruise. Figure 65 is not representative
of the true particle distribution, since small particles do not appear
due to inadequate lighting and the very shallow depth of field for
micro-photographs .

A comparison was made between the relative-size distribution
histogram for the mixture of 6 to 14 y latex spheres (Fig. 66) discussed
in section 2.2 and individual relative-size distribution histograms for
each sample (not shown) . An average diameter of 7.22 y and standard
deviation of 2.37 y were measured by Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
Michigan. From Fig. 66, it is seen that the threshold settings
corresponding to the mean diameter and one standard deviation to the
right of the mean diameter are 17.16 and 31.68, respectively. These
results indicate that the particulates corresponding to approximately
68 percent of the total counts are less than 10 y in diameter, while
approximately 96 percent are less than 13 y.

As noted in section 4.6, the greatest change in transparency occurs
in the pycnocline/thermocline . This is also the region where particulate
concentrations change the most, since fine detritus and nearly neutrally-
buoyant plankton are retarded from further sinking by the presence of

73

a denser layer beneath the pycnocline. This distribution, however,
is easily upset by surface or subsurface turbulence which accounts
for some of the radical changes in beam transmittance profiles to be
observed in Figs. 44 through 62. Scatter plots of percentage beam
transmittance versus particulate count in thousands were made for
Coulter threshold settings of 0, 10, 20, and 30. The beam transmittance
and particulate count data were then fitted linearly using the least
square method (Figs. 63 and 64). The following parameters were
determined:

COULTER THRESHOLD

EQUATION

STANDARD DEVIATION

0

Y = -.156X + 14.49

2.54

10

Y = -.088X + 7.34

1.28

20

Y = -.058X + 4.74

0.86

30

Y = -.042X + 3.42

0.68

Y = Count in Thousands, X = Transmittance (%/m)

4.8 The Correlation of Lunar Period with Beam Transmittance

The time relation between lunar phases and sampling periods is
shown in Appendix V, Table 3. Although cruises were initially
planned to coincide with lunar phases, scheduling difficulties
prevented an exact correspondence. The mean times for Cruises 1
and 2 were approximately 47 hours and 44 hours later than their
respective lunar phases, whereas Cruises 3 and 4 were nearly coin-
cident.

Figures 13, 14, 17, and 18, corresponding to quarter phases of
the moon, show the presence of turbidity layers. Tidal ranges for
Cruises 2 and 4 were 4.2 ft and 5.4 ft, respectively.

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In contrast, Figs. 12, 15 , and 16, corresponding to new and
full moons, reveal an absence of turbidity layers., Tidal ranges
for Cruises 1 and 3 were 6.1 ft and 6.0 ft, respectively.

Although a possible turbidity layer, tidal range, and lunar
period correlation is indicated, definite conclusions cannot be
formed from the limited data available.

4.9 The Correlation of Internal Waves and Seiches with Beam Transmittance

While it is believed that seiches, internal waves, and currents
all contribute to the fluctuations in isolines of beam transmittance
observed in Figs. 12 through 18, positive proof for these phenomena is
lacking. As discussed in section 1.4, seiches in a bay of configuration
similar to that of Monterey Bay have amplitudes less than 1 ft and
periods up to 70 minutes. Feasibility studies by the Corps of Engineers
indicate Monterey Bay shows strong evidence for seiches in the period
range of 32 to 36 minutes (17) .

The shortest period of oscillation observed in the time-depth plots
of beam transmittance was four hours. The shortest interval between
successive casts was two hours. Consequently, the intervals between
observations made in this study are too large for positive identification
of internal wave activity or less-frequently occurring seiches. Similarly,
depth measurement uncertainties, probably not exceeding two meters during
rough seas, possibly masked the effects of internal waves or seiches.

98

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS

Nearly all of the parameters measured or observed during this
investigation show correlations of varying degree with beam trans-
mi ttance .

Beam transmittance isolines usually oscillate with the tidal
cycle period, although phase relations are not consistent. Minimum
values of beam transmittance frequently occur at or near low tide
with the following high tide causing the transmissivity to increase.

Salinity correlations with beam transmittance are not clearly
defined. In some observations little or no correlation was seen,
whereas in others, beam transmittance contours and isohalines are
nearly coincident. Isolated pockets of relatively high or low
salinity often appear to be associated with beam transmittance
perturbations .

There is a good correlation between temperature and beam trans-
mittance isolines with temperature probably having the greatest
correlation with beam transmittance.

Isopycnals and beam transmittance contours also show a clear
correlation due to the strong influence of temperature on density.

A good correlation between particulate matter and beam trans-
mittance was also observed. The greatest change in transmissivity
occurs in the pycnocline and thermocline since these are the regions
of greatest particulate concentration. The dominant phytoplankton
found during this study was a chain diatom (Chaetoceros sp.) .
Approximately 68 percent of the particles affecting beam transmittance

99

appeared to be less than 10 y in diameter, while approximately
96 percent appeared to be less than 13 y. There seems to be a
roughly linear relationship between values of particulate count and
beam transmittance . Particle sizes were found to decrease with
increasing depth.

The lunar period and subsequent tidal range seem to have a
correlation with beam transmittance. Results from this investigation
suggest that turbidity layers are possibly associated with decreased
tidal ranges (quarter phases of the moon) .

The effects of internal waves or seiches could not be determined
from this study.

100

CHAPTER 6
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH

For future light attenuation studies, the authors recommend
the use of an STD in conjunction with the beam transmissometer
to provide continuous measurements of salinity, temperature, and
density. This instrument would permit simultaneous measurement of
each parameter in depth and time in addition to reducing the interval
between successive observations.

A concurrent investigation of internal waves and seiches using
isotherm followers or thermistor chains should also be conducted in
order to determine their effect in producing oscillations in isolines
of beam transmittance .

The use of a larger, more stable research platform would reduce
ship motion, thereby eliminating some of the depth uncertainties
as well as improving station positioning accuracy.

Additional analysis of the particulate samples obtained from this
investigation is recommended for the purposes of determining organic
carbon content, identifying dominant plankton species, and determining
the percentage of detritus in each sample. It is also recommended
that scattering measurements be made to determine the contribution
of scattering to total light attenuation.

Additional studies are recommended to determine what relationship,
if any, exists between turbidity layers and lunar phases. Finally,
the possible correlation of beam transmittance gradient changes with
salinity gradient changes merits investigation.

101

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Ball, T. F. and E. C. LaFond. Shallow Water Turbidity Studies.
U. S. Naval Electronic Laboratory Report, 1129 , 1962.

2. Barham, E. G. , Wilton, J. W. , and M. P. Sullivan. Plankton and
Turbidity. U. S. Naval Electronics Laboratory Report, 1386,
1966.

3. Bassett, C. H. and H. C. Furminger. An Investigation of the
Vertical Variation of Light Scattering in Monterey Bay, California.
Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1965.

4. Bunpus, D. F. and A. H. Clarke. Hydrography of the Western
Atlantic: Transparency of the Coastal and Oceanic Waters of
the Western Atlantic. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Technical Report, 10, 1947.

5. Burt, W. V. Distribution of Suspended Materials in Chesapeake
Bay. Journal of Marine Research, 14, 47-62, 1955.

6. Carsola, A. J. and R. F. Dill. Spatial Changes in Transparency
of the Coastal Waters off San Diego, California. Unpublished,
personal correspondence with Dr. E. C. LaFond, U. S. Naval
Undersea Warfare Center.

7. Duntley, S. Q. Light in the Sea. Journal of the Optical Society
of America, 53, 214-233, 1963.

8. Emery, K. O. Transparency of Water off Southern California.
Transactions American Geophysical Union, 35, 217-220, 1954.

9. Jerlov, N. G. oOptical Measurements in the Eastern North Atlantic.
Meddelanden Fran Qceanografiska Institutet I Goteborg, B (8), 1961.

10. Jerlov, N. G. Optical Oceanography. Elsevier, Amsterdam, London,
New York, 1968.

11. Joseph, J. Extinction Measurements to Indicate Distribution and
Transport of Water Masses. Proceedings of the UNESCO Symposium
on Physical Oceanography, Tokyo, 59-75, 1955.

12. Oser, R. K. , Berger, J. L. , and L. J. Franc. Oceanographic Data
Report San Clemente Island Area October to December 1966. U. S.
Naval Oceanographic Office Informal Report, 67-77, 1967.

13. Raines, W. A. Sub-Tidal Oscillations in Monterey Harbor. Thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 1967.

102

14. Skogsberg, T. Jfydrofrapby of Monterey, California: Thermal
Conditions 1929-1933?^ransactions of the American Philosphical
Society, 29_, 1936.

15. U. S. Department of Commerce, Coast and Geodetic Survey. Manual
of Tide Observations, Publication 30-1, 7-15, 1965.

16. Welch, R. H. A Study of the Stratification of Phytoplankton at
Selected Locations in Monterey Bay, California. Thesis,
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, 1967.

17. Wilson, B. W. , Hendrickson, J. A., and R. E. Kilmer. Feasibility
Study for a Surge-Action Model of Monterey Harbor, California.

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,
2-136, 1965.

18. Wilson, B. W. Generation of Long-Period Seiches in Table Bay,
Cape Town, by Barometrical Oscillations. Transactions American
Geophysical Union, 35_ (5), 733-746, 1954.

19. Zinsser, H. Textbook of Bacteriology, Appleton, New York, 1927.

103

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107

ooooooooc

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109

Appendix II

C FDRTPAN PPHGPAM POR CORRFCTTNG PPHTErTcn

C REVERSING THERMOMFTFR TEMPERATURE S

C

C

r.

WRITE C 6,1 I

1 FORMATt //,T?r , 'CORRECTED TEMPERATURE1)

00 4 1=1.15^

READ(5,?) X,Y,V,T

X IS THE UNCORRECTED TEMPERATURE RFADING OF THP
C MAIN PROTECTED THERMOMETER

C Y IS THE TEMPERATURE READING nr THF AMXII TARY
C THERMOMETFR CORRECTED FOP INDEX FRRORS
C V IS THE VOLUMF OF MERCURY

C T IS THE INDEX CORRECTION FOR TH- MAIN PROTECTED
C REVERSING THERMO"ETFR
? FDRMAT( AF10.3)

R = f x*V»*(X-Y)/(6^rr.n)

W=X+P*T

WRITE(6.t> W
3 F0RMAT(i5X,F!O, ^)
A CONTINUE

RFTURN

END

C

110

Appendix III

C FORTRAN PROGRAM TO DETERMINE IN SITU DENSITY AND Tn PLOT

C VALUES OF DENSITY. TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND BEAM

C TRANSMITTANCE VERSUS DEPTH

C

C

C

REAL** ITITLE(12)

REAL** LAREl /4H /,MABEL/8H /

DIMENSION DFPTH( 1 5 ) .TEMP ( 1 5) , S AL ( 15 ) , TR ANS( 15 ) ,RHOU 5)

READ(5.66) < I TITLEf 1) ,1 = 1 ,12 >
66 FORMAT(6A8)

DO 3 1 = 1, n

DO A J*lf10
C SS IS SALINITY IN PARTS PER THOUSAND
C TS IS TEMPERATURE IN OEGPEES CENTIGRADF
C DS IS DEPTH IN METERS
C T IS BEAM TRANSMITTANCE IN PERCENT

READC5.2) TS,SS,DS,T

2 F0RMAT(4F10. 5)

C DENSITY IN SITU CALCULATIONS ARE MADE USING
C SUBROUTINE SGTSVA WHERESGT IS SIGMA Tt SV IS
C SPECIFIC VOLUME, AND SVA IS SPCCIFIC VHLUMF
C ANOMALY. SPECIFIC VOLUME IS THEN CONVERTED
C TO DENSITY IN SITU WHICH IS TERMFD DENSTD.

CALL SGTSVA ( TS , SS,nS ,SGT , SV, SVA )

DENSTD=1.0/SV

WRITE(6,8) DENSTD, SV, SVA, SGT
8 FORMAT(5X,4F10.6)

RHO< J)=DENSTD

DEPTH(J»=DS

SAL( J)=SS

TEMP(J)=TS

TPANS(J)=T

RHO( J)=(RHO( J) -1.024001*30000.0

SAL<J)=(SAL( J)-33.4O0)*100.0

DEPTH(JI=-DEPTH( J)

TEMP(J)=(TEMF(J)-8. 0)*10, 0

4 CONTINUE

CALL DR AW ( 10. TEMP , DEPTH, 1, 2, L ABEL, I TITLF, 20.0,20.0,

♦5.0,2,2,5.5,0. LI)

WRITE(6,13) LI

CALL DRAW(10,TFMP,DFOTH,2,^,LABEL,ITITI F , 2^ . C ,20.0,
*5, 0,2.2, 5,5, C.L2)

WRITE(6.13) L2

CALL DRAW(lO,SAL,DEPTH,2,5,LABFL,ITITLF,20 0,2^.0,^,

*0,2,2,5,5,C,13)

WRITE(6.13) L3

CALL DRAW! 10 , SAL , DEPTH ,2 ,0, LABEL , IT ITLE , 20 0 ,20. O , 5,
*0,2,2,5,5,",L4)

WPTTE(6.13) L4

CALL CRAW( K,RHO,DEPTH,2,3,LABFL,ITITLF,2O.O,20.->,5,
*0,2,2,5,5,0,L5)

WRITE(6,13) L5

CALL DRAW! 10 ,RHO, DEPTH ,2 ,0, LABEL , iTlTLE , 20. 0 , 20. ^,5 ,
*0.2,2,5,5,0,L6)

WRITE(6,13> L6

DO 17 L=ll,?l „ „, ,

READ(5,18) DEPTH(L),TRANS(L)
18 F0RMATC2F10.5)

DEPTH(L)=-OEPTH(L)

CALL DRAW(-,1 , TRANS, DEPTH, 3,1, LAB EL, I TITLE, 20, 0,20.0,
*5,0,2t2,5i5,C,L7)
WRITE(6,13) L 7
13 F0RMATC4X, 'I AST=',I5,/»

3 CCNTINUF
RETURN
END

111

SUBROUTINE SGTSVA ( T. StD, SGT . SV.SVA )

ST=- (( (T-3. 98 )**?)/ 503. 57 )*( (T+2 83 ) / (T*67. 261 I

Cl=(S-.030)/1.8O5

S0=-.069+1.4 70 8*CL-.0015 7*CL**2*3.Q8F-5*Cl**3

AT=T*(4.7 867-.098185*T+.00n843*T**2)*l. F-3

BT=T*( 18.03C-. 8164*T+.01667*T**2 >*1 , F-6

SGT=ST*(S0*.1324)*(l.-AT«-BT*(Sn-.n24n

AFST=1. /( l.*SGT*l.E-3)

A = D*AFST*l..F-9

B=48 86. /( 1,-U.83E-5*D)

C*22 7.+2R.33*T-. 55i*T**2*.0O4*T**3

E-D*l.E-4

G=(S0-28. »/10.

H=147.3-2.72*T-f.04*T**2

U=10 5.5*9.5*T-.158*T**2

V=l. 5*D**2*T*l.«=-8

W=3?.4-.87*T*.02*T**2

X*4. 5-. 1*T

Y = 1.8-.06*T

SV=AFST-A*(B-OE*U-V-G*(H-F*W)*G**2*(X-E*Y> )

AZ=. 9726*3

YA=-227.*. 01055*0

YB=. 0126* (147. 3-. 0^324*0)

AP=AZ-D*AZ*(B+YA-YR)*l.F-9

SVA=SV-AP

RETURN

FNO

112

Appendix IV

C FORTRAN PROGRAM TO DETERMINE THE LEAST SQUARE LINEAR

C FIT FOR THE BEAM TP ANSMITTANCE MEASUREMENTS AS A

C FUNCTION OF COULTER PARTICLE COUNTS AT VARIOUS

C COULTER THRESHOLDS

C

C

C

REAL*8 LABEL/8H /,ITITLE(12)

REAL*8 MABELMH /

REAL*8 TPANS.CCUNT.Y.B.T.CtA

REAL** SIGMA.DELY.SB.STtSC.W

REAL*4 XX (900 1 , YY( 900 ) .XXX (136 ) ,YYY ( 136 )
C UP TO ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-SIX POINTS ARF USED.
C XXX CORRESPONDS TO BEAM TRANSMITTANCE AND
C THE ABSCISSA. YYY CORRESPONDS TO PARTICLE
C COUNT AND THE ORDINATE.

DIMENSION TRANS ( 1 36 ), COUNT (136) . W( 1 36 ) , Y( 136 ) , DELY( 136) ,
*B(6),SB(6),T(6) ,ST(6) .C ( 6) , SC (6 ) , A ( 30 ,33 >

READ(5,4) (ITITLEU ),I = 1,12)
4 F0RMAT(6A8)

READ (5,1) (COUNT(I).TRANS(I),I=1.135)
C COUNT IS PARTICLE COUNT IN THOUSANDS.
C TRANS IS BEAM TRANSMITTANCE IN PERCENT.

1 F0RMAT(2F10.5)
WRITE(6.20)

20 FORMAT (20X, 'COUNT' , T52 ,• TRANS ',/// )

WRITE (6,2) (COUNT (I), TRANS (I), I =1,1 35)

2 FORMAT(18X,F10.5,T50,F10.5,//)
DO 3 M=l,5

JKL=30

IF(M.EQ.5) JKL=15
C JKL IN THE ABOVE STATEMENT MUST BE ADJUSTED WHEN
C THE NUMBER OF DATA POINTS IS CHANGED.

DO 68 1=1, JKL

J = I

IF(M.E0.2) J=I+30

IF(M.E0.3)J = H-60

IF(M.EQ.4) J=I*90

IF(M.E0.5) J=I*120

XXX(I )=TRANS( J)

YYYd )=COUNT( J)
68 CONTINUE

JJ=2

IF(M.E0.1)JJ=1

CALL DPAW( JKL,XXX,YYY,JJ,l,LABEL,ITITLF,15.0,3.O,0,0,
*2,2,6,8,0,L)

3 CONTINUE

CALL LS OPOL ( 135 ,1,0, 0,0, SIGMA, TRANS, COUNT, W,Y, DEL Y,
*B,SR,T,ST,C,SC,A)
DY=100. 0/900.0
RR=0.0

DO 6 1=1,900
XX ( I ) =RR

YY(I )=B(1)+B(2)*RR
6 RR — RR+OY

CALL DRAW(900,XX,YY, 3,0, MABEL, ITITLE, 15. 0,3. 0,0, 0,2,

*2,6,8,0,L)

RETURN

END

113

Appendix V

DATA TABLES

114

TABLE 1A

DEPTH, DATA, TIME, TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, DENSITY,
TRANSMITTANCE, AND TOTAL COULTER COUNT DATA

STATION BRAVO

DEPTH

Cm)

DATE/T]
(1968)

[ME TEMPERATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY '
(g/cm3)

rRANSMnTANCE
(%/m)

TOTAL

Coulter

Count

0

261600

Jul

12.34

33.666

1.02551

0.78

13800

6

261559

Jul

11.54

33.765

1.02576

0.78

22700

13

261558

Jul

10.98

33.715

1.02586

13.3

10500

15

261556

Jul

10.69

33.776

1.02597

16.0

17

261555

Jul

10.45

33.733

1.02598

45.5

3500

19

261552

Jul

10.21

33.718

1.02602

54.0

21

261550

Jul

10.12

33.803

1.02611

72.3

2152

40

261548

Jul

9.79

33.815

1.02626

67.7

1197

65

261545

Jul

9.32

33.907

1.02653

76.4

2205

90

261543

Jul

9.02

33.931

1.02671

58.4

4333

0

261744

Jul

12.53

33.691

1.02549

10.7

8

261735

Jul

11.65

33.755

1.02574

10.0

17

261732

Jul

11.07

33.773

1.02590

39.0

20

261731

Jul

10.37

33.750

1.02602

76.0

23

261728

Jul

10.22

33.800

1.02610

61.5

26

261727

Jul

10.05

33.809

1.02615

81.8

40

261724

Jul

9.80

33.780

1.02624

84.2

60

261721

Jul

9.38

33.880

1.02647

83.4

75

261718

Jul

9.18

33.858

1.02656

78.6

90

261715

Jul

8.91

33.974

1.02676

53.0

115

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE
(m) (1968) (°C)

SALINITY DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(0/00) (g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

0

262000

Jul

12.65

33.702

1.02548

10.4

14100

5

261957

Jul

12.20

33.723

1.02560

11.6

15100

9

261955

Jul

11.80

33.595

1.02560

12.2

14900

13

261953

Jul

11.21

33.670

1.02578

11.0

10900

17

261952

Jul

10.86

33.718

1.02590

17.8

13800

21

261948

Jul

10.30

33.729

1.02602

41.5

1428

25

261946

Jul

10.09

33.797

1.02613

77.6

2228

45

261943

Jul

9.60

33.841

1.02634

78.4

1725

65

261941 Jul

9.33

33.892

1.02651

78.1

2955

85

261936

Jul

9.01

33.922

1.02668

74.5

3254

0

262200

Jul

12.47

33.678

1.02549

11.8

3

262159

Jul

12.45

33.725

1.02555

11.8

6

262157

Jul

11.95

33.681

1.02562

13.2

9

262155

Jul

11.63

33.655

1.02567

19.7

12

262154

Jul

11.32

33.694

1.02578

23.5

15

262153

Jul

10.98

33.693

1.02585

30.1

18

262151 Jul

10.62

33.643

1.02589

43.7

22

262148

Jul

10.27

33.732

1,02604

80.9

50

262146

Jul

9.61

33.796

1.02633

81.6

85

262140

Jul

9.20

33.903

1.02664

79.6

0

262355

Jul

12.55

33.666

1.02547

13.9

12400

3

262354

Jul

11.98

33.696

1.02561

14.0

9831

6

262353

Jul

11.64

33.681

1.02568

15.4

14000

9

262351

Jul

11.31

33.661

1.02574

17.7

14200

12

262349

Jul

11.16

33.707

1.02582

18.1

16100

15

262348

Jul

10.61

33.691

1.02591

18.1

8547

30

262346

Jul

9.98

33.763

1.02615

79.8

2290

50

262343 Jul

9.61

33.784

1.02632

79.6

1558

70

262340

Jul

9.39

33.886

1.02652

74.5

1792

85

262337

Jul

9.27

33.880

1.02661

77.1

1966

116

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00 ) (g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

0

270152 Jul

12.57

33.690

1.02548

14.9

9

270148 Jul

11.19

33.690

1.02578

13.9

12

270147 Jul

10.81

33.693

1.02587

22.9

15

270146 Jul

10.60

33.748

1.02596

27.0

18

270145 Jul

10.37

33.770

1.02603

41.0

21

270143 Jul

10.18

33.745

1.02606

76.4

24

270142 Jul

10.08

33.738

1.02608

78.3

27

270140 Jul

9.99

33.763

1.02613

78.7

55

270137 Jul

9.55

33.862

1.02641

79.0

85

270132 Jul

9.08

33.937

1.02668

76.4

0

270339 Jul

12.54

33.665

1.02547

14.8

9373

5

270337 Jul

11.89

33.722

1.02566

14.1

16200

10

270336 Jul

10.94

33.721

1.02586

20.5

12400

15

270335 Jul

10.45

33.743

1.02598

53.3

4241

20

270334 Jul

10.11

33.724

1.02605

77.2

1361

25

270333 Jul

9.99

33.786

1.02614

79.4

1135

30

270332 Jul

9.90

33.782

1.02617

79.5

1169

50

270330 Jul

9.43

33.790

1.02635

79.5

1539

70

270327 Jul

9.18

33.862

1.02654

74.1

1990

85

270323 Jul

9.04

33.873

1.02664

75.5

2722

0

270547 Jul

12.56

33.715

1.02550

14.2

5

270545 Jul

11.50

33.713

1.02573

12.4

10

270544 Jul

10.57

33.726

1.02592

14.1

15

270542 Jul

10.32

33.744

1.02600

58.5

20

270541 Jul

9.95

33.726

1.02608

79.4

25

270539 Jul

9.85

33.682

1.02608

80.0

30

270537 Jul

9.81

33.816

1.02622

80.1

35

270535 Jul

9.72

33.799

1.02624

80.0

60

270532 Jul

9.34

33.866

1.02647

75.8

85

270528 Jul

9.05

33.898

1.02666

78.3

117

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE
(m) (1968) (°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm?)

TRANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

TOTAL

COULTER

COUNT

0

270747

Jul

12.27

33.676

1.02553

12.8

13700

3

270746

Jul

11.57

33.760

1.02574

11.0

16700

6

270743

Jul

11.19

33.743

1.02581

13.8

13300

9

270742

Jul

10.51

33.748

1.02595

17.2

5718

12

270741

Jul

10.31

33.752

1.02600

36.0

1921

15

270740

Jul

10.23

33.817

1.02608

59.0

3392

18

270736

Jul

10.07

33.807

1.02611

79.2

5159

35

270734

Jul

9.60

33.803

1.02626

83.0

6860

65

270732

Jul

9.14

33.931

1.02658

77.7

3143

85

270727

Jul

-

-

1.02669

72.8

-

0

270958

Jul

12.40

33.730

1.02555

12.0

5

270956

Jul

11.77

33.742

1.02570

11.0

8

270955

Jul

11.51

33.698

1.02573

17.0

11

270953

Jul

11.24

33.732

1.02582

31.2

14

270951

Jul

10.94

33.657

1.02582

31.6

17

270949

Jul

10.82

33.752

1.02593

35.0

35

270947

Jul

10.04

33.828

1.02621

77.0

55

270944

Jul

9.48

33.788

1.02636

78.9

75

270941

Jul

9.09

33.896

1.02660

75.0

85

270939

Jul

8.97

33.910

1.02668

75.7

0

271218

Jul

12.59

33.740

1.02552

13.0

12800

4

271216

Jul

12.01

33.757

1.02566

13.5

15866

8

271215

Jul

11.89

33.696

1.02565

19.0

10900

12

271212

Jul

11.24

33.702

1.02580

30.5

7497

16

271211

Jul

11.00

33.506

1.02571

37.9

5626

20

271210

Jul

10.82

33.731

1.02593

37.4

6306

24

271209

Jul

10.10

33.756

1.02609

56.5

3558

45

271207 Jul

9.54

33.836

1.02635

78.3

1326

65

271205

Jul

9.22

33.930

1.02656

77.6

1960

85

271201

Jul

9.04

33.935

1.02669

68.9

3275

118

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TPANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) (g/on3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

0

271430

Jul

12.79

33.712

1.02546

16.0

4

271428

Jul

11.66

33.725

1.02570

16.6

8

271427

Jul

11.60

33.617

1.02565

19.3

11

271426

Jul

11.45

33.690

1.02574

30.0

15

271424

Jul

10.89

33.725

1.02589

37.1

20

271422

Jul

10.60

33.684

1.02593

47.8

27

271420

Jul

10.05

33.799

1.02615

78.0

30

271419

Jul

10.00

33.817

1.02619

78.8

55

271416

Jul

9.45

33.813

1.02639

78.4

85

271412

Jul

9.10

33.859

1.02662

78.0

0

271625

Jul

12.43

33.761

1.02557

15.0

3

271624

Jul

12.06

33.727

1.02562

15.0

6

271622

Jul

11.70

33.671

1.02566

22.0

9

271620

Jul

11.17

33.529

1.02566

34.0

12

271617

Jul

10.86

33.680

1.02585

39.5

15

271616

Jul

10.36

33.649

1.02592

57.2

18

271615

Jul

10.11

33.840

1.02613

78.0

45

271612

Jul

9.46

33.858

1.02638

82.0

75

271608

Jul

9.26

33.881

1.02656

79.0

85

271606

Jul

9.06

33.749

1.02654

79.5

0

171041

Aug

13.59

33.660

1.02526

65.2

2094

5

171039

Aug

13.51

33.696

1.02532

72.1

27970

7

171038

Aug

-

-

-

70.0

-

8

171036

Aug

13.22

33.671

1.02538

27.5

2878

9

171035 Aug

-

-

-

40.1

—

10

171034 Aug

12.28

33.683

1.02558

66.0

3424

11

171033 Aug

-

-

-

67.1

-

12

171033 Aug

11.40

33.712

1.02577

69.0

2597

14

171032 Aug

11.17

33.733

1.02584

73.5

2423

16

171032 Aug

11.11

33.754

1.02588

73.5

2793

20

171032 Aug

-

-

-

74.3

—

119

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TPANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) (g/on3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

25

171030

Aug

-

-

-

78.3

-

30

171028

Aug

10.73

33.769

1.02602

78.6

2292

45

171027

Aug

-

-

-

82.0

-

60

171025

Aug

10.22

33.795

1.02627

83.2

3226

85

171021

Aug

9.82

33.822

1.02647

82.5

1721

0

171459

Aug

14.02

33.671

1.02518

61.6

3

171459

Aug

14.03

33.786

1.02528

63.6

6

171458

Aug

13.88

33.776

1.02531

63.6

9

171457

Aug

13.57

33.645

1.02529

67.0

11

171456

Aug

11.91

33.723

1.02568

64.8

13

171455

Aug

11.40

33.815

1.02586

66.0

15

171454

Aug

11.30

33.717

1.02581

69.0

17

171453

Aug

11.19

33.806

1.02591

69.0

29

171452

Aug

-

-

-

69.6

35

171451

Aug

-

-

-

75.1

50

171449

Aug

10.48

33.879

1.02624

77.5

65

171448

Aug

-

-

-

78.9

85

171447

Aug

9.73

33.836

1.02650

76.5

0

171847

Aug

13.57

33.700

1.02529

58.0

3178

4.7

171846

Aug

13.58

33.889

1.02546

57.3

4162

8.5

171845

Aug

13.55

33.886

1.02548

59.5

2529

11.3

171845

Aug

13.51

33.727

1.02537

61.0

2364

14.1

171844

Aug

12.58

33.810

1.02564

67.0

2385

16.9

171843

Aug

11.34

33.823

1.02589

69.0

1923

19.7

171842

Aug

11.23

33.703

1.02583

66.9

2265

28.0

171841

Aug

-

-

-

70.5

-

32.9

171839

Aug

10.62

33.884

1.02614

74.4

1953

58.4

171837

Aug

10.32

33.888

1.02632

77.5

1651

80.9

171833

Aug

10.07

33.886

1.02646

77.8

2322

120

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH
Cm)

DATE/TIME TE
(1968)

MPERATURI
(°C)

2 SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE
(g/cm3) (%/m)

TOTAL

COULTER

COUNT

0

172044 Aug

13.49

33.662

1.02528

63.5

4.5

172043 Aug

13.50

33.678

1.02531

63.5

7.2

172042 Aug

13.35

33.692

1.02536

63.5

9.9

172042 Aug

12.93

33.667

1.02544

61.7

12.6

172041 Aug

12.14

33.700

1.02563

59.8

15.3

172040 Aug

11.24

33.733

1.02584

64.0

18.0

172039 Aug

11.19

33.733

1.02586

65.5

20.9

172037 Aug

-

-

-

69.0

31.5

172036 Aug

10.40

33.768

1.02609

75.9

54.0

172034 Aug

10.19

33.885

1.02632

78.2

76.5

172030 Aug

9.96

33.793

1.02638

72.5

0

2

4

230814 Aug

230814 Aug
230813 Aug

14.17
13.71

33.492
33.484

1.02501
1.02511

43.5
35.1

43.6

10900
10800

7

230812 Aug

12.64

33.519

1.02537

49.0

6016

10

230811 Aug

12.21

33.572

1.02550

47.4

6902

13

230810 Aug

12.08

33.545

1.02552

48.7

5144

15

230809 Aug

-

-

-

51.8

-

16

230809 Aug

11.96

33.550

1.02556

64.4

5215

20

230808 Aug

11.20

33.553

1.02572

71.1

4831

24

230808 Aug

11.06

33.597

1.02580

71.2

3124

32

230807 Aug

-

-

-

74.6

—

48

230806 Aug

-

-

-

79.8

—

55

230803 Aug

10.46

33.551

1.02601

81.7

3012

63

230800 Aug

-

-

-

82.0

—

85

230759 Aug

10.17

33.632

1.02626

82.0

2744

0

231138 Aug

15.14

33.578

1.02486

28.7

1.5

231137 Aug

-

-

-

21.0

3

231136 Aug

14.52

33.567

1.02500

21.7

121

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE TOTAL

(m)

(1968)

(°C) (0/00) (g/cm3)

(%/m)

COULTER
COUNT

5

231136

Aug

-

-

-

19.9

6

231135

Aug

14.02

33.579

1.02513

40.0

7

231134

Aug

-

-

-

43.5

9

231133

Aug

12.63

33.622

1.02546

48.0

12

231132

Aug

12.03

33.595

1.02557

59.6

13

231132

Aug

-

-

-

62.5

15

231131

Aug

11.65

33.625

1.02567

69.1

18

231131

Aug

11.13

33.537

1.02571

69.5

21

231130

Aug

11.09

33.585

1.02577

71.7

27

231129

Aug

-

-

-

74.1

33

231128

Aug

-

-

-

78.0

50

231127

Aug

10.57

33.608

1.02601

80.0

75

231125

Aug

-

-

-

84.0

85

231122

Aug

10.30

33.668

1.02627

82.3

0

231715

Aug

13.64

33.564

1.02517

36.5

4

231714

Aug

13.63

33.532

1.02517

35.4

6

231714

Aug

-

-

-

35.5

8

231713

Aug

13.52

33.532

1.02521

35.0

10

231713

Aug

-

-

-

36.0

12

231712

Aug

13.35

33.567

1.02529

37.6

16

231711

Aug

12.97

33.565

1.02538

46.0

20

231710

Aug

12.42

33.572

1.02551

51.1

22

231710

Aug

-

-

-

52.8

24

231709

Aug

11.86

33.582

1.02572

59.4

28

231708

Aug

11.55

33.595

1.02573

69.0

32

231707

Aug

11.31

33.598

1.02579

69.6

41

231705

Aug

-

-

-

74.7

80

231702

Aug

10.46

33.654

1.02620

82.2

6404
7154

8587

7216
6651
7315

4190
4048
3958

4507

0 232244 Aug 13.98

33.628 1.02515

41.0

11600

122

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TPANSMTTTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) (g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

3.9

232243

Aug

13.85

33.719

1.02527

42.0

11800

5.0

232242

Aug

-

-

-

40.0

-

7.9

232241

Aug

13.51

33.659

1.02531

46.7

8220

11.8

232240

Aug

13.20

33.706

1.02542

48.0

7490

14.0

232239

Aug

-

-

-

51.0

-

15.8

232238

Aug

12.39

33.723

1.02561

51.0

6957

18.0

232237

Aug

-

-

-

58.0

-

19.8

232236

Aug

12.24

33.727

1.02566

62.0'

5869

24.8

232235

Aug

11.89

33.747

1.02577

76". 5

7253

29.7

232235

Aug

11.63

33.724

1.02582

79.0

4304

33.0

232233

Aug

-

-

-

85.5

-

49.5

232231

Aug

10.70

33.766

1.02611

77.0

2966

74.0

232229

Aug

-

-

-

79.5

-

79.2

232226

Aug

10.27

33.813

1.02636

73.0

2781

1o.o

301140

Aug

14.06

33.512

1.02504

26.0

12500

4.9

301140

Aug

-

-

-

27.5

-

6.9

301139

Aug

14.00

33.551

1.02512

26.6

12900

9.8

301138

Aug

13.88

33.536

1.02514

29.0

11800

12.7

301137

Aug

12.62

33.576

1.02544

61.5

8467

15.7

301136

Aug

11.67

33.602

1.02566

64.0

8673

16.7

301136

Aug

-

-

-

68.0

-

18.6

301136

Aug

11.57

33.601

1.02569

77.0

5344

21.6

301135

Aug

11.54

33.595

1.02570

80.0

5368

39.2

301133

Aug

10.45

33.583

1.02597

86.4

1524

52.5

301132

Aug

-

-

-

87.0

-

58.7

301131 Aug

10.28

33.592

1.02609

81.9

3337

63.6

301130

Aug

-

-

-

68.8

—

70.5

301129

Aug

-

-

-

65.0

—

75.4

301128

Aug

-

-

-

47.5

—

83.2

301127

Aug

9.93

33.716

1.02636

45.5

10600

123

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH
(m)

DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE
(1968) (°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm3)

TRANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

TOTAL

COULTER

COUNT

0

301537

Aug

13.73

33.451

1.02507

31.0

3

301536

Aug

-

-

-

31.4

5

301535

Aug

-

-

-

27.7

6

301534

Aug

-

-

-

29.0

9

301533

Aug

13.12

33.489

1.02526

23.4

12

301532

Aug

13.00

33.488

1.02529

18.2

13.5

301531

Aug

-

-

-

18.6

15

301530

Aug

12.20

33.487

1.02546

22.4

18

301529

Aug

11.40

33.482

1.02562

34.0

19.5

301529

Aug

-

-

-

46.0

21

301529

Aug

11.26

33.478

1.02566

48.4

24

301528

Aug

11.12

33.421

1.02565

73.4

30

301527

Aug

10.72

33.467

1.02579

74.5

47

301527

Aug

-

-

-

80.0

55

301524

Aug

10.31

33.588

1.02607

76.1

59

301524

Aug

-

-

-

76.0

67

301523

Aug

-

-

-

49.4

73

301522

Aug

-

-

-

52.1

74

301521

Aug

-

-

-

59.0

79

301520

Aug

-

-

-

80.0

85

301518

Aug

9.33

33.681

1.02644

81.2

0

301938

Aug

14.22

33.517

1.02502

27.5

5178

3

301937

Aug

-

-

-

25.3

-

5

301937

Aug

-

-

-

29.2

-

8

301936

Aug

14.03

33.510

1.02508

25.0

9866

10

301936

Aug

13.96

33.489

1.02509

24.5

9854

12.5

301935

Aug

-

-

-

23.5

-

13

301934

Aug

13.30

33.496

1.02525

28.0

5807

14.5

301934

Aug

-

-

-

28.0

-

16

301933

Aug

11.71

33.457

1.02554

59.4

13600

124

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY " TRANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) (g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

18

301933 Aug

11,20

33.482

1.02566

70.5

6283

20

301932 Aug

11.02

33.480

1.02570

66.4

3500

23

301931 Aug

10.76

33.437

1.02573

69.3

2320

28

301930 Aug

-

-

-

73.8

-

34

301929 Aug

-

-

-

78.2

-

50

301928 Aug

10.40

33.528

1.02598

76.0

1416

54

301927 Aug

-

-

-

78.7

-

57

301927 Aug

-

-

-

71.3

-

59

301926 Aug

-

-

-

59.0

-

72

301925 Aug

-

-

56.0

-

82

301924 Aug

-

-

59.0

-

85

301922 Aug

9.54

33.670

1.02640

67.6

2900

0

302349 Aug

15.36

33.464

1.02473

23.5

5

302349 Aug

-

-

-

25.0

9

302348 Aug

15.14

33.455

1.02481

26.5

11

302348 Aug

14.75

33.475

1.02492

25.0

13

302347 Aug

14.20

33.495

1.02506

23.0

15

302347 Aug

13.25

33.497

1.02527

27.0

17

302346 Aug

12.14

33.528

1.02552

33.1

19

302346 Aug

11.06

33.504

1.02571

41.0

22

302345 Aug

10.87

33.493

1.02574

47.0

23

302344 Aug

-

-

-

70.0

28

302343 Aug

-

-

-

74.3

50

302342 Aug

10.42

33.536

1.02598

77.0

58

302341 Aug

-

-

—

80.0

60

302340 Aug

-

-

—

74.3

62

302339 Aug

-

-

-

60.5

68.5

302338 Aug

-

-

—

54.0

79

302337 Aug

-

-

-

56.6

125

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TPANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

82

302336

Aug

-

-

-

64.3

85

302335

Aug

9.53

33.791

1.02649

73.2

0

310401

Aug

13.95

33.645

1.02517

14.0

16600

2

310400

Aug

-

-

-

13.7

-

5

310400

Aug

13.41

33.645

1.02645

13.7

12300

7

310359

Aug

12.02

33.608

1.02556

27.5

9551

9

310359

Aug

11.64

33.606

1.02563

34.4

7760

11

310358

Aug

11.31

33.609

1.02571

44.0

7213

13

310357

Aug

11.04

33.615

1.02577

55.0

5258

15

310357

Aug

11.01

33.646

1.02581

55.5

2822

20

310356

Aug

10.92

33.621

1.02583

61.5

3123

22

310355

Aug

-

-

-

61.2

-

24

310354

Aug

-

-

-

67.0

-

29

310353

Aug

-

-

-

73.3

-

47

310353

Aug

-

-

-

76.5

-

50

310353

Aug

10.18

33.763

1.02620

71.7

3754

56

310352

Aug

-

-

-

65.6

-

59

310351

Aug

-

-

-

60.8

-

64

310350

Aug

-

-

-

55.0

-

69

310350

Aug

-

-

-

59.0

-

70

310349

Aug

-

-

-

66.0

-

72

310348

Aug

-

-

-

73.0

-

85

310346

Aug

9.33

33.822

1.02655

78.0

1892

0

310807

Aug

13.47

33.633

1.02526

37.0

3

310806

Aug

-

-

-

24.5

5

310806

Aug

13.19

33.629

1.02534

18.0

10

310805

Aug

12.46

33.635

1.02551

17.0

13

310805

Aug

11.99

33.644

1.02562

20.5

126

TABLE 1A (Continued)

DEPTH DATE/TIME TEMPERATURE SALINITY DENSITY TRANSMITTANCE TOTAL
(m) (1968) (°C) (0/00) (g/cm3) (%/m) COULTER

COUNT

16

310803

Aug

11.27

33.637

1.02576

28.0

18

310802

Aug

-

-

-

47.0

20

310802

Aug

11.00

33.631

1.02582

53.7

24

310801

Aug

10.98

33.687

1.02589

56.0

27.5

310800

Aug

-

-

-

65.0

35

310800

Aug

10.71

33.701

1.02599

72.0

38

310759

Aug

-

-

-

71.4

43

310758

Aug

-

_

-

74.1

52

310757

Aug

-

-

-

64.3

60

310757

Aug

9.85

33.797

1.02633

67.5

72

310755

Aug

-

-

-

70.5

85

310753

Aug

9.37

33.819

1.02654

76.8

127

TABLE IB STATION DELTA

DEPTH
(m)

date/t:

(1968!

[ME
1

TEMPERATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm3 )

TRANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

0

171250

Aug

14.27

33.700

1.02515

52.0

3

171249

Aug

14.09

33.656

1.02516

55.2

4

171248

Aug

-

-

-

55.7

6

171248

Aug

13.89

33.674

1.02523

36.1

7

171247

Aug

-

-

-

35.3

9

171247

Aug

13.42

33.719

1.02538

33.0

10

171246

Aug

-

-

-

33.0

12

171244

Aug

12.68

33.720

1.02554

41.4

14

171243

Aug

-

-

-

54.0

15

171243

Aug

12.45

33.741

1.02561

54.0

17

171242

Aug

-

-

-

61.0

19

171241

Aug

11.86

33.753

1.02575

70.4

22

171240

Aug

11.08

33.759

1.02591

74.6

25

171239

Aug

10.88

33.737

1.02595

76.0

55

171238

Aug

-

-

-

81.0

85

171231

Aug

9.78

33.807

1.02646

82.3

0

171646

Aug

14.21

33.634

1.02511

42.0

2.

8

171645

Aug

14.22

33.649

1.02513

42.0

5.

6

171644

Aug

14.12

33.787

1.02527

39.9

7.

5

171643

Aug

13.75

33.704

1.02529

38.1

11

171643

Aug

-

-

-

44.0

11.

3

171642

Aug

12.51

33.690

1.02554

41.8

13.

5

171641

Aug

-

-

-

44.3

14.

1

171640

Aug

12.11

33.734

1.02567

47.0

16.

5

171639

Aug

-

-

-

57.0

16.

9

171639

Aug

11.75

33.694

1.02572

73.0

19.

7

171639

Aug

11.07

33.740

1.02589

73.1

35

171636

Aug

-

-

-

71.7

42.

3

171635

Aug

10.42

33.779

1.02614

72.0

80.

,9

171630

Aug

9.83

33.801

1.02643

79.3

128

TABLE IB (Continued)

DEPTH

DATE/TIME

TEMPERATURE

SALINITY

DENSITY

TRANSMITTANCE

(m)

(1968)

(°C)

(0/00)

(g/cm3)

(%/m)

0

230952 Aug

13.75

33.557

1.02514

45.0

5

230951 Aug

-

-

-

44.1

8

230950 Aug

13.67

33.566

1.02520

48.1

11

230949 Aug

13.53

33.546

1.02523

56.5

14

230948 Aug

12.51

33.522

1.02543

51.5

15

230947 Aug

-

-

-

64.5

17

230947 Aug

11.91

33.526

1.02556

70.5

20

230946 Aug

11.50

33.626

1.02572

75.9

23

230945 Aug

10.76

33.473

1.02575

80.5

26

230944 Aug

10.32

33.485

1.02585

86.5

55

230942 Aug

9.68

33.597

1.02618

87.9

85

230937 Aug

9.47

33.684

1.02642

87.9

0

231335 Aug

14.21

33.556

1.02505

39.2

4.8

231335 Aug

14.20

33.566

1.02508

39.2

9.6

231334 Aug

14.00

33.565

1.02514

41.4

13

231333 Aug

-

-

-

42.5

14.4

231333 Aug

13.42

33.604

1.02531

49.0

17.3

231332 Aug

12.99

33.593

1.02540

49.7

20.2

231332 Aug

12.68

33.580

1.02547

50.3

23

231331 Aug

12.38

33.582

1.02554

53.0

28.8

231328 Aug

11.26

33.634

1.02581

67.3

57.6

231326 Aug

10.80

33.606

1.02601

73.7

66

231325 Aug

-

-

-

77.5

70

231324 Aug

-

-

-

82.5

81.6

231322 Aug

10.05

33.527

1.02618

85.0

0

232058 Aug

13.54

33.599

1.02522

55.8

5

232058 Aug

-

-

-

56.0

9.9

232057 Aug

12.99

33.661

1.02542

59.1

129

TABLE IB (Continued)

DEPTH

(m)

DATE/TIME
(1968)

TEMPEPATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm3)

TPANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

12.9

232056

Aug

12.80

33.603

1.02543

59.7

15.8

232055

Aug

12.48

33.664

1.02555

62.9

18.8

232055

Aug

12.14

33.458

1.02547

61.0

21.8

232054

Aug

11.72

33.660

1.02572

73.0

24.8

232054

Aug

11.43

33.596

1.02574

74.4

27.8

232053

Aug

11.36

33.718

1.02586

75.3

31.7

232052

Aug

11.06

33.677

1.02590

80.4

43

232050

Aug

-

-

-

82.0

79.2

232045

Aug

9.67

33.739

1.02640

86.3

0

301332

Aug

13.97

33.463

1.02503

25.5

4.9

301332

Aug

-

-

-

25.5

7.9

301331

Aug

13.86

33.476

1.02509

27.0

10.9

301330

Aug

13.53

33.449

1.02515

47.6

13.9

301330

Aug

12.22

33.486

1.02546

52.5

16.8

301329

Aug

11.38

33.473

1.02561

48.0

19.8

301329

Aug

11.36

33.496

1.02565

49.5

22.8

301328

Aug

11.09

33.510

1.02572

59.1

25.8

301327

Aug

10.97

33.529

1.02577

63.0

30.7

301326

Aug

-

-

-

68.6

37.6

301325

Aug

-

-

-

77.0

42.6

301324

Aug

-

-

-

82.6

49.5

301324

Aug

10.34

33.591

1.02604

77.0

56.5

301323

Aug

-

-

-

73.4

63.4

301322

Aug

-

-

-

80.5

84.2

301319

Aug

9.61

33.632

1.02635

84.7

0

301731

Aug

14.28

33.491

1.02498

18.0

2

301731

Aug

-

-

-

18.0

4

301731

Aug

14.08

33.496

1.02505

21.4

130

TABLE IB (Continued)

DEPTH
(m)

DATE/TIME
(1968)

TEMPERATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY"
(g/cm3)

TRANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

5

301730

Aug

-

-

-

23.0

6

301730

Aug

13.71

33.455

1.02510

24.4

8

301729

Aug

13.19

33.485

1.02524

38.0

10

301729

Aug

12.54

33.468

1.02536

54.1

11

301729

Aug

-

-

-

57.5

13

301728

Aug

11.16

33.467

1.02563

68.4

16

301728

Aug

10.91

33.474

1.02570

74.7

20

301727

Aug

10.72

33.481

1.02575

77.0

45

301725

Aug

10.38

33.543

1.02597

78.4

62

301724

Aug

-

-

-

75.0

71.5

301723

Aug

-

-

-

80.7

85

301719

Aug

9.43

33.612

1.02637

83.7

0

302145

Aug

14.41

33.504

1.02496

24.0

5

302145

Aug

-

-

-

20.0

8

302144

Aug

13.85

33.500

1.02512

23.0

9

302144

Aug

-

-

23.5

12

302143

Aug

13.52

33.487

1.02519

25.5

14

302143

Aug

-

-

-

37.5

16

302142

Aug

13.01

33.478

1.02530

41.5

19

302142

Aug

-

-

-

49.5

20

302141

Aug

11.64

33.502

1.02560

59.0

22

302140

Aug

11.22

33.502

1.02569

64.3

24

302140

Aug

11.04

33.498

1.02573

66.5

26

302139

Aug

10.94

33.504

1.02576

70.0

45

302138

Aug

10.62

33.610

1.02598

76.2

55

302138

Aug

-

-

-

76.2

71.5

302137

Aug

-

-

-

80.5

85

302137 Aug

9.45

33.602

1.02636

83.1

131

TABLE IB (Continued)

DEPTH
(m)

DATE/TIME
(1968)

TEMPERATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm3)

TRANSMITTANCE
(%/m)

0

310154 Aug

14.32

33.619

1.02507

26.0

5

310154 Aug

-

-

-

28.3

8

310153 Aug

14.01

33.608

1.02516

25.0

10

310152 Aug

13.83

33.618

1.02522

25.6

12

310152 Aug

13.43

33.628

1.02532

26.6

14

310151 Aug

13.24

33.614

1.02535

30.1

16

310151 Aug

12.94

33.582

1.02540

40.0

18

310150 Aug

11.82

33.622

1.02565

51.0

21

310149 Aug

-

-

-

64.0

25

310148 Aug

10.74

33.628

1.02589

69.9

37

310147 Aug

-

-

-

76.4

42

310146 Aug

-

-

-

63.5

45

310146 Aug

10.20

33.766

1.02618

55.1

49

310145 Aug

-

-

-

53.0

54

310144 Aug

-

-

-

73.4

62

310143 Aug

-

-

-

79.0

85

310140 Aug

9.32

33.679

1.02644

82.2

0

310606 Aug

14.92

33.653

1.02497

32.5

3

310605 Aug

13.80

33.640

1.02521

32.9

6

310604 Aug

13.59

33.656

1.02528

32.9

9

310603 Aug

13.31

33.560

1.02528

42.0

12

310602 Aug

12.48

33.640

1.02552

37.0

13.5

310602 Aug

-

-

-

55.5

15

310602 Aug

11.25

33.639

1.02576

64.5

18

310601 Aug

10.97

33.649

1.02583

69.9

21

310600 Aug

10.81

33.644

1.02587

72.3

29

310559 Aug

-

-

-

74.2

50

310558 Aug

10.21

33.696

1.02615

79.0

63

310557 Aug

-

-

-

72.5

132

TABLE IB (Continued)

DEPTH
(m)

DATE/TIME
(1968)

TEMPERATURE
(°C)

SALINITY
(0/00)

DENSITY
(g/cm3)

TRANS-IITTANCE

(%/m)

69

310556

Aug

-

-

-

69.2

77

310555

Aug

-

-

-

65.0

85

310552

Aug

9.71

33.762

1.02644

66.5

0

311016

Aug

13.92

33.617

1.02516

29.5

5

311015

Aug

13.56

33.630

1.02526

32.6

10

311014

Aug

13.36

33.635

1.02533

35.5

13

311014

Aug

13.25

33.627

1.02536

38.0

16

311013

Aug

12.98

33.640

1.02544

48.0

17

311012

Aug

-

-

-

53.0

18

311012

Aug

-

-

-

65.1

20

311011

Aug

11.63

33.629

1.02570

69.0

24

311011

Aug

11.42

33.651

1.02578

74.5

35

311010

Aug

10.59

33.657

1.02598

75.7

47

311009

Aug

-

-

-

81.0

56

311009

Aug

-

-

-

72.1

60

311008

Aug

10.33

33.733

1.02620

68.3

63.5

311007

Aug

-

-

-

58.0

71

311006

Aug

-

-

-

79.5

85

311000

Aug

9.46

33.746

1.02647

83.2

133

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138

TABLE 3

RELATION BETWEEN LUNAR PHASES AND SAMPLING PERIODS

DATE

TIME (PST)

MOON PHASE

SAMPLING PERIOD

25 July 1968

0449

New

1511/26 July 1968 to
1559/27 July 1968

1 August 1968

1134

First Quarter

8 August 1968

0432

Full

.5 August 1968

1913

Last Quarter

1012-2023

17 August 1968

23 August 1968

1657

New

0757-2218

23 August 1968

30 August 1968

1635

First Quarter

1125/30 Aug 1968 to
0959/31 Aug 1968

139

INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST

No. Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 20
Cameron Station

Alexandria, Virginia 22314

2. Library 2
Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

3. Department of Oceanography 10
Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 93940

4. Naval Weather Service Command 1
Washington Navy Yard

Washington, D. C. 20390

5. Officer in Charge 1
Fleet Numerical Weather Facility

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

6. Commanding Officer and Director 1
U. S. Naval Undersea Warfare Center

Attn: Code 2230

San Diego, California 92152

7. Director, Naval Research Laboratory 1
Attn: Tech. Services Info. Officer

Washington, D. C. 20390

8. Office of Naval Research 1
Department of the Navy

Washington, D. C. 20360

9. Commander, Air Weather Service 2
Military Airlift Command

U. S. Air Force

Scott Air Force Base, Illinois 62226

10. Department of Commerce, ESSA 2
Weather Bureau

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The Madison Building

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140

13. National Oceanographic Data Center
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14. Mission Bay Research Foundation
7730 Herschel Avenue

La Jolla, California 92038

15. Director, Maury Center for Ocean Sciences
Naval Research Laboratory
Washington, D. C. 20390

16. Dr. George F. Beardsley
Department of Oceanography
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 9 7331

17. Dr. Bob Dresnack

Department of Civil Engineering

323 High Street

Newark, New Jersey 07102

18. Dr. Seibert Q. Duntley
Visibility Laboratory

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California 92037

19. CDR J. E. Geary, USN
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

20. Dr. Eugene C. Haderlie
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

21. Professor Alexandre Ivanoff
Laboratoire d 'Oceanographie Physique de la

Faculte des Sciences de Paris
9, Quai Saint-Bernard
Paris (V°) , France

22. Dr. G. Kullenberg

Institute for Physical Oceanography
Solvgade 83K
Copenhagen, K, Denmark

23. Mr. Kenneth V. Mackenzie

U. S. Naval Undersea Warfare Center
Ocean Sciences Department - Code D503
San Diego Division
San Diego, California 92152

141

24. Dr. Robert E. Morrison
Tracor, Inc.

1735 I Street, N. W.
Washington, D. C. 20006

25. Dr. John H. Phillips
Director

Hopkins Marine Station

Stanford University

Pacific Grove, California 93950

26. Professor Stevens P. Tucker
Department of Oceanography
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

27. Mr. John E. Tyler
Visibility Laboratory

Scripps Institution of Oceanography
La Jolla, California 92037

28. LT Richard D. Waer
USS HALFBEAK (SS-352)
Fleet Post Office

New York. New York 09501

29. LT Lanny A. Yeske
USS BAYA (AGSS-318)
Fleet Post Office

San Francisco, California 96601

142

UNCLASSIFIED

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DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA -R&D

Security classification of title, body ol abstract and indexing annotation must t,e entered when tlte overall report is cla id. I

I ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author)

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

2a. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

Unclassified

2b. GROUP

3 REPORT TITLE

The Correlation of Oceanic Parameters with Light Attenuation in Monterey Bay,
California.

4. DESCRIPTIVE NOTES (Type of report and.inclusive dates)

Master ' s thesis , December 1968

5 AU THOR(S) (First name, middle initial, last name)

Lanny A. Yeske
Pdehard D. Waer

6 REPORT DATE

December 1968

la. TOTAL NO. OF PAGES

143

7b. NO. OF REFS

19

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this report)

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10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is
unlimited.

II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

N/A

12. SPONSORING Ml LI TARY ACTIVITY

Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940

13. ABSTR AC T

An investigation of the correlation of oceanic parameters with light
attenuation in Monterey Bay, California, was conducted during July and August 1968.
Measurements of beam transmittance , salinity, temperature, density, and particulate
matter, related in time and depth, were obtained during four cruises. Nearly 400
water samples were taken from two stations at depths between 0 and 85 m.

Temperature showed the greatest correlation with beam transmittance. Isopycnals
and beam transmittance contours showed a similar good correlation. Although salinity
correlations were not clearly defined, isolated salinity pockets often appeared to be
associated with transmissivity perturbations. A nearly linear relationship between
values of particulate count and beam transmittance was observed. Particle sizes were
found to decrease with increased depths. Approximately 96 percent of the particles
affecting beam transmittance were less than 13 y in diameter. Beam transmittance
isolines generally oscillate with a tidal cycle period, the miniinum values usually
occurring at low tide. A possible correlation between lunar period, tidal ranges,
and turbidity layers were indicated.

DD

FORM I47O

I NOV 69 I "T / *J

S/N 0101 -807-681 1

(PAGE 1)

143

UNCLASSIFIED

Security Classification

A-31408

UNCLASSIFIED

Security Classification

KEY WORDS

LINK A

Light attenuation

Turbidity

Beam transmittance

Transparency

Suspended material

Particulate matter

Plankton

Salinity

Temperature

Density

Tidal Cycle

Lunar Period

Monterey Bay, California

DD

FORM

1 NOV SB

1473

BACK)

144

UNCLASSIFIED

S/N 0101-807-68?!

Security Classification

A- j I 409

thesY43

The correlation of oceanic parameters wi

3 2768 001 90516 9

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY