iiommonn | _ 7 EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY BERKELEY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF — CALIFORNIA | LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA — THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY. OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID EARTH SCIENCES LIBRARY CQGsMoOs A SKETCH OF A PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE UNIVERSE BY ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT TRANSLATED BY E. C. OTTE VOL. IL LONDON GEORGE BELL AND SONS 1900 GO /58 HER 1392 CONTENTS OF VOL. JI. VA EARTH SCIENCES -. PART I. LIBRARY INCITEMENTS TO THE STUDY OF NATURE. Page THE IkaGE REFLECTED BY THE EXTERNAL WORLD ON THE IMAGINA- YION.—POETIC DESCRIPTION OF NATURE.—LANDSCAPE PAINTING. —THE CULTIVATION OF EXOTIC PLANTS WHICH CHARACTERISE THE VEGETABLE PHYSIOGNOMY OF THE VARIOUS PARTS OF THE MMII URI 5 Fou ce eses cae sas eis onnash pacaoesoses! sovegss casssO8 0-0 be }, Description of nature—The difference of feeling excited by the contemplation of nature at different epochs, and amongst dif- SRO TRON OF WHE © pin vansigeo'n caidas scp nova qua eseueders taqeterns 372--439 Descriptions of nature by the ancients ............ccecceceeececeeeeeeeeees 373 Descriptions of nature by the Greeks ................sscsecscecseseeeenes 375 Descriptions of nature by the Romans ... ...........-cesesseseneeeeeeees 383 Descriptions of nature in the Christian fathers ...................0000 393 Descriptions of nature by the Indians .................ccss cee eeeeee eee ees 397 Descriptions of nature by the Minnesingers................0.ceesee eee eee 399 Descriptions of nature. by the Arian races .............cscceceeceeceeees 403 Natural descriptions by the Indians ..................cceseeeee ces cee eee ens 405 Natural descriptions in the Persian writers ..................ceeeeeeeeees 409 Natural descriptions in the Hebrew writers................cccceeseeee ees 411 a el sa Nees cok sd: plune s2y.cvslen dca ace sswes 9 0 s'vas saceba'as 413 MMERAED OF ONG TRON 3, occas cicncice cebdsan od scaccente eee: ‘se. caanene 415 IREAN TOUDOSDOCE 8255.5 a5 hs do 55a Sc ceases dos devstocecereecese Hetpedade sts 417 Descriptions of nature in early Italian poets ...............ceceee eee eee 419 Descriptions of nature by Columbus ................cceeeeee eee i iden RP 421 Descriptions of nature in Camoens’ Lusiad ................eeceeeeeeee ees 425 Descriptions of nature in Ercilla’s Araucana 20.2.0... 0. ceccceeee cee ees 427 Fag ISGERD OE SEMNAS GES URE py Ss od thet SE ar tana ee een 429 Modern prose writers .......... |... Paeetusrateccuc hea pied deg yiwainae see se 431 Travellers of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries .................. 485 Modern travellers ...... .........2.. “Pa RS to es 2 CR aR Me 437 INCI T. Sede SPS tLBEC SISO Ls Oo, ccc cadeaepsi dase bodnacabiageeaeess 439 TJ], Landscape painting, in its influence on the study of nature,—~ Graphical representation of the physiognony of plants.-—The character and aspect of vegetation in different zones ...... 440-457 Landscape painting among the ancients .............c.ceeceeeee eee eee ees 443 pee Drotners- Van Eyck :.......-ccsccersosesseess SL ee OE ae 445 Landscape painting of sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ......... 447 EEE Sonus ve vedivaonea dus dosent edu sso ebesenujauesctesyp 449 Introduction of hot-houses in our garden ...............ccecceeseeeeeeeees 459 The treasures open to th: landscape painter in the tropics............ 45] b Mis 74' 7783 v7 CONTENTS. Page The perfectiva of art in Greece .............00+ Sesser :¢. iuecovsesse ste fhe condition of art in more modern timeS......... 6, sececccecceceevee 454 TROPICAL BOCTONY 5 50a saeve ogheev een 493 The geographical myth of the Elysion ................cesseceeeeeeeertees 496 The expeditions of Hiram and Solomon .................eceeceeeeeeeee 499 The Ophir (El Dorado) of Solomon ............... cee ceecee eee ceceeeeeeaes 501 WG TORI a4 Seek vs Nan sckipdsemsns nnd ces ae mvan dices $06 ove dau say ae 502 The highly-gifted Hellenic races ..............ccssscscnecsescsenccescnvens 504 Nhe landscape of Greece... ... 506 The three events which extended the knowledge of the universe . . 507 Fae oxtent of inland trallic..,. 0.1.2... c0ne dovecdpnswess eguvecess sos sCeeae 510 PRG DOG MAMTA ONG 656 incaee in c'cencdeced cvdtcncse Seb Piaesssessedeesseeete 512 Comtact Witls Tie Blame 5 hiss sis os cos cad deuseis cucgdnsateuepadpees teens VEE 513 The passage beyond the Pillars of Hercules.. ee Il. Expeditions of the Macedonians under Alecsiitor 4 the Great 517-535 The foundatiow of Greek cities in Asia............ccecceceeees ses cteverele 518 CONTENTS. Vu Page The vast sphere of new ideas opened to mankind by the campaigus ERE EAN, SEDER HOP AEA OT ap A Ey ELE 520 The countries through which the Macedonians passed................... 522 The natural products first made known .............cessececceeceeceeees §23 ais -cac aks nt avis sds dona bd dnddehnanbapheceeesaabtannjnecuaasd ats 525 The men of Aristotle’s school’ ........ adit aig nike nihanhcnadodarcealts daaecambee 529 Se UME ROOEE CN TROON oh vc icnc vas ocencnsneasecpeosd ssusnensepouncncs sesp, ODL The schools of Babylon ....... pensicbeugadeheuaee Alexander's advance to the land of the Five Rivers .........--.-.--.- 534 Hil. a of the contemplation of the universe under the Ptole- SAP UAddat bad 5d dahase mannedavigsddaneadanessecsctbecas sad siphisean 536--546 The aise SINE Pe MOMIIIO sisicsns de 597 VI. Period of Oceanic discoveries... ....cccccccvcsecsseveceeceeceeces 601-680 The fifteenth century, its tendencies ..............cscceeceeceessecesceeces 601 The first discovery of America .... ... «6c se csccssreccessecssceeees 603 b2 Vill CONTENTS, Page The conjectured discovery of America by the Irish................04 . 607 The efforts of MisMOMATIOG ily ineaesptscn tances cerees0s.00s oop cos vecesuete 608 The traces of Gaelic supposed to be met with in American dialects 609 he re-discovery of America by Columbus ................000+ Bp 612 The discovery of tropical America ...... tans tase Albertus Magnus, Bacon, and Vincenzius of ‘Beauvais oan sin nes cnmansanbans soe ceeean ike saet sn seceeae 648 The discovery of the Sandwich Islands, &¢. ..............0ccecceseeseeees 649 Spanish travellers in the new continent ................cececceeeeeeeeees 651 epaABl NATIG OL GGTDATCAUIOR 6 on gossip tce, Aemnseyakcennve'snseaccassceset area 655 Line without magnetic variation .............cc.ceccencsccescecseccsccnest 656 RETRO SAMEROGLG BOIS 55126 ccs nar sbinas canner dees cates yesenanes pee nad oak giana 659 ee LING OF PETOOTUAL BHOW. «4.4. sccceessecsepncoestosusssseseccecass cea 660 AAD COURIERS CORPO eet Cans tasebeconssce ard aseue ssapeceee beeen 662 The first descriptions of the southern constellations .................. 664 The coal-bags and the Magellanic clouds ................essseceereeeneee 665 EAO MOO UOT OLOME Cosa, cc esacasulvabes soins eedaen thw asses reasaus tance ceme 666 The determination of OT RUNES gc) SUG SONAR RED AM AMBER Sc 670 SEO OOO OF GO CONGUABIID i550: thc cdases Geass duaceoseftcnaedoesde Miu 675 VII. Great discoveries in the Heavens ..........cecccceeveceeeceeete 681-737 PERRO GOLOROORO 5555 has wich nip woh Seas nae eebibwanvaunsaetajéacksndons -aesseReeeen 681 FLUC GOVONUORTIAA COMES Bic, ached rhiacs cbsaieois aus sits ose nes'sengen saphena 682 Be MOORE COUR «9.5 dacae esa paeeovesennecs ss eokiaeutp43a0nsxe¥s connects 683 The different stages of the development of cosmical contemplation 689 The theory of eccentric intercalated spheres ..............e0c0c8 seeeee 697 The great men of the sevententh century.................ssceeeeceeseeees 698 The accidental discovery of the telescope .............ceseeeeecsesesesesee O99 CLEBOUDIM CIBBOVETION, 50 os 5.00 es dc uses