UC-NRLF

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

THE

COTTAGE GARDENERS'
DICTIONARY.

DESCRIBING

THE PLANTS, FRUITS, AND VEGETABLES DESIRABLE FOR THE GARDEN,

AND EXPLAINING THE TERMS AND OPERATIONS EMPLOYED

IN THEIR CULTIVATION.

EDITED BY

GEORGE ¥. JOHNSON, ESQ.,

KDITOR OF "THE COTTAGE GARDENER," "THE GARDENERS' ALMANACK," ETC.

LONDON:
WILLIAM S. ORR & CO., AMEN CORNER,

PATERNOSTER ROW.
MDCCOLII.

n I

PREFACE.

IT is not presumptuous, we think, to express our conviction that this volume will
supply a want which has long existed in gardening literature. We so think
because all previous Dictionaries concerning plants are rendered more or less
deficient for horticultural purposes by being too much occupied with botanical
details ; by being too large and expensive for general use ; by being too old to
include more than a small number of the plants now cultivated ; or from being
the production of one writer, necessarily imperfect in one or more departments
in which his knowledge happened to be deficient. It is believed that THE
COTTAGE GARDENERS' DICTIONARY is free from all these objections. Its botanical
details are no more than sufficient as a guide to fuller knowledge of the plants ;
it is the cheapest ever issued from the press ; it includes all plants known as
desirable for culture at the date of publication ; and every detail of cultivation is
either from the pen, or has passed under the supervision, of those well known for
appropriate skilfulness. We need only add, that we have endeavoured clearly
to explain all the usual gardening occupations and terms ; to give accurate
information relative to soil and manures, and to detail minutely the culture of
each plant ; as well as to admit none but such as are either desirable to have in
cultivation, or are in some way interesting.

It being always satisfactory to know who are our teachers, we think it
desirable and just to all parties, to state that Mr. BEATON, Gardener to Sir W.
Middleton, Bart., has furnished all the headings descriptive of each yenus, the
derivation of their names, with their botanical classification and nomenclature.
To Mr. FISH, Gardener to Colonel Sowerby, we are similarly indebted for the
general cultivation of each genus of flowering and ornamental plants ; to Mr.
ERRINGTON, Gardener to Sir P. Egerton, Bart., for the fruit culture and selection

of varieties ; to Mr. APPLEBY, Floricultural Manager to Messrs. Henderson, for
the same information relative to Florists' Flowers ; whilst on Mr. BAENES, Gar-
dener to Lady Rolle, Mr. WEAVEE, Gardener to the Warden of Winchester
College, and the EDITOR, have devolved the tenants of the kitchen garden. The
miscellaneous essays have been furnished by various hands, too numerous and
too combined to be particularized ; but the Editor does not shrink from being
responsible for them.

EXPLANATIONS.

IT seems only necessary to observe that, to facilitate the proper pronunciation of
the names, the vowel in the syllable on which the emphasis is to be laid is
denoted by an accent placed after the vowel: — Thus, in ABE'LIA, the emphasis
is laid upon the BE ; and in floribu'nda on the bun. The other particulars
scarcely need any explanation. The specific name of each plant is translated
into English, and then follows the height of the plant (where the figure or
figures stand alone, either feet or the fraction of a foot being intended) ; the
colour of the flower ; the month when it begins to bloom ; the native place ; and
the year of introduction.

THE

COTTAGE GABDENEBS' DICTIONABY,

ABE

ABE'LE TREE. The White Poplar
(Populm alba).

ABE'LIA. (After Dr. Abel, Physician
to the embassage of Lord Amherst to
China. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Caprifo-
liacese]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria \-mo-
nogynia). Half-hardy evergreen
shrubs ; may be turned out into the
borders in summer. Cuttings in
summerin light turfy loam and peat,
and layers in spring.

A. floritu'nda (many - flowered. ) . 3.
Rosy purple. Requires a little
peat. March. Mexico. 1842.

— rupe'stris (rock). 5. Pink and

white. September. China. 1844.

— triflofra (three-flowered). 5. Pale

red. September. Hindostan.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. China.

A'BIES. See Pinus.

ABO'RTION. Too early or imperfect
development. In fruit, this frequently
occurs from a defect in the male or
female organs. If from the first, it may
be remedied by using pollen from other

ABR

a band of pale orange across each of the
fore-wings. The hind-wings are of the
same colours, but without any orange
colouring. The body is orange, spotted
with black. The female deposits her
eggs upon the leaf of a gooseberry or

A'BRICOCK. An old mode of spelling
APRICOT. (Armeni'aca vulgdris.}

ABR A' x AS grossularid ta. Magpie Moth.
The caterpillar of this moth often in-
fests the leaves of the gooseberry bush,
as well as of the currant, sloe, and even
the peach, in early summer. It is com-
mon during the evenings of July and
August. Usually about one and a half
inch across the expanded fore-wings,
which are very slightly yellowish white,
variously spotted with black, more or
less like those in ottr drawing, for the
marks are never uniform; and there is

currant tree, and, from these, little loop-
ing caterpillars come forth in September
(see a drawing of these and of the Chry-
salis in the Cottage Gardener, iv. 15), and
surviving the winter, begin to feed again
upon the leaves as soon as these open
in the spring. They are full grown to-
wards the end of May, and enter the
chrysalis state between that time and
the end of June. In this state they re-
main for about three weeks, and then the
perfect moth comes forth. The cater-
pillar is yellowish white, with an orange
stripe, more or less complete, on each
side, and with numerous black spots, the
largest on the back. The chrysalis is
black, with orange circles round the
pointed end. The caterpillar prefers the
leaves of the gooseberry and red currant ;
but, after stripping these to their very
stalks, it will feed upon those of the

ABR

[2]

ACA

sloe, peach, and almond. Hand-picking,
dusting with the powder of white helle-
bore, and burning the leaves early in
autumn, are the best remedies and pre-
vention against this marauder.

ABRO'MA. (From <r, not, and broma,
food, on account of its deleterious quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneri-
aceae]. Linn. Sys., \&-Polyadelphia 1-
dccandria.} Stove evergreen shrubs. Seed
in March in heat ; or cuttings of half-
ripe wood, April ; in strong heat under a
bell-glass ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 65° to 75° ; winter 50° to 55°.
A. augu'sta (smooth-stalked). 10. August.

Purple. East Indies. 1770.
— fastuo'sa (prickly-stalked). 10. June to

October. Purple. New South Wales.

1800.

ABRO'NIA. (From abros; its involucrum
being delicate. Nat.ord.,./V^fa^0s [Nycta-
ginaceae]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria 1-
tnonogynia. Allied to MiraMUs.} Half-
hardy perennial trailers. Slips and seeds ;
sandy peat, with a little leaf mould.
A. melli'fera (honey-bearing). 6 inches. July.
Orange. California. 1826.

— pulclidlla (neat). 6 inches. July. Pink.

California. 1848.

— ro'sea (rose-coloured) . 6 inches. California.

1847.

— unibella'ia (umbel-flowered) . 6 inches. April

and May. Pink. California. 1823.

A'BRTJS precato'rius. Wild Liquorice.
(From the leaves being soft and delicate,
abros, and prayer, precatorius, because its
seeds are used for rosaries. Nat. ord.,
Mitnosads [Fabacea?]. Linn. Sys., 17 '-Di-
ctdelpMa\-decandria.] Stove climber. Cut-
tings in sand, under a glass ; sand and peat.
12. March to May. Pale Purple. West
Indies.

ABU'TILOX. (Arabic name for a plant
like a mallow. Nat. ord., Mallotvworts
[Malvaceso]. IAim.Sys.,W-Monadelphia8-
polyandria.^Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings in sand, under a close frame
or a glass, during summer. Light rich
loam and peat. Winter temp., 35° to 40°.
A. posoniflo'rum (pceony-flowered) . Pink. Ja-
nuary. Brazil. 1845.

— rufine'rve (red-nerved) . Pale yellow. Au-

gust. Rio Janeiro. 1845.

— strict turn (striped). 10. Orange and red!

stripes ; continually blooming. Brazil. !
1837. In Hampshire and south of j
England large old plants flower freely j
turned out under a south wall, being j
there all but hardy.

ventfsum (veined). Orange and red !
stripes. July.

A. vitifo'Hum ..(vine-leaved). 6. White. July.
Chili. 1837. This is more hardy than
the other species.

This genus was much more numerous,
but about forty of its species have been
transferred to the genus SIDA.

ACA'CIA. (From akazo, to sharpen, on
account of the pricklincss of the species
first noticed. Nat. ord., Mimosads [Faba-
cese]. Linn, Sys., ZS-Pofygamial-moncecia.)
This genus is composed almost exclusively
of stove and greenhouse shrubs and trees.
Sandy loam and turfy peat ; cuttings of
the snoots taken off at a joint, and pieces
of the large roots, in sand and peat, under
a glass, in bottom heat ; but most of them
will ripen their seeds in a favourable sit-
uation. By seeds ; this is the best mode of
propagating them : sow in a slight hot-
bed in February or March; soak the
seeds in warm water for several hours
before sowing. Although the acacias are
all more or less beautiful, yet most of
them are so seldom seen under cultiva-
tion, that we have omitted great num-
bers. Those marked thus * are most de-
sirable. Winter temp, for stove species,
•55° to 60°; summer, 65° to 80°; green-
house species, winter temp., 35° to 40°.

STOVE SPECIES.

A. acantftoca'rpa (spine-podded). 10. Pale
red. New Spain. 1822.

— acapulctf nsis (Acapulcan). White. Aca-

pulco. 1825.

— ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. East In-

dies. 1820. This tree produces gum
arabic.

— Bancroftia? na (Bancroft's). 20. Jamaica.

— brachyaca'ntha (short-spined). 4. South

America. 1824.

— Burma/uua'na (Burmann's). 6. Ceylon.

1818.

— ca'sia (grey). 20. Yellow. East Indies.

1773.

— catechu' (catechu). 40. Pale yellow.

East Indies. 1790. This tree produces
that most powerful astringent, catechu.
The bark of all the other species also
abounds in astringent principle, useful
for tanning.

— centroplty'lla (spur-leaved). 20. Wuite.

Jamaica. 1818.

— ceratcfnia (ceratonian). 3. White. South

America. 1800.

— chryso' stachys (golden-spiked). 15. Mauri-

tius. 1824.

— conci'nna (neat). 20. White. East Indies.

1823.

— Cvncordia'na (Concord's). 12. East Indies.

1818.

— copalli'na (copal). 20. 1825.

— * corni'gcra (horn -bearing). 15. Pale

yellow. South America. 1692.

ACA

[3]

ACA

i.coronUhrfu'lia (coronilla-leaved) . 10. North

Africa. 1817.
-di'ptera (two-winged). 20. White. South

America. 1818.

- diimft'sa (bushy). 20. East Indies. 1818.
-ebvirnea (ivory-thorned) . 5. Yellow. East

Indies. 1792.
-ddulis (eatable-fruited). 20. East Indies.

1820.
--*far>iesia'na (farnesian). 15. Yellow.

July. St. Domingo. 1656.

- ferntgi' nea (rusty). East Indies. 1818.
-filici'na (fern-leaved). 20. Mexico. 1825.
-formo'sa (beautiful). 10. White. Mexico.

1825.

- f rondo' sa (leafy). 30. White. East Indies.

1816.

-fntt'co'sa (shrubby). 4. East Indies. 1820.
-gira'ffce (cameleopard's). 40. Cape of Good

Hope. 1816.
-grtf ta (grateful). 10. Brazil. 1820.

- guiane'mis(guiaiia). White. Cayenne. 1803.

- Guayarjuiltfnsis (guayaquil). 10. Guayaquil.

1818.

- hcemato'xt/lon (bloody-wooded). 20. Yellow

white. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

- hetcroma'lla (one side woolly-leaved). Yel-

low. June. New Holland. 1818.

- In'tsia (intsia). 20. Yellow white. East

Indies. 1778.

- * Jacam'nda (jacaranda-like). 20. Yellow

white. South America. 1825.
-kalko'ra (kalkora). 45. East Indies. 1818.
-kermesi'na (kermesina). Purple.

- latisl'liqiia (broad-podded). 10. Pink.

May. West Indies. 1777.

- laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. Tanna. 1775.

- Mlbcck (loebach). 20. Pink. May. Egypt.

1823.

- lentiscifo'Ua (lentiscus-lcaved). 20. Mexico.

1824.

- leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 20. South

America. 1824.

- leucophkffa (white.) 12. Pale yellow.

East Indies. 1812.

- lu'cida (shining). 40. East Indies. 1820.

- macranthoi'des (long-spined.) 20. Jamaica.

1820.

- Ha'ngiwn (Mangium's). 10. Yellow. East

Indies. 1820.

- micropliiflla (small-leaved). 10. Caraccas.

1826.

- odorati' ssima (most fragrant). 40. White.

East Indies. 1790.
-oligophifUa (few-leaved). 4. Yellow. 1817.

- pinna' ta (feather-leaved). 20. Yellow.

East Indies. 1773.

-pilcfsa (downy). 30. White. Jamaica. 1800.
-pfamofjtt (feathery-leaved). 20. Yellow.

A climber.
-portoricefnsis (Porto Rico.) 6. White. July.

West Indies. 1824.
-prisma'tica (prismatic). 6. Yellow. 1818.

- * piilcJufrrima (fairest). 10. Brazil. 1823.

- quadrangula' ris (4-angled). 4. White. Au-

gust. 1825.

-Rokria'na (Rohr's). 30. White. 1823.
-Ro'ssii (Ross's). 40. 1822.
-sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. 1820. A climber.

- sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple. India.

1780. A climber.

A. semicorda'ta (half-heart-shaped). 40. East
Indies. 1820.

— Seneaa'l (Senegal). 30. White. Africa.

1823.

— Seri'ssa (Shireesh). 20. East Indies. 1822.

— specio'sa (showy). 10. Purple. August.

East Indies. 1742.

— Spi'ni (Spine:s). 15. Red yellow.

— utipula'ta (large stipuled). 20. White.
Bengal. 1800.

— tamarindifu'lia (tamarind-leaved). 4. White.

West Indies. 1774.

— tomen to' sa (woolly). 20. East Indies. 1816.

— tricho'des (hairy). 10. Pale yellow. Peru.

1818.

— va'ga (common). 40. White. Brazil. 1818.

— venvtsta (charming). 6. Pink. South

America. 1816.

— ve'ra (true, — Egyptian thorn). 12. White.

July. Egypt. 1596.

— mrtfscens (strong-growing). 20. South

America. 1829.

— Wattichia'na (Wallich's). 10. East Indies.

1820.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES.

A. aUeti'na (fir-like). 4. Yellow. May. New
Holland. 1823.

— * affi'nis (kindred). 5. Yellow. May. New

Holland. 1822. This is the Green
Wattle Mimosa of the settlers.

— ala'ta (wing-stalked). 6. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1803.

— amafn a (pleasing). 5. Yellow. Mav. New

Holland. 1820.

— angula'ta (angular). 26. Yellow. June

New Holland. 1820.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.

April. New South Wales. 1816.

— * arma'ta (armed, simple leaved). 10. Yel-

low. May. New Holland. 1803.

— a'spera (rough) . 4. Yellow. May. New

Holland. 1824.

— blflo'ra (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1803.

— binerva'ta (two-nerved). 8. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 3. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1820.

— brcfvipes (short-stalked). 6. Yellow. New

South Wales.

— b uxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. April.

New Holland. 1824.

— calamifo' lia (reed-leaved). Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1823.

— canalicula'ta (channeled). Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— celastrifo' lia (celasti'us-leaved). 6. Yellow.

May. Swan River. 1842.

— ci7m'ta(cialiate-winged). 8. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1803.

— cincra'scens (ash-coloured). 10. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— cochlea' ris (spoon-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1818.

— confefrta (crowded). Yellow. April. New

Holland. 1824.

— coria'cea (leathery-leaved). 5. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1825.

— crassica'rpa (thick-fruited). 6. Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1824.

ACA

ACA

A. cultra'ta (knife-shaped). 15. Yellow.
April. New Holland. 1820. Same
as cult rifo'r mis.

— cunea'ta (wedge-shaped). Yellow. April.

Swan River. 1837.

— cyanophff lla (blue-leaved). Yellow. April.

Swan River. 1838.

- •- Cycltfpis (Cyclopis-like'i. 4. Yellow. May.
New Holland. 1824.

— Daviesiaftflia (Daviesia-leaved) . 6. Yel-

low. June. New Holland. 1817.
-•» dcalba' ta (whitened). 10. Yellow. May.
New Holland. 1823.

— * deci'piens prcemo'rsa (deceiving, bitt en-

leaved). 3. Yellow. May. New
Holland. 1830.

— * decifrrens (decurrent). 6. Yellow. June.

New South Wales. 1790.
: — denti'fera (tooth-bearing). Yellow. April.
Swan River. 1839.

— depe'ndens (weeping). Yellow. March.

Van Dieman's Land. 1819.

— cleftinens (detaining). 3. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1828.

— * Di'lhrynicefo'lia (Dillwynia-leaved). 3.

Yellow. May. New Holland. 1828.

— tli'ptera (two-winged) .

erio'ptcra (woolly-winged) . Yellow,

September. Swan River. 1840.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 10. Yellow. May.

New South Wales. 1784.

— divarica'ta (straggling). 6. White. April.

New Holland. 1827.

— * dolabrifo'rmis (hatchet-leaved). 6. Yel-

low. June. New Holland. 1814.

— echi'nufa (prickly). 4. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— donga' ta (long-branched). 6. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— cmargina'ta (single-notched-leaved). 8.

Yellow. April. New Holland. 1824.

— erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). Pale Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1845.

— erioda'dus (woolly-branched). Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1849.

— Estcrha'zia (Prince Esterhazy's) . 4. Yel-

low. May. New Holland. 1824.

— *falca' ta (sickle-leaved). 6. Yellow. May.

New South Wales. 1790.

— falcifo'rmis (sickle-shaped). 6. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1818.

— *floribu'nda (many-flowered). 6. Yellow.

May. New South Wales. 1825.

— glau'ca (milky- white). 5. White. July.

South America. 1696.

— * gra'ndis (great). Golden yellow. March.

New Holland. 1846.

— grave'olens (strong-smelling). 15. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1820.

— gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 30. Guinea. 1823.

— hastula'ta (halbert-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— heteraca'ntha (varied-prickled). 15. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 5. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— hisptdi'psima (hairiest). 3. White. Jamaica.

1800.

— * holoscri'cea (all silky). Yellow. April.

New Holland. 1820.

— homoma'lla (equal-woolled). 6. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1822.

A. * Huge' Hi (Baron Hugel's). Pale Yellow,
February. New Holland. 1846.

— humifu'sa (trailing). New Holland. 1820.

— ht/brida .(hybrid). 5. Yellow. May. Hy-

brid. 1822.

— intermedia (intermediate). 8. Yellow.

New Holland.

— interte'xta (interwoven). 6. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— *juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). 6. Yellow.

May. New South Wales. 1790.

— Latnbcrti-a' na (Lambert's). Purple. May.

Mexico. 1818.

— lani'gera (woolly). 6. Yellow. April.

New Holland. 1824.

— Lawso'ni (Lawson's). New South Wales.

— leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). 6. Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1821.

— leucophy1 'lla (white-leaved). 6. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1822.

— ligula'ta (strap-shape-leaved). Yellow.

March. New South Wales. 1818.

— linerf ris (linear). 3. Yellow. May. New

South Wales. 1820.

— * longfssima (longest-leaved) . 4. Yellow.

May. New South Wales. 1819.

— mo'llis (soft). 6. Yellow. July. New

Holland. 1810.

— platyphtflla (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1820.

— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 10. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1822.

— serica'ta (silky). Yellow. April. New.

Holland.* 1820.

— Si'iHsii (Sims's). Yellow. April. New

Holland. 1819.

— * so'phoree (sophora -podded). JO. Yellow

May. Van Dieman's Land. 1805.

— * specta'bilis (remarkable). Yellow. April.

New South Wales. 1837.

— squama' t a (scaly). Yellow. April. New

Holland. 1836.

— stenophy'Ua (short -leaved). Yellow. March.

New South Wales. 1818.

— stri'cta (double-headed). 2. Yellow. March.

New South Wales. 1790.

— stro'mbulif^ra (spiral-podded). 8. Peru.

1825.

— suave1 olcns (sweet-scented1). 4. Yellow.

April. New South Wales. 1790.

— subula'ta (awl-shaped). 4. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— sulca'ta (furrowed-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. New Holland. 1803.

— * taxifit'Ua (yew -leaved). 4. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1823.

— trapezoi'dcs (trapezium -leaved). 4. Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1810.

— trinerva'ta (three-nerved). 6. Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1820.

— tri'stis (dull green-coloured). 18. Yellow.

March. New Holland. 1828.

— uinbella'ta (umbellate). Yellow. April.

New Holland. 1819.

— uncina'ta (hook-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.

New South Wales. 1819.

— undvlvfiflia (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— urophy'Ua (tail-leaved). Pale yellow. April.

Swan River. 1836.

— vcrnici' ftita (varnish -flowing). 6. Yellow.

April. New Holland. 1818.

ACA

[5]

ACA

A. *vert.iciUrt ta (whorl-leaved). 10. Yellow.
April. Van Diemen's Land. 1780.

angu'sta (narrow-leaved) . 10. Yel-
low. April. New Holland. 1780.

— latift/lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yel-
low. April. New Holland. 1780.

— vesti'ta (clothed). 6. Yellow. June. New

Holland. 1820.

— vimiiia'lis (twiggy). Yellow. April. New

Holland. 1820.

— virga'ta (branchv). 4. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— viridira'mis (green-branched). 4. Yellow.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— vomerifo' rmis (plough-share shaped). Yel-

low. April. New Holland. 1818.
HALF-HARDY SPECIES.

A.julibri'ssia (silk-tree). 20. White. August.

Levant. 1745.

ACANTHOPHI'PPIUM. (From acmthos, a
thorn, and ippi-on, a horse, but why is
not apparent. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchid-
aceoe]. Linn. Sys., 20-Gynandria l-mon-
andria}. Loam and peat in a rough state ;
division or pseudo bulbs ; 50° to 60°
when at rest ; 70° to 80° when growing.
A. bi' color (two-coloured). Yellow and red.

June. Ceylon. 1833.
— java'nicum (Javanese) . Crimson rose. August

Java. 1844.

— stria' turn (striped-flowered). White-striped.

June. Nepaul.

— sylhete'nse (sylhet). White. June. Sylhet.

1837.

ACANTHOSTA'CHYS. (Acanthos, a spine,
stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Bromeliads
[Bromeliacese]. Linn. Sys., §-Hexandria,
\-monogynid). Stove herbaceous plant.
Suckers ; equal parts of sand, leaf mould
and decayed wood.

A. strobila'cea (cone-fruited). Red and Yel-
low. June. Brazil. 1840.

ACA'NTHUS. Bear's Breech. (Acanthos,
a spine ; some being prickly. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn. Sys., 14-
Didynamia, 1-angiospermia.} Herbaceous
plants. Seeds and root division ; light
rich garden soil.

HARDY SPECIES.

A. hispa'nicus (Spanish). 2. White. August.
Spain. 1700.

— mofllis (soft). 3. White. August. Italy, 1548.

The leaves of this are said to have
given rise to the Corinthian style in
architecture.

— ni'ger (black). 3. White. August. Portu-

gal. 1759.

— spinosi' ssimus (most spiny). 3. White.

August. South of Europe. 1629

— spinofsus^ (spiny). 3. White. August.

GREENHOUSE SPECIES.

— carduifo'lius (thistle-leaved). 1. Blue

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

A'CARUS. The Mite. Those most fre-
quent in our gardens are the following :—
A. tetta'rius. The Red Spider. This
is one of the gardener's greatest pests,

NATtKAL SIZE, AND MAGNIFIED.

though so small as to be scarcely visible
to the naked eye ; yet when a plant is
much infested by them it has the appear-
ance of being scorched. Coloiir some-
times yellowish, at others brown, but
oftener a dull red ; on each side of its
back is a blackish spot. In November
it may be found under the bark of the
lime-tree ; but at all times it is to be
found in greenhouses and hothouses that
have been kept too hot and dry. In the
summer time it may be found, occa-
sionally in myriads, upon the under
sides of the leaves of kidney-beans and
limes; even the apple, pear, and plum
suffer much from its ravages, as well as
various in-door plants. The injury they
occasion by sucking chiefly the elabo-
rated sap, and by their webs embarrass-
ing the breathing of the plant through
the pores of its leaves, is told by the
brown colour which these assume. To
destroy these insects in the greenhouse,
or hothouse, or cucumber-frame — for
they attack this plant also — there is no
plan so effectual as heating the hot- water
pipes of the houses, or having hot- water
plates, filled with boiling water, placed
in the frames, sprinkling upon them
flowers of sulphur, which begin to va-
porize at a heat of 170°, and then shut-
ting up the houses or frames. The

ACA

[6]

ACC

vapour of sulphur is fatal to these insects
where the air is thoroughly impregnated
with it, and the work of destroying them
is completed by syringing the infested
plants with water, continuing rather fre-
quently the operation. This last is the
most practical remedy to plants in our
borders, unless they can be covered over
so that the fumes of the sulphur may be
confined, whilst the sulphur is volatilised
over a hot-water plate. Potted plants
may be submitted to the vapour of sul-
phur in a similar way ; but in every
instance be cautious that the sulphur
does not burn, or you will kill your
plants. The vapour of spirit of turpen-
tine is said to be as effectual as sulphur.
On walls, the best plan is to beat up
soft soap in warm water, three ounces to
the gallon ; and to add as much finely
dissolved clay as will make the whole a
thick paint. To this add three or four
handsful of sulphur, and keep the mix-
ture well stirred whilst applying it. Let
it .be daubed on every open space of
walling the brush can reach, and if
colour is an object, the glaring yellow
can be readily subdued by adding plenty
of soot, which by some is considered a
necessary ingredient. A similar mixture
may be daubed over the stems of ordi-
nary fruit trees, choosing in this as well
as in the former the beginning of April
for the operation. Most good gardeners
mix a considerable quantity of sulphur
with the lime- wash which is applied to
hothouse walls.

A. lioloseri' cem is another species, dis-
tinguishable to an unscienced eye chiefly
by their scarlet colour. To destroy them
there is no plan equal to subjecting them
to the vapour of sulphur.

A. horten'sis. The Garden Mite. Tho-
rax ochreous, abdomen white ; has been
found upon the roots of the cucumber,
upon which it is said to prey. We be-
lieve it to be the same Acarus often so
abundant upon the root of cabbages
affected with the Ambury.

A. genicula'tus is a minute, brownish
red shining mite, congregating during
spring in prodigious numbers upon the
bark of the plum and other fruit trees,
near the base of the small branches, and
looking like a gummy exudation. They
all injure the plants they infest by suck-

ing their juices ; and where the fumes
of sulphur cannot be applied, as to the
stems of trees, and to the soil, we re-
commend an application of spirit of tur-
pentine, or gas ammoniacal liquor.

AccLi'MA'TizA'TiON,is rendering a plant
capable of yielding the production de-
sired from it, in a climate differing from
that in which it is a native. In our
climate it is usually required to enable
a plant to endure lower temperatures
than those to which it has been accus-
tomed ; and this, though most are in-
tractable, is more easy than inducing
the natives of colder regions to live in
our latitudes. When a new plant arrives
from a tropical country it is desirable to
use every precaution to avoid its loss,
but so soon as it has been propagated
from, and the danger of such loss is re-
moved, from that moment ought experi-
ments to commence, to ascertain whether
its acclimatization is attainable. This
should be done, because the nearer such
a desirable point can be attained, the
cheaper will be its cultivation, and con-
sequently the greater will be the number
of those who will be able to derive
pleasure from its growth. Hence it is
very desirable that an extended series of
experiments should be instituted to as-
certain decisively whether many of our
present greenhouse and stove plants
would not endure exposure to our
winters, if but slightly or not at all pro-
tected. It may be laid down as a rule
that all Japan plants will do so in the
southern coast counties of England, but
it remains unascertained to what degree
of northern latitude in our islands this
general power of endurance extends.
Experiment, and experiment only, ought
to be relied upon ; for we know that the
larch was once kept in a greenhouse ;
and within these few years such South
American plants as Tropce'olum penta-
phy'llum and Gesnera Dougla sii have been
found to survive our winters in our gar-
den borders; the first in Scotland and
Suffolk, and the second in Herefordshire.
Many tropical plants of every order and
species have been found to succeed with
much less heat during the day, but more
especially during the night, than gar-
deners of a previous century believed.
Other plants than those already noticed

ACC

[7]

ACE

have passed from the tropics to our par-
terres, and even to those of higher
northern latitudes. The horse chesnut
is a native of the tropics, but it endures
uninjured the stern climate of Sweden.
Aii cuba Japo'niea and Pceo'nia Mouta'n
we all remember to have passed from our
stoves to the greenhouse, and now they
are in our open gardens. Every year
renders us acquainted with instances of
plants being acclimatized ; and in addi-
tion to those already noticed, we find
that Mr. Buchan, Lord Bagot's gardener,
at Blithfield House, in Staffordshire, has
an old cinnamon tree (Cinnamo'mum
Cassia] under his care which ripens seed :
from these many plants have been raised
that endure our winters in a conserva-
tory without any artificial heat. Then,
again, there is no doubt that all the
conifers of Mexico, which flourish there
at an elevation of more than 8000 feet
above the sea's level, will survive our
winters in the open air. Among these
are Pi'nusLlavediw, P. Teoco te, P. pa tula,
P. Hartwe'gii, Cupre'ssm thurifera, Jum-
per us Jla'ccida, and some others. We
have kept Phimba' go Larpe ntce in an open
border at "Winchester during the severe
winter of 1849-50, and it is now (Sept-
tember) covered with its blue flowers.
In this instance — and the course should
be pursued in all other cases — we selected
a light soil thoroughly well drained ;
and we began early to introduce the
plant to our climate by bedding it out in
May. As to all plants of shrubby or
tree character, there can be little doubt
that a proper solidification of the wood —
by gardeners termed ripening — is the
true basis of acclimatization. The way
to effect this is by encouraging a some-
what early and free growth, and an
early and decided rest. Light shallow
soils, thoroughly drained, necessarily ac-
complish this, by promoting -an earlier
root action, and by exposing the roots
more to the influences of the atmosphere,
whereby the very droughts of summer
become beneficial by checking luxuri-
ance, and bringing on the resting period
betimes. In annual plants it must be
confessed that scarcely so much progress
has been made as in those of a woody
character. It is not quite plain that our
kidney-beans, cucumbers, capsicums, to-

matoes, &c., are any hardier than they
were a century ago. Such facts, how-
ever, should by no means deter those
who possess opportunities from trying
very new plant, as above suggested.

A'CER. The Maple. (Acer, hard, or
sharp; because the wood was used for
Lances. Nat. ord., Maples [Aceraceaej.
Linn. Sys., ZZ-Polygamia 1-moncecta).
Nearly all hardy deciduous trees and
shrubs, with trivial flowers. Propa-
gated by seeds sown as soon as ripe ;
layers in autumn, and grafting, or
budding, on the common maple. Cut-
tings will strike in open ground, if in-
serted in spring or autumn. Sandy loam.
A. Austri'acum (Austrian maple). 40. Green.
May. Austria.

— barba'tum (bearded-calyxed). 15. Green

and yellow. April. North America.
1812. Timber.

— campefstre (common). 25. Green and yel-

low. May. Britain.

austrfacum. 30 . Green and yel-
low. June. Austria. 1812.

colli'num (Mil-dwelling) . 25.

Green and yellow. April. France.

hcbeca'rpum (downy-fruited). 25.

Green and yellow. June. Britain.

Iteviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 30.

Green and yellow. June.

na'num (dwarf). 6. Green and

yellow. June.

varieqa'tum

(variegated). 25.,
r. May. Britain.

Green and yellow.

Must be grafted or budded.

— circina'tum (round-leaved). 30. Green and

yellow. April. Columbia. 1827.

— crefticum (Cretan). 6. May. Levant. 1752.

— dasyca'rpum (hairy-fruited). Green and

yellow. April. North America. 1725.
Timber.

— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). Green and

yellow. May. Levant. 1759. Evergreen.

— ilefricum (Georgian). 40. Green. Asiatic

Georgia. Yellow. 1826.

— loba'tum (lobed-leaved). 20. Green. Si-

beria. 1820.

— macropMllum (long-leaved). 25. Green.

May. North America. 1812.

— monta'num (mountain). 25. Green and

yellow. April. North America 1750.

— monspessitla'num (Montpellier). 8. Green

and yellow. May. France. 1739.

— ni'grum (black). 40. Green and yellow.

April. North America. 1812. Timber.

— oblo'ngnm (oblong-leaved). 20. Green and

white. Nepaul. 1824.

— obtusa'tum (blunt lobed-leaved). 40. Green

and yellow. May. Hungary. 1825.
This is the Neapolita' mim of the Ita-
lians, and the hy'bridum of London
nurseries.

I —oUusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 4. Green and
yellow. May. Crete.

I — opal/folium (Guelder-rose-leaved). 20.
Green and yellow. May. France. 1823,

ACE

[8]

ACH

A. o'palus (Opalus). 50. Groen and vellow.
May. Italy. 1752.

— palma'tum (palmate-leaved). 10. Green.

Japan. 1820.

— pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian, or striped

bark.) 20. Green and yellow. May.
North America. 1755. A variety of
this, stria' turn, must be increased by
grafting or budding.

— platanoi'des (plane-like). 50. Green and

yellow. June. Europe. 1683. Timber.
lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 30.

Green and yellow. June. Europe.

1683. Must be grafted or budded.

Timber.
lobe'lii (Lobels). 50. Green and

yellow. May. Naples.
- variega'tum (variegated). 30.

Green and yellow. June. Europe

1683. Must be grafted or budded.

— pseu'do-pla'tanus (the sycamore). 50. Green

and yellow. April. Britain. Timber.
-imrpu'rmm (purple-leaved). Purple.

— subobtrfsum (slightly blunt-leaved).
50. Green and yellow. May.

variega'Jum (variegated S.). 50.

Green and yellow. April. Britain.
Must be grafted or budded.

— ru'bruin (red-flowered or swamp-maple).

There are two varieties, one with
leaves variegated with white, and the
other with yellow. 20. Keel. April.
North America. 1656.

— sacefiari'num (sugar maple). 40. Yellow.

April. North America. 1735. Tim-
ber. Sugar is made from its sap.

— tata'ricum (Tartarian). 20. Green and

yellow. May. Tartary. 1759. Timber.

ACETA'RIOTJS PLANTS. Salading.

ACHILLE'A. Milfoil. (Achilles, pupil
of Chiron, first used it in medicine. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn. Sys.,
13-Syngenesia 2-superJlua). All hardy
herbaceous plants, except A. jEgypti'aca,
which is a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
This is propagated by cuttings, and the
others by root-division, cuttings, and
seed. Common soil.

A. abrotanifo'lta (southernwood-leaved). 2.
Yellow. July. Levant. 1739.

— acumma'ta (taper-pointed). 2. White.

August. 1830.

— lEgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pale yellow.

August. Levant. 1640.

— Agera'tum (sweet maudlin). 2. Yellow.

September. South of Europe. 1570.

— al'bida (whitish). 1. Pale yellow. July. 1819.

— alpi'na (Alpine). 6 inches. White. Sep-

tember. Siberia. 1731.

— asplenifvt 'lia (asplenium-leaved) . 1£. Pink.

July. North America. 1803.

— atra'ta (black cupped). White. August.

Austria. 1596.

— aifrea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1739.

auricula' ta (eared). 1. Yellow. July.
Asia Minor. 1827.

A. chamcemclifo'lia (chamomile-leaved) . 9
inches. White. July. France.
1825.

— coarcta'ta (compressed). 4. Yellow. Aug.

South of Europe. 1816.

— compa'cta (compact). 1. Pale yellow. July

1803.

— erotica (cretan). 1. White. July. Candia

1739.

— crista'ta (crested-leaved). 6 inches. White.

July. Italy. 1784.

— decolo'rans (staining). 1. White-yellow

July. 1798.

— decu'mbens (decumbent). 6 inches. Yellow.

July. Kamtschatka. 1816.

— Eupato'rium (fern-leaved). 4. Yellow.

July. Caspian shore. 1803. One of
the best, continuing long in flower.
—falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 6 inches. Pale
yellow. July. Levant. 1739.

— fflomera'ta (spherical). 1. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 181&.

— grandiflo' ra (large-flowered). 1. White.

July. Caucasus. 1818.

— holoseri'cea (velvety). 1$. White. August.

Parnassus. 1817.

— impa'ticns (impatient). 2. White. August.

Siberia. 1759.

— lana' ta (woolly). 1. White. July. 1804.

— leptopfnflla (slender-leaved). Pale yellow.

July. Tauria. 1816.

— Macrophy'Ua (long-leaved). 3. White. July.

Italy. 1710.

— millefo'lium (milfoil). 2. White. August.

Gardens. Found sometimes with red-
dish flowers.

— mango1 lien (mongolian) li. White. July.

Siberia. 1818.

— moschfjfta (musky). 2. White. June.

Italy. 1775,

— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1£. White.

August. 1798.

— na'na (dwarf). 6 inches. White. July.

Italy. 1759.

— no'Ulis (noble). 2. White. Germany. 1640.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish white). 1£. Pale

yellow. August. 1804.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 6 inches. White.

July. Spain. 1729.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). H. Pale yel-

low. August. Hungary. 1801.
Thought by some to be the same as
ochroleu'ca.

— pta'rmica floreple'no (double-blossomed

sneezewort). 1. White. August.

— pube'scens (hairy). 1. Light yellow. Aug.

Levant. 1739.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Straw. July. Naples.

1820.

— recurv ifo'lia (recurve-leaved). 1£. White.

July. Pyrenees. 1820.

— santoli'na (lavender-cotton). 1. Pale yel-

low. July. Levant. 1759.

— santolino' ides (lavender - cotton - like) . 1 .

White. July. Spain.

— seta' cea, (bristly). 1. White. July. Hungary.

1805.

— specie' sa (showy). 1J. White. August. 1804.

— syuarro'sa (rough-headed). 1. White. July.

— tenuifc/lia (thin-leaved). 1. Yellow. July,

Switzerland. 1658.

ACS

[9]

AC1

A. tau'rica (taurian). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Tauria. 1818.

— tomentofsa (downy). 2. Yellow. July.

Britain.

— vermicula'ris (worm-like). 1|. Yellow.

August. Russia. 1835.

ACHIME'NES. (From cheimaino, to suf-
fer from cold, and a prefixed as an aug-
mentive ; alluding to the tenderness of
the genus. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Ges-
neraceo3]. Linn. Sys. \k-Didynamia 2-
angiospermia) , These are all beautiful,
and are stove herbaceous perennials, un-
less otherwise distinguished in the fol-
lowing list. When done flowering, and
the tops die down, allow the tubers to
remain in the pots, laid on their sides,
where frost and wet cannot reach them,
until the latter part of January : then
begin to place in a gentle heat ; water
them and continue to introduce some every
month, down to the end of May, for
successional blooming. When the small
scaly tubers have made shoots about two
inches, plant six of them in a 6-inch
pot in equal parts loam and leaf-mould,
with a little silver sand, thoroughly
drained. They will also grow in shallow
pans, or in baskets stuffed with moss,
and the soil within. If suspended,
they look like a ball of flowers. The
temperature of an early vinery is well
adapted for these plants until the end
of May, at which period they should
be taken to a cool pit, where a steady
moist heat can be maintained. Shade in
hot days. Place the pots upon others,
inverted, and keep the bottom of the pit
moist, closing up early in the afternoon,
and giving air in clear weather about
eight in the morning. This beautiful
genus is becoming overloaded with va-
rieties.

A. argyrnsti! gmn (silver-spotted). White and
rose. This is a hardy herbaceous plant.
June. Grenada. Not worth growing.

— ntrosangui'nea (dark-crimson). 1£. Crim-

son. August.

— ca'ndida (white). U. July. White. Gua-

temala. 1848.

— cocci' nea (scarlet.) Scarlet. August, Jamaica.

1778. A variety A. C. major is good.

— ouprea'ta (coppery). Scarlet. July. New

Grenada. 1847.

— Hsche'rii (Eschews}. Purple crimson. June.

Gardens. r849.

—floribu'nda elegans (many-flowered). Pur-
ple crimson. October. Gardens. 1848.

— formo'sa (handsome). Rose. September.

— Gloxiniceflo'ra (gloxinia-flowered). Buff-

spotted. December. Mexico. 1848.

A. grandifl-y'ra (large-flowered). Pale crimson.
This is a greenhouse herbaceous plant
October. Mexico. 1842. A variety
of this, Skinner ii t is a stove plant.
Guatemala. Shaded scarlet. 1847.

— hirsufta (hairy). 2^. Rose. September. Gua-

temala. 1844.

— intermedia (intermediate). 1. Scarlet. Au-

gust. Gardens. 1847.

— Jay'ii (Jay's). Violet purple. June. Gar-

dens. 1848.

— JaurefguicK (Jaureguia's.) 1. White. Carmine

eye, striped. October. Mexico. 1848.

— Kl,e(>i (Klee's). £. August. Pink and pur-

ple. Guatemala. 1848.

— Liepma'nni (Liepmann's). 1£. Pale crim-

son. July.

j-flowered) . This is a green-
house herbaceous plant. Violet. Au-
gust. Guatemala. 1841. A stove
variety. A. L. major is good.

alba (white long-flowered). White.

October. Guatemala 1849. Same as
Jaureguiae (

— mi' sera (poor-flowered.) 1. White and

purple. July. Guatemala. 1848.

— Jfo«M//o'r<to'(Mountford's). Scarlet. Au-

gust. Garden. 1847.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Lilac. Octo-

ber. Brazil. 1843.

— ocella'ta (eye-spotted). 1£. Red. July. Pa-

nama.' 1847.

— 'pa'tens (spreading). I.Violet. June. Mexico.
1846. A small variety of this is not
worth growing.

— peduncula'ta (long-stalked). 2. Scarlet yel-

low, June. Guatemala. 1840.

— pi' eta (spotted). 1|. Scarlet yellow. June.

Mexico. 1844.

— pyroptf a (flame-coloured). 1. Crimson. May.

Mexico. 1848.

— ro'sca (rosy). Pink. 1. June. Guatemala.

1841.

— Skinne'ri (Skinner's). 2. Rose. July. 1847.

— Tyrianthi'na (Tyrian-blue) . 1^. Violet-blue.

August, Mexico. 1849.

— venu'sta (charming). 1A. Purple. July. Hy-

brid. 1848.

ACINE'TA. (From aJcineta, immovable ;
the lip being jointless. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn. Sys., 1Q-Gynandria
\-monogynia). Allied to PEBISTE'RIA.
Stove Orchids, cultivated in baskets
lightly filled with spleagnum. The
flowers grow through the bottom of the
baskets.

A. Barker ri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1837.

— Hutnbaridiii (Humboldt's) . 2. Chocolate and

crimson. May. Venezuela. 1841.

ACIO'TIS. (A.kis, a point, and ous an ear;
from shape of petals. Nat. ord., Melasto-
mads [Melastomaceae]. Linn. Sys., IQ-De-
candria \-monogynia}. Stove evergreen
plants, allied to OSBECKIA ; but may be
grown in a warm pit or frame until the

ACI

[10]

AGO

spring, and then put into a greenhouse.
Cuttings in sand under a bell-glass :
equal parts rich loam and peat.

A. aqua'tica (water). 9 inches. White and
red. June. S. America. 1793.

— dl'scolor (various-coloured). 1. White and

red. June. Trinidad. 1816.

A' cis. (After Acis, a Sicilian shep-
herd. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amary-
lidaceoe]. Linn. Sys., 6-Hexandria 1-
monogynia.} All hardy hulbs related to
the snow. Offsets in sandy soil.

A. autumna'lis (autumn-blooming). 3 inches.
Pink. September. Portugal. 1829.

— grandiflo' rus (large-flowered). 6 inches.

White. August. Numidia. 1820.

— ro'seus (rose-coloured) . 3 inches. August.

Corsica. 1820.

— trichophifllus (hair-leaved). 6 inches. White.

January. Spain. 1820.

ACISAXTHE'RA. (Akis, a point; an-
thera, an anther; having pointed anthers.
Nat. ord., Loosestrifes. [Lythracecol.
Linn. Sys., W-Decandria \-monogyniu}.
An evergreen stove shrub; allied to
CTJPHEA ; cultivated like ACIOTIS.

A. quadra' ta (square-branched). 3. Jamaica.
1804.

ACMADE'XIA. (Acme, a point ; aden, a
gland ; the anthers having glands. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Rutaceoe]. Linn. Sys.,
5-Pentandria \-monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrub ; allied to DIOSMA. Cut-
tings of ends of branches two inches long,
planted in sand under a bell-glass ; loam
and turfy peat.

A. tetrago'na (four-angled.) 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1798.

AOIE'NA. (Aemena, a fabulous nymph.
Nat. ord., Myrtle blooms [Myrtaceasl.
Linn. Sys., 12-Icosandria l-monogynia).
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
small side shoots in sand in spring ; loam
and peat ; temperature from 35° to 40°
in winter.

A.floribu'nda (many-flowered.) 6. White.
July. New Holland. 1788.

ACONI'TUM. (Being plentiful near
Acona. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu-
laceae]. Linn. Sys., \Z-Potyandria 3-tri-
gynia). All hardy, herbaceous plants ;
many are very beautiful, and will do
well in plantations, even if a little
shaded by the trees. Division of the
roots and seed ; common garden soil.

TTBEROrS ROOTED.

A. acumina'tum (acuminate). 3. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1819.

— acu'tum (acute-leaved}. 4. Blue. June.

S. Europe. 1821.

— albi'dum (whitish). 3. White. June.

Europe. 1824,

— amafnum (pleasing). 4. Blue. June. S.

Europe.

— amp?ij!o'rii»i (large-flowered). 4. Blue.

June. Austria. 1823.

— august if o' Hum (narrow -leaved) . 4. Blue.

June. Europe. 1824.

— Bernhardia' num (Bemhard's) . 4. Blue.

June. Europe. 1824.

— biflo'rum (two-flowered). £. Pale blue.

June. Siberia. 1817.

-~ Bran' nii (Braune's). 4. Blue. July.
Switzerland. 1821.

— callybo'tryon (fine-racemed). 4. Blue.

June. S. Europe.

— Ca'mmarum (Cammarum). 3. Purple.

Aug. Austria. 1752.

— ce'rnuum (drooping). 3. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1800.

-flezicau'le

Blue. Julv

!e (zigzag-stemmed). 3.
„•. Switzerland. 1819.
paucijio'rum (few-flowered). 3.
Blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
•ranufsum (branchy). 3. Blue.

July.

— Clu'sii (Clusius's). 3. Blue. July. Swit-

zerland. 1819.

— commuta'tum (changed, or tall dog's-bane).

3. Blue. June. S. Europe. 1823.

— delphinifo'lium (larkspur-leaved). 1^. Blue.

June. N. America. 1804.

— da'tum (tall). 4. Blue. June. Europe.

1822.

— dminens (eminent). 4. Blue. June. Eu-

rope. 1800.

— erioste'mon (wooUy-stamened) . 4. Blue.

June. Europe. 1821.

— cmta'chyon (well-spiked) . 4. Blue. June.

Europe. 1824.

— exalta'tum (exalted). 6. Blue. June. Si-

beria. 1819.

—fla'ccidum (flaccid). 5. Blue. July. Si-
beria. 1822.

— Florkea'num (Florke's). 3. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1822.

bi' color (two-coloured). 3.

Blue white. June. Switzerland. 1801.

— fonno'sum (handsome). 4. Blue. Jime.

S. Europe. 1824.

Ftfnkii (Funke's). 3. Blue. June. Swit-
zerland. 1825.

— Gale'ctonum (lizard's-bane) . 4. Blue.

June. Hungary. 1822.

— gibWntm (swollen). 4. Blue. July. Cau-

casus. 1818.

— Omeli'ni (Gmelin's). 4. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1821.

— qra'cUe. (slender). 2. Blue. July. Swit-

zerland. 1821.

— Halle1 ri (Haller's). 4. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1821.

bi' color (two-coloured). 4. Blue.

June. Switzerland. 1820.
i — ham a' him (hooked). 4. Pale blue. July.
Italy. 1810.

AGO

AGO

A. hebe'gt/mim (blunt-styled). 3. Purple.
' ~T. Switzerland. 1819.

wlti'fiduin (many-cleft). 3.

July.

Purple. July. Switzerland. 1819.

— h i'ans (gaping). 4. Blue. June. S. Eu-

rope. 1823.

— Ho' pi) ii (Hoppe's). 4. Blue. June. Ca-

rinthia. 1823.

— illini'tum (anointed). 4. Blue. July.

1821.

— intermedium (intermediate). 5. Blue. Julv.

. 1820.

— in-ufnctiim (anointed). 4. Blue, July. Eu-

rope. 1822.
— japo'nicum (Japan). 6. Flesh. August.

Japan. 1790.
coeru'leum (azure). 4. Blue.

July. Japan. 1700.

— Eeelea'num (Koelle's). 4. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1820.

— pygmcefum (pygmy). 2. Blue.

June. S. Europe. 1822.

— Kohldri (Kohler's). 4. Blue. June. Eu-

rope. 1824.

— lacinio'sum (jagged). 3. Blue. July. Swit-

zerland. 1820.

— la? turn (joyful). 4. Blue. June. S. Eu-

rope. 1820.

— la'xum (loose). 4. Blue. June. S. Eu-

rope. 1820.

— leuca'nthum (white-flowered). 3. White.

June. 1823.

— ma'ximum (largest). 6. Blue. July.

Kamtschatka. 1823.

mclo'ctonum (badger's-bane). 4. Blue.
June. 1821.

— Meydri (Meyer's). 3. Blue. June. Swit-

zerland. 1825,

— molle (soft). 5. Blue. July. 1820.

— Napefllus (monk's-hood). 4. Blue. June.

Europe. 1596.

afau (white-flowered). 4. White.

June. Switzerland. 1819.

(small red-flowered). 4.

Blue. June. Switzerland. 1819.

— nasu' turn (great-nosed). 3. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1818.

— neomonta'num (new mountain). 3. Blue.

July. Europe. 1799.

— neuberge'nse (Neuberg). 4. Blue. June.

S. Europe. 1822.

— nl'tidum (shining). 3. Blue. June. Swit-

zerland. 1825.

— oliffoca'rpum (few-podded). 4. Blue. July.

Europe. 1823.

— Ottonia'num (Otto's). 4. Blue. June.

Europe. 1824.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 3. Pale blue.

July. France. 1815.

— plica' turn (plaited). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-

land. 1825.

— produ'ctum (long-lipped). 1. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1821.

— pube'scens (pubescent). 4. Blue. June.

Europe. 1824.

— recofffnitum (recognised). 4. Blue. June. 1824.

— rhyncha' nthum (bill-flowered). 4. Purplish

blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.

H' color (two-coloured). 4.

Whitish blue. July. Switzerland. 1819.

— ri'gidum (rigid). 3. Blue. June. Switzer-

land. 1825.

A. ri'gidum grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3.
Blue. June. 1826.

— rostra' turn (beaked). 3. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1810.

pilos iu'sculum (rather hairier) . 3.

Purple. July. Carpathian mountains.
1800.

— SchleicJie'ri (Schleicher's). 2. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1821.

— scmignlea'tum (half-helmeted) . 1. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1818.
• — specio'suin (showy). 3. Blue. July. 1823.

— Sjjrenijc'lii (Sprengel's). 4 Blue. June.

Europe. 1824.

• — squarro'sum (squarrose). 4. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1822.

— stri'ct-um (upright). 4. Blue. June. Si-

beria. 1824.

— tau'ricum (Taurian) . 4. Blue. June.

Tauria. 1752.

— tortuo'sum (twisting). 6. Purplish blue.

June. 1812.

— to'xicmn (poisonous). 3. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1825.

— umbro'sum (shady). 3. Blue. July. Switzer-

land. 1825.

— uncina'tum (hooked). 2. Blue. July. N.

America. 1768.

Mich auxia' man (Michaux's). 2.

Blue. July. N. America. 1800.

— variega'tum (variegated). 5. Purplish

white. July. S. Europe. 1597.
albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 4.

White. July. Switzerland. 1819.
— bi' color (two-coloured). 4.

Whitish blue. July. Switzerland. 1821.
coeru'leum (blue). 4. Blue.

July. Switzerland. 1819.

— venu'stum (beautiful) . 3. Blue. June,

Switzerland. 1823.

— virgaftum (twiggy). 4. Blue. June. S.

Europe. 1822.

— volu'bile (twining). 6. Blue. July. Sf-

beria. 1799.

— WiUdeno'vii (Willdenow's). 3. Blue.

June. Europe. 1823.

— soo'ctonum (poisonous), 3. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1825.

FIBROUS ROOTED.

A. Album (white). 4. White. July. Le-
vant. 1752.

— A'nthora (Anthora), \\. Pale yellow. July.

Pyrenees. 1596.

— Anthoroi'deum (Anthora-like), 1£. Pale

yellow. July. Jura. 1821.

— austrdle (southern). 2^. Purple. July.

Denmark. 1821.

— autumna'le (autumnal). 1£. Lilac white.

November. N. China. 1846.

— barba'tum (bearded). 2. Pale yellow. June.

Siberia. 1807.

— carpa'ticum (Carpathian). 2£. Purple. July.

Carpathian mountains. 1810.

— chine'nse (Chinese). 4. Blue. September.

China. 1833.

— Cyno'ctonum (tall dog's-bane). 3. Pale

yellow. July. France. 1820.

— Decando'llii (Decandolle's) . 1£. Pale yel-

low. July. Siberia. 1823.

— deco'rum (neat). 4. Blue. June. Pyre.

nees. 1824.

AGO

[12]

ACR

A. eu'lophum (well-crested). l\. Pale yellow.
June. Caucasus. 1821.

— grandifiaf rum (large-flowered). 1$. Pale

yellow. July. Jura. 1821.

— hi'spidum (rough-haired.) 2. Pale vellow.

June. Siberia. 1823.

— Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). \\. Pale yellow.

June. Austria. 1800.

— Lama'rckii (Lamarck's). 2. Pale yellow.

July. Pyrenees. 1817.

— laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 3. Pale yel-

low. July. Switzerland. 1823.

— lupici'dum (wolf s-bane). 2. Pale yellow.

July. Europe. 1821.

— lyco'ctotmm (wolf s-bane) . 3. Purple. July.

Alp. Eur. 1596.

— macrop/iy'llum ( large-leaved) . 2. Pale

yellow. July.

— moldu' cicum (Moldavian). 5. Purplish.

August. Moldavia. 1830.

— nemorn'sum (grove). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1823.

— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). 5. Pale blue. Aug.

N. America. 1829.

— ochra'nthum (pale-flowered). 4. Yellow.

August. Russia. 1834.

— ochrolett'cum (yellowish-white). 3. Light

yellow. July. Caucasus. 1794.

— ova'tum (ovate-leaved). 21. Purple green.

June. Cashmere. 1839.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Pale yellow. Julv.

Siberia. 1821.

— pyren.i'icum (Pyrenean). 4. Yellow. June.

Pyrenees. 1739.

—rrefctum (upright). 3. Pale yellow. July.
Europe. 1824.

— rubicu' ndum (reddish). 2L Purple. Julv.

Siberia. 1819.

— septentriona'le (northern). 4. Blue. July.

N. Europe. 1800.

— Stoerckia' num (Stoerck's). 4. Blue. Aug.

Austria. 1824.

— therio'phonum (beast's-bane). 2i Pale

yellow. June. Europe. 1824.

— trago'ctunum (goafs-bane). 2£. Pale yel-

low. July. Switzerland. 1822.

— version' lor (various-coloured). Blue and

white. August. Siberia. 1820. About
the best.

— Vulpa'ria (fox-bane). 3. Pale yellow. July.

Alp. Eur. 1821.

A'CORUS. (From a, privative, and
kore, the pupil of the eye ; referring to its
medical qualities. Nat. ord., Orontiads
[Orontiaceae]. Linn., §-Hexandria 1-
Moiwgynia). A small genus of herbaceous
plants, having sword-like leaves. A.
Galamm is a useful medicinal plant — a
native of our marshes; but now used
chiefly by perfumers for the fragrance of
its roots. Hardy marsh perennials.
A. Ca'lamus (sweet-flag). 2. June. Britain.

— grami'nem (grass-leaved). £. Feb. China.

— terre^m'(land). 1. June. China. 1822.
ACRE is the usual land measure in

Great Britain. The Statute Acre through-

out the United Kingdom now contains
4 square roods; a rood contains 160
square perches, rods, poles, or lugs ; and
a perch contains 30^ square y-ards. A
Statute acre therefore contains 4840
square yards. The Irish acre contains
7840 square, or nearly equal to 1 acre,
2 roods, and 19 perches, Statute measure.
The Scotch acre contains 5760 square
yards, equal to 1 acre, 1 rood, and 2
perches, Statute measure.

ACRIO'PSIS. (From akros, top, and
opsis, eye. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceae]. Linn. 20-Gynandria \-Monogynia).
A small genus of pretty stove orchids.

A. densifl'fra (crowded-flowered). Green and
pink. Borneo. 1846.

— pi' eta (painted). White, green, and purple.

August. Bantam. 1842.

ACROCO'MIA. (From akros, top, and
kome, a tuft ; referring to the way the
leaves are produced. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceas]. Linn. 2l-Monoecia6-I£exan-
dna). A genus of South American
palms ; a race of plants including some
of the most majestic specimens of the
vegetable kingdom, whose products of
fruit, root, stems, andleaves are applied to
numerous economical purposes. Suckers ;
rich sandy loam.

A. aculea'ta (prickly). 40. West Indies. 1796.

— fusifo'rmis (spindle-shaped). 40. Trinidad.

1731.

— giobo'sa (globular). 20. St. Vincent. 1824.

— 'yuiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. Demerara. 1824.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Trinidad. 1820.

— mi' nor (smaller). 20. Trinidad. 1820.

— scleroca'rpa (hard-fruited). 40. West In-

dies. 1731.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved) . 30. Brazil. 1824.

ACRONY'CHIA. (From akros, top, and
onyx, a claw ; referring to the curved
points of the petals. Nat. ord., Citronworts
[Aurantiacea?]. Linn. 8-octandria 1-
monogi/nia}. A fine greenhouse ever-
green tree, producing sweet-scented blos-
soms, not unlike those of the orange.
Cuttings of small side-shoots in July, in
sand, under a bell-glass : soil, sandy loam
and peat. A greenhouse shrub. Winter
temp. 40° to 45°.

A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). White.
July. Moreton Bay. 1838.

ACROPE'RA. (From akros, the end, and
pera, a pouch ; referring to a pouch-like
appendage at the end of the labellum.

ACR

[13]

ACT

Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn.
1^-Gynandria \-Monogynia}. A pretty
stove orchid.
A. Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). |. YeUow and

spotted. August. Mexico. 1828.
ACROPHY'LLUM. (Fromakros, top, and
phyllon, a leaf; referring to the way in
which the leaves are produced at the
summit of the branches above the flowers.
Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniaceae]. Linn.
IQ-Decandria \-monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in July : soil, sandy peat and
loam.
A. verticilla'tum (whorled). 6. Pink and

white. May. New Holland. 1836.

ACRO'PTERIS. (From akros, a point,
and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns. Linn.
Sys., 24-Oryptogamta, \-Filices). Allied
to ASPLENIUM, the Spleenwort. AllFems
are now in the Nat. ord., Polypodiacew.
Stove Ferns, propagated by division; soil,
light loam and peat. See ASPLENIUM.

A. austra'lis (Southern). Brown. New Hol-
land.

— canarif'nsis (Canary). Brown. Canaries.

1824.

— catida'ta (caudate). Brown. I. of Luzon.

1824.

— falca'ta (falcate). 1. Bro\vn. India. 1843.

— laserpiti/o'lia (Laser pi tium-leaved). Brown.

I. of Lu/on. 1843.

— oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). Brown yellow.

I. of Luzon. 1843.

— pellu'cida (pellucid). Brown. I. of Luzon.

1843.

— platiiphi/lla (flat-leaved). Brown yellow.

Malacca. 1843.

— prctfrnorsum (bitten-leaved). j£. Brown. Ja-

maica. 1793.

— radio! ta (rayed). Brown. N.America. 17

— Ru'ta Mura'lla (wall-rue) A. Brown. Bri-

tain. 1793.

— se'rra (saw -leaved). Brown. N.Europe.

1844.

— septentrwna'le (northern) A. Brown. Bri-

tain. 1844.

— spathuli'na (spathulate). I. of Luzon. 1844.

— va' rians (varying). I. of Luzon. 1844.

ACRO'STICHUM. (From akros, top, and
ttichos, order ; in reference to the lines
on the back of the leaves ; but the appli-
cation is not very obvious. Linn. Sys.,
24-Cryptoffamia \-Filices. Nat. ord.,
Ferns — Polypodiaceae). Nearly all stove
ferns. Seed and root-division ; loam and
peat, equal parts. "Winter temp, not be-
low 50°.

A. alcico'rne (elk's-horn) . 1. September
New South Wales. 1808.

— appendicula' turn (appendaged). 2. Wesl

Indies. 1824.

A. ospZm#Wi«m (asplenium-leaved) . 1 .Brown
yellow. July. Brazil. 1833.

— au'reum (golden). 4. August. West In-

dies. 1815.

— citrifo'lium (orange-leaved). \. Yellow

brown. September. West Indies.

— crini'twn (hairy). 1. July. West Indies.

1793.

— flagelli'ferum (rod-shaped). 2. East In-
dies. 1828.

—fimbria'tnm (fringed). Brazil. 1824.

• — fitsifo'rme (spindle-formed). 1. Brown
yellow. July. Malacca.

— 07awrfwfo'6ww(glandulous). 1. Jamaica. 1825.

— gra'nde (magnificent). 6. Moreton Bay. 1828.

— Jiiglandifo'lium (walnut-leaved) . 2. Yel-

low brown. August. Surinam. 1832.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. YeUow blue.

Jamaica.

— longifo'lntm (long-leaved). 1. August. Ja-

maica. 1817.

— nicotianifo' Hum (tobacco-leaved). 2. Brown.

October. West Indies.

— piloselloi'des (mouse-ear-leaved). 2. Brown

yellow. July. East Indies. 1822.

— scolope' ndrium (scolopendrum-like). 2.

Brown. August. East Indies.

— simplex (simple-leaved). 1. Jamaica. 1793.

— Ste'maria (Stemaria). 1. July. Guinea. 1823,

— subdia'phana (semitransparent) . Brown.

India.

ACRO'TRICHE. (From akros, top, and
thrix, hair, referring to the hairs on the
sepals. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacrida-
ceae]. Linn., %-Hexcmdria \-monogynia).
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
in sandy peat under a bell-glass in cold
frame. Temp. 40° to 45°.

A. cor da' ia (heart-leaved). £. White. June.
New Holland. 1823-

— divarica'ta (straggling), i. White. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved), i. White. May.

New Holland. 1823.

ACTJE'A. (From aktaia, the elm ; re-
ferring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacea?]. Linn., \S-Polyandria
l-mwiogynid). Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennials of little beauty. Propagated by
dividing roots.

A. spica'ta (spiked or bane-berry). 3. White.
May. Britain.

ACTINOCA'RPUS. (From aktin, a ray,
and carpos, fruit; referring to its radi-
ated appearance. Nat. ord., Alismads
[Alismaceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 4-te-
tragynia). Aquatics. *A. minor grows in
sandy peat immersed in water; seeds
sown in sandy peat ; temp. 40° to 45°.

A. Damaso'nium (Damasonium). £. White.

July. England.
— mi' nor (smaller) . j . White. June. New

South Wales.

ACT

[14]

ADE

ACTING' MERIS. (From a7ctin, a ray,
and meris, part ; referring to the radiated
aspect of the plants. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synge-
nesia, 3-Polygamia frustrmiea}. Orna-
mental hardy plants, allied to Coreopsis,
and of easy culture. Propagated by di-
viding roots.

A. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 3. Yellow. July.
S. America. 1803.

— helianthoi'des (sunflower-like). 3. Yellow.

S. America. 1825.

— procefra (tall). 8. Yellow. September. X.

America. 1766.

— squarro'sfi (squarrose). 3. Yellow. July.

N. America. 1640.

ACTING' TUS. From actinotos, meaning
radiated, on account of the form of the
involucmm. Nat. ord.', Umbellifers
[Umbelliferae]. Linn., 5-Pentandrial-mo-
nogynia). Greenhouse herbaceous pe-
rennials. Root-division ; loam and peat.
Winter temp. 40° to 45°.

A. helia'nthi (sunflower). 2. White. June.
New Holland. 1821.

— fatoocefphaha (white-headed) . Swan River.

1837.

ACU'MINATED. Having a long slender
point.

A' CYNOS. (A Greek word of no obvious
meaning, applied to balsamic plants.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Larniaciae]. Linn.,
\±-Didynamia \-gymmspcrmia). These
thyme-like plants are all hardy. In-
creased either by seeds or division of
roots.

ANNUALS.

A. heteror.

-opMllus (variable-leaved). A. Purple.
June. Italy. 1822.

— suave! ol ens (sweet-scented). 1. Red. July.

Greece. 1817.

— vulga'ris (Ba'sil-leaved, common). Violet.

July. Britain.

— vitttfsus (villous). £. Red. July. Ger-

many. 1817.

BIENNIALS.

A. alpi'nm (Alpine). 4. Purple. August.
Austria. 1731.

— grandiflo'rw (great-flowered) £. Purple.

July. 1810.

— • natan'nus (Paduan). f. Flesh. July. S.
Europe. 1776.

— jrurpura' scens (purplish.). £. Purple. June.

Spain. 1820.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

A. grai-e'otens (strong-scented). 1. Purple.
July. Crimea. 1820.

— hcrba-baro'ni (herb baroni). 1. Purple.

July. Corsica. 1820.

A. rotund if o'U us (round-leaved). £. Purple.
June. Spain. 1820.

ADAM'S NEEDLE. See Yucca.

ADA'MIA. (In honour of John Adam,
M.D.. of Calcutta. Nat. ord., Saxifrages
[Saxifragaceae]. Linn. 14-Didynamia 1-
Angiospermia}. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Peat and loam ; cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass.
A. cifnea (blue-berried). 4. Pink. Nepaul.

— sylva'tica (wood). Blue. June. India. 1846.

— versico' lor (many-coloured). Blue. August.

China. 1844.

ADANSO'NIA. The Baobab. A single
African tree comprehends this genus. It
is the largest tree in the world.

ADDER' s-ToNGUE. A fern. Opliio-
glo'ssum.

ADE'LIA. (From «, not, and dclos,
visible ; in reference to the minute parts
of fructification. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts
[Euphorbiaceae]. Linn. 2'2-Dioecia 13-
Monadelphia}. Stove evergreen shrubs.
Peat and loam ; cuttings in sandy loam,
after their cut end is dry.

A. aeido' ton ($v\ry) . 3. Greenish white. June.
Jamaica. 1768.

— Bernq'rdia (Bernard de Jussieu's). 6.

Green. July. Jamaica. 1768.

— Ricine'Ua (ricinus-like) . 6. Greenish white.

July. Jamaica. 1768.

ADENA'NDHA. (From aden, a gland,
and aner, the stamen or male organ ; re-
ferring to the aspect of the anthers.
Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutacea3]. Linn.
b-Pentandria \-monogynia. This genus
was formerly included inDiosMA). Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Sandy peat,
with a little turfy loam ; cuttings from
the young branches in sand under a bell-
glass, and left in a cold frame. "Winter
temp. 40° to 45°.

A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— amafna (pleasing). 2. Red. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1798.

— coria' cea (leathery-leaved). 2. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1720.

— fra' grans (fragrant). 3. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.

— Unca'ris (linear-leaved). 1. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— maraina'ta (margined). 2. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1806.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1789.

multiflo'ra (many-flowered showy).

2. Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1790.

ADE

[15]

ADE

A. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered showy). 2 .

Pink. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— umbella'ta (umbel-flowered). 2.! Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1775.

— vitto'sa (snaggy). 2. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1786.

ADENANTHE'RA. (From aden, a gland,
and anther a, an anther ; referring to the
gland on each anther. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria \-monogynia. Nat. ord., Leguminous
plants [Fabaceae], and allied to Mimosa).
Stove evergreen trees. Loam and peat ;
cuttings.

A. falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 5. Yellow. East
Indies. 1812.

— pavoni'na (peacock-like) . 5. Yellow white.

July. East Indies. 1759.
ADENA'NTHOS. (From aden, a gland,
and anthos, a flower, referring to the
glands on the flowers. Nat. ord., Pro-
teads [Proteaceoe]. Linn., 4-Tetrandrial-
monogynia). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Sandy peat ; cuttings in spring,
under a glass, in sand; soil, peat and a
loam. Winter temp. 40° to 45°.
A. barbi'gera (bearded). Swan River.

— cunea'ta (wedsre-leaved). 5. Red. July.

New Holland. 1824.

— oZwa'to(obovate-leaved). 5. Red. July.

New Holland. 1826.

— seri'cea (silky). 5. Red. New Holland. 1824.

— terminals (terminal-flowered). Swan River.

ADE'NIUM. (From Aden, where it is
native. Nat.ord., Dogbanes [Apocynaceoe].
Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria \-monogynia).
Greenhouse shrub, allied to Alstonia. It
is propagated from cuttings of the young
shoots in sand, under a glass, with bot-
tom heat, in spring. Soil sandy loam
and peat in equal proportions.
A, hou'ghcl (houghel-bush, native name). 3.
June. Pinky crimson. Aden. 1845.

ADEXOCALY'MNA. (From aden, a gland,
and calymna, a covering ; referring to the
conspicuous glands on the leaves and
floral coverings. Nat. ord., Bignomads
[Bignoniacese]. Linn., \l-Didynamia 2-
angiospermia). A genus allied to Spa-
tho'dea. Stove evergreen twiner. Loam
and peat ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass, and bottom heat.
A. como'sum (hairy). 20. October. Yellow.
Brazil. 1841.

ADENOCA'RPTTS. (From aden, a gland,
and carpos, fruit ; referring to the glands
on the fruit. Nat. ord., Mimosads
[Fabaceas]. Linn., \§-Monadelphia 6-

decandria. Allied to Cytisus}. This
genus is chiefly made up of old species
of cytisus, brooms, and allied plants.
All are yellow-flowered. The two first
greenhouse plants, others hardy ; sandy
loam, but with a little peat for two first.
Seeds sown in March, and cuttings any
time in spring and summer.

A.foliolo'sus (slightly-leaved). 6. May. Ca-
naries. 1629.

— frankenioi' des (frankenia-like) . 2. June.

Canaries. 1815. These two are ever-
green, and require protection from
frost.

— Mspa'nicus (Spanish). 3. June. Spain. 1816.

— inter me' dius (intermediate). 4. June. Sicily.

— parvifo'liw (small-leaved). 4. June. South

of France. 1800.

— tolondnsis (Toulon). 3. June. South of

France. 1800.

ADENO'PHORA. (From aden, a gland,
andphoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[Campanulaceae]. Linn. Sys., 5-Pentan-
dria \-monogynia}. Hardy herbaceous
plants, like Campanula. Common soil.
Seeds. All bear blue, or bluish flowers.

A commit nis (common Siberian). 4. July.

Siberia. 1810.
hy'brida (C. S. hybrid). 2. June.

Siberia. 1816.

— suave1 olens (sweet-scented C. S). 2. June.

Siberia. 1816.

— coronopifo'h a (buckthorn-leaved). 1. June.

Dahuria. 1822.

— denticula'ta (finely-toothed). 1. July. Si-

beria. 1817.

— FiscMri (Fischer's). 2. August. Siberia.

1819.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. June. Siberia.

1820.

— -intermedia (intermediate). 2. August.
Siberia. 1819.

— Lamarkia'na (Lamark's). 2. July. Siberia.

1824.

— marsupiflo'ra (purse-flowered). 2. July. 1818.

— pereTskiccfo'lia (pereskia-leaved) . 2. June.

Siberia. 1821.

— j9m>foe/fc/taz(periploca-leaved). 1. August.

Siberia. 1824.

— Rabelaisia' na (Rabelais's). 2. August.

Siberia. 1823.

— retliaula'ta (netted). 2. July. Siberia. 1820.

— stylo'sa (long-styled). 2. May. Siberia. 1820.

— verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 2. June. Si-

beria. 1783.

ADENO'STOMA. (From aden, a gland,
and stoma, a pore. Nat. ord., Sangui-
sorbs [Sanguisorbaceae]. Linn. Sys., 3-
Triandria l-monogynia}. Hardy shrub,
allied to Lady's mantle (Alchemilla}. Pro-
pagated by cuttings of the young shoots
in spring, under a glass, in sand. Soil,
rich loamand peat, in equal proportions.

ADE

[ 16]

ADI

A. fascicula'ta (fascicled). 3. "White. Cali-
fornia. 1848.

ADENOTRI'CHIA. (From adm, a gland,
and thrix, hair, having hairs with glands.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn.
Sys., \Q-Synyeneisia 1-superjluM. Allied
to Groundsel). Half-hardy herbaceous
plant. Propagated from seeds sown in the
spring in a gentle hotbed. Planted out
in summer. Soil, light rich loam.
A, amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping. 2. May.
Yellow. Chili. 1826.

ADE'SMIA. (From a, not, or without,
and desmos, a bond ; in reference to the
stamens being free. Linn. 16-Monodtl-
phia 6-Decandria. Nat. ord., Leyumitwus
Plants [Fabaceae]. Greenhouse and half-
hardy plants, allied to Hedysarum, all
more or less of a trailing habit). Annuals
sown in spring in slight hotbed. Cut-
tings of others in summer, in sandy loam,
under a glass. Winter temp., 40° to
45°.

A. murica'ta (point covered). 1. Yellow. June.
Patagonia. 1793.

— vappo'sa (downy-podded). 1. Yellow.

June. Chili. 1823.

— p&ndula (pendulous-flowered). 1. Yellow.

June. Buenos Ayres. 1825.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

A. glutino'sa (sticky). Yellow. Chili. 1831.

— I/ncd(/nia (London's). 2. Yellow. May.

Valparaiso. 1832.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). Yellow. Val-

paraiso. 1830.

— uspallatdnsis (uspallatan). 1. Yellow.

July. Chili. 1832.

visco'sa (clammy). 12. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1831.

ADIA'NTUM. Maidenhair. (From adi-
antos, dry, as if plunged in water, yet
remaining dry. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., Ik-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices). Greenhouse and stove ferns.
Loam and peat. Root division, or seeds
scattered on a moist shady surface.
Greenhouse temp, in winter, 40° to 45°,
and stove winter temp., 50° to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

A assi'mlle (assi'milated). 1. July. New Hol-
land. 1823.

— Capi'lltis Vdneris (Venus's hair). ?. July.

Britain. Capillaire is so called from
being made with this plant.

— cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). 1. August.

Brazil. 1820.

— folioM sum (leafy). Brown. August.

A. furmo'svm (handsome). 1. July. New
Holland. 1820.

— Mspfdtilum (hairvish). 1. August. New

Holland. 1822.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. April. New Hol-

land. 1830.

— pulverule'ntum (dusty). 2. July. West

Indies. 1793.

— renifo'rmc (kidney-leaved). ?. July. Ma-

deira). 1699.

— rhomboi'deum (rhomboid). 1. July. South

America. 1820.

STOVE.

A. sEthiot 'picum ( ^Ethiopian) . 2. Brown. Sep-
tember. 1838.

— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 2. Brazil. 1844.

— conci' nnttm (neat). 2. Brown. June.

New Holland.

— cur da' turn (heart-shaped). Brown. Yellow.

Mindenao.

— crista'tum (crested). 1. Brown. Jamaica.

1844.

— curva'twn (curved). 2. Brown. Brazil.

1841.

— dcltoi'di'um (deltoid). 1. South America.

1820.

— dent iculu' turn (small-toothed). Brown. July.

West Indies. 1825.
- -Jiabellifo'lium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown.

September. Jamaica.
— flave'acens (yellow). Yellow. June. West

Indies.
— folio' sum (leafy). 1. Brown. August.

— Fovia'nwn (Foy's). 1. Brown. May. \Vest

Indies. 1840.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). Brown. I. of Luzon.

— lu'cidum (shiny). 1. Brown. August.

South America.

— luna'twm (half-moon), i. July. Mexico.

1823.

— lunula'tum (crescent-leaved. Brown. I. of

Luzon.

— macrophy' Hum (long-leaved). 1. July. Ja-

maica. 1793.

— Moriizia'num (Moritz's). 1. Brown. Sep-

tember. South America. 1838.

— obli'qvum (oblique). 1. Brown. April.

West Indies. 1826.

— pa' tens (spreading). 1. July. Brazil. 1824.

— peda'tum (pedate). 1. July. North Ame-

rica. 1640.

— pentad a' ctylon (live-fingered) . Brown. July.

Brazil. 1828.

— radio' turn (rayed). |. July. West Indies.

1776.

— serrula'tum (tooth-edged) . 1. August. Ja-

maica. 1822.

— sctul'sum (bristled). 1. Norfolk Island. 1805.

— stria' turn (line-marked). Brown. June.

West Indies. 1821

— Iffnerum (tender). 1. July. Jamaica. 1793.

— ternu'tum (three-leafletedj. |. July. South

America. 1819.

— trapczifo' rme (rhomb-leaved). 1£. June.

West Indies. 1793.

— triangula'tum (triangle -leaved). Brown.

July. Trinadad. 1824.

— va'rhnn (various). 1. July. South America.

1820.

— villo'sum (hairy-stalked). 1. July. Ja-

maica. 1/75.

ADI

[17]

ADI'NA. See NAUCLEA, of which it is
a synonym. Ten other names have been
given to NAUCLEA.

A. ylobifltfra (globe-flowered). 3. White.
July. China. 1804.

A pretty little plant, requiring a cool
stove. Cuttings in sandy loam under
bell-glass. Soil sandy loam. "Winter
temp. 50° to 55°.

ADLU'MIA. (Xamed after Adlttm, an
American author. Nat. ord., Fumeworts ;
allied to CoRYDALis[Fumariace8e]. Linn.
Sys., \1 -Diadelphla 1-hexandria). A
biennial climber requiring common soil.
Seeds.

A. drrho'sa (tendrilled) . 15. White. August.
North America. 1778.

ADO'NIS. (Named after Adonis of the
Classics. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranun-
culaceoa]. Linn. Sys., \%-Polyandria 6-
polygymici] . Hardy plants ; common soil ;
the annual species from seeds, and the
perennial from seed or root-division.

ANNUALS.

A. (estiva' Us (summer). 2. Scarlet. June.
South of Europe. 1629.

— autumna'lis (autumnal. Pheasant's eye).

1. Crimson. July. Britain.

— citri'na (citron-coloured). 1. Orange. June.

South of Europe. 1819.

PERENNIALS.
appeni'na (appenine). 1. April.

Alpine. Europe.
davtfrica (dahurian). 1. April.

Siberia. 1827.
disto'rta (distorted). 1. April.

Naples. 1827.
pyrenaica (pyrenean).

Pyrenees. 1817.
sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. April.

Siberia. 1827.
vernalis (spring). 1. March.

Europe. 1629.
colgensis(vo\ga). 1. April. Yellow.

1818.

July.

Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Yellow.
Russia.

(From aichme, a point, in
reference to the rigid points on the calices
or flower-envelopes. Nat. ord., Bromel-
worts [Bromeliaccse]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria l-monogynia). Suckers ; light turfy
loam and leaf mould; very handsome.
Stove herbaceous perennials.
^E. dl'scolor (vari-coloured). 2. Scarlet purple.
June. 1844.

— fu'lgens (glowing). 1. Scarlet blue. Sep-

tember. Cayenne. 1842.

— Merte> mil (Merten's). 2. Green red.

March. Demerara. 1830.

— siutv&olens (sweet-scented). 2£. Pink.

April. Brazil. 1838.

(From aix, a goat, and
keros, a horn ; alluding to the shape of its
fruit. Nat. ord., Ardisiceds [Myrsinaceeel.
Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria \-monogynia}.
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Propa-
gated from cuttings of the half-ripe shoots
in summer, under a glass, in sand, and
gentle heat. Soil sandy loam and peat.
;E. fra' grans (fragrant). White. New Holland.
1824.

,/EGI'PHILA. (From air, a goat, and
philos, dear, referring to its being a fa-
vourite with goats. Nat. ord., Verbenas
[Verbenacese]. Linn. 1-Tetrandria 1-
monogynici). Stove evergreen shrubs.
Sandy rich loam ; cuttings in sand under
a glass, with bottom heat. Winter temp.
50° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 80°.
M. arbore'scens (arborescent). 10. White.
Trinadad. 1823.

— diffutsa (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July. West

Indies. 1824.

— e?a'/«(tall). 12. Pale yellow. August. West

Indies. 1823.

— fattida (foetid). 2. Lilac. July. West

Indies. 1820.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.

November. Havannah. 1843.

— ICE? vis (smooth). June. Yellow. Guinea.

1824.

— martinice' nsis (Martinique). 6. White.

West Indies. 1780.

— obova'ta (obovate). 2. Yellow. September

West Indies. 1804.

— tri'fida (three-cleft). 4. White. June.

Jamaica. 1826.

JE'GLE. Bengal Quince. (From JEgle,
one of the Hesperides. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceae]. Linn. 13-Polyan-
dria \-tnonog ynid). The marmelos is a
delicious Indian fruit, possessing high
medicinal qualities. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of ripe-wooded shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom
heat ; rich loam.

JE. ma'rmelos (ma'rmelos). 6. Whitish red.
East Indies. 1759.

JEGOCHLO'A. See NAVARRE'TIA.

JEOLLA'NTHUS. (From aiolo, to vary,
and antlws, a flower, referring to the
variableness of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiacea?]. Linn.
14-Didynamia 1-angiospermia). Stove
annual. Sandy loam ; seeds.
sE. suavefolens (sweet-scented). 1. White.
July. Brazil. 1825.

JEo'NiuM. See SEMPERVFVUM.
-ZERA'NTHUS. (From^r, air, and anthos,
a flower, referring to the way in which the

AEE,

[18]

plant grows. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceee]. Linn. 20-Gynandria, l-monan-
dria). Stove orchid. Division of root;
on wood or in a basket.

JE. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow
green. June. Madagascar. 1823.

AERA'TION. Exposing soil to the air.

AE' RIDES. (From aer, the air, in re-
ference to the power these have of living
on the air. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn. 10-Gynandria 1-monan-
dria. Stove orchids. These all require
a summer temp, of 60° to 85°. Winter,
50° to 65°. Grow best in baskets filled
with sphagnum or white bog moss.

A. affine (related). 1. Sylhet. 1837.

— BrooMi (Sir A. Brooke's). Purple and white,

fragrant. Bombay.

— cri' spurn (crisp). 1. White and rose. May.

East Indies. 1840.

— cyli'ndricum (cylindric). East Indies.

— maculo'sum (spotted). H. Purple spotted.

May. Bombay. 1840.

— odonto' chilum (tooth-lipped). 2. Sylhet.

1837.

— odora' turn (fragrant}. 1J. White. August.

East Indies. 1800. •

— quinque vu'lnera (5-woimded). |. Pink.

June. Philippines. 1838.

— rtfseum (rose-coloured). Dwarf; rosy. East

Indies.

— tcssela'tum (chequered). White, green, and

purple. June. East Indies. 1838.

— vi'ren* (vigorous). Purple white. April.

Java. 1843.

— WigUia'num (Wight's). East Indies. 1800.

.ZE'RUA. (From eroua, its Arabic name.
Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese].
Linn. 5-Pentandria \-monoy ynia). Stove
herbaceous plants ; flowering in June.
Propagated by dividing roots.

sE.java'nicd'. (Javanese). 2. White. East
Indies. 1768.

— lana' ta (woolly). 1. White. East Indies.

1691.

JESCHYNA'NTHUS. (From aischuno, to
be ashamed, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Gesnerworts [Generaceae]. Linn.
I4c-Didynamia 1-A.ngiospermia).

/E. albi'dus (whitish). 1. Java. 1849.

— atrosanffui'neus (dark-bloody). Dark red.

July.

— Aucla'ndi (Lord Auckland's). Scarlet. Bor-

neo. 1847.

— Boschia'nus (Bosch's). Scarlet. July.

Java. 1843.

— grandiflo' rus (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet.

August. East Indies. 1837.

— Horsfi'eldii (Horsfield's) . 2. Pale scarlet.

August. Java. 1844.

— Lobbia'nvs (Lobb's). 1. Scarlet. June. Java.

1845.

JE. longifto'rus (long-flowered). 2. .Scarlet.
June. 1845.

— macula' lus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. August.

India. 1839.

— minia'tus (vermilion). 1^. Scarlet. June.

Java. 1845.

— Paxto'nii (Paxton's). Scarlet. April.

Khosea. 1839.

— pu'lcher (fair). Scarlet. 1. July. Java.

1845.

— purpura' scans (purplish). 1. Purple yellow.

March. Java. 1845.

— radi' cans (stem-fibred). Red. August. Su-

matra. 1845.

— ramosi' ssimus (most-branched) . 3. Scarlet.

June. Khosea. 1837.

— specie' sits (showy). 2. May. Orange. Java.

1845.

— Boxbifrghii (Roxburgh's). Scarlet. July.

East Indies. 1837.

— zebri'nus (striped). 1£. Scarlet. June.

Java. 1847.

JESCHTNO'MENE. (From aischuno, to
be ashamed, in reference to the supposed
sensitiveness in the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Legumwom plants. Allied to Hedysarum
[Fabaceae]. Linn. Diadtlphia 4-tetran-
dria). Stove plants. The annuals by
seed in a high temperature, and the
shrubs by cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass, in good heat ; rich, sandy loam.
Winter temp. 60° to 75°; summer, 70° to
80°.

ANNUALS.

/E. america'na (American). 2. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1732.

— a' spera ; (rough-stemmed) . 2. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1759.

— hi'spida (rough-haired). 2. Yellow. North

America. 1803.

— i'ndica (Indian). 2. Yellow. June. East

Indies. 1799.

— pifmila (dwarf). 3. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1818.

— siibvisco'sa (subviscid). 1. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1816.

— visci'dula (visciclish). 1. Yellow. July.

Florida. 1816.

SHRUBS.

JE. crefpitans (rattling-podded). 4. Yellow.
July. Caraccas. 1820.

— pa'tula (spreading). 4. Yellow. July.

Mauritius. 1820.

— pe'ndula (drooping). 3. Yellow. July.

Mauritius. 1826.

— sensiti'va (sensitive). 3. White. West

Indies. 1733.

^E'SCULUS. Horse Chesnut. (From
esca, nourishment; referring to the ground
flour from the kernels of some species,
Nat. ord., Soap worts [Sapindaceoe]. Linn.
7-Heptandria \-monogynia). Although
the horse chesnut and other soapworts
produce wholesome or nourishing fruit,
some families in this order are highly

J3TH

poisonous. Hardy deciduous trees. Deep

rich loam.

JE. gla'bra (smooth-leaved). 12. Greenish

yellow. May. North America. 1812.

Grafts.
— hippoca' sternum (common-horse C). 40.

White. May. Asia. 1629. Seeds.
flo're ple'no (double flowered).

40. White. May. Gardens. Grafts.
—fo'liis argefnteis (silver-leaved).

40. White. May. Gardens. Grafts.
variega'tum (common striped-

leaved). 16. White. May. Asia.
Layers.

— Ohiotefnsis (Ohio). 30. Seeds. WTiite. May.

North America.

— ptfllida (pale-flowered). 12. Greenish yel-

low. June. North America. 1812.
Grafts or buds.

— nibicn'nda (red-flowered). 12. Red. June.

North America. 1820. Grafts or buds.
JETHIONE'MA. (From aitho, to scorch,
and nema, a filament; in reference to
some burnt appearance in the stamens.
Nat. ord., Crossworts, or Crucifers [Bras-
sicacese]. Allied to Lepidium. Linn. 11-
Dodecandria \-monogynia). The order of
Crucifers, to which our cabbages, mustard,
cress, turnips, and horse-raddish belong
have the universal character of being
possessed with antiscorbutic and stimu-
lating qualities. Hardy Alpine plants,
suited for rock-work. Common light
soil ; seeds and cuttings.

ANNUALS.

M. buxbau'mii (Buxbaum's) £. Pale red. June.
Levant. 1823.

— gra'cile (slender). \. Pale red. June.

Carniola. 1823.

— mxa'tile (rock). \. Flesh. June. South of

Europe. 1759.

PERENNIALS.

— hcterocar'pum (variable-podded). |. Purple.

July. Armenia. 1837.

— membrana' ceum (membranous-podded). 5.

Lilac. July. Persia. 1829.

— monospefrnwm (one-seeded). 4- Pale pur-

ple. July. Spain. 1778.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered), i. Lilac.

July. Persia. 1830.

JETHIO'NIA. (From JEtliion, one of
Phoabus' horses. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracece]. Linn. \§-Syngenesia 1-
cequalia). Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings ; common light soil.
M.frutlco'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.

Madeira. 1785.

—filifo'rmis (thread-leaved), li. June. Yel-
low. Madeira. 1777.

AFRICAN ALMOND. Brabejum.
AFRICAN FLEABANE. Tarchonanthns.
AFRICAN LILY. Agapanthus.

AGA

AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Tayetes erecta.

AFZE'LIA. (In honour of Dr. A. Afrze-
lius. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn. S-Octandria \-monogynia).
Allied to Amherstia. Stove evergreen
tree. Sandy peat and leaf- mould. Cut-
tings in sand under a bell-glass. Winter
temp. 55° to 60°. Summer, 60° to 80°.
A. Africa! na (African). Crimson. June. Sierra
Leone. 1821.

AGA'LMYLA. (From agalma, an orna-
ment, and hule, a forest. Nat. ord., 6fes-
nerworts [Gesnerace*]. Linn. Sys., 14-
Didynamia Z-angiospermia) . It is a fine
stove plant with scarlet tubular flowers,
suitable for growing on branches of trees,
in baskets or in pots, in the orchid-house
or moist-stove. Propagated from cut-
tings. Sandy fibrous peat suits it.

A. stami'nea (long-stamened) . 2. November-.

Scarlet. June. 1846.
AGANI'SIA. (From aganos, desirable ;
in reference to the beauty of these neat
little plants. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceas]. Linn. SQ-Gyncmdria \-monan-
dria). Grown on a block in stove ; divi-
sion of root.
A. pulcheflla (pretty). £. Cream-coloured.

June. Demerara. 1838.

AGANO'SMA. (From aganes, mild, and
osme, small. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naciffi]. Linn. 5-Pentandria\-monogynia.
The order of Dogbanes includes a host
of most beautiful plants — as Allamanda,
Echites, Oleander, &c. They are veno-
mous in many cases, and always to
be suspected. These stove plants are
propagated by cuttings in sand under
glass, and with bottom heat ; they prefer
a mixture of loam, sand, and peat.

A. acumina'ta (pointed leaved). White, fragrant.
Sylhet. Shrubby climber.

— caryophylla'ta (clove-scented). Pale yellow.

October. East Indies. 1812. Shrubby
twiner.

— cymo'sa (Cymose-flowered). White, frag-

rant. Sylhet. Shrub.

— e'legans (elegant). Purple. East Indies.

Shrubby twiner.

— margina'ta (bordered). White, fragrant.

Sylhet. Shrubby climber.

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). White, fragrant.

October. East Indies. 1812. Shrubby
twiner.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). White, fragrant.

East Indies. Shrubby twiner.

AGAPANTHUS. Blue African Lily. (From
agape, love, and anthos, a flower. Nat.

AGA

[ 20]

AGA

ord., Lilyu-orts [Lileaceoe]. Linn., 6-
Hcxandria, ^-Tetragynia). Half-hardy
plants from the Cape of Good Hope.
Sandy loam ; suckers. Require to be
kept in a cold pit during winter.

A. itittbella'tm (umbelled) . 3. Blue. April.
1692.

— a'lbidus (whitish umbelled). 2.
Whitish. September.
rariega'tus (variegated umbell-
ed). 2. Blue. April.

AGA'RICUS. (From Agaria, the name
of a town in Sarmatia. Nat. ord., Mush-
rooms [Fungi]. Linn., 1±-Cryptogamiu,
5-Fwgi). This very large genus of
fungous plants includes the MUSHROOM
(A. cam.pestris} and the Fairy-ring Mush-
room (A. pratcnsis), with a few others,
which are eatable, but, except the two
named, they are too dangerous for us to
recommend them. See MUSHROOM.

AGA' STACK YS. (From agastos, admir-
able, and stachys, a spike. Nat. ord., Pro-
teads [Proteaeeae]. Linn., 1-Tetrandia, 1-
inonogynia). A greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Ripe wooded cuttings, in sand,
under a glass, and in a cold frame ; equal
parts loam, sand, and peat.
A. odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Pale yellow. June.
New Holland. 1826.

AGATHTE'A. (From agathos, excellent ;
in reference to the beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites; allied to Aster
[Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia, 2-
Superflua). Greenhouse plants ; culti-
vated like the Cineraria, which they
much resemble.

A. Ccetestis (heavenly). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.

— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

AGATHE'LPIS. (From agatJws, plea-
sant, and thelis, a woman. Nat. ord.,
Selagiads [Selaginaceae], Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-angiospermia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots in April, in sandy loam under a
glass, without heat. Soil, peat and sandy
loam, equal parts. Winter temp. 40° to
45°.

A', parviftflia (small-leaved). White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— angustifctlia (narrow-leaved). May. White.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

AGATHOPHY'LLUM. Madagascar Nut-
meg. (From agathos, pleasant, and phyl-
lon, a leaf; referring to the pleasant

clove-like smell of the leaf. Nat. ord.,
Laurels [Lauracese]. Linn., \\-Dodecan-
dria, \-monogynia). Stove evergreen
tree. Peat and light rich loam ; cuttings.
A.aroma'ticum (aromatic). 30. White. Mada-
gascar. 1823.

AGATHO'SMA. (From agathos, plea-
sant, and osma, smell. Nat. ord., Hue-
worts ; allied to DIOSMA [Rutacea?].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-monogynia). The
rueworts are principally distinguished for
their bitterness and powerful smell.
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, all from
the Cape of Good Hope, and all blooming
in May and June. Peat and sand ; cut-
tings of young shoots in sand under a
glass, without heat. Winter temp. 40° to
45°. In summer a rather shady place.
A. acumina' ta (sharp-pointed leaved). 5. Vio-
let. 1812.

— ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. White. 1810.

— brevifo1 lia (short-leaved). 2. Purple. 1818.

— JBr«m'«des(Brunia-like). 2. Purple. 1820.

— cerefo' lia (chervil-leaved). 2. White. 1774.

— cilia' ta (eyelash-haired). 2. White. 1774.

— ere' eta (upright). 2. Blue white. 1816.

— hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. 1794.
exsicca'ta (dried-up hairy). 2. Purple.

1718.
pwpu'rea (purple hairy). 2. Purple.

1791.
Ventenatia'na (Ventenat's hairy). 2.

Purple. 1794.

— hi'spida (rough-haired). 1. Violet. 1786.

— imbrica' ta (imbricated). 3. Pink. 1774.

— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 2. White. 1823.

— orbicula'ris (round-leaved). 2. White. 1800.

— j?rort'/era (proliferous). 2. White. 1790.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. White. 1798.

— refltfxa (reflex-leaved). 2. Purple. 1820.

— rugo'sa

— vcsti' t a

— villo'sa

coarselv-wrinkled). 2. White. 1790.
clothed). 2. White. 1824.
long-haired). 2. Violet. 1786.

AGATHY'RSUS. (From agathos, pretty,
and thyrsus, a thyrse, or dense panicle,
referring to the handsome flowers so pro-
duced. Nat. ord., Composites, allied to
hawkweed [Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syn-
genesia, l-cequalis). All hardy herbaceous
perennials, except A. alpinus, which is
an annual, and A. floridanus, which is
biennial. Root division and seeds. Com-
mon garden soil.

A. alpi'nus (Alpine). 4. Blue. July. Scotland.

— cya'neus (blue). 2. Blue. July. Nepaul. 1820.

— ftorida'n-us (Florida). 6. Blue. July. Iberia.

1820.

— lappo'nicm (Lapland). 6. Blue. July.

North America. 1713.

— Plumidri (Plumier's). 6. Blue. August.

Lapland. 1804.

— sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August.

Pyrenees. 1794.

AGA

[21]

AGR

A. tata'ricus (Tartarian). 4. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1784.

AGA'TI. (The Sanscrit name for it.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants \_Fabace(e~\.
Linn., 17-Diadelphia, 4-Tetrandria, al-
lied to Galega). Stove evergreen trees.
Loam and peat in equal proportions;
cuttings in sand, under a glass, with
bottom heat.

A. cocci' nea (scarlet). 25. Red. August. East
Indies. 1768.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Red.

August. East Indies. 1820.

AGA'VE. Aloe. (From agauos, admir-
able ; referring to the stately form in
which some of them flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryttids. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-mo-
nogynia.} The fibre of some species of
aloe has been manufactured into ropes
and paper, and the juice into an intoxi-
cating liquor called pulque, from which,
in its turn, brandy is distilled. Stove
and greenhouse succulent plants. Rich
loamy soil, decayed vegetable mould, and
brick rubbish ; suckers.
STOVE.

A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. Green.
1790.

— brachif stachys (short-spiked). 3. Green.

Mexico. 1820.

— tflegans (elegant). Mexico. 1835.
—fla'ccida (feeble). 6. Green. South Ame-
rica. 1790.

— Kara'tto (Karatto). 5. Green. South Ame-

rica. 1768.

— lu'rida (huid). 8. Green. June. Yera

Cruz. 1731. •

— mexica'na (Mexican). 6. Green. Mexico. 1817.

— 3/iMeVi (Miller's). 6. Green. 1768.

— polyuca'ntha (many-spined) . 6. Green.

August. 1800.

— vim' para (viviparous). 15. Green. Sep-

tember. South America. 1731.

— univitta'ta (1-striped). Green. Mexico. 1830.

— yuccefo'lia (yucca-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1819.

GREENHOUSE.

A. america'na (American aloe.) 20. Yellow.

August. South America. 1640.
— variega'ta (variegated aloe). 12.

Yellow. August. South America. 164.0.

— glance' scens (glaucous). Mexico. 1835.

— polyacanthoi'des (polyacantha-like) . Mexico.

1835.

— pulchdrrima (most beautiful). Mexico. 1835.

— sapona'ria (soap). Brown. July. Peru. 1838.

— virgi'nica (Virginian). 3. Purple. North

America. 1765.

AGEXO'RA. See Seriola.

AGE'IIATUM. (From a, not, and geras,
old; in reference to the flowers being
always clear. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asterackae]. Linn., Vd-Syngenesia 1-

All annuals, but may be kept
perennial by cuttings, or in pots, if not
allowed to ripen seeds. The two first
greenhouse, the others, except A. mexica-
num, hardy. Light rich soil; cuttings
and seeds.

A. angmtifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
July. Montevideo. 1827.

— ccsru'leum (sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. West

Indies. 1800.

— conyzoi'des (conyza-like). 1. Light blue.

July. America. 1714.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.

Peru. 1800.

— mexica'num (Mexican). 2. Blue. June.

Mexico. 1822. Greenhouse.

— stri'ctum (upright). 2. White. June. Ne-

paul. 1821.

AGLA'IA. (The name of one of the
three Graces. Nat. ord., Meliads \_Melia-
ced\. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-monogynia.}
Until very recently, this interesting Chi-
nese plant was referred to the citron-
worts. Stove evergreen shrub. Light
loam, decayed dung, and peat ; half-ripe
cuttings in sand, xuider a glass, in a cold
frame.

A. odora'ta (sweet-scented). Striped. Febru-
ary. China. 1810.

AGLAOMO'RPHA. (From aglaos, beau-
tiful, and tnorplia, a form. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacece]. Linn., 11-Cryp-
todamia \-filices.} Stove herbaceous fern.
Root division and seed ; light rich loam
and peat.

A. Meyeria'na (Meyer's). Yellow. May. Island
of Luzon.

AGLAONE'MA. See Arum.

AGNO'STUS. See Stetwcd 'rpus.

AGONIO'PTERIS. See Aero stickmn.

AGRIMO'NIA. Agrimony. (From ag-
remone, a plant used by the Greeks in
cataract of the eye. Nat. ord., Roseworts
[Rosacese] ; allied to Potentilla. Linn.,
1 1 -Dodecandria, l-digynia) . Hardy herba-
ceous plants. Root division; common
garden soil.

A. Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 3. Yellow. June.
Britain.

— ncpale'nsis (Nepaul). 3. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1820.

— odora'ta (scented). 4. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1640.

— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 3. Yellow,,

July. Virginia. 1810.

AGROMY'ZA VIO'I^E. Pansy Fly. At-
tacks the flower by puncturing the petal,
and extracting the juice ; the puncture
causes the colouring matter to fade.

AGE

[22]

ALA

Very minute ; shining black ; bristly ;
eyes green ; head orange. Appears in
May.

AGROSTE'MMA. Eose Campion. (From
agros, field stemma, a crown, referring to
the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Cloveworts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, ^-tetragynia]. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Common soil ; division
or seed.

A. Bungea'na (Don Bunge's). 1. Scarlet.
July. Russia. 1834.

— dccu'mbensl Decumbent). 1. Crimson. July.

— pyrena' lea (Pyrenean) . 1. Pale rose. June.

Pyrenees. 1819.

— sueci'ca (Swedish). Pink. August. Swe-

den. 1824.

AILA'NTHTJS. (From ailanto, tree of
heaven, referring to its lofty growth.
Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacese].
Linn., 1^-Polygamia,\\-di(ecia}. Decidu-
ous trees. Cuttings of tbe roots ; landy
loam and peat.

A. exce!lsa (lofty). 50. Green. East Indies.
1800. Stove.

— glandultfsa (glandulous). 20. Green.

China. 1751. Hardy.

AIR. Atmospheric air is uniformly
and universally composed of '

Oxygen, 21

Nitrogen, 79

Every 100 parts, even in the driest
weather, containing, in solution, one
part of water ; and every 1000 parts
having admixed about one part of Car-
bonic Acid. The average proportions are

Air, 98.9

Watery Vapour, . . . 1.0
Carbonic Acid Gas, . . 0.1

All these are absolutely necessary to
every plant to enable it to vegetate with
all the vigour of which it is capable ;
and on its due state depends; in a great
measure, the health of any plant requir-
ing the protection of glass. See Leaves,
Roots, Ventilation.

AIR (GIVING) is a term commonly used
by gardeners, who mean by the term
lowering the upper sashes of the house,
pit, or frame, to allow the escape of ex-
cessive heat, bad air, and vapour, and
opening at the same time the front sashes
to admit fresh air. The openings should
be so regulated as to equalize the escape
and supply, and according to the liveli-
ness of the current of air desired to be.
maintained.

AIR-PLANT, Aerides.

AITO'NIA. (In honour of Mr. W.
Alton, once head gardener at Kew. Nat.
ord., Meliads [Meliaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia, 5-pentandria) . Greenhouse
evergreen shrub. Loam and peat ; cut-
tings of young wood, in sandy loam,
under a glass, with bottom heat.

A. cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Pink. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1777.

AJAR. Used to denote the smallest
amount of opening to allow the entrance
of air, and usually applied to the front
sashes or lights.

A'JUGA. Bugle. (From «, not, and
zugon, a yoke, in reference to the calyx
being one leaved. Nat. ord., Labiates, or
Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., \±-Didy-
namia, \-gymnospermia). Hardy plants.
Common garden soil ; division, or seeds.

ANNUALS.

A. Chamafpitys (ground-pine). 1. Yellow.
July. England.

— I'va (iva). 1. Yellow. May. South of

Europe. 1759.

PERENNIALS.

A. amtra' lis (southern). 1. Blue. July. New
Holland. 1822.

— folio' sa (leafy). 1. Blue. August. Swit-

zerland. 1826.

— genevffnsis (Geneva). 1. Flesh. July.

Switzerland. 1656.

— integrifo' lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Nepaul. 1821.

— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June. Le-

vant. 1752.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). \. Blue. May.

Britain. A beautiful plant.

— rutbra (red-flowered). 1. Red. May. Bri-

tain.

variega'ta (variegated-leaved). 1. Blue.

April. Britain.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. May. Swit-

zerland. 1826.

AKE'BIA. (The name it bears in Japan.
Nat. ord., Lardizabalads [Lardizaba-
lacere]. Linn. 21-Monwcia §-hexandria}.
The fruit of Akcbm quinata, is used in
Japan as an emollient medicine. Green-
house evergreen twiner. Root division
and cuttings ; sandy loam and peat.

A. quina'ta (five-leafleted) . Lilac pink. March.
Chusan. 1845.

AKEE-TREE, Blighia sapida.

ALA'NGIUM. (The Malayan name for
two trees, bearing fruit not palatable to
Europeans. T$&t.ardi.,Alangiads [Alangia-
ceaej. Linn. 12-Icosandria \-inonogiynid).
Stove evergreen trees. Loam mixed with

ALB

[23]

ALE

peat ; cuttings under glass, with bottom
heat.

A. decapeftahim (tcn-petaled). 10. Pale pur-
ple. East Indies. 1779.

— hexapc'tnlum (six-petaled). 15. Purple.

East Indies. 1823.

ALBTJ'CA. (From albicans, or albus,
white, referring to the prevalence of
white flowers in the genus. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn. Q-Hexandria-
\-nnonogynia). Greenhouse bulbs; all from
the Cape of Good Hope, except the first-
named. Sandy loam and peat ; suckers
from the old hulb, or leaves taken off
with a scale. "Well adapted for planting
out in a border of light loam in front of
a greenhouse ; to be covered from frost
like IXIAS.

A. abyssi'nica (Abyssinian). 2. White. Au-
gust. 1818.

— altl'ssima (tallest). 4. White. May. 1789.

— au'rea (golden). 2. Greenish yellow. June.

1818.

— cauda'ta (tailed). 2. Yellow. June. 1791.

— coarcta' ta (compressed). 2. White. June.

1774.

— exuvia'ta (adder's skin). 1. White. June.

1795.

— faxtifjia' ta (peaked). 2. White. June. 1774.

— filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.

— fla'ceida (weak). 2. Yellow green. June.
1791.

— fra' grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow green. July.

1791.

— fu'ffax(fteeting). 1. Green yellow. July.

— ma'jor (greater). 3. Green yellow. May.

1759.

— mi' nor (smaller). 1. Yellow. May. 1768.

— physo'des (flatulent). 1. White. June.

1804.

— seto'sa (bristly). 1. Green. June. 1795.

— spira'fe (spiral-leaved). 1. White. June.

1795.

— mridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 1. Green.

June. 1794.

— visco'sa (clammy-leaved). 1. White green.

June. 1779.

— vitta'ta (banded). 1. Yellow green. June.

1802.

ALBU'RNUM. The layers of young
wood next beneath the bark. In which
layers the vessels are situated for con-
veying the sap from the roots to the
leaves.

ALCHEMI'LLA. Lady's Mantle. (From
alkemelyeh, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorbaceae], Linn.
4 - Tetrandria 1 -monogynia) . Herbaceous
perennials. Common dry soil ; seeds or
divisions.

GREENHOUSE.

1. Green. June. Cape
of Good'Hope. 1818.

— sibbaldicefo' Ha (sibbaldia-leaved). 1. White.

June. Mexico. 1823.

HARDY.

A. alpi'na (alpine). 1. Green. June. Britain.
— fi'ssa (cleft-leaved). 1. Green. Julyt
Switzerland. 1826.

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 1. White. July.

Switzerland. 1784.

— pubefscens (downy). 1. Green. July.

Caucasus. 1813.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Green. July. Caucasus.

1813.

ALCO'VE. A seat in a recess, formed
of stone, brick, or other dead material.

A'LDER. See ALNUS.

ALE'TRIS. (From aletrm, meal, refer-
ring to the powdery appearance of the
whole plant. Nat. ord., Blood worU
[Hasmodoracese]. Linn. Q-Hexandria 1-
monogynia). A. farinosa is the most
intense of bitters known. Hardy herba-
ceous perennials. Shady situation. Peat
or loam and leaf soil ; offsets.
A. au'rea (golden-tipped). 1. Yellow. July.
North America. 1811.

— farino'sa (mealy). 1. White. June. North

America. 1768.

ALEURI'TES. (The name is the Greek
word for mealy, in reference to the mealy
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Spurgeivorts [Euphorbiacese] ; allied to
Croton). Stove evergreen trees. Loam.
Ripe cuttings root readily in sand, under
a glass, in heat.
A. corda'ta (heart-leaved). Japan. 1818.

— tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Apetal. Oeto,

ber. Society Islands. 1793.

ALEXANDERS, or ALISANDER, (Smy'r-
niwn olusatrum), received its common
name from the Greek, which means " a
helper of man," because formerly believed
to possess powerful medicinal properties.
It was also much cultivated for its stems,
when blanched, to be eaten as celery,
which it slightly resembles in flavour.
Sow any time from the end of March to
the commencement of May, in drills two
feet apart. Thin the plants when four
inches high to a foot apart, and the seed-
lings removed may be planted in rows at
similar distances. Earth them up, to
blanch like celery, when about a foot
high. The plants will last two years,
but the stems are finer and crisper if
raised from seed annually. Grow it on

ALE

[ 24]

ALL

a rich light soil, and give it abundance of
water and liquid manure.

ALEXANDRIAN LAUREL. Ru'scm race-
mo' sus.

ALHA'GI. (The Arabic name of the
plant. Nat. ord., Lcguminoiis plants ;
allied to Hedysarum [Fabacese]. Linn.
\l-Diadelphia \-tetrandria). The natural
secretion from the leaves and branches
of A. maurorum is supposed by some, to
be the manna of scripture. It is worthy of
remark, that this secretion is not now form-
ed in Arabia, Egypt, or India, but only
in Persia, where it is highly esteemed as
food for cattle. Both require the protec-
tion of a greenhouse in winter. Sandy
loam and peat; young cuttings and seeds,
the first in sand, the latter in a hot-bed.
Winter temp. 40° to 45° ; in summer,
55° to 70°.

A. camelo'rum (camels). 2. Red. July. Si-
beria. 1816.

— mauro'rum (moors). 2. Red. July. Egypt.

1714.

ALIBE'RTIA. (In honour of Alibert, a
French chemist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn. 5-Pentandrial-mo-
nogynid). Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings;
sandy peat.

A. edtflis (eatable). 12. Cream-coloured.
Guiana. 1823.

ALI'SMA. "Water Plantain. (From
the Celtic word alls, water. Nat. ord.,
Alismads [Alismaceas]. Linn. Q-Hexan-
dria ^-polygynia. Hardy aquatics. Seed ;
sandy peat immersed in water. A. Plan-
tago is recommended in hydrophobia.

A. lanceola' ta (spear-leaved). 2. Pure white.
July. Britain.

— na' tans (floating). 1. White. July. Wales.

— parvifio'ra (small-flowered). 1. July. North

America. 1816.

— planta? go (plantain). 2. Pure white. July.

Britain.

— ranunculoi' des (ranunculus-like). 1. Pur-

ple. August. Britain.

— trivia' Us (trivial). 2. White. July. North

America. 1816.

ALLAM A' NBA. (In honour of Dr. Alsa-
mand of Ley den. Nat. ord., Dogbanes —
[Apocynacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-
Monogynia}. This order is remarkable for
handsome flowering plants, with delete-
rious qualities. An infusion of the leaves
of A. Cathartica is a valuable purgative.
Stove evergreen climbers. Rich loam ;
cuttings root readily in sand, with bot-

tom heat and moist air. Winter, ocP to
65°. Summer, 65° to 75°.

A. Catha'rtica (cathartic). 12. Yellow. July.
Guiana. 1785.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1844.

— Parae'nsis (Paran). Yellow. Brazil. 1846.

— Scho'ttii (Schott's) September. Yellow.

Brazil. 1847.

— verticilla'ta (whorled-leaved) . June. East

Indies. 1812.

ALLAXTO'DIA. (From attantos, a sau-
sage ; in reference to the cylindrical form
of the indusium, or the case which en-
closes the seeds of ferns. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn. 24-Crypto-
gamia \-Filices). Greenhouse ferns ; divi-
sion of the roots, or sowing spores ; equal
parts, turfy peat and loam.
A. austra'lis (southern) . Brown. VanDiemen's
Land. 1820.

— axila'ris (axillarv). 2. Brown. Madeira.

1779.

— strigo'sa (strigose). 2. Brown. Madeira.

— tdnera (tender). 1. Brown. New Holland.

1820.

— umbro'sa (shade-loving). 4. Brown. Ma-

deira. 1779.

ALLEYS are of two kinds. 1 — the nar-
row walks which divide the compart-
ments of the kitchen garden ; and 2 — •
narrow walks in the shrubberies and
pleasure-grounds, closely bounded and
overshadowed by the shrubs and trees.

ALLIGATOR PEAR. Persia grati'ssima.

ALLIO'NIA. (In honour of C. Allioni,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Nijctagos,
allied to the Marvel of Pern [Nyctagyna-
ceae]. Linn. k-Tetrandia, \-monogynia}.
Hardy annuals. Seeds ; sandy loam.

A. incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. Au-
gust. Cumana. 1820.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 1. Purple. July.

North America. 1827.

— viola' 'cea (violet-coloured). 1. Violet. July.

Cumana. 1820.

ALLIUM. (From the Celtic all, mean-
ing hot, or burning; referring to the well-
known qualities of all the onionworts
which are now classed in the Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn. §-Hexandria
l-monogynia). The onion, garlic and
leek, according to Dr. Eoyle, are the
plants translated as such in the Bible
(Num. ch. xi. 5). The genus includes the
onion, garlic, &c. Hardy bulbs. Seeds
or offsets ; rich light loam.
A. ampelo'praswn (vine-leek). 2. Purple.
May. England.

ALL

[25]

ALL

A. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 1. Purple. July.
Siberia. 1818.

— angulo'siim (angulose). 1. Light purple.

June. Germany. 1739.

— ascalo' nicum (askalon, or shallot) . 1. Pur-

ple. June. Palestine. 1546.
majus (greater askalon, or scallion).

1. Purple. July. South of Europe.

— a'sperum (rough). 1. Purple. August.

South of Europe. 1800.

— azu'reum (blue-coloured). 1. Blue. Octo-

xber. 1830.

— brachi/stc' mon (short-stemmed). 1. White.

June. Europe. 1819.

— cceru'lcum (sky-blue). Blue. June. Rus-

sia. 1840.

— ce'pa (onion) . 3. White. June.

— aggrega'tum (aggregated onion) . 1.

White. June.
pauciflo'rum (few-flowered onion).

2. White. June.

— cepcefo'rme (onion-form). 2. White. Au-

gust. 1824.

— cine'reum (grey). 1. Straw. July. Siberia.

1829.

— confe? rtum (crowded). 4. Purple. August.

Europe.

— conge1 stum (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1818.

— controversy m (contrary-stemmed). 1. Pur-

ple. 1816.

— descdndens (down-flowering). 1. July.

Purple. Switzerland. 1796.

— Fi'sheri (Fischer's). 1. Lilac. July. Si-

beria. 1829.

— fistula' sum (pipe-leaved. Welsh onion). 2.
Green yellow. April. Siberia. 1629.

— ylau'cum (glaucous). Pink. June. Siberia.

1800.

— Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 1. Purple. July.

Austria. 1820.

— intermedium (intermediate). 2. White.

August. South of Europe. 1827.

— litto'reum (sea-side) . 2. Purple. Italy.

1818.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Dark pur-

ple. July. Mexico. 1826.

— medium (middle). 1. White. June. Hun-

gary. 1820.

— mo'ly (moly). 1. Yellow. June. South

of Europe. 1604.

— ophiosco'rodon (garden rocambole). 4. Pale

red. August. Greece.

— oxype'talum (sharp-petaled) . 2. White.

August. South of Europe. 1818.

— po'rrum (leek). 2. White. Switzerland.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). 3. White. 1820.

— pu'lchrum (beautiful). Yellow. June. South

of Europe.

— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 2. Pink. August.

North America. 1818.

— ramo'sum (branchy). 2. Pale yellow.

June. Siberia. 1819.

— sati'vum (garlic). 2. White. June. Sicily.

1548.

— Schasno' prasum (chives). L Flesh. May.

Britain.

— Scorodo' prasum (rocambole). 3. Light

purple. July. Denmark. 1596.

— scorzonercefo'lium (scorzonera-leaved). 1.

Yellow. June. South of Europe. 1820.

A. spu'rium (spurious). 1. Purple. June
Siberia. 1820.

— Victoria' lis (Victor's). 2. Green yellow.

May. Austria. 1739.

angustifo' Hum (Victor's narrow-
leaved). 1. Green yellow. April.
Scotland.

— viola' ceum (violet). 1. Violet. June.

Europe. 1823.

— Waldstei'nii ( Waldenstein's) . 2. June.

Hungary. 1826.

ALLOPLE'CTUS. (From alias, diverse,
and plekein, to plait ; in reference to the
leaves. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [G-esner-
aceoe]. Linn. Sys., \±-Didynamia 2,-an-
giospermia). Stove evergreens. Light
rich soil ; cuttings.

A. di'chrous (two-coloured). 2. Purple yellow.
Brazil. 1845.

— re" pens (creeping) . Yellow brown. Febru-

ary. St. Martha. 1845. This is a
climbing plant.

ALLOSO'RUS. (From allos, diverse, and
soros, a heap ; in reference to the variety
of the patches of fructification — sori— 011
the hack of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Potypodiacea]. Linn. Sys., l^-Crypto-
gamia \-Jilices}. ABritish species of fern.
A. crispus (curled). £. Brown. July. Britain.

ALLOTMENT. A space of land divided
amongst so many labourers or artisans,
and generally at the same price as that
which the farmer pays. It may just
be such a piece of ground as a man and
his family may successfully cultivate in
their over-hours, after attending to their
usual employment during the day. The
term allotment thus becomes synonymous
with garden ; and if near to the occupier's
home, such a piece of ground is of great
importance to him, socially and morally.
Or, secondly, an allotment may be such
a space of ground as will secure the la-
bourer in employment when otherwise
he might be without it. In that sense
it becomes a mere temporary palliative
for a social evil, and ultimately entails
upon its occupier all the disadvantages
of a small farmer without many of his
benefits.

ALLSEED. Poly car pcm.

ALLSPICE. Calycanthus.

ALLSPICE-TREE. Pimenta.

ALLUVIAL SOIL is so called from the
Lathi word alluere, to wash down ; be-
cause the soil so named is that rich de-
posit of finely-divided earths and decom-

ALM

[26]

ALO

posing vegetable matters which, forming
the land in valleys, and on the banks of
rivers, are evidently formed of the richest
and finest portions, washed down from
higher-situated soils. Alluvial soils are
usually very fertile, and excellent for
pasturage.

ALMOND. Amygdalus.

ALNUS. The Alder-tree. (From al,
near, and Ian, the bank of a river ; in
reference to the situation where the alder
delights to grow. Nat. ord., Birchworts
[Betulaceae]. Linn. Sys., 1\-Moncecia 4-
tetrandria). Hardy deciduous trees. The
flowers have no petals. Layers, or seeds ;
light loam, in moist situation.

A. larba'ta (bearded). March. Russia. 1838.

— Canadefnsis (Canadian). June. Canada.

— cordiftflia (heart-leaved). June. Naples.

1818.

— gla'uca (glaucus). June. North America.

1820.

— glutino'sa (sticky). April. Britain.
emargina'ta (five notched-leaved).

April. Britain.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). April. Britain.

inci'sa (cut-leaved). April. Britain.

— — lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). April.

Britain.

quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). April.

Britain. 1838.

— inca'na (hoary-leaved] . 20. June. Europe.

1780. '

— angula'ta (angular-leaved) . 20.

— pinna' ta (pinnate). 26. June. Europe.
— jorullen'sis (Jorulla). Mexico.

— macrocar'pa (long-fruited) . 20. June.

— macrophy'tta (long-leaved). 20. June. Naples.

— obconda'ta (two-lobed). March. Russia.

— oblonga'ta (oblong-leaved). 20. June. South

of Europe. 1730.
ellip'tica (elliptic-lod). 20. June.

— oxyacanthifo' lia (Oxycanth-lod). 20. June.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 10. June.

— ru'bra (red). 20. June.

— ruffo'sa (wrinkled). March. North America.

— seirula'ta (saw -leaved). 20. June. North

America. 1769.

— SiU'rica (Siberian). Siberian. 1820.

— subrotu'nda (poundish-leaved). 23. April.

— undula'ta (via\e-leaved). 20. June. North

America. 1782.

ALOCA'SIA. See Colocasia.

A'LOE. (From alloeh, its Arabic name.
Nat. ord., Lilyivorts [Liliacese]. Linn.
Sys., &-Hexandria \-monogynia}. Green-
house evergreen succulents, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Sandy loam and
peat, with a little reduced manure, and
full one-third of broken bricks and lime-
rubbish, and good drainage. Give very
little water in winter. Medium temp.,

in winter 40° ; in summer 50° to 70° ;
water with care in winter. Propagated
from suckers or leaves, inserted in gravelly
soil. As purgatives, the juice of the
tree-aloes are exclusively in use ; parti-
cularly that of A. socotrina, vulgaris, pur-

A. acumina'ta (spike-leaved). Orange. April.

— a?6tsp?''wa(white-spined). Scarlet. June. 1796.

— alboci'ncta (white-banded). Orange. June.

1812.

— arbores'cens (tree-nice). Red. June. 1731.
• — arista' ta (awned). Orange. May. 1801.

— brevi/o'lia (short-leaved). Orange. June. 1810.

— ccn'sia (caecious). 2. Orange. July. 1818.

— ela'tior (taller). 9. Red. June. 1821.

— chine? nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. 1821.

— cilia! 'ris (eyelash-haired). Red. June. 1821.

— Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 1819.

— depre'ssa (depressed). Orange. August. 1831.

— dicho'toma (pair-branched). Red. July. 1781.

— disftans (distant). 6. Red. July. 1732.

— depre'ssa (Hat-leaved) . 6. Red. July. 1820.

'reflet a (reflexed). 4. Red. Julv.

1820.

— echina'ta (echinate). 6. 1820.

— flavispi'na (yellow-spined) . Red. August.
1793.

— frutes'cens (shrubby). Red. June. 1818.

— gla'uca (glaucous). Red. April. 1731.

— • rhodaca'ntha (lesser red-spined). 4.
Red. May. 1731.

— gra'cMis (graceful). Orange. June. 1822.

— hu' mills (humble). Orange. April. 1731.

— mcifrva (incurved). Orange. May. 1791.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. July. 1795.

— Unea'ta (line-marked). Scarlet. 1789.
glance1 seem (idaucous-marked). Scar-
let, 1789.

— mitrcefo' rmis (mitre-shaped). Red. August.

1731.

— no' Ulis (noble). Blue. August. 1800.

— pallejscens (palish). Red. July. 1820.

— panicula'ta (panicled). Scarlet. July. 1795.

— plu'ridcns (many-toothed). Red. July. 1823.

— proli'fcra (proliferous). Orange. April. 1819.

ma'Jor (larger proliferous). Orange.

April. 1819.

— purpura' scens (purplish). Purple. August.

1789.

— sapona'ria (soapy). Red. July. 1727.
lu'teo-stria'ta (yellow-striped soapy).

Red. July. 1821.

— sdrra (saw). Orange. July. 1818.

— serrula'ta (finely-toothed) . Red. July. 1789.

— socotri'na (socotrine). Red. March. 1731.

— spica' ta (spiked). Red. 1795.

— spino'sior (more spiny). Red. April. 1820..

— stria' tula (slight-striped). Red. June. 1821.

— suberecf ta (slightly-leaning). Scarlet. April.

1789.

— scmigutta'ta (half-spotted ditto).

Orange. May. 1819.

— subtubercula' ta (slightly-knobbed). Orange.

June. 1620.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Orange. June. 1R31.

— tcnu'ior (thinned). Orange. June. 1821.

— tubercula'ta (knobbed). Orange. April. 1796.

— variega' ta (variegated). Pink. June. 1790.

ALO

[27 J

ALP

A. xanfhaca'ntha. Yellow-spined. Orange.

June. 1817.

ALO' MI A. (From #, not, and loma, a
fringe. Nat. ord., Composites. Allied
to Eupatoria [Asteraceae]. Linn. Sys.,
19-Syngenesia \-cequalis). Half-hardy
evergreen. Sandy loam; cuttings; temp,
not below 35° in winter.
A. ageratoi'des (ageratum-like) . White. July.
Spain. 1824.

ALO'NA. (Letters of the primitive
name, Nolana. transposed from Nola, a
little hell, in reference to the form of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Nolanads [Nolan-
acese]. Linn. Sys., o-Pcntrandia 1-
imnogynici}. A small order of pretty
Chilian half-shrubby. Greenhouse ever-
greens, with large flowers ; cuttings root
freely in sandy loam-; peat and loam.
A. bacca'ta (berry-bearing). Yellow. Co-
quimbo.

— ccetestis (sky-blue). 2. Blue. Chili. 1843.

— carno'sa (fleshy). Blue. Coquimbo.

— glandulo'sa (glandulous) . Blue. Valparaiso.

— Inngifo'lia (long-leaved). Blue. Coquimbo.

— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Blue. July. Co-

quimbo.

— revolu'ta (revolute-leaved) . Blue. Peru.

— rostra' ta (beaked). Blue. July. Coquimbo.

— tomento'sa (white-downed). White. Val-

paraiso.

ALONSO'A. (In honour of Z. Alonzo, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Figwo-rts. Allied
to Hemimeris [Scrophulariacese], Linn.,
Sys., \4:-Didynamia 2-angiospermia).
Greenhouse evergreen, except A. caulia-
lata, which is a half-hardy herbaceous.
Rich mould ; cuttings, or seeds, the first
in sandy loam in August or March;
the seeds in March in gentle heat.
A. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 3. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1790.

— cauliala'ta (wing-stemmed). 3. Scarlet. June.

Chili. 1823.

— incisifo'lia (cut-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.

Chili. 1795.

— intermedia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet. June.

Hybrid.

— linea'ris (linear-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.

Peru. 1790.

ALOY'SIA. Sweet-scented Verbena. (In
honour of Maria Louisa, Queen of Spain.
Nat. ord., Verbenes [Verbenacese]. Linn,
Sys., \^-Didynamia 2-angiospermia).
Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Rich
mould ; cuttings in sandy soil of the old
stem, or young shoots, ; if the latter
shade ; August and March best times.
A. citriodo'ra (lemon-scented), 3. Pale purple.
August. Chili. 1784.

ALPI'NES, strictly speaking, are plants
from alpine, that is, mountainous dis-
tricts, usually requiring the protection of
a frame in winter, because we cannot
secure to them their natural covering of
snow during that season. Gardeners,
however, include in their lists of Alpines,
a great diversity of small plants, difficult
of cultivation. They are best grown in
pots, and require light sandy loam and
peat, with abundant drainage.

ALPI'NIA. (In honour of Alpini, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Gingcrworts
[Zingiberacese]. Linn. Sys., \-Monan-
dria \-monogynia). Stove herbaceous
perennials, except A. penicittata, which
is a greenhouse plant. Rich sandy soil
and peat. They like much moisture and
pot room in the growing season; root
division in moist air.

A. allu'ghas (allugahs). 2. Red. February.
East Indies. 1796.

— antitta'rum (antilles). 4. Flesh. May. West

Indies. 1826.

— auricula' ta (eared). 5. Reddish yellow. East

Indies. 1814.

— Iractea'ta (bracteate). 3. White. May. East

Indies. 1824.

— calcara'ta (spur-flowered). 3. White. Sep-

tember. East Indies. 1800.

— Cardamo'mum (Cardamom). 8. White. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1815.

— ce'rnua (drooping). 6. Pink. April. East

Indies. 1804.

— como'sa (tufted-spiked). 1. White, May.

Caraccas. 1752.

— diffi'ssa (two-cleft). 6. Purple-blue yellow.

April. East Indies. 1818.

— exalta'ta (lofty). 20. Red yellow. Surinam.

1820.

— Gala'nga (Galanga). 6. White yellow. Oc-

tober. East Indies.

— lingucefo' rmis (tongue-formed). 6. Red.

July. East Indies. 1820.

— magni'fica (magnificent). 10. Red. July.

Mauritius. 1830.

— malacce'nsis (malayan) . 5. White. April.

East Indies. 1799.

— me? dia (mediate). 6. Red. Julv. East

Indies. 1815.

— mu'tica (spurless). 5. White. August. East

Indies. 1811.

— nu'tans (nodding). 13. Pink. May. East

Indies. 1792.

— occidenta' lis (western). 6. White. July.

Jamaica. 1793.

— penicilla'ta (pencilled). 3. Pink. May.

China.

— puni'cea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. June. East

Indies. 1820.

— racemo'sa (branchy). 5. White. August.

West Indies. 1752.

— Roscoea'na (Roscoe's). 3. Red. May. East

Indies. 1823.

— spica' ta (spiked). 2. Sumatra. 1822.

— stria' ta (striated). 4. East Indies.. 1818.

ALS

[28]

ALT

A. tuliula'ta (tubular). 2. Eed. July. De-

merara. 1820.

ALSI'NE. Chickweed. (From alsos, a
grove ; in reference to the situation pre-
ferred by these plants. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [Caryophylacese]. Linn. Sys.,
5-Pentandria Z-tryginia}. Hardy an-
nuals. Seed ; common loam.
A. laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). 4. Siberia. 1834.
This is perennial ; root division.

— molluqi'nea (mollugo-like) . L White. July.

Spain. 1816.

— mucrona' ta (spine-pointed-leaved). 1. White.

July. South of Europe. 1777.

— pttbe'scens (downy), i. White. July. 1810.

— segeta'lis (sedge'-like) . 1. White. July.

France. 1805.

ALSODEI'A. (From alsodes, leafy. Nat.
ord., Violet worts [Violacese]. Linn. Sys.,
5-Pentandria \-monogynid). Stove ever-
green shruhs. Loam and peat ; cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass.
A. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. Madagas-
car. 1824.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered) . White. Mada-

1824.

ALSO' PHIL A. (From alsos, a grove, and
phileo, to love ; in reference to the situa-
tion best suited for the plants. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceael. Linn. Sys., 24-
Gryptogamia \-filices). Greenhouse her-
baceous fern. Peat and loam ; division.
A. austra'lis (Australian). Brown. New Hol-
land. 1823.

ALSTO'NIA. (In honour of Dr. Alston.
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese].
Linn. Sys., 5-Pentandria \.-monog ynia\.
The leaves of alstonia are slightly as-
tringent, and are used as tea. Stove
evergreen shrubs, allied to the Oleander.
Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings root
readily in moist bottom heat. "Winter
temp. 50° to 55°. Summer, 60° to 75°.
A. schola'ris (oleander-leaved). 8. White.

May. East Indies. 1824.
— venena'ta (poisonous). 6. White. June.

East Indies. 1825.

ALSTROME'RIA. (In honour of Baron
Alstromer, a Swedish botanist. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaciae]. Linn.
Sys., 6-Hexandria \-monogynia). All the
species of this beautiful genus live out of
doors with us, with a slight protection
from frost, except A. caryophyllcea, er-
roneously called ligtu ; and this requires
stove heat and absolute rest in winter.
All the species also have one uniform
mode of upright growth, by which they

are easily distinguished from BOM ARE' AS ;
the species of which are all twiners.
The golden Alstromer from Chiloe (A.
aurea), is perfectly hardy in England,
and prefers a damp situation and strong
loam ; the other species are chiefly
from the Alpine regions of Chili, and
require free air and lighter soil — their
long fascicled (or bundled) roots are
not well adapted for pot cultivation.
They succeed in deep rich light loam, or
loam, peat, and sand, and should be plant-
ed eight or ten inches deep, and receive
abundance of water while they are grow-
ing. Alstrb'mers have a strong natural
tendency to variation, but will not cross
with Bomareas, as has been asserted ;
no limits can be assigned between species
and varieties in this family ; a race of
endless variations has been obtained from
A. Hookeria'na by the pollen of A. Jfeem-
a'ntha and its varieties. These are called
Van Houtcs seedlings. The following are
the most distinct forms of the genus in
our gardens ; but many more are record-
ed and described, which remain to be in-
troduced : —

A. au'rea, syn. auranti'aca (golden). 2. June.
Orange. Chili, 1831.

— Cummingia'na (Cumming's). Chili.

— caryophylM 'a, syn. Li'gtu (clove-like scent).

1. February. Scarlet. Brazil. 1776.

— hcema'ntha, •va.r.'Barclcya'na (blood-colour-

ed). 24. July. Crimson. Chili. 1830.

— HooJce'riL syn. ro'sea (Dr. Hooker's). 3.

June. Pink. Chili. 1834.

— li'fftu. See Caryophylloea ; the true ligtu is

not introduced.

— Nei'llii (Neill's). 2. June. Pink. Chili.

1827.

— pelegri'na (spot-flowered). 1. July. Striped.

Chili. 1754.

— psittaci'na (Parrot-like). September. Crim-

son. Brazil. 1829.

— pulche'lla, see Si'msii.

— pu'lchra, syn. Flos Marti' ni ; syn. tri' color

(fair). H. June. White, purple, and
yellow. Chili. 1822.

— Si'msii. syn. pulchc'lla (Sims's). 3. June.

Scarlet. Chili. 1822.

ALTEBNANTHE'RA. (Alluding to the
anthers, being alternately barren. Nat.
ord., Amaranths [Amarantaccoe]. Linn.
Sys., 5-Pentandria \-monogynici). Chiefly
tove herbaceous perennials. Cuttings
root readily in common hotbed heat ;
light rich loam.

A. achyra'ntha (chaff-flowered). 1. White
July. Buenos Ayres. 1732.

— cane' seem (hoary). 1. White. July. Cumana.

1825.

ALT

[29]

ALT

A. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 1. White. July.
Caraccas. 1819.

— denticula'ta (finely-toothed-leaved). White.

July. 1822.

— filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). White. July.

East Indies.

— fruWscens (frutescent) . 1. White. July.

Peru. 1820. This will do in a green-
house.

— nodijio'ra (knot-flowered). White. May.

New Holland. 1826.

— polygono' ides (polygonum-like). 1. White.

July. America. 1731.

— procu'mbens (procumbent). 4. White. July.

Brazil. 1818.

— seri'cea (silky). 2. White. July. Quito.

1820.

— scfssilis (sessile). |. July. Brown. East

Indies. 1778. A biennial.

— spino'sa (spinous). Yellow. June. 1823.

Stove Annual.

ALTHJE'A. Mallow. (From altheo, to
cure, in reference to the medicinal quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceae].
Linn. Sys., \Q-Monadelphia 8-polyan-
dria}i The biennials and annuals sow
in spring. The herbaceous, dividing the
roots, or seeds, which, if sown as soon as
ripe, produce flowering plants next year.
A. rosea is the Hollyhock.

HARDY ANNUALS.

A. rtcaM'fe(stemless). 2. Purple. July. Aleppo.
1680.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. White. July. Britain.

— Ludwi'gii (Ludwig's). 2. Pink. July. Sicily.

1791.

— sineTnsis (China), 1. Red. July. China.

1818.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

A. caribce'a (caribean). 3. Pink, Stove. April.
West Indies. 1816.

— ficifo'lia (fig-leaved). 6. Orange. July.

Levant. 1597.

— Frolovia'na (Frolove's). 3. July. Siberia.

1827.

— pa' llida (pale-flowered). 6. Pale red. July.

Hungary. 1805.

— ro'sea (the hollyhock). Red. August, China.

1573.
— bilo'ba (two-lobed H.). 8. Red. July.

— Siebefri (Sieber's). 4. Purple. July. Sicily.

1829.

— stria' ta (striated). 5. White. July.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
A. cannabi'na (hemp-leaved). 6. Purple. July.

South of Europe. 1597.
—flexuo'sa (flexous). 3. Pink. July. East

Indies. 1803.

— harbonc'nsis (Narbonne). 6. Pink. August.

South of Europe. 1780.

— nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 6. White. July.

Siberia. 1827.

— officina'lis (officinal. Marsh-mallow). 4.

Flesh. July. Britain.

— taurinefnsis (Turin). 4. Red August.

Turin. 1817.

ALTINGIA. (In honour of Alting, a
Grerman botanist. Nat. ord., Conifers
Tinaceae]. Linn. Sys., 22-2)uecia 13-
monadelphia.] Greenhouse evergreens.
Allied to AURAUCARIA. Deep loamy soil.
The best plants are from seeds, although
;hey may be raised from cuttings of the
ialf-ripened wood, under a bell-glass,
in a cold frame.
A. Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 30. Apetal.

New Holland. 1824.
— exce'lsa (tall). 100. Apetal. Norfolk Island.

1796.

ALTITUDE, or elevation above the sea,
has a great influence over vegetation.
The greater the altitude the greater
the reduction of temperature ; so much
so that every 600 feet of altitude are
believed to reduce the annual tem-
perature as much as receding a degree
from the equator, either to the north or
to the south. But this rule is far from
universally applicable ; for the limit of
perpetual snow at the equator is at the
height of 15,000 feet, whereas, in the
35th degree of north latitude, the limit is
at 11,000 feet, being an average of about
120 feet of altitude for every degree of
recession from the equator. In the 45th
degree, the limit is 8,400 feet, being an
average of 146 feet for every degree ; in
the 50th degree, 6,000 feet, or 180 feet
for each degree ; in the 60th, 3,000 feet,
or 200 feet for a degree ; and in the 70th,
from 1,200 to 2,000 feet, or about the
same for each degree as to the 60th de-
gree of latitude. Now we know of no
reason why the temperature of elevations
below the snow-line should not follow the
same gradations ; and if this be so, these
may be taken as a rule. All plants
growing above 7,000 feet under the equa-
tor, ought to grow in the open air, in the
latitude of London. In general, good
vegetation is produced at the same dis-
tance from the snow line in the same
latitudes.

ALUMINOUS, applied to land, means
heavy, owing to the presence of clay.

ALYSSUM. Madwort. (From a, not,
and lyssa, rage, in reference to a fable
that the plant allayed anger. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn. Sys.,
\5-Tetradynamia). Seeds, cuttings, and
root divisions ; common soil. Mostly
yellow-flowered and hardy. The best

ALY

[ 30]

AMA

plants of the shrubs are from cuttings
in April and May, and struck in a hot-
bed. They flower next year. The
saxatile is the best white, and for scent
none surpass the white sweet alyssum
of the gardens, which will sow itself
in the ground, and may be sowed several
times during the summer, by the side
of borders, like the Virginia stock. The
evergreen shrubs, as they are called, more
resemble herbaceous plants, they are so
lowly in their growth. They are best pro-
pagated by cuttings of the points of the
shoots, two or three inches in length, in-
serted in sandy loam, early in the season,
and in a shady place. Variagatum is a
little tender. Though all grow freely in
common soil, yet to have them in perfec-
tion, they should be used as rock or hillock
plants. Even when planted in the border
they succeed best, when planted in little
rounds so the varigation makes a free
edging to any brilliant coloured bed.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
A.atla'nticum (Atlantic). 1. April. Crete. 1817.

— gemondnse (German). 1. April. Europe.

— obtusifo'lium (obtuse-leaved). 1. April.

Tauria. 1828.
— orienta'le (oriental). 1. April. Crete.

— variega'tum (variegated-leaved).
April. Gardens.

— saxa'tile (rock). 1. June. Candia. 1710.

— serpyllifo'lium (thyme-leaved). 1. August.

South of Europe. 1822.

— spatula'tum (spatulate). 1. April. Siberia.

1818.

— verna'le (vernal). 1. June. 1819.

ANNUALS.
A. hirsiiftum (hairy). 1. June. Tauria. 1817.

— umbella'tum (umbellate). 1. July. Tauria.

1821.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpe'stre (Alpine). 1. June. South of Europe.
1825.

— argefnteum (silvery). 1. April. Switzerland.

— Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). 1. July. Switzer-

land. 1823.

— cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved) 1. July. Italy.

1820.

— diffu'sum (diffuse). 1. July. Italy. 1820.

— Marschallia'num (Marshall's). 1. April.

Caucasus. 1820.

— micro' nthum (small-flowered). 1. August.

Russia. 1836.

— monta'num (mountain). 1. June. Ger-

many. 1713.

— mura'le (wall). 1. July. Hungary. 1820.

— oly'mpicum (Olympic), 'l. June. 1700.

— procu'mbens (trailing).

— tortuo'sum (twisted) 1. April. Hungary.

1804.

— 7rarsc/iaWw(Warschald's1. June. Yellow.

South of Europe. 1847.

A. Wuifenia'num (Wulfen's) 1. April. CA-
rinthia. 1819.

ALZATE'A. (In honour of a Spanish
naturalist, named Alzaty. Nat. ord.,
Spindle-trees [Celastraceoe]. Linn. Sys.,
5-Pentandria \-monoffynia). Greenhouse
evergreen tree. Cuttings in hotbed ;
sandy peat.
A, vcrticilla'ta (verticillate) . 20. Peru. 1824.

AMARA'NTHUS. Amaranth. (From «,
not, and mairaino, to wither, in reference
to the durability , or " everlasting" qua-
lity of the flowers of some species. Nat.
ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese]. Linn.
Sys., 1\-Monoecia 5-pentandria). Hardy
annuals. Rich loam ; seeds sown in
open ground in March and April.

A. atropurpu'reus (dark-purple). 3. Purple.
September. East Indies. 1820.

— bi' 'color (two-coloured). 2. Red green.

August. East Indies. 1802.

— cauda'tus (love-lies-bleeding). 4. Red.

August. East Indies. ' 1596.

ma'ximus (tree-love-lies-bleeding) .

6. Red. August. 1820.

— cruefntus (dark-bloody). 3. Dark red.

July. China. 1728.

— fascia' tus (banded). 2. July. East Indies.

1816.

— fla' vus (yellow) . 4. Light yellow. August.
India. 1759.

— lancecefo'lius (lance-leaved). 3. Red.

July. East Indies. 1816.

— olera'ceus (pot-herb). 6. Pale red. July.

East Indies. 1764.

— sangui'neus (bloody). 3. Red. August.

Bahama. 1775.

— specio' sus (showy). 6. Red. July. Nepaul.

1819.

— tri' color (three-coloured) 2. Red yellow.

August. East Indies. 1548.

AMARY'LLIS. (A classical name after
Virgil's Amaryllis. Nat. <3K&.,A.maryllids.
[Amaryllidacece]. Linn. Sys., Q-Hexan-
dria l-m&nogynia}. Half hardy. Deci-
duous bulbs. Ever since the day the great
Linnaeus instituted this genus, " with a
playful reason assigned," until the whole
order was arranged by the late Dean of
Manchester, it has been loaded in books
with all kinds of allied plants in an in-
terminable confusion. Every hybrid
usually arranged in this genus is a HIP-
PEASTRUM, and all which we think neces-
sary to mention, will be found under that
genus. Plant in light rich soil, in a shel-
tered place, well drained, and the bulbs
placed at least 6 inches deep.

— A. Bellado'nna (Belladonna-lily). 2. Pale

pink. Cape of Good Hope. 1712.

AMA

[31]

AMB

A.pa'llida (pale-flowered). 2. Flesh. Au-
gust . Cape of Good Hope . 1712.

— Ua'nda (charming). 1|. June. Whitish.
Cape of Good Hope. 1754.

These are all that we can arrange in
this genus, although we think that Bruns-
vigia Josephine and B. grandiftora are
true amaryllises, having crossed, or pro-
duced fertile seeds, with Amaryllis blanda ;
but as they are very distinct in the ap-
pearance of their leaves and bulbs, no
author but Dr. Herbert has yet ventured
to unite them with amaryllis. Without
aiming at a reform of our botanical
classification, we think it desirable to
keep hippeastrum apart from amaryllis, on
account of the opposite habit of the bulbs
of the two genera, those of amaryllis grow-
ing only late in the autumn ; and through
the winter in Europe, while those of
hippeastrum are under the gardeners' con-
trol, and may be managed to grow at dif-
ferent periods. Our great aim should be
to get crosses between Amaryllis and

Valotta. Thus reduced, Amaryllis would
turn evergreen, or at least produce leaves
and flowers simultaneously. All bulbs
which flower without their leaves are
objectionable.

AMASO'NIA. (In honour of an Ameri-
can traveller, named Amason. Nat. ord.,

Verbenes [Verbenaceae]. Linn. Sys., 14-
Didynamia 1-angiospermia). Stove her-
baceous perennials. Sandy loam; suckers.

A. ere? eta (upright). 2. Yellow. September.

Maranhao. 1823.
— puni'cea (scarlet). 2. Yellow. September.

Trinadad. 1825.

AM ATE' un. As the true qualification of
an amateur sometimes is questioned at
local horticultural shows, we give our
definition. We consider that person is
an amateur who has a taste for a pursuit
(floriculture, or horticulture, for instance)
but who neither follows it as a profession,
nor for pecuniary advantage.

A'MBURY is a disease peculiar to the
Cabbage- worts, and is known by the va-
rious names of Hanbury, Anbury, and
Club Root. Fingers and Toes, a name
applied to it in some parts, alludes to
the swollen state of the small roots of
the affected plants.

Cabbage plants are frequently infected
with ambury in the seed-bed, which
infection appears in the form of a gall

or wart on the stem near the roots.
This wart contains a small white mag-
it, the larva of a little insect called
e weevil. If the gall and its tenant
being removed, the plant is placed again
in the earth, where it is to remain,
unless it is again attacked, the wound
usually heals, and the growth is little
retarded. On the other hand, if the
gall is left undisturbed, the maggot con-
tinues to feed upon the alburnum, or
young woody part of the stem, until the
period arrives for its passing into the
other insect form, previously to which
it gnaws its way out through the ex-
terior bark. The disease is now almost
beyond the power of remedies. The
gall, increased in size, encircles the
whole stem ; the alburnum being so
extensively destroyed, prevents the sap
ascending, consequently, in dry weather,
sufficient moisture is not supplied from
the roots to counterbalance the trans-
piration of the leaves, and the diseased
plant is very discernible among its
healthy companions by its pallid hue
and flagging foliage. The disease now
makes rapid progress, the swelling con-
tinues to increase, for the roots continue
to afford their juices faster than they can
be conveyed away ; moisture and air are
admitted to the interior of the excres^
cence, through the perforation made
by the maggot ; the wounded vessels
ulcerate, putrefaction supervenes, and
death concludes the stinted existence
of the miserable plant. The tumour
usually attains the size of a large hen's
egg, has a rugged, ulcered, and even
mouldy surface, smelling strong and
offensively. The fibrous roots, besides
being generally thickened, are distorted
and monstrous from swellings which
appear throughout their length, appa-
rently arising from an effort of nature
to form receptacles for the sap. These
swellings do not seem to arise im-
mediately from the attacks of the
weevil. When it attacks the turnip,
a large excrescence appears below the
bulb, growing to the size of both
hands, and, as soon as the winter
sets in, or it is, by its own nature,
brought to maturity, becoming putrid,
and smelling very offensively. The
parent weevil is of a dusky black

AMB

[32]

AME

colour, with the breast spotted with j
white, and the length of the body one
line and two-thirds. The ambury of
the turnip and cabbage usually attacks
these crops when grown for successive
years on the same soil. This is precisely
what might be expected, for where the
parent insect always deposits her eggs,
some of these embryo ravagers are to be
expected. The ambury is most fre-
quently observed in dry seasons. This
is also what might be anticipated, for
insects that inhabit the earth just be-
neath its surface, are always restricted
and checked in their movements by its
abounding in moisture. Moreover, the
plants actually aifected by the ambury,
are more able to contend against the
injury inflicted by the larva of the wee-
vil, by the same copious supply. Char-
coal-dust spread about half an inch
deep upon the surface, and just mixed
with it by the point of a spade, it is
said, prevents the occurrence of this
disease. Soot, we have reason to be-
lieve, from a slight experience, is as
effectual as charcoal-dust. Judging from
theoretical reasons, we might conclude
that it would be more specifical; for
in addition to its being, like charcoal,
finely divided carbon, it contains sul-
phur, to which insects also have an
antipathy. A slight dressing of the
surface soil with a little of the diy hydro-
sulphuret of lime from the gas-works,
would prevent the occurrence of the
disease, by driving the weevils from the
soil. It would probably as effectually
banish the turnip fly or beetle, if sprinkled
over the surface immediately after the
seed is sown. For cabbages, twelve
bushels per acre would not, probably, be
too much, spread upon the surface, and
turned in with the spade or last ploughing.
To effect the banishment of the turnip
beetle, we should like a trial to be
made of six or eight bushels spread over
the surface immediately after the sow-
ing and rolling are finished. Although
we specify these quantities as those
we calculate most correct, yet in all ex-
periments it is best to try various pro-
portions. Three or four bushels may be
found sufficient ; perhaps twelve, or even
twenty, may not be too much. In cab-
bages the ambury may usually be avoid-

ed by frequent transplantings, for this
enables the workman to remove the ex-
crescences upon their first appearance,
and render the plants altogether more
robust and ligneous ; the plant in its
tender sappy stage of growth being most
open to the insect's attacks.

AMELA'NCHIER. (This is the Savoy
name for the medlar, to which this genus
is closely allied. Nat. ord., Apple worts
[Pomacete]. Linn., \1-Icosandria'2-Di-pen-
tagynia). Hardy deciduous shrubs, closely
allied to the Medlar. Layers ; common
rich loam. Small trees cultivated for
their showy white flowers, which are
produced early in the season. They are
also propagated by grafting on the haw-
thorn or on the quince.
A. botrya'pium (grape-pear). 12. North Ame-
rica. 1746.

—flo'rida (flowery). 12. North America. 182C.
parvifo'tia (small-leaved). 3.

— ova' Us (oval-leaved) . 8. North America. 1800.
semi-integriftftia (half-entire leav»d) .

North America.

— subcorda'ta (subcordate - leaved).

North America.

— sangui'nca (bloody). 4. North America. 1800.

— vulga'ris (common). 6. South of Europe.

1596.

AME'LLUS. (A name employed by
Virgil for a blue aster -looking plant
growing on the banks of the river Mella.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.
Sys., W-Synffenesia, 2-SupcrJlua). Allied
to aster. The first is a greenhouse
evergreen shrub, and the other two hardy
herbaceous perennials. Loamy soil ; cut-
tings.

A. lychni'tis (lychnitis). 1. Violet. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1768.

— spinulo'sus (spinulose). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Missouri. 1811.

— villo'sus (long-haired). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Missouri. 1811.

AMEKICAN ALOE. Agave Americana.

AMERICAN BLIGHT. The insect at-
tacking our apple-trees, and known by
this name, is the Eriosoma lanigera of
some entomologists, and E. mali and
Aphis lanigera of others. Its generic
characters are, having an abdomen (belly)
without tubercles, antenna?, or horns,
short and thread form, and the whole body
more or less cottony or tomentose. The
presence of these insects is shewn by the
white cottony matter in the cracks and
excrescences of apple-tree branches in
the spring. When crushed they extrude

AME

[33]

AME

a reddish fluid. These insects are in-
jurious by piercing the sap- vessels of

the tree, sucking the juice, and causing
juice, and causing wounds which ulce-
rate and finally destroy the hranch at-
tacked by corroding through all the sap-
vessels. The cottony matter is abundant ;
and, wafted to other trees, conveys to
them infection by bearing with it the
eggs or embryo insects. Such, however,
is not the exclusive mode of diffusing the
disease ; for although the females are
usually wingless, yet some are probably
produced with wings at the season propi-
tious to colonization : the males are
uniformly winged. In the winter these
insects retire underground, and prey
upon the roots of the apple-tree. A tree
thus ravaged at all seasons will soon be
killed, if prompt and vigorous remedies
are not adopted. The affected roots may
be bared and left exposed for a few days
to the cold ; and the earth, before being
returned, be saturated with ammoniacal
liquor from the gas-works. In early
March the branches should be scraped
and scrubbed with the same ammoniacal
liquid, or a strong brine of common salt ;
but, whatever liquid is employed, the
scraping and hard bristles of the brush
should penetrate every crack in the bark.
We have foxmd spirit of turpentine, ap-
plied thoroughly to every patch of the
insect by means of an old tooth-brush,
the most effective destroyer of these in-
sects. The spirit must be applied care-
fully, because it kills every leaf on which
it falls. The codlin and June eating-
apple trees are particularly liable to be
infected ; but we never observed it upon

any one of the russet apples, — and the
Crofton pippin is also said to be exempt-
ed. Our woodcut represents the insect
of its natural size as well as magnified.
The head, antennae, and proboscis by
which it wounds the sap-vessels, are still
further magnified.

AMERICAN COWSLIP. Dodeca' tkeon.

AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Oxy coccus
macroca rpus. Soil light, and occasion-
ally manured with rotten leaves. Peat has
been considered indispensable by some
cultivators ; but we much question whe-
ther this be not a mistaken impression,
and should not be allowed to deter per-
sons from planting in any ordinary dark
vegetable matters, soft alluvium, or hu-
mus, which may happen to be within
reach. On making an artificial compost,
we would advise one third peaty or other
dark and unctuous material, one third
leaf-soil or old decayed weeds, and one
third light and sandy loam or ordinary
soil. Situation : It requires a constant
supply of water ; and on a south bank,
where this supply can be obtained, it
may be planted in rows four feet apart
each way, and the water made to circu-
late in a small ditch between the rows.
But the edge of a pond will suit it almost
as well, provided that a little soil of a
proper character is introduced round the
margin. It is well to state, however,
that a very considerable amount of suc-
cess has been attained in beds of a peaty
character, without any system of irriga-
tion. After-culture : The shrubs require
no other attention than to be kept free
from weeds. A top-dressing annually in
November of heath-soil or rotten leaves
has been stated to prove of much service.
The American cranberry is considered of
easier culture than the English, or Oxy-
co'ccus plaustris; the latter requiring
more moisture than the American. Pro-
duce : The fruit, used for tarts and pre-
serving, is so abundant, that a bed six
yards long is sufficient for the largest
family. Propagation: suckers, cuttings,
or seeds ; the two former planted early
in the autumn.

AMERICAN CRESS. Barbce'rea pre'cox.
Soil and Situation : For the winter
standing crops, a light dry soil, in an
open but warm situation ; and for the
summer, a rather moister, and shady bor-
D

AME

[34]

AMM

der — in neither instance rich. Sow every I
six weeks from March to August, for
summer and autumn ; and one sowing
either at the end of August or beginning
of September, for a supply during winter
and spring. Sow in drills nine inches apart .
Culture : Water occasionally during dry
weather, both before and after the appear-
ance of the plants. Thin to three inches
apart. In winter, shelter with a little
litter, or other light covering ; supported
by some twigs bent over the bed, or some
bushy branches laid among the plants ;
keep clear of weeds. In gathering, strip
off the outside leaves, which enables suc-
cessional crops to become rapidly fit for
use. When the plants begin to run,
their centres must be cut away, which
causes them to shoot afresh. To obtain
Seed, a few of the strongest plants, raised
from the first spring sowing, are left un-
gathered from. They flower in June or
July, and perfect their seed before the
commencement of autumn.

AMERICAN PLANTS. These comprise
many very different species ; which, re-
sembling each other in requiring a well-
drained peaty soil and abundance of
water, are usually cultivated in a sepa-
rate department, where the garden esta-
blishment is extensive; and, wherever
grown, should have a compartment to
themselves, a very acutely sloping bank,
facing the north or east ; and some of
them, as the Rhododendron, Andromeda,
and Azalea, do not object to being over-
shadowed by trees. The soil, as already
stated, should, if possible, be peaty ; and
the best annual dressings that can be
applied are such matters as decayed
leaves, and the bottom of old wood
stacks ; or any other mixture of decayed
woody fibre ; and, in fact, these tribes
in general have been well grown in an
artificially compounded soil, such as rot-
ten leaves, old and spent tan, or saw-
dust, and ordinary light soil, with some
sand ; using twice as much of the ve-
getable matter as of the others. A cover-
ing of moss also will be beneficial.

AMERI'MNUM. From a, not, and me-
rimna, care ; in reference to the little care
needed by the houseleek, to which this
name was applied by the Greeks. Nat.
ord., Leguminous plants [Fabacea?]. Linn.
\S-Monadelphia Q-Decandria) . Stove

evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the young

shoots in sand and gentle heat, rich

loam.

A JBro'icnei (Brown's). 10. White. West

Indies. 1793.
— strigulo' sum (strigulose) . 20. White. Trini-

dad. 1817.

AMETHY'STEA. (From amethystos, the
amethyst ; in reference to the blue colour
of the "flower. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip-
worts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., W-Decandria,
l-monoffynia) . Hardy annual. Seed; peat
and sandy loam.
A. cceru'lea (blue-flowering). 2. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1759.

AMHE'RSTIA. (In honour of the Coun-
tess Amherst. Nat. ord., Legwninou.a
plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \7-Diadelplii a,
1-triandria). Allied to JONESIA. This
splendid flowering tree, " the cream of
the Indian Flora," was first flowered in
England by Mrs. Lawrence in 1849. The
individual flowers sustain the praise la-
vished on this tree ; but they are so
ephemeral, lasting hardly three days, as
to render its cultivation less desirable.
Stove evergreen tree. Eich strong loam ;
cuttings of half-ripened wood, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat.
A.ru/bilis (noble). 40. Rich vermillion. East

Indies. 1837.

AMI' CIA. (In honour of B. Amid,
physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabacea?]. Linn. \1-Monadelphia, 3-
hcxandria). Stove evergreen climber.
Rough sandy loam ; cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass.

A, zigo'meris (two-jointed-podded). 8. Yel-
low. June. Mexico. 1826.

AMIA'NTHIUM. See HELONIAS.

AMMO'BIUM. (From ammos, sand, and
bio, to live ; in reference to the sandy soil
in which it thrives. Nat. ord., Composites
[Astcracesel Linn., IQ-Syngcnesia, 1-
cequalis). Half-hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Cuttings and seed ; common soil.
A. ala'tum (winged). 2. White. June. New

Holland. 1822.

— plantagi' ncum (plantain-leaved). 1. White.
August. New Holland. 1827.

AMMOCHARIS. See BRUNSVI'GIA.

AMMODE'NDRON. (From ammos, sand,
and dendron, a tree ; in reference to the
situation it grows in. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous plants [FabaceaBJ. Linn., IQ-Ue-
candria, \-monogynia}. A hardy ever-
green tree. Allied to SOPIIORA.

AMM

[ 35]

AMP

A. Sieve' rsii (Siever's). 4. Purple. June.

Siberia. 1837.

AMMOGE'TON. (From a-mmos, sand, and
geton, near, the situation it likes. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia \-cequalis). Hardy herbaceous
perennial. Eoot-division; sandy loam.
A. scorzonerifo' Hum (scorzonera-leaved) . Yel-
low. May. North America. 1834.

AMMY'RSINE. (From ammos, sand, and
my r sine, myrtle. Nat. ord., Heathworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn. W-Decandria, 1-
monogynia}. Hardy evergreen shrubs,
allied to LEDUM, but requiring slight
protection in winter. Peat ; layers. This
genus should be united to LEIOPHYLIAJM.
A. buxifoTia (box-leaved). 1. White. May.
North America. 1736.

— prostra'ta (flat-lying). White. June. North

America.

AM o' MUM. (From a, not, and momos,
impurity ; in reference to the quality of
counteracting poison. Nat. ord., Ginger-
worts [Zingiberaceae]. Linn., \-Monan-
dria, \-monogynia). Grains of paradise,
acrid seeds used to give pungent flavour
to liquors, belong to different species of
amomum. Being aromatic herbs, they
were used in embalming ; whence the
word mummy. Stove herbaceous peren-
nials. Root-division ; rich light loam ;
require, when growing, a high moist
heat.

A. aculea' turn (prickly). 10. Orange. May.
East Indies. 1819.

— Afzeflii (Af/elius's). 3. Pink. May. Sierra

Leone. 1795.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 8. Red.

June. Madagascar.

— aroma' ticum (aromatic). 3. Purplish yel-

low. June. East Indies. 1823.

— Cardamo'mum (small Cardamom). 4. Pale

brown. June. East Indies. 1820.

— dealba'tum (whitened). 3. White. April.

Bengal. 1819.

— gra'naparadi'si (grain of paradise). 3. Red.

March. Madagascar.

— grandiflo' rum (large-flowered). 3. White.

July. Sierra Leone. 1795.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 4. Purplish yel-

low. June. Sierra Leone. 1824.

— ma'ximum (greatest). 5. White. June. East

Indies.

— scri'ceum (silky). 6. White. July. East

Indies. 1819.

— subula'tum (awl-shaped). 3. Yellow. April.

Bengal. 1822.

— sylve'stre (wild). 1. White. April. West

Indies. 1819.

AMOO'RA. (Nat. ord., Meliads [Melia-
ceae]. Linn., 6-Ifcxandria %-trigynia).
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand

under bell-glass, in
rich loam.
A. cuculla'ta (cowl-leaved). Yellow.
North America. 1834.

hotbed ; soil, light

May.

AMO'RPHA. Bastard Indigo. (From
a, not, and morpha, form ; in reference
to the irregularity of the flowers. Nat.
ord., Legtiminous plants [Fabacea?]. Linn.,
16- Monadelphia §-decandria}. Hardy
deciduous shrubs. Common soil ; layers,
or cuttings of the ripe wood in autumn.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Blue. July. Missouri.
1812.

— cro' ceo-lana' ta (yellow-woolled) . 5. Pur-

ple. July. North America. 1820.
— fra' grans (fragrant). 3. Purple. July.
North America. 1800.

— frutico'sa (shrubby). 6. Purple Juiv

Carolina. 1724.
angustifo'Ha (narrow-leaved). 9.

Purple. June. South Carolina. 1812.
• cceru'lea (blue). 9. Blue. June.

South Carolina.
— emargina'ta (emarginate-leaved) .

6. Purple. July. Carolina. 1724.
microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2.

Purple. June. Carolina.

— gla' bra (smooth). 3. Purple. July. North

America. 1818.

— herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. Blue. July

Carolina. 1803.

— Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 3. Purple. July. North

America. 1818.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Purple.

August. Missouri. 1811.

— na'na (dwarf). 2. Blue. August. Mis-

souri. 1811. These last four require
a little protection in winter.

AMPELO'PSIS. (From ampelos, a vine,
and opsis, resemblance ; in reference to
its resemblance to the grape-vine. Nat.
ord., Vineworts (Vitaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-monogynia). London said,
A. hederacea is " the most vigorous grow-
ing climber in Europe. It thrives in
almost every soil and situation from
Warsaw to Naples." Hardy deciduous
climbers; all their flowers purple and
green. Common soil ; layers or cuttings.
A. bipinna'ta (bipinnate). 15. August. North
America. 1700.

— cor da' ta (heart-leaved). 20. May. North

America. 1803.

July.

— hedera'cea (Virginian creeper).

North America.

— hirsvlta (hairy).

1806.

. May. North America.

AMPELY'GONTJM. (From ampelos, a
vine, and gonu, a joint ; referring to its
stems. Nat. ord., Buckivheats [Polygona-
cese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 3-trigynia}.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Sandy
loam and a little peat ; seeds.

AMP

AMY

A. Chinen'se (Chinese). Yellowish white.
July. East Indies. 1837.

AMPHERE'PHIS. (From ampherephes,
well-covered ; alluding to the double in-
volucre. Nat. ord., Composites \Com-
positce]. Linn. Sys., \9-8yngenesia 1-
aqualis}. Hardy annuals, with purple
flowers. Sandy loam ; seeds.
A. arista' ta (awned). 1. Purple. July. Car-

raccas. 1824.

• — interme'dia (intermediate). 1|. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1821.

— mu'tica (awnless). 1. Purple. July. South

America. 1803.

AMPHICARP^E'A. (From a-mpki, around,
or on either side, and karpos, fruit ; in
reference to the plant bearing pods on
the stem and on the shoots. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
\1-Diadelphia ^-decandria). Ornamental
twining, hardy annual plants ; allied to
WISTARIA ; readily increased by seeds,
in common soil.

A. mowoi'ca(monoicous). 4. September. North
America. 1781.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 2. September. North

America. 1820.

AMPHI'COMA. (From amphi, around,
and home, hair; in reference to the
winged seed. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniaceae]. Linn., \^-I)idynamia
2-angiospermia). A pretty half-hardy
evergreen, not unlike a Pentstemon.
It may be increased by seeds ; or by
cuttings which root readily in sandy
peat, in July, if placed under glass.
A. argu'ta (finely cut). I. Lilac. August.
Himalaya Mountains.

AMPHILO'BIUM. (From ampki, round,
and lobos, a pod ; in reference to the
shape of the seed vessel. Nat. ord.,
Bignoniads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1-angiospermia). A hand-
some evergreen climber, requiring the
game treatment as BIGNONIA. Cuttings
root readily under glass on bottom heat,
in the spring months. Soil, loam and
peat.

A. panicula'tum (panicled). 20. Purple. West
Indies. 1738.

AMSO'NIA. (In honour of Charles
Amson, a scientific traveller in America.
Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese —
Plumiereao]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
inonogynia). Allied to PLUMIERIA. These
are handsome herbaceous perennials,
with blue flowers, and will grow in ar

garden soil ; rooting readily from cuttings
during the summer months, or they may
be divided at the root at any season.
A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. North
America. 1774.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. North America.

1759.

— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 2. North

America. 1812.

AMY'GDALUS. (From amysso, to lacer-
ate ; in reference to the fissured channels
in the stone of the fruit ; but some sup-
pose from a Hebrew word signifying
vigilant, as its early flowers announce the
return of spring. Nat. ord., Almond-
worts [Drupaeeae]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
\-monogynia}. These are very orna-
mental plants ; the tall tree kinds are
very pretty in the middle or back ground
of shrubberies. The dwarf kinds also as
front plants to the same. The true
varieties are increased by budding them
upon seedling plum stocks. In the south
of France, Italy, Spain, and different
parts of the Levant, they are cultivated
for their fruit. Almost any soil suits
them.

A. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin China). Pink.
March. Cochin China. 1825.

— commit nis (common or sweet). 15. Red.

April. Barbary. 1548.
ama'ra (bitter). 15. Red. April.

Barbary. 1548.
dtflcis (sweet). 15. Red. March.

1548.

— • fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-

leaved). 15. Red. March. 1548.

fra'gilis (brittle). 15. Red. April.

Barbary. 1548.

— • grandiflo'ra ro'sea (great-rosey-

flowered). 15. Rose. March. 1548.

— • macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 15.

Red. April. Barbary. 1548.
persicoi'des (peach-like). 15. Red.

April. Barbary. 1548.
pe'ndula (drooping). 15. "White.

March. 1548.
salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 15.

White. March. 1548.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Red. April. Cau-

— na'na (common dwarf). 2. Red. April

Russia. 1683.
camptf stria (field). 2. Red. April.

Podolia. 1818.
geo'rgica (Georgian). 3. Red.

April. Georgia. 1818.

— orienta'lis (Oriental). 10. Red. April.

Levant. 1756.

— peduncula'ta (floAver-stalked). 10. Red.

April. Levant. 1833.

— pu'mila (double-dwarf). 4. Red. April.

China. 1683.

AMY

ANA

A prostra'ta (prostrate-growing). 2. Red.
April. Crete. 1802.

— s ibi'rica (Siberian). 5. Red. April. Siberia.

1820.

A'MYRIS. (From 0, intensive, and
myrrha, myrrh ; in reference to its
powerful perfume. Nat. ord., Amy rids
[Amyridaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
monogynia). This genus is famed for
its resinous gum. The species are
all ornamental, white-flowered, ever-
green stove trees, growing well in
loam and peat, and readily increased by
cuttings in sand and peat, on bottom
heat under glass, in the spring months.

A. acumina'ta (acuminated). 20. East Indies.
1823.

— brazilic'nsis (Brazilian). 20. August. Brazil.

1823.

— heptaphy'lla (seven-leaved). 16. East Indies.

1823.

— Luna'ni (Lunan's). 12. July. Jamaica.

1820.

— mari'tima (sea). 12. South America. 1810.

— na'na (dwarf). 5. East Indies. 1822.

— Plumiefri (Plumier's). 20. West Indies.

1820.

— sylva'tica (wood). 16. July. Carthage.

1793.

— tecoma'ca (tecomaca). 20. Mexico. 1827.

— toxi'fera (poison-bearing). 10. West Indies.

1818.

ANACA'MPSEROS. (From anakampto,
to cause to return, and eros, love ; an
ancient name for a plant fabled to possess
the virtue of restoring the soft passion.
Nat. ord., House-leeks [Crassulaceael
Linn., \\-Dodecandria \~monogynia).
These are very pretty little greenhouse
plants ; do well in sand and loam, with a
little lime rubbish mixed with it, and
are increased either from seeds sown
in spring, or from cuttings at any time ;
even a single leaf will make a plant.
The cuttings should be laid to dry a day
or two before planting.

A. nnyustifcflia (narrow-leaved). 1. Pink.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— arachnoi'des (cobwebbed). If. Pink. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.
—filamento'sa (thready). 1. Pink. Septem-
ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

— intermedia (intermediate). Pink. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 1. Pink. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1796.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1732.

— ru'bens (reddish-leaved). 1. Red. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1796.

A. rufe'scens (rusty-coloured). 1. Pink. July
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— va'rians (varying). 1. Pink. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1813.

ANACA'BDIUM. (From ana, like, and
kardia, the heart ; in reference to the
form of the nut. Nat. ord., Anacards, or
Terebinths [Anacardiaceas]. Linn., 23-
Polygamia, 2-Dicecia). A. occidental pro-
duces the Cashew-nut. These are stove
evergreen trees, ornamental, producing

Cicled corymbs of sweet-smelling
rers. Soil, rich loam ; ripe cuttings
root readily, with their leaves on, in a pot
of sand under a glass in heat.
A. occidental le (Western). 20. Green red.
West Indies. 1699.

i'ndicum (Indian). 20. Green Red.

East Indies. 1699.

ANACY'CLUS. (From ana, like, and
kyklos, a circle, in reference to the rows
of ovaries in circles round the disk. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae,]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-Superftua). Common hardy
annuals of no great beauty, allied to
CHAMOMILE. They should be sown in
the open ground in April.
A. alexandri' nus (Alexandrian). Yellow. June.
Egypt. 1828.

— au'reus (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Levant. 1570.

— clava'tus clubbed). 2. White. August. Bar-

bary. 1810.

— pyre? thrum (Pyrethrum-like) . 2. White.

August. Barbary. 1837.

— radio' tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. August. South

of Europe. 1596.

ANADE'NIA. (From a, not, and aden,
a gland ; in reference to the absence of a
honey-gland. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria, \-monogy-
nia). Pretty greenhouse plants, allied to
GrREVTLLEA. Grown in peat with a little
loam ; can be propagated by cuttings in
sand under a bell-glass.
A, mangle? sii (mangle's). 3. Yellow. April.
South River. 1836.

— pulche1 lla (neat). 2. Yellow. New Holland.

1824.

ANAGA'LLIS. Pimpernel. (From ana-
gelao, to laugh ; fabled to possess a virtue
to remove sadness. Nat. ord., Primeivorts
[PrimulaceaBJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-
monogynia). A favourite genus with
gardeners. They are very interesting
plants, of easy culture ; many of the
perennial kinds require greenhouse pro-
tection during winter, and are readily
increased by cuttings in spring in the

ANA

[38]

hotbeds. The whole of them make ex-
cellent rock and border plants for the

A. alternifo'lia (alternate-leaved). Yellow
pink. April. Rio Janeiro. 1839. Her-
baceous perennial.

— ca'rnea (fleshy). 1. Flesh. August. Swit-

zerland. 1819. Hardy annual.

— frutico' sa (shrubby). 3. Yermillion. Au-

gust. Morocco. 1803. Greenhouse
biennial.

— i'ndica (Indian). 1. Blue. July. Nepaul.

1824. Hardy annual.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. Spain. 1759. Greenhouse bien-
nial.

— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). Blue. August. Por-

tugal. 1796. Greenhouse biennial.
• — Marrya'ttce (Mrs. Marryatt's). 1. Copper.
July. Hybrid. 1828. Half-hardy
evergreen trailer.

— mone'lli (Monelli's). 1. Blue. July. Italy.

1648. This and the five next are green-
house herbaceous trailers.

Brcwdri (Brewer's), f. Red. June.

Gardens. 1648.

lilac? 'na (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac.

May. 1836.

phceni'cea (Phoenician). Scarlet. May.

Morocco. 1803.

Philli'psii (Phillips's). f . Brown.

June. Gardens. 1803.

Willmorea'na (Willmore's) . \. Pur-
ple. August. Madeira. 1834.

— WebUa'na (P. B. Webb's). 1. Blue. July

Portugal. 1828. Half-hardy trailer.

— Wellsia'na (Wells's). 1. Copper. August.

English hybrid. 1830. Half-hardy
trailer.

ANA' GYRIS. (From ana, like, and gyros,
a spiral, or turning in a circle ; in
reference to its curved pods. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, \-monogynia). Small orna-
mental trees, allied to PODALYRIA ; re-
quire the protection of the greenhouse ;
soil, loam and peat ; young cuttings
root readily in sand, and peat under
glass planted in July.

A.faftida (fetid). 9. Yellow. April. Spain.
1750.

— glau'ca (glaucous). 6. Yellow. April.

South of Europe. 1800.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. April.

Teneriffe. 1815.

ANANA'SSA. (From nanas, the local
name for the pine-apple in South Ame-
rica. Nat. ord., Sromelworts [Bromelia-
ceae]. Linn., §-Hexandria, \-monogynia}.
For culture, see PINE APPLE.

A. bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Crimson. April.
Brazil. 1820.

• (weak). 3. Crimson. April. Brazil.
IMC.

A. lu'cida (shining). 3. Pink. April. South
America. 1820.

— sati'va (cultivated — The pine-apple). 3.

Purple. April. South America. 1690.

ANA'NTHERIX. (From a, not, and
antherix, an awn; in reference to the
want of awns, or filiform appendages to
the pollen masses. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadacese]. Linn., %-Enneandria,
Z-Trigynia). A hardy herbaceous plant,
increased by root-division ; at any sea-
son any soil suits it in an open situation.
A. vi'ridis (Green). \. Green yellow. Sep-
tember. North America. 1812.

ANARRHI'NUM. (From a, not, and rhin,
nose, the snout-like form of the allied
genus antirrhinum, is wanting in this.
Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scrophulariacesel
Linn., \±-Didynamia, 2-angiospermia).
Allied to SNAPDRAGON. These plants are
hardy biennials, and very pretty. Seeds
may be sown in the open borders in
spring, or the plants may be perpetuated
by cuttings. See ANTERRHI'NUM MAJUS.
A. bellidifo' Hum (daisy-leaved). 2. Blue. July.
France. 1629.

— frutico' sum (shrubby). 2. White. August.

South of Europe. 1826.

— pube'scens (downy). 12. White. August.

South of Europe. 1818.

ANASTA'TICA. (From anostasis, resur-
rection; in reference to its hygrometrical
property. Nat. ord., Crmifers [Brassi-
caceae]. Linn., \5-Tetradynamia). An
annual plant indigenous to the Egyptian
deserts and called the Rose of Jericho.
When full grown it contracts its rigid
branches into a round ball, and is then
tossed about by the wind. "When it alights
in water or on damp ground, the branches
relax and open out, as if its life was
renewed ; hence its name of resurrection
plant. Among the superstitious tales
told of it is, that " it first bloomed on
Christmas Eve, to salute the birth of the
Redeemer, and paid homage to his re-
surrection by remaining expanded till
Easter." This curious annual requires
frame protection during the colder
months ; increased by seeds in any com-
mon soil.

A. hierochu'ntina (Rose of Jericho). 1. White.
July. Levant. 1597.

ANCHIE'TEA. (In honour of a Brazilian
writer on plants of that name. Nat. ord.,
Violetworts [Violaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-monogynia}. An ornamental

[39]

AND

evergreen stove climber. Loam and
peat ; increased most readily by seeds.
A. piirifo' Ua (pear-leaved). 3. White. July.
Brazil. 1822.

AN'CHOVY-PEAR. See GRIAS.

ANCHU'SA. (From anchousa, a cos-
metic paint, formerly made from A. tine-
tor ia, for staining the skin. Nat. ord.,
Borageworts [Boraginaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-monogynia.} A reddish
brown substance thought to be a peculiar
chemical principle, used by dyers, is ob-
tained from the roots of A. tinctoria, or
alkanet, and from other plants of this
order. The whole of this genus but two
are hardy perennial, biennial, or annual
ornamental plants of the easiest culture,
either by seeds or root division at any
season. A. capemis and pukhella require
a little frame protection during the win-
ter months.

ANNUALS.

A. aggrega'ta (cluster-floAvered) . \. Blue.
June. Levant. 1827.

— amce'na (pleasing). 1. Blue. June. South

of Europe. 1817.

— Mbrida (hybrid). 2. White blue. July.

Italy. 1820.

— Miller ri (Miller's). 1J. Blue. May. 1824.

— pan-iflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Blue. June.

Levant. 1827.

— stylo' sa (Stylose). 1. Blue. May. Siberia.

1802.

— tendlla (delicate). 1. Blue. May. Ceylon.

1820.

- verruico'sa (warty). 2. Blue. July. South
of Europe. 1821.

BIENNIALS.

— aspe'rrima (very rough). 2. Blue. May.

Egypt- 1817.

— capefnsis (cape). 1. Blue. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1800.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 2. Blue. August.

Podolia. 1817.

— lati folia (broad-leaved). 2. Blue. May.

1826.

PERENNIALS.

A. Aaa'rdhii (Agardh's). 1. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1820.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . 2. Purple.

May. South of Europe. 1640.

— Barrelietri (Barrelier's) . 2. Blue. July.

South of Europe. 1820.

— ccespito'sa (turfed). L Blue. June. Levant.

1828.

— cri'spa (curled). 1. Blue. June. Corsica.

1835.

— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Blue. July. Egypt.

1817.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. Au-

gust. South of Europe. 1816.

— leptopmflla (slender-leaved). 2. Purple.

August. Europe. 1640.

A. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
Italy. 1819.

— macula' ta (spotted-leaved). 2. Blue. May.

Russia. 1824.

- myosotidiflo' ra (myosotis-flowered) . 1. Pink.
August. Levant. 1713.

— officina'lis (officinal). 2. Blue. August.

Tauria. 1825.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish white). 2: Purple.

July. Britain.

ita'lica (Italian). 2. Pale yel-
low. August. Caucasus. 1810.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Red. May.

South of Europe . 1 597 .

— petiola'ta (petiolated) . 1. Purple. Nepanl.

1840.

— proctfra (tall). 3. Blue. May. Madeira.

1777.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. Blue. July. Galicia.

1824.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Purple yellow. July.

Siberia. 1802.

— tincto'na (Dver's). 2. White. August.

Montpellier. 1596.

— undula'ta (wave-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Spain. 1752.

ANDERSO'NIA. (In honour of Messrs.
Anderson, patrons of botany. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacea3J. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandna \-monogynia). A very pretty
greenhouse shrub. Sandy peat ; cuttings
root readily in spring in common hotbed.

A. sprengeloi' des (sprengelia-like). 2. Pink.
June. New Holland. 1803.

ANDI'RA. (Its local name in the Bra-
zils. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fa-
bacea?]. Linn., \i-Diadelphia 4-decan-
dria). Alliance obscure. Large orna-
mental stove trees. Soil, loam and peat ;
cuttings root readily under a glass in
heat.

A. inc'rmis (unarmed). 20. Purple. West
Indies. 1773.

— racemo'sa (branchy). 20. Purple. Trini-

dad. 1818.

ANDROCY'MBIUM. (From aner, an-
ther, and Jcymbion, a saucer ; in reference
to the peculiar form of the anthers. Nat.
ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria Z-trigynia.} Few plants
are more generally poisonous than this
order of melanths. Interesting bulbous-
rooted plants, requiring the protection of
frame or greenhouse ; increased readily
by offsets and seeds. Loam and peat,
with plentv of sand.

A. encomoi'des (encomis-like). 1. Green.
April. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.

— melanthoi'dcs (rnelanthium-like). 1. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— valuta' re (rolled-leaved). 1. White. April,

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

AXD

[40]

AXD

ANDRO'MEDA. (A classical name after
the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiope,
King and Queen of ^Ethiopia. Nat. ord.,
Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Ib-Decandria
\-monogynia). An extensive family of
beautiful shrubs, all evergreen and all
hardy, except those otherwise specified ;
delight in a peaty soil, although some of
them will do well in any soil, generallv
increased by layers put down about the
month of September, to remain till that
time twelvemonth ; also by seeds which
should be -sown as soon as ripe in large
pans or pots, and covered thinly with
earth in a cold frame, but plenty of air
given.

HARDY.

A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 3. White. August.
North America. 1765.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White.

August. North America. 1748.

— arbo'rea (sorrel tree). 40. White. August.

North America. 1752.

— axilla' ris (axil-flowering). 1. White. June.

North America. 1765.

longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White.

July. North America, 1765.

— calycula'ta (small-calyxed). 2. White.

March. North America. 1748.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2.

White. March. Newfoundland. 1748.

na'na (dwarf). 1. White. March.

Newfoundland. 1748.

ventrico'sa (inflated). 2. White.

March. Russia. 1748.

— cane1 seem (hoary). 3. White. June.

North America. 1748.

— Catesb&i (Catesby's). 2. White. June

North America. 1793.

— coria'cea (thick-leaved). 3. Pink. July.

North America. 1765.

• ru'bra (red-flowered) 3. Red.

July. North America. 1765.

— cri'spa (curled). 3. White. July. North

America. 1824.

— dealba'ta (whitened). 2. Pink. April.

North America. 1824.

—floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 3. White.
May. North America. 1812.

— glaucophy'lla (glaucous-leaved). 1. Pink.

July. North America. 1812

— kypnoi'dcs (moss-like). 1. White red.

June. Lapland. 1798. Half-hardy
deciduous creeper.

— maria'na (Maryland), 2. White. June.

North America. 1736.

oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. White.

June. North America. 1736.

ova' Us (oval-leaved). 2. White.

June. North America. 1736.

— piluli'fera (pellet -bearing) . 3. White. June.

West Florida. 1842.

— poUfo'lia (polium-leaved). 1. Pink. Julv.

West Florida. 1842.

grandiflo'ra (large-flowered \ 1.

Pink. April. Ingria. 1790.

A. — —latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Pink.
July. North America. 1790.

— me'dia (wild rosemary). 1. White.
July. Britain. 1790.

— mi'nima (smallest). 1. Pink. April.
Britain. 1790.

— oleifo'lia (olive-leaved). 1. Pink.
April. Britain. 1790.

revolu'ta (revolute-leaved). 1 Pink.

April. North Europe. 1783.

subuJa'ta (awl-leaved) 1. Pink.

July. North Europe. 1783.

— racemo'sa (branchy). 3. White. June.

North America. 1736.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. White.

July. North America. 1736.

stri'cta (upright). 4. White. July.

North America. 1736.

— rosmarinifu'lia (rosemary-leaved). 2. Pink.

July. North America. 1736.

STOVE.
A. buxifo'Ua (box-leaved). 2. Pink. July.

Mauritius. 1822.
—fascicula'ta (bundled). 20. White. April.

Jamaica. 1824.
— jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. White. June.

Jamaica. 1793.

— rubigino'sa (ruddy). 10. White. July.

West Indies.' 1736.

GREENHOUSE.

A. spccio'sa (showy). 3. White. August.

Carolina. '1800.

— glau'ca (glaucous). 2. Pink. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1800.

ni'tida (shining-leaved). 3, White.

August. Carolina. 1800.

pvh'crule'nta (dusty - leaved). 3.

White. August. Carolina. 1800.

spica' ta (spiked). 2. White. June.

North America. 1800.

— tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. White. April.

Lapland. 1810. Half-hardy.
—japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. June. Japan.
1806.

— oralifo'lia .(oval-leaved). 20. White. June.

North America. 1825.

— phiUyre&fo'lia (phillyrea -leaved). 1. White.

January. West Florida. 1842.

— salicifo' Ha ( willow-leaved). 4. Pale green.

June. Mauritius. 1825.

— sinc'nsis (Chinese). 2. Blush. June.

China. 1826.

ANDRO'SACE. (From ana; a man,
and sakos, buckler ; in reference to the
resemblance of the anther to an an-
cient buckler. Nat. ord., Primeworts
[PrimulaceaB]. Linn., 5-Fctitanflria 1-
monogynia). A favourite family of small
alpine plants. All do best, though hardy,
grown in pots in peat and sandy loam,
and carefully watered ; increased by
seeds, and the perennials by cuttings or
root division. All are interesting plants
for the rock work in summer, and in win-
ter protected in frame.

AND

[41]

ANE

ANNUALS.
A. elonga'ta (elongated). 1. White. April.

Austria. 1776.
—fiUfo'rmis (thread-like). 1. White. May.

Siberia. 1820.

— macroca'rpa (large-capsuled). 1. White.

July. Siberia. 1827.

— ma'xima (greatest). 1. White. April.

Austria. 1797.

— na'na (dwarf). 1. White. April. Den-

mark. 1803.

— obtmifo'lia (blunt-leaved) . 1. Pink. April.

Italy. 1817.

— septciitriona'lis (northern). 1. White.

May. Russia. 1755.
BIENNIALS.

— r?raw'fe(stalkless). 1. White. July. Si-

beria. 1825.

— alismoi'des (alisma-like). 1. White. Au-

gust. Siberia. 1820.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. White. May.

South of France. 1825.

— lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 1. WTiite. Au-

gust. Siberia. 1806.

PERENNIALS.

— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. July.

Switzerland. 1768.

— carina'ta (keel-shaped). 1. Yellow. April.

North America. 1826.

— Chamaja'sme (bastard jasmine). 1. Pink.

July. Austria. 1768.

— la'ctea (milk-white). 1. White. July.

Austria. 1752.

— lamigino'sa (-wooYLy-l caved). ^. Rose yel-

low. August. Himalaya. 1842.

— linca'ris (linear -I caved). \. White. April.

North America. 1806.

— villo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. Pyrenees. 1790.

ANDROS^'MUM. (From aner, man,
and haima, blood ; in reference to the
juice of the plant. Nat. ord., Tutsans
[Hypericacese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia
8-Polyandria). A hardy, herbaceous,
pretty perennial, readily increased by
seeds or root- division. Does well under
the drip of large trees.
A. officina'le (officinal). 2. Yellow. August.
Britain.

ANDRY'ALA. (Of unknown meaning.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
\Q-8yngcnesia, \-cequalis. Allied to Hiera-
tium). Both the greenhouse and hardy
species are rather pretty, and will grow
in any common soil ; they are increased
by seeds and root-division. All are hardy
except those otherwise described.
A. arffe'ntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. August.
Pyrenees. 1817. Biennial.

— cheiranthifo'lia (stock-leaved). 2. Yellow.

June. Madeira. 1777. Greenhouse
perennial.

— crithmifo'Iia (samphire-leaved). 1. Yellow.

August. Madeira. 1778. Greenhouse
biennial.

A. inca'na (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. Pyre-
nees. 1818. Biennial.

— integrifo' lia (entire-leaved). 1. Yellow.

August. South of Europe. 1711. Bien-
nial.

— nigrica'ns (blackish-flowered). 1. Yellow.

August. Barbary. 1804. Annual.

— pinnati'fida (Pinnatind-leaved) . 1. Yellow.

July. Madeira. 1778. Greenhouse
biennial.

— Ragusi'na (Ragusan). 1. Yellow. August.

Archipelago. 1753. Greenhouse pe-
rennial.

— runclna'ta (runcinate). 1. Yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1711. Biennial.

ANEILE'MA. (From «, not, and eilema,
involucrum ; in reference to the absence
of the involucrum. Nat. ord., Spider-
worts [Commelinaceae]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria, l-tnonogynia}. All perennials and'
pretty little trailing plants, except A.
longifolia and A. sinica. They are in-
creased by seed and root-division ; soil,
loam, peat, leaf-mould, and sand.

GREENHOUSE.

A. affi'nis (similar). 1. Blue. August. New
Holland. 1820. Evergreen,,

— biflo'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. August.

New Holland. 1820. Evergreen.

— nudifto'ra (naked-flowered). 1. Blue. July.

East Indies. 1824. Biennial.

— si'nica (Chinese). 1. Purple blue. May.

China. 1820. Herbaceous perennial.

— splra'ta (spiral). 1. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1783. Evergreen.

STOVE,

A. acumina'ta (acuminate). 1. Blue. August.
New Holland. 1822. Evergreen.

— cequinoctia' lis (equinoxial). 1. Blue. July.

Guinea. 1820. Evergreen..

— ambi'gua (ambiguous). 3. Blue. July. Sierra

Leone. 1822. Herbaceous.

— crispa' ta (curled-leaved). Blue. New Hol-

land. 1822.

— longl fa' lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

Mozambique. 1825, Herbacious pe-
rennial.

— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue. July.

East Indies. 1818. Evergreen.

— serrula? ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July.

Trinidad. 1824. Evergreen.

ANE'MIA. (From aneimon, naked ; in
reference to the naked inflorescence. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodeacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia, \-Filices). Stove herba-
ceous perennials allied to Schizoea ; soil,
loam and peat; readily increased by
seeds or root-division.

A. adiantifo'lia (maiden-hair-leaved). 3.
Brown. August. West Indies. 1793.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Brown. August.

West Indies. 1830.

— colli'na (Hill). 1. Brown. August. Brazil.

182&.

AXE

[42]

ANE

A.flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 1. Brown. August.
South America. 1831.

— fraxinifo' lia (ash-leaved). 1. Brown. June.

Brazil. 1828.

— hi'rta (ash-leaved). Brazil. June. West

Indies. 1824.

— Ursu'ta (hairy). 3. Brown. June. Ja-

maica. 1794.

— hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. North

America. 1823.

— lacinia'ta (laciniated). 1. Brown. August

West Indies. 1794.

— lanceola'ta\ (lanceolate). 2. Brown. August.

West Indies. 1820.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Brown. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1831.

— radi'cans (rooting). 1. Brown yellow. May.

Brazil. 1831.

— re1 pens (creeping). 1. Brown. May. Brazil.

1831.

— tene'lla (slender). 1. Brown. May. West

Indies. 1843.

— PUlli'tidis (Phillitis-like). 1. Brown. June.

Trinidad. 1830.

ANE'MONE. Wind flower. (From
anemos, the wind; inhabiting exposed
places. Nat. ord., Crowfoots \_Ranu-ncu-
Incece]. \3-Polyandria6-polygynia). They
are all hardy except A. capensis and A.
vitifolia, which require the protection of
a greenhouse in winter. These two are
propagated from cuttings under glass ;
the tuberous rooted from offsets ; and
the herbaceous from divisions of the
roots; and both from seeds. They all
require a light, rich, and well-drained
loam. All are hardy, except where stated
otherwise.

TUBEROUS HOOTED.

A. apenni'na (apennine). i. Blue. April.
England.

— baldefmis (Mount Baldo). L White. May.

Switzerland. 1792.

— casruflea (blue). 1£. Blue. May. Siberia.

1826.

— carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. White. May.

Carolina. 1824.

— corona'ria (garland or poppy. A,). £. Striped.

June. Levant. 1596.

ple'na (double-flowered). £. Striped.

April.

— Fischeria'na (Fischer's). A. White. April.

Siberia. 1827. '

— hort^mis (garden). £. Striped. April. Italy.

• — minia'ta ( red-leaved-no wered). £.

Red. May. Gardens.

— lancifo'lia (lance-leaved). £. White. April.

North America. 1822.

— nemoro'sa (grove). £. White red. April.

Britain.

cceru'lea (blue-flowered). £. Light

blue. May. Gardens.
-jlore-pid no (double-lowered). \.

White red. April. Britain.
— palma'ta (palmated). L Yellow. May.
Portugal. 1597.

A. palma'ta fto' re-a' Ibido (whitish-flowered) . 3.
Whitish. May.

— flo'rc-fla'vo (yellow-flowered) . £.
Yellow. May. Portugal. 1597.
— floreple'no (double-flowered). £.
Yellow. May.

— parviflo'ra( small-flowered). \. White. May.

North America. 1824.

— pavoni'na (peacock-e?/e). 1. Red. April.

France.

floreple'no (double-flowered). 1.

Red. May. Europe.

-fu'lgens (shining). 1. Red. May.

South Europe. 1818.

— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved American wood}.

L White. April. North America.
1817.

— ranunculoi' des (ranunculus-like). 3. Yellow.

April. England.

— refle'xa (reflexed). £. Yellow. April. Siberia.

1818.

— stella'ta pwpu'rea (purple-star-leaved). £.

Purple. April. Italy. 1597.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. April.

Levant. 1824.

HERBACEOUS.

A. a'lba (white), i.. White. June. Siberia.
1820.

— alba'na (Albana). £. White. May. Cau-

casus. 1821.

— alpi'na (alpine). £. White. Austria.

— acutipe'tala (acute-petaled) . £. Blue. May.

Switzerland. 1819.

— capefnsis (Cape). 1. Purple. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795. Greenhouse.

— cdrnua (drooping). \. Red white. May.

Japan. 1806.

— dahu'rica. (Dahurian). J. Flesh. May.

Dahuria. 1819.

— deltoi'dca (triangular). White. May. Colum-

bia. 1827.

— dicho'toma (forked). 1. Red Avhite. May.

North America. 1768.

— Gavania'na (Gavan's). Nepaul. 1844.

— Halle" ri (Haller's). \. Purple. April.

Switzerland. 1816.

— Hudsonia'na (Hudson's). L White. April.

North America. 1827.

—japo'nica (Japan). 2. Rose. September.
Japan. 1844.

— longisca'pa (long-scaped). White. June.

North India. 1839. Half-hardy.

— micra'ntha (smaU-flo wered). \. White pur-

ple. April. Austria. 1800.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Purple. June.

Switzerland. 1830.

-multi' fida (many-cleft). 1. White. June.
Magellan. 1824.

— narcissiflo'ra (narcissus-flowered). 1. White.

May. Siberia. 1773.

— Nuttallia'na (Xutta.]l's). £. White. July.

North America. 1827.

— obsdleta (obsolete). $. Purple. May. Ger-

many.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). White. June.

Himalaya. 1844.

— obtusilo'ba (blunt-lobed-leaved) . £. White.

June. Himalaya. 1843.

— pa1 tens (spreading). 1. Light yellow. June.

Siberia. 1752.

AXE

[43 ]

AXE

A. pa'tens ochroleu'ca (yellowish white). 1.
Cream. April. Siberia. 1752.

— pennsylra'nica (Pennsylvania!!) . 1. White.

May. North America. 1756.

— prate' nsis (meadow). 4. Dark purple. May.

Germany. 1731.

— pulsati'lla (common pulsatilla). $. Violet.

May. England.

a'lbida (whitish flowered). J.

Whitish. April. Germany. 1834.
ru'bra (rcA-flowered). Redish pur-

ple. May. Germany. 1834.

— Richard so' nia (Richardson's). $. Yellow.

June. North America. 1827.

— rlvula'ris (river). l-£. White. June. North

India. 1840.

— siU'rica (Siberian). £. White. June. Siberia.

1804.

— Stella' ta (stax-Jbncered). White. . Italy.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured}. 5. Sulphur.

May. Europe. 1816.

— sylve'stris (woodi-snowdrop). |. White. May.

Germany. 1596.

— trifo'lia (three-leaved). |. White. April.

France. 1597.

— ura'lensis (Ural). J. Blue. May. Siberia.

1824.

— verna'lis (spring). J. White. April. Switzer-

1752.

land.

fltfre-Mteo (yellow-flowered).

Yellow. April. South of Europe.

— Virginia' na (Virginian). \. WTiite. May.

North America. 1772.

-- grandiflo'ra (large flowered). 2.
White. June. Gardens. Greenhouse.

— i-itifo'lia (vine-leaved). 3. White. Septem-

ber. Nepaul. 1829. Half-hardy.

The anemone, the florist's flower of our
gardens, is the offspring of the A. coro-
naria (poppy anemone), and A. hortensis.
Sprung from these there are annually
increased varieties. A variety lasts about
twelve years.

Characteristics of a good single anemone.

— The stem strong, elastic, and erect,
not less than nine inches high. The
flower at least two inches and a half in
diameter, consisting of large, substantial,
well-rounded petals, at first horizontally
extended, and then turning a little up-
wards, so as to form a broad shallow cup.
The colour clear and distinct when diver-
sified in the same flower, or brilliant and
striking if it consists only of one colour,
as blue, crimson, or scarlet, &c.

A double anemone should have the
outer petals quite flat, the second series
a little shorter, the third shorter still,
and so on till the centre is quite full,
when the whole should form a rather
flat hemisphere. Every double flower
should be of one full colour.

Propagation. — Offsets from the root,
and new varieties from seed.

By offsets all the best kinds should be
taken up annually at the decay of the
leaf, and the root divided at the time of
taking up, to allow the wound to heal,
into as many pieces or knobs as are fur-
nished with an eye or bud, observing,
however, that if they are divided very
small, they flower very weak the first
year.

The time for taking up the roots is
May and June, when the leaf and stalk
are withered, for then the roots cease to
grow for a month or six weeks.

Take them up in dry weather, spread
in an airy place out of the sun for about
a week, then clear from earth, and store
in bags or boxes.

The seed. — Sow from the best single or
semi-double flowers. Double flowers
produce none.

Sowing. — Make the beds in a sheltered
part of your garden, facing the south ; re-
move the old soil from the beds to the depth
of sixteen or eighteen inches. If it is low
and swampy, with a wet clay bottom,
drain well, and do not dig so deep ; if
high and dry, or with a sandy or gravelly
subsoil, you may go a little deeper.
Then put in from four to six inches of un-
mixed cowdung, such as might be gather-
ed up where these animals feed. Upon
this layer of dung place as much good
fresh loam as will raise the beds to their
former level, or a little higher. Make
the surface very fine, and then sow.
Anemone seed requires to be well rubbed
with the hand, either amongst some
sharp sand or finely sifted coal-ashes, to
separate the seeds. When the seed is
sown, cover it immediately with some
sifted, light, sandy soil, half an inch.
It will soon come up, and should be fre-
quently watered in dry weather. Beds
so made will flower the same year ; mark
the best, and preserve them for planting
the next year.

Time for planting is October, or early
in November, and the plants will come
into flower in April and beginning of
May ; but if some are planted in the
middle of September, and a second par-
cel towards the middle or latter end of
October, they will afford a succession of
bloom from the beginning of April until

ANE

[44]

ANG

tho middle of May ; and if a third plan-
tation is made in February or beginning
of March, they will come into flower
about the middle of May, and continue
until the middle of June.

Soil and site. — The situation should be
thoroughly drained, and open to the
south. Any common moderately light
earth suits the anemone ; overmoist and
stiff soils rot the roots in winter. If
necessary to make a soil, proceed as de-
scribed for the seed-bed. Take maiden
loam from the surface of a pasture, the
top spit turf and all ; to every load of
this add one of cowdung, and half a load
of sea or drift sand ; blend the whole
together, and form it into a ridge, in which
let it remain a year at least, turning it
over once in two or three months. But
in default of pasture earth, a good com-
post may be formed of common light
garden soil and rotted cowdung, adding
to every load of the former half a load of
the latter, and about a quarter of that of
drift or sea sand ; and of either of which
composts the bed is to be formed ; make
it about twelve or fifteen inches in depth,
in and three feet and a half broad.

Planting in borders. — Plant five roots
together, in a patch of five or six inches
in breadth, two or three inches deep.

Beds should be three feet and a half
broad, with alleys eighteen inches wide
between bed and bed; and fifteen or
eighteen inches deep ; break the earth
small, but do not sift it ; elevate the beds
three inches above the general surface,
but if there is danger of moisture stand-
ing in winter, double or treble that is a
proper height, working the whole a little
rounded, and after planting rake the
surface smooth.

Plant six rows lengthwise, the roots at
six inches distance in each row, and two
inches deep.

The autumn plantation comes in leaf
in November; but as the plants are hardy,
nothing is needful to be done till the
bloom begins to appear, and then arch
the beds with hoops, to support mats, to
protect them from frost.

Forcing. — Double anemones, potted in
September or in October, in some com-
post, as above particularized, may be
placed in a cold frame or pit, and watered
but sparingly until the following spring,

when they may be put into a warmer
place. They will not stand much forcing.
A second blooming may be obtained by
planting more roots in a similar way in
December.

Mildew. — This disease first appears as
pale spots on the under sides of the
leaves. These spots gradually rise into
tubercles, and a minute fungus bursts
through. This parasite is JEci' dium quad-
ri'fidum. Sea sand, or a little salt mixed
with the compost of the bed, is a good
preventive ; and sprinkling with sulphur
is the best remedy. Anemones are liable
to have distorted sivollen leaves, the cure
for which is to render the soil more free
from stagnant moisture.

ANE'THUM. (From ano, upwards, and
theOj to run ; in reference to its quick
growth. Nat. ord., Umbettifers [Apiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Digynia}. A ge-
nus of useful plants, succeeding well in
any common garden soil; all hardy,
readily increased by seed or root division.

A. S'oua (Sowa). 1. Yellow. July. East
Indies. 1810.

BIENNIALS.

— grave1 olens (strong-smelling, or dill). 3.

Yellow. July. Spain. 1570.

— piper cf turn (peppered). 6. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1824.

PERENNIALS.

— Fceni'culum (Fennel). 6. Yellow. August.

England.

die Ice. (sweet). 4. Yellow. Au-
gust. Italy.

See Dill and Fennel.

ANGELICA. (In reference to its fabled
angelic virtues in medicine. Nat. ord.,
Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Dignia). Common water- side
perennial plants, of not much beauty as
garden plants. The only species requir-
ing notice here is the Common Angelica.

A. archatiffe'lica (archangel). 4. July. Green.
England.

The stalks of this are cut in May for
candying. Formerly the stalks were
blanched for eating like celery. Soil and
Situation : Grows best in moist situations,
such as the banks of ponds and ditches.
Sowing : Sow soon after the seed is ripe,
about September, being almost useless
if preserved until the spring. Cultwaton :
Sow thin, in drills a foot asunder, and

ANO

I 45]

AXG

half an inch deep. When five or six
inches high, the plants must he thinned
to a distance of at least two feet and a
half from each other. In the May, or
early June of the second year, they flower,
when they must he cut down, which
causes them to sprout again ; and if this
is carefully attended to, they will con-
tinue for three or four years. But if
permitted to run to seed, they perish soon
after.

ANGE'LICA TREE. Ara'lia spino'sa.

ANGELO'NIA. (From angdon, its local
name in South America. Nat. ord.,
Fig worts [Scrophulariaceas], Linn., 14-
Didynamia '2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Hemitneris) . Pretty stove herbaceous
plants ; seed in heat, sown in February ;
division of the roots of several kinds and
cuttings of young shoots in April, in-
serted in sand under a bell-glass ; must
not be kept too damp; loam and peat.
Summer temp., from 60° to 70° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

A. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1^. Deep
violet. June. Mexico. 1846.

— cornigcfra (horn - bearing) . 1. Purple.

August. Brazil. 1839.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. Purple.
August. Brazil. 1839.

— Gardne'ri (Mr. Gardner's). 1. Purplish

white. May. Pernambuco. 1838.

— ffrandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purplish

white. May. Pernambuco. 1838.

— minia'ta (crimson). 1. Purplish white.

May. Pernambuco. 1838.

— salicarifpfo'lia (willow-leaved). 1. Light

blue. August. S. America. 1818.

ANGIA'NTHUS. (From aggos, vessel,
and antlios, a flower. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceas]. Linn., \$-Syngenesia
5-segregata.} A pretty greenhouse her-
baceous plant ; division of the root ; seed,
and cuttings under a bell-glass. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
A. a'urens (golden). 1. Yellow. July. New
Holland. 1803.

ANGIO'PTERIS. (From aggeion, a ves-
sel, andjstfms, a wing. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 1^-Cryptogamia
\-filices). A stove fern, cultivated like
Acropteris.

A. eveftica (evetic). June. Brown. Island
of Luzon.

ANGO'PHORA. (From aggos, a vessel,
and phero, to bear, in reference to the
shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Myrtk-
blootns [Myrtaceae]. Linn., \1-Icosandria

4-Polyginia). This is the most natural
order of plants, and no blue flower has
yet been found to belong to it. Green-
house evergreen shrubs ; cuttings under
a bell-glass ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 45°.

A. cordifo'liu (heart-leaved). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. New Holland. 1789.

— lanceola'ta (lanceolate-leaved). 6. Yellow.

August. New Holland. 1816.

ANGR^E'CUM. (From angureJc, the
Malayan term for air-plants. Nat. ord.,
Orchids. [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 2Q-Gy-
nandria \-monandrid). By offsets in
spring, sphagnum moss, and broken pot-
sherds, and pieces of wood ; kept moist
and hot when growing in summer ; cool
in winter ; hot and dry when coming
into bloom. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

A. apicula'tum (apiculated) . L White. Sierra
Leone. 1844.

— armeni'acum (apricot - coloured flowered).

Yellowish pink. Sierra Leone. 1838.

— ashante'si (Ashantee). \. Cinnamon. June.

Ashantee. 1843.

— biltfbum (two-lobed). |. White. Septem-

ber. Cape Coast. 1841.

— cauda'tum (tail-lipped). 1£. White green.

August. Sierra Leone. 1834.

— caule'scens (stemmed). 1£. Green white.

September. India. 1834.

— clandesti'num (concealed -flowered). \.

Green white. September. Sierra Leone.
1835.

— di'stichum (two-rowed leaved). |. White,

September. Sierra Leone. 1834.

— ebufrneum (ivory --lipped). 1£. White. Ja-

nuary. Madagascar. 1826.

— micro! 'nthum (sTnall-floiiiercd). £. White.

Sierra Leone. 1834.

— odorati' ssimum (very sweet-scented). White.

Sierra Leone. 1832.

— ornithorhtf nchum (bird's-beak). White.

Brazil. 1840.

— pellu'cidum (transparent). £. White. No-

vember. Sierra Leone. 1842.

— pertufsum (broken). £. White. October.

Sierra Leone. 1836.

— polystachy'um (many-spiked). Peru. 1840.

— subula'tum (awl-shaped). White. Sierra

Leone. 1832.

— teretifo'lium (straw-leaved). White. Sierra

Leone.

ANGUILLA'RIA. (From anguitta, an
eel, in reference to the twisted seeds.
Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthaceae].
Linn., Q-Hexandria S-Trigynia. Allied
to Veratrum.} Herbaceous plants, re-
quiring a little protection in winter ;
division of roots, and cuttings, under a
hand-light ; peat and loam.

ANG

[46]

AXI

A. biglandulo'sa (two-glanded) . 1. Purple
May. New Holland. 1826.

— dioi'ca (Dioecious). 1. Purple. May

New South Wales. 1826.

— Tndica (Indian). 1. Dark purple. June

Tranquebar. 1818.

ANGULO'A. (In honour of Angulo, a
Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gri/nandria 1-
monogynia). Stove orchids, requiring the
same culture as A.ngr<Kcum.
A. Clowefsii (Clowes'). 1|. May. Yellow

and white. Columbia. 1842.
. flo'ribus fla'vls (Clowes' straw-
coloured). 1^. May. Pale yellow. 1845.

— grandifltfra (large - flowered) . 1. July.

South America. 1823.

— Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). 1J. May. Yellow

and crimson. 1845.

— supe'rba (superb). Crimson and purple.

Mexico.

— uniflo'ra (one - flowered) . May. Cream-

coloured. Peru. 1843. There is a
variety of this with pink flowers.

ANGU'RIA. (One of the Greek names
for the cucumber. Nat. ord., Cucurbits
[Cucurbitaceae]. Linn., 2\-Moncecia 2-
Diandria). Tropical evergreen climbers ;
seed and cuttings ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 55° to
60°.
A. Mackaya'na (Mackay's). 1847.

— peda'ta (pedate). 20. Yellow. July. South

America. 1820.

— triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. Pink. July.

Carthage. 1793.

— trifolia'ta (trifoliate). 10. Yellow. July.

St. Domingo. 1793.

— unibro'sa (shady). 10. Yellow. July.

South America. 1827.
A'NIA. (After a Roman beautiful
widow. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae].
Linn., 1§-Gynandria \-monogynia).
A, bicornis (two-horned). J. March. Yellow-
green. Ceylon. 1841. Cultivated
like A.NGULOA.

ANIGOZA'NTHOS. (From anoigo, to ex-
pand, and anthos, a flower, in reference
to the branching expansion of the flower-
stalks. Nat. ord., Blood-worts [Hoamo-
doraceoa]. Linn., 6-Hexandria \-mono-
ffynia). Greenhouse herbaceous plants ;
division of the roots in spring ; loam one
part to three of peat. Summer temp.,
45° to 60° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A, cocci' nea (scarlet). 5. Crimson. July.

Swan River. 1837.

—fla'mdus (yellowish - green flowered). 3.
Yellow. July. New Holland. 1808.

bi' color (two-coloured flowered).

3. Scarlet green. May. Swan River.
1837.

A. fuligino' .ins (sooty). 3. Yellow. June.
Australia.

— hit mills (dwarf). Brown. Swan River.

— Mangle' sii (Mr. Mangle's). 3. Green.

May. Swan River. 1833.

angmtifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3.

Green red. July. New Holland. 183G.

— pulchefrrimits (beautiful). 2$. Yellow-
white. Swan River. 1840.

— ru'fa (rusty). 2. Yellow red. June. New

Holland. 1824.

ANIMAL MATTERS, without any excep-
tion, are beneficial as manures, for they all
yield, during piitrcfaction, gases and so-
luble substances that are imbibed greedily
by the roots of plants. That this is the
case affords no cause for wonder, because
animal matters and vegetable matters
are alike compounded of carbon, hydro-
gen, oxygen, and nitrogen, with a small
addition of saline matters. The general
consideration of MANURES will be found
under that title, and other relative infor-
mation under the heads DUNG and VE-
GETABLE MATTERS ; and in this place we
shall confine our attention to some of the
most available of strictly animal matters.
See also the article BONES.

Blubber, or fat of the whale, contains
train oil, composed of

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

68.87
16.10
15.03

with a little animal skin and muscle.
40 gallons of train oil, mixed with 120
bushels of screened soil, grew 23 tons
of turnips per acre, on a soil where 40
bushels of bones broken small, and 80
bushels of burnt earth, produced only 21
tons.

Fish generally, such as sprats, herrings,
pilchards, five-fingers, and shell -fish,
owe their powerful fertilizing qualities
not only to the oil they contain, but also
to the phosphate of lime in their bones.
From 25 to 45 bushels per acre are the
extreme quantities to be applied broad-
cast, but if in the drills, with the crop
16 bushels are ample. They are benefi-
cial to all the gardener's crops, but espe-
cially to asparagus, parsnips, carrots,
sects, onions, and beans. Shell -fish
should be smashed before being applied.
Blood is a very rich manure, and has
>een applied with especial benefit to
vines, and other fruit trees. The blood
f the ox contains about eighty per cent.

ANI

[47]

ANI

of water, and twenty per cent, solid mat-
ter. The latter contains in 100 parts
when dried —

Carbon, . 51.950

Hydrogen, 7.165

Azote, . 17.172

Oxygen, . 19.295

Ashes, . 4.418

The ashes contain various salts, as chlo-

ride of sodium (common salt), phosphate

of lime, with a little oxide of iron. Sugar-

baker's skimmings owe their chief fertiliz-

ing qualities to the blood used in clarify-

ing the sugar, and which is combined

with vegetable albumen, and extractive.

Woollen Rags cut into very small

pieces, are a good manure, decomposing

slowly, and benefiting the second as

much as the first crop. Hops and tur-

nips have been the crops to which they

have been chiefly applied. Half a ton

per acre is a fair dressing. Wool is com-

posed of — •

Carbon, . . . 50.653

Hydrogen. . . 7.029

Azote, . . . 17.710

SSE&) 24-608.

It leaves a very slight ash, containing
minute quantities of muriate of potash,
lime, and probably phosphate of lime.
Feathers and hair closely resemble it in
their components. Horns are composed
of—

Carbon, . . . 51.578

Hydrogen, . . 6.712

Azote, . . . 17.284

besides minute proportions of sulphate,
muriate and phosphate of potash, phos-
phate of lime, and other less important
matters.

Shells. — Those of the following are
thus composed : —

Phos-
phate of
lime.

Carbo-
nate of
lime.

Animal
matter.

Ovster,

1.2

98.3

0.5

Lobster,

7.0

63.0

30.0

Hens' Eggs, .

5.7

89.6

4.7

They have all been found good in a
pounded form, as manures for turnips ;
and must be for all other plants, and on
all soils where calcareous matters are
deficient.

ANISCA'NTHA. (From anisos, unequal,
and akantha, a spine. Nat. ord., Che-
nopods [Chenopodiacese]. Linn. 4-T0-
trandria \-monogynia). Evergreen under-
shrub ; cuttings of young shoots, a little
hard at bottom, in April' ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter 45°.

A. divarica'ta (straggling). 2. New Holland.
1824.

ANISA'NTHUS. (From anisos, unequal,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids,
[Iridacese]. Linn. 3-Triandria 1-mono-
gynia] . This is now a synonyme of Ant ho-
ly za. Greenhouse or frame bulbs, requir-
ing protection in winter ; offsets ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 60° ;
winter, 40° to 45.

A. cuno'nia (Cunon's). 2. Scarlet. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1756.
— quadrangular ris (quadrangular). 2. Yellow.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1700.
— spiff ndens (splendid). 2. Scarlet. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1828.

ANI'SE, (Tragiumanisutri). Half-hardy
annual, used for garnishing or seasoning.
Sow during April in pots plunged in a
hotbed ; remove to a warm, light border
in May. Thin the plants to six inches
apart. The seed is ripe in August or
September. It does not bear transplant-
ing. ^

A'NISEED-TREE, Illicium anisatum.

ANISOCHI'LUS. (From anisos, unequal,
and cheilos, lip. Nat. ord., Labiates
or Lip worts [Lamiaceas]. Linn., 14-Didy-
namia \-gymnospermia). Stove biennial ;
seeds in heat, or cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass. Summer temp., 65°
to 75°; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. carno'sa (fleshy). 2. Lilac. August. East
Indies. 1778.

ANISO'MELES. (From anisos, unequal,
and melos, a member. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiaceae]. Linn., l±-Didynamia 1-
gymnospermia}. Chiefly evergreen under-
shrubs ; cuttings of stove species in
April in heat, under a bell-glass. Green-
house species under glass, without heat.
Sow the annual in March in heat ;
loam and peat. Temperature same for
stove plants, 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to
60°. Greenhouse winter, 45°.

A.furca'ta (forked). 1. Blue. August. Nepaul.

1824. Greenhouse.
A. malaba'rica (Malabar). 2. Violet. August.

East Indies. 1823.

ANI

[48]

AXO

A. moscha'ta (musk). 2. Purple. August.

New Holland. 1824.
— ova'ta (ovate-leaved) . 2. Pink. August.

East Indies. 1823. Stove annual.

ANISO'PIA horticola, is a beetle which
often attacks the#x>se flowers about June.
Its maggots live under turf, and feed on
its roots.

ANNUALS are plants which live but
one year, and, consequently, require to
be raised from seed annually. By a par-
ticular mode of culture some of them
may be made to live longer. Thus mig-
nonette will continue to bloom for two or
more years if not allowed to ripen its

Hardy Annuals, or those requiring no
protection, are sown where they are to
remain in the open borders from the end
of February to the beginning of May.
To flower late in autumn some may be
sown in the middle of June. Whether
sown in patches or broad masses, whether
mixed or separate, must be left to the
taste of the sower — guided by his know-
ledge of the colours of the flowers. These
should be well contrasted. Every patch
should be properly labelled, which is
easily done by having some deal laths,
one inch broad, planed smooth, cut into
nine-inch lengths, and painted white. On
these the name can be written with a
lead pencil.

Half-hardy Annuals, such as require
artificial heat while seedlings, are sown
in a gentle hotbed in March and April.
The seedlings, when an inch or two long,
to be transplanted into another gentle
hotbed, or greenhouse, to remain until
the middle of May, then to be trans-
planted into the borders, and attended
like other annuals..

Tender or Greenhoitse Annuals, requir-
ing artificial heat and shelter during their
whole growth, are sown early in March,
on a gentle hotbed ; to be transplanted
into another like the half-hardy, and
thence into pots, to remain in the green-
house. Some of them, if moved into a
warm border in June, will bloom freely,
and even ripen seed.

ANODONTIA' (From a, not, and odontos,
a tooth, in reference to the stamens.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.
\5-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssum).
For general management, see Alyssum.

A. dasyca'rpa (thick fruited) . L Yellow. Julv.
Siberia. 1819.

— edtfntulum (toothless). 1. Yellow. July.

Hungary. 1820.

— hulimifo'lia (Purslane-leaved), f . White.

June. South of Europe. 1820.

— macroca' rpa (long-fruited). L White. June.

France. 1823.

— obova'ta (ohovate). £. Yellow. June.

France. 1830.

— rupe'strc (rock). 4. White. June. Naples.

1825.

— spino'na (thorny). ^.1 White. June. South

of Europe. 1683.

ANOSCTOCHI'LUS. (From anoikios, open,
and cheilos, a lip, in reference to the
spreading apex of the lip. Nat. ord.,
orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn. 2Q-Gynan-
dria, \-monandrid). Division of the
roots ; lumpy peat ; a little loam and
charcoal ; and well drained. Summer
temp. 65° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
A. seta' ecus (bristlv). L White Green. June.

Java. 1836.
var. pi'ctus (painted-bristly).

The natives of Ceylon, where it grows
in the hedge-rows, admire it much, and
give it the regal name of " The King of
the Woods," and well it deserves the
title ; but yet the leaves are the only
part that attract our admiration. The
flowers, though various, are not at all
beautiful ; but the leaves are the most
beautiful of all the leaves in the world.
The ground colour is of a dark velvety-
green, tinged with a metallic lustre,
curiously inlaid, as it were, with streaks
of golden net- work. If examined with a
moderate microscope, when the sun is
shining, this golden net-work is really
glorious, having the appearance of the
richest rubies. But no description can
do justice to the beauty of the leaves of
this plant. The variety named pictus,
or painted — -brought home, we believe,
by Mr Gibson from the Khorca hills,
India — has a broad stripe of yellow down
the centre of each leaf, in addition to the
golden net-work. It is equally beautiful
with the original species, but, if anything,
more difficult to cultivate. Messrs Low
and Co., of the Clapton Nurseries, have
imported another variety from Borneo, of
a stronger growth, and on that account
worth cultivating, though not quite so
beautiful as the other two varieties. (Cot-
tage Gardener, iii. 224).

ANOMATHE'CA. (Vrwaanomos, singular,
and theca, a capsule, or seed-pod. Nat.

ANO

[49]

ANT

ord., Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn. Z-Trian-
dria, \-monogynia). Very neat, ixia-likc,
dwarf bulbous plants, which flower in
the open borders all summer in any light
garden soil ; ripen seeds freely, and re-
quire the protection of a frame in. winter.
Propagated from seeds and offsets ; light
sandy loam and common soil ; bulbs re-
quire, in most places, to be kept in a
frame, or in stored bags, during winter.
A. cruenta, especially, is well fitted for
a flower bed, or for the window sill.

A. crue'nta (bloody). 1. Crimson. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1830.
—jun'cea (rushy). 1. Lilac. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1791.

ANO'NA (From menona, its local name
in Banda. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona-
ceoe]. ~Linn.l3-Poh/andria,6-polygamia).
Tropical evergreen trees and shrubs ;
cuttings of ripened wood, in strong heat
under a glass in April ; rich loam. Sum-
mer temp. 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to
60°.

A. amplexica' ulis (stem -clasping) . 12. Yellow
green. Mauritius. 1824.

— asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Yellow green. Asia.

1816.

— cherimo'lia (Clierimoyer) . 18. Brown. Au-

gust. South America. 1739.

— cine'rea (grey). 15. Yellow green. West

Indies. 1818.

— gla'bra (smooth-fruited). 16. Brown. Au-

gust. Carolina. 1774.

— laurifo'tia (laurel-leaved). 15. Brown.

West Indies. 1773.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Yellow green.

Guiana. 1820.

— mexica'na (Mexican). 12. Yellow green.

Mexico. 1823.

— muco'sa (mucous). 12. Yellow green. East

Indies. 1820.

— murica'ta (muricated. The sour sop). 10.

Green yellow. West Indies. 1656.

— oUusifo'lia (obtuse-leaved). 15. Yellow

green. West Indies. 1810.

— paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Green. Guiana.

1830.

— palu'stris (marsh. The cork- wood). 15.

Yellow. West Indies. 1731.

— puncta'ta (spotted). 12. Yellow green.

Trinidad. 1818.

— reticula'ta (netted). 20. White Green.

South America. 1690.

— Senegal & 'nsis (Senegal). 10. Yellow green.

Guinea. 1824.

— squamo'sa (scaly. The sweet sop). 20.

White. Green. South America. 1731.

ANO'PTERUS. (From ano, upwards,
and pteris, a fern, alluding to the semb-
lance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Escal-
loniads [Escalloniacese]. Linn. 5-Pen-
tandria, \-monogynici). A greenhouse

evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a bell-
glass in heat ; sandy loam and peat.
Usually in a cold pit or greenhouse, but
should be tried on a wall with slight
winter protection.

A. glandule? sus (gland-leaved). 3. December.
White and pink. Van Diemen's Land.
1846.

ANSE'LLIA. (In honour of Mr. Amell,
the botanical collector who accompanied
the ill-fated Niger expedition. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceao]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria, \-monogynia. Allied to AGANISIA).
A stove orchid. Divisions ; turfy heath
mould and broken potsherds. Temp, in
summer, 60° to 85°, with plenty of mois-
ture at root and top ; winter, 55° to 60",
and kept dry.

A. Africa' na (African). 2. Brown, green,
and yellow. February. Fernando Po.
1844.

ANT. (Formica). To drive this insect
away, dig up its nests and haunts, and
mix the earth with gas-lime. To kill it,
pour over the nest at night a strong de-
coction of elder leaves. To trap it, smear
the inside of a garden pot with honey,
invert it over the nest, and when crowd-
ed with them hold it over the steam of
boiling water ; or turn a flower-pot, with
its hole stopped, over the nest; the ants
build up into it, and the whole colony
may be taken away in a shovel. They
may be kept from ascending standard
and espalier trees, by tying a piece of
wool round the stems and the supporters.

ANTENNA' RIA. (From antenna, feelers,
in reference to the downy heads of the
seeds. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae].
Linn. IS-Syngenesia, l-superflua). Root-
division and seeds ; common light soil.
In most places the Nepaul species require
the protection of a cold pit in winter.

A.alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Pink. June. Alpine.
Europe. 1775.

— carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Pink. June.

Carpathian mountains. 1775.

— contofrta (twisted-leaved). 2. White. July.

Nepaul. 1821.

— dioi'ca (dioecious). 1. Pink. June. Bri-

tain. 1821.

— hvperbo'rea (northern). 1. Whitish. June.

IsleofSkye. 1821.

— margarita' cea (pearly). 2. White. July.

England. 1821.

plantagi'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. White.

July. Virginia. 1759.

— tripling rvis (three-nerved). 1. White. Au-»

gust. Nepaul. 1823.

ANT

[50]

ANT

A'NTHEMIS. Chamomile. (From An-
themon, a flower, in reference to the
great number of flowers produced. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 2-Superflua) . "With a few ex-
ceptions, they are hardy plants. Division
of plant, and seeds ; common soil. _ The
single flowering A. nobilis is superior to
the double for medicinal properties.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
A. alpi'na (Alpine). 1. White. July. Aus-
tria. 1824.

— apiifo'lia (parsley-leaved). 2. White.

July. China. 1819.

— Barrelic'ri (Barrelier's). 1. White. Aug-

ust. Italy. 1825.

— carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. White. June.

Carpathia. 1820.

— chamoim'lla (chamomile). 1. White. July.

South of Europe. 1807.

— coronopifo'Ua (buck-horn leaved). 1.

White. May. Spain. 1818.

— fruticulo'sa (shrubby). 2. White. Aug.

ust. Caucasus. 1820.

_ aloWsa (globose). 1. White. July. South
of Europe. 1570.

— amndiflo'ra (great-flowering). 1. White.

July. South of Europe. 1825.

— ibdrica '(Iberian). 1. White. August.

Iberia. 1820.

— incrassa'ta (thick peduncled). 1. White.

July. France. 1818.
w (Kitaibel's). 1.

White. June.
Hungary. 1823.

— Marshallia'na (Marshall's). 2. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1816.

— melampo'dia (black-footed). 1. White.

August. Egypt. 1819.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Purple. July.

Italy. 1759.

— metro? a (rock). 1. White. July. Italy.

1825.

— pube'scens (soft-haired). 1. White. July.

South of Europe . 1 803 .

— pure' thrum (pellitory of Spain). 1. White.

May. South of Europe. 1570.

— riqe'scens (rigescent). 2. White. August.

Caucasus. 1805.

— Rudolphia'na (Rudolph's). 1. Yellow

July. Caucasus. 1824.

— saxa' tilis (rock). 1. White. July. Hun-

gary. 1807.

— tincto'ria (Dyer's). 2. Yellow, June

Britain.

— tomento'sa (downy). 1. White. July

Levant. 1795.

ANNUALS.

— altissi'ma (tallest). 4. White. July. South o

Europe. 1731.

— austri'aca (Austrian). 1. White. Aug

ust. Austria. 1759.

— chi'a (Chian). 2. White. June. Chio

1731.
-co' ta (cota). 1. White. April. Italy

— disco i'dea' (discoid). 1. Yellow. June

Italy. 1800

4..fa'llax (uncertain). 1. White. Julv.

1825.
— fusca'ta (brown scaled) . 1. White. July

Portugal. 1805.

— mariti'ma (sea). 1. White. July. Me-

diteranean. 1800.

— ml'xta (mixed). 1. White. August.

France. 1731.

— mucronula'ta (hard-pointed). Italy. 1836.

— ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. White.' June.

Taurida. 1823.

— Triumfe'tti (Triumfetti's). 1. Pale yellow.

August. Switzerland. 1819.

EVERGREENS.

— no'bilis (noble. Common chamomile). 1.

White. August. Britain.

— no'bilis flo' rc-i)le' no (double). 1. White.

August. Britain.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. White. August.

Barbary. 1818. Biennial.

See CHAMOMILE.

ANTHE'PHORA. (From anthos, a flower,
and jphoreo, to bear. Nat. ord., Grasses
~Graminacea3]. Linn., 3-Triandria, 2-
Digynia). Seed in March or April.
Peat and loam. They are pretty, and,
with the exception of requiring a green-
house in winter, as easily managed as
any other grass.

A. e'legans (elegant). Apetal. August. Ja-
maica. 1776.

— villo'sa (soft-haired). August. W.Indies.

1824.

ANTHE'RICUM. (From antlios, a flower,
and kerkos, a hedge, in reference to the
tall flower stems. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexandria, \-Mo-
nogynia). Few orders of plants are less
ably arranged by men of science, and
still less understood by the gardener than
the " beautiful" Order of Lilies. With
the exception of A. serotinum and A.
sulphureum, which are hardy, they are
mostly low greenhouse herbaceous plants,
with tuberous and fleshy-bundled roots.
Propagated by suckers, offsets, and
seeds. Sandy loam with abundance of
drainage, and requiring the frame or
greenhouse in winter. The genus BUL-
BINE is now added to this.
A. albucoi'des (albuca-like). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788.

— bipedmicula'tum (two peduncled). 1. White.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— canalicula'tum (channelled-leaved). 1.

White and green. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1774.

ntfum (rusty). 1. Copper. June.

Cape of Good Hope.

— cceru'leum (bluish). Blue. May.

— CTO'CCM/H (saffron). 1. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

ANT

[51]

ANT

A.falca'tum (sickle-shaped). 1. WMte. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— filifo'lium (thread-leaved). 1. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— niifo'rme (thread-form). 1. White. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1775.
— flcxifo'lium (zig-zag leaved). 1. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
— floribii' ndum (bundle-flowered). 1. White.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— fra' grans (sweet-scented). 1. White. May.

' Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). 2. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.

— longiftflium (long-leaved). 1. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— pUo'sum (long-haired). 1. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— piumo'sttm (feather-petaled). 1. White.

March. Chili. 1829.

— pomer-idia' num (afternoon). 2. WTiite.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1819.

— revolu'tum (revolute). 2. White. October.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— sero'tinum (late-flowering). 1. White. July.

Britain.

— spira'le (spiral). 1. White. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.

— squa'meum (scaly). 1. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.

— sulphu'reum (sulphur). 1. Purple yellow.

July. Hungary. 1823.

— trifle/rum (three-flowered). 1. White. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1782.

— undula'tum (waved). 1. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— vcsperti'num (evening). 2. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1803.

— villo'sum (loose-haired). 1. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1826.

AN-THOCE'KCIS. (From anthos, a flower,
and kirkis, a ray. Nat. ord., Figivorts
[ Scrophulariaceae] . Linn. , \±-I)idynamia,
Z-Angiospermia). Cuttings of ripened
wood in April, placed in sand under a
glass, set at first in a cool place, and
afterwards placed in a mild bottom heat.
Sandy loam and peat well drained.
Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 45°
to 50°.

A. a'IMcans (whitish-leaved). 3. White. June.
New Holland. 1824.

— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved) . 6. Yellowish-

green. June. Swan River. 1843.

— littor&a (shore). 3. White. June. New

Holland. 1803.

— visco'sa (clammy). 6. White. May. New

Holland. 1822.

ANTHOCLEI' STA. (From anthos, a flower,
and cleistos, shut up. Nat. ord., Loganiads
[Loganeaceae]. Linn. 5-Pentandria 1-
monogynia). Cuttings in heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60.

A. macrophy'lla (long-leaved). 20. White
Sierra Leone. 1820.

A'NTHODON. (From anthos, a flower,
and odon, a tooth. Nat. ord., Hippocra-
teads [Hippocrateacese]. Linn. 3-Tri-
andria \-monogynia}. Tropical evergreen
shrubs ; cuttings of half-ripened wood,
under a bell-glass in hotbed ; sandy loam
and peat. Temperature as for preceding
genus.

A. elli'pticum (elliptic). 12. Yellow green.
Rio Janeiro. 1818.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 12. Yellow green.

Rio Janeiro. 1818.

ANTHELO'MA. (From anthos, a flower,
and loma, a fringe. Nat. ord., Margra-
viads [Margraviaceae]. Linn. 13-Polyan-
dria \-monogynia). A stove evergreen
shrub; cuttings of ripe wood, under glass,
in sand and in heat; light rich loam.
Temperature as for preceding.
A. mon to! no, (mountain). 10. New Holland.
1810.

ANTHOLY'ZA. (From anthos, a flower,
and lyssa, rage, in reference to the open-
ing of the flower like the mouth of an
enraged animal. Nat. ord., Irids [Irida-
ceae]. Linn. 3-Triandria \-monogynia).
Bulbs requiring the assistance of a frame
or greenhouse in winter, or to be planted
deep enough beyond the reach of frost in
a dry sheltered situation ; light sandy
soil ; offsets. See ANISA'NTHUS.
A. cethio'pica (Ethiopean). 3. Scarlet and
green. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Brown. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— prcea'lta (very tall). Orange. February.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

ANTHOMY'IA, a genus of fly very inju-
rious to the gardener. The principal
species arc the following : —
A. ceparum (onion fly).

In light soils, especially, the onion is
liable to suifer from the grub or larva of
this fly (Anthomyia ceparum or Scato-
phaga ceparum of some writers). The
gardener who sees his young onions,
when about the thickness of a straw,
turning yellow, and the leaves sunk down
upon the ground, may at once know that
they are the victims of this insect. Even
when of larger growth the onion is still
liable to suffer from its attacks, and even
up to the time of the bulb's full growth.
If the outer coats of a young onion thus
destroyed are stripped off, the grub is at

ANT

[52]

ANT

once detected ; but if the onion is older
the grubs are often numerous. In both
cases they will be found feeding on the
very heart of the onion. The grub varies
from about a quarter to half an inch
long, is fleshy, shining, whitish, cylin-
drical, tapering from the head to the tail,
and divided into twelve segments. The
pores through which it breathes are yel-
low, and in the first segment. In about
throe weeks from the time of being
hatched it changes into a chesnut-colour-
ed, oval puparium, or case, within which
is the real pupa. From this, in about a
fortnight, the perfect fly comes forth, of
the size of the cross lines, and appearing
as magnified in our drawing. This is
the female, and is entirely of a pale ashy
colour, covered with black bristles. The
male has a black line down the middle
of the abdomen. The antenna? and legs
are black ; the wings are transparent,
almost colourless, but irridescent pink
and green. The female inserts her eggs
within the leaf sheaths of the onion, close
to the ground. She continues to lay her
eggs from May to September, producing
several broods during that period. The
latest brood remains in the pupa state
through the winter, so that all old decay-
ing store onions should be burnt up as
spring advances. The best preventive of
this grub is to sprinkle gas-lime between
the rows of seeding- onions — its fumes
being offensive to the fly. It may be
well, also, to try spreading powdered
charcoal among them in a similar way,
for the fly is said to deposit her eggs in
this powder as readily as in the onion
plants.

A. brassica, cabbage fly, says Mr.
Curtis, is found through the summer,
and is the parent of a maggot which has

been known to lay waste whole fields of
cabbages by diseasing the roots on which
they feed, as well as at the base of the
stalk:. Successive generations are feed-
ing until November ; the latter families
lying in the pupa state through the win-
ter, and most probably some of the flies
survive that season, secreted in holes and
crevices. When the cabbage-leaves as-
sume a lead or yellow colour, and droop
in mid-day from the eflect of the sun,
such plants being diseased, should be
taken up, carried away, and burnt, and
brine or lime put into the holes. Gar-
deners, in some instances, have collected
large quantities of the pup 33 from the
roots by drawing away the earth.

The male of A. brassicae is dark bright
grey, with black bristles ; there is a
black stripe half way down the middle
of the thorax, and a curved one on each
side ; the body has a more decided black
stripe down the centre, and the segments
are marked by a line of the same colour ;
legs and antennae blackish ; wings a little
smoky. The female is pale ashy grey ;
the eyes remote, with a dark chestnut-
coloured stripe on the crown ; the wings
are similar in tint to those of the fore-
going species, but the insects are con-
siderably smaller. — Gardener's Chronicle.
A. lactucce, lettuce fly. Mr. Curtis
says the larvae make their appearance in
August, but are abundant in September ;
they closely resemble those from the cab-
bage and turnips, being of a yellowish
white colour, tapering towards the head,
which is pointed, and armed with two
short black claws at the nose. These
maggots live in the involucra of different
varieties of lettuce*, feeding upon the
seeds and receptacle ; and when these
are consumed they wriggle themselves
out backward, either to enter another
seed-vessel or fall to the ground and
become pupa?.

When the seed-stems arc gathered and
dying, the larvae change to pupae, called
ucks in Surrey, being bright chestnut-
coloured, oval cases, which are rough
when examined under a lens, with two
minute tubercles at the head, and two
hooks and a few other tubercles at the
tail. In the course of May a few of the
pupoa hatch ; they have, however, been
observed as early as April, and as late as

ANT

[53]

ANT

July. The male is intense black, clothed
with short hair and bristles ; the eyes
reddish brown and meeting above ; face
inclining to chestnut colour, with a bright
spot of the same on the crown ; the fore
part of the trunk bears four varying
whitish stripes ; the body is ashy grey,
the segments blackish, at the base a deep
black ; wings two, stained with black,
and beautifully iridescent ; the base and
poisers ochrcous, the nervures of the

The female is entirely ashy grey, and
less bristly ; the eyes not meeting on
the crown, with a bright chestnut-colour-
ed stripe between them ; body oval, the
apex cone-shaped ; horns and legs black-
ish ; wings and nervures lighter than in
the male, which it equals in size.— Ibid.

ANTHONY/ MUS POMO'RUM. Apple Wee-
vil. This insect shelters itself beneath
the scurfy bark during the winter, await-
ing the return of spring to renew its at-
tacks upon the blossom-buds. " This in-
sect," says Mr. Curtis, " commits great
devastation in apple-orchards by destroy-
ing the stamens, pistil, and receptacle of
the flower. As soon as the blossom-buds
swell, the female beetle begins to deposit
her eggs. In calm weather she selects a
good bud, and makes a hole in it with
her rostrum (long beak) ; she fixes her-
self at the hole, lays one egg, and goes
on till she has deposited a considerable
number of eggs in separate buds. The
bud continues to swell, and the petals
(flower-leaves) nearly expand, when sud-
denly the growth ceases, and the petals
wither and assume a shrivelled appear-
ance. If one of these flower-buds be
examined when nearly expanded, a small
white grub, with a black head, will be
found in the centre, which begins to as-
sume a yellowish colour ; a few days
later, the grub will be found either
wholly or partially changed to a beetle,
and should there be a small hole on the
side of the receptacle the beetle will have
escaped : the transformation from the
egg to the perfect state not having occu-
pied more than a month. When this
beetle, or weevil, leaves the receptacle,
it feeds during the summer on the leaves
of the trees, and is seldom to be seen.
In the autumn, the weevils leave the
trees and search for convenient hiding-

places under stones about the trees, or
under the rough bark, in which they pass
the winter. Consequently, as they com-
mence their operations early in the
spring, care should be taken to remove
all stones, dead leaves, and other litter,
from tinder the trees, as well as to scrape
off the rough dead bark from them in
the winter season. The apple-weevil is
also very injurious to pear-trees. This

beetle, or weevil, is scarcely one line and
a half long; its wing-cases are dark
brown, with whitish gray stripes; its
antennae (horns or feelers) spring from
the middle of its beak, and all these
parts, as well as its eyes and the under
part of the body, are black.

There are several nearly allied species
of predatory weevils, which will be
found under the name of CURCULIO.

ANTHOSPE'RMUM. (From anthos, a
flower, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Cinchoniads [Cinchoniaceae, formerly Ru-
biaceae]. Linn., 22-Dioecia 4-tetrandria).
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam; summer temp., 50° to 65°;
winter, 40° to 45°.

A. cethiof picum (Ethiopean). 2. Green and
white. June. Cape of Good Hope.

ANTHU'RIUM. (From anthos, a flower,
and oura, a tail, referring to the spadix
or Arum flower-spike. Nat. ord., Oron-
itads [Orontiaceae]. Linn. Sys., 4-Te-
trandria \-monogynia. Allied to POTHOS).
Stove Epiphytes. Suckers; peat and
loam. Temp, in summer, 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.

A.longlfo'lia (long -leaved). 1. Apetal.

Mexico. 1829.
— rubcfscens (reddish). Brown. September.

Brazil. 1828.

There are five other species, but un-
deserving cultivation.

ANT

[54]

ANT

ANTHY'LLIS. (From anthos, a flower,
and wulos, down, literally downy flower.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants ; allied to
Trefoil [Fabaceae], Linn., \6-Monadel-
phia 6-decandria). Seeds, division of the
roots, cuttings ; the hardy perennial and
annual species, like a light well-drained
soil; the greenhouse varieties should
have a little peat.

HARDY ANNUALS.

A. cornici'na (crow). 1. White. July. Spain.
1759.

— hamo'sa (hooked). 1. Pale yellow. July.

Barhary. 1821.

— lotoi'des (lotus-like). 1. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1739.

— tetraphtflla (four-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1640.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

— aspala'thi (aspalathus-like). 1. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— Ba'rba Jo' vis (Jupiter's beard). 3. Pale

Yellow. April. South of Europe.
1640.

— cytisoi'des (cytisus-like) . 2. White. June.

Spain. 1731.

— echina'ta (hedgehog). 1. Purple. June.

South of Europe.

— erina'cea (prickly). 1. Purple. May. Spain.

1759.

— Hernia' nnice (Hermann's). 2. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1739.

— Jieterophyila (various leaved). 1. Pink.

July. South of Europe. 1768.

— tenui' 'folia (fine-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

— alpi'na (hairy alpine). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Britain.

— Dillenii (Dillenius's). $. Red. July. South

of Europe. 1816.

— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. White. August.

Province. 1806.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Purple. July.

South of Europe. 1759.

a'lba (white). 1. White. July.

South of Europe. 1818.

— onobrychoi'des (St. Foix-like). 1. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1817.

— polyce'phala (many-headed). 1. Yellow.

July. Barbary. 1829.

— polyphtflla (many-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1816.

— fulnera'ria (common wound wort). 1. Yel-

low. July. Britain.
albifto'ra (white-flowered). 1.

White. July. Britain.
hirsuti'ssima (very hairv). i. Red.

July. Europe. 1816.
rtfbra (red-flowered). 1. Red.

July. Britain.

— WebUa'na (Webb's). 1. Pale rose. Tene-

riffe. 1829.

ANTIA'RIS. (From ant/a, its Java
name. Nat. ord., Airocarpads [Atro-
carpaceae]. Linn., 21-Monoecia ±-Te-

tmdynamia. Allied to BROSIMUM) , This is
the fabled upas tree of Java, which fur-
nishes the " Antjar poison." As if to
prove the saying that reality is more
strange than fiction — at least in botany —
the very nearest plant in. affinity to this
deadly poisonous tree is the cow-tree of
South America, whose milky juice is as
wholesome as that of an "Alderney,"
and the breadfruit-tree is also closely
allied to the upas. A stove tree ; cut-
tings of rather firm wood, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat.
Sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. toxica'ria (poisonous). 40. Green. Java.
1844.

ANTIGRA'MMA. (From anti, like, and
gramma, writing, in reference to the ap-
pearance of the spore cases, or seed ves-
sels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe].
Linn., 1^-Cryptogamia \-filices. Allied
to SCOLOPENDRIUM). A greenhouse
fern. Divisions ; peat and loam. Temp,
in summer, 55° to 75° ; winter, 45° to
50°.
A. rhizophy'Ha (rooting-leaved) . Brown. May.

ANTIRRHI'NUM. (From anti, like, and
rhin, a snout or nose, flowers like the
snout of an animal. — Nat. ord., Fig worts
[Scrophulariacece]. Linn., 1 4:- Tetrad i/-
namia, 2-Anffiospermia). Grow freely
from seed sown in spring ; the best va-
rieties by ciittings, inserted in sandy
soil under a hand light. Common soil,
if not retentive of moisture. All hardy
herbaceous perennials, except when
otherwise specified. Excellent for banks
and under trees, but above either for the
tops of walls. The varieties are endless.
A. angmtifo'lium (narrow leaved). 2. Pink.
August. Europe. 1817.

— asari'na (asaiina). 1. White. July.

Italy. 1699. Half hardy evergreen
trailer.

— calyci'num (large calyxed). 1. Eed. July.

Spain. 1810. Hardy annual.

— glandule sum (glandular-haired). 2. Roan

yellow. September. California. 1834.
Hardy annual.

— ma' jus (greater). 2. Pink. July. Eng-

land.

bi'color (two-coloured). 2. White.

July. England.

cocci' ncus (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scar-
let. July. England.

flo'rc-plcfno Tdouble-flowered) . 2.

Flesh. July. England.

variega'tiim (variegated leaved). 2.

Red. July. England.

ANT

[55]

APH

A. me'dlum (intermediate). 2. Pink. August
Europe. 1821.

— meana'nthum (smaller flowered). 2. Pink.

August. South of Europe. 1817.
—mo' He (soft-leaved). 1. White. August.
Spain. 1752. Half hardy evergreen
trailer.

— montevidd me (Monte Videan). 1. Red.

Monte Video. 1829. Hardy annual.

— ochroleit'cion (pale yellow). 4. Pale yellow.

July.

— orcfntium (orontium). 1. Flesh. August.

Britain. Hardy annual.

— semper vi'rens (evergreen). 2. Pink. August.

Pyrenees. 1821.

— S? culum (Sicilian). 1. White. July. 1804.

— tortuo'sum (twisted). Purple. June. Italy.

ANTLER MOTH. Sec CEROPTERYX.

ANTRO'PHYUM (From antron, a cavern,
and phio, to grow, referring to its place
of growth. Nat. Ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
ceae]. Linn., Ik-Cryptogamia, \-Filices}.
Stove ferns. Division of the roots ; sandy
loam in a shady situation.

A. cayenne'nse (cayenne). Brown. Cayenne.

— coria'ceum (leathery). Brown.

— lanceola' turn (lance-leaved). Brown. Au-

gust. West Indies. 1793.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown. Island

of Luzon.

— obtu'sum (blunt-leaved). Brown. Island of

Luzon.

— reticula' turn (netted). Brown.

— semicosta' turn (semicostate). Brown. Island

of Luzon.

ANTWERP HOLLYHOCK. AltlmcLiici-
'

AO'TUS. (From a, not, and ous, ear ;
the ear-like appendages to the calyx are
wanting. Nat. Ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae], Linn., IQ-Decandria, l-Mo-
nogynia). Greenhouse small evergreen
shrubs. Seeds sown in heat. Cuttings
of half ripened wood in April, in sand
under a bell-glass. Sandy loam and
peat, with a little charcoal.

A. gra' tills (slender). April. New Holland.
1830.

— grac? litmus (most slender). 3. Yellow

crimson. May. New Holland. 1844.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. June. New

Holland. 1824.

— lani'fferas (woolly). Crimson yellow. April.

Moreton Bay. 1838.

— villa' sa (soft-haired). 2. Yellow. June. New

Holland. 1790.

ericoi'des (heath-like). 2. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1810.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty) . 2. Yellow. June.
New Holland. 1820.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow. June. New

Holland. 1824.

APA'RGIA. (A Greek name of a plant
now unknown. Nat. Ord., Composites

[Asteraceae]. Linn., IV-Syngenesia, 1-
^Equalis}. Allied to Succory. Common
treatment in border. Division of roots.

A. auranti'aca (orange coloured). 1. Orange.
June. Hungary. 1816.

The above hardy herbaceous perennial
is the only one worth cultivating, though
there are many other species.

APEI'BA. (The local name of one of
the species in Brazil. Nat. Ord., Lin-
denblooms [Tiliaceae]. Linn., \%-Polyan-
dria, \-Monogynia). Tropical evergreen
trees and shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood
under a glass in strong heat ; peat and
loam. Should be curbed in the Chinese
fashion by pruning their roots, &c.

A. a'spera (rough capsuled). 30. Yellow.
Cayenne. 1792.

— lot vis (smooth leaved). 10. Green. Cayenne.

1817.

— Petovtmo (Petoumo). 40. Yellow. South

America. 1817.

— Tibou'rbou (Tibourbou). 7. Yellow. South

America. 1756.

APHELA'NDRA. (From aphcles, simple,
and aner, a male ; the anthers being
one-celled. Nat. Ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thaceae]. Linn., l4:-Didynamia, 2-An-
giospermia). Stove evergreen shrubs.
Allied to JUSTICIA. Cuttings of small
side shoots, taken off in March or April,
inserted in very sandy peat, under a bell-
glass and in a strong bottom heat.
Rough loam and peat, well drained, and
liberally supplied with water during
summer until flower buds appear ; kept
dryer and cool during winter. Summer
temp., 65° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60° ; but
10° less will do. A full account of the
culture of this genus is given in The
Gardener, iv., 395.

A. auranti'aca (orange coloured). 3. Orange
scarlet. December. Mexico. 1844.

— crista'ta (crested). 3. Scarlet. August.

W. Indies. 1733.

— glabra'ta (smooth leaved). 1£. Yellow.

Autumn. S. America. 1MB.
— fuflgens (glowing), li. Orange. Autumn.
1847.

— tetrago'na (four angled). 2. Autumn. 1846.

APHELE'XIS. (From apheles, simple,
and exis, habit. Nat. Ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., \^-Syngenesia, 2-
Siiperftua) . Greenhouse evergreen shrubs.
Allied to HELICHRYSUM. Cuttings in
spring or summer ; small side shoots .are
best, ripened but not jiard, inserted ia

APH

[56]

APH

sand, under a bell-glass. Summer temp
55° to 65° j winter, 40° to 47°.

A. ericoi'des (heath-like). 1. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1796.
—fascicula'ta (fascicled). 2. Purple yellow.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1799.
a'lba (white-flowered . 2. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1799.

— ru'bra (red-flowered). 2. Red.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1799.

— versi' color (party-coloured) . 2.
Variegated. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1799.

— htfmilis (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1810.
macro,' ntha (large-flowered dwarf).

2. Purple. New Holland. 1840.

ro'sea (rose large-flowered dwarf).

2. Rose. Gardens. 1845.
purpurea (purple large-flowered

dwarf). 2. Purple. New Holland.

1840.

— sesamoi'dcs (sesamun-like) . 2. Purple

white. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1739.

A'PHIS. The plant-louse, or green
fly ; called sometimes the pwer&n, or
vine-fretter. It is usual to consider that
every plant liable to be attacked by this
insect is the victim of some especial spe-
cies ; but we think that further exami-
nation will reduce the number of species
very considerably. Difference in colour
certainly does not constitute a specific
difference; for the rose-louse is green
when the shoots of the rose are green,
but red when the shoots are of this co-
lour. The amount of injury they cause
to a plant, by robbing it of its sap or
blood, is proportioned to their num-
ber, and the time they are allowed to
infest the subject of their attack; and
the amount of that injury may be appre-
ciated by the fact, that the hop-duty is
often £468,000 ; but the hop -louse
(Aphis humuli) frequently so destroys
the crop as to reduce it to little more
than £15,000. The green fly on our
roses (Aphis Rosce) is that of which we
will now offer a few particulars. It is
curious that these always are most abun-
dant after the prevalence of easterly
winds; and Mr. Jenyns observed in
Cambridgeshire, during October, and Mr.
White at Selborne, in August, myriads
of aphides, in both instances, after the
wind had been for some time easterly.
So fast do they multiply, twenty genera-
tions being producible in one year, and
the young in the autumn being bora alive

and not from an egg, Reaumur has
shewn that one female may be the ances-
tor of nearly six millions in five genera-
tions ! It is needless to describe minutely
the rose aphis. It is usually light green,
with green wood and red, with red wood,
with brown antenna and legs, and trans-
parent iridescent wings. They fre-
quently change their skins; and these
may be seen hanging about the leaves
and shoots of the rose. The males may
be known by a double row of black dots
on each of their sides. The most effec-
tual of all applications for their destruc-
tion is tobacco - smoke ; and the best
mode of applying it is to cover the bush
with a sheet, and fill the space enclosed
with the smoke, by means of Brown's
fumigator.

Aphis pyrimali is of a grass green co-
lour, attacking the apple and pear. To
prevent its appearance, the following;
treatment is said to be very effectual.
The application must be made every other
if not every year ; but once in two years
may be sufficient, if thoroughly well done.
Take 1 Ib. sulphur vivum, 1 Ib. Scotch
snuff, 1 Ib. quicklime, ~ Ib. lamp-black,
1 Ib. soft-soap, and of water sufficient to
make it into the consistence of paint.
Unnail your trees about February, be-
fore the bloom-buds begin to swell, and
with a common paint-brush paint every
branch from the ground upwards.

A. persicffi is dark green, and is pecu-
liar to the peach and nectarine.

A. pruni ravages the plum tribes, and
is a very light green.

A. fabce^ known popularly as the Black
Dolphin and Elephant, is black, and at-
tacks the common bean. The tops of
beans attacked by the black dolphin
should be forthwith removed ; and
smaller plants may be syringed with
tobacco-water, or water in which elder-
leaves have been boiled ; which applica-
tions are all fatal to the aphis ; syringing
with soap-suds on two or three following
days is also effectual.
A. pisi is green, and affects the pea.

APH

[57]

APH

Dingy

A. lonicera, woodbine louse,
green.

A., cerasi, Morello cherry louse. Ap-
pears black. Infests the under sides of
the leaves, especially on wet soils.

A. coryli, nut louse. Pale green.

A. Dahlia, dahlia louse. Amber-
coloured.

A. ribis, red-currant louse. Blackish.

A. ligustri, privet louse. Dark brown.

A. ribis-nigri, black-currant louse.
Transparent green.

A. lathy ri, sweet -pea louse. Dark
purple.

A. (Cinara) rapkani, radish - louse.
Females, green ; males, lightish red.

The aphides on the peach appear the
earliest, being, as are all the others, the
produce of eggs deposited during the
previous autumn. During the spring
and summer they are viviparous, and
breed with extraordinary rapidity. The
gardener does well, therefore, to scrub
the branches of his wall-trees, and to
boil or change the shreds every winter,
for he thus destroys the pest in embryo.
So soon as they appear in spring, over
each wall-tree a mat should be fastened,
and tobacco, in some mode, burnt be-
neath it. Peas, whilst the dew is upon
them, may be dusted with Scotch snuff.
Over the apple, plum, and other stand-
ards, the only available remedy is a
repeated application of quicklime, at the
same early period of the day, by the
means of Curtis' s lime-duster.

The larvae of the Coccinella or Lady-
bird, especially C. punctata, the Syrphus
or bee-like fly, the Hemerobius perla or
golden-eyed fly, the ant, some caterpil-
lars, and many of the Ichneumonidce, are
great destroyers of the aphis, and should
be encouraged rather than removed. See
American Blight.

The following directions are applicable
to the destruction of every kind of aphis.
When you intend to fumigate your plants
in a house, pit, or frame, choose a still
evening, and let your plants be quite
dry. Place them closer together, and in
the clear space thus obtained put either
an iron pan, or, if you have not such a
thing, use a hard-burnt garden-pot ; put
in it a few red-hot cinders that do not
smoke ; upon those cinders put your to-
bacco, or tobacco-paper, rather damp. A

cloud of smoke will immediately rise,
and will soon fill the frame. Brown's
fumigator is an excellent instrument for
applying tobacco-smoke. As soon as you
judge it to be well filled with smoke,
remove the pan, or pot, and carry it to
the next frame, if you have more than
one that requires smoking. Be extremely
careful that the tobacco does not break
out into a flame, as it is that which does
the mischief. If you perceive a likeli-
hood of blazing out, prevent it with a
sprinkling of water, very gently applied.
Cover up the frames with mats to keep
in the smoke as long as possible. The
next morning examine the aphides, or
green flies, and if you find any alive re-
peat the smoking the following evening.
This second application will most effec-
tually destroy all your enemies. You may
now syringe the plants pretty severely,
to wash away the dead bodies of the
slain, and the plants will again thrive
and nourish in perfect health and beauty.

The green fly on plants out of doors,
so situated that the smoke of tobacco
cannot be so perfectly confined as to de-
stroy them, require a different mode of
attack, though the same herb furnishes
us with a remedy against the foe, only it
must be applied in a different form ; that
is, as tobacco- water. This can be had at
any tobacco manufactory, or it may be
made by steeping 4 oz. of tobacco in a
gallon of water ; let it stand in the water
for a week or so, occasionally stirring it
with the hand, and squeezing the tobacco
to bring out the strength. It will then
be very powerful, and perhaps will bear
an addition of water, previously to using,
to the extent of one half. Apply it to
standard roses by dipping the infested
branches in it during a dry evening, and
syringing them the next morning. For
roses on pillars, or against walls, use the
syringe filled with clear liquor, and ap-
plied gently all over the shrubs. Verbe-
nas and calceolarias in beds are often
during the summer months much injured,
and their beauty deteriorated, by these
insects ; also roses in beds suffer much
from the same cause. "We know no bet-
ter remedy than the above-mentioned
tobacco-water, applied with a syringe or
fine-rosed water-pot.

APHYLLANTHES. (From aphyllos, leaf-

API

[58]

APP

less, and anthos, a flower ; the flowers on
rush-like branches. Nat. ord., Lily worts
[Liliacse]. Linn. 6-Hexandria, l-mono-
gynid). Half-hardy herbaceous peren-
nial. Division of the roots and seeds ;
sandy peat ; requires a warm situation,
or a cold pit in winter.

A. monspelic'nsis (Montpelier) . Red. South
of France. 1791.

APICRA. (From apikros, not bitter).
Greenhouse succulents, a section of the
genus ALOE ; suckers and cuttings; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; win-
ter, 35° to 45° ; kept rather dry.

A. a'spera (rough). 1. Grey. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1795.

— aspe'nila (roughish). £. Grey. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— bicarina'ta (double-keeled). 1. Grey. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— bullula'ta (little-blistered). 14. Grey. May.

Cape of Good Hope.

— foliolo'sa (small-leafy). 1. Grey. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1 795.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 1±. Grey June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— nigra (rough black). A. Grey. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823. '

— pentago'na (five-angled). If. Grey. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

to'rta (twisted). 1. Grey. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

— ri'gida (rigid). A. Grey. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.

— spira'lis (great-spiral). 1. Grey. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— spirilla (small spiral). li. Grey. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1808. "

A'PIOS. (From apion, a pear, in re-
ference to the form of the roots. Nat.
ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.
1 1 -Diadelphia, 4-Decandria) . Hardy tu-
berous rooted plant, allied to GLYCINE.
Division of roots ; sandy loam, with a
little peat.

A. tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 6. Brown
pink. August. North America. 1640.

A'PIUM. (From apon, Celtic word for
water, water plant. Nat ord., Umbellifers
[Apiacerc]. Linn. 5-Pentcmdria, 2-2)1-
gynia}. Allied to PARSLEY. Seeds, spring
and superior rich soil, for the culinary
kinds; common soil for others. See
CELERY.

A. chilc'nse (Chilian). 1. White. Chili. 1836.

— grave! olens (strong-smelling. Celery). 4.

White. July. Britain.

APLE'CTRUM. (From a, not, and plek-
tron, a spur, the flower spurless. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoej. Linn. 20-

Gynandria, 1 -tnonandrict] . Hardy orchid ;
offsets ; sandy peat.

A. hiema'le (wintry). 1. Brown. North
America. 1827.

APO'CYNUM. (From apo, from, and
Jcyon, a dog, poisonous to dogs. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynaceoe]. Linn. 5-
Pentandria,) \-inonogynid). Hardy her-
baceous perennials. Suckers, division,
and seeds ; common garden soil.

A. androsamiftflium (tutsan-leaved). 2. Strip-
ed. August. North America. 1688.

— canna'binum (hemp-like). 3. Yellow. Au-

gust. North America. 1699.

— hypericifo'lhim (hypericum-leaved). 2.

White. June. North America. 1758.

— vend turn (Venetian). 2. White. June.

Adriatic Islands. 1690.

APONOGE'TON. (From apon, Celtic for
water, and geiton, neighbour, indicating
its places of growth. Nat. ord., Arrow-
grasses [Juncaginaceae]. Linn. 6-Hexan-
dria, %-trigynia}. Aquatics, kept in a
vessel of water in stove or greenhouse,
according to their native localities, but
all thriving in the stove ; offsets, loam,
and peat.
A. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1788.

Greenhouse.

— cri' spurn (curled-leaved). 1. White. Au-

gust. Ceylon. 1820. Stove.

— dista'chjon (two-spiked). 1. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Green-
house.

—jitncifo'lium (rush-leaved). White. 1847.
Stove.

— monosta! 'chyon (simple-spiked). 1. Pink.

September. East Indies. 1803. Stove.

APPLE. (Pyrus mains.}

Varieties. — There are 1,496 named
varieties in the last edition of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society's List of Fruits,
of which they have 897 cultivated in
their gardens. The following arc good
selections : —

Espalier and divarf. Dessert kinds. —
Lamb-abbey pcarmain ; Hick's fancy;
Kerry pippin ; Stunner pippin ; Pdbston
pippin ; Pitmaston nonpareil ; Old non-
pareil ; Braddick's nonpareil ; Scarlet
nonpareil ; Pearson's plate ; Court-pendu-
plat ; Court of Wick ; Golden drop ;
King of pippins ; Margille ; Golden rein-
ette ; Reinette du Canada ; Adam's pear-
main ; Boston russet ; Baddom, or
spring Ribston pippin ; Early harvest ;
Early Margaret ; Golden Harvey.

Standard. Dessert. — Hick's fancy ;

APP

[59]

APP

Kerry pippin ; Pitmanton nonpareil ;
Court of Wick ; King of pippins ; Golden
reinette ; Adam's pearmain ; Boston rus-
set ; Early harvest ; Early Margaret ;
Stunner pippin ; Pubston pippin.

Espaliers and dwarfs. Kitchen. — Haw-
thornden ; Alfriston ; Pitmaston nonpa-
reil ; Manks codling ; Wareham russet ;
Blenheim orange ; Chappell ; Keswick
codling ; Waltham- abbey seedling.

Standard. Kitclien. — Northern green-
ing, or John ; Manks codling ; Chappell ;
Wareham russet ; Blenheim orange ;
Normanton, or Dumelow's seedling ;
Keswick codling ; Hawthornden ; Bed-
fordshire foundling ; Reinette du Cana-
da ; Emperor Alexander ; Dutch cod-
ling ; Wormsley pippin ; Waltham-abbey
seedling; Alfriston.

For walls. — Bibston pippin ; Old non-
pareil ; Newtown pippin ; Stunner pip-
pin.

Propagation by seed. — Sow in autumn
the largest and most convex seeds, of a
favoured variety, in pots or border of light
rich loam ; bury the seed an inch deep ;
if in a border, six inches apart each way.
Mr. London says, " The end of the first
year they .should be transplanted into
nursery rows, from six inches to a foot
apart every way. Afterwards they
should be removed to where they are to
produce fruit ; and for this purpose the
greater the distance between the plants
the better. It should not be less than
six or eight feet every way. The quick-
est way to bring them into a bearing state,
Mr. Williams of Pitmaston considers,
is to let the plants be furnished with
lateral shoots, from the ground upwards,
so disposed as that the leaves of the up-
per shoots may not shade those situated
underneath, pruning away only trfling
shoots. He adopted this mode, and suc-
ceeded in procuring fruit from seedling
apples at four, five, and six years of age,
instead of waiting eight, ten, and even
fifteen years, which must be the case by
the usual mode of planting close and
pruning to naked stems."

The advice of Mr. Williams is very
good ; but we must remind our readers
that most of our shy, flowering, arbo-
rescent or shrubby plants or trees are
the soonest brought to blossom by first
encouraging a high amount of luxuriance,

and then inducing a severe check by
root-pruning. By such means, carefully
carried out, there can be no doubt that
seedling apples may be made to blossom
in four years. The check may either
consist in a severe root-pruning, or the
plants may be transplanted ; taking care
to prune away all taper forked roots, and
using all possible means to encourage
surface fibres.

We may here add, that the less prun-
ing of the shoots the better ; the knife is
a great enemy to early fruitfulness in
young trees, especially codlings.

Most good cultivators — and we believe
we may include the highly scientific
authority of the late Mr. Knight of
Downton — prefer grafting the shoots of
seedling apples when two years old, on
very old, healthy, and fine-bearing kinds.
In doing so, the extremities of the best
branches should be chosen, as also the
lightest portion of the tree, which should
stand in a sheltered and warm situation.

Mr. Knight states, that " The width
and thickness of the leaf generally indi-
cates the size of the future apple, but
will by no means convey any correct
idea of the merits of the future fruit.
When these have the character of high
cultivation, the qualities of the fruit will
be far removed from those of the native
species ; but the apple may be insipid or
highly flavoured, green or deeply co-
loured, and of course well or ill calcu-
lated to answer the purposes of the
planter. An early blossom in the spring,
and an early change of colour in the au-
tumnal leaf, would naturally be supposed
to indicate a fruit of early maturity ;
but I have never been able to discover
any criterion of this kind on which the
smallest dependance may be placed. The
leaves of some varieties will become yel-
low and fall ofl", leaving the fruit green
and immature ; and the leaves in other
kinds will retain their verdure long after
the fruit has perished. The plants whose
buds in the annual wood are full and
prominent are usually more productive
than those whose buds are small and
shrunk in the bark ; but their future
produce will depend much on the power
the blossoms possess of bearing the cold,
and this power varies in the varieties,
and can only be known from experience.

Arp

[60]

APP

Those which produce their leaves and
blossoms rather early in the spring are
generally to be preferred; for though
they are more exposed to injury from
frost, they less frequently suffer from
the attacks of insects — the more common
cause of failure. The disposition to ve-
getate early or late in the spring is, like
almost every other quality in the apple-
tree, transferred in different degrees to
its offspring ; and the planter must there-
fore seek those qualities in the parent-
tree which he wishes to find in the future
seedling plants. The best method I have
been able to discover of obtaining such
fruits as vegetate very early in the spring
has been by introducing the farina of
the Siberian crab into the blossom of a
rich and early apple, and by transferring,
in the same manner, the farina of the
apple to the blossom of the Siberian crab.
The leaf and the habit of many of the
plants that I have thus obtained possess
much of the character of the apple,
whilst they vegetate as early in the
spring as the crab of Siberia, and possess
at least an equal power of bearing cold ;
and I possess two plants of the family
which are quite as hardy as the most
austere crab of our woods."

By grafting. — Stocks of the crab and
apple are raised from kernels, but the
Codling and Paradise stocks must be
raised by cuttings and layers; sow in
autumn in beds of light earth, moderately
thick, in drills, covering them full half
an inch deep ; they will come up in the
spring, when, if the season proves dry,
water them occasionally which will great-
ly forward the seedlings, and strengthen
their growth ; and in autumn, winter, or
spring following, they may be planted
out in nursery rows, previously shorten-
ing their tap roots, and planting them in
lines two feet and a half asunder, and
one foot in the rows ; and after having
from one to two or three years' growth
here, they will be fit for grafting, parti-
cularly if for dwarfs, or even for full and
half standards, if it is intended to form
the stem from the graft, which is an
eligible method for these trees ; but if
the stock is to form the stem, they will
require three or four years' growth to
rise to a proper height ; seven feet for
full, and four or five for half standards.

When these trees are intended for full-
sized orchard standards, with strong
stems, the too common practice of prun-
ing close all side branches as they spring
from the stem, cannot be too strongly
deprecated. A regular series of these
should be left up the stem, at least for
one year after their production, practising
what is termed " spurring-in" by our
nurserymen, at the first winter's prun-
ing after their production. Indeed, in
the second year, if any stout stems are
required, we would only totally remove
one-half ; and instead of performing this
operation in the winter, we would leave
it until near midsummer; for recent
wounds heal, and skin over much nicer
at that period than during the season of
rest.

Before quitting the subject of grafting,
it may be well to offer a few plain direc-
tions on that head. Presuming that
stocks duly cultivated and prepared exist,
the first thing is, to provide scions ; that
is, a part of the kind intended to be
grafted on the stocks. It is, and has
been a maxim, for perhaps centuries, to
procure these long before what is termed
the "rising of the sap ;" that is to say,
during the resting season.

Such, then, being procured during the
end of January, or through February, they
are uheeled ;" that is, after being correctly
labelled, and tied in bundles, they are
placed in the earth, in a cool and damp
situation, where neither sun nor wind
can penetrate. Here they lie until wanted.
There appears to have been originally
more than one reason for this procedure.
A pressure of spring business, even in
former days, would suggest this practice,
and it would soon be discovered that
these retarded scions possessed real ad-
vantages ; the principle of which appears
to be, the certainty of nourishment the
moment that they are placed in the
parent plant ; or, at least, as soon as
their absorbing powers are fully in action,
which will be the case in a day or two.
The parent stock is thus much in advance
of them ; and a root action has already
commenced, which is capable of supplying
their utmost need.

The period of grafting is determined
by the rising of the sap ; and this is in-
dicated in deciduous trees, by the enlarge-

APP

[61]

APP

ment of the buds, which generally takes
place in the early part of March, in Bri-
tain. "We consider that the buds of the
stock should be near bursting their skin,
or hybernatory, before grafting should
take place.

This, of course, will differ, in different
fruits, as differs their degrees of preco-
city. For details of the process, see
GRAFTING.

By cuttings. — All the varieties may be
raised in this mode, though some, as the
Burr-knot, Codling, and June-eating,
more readily than others. Trees so
raised are said to be not so liable as
their parents to canker. In February
take cuttings of the young shoots from
some of the horizontal branches, about
eight inches long, cutting off a portion
of the old wood of the branch attached
to the shoot ; remove all the buds except
the upper three. Plant these firmly in
sandy loam, giving water and covering
with a hand-glass until the cuttings
have well vegetated. Shade from the
mid-day sun ; remove the hand-glass in
July, and get the plants into the nursery
early in November.

Soil. — The apple prefers a deep and
strong or adhesive loam. The colour is
not so very material providing such rest
on a sound subsoil, free from water
lodgments. If it is not so naturally,
draining must be had recourse to, or it
will be vain to expect success. They
are nevertheless cultivated with consi-
derable success, on any ordinary garden
soil ; and even on soils of a peaty cha-
racter, we have known them succeed
tolerably well; but, in the latter case,
the peat must be previously solidified by
drainage, culture, &c., for a few years,
for we have never known them succeed
on raw elastic peats. Improved peats,
indeed, will in due time approach the
character of common dark garden soils,
and it becomes expedient for the apple,
to introduce both marl or clay, and also
sand. Whenever a suspicion exists of
an ungenial subsoil, the best plan is to
plant on stations ; which indeed is the
best plan to adopt in all kitchen gardens,
where the object is to get great variety in
small compass, or to induce early bear-
ing. See article STATIONS.

Planting. — The soil should be trenched,

and immediately beneath each tree, ac-
cording to the extent of its roots, chalk,
stones, or brickbats rammed so as to
form a kind of pavement to direct the
roots horizontally. Plant so that the
roots nearest the surface are twelve
inches below it. See STATIONS.

Espaliers. — When first planted the
young plant is cut down to within about
a foot of the ground, and only three
shoots permitted to spring from it, one
of which will be the leader, and the
others will form the first or lower tier of
bearing branches, which are to be se-
cured to small stakes, so as to keep them
in their proper places.

The following season the upright
leader must be shortened to nine inches
or a foot above the two horizontal
branches, and deprived of all its shoots
excepting the three uppermost, which
are to be treated the same as before. In
this way the leading shoot is to be stop-
ped at the requisite distance above the
horizontal ones, until it has reached the
height of five feet. It is then cut off,
and no more allowed to grow upright,
the whole strength of the tree being di-
rected to the fruiting branches.

Espalier apple trees should be planted
at not less than twenty feet distance ; but
five and thirty feet is better, especially
for trees grafted on crab or apple stocks,
which are free growers ; for trees grafted
on codlin or paradise stocks eighteen or
twenty feet may be a sufficient distance.
They should be planted with their heads
entire, only removing any very irregular
growths that do not range consistent
with the intended form, and pruning
any broken roots ; as also the points of
immature wood. Let all the branches
be trained horizontally to the right and
left, an equal number on each side, all at
full length, five or six inches asunder,
and, according as they shoot in summer,
still continue them along entire. At the
same time train in a further supply 01
new shoots, to increase the number of
horizontals or bearers, and thus continue
increasing their numbers every year, till
the espalier is regularly filled from the
bottom to top, preserving all the branches
at full length, as far as the allotted space
will admit.

They must have a summer and a win-

APP

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APP

ter pruning annually; in the summer
cut out all the superfluous and ill-placed
shoots of the year, and train regular
ones towards the lower parts in vacant
spaces, at least to remain till winter,
some of which may be then wanted to
fill some unforeseen vacancy, clearing
out all others at this time as close as
possible. And in winter, if any worn
out or decayed parts appear, then is the
time to retrench them, retaining young
branches in their places, and if any va-
cancy occurs, retain some contiguous
young shoot to fill it. Cut clean and
close to the branches, still continuing all
the branches, and any occasional supply
of shoots, at full length, as far as their
limited bounds will allow ; then train
the whole regularly, tying them in as
straight and close to the railing as pos-
sible, about six inches asunder.

Standards, Half Standards, and Dwarfs.
— The standards having been trained in
the nursery with tolerably good heads,
they should be planted with those heads
nearly entire ; merely pruning away
late growths, and occasionally shortening,
to produce new shoots when desirable.
If any are intended for the kitchen gar-
den, plant them at least forty feet dis-
tance ; and, for a full plantation, to form
an orchard, allow thirty feet distance
every way.

Trim any broken or tap-roots, but
leave all the others entire.

As soon as planted, let every one be
well staked, to support them firmly up-
right, and prevent their being disturbed
in rooting by winds.

Smaller growing standards, such as
codlins and dwarfs upon paradise stocks,
may, if required, be planted only at
twenty feet distance, or even less, though,
if there is room to allow a greater dis-
tance, it will be the greater advantage.

Let them also, in future, advance with
all their branches at full length, taking
their own natural growth, and they will
soon form numerous natural spurs in
every part for bearing.

"With respect to pruning these stand-
ards very little is required, probably not
more than once in three years, and then
only the retrenching any very irregular
cross-placed bough, or reducing to order
any very long rambler ; or when the head

is become greatly crowded and confused,
to thin out some of the most irregular
growth, likewise all strong shoots grow-
ing upright in the middle of the head,
and all dead wood and suckers from the
stem and root. Sec PRUNING, also STA-
TION.

Manuring old Apple Trees. — We gen-
erally see fruitful old trees starving by
inches ; few think of manuring them. The
consequence is not only premature decay
in the tree, but a continual sacrifice in
produce ; and if there be a full crop, the
apples either crack, or become corroded
with a rusty fungus, under which circum-
stances they will lose in a great degree
their keeping properties. The best way
to deal with such cases is to strip away,
at the end of October, six inches of the
surface-soil, and to apply a coating of
the very slutch of the manure-yard,
three or four inches in thickness ; after
which the turf or some soil may be
strewed over, to prevent the loss of its
fertile properties. This, once in three
years, accompanied by a rather severe
thinning or pruning, will be found to
renew the constitution of the tree in a
very considerable degree ; the fruit also
will regain their size, their clear skin,
and, of course, their keeping properties.

Diseases, — See CANKER, RUSSET, and
Moss.

Insects, — So impressed was Mr. Knight
with the opinion that of all our fruits
none suffers more from insects than the
apple, that he declared his belief that
these are a more frequent cause of the
crops failing than frost. The figure-of-
eight moth (Episema cwruleoccphalti), Lin-
neus denominates the pest of Pomona,
and the destroyer of the blossoms of the
apple, pear, and cherry. He also men-
tions another (Tinea corticella] as inhabit-
ing apple-bearing trees under the bark.
And Reaumur has given -us the history
of a species common in this country, and
producing the same effect, often to the
destruction of the crop, the caterpillar of
which feeds in the centre of our apples,
thus occasioning them to fall. Even the
young grafts are frequently destroyed,
sometimes many hundreds in one night, in
the nurseries about London, by the Cur-
culio Vastator of Marsham (Otiorliynclius
picipes), one of the short-snouted weevils;

APE

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APE

and the foundation of canker in full-
grown trees is often laid by the larvae of
Temaisa Wceberana. The sap, too, is
often injuriously drawn off by a minute
coccus, of which the female has the exact
shape of a muscle-shell (Coccus Arborum
linear is), and which Eeaumur has ac-
curately described and figured. But the
greatest enemy of this tree, and which
has been known in this country since the
year 1787, is the apple-aphis, called by
some the coccus, and by others the Ame-
rican blight. See AMERICAN BLIGHT,
BLIGHT, YPONOMENTA, ANTHONYMTJS,
COCCUS, PSYLLA, BoSTRICHUS, SCOLYTUS,
and ACARUS.

APRICOT. (Armeniaca vulgaris).

VARIETIES : —

1. Early Masculine.— End of July. The
best of the very early apricots. Fruit
rather small, round, and of a yellowish
colour, tinted with red on one side.

2. Large Early, or Precoce. — Eipens next
in order. An oblong fruit, of a palish
orange colour, with a very agreeable
juice.

3. Blenheim, or Shipley's. — One of the
most useful apricots in the kingdom ;
for, although inferior in flavour to the
Moorpark, it is a much greater bearer
and a sure ripener. An oval fruit,
middle-sized, and of a palish lemon
colour. This kind is allied to the
Moorpark ; possibly a seedling from it.

4. Hcmskirke. — Another of the Moor-
park section ; somewhat earlier. This
also ripens safer than the Moorpark,
and such is a weighty consideration
with northern horticulturists. A
roundish fruit, somewhat flattened at
the crown ; colour, orange and red.

5. Breda. — A well-known preserving
fruit, and most eligible for growing as
an ordinary standard, in our southern
counties ; or on any trellis device.
Called " Brussels" by some. A small
fruit, generally of a cramped or angled
appearance ; of an orange colour, and
rich flavoured.

6. Royal. — A good fruit, of very rich
flavour, ripening just a little before
the Moorpark. Of a large size, oval,
and of an orange complexion.

7. Moorpark. — The first apricot in the
kingdom, taken altogether. A full
sized roundish fruit, ripening about

middle season ; flavour first rate. No

garden of any pretensions is complete

without a Moorpark or two.

These are all that are truly essential
either to the amateur or the cottager.
For the amateur who, in a small garden,
has room for three only, and those dis-
tinct kinds, we recommend Nos. 3, 5, and
7. If four, then take Nos. 1, 3, 5, 7. If
five, then Nos. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7. For cot-
tagers, we say Nos. 3 and 7. Above all,
we would recommend the " Shipley's" to
the cottager, as being a hardier and a
larger tree, and a much surer bearer.
Besides the above there are the Black,
the Large Early, the Musch-Musch, very
sweet, of the Breda section ; the Orange,
fitter for preserving than dessert, a good
bearer ; the Eoman, another good bearer;
the Turkey, a useful late variety ; the
Haisha, a Syrian kind, delicious, and
possessing a sweet kernel.

Choice of Trees. — Those who have to
select, whether from stock of their own,
or from the nursery, should first see
that the junction between the stock and
the scion is complete and thoroughly
healed. If any gum or other exudation
appear on any stem, by all means reject
the tree as to present use.

Two or three years trained trees are
the most eligible, and such should pos-
sess at least two branches on either side,
and a central one if possible. Care
should be taken to select those in which
the side branches are of about equal
thickness,

Propagation is best done by budding :
some choose the Apricot stock or those
from the kernels; others prefer the
Plum stock : the latter, however, has
been much complained of in late years.
Our nurserymen have what is termed a
" commoner" stock, which appears to be
a sort of wild Plum, and which in gene-
ral answers pretty well.

For dwarfs, bud at eight inches from
the soil ; for half standards, at three feet;
and, for standards, at about five feet.

Period of Planting. — Those who wish
to gain time, may plant successfully in
the first or second week of October : any
time, however, from that period until the
early part of March will do.

Soil. — A good sound and rather unctu-
ous loam is best, using a little ordinary

APR

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APR

vegetable matter, but no manure, unless
on the surface (see MULCHING). Do not
make the soil deeper than eighteen
inches. See article STATIONS.

Aspect. — A south aspect is best in the
northern parts of the kingdom, but the
east and west frequently produce supe-
rior fruit in the southern counties ; where
very warm aspects are apt to produce
mealy fruit in hot seasons. Standards
can only be grown in our southern dis-
tricts ; where they are sometimes very
prolific and high flavoured. As stand-
ards, they are several years in coming
into bearing.

Training. — The branches should be on
an average from six to eight inches apart,
and kept as horizontal as possible. The
following is a very good form, but the
ordinary fan training is very well adapted,
if care be taken to pinch over-luxuriant
shoots in time.

Pruning must be regulated by the
knowledge that, with the exception of
such as the Moor Park, many varieties
bear chiefly on the shoots of the previous
year. The Moor Park mostly on spurs
two and three years' old.

Summer Pruning. — Take off all fore-
right shoots and others that are irregular
and misplaced ; reserving those that are
not too vigorous, and that will train in
well for next year's bearing. If done
early in May the finger and thumb will
supersede the necessity for the knife.
Continue to nail the shoots to the wall as
necessary during the summer, tying
down or nailing in, all short-jointed
weak looting spray. Over- vigorous shoots
may be stopped early in June, and be

thus induced to put forth more fertile
laterals.

Winter priming had best be done as
soon as the leaves have fallen, though it
may be carried on until the buds begin
to swell in March. Cut out any naked
looking shoots not more than four or five
years' old, avoiding amputations in the
larger limbs, and get their places re-
occupied by younger and better branches.
Keep a leading shoot at the end of each
branch. Vigorous shoots of the last year
shorten as far as the points seem ill
ripened — weaker shoots about one-third.
This promotes the production of laterals
for next year's fruiting, and gives a fuller
supply of sap to the blossom buds. Cut
oft' gross fore-right spurs ; but lateral
spurs may be retained, as they sometimes
produce blossom buds, as they nearly
always do in the Moor Park. Let also
all decaying or imperfect points be pruned
oif.

Espaliers are to be formed as those on
walls; standards only requiring dead,
crowded, or chafing branches to be re-
moved.

When an apricot gets diseased, it is
much more profitable to replace it by a
younger, than to attempt its renovation.

Gathering should take place before the
fruit is dead ripe, or it will be mealy.

Thinning should commence as soon as
the fruit is large enough for tarts, in May
or early in June ; no fruit being left nearer
finally than about five inches to another.
The thinning may be done however at
twice.

Insects. — "Wasps and flies are best kept
off by a net, at least a foot from the wall.
See EARWIG, P^EDISEA, and APHIS.

Mildew is often the most formidable
assailant of the apricot, as it usually
arises from excess of moisture to the root.
Draining the border, and mixing lime
with the soil, has in such case been
found efficacious as a preventive, and at
the same time sulphur, as a well-known
and powerful antagonist of the mildew,
may be carefully dusted over the tree.

Protection of blossom. — "We know of no
fruit that more requires or deserves the
fostering care of the gardener than this.
Blossoming, as it frequently docs in the
end of February or beginning of March,
it must expect to be rocked by not only

AQU

[65]

AQU

the " rude imperious gale," but, what is
much, worse, to be subjected occasion-
ally to a temperature of some ten or
fifteen degrees of frost. We have ever
found it the best policy to protect care-
fully ; using a rather thick covering, and
taking care to remove it on every pos-
sible occasion. Nothing can be better
than a stout canvas ; some, however, use
bunting ; some ordinary garden mats ;
and not a few the fronds of fern ; spruce
branches ; and even wisps of straw.

General maxims of culture. — First of
all, a sound loamy soil, with very little
manure, is most suitable. It is well,
nevertheless, in order to gain, time, to use
a little generous soil to start the plant
into free growth. Second, to persist in
summer stopping, in order to equalise
growths. And, thirdly, after careful
summer training, to remove all super-
fluous spray, which shades the embryo
fruit-buds in the end of August. In ad-
dition to this, top-dressings in May, and
the application of liquid manure, when
the fruit commences the last swelling,
will be found useful adjuncts of high
culture. Apricot branches, especially
the moorpark, are apt to decay of a sud-
den without apparent reasons. By per-
sisting in the tying- down system how-
ever, a succession is ever ready for any
gap.

AQUARIUM is the place devoted to the
cultivation of aquatic or water-plants.
The majority of those cultivated are ex-
otic and require the protection of glass.
If there are only a few of these they
may be successfully grown in cisterns
placed in a stove ; but if the collection
be extensive, it requires a separate edi-
fice. The tank-system of heating by hot
water offers a very superior mode of
keeping the water at a fitting tempera-
ture. The leaden cistern in which the
plants are submerged may rest readily
upon the slates forming the cover of the
tank. The handsomest form for this
purpose would be a circular building
devoted entirely to the aquatics, because
they do not thrive satisfactorily in parts
of or corners of a house in which other
plants are cultivated. The size will de-
pend upon the will or the means of the
owner. If the cultivation of the imperial
Victoria regia is intended, it ought not

to be less than 26 feet diameter. This
will allow a tank of 20 feet diameter,
and a walk 3 feet wide round it. To
make it hold water, the sides should be
made of thick slates, fitted so as to be
water-tight ; or it may be built with
bricks set in cement, and lined with the
same. It should be at least 3 feet deep,
for the Victoria loves deep water. The
water should be heated with 4|-inch hot
water pipes coiled three times round the
tank, and two pipes should be carried
round the house, near to the outer wall,
to give heat to the air of the house. The
roof should be formed with wrought iron
bars, and should be flat, as far as possible,
to allow the rain-water to run off freely.
The Victoria should be planted on a
mound of strong earth, the base of which
should be at the least 5 feet in diameter,
and the top 2 feet, and it should be
brought up within a foot of the surface
of the water. This should have a motion.
given to it by means of a vertical wheel
with narrow boards affixed to it at right
angles, at 6 or 8 inches apart. This ver-
tical wheel should dip into the water a
few inches, and should play upon an
axis ; being set in motion by a small
stream of water falling constantly upon
the boards. This wheel will give a
gentle motion to the whole surface of
the water, which motion will be a faint
imitation of a stream, and will be very
beneficial to the plants. The heat of the
water should be never lower than 70°.
Air will be necessary in the hot days of
summer, and may be given by means of
shutters in the walls 8 or 9 feet apart,
and a circular opening in the roof, at the
centre, 2 feet or 3 feet in diameter. This
part may be easily contrived to lift up
and fall down by a simple machinery,
easily contrived by any mechanic. This
will cause a circulation of air, necessary
in all habitations of plants. If the Vic-
toria is not intended to be grown, the
house need not be more than half the size.
The Victoria house at Chatsworth is a
noble structure for the purpose. It is,
however, the opposite to our beau ideal
of an aquarium, being square, with a cir-
cular tank in the centre, and the corners
filled up with eight small tanks, in which
are grown one plant of a kind of other
five stove aquatics. A walk runs round

AQU

[66]

AQU

the central tanks, and that walk is en-
tered by a short one from each side of the
square. A walk, too, is formed into
each corner ; and a walk runs close
along the front, thus forming the small
tanks alluded to above. The diameter
of the central tank is 33 feet, which
will give us some idea of this truly noble
aquarium, but very few cultivators will
choose to go to the expense of erecting
such a house.

The following are aquatic stove plants :
Aponogeton angustifolium.

distachyon.

monostachyon.

Arum venosum.
Cyperus alternifolius.

papyrus.

Damasonium indicum.
Euryale ferox.
Limnocharis Humboldtii,.
Menyanthes indica.

ovata.

Ne.umbium speciosum.
Nympnaea ccerulea.

lotus.

pubescens.

pygmaea.

rubra.

stellata.

versicplor.

Philydrum lanuginosum.
Pistia stratiotes.
Pontedera crassipes.
cordata.

'• dilatata.

Sagittaria lancifolia.

obtusifolia.

Thalia dealbata.

Victoria regia.

Propagation and culture. — Being all
herbaceous plants, they are to be propa-
gated as these generally are ; some are
raised from seeds, which in general
should be sown as soon as ripe, and the
pots plunged in shallow water; when
the plants come up, they may be trans-
planted into other pots, and shifted as
they advance in growth, till in a pot of
sufficient size to admit their flowering,
which will generally take place the same
season. Instead of being kept in pots,
the plants may be inserted in a bed of
earth on the bottom of the aquarium.
Keep the water warm, say from 70° to
75° in summer, and leave them nearly
dry in winter. Nelumbium speciosum
requires a water heat of 84°.

Cyperus, Papyrus, Nelumbium, Nymph-
cea, Limnocharis, Hydrocharis, Sagittaria,
and Pontedera, will furnish variety
enough.

Aquarium for hardy Aquatics.— ~¥ or this
choose the lowest part of your garden ; dig
out the soil or clay to a moderate depth ; it
may either be of a regular form, as a circle or
oval, or irregular, which latter we prefer,
with a bay in one part, a jutting promon-
tory in another, a shelving shore here,
and a steep bank covered with shrubs
at another point. However small the
piece of water may be, a little good taste
and judicious management will have the
best eifect. Having formed the shape by
digging out the soil to the required depth,
from two to three feet, the next point is
to make it hold water. There is nothing
better than clay for this purpose ; it will
require preparing to make it retentive of
water. Take a small portion, say a bar-
row-load, and chop it into small pieces
with a sharp spade. If it be dry, add a
little water to it ; then with a wooden
hammer having a long handle, beat it
well till every part is of a uniform con-
sistency, having the appearance of clay-
dough. Spread this on the bottom of the
pond about six inches thick. Proceed
with mixing up and beating barrow-load
after barrow-load till the bottom is en-
tirely covered. Then either put on a
pair of wooden-soled shoes, or go on it
with naked feet ; the last is the best
way. Tread the prepared clay firmly,
closely, and evenly down. Do this well
and properly, and the bottom will never
leak. As soon as that part is finished,
mix and beat more clay for the sides.
With the spade, as scon as it or a portion
of it is ready, dab it against the sloping
bank, commencing at and joining it to
the clay bottom. As soon as this is done,
beat it with the wooden hammer firmly
against the bank. If you have plenty of
clay, eight inches will not be too thick
for the sides. Remember, the more firmly
the clay is beaten to the sides, the better
it will hold water. The clay must be
quite pure ; that is, have no stones or
other matter left amongst it. If there
are any such left, they will serve as con-
duits for the water to escape by, and all
your labour will be in vain. Proceed
with adding layers of clay upward, until
you reach the level you intend the water
to be. Carry the clay-puddle two or
three inches higher, level the natural
soil down to it, and let this soil be two

AQU

[67]

AQU

inches or more higher than the clay.
This will prevent it cracking away from
the bank. Your aquarium is now ready
for the water. Previously to filling it,
however, cover the bottom, upon the
clay, with a coating of loam, four inches
thick. This is intended to encourage
the water plants to root in, and cause
them to grow finely. If you can procure
a sufficient quantity of rough stones or
peebles, place them against the banks.
These will prevent the water from wash-
ing away the clay-puddle. All being
now ready, let in the water.

Planting. — As soon as the aquarium is
full of water you may plant the aqua-
tics. The best mode is to have some
wicker baskets of various sizes, to suit
the size of each plant. Fill one with
soil, inserting the plant intended for it
at the same time ; cover the top of the
soil with some twisted haybands, coiling
them round the plant ; then lace them
firmly down with some strong three-cord
twine, passing it under the rim of the
wicker basket, so as to keep in it the
soil and the plant. Throw either a plank
or a long ladder across the water. On
this you can walk, carrying the plant
with you. Drop it into the place you
intend it for, and so treat all the other
water plants. Some of them, the water
lily, for instance, have their leaves float-
ing on the surface, but this is not need-
ful at first. They (the leaves) will soon
rise to the surface, and assume their
natural position. The water violet has
both its roots and leaves floating; all
that is required, then, is to cast it into
the water, and let it flourish as it pleases.

Some of our readers may wish to have
aquatics cultivated in tanks formed with
masonry, the water to be used for water-
ing plants in pots, &c. This can be
easily accomplished by puddling the bot-
tom with clay, as mentioned above, and
building upon it sloping walls, using
Roman cement for mortar. These, if
well executed, are very ornamental, and
of a neat appearance. If the tank walls
are carried up three or four feet above
the level, the plants are then brought
nearer to the eye. An example of this
may be seen in the royal gardens at Kew.
Single plants of this kind may be culti-
vated in vases, or even in troughs, the

only thing they will require being a por-
tion of mud at the bottom for the plants
to root in. The after-culture the aqua-
tics will require is, if possible, to change
the water frequently, and keep the sur-
face clear from water mosses. A few
ducks soon clear off the latter; other-
wise the mosses must be skimmed or
flooded oif with water, if there is supply
enough.

The following are some of the best
hardy aquatics : —

Alisma stratiotis (water soldier), native
of Britain.

Aponogeton distachyon (Two-spiked
Aponogeton), a very pretty floating
aquatic from the Cape of Good Hope ;
yet, although from a warm country, it is
sufficiently hardy to survive an ordinary
winter. It has white flowers.

Butomus umbellatus (Umbell-flowering
Rush), one of the best of our native
aquatics found in ditches. It has beau-
tiful heads of pink flowers, and does not
require deep water ; consequently, may
be planted near the edge of the water.
Cattle are very fond of its leaves.

Calla palustris (Marsh Calla), a native
of North America, and

Calla ^Ethiopica (African Calla), both
plants of great beauty ; the latter is on
that account cultivated as a greenhouse
and window plant, and is commonly
called the " arum plant." This species
is rather tender, but will survive our
winter if planted in deep water.

Hottonia palustris (Marsh Hottonia),
flesh-coloured flowers: a native of Britain.

Menyanthes trifoliata (Three-leaved
Buckbean), with white flowers. This is
another native species, growing in shal-
low waters. It is very pretty, and worth
cultivation.

a fine water plant, native of Britain.

Nupliar advena (Stranger JS"uphar),
yellow and red; a fine species from
North America.

Nympluea alba (White Water-Lily).
This is, without doubt, the finest of our
hardy water plants. It loves deep water,
with plenty of room, and a muddy bot-
tom to root in. It then will produce
numbers of its beautiful large milk-white
flowers.

Typlia latifolia (Broad-leaved Cat'

AQU

[68]

ARA

tail). Though not so showy as some
species, this plant is worth growing,
producing its large flowers abundantly
in shallow waters.

Besides these there are — Alisma plan-
tago ; A. ranunculoides ; Lobelia Dort-
manna; Myriophyllum spicatum and verti-
cillatum ; Polygonwn amphibium ; Sagit-
taria sagittifolia and latifolia ; Teucrium
scordimn ; Trapa natans and quadrispi-
nosa ; and Vittarsia nymphoides and lacu-
nosa.

AQUILA'RIA. (From aquila, an eagle,
locally called Eagle wood in Malacca.
Nat. ord., Aquilariads [Aquilareaceae].
Linn., 10-Decandria, \-Monogynia}. The
Eagle wood is the inside of the trunk of
Aquilaria ovata and A. Agallochum —
esteemed a cordial in Asia. Cuttings in
heat in sand and under a bell-glass.
Sandy loam, with a little peat. Summer
temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. malacce'nsis (Malacca). 6. Whitish green.
Malacca. 1823. A stove evergreen
shrub.

AQUIL'EGIA. Columbine. (Fromaqmla,
an eagle, in reference to the form of the
petals. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranuncu-
lacesel. Linn., 13-Polyandria, b-Penta-
gynia). Seeds in March ; common soil.
Seedlings flower sometimes the first, but
generally the second season. All hardy
herbaceous perennials.

A. alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Blue. June. Switzer-
land. 1731.

— anemonoi'des (anemone-like). 1. Purple.

July. Altaia. 1827.

— a' rctica (arctic). 1. Reddish yellow. June.

Siberia.

— atropurpufrea (dark purple). 1. Purple.

June. Siberia.

— Fischeria'na (Fisher's). 1.

Purple. June. Siberia. 1827.

— brachy1 ceras (short spurred), f. Brown.

May. North of Europe. 1838.

— canade'ntfis (Canadian) . 2. Reddish orange.

June. North America. 1640.

luttea (yellow flowered). 1. Pale

yellow. May. North America. 1835.

— davu'rica (Davurian). 2. Purple. June.

Davuria. 1827.

— formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Red orange. June.

Kamschatka. 1822.

— fra' grans (fragrant). £. Yellow striped.

May. Himalayas. 1839.

— Garnieria'na (Miss Garnier's). 2. Purple

striped. June. English hybrid. 1829.

— glandultfsa (glandular). 2. Whitish blue.

June. Siberia. 1822.

co'ncolor (one-coloured) . 2. Vio-
let. July. Altaia. 1822.

A. glandule? sa di'scolor (two-coloured) . Bluish
white. June. Siberia. 1789.

— glaufca (milky-green). 2. Whitish yellow.

June. Himalayas. 1839.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1818.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. Siberia.
— Jocu'mla (joyous-looking), li. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1844.

— lepto' ceras (slender-horned). 1. Blue. June.

Russia. 1833.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple.

June. Siberia. 1819.

— puUflo'ra (woolly-flowered). Pale purple.

June. India. 1839.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. July.

Pyrenees. 1818.

— Sibe'rica (Siberian). 2. Blue white. June.

Siberia. 1806.

— Ski'nneri (Mr. Skinner's). £. Red green.

May. Guatemala. 1841.

— viridiflt/ra (green-flowered) . 2. Green

yellow. June. Siberia. 1780.

— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Purple. June. Mont-

pelier. 1752.

— vulgu'ris (common) . 2. Blue. June. Bri-

tain.
cornicula'ta (small horn-double).

2. Blue white. June. Europe.
de'gener (degenerate-double). 2.

Blue white. June. Europe.
dlegans (elegant). 1. Purple.

June. Europe.
invtfrsa (inverted-double). 2. Blue

white. June. Europe.
stella'ta (starred-double. 2. Blue

white. June. Europe.

A'RABIS. "Wall cress. (From Arabia,
probably in reference to the dry situa-
tions where many of the species grow.
Nat. ord., Crossivorts or Crucifers [Brassi-
caceas]. Linn., \5-Tetradynamia}. Pretty
rock- work ornaments ; seeds in March or
August ; cuttings under hand-lights ;
common soil. Hardy perennial trailers,
except where otherwise specified.

A. a'lbida( whitish); 1. White. July. Caucasus.

1798.
— . variega'ta (variegated-leaved). J-

White. February. Gardens.

— alpe'stris (rocky). 1. White. July. Switzer-

land. 1819. Hardy biennial.

— alpi'na (alpine). 1. White yellow. May.

Switzerland. 1596.

Clmia'na (Clusius's). 1. White.

May. Pyrenees. 1596.

na'na (dwarf). 1. White. May.

Switzerland. 1819.

— ambi'ffua (doubtful). 1. White. July.

Siberia. 1824. Hardy biennial.

— arena' sa (sand). 1. Pink. July. Germany.

1798. Hardy annual.

— bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1773.

— ccerit lea (blue). 1. Pale blue. June. Switzer-

land. 1793.

— cilia'ta (eye-lashed). 1. White. June. Ire-

land. Hardy biennial.

AHA

[69]

AHA

A. crispa'ta (curled). 1. White. May. Car-
niola. 1818.

— curtisi' liqua (short-podded). 1. White. June.

North of Europe. 1825. Hardy biennial.

— dasyca'rpa (thick-podded). 1. White. June.

Podolia. 1827.
—flextio'sa (zigzag). Naples. 1832.

— lasio'loba (jagged-lobed). 2. White. June.

Mexico. 1820. Hardy biennial.

— lilacfna (lilac-flowered). 1. Lilac. Au-

gust. Europe. 1836.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. June.

Persia. 1820.

— la'cida (shining-feaeerf). 1. White. June.

Hungary. 1790.

variega'ta (variegated-feared). 1.

White. June. Gardens.

— mofllis (soft). 1. White. June. Caucasus.

1817.

— ntftans (nodding). 1. White. May. Switzer-

land. 1658.

— ovine1 mis (ovirian). 1. Pale red. June.

Carinthia. 1S24.

— petrtfa (rock). 1. White. June. Austria.

1800.
hastula'ta (halbert-Zeoeed) . 1.

Purple. June. Britain.
hfspida (bristly). 1. White. June.

Scotland.

— prc&cox (early) . 1 .

variega'ta (variegated). 1. White.

June. Gardens.

— procu'rrens (procurrent) . 1. White. June.

Hungary. 1818.

— ptfmila (dwarf). 1. White. June. Austria.

1816.

— retrofra'cta (bent-back). Blush. June.

North America. 1827.

— r o' sea (rosy-flowered}. 1. Rose. February.

Calabria. 1832.

— Schivere"ckia'na (Shivereck's). 1. White.

June. Austria. 1826.

— stellula'ta (little starred). 1. White. June.

Italy. 1817.

— stenope'tala (narrow-petaled) . 1. White.

June. 1818. Hardy biennial,
'/era (shoot-bearing). 1. White. June.
Carniola. 1818.

Cream. May. England,
-leaved). 1. White. July,
folga. 1823. Hardy biennial.

— undwla'ta (waved-leaved). 1. White. June.

South of Europe. 1810.

— vdrna (spring) . 1. Purple. May. France.

1710. H&rdy BunusJL

A'RACHIS. Earth nut. (From a, not,
and rachis, a branch ; a branchless plant.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., ll-Diadelphia ±-decandria). Seed
and offsets; sandy loam; summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 65° : but may
be treated as an annuaL
A. hypogc&a (underground). 2. Yellow. June.
Africa. 1812.

ABA' LI A. (Meaning unknown. Nat.
ord., Ivy worts [Araleacesel Linn., 5-
Pentandria 5-pentagynia}. Aromatic gum-
resin is produced from the roots of A.

.

— strVcta (upright) .

— toxophylla (bow-lej

Volga. 1823.

racemosa, spinosa, and hispida. The
young shoots of A. edulis is used in
China as a delicate vegetable ; and, in
North America, the shoots of A. nudicaulis
are used like sarsaparilla. Hardy species,
division of the plants, and also division
of the roots. Greenhouse and stove
species ; cuttings of the ripe wood in a
gentle heat strike quickly. Sandy loam
and peat ; common treatment. All stove
evergreens, except where otherwise speci-
fied.
A. aculea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1820.

— arbtfrea (tree). 15. Green. Jamaica. 1820.

— capita' ta (capitate). 12. Green. West

Indies.

— cochlea'ta (shell-leaved). 10. White. East

Indies. 1820.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 10. Green. New

Zealand. 1846.

— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 30. White. East

Indies. 1817.

— edu'lis (eatable). Green. Japan. 1843.
— ferrtiffi'nea (rusty). 40. White. Trinidad.

1826.

—fra' grans (sweet-scented). White. Nepaul.
1818.

— Mspida (bristly). 8. White. July. North

America. 1799. Hardy deciduous.
—japo'nica (Japan). 10. Green. June. Japan.
1838. Half-hardy.

— mtcans (glittering). 40. White. Trinidad.

1846.

— mderophtflla (large-leaved). 6. White.

Norfolk Island. 1831. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 2. White.

July. North America. Hardy her-
baceous.

— nudicau'lis (naked-stalked). 4. White.

July. North America. 1731. Hardy
herbaceous.

— pentaphy"lla (five-leaved). 20. White. Japan.

1810. Greenhouse evergreen.

— pube'scens (pubescent). 6. White. West

Indies. 1818.

— racemo'sa (raceme-flowering). 4. White.

July. North America. 1658. Hardy
herbaceous.

— sambuciftflia (elder-leaved). 5. White.

August. New Holland. 1823. Green-
house evergreen.

— Siiephefrdii (Shepherd's). Green. New

Zealand. 1842.

— spino'sa (thorny). 8. White. Virginia.

1688. Hardy deciduous.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). Green. New

Zealand. 1842.

— umbraculi'fera (shade-giving). 40. White.

East Indies. 1818.

(From Arattcanos, the
name of the people in whose country
Arawaria imbricata grows in Chili. Nat.
ord., Conifers [Pinaceael Linn., 22-
Dicecia, \Z-polyandria). Seeds of A. im-
bricata are wholesome when roasted.

ABB

[70]

ARC

Seeds when procurable ; cuttings of
young ripened wood under a bell-glass,
in a cool place, but shaded. Good friable
loam. A. imbricata wants no protection.
A. brasiliensis is tender. A. Cunning hamii
will live in sheltered places near the sea.
A. excelsa ornamental in a conservatory.

A. Bidwi'llii (Mr. Bidwell's). 150. Apetal.
Moreton Bay.

— brasilia'na (Brazilian arauearia or pine).

100. Apetal. Brazil. 1819.

— Cunningha' mil (Cunningham's, or Moreton

Bay pine). 100. Apetal. Moreton Bay.

— excelsa (lofty, or Norfolk Island pine). 120.

Apetal. Norfolk Island.
— imbrica'ta (imbricated, or Chili pine). 150.
Apetal. Chili. 1796.

ARBOKE'TUM is a collection of trees and
shrubs capable of enduring exposure to
our climate. These are sometimes ar-
ranged in genera according to their pre-
cedence in the alphabet ; but best in
groups conformably to the natural sys-
tem ; and whichever is adopted it is
quite compatible with an attention to
facility of access by means of walks, as
well as to picturesque effect.

ARBOUR is a seat shaded by trees.
Sometimes these are trained over a
wooden or iron trellis-work, mingled
with the everlasting sweet pea, clematis,
and other climbing sweet-scented plants.
"When the trellis- work is complicated and
the structure more elaborate, with a pre-
ponderance of the climbers already
named, together with the honeysuckle,
&c., they are described as French or
Italian arbours.

ARBOR VIT^E, Thuja.

A'RBUTTJS. Strawberry Tree. (From
arboise, a Celtic word for rough fruit.
Nat. ord., Heathworts [Ericac^]. Linn.,
1 Q-Decandria 1 -monogynia) . Seeds, bud-
ding, and inarching. Common soil for
the hardy species ; sandy loam and peat
for those which require the protection of
a greenhouse in winter. All those are
hardy evergreens which are not otherwise
described.

A. «M^ra'c7me(andrachne). 10. White. April.
Levant. 1724.

— aMdr«e7tmWrf<?s(andrachne-like). 8. Whit-

ish green. April.

— canarie'nsis (Canary). 8. Whitish green.

June. Canaries. 1796. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— densiflo'rd (thickly-flowered). 20. White.

Mexico. 1826. Greehouse evergreen.

— htfbrida (hybrid).

A.Mille'ri (Miller's). 10. White. September.
Hybrid. 1825.

— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. White.

Mexico. 1825. Greenhouse evergreen.

— Jfew^Vs«"(Menzie's). White. North Ame-

rica. 1827. '

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed leaved). 1. White.

Magellan. 1828. Greenhouse evergreen
trailer.

— pilo'sa (hairy-branched). 1. WTiite. May.

Mexico. 1829. '

—phillyrecefo'lia (phillyea-leaA'ed). 1. White.
Peru. 1812. Greenhouse evergreen.

— proce'ra (tall). 15. White. North America

1825.

— infmila (dwarf). 4. White. Magellan.

1825. Greenhouse evergreen.

— serrati/o' lia (saw-edged leaved). 6. Whitish

green. Greenhouse evergreen.

— spccio'sa (showy). Mexico. 1837.

— tomento'sa (woolly-branched). 4. White.

March. California. 1826.
nu' da (smooth-branched).

— u'nedo (unedo). 10. White. October. Ireland.

erf spa (curled). 8. White. October.

integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 6. Pink.

October.
plefna (double-flowered). 5. White.

October.
saftctfw'7i« (willow-leaved). 6. White.

October.
schizopc'tala(cut-i>etaled). 7. White.

October.
ru'bra (red-flowered). 10. Pink.

October.

ARCADE is a walk arched over with
trellis- work, and this covered with clim-
bers.

ARCHANGEL, or White Dead Nettle.
La'mium album.

ARCHAXGE'LICA. (From arche, chief,
and angelica, from its supposed virtues.
Nat. ord., ITmbellifers [Apiaccae]. Linn.,
5-Pentamlria \-monogynia). Seeds in
April ; common soil.

A. officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July.
England.

This is the same as Angelica Archan-
gelica. There are two other species, but
worthless.

ARCTOSTA'PHYLOS. (From arktos, a
bear, and staphyU, a berry. Bears eat
the fruit of some species. Nat. ord.,
Heathiuorts [Ericaceae]. Linn., W-De-
candria \-monogynia}. Hardy plants,
requiring treatment similar to ARBUTUS.
A. alpi'na (alpine blackberried). 1. Flesh.
April. Scotland. Deciduous trailer.

— longifo' Hits (long-leaved). Mexico. 1847,

Half-hardy evergreen under shrub.

— ni'tida (shining). 4. White. May. Mexico.

1836. Half-hardy evergreen shrub.

— pu'ngem (stinging). 1. White. February.

Mexico. 1839. Half-hardy evergreen
shrub.

ARC

[71]

ARD

A. tomento'sa (downy). White. North. Ame-
rica. 1826. Evergreen shrub.

— u'va-u'rsi (bear's-grape) . 1. White. April.

Britain. Evergreen trailer.
• ARCTOTHE'CA. (From arktos, a bear,
and theke, a capsule. Seed-pod or cap-
sul as rough as a bear. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia,
3 - Frustranea. Allied to ARCTOTIS).
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Di-
vision of the plant ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 65° ; winter, 40°
to 45°.
A. grandiflo'ra (great-flowered). 1^. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1833.

— U'rta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.

— re! pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1793.

ARCTO'TIS. (From arktos, a bear, and
ous, an ear. Shaggy fruit. Nat. ord.,
[Asteracese]. Linn., IS-Syn-
4-Necessaria). General treatment
same as for ARCTOTHECA. Many are
easily propagated by cuttings in sand
under a bell glass in a shady cool place,
and a few by seeds. All greenhouse
evergreens, except where otherwise spe-
cified.

A. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Yellow red. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1739.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. White pink.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— arge'ntea (silver-leaved). 1. Orange. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
Greenhouse biennial.

— a'spera (broad rough-leaved] . 3. Yellow.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1710.

— aur&ola (golden). 1. Orange. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1710.

— auricula' ta (ear-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

— U'color (two-coloured). 1. White red.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— Cinera'na (cineraria). 2. Yellow orange.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— cu'prea (copper-coloured). 2. Yellow pur-

ple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— devu'mbens (decumbent). 1. Yellow,. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. ' 1790.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— dectfrrens (decurrent). 2. White red.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.

— ela'tior (taller). 2. Yellow purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
— fasttu/sa (disdainful). 2. Orange red.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

Greenhouse biennial.
—fla'ccida (flagging-sto/Ar d] . 1. White red.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.

Greenhouse annual.

A. glabra'ta (smoothish). 2. Yellow purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— glaticophy'lla (milky -green leaved). 1.

Yellow purple. July. Cape of Good
Hope. 1794. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial.

— grandiflo'ra (great - flowered) . 2. Pale

yellow. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1774. Greenhouse biennial. .

— macula' ta (spotted). 2. White orange.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— melanoctcla (dark - circled) . 1. White

purple. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1812.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 2. White red.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— plantagl'nea (plantain-leaved). 1. Orange.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1768.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— re'ptans (creeping). 1. White red. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— revolu'ta (revolute). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. September. Cape

of Good Hope. 1793.

— Schrade'ri (Schrader's). Pink. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1832. Greenhouse
annual.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.

— spinulo'sa (small thorny-leaved) . 2. Orange.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
Greenhouse annual.

— squarro'sa (squarrose) . 2. Orange purple.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1825,

— tricolor (three-coloured). 2. White red.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1794.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— undula'ta (wave-tea wrf) . 1. Orange. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.

— virga! ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816. Hardy annual.

ARCTTA'TION. The same as LAYERING.

ARDI'SIA. (From ardis, a spear-head,
in reference to the sharp-pointed divi-
sions of the flower. Nat. ord., Ardisiads
[Myrsinaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
monogynia). Half-ripened cuttings from
the stem, or pieces of the roots inserted
in light soil and placed in strong heat,
soon root ; also by seeds, which require
a rather long period to vegetate; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
winter, 48° to 55°. Stove evergreens,
except where otherwise specified.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 7. July. Gui-
ana. 1803.

— canalicula'ta (channelled). 6. July. 1821.

— canarie'nsis (canary). 10. Red. July.

Canaries. 1820. Greenhouse.

— colora' ta (coloured). 10. Red. July. East

Indies. 1816.

— complana'ta (levelled). 6. Pink. Penang.

1824.

ARD

[72]

ARE

A.coria'cea (leathery). 7. Scarlet. Antilles.
1824.

— erenula'ta (round-notched leaved). 10. Red.

July. West Indies. 1809.

— elega'ns (elegant). 10. Bed. August. East

Indies. 1809.

— exce-lsa (tall). 30. Red. July. Madeira.

1784. Greenhouse.

— hymena'ndra (membrane - anthered) . 8.

Pink. May. Sylhet. 1828. Green-
house.

— hu'milis (humble). 3. Red. July. Cey-

lon. 1820.

— lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 6. Red. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— laterifltfra (side -flowering). 6. White.

West Indies. 1793.

— lentigino'sa (speckled). 6. White. China.

1814.

— littora'lis (sea-side). 4. Red. July. East

Indies. 1809.

— macroca'rpa (long-fruited). 5. Flesh. Ne-

paul. 1824. Greenhouse.

— odontophy'lla (tooth -leaved). 6. Pale

salmon red. July. Bengal. 1834.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 12. Red. July.

East Indies. 1818.

— pube'scens (hoary-haired). 6. July. 1820.

Greenhouse.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 10. White. July. China.

1823.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 25. Red. July.

Santa Cruz. 1818.

— serrula'ta (saw - leaved) . 3. Red. July.

West Indies. 1821.

— solatia! 'cea (nightshade - like). 10. Red.

August. East Indies. 1798.

— thyrsijto'ra (thyrse- flowered). 5. Pink.

Nepaul. 1824. Greenhouse.

— timfo'lia (tinus-leaved). 10. Red. July.

West Indies. 1820.

ARDUI'NA. (In honour of P. Arduini,
curator of the economical garden of Pa-
dua in the time of Linnaeus. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria \-monogynia). Cuttings in sand
under a glass ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°. A
greenhouse evergreen.

A- bispino'sa (two-spined) . 2. White. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1760.

ARE'CA. The Cabhage Palm. (Called
areeCj in Malabar, when an old tree.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacesel. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia W-monadelphia). The Cate-
chu yields a most powerful and astringent
medicine, and its berry is the Betel Nut,
chewed by the natives of Hindostan, and
its charcoal as a dentifrice. Seeds ; light
sandy soil. Summer temp., 65° to 80°;
winter temp., 55° to 65°. All stove
Palms.

A. catechu' (medicinal catechu). 30. White.
East Indies. 1690.

A. crini'ta (hair coated}. 20. White. South
of France. 1824.

— em' Us (slender). 30. West Indies. 1823.

— huf mills (humble). 6. White. East Indies.

1814.

— lute'scens (yellowish). 20. White. South of

France. 1824.

— ma'micot (mamicot). 30. South America.

1822.

— monta'na (mountain). 30. South America.

1820.

— olera'cea (potherb). 40. White. West

Indies. 1656.

— ru'bra(red). 30. Mauritius. 1823.

— tria'ndra (three-stamened) . 20. East In-

dies. 1825.

AKENA'RIA. (From arena, sand ; in
reference to the sandy soil in which the
plant grows. Nat. ord., Cloveworts
[Caryophylaceae], Linn., \Q-Decandria
%-trigynia. Allied to ALSINE). All hardy
herbaceous perennials, except when
otherwise described. Seeds ; division of
the plant ; sandy soil.
A. austri'aca (Austrian). L White. July.

Austria. 1793.

— balea'rica (balearic). |. White. July.

Majorca. 1787. Hardy evergreen
trailers.

— bifltfra (two-flowered). £. White. March.

Switzerland. 1818.

— brevicau'lis (short-stemmed). \. White.

July. Alps, Europe. 1823.

— ccespito'sa (turfy). |. White. July. Switzer-

land. 1826.

— calyd'na (large calyxed). |. White. July.

Barbary. 1816. Hardy annual.

— calycula'ta (calyculate). \. White. July.

Hungary. 1817.

— Canadefnsis (Canada). £ . Red. July. North

America. 1812. Hardy annual.

— cane'scens (hoary). i. White. July.

1817.

— capilla'cea (hair-like). J. White. July.

Piedmont. 1819. Hardy annual.

— capilla'ris (capillary). £. White. July.

Siberia. 1820.

— cherlerioi'des (cherleria-like). |. White.

July. France.

— cilia' ta (eye-lashed). $. White. June,

Ireland.

— coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). \. White. July.

Portugal. 1817. Hardy annual.

— dahu'rica (Dahurian). 1. White. July.

Dahuria. 1824.

— de'nsa (dense). L White. July. Hun-

gary. 1824.
—fascicula'ta (fascicled). $. White. July.

Scotland. Hardy annual.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). |. White. July.

Arabia.
—formo'sa (handsome). L White. June.

Dahuria. 1824.

— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). |. White. June.

France. 1822.

— fflandulo'sa (glandular). |. Purple. June.

Europe. 1820. Hardy annual.

— fflomera'ta (round-headed). £. White. July.

Tauria. -1818. Hardy annual.

ARE

[73]

ARG

A. graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). L White.
July. Siberia. 1817.

— globe" rrima (smoothest). £. White. July.

Caucasus. 1816.

— grandiflo'ra (great-flowered) . £. White

July. Switzerland. 1783.

— He-lmii (Helm's). 4. White. July. Si-

beria. 1826.

— hirstfta (hairy). £. White. July. Cau-

casus. 1820.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). |. White. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

— juniperi'na (juniper-leaved). |. White
July. Siberia. 1800.

— lanceola'ta (lanceolate). |. White. June.

Switzerland. 1823.

— laricifo'lia (larch-leaved). '£. White. Au-

gust. Britain.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). \. White. July.

Siberia. 1823.

— macroca'rpa (long -fruited). £. White.

July. North America. 1810.

— mari'na (marine). |. Purple. July. Ger-

many. 1793.

— margina' ta (margined). £. White. July.

Caucasus. 1818. Hardy deciduous
trailer.

— mediterr a' nea (Mediterranean). ^. White.

June. Mediterranean. 1823. Hardy
annual.

— monta'na (mountain). £. White. June.

France. 1800.

— multicau'lis (many-stemmed). |. White.

July. Europe. 1814.

— nardifo'lia (nardus - leaved) . £. White.

July. Siberia. 1827.

— ncmoro'sa (grove) . \. White. South

America. 1832. Hardy evergreen
under shrub.

— norve'gica (Norwegian). £. White. July.

Scotland. Hardy evergreen plant.

— otitoi'des (otites-like). White. July. Si-

beria. 1820.

— petndula (pendulous). White. July. Hun-

gary. 1816.

— peploi'des (peplis - like) . White. June.

Britain. Evergreen creeper.

— pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). White. July. Cau-

casus. 1823.

— polygonal' des (knotgrass-like). Red. July.

Switzerland. 1822.

— proce'ra (tall). White. July. Siberia.

1820.

— procvfmbens (procumbent). Purple. July.

Egypt. 1801. Half-hardy deciduous
trailer.

— pube'scens (downy). White. July. Archi-

pelago. 1820.

— purpu'rea (purple). White. July. Spain.

1823. Hardy annual.

— ramosi' ssima (branchiest) . White. July.

Hungary. 1816. Hardy biennial.

— rectfrva (recurved). White. July. Alps.

1822.

— ri'gida (stiff). 4. White. July. Siberia.

1823.

— rostra' ta (beaked). \. White. August.

Hungary. 1816.

— rrfbra (red). J. Purple. July. Britain.

Hardy annual.

— rubella (reddish-flowered). J. Red. July.

Scotland.

A.sali'na (saline). £. Purple. July. Bo-
hemia. 1820. Hardy annual.

— saxa'tilis (rock), i. White. July. Ger-

many. 1732.

— sca'bra (rough). £. White. July. Alps.

Europe. 1822.

— seta'cca (bristle-leaved). £. White. July.

France.

— stria' ta (striated). £. White. July. Swit-

zerland. 1683.

— stri'cta (upright). L White. July. North

America. 1812.

— subula'ta (owl-shaped) £. White. June.

Caucasus. 1822.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). £. White. July.

England. Hardy annuals.
"Sarrelie'ri (Barrelier's). £.

White. July. South of France. 1820.
hy'brida^^ (hybrid). A. White.

July. South of France. 1827.
•visci'dula(viscidish). |. White.

July. France. 1818.

— tetra'quetra (square - stalked] . \. White.

August. Pyrenees. 1731.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. July.

South of Europe. 1816.

— tria'ndra (three-stamened) . |. White.

July. 1817. Hardy annual.

— uligino'sa (marsh). I. White. July. Swit-

zerland. 1817.

— ve'rna (spring). £. White. May. Bri-

— verticilla'ta (whorled). |. White. July.

Armenia. 1823.

ARETHTJ'SA (A classical name after one
of Diana's nymphs. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Cfynandria, 1-
monogynia). Division, peat and loam,
with charcoal. Summer temp. 65° to
80° ; winter, 55° to 6o.°
A. bulbo'sa (bulbous), f. Whitish-red. June.
Carolina. Greenhouse.

— plica' ta (plaited). 1. July. East Indies.

1806. Stove.

ARE'TIA. (Named in honour of a
Swiss professor, Aretius. Nat. ord.,
Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, \-monogynia). Division of the
roots in spring or autumn ; sand, loam,
and peat ; they cannot bear stagnant
water ; are good for rock-work ; all, but
one, hardy herbaceous perennials.
A. alpi'na (Alpine), i. Pink. June. Swit-
zerland. 1775.

— arge'ntea (silvery). J. White. June.

Switzerland. 1826. Half-hardy her-
baceous perennial.

— helve'tica (Swiss). L White. June. Swit-

zerland. 1775.

— pube'scens (downy). J. White June. Swit-

zerland. 1824.

— vitalia'na (Vital's). |. Yellow. June.

Pyrenees. 1787.

ARGA'NIA. (From argam, its abori-
ginal name. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapo-

ARG

[74]

ART

taceoel. Linn., 5-Pmtatidria, \-mono-
gynia). Fine stove hard-wooded ever-
green timber tree ; layers and cuttings in
autumn or spring, the latter under a bell-
glass. Summer temp. 60° to 70 ;° win-
ter, 45° to 55.° The specific gravity of
the wood is so great that it sinks in
water.

A. siderct xylon (ironwood). 14. Green yellow.
July. Morocco. 1711.

ARGEMO'NE. (From araema, a cataract
of the eye, in reference to its medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord., Poppy worts [Papa-
veracese]. Linn. I3-Polyandria, l-mono-
gynia). The seeds of A.. Mexicana is the
Fico del inferno (infernal fig) of the
Spaniards ; a purgative and powerful nar-
cotic, especially if smoked with tobacco.
In the West Indies they are used as a
substitute for ipecacuanha. Hardy an-
nuals, except where otherwise specified ;
seeds, suckers, and divisions in March ;
common soil.

A. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White.
July. Mexico. 1821.

— Barclay a' na (Mr. Barclay's). 5. Cream.

June. Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy
herbaceous perennial.

— grandljlo'ra (great-flowered). 3. White.

July. Mexico. 1827. Hardy her-
baceous perennial.

— mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1592.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish-white). 2. Sulphur.

July. Mexico. 1827.
ARGOLA'SIA. (From argos, white, and
lasios, wooly, the perianth being velvety
white. Nat ord., Blood-roots [Hsemo-
doraceae]. Linn. Q-Hexandria, l-mono-
gynia). A small greenhouse plant, of
easy culture ; but must not get dry ;
division of the roots ; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp. 50° to 65° ; win-
ter, 40° to 45°.

A.plumtfsa (feathery). 2. White. Cape of
Good Hope. 1787.

ARGYREI'A. Silver weed. (From
argyreios, silvery, in reference to the
silvery hue of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Bindweeds [Convolvulaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-monogynia). All stove ever-
green twiners. Cuttings, half-ripened
wood in sand, under a bell-glass, in April,
and in nice bottom heat ; rich loam and
peat. Summer temp. 60° to 75° ; win-
ter, 50° to 60°.

A. btfna-noz (night flowering). 20. White.
East Indies. 1799.

A. capita' ta (headed). Purple. July. East
Indies. 1823.

— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 10. Purple. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1822.

— cymo'sa (cyme-flowered). 10. Pink. East

Indies. 1823.

— festi'va (festive) . White. Julv. India.

1838.

— malaba'rica (Malabar). Cream. July. East

Indies. 1823.

— orna'ta (adorned). 10. White. East Indies.

1824.

— poma'cea (apple-fruited). Pink. East In-

dies. 1818.

— specio'sa (showy). 10. Ecd. July. East

Indies. 1818.

— splefndens (shining). 1. Pink. East Indies.

1820.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 30. White. East

Indies. 1817.

AKIS^E'MA. (From aron, an arum, and
sana, a standard^ in reference to the close
affinity to AHUM. Nat. ord., A.rads [Ara-
cese]. Linn., Il-Moncecia, 9-Polyandria).
Tuberous rooted perennials. Division
of its tubers ; loam and peat.

A. draco' ntium (dragon). 2. June. Green.
North America. 1759. Hardy.

— macrospa'tha (large-spathed) . Pink. July.

Morelia. 1839. Greenhouse.

— Hurra' yi (Murray's). 1^. Apetal. March.

Bombay. 1847. Stove.

— ri'ngens (gaping). £. May. Japan. 1800.

Half-hardy.

— terna'tum (three-leafleted) . f. Purple. May.

Japan. 1774. Half-hardy.

— triphy'llum (three-leaved), f. Brown. May.

North America. 1664. Hardy.

ARI'STEA. (From arista, a point or
beard, in reference to the rigid points of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese].
Linn., Z-Triandria, l-monogynia). The
least conspicuous plants of this order.
Their leaves form the chief herbage for
cattle at the Cape of Good Hope. Green-
house plants. Seed and divisions in
March or April ; sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp. 40° to 45°.

A. capita'ta (headed). 3. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.

— cya'nca (bright blue). £. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— melaleu'ca (black and white). 1. Pale

blue. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1796.

—pusi'lla (little). I. Blue. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1806.

— spira'lis (spiral-flowered). 1. Pale blue.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

ARISTOLO'CHIA, Birth wort. (From
aristos, best, and locheia, parturition ; its
supposed medicinal character. Nat. ord.,
Birthworts [AristrolochiaceoeJ. Linn.,

ARI

[75]

ARM

IQ-Gynandria 6-hexandria). Herbaceous
and climbing plants, the first by division
of the roots; hardy climbing ones by divi-
sion of the roots and layers in spring or
autumn. Stove plants ; cuttings of fine
wood, in sand, in heat, under a bell-
glass. Sandy loam for the hardy ; peat
and loam for the tender kinds. Temp,
for the latter, summer, 65° to 80°; winter,
55° to 60°.

HARDY.

A. Arka'nsa (Arkansa). 20. Purple. July.
Arkansas. 1824. Desiduous cumber.

— Ice'tica (baetic). 6. Purple. June. Spain.

1596. Deciduous climber.

— chile'nsis (Chilian). 6. Purple green. Sep-

tember. West Indies. 1832. Decidu-
ous half-hardy.

— clemati'tis (clematis-like). 2. Yellow. July.

Britain. Herbaceous perennial.

— lo'nga (long-rooted). 2. Purple. July.

South of Europe. 1548. Deciduous
trailer.

— pa' llida (pale-flowered). 2. White purple.

Italy. 1640. Herbaoeous perennial.

— Pistolo'chia (Pistolochia). 2. Purple. July.

South of Europe. 1597. Deciduous
trailer.

— sagitta' ta (arrow-shaped). 1. Purple. July.

North America. 1819. Herbaceous
perennial.

— serpenta'ria (snake-root-like). 1. Dark

purple. July. North America. 1632.
Deciduous trailer

— si'pho (tube-bearing). 30. Yellow brown.

July. North America. 1763. Deci-
duous climber.

— tomento'sa (tomentose). 20. Purple. July.

North America. 1799. Deciduous
cumber.

GREENHOUSE.

A. arbore'scens (arborescent). 20. Yellow
purple. July. America. 1737. Ever-
green shrub.

— cilia' ta (fringed). Purple yellow. Buenos

Ayres.

— glau'ca" (mtiky-green-leaved). 6. Purple.

Birbarjr. 1785.

— hi'rta (hairy). 2. Purple. June. Chis.

1759. Herbaceous perennial.

— rotu'nda (rounA-rootcd) . 2. Dark purple.

July. South of Europe. 1596. Her-
baceous perennial.

— sempervi' rens (evergreen). 4. Purple. June.

Candia. 1727.

A. acum'ma'ta (long-pointed). 10. Purple.
Mauritius. 1822

— angui'cida (snake-like). 5. White brown.

December. New Grenada. 1845.
Twining evergreen.

— barba'ta (bearded). 10. Purple. Caraccas.

1796.

— biloba'ta (two-lobed). 10. Purple. 1824.

— bractea'ta (bracted). 3. Purple. July

East Indies. 1793. Evergreen trailer.

A. brasille'nsis (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Bra-
zil. 1820.

— cauda'ta (tailed lipped). 5. Lurid. June.

Brazil. 1828. Deciduous twiner.

fattens (stinking-/oit;ered) . 20.

Purple yellow. June. West Indies. 1832.

— cilio'sa (fringed). 6. Purple green. Sep-

tember. NewPatagon. 1836.

— cymbifyra (boat-floivered). 20. Purple.

July. StPail. 1829.
—fceftida (fsetid). 20. July. Mexico. 1822.

— gigante'a (gigantic-flowered). 20. Yellow

brown. July. Brazil.

— gi'gas (giant). 6. White brown. June.

Guatemala. 1842. Deciduous climber.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. Jamaica.

1824.

— hasta'ta (halbert-Zeaved) . 16. July. Cuba.

— hyperbo'rea (northern). 20. Purple. May.

India. 1836.

— I'ndica (Indian). 10. Purple. July. East

Indies. 1780.

— labio'sa ($rreetf-lipped) . 20. Purple-green

yellow. July. Brazil. 1821.

— ma'xima (greatest). 20. Purple. July.

New Spain. 1759.

— odorati' ssima (sweetest scented). 10. Purple.

July. Jamaica. 1737.

— ornithoce'phala (bird's head). 20. Purple

brown. October. Brazil. 1838.

— pandurifo'rmis (fiddle-shaped). 10. Caraccas.

1823.

— ri'ngens (gaping). 20. Purple-green yellow.

July. Brazil. 1820.

— sacca'ta (pouch-Jloicercd) . 20. Purplish red.

September. Silhet. 1829. Deciduous
climber.

— suriname" nsis (Surinam). 20. Yellow.

Surinam. 1823.

— tri'fida (three-cleft-leaved). 15. Green.

Caraccas. Deciduous climber.

— triloba'ta (three-lobed) . 6. Purple. June.

South America. 1775.
ARISTOTE'LIA. (In memory of the
great Aristotle. Nat. ord., Linden-blooms
[Tiliacesel Linn., \\-Dodecandria 1-
monogynia}. This genus has been placed
among Homaliads or Philadelphiads, by
some botanists, but Dr. Lindley says ( Veg.
King. 371) it has most affinity to this
order. A. Macqwi produces edible berries
of a dark purple colour, and wine is made
from them in Chili. It is a hardy ever-
green shrub. Layers in autumn, and
cuttings in April, in sand under a hand-
light. Common sandy soil.
A. Ma'cqui (Macqui). 4. Whitish green. May.

Chili. 1735.
variega'ta (variegated-kflred). 4.

Whitish green. May. Gardens.
ARMENI'ACA. (From Armenia, the
native country of the apricot. Nat. ord.,
Almond-worts [Drupacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria l-monogynia}. Hardy deci-
duous trees ; generally budded in sum-

ARM

[76]

ARE

mer on plum stocks, but some use apricot
seedlings for budding peaches ; rather
heavy loamy soil. See APRICOT.

A. briganti'aca (Brigancon). 6. Pink. March.
South of Europe. 1819.

— dasyca'rpa (thick-rooted). 15. White.

April. 1800.

persicifo'Ua (peach-leaved). 15.

Pink. April. 1800.

— sibe'rica (Siberian). 6. Pink. April. Sibe-

ria. 1788.

— vulga'ris (common apricot). 15. White.

April. Levant. 1548.

cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 15.

White. March. Levant. 1548.

fltfrepldno (double-flowered). 15.

White. April.

foliis variega'tis (variegated-leav-
ed). 15. White. April.

ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 15. White.

March. Levant. 1548.

ARME'RIA. Thrift. (The Latin name
for the Sweet William. Nat. ord., Lead-
worts [Plumbaginaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 5-pentagynia). All hardy herba-
ceous perennials, except when otherwise
specified. Division of the plant ; seeds
in spring; sandy loamy soil. The tender
kinds will require to be well drained,
and receive the protection of a frame or
pit during winter.

A. allia'cea (garlic-leaved). 1. White. June.
Spain. 1798.

— alpZna (Alpine). 1. Purple. July. Carin-

— arena'ria (sand). 1. Pink. June. France.

— cephalo'tcs (round-headed). 1. Pink. June.

Algarbia. 1800.

— denticula'ta (toothed). 2. Flesh. June.

Naples. 1816.

— dianthofdes (pink-like). 1. Pink. June.

Europe. 1810.

— fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. Purple. July.

Portugal. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

— hfrta (hairy). 1. Pink. July. North of

Africa. 1820.

— hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Pink. June. South

of Europe. 1817.

—juniperifo'Ua (juniper-leaved). 1. Pink.
June. Spain. 1818.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Light red.

July. Algarbia. 1740.

— littora'lis (sea-shore). 1. Pink. July. South

of Europe.

— mari'tima (sea-side). 1. Red. July. Britain.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. June.

Scotland.

— pinifc/lia (pine-leaved). 1. Pink. June.

Portugal.

— plantagi'nea (plantain-like). 1. Red. June.

South or Europe. 1 8 1 S.

— pifngens (pungent). 1. Pink. June. Spain.

1818.

— scorzonercefo' lia (scorzonera-leaved). 1.

Scarlet. June. South of Europe. 1816.

— vulga'ris (common). 1. Red. July. Europe.

A. vulga'ris a'lba (white-flowered). \. White.

September. Gardens.
cocci' nea (scarlet-jtfowererf) . £. Red.

September. Gardens.

A'RNICA. (From arnaJcis, lambskin,
in reference to the texture of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
\§-Syngenesia, 1-superflua; allied to
Groundsel). Hardy dwarf herbaceous
plants ; division of the plants in spring
or autumn. They like a little peat in-
corporated with the soil. — A. Corsica pre-
fers bog earth.

A. Clu'sii (Clusius's). 1. Yellow. July.
Switzerland. 1819.

— corda' ta (heart-shaped). 1. Yellow- July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— ctfrsica (Corsican). 1. Yellow. July.

Corsica. 1824.

— doro'nicum (leopard's bane). 2. Yellow.

July. Austria. 1816.

— glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer-

land. 1823.

— helvdtica (Swiss). 1. Yellow. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— lani'gera (wool-bearing). 1. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1827.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. July.

Europe. 1731.

— scorpioi'des (scorpion -like). 1. Yellow.

July. Austria, 1710.

ARNOPO'GON. Sheep' s-beard. (From
arnos, a lamb, and pogon, a beard, in re-
ference to the bearded seeds. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syn-
genesia, \-o3qualis; allied to Scorzonera).
Hardy plants ; seed in March or April.
Common garden soil.

A. a'sper (rough). 2. Yellow. July. Mont-
pelier. 1774. Annual.

— cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818. Biennial.

— Dalecha'mpii (Dalechamp's). 2. Light yel-

low. July. South of Europe. 1739.
Perennial

— .pimn'des (picris-like). 1. Yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1683. Annual.

ARO'NICUM. (From arnica, lamb skin,
in reference to the softness of the flower
heads. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae].
Linn,, \$-Syngenesia, '2-superftua ; allied
to DORONICUM). A hardy herbaceous
perennial, Groundsel-like plant. Di-
visions ; common soil.

A. alta'icum (altaic). Yellow. July. Siberia.
1783.

ARRACA'CHA. (Its Spanish name in
South America. Nat. ord., Umbellifcrs
[Apiaccse]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-digy-
nia; allied to Conium). A. esculenta, a

ARR

[77]

ART

native of the table land of Grenada pro-
duces large esculent roots not unlike
parsnips, but of a better quality. Stove
tuberous perennial. Division of the
roots ; rich loam. Summer temp., 65° to
85° ; winter, 55° tp 60°.
A. esculefnta (eatable). 3. Brownish. July.
Santa Fe. 1823.

ARRHENATHE'RUM. (From arrhen, a
male, and ather, a point, on account of
the awns on the male spikes. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [GramineBe]. Linn., 13-Polyga-
mia, \-monceria). This genus really
should be reunited to HOLCUS). Peren-
nial grasses ; seeds ; division. Common
soil as for any other grass.
A. avena'ceum (oat-like). 5. Apetal. June.

Britain.
mu'ticum (awnless). 4. Apetal.

July. Scotland.
— bulbo'sum (bulbous). 3. Apetal. July.

Germany.

ARROW-HEAD. See SAGITTARIA.

ARROW-ROOT. See MARANTA.

ARTA'BOTRYS. (From aratao, to sus-
pend or support, and botrys, grapes, in
reference to the way the fruit is supported
by the curious tendril. Nat. ord., Anon-
ads [Anonace®]. Linn., \3-Polyandria,
Q-poiygynia). The leaves of this plant
are held in Java to be invaluable against
cholera. Stove evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings of ripened wood, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom heat, in March
or April. Sandy loam and peat with a
little rotten dung. Summer temp., 65°
to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
A. odwati'ssima (sweetest scented) . 6. Brown.
July. China. 1758.

ARTANE'MA. (From aratao, to sup-
port, and nemo,, a filament, in reference
to a tooth-like process growing on the
longer filaments. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., \±-I)idyna>mia,
\-gymnospermia; allied to Torenia).
A greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds ;
cuttings of the half-ripened shoots in
autumn or spring. Will keep over the
winter in the greenhouse, but seeds may
be sown in the open border in the begin-
ning of May as an annual. Sandy loam
and a little peat.

A. fimbria'tum (fringed corollaed). 3. Pale
blue. August. MoretonBay. 1830.

ARTEMI'SIA. "Wormwood. (From Ar-
temis, one of the names of Diana. Nat.

ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, \-cequalis). Various species
of Artemisias or Wormwoods have been
used as tonic, bitter, and aromatic, medi-
cines from remote ages. All hardy
herbaceous perennials except where
otherwise specified. Annuals by seed ;
those with branching shrubby stems and
the whole of the greenhouse varieties,
which are mostly shrubby, by cuttings ;
the hardy species, by dividing the roots.
For greenhouse kinds, sandy loam, well
drained; for the others, common soil.
Greenhouse summer temp., 50° to 65° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.
A, abroftanum (Southern wood). 4. Yellow

green. August. Europe. 1548. Hardy

deciduous shrub.
hu'mile (low). 1|. Yellow

green. September. South of Europe.
tobolskia'num (Tobolskian). 5

Yellow green. September.

— a'fra (African). 3. White. August. Green-

house evergreen shrub.

— alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Yellow green. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

— apri' ca (sunny). 2. 1834. Evergreen trailer.

— arbor&scens (arborescent). 10. July. Le-

vant. 1640. Hardy evergreen shrub.

— argefntea (silvery). 4. Yellow green.

June. Madeira. 1777. Greenhouse
evergreen shrub.

— ccerule1 scens (bluish) . 2. Yellow. Sep-

tember. England. Hardy evergreen
shrub.

— chine' nsis (chinese Moxa). 4. Yellow. July.

China. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— dracu'nculus (tarragon). 2. White green.

July. South of Europe. 1548.
—fri'ffida (frigid). 1. Yellow green. August.

Siberia. 1826.
— furca'ta (forked). 1. Yellow green. July.

Siberia. 1820.

— ga'llica (French). 2. Brown. August.

Britain.

— glacia'lis (icy). 1. Yellow green. July.

Switzerland. 1739.

—Judai'ca (Judean). 2. Yellow. August.
1774. Half-hardy evergreen.

— lactifto'ra (pale-flowered). 2. Pale white.

November. Nepaul. 1828. Green-
house evergreen.

— lednicc'nsis (Lednise). 2. Yellow. July.

Carpathia. 1826. Hardy deciduous
shrub.

— mari'tinia (sea). 1. Brown. July. Bri-

tain.

— MarschalUa'na (Marschall's). 1. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1816.

— mutettifna (mutellina). 1. Yellow. July.

Alps, Europe. 1815.

— norvefgica (Norwegian). 1. Yellow. July.

Norway. 1818.

— orienta'lis (Oriental). 2. Yellow green.

July. Armenia. 1810.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Yellow green. July.

Siberia. 1820.

ART

[78]

ART

A.pectincfta (comb-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
Dauria. 1806. Hardy annual.

— peduncula'ris (flower-stalked). 1. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1818.

— po'ntica (Pontine). 3. Yellow. September.

Austria. 1570.

— potentillccfo'lia (potentilla-leaved) . 1. July.

Siberia. 1818.

— rmno'sa (branchy). 2. Canaries. 1816.

Greenhouse evergreen.

— rep^ns (creeping). 1. Brown. June. Tar-

tary. 1805. Hardy trailer.

— rupe'stris (hill). 2. Brown. August. Si-

beria. 1748.

— saxa' tills (rock). 3. Brown. July. Hun-

gary.

— seri'cea (silky-feared). 2. White. June.

Siberia. 1796.

— spica'ta (spiked). 1. Brown. June. Switzer-

land. 1790.

— taitrica (Taurian). 1. White green. Julv.

Tauria. 1818.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 10. Yellow

green. October. China. 1732. Green-
house evergreen.

— valcnti'na (Valentian). 1. Yellow green.

July. Spain. 1739. Half-hardy ever-
green.

vulga'ris (common wormwood).

varicga' ta ( variegated-leaved) . 2 .

Purple. August. Gardens.

Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's), 1. Yellow green.
July. Switzerland. 1819.

ARTHROPO'DIUM. (From, arthron, a
joint, and pom, a foot, in reference to
the flower- stalks being jointed. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia; allied to An-
thericum). Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nials, except where otherwise specified.
Seeds, offsets, and suckers. Sandy loam
and a little peat. Summer temp., 55°
to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. cirra'tum (curled). 3. White. June. New

Zealand. 1821.
—fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. White. July.

New Holland. 1822.

— mi'nus (smaller). 2. White. July. New

Holland. 1823.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. Au-

gust. New SouthjWales. 1800. Green-
house bulb.

— pendulum (pendulous). 2. White. July.

Teneriffe. 1816. Half-hardy.

ABTHROSTE'MMA. (From arthron, a
joint, and stemma, a crown, the flower-
stalks being jointed. Nat. ord., Melasto-
mads [Melastomacese]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria, \-monogynia; allied to Osbeckia).
Cuttings of small firm side shoots in
August or April ; under a glass in sandy
soil. The stove species with heat ; sandy
loam and a little peat.
A.frcfgile (brittle). 3. Rosy. June. Mexico.
1846. Stove evergreen.

A. ni'tidum (glossy-leaved). 2. Pale lilac.
June. Buenos Ayres. 1830. Green-
house evergreen.

— versi'c olo r (changeable-flowered), f. Pink.
September. Brazil. 1825. Stove
evergreen.

ARTICHOKE. (Cy'narascolymus). Many
persons have thought that the name of
this vegetable refers to the almost un-
swallowable part of it known by the name
of "the choke"; but this is quite a
mistake. The word artichoke is merely
the English mode of spelling its French
name, artichaut; and this is said by old
writers to be a corruption of the Arabic
name for it, alcocalos, which has reference
to the shape of its heads being like that
of the pine-apple. The Arabs prize it
highly, not only for its edible heads, but
its roots as a purgative, and its gummy
exudations as an emetic.

Varieties. — There are two varieties in
cultivation, the conical or French, of which
the heads are green and the scales of
their calyx spreading ; and the globe,
tinged with purple, with the scales curved
inwards and compactly. The artichoke
is sometimes called the globe artichoke on
account of the round outline of its heads.
These heads are boiled, and the bottom
of each scale, or calyx, eaten with butter
and salt. The bottom of these heads,
which is the part named the receptacle
by botanists, because it is the receptacle
or part containing all the members of
the flower, is very fleshy, and is cooked
in various ways ; being, also, sometimes
dried and used in winter.

Propagation. — It may be raised from
seed, but the most expeditious and usual
way is to plant suckers from the old roots
in the spring. "When the suckers are
eight or ten inches high, in open weather,
about the end of March or early in April,
select such as have much of their fibrous
roots, and are sound and not woody.
The brown hard part by which they are
attached to the parent stem must be re-
moved, and if that cuts crisp and tender
the suckers are good, but if tough and
stringy they are worthless. Further, to
prepare them for planting, the large out-
side leaves are taken off so low as that
the heart appears above them. If they
have been some time separated from the
stock, or if the weather is dry, they are

ART

[79]

ART

greatly invigorated by being put into
water for three or four hours before they
are planted. They should be set in rows
four feet and a half by three feet apart,
and about half their length beneath the
surface. Turn a large flower pot, or a
sea-kale pot, over each, and water them
abundantly every evening until they are
established, as well as during the droughts
of summer. The only other attention
they require during the summer, is the
frequent use of the hoe, and an occasional
supply of liquid manure. It is also an
excellent plan to have some mulch kept
about their roots during dry weather im-
mediately after planting, and during the
whole summer; and to remove all small
weak suckers about June. The plants
will produce a succession of heads from
July to October of the year they are
planted. For about five years they
will continue similarly productive during
May, June, and July. At the end of five
years a fresh bed should be made.

The artichoke's heads attain a much
larger size than they would otherwise by
twisting a piece of wire very tightly round
the stem, about three inches below each,
and thus preventing the reflux of the sap.
No vegetable is more benefitted than the
artichoke by the application of sea- weed
or any other manure containing common
salt. "

To obtain Chards. — Those who require
chards must make a plantation an-
nually, for making the chards destroys
the plants. After the best heads have
been cut, early in July the leaves are to
be cut over within half a foot of the
ground; and the stems as low as pos-
sible. In September or October, when
the new shoots or leaves are about two
feet high, they are bound close with a
wreath of hay or straw, and earth or
litter is drawn round the stems of the
plants. The blanching is perfected in a
month or six weeks. If the chards are
wished late in the winter, the whole
plants may be dug up before frost sets
in, and laid in sand in their blanched
state. In this way they may be kept
for several weeks.

Gobbo. — The Italians, to make this,
bend the stem of an artichoke down to a
right angle, and the stalks of the leaves
are bound together, and covered over so

as to blanch. The result is a lump,
which is eaten raw with salt, and is
tolerably good. In Italy it is used in
the autumn and winter, and replaces
radishes.

Winter Dressing. — As soon as a stem
is cleared of all its heads in the summer,
it should be broken down close to the
root ; and early in November the beds
should be dressed for the winter. Cut
away the old leaves close to the ground,
but without injuring the centre or side
shoots. Fork over the bed, throwing the
earth in a ridge about eight inches high,
over each row ; putting it close round
each plant, but being careful to keep the
heart free from the crumbs of soil. After
this has been done, pile round every plant
some long litter or pea-haulm, three or
four inches thick ; and to keep this from
blowing away, as well as to help in pre-
serving the roots from severe frosts, cover
over the litter, or haulm, two inches
deep with coal-ashes. The ashes may be
turned into the soil in the spring, being
a manure much liked by the artichoke.

Soil and Situation. — The finest heads
are produced in a soil abounding in
moisture, but in such they will not sur-
vive the winter. They should have a
rich deep loam allotted to them. Manure
must be applied every spring; and the
best compost for them is a mixture of
three parts well putrefied dung, and one
part of fine coal-ashes. They should
always have an open exposure, and, above
all, be free from the influence of trees ;
for, if beneath their shade or drip, the
plants spindle, and produce worthless
heads.

INSECT. — The leaves of the artichoke
are liable to injury by a beetle. See
CASSIDA VIRIDIS.

Saving Seed. — Select any number of
the earliest and finest heads, and as soon
as the flowers begin to decay the heads
should be turned and tied downwards,
so as to prevent the wet lodging in them,
which would rot the seeds.

ARTOCA'RPUS. Bread-fruit. (From
artos, bread, and carpos, fruit. The
fruit, baked, resembles bread. Nat. ord.,
Artocarpads [Artocarpaceae]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia, \-Monandria}. In this order we
meet with such anomalies as the in-
valuable breadfruit-tree of the tropics,

ARU

[80]

ASA

the useful cow-tree of Caraccas, and
the virulent poison of the upas-tree oi
Java, side by side. Stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of ripened wood in sand, under
a hand light, and in a brisk sweet bottom
heat. Loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to
70°; winter, 60° to 65°. The flowers of
all the species are whitish green.
A. inci'sa (cut-leaved). 50. South Sea Islands.

1793.
nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 50. East

Indies. 1793.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved Jack tree}. 60.

June. East Indies. 1778.

heterophy1 lla (variable-leaved).

60. East Indies. 1778.

A'EUM. (From aron, supposed to be
an ancient Egyptian word. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Araceaej. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 9-
Polyandria). All are propagated by di-
vision of the roots ; best done when the
plants cease growing in autumn, or
when they commence growing in spring.
Sandy loam will suit the most of them ;
the stove species should have a portion
of peat. Winter temp, for them from
50° to 60°. All are herbaceous perennials,
except where otherwise particularized.

HARDY.

A. atro-ru'bens (dark - purple streaked). 1.
Brown. July. North America. 1758.

— bulbi'fcrum (bulb -bearing). 3. Purple.

April. Bengal. 1813.

— draco' ntium (green dragon). 1. Green.

June. North America. 1759.

— dracu'nculus (common dragon). 3. Brown-

ish purple. July. South Europe. 1548.

— Ita'licum (Italian). 2. Light yellow. June.

Italy. 1683.

— orienta'le (Oriental). 1. June. Tauria.

1820.

— palma'tum (hand-shaped). 2. 1825.

— pi'ctum (painted). 2. Corsica. 1800.

— probosci'deum (proboscis -like). 1. July.

Apenn. 1818.

— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. White., June.

South Europe. 1570.

— triphy'llum (three - leaved). 1. Brown.

June. North America. 1664.

— zebri'num (zebra). 1. Brown. June.

North America. 1664.

GREENHOUSE.

A. crini'tum (hairy - sheathed). 1. Brown.
April. Minorca. 1777.

— ri'ngens (gaping). 1. June. Japan. 1800.

— terna'tum (ternate - leaved). 1. Purple.

July. Japan. 1774.

STOVE.

A. campanula' turn (bell-shaped). 2. Purple.
May. East Indies. 1817.

— Coloca'sia (Colocasia). 2. Green. Levant.

1551. Tuberous-rooted. This is now
a genus by itself.

A. divarica'tum

ica'tum (straggling). 2. Green. July.
East Indies. 1759. Tuberous-rooted.

— hedera'ceum (ivy-leaved). 1. Purple. June.

West Indies. 1793. Epiphyte.

— I'ndicum (Indian). ,5. Brown. China

1824. Evergreen.

— integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). 3. Green.

June. 1825. Evergreen.

— lingula'tum (tongue-leaved). 6. West In-

dies. 1793. Epiphyte.

— maraina' turn (margined). 2. East Indies.

— obtusi'lobum (blunt-lobed) . 2. 1824.

— orixe'nse (Orissan). 1. Purple. June.

South America. 1820. Tuberous-
rooted.

— peda'tum (pedate). 1. South America. 1820.

— pentaphy1 llum (live-leaved). 1. East In-

dies. ' 1818.

— ramo'sum (branch}'). 3. June. 1810.

Evergreen.

— sagittifo' Hum (arrow-leaved). 2. 1824.

— sarmento1 sum (runner-bearing). Brazil.

1835.

— spira'le (spiral). 1. Brown. May. China.

1816.

— triloba'tum (three-lobed) . 1. Purple. June.

Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.

auricula' turn (eared). 1. Purple. June.

Ceylon. 1714. Tuberous-rooted.

— veno'sum (veiny purple-flowered) . 2. Purple.

June. 1794.

ABU'NDO, Reed. (A word of doubt-
ful derivation ; perhaps from the Latin
word arundo, a reed. Nat. ord., Grasses,
[Graminacece]. Linn., 3-Tricmdria, 2-
Digynia}. The "gardener's garter"
of the Scotch gardens is the A. Do-
nax versicolor. In England it is called
ribbon grass, painted grass, Indian grass,
and ladies' laces. Seeds and divisions ;
common soil.

Apetal. July. South

A. Do'nax (Donax). 10.

Europe. 1648.
— versi1 'color (striped). 3. Apetal.

South Europe. 1648.

July.

A'SAKUM, Asarabacca. (From a, not,
and saron, feminine : the application not
obvious, but perhaps because too violent
a medicine for women. Nat. ord., Birth-
worts [Aristolochiacese]. Linn., \\-Dode-
candria, \-monogynia.) A. Europceum is
called cabaret in France, and is said there
to be used by frequenters of pothouses to
produce vomiting. Hardy herbaceous
plants, more curious than pretty. Divi-
sions of the plant ; common border ; if
with a little peat all the better.
A. arifo'lium (arum-leaved). 1. Brown. June.
North America. 1823.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. Brown. June.

Canada. 1713.

— Suropeefttm (European). 1. Purple. May.

England.

ASC

[81 ]

ASH

A. grand; f0' Hum (large-leaved). 1. Brown.
May. North America. 1820.

— Tirol' nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. May.

Virginia. 1759.

ASCARICI'DA. (From ascaris, an in-
testine worm, and ctedo, to kill,; referring
to its virtue in medicine. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, \-JEqualis). Allied to HETERO-
COMA. Stove annuals ; seeds in March ;
in heat; common soil. Temp., 60° to
75°.
A. anthelmi' ntica (worm-killing). 1. Purple.

August. East Indies. 1770.

— tripling rvia (triple -nerved). 1. Purple.

November. Brazil. 1825.

ASCLE'PIAS, Swallow- wort. (The Greek
name of JEsculapius of the Latins. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepidaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria,, \-monogynia). All hardy
herbaceous and sub-shrubby perennials,
except when otherwise specified. The
hardy species, chiefly by division of the
root in April ; the stoves and greenhouse
kinds, by the same process ; and cuttings
of the young shoots, when they begin to
grow, in heat; and also seeds, kept over,
and sown in heat in February. Peat and
loam, but most of the latter. The stove
species will stand the winter if the tem-
perature is not below 48°.
A. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 2. Red. July.
North America. 1826.

— amotfna (pleasing). 3. Purple. August.

North America. 1732.

— amplezicau'lis (stem-clasping). 2. Red.

July. North America. 1816.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. White.

July. Mexico. 1817.

— cinefrea (grey). 2. Brown. July. North

America. 1825.

— citrifo'lia (citron-leaved). 1. White. July.

South America. 1818. Stove herba-
ceous.

curassa'vlca (Curassoa). 3. Scarlet. July.
South America. 1692. Stove herba-
ceous.

a'lba (white). 1. White. July.

South America. Stove herbaceous.

— decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Orange. July.

North America. Stove herbaceous.

— Douffla'sii (Douglas's). 1|. Red. Autumn.

West America. 1846.

— exalta' ta (lofty). 6. Purple. July. North

America. 1800.

— incarna'ta(fiesh-coloured). 2. Purple. July.

North America. 1710.

— Zma'rm(toad-ftax-Zea0ed). 2. White. July.

Mexico. 1802. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. White. July.

Mexico. 1818. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Pale purple.

July. North America. 1816.

— mexica'na (Mexican). 3. White. July.

Mexico. 1821. Greenhouse evergreen.
6

A.ni'vea (snowy). 3. White. August. North
America. 1730.

— oUusifo' lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Purple.

July. North America. 1820.

— parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 3. White.

September. North America. 1774.

— paupercu'hi (poor). 2. Red. July. North

America. 1817.

— phytolaccoi' des (phytolacca-like) . 3. Purple.

July. North America. 1812.
- polysta? chia (many-spiked). 4. White. July.
North America. 1825.

— pu'lchra (fair). 2. Purple. July. North

America.

— purpura' scens (purplish). 3. Purple. July.

North America. 1732.

— quadrif(/lia (four-leaved). 1. White rea.

July. North America. 1820.

— rose? a (rosy). 1. Red. July. Mexico.

1824. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— ru' bra (red). 1. Red. July. Virginia. 1825.

— syri'aca (Syrian). 4. Purple. July. North

America. 1629.

— tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 2. Orange.

August. North America. 1680. Hardy
tuber.

— var iega'ta (variegated). 4. White. July.

North America. 1597.

— vesti'ta (clothed). 3. Yellowish green.

October. North America. 1844.

— verticilla'ta (whorl-leaved). 3. White green.

July. North America. 1759.
ASCY'RUM. (From #, not, and skyros^
roughness ; plants not hard to the touch.
Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hypericaceacj. Linn.,
I6-Monadelpkia, S-polyandrict). All but
one greenhouse evergreens; cuttings of
small shoots pretty hard ; placed in very
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, any time
during summer ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
A. amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Yellow.

August. North America. 1823.

— crux-Andrea? (St. Andrew's cross). 2. Yel-

low. July. North America. 1759.

— hyper icoi' des (hypericum-like). 2. Yellow.

August. North America. 1759.

— pu'milum (dwarf). 1. Yellow. July.

Georgia. 1806. Half-hardy herbaceous.

— sta'ns (standing). 2. Yellow. August.

North America. 1816.

ASHES are the remains of a substance
which has undergone burning, and are
as various in the proportions of their
components as are the bodies capable
of being burnt. Whatever be the
substance burnt, the process should be
made to proceed as slowly as possible,
for by such regulation more carbon,
or charcoal, is preserved in the ashes,
which is the most valuable of their
constituents. The simplest ^ mode of
effecting a slow combustion is to bank
the burning substance over with earth,
leaving only a small orifice to admit the

G

ASH

[82]

ASP

air sufficiently to keep up a smouldering
fire.

• Ashes have been usually recommended
as a manure most useful to heavy soils,
but this is a decided mistake. As ferti-
lizers they are beneficial upon all soils,
and they can never be applied in sufficient
quantity to alter the staple of a too tena-
cious soil. To thirty square yards,
twenty-eight pounds is an average appli-
cation, and they cannot be put on too
fresh.

Peat ashes contain —

Silica (flint), ... 32

Sulphate of lime (gypsum), 12
Sulphate and muriate of soda (glau-

ber and common salt), . 6

Carbonate of lime (chalk), 40

Oxide of iron, ... 3

Loss, 7

They are an excellent application to
lawns, turnips, cabbages, potatoes, and
peas.

Coal ashes contain carbon, silica, alu-
mina, sulphate of lime, iron and potash,
carbonate of lime, and oxide of iron.
They are a good manure for grass, peas,
and potatoes. Sprinkled half an inch
deep on the surface over beans and peas,
they hasten the germination of the seed,
and preserve it from mice. They are
also used for forming dry walks in the
kitchen department.

Soap-boilers' ashes contain —

Silica 35.0

Lime 35.0

Magnesia 2.3

Alumina (clay) .... 1.5

Oxide of Iron .... 1.7

Manganese . . . 1.8

Potash (combined with Silica) . 0.5

Soda (do.) 0.2

Sulphuric Acid (combined with

Lime) 0.2

Phosphoric Acid (do.) . . 3.5
Common Salt . . . .0.1
Carbonic Acid (combined with

Lime and Magnesia) . . 18.2

They are good for all crops, but es-
pecially grass and potatoes.

Wood ashes and the ashes of garden
weeds generally contain silica, alumina,
oxides of iron and manganese, lime,
magnesia, potash, partly in the state of
a silicate, soda, sulphates of potash and
lime, phosphate of lime, chloride of
sodium (common salt), and carbonates
of lime, potash, and magnesia, with a
considerable portion of charcoal. They

are a good application to cabbages, pota-
toes, and peas.

Turf ashes contain silica, alumina,
oxides of iron and manganese, lime,
magnesia, sulphates of potash and lime,
phosphates of lime and magnesia, com-
mon salt, and charcoal. They have been
used beneficially to grass, onions, carrots,
beans, potatoes, and beet root.

ASH-TREE. Fraxinus excelsior.

ASIATIC-POISON BULB. Crinum asia-
ticum.

ASI'MINA. (A Canadian name not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Anonads [Anona-
ceae]. Linn., \%-Polyandria, 6-Polygynia).
A. triloba is a fit companion to such
plants as Daphnes, Illiciums, and Dirca
palustris, in British gardens. Sometimes
by seed, but chiefly by layering the
branches towards the end of summer.
Peat and loam.

A. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. White.
June. Georgia. 1820.

— parviflo'ra (small -flowered). 3. Brown.

May. North America. 1806.

— pygmce'a (pygmy). 2. White. North

America. 1812.

— tri'loba (three lobed flowered). 8. Pale

purple. August. China. 1822..

ASPA'LATHUS. (From «, not, and spao,
to extract ; in reference to the difficulty
of extracting its thorns from a wound.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceaej.
Linn., 1 Q-Monadelphia 6-Decandria*) . With
one exception, all greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of half ripened wood
in April, in sand; placed over sandy peat,
well drained, kept shaded, and little water
given, as they are apt to damp off. Loam
and lumpy peat. Temp., summer, 55° to
65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

A. affi'nis (kindred). 3. Yellow. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.

— a'/6e«s (white). 4. White. July. Capo

of Good Hope. 1774.

— araneo'sa (cob webbed). 3. Yellow. July

Cape of Good Hope. 1 795.

— argefntea (silvery-lcarcd) . 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1 7 59.

— asparagoi'des (asparagus-like). 3. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— astroi'tes (starry). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.

— callo'sa (hardened). 3. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1812.

— ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— carntfsa (fleshy-team/). 3. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1795.

— capita' ta (bead-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

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A. clierufpoda (goosefoot). 3. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— cilia! 'ris (fringed). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1799.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— erieifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1789.

— galioPdes (galium-like). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817.
— - genista? dex (broom-like). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— glo b</ sa (globular). 3. Orange. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1802.

— hfspida (stiff-haired). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— htfstrix (porcupine). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— i'ndica (Indian). 3. Red. July. East

Indies. 1759. Stove evergreen.

— larici'na (larch-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— mucrontfta (spine-pointed). 3. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1796.

— mtiltiflo' ra (manv-nowered). 2. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— pedun£ula' ta (long flower-stalked). 6. Yel-

low. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1775.

— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— serf cea (silky). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— spino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— squarro'sa (squarrose). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— subultfta (awl-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1789.

— thymifo'lia (thyme-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— unifltfra (single-^o«-ered!). 3. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

ASPA'RAGUS. (From, #, intensive, and
sparasso, to tear; in reference to the
strong prickles of some species. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliaeeae]. Lin., 6-Itex-
andrici) \-Mo)wgynia). The A. ojficinalis
is well known in our kitchen-gardens :
it, as well as the other hardy kinds, are
propagated chiefly by seeds, and rejoice
in rich light loam, well drained. The
stove and greenhouse varieties are pro-
pagated chiefly by dividing the roots, and
prefer sandy loam and peat. All herba-
ceous perennials, except where otherwise
specified.

HARDY.

A. ama'rus (bitter). 4. Green. July. France.
1824.

— Broussoneti (Broussonet's). 2. Canaries.

— dahtfricus (Dahurian). 3. Green. April.

Dauria. 1823.

— long if o'l ins (long-leaved). 3. "White. July.

Siberia. 1827.

— mari'timus (maritime). 2. Green. June.

A. officina'lis (officinal). 4. Green. July.
England.

— sylca' ticus (wood). 2. Green. July.

Hungary. 1819.

— tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). Yellow. June.

Hungary.

— verticil la' ris (whorl-leaved). 2. White.

July. Caucasus. 1752.

GREENHOUSE.

A. aeutifcfUus (acute-leaved). 2. Whitish
green. Spain. 1640. Evergreen shrub,
half-hardy.

— ^thio'picu-s (Ethiopian). 3. White. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816. Evergreen
shrub.

— dlbus( white). 12. White. Spain. 1540.

Half-hardy.

— Asia'ticus (Asiatic). 3. White. Asia. 1759.

Evergreen shrub.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 4. Green. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1691. Evergreen shrub.

— declina'tus (down-bent). 5. Whitish green.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Half-
hardy.

— decu'mbens (decumbent). 2. Whitish green.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1792.

— depdndens (drooping). 4. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1819. Evergreen
twiner.

— grandiflo'ru* (large-flowered). White. July.

Teneriffe. 1828. Herbaceous climber.

— htfrridu-s (horrid). 4. White. June. South

of Europe. 1800. Half-hardy ever-
green twiner.

— la'ncens (lance-leaved.} White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1811. Herbaceous
climber.

— larici'nus (larch-like). White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— Nivenitfnus (Xiven's). Whitish purple.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1811.

— raceme/ sits (racemose). 3. Whitish green.

East Indies. 1808. Evergreen shrub.

— retro' fractus (backwards-bent). 4. White.

July. Africa. 1759. Evergreen
twiner.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Green. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795. Evergreen climber.

— Smithia'mis (Smith's). Tenerifte. 1829.

Evergreen shrub.

— stipula'ceus (large-stipuled). 4. White.

Cape of Good Hope. 1821. Evergreen
twiner.

— subula'tm (awl-leaved). 3. Cape of Good

Hope. 1811. Evergreen shrub.

STOVE.

A.falca'tus (sickle-leaved). 3. Whitish green.
East Indies. 1792. Evergreen shrub.

— Aexuo'sus (zig-zag). 3. Whitish green.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1800.
Evergreen shrub.

— sarmenMsus (twiggy). 6. Whitish green.

August. Ceylon. 1810. Evergreen

twiner.

ASPARAGUS (Asparagus officinalis) was
by the old gardeners called sperage, and
by the modem vulgar, grass, or sparrow-
grass. The small heads are sometimes
spoken of as sprue.

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Varieties. — There are only two varie-
ties, the red-topped and the green-topped;
the first is principally cultivated. There
are said to be a few sub varieties which
derive their names from the place of
their growth, and arc only to be dis-
tinguished for superior size or flavour,
which they usually lose on removal
from their native place. The principal
of these is known as the yiant; but this
loses its characteristics if grown in soil
less rich.

Soil best suited to this vegetable is a
fresh sandy loam, made rich by the
abundant addition of manure. It should
be trenched from two feet to two feet
and a half deep. This depth of good
rich soil, on a dry sub-soil, is ample to
yield the very best of heads, if the yearly
successive management be attended to.

Situation. — The bed should enjoy the
influence of the sun during the whole of
the day, as free as possible from the in-
fluence of trees and shrubs, and ranging
north and south. The sub-soil should be
dry, or the bed kept so by being founded
on rubbish or other material to serve as
a drain. The space of ground required
for the supply of a small family is at
least eight square perches. If less it will
be incapable of aftording one hundred
heads at a time. Sixteen perches will in
general afford two or three hundred every-
day, in the height of the season.

Solving. — To raise plants, sow any
time from the middle of February to the
beginning of April, in drills one inch
deep and one foot apart, if the seedlings
are to be transplanted; but two feet apart
if they are to remain where sown, as Mr.
Barns does at Bicton, for the purpose of
taking up every alternate row for forcing.
He thus leaves his permanent crop on
the level ground in two rows, at four feet
distance. Between these he plants
summer crops, such as French beans,
lettuce, spinach, or cauliflowers. Finer
heads are to be expected by this wide-
row system; but the most complete and
neatest way would be to line out beds
four and a half feet wide, in which to sow
four rows of seeds, one foot apart, as
directed above, leaving three feet alleys ;
this will be found the best, for small
gardens in particular.

Culture in seed bed. — If dry weather,

the bed should be refreshed with moderate
but frequent waterings, and if sown as
late as April, shade is required by means
of a little haulm during the meridian
of hot days, until the seeds germinate.
Care must be taken to keep free from
weeds, though this operation should never
commence until the plants are well above
ground, which will be in the course of
three or four weeks from the time of
sowing. Sprinkle them about twice a
month with salt ; and supply them once
a week with a good soaking of liquid
manure, during the growing season. To-
wards the end of October, as soon as the
stems are completely withered, they must
be cut down, and well putrefied dung
spread over the bed to the depth of about
two inches; this serves to increase the
vigour of the plants the following year.
About March in the next year thin the
plants to one foot apart, and those re-
moved may be transplanted into a bed,
twelve inches apart, if it is intended that
they should attain another, or two years'
further growth, before being finally
planted out, or they may be planted
immediately into the beds for production.
It may be here remarked that the plants
may remain one or two years in the seed
bed, they will even succeed after re-
maining three ; but if they continue four
they generally fail when transplanted.

Time of Planting. — The best time is
the end of March, if the soil is dry, and
the season warm and forward ; other-
wise it is better to wait until the com-
mencement of April. A very determi-
nate signal of the appropriate time for
planting, is when the plants are begin-
ning to grow. If moved earlier, and
they have to lie torpid for two or three
months, many of them die, or in general
shoot up very weak.

Construction of the Beds. — Have them
four and a half feet wide. The situation
should be fixed upon a month or two
previously to making and planting the
beds. The whole should be trenched
two feet to two feet and a half deep, and
thoroughly well manured, as the work
goes on, with rich thoroughly decayed
manure. When all is trenched and ma-
nured in this way, give a good surface-
dressing of salt, which will wash in with
rains. After lying in this way for a

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month, give the whole another surface-
dressing with similar manure, and double-
dig or trench the whole over again, leav-
ing the surface rough and open, giving
the whole another salting, and let it lie
in this way until the time for planting.
Previously to marking out the beds, the
whole should have another thorough
good digging over, making the surface
neat and even as the work goes on.

Mode of Planting. — The plants being
taken from the seed-bed carefully with a
narrow-pronged dungfork, with as little
injury to the roots as possible, they must
be laid separately and evenly together,
for the sake of convenience whilst plant-
ing ; the roots being apt to entangle and
cause much trouble and injury in parting
them. They should be exposed as short
a time as possible to the air ; and to this
end it is advisable to keep them until
planted in a basket covered with a little
sand. The mode of planting is to form
drills or narrow trenches five or six
inches deep, and one foot apart, cut out
with the spade, the line-side of each drill
being made perpendicular, and against
this the plants are to be placed, with
their crowns one and a half or two inches
below the surface, and twelve inches
asunder. The roots must be spread out
wide in the form of a fan, a little earth
being drawn over each to retain it in its
position whilst the row is proceeded
with. For the sake of convenience, one
drill should be made at a time, and the
plants inserted and covered completely
before another is commenced. When
the planting is completed, the bed is to
be lightly raked over, and its outline
distinctly marked out. Care must be
had never to tread on the beds — they are
formed narrow to render it unnecessary
• — for everything tending to consolidate
them is injurious, as, from the length of
time they have to continue, without a
possibility of stirring them to any con-
siderable depth, they have a closer texture
than is beneficial to vegetation. Water
must be given in dry weather daily until
the plants are established. The paths
between the beds are to be three feet
wide. The first season after planting
the beds, a crop of radishes may be
sown upon them without very much
injury to the young plants, if the radishes

are all drawn off early. It too often
happens that new asparagus beds are
ruined by being pestered with other
crops ; but a row, or even two rows, of
either lettuces or spinach, may be sown
in the alleys.

Subsequent Cultivation. — Throughout
the year care must be taken to keep the
beds clear of weeds, and in May and
summer apply liquid manure twice a
week plentifully, giving a sprinkling of
salt once a month. In the latter end of
October or commencement of November,
the beds are to have the winter dressing.
The stalks must be cut down and cleared
away, the beds cleaned, if weedy, and
carefully forked up. A thoroughly good
dressing of manure is put all over the
beds equally, and the alleys forked over
too ; whilst, for the sake of giving the
whole a finish, a line is put down each
side of the alley, the edges made up a
little, and a few crumbs from the alleys
thrown upon the beds, and the edges
marked out with the point of the spade.
The work is then done for the winter.

Spring Dressing. — In the month of
March the beds are again forked over
carefully, the manure and soil well
broken up and mixed together, and some
of the rougher parts of manure, with
all the rakings, forked into the alleys ;
after which the beds are raked over, and
lettuces are there sown or planted in
succession for the summer months.

Production. — In the May of the second
year after planting, if they are very
highly cultivated with liquid manure,
cutting may commence ; but, under or-
dinary culture, cutting had better not
begin until the third year. We recom-
mend the heads to be allowed to grow
about six inches above the ground before
they are cut, and then to be cut level
with the surface. By this mode, first
suggested by Mr. Weaver, the whole shoot
is eatable, all risk of injuring other
rising shoots is avoided, and the flavour
is much superior to that cut when only
just rising above the surface. Cutting
should cease at the end of June or very
early in July.

Forcing may be commenced at the end
of November. For this purpose take up
the plants from an old bed, or others
raised purposely when they are three or

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four years old. Carefully commence on
one side one of the outer rows of the bee
by digging out a trench, forking the earth
as much as possible from underneath th
plants, so that they may easily and with-
out straining or injuring their roots be
moved out entirely, by thrusting down
the fork behind them. Be very care-
ful, at the same time, that the buds
about the crowns of the plants are not
injured by the fork, or trampled upon,
or bruised in any way during their
removal. Obtaining handsome strong
shoots depends much upon the care with
which the plants are thus handled. As-
paragus is very easily forced, and is very
productive tinder the treatment when
properly managed. It may be forced in
various modes through the winter ; but
those who have the command of hot
water, to give it a moderate bottom-heat,
•will find this give the least trouble. It
may also be grown in winter in any
kind of forcing-house, either in boxes
filled with earth, or in a pit filled with
leaves, tan, or other fermenting materials.
Melon pits and frames may be used for
the same purpose ; the hot-bed of fer-
menting materials thoroughly well work-
ed previously to being made up into the
beds, may give but a slight heat, and on it
may be put six inches of old tan, or leaf
mould. Put the asparagus plants into
this, and keep them during the winter
months about one foot from the glass.
Cover them at first only slightly with
the old tan or leaf-mould ; but in ten
days or a fortnight add three or four
more inches of the same kind of covering.
Take care that altogether the crowns of
the plants are not covered more than
five or six inches deep. When the plants
have begun to grow freely, and the shoots
begin to appear through the surface,
give them some weak, slightly warmed,
or tepid liquid manure, adding to each
gallon of it two ounces of common salt.

Quantity to be Forced. — To keep a
supply during the winter months, com-
mencing the first week in November,
use two or three light cucumber frames,
and a successional bed should be made
up in about a fortnight or three weeks
afterwards, and so on until the end of
March, taking the advantage of fine open
weather for taking up and planting.

Insects. See CRIOCERIS ASPARAGI.

To obtain Seed. — Some shoots should
be marked and left in early spring ; for
those which are allowed to run up after
the season of cutting is over are seldom
forward enough to ripen their seeds per-
fectly. In choosing the shoots for this
purpose, those only nrost be marked
which are the finest, roundest, and have
the closest heads ; those having quick
opening heads, or are small or fiat, are
never to be left. More are to be selected
than would be necessary if each stem
would assuredly be fruitful ; but as
some of them only bear unproductive
blossoms, that contingency must be al-
lowed for. Each chosen shoot must be
fastened to a stake, which, by keeping it
in its natural po&ition, enables, the seed
to ripen more perfectly. The seed is
usually ripe in September, when it must
be collected and left in a tub for four or
six weeks, for the pulp and husk of the
berry to decay, when it may be well
cleansed in water. The seeds sink to
the bottom, and the refuse floats, and
will pass away with the water as it is
gently poured off. By two or three
washings the seeds will be completely
cleansed ; and when perfectly dried by
exposure to the sun #nd air, may be
stored for use.

ASPA'SIA, (From aspazovwi, I em-
brace ; the column embraced by the
labelkon. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacea?]. Linn., 1Q-Gynandria \-Mon~
tmdria). Stove Orchids, best grown in
baskets containing sphagnum, peat, and
broken crocks, with charcoal; rather dry
during winter, and moister when grow-
ing. Summer temp., 65° to 80°; winter,
58"° to 65°.

A. epideiidrf)i'(lcs(epi&end.Yurn-li\<.c}. 1. Whitish
yellow). Panama. 1833.

— Iwna'ta (crescent-marked). Brazil. 1844.

— lu'tca (yellow). Yellow. March. Guiana!..

1888. '

— vwricga'ta (variegntecl-/70MTrrv7). 1. Green

and yellow. February. Panama. 1836.

ASPEN. Populm tretmda.

ASPE'KTJLA. WoodrofF. (The diminu-
ive of attper, rough ; in reference to tho'
rough leaves. Nat. ord., Stettates, or
Star-worts [Galiaceae]. Linn., 4-Tetran-
dria, \-Mmioffywia). All hardy herbaceous
>lants, except where otherwise described.
Division of the plant in March; common

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soil. They do not dislike shade. A.
trichodes, from seed.

A. Alpi'na (Alpine). \. White. July. Cau-
casus. 1820.

— Arcadiefn sis (Arcadian). J. Bed. April.

Arcadia. 1819.

— arista 'ta (awned). 1. Yellow. July. South

of Europe. 1823.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). £. Purple. July.

Europe. 1825. Half-hardy evergreen
trailer.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. White. June.

Levant. 1775.

— cyna'nchica (cynanche-like). 1, Flesh.

July. England.

— galioi'des (galium-like) . 1. White. July.

South of Europe. 1710.

Tyra'ica (Tyrian). f. White.

May. Levant. 1829.

— hirsu'ta (soft-haired). 1. White. June.

Portugal. 1819.

— hi'rta (bristly). 1. Purple. July. Py-

renees. 1817.

— inca'na (hoary). Purple. June. Crete.

1823.

— Iceciga'ta (smoothed). 1. White. June.

South of Europe. 1775.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Yellowish

purple. July. Hungary. 1821.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Red. July.

South of Europe. 1820.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Pink. July.

Hungary. 1801.

— ni'tida( glossy). 1. Pink. August. Greece.

1829.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. June.

Britain.

— Piirena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Flesh. July.

Spain. 182;.

— rigi'da (stiff). 1. Red. July. Greece.

1819.

— sea' bra (rough). 1. White. July. Italy.

1824.

— scutella'ris (skull-cap). 1. Russia. 1838.

— supi'na (supine). 1. Pink. June. Cau-

casus. 1821.

— tauri'na (bull). 1. White. June. Italy.

1739.

— tlncto' ria (Dyer's). 1. Pink. July. Europe.

1764.

— tomcnto'sa (downy). 1. Red. July. South

of Europe. 1817.

— tricho'dcs (hairy). White. June. Persia.

1838. Hardy annual.

— Tyra'ica (Tyraican). White. June. Le-

vant. 1829.
ASPHALT, Bitumen, or Jew's Pitch, is
found floating on the Dead Sea, and else-
where. It becomes very hard hy ex
posure to the air, and its name has been
appropriated to various artificial prepara-
tions, all of which owe their properties
to the boiled gas tar which enters into
their composition. Thus the asphalt felt
is rendered waterproof for shed roofing
&c., by being soaked in that tar ; an<
asphalt walks are most dry and excellen
when made as follows : — take two parts

f very dry lime rubbishy and one part
coal ashes, also very dry, and both sifted
fine. In a dry place, on a dry day, mix
;hem and leave a hole in the middle of
;he heap, as bricklayers do when making
mortar. Into this pour boiling-hot coal
tar ; mix, and when as stiff as mortar,
>ut it three inches thick where the walk
s to be. The ground should be dry and
jeaten smooth. Sprinkle over it coarse
sand; when cold, pass a light roller over
t, and in a few days the walk will be
solid and waterproof.

ASPHO'DELUS. Asphodel. (From cr,
not, and sphallo, to supplant ; the- stately
lowers not easily surpassed. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
iria, l-tnonogynia). Hardy herbaceous
perennials, except where otherwise spe-
cified. Dividing the roots — except the
stove annuals, which may be raised
from seed. Grown in any common soil.
A. intermedius requires the protection of
a cold pit in winter ; temperature for it
at that period, 38° to 45°.
A. cesti'vm (summer). 2. White. July. Spain.
1820.

— €flbus( white). 2. White. April. South

of Europe. 1820.

— asia'ticust Asiatic). White. June. Levant.

1824.

— capilla'ris (hair-leaved}. 4. Pale yellow.

June. South of Europe. 1812.

— clava'tus (club-seeded). 1. White. July.

East Indies. 1808. Stove annual.

— cre"ticus (Cretan). 2. Yellow. June.

Candia. 1821.

— fistulo'sus (pipe-stalked). 2. White. August.

South of Europe. 1596.

— intermedius (intermediate), 2. White. July.

Canaries. 1822. Half-hardy perennial.

— lu'teus (yellow). 3. Yellow. June. Sicily.

1596.

— microca'rpus (small-podded) . Dalmatia. 1831.

— proli'fcrus (proliferous). 1. White. Au-

gust. Armenia. 1824. Hardy annual.

— ramo'stis (branchy). 2. White. April. South

of Europe. 1551.

— sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Pale yellow. May.

Siberia. 1829.

— tau'ricus (Taurian). 3. White. June.

Tauria. 1812.

— tentfior (slenderer). 2. White. July. Si-

beria. 1824.

ASPIDIO'TUS. See Coccus.

ASPIDI'STKA. (From aspidiseon, a little
round shield: shape of flower, or, proba-
bly, in reference to the mushroom-shaped
stigma by which Aspidistra are charac-
terised. Nat. ord., Z%MW& [Liliaceae].
Linn., S-Octandria, \-monogynia}. Stove
herbaceous perennials, more curious than

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ornamental; suckers; common soil.
Summer temp., 60" to 75° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.
A. ela'tior (taller). 2. Brown. October.

Japan. 1835.
varicga'ta (variegated). 2. Brown.

October. Japan. 1835.

— Itfrida (lurid). 1. Purple. July. China.

1832. '

— puncta'ta (dotted). 1. Purple. March.

It is questionable whether these would
not all be hardy in the south of England.

ASPI'DIUM. Shield Fern. (From aspi-
dion, a little buckler, the shape of the
spores or seed apparatus. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., Zk-Crypto-
gamia, \-filices}. Spores or seed, and di-
vision of the roots, chiefly the latter ;
doing so before they begin to grow freely.
Shady situation ; loam and peat. The
greenhouse and stove kinds should have
their appropriate treatment ; those of the
latter should not have the temperature
lower than 50° in winter. See FERNS
for general culture.

HARDY.

A. alpi'num (Alpine). 1. Brown. July. South
of Europe. 1825.

— atoma'rium (atomed). 1. Brown. July.

North America. 1820.

— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. Jxily.

North America. 1638.

— denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. June.

Wales.

— dilata'tum (widened-cresfcrf) . 2. Brown.

June. Britain.

— dumet(/sum (thicket). 1. Brown. July.

Britain.

—fra'gile (brittle). 1. Brown. July. Bri-
tain.

— Halle1 ri (Haller's). Brown yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1824.

— irri'guum (plashy). 1. Brown. July.

Britain.

— monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— refgium (royal). 1. Brown. July. Bri-

tain.

— rhce'ticum (Rhajtian). |. Brown. June.

Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

A. afmulum (rival). 2. Brown. July. Ma-
deira. 1779.

STOVE.

A. ala'tum (winged). Brown yellow. July. East
Indies.

— cicuta'rium (cow-bane-like). 2. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1820.

— decu'rrens (decurrent). 2. Brown yellow.

May. Isle of Luzon.

— exalta'tum (lofty). 4. Brown. July. Ja-

maica. 1793.

— gra'nde (grand). Brown yellow. May. Island

of Luzon.

A.heraclcifo'Uum (cow-parsnip-leaved). Yel-
low. June.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Brown yellow. June.

West Indies. 1812.

— indivi'sum (whole-leafed) . 2. Brown. July.

Jamaica. 1824.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Brown yellow.

May. Island of Luzon.

— macroplnj' Hum (large-leaved). 3. Brown.

August. West Indies. 1816.

— pa' tens (spreading). 2. Brown. July. Ja-

maica. 1784.

— pectina'tum (comb-like). 1. Brown. July.

West Indies. 1820.

— pu'ngrns (stinging). Brown. West Indies.

— repa'ndum (wavy-leaved). Brown. July.

Island of Luzon.

— rhizophy' Hum (root-leaved). £. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1820.

— Singaporia'mim (Singapore). Brown yel-

low. April. Malacca.

— trapczoi'dcs (trapezium-like). 1. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1824.

— trifolia' turn (three-leaved). 2. Brown.

July. West Indies. 1769.

By some Botanists a new genus has
been created, under the name of Athy-
rium, merely to include our lady fern,
and some others which they think only
varieties of it ; but we have referred
them all to the genus NEPHRODITJM.

ASPLE'NIUM. Splecnwort. (From «,
not, and splen, spleen; referring to its
supposed medicinal properties. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia, \-JiUces}. For general ma-
nagement see ASPIDIUM and FERNS. In
propagating from the spores on the back
of a leaf, prepare a pot well-drained,
with some peaty soil ; shake the spores
all over it ; cover with a square of glass ;
and set the pot in a shady place until
the plants are up.

HARDY.

A. adia' ntum-ni' grum (black adiantum). 1.
Brown. August. Britain.

— alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Brown.

July. Scotland.

— ang-ustiftf Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown.

July. North America. 1812.

— Athi/rium (Athyrium). 2. Brown. Au-

gust. North America. 1823.

— ebcfneum (ebony-stalked). 1. Brown. July.

North America. 1779.

— M'lix-fcemina (female fern). 2. Brown.

April. Britain.

— fonta'num (fountain). 1. Brown. July.
England.

— Hallefri (Haller's). 1. Brown. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— lanceola' turn (lanceolate). 1. Brown. Au-

gust. England.

— mari'num (sea). 1. Brown. July. Bri-

tain.

— melanocauflon (black-stalked). 1. Brown.

July. North America. 1812.

ASP

[89]

ASS

A.Michaitxi (Michaux's) . 2. Brown. Au-
gust. North America. 1823.

— monta'num (mountain). 1. Brown. July.

North. America. 1812.

— rhizophy" Hum (rooting-leaved) . f. Brown

July. North America. 1680.

— Ritta-mura'ria (wall-rue). ^. Brown. July

Britain.

— septentrion' ale (northern). 1. Brown. July

Britain.

— thelypteroi' des (Thelypteris-like). 1. Brown

July. North America. 1823.

— tricho' manes (maiden-hair). £. Brown

July. Britain.

— vi'ride (green). 1. Brown. June. Britain

GREENHOUSE.

— acu'tum (acute). 2. Brown. April. Te-

neriffe. 1818.

— ambi'guum (doubtful). 1. Brown. West

Indies.

— alterna'ium (tapering). 1. Brown. July.

New Holland. 1824.

— bulbi'ferum (bulb-hearing). 1. Brown.

July. New Zealand. 1820.

— Canarie'nse (Canary). Brown. July. Ca-

naries. 1824.

— de'ntex (sharp-toothed). Brown. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— diffb'rme (irregular). 1. Brown. August.

New Holland. 1823.

— diversifo' Hum (various-leaved). 2. Brown.

June. Norfolk Islands. 1831.

— falca'tum (sickle-formed). 1. Brown. July.
New Holland. 1825.

— fi'ssum (cleft-fronds). Brown. April. Hun-
gary. 1825.

—flabellifo'lium (fan-leaved). 1. Brown.
July. New Holland. 1820.

—fla'ccidum (feeble). New Zealand. 1823.

— madere'nse (Madeira). 1. Brown. July.

Madeira. 1828.

— mona'nthcmum (one-flowered). 1. Brown.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— obtusa'tum (blwit-fronded) . 2. Brown.

July. New Holland. 1824.

— palma'tum (hand-shaped). ?-. Brown. July.

South Europe. 1816.

— Pctra'rchce (Petrarch's). £. Brown. Au-

gust. France. 1819.

— polyofdon (many-toothed). New Zealand.

1843.

— Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's). 1. Brown. Au-

gust. New Holland. 1820.

STOVE.

— ala'tum (winged). 1. Brown. West In-

dies.

— aurVtum (eared). 1. Brown. September.

South America. 1829.

— biauri'tum (two-eared). 1. Brown. July.

West Indies.

— Mparti'tum (equal -parted). 2. Brown.

August. Jamaica. 1820.

— Use'ctum (bisected). 2. Brown. July.

Jamaica. 1821.

— Brazilie'nse (Brazilian). 1. Brown. July.

Brazil. 1822.

— calophy'llum (beautiful -leaved). Brown.

June. Island of Luzon.

— cicuta'rium (cowbane - like) . 1. Brown.

August. West Indies. 1820.

A.crena'tum (round-notched). Brown. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1836.

— cultrifo'Uum (knife -leaved). 1. Brown.

West Indies. 1820.

— cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). 1. Brown.

September. West Indies. 1832.

— denta'tum (toothed). 1. Brown. July.

West Indies. 1820.

— deprefssum (depressed). 1. Brown. Au-

gust.

— dimidia'tum (halved). Brown. September.

West Indies. 1827.

— elonga'tum (elongated). Brown yellow.

June. Malacca. 1840.

— ercfsum (jagged-leaved). Brown yellow.

June. West Indies.

— formo? sum (beautiful). 1. Brown. June.
West Indies. 1822.

— fra' grans (fragrant). 1. Brown. August.

Jamaica. 1793.

— la'cteum (milky). Yellow. April. West

Indies.

— la* turn (gay) . West Indies.

— longi' ssimum (longest). Brown. May.

Malacca. 1840.

— lu'cidum (shining). Yellow. May. West

Indies.

— ni'dus (bird's nest). 2. Brown. August.

East Indies. 1820.

— obtusifo'lium (obtuse-leaved), f. Brown

Jamaica. 1838.

— oliaophy' Hum (few-leaved). Brown. Bra-

zil. 1841.

— oti'tes (otites). 1841.

— pcrsicifo'liuin (peach-leaved). Brown. Isl-

and of Luzon.

— planicauf le (smooth-stalked) . East Indies.

1841.

— prcemo'rsum (jagged-pointed), f. Brown.

August. Jamaica. 1793.

— ptflchrum (fair). Brown. June. Jamaica.

— pifmilum (dwarf). 1. Brown. July. West

Indies. 1823.

— ra'dicans (rooting). 1. Brown. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— rese'ctum (shredded). 1. Brown. July.

Mauritius. 1820.

— rhiztfphorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown.

August. Jamaica. 1793.

— sali'cinum (willow-like). 1. Brown. May.

East Indies. 1839.

— salicifo'lium (willow-leaved). 1. Brown.

June. West Indies.

— serra'tum (saw-leaved). 2. Brown. August.

AVest Indies. 1793.

— serrula'tum (minutely toothed). Brownish

yellow. June. " India.

— scolopendroi' des (hart's-tongue-like) . Brown.

July. Island of Leyte. 1840.

— stria' turn (striated). 1. Brown. August.

West Indies. 1793.

— sulca'twn (furrowed). Brown. July. West

Indies. 1827.

— vittcefo'rme (ribbon-like). Brownish yellow.

Island of Luzon.

— mm'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. Au-

t. Mauritius. 1820.
Hum (zamia-leaved) . 2. Brown.
July. Caraccas. 1820.

ASSAM TEA. The a assa'mensis.
ASSO'NIA. (After the Spanish botanist

AST

[90]

AST

Ignatius de Asso. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., \§-Monadelphia,
1-Dodecandria}. Stove trees. Cuttings
in sand in heat, under a glass ; sandy-
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; win-
ter, -50° to 60°.

A.popu'lnea (poplar-Zeaved). 10. White. Bour-
bon. 1820.

— viburnoi'des (viburnum- like). 11. White.

Bourbon. 1822.

ASTA'RTEA. (A classical name after
Astarte, a goddess of the Assyrians and
Sidonians, called in Scripture Ashtaroth.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooins[Myrta.ceee']. Linn.,
l&-Pofyadelpki&) 1-Polyandria). A green-
house shrub. Cuttings of small shoots,
half-ripe, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, and kept shaded for a time ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to
65° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

A.fascicula'ris (bundlecU/fowered). 3. New
Holland.

ASTE'LMA. (From a, not, and stelma,
a crown ; in reference to the construction
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., \Q-Syngenesia, 1-supcr-
flud). Allied to HELICHRYSUM. Green-
house evergreen shrubs ; all natives of
the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in
a gentle heat ; cuttings in sand, under a
bell or hand-glass ; sandy lumpy peat
well drained. Summer temp., 50° to 65° ;
whiter, 40° to 48°.
A. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. June.

— exi'mium (fine). 3. Crimson. July. 1793.
— fra' grans (fragrant). 2. Pink. July. 1803.

— imbrica' turn (imbricated). 2. White. Au-

gust. 1820.

— milleflo'rum (thousand-flowered). 1. Pale

purple. July. 1802.

— reto'rtum (twisted-back). 1. White. July.

1732.

— speciosi' ssimutn (showiest). 8. White. Au-

gust. 1691.

— spira'le (spiral-leaved). 2. White. Septem-

ber. 1801.

— stoAeft'no (Stsehelina-like). 2. White. 1801.

— varicga'tum (variegated) . 2. Brown white.

June. 1801.

ASTE'PHANUS. (From a, without, and
Stephanos, a crown ; in reference to the
stamens. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Aclepia-
daceaej. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-Digynia).
Greenhouse twining evergreen plants ;
division and cuttings ; peat and sandy
loam. Winter temp. 40° to 45°.

w'ris (linear). 4. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.

A.triflo'ms (three-flowered). 4. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

ASTER. Starwort. (From aster, a star.
The flowers of Composites, or Starworts,
are called florets, and being collected to-
gether on a receptacle, as in the daisy or
dahlia ; the rays of their circumference
resemble stars. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-jSyngenesia, 2-
mperflud). To this family we are in-
debted for many of our autumn orna-
ments in our flower borders. The green-
house species are evergreen shrubs, pro-
pagated by cuttings under a hand-glass
in sandy peat, and flourishing in peat
and loam. The hardy species are de-
ciduous herbaceous plants, propagated by
division, and flourishing in common gar-
den soil.

HARDY.

A. abbreriafttis (shortened). 2. Blue. Au-
gust. North America.

— a' cm (acrid). 2. Blue. August. South

of Europe. 1731.

— acumina' tus (long-pointed). 2. Pale red,

September. North America. 1806.

— adulteri'nus (false). 3. Violet. September.

North America.

— cesti'vus (summer). 2. Blue. July. North

America. 1776. Labrador Starwort.

— a'lbus (white). 3. White. August. North

America.

— alpi'mis (Alpine). 1. Purple. June. Eu-

rope. 1658.

flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). 1.

White. July. Europe. 1828.

ramo'sus (small-brnnchy). 1. Blue.

June. Europe.

— alta'icus (Altaic). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.

1804.

— alwarte'nsis (Alwart). 1. Red. May. Cauca-

sus. 1807.

— Ame'llus (Amcllus). 2. Purple. August.

Italy, 1596. Italian Starwort.

angustifof lius (narrow-leaved). 2.

Pale blue. August. South of Europe.
1596.

— amelloi'des (amellus-like). 1£. Violet. July.

Podolia. 1824.

— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. Blue.

October. North America.

— amygdali'nus (almond-leaved). 2. WTiite

August. North America. 1759.

— arge'ntcus (silver-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. North America. 1801.

— artemisiifto'rus (wormwood-flowered). 3.

White. September. North America.

— lellid-ifltfrus (daisy-flowered). 3. Pale red.

September. North America.

— bessara'bicus (bessarabian). Purple. Sep-

tember. Uussia. 1834.

— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. Violet. Au-

gust. Caucasus. 1820.

— lla'ndus (charming). 2. Pale Blue. Octo-

ber. North America. 1800.

AST

[91]

AST

A. bi' color (two-coloured). 3. "White yellow.
August. North America. 1759.

— cabu'licm (Cabul). 3. Pink. August.

Cabul. 1842.

— canefsccns (hoary) . 2. Violet. September.

North America. 1812. Hardy biennial.

— ca'nus (hoary-leaved) . 2. Purple. August.

Hungary. 1816.

— cassiara'bictis (Arabian Cassia). 2. Pink.

September, Russia. 1834.

— cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

— cilia' tus (fringed). 3. White. September.

North America.

— conci'nnus (neat). 2. Purple. October.

North America. 1800.

— co' ncolor (one-coloured) . 1. Purple. Octo-

ber. North America. 1759.

— conyzoi'des (Conyza-like). 1. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1773.

— cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

North America. 1759.

— cori'difol'ius (Coris-leaved). 1. Pale blue.

October. North America.

— cornifolius (cornus-leaved). 3. White.

October. North America.

— corymbo'stis (corymbed). 2. White. Octo-

ber. North America. 1765.

— cya'neus (bright blue) . 3. Blue. Septem-

ber. North America. 1789.

— deserto'rum (desert). 2. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1820.

— difufsus (diffuse). 2. White. October.

North America. 1777.

— dicarica'tus (straggling). 2. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1800.

— dracunculo'ides (Tarragon-like). 3. \Vhite.

November. Tauria. 1811.

— dumo'siis (bushy). 3. White. October.

North America. 1734.

— etlegans (elegant). 2. Blue. September.

1790.

— (fminens (eminent). 2. Light. October.

North America.

virgi'neus (pure white-rayerf). 3.

Whitish yellow. September. United
States.

— ericoi'des (heath-like). 3. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1758.
—fi'rmus (firm). 6. Red. August. North

America. 1816.
— floribu' ndus (many-flowered). 4. Purple.

September. North America.
— foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 3. Purple blue.

October. North America. 1732.
— folio' sus (leafy). 3. White. September.

North America. 1799.
—fra'gilis (brittle). 2. Flesh. September.

North America. 1800.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green. August.

North America.

— graminifof Urn (grass-leaved). 2. Pale pur-

ple. October.

— grandiflo'rus (great-flowered — Catesby's

Starwort). 2. Blue. November.
North America. 1720.

— grave'olens (strong-smelling). 2. Arkan-

sas. 1826.

— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 3. White.

August. North America. 1811.
•*-hi'spidus (bristly-stalked). 1. White. Sep-
tember. China. 1804.

A. hu' mills (humble). 1. White. September.
North America. 1699.

— hyssojnfo' lius (Hyssop-leaved). 2. Pale pur-

ple. September. North America.
1683.

— ibffricus (Iberian). 2. Purple. August.

Iberia.

— inci'sus (cut-leaved}. 2. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1818.

— inuloi'dcs (Inula-like). 1. Red. August.

Nepaul.

— jtfnceus (rush-Like). 4. Flesh. September.
North America. 1758.

— l&viga'tus (smooth-stemmed). 3. Flesh.

September. North America. 1794.

— lafvis (smooth). 2. Blue. September.

North America. 1758.

— lanceola'tus (lanceolate). 4. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1811.

— la'xus (supple-stalked). 2. White. October.

North America.

— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 4. September.

North America.

— linarifo'lius (savory-leaved). 1. Pale blue.

September. North America. 1699.

— linifo'lius (flax-leaved). 2. White. July.

North America. 1739.

— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 3. White. Oc-

tober. North America. 1798. •

— lusita'nicus (Spanish). 1. Blue. June.

Spain. 1826.

— luxufrians (luxuriant). 5. Blue. Septem-

ber. North America. 1816.

— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 2. White.

August. North America. 1739.

— margina'tus (boi'dered). 1. Violet. July.

New Granada. 1827.

— monta'nus (mountain). 1. August. Caro-

lina.

— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 3. White,

September. North America. 1732.

— muta'bilis (changeable). 2. Purple. Sep-

tember. North America. 1719.

— myrtifo'lius (myrtle-leaved). 2. White.

August. 1812.

— nemora'lis (grove). 1. Lilac. August.

North America. 1778.

— No'vce Anglia? (New England). 6. Pur-

fle. September. North America.
710.

rrfber (red-flowered). 6. Red.

July. North America. 1812.

— No'viBe'lgii (New York). 4. Purple blue.

September. North America. 1710.

— nudijio'rus (naked-flowered). 1. Purple.

August. North America.

— oblongifo' lius (oblong-leaved). 2. Lilac.

July. North America. 1797.

— pa' liens (pale-Jtvwered). 3. Violet. Sep-

tember. North America.

— paludo'sus (marshy). 3. Blue. August.

North America. 1784.

— panicula'tus (panicled). 4. Blue. Septem-

ber. North America. 1640.

— panno'nicus (Hungarian). 2. Violet. July.

Hungary. 1815.

— pa' tens (spreading-Aairee?) . 2. Purple.

October. North America. 1773.

— pauciflo'rus (few-flowered). 1. White.

September. Missouri.

— pe'ndulus (down-hanging). 2. White. Sep-

tember, North America. 1758.

AST

[92]

AST

A.peregri'nus (foreign). 1. Blue. July.
North America.

— phlogifo'lius (Phlox-leaved). 2. Violet. Sep-

tember. North America. 1797.

— pilo'sus (downy). 2. Pale blue. September.

North America. 1812.

— plantagincefo' liw (plantain-leaved). 1.
White. August. North America.

— polyphy' llus (many-leaved). 3. White.

September. North America.

— prcea'ltus (very tall). 6. Vermillion. Sep-

tember. North America. 1800.

— pro? cox (early-flo'icering). 2. Violet. July.

North America. 1890.

— prenanthoi'des (Prenanthes-like). 3. Blue.

September. North America. 1821.

— pulchefllus (pretty). 1. Purple. June.

Armenia.

— pulchtfrrimus (prettiest). 2. Blue. Sep-

tember. North America. 1800.

— puncta'tus (dotted). 3. Violet. August.

Hungary. 1815.

— puni'cem (ved-stalked) . 8. Blue. Sep-

tember. North America. 1710.
demi'ssus (dwarf). 2. Blue. Sep-
tember. Gardens. 1820.

— pyrenafm (Pyrenean). 2. Violet. July.

Pyrenees.

— rtfdula (nisp-leaved). 2. White. October.

North America. 1785.

— ramafsus (small-branchy). 1. Purple red.

June. North America. 1816.

— recurva'tus (bent-back). 3. Pale blue. Au-

gust. North America. 1800.

— reticula'tm (netteA-lcavcd) . 3. White. July.

North America. 1812.

— rigi'dulm (stifflsh). 3. Blue. September.

North America. 1816.

— ri'gidus (stiff-leaved) . 1. Purple. Septem-

ber. North America. 1759.

— rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, August.

North America. 1820.

— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 4. Purple.

September. North America. 1815.

— saglttcpfo'lius (sagittate-leaved). 2. Flesh.

June. North America. 1760.

— salwifoflhis (willow-leaved). 6. Flesh. Sep-

tember. North America. 1760.

— sail' gnus (salloAV-leaved) . 6. White. Sep-

tember. Germany. 1815.

— sangu' incus (bloody). 3. Blue. September.

North America.

— Schrcbe'ri (Schreber's). 4. White. August.

North America.

— sero'tinus (late flowering. Michaelmas daisy).

3. Blue. August. North America.
~sessil(flo'rus (stalkless-flowered). 5. Red.
October. North America. 1700.

— sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1768.

— si' mplex (single-stemmed). 3. Whitish purple.

September. North America.

— solidaginoi'des (Solidago-like). 2. White

August. North America. 1699.

— sparsifio'rus (scattered-flowered). 3. Pale

purple. October. North America. 179S,

— specta' bills (showy). 2. Blue. August,

North America. 1777.

— sptfrius (spurious). 4. Blue. September,

North America. 1789.

— squarro'sus (squarrose). 2. Blue. June

North America. 1801.

A. stellular tus (small-star-like). 2. Violet.
June. Van Diemen's Land. 1823.

— stri'ctus (straight). 1. Violet. October.

North America. 1806.

— subula'tu-s (aAvl-shaped). 2. Pale blue.

September. North America.

— surculo'sus (spriggy). 2. Purple. August.

North America.

— tardiflo'nts (late -flowered). 2. Blue. Sep-

tember. North America. 1775.

— tata'riats (Tartarian). 1. White. August.

Tartary. 1818.

— tenuifu' liiis (slender-leaA*ed). 3. White.

August. North America. 1723.

— tomento'sm (woolly). 2. Pink. July. New

South Wales. 1725.

— tortifo'lius (twisted-leaved). 1. Purple.

September. North America.

— Tradesca'nti (Tradescant's), 3. White. Au-

gust. North America. 1633.

— trine" n-is (three nerA'ed). 2. White. Au-

gust. Nepaul. 1818.

— tripo' Hum (Tripoly-Sea starwort) . 2. Blue.

August. Britain.

— undula'tus (wave-leaved). 3. Purple. Sep-

tember. North America. 1699.

— vcr si' color (A'arious-coloured) . 3. White

purple. August. North America. 1790.

— vimi'neus (tAA-igsry). 3. Blue. September.

North America. 1800.

GREENHOTJSE.

A. aculea'tus (prickly-feawd). 2. White.
June. New Holland. 1818.

— angustifo'lius (narrow -leaved) . 6. Pale

Blue. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1804.

— argophtfllus (silvery-leaved). 10. White.

July. Van Diemen's Land. 1804.

— carolinia'nus (Carolina). 8. Purple. Sep-

tember. Carolina.

— cymbalo? riai (ivy-leaved). 2. White. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1786.

— erube'scens (blushing). 3. lied. June.

New Holland.

— exasnera'tus (roughened). 3. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— filifo'liiis (thread-leaved). 3. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

fruticuto'sm (rather shrubby). 1. Blue.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— lira'tm (rigid-stemmed). 3. White. June.

New South Wales. 1812.

— »w«r«Hot'de* (Mvrsine-like). 3. Pale pur-

ple. May. New Holland. 1825.

— obttisa'tus (obtuse-feared). 4. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1 793.

— plwriflo'rm (many-flowered). 2. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— reflc'xm (reflex-faam/). 3. Crimson. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1 7 59.

— seri'cem (silky-?™ m/). 3. Blue. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1 786.

— tendllu* (delicate). 1. Blue. August,

Cape of Good Hope. 1769. Green-
house biennial.

— villo'sus (long haired). 4. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

ASTERACA'NTHA. (From aster, a star,
and acantha, a spine ; referring to the

AST

[93]

AST

disposition of the spines. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacesc] ; allied to BAR-
LERIA. Linn., 14-Didi/namia, 1-angio-
spermia). Greenhouse herbaceous pe-
rennial. Division and seeds ; sandy
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
A. longifo'Ua (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.
Egypt. 1781.

ASTEROCE'PHALUS. (From aster, a star,
and kcphale, a head; in reference to the
seed. Nat. ord., Teazleworts [Dipsaca-
cea3]. Linn., ^.-Tetrandia, \~monogynia.
It seems useless to divide the species
from Scabious). Annuals from seed; pe-
rennials from seed, or cuttings under a
hand-glass ; common soil. All hardy
except where otherwise specified.

ANNUALS.
A. atropurpif rcus (dark-purple). Brown. July.

East Indies. 1629.
a' Thus (white). White. July.

East Indies. 1629.
ca'rneus (flesh-coloured) . 3.

Flesh. July. East Indies. 1629.
proli'ferus (proliferous). 3.

Purple. July. East Indies. 1629.

• ro'seus (rose-coloured) . 3.

lied. July. East Indies. 1629.

variega'tus (variegated). 3.

Variegated. July. East Indies. 1629.

— Bieberstcl'nii (Beiberstein's). U. Pink.

July. Iberia. 1823.

— grandlfio'rus (great-flowered). 3. White.

July. Barbary. 1804.

— legione>nsis (Leon). " li. Pink. July. Spain.

1820.

— mari'timm (sea). 2. Purple. July. Italy.

1683.

— neglefctm (neglected). lg. Red. June.

Germany. 1825.

— palcesti'nus (Palestine\ 1. Citron. July.

Palestine. 177 J.

— pectina'tus (comb-leaved). 1J. Violet.

July. Arabia. 1824.

— proli'ferus (many-suckered). 1. Yellow.

July. Egypt. 1683.

— rota'tus (wheel-shaped). 1£. Pink. July.

Iberia. 1823.

— saxa'titis (rock). H Pink. July. Spain.

1827.

— si' cuhis (Sicilian). 1. Pink. July. Sicily.

1783.

— si'mplex (simple). 2. White. July. South

of Europe. 1820.

— Stella' tm (starry). 1^. Blue. July. Spain.

1596.

PERENNIALS.

A. africa'nm (African). 6. White. August.
Africa. 1690. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.

— agre'stis (tield). Purple. August. Hun-

gary. 1818.

— alti'ssinnis (very tall). 5. Blue. August.

Africa. 1819. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.

A. amoe'nus (pleasant). Purple. June. 1820.

— argefnteus (silvery). White. August. Le-

vant. 1713.

— banna'ticus (Bannatic). 3. Pink. July

Hungary. 1802.

a'lbus (white-flowered). 3. White.

July. Gardens.

— cane'scms (hoary). 1. Lilac. July. Hun-

gary. 1802.

— capilla'tus (long-haired). 2. Violet. July.

1820.

— cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Blue. June.

Caucasus. 1803.

— ceratophy'llus (buckthorn-leaved). 2. lied.

July. Italy, 1826.

— columba'rius (pigeon-coloured). 1. Purple.

July. Britain.

— commuta'tus (changed). 1. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1826.

— arena' tm (round-notched). 2. Flesh. Au-

gust. Italy. 1825.

— crefticus (Cretan). 1. Purple. June. Crete,

1596. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.

— dlegans (elegant). 1. Light blue. June.

South of Europe. 1813.

— graminifo' lius (grass leaved). 1. Blue.

July. Switzerland. 1683.

— gramu'ntius (Gramont). 1. Light blue.

July. South of Europe. 1596.

— lioloseri' cam (all-silky). 1— Blue. July,

Pyrenees. 1818.

— inca'nus (moulds-looking). 1. Red. July.

Europe. 1826.

— interne" dius (intermediate). 1£. Blue.

July. South of Europe. 1824.

— isete'nsis (Isetsk). 1. White. July. Si-

beria. 1801.

— lu'ddus (shining). 2. Blue. Dauphiny. 1800.

— liCteus (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. 'Russia.

— lyra'tm (lyrate-/ea»ed). 1. Purple. July.

Turkey. 1799. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial.

— micra'nthus (small-flowered). 1. Pink. July.

Armenia. 1825.

— molli'ssimus (softest). 2. White. June.

Italy. 1820.

— ni'tens (glittering). June. Azores. 1779.

— ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). 1. Yellow.

July. Germany. 1517.

— paucise'tus (few-bristled). Straw. July.

South of Europe. 1827.

— pyrena'icus (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. July.

South of France. 1819.

— rupefstris (hill). 1. Pink. July. Caucasus.

1824.

— rutcefo'lius (rue-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July.

Sicily. 1804.

— Scopo'/ii (Scopoli's). 2. Straw. July.

South of Europe. 1819.

— seti'ferus (bristle-bearing). 2. White. July.

France. 1826.

— silenifo'lim (Silene-leaved). 1£. Red. July.

Hungary. 1826.

— tomento'sits (woolly). July. 1£. Blue.

Spain. 1827.

— ucra'nicus (Ukraine). 1. Light yellow.

July. Ukraine. 1795.

— urceota'tus (jagged). 3. Yellow. July.

Barbary. 1804.

— Webbia'nus (Webb's). L White. July.

Mount Ida. 1818.

AST

[94]

AST

ASTI'LBE. (From a, not, and stilbe,
brightness; flowers not very striking.
"Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese].
Linn., W-Decandria, 1-Digynia). Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; peat
and a few pebbles.

A. deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 2. White. June.
Carolina. 1812.

ASTRA' GALUS. Milk Vetch. (An an-
cient Greek name for some leguminous
plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia, 4-
Decandria). All hardy except where
otherwise specified. Annual species,
seed, in common sandy soil, in March.
Perennial herbaceous species, division of
the plant. The under shrubs, ciittings
under a hand light ; common sandy soil
for all.

ANNUALS.

A. cegi'ceras (goat's-horn-^odded). 1. Pale
yellow. July. 1818.

— alope? cias (sea-fox). 3. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1800.

— annula'ris (ring-formed). 1£. Purple. July.

Egypt. 1800. Trailer.

— bafticus (Baetic). 1. Pale yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1759. Trailer.

— brachy1 'ceras (short-horn-podded). £. Yel-

low. July. Tauria. 1828.

— bu' ceras (ox-horn-podded). 1. Pale yellow.

July. 1818. Trailer.

— canalicula'tus (channel-podded). 2. White.

July. 1816.

— caryoca'rpus (nut-podded). 1. Purple.

July. Spain. 1800. Biennial.

— ci'cer( vetch). 2. Yellow. July. Europe.

1570. Trailer.

— contortuplica'tus (twisted-plaited). 1. Pale

yellow. July. Siberia. 1764. Trailer.

— crucia'tus (cross-formed). 1£. Violet. July.

1820. Trailer.

— cymbcecarpus (boat-podded). i. White.

July. Spain. 1800. Trailer.

— ala'ux (milk-wort), i. Purple. July.

Spain. 1596.

— lotoi'des (lotus-like). ±. Red. August.

China. 1763.

— mareofticus (Mareotic). \. Lilac. July.

Egypt. 1817. Trailer.

— Nuttallia'nm (Xutta\l's). $. Blue. July.

America. 1820. Trailer.

— oxiglo'ttis (sharp-tongue-fcaved) . £. Blue.

July. Tauria. 1817. Trailer.

— pentaglo' ttis (flve-tongued) . ^. Purple.

July. Spain. 1739. Trailer.

— reticula'ris (netted). Blue. July. Iberia.

1828.

— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like-podd<"d) . 1. Pale

Blue. July. Spain. 1816.

— sesa'meus (sesanie-like). 1. Pale blue. July.

South of Europe. 1616. Trailer.

— triangula' ris (three-angled). 1. Pale yel-

'low. July. 1818.

A tribuloi'des (tribulus-like) . £. Purple. July.
Egypt. 1817. Trailer.

— trimc'stris (three-monthly). $. Pale yel-

low. July. Egypt. 1730. Trailer.

— trimo'rphits (three-formed). i. Purple.

July. South of Europe. 1816. Trailer.

PERENNIALS.

A. acutifo'lius (acute-leaved). £. July. Switz-
erland. 1826.

— adsu'rgens (adsurgent). i. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1820.

prostra'tus (prostrate). J. Pur-
ple. July. Siberia. 1818. Trailer.

adu'ncus (hooked). 1. Purple. July.
Caucasus. 1819.

— alopecuroi' des (fox-tail-like). 2. Light

yellow. July. Spain. 1737.

— annuodt/'tes (sand'viper). £. White. July.

Siberia. 1820. Evergreen under-
shrub.

— arena' rim (sand). 1. Blue. July. Ger-

many. 1798. Trailer.

— arista'tus (awned). 1. Purple. July.

Pyrenees. 1791. Evergreen.

— a'sper (rough) . 3. Pale yellow. July.

Astracan. 1796.

— Austri'acm (Austrian). £. Pale blue. July.

Austria. 1640.

— laicale'nsis (Baical). 1. August. Yellow.

Siberia. 1830.

— bayone'nsis (Bavonne). i. Purple. July.

France. 1816.

— brachyca' rpus (short-podded). 1|. Purple.

July. Caucasus. 1820. Trailer.

— breviflo' rus (short-flowered). ^. Purple.

July. Armenia. 1826. Half-hardy
evergreen.

— buchtormtfnsis (Buchtorm's). i. Yellow.

Siberia. 1818.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1£. Pale yellow.

July. North America. 1732.

— calyc'inus (long-calyxed). August. Cau-

casus. 1819.

— capri'nus (gout-scented). 1. Pale yellow.

July. Barbary. 1683.

— capita' tiis (headed). 1. Pale yellow. July.

Levant. 1759.

— Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 1J. Greenish

yellow. July. North America. 1732.

— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). £. White. July.

Caucasus. 1824. Evergreen.

— Chine? -ns'is (Chinese). 1. Pale yellow. July.

China. 1795. Greenhouse.

— chlorosta' chys (green-spiked). 3. Greenish

yellow. September. Nepaul. 1824.

— christia'nm (Christian). 3. Pale yellow.

July. Armenia. 1737. So called by
Dioscorides because a native of the
birth-land of Christianity.

— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). g. Purple. June.

Dahuria. 1822.

— dasya'nthitfi (hairy-flowered). 1. June.

Hungary. 1819.

— dasyylo'tlis (thick-tongue-leaved). \. Pur-

ple. July. Siberia. 1818.

— depre'ssm (depressed). \. Pale yellow

July. Europe. 1772. Trailer.

— Aiffuf s/w (wide-scattered). \. Pale yellow.

July. Caspian. 1820.

— donia'nut (Don's). ^. Pui^le. July. Nepaul.

1818. Trailer.

AST

[95]

AST

A.emaryina'tus (nicked-leaf ) . 1. Pale yellow.
July. South of Europe. 1825.

— epiglo'ttis (heart-podded). \, Pale yellow.

July. South of Europe. 1737. Trailer.

— exsca'pus (scapeless). £. Yellow. July.

Hungary. 1827.

— falca'tm (sickle-podded : hairy-podded). 3.

Greenish yellow. July. Siberia.

— faldfo'rmis (sickle-formed). 1£. Pale

yellow. July. Algiers. 1816.
—frutico'sus (shrubby). 1£. Violet. July.
Siberia. 1804.

— galegifo' rmis (goat's-rue-ZeaverZ). 2. Yel-

lowish green. June. Siberia. 1729.

— glyciphylloi' des (glyciphyllus-like. Liquor-

ice milk vetch). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Siberia. 1818. Trailer.

— glycyphy'llus (sweet-leaved). 3. Yellowish

green. July. Britain. Trailer.

— gra'cUis (slender). J. Purple. June. North

America. 1821.

— halica'cabus (kettle-calyxed). £. Pale yel-

low. May. Armenia. 1806.

— hamo'ms (hook-podded). 1. Pale yellow.

July. Spain. 1683. Trailer.
-- macroca'rpus (large-fruited). \.
Pale yellow. June. South of Europe.
1820. Trailer.

— hypoglo1 ttis (tongue-under-tongue) . J. Pur-

ple. July. Britain. Trailer.
"

a'lbus (white -flowered"],

White. June. Gardens. Trailer.

— hymenoca'rpus (membranous-./fo;ra-ed). 4.

Yellow. July. Russia. 1835.

— inca'nus (hoary). £. Purple. July. Mont-

pelier. 1759.

— infta'tus (inflated). 1. Purple. July.

Mendoza. 1827.

— lactiflo'rus (milk-flowered). Striped. June.

Siberia. 1832.

— lani'gerus (wool-bearing). |. YeUow. June.

Egypt. 1791.

— Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). 1. Purple.

August. Siberia. 1814. Trailer.

— leonti'nm (lion-tail), i. Blue. July. Aus-

tria. 1815. Trailer.

— leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). £. White. July.

Barbary. 1811.

— leucophc&us (dusky), i. Whitish yellow.

July. 1776. Trailer.

— linearifoflius (linear-leaved). 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1780.

— longiflo'rus (long-flowered). £. Yellow.

July. Tartary. 1806.

— macrocefphalw (large-headed). 4. Yellow.

June. Caucasus. 1831. Trailer.

— ma'ximus (greatest fox-tail). 3. Yellow.

June. America.

— mclilotoi' des (melilot-like) . 3. Purple. June.

Siberia. 1785.

— micra'nthus (small- flowered). 1. Pale

yellow. July. 1800.

— microphyilus (small-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1773.

— monspessultfnus (Montpelier). 1. Purple.

July. France. 1710. Evergreen
trailer.

_, _ . a'lbus (white). 1. White.
July. South of Europe. Evergreen
trailer.

— narboneTnsis (Narbonne). 3. Pale yellow.

July. South of Europe. 1789.

A. negldctus (neglected). \. July. Siberia.
1826.

— odora'tus (sweet-scented). 2. Pale yellow.

July. South of Europe. 1820.

— onobrychioi' des (saintfoin-like). 1. Pur-

ple. July. Iberia. 1819.

— onobrifchis (purple-spiked). 1^. Purple.

July. Austria. 1640. Trailer.

— otefptenu (earwinged). 1. Pale blue. July.

Altai. 1817.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). A. Purple. July.

Caspian. 1818.

— pallet seem (palish). 1. Pale yellow. June.

Siberia.

— physofdes (inflated). |. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1759.

— platyphifUus (broad-leaved). 1. Pale yel-

low. July. Siberia, 1824. Trailer.

— pcfnticus (Pontic). 2. Pale yellow. Tauria.

1820.

— potefrium (Poterium). £. White. July.

Levant. 1640. Evergreen.

— proeu'mbcns (procumbent). U. Yellowish

Blue. May. Chili. 1832. Half-
hardy. ,

— purpu'rcus (purple). £. Purple. July.

South of France. 1820. Trailer.

— r&ptans (creeping). £. White. July.

Mexico. 1818. Greenhouse evergreen
creeper.

— Schanginia' nus (Schang's). 1. White. Si-

beria. 1832.

— semibilocula' ris (half two-celled). 1£. Pale

yellow. July. Siberia. 1804.

— ste'lla (star-podded). %. Blue. July. South

of Europe. 1658. Trailer.

— stipula'tus (tor^e-stipuled). 1. Yellow.

June. Nepaul. 1822.

— subula'tm (awl-shaped). £. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1820.

— succule? ntus (succulent). 1. Purple. July.

North America. 1827.

— sulca'tus (furrowed). 4. Light blue. July.

Siberia. 1785.

— sylvi' coins (wood). America. 1831. Trailer.

— tau'ricus (Taurian). A. Purple. July.

Tauria. 1826.

— testicula' tus (egg-shaped). £. Fleshy white.

July. Tauria. 1818.

— tomento'sus (woolly-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.

July. Egypt. 1800. Half-hardy.

— tragaca'ntha (great goafs-thorn). Pale

yellow. July. South of Europe. 1640.
Evergreen.

— Mmidus (swelling). $. Pale yellow. July.

Egypt. 1816. Evergreen.

— uligino'sus (marsh). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Siberia. 1752.

— u'triaer (bladder-bearing). 4. Yellow.

July. Russia. 1818.

— vesica'rius (bladder-c«fy:m2). 1. Whitish

yellow. July. Europe. 1737. Trailer.

— vimi'neus (rod-like). £. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1816.

— virga'tus (twiggy). 3. Violet. July. Si-

beria. 1806.

— vulpi'nus (fox). 2. Light yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1815.

ASTRA' NTHUS. (From astron, a star,
and anthos, a flower ; in reference to the
star-like divisions of the flower. Nat.

AST

[96]

ATH

ord., Homaliads [Homaliaceee]. Linn.,
8-Octandria, \-monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrub ; cuttings in sandy soil,
under a glass ; rich light loam. Temp.,
50° in summer ; winter, 40° to 45°.
A. cochin-chine' nsis (Cochin-Chinese). 4. White.
July. China. 1823.

ASTRA'NTIA. Masterwort. (From
astron, a star, and anti, comparison; refer-
ring to the disposition of the flower um-
bels. Nat. ord., Umbell'ifers [Apiacea?].
Linn., 5-Pentandrta, 1-digynia). Allied
to SANICULA. Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials ; dividing the plant in March,
April, or October ; sandy loam.
A. Bieberstei'nii (Bieberstein's). 2. May.
Caucasus. 1835.

— carni'olica (Carnioline). 1. Striped. June,

Carniola. 1812.

— cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Pink. July.

Caucasus. 1818.

— ma'jor (greater). 2. Striped. June. Alps,

Europe. 1596.

— ma'xima (greatest). 2. Pink. July. Cau-

casus. 1804.

— mi' nor (smaller). ^. Pink. June. Swit-

zerland. 1686.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). |. White. July.

Sicily. 1820.

ASTRAPJE'A. (From astrape, light-
ning ; in reference to the brightness of
the flowers in India. Nat. ord., Bytt-
wmVwMByttneriaccaa]. Linn., Q-Monadel-
phia, 7 -dodecandria] . Formerly arranged
erroneously with Sterculiads. Stove
evergreen trees ; cutting's of young wood
in April, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 65°
to 80° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
A. tilitefo'lia (lime-tree-leaved). 20. Isle of
Bourbon. 1824.

— visco'sa (clammy). 30. Pink. Madagascar.

J23.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). 20. Pink.
Madagascar. 1820.

July.

ASTROCA'RTUM. (From astron, a star,
and karyon, a nut; referring to the dispo-
sition of the fruit. Nat. ord., Palms
[PalmaceseJ. Linn., 2l-Moncecia, 6-hcx-
andria). Allied to Cocos. Stove palms;
seed in hotbed in spring ; rich loam.
Summer temp., 65° to 75° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.
A. acau'le (stemless). 10. Brazil. 1820.

— aculea'tum (prickly). 40. Guiana. 1824.

— campe'stre (field). 10. Brazil. 1826.

— muram u'ru (Murumuru). 40. Brazil. 1825.

— vulga' re (common). 30. Brazil. 1825.

ASTROLO'BIUM. United to ORNITHOPUS.

ASTROLO'MA. (From asfron, a star,
and loma, a fringe ; in reference to the
bearded fringe on the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, \-monogynia). Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. Young cuttings, firm at
their base, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and turfy peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
A. denticula'tum (finely-toothed). 1. Pale red.

New Holland. 1826.
— humifit'sum (trailing). 1. Scarlet. July.

New South Wales. 1807.

ASTY'RIA. (From «, not, and steiras,
sterile ; referring to the absence of bar-
ren stamens ; one-half of these being
barren generally in this order. Nat. ord.,
Syttnerietdt [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia, 5-octandria). Allied to DOM-
BEYA. Stove evergreen shrubs; cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat
and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. ro'sca (rosy). Pink. May. Mauritius. 1843.

ASYSTA'SIA. (From «, without, and
stocky s, a spike, the inflorescence ; not
in spikes, as is often the case in Acan-
thads. N&t.or(i.,dcanthads [Acanthacea?].
Linn., \<±-Didynamia, 1-angiospermiaj.
Stove evergreen shrub; cuttings of young
shoots in April, in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam, with a little
sand ; and when vigour is required a
little dried cowdung. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50d to 55°.
A. coromandelia'na (Coromandel). Purple. Sep-
tember. India. 1845.

ATALA'NTIA. (A classical name after
Atalanta, daughter of Schoenus, King of
Scyrus. " She being wearied with the
importunities of her suitors, consented to
have the man that could outrun her."
Hippo' menes did so by the help of Venus's
golden apples. He cast three before her,
and she lost ground in gathering them."
The fruit is golden coloured. Nat. ord.,
Citronworts [Aurantiaceoe]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-monog ynia). Stove ever-
green shrub ; cuttings in heat, under a
bell-glass ; sandy loam and peat.
A. monoplitflla (one-leaved). 4. White. July.
East Indies. 1777.

ATAMASCO-LILY. Zephyranthus-ata-
masco.
ATHANA'SIA. (Ftom «, not, and tha-

ATE

[97]

ATH

natos, death ; in reference to the flowers
being what is called " everlasting." Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn.,
\§-Syngenesia, \-cequalis). Greenhouse
evergreens ; all natives of the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of half- ripe wood
in spring, in sand, under a hell-glass ;
loam and peat, but most of the former.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; summer, 60°
and upwards.

A. candscens (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.

— capita' ta (headed), li. Yellow. March.

1774.

— crena'ta (round-notched). 2. Yellow. July.

1816.

— crithmifo'lia (samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. 1723.

— cuneifo'ha (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

1816.

— denta'ta (toothed). 1^. Yellow. July. 1759.
—filifo'rmis (thread-form). 2. Yellow. August.

1787.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

1800.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Yellow.

April. 1731.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1£. Yellow.

July. 1774.

— pinna' ta (pinnate), li. Yellow. July.

1818.

— puWscens (downy). 6. Yellow. July. 1768.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 3. Yellow. June.

1822.

— tomento'sa (woolly - leaved] . 2. Yellow.

May. 1774.

— tricifspis (three - pointed). 3. Yellow.

July. 1816.

— trifurca'ta (three-forked-?eaeed). 3.

Yellow. July. 1710.

— virga' ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. July.

1815.

ATELA'-NDKA. (From atalos, soft,
and aner, an anther. Nat. ord., La-
biates or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. Linn.,
\l-Lidynamia \-Gymnospermia. Al-
lied to WESTRINGIA). Greenhouse
evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.

A. inert na ' (mouldy - looking). Slate.
Swan River.

ATHA'LIA SPIN A' RUM. The Turnip
Saw-fly. "The grub of this insect,
known as the Black Caterpillar, Black
Canker, Black Palmer, Negro, and Nig-
ger, or Black Grub, sometimes destroys
thousands of acres of our turnips. Its
body is cylindrical, as thick as a crow-
quill, about half an inch long, greenish
black, with a darker line down the back ;
7

then a line of dull yellowish grey, and a
third of dark slate. Underneath, the
body is paler ; it is wrinkled, and the
head is black. When alarmed, this grub
curls itself together in a somewhat spiral
form. They feed on the leaf of the tur-
nip, leaving nothing but its largest ribs,
from the middle of August until about
the same period of October. They never
attack the Swedish turnip. When full
grown, the grubs bury themselves just
below the surface of the earth, each
forming a small oval cocoon of earth
formed into a paste with a gummy mois-
ture from its mouth. It remains in the
chrysalis state until July, when the per-
fect insect, or Turnip Saw-fly, comes
forth. Our drawing represents it magni-
fied, the natural size being shown by the
crossed lines. It is the Athalia centifolia
of some, and A., spinarum of other na-
turalists. Its colour is bright orange,
head black, upper lip pale yellow, anten-
nae black, thorax has two large dark spots,
and other dark marks are about the body
and wings. On small plots of turnips
the black grub may be easily removed
by hand-picking, and from larger breadths
by turning upon them some broods of
ducks." — (Cottage Gardener, iii. 149).

ATHEROPO'GON. (From other, an awn,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to its
bearded awns. Nat. ord., Grasses [Gra-
minaceaB]. Linn., IZ-Polygamia \-Mo-
ncecia. Allied to CHLORIS). A hardy
perennial grass ; seeds and division ;
common soil.

A. aphidoi'des (Aphida - like), f . Apetal.
August. South Europe. 1768.

ATHEROSPE'RMA. (Fromather, an awn,

H

ATH

[98]

AUD

and sperma, seed; seeds awned. Nat.
ord., Plum-Nutmegs [Atherospermaceoe].
Linn., 1\-Moncecia, 8-Icosandria). This
beautiful New Holland tree attains the
great height of 150 feet, and has the
aspect of a stately conifer, with a girth of
6 to 7 feet. The colonists make a plea-
sant tea-beverage from the bark, either
dried or in a green state. " Its effects
are, however, slightly aperient." — Back-
Jwuse. Greenhouse evergreen tree ; cut-
tings; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 50°.

A. moscha'ta (musk). White. June. New
Holland. 1824.

ATHRI'XIA. (From a, not, and thrix,
a hair ; the receptacle being destitute of
hairs. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraoese].
Linn., \$-Syngenesia, 1-Superflua. Allied
to LEYSSERA). Greenhouse evergreen
shrub ; cuttings of rather young wood,
under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; lumpy
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to
45°.

A. cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Red. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1821.

ATMOSPHERE. See AIR.

ATRA'GENE. (From athros, pressed,
undgenos, birth ; in reference to the man-
ner in which the branches clasp their
supports. First applied by Theophrastus
to our Traveller's Joy — Clematis Vitalba.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceael
Linn., 13 - Polyandria, 6 - Polygynia).
Hardy deciduous climbers ; seeds when
procurable ; sown in a cold pit, and
pricked off into other pots as soon as up ;
layers in summer and autumn ; cuttings
in spring and summer, under a hand-
light ; common soil.

A. america'na (American), 15. Purple. June.
North America. 1797.

obli'qua (oblique). 15. Purple.

June. North America. 1797.

— austri'aca (Austrian). 8, Brown yellow.

July. Austria. 1792.

— macrope'tala (larfye-petaled). Russia. 1831.

— occidenta' lis (western). 10. July. 1818.

— ochotefnsis (Ochotsk). 12. White. June,

Siberia. 1818.

— siU'rica. (Siberian). 12. Whitish yellow.

July. Siberia. 1753.

A' TRIPLEX. Orache, or Arach. (From
ater, black, and plexus, woven together ;
on account of the dark colour and habit
of some of the species. Nat. ord., Cfano-
nopodiacea?]. Linn., 23-Poly-

gamia, l-Monwcia}. A. Ha'limus is a
hardy evergreen shrub, rather orna-
mental, and A. portulacoi' des is a hardy
under shrub; but the species most de-
serving notice is A. hortensis. Garden
Orach. See ORACH. There are many
other species quite undeserving the no-
tice of the gardener.

A'TROPA. Nightshade. (Named after
Atropos, one of the three fates, in refer-
ence to its poisonous qualities.) We in-
troduce this native weed (Atropa bella-
donna), for the purpose of warning coun-
try people from eating its berries ; fatal
accidents frequently occurring in conse-
quence. The berries are at first green,
but become black and juicy.

ATTALE'A. (From attalus, magnifi-
cent ; in reference to the beauty of these
palms. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese].
Linn., Il-Monwcia, 9-Polyandria. Allied
to Cocos). Stove palms. Seeds ; rich
loamy soil. Summer temp., 65° to 80° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.
A. co'mpta (decked). 22. Brazil. 1820.

— «wj«'fa« (tall). 70. Brazil. 1826,
—funi'fera (rope). 40. Brazil. 1824.

— hu'milis (humble). 10. Brazil. 1820.

— Ro'ssii (Ross's). 20. Brazil. 1825.

— specio' sa (showy). 70. Brazil. 1826.

— specta'Ulis (remarkable). 70. Brazil. 1824.

AUBRIE'TIA. (Named after M. Aubriet,
a French botanical draughtsman. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
\5-Tetradynamia. Allied to ARABIS).
Hardy evergreen trailers. Dividing in
spring or autumn ; cuttings, under a
hand-glass, in sandy soil ; any dry soil.
A. deltoi'dea (three - angled). £. Purple.
April. Levant. 1710.

— hesperidiflo'ra (Hesperis-flowered). |. Pur-

ple. March. South Europe. 1823.

— purpiCrea (purple). \. Purple. April.

Greece. 1820.

AT/CUBA. (The name of the shrub in
Japan. Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornaceac].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia,4-Tetrandria). Cut-
tings in spring and autumn, in any light
soil, without covering ; common soil,
if drained ; stands the smoke of towns
well. It is sometimes called the Varie-
gated Laurel.

A.japtfnica (Japan-blotch-leaved). 6. Ape-
tal. June. Japan. 1783.

AUDIBE'RTIA. (Named after M. Av-
dibert, a noted nurseryman of Tarascon.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn.,

AUD

[99]

AUR

2-Diandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
MONAKDA). Hardy evergreen. Seeds
in March or April ; common soil.

A, inca'na (mouldy-looking). 1£. Pale blue.

August. Columbia. 1827.

ATJDOUI'NIA. (Named after Audouin,
a celebrated entomologist. Nat. ord.,
Bruniads [Bruniaceae]. Linn., 5 - Pen-
tandria, 1 - Monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen under shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; peat and loam. Winter tempera-
ture, 45°.

A. capita' ta (headed). 1|. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

AU'LAX. (From aulax, a furrow; in
reference to the furrowed under side of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea-
ceas]. Linn., 22-Dioecia, 4-Tetrandria).
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Ripe cut-
tings, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
loam and peat. Winter temp., 45° to
50°.

A.pinifo'lia (pine-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1780.
— uiribella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

AURICULA (Primula auri'cula). The
Bear's Ear, or Mountain Cowslip.

The varieties of this flower are very
numerous, and their numbers are annu-
ally increased. They are divided into
five classes. 1. Green-edged. 2. Grey-
edged. 3. White-edged. 4. Selfs, or one-
coloured, and 5. Alpines, which have the
outer edge of the petals shaded by a mix-
ture of two colours, not separated into
distinct bands of colour, as in the edged
varieties, and the paste round the tube is
yellow instead of white, as it is in the
edged and selfs.

" As florists have several terms relative
to the Auricula, which may be not under-
stood by every amateur, we may as well
explain that the thrum is a collective
name for the stamens in the very centre
or tube of each flower. Paste in the
edged and self varieties is the white
colour next round the edge of the tube,
or eye, of the flower ; it is yellow in
the Alpines. Ground colour is the next
colour to this on the petal, being the
distinctive colour of the variety. Edge
is the outer colour of all, forming the
border of the flower. A Pip is the single

flower, and a Truss is several pips, with
their several footstalks springing from
one stem common to them all.

" The properties of the Auricula may
be divided into two series — namely, those
of the single pip, and those of the single
plant.

' ' TJie Pip. — 1 . Should be circular, large,
with petals equal, firm, fleshy, smooth at
the edges, without notch or serrature,
and perfectly flat.

"2. The centre, .or tube, should not ex-
ceed one-fourth of the diameter of the
pip ; it should be of a fine yellow or lemon
colour, perfectly round, well filled with
the anthers, or thrum, and the edge
rising a trifle above the paste, or eye.

" 3. The paste, or eye, should be per-
fectly circular, smooth, and of a dense pure
white, without crack or blemish, forming
a band not less than half the width of the
tube, and encircling it.

"4. The ground colour should be dense,
whole, and form a perfect circle next the
eye ; the brighter, darker, or richer the
colour, the better the flower ; but if it be
paler at the edges (where they are parted
into five) or have two colours or shades,
it is a fatal defect.

" 5. The margin or outer edge should
be a clear unchangeable green, grey, or
white ; and be about the same width as
the ground colour, which must in no part
go through to the edge. From the edge
of the paste to the outer edge of the
flower should be as wide as from the
centre of the tube to the outer edge of the
paste. In other words, the proportions
of the flowers may be described by draw-
ing four circles round a given point at
equal distances ; the first circle forming
the tube, the second the white eye, the
third the ground colour, and the fourth
the outer edge of the flower, and the
nearer they approximate to this (except
that the ground colour, which may be a
little broader than the other bands, and
the green or grey edge may run into each
other in feathery points) the better the
flower. The colours should not be liable
to fly, as is the defect of Stretch's Alex-
ander, the colours of which fade in three
or four days.

" Of the Plant. — 1. The stem should be
strong, round, upright, elastic, bearing
the truss upright without support, and

AUR

AUR

from four to seven inches high, so as to
carry the truss well, but not too high
ahove the leaves.

"2. The length and strength of the foot-
stalks of the pips should be so propor-
tioned to the number and size of these
that all the pips may have room to show
themselves, and to form a compact semi-
globular truss of flowers, not less than
five, though we prefer seven in number,
without lapping over each other. The
pips should be all alike in colour, size,
and form, so as not to be easily distin-
guished from one another ; for, other-
wise, the unity and harmony of the truss
will be destroyed, and although ever so
beautifully formed, would appear as if
taken from different sorts of Auricula.
An Auricula ought to blow freely, and
expand all its pips at the same time ; for
by this means the colours in them all
will appear equally fresh and lively ;
whereas, in those trusses that do not open
some of the pips till others have passed
their prime, the whole appearance of the
truss is impaired.

"3. The truss is improved if one or
more leaves grow, and stand up well be-
hind the bloom ; for it assists the truss,
and adds much to the beauty of the
bloom by forming a green background.

" 4. The foliage, or grass, should be
healthy, well-grown, and almost cover
the pot." — Gard. and Florist, i. 45.

" We are of opinion that all these cri-
teria are founded upon the dictates of
correct taste ; but, as these excellencies
are never combined in one variety, and
as some, being equals in many qualities,
are mutually superior in others, the ques-
tion constantly arises at Auricula exhibi-
tions as to which variety has the prepon-
derance of merit. Now, we are clearly
of opinion that/onw, including in this the
relative proportions of the colours on the
pips, the half globular form of the truss,
the number of pips, &c., is by far the
most striking excellence in an Auricula.
Next to this we should place the har-
mony, or, as we should prefer, the agree-
able contrast, or complemental association
of the colours.

" Of the Pairs. — Auriculas are usually
exhibited two specimens together, or ' in
pairs.' These should be of equal height
and size in all their parts — leaves as well

as blooms — for it is offensive to the eye
to see a dwarf by the side of a tall-
growing specimen. It is also desirable
that the colours should differ — thus, a
green-edged and a white-edged, a dark
ground colour and a light ground colour,
should go together. But we do not at-
tach so much importance to this diversity
of colour as some judges do. We think
it should have no weight further than
that, if two competing pairs are exactly of
equal merit in other respects, the prize
should be awarded to the pair of best
contrasted colours. But the slightest su-
periority in any characteristic of the pip
or truss, we think, ought to prevail over
this mere matter of taste, for the other
characteristics are evidences of better
cultivation." — (The Cottage Gardener,
iii.).

Propagation is effected by taking slips
from and dividing roots of approved va-
rieties, after the seed has ripened in July
and August, and by the seed itself.

Raising Varieties. — The parent plants
should be vigorous, and before the pips
of the mother plant are quite open cut off
the anthers of all of them with a pair of
sharp pointed scissars, cover with a
hand-glass, dust the pistil with pollen
from the father plant, and keep the
hand-glass over as before, until the
flower beginning to fade shows that
there is no danger of any other pollen
being intruded to frustrate your object.
Gather the seed vessels as they become
brown in June and July ; place them in
the sun on a sheet of white paper until
they burst. Rub out the seeds and sow
them early in September, or keep them
in the seed vessels in a dry place until
March, which is better. Sow them in a
warm border of light soil, or in boxes
under glass ; cover them with a quarter
of an inch of the same soil. Keep the
seedlings free from weeds, and when they
have four or five leaves transplant them
from the boxes or from the border into a
similar border in rows eight inches apait
each way, there to remain until they
flower, which will be next spring. Those
that you mark as good must be potted as
soon as the bloom is over, and treated as
we shall direct for established old plants.

Culture of established Plants. — We will
suppose that you have bought these while

AUR

[101]

AUR

blooming. Then, at the end of June
when the hlooming is quite over repot
them, in order to have a strong growth
to flower finely next season. Have your
compost of light loam, rotten cowdung,
and decayed vegetable mould, in equal
parts, with a portion of sand, about one-
eighth, well mixed, and in a state neither
wet nor dry, ready in such quantities as
your stock of plants may require. Turn
out of their pots your blooming plants ;
remove nearly all suckers that have
roots to them ; lay them on one side, then
shake off nearly all the old soil ; trim
the roots sparingly, and then your plant
is ready for the new pot. Place a large
crock, or broken piece of pot, or an oyster
shell, over the hole of each pot ; put
upon this a number of smaller crocks to
the depth of three quarters of an inch ;
then place upon them about half an inch
of the fibrous part of the loam, and upon
that a portion of your compost ; then
with one hand hold the plant rather
above the level of the rim of the pot, and
with the other fill in the compost amongst
the roots. Proceed thus until the pot is
filled, and then gently strike the pot upon
the bench to settle the soil, leaving hold
of the plant that it may settle with the
soil. This will bring the soil level with
the rim of the pot ; put a little more
soil around the plant, and press it gently
with your fingers, so as to leave the soil
a quarter of an inch below the edge of the
pot at the sides, and level with it in the
centre. Place them upon a bed of coal-
ashes, in a situation where the sun does
not shine upon them after ten o'clock
in the morning. The proper sized pots for
blooming plants is the size known as 32s;
they are about 5 1 inches in diameter, and
of proportionate depth. The suckers may
either be put singly into small pots, or
three or four in pots of the same size as
those for the blooming plants, and be
treated in a similar manner. The single
pot plan is the best if you have room to
winter them. Water them all in fine
weather, and look out for slugs and
worms which would injure them. Keep
them free from weeds, stir the surface
frequently, and keep them throughout
July, August, and September, beneath a
north wall, with a covering of oiled can-
vas, to draw down in very heavy showers.

So soon as the cold nights and heavy
rains of autumn come on, the plants must
be removed to their winter quarters.

Wintering. — Dr. Horner, one of the
most successful of Auricula cultivators,
has employed for many years a frame
made purposely for protecting this flower
in winter, which he thus has depicted
and described : —

"It stands on legs between two and
three feet high ; the top lights slide, and,
as shown n the diagram, may also > >
propped up by means of an iron bar, per-
forated with holes two or three inches
apart ; and which catch on a nail pro-
jecting from the wood on which the light
rests when down. It is permanently
fixed to the sash by means of a small
staple, forming a movable joint, and when
not used lies along its lower edge, and is
there secured. The front lights let down
on hinges ; the ends are also glass ; and
in the back, which is wood, there is a door
for the convenience of getting to the pota
behind, and also for thorough ventilation.
There are five rows of shelves, graduated
to the slope of the glass ; they have a
piece an inch wide sawn outof the middle ;
there is a space also left between them ;
so that the bottom of the frame is quite
open, for the abundant admission of air
to circulate thoroughly around the sides
and bottom of the pots. By letting down
the front light only, the plants may be
left for days together, exposed to all the
advantages of light and air, without care
or notice, and, when it is desirable to
give them the benefit of a shower, the
top lights are removed."

But it is not at all necessary to incur
the expense of a frame thus constructed, as
a common cucumber frame set on bricks,
or cold pit, answer equally well. In either
of these set them upon a stratum of coal
ashes, two or three inches thick — or, when

AUR

[102]

AYE

expense is no object, upon a stage of boards
slightly raised. The plants ought to be
within six inches of the glass. Careful
attention is required to two points — giv-
ing air, and watering ; very little, if any,
is required of the latter. If the weather
is dry, and a good deal of sunshine occurs,
a little water will be required : this should
be applied in the morning, to allow the
surface of the soil in the pots to become
dry before night. A fine sunny morn-
ing, therefore, should be chosen to water
these plants. Of air, abundance should
be given. On all fine days, the lights
should be drawn entirely off; but should
there be the least appearance of rain, let
the frames be closed instantly, giving air
then either at the back, by propping up
the light, or by propping up the lights in
the centre of each side — so as to allow a
full current of air to the plants. Con-
stant search must be made for slugs,
woodlice, and other destructive insects,
and the surface of the soil kept free from
moss by frequent gentle stirring.

Spring culture. — At the close of Feb-
ruary top-dress the soil in the pots with
a compost of very rotten cowdung, two
years old at least, and some rotten leaf-
mould and light loam. If these are not
dry, use means to make them so : mix
them with the hand well together, and
add a little sand ; then have your plants
in some convenient place, remove a por-
tion of the old soil, clear away all decayed
leaves, and apply the top-dressing of fresh
compost, very nearly filling the pots;
press it rather closely to the stem of each
plant, give a gentle watering with a fine-
rose watering-pot to settle the new earth,
replace the plants in the frame, and
attend them carefully, as directed pre-
viously. This top-dressing greatly
strengthens the plants, and consequently
the blooms. Continue to give air freely,
as above directed. When the trusses of
flowers show themselves, which will be
about the end of March, give air freely
only during very fine days, and keep
them rather warmer both by night and
by day, giving at night a thick covering
of mats or other warm material. "Water
abundantly now, but only on the soil : do
not wet the leaves. When in flower
shade them from the sun, or remove them
to a cool shady situation, but quite pro-

tected from rain by some kind of glazed
shelter. This will prolong the time of
the blooming. When the bloom is over
place them on coal ashes to keep worms
out of the pots, and in a situation where
the sun does not shine upon them after
ten o'clock in the morning.

Diseases. — The auricula is liable to
have its roots ulcerated or cankered if the
pots are not well drained. This is best done
by having the pots deep and one-fourth
filled with rubbly charcoal, and the soil
not too much divested of pebbles. At the
blooming time the aphis or greenfly
sometimes attacks the plants ; these can
only be removed individually by means
of a camel-hair pencil.

Canker. — The first symptom of the
disorder having attacked an auricula is
its loss of green colour, and its assuming
a yellowish sickly appearance. Soon
after it decays on one side, and becomes
crooked, or else the main root of the
plant rapidly decays quite through, and
the head drops off; in fact, the juices of
the plant are vitiated at the time the
leaves begin to appear sickly, so that no
time must be lost in cutting away en-
tirely the cankered part, fresh potting it
into proper soil, and removing it to a
cool shaded situation : this is the only
likely method to recover the infected
plant. Some florists have thought the
disease epidemic and contagious, because,
when it does appear, it usually attacks
many plants in the same collection. This,
however, is no such proof, but merely
evinces that the whole have been ren-
dered liable to the disease by being all
equally mismanaged, as by having an.
unsuitable soil, &c.

AVE'NA. A genus of the nat. ord.
Grasses, of which it is only necessary to
observe here that one of its species, A.vena
sativa, is the Oat.

A'VENS. Ge'um.

AVENUE, is a road bordered by trees
on each side, and being, as observed by
Whateley, confined to one termination,
and excluding every view on the sides,
has, when straight, a tedious sameness
throughout ; to be great it must be dull,
and the object to which it is appro-
priated is, after all, seldom shown to
advantage. Buildings in general do not
appear so large, and are not so beautiful

AVE

[103]

AVI

when looked at in. front, as when they
are. seen from an angular situation, which
commands two sides at once, and throws
them both in perspective; but a winding
lateral approach is free from these ob-
jections: it may, besides, be brought up
to the house without disturbing any of
the views from it; but a straight avenue
cuts the scenery directly in two, and
reduces all the prospect to a narrow
vista. A mere line of perspective, be
the extent what it may, will seldom
compensate for the loss of that space
which it divides, and of the parts which
it conceals. These kind of walks were
formerly much more the fashion than
they are at present : where they are to
be made, the common elm answers very
well for the purpose in most grounds,
except such as are very wet and shallow.
The rough Dutch elm is approved by
some, because of its quick growth, and it
is a tree that will not only bear remov-
ing very well, but that is green in the
spring almost as soon as any plant what-
ever, and continues so equally long. It
makes an incomparable hedge, and is
preferable to all other trees for lofty
espaliers. The lime is very useful on
account of its regular growth and fine
shade, and the horse-chesnut is proper
for such places as are not too much ex-
posed to rough winds. The Spanish
chesnut does very well in a good soil, or
on warm gravels, as it rises to a con-
siderable height, when planted somewhat
close ; but when it stands singly it is
rather inclined to spread than grow tall.
The beech naturally grows well with us
in its wild state, but it is less to be
chosen for avenues than others, because
it does not bear transplanting well. The
white poplar may also be employed for this
use, as it is adapted to almost any soil,
and is the quickest grower of any forest
tree. It seldom fails in transplanting,
and succeeds very well in wet soils, in
which the others are apt to suffer. The
oak is but seldom used for avenues, be-
cause of its slow growth.

The best example we know of a noble
avenue, is from the Chester Lodge to
Eaton Hall, in Cheshire; but it is very
deceptive in its apparent length, and the
hall is not seen to advantage throughout.
There is an avenue of limes leading to

the Duke of Devonshire's villa, at Chis-
wick, near London, which has a fine
effect, not being in a straight line.
Another of the best planted avenues we
know, is an approach to Clifden House,
now the property of the Duke of Suther-
land. The trees are planted on raised
platforms, right and left, with an open
intervening space between them and the
carriage drive. This would have been a
better arrangement for the noble avenue
of Deodars, lately planted between the
new conservatory and the old pagoda, in
Kew gardens. When this avenue of
Deodars, and others that are now being
laid out with araucarias, the Douglas
pine, and their allies the Mexican, Ja-
panese, and Chinese cypresses, come to an
age when they will assume the true
characters of these noble cone-bearers,
avenues will again become fashionable.
In every instance possible, we would
recommend the trees to be planted con-
siderably above the level of the road, on
raised platforms, following any inequali-
ties or undulations in the bed of the
road. The celebrated avenue in "Wind-
sor Park would have appeared much
more noble had it been thus planted.

AVERRHO'A. (Named after AverrJwes,
a Spanish physician. Nat. ord., Oxalids
[Oxalidacese]. Linn., \0-Decandria 4-
Pentagynia). The leaves of A. carmnbola,
exhibit that kind of irritability we call
"sensitive." The fruit of both species
is eaten in India, but its acidity is in-
tolerable to Europeans. Stove ever-
green shrubs; half -ripened cuttings in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom heat ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A. bili'mbi (bilimbi tree). 8. Reddish yellow.

August. East Indies. 1791.
— cara'mbola (carambola tree). 10. Greenish

red. Ceylon. 1733.

AVERRUNCATOR (from the Latin aver-
runco, to prune), is a small pair of power-
ful shears on a long handle, for severing
boughs on lofty trees.

AVIARY. This building, devoted to

AXI

[104]

AZA

the preservation of live birds, distin-
guished for the beauty either of their
notes or plumage, is rarely admitted
within a garden, and still more rarely is
it sufficiently ornamental, or sufficiently
free from disagreeables, to be a source of
pleasure.

AXIL. This term, meaning literally
the arm-pit, is used by botanists to indi-
cate the point of the angle between a
leaf and a branch, or between a branch
and the stem.

AYE'NIA. (Named after the Duke a"
Ay en. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttne-
riaceae], formerly among Sterculiads.
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia). Stove
plants; cuttings in sand; rich soil; com-
mon stove treatmant.
A. Iceviga'ta (smooth). 2. Scarlet. Jamaica.
Evergreen undershrub.

— pusi'lla (small). 1. Purple. August.

Jamaica. 1756. Biennial.
AZA' LEA. (From azaleos, dry ; in re-
ference to the habitation of the plant.
Nat. Ord., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-monogynia). It was said
that the Pontic honey which stupified
the Greek soldiers was collected from
Rhododendron ponticum ; but Pallas be-
lieves it to have been gathered from
Azalea pontica. All the greenhouse spe-
cies are evergreen, except A. squamata ;
and all the hardy species are deciduous.
The hardy species, by layers made in
summer and autumn, and doing best in
sandy peat, though many will thrive
well in peat and loam ; the Indian species
and varieties are propagated by seed, and
cuttings of stiff", but not over hard shoots,
inserted in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75°,
if required to bloom early ; winter, 45°
to 55°. A lower temperature will suit,
if late bloom is wanted.

HARDY.

A. arborefscens (tree-like). 10. Red. June.
North America. 1818.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 4. Scarlet. June.

North America. 1734.

— canefscens ( hoary). 3. Red. June. North

America. 1812.

— calendula' cea (marigold-like). 4. Orange.

June. North America. 1806.

chry sole' eta (fine golden). 4.

Yellow. June. North America.

• cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4.

Saffron. June. North America.

• citprea, (copper-coloured). 4.

Copper. June. North America.

A. calendula! 'cea fla'mmea (flame-coloured). 4.
Red. June. North America. 1812.

• grandijio'ra (large-flowered).
4. Orange. June. North America.
igne'scens (fire -coloured). 1.

Red. June. North America.

• splefndens (shining). 4. Orange.

June. North America.

triit 'mphans (triumphant). 4.

Orange. June. North America.

— glau'ca (dwarf glaucous). 2. White. June.

North America. 1734.

— hi'spida (bristly). 5. White. June. North

America. 1734.

— ledifo'lium (ledum - leaved). 2. White.

April. China. 1824.

— ni'tida (shining-leaved). 4. White. April.

North America. 1812.

— nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). 3. Deep pink.

June. North America. 1734.

a'lba (early white). 4. White.

June. North America.

a'lba-plefna (double white). 4.

White. June. North America.

— bla'nda (soft). 4. Blush. June.
North America.

• ca'rnea (flesli). 4. Pale red.

June. North America. 1734.

carolinia'na (Carolina). 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

Cobtfrghii (Coburg's). Scarlet.

June. North America

cocci' nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet.

June. North America.

corymbo'sa (corymbose). 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

cri'spa (curled). 4. Pink. June.

North America.

cumula' ta (bundled). 4. Scarlet

pink. June. North America.

di'scolor (two -coloured). 4.

White scarlet. June. North America.

fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 4. Pink.

June. North America.

flo'rida (many - flowered). 4.

Pink. June. North America.

globtfsa (globe-like). 4. Pink.

June. North America.

glomera'ta (round-headed). 4.

Pink. June. North America.

inca'na (hoary). 4. Pink. June.

North America.

incarna' ta (flesh-coloured). 4.

Flesh. June. North America.

mira'bilis (wonderful). 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

magni'fica (magnificent). 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

monta'na (mountain). 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

pa'llida (pale-flmvered). 4. Pale

red. June. North America.

• paludo'sa (marsh). 4. Pale

red. June. North America.
papiliona'cea (butterfly). 4.

Striped. June. North America.
parti' ta (./foe-parted). 4. White

and Red. June. North America.
•parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4.

June. North America.

proli'fera (proliferous). 4. June.

North America.

AZA

[105]

AZA

A. nudiflo'rapufmila (dwarf). 4. "White. June.

North America.
-- purpura! scens (purplish). 4.

Purple. June. North America.
-- purpu'rea (purple). 4. Purple.

June. North America.
-- purpu'reo-plefno (double purple).

4. Purple. June. North America.
-- ro'sea (rosey). 4. Red. June.

North America.
-- rubefrrima (reddest) . 4. Dark-

red. June. North Americo.

rube' scens (reddish) . 4. Red.

June. North America.

rubicu'nda (ruddy). 4.

Red.

June. North America.
rtfbra (red). 4.

Red. June.

North America.
ru'tilans (shining-red). 4. Dark-
red. June. North America.

— • semidu'plex (semi-double). 4.

White. June. North America.
stami'nea (long-stamened). 4.

Red. June. North America.
Stella' ta (starry). 4. Red. June.

North America.
tri' color (three-coloured). 4.

Scarlet white. June. North America.
varia'bilis (variable). 4. Red.

June. North America.
variega' ta (variegated). 4. Red

and white. June. North America.
versi' color (party-coloured) . 4.

Red and white. June. North America.
viola' cea (violet-coloured). 4.

Violet. June. North America.

— po'ntica (Pontic). 6. Yellow. June. Tur-

key. 1793.

— albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6.

White. May. Turkey.

corona' rium (garland). 7. Yel-
low. June. Holland. 1832.

cvlprea (copper-coloured) . 6. Cop-
per. June. Turkey.

giant ca (milky-green-/mr?e<Z). 6.

Yellow. June. Turkey.
-pa'llida (pale). 6. Pale yellow.

April. Turkey.
tri' color (three coloured). 6. Pale

red. April. Turkey.
— specio'sa (showy). 4. Scarlet. June. North

America.
acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. June.

North America.
aura'ntia (orange). 4. Orange.

June. North America.
cilia' ta (fringed). 4. June. North

America.

cri'spa (curled). 4. Scarlet. June.

North America.

• cuculla' ta (hooded) .

4. June.

North America.

ma'jor (larger scar let}. 4. Scar-
let. June. North America.

obli'qua (unequal-sided). 4. June.

North America.

prunifo'lia (plum-leaved). 4. June.

North America.

revolufta (rolled-back-Zeawd) . 4.

June. North Ameaica.

tortulifo'lia (twisted leaved). 4.

June. North America.

A. specio'sa undula'ta (waved-leaved}. 4. June.

North America.
— visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. July. North

America. 1734.
cri'spa (curled). 4. White. July.

North America.

• dealba'ta (whitened). 4. White. July.

4. White. July.

North America.
fi'ssa (cleft).

North America.
odora'ta (scented). 4. White. July.

North America.
penicilla'ta (pencilled). 4. White.

July. North America.
pube" scens (downy). 4. White. July.

North America.
rube' scens (reddish). 4. White. July.

North America.
variega' ta (variegated). 4. White.

July. North America.
vitta'ta (banded). 4. White. July.

North America.

GREENHOUSE.
A. Danielsia'na (Daniel's). 3. Carmine. June.

China. 1830.

— i'ndica (Indian). 4. Scarlet. June. China.

1808.
aurantia'ca (orange). 4. Orange.

April. China. 1822.
igne" scens (fire-coloured). 2. Brown.

April. China.
lateri'tia (brick-red coloured}. 2.

Red. May. China. 1833.
pheeni'cea (purple). 3. Purple.

April. China. 1824.
purpu'reo-plc'na (double purple).

4. Purple. May. China. 1819.
variega' ta (variegated). 4. Striped.

June. China. 1824.

— obtu'sa (\A\mt-leaved}. 1L Red. March.

China. 1844.

— ova'ta (egg-shape-leaved}. 8. Pink. China.

1844.

alba (white-flowered). 8. White.

May. North China. 1844.

— sine'nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow. May.

China. 1823.

— squama' ta (scaly). 2. Rose crimson. March.

China. 1844.

AZALEAS (American). These include
what are called Ghent Azaleas, which are
seedling varieties of A. calendulacece, A.
nudiflora, A. speciosa, and A. viscosa.
The varieties were first raised in the
neighbourhood of Ghent.

Propagation. — By layers in the month
of March : the layers require notching or
twisting. If the part buried in the
ground is covered with moss they will
root more freely. They should not be
taken off the parent till after the second
year's growth.

Soil. — Sandy peat in a dry situation,
at least eighteen inches deep, but in a
damp one a foot deep will be sufficient.

Culture. — In spring protect the young

AZA

[ 106]

AZA

shoots and flowers by hoops in low situa-
tions, as the late frosts often destroy the
young early shoots. In winter, and in
summer, if the soil is very dry, cover the
bed with green moss.

Diseases. — Sometimes the plants die off
just at the surface of the soil, owing to
too much moisture. The remedy, if the
situation is low and damp, is either to
drain it thoroughly, or to raise the bed
completely above the general level of the
ground.

Varieties may be raised by crossing the
kinds in such a way as is likely to effect
a pleasing change. Choose the best
forms and brightest colours ; let the
plants, with flowers of the best form be
the seed-bearing mother, and rely for the
colour upon the pollen of the male. Sow
the seed in April in pans, placed under a
cold frame ; prick the seedlings out the
year following, in beds four inches apart,
to remain till they flower.

AZALEAS (Indian or Chinese).

Eaising varieties. — The best and most
certain way to obtain new varieties is by
impregnating the best- shaped flowers with
the pollen of some fine high-coloured
variety. Remove the anthers before
they burst from the one intended to
seed; cover with fine gauze the flower
impregnated to prevent impregnation by
insects. When the seed is ripe, gather it
and sow it the February following in
shallow pans, in a gentle heat. As soon
as the seedlings have two or three leaves
transplant them into fresh sandy peat, in
deeper pans. They may remain in these
pans till the spring following ; then pot
them singly into 2f-inch pots, and grow
them on, repotting them as they require
it, till they flower.

Propagation by cuttings. — - Take the
young tops, three inches long; dress them
by cutting off the bottom leaves. Fill a
pot to within an inch of the top with sandy
peat ; fill up the rest with silver sand ;
put in the cuttings thickly ; water gently,
and fit a bell-glass just within the rim of
the pot ; place them in a temperature of
55° to 60°, and shade from the sun.
They should thus remain till rooted ;
then place them in a greenhouse for a
week or two ; and remove the bell-glass
every night, replacing it during the day.
They may then be potted off singly into

small pots, and placed in a close frame
till fresh roots are made ; then gradually
inure them to bear the full sun and air :
repot and grow on to any size required.

Propagation by grafting. See GRAFTING.
The best mode is that called side-grafting.
The grafts must be very small, — not more
than 1 to 1 |-inch long; tie them with
worsted or thick cotton thread to the
stock. The best time is early spring.
Place the grafted plants in a close frame
in gentle heat, or under hand glasses,
upon sand, in a propagating-house. The
stock most suitable is the Azalea indica
alba, or A. phcenicea, both easy to strike.

Soil. — Sandy peat three-fourths, light
loam one-fourth.

Summer culture. — Azaleas require the
same treatment as Camellias. After the
bloom is over give them a moderate de-
gree of artificial heat, 55° to 60°. Syringe
them freely during that period. As soon
as they have made their growth give
plenty 'of air for a fortnight, and then
set them behind a low north wall till
autumn.

Winter culture. — As soon as there is any
fear of frost, remove them into an airy
greenhouse, and keep them just from
frost, and give very moderate supplies of
water. "When they begin to show flower,
give more heat, and a more liberal supply
of water.

Insects. — The Thrip is the great pest of
Azaleas ; but the Green fly is also apt to
trouble them when growing. Both insects
may be destroyed by tobacco smoke fre-
quently applied.

Diseases. — These plants are often at-
tacked by a disease, which causes them
to die off just at the crown of the roots.
The small-leaved varieties, such as A.
indica var. Gledstanesii ; lateritia and
variegata, are especially subject to die on
thus prematurely. To prevent this tncy
should be all grafted upon the Ire. -grow-
ing stocks.

AZA'RA. (Named after J . N. Azara,
a Spanish patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Bixads [FlancortiaceaeJ. Linn., \Z-Poly-
andria, \-monogynia.} — Greenhouse ever-
greens. Cuttings in sand, under glass,
in slight heat; sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

A. denta'ta (toothed-beared). 10. Yellow.
Chili. 1830.

BAB

[ 107]

BAG

A. integrifo' lia (entire-leaved). 18. Concep-

tion. 1832.

— serra'ta (saw-edged). 12. Chili. 1832.

B

BABIA'NA. (From babianer, the Dutch
for baboon, in reference to the bulbs be-
ing eaten by the baboons. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridaceae], Linn., 3-Triandria,
\-monogynia.} . All greenhouse bulbs
from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets ;
sandy peat and loam ; water freely when
growing. Keep dry, when at rest. Those
potted in autumn must be kept in a cold
pit or greenhouse during winter. Those
planted in spring in a warm border —
should be taken up before winter, and
kept secure from frost.

B. angustifo' lia (narrow leaved). 1. Varie-

gated. May. 1757.

— bi' color (two-coloured). Blue white. June.

1843.

— di'sticha (two-ranked). ^. Blue. June. 1774.

— mucrana'ta (sharp-pointed). £. Purple.

June. 1825.

— na'na (dwarf). £. Blue. April. 1807.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). £. Blue. May.

1825.

— plica' ta (folded). £. Purple. May. 1774.
multiplex (fullfloivered). £. Purple.

June. 1834.
—purputrea (purple), f. Purple. May. 1806.

— ri'ngens (gaping-flowered). |. Purple. May.

1752.

— rtfbrocya'nea (red and blue). £. Blue red.

April. 1794.

— sambu'cina (elder scented}. L Blue. April.

1799.

— spatha'cea (sheathy). i. Light blue. June.

1801.

— stri'cta (upright). 1. Blue white. May.

1757.

— sulph-ufrea (sulphur-flowered), i. Yellow.

May. 1795.

— tenuiflo'ra (slender flowered). £. Purple

May. 1825.

— Thunbe'rffii (Thunberg's). 1. White and

red. April. 1774.

— tuba'ta (long tubed), f . Yellow and red.

June. 1774.

— tubiflo'ra (tube flowered). A. Dark red.

May. 1774.

— villcf sa (hairy). 4. Purple. August. 1778.

BABINGTO'NIA. (Named in compli-
ment to Charles Babington, Esq., of Cam-
bridge, a distinguished botanist. Nat.
ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn.,
1 2,-Icosandria, 1 -monogynia ; allied to
Leptospermum and Baeckea.) A green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half ripened wood, in sand under a bell-
glass ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a
small portion of leaf mould, dried cow

dung, and silver sand. Winter temp.,
45° to 50°.

B. camphoro'sma (camphor-smelling). 7. Pink-
ish. July. Swan River. 1841.

BACA'ZIA. See Barnadesia.

BA'CCHARIS. Ploughman's Spikenard.
(From Bacchus, wine, referring to the
spicy odour of the roots. The ancients
sometimes boiled down their wines and
mixed them with such spices. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-superflua.} Cuttings under
glass, with or without heat, according as
the species are stove, greenhouse, or
hardy ; loam and peat.

GREENHOUSE.

B. ala'ta (winged stemmed}. 5. Pale yellow.
December. '1829.

— angustifo' lia (narrow-leaved). 2. White.

July. North America. 1812.

— ivcefo'lia (Iva-leaved). 3. White. July.

America. 1696.

STOVE.

B. adna'ta (adhei-ing-stamened) . 6. Purple.
August. South America 1823.

— confe-rta (crowded). 3. White. July.

Mexico. 1826.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 3. White. August.

Peru. 1824.

— i'ndica (Indian). 3. White. October. East

Indies. 1819.

—parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. White. July.
Peru. 1820.

— scopa'ria (broom-like). 3. Cream coloured.

July. Jamaica. 1820.

HARDY.

B. Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 4. White. Sep-
tember. Levant.

— glomerulifto'ra (cluster-flowered). 3. White.

August. North America. 1817.

— halimifo'lia (Halimus-leaved) . 4. White.

October. North America. 1683.

— lycopodio'ides (clubmoss-like) . White. July.

Mauritius. 1828.

BACKHO'USIA. (Named in compli-
ment to Mr. James Backhouse, of York.
Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae].
Linn., 12-Icosandria, \-monogynia.} ^ A
greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in April, in sand
under a bell-glass. Peat and loam, both
fibry, and a little white sand. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
B. myrtifo' lia (myrtle-leaved). 16. Pale yel-
low. May. New South Wales. 1844.

BA'CTRIS. (From baktron, a cane; the
young stems being used for walking-
sticks). Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae].
Linn., 2l-Moncecia Q-Hexandria. Allied
to Cocos. Palm walking-sticks are much.

BAD

[ 108]

BAL

used in England under the name of Pe-
nang layer. All stove palms. Seeds ;
sandy loam. Summer temp., 65° to 85°;
winter, 60°.

B.caryotcefo'lia (Caryota-leaved). 10. Brazil.
1825.

— cuspida'ta (tapering-Zeare<?) . 20. Brazil.

1826.

— guutnefnsis (Guiana). 16. Guiana. 1820.

— macraca'ntha (long-spined). 20. Brazil.

1823.

— ma'jor (greater). 25. Carthag. 1800.

— mi'nor (less). 12. South America. 1691.

— pectina'ta (comb-leavedl* 15. Brazil.

1825.

BADGER'S BANE. Acbni'tum meloc-
tonum.

BJE'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Back, a
Swedish physician. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria
1 -Monogynia}. Greenhouse evergreen
shruhs. All white-flowered. Cuttings
in spring, under a glass; sandy peat and
lumpy fibry loam. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.

B. camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. July.
New Holland. 1818.

— densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. Septem-

ber. New South Wales.

— diosmcefo'lia (diosma-leaved) . 3. August.

New Holland. 1824.

— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. November. China.
1806.

— gra'dlis (slender). 2. New Holland. 1826.

— linifo'lia (flax-leaved). 3. August. New

Holland. 1818.

— ramosi' sslma (branchiest). 3. New Hol-

land. 1824.

— saxi' cola (rock-dwelling). 2. July. New

Holland. 1824.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 3. September. New

Caledonia. 1806.

B^E'RIA. (Named after Professor J?«r,
of the University of Dorpat. Nat. ord.,
" es [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syn-
1-Superflua. Allied to Calli-
rhoe). Hardy annual. Seeds, in March
and April ; common soil.
B. chryso' stoma (golden-mouthed). 1. Yellow.
May. California. 1835.

BAKED is a term descriptive of the
hard impervious state of clayey soils,
long exposed to drought. It can he pre-
vented only hy altering the staple of the
soil, by the admixture of sand, chalk,
coal-ashes, and other matters less cohe-
sive than clay.

BALCONY. A word probably derived
from the Persian, signifying an orna-
mentally barred window, and by us ap-
plied to a frame, usually of iron, and

encompassed with a balustrade, placed
in front of one window or of several
windows. It is an excellent place for
giving air to room-plants, and for the
cultivation of some flowers.

BALA'NTIUM. (From balantion, a purse ;
referring to the shape of the seed-pouch,
or indusium, on the back of the leaf.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
l^-Cryptogamia \-Filices). Stove herba-
ceous ferns. Divisions ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.

B. cuUcitum (cushion). 3. Brown. August.
Madeira.

BALBISIA. See Ledocarpum peduncu-
laris.

BALM (Melissa officinalis.} This hardy
herbaceous plant has a citron scent and
aromatic flavour. It is cultivated now
only for making a grateful drink for the
sick.

The Soil best suited to its growth, is
any poor and friable, but rather inclining
to clayey than sandy. Manure is never
required. An eastern aspect is best for
it.

Planting. — It is propagated by root-
division (of which the smallest piece will
grow), and by slips of the young shoots.
The first mode any time during the
spring and autumn, but by slips only
during May or June. If divisions of an
old plant are employed, they may bo
planted at once where they are to re-
main, at twelve inches apart ; but if by
slips, they must be inserted in a shady
border, to be thence removed, in Septem-
ber or October, to where they are to
remain. At every removal water must
be given, if dry weather, and until they
are established. During the summer
they require only to be kept clear of
weeds. In October the old beds (which
may stand for many years) require to be
dressed, their decayed leaves and stalks
cleared away, and the soil loosened by
the hoe or slight digging.

Old beds may be gathered from in
July, for drying, but their green leaves,
from March to September, and those
planted in spring, will even afford a
gathering in the autumn of the same
year. For drying, the stalks are cut
with their full clothing of leaves to tho

BAL

[109]

BAN

very bottom, and the drying completed
gradually in the shade.

BALM OF GILEAD. Dracoce phalum
canarie'nse.

BALSAM APPLE. Momo'rdica balsa-
mi'nea.

BALSAMINA. See Impatiens.

BALSAMS. By this name are usually
known the varieties of the common annual
Impatiens balsamina, by some needlessly
separated, with a few others, into a se-
parate genus, and called Balsamina hor-

Culture. — The chief object in cultiva-
ting these are their fine large double
flowers ; and, to secure this object, seed
should be saved only from the finest
plants, and, if the seed is several years
old, the plants will be less luxuriant and
the blooms will be more double.

To have them very fine, the seed
should be sown in a sweet hot-bed, in
the middle of March ; the plants pricked
out into small pots when three inches in
height, using light rich soil, shifting
them again and successively, never al-
lowing them to be pot-bound, and plung-
ing the pots into a medium temperature
of 75°, until some time after their last
shifting into eight, twelve, or sixteen-
inch pots, according as you aim at
moderate sized, or very large specimens.
Allow, all the time, a current of air, less
or more, according to the weather, to
keep the plants bushy, and using richer
materials every time of potting, until the
last soil used may consist of nearly as
much very rotten but sweet dung (cow-
dung is best), as turfy sandy loam.

Successions may be sown in April and
May, and treated in a similar manner,
either for pots or to be turned into beds,
where they frequently do well until the
middle of October. ^

When you cannot accommodate any
but the best flowers in the greenhouse,
adopt the, following method: — After
pricking out into three or four-inch pots
and plunging them in the bed, allow the
pots to get full of roots, keep them drier
and cooler, and give plenty of air, which
will soon cause flowers to appear ; then
select plants with best flowers, rub every
flower-bud off them, fresh pot, disen-
tangling the roots a little as you proceed,
and grow them on as advised above; and

what you lose in time you will make up
in selectness.

BALSAMODE'NDRON. (From balsamon,
balm or balsam, and fondron, a tree.
Nat. ord., Amyrids [Amyridacea?]. Linn.,
S-Octandria \-Monogynia). According to
Capt. Harris, Myrrh is obtained on the
Abyssinian coast, from a species of this
genus, and the Balesson of Bruce, or
Balm of Mecca, is the produce of another
species of this Balsam-tree. It is a stove
tree. Sandy loam and a little rotten
dung; cuttings of ripe young wood in
April, under a glass and in heat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 30. Ceylon.

BALSAM OF CAPE'VI. Copaifera.

BALSAM TREE. Clusia.

BAMBU'SA. Bamboo Cane. (From
bambos, its Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Grasses (Graminaceae]. Linn., 6-Hex-
andrm, \-monogynia}. The very young
shoots of the bamboo are eaten in India
as asparagus. Stove perennials. Suckers,
in spring or autumn ; rich loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
B. arista' ta (awned). 20. Apetal. East In-
dies. 1824.

— arundina' cea (reed-like). 40. Apetal. East

Indies. 1730.

— alarfca (milky-green). 20. Apetal. East

Indies. 1826.

— ni'gra (black). 20. Apetal. East Indies.

1825.

— pubefscens (downy). 20. Apetal. East In-

dies. 1826.

— spinoT sa (spiny). 20. Apetal. East Indies.

1820.

— stri'cta (upright). 20. Apetal. East In-

dies. 1824.

— verticilla'ta (whorl-flowered). 20. Apetal.

India. 1803.

BANA'NA, or Plantain. Mu'sa.

BANE-BERRY. Actcea.

BANISTE'RIA. (Named after the Rev,
J. Banister, a zealous botanist. Nat. ord.,
Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, 3-trigynia.) Stove plants.
Sandy loam and peat ; cuttings of half
ripened wood in heat under glass. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 65°.

TWINERS.
B. chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved).

— cilia! ta (fringed). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1796.

— dicMtoma (twin-branched). Yellow. June.

South America. 1814

— emargina'ta (single-notched). Yellow. June

West Indies. 1826.

— seri'cea (silky). 6. Yellow. July. Brazil.

1810.

BAR

BAR

Soil. — A sandy or calcareous soil^with
a dry subsoil, suits it best.

Culture. — It requires no other pruning
than such as is necessary to keep it
within bounds. As the fruit is very
tedious to gather, it is well to keep the
middle of the tree open by pruning,
somewhat like gooseberry pruning.
Their spines are so formidable that we
have known the common kinds used
with good effect to stop gaps in hedges,
liable to much trespass.

Fruit. — This is fully ripe in October,
and is gathered in entire bunches for
preserving, pickling, and candying.

Diseases. — It is liable to be infected
with a parasitical fungus, once believed
to be the same as that which is the
mildew on wheat ; but they are now
known to be different species. That
which preys upon the Barberry is Puc-
cinia, and that which attacks Wheat is
Uredo.

BARBIE' m A. (Named after /. B. G.
Barbier, M.D., a French naturalist.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceacj.
Linn., \1-Diadelphia^-decandria ; allied
to Cajanus). Stove evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of half ripened wood in sand,
under a glass ; sandy peat. Summer
temp., 68° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. polyphff lla (many leaved) . Reddish purple.
Porto Rico. 1818.

BARK. The refuse bark from the
tanner's yard is employed by the gar-
dener as a source of heat, and when
thoroughly broken down by putrefac-
tion, as a manure.

As a source of Jieat, it is much less
used than formerly, flues, steam, and
the hot water system having very gone-
rally and most deservedly superseded it.
Bark for heating requires frequent stir-
ring and renewing, and if too much
moisture be added, is apt to give out an
excessive and irregular heat. In addi-
tion, it is a troublesome harbour for
predatory insects.

Bark fresh from the tanyard being
thrown lightly together under a shed,
must be gently moistened if dry, and
turned over twice a-weck, to expose all
its particles to the air. Unless this be
done, the fermentation will not be gene-
ral or regular. This is to be continued
for a month or five weeks, in warm

weather the shorter time being requisite;
and then, having acquired a general and
equal heat, it is ready for use in the
stove. Usually it will continue to afford
heat for a period varying between three
and six months, but sometimes ceases to
ferment without any apparent cause.
Whenever the heat declines, the tan
must be taken out, sifted, the dusty
parts removed, and some fresh tan added.
Sometimes turning the old tan and
moistening it will be sufficient.

It is desirable, on the first formation
of a bed, to mix new and old tan to-
gether, in which case the quantity of
new bark to be brought into the pit will
depend upon the goodness of the bark,
and the bottom heat required. As much
new tan as will fill two third parts of
the bark-pit, with a mixture of old rot-
ten, reduced almost to earth, will pro-
duce a bottom heat of about 85° ; when
old tan with higher remains of strength
is used to modify the new, the same
heat may be produced if the quantity be
not more than half the capacity of the
pit. This refers to a new pit; after a
bark bed has been in action, partial re-
newals of bark to keep up the heat are
frequently sufficient in the reduced pro-
portion of one -third, one -sixth, one-
twelfth, or less. At intermediate stages
between the partial renewals, the bed
requires only to be excited to a brisker
fermentation by forking up. About
five-sevenths of the pit from the bottom
should be occupied by the new and old
tan as a fermenting body; and about
two-sevenths from the top, or a little
more than the depth of the pot, what-
ever that may be, should consist of old
tan incapable of heating, so as to burn
the roots of the plants; at least such
should be the ordinary distribution of
the tan; but where peculiar circum-
stances require a speedy augmentation
of heat without displacing the pots, and
when fruit is to be swelled off in the
last stage, the earthy tan at top may be
taken away, and new tan substituted.

As a manure. See Vegetable Matters.

BARK-BOUND. When a tree is affected
with this disease, cracks will appear in
it partially, and in the case of the Cherry,
Apricot, Peach, and Nectarine, gummy
discharge will follow. It is a sure in-

BAR

[113]

BAR

dication that either the soil is too rich,
or not sufficiently drained; the latter is
usually the source of the evil, causing a
repletion of the interior vessels which the
dry outer skin cannot expand sufficiently
quickly to accommodate. Under-drain-
ing, and scrubbing the stem with brine,
speedily effects a cure. Scoring the bark
lengthwise with a knife is a rude mode
of treatment often followed by canker,
more fatal than the disease intended to
be removed. If scoring be adopted it
should be early in spring, and the knife
should not penetrate below the dry outer
bark.

BARK STOVE, or Moist Stove, is a hot-
house which, either by having a mass of
fermenting matter, or an open reservoir
of hot water within-side, has its atmos-
phere appropriately supplied with mois-
ture, congenially with the habits of some
tropical plants. It received the name of
Bark Stove, because tanner's bark was
formerly a chief source of the heat em-
ployed. See Stove.

B ARKE' RIA. (After the late Mr. Barker,
of Birmingham, an ardent cultivator of
Orchids. Nat. ord., Orchids. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, \-Monandria. Allied to Lae-
lia). Stove Orchids, divisions ; fibry
peat and sphagnum in shallow baskets.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. eflegans (elegant), li. Light rose. Mexico.
1836.

— Lawrcncca' na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Pink.

Guatemala. 1847.

— Lindli'ya'na (Dr. Lindley's). 1. Purple and

White. November. Costa Rica. 1842.

— melanoca'ulon (dark-stemmed). 1. Lilac.

June. Costa Rica. 1848.

— Skinne'ri (Mr. Skinner's). 1£. Pink. Gua-

temala.

— specta'bilis (showy). 1. Lilac and Purple.

July. Guatemala. 1643.

BARKING IRONS, or Bark Sealers, are
for scraping off the hardy outer bark,
or dry scales, from the stems and
branches of trees.

BARLE'RIA. (After the Mev. J. Bar-
relier, of Paris. Nat. ord., ^Acanthads
[Acanthace®]. Linn., \±-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia}. Stove evergreens, except
B. longifolia. This may be propagated
by seed, the others by cuttings of the
young wood, in heat under a bell-glass ;
rich loam and peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

B. a'lba (white). 3. July. New Holland.
1815.

— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 2. White. July.

East Indies. 1768.

— casrvllea (blue). 2. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1823.

— crista'ta (crested). 2. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1796.

— dicho'toma (twin-branched). 2. Purple.

July. East Indies. 1823.
— fla'va (yellovt -flowered). 3. Yellow. July,
East Indies. 1816.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. White. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1781.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. July. East

Indies. 1816.

— lupuli'na (hop-headed], 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Mauritius. 1824.

— prloni'tis (Prionitis-K&e). 3. Orange. July

East Indies. 1759.

— purputrea (purple). 2. Purple. Septem-

ber. East Indies. 1818.

— solanifo'lia (nightshade-leaved). 2. Blue.

West Indies.

— strigo'sa (bristly). 2. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1820.

BARLEY. Ho'rdeum vulgare* This
genus of grasses being interesting only
to the farmer and botanist, has not been,
included in this work.

BARNADE'SIA. (After Barnaday, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia, 1-
JEqualis. Allied to Mutisia). B. rosea,
a very pretty deciduous shrub, requiring
to be kept nearly dry in a greenhouse in
winter. Seeds in hotbeds, in March ;
cuttings of half-ripened wood, in April,
in sand, under a bell-glass. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
B. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pale rose.
South America. 1844. An evergreen
requiring a cool stove.

— ro'sea (rose coloured). 1. Pink. May.

South America. 1840.

— spino'sa (spiny). 4. June. Peru. 1825.

This has been called Bacazia spinosa.
Greenhouse evergreen.

BARNA'RDIA. (Named after E. Bar-
nard, F.L.S. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia-
ceae]. Linn., &-Hexandria, \-Monogynia).
Allied to the Squills. Half-hardy bul-
bous-rooted plant. Offsets; peat and
loam ; only wants a little protection in
winter.

B. scilloi'des (squill-like). Pale blue. May.
China. 1819.

BARO' METER, or "Weather Glass, so
called from two Greek words signifying
a measurer of weight, because it indi-
cates the weight or pressure of the air.
We only admit a notice of this because
i

BAN

[110]

BAN

£. sinemarie'nsis (Guiana). Yellow. August
Guiana. 1824.

— teTnuis (slender). Yellow. Buenos Ayres.

— tilicefo'lia (lime-leaved). Purple. August.

Java. 1820.

— tomento'sa (soft-haired). 10. Yellow. July.

South America. 1820.

— zanziba' rica (Zanzibar). 10. Yellow. Zan-

zibar. 1825.

SHRUBS.

B.ferruqi'nea (rusty). 10. Yellow. Brazil.

1820.
—fiflgens (shining-fruited). 6. Yellow. West

Indies. 1759.

— Humboldtia'na (Humboldt's). 19. Yellow.

South America. 1824.

— lawifo' lia (bay leaved) . 10. Yellow. Ja-

maica. 1733.

— ova'ta (egg-shape-/eare<Z). 6. Yellow. July.

Saint Domingo. 1820.

— periploccefo'lia (Periploca-leaved). 10. Yel-

low. July. Porto Rico. 1818.

— spldndens (shining). 10. Yellow. South

America. 1812.

BANKS (Sloping], are very desirable
in a kitchen garden, not only because
they aid in forwarding the crops on their
south front and retarding those on their
north front, but because they much in-
crease the cultivatable surface. Suppos-
ing the banks to run east and west, the
south side, especially as respects all low-
growing things, such as French beans,
potatoes, &c., will produce eight days
earlier than when cultivated on the level,
while the north side will retain lettuces,
&c., during summer, much longer fit for
the table. The surface of the ground is
also increased, notwithstanding learned
assertions to the contrary. In making
them at first in shallow soils, they should
not be wider than six feet at the base ;
but as the soil becomes improved they
may be from ten to twelve feet in width.
In deep soils, the banks may be formed
by trenching in the usual manner, only
throwing them into shape by a line and
stakes. In thin soils, care should be
taken to have plenty of room in the first
opening to stir the subsoil, and then re-
place again the surface soil on the sur-
face. The accompanying sketch will

give some idea as to how they are
formed, each ridge being twelve feet

wide at the base. A B is the ground
level, c the apex of the ridge, and d d
paths between. Of course they could
not be raised so high at first without
impoverishing the other ground. If
drained beneath the paths all the better
— for in heavy land, without drainage
and deep stirring, the moisture will be
long retained. If at c there is a board
fixed, or even a row of dwarf hardy peas,
the south side will be rendered still
warmer, and the north side more cool
and late. Such banks, therefore, may
not only be used for vegetables, but also
for accelerating and retarding fruits,
such as the strawberry. Owing to the
depth of soil thus obtained, if the surface
is kept stirred, you will never need much
of the water-pot, even in the driest
weather. The right hand or south side
should be the longest, and, in a succes-
sion of ridges, the northernmost one
should be the highest.

BA'NKSIA. (Named after Sir Joseph
Banks, a distinguished patron of natural
history. Nat. ord., Proteads [Proteaceas].
Linn., ^-Tetrandria, \-monogynia.} All
interesting greenhouse plants from New
Holland. Seeds, when obtainable, should
be sown in spring or summer, in sandy
peat, and placed in the greenhouse ; seed-
lings potted of? as soon as they can be
handled, otherwise they will shank off.
Some kinds are most easily propagated
by layers, and a few rare ones by graft-
ing ; but most are obtained by cuttings
of the ripened shoots, with most of the
leaves attached, inserted by the sides of

pot, placed under a hand-light, kept
close and shaded from sunshine during
the day, and air given and the glass re-
moved for a time during the night.
Sandy peat, with a little loam to the
more strong growing. Summer temp.,
50° to 65° ; winter, 35° to 4o°.
E. attenua'ta (tapering). 6. Yellow. 1794.

— austra'lis (southern). 6. Green. 1812.

— Brvfwnii (Miss Brown's). 1830.

— CalSyi (Caley's). 1830.

— cocci' nea (scarlet-./fo?<we«Z). 6. Scarlet. 1803.

— colli'na (\n\\). 6. Yellow. 1800.

— ctfmpar (well-matched). 6. Yellow. 1824.

— Cunningha' mii (Cunningham's). 6. Pale

yellow. 1822.

— cylindrosta'chya (cylindric-spiked).

— denta'ta (toothed). 4. Yellow. 1822.

— dryandroi'des (Dryandra-like). 6. Yellow.

1822.
ela'tior (taller). 20. Yellow. 1824.

BAG

C in]

BAR

B. ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 6. Yellow. 1788.

— Goo'dii (Good's). 1830.

— gra'ndis (great flowered]. 2. Yellow. 1794.

— Huge'lii (Hugel's). Yellow. 1837.

— iliclfo'lia (holly-leaved). Scarlet. 1837.

— insula'ris (island). 6. Yellow. 1822.

— intcqrifo'lm (whole-leaved), 12. Yellow.

1788.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. Green. July.

1802.

— marcefscens (permanent-leaved). 6. Yel-

low. 1794.

— margina'ta (bordered). 6. Yellow. July.

1804.

— me' dia (mediate). 6. Yellow. 1824.

— Menziefnsis (Menzies's). YeUow. 1837.

— nuta'ns (nociding-flowered). 4. Yellow.

June. 1803.

— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 15. Yellow.

July. 1805.

— paludo'sa (marshy). 2. Yellow. March.

1805.

— prostra'ta (prostrate). 2. Yellow. 1824.

— pulche'llalnesit-Jlmoered). 6. Yellow. 1805.

— quercifo'lid (oak-leaved). 5. Yellow. 1805.

— Sola'ndra (Solander's) . 6. 1830.

— specitf sa (showy). 6. Yellow. July. 1805.

— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 6. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1788.

— sphceroca' rpa (round-fruited). 6. Yellow.

1803.

— verticilla'ta (whorled). 12. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1794. '

BA'OBAB TREE. Adanso'nia,
BA'PHIA. (From baphe, a dye ; the
Camwood or Barwood from which a
brilliant red colour is obtained is from
B. nitida. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., lQ-I)ecandria, \-mo-
nogynia ; allied to the Carob Tree.)
Stove tree. Cuttings; sandy peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. ni'tida (shining). 30. White. August.
Sierra Leone. 1793.

BAPTI'SIA. (From bapto, to dye; some
of the species possessing dying properties.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceae],
Linn., W-Decandria, \-monogynia ; allied
to Podalyria.) Hardy herbaceous plants,
except where otherwise specified. Di-
vision ; common border soil.
B. a'lba (vr\ute-flowered). 2. White. June.
North America. 1724.

— auricula' ta (eared). Blue. June. North

America. 1812.

— austra'lis (southern). 2£. Blue. June.

North America. 1758.

— conftfsa (confused). Blue. June. North

America. 1812.

— exalta'ta (exalted). 3. White. June. North

America. 1724.

— lanceola'ta (lanceolate). 1. Yellow. July.

North America. 1818.

— mi' nor (smaller). 1£. Blue. June. North

America. 1829.

B. mo1 His (soft). 1J. Blue. June. North
America. 1824.

— perfolia'ta (perfoliate). 3. Yellow. Au-

gust. Carolina. 1732.

— tincto'ria (dyer's). 1£. Yellow. July. North

America. 1750.

— versi' color (various-coloured). 4. Light

purple. July. North America. 1824.

— villo'sa (long-haired). 2. Yellow. June.

June. North America. 1811.

BARBACE'NIA. (Named after M. Bar-
bacena, a governor of Minas Geraes. Nat.
ord., Blood-roots [Hasmodoracese]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria, \-monogynia ; allied to Vel-
lozia). Stove herbaceous perennials. Di-
visions ; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

B. gra'cilis (slender). Red. March. Brazil.

— purpu'rea (purple-^ou-ererf). Purple. July.

Brazil. 1825.

— Rogiefrii (Rogers's). Purplish violet. 1850.

— sangui'nea (blood-coloured). Deep crimson.

— squama' ta (scaly-stalked). £. Yellow crim-

son. March. Brazil. 1841.

BARBADOES CEDAR. Juni'perus barba-
de'nsis.

BARBADOES CHERRY. Malpi'gMa.

BARBADOES GOOSEBERRY. Pere'skia.

BARBADOES LILY. Hipped strum eques'-
tris.

BARBA'REA. "Winter Cress. (From
being formerly called the herb of Sta.
Barbara. Nat. ord., Crucifers (Brassica-
ceas]. Linn., \b-Tetradynamia; allied
to Arabis). All hardy herbaceous peren-
nials, except B. stricta. Division ; com-
mon soil.

B. arena' ta (bowed). 2. Yellow. July. Ger-
many. 1833.

— orthoce'rus (straight-podded). 1£. Yellow.

June.

— -prcefcox (earlj-Belleisle-cress). 1. Yellow.
October. England.

— stri'cta (upright). Yellow. Britain. Hardy

biennial. Raised from seed.

— vulga'ris (common). 1|. Yellow. July.

Britain.

BARBERRY (Ber'beris valga'ris}. There
are five varieties of the Common Barberry,
the red, without and with stones ; the
black sweet, which is tender, and requires
a sheltered border ; the purple, and the
white. The seedless (B.vulgaris asperma)
is mostly preferred for preserving pur-
poses. The fruit is acid, and the bark is
very astringent.

Propagation. — Suckers, cuttings, and
layers may be employed either in the
spring or autumn. The seed is very
rarely used.

BAR

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as a guide to approaching changes of
weather it is useful to the gardener.

Mr. P. Christenson, of Cowes, in the
Isle of Wight, Lecturer upon Astrono-
my, &c., has arranged a table, which, no
one having a weather-glass should be
without. Its price is only one shilling,
and it may be had of C. Wilson, 157,
Leadenhall Street. This "Companion
to the Barometer" is the result of thirty-
two years' observation, and the following
is an epitome of the information it gives.
During the first six months of the year,
when the mercury is rising, if the wea-
ther has been bad, and the mercury
reaches to 29.62 inches, there will be a
change ; if to 30.12, the weather will be
fair ; if to 30.29, set fair. If the mer-
cury has been high, and begins fatting,
there will be a change if it declines to
29.90; rain, if it descends to 29.50; and
wind with rain, if it reaches 29.12.
During the last six months of the year,
if the weather has been foul, and the
mercury begins rising, there will be a
change if it reaches to 29.48 ; fair, if to
30.13 ; and set fair, if to 30.45. If the
weather has been fair and the mercury
begins falling, there will be a change if
it sinks to 29.87 ; rain, if to 29.55 ; and
wind with rain, if to 29.28. At any time
of the year, if the mercury fall to 28.10,
or even to 28.20, there will be stormy
weather. These conclusions are from
observations made at thirty feet above
the sea's level, and therefore one one-
hundredth part of an inch must be added
to the height of the mercury for every
additional ten feet above the sea's level,
where the barometer may happen to
be.

BAHO'SMA. (From barys, heavy, and
osme, odour; referring to the powerful
scent of the leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Rutaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \~Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Diosma). Green-
house evergreen shrubs, all natives of
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
half-ripened wood, in June, under a bell-
glass, in sand, without heat; sandy loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° ; winter,
35° 40°.

B. betulfna (birch-leaved). 2. White. June.
1790.

— crenula' ia (round-notch-Jeaverf) . 3. Bluish.

April.

— diof ca (dioecious). 2. White. June. 1816.

B. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). White. July.

1789.
•— ova'ta (egg-shape-leaved). 2. White. May.

1790.
— pulche'lla (neat). Purple. June. 1787.

BARRED. That part of a plant is said
to be barred which is striped with a
lighter or darker colour than the prevail-
ing colourof that part.

BARREN PLANTS. The male flowers
of the cucumber, melon, and other mo-
noecious plants, are properly known as
barren flowers ; and the plants of the
asparagus, mercury, and other dioecious
plants bearing only male flowers, are
usually termed barren. These are na-
turally unfruitful ; but there is also a
barrenness arising from disease or the
consequences of bad cultivation. If a
tree, or any other plant, does not yield
the desired produce of fruit of which it
is capable, the gardener may be assured
that the soil, or the want of drainage, or
the manuring, or the pruning, is inju-
rious. Even a blind or barren cabbage
may be made productive ; for its barren-
ness arises from the central bud being
abortive, and it will produce lateral buds,
if all but one leaf and the place of the
abortive bud be cut away. When a flower
has no pistil it is incurably barren. Tem-
perature has great influence over the sex
of the flowers produced by a monoecious
dioecious plant. A very high temperature
caused a watermelon to bearmale blossoms
only ; and a very low temperature made
cucumber plants yield female flowers
alone. Mr. Knight had little doubt that
the same fruit-stalks might be made, in the
plants just noticed, to support flowers of
either sex in obedience to external causes.
Our own observations lead us to the con-
clusion that the cucumber and vegetable
marrow, when grown in too cold a
temperature produce a majority of male
blossoms,

BARREN SOIL, — No soil is absolutely
incapable of production ; and when it is
spoken of as being barren, no more is
meant than that, in its present state, it
will not repay the cultivator. The un-
productiveness arises from a deficiency of
some of the earths ; from an excess or de-
ficiency of animal and vegetable matters ;
or from an excess of stagnant water. No
soil can be productive where nineteen
parts out of twenty are of any one earth

BAR

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BAS

or other substance. If either chalk, or
sand, or clay, be in excess, the remedy is
found in adding one or both of the other
two. An excess of organic matter only
occurs in peat soils, and these are reclaim-
ed by draining, paring, and burning, and
the addition of earthy matter ; drainage
is also the cure for an excess of water.

BARREN- WORT. Epime'dium.

BARRINGTO'NIA. (Named after the
Hon. Daines Barrington. Nat. ord.,
Barringtoniads [Barringtoniaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Monadelphia, 8-polyandria). Stove
evergreen trees and shrubs. B. echinata
and platyphytta were, until lately, sepa-
rated into a genus Commersonia ; cut-
tings of ripe shoots under a glass, in a
strong heat ; lumpy loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 70° to 90° ; winter, 60° to 65°.

B. echincfta (hedge-hog-/rwite<f). 20. White.
Moluccas. 1820.

— platyphtf Ha (broad-leaved). 3. June. White.

Moluccas. 1806.

— racemo'sa (raceme-cowered). 30. Red.

Moluccas. 1820.

— spccio'sa (showy). 30. Scarlet. Indian

Archipelago. 1786.

BARTHOLI'NA. (Named after BartJio-
lin, a Danish physiologist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 2Q-Gymn-
dria, \-nwnogynia. Allied to Serapias).
One of those ground orchids from the
Cape which British gardeners have not
yet succeeded in cultivating easily. Green-
house orchid ; division of the root ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 45°.

B.pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Lilac. No-
vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1787.

BARTO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Barton,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Loasads
[Loasaceoe]. Linn., \1-Icosandria, 1-
monogynia). Half-hardy plants ; seeds ;
the biennials should be sown in summer,
and protected in a cold pit during the
winter ; the annuals may be sown in the
open air in April, or in a slight hotbed,
and transplanted ; most of them delight
in a sandy soil, and a little peat ; B. au'rea
does best where the soil is peaty and
moist.

ANNTJALS.

B. albersccns (wMte-stalked). 2. White. Chili.
1831.

— au'rea (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow. June.

California. 1831.

BIENNIALS.

B. nu'da (naked-seeded). 2. White. August
Missouri. 1811.

— orna' ta (ornamented). 2. White. August

Missouri. 1811.

BA'RTSIA. (Named after J. Bartch,
M. D. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulari-
aceee]. Linn., l±-Didynamia, 2-anffto-
spermia). Allied to Euphrasia. These
require the treatment of choice alpines ;
hardy annuals ; seeds in April, on rock-
work.

B. alptna (Alpine). £. Purple. August.
Britain.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. South of Europe.

— odonti'tes (odontites). J. Pink. August

Britain.

— visco'sa (clammy), i. Yellow. July. Britain.

BARWOOD. Baphia.

BARYOSMA. See BAROSMA.

BASE'LLA. Malabar Nightshade. Its
Malabar name. (Nat. ord., Basettads [Ba-
sellaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, Z-trigy-
nia). B. alba and rubra are used as
spinach in the East Indies ; and B. rubra
yields a rich purple dye ; not easily fixed,
however. Stove biennials, except where
otherwise specified, and mostly climbers ;
if sown in good heat in February, and
treated as a border annual they will
blow freely the same season ; rich lumpy
soiL

B. a'lba (white). 8. White. August. East
Indies. 1688.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. Pale purple.

August. East Indies. 1802.

— Itfcldn (shining). 6. White. August. East

Indies. 1802.

— margina'ta (bordered). 4. July. Mexico.

— wf^ro (black). 3. White. August. China.

1822.

— ramo'sa (branch}'). 6. August.

— rtfbra (red). 8. Pink. August. East

Indies. 1731.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 6. Purple. September

South America. 1824.

BASIL. (Ocymum). There are two
kinds, the sweet-scented (0. bastKcum),
and the Dwarf-bush (0. minimum). The
young leaf-tops are the parts made use of
in soups and salads, their flavour resemb-
ling that of cloves.

The supply is never-failing during
summer, as they shoot out rapidly for
successional supplies.

Sow on a very gentle hotbed, under
glass, about the end of March or first of
April, to raise plants for the principal or

BAS

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BAS

main crop. The frame should be filled
up with earth to within three or four
inches of the glass, or very shallow
frames may be used, for purposes as
these. When the plants are up, give
a little air by tilting the lights ; and as
they advance, and the weather is warmer,
give them more air, until the lights may
be taken off altogether during the day,
and put on at night. By the above ma-
nagement good hardened plants will be
fit for planting out towards the end of
May, or beginning of June, into warm
borders, or beds of light rich earth. If
the weather be dry at the time of plant-
ing out,, let the beds be well watered
previously to planting, and plant in the
evening. Lift the young plants from
the seed-bed with a small fork or trowel,
and plant them out with care eight or ten
inches from plant to plant each way,
and water them to settle the earth to
the roots. Attend to earth-stirring, and
water when required, until the plants
are well established. If green tops are
required for earlier use, sow in pots,
pans, or boxes, and place in any heated
structure.

To obtain seed. — Some of the earliest
raised plants must be left ungathered
from. These flower from July to Sep-
tember, and accordingly ripen their seed
in early or late autumn.

BASINING-UP. By this term is meant
raising a small bank of earth entirely
round a plant, so as to retain water im-
mediately about the roots.

BASKETS, employed by the London
gardeners, being made of osier or deal
shavings, vary triflingly in size more
than measures made of less flexible ma-
terials. They are as follows : —

Pottle — a long tapering basket, made
of deal shavings, holding about a pint
and a half.

Sea kale punnets — eight inches diame-
ter at the top, and seven inches and a
half at the bottom, and two inches deep.

Radish punnets — eight inches diameter,
and one inch deep, if to hold six hands ;
or nine inches by one inch for twelve
hands.

Mushroom punnets — seven inches by
one inch.

Salading punnets — five inches by two
inches.

Half sieve — contains three imperial
gallons and a half. It averages twelve
inches and a half diameter, and six
inches in depth.

Sieve — contains seven imperial gallons.
Diameter, fifteen inches; depth, eight
inches.

Bushel sieve — ten imperial gallons and
a half. Diameter at top seventeen inches
and three quarters; at bottom, seven-
teen inches ; depth, eleven inches and a
quarter.

Bushel basket — ought, when heaped,
to contain an imperial bushel. Diame-
ter at bottom, ten inches ; at top, four-
teen inches and a half ; depth, seventeen
inches. Walnuts, nuts, apples, and po-
tatoes are sold by this measure. A bushel
of the last named, cleaned, weighs fifty-
six pounds, but four pounds additional
are allowed if they are not washed.

BASKETS (RUSTIC). These are often
suitable ornaments for the reception of
flowering plants upon lawns, and other
parts of the pleasure-grounds. These
baskets are easily made. Having fixed
on the sizes you wish for, procure some
inch boards, either of sound oak, which
is the best, or of well-seasoned elm or
deal. Cut them into the proper lengths,
and nail them together the right width :
they will then form a square. Mark
then the desired form (round or octagon)
on this square, and cut it into the desired
figure. When this is done, you have
the groundwork of your basket ; make
the basket ten or eight inches deep, and
if your garden is moderately extensive,
you may have them the largest size to
be manageable, that is, from three to
five feet in diameter. If a small garden,
this size would be inconvenient, and
take up too much room. Yet there is
no reason why you should not have two
or three of these ornaments. For such a
garden, the most proper dimensions
would be two feet ; and for that size,
six inches deep would be proportionate.
Then proceed to nail to the circular or
•ctagon bottom the sides. If the shape
is round, let the pieces of wood to form
the sides be narrow, bevel inwards the
sides, and shape them so as to form the
circle ; but if of an octagon form, the
pieces will be, of course, of the width of
each of the eight sides, and planed to fit

BAS

[117]

BAS

at each corner. Fasten them firmly to-
gether with nails, and the main founda-
tion and walls of your baskets are com-
plete. On the top of the side put some
split hazel rods of sufficient thickness to
cover it, and hang over the outside edge
about half an inch. Place some of the
same kind close to the bottom ; then, be-
tween the two, cover the plain boards
with some rough oak or elm bark, so
closely fitted as to give the idea that the
basket has been cut out of a solid tree ;
or, which is more expensive and trouble-
some, but certainly more ornamental,
cover the sides with (split or whole, as
you may fancy) hazel rods, formed into
tasteful forms. These should fit so close
as to hide completely the material of
which the sides are formed. The bark
plan will not require anything more
doing to it after it is neatly fitted and
securely nailed to the sides, but the
hazel rods should have a coating of
boiled linseed oil applied.

BASS, or BAST MATS. These are chiefly
made in Russia, from the inner bark of
trees (bast in the Russ language). Their
best use is as a packing envelope, for as
a protection to wall trees they are inferior
to netting, and to standard shrubs struc-
tures made of straw (see Shelters}^ are to
be preferred. They are very serviceable,
however, to place over beds of early
spring radishes, &c., to prevent the night
radiation. This is quite as effectual,
much cleaner, and less troublesome than
a covering of straw. Shreds of these
mats are also useful for many gardening
purposes where a ligature or string is
required. One of the principal of these
is for binding a bud or scion in its place
on the stock after grafting. For this
we prefer the new Cuba bast, but the finest
of the ordinary Russian mats will answer
equally well, perhaps better, provided
the material is very fine and very tough.
In selecting a mat for this purpose, the
best may be distinguished by two or
three qualities : — First, whatever colour
the bast be, it must feel silky and some-
what oily to the touch. A full reliance
must not be placed on this alone, how-
ever, but the strength should be tested
by cutting off a fine-looking strand, and
stripping off a narrow piece as fine as
twine. This, if good, should withstand

a considerable amount of tension ; it is
well, however, to try a second piece. As
to colour, such is generally a pale straw.
BA'SSIA. (Named after M. Bassi, cu-
rator of the botanic garden at Boulogne.
Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotaceae]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria, \-monogynia). The Bas-
sias are trees of some importance in In-
dia. B. butyracea yields a thick oil-like
butter from its fruit or mahva. JS. lati-
folia furnishes a kind of arrack, called
moura, by distilling the leaves. The
fruit of the Illupie-tree, B. longifolia,
yields oil for lamps, soap-making, and
also for food ; andMungo Park's butter-
tree was a species of Bassia. Stove trees.
Cuttings of ripened young shoots in
April, in heat, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

B. butyra'cect (buttery). 40. Nepaid. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved) . 40. Yellow. East

Indies.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 40. E. Indies. 1811.

BASTARD ACACIA. Eobinia Pseu'do-

BASTARD ATOCION. Sile'ne Pseu'do-
A.to ' cion.

BASTARD BALM. Mett'tta.

BASTARD Box. Poly gala.

BASTARD CABBAGE TREE.

BASTARD CEDAR. Guazuma, and Ce-
dre'la.

BASTARD CHERRY. Ce'rasus Pseu'do-
ce'rasus.

BASTARD CINNAMON. Cinnamomum
cassia.

BASTARD CORK THEE. Que'rcus
Pseu'do-su'ber.

BASTARD CRACCA. Vicia Pseudo-
era' cca.

BASTARD DICTAMNTJS. Beringe'ria
Pseu do- Dicta mnus.

BASTARD GROUND - PINE. Teucrium
Pseu do-chamce pitys.

BASTARD HARE'S EAR. Phyllis.

BASTARD HYSSOP. Teucrium Pseu'do-

BASTARD INDIGO. Amo'rpha.

BASTARD JASMINE. A.ndro'sace cha-
m<z-ja'sme.

BASTARD LUPINE. Trifo'lium lupind-
ster.

BASTARD MANCHINEEL. Camera'ria.

BASTARD MOUSE - EAR. Hiera'cium
Pseu' do-pilose' lla.

BAS

[118]

BAIT

BASTARD OLBIA. Lavate'ra o'lbia.

BASTARD TOAD-FLAX. The slum.

BASTARD QUINCE. Py rus-cham&me' s-
pilus.

BASTARD VERVAIN. Stachyta rpheta.

BASTARD VETCH. Pha'ca.

BASTARD WIND-FLOWER. Gentia'na
Pseid do-pneumona' n the.

BASTARD WOOD - SAGE. Teitcrium
Pserf do-scorodo' ma.

BATA'TAS. (Aboriginal name. Nat. ord.,
Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-monogynia). Allied to Phar-
bitis and Ipomoea). All stove deciduous
climbers. Cuttings of stumpy side-shoots,
or young shoots slipped from the tubers,
just as they begin to grow; in sandy
soil in bottom heat, and under a hand-
glass; rich sandy loam and fibry peat,
with manure water when growing. Temp.,
summer, 60° to 85°, with moisture ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

B.beta'cea (beet-like). 6. Pale violet. De-
merara. 1839.

— bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Dark purple.

July. Cayenne. 1824.

— bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 10. Purple.

— Cavanillefsii (Cavanilles'). White red. Au-

gust. 1815.

— edtflis (eatable-//-MJted). White purple.

East Indies. 1797.

— glauciftflia (milky-green-leaved). Purplish.

June. Mexico. 1732.

— heterophtf lla (various-leaved). Pale purple.

September. Cuba. 1817.
— jala' pa (jalap). Rose. August. Mexico. 1845.

— panicula'ta (panicled). Purple. July. East

Indies. 1799.

— pentaphi/lla (five-leaved). White. August.

East Indies. 1739.

— se negate? nsis (Senegal) . White. July. Gui-

nea. 1823.

— terna'ta (three-leafleted). White. July.

Brazil. 1824.

— veru/sa (veiny). Purple. July. Mauritius.

1820.

— Waldeckfii (Waldeck's). White and purple.

South America. 1847.

— Willdcm/vii (Willdenow's). Purple. July.

1818.

BATEMA'NNIA. (Called after Mr. Bate-
man, a keen collector, and ardent culti-
vator of orchids, and author of a splendid
work on the orchids of Mexico and Gua-
timala. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe].
Linn., ZQ-Gynandria, \-monogynia. Allied
to Maxillaria). Stove orchid; divisions
and offsets; peat, broken crocks, and
sphagnum, plant raised considerably above
the surface of pot, or suspended in shallow
baskets. Summer temp., 70° to 85° ;
winter, 60° to 65\

B. Ctfllcyi (Colley's). \. Purple green. Au-
gust. Demerara. 1834.
BA'TSCHIA. (Named after /. G. Batch,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Borage-
worts [Boragynaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria, \-monogynia). This really shotild
be united to Lithospermum. All hardy
herbaceous perennials ; seeds, or divi-
sions ; common soil.

B. cane'sccns (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. North
America. 1826.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). £. Yellow. June.

Carolina. 1812.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). £. Yellow. June.

Missouri. 1812.

— seri'cea (silky). £. Yellow. July. North

America. 1825.

BA'TJERA. (Named after Francis and Fer-
dinand Bauer, Germanbotanical draughts-
men. Nat. ord., Hydrangeads [Hydran-
geacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria, 1-Digy-
nia}. Bauera is a botanical anomaly
which has puzzled the learned as to its
proper order. Dr. Lindley has placed it
with Hydrangea. Greenhouse evergreen
under shrubs ; cuttings in sandy soil,
under a glass ; sandy loam and peat.
Summer temp., 50° to 65° ; winter, 38°
to 45°.

B. hit 'mills (dwarf). 1. Red. September.
New South Wales. 1804.

— mbicefo'lia (madder-leaved). 1J. Pink.

September. New South Wales. 1793.

BATJHI'NIA. Mountain Ebony. (Named
after the brothers John and Caspar Bau-
hin, botanists in the 16th century. Nat.
ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaccre]. Linn.,
lQ-l)ecandria, \-monogynia). One of the
tribes of Cocsalpinia. All stove evergreen
shrubs, except where otherwise specified.
Half-ripe cuttings in summer, in sand

? laced under a glsss, and in moist bottom
eat ; light sandy loam, and a little peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

B. aculca'ta (prickly -stalked} . 6. White. West
Indies. 1737.

— acumina'ta (taper-pointed-leaved). 8.

White. July. East Indies. 1808.

— arma'ta (armed)." 6. White. Braral, 1824.

Climber.

— auri'ta (long-eared). 6. White. Jamaica.

1756.

— chinJnsis (Chinese). 6. Red. China. 1800.

— corymWsa (corymbed). 6. White. East

Indies. 1818. Climber.

— cumanefnins (Cumana). 20. White. July.

Cumana. 1826. Climber.
—feiruffi'nca (rnsty-leaved). 10. White. East

Indies. 1820. Climber.
—forfica'ta (pincer-teared) . 6. White. Brazil.

1823.

BAW

[119]

BEA

B.gla'bra (smooth). 15. White. Carthage.
1810. Climber.

— fflauce' 'scens (milky-green). 6. White. Cu-

mana. 1817.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. White.

Peru. 1820.

— i'ndica (Indian). 6. White. East Indies.

- 1820.

— inefrmis (unarmed). 6. Yellow red. Aea-

pulco. 1810.

— Lamarkia'na (Lamark's). 6. White. South

America. 1818.

— latlfo'lia (hroad-leaved). 6. White. West

Indies. 1818.

— leptopeftala (slender-petaled). 5. Yellow

green. New Spain. 1818.

— luna'ria (half-moon-leaved). 6. White.

Acapulco. 1820.

— madagascarie? nsis (Madagascar). 4. Mada-

gascar. 1826.

— malaba'rica (Malabar). 15. White. East

Indies. 1810. Climber.

— microphi/lla (small-leaved). 6. White.

South America. 1817.

— multinefrvia (many-nerved) . 5. White.

Caraccas. 1808.

— Paulc'tia (Pauletia). 4. White. Panama.

1737.

— pubt! scens (downy). 4. White. Jamaica.

1778.

— purpu'rea (purple). 6.> Purple. East

Indies. 1778.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 20. White. East

Indies. 1790. Stove climber.

— reMsa (abruptly blunt). 7. White. East

Indies. 1820.

— sca'ndens (small-leaved climbing). 30. White

yellow. East Indies. 1790. Climber.

— specio'sa (showy). 10. White. 1820. Stove

climber.

— subrotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved) . 6. White.

Acaphlco. 1820.

— tomento'sa (thickly-haired). 6. Yellow

white. East Indies. 1808.

— tria'ndra (three-stamened). 15. White.

East Indies. 1823. Stove climber.

— variega'ta (variegated). 6. Striped. June.

East Indies. 1790.

BAWD-MONEY. Me'um.

BAY TREE. La'urus ndbilis.

BEAD TREE. M'elia.

BEAM TREE. Pyrus a'ria.

BEAN (Faba vufyaris). There are many
varieties of this vegetable, but we shall
only name those which are clearly dis-
tinct and valuable.

Mazagon. — This has whitish seeds,
rather larger than a horse-bean, two to
four feet high. Sown in spring, about ten
weeks occur before beans are fit for table.
Many sub- varieties in seedsmen's cata-
logues.

Long-Pod. — Sandwich, or Lisbon, has
various names attached to these. Seeds
whitish, about an inch long, and half
that in width, flat. Very productive ;

good for main summer crops. Sown in
spring, about twelve weeks elapse before
the beans are fit for table. Three to five
feet high.

Johnson's Wonderful.—^ This is a long-
pod, but even more productive, and wo
consider it the best of all the varieties ;
pods very numerous ; many with six or
even eight beans in them ; and bearing
a succession of pods ; seeds rather more
broad in proportion to length.

Dutch Long-Pod has seeds still broader
in proportion to length.

Green Long-Pod, Nonpareil, or Genoa.
Differs chiefly from other long-pods by its
seeds being green.

Toker has white, broad, oval seeds.
Height five feet. Sown in spring, its
beans are ready in twelve weeks ; rather
coarse flavoured.

Windsor, — Seeds whitish, flat, circular,
an inch in diameter ; only two or three
in a pod. Produces a succession of pods ;
four feet. Many other names prefixed.

Green Windsor differs chiefly from the
preceding in the colour of its seed.

The Red Seeded, white Blossomed, Red
Blossomed, and some others, have no merits
equal to the preceding. The Fan not
being more than one foot high, is useful
in small gardens to grow among other
crops, but it is not productive, and its
beans come all at once.

Soil and situation. — The soil should
vary with the season. For the winter-
standing and early crops, a moderately
rich and dry soil is best adapted to them,
since, if too moist, the seed is apt to
decay; whilst a cool-bottomed more tena-
cious soil, is best for the spring and
summer sowings. The situation cannot
be too unshaded, but a protection from
violent winds is very beneficial.

Times and modes of sowing. — For the
first production, in the following year, a
large sowing of long-pods may be made
during the middle of November, and
plantations may be continued to be made
from the beginning of January to the
end of June, once every three weeks.
Not later than the 1st of July a last sow-
ing may be made. The early Mazagon
is best for the earliest and latest plantings,
to produce the same year.

Sowing for transplantation. — If the sea-
son has been lost for sowing at proper

BEA

[ 120]

BEA

time in the natural soil for the early
crops, or ground could not be spared or
made ready, then sow for transplant-
ing, either in small pots, turf-sods, on
gentle hotbed, and of such extent as can
be covered with a frame. If frames and
hand-glasses are deficient, matting or
litter, kept from injuring the plants by
means of hooping, &c., are sometimes
employed. Care must be taken that the
beans are not weakened by a deficiency
of air and light ; to guard against it the
lights should be taken entirely oif every
day that excessive wet or cold does not
forbid their removal. The usual time for
removing them into the open ground, in
a south border, is February, in mild and
open weather.

Sowing to remain. — When sown to
remain the seed may be inserted in
double rows, in drills, drawn by the
hoe, from two and a-half to three feet
apart, from double row to double row,
the double rows four inches apart, and
two deep. Previous to sowing, in sum-
mer, if dry weather, the seed should
be soaked for two or three hours in water,
cr if sown in drills, these should be well
watered immediately before the insertion.

When advanced to a height of two
inches, hoeing between the stems of the
plants may commence. This should be
often repeated. As soon as the various
crops come into full blossom, two or three
inches length of each stem is broken oif ;
this, by preventing its increase in height,
causes more sap to be aiforded to the
blossom, consequently causing it to ad-
vance with more rapidity, and to set
more abundantly.

For seed. — No two varieties should be
grown near to each other ; and in order
to preserve the early ones as uncontami-
nated as possible, those plants only which
blossom and produce their pods the first
should be preserved. None of the pods
ought to be gathered for the table from
them ; the after production of seed is
never so fine, and the plants raised from
it are always deficient in vigour. They
are fit for harvesting when the leaves
have become blackish, which occurs at
the end of August, or early in September.
The pods may be gathered from the stems
when ripe enough, ;and spread out thin
upon a dry airy boarded floor to dry.

Those only should be preserved that are
fine and perfect. They are best stored
in the pods until required. Seed beans
will sometimes vegetate after being kept
for eight or ten years, but are seldom
good for anything when more than two
years old.

Insects. See APHIS FAB^E.

BEATO'NIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert,
after D. Beaton, a Scotch gardener ; one
of the contributors to the Cottage Gar-
dener, and to this Dictionary. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridaceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia,
\-Triandria. Allied to Tigridia). Green-
house perennial bulbs. Offsets and seeds ;
the latter to be sown in a slight hotbed
in March ; light rich soil. To be taken
up before frost, or covered up where they
have grown, so as to preserve them both
from frost and wet.

B. atra'ta (dark-flowered). 2. Dark purple.
August. Mexico. 1843.

— curvctta (curved-stalked). Purple. April.

Del Monte. 1843.

— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). Purple. April.
Brazil. 1841.

BEAUPO'RTIA. (Named after Mary
Duchess of Beaufort. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., IS-Polyadel-
phia, 2-Polyandria) . Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, under a glass in sand, without
heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
50° to 65° ; winter, 38 to 48°.
B. carina'ta (keel-leaved). 3. Scarlet. New

Holland. 1823.
— Dampie'ri (Dampier's). 2. Pink. May.

Hal-tog's Island.

— decussa'ta (decussated). 3. Scarlet. May.

New Holland. 1803.

— macrostr'mon (long-stamened). Purple.

July. Australia. 1843.

— purpu'rea (purple- flowered). Purple. July.
Australia. 1841.

— spa'rsa (scattered-leaved). 3. Red. New

Holland. 1803.

— sple'ndens (shining). 3. New Holland. 1830.

BEATIMO'NTIA. (Named after Mrs.
Beaumont of Bretton Hall. Nat. ord.
Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, \~monogynia). One of our first
stove twiners, with large white trumpet-
shaped flowers, produced in clusters at
the end of the shoots. They succeed best
planted out in the borders of a house,
intermediate between a stove and a green-
house. Cuttings of half-ripened wood ;
rich lumpy loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 50° to 60°. .

BEG

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BEE

£, grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 20. White.

June. East Indies. 1820.
— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. White. East

Indies. 1818.

BE'CIUM. United to Ocymum.

BED is a comprehensive word, applica-
ble to the detached space on which any
cultivated plants are grown. It is most
correctly confined to small divisions,
purposely restricted in breadth for the
convenience of hand- weeding, or other
requisite culture, and in the flower gar-
den for the promotion of beauty. This
involves the question of form, one the
most difficult that is submitted to the
gardener ; because few tastes agree as to
their estimate of the beautiful. Under
the head FLOWER GARDEN, we shall give
a few general, and only general, obser-
vations upon this subject ; and here will
merely observe that, in making flower-
beds, they should always be proportioned
to the size of the plants which are to be
their tenants ; and that though, for large
masses of shrubs and trees, we have seen
rectangular forms so planted as to look
solid and grand ; yet, that we believe no
arrangement of dwarf-flowers would ever
make a separate square or parallelogram
bed of them, otherwise than decidedly

ugly-

BEDDING- IN is a mode of sowing seed.
In this method the ground being dug
and formed by alleys into beds, four or
five feet wide, each alley being a spade's
width or more between bed and bed, and
the earth being drawn off" the top of the
bed with a rake or spade, half an inch or
an inch deep into the alleys, the seed is
then sown all over the surface of the
bed ; which being done, the earth in the
alleys is immediately cast over the bed,
again covering the seeds the same depth,
and the surface is raked smooth.

The method of bedding-in sowing by
sifting is sometimes practised for very
small seeds of a more delicate nature, that
require a very light covering of earth when
sown. To bury them as shallow as pos-
sible, they are covered by sifting fine
earth over them out of a wire sieve.

BEDDING-OUT is removing plants from
the pots in which they have been grow-
ing into the beds where they are intended
to remain during the summer and autumn.
The following is a list of flowers for

bedding-out, arranged according to their'
colours, the first-named being the most
dwarf : — White. — Verbena pulchella,
Lobelia erinus albus, Campanula pumila,
Campanula Carpatica alba, Senccio ele-
gans flore albo, White Ivy-leaved Gera-
nium, "White-flowered horse-shoe Gera-
nium, Phlox omniflora, Double White
Snapdragon, (Enothera taraxifolia, (E.
speciosa, Nierembergia calycina, varie-
gated sweet Alyssum, Calendula hybrida,
White Clarkia, Petunia ny ctaginiflora ; of
Verbenas, the Bride and White Perfec-
tion, and White Salvia patens. Scarlet. —
Of Verbenas, Boul de Feu, Inglefield
scarlet, or fulgens, Melindre's latifolia,
Satellite and Emperor of Scarlets; of
Geraniums, Shrubland Scarlet, Tom
Thumb, Improved Frogmore, Gem of
Scarlets, Royalist and Compactum. Pur-
ple.— Of Verbenas, Walton's Emma,
Heloise, Venosa, and Sabina ; Petunia
phoanicea, Lobelia unidentata, Lantana
Sellowii, and Phlox Drammondii. Pink. —
Saponaria calabrica, Silene Shafts, Si-
lene pendula, Silene compacta; of Ge-
raniums the Pink Ivy-leaf, Mangle's
variegated Pink, Pink Nosegay, Judy,
Lucia rosea and Diadematum ; AiiagaUis
carnea ; of Verbenas, Miller's Favourite,
Beauty Supreme, Duchess of Northum-
berland, and Standard of Perfection. Yel-
low.— Tagetes tenuifolia, Sanvitalia pro-
cumbens; of Calceolarias, Integrifolia,
Rugosa, Kayii, Viscosissima, Corymbosa
and Amplexicaule ; Orange African Ma-
rigold, Double Yellow French Marigold
and Coreopsis lanceolata. ' Blue. — Lobe-
lia ramosa, Cineraria amelloides, Salvia
chamaedrioides, and Isotoma axillaris.

BEDEGUAR. See Cynips rosce.

BEDFO'RDIA. (Named in honour of
the Duke of Bedford. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asterace®]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia,
\-JEqualis}. Allied to Cacalia. Green-
house evergreen shrub. Cuttings a little
dried before inserting them in rough
sandy soil ; sand, peat, loam, and brick-
rubbish, in equal proportions. Summer
temp., 55° to 70°; winter, 40° to 45°;
and almost dry.
B. salici'na (willow-like). Yellow. April. 1820.

BEE. (Apis.} All the species of this
insect are friendly to the gardener, for
they all aid in impregnating his flowers,
many of which without their aid would

BEE

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BEE

fall unproductive of either fruit or seed.
At the same time they are as often in-
jurious by causing cross impregnations,
and actually injuring flowers in their
eiforts to get at the honey. The honey
bee (A. mellifica) is the most active in
this operation ; but the humble bee (Bom-
bus apis), and others of the robust species,
visit flowers in rough weather, when the
honey bee will not venture from its hive.

BEECH. Fagus.

BEET. There are two sections of this
vegetable cultivated by gardeners.

1. For the leaves to boil, like spin-
ach, and the stalks of the leaves like
sea-kale. Brazilian Beet (Beta, Bra-
ziliemis), with very large green leaves.
Thick-leaved Beet (B. cicla), of which
there are these varieties : — 1. Green-
leaved, small-rooted. 2. White-veined,
or silver. 3. Golden-veined. 4. Red-
veined. The silver is the finest, and
when blanched as the chard nearly equals
asparagus. The leaves of all are boiled
like spinach, and the foot-stalks peeled
and used as sea-kale.

2. Red Beet (B. vulgaris). — Nine
varieties occur of this, but the yellow
and white-rooted not meriting cultiva-
tion are here omitted. The others are : —
1. Large-rooted. 2. Long-rooted. 3.
Dwarf-topped. 4. Turnip-rooted. 5.
Small. 6. Castlenaudari. 7. Green-
topped. Of these, No. 4 is best for an
early crop, and No. 6 for the main crop,
if obtained genuine. There are many
sub-varieties, but scarcely distinguish-
able from each other. For table use,
the object is to obtain moderate sized,
and dark crimson roots.

Use. — The Red Beet, after being
cooked, is used sliced in salads, or alone
with an acid dressing. It is much better
baked than boiled.

Soil and Situation. — Beet requires a
rich deep open soil. Its richness should
rather rise from previous application,
than the addition of manure at the time
of sowing; and to erfect this, the com-
partment intended for the growth of
these vegetables is advantageously pre-
pared as directed for celery. On the soil
depends the sweetness and tenderness for
which they are estimated ; and it may
be remarked, that on poor light soils or
heavy ones, the best sorts will taste

earthy. The situation should be open
but it is of advantage to have the bed
shaded from the meridian sun in summer.
"We have always found it beneficial to dig
the ground two spades deep for these
deep-rooting vegetables, and to turn in the
whole of the manure intended to be ap-
plied with the bottom spit, so as to bury
it ten or twelve inches within the ground.
Salt is a beneficial application to this crop ;
one reason for which undoubtedly is, the
beet being a native of the sea-shore.

Time and mode of solving. — Sow from
the close of February until the begin-
ning of April ; it being borne in mind
that the seed must not be inserted until
the severe frosts are over, which inevit-
ably destroy the seedlings when young.
The best time for inserting the main
crop of red beet-root for winter supply
is early in April. The Brazilian and
thick-leaved beets may be sown at the
same time for supply in summer; and at
the beginning of July or August, a suc-
cessional crop of these may be sown for
supply in the winter and following
spring.

The seed is best sown in drills a foot
asunder, and an inch deep; or by dibble
at the same distance each way and at a
similar depth, two or three seeds being
put in each hole. The Brazil beet re-
quires eighteen inches space.

During the early stages of growth, the
beds, which for the convenience of cul-
tivation should not be more than four
feet wide, must be looked over occa-
sionally, and the largest of the weeds
cleared by hand. In the course of May,
according to the advanced state of
growth, the plants must be cleared
thoroughly of weeds, both by hand and
small hoeing ; the red beet thinned to
ten or twelve inches apart, and the white
to eight or ten. The plants of this last
variety which are removed, may be trans-
planted into rows at a similar distance.
Moist weather is to be preferred for per-
forming this ; otherwise the plants must
be watered occasionally until they have
taken root. They must be frequently
hoed, and kept clear of weeds throughout
the summer.

It is a great improvement to earth up
the stalks of the white beet in the same
manner as celery, when they are intended

BEG

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BEG

to be peeled and eaten as asparagus. No
vegetable is more benefited by the ap-
plication of liquid manure, than the white
and Brazil beets.

Taking tip the red beet. — In October the
beet-root may be taken up for use as
wanted, but not entirely, for preserva-
tion during the winter, until November
or the beginning of December, if the
weather continues open ; then to be
buried in sand, in alternate layers, under
shelter. Before storing, the leaves and
fibrous roots must be trimmed off, but
the main root not wounded, and a dry day
selected for performing it. Beet-root
may be kept exceedingly well if stacked
up neatly, sloping to a point, against a
north wall or other cool place, upon a
dry bottom, and buried with sifted coal
ashes. The thickness of this covering
must depend upon the weather.

Gathering from the green and white
Beet. — In gathering from these, the
largest outside leaves should be first
taken, and the inner left to increase in
size, when the same selection must be
continued; but at the same time it must
be remembered that they are to be used
whilst perfectly green and vigorous,
otherwise they are tough and worthless.

To obtain seed. — Some roots must be
left where grown, giving them the pro-
tection of some litter in very severe
weather, if unaccompanied with snow;
or if this is neglected, some of the finest
roots that have been stored in sand and
have not had the leaves cut away close,
may be planted in February or March.
Each species and variety must be kept
as far away from others as possible, and
the plants set at least two feet from
each other. They flower in August, and
ripen their seed at the close of Septem-
ber. Seed of the previous year is always
to be preferred for sowing, but it will
succeed if carefully preserved when two
years old.

BEGO'NIA. (After M. Begon, a French
patron of botany. Nat. Ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniacea?]. Linn., ZI-Monoecia, 9-
Polyandria). Stove evergreen shrubs,
except where otherwise specified.

Many freely by seeds, sown as soon as
ripe, or in the following spring; cuttings
in spring or summer, after drying their
base, inserted in sandy soil, in a little

heat. The tuberous kinds are easily pro-
pagated in abundance by division, when
beginning to grow, and they will stand
more cold in winter by 5° or 10° than
the others; peat and sandy loam, and
thoroughly decayed dung. Summer
temp., 60° to 70° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
B. acerifo'lia (maple-leaved). 3. "Whitish.
Brazil. 1829.

— a'cida (acid). 1. White. Brazil. 1847.

— acumina'ta (long pointed-leaved) . 1. White.

July. Jamaica, 1798.

— acutifo'lia (abrupt pointed-leaved). 1.

White. August. West Indies. 1816.
— • a'lbo-cocci'nea (white and scarlet-flowered] .
1. White and scarlet. East Indies.
1844. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— a'ptera (wingless). 3. White. July. Stove

herbaceous perennial.

— arayrosti'gma (silver-spotted). 3. White.

August. Brazil. 1819.

— awanti'aca (orange coloured) .Orange. India.

— auriculcefo'rme (ear-shaped). White. Gua-

temala 1850.

— BarMri (Barker's). 4. White. January.

Mexico. 1837. Greenhouse herba-
ceous perennial.

— Userra'ta (saw tooth-leaved). 2. Pale pink.

June. Guatemala. 1847.

— bulbili'fera (bulb-bearing). 1. Whitish

pink. July. Peru. 1827. Green-
house herbaceous perennial.

— castancefo'lia (chesnut-leaved). 2. Pink.

February. Brazil. 1838.

— cinnabari'na (vermillion-coloured). Orange

scarlet. Bolivia. 1848. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.

— cocci' nea (scarlet-cowered). 3. Scarlet.

April. Brazil. 1842.

— crassicatflis (thick-stalked). 3. Whitish

pink. February. Guatemala. 1842.

— cucula' ta (hooded). 3. White. Brazil.

— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 3. White. June.

Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— dipe'tala (two-petaled). 3. Pink. July.

Bombay. 1827.

— di'ptera (two-winged). 1. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1822.

— di' scalar (two-coloured). 3. White. May.

China. 1804.

— diversiftflia (various-leaved). 1. Pink.

July. Mexico. 1829. Stove herba-
ceous perennial.

— JDre^ei (Drege's). 2. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1838.

— du'Ua (doubtful). 1. White. July. Brazil.

1818. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— fagifo'lia (beech-leaved). 3. White. April.

Brazil. 1838.

— Fische'ri (Fisher's). 2. June. South

America. 1835.

—fuchsioi'des (fuschia-like). 5. Scarlet. De-
cember. North Grenada. 1844.

— geraniifo'lia (geranium-leaved). 2. Whitish

red. September. Lima. 1833. Stove

tuberous-rooted.

to/o'/m fheracleum-leaved). 2. 1831.

Stove tuberous-rooted.

radiata (rayed). 2. Pale
pink. Mexico.

BEG

[124]

BEL

B. hirsu'ta (shaggy-leaved}. 1. White. June.
West Indies. 1789. Stove biennial.

— hirte'lla (small-haired). 1. White. Sep.

tember. 1824. Stove herbaceous pe-
rennial.

— Hooke'ri (Sir W. Hooker's). 2. Pink.

Mexico. 1827.

— homo' ny ma (ambiguous). 3. White. June.

Brazil.

— hu' milis (humble), f. White. Septem-

ber. West Indies. 1788. Stove
biennial.

— hydrocotylifo' Ha (hydrocotyle-leaved) . £.

Pink. June. South America. 1843.
Stove herbaceous perennial.

htfbrida (hybrid). 11.

Pink. March.

— inca' na (hoary). White. April. Mexico.

1838. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Pink. Brazil.

1829.

— insi'gnis (striking) . Pink. December. South

America. 1826.

— lauri'na (laurel-leaved). 3. Pink. July.

Stove herbaceous perennial.

— Lindleya'na (Dr. Lindley's). 3. White.

June. Guatemala.

— luxu'rians (luxuriant). Bluish white. South

America.

— lon'gipes (long flower-stalked). 3i. White.

March. Mexico. 1828.

— lu'cida (shining). 1. White. August. West

Indies. 1816.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. White.

July. Jamaica. 1793.

— manica'ta (collared). 3. Pale pink. April.

Brazil. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— Martia'na (Martin's). 3. Pink. July.

Brazil. 1829. Stove tuberous-rooted.

•^-Meyefri (Meyer's). 3. White. February.
Brazil. 1838.

• — murica'ta (muricated). 3. White. Sep-
tember. Brazil. Stove herbaceous
perennial.

— multibulbillo'sa (many-bulbed). 2. White.

Brazil. 1830. Stove tuberous-rooted.

•*- ni'tida (shining-leaved). 1|. Pink. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1777.

-T-octope'tala (eight-petaled). 2. Greenish
white. October. Peru. 1835. Stove
tuberous-rooted.

— odora'ta (fragrant). 1£. White. Septem-

ber. 1824. Stove herbaceous pe-
rennial.

— palma'ta (hand-shaped). 1. White. Au-
gust. Nepaul. 1819.

— papilla' sa (pimpled). 3. Pink. July.

Brazil. 1826.

—parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 3. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 18 36.

— pa' tula (spreading). 1. White. June.

West Indies. 1818.

— peltifo'lia (shield-leaved). 3. White. 1816.

Stove herbaceous perennial.

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 3. White. July.

Brazil.

— pi' eta (painted). J. Pink. August. Ne-

paul. 1818. Stove tuberous-rooted.

— platanifo' lia (plane-tree leaved). 10. Pink.

September. Brazil. 1829.
+-pulche>lla (neat). £. White. July. Bra-
zil. 1823. Stove annual.

B.puncta'ta (spotted). Rose. May. Mexico.
1839.

— ramenta'cea (scaly-stemmed). 1. Whitish

blush. June. Brazil. 1830. Stove
herbaceous perennial.

— renifo'rmis (kidney - shaped). 1. White.

July. Brazil. 1818.

— rubricau' Us (red-stemmed). 1£. Blush.

— rupe'stris (rock). 2. Pink. April. Bra-

zil. Stove herbaceous perennial.

— sangui'nea (blood-red leaved). 3. White.

June. Brazil. 1829.

— Sello'ivii (Sellow's). White. September.

Stove herbaceous perennial.

— semper flo'rens (ever-blooming). Pink. Bra-

zil. 1829.

— sinua'ta (vandyked). 2. White. June.

Brazil. 1836.

— spatula' ta (spatulate). 1£. White. Sep-

tember. West Indies. 1819. Stove
herbaceous perennial.

— stigmo'sa (spotted - leaved) . 1^. White.

Stove herbaceous perennial.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented). 1. White.

August. West Indies. 1816.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). \. White. August.

Amboyna. 1810. Stove tuberous-
rooted.

— undula' ta (waved). 2. White. July. Bra-

zil. 1825.

— vitifo'lla (vine-leaved). 3. White. April.

Brazil.

— zebri'na (zebra-striped). 3. Pink. Bra-

zil. Stove herbaceous perennial.

BEJA'RIA. (Named after M. Bejar, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Heath-
worts [Ericaceae], Linn., ll-Dodecandria,
\-monogynia). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, except where otherwise specified.
Cuttings of young wood, firm at the
base : loam and peat.
B. ce'stuans (glowing). 12. Rose. Peru.
1846.

— cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). Peru. 1847.

— coarcta'ta (close-headed). 5. Purple. Peru.

1847.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 3. Purple. June.

New Greneda. 1826. Stove evergreen.

— ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved). 5. May. 1847.

— racemo'sa (raceme -flowered). 4. Purple.

June. Florida. 1810.

BELLADONNA LILY. Amaryllis bella-
donna.

BELLEISLE CRESS. JBarba'rea pre'cox,
See AMERICAN CRESS.

BELLEVA'LIA. (Named after P. E.
Belkval, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Lilt/worts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria, \-monogynia. Allied to the SQUILLS).
Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden
soil.

B. opercula'ta (lid-covered). 1. White. May.
Italy. 1596.

— syri'aca (Syrian). Orange blue. May.

Syria. 1844.
BELL-FLOWER. Campanula.

BEL

[125]

BEN

BELL-GLASS, is so called from its
usual form being that of a bell. It is
formed of one entire piece, and of com-
mon bottle glass when intended for shel-
tering cauliflowers, &c., in the open
borders ; but of white, or very pale
green glass, for preserving moisture to
cuttings. Formerly they were made
with a top almost flat, whence, to pre-
vent drip upon the cuttings, &c., it be-
came necessary to wipe them frequently.
They are now much improved by being
cone-topped, because the moisture con-
densed consequently trickles down into
the soil.

BELLIDIA'STRUM. (From bcllis, a daisy,
and astrum, a star ; being star-like. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-Superftua. Allied to ASTER).
A hardy herbaceous perennial ; divisions ;
sandy loam.

B.Miche'Ui (Micheli's). 1. White. June.
'Austria. 1570.

BE'LLIS. The Daisy. (From belkts,
pretty ; referring to the flowers. Nat.
ord., Composites [Astoraoese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-Superfluci). All the culti-
vated kinds are hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, but chiefly division of the
roots ; common soil.

B. hybrida (hybrid). \. White. April.
Italy. 1824.

— integrifoflia (entire -leaved), i. White

pink. July. Texas. 1801.

— pere'nnis (perennial). £ White. June.

Britain. This is the common daisy.
fistulo'sa (piped, double quilled}.

%. Red. June.
horttfnsis (garden, large double).

£. Red. June.
proli'fera (proliferous). £. Stfiped.

June. Commonly called The Hen and

Chickens.

— sylve'stris (wood), f. White. June. Por-

tugal. 1797.

It is curious that the daisy is not
more cultivated and crossed by florists
and amateurs. It is quite as capable of
improvement as the chrysanthemum.
The continental florists have not treated
it with similar neglect; and M. Van
Hoiitte of Ghent has more than twenty
distinct varieties in his catalogue — white,
pink, and variegated ; quilled, red-disked,
and double.

BELLIUM. (From bellis, a daisy ; the
flowers being like the daisy. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese].

nesia, 1-Superflua}. Seeds and divisions;
sandy soil, and a little peat.
B. bellidloi'des (daisy-like). J. White. July.
Italy. 1796. Hardy annual.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). \. Whitish

yellow. June. Sardinia. 1831. Half-
hardy perennial.

— intermedium (intermediate). \. White.

August. Hardy herbaceous perennial.

— minu'tum (minute). 1. White. August.

Levant. 1772. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.

BELLOWS are employed for fumigating,
differing only from the common bellows
by having a receptacle for ignited to-
bacco in the pipe of its nozzle, through
which the air, being gently forced in the
usual way, propels the smoke in any
desired direction, where the insects to be
destroyed appear. Brown's Fumigator
is superior to any bellows for such pur-
poses.

BELOPE'RONE. (Frem belos, an arrow,
an&perone, a band or strap; in reference
to the arrow-shaped connectivum. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn.,
2-Diandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Jus-
ticia). Stove evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings ; light loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 70° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
B. oblonga'ta (oblong-tea wrf). 3. Rosy pur-
ple. September. Brazil. 1832.

BENDING DOWN. This term is chiefly
applied to the bending of the annual or
other shoots of fruit-trees, for the pur-
pose of making them fruitful, or to make
them assume some desired form. Balls
of clay have been fastened to the ex-
tremities of the shoots to weigh them
down into the position required; but the
most desirable mode is by fastening them
by a string to pegs driven into the
ground.

BENGAL QUINCE. JEgk ma'rmelos.

BENJAMIN TREE, fi'cm Benjamina
and Lau'rus Benzoin.

BENTHA'MIA. (Named after Mr. Bent-
ham, a distinguished English botanist.
Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornaceae]. Linn.,
4-Tetrandria, \-Monogynia). Hardy
evergreen shrubs. Layers; seeds where
procurable; loam; does best in a shel-
tered place.

B.fragi'fera (strawberry-fruited). 10. Yel-
lowish red. August. Nepaul. 1826.
— japo'nica (Japanese). Japan. 1847.

It is doubtful whether B. fragifera
will endure our winters unprotected,

BEE,

[ 126]

BEE

except in our southern counties. It
ripens its fruit against a wall in Devon-
shire. It is like a raspberry, and orna-
mental ; but not eatable.

BERA'RDIA. (Named after M. Berard,
a botanist of Grenoble. Nat. ord. Bru-
niads [Bruniaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-Monogynia). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from Cape of Good Hope. Cut-
tings ; divisions ; common soil.

B.palea' eea (chaffy). 2. White. July. 1791.

— »ft«K«oiVe*(phylica-like). 2. White. July.

1805.

BE'RBERIS. The Barberry. (From
berberys, its Arabian name. Nat. ord.,
Berberids [Berberidacete], Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-Moiwgynia). We have re-
united with this genus all the species
separated from it, and called MaJwnias.
Seeds, sown in spring; cuttings root
freely if planted early in autumn ; and
suckers are abundantly produced. Graft-
ing is resorted to with rare species. Deep
sandy soil. All are hardy except where
other- wise specified. See Barberry.

EVERGREEN.

JB. actinaccfntha (ray-spined). 3. Yellow.
June. Straits of Magellan.

— angulo'sa (angular). Yellow. Northern

India. 1844.

— aquifo'lia (prickly-leaved). 6. Yellow.

April. North America. 1823.

— arista' ta (awned). 6. Yellow. April.

Nepaul. 1820.

— asia'tica (Asiatic). 4. Yellow. Nepaul.

1823.

— aurahuactf nsis (Aurahua). Golden yellow.

Grenada. 1847.

— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. Yellow. Straits

of Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy.

— dealba'ta (whitened-leaved) . 5. Yellow.

May. Mexico. 1833.

— du'lois (sweet-fruited). 8. Yellow. March.

Straits of Magellan. 1830.

— emarqina'ta (notch-petaled) . 3. Yellow.

May. Siberia. 1790.

— empetrifo'lia (empetrum-leaved). 2. Yel-

low. May. Straits of Magellan. 1827.
Half-hardy.

— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). Yellow. July. China.

1846.

— heteropky1 lla (various-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. Straits of Magellan. 1805.

— hypoleu'ca (white "beneath-leaved). 5. Pale

yellow. May. Northern India. 1840.

— ilicifo'lia (holly-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

Terra del Fuego. 1791.

— ine" rmis (unarmed) 2. Yellow. Straits

of Magellan. 1827. Half-hardy.

— macrophi/lla (large-leaved). Yellow. Japan.

1847.

— mi'tis (gentle-thornless). Yellow. North

America. 1834.

B. nervo'sa (large-nerved). Yellow. June.
North America, 1804.

— pa'llida (pale). Yellow. April. South

America. 1844. Greenhouse.

— pangharanghe'mis (Pangharang). 1848.

Half-hardy.

— parvift(/ra (small-flowered). 3. Yellow.

May. South America. 1846. Green-
house.

— re1 pern (creeping-rooted). 2. Yellow. April.

North America. 1822.

— ruscifo'lia (Rhus-leawed). 5. Yellow,

May. Buenos Ayres. 1823. Green-
house.

— tenuifo' lia (thin-leaved). Yera Cruz. 1836.

— trifolia' ta (three-leaved). Yellow. May.

Mexico. 1839. Greenhouse.

— virgo,' ta (twiggy). Yellow. Peru. 1836.

— Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 4. Yellow. May.

Nepaul. 1820. half-hardy.

DECIDUOUS.

B. canade'nsis (Canadian). 5. Yellow. May.
Canada. 1759.

— carolinia'na (Carolina). Yellow. June.

North America. 1828.

— cona'ria (Conaria). Yellow. June. Ne-

paul. 1841.

— coria'ria (tanner's). 10. Yellow. May.

Himalayas. 1835.

— cratafgina (Cratsegus-like). 6. Yellow.

May. Asia Minor. 1829.

— crdtica (Cretan). 3. Yellow. April.

Candia. 1759.

serratifo'lM (saw-edged-leaved). Yel-
low. May. Candia. 1759.

— davtrica (Daurian). 8. Yellow. May.

Dauria. 1818.
— fascicula'ris (bundle-flowered). 8. Yellow.

April. California. 1820.
—floributnda (many-flowered). 10. Yellow.

June. Nepaul.

— ibe'rica (Iberian). 5. Yellow. May.

Iberia. 1818.

— provincia'lis (Provence). 8. Yellow. June.

France. 1821.

— sibe'rica (Siberian).

Siberia. 1790.

— sine'nsi/i (Chinese).

China. 1815.

— umbella'ta (umbellal

low. Nepaul.

2. Yellow, July.

4. Yellow. May.

>-flowered'\. 6. Yel-
1842.

— vulga'ris (common). 10. Yellow. April.
England.

a'lba (white-fruited). 8. Yellow.

April.

aspe'rma (seedless). 6. Yellow.

April. Europe.

dulcis (sweet red-fruited). 10.

Yellow. May. Austria. Evergreen.

fo'liis purpiCreis (purple-leaved).

10. Yellow. May. 1841.

glarfca (milkv-green-leaved). 10.

Yellow. May. "

longifo'lia (long-leaved). 10. Yel-
low. May.

lu'tea (yellow-fruited). 10. Yellow.

May. Europe.

mi'tis (gentle-thornless). 10. Yel-
low. May.

ni'gra (black-fruited). 10 Yel-
low. May. Europe.

BEE

[ 127]

BES

B. vulgaris purpu'rca (purple-/rw£fc?d). 10.
Yellow. May. Europe.

viola' cea (violet-fruited). 10. Yel-
low. May. Europe.

BERCHE'MIA. (Named after M. Ber-
chetn, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Rhamnads [Ehamnaceael Linn., 5-
Pcntandria, \-monogynia). Seeds, cut-
tings and divisions ; sandy loam and
peat. All twiners. Greenhouse treat-
ment for the two species first named ;
B. volubilis is hardy,

B.floribu'nda (many-flowered). "White. Ne-
paul. 1827.

— linea'ta (lined). 8. Green. June. China.

1804.

— volu' bills (twining). 15. Green. June.

Carolina, 1714.

BERGE'RA. (Named after M. Bcrger,
a botanist at Kiel. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiaceae]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria, \-monogynia). Stove evergreen
shrubs. Layers and cuttings ; sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

B. intege? rrima (entire-leaved). 4. White.
June. West Indies. 1823.

— Koni'gii (Konig's). 3, White. June. East

Indies. 1820.

BE'RGIA. (Named after P. J. Bergius,
M.D. Nat. ord., Water-Peppers [Elati-
nacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria, 4-Penta-
gynia). Hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy
soil.

B. verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. White and red.
June. Egypt 1820.

BERKHE'YA. (Named after M. J, L.
de Berkhey, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceae], Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, 1-Frmtranea, Allied to GORTE-
RIA). All from the Cape of Good Hope,
and greenhouse evergreens, except where
otherwise specified. Biennial species by
seed, as a tender annual ; herbaceous
ones by seed, but chiefly divisions in
spring ; evergreens by cuttings under a
glass in sandy soil ; sandy loam. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 50°.

B. ce'rnua (droopmg-/<wer<?d). 1. Yellow.
June. 1774. Stove biennial.

— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

1812.

— cynaroi'des (artichoke-like). 1. Yellow.

June. 1789. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.

July. 1812.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. 1793.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg leaved) . 2. 'Yellow.

July. 1794.

B. palma'ta (hand-Zeafed). 3. Yellow. July.
1800.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved) . 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1818.

— spinosi' ssima (most thorny). 2. Yellow."

July. 1821. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— uni/lo'ra (one-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.

1815.

BERMUDA CEDAR. Jumperus Bermu-
dia'na.

BERTERO'A. (Named after C. J. Ber-
tero, a friend of Decandolle's. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-
Tetradynamia. Allied to ARABIS). Bi-
ennial and perennial ; from seed and
cuttings. The shrubby and rather more
tender species from cuttings under a
hand-glass in summer ; loamy soil.
B, inca'na (hoary). 2. White, July. Europe,
1640. Hardy biennial.

— muta'bilis (changeable). 2. White pink.

July. Levant. 1802. Hardy herba-
ceous perennial.

— obli'qua (unequal-sided leav ed). 1. White.

July. Sicily. 1823.

BERTHOLLE'TIA. Brazil Nut, (Named
after L. C. Berthollet, a distinguished
chemist. Nat. ord., Lecyths [Lecythi-
daceao]. Linn., \3-Polyandria, l-mono-
gynia}. The Brazilian nuts of the shops
are the produce of this ornamental stove
evergreen tree. Cuttings, ripened wood
in sand, and in bottom heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.
B. exce-lsa (tall). 100. Para.

BERZE'LIA. (Named after Berzetius,
the celebrated chemist. Nat, ord., Bru-
niads [Bruniacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-monogynia}. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of half-ripened wood in sand,
under a glass ; loam and peat. "Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

B. abrotanoi' des (southernwood - like). li.
White. June. 1787.

— lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. White. July.

1774.

BESLE'RIA. (Named after Besler, an
apothecary at Nuremberg. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn,, 14-
Didynamia^ l-A-ngiospermici. Allied to
GESNERA). Stove evergreen under-
shrubs, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Cuttings, slightly dried, and placed
in sweet bottom heat, in rough sandy
soil ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

BES

[128]

BET

B. cocci' nea (scarlet - berried}. 3. Yellow.
Guiana. 1819.

— crista'ta (crested). 3. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1739. Stove evergreen
climber.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. YeUow.

August. Brazil. 1823.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured-ftmned) . 3. Yel-

low. Guiana. 1820. Stove herbaceous
perennial.

— lu'tea (yellow -flowered). 3. Yellow. July.

Guiana. 1739.

— mo' His (soft). 3. Yellow. South America.

1823.

— pulcherlla (neat). 3. Yellow. August.

Trinidad. 1806. Stove evergreen
climber.

— viola' cea (purple - berried}. 6. Yellow.

Guiana. 1824. Stove evergreen
climber.

BESOM, or Broom, received its second
name from being often made of the broom
plant ; but the best, both for flexibility
and durability, are made of the ling or
heath. Birch brooms are the most com-
mon, and are those to which the name
besom applies; beso, in the Armorican
language, being the birch. But what-
ever the material, they will endure much
longer if soaked in water for some time
before using. If kept constantly in wa-
ter they would be still less brittle.
Where walks are liable to become mossy,
a broom made of wire is frequently em-
ployed for sweeping them. If the wire
be iron, it ought to be well dried and
dipped in oil before and after being used,
or it is soon destroyed by the rust.

BE'SSERA. (Named after Dr. Besser,
Professor of Botany at Brody. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia. Elegant little
Mexican bulbs, allied to the SQUILLS).
Offsets ; sandy peat ; kept dry and cool,
Taut secure from frost when not growing ;
kept moist when growing and flowering.
They require a cold pit or greenhouse.
B. e'legans (elegant). 2. Scarlet. September.

Mexico.

—fistulo'sa (hollow-stalked). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1831.

— Herbe'rti (Dr. Herbert's). Purple and white.

September. Mexico. 1846.
BETA. Beet Root. (From bett, the
Celtic word for red ; in reference to the
red colour of the beet. Nat. ord., Che-
nopods [Chenopodiacesel Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, 1-Digynia). Hardy biennials,
except where otherwise described. Seeds
in March or April ; deep soil. See
BEET.

B. ci'cla (Sicilian white beet}. 6. Green.

August. Portugal. 1670.
• — cri'spa (curled). 6. Green. August. South

of Europe. 1800.

— macrorhi'za (long-rooted). 6. Green. Au-

gust. Caucasus. 1820.

— mari'tima (sea). 1. Green. August. Bri-

tain.

— tri'gyna (three-styled). 3. White. July.

Hungary. 1796. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.

— vulga'ris (common red beet). 4. Green.

August. Europe. 1548.

lu'tea (yellow-roofed). 4. Green.

August. South of Europe.

— rtfbra (red-rooted). 4. Green. August.

South of Europe.

— vi'ridis (green). 4. Green. August. South

of Europe.

BE'TCKEA. (Named after M. Betcke,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Valerian worts
[Valerianacese]. Linn., 3- Triandria, 1-
monogynia). For all practical purposes,
they may be taken as a common Valerian.
Hardy annuals. Seeds in warm situa-
tions, in middle of May ; or, better, in a
slight hotbed in the middle of March,
and transplanted into common garden
beds.

B. ma'jor (larger). 1£. Rose. August. Cali-
fornia. 1836.

— samolifo'lia (samolus - leaved) . 1. Rose.

July. Chili. 1835.

BETLE NUT. Pi' per Be tie.

BETO'NICA. Betony. This genus,
named after the Celtic title Bentonic, is
now united to Stachys.

BE' TONY. Sta'chys and Teu'crium be-
to'nicum.

BE' TULA. Birch. (From its Celtic
name betu. Nat. ord., Birchworts [Be-
tulaceae]. Linn., 1\-Moncecia, 4-Tetran-
dria). Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs,
except where otherwise specified. Seeds
sown as soon as ripe, or kept dry and
sown in the April following, in fine soil,
and scarcely more than covered ; deep
dry soil suits them best. Shrubs, and
particular species by suckers and graft-
ing. The flowers of all are inconspicu-
ous, having no petals.
B. a'lba (common white). 40. April. Britain.

daleca'rlica (Dalecarlian). 40. May.

Europe.

fo'liis varicga'tis (variegated-leaved).

May.

macroca'rpa (large - fruited). 40.

June. Europe.

pe'ndula (pendulous). April. Bri-
tain.

po'ntica (Pontic). 70. May. Turkey.

urticifo'lia (nettle-leaved). 40. May.

verruca' sa (warty). 40. April. Britain.

BI

[ 129 ]

BIE

B. Bhojpa'ttra (Bhojpattra). 50. May. Hi-
malayas. 1840.

— carpinifo'lia (hornbeam-leaved). 50. July.

North America. 1759. Hardy ever-
green.

— dau'rica (Daurian). 30. July. Siberia. 1785.
parvi/o'ha (small - leaved) . July.

Siberia.

— exceflsa (tall). 60. July. North. America.

1767.

— frutictfsa (shrubby). 6. June. Siberia.
1818.

— glandultfsa (glanded). May. North Ame-

rica. 1816.

— gra'ndis (great). North America. 1834.

— lanulo'sa (woolly). 70. July. North

America. 1817.

— lefnta (pliant). 50. July. North America.

1759.

— lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. North America.

— BK/HM (soft). East Indies. 1840.

— na'na (smooth dwarf) . 4. May. North

America.
macrophi/lla (large leaved). 6. May.

Switzerland. 1819.
• stri'cta (upright). May.

— ni'gra (black). 60. July. North America.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Hungary.

1820.

— palle'scens (palish). 6.

— papyra'cea (paper). 50. June. North

America. 1750.
fu'tca (blackish -brown). May.

Carolina.
— • • p latyphy1 lla (broad-leaved) . 50.

June. Carolina.

— trichocla'da (hairy - twigged).

June. Carolina.

— pe'ndula (pendulous). 40. June. Britain.

— po'ntica (Pontic). 12. May. Turkey.

Hardy evergreen.

— poptilifo' lia (poplar -leaved). 30. July.

North America. 1750. Hardy ever-
green.
latinia'ta (cut - leaved). 80.

July.

pe'ndula (pendulous). July.

— pube'scens (downy). 30. June. Germany.

1812.

—pu'mila (hairy dwarf). 6. May. North
America. 1762.

— ru' bra (red.). 60 July. Canada.

— Scopo'lii (Scopoli's) . 6.

— tri'stis (sad). 10. May. Kamschatka.

BI'BIO ma'rci, St. Mark's Fly. Mr.
Curtis says : — " The larvae, or grubs, of
this insect generally live, in large groups
of a hundred or more in strawberry-
beds, vine borders, flower pots, and simi-
lar undisturbed spots, feeding upon the
roots, and sometimes destroying the en-
tire plant. Bouche says they completely
demolished his bed of Ranunculuses for
several successive years, by eating up
the tubers. The larva is dark brown,
somewhat cylindrical, the belly flattened,
moderately broad, and nearly linear ; the
V

head is comparatively small, deep brown,
and very shining. It changes to a chry-
salis generally towards the end of March ;
this is of a pale ochreous colour, the head
being brightest. The female lays her
eggs in the earth, and in the dung of
horses and cows, in May ; they do not
hatch until August."

BI'DENS. (From bis, twice, and dens,
a tooth; in reference to the seed. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceso], Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, \-cequalis. Allied to Coreop-
sis). Hardy ones may be grown in the
common border. The others are scarcely
worth cultivating, but we have named
the best. The annuals and biennials
from seed, and the perennials by division
and suckers. All hardy, except when
otherwise specified.

J5. argu'ta (arguta). Yellow. June. Mexico.
1825. Herbaceous perennial.

— Berteria'na (Berter's). 3. Yellow. May.

Porto Rico. 1787. Stove herbaceous
perennial.

— bipintia'ta (twice-leafleted). 2. Yellow.

July. North America. 1687. Annual.

— orondta (crowned). Yellow. August. 1829.

Biennial.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.

June. South America. 1800. Annual.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. Mexico. 1803. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial.

— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 1$. White.

July. South America. Annual.

— macrospcfrma (large seeded). 1. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1829. Annual.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. June.

Mexico. 1825. Annual.

— proctfra (tall). 6. Yellow. November.

Mexico. 1822. Herbaceous perennial.

— re' pens (creeping). 2. Yellow. July. Ne-

paul. 1819. Deciduous creeper.

— serrula' ta (fine-toothed). July. 1829. Bien-

nial.

BIDWILLIA. (Named after Mr. BidtceZl
of Sidney, an ardent cultivator of bulbs.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacea?]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria, \-monogynia. Allied to
Anthericum). Hardy bulb. Divisions
and offsets ; light rich soil.
B. gkHtcef scens (milky green). White. May.
Australia. 1843.

BIEBERSTEINIA. (Named after M. Von
Bieberstein, who wrote a Russian Flora.
Nat. ord., Eueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.,
W-Decandrta, k-peniagynia ; allied to the
common Rue). Half hardy herbaceous
perennial. Cuttings, under a hand-
glass in the beginning of summer; seeds,
in a slight hotbed under a glass in March
x

BIE

[130]

BIG

or April. Requires the protection of a
cold pit during winter, or a very dry shel-
tered place.
2?.orf</ra(sweet). Yellow. May. Altaia. 1837.

BIENNIAL, from bictmts, the Latin
for, of two years' continuance, is a plant
which, being produced from seed in one
year, perfects its seed and dies during
the year following. Biennials may often
be made to endure longer if prevented
ripening their seeds, and many exotics,
biennials in their native climes, are
perennials in our stoves.

Hardy biennials . — Some of these ripen
their seeds as early as August, in which
case they may be sown as soon as har-
vested. Others, ripening their seeds
later, must have these reserved from
sowing until May. The double varieties
of wall-flowers, stocks, &c., are propa-
gated by cuttings.

Frame biennials. — These require the
shelter of a frame during the early stages
of their growth ; to be removed thence
in May to the borders, where they bloom
in July and August.

BIFKENA'RIA. (From Its, twice, and
fremum, a strap ; in reference to a double
strap or band by means of which the
pollen masses are connected with their
gland. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaccoe].
Linn., 10-Gynandria, \-monandria; al-
lied to Maxillaria). Stove Orchids. Of-
sets and divisions. Peat, sphagnum,
charcoal, and broken pots ; raised above
the surface of pots, or in baskets. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 65°,
and rather dry.

B.atropurptfrea (dark purple). Dark purple.
Rio Janeiro. 1828.

— aitranti'aca (orange coloured) . £. Orange

spotted. September. Demerara.

— aitreo-frflva (orange-tawny). Orange. Rio

Janeiro. 1843.

— lonyico'rnis (long-horned). Orange brown.

Demerara.

— vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). Yellow. Rio

Janeiro. 1843.

BIGNO'NIA. Trumpet Flower. (Named
after Abbe Bignon, librarian to Louis XIV.
Nat. ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniaccoel
Linn., \k-I)idynamia, 2-artgwspcniitt/').
This order furnishes the most gorgeous
climbers in the world; natives of the
tropical forests in either hemisphere ; a
tenth part of which are said not to be
yet introduced to our gardens. Stove

evergreen climbers, except where other-
wise specified. Propagated easily by
young stiff side-shoots, taken off in sum-
mer, inserted in sand under a bell-glass,
and placed in bottom heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°. These mostly produce
their flowers on short shoots, proceeding
from well ripened buds of the previous
year' s wood. Few do well as pot plants ;
they like to ramble over the roof of a
cold stove. If the wood is well hardened
in summer, many of them do well on the
rafters of a common greenhouse, and
flower more freely than they would do
in a stove, but you must have patience
until they fairly mount the rafters.
Jasminoides may be taken as a type
of these. The only hardy species is
Capreolata, which is an ornamental wall-
climber in a sheltered situation; propa-
gated easily by cuttings of its roots, or
shoots under a hand-glass in spring or
autumn. It has been recommended to
try Cruoigera in similar situations grafted
on Capreolata. The Eadicans and its
near neighbour but prettier Grandiflora,
the only other hardy species of the order,
have been transferred to TECOMA, which
sec. The difference in the genera con-
sisting chiefly in the partition of the
fruit — being parallel in Bignonia and
contrary in Tecoma.

B.adcnophy'lla (gland-leaved). East Indies.
1832.

— a'lba( white). 8. "White. Guiana. 1823.

— allirfcen (garlic scented). 10. Yellow. West

Indies. 1790.

— amafna (pleasing). 20. Yellow. East Indies.

1828.

— apureftisis (Apures). 10. Yellow. Orinoco.

1824.

— cequinoctia'lis (equinoctial). 40. Yellow.

June. Guiana. 1768.

— asculiflo'ra (horse-chesnut-flowcred). 20.

Yellow. Mexico.

— bijii'ga (twin-leaved). 6. Madagascar. 1822.

— ca'ndicans (whitish). 10. Cayenne. 1820.

— capreola'ta (tendrilled) . 15. Scarlet. June.

North America. 1710.

— Caroli'na: (Carolina). 10. Cream. Carolina.

— Chanibcrlaifnii (Chamberlayne's). 40. Yel-

low. August. Brazil. '1820.

— Chi'ca (Chica). 10. Orinoco. 1819.

— chirc're (Chirere). 10. Red orange. Guiana.

1824.

— ckrysa'ntha (yellow-flowered). 10. Yellow.

Guiana. 1823.

— c/irj/so/Wcrt (yellowish white). 10 Yellowish

white. July. South America. 1824.

— Clematis (Clematis). 15. Caraccas. 1820.

— crena'ta (round-notched). 10. East Indies.

1823.

BIL

[131]

BIL

5. cntci'gera (cross-stemmed). 20. Yellow scar-
let. South America. 1759.

— deci'piens( deceiving). 10. East Indies. 1823.

— diversify lia (various leaved) . 10. Mexico.

1825.

— echina'ta (bristly fruited}. 20. Purple.

Guiana. 1804.

— donga' ta (elongated). 8. Purple. South

America. 1820.

— floribtfnda (many-flowered). 12. White.
Caraccas. 1816.

— gra'cilis (slender). 50. Yellow. April.

South America. 1810.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 60. Purple red.

June. Caraccas. 1816.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 4. White orange.

Guiana. 1820.

— i'ndica (Indian). 40. Purple. India. 1775.

— jasminifo' lia (jasmine-leaved). 10. White.

Orinoco. 1826.
—jasminoi'des (jasmine-like). 30. Purple.

Moreton Bay. 1830.
~ lactiflo'ra (milk-flowered). 20. White. May.

Santa Cruz. 1823.

— latifo'lla (broad-leaved). 10. Yellow. Cay-

enne. 1823.

— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 20. Guiana. 1804.

— leuco'xylon (white wooded). 12. Pink. West

Indies. 1759.

— Uttora'lls (shore). 10. Pink red. Mexico.

1824.

— ht'cida (shining). 10. East Indies. 1823.

— meona'ntha (smaller flowered). 20. Pink.

June. New Holland,

— mo'llis (soft). 10. Guiana. 1818.

— molli'ssima (very soft). • 10. Caraccas. 1820.
-multi' fida (many-cleft). 10. East Indies.

1823.

— pa'llida (pale floirercd) . 15. White. July.

West Indies. 1823.

— pi' eta (painted). 10. Variegated. South Ame-

rica. 1823.

— pu'be'scens (downy). 15. Yellow. June. Cam-

peachy. 1759.

— purputrea (purple). 6. Purple. South

America. 1822.

— quadrangula'ris (four-angled). 10. East In-

dies. 1823.

— salicifo'lia (willow-leaved). 10. Yellow.

Trinidad. 1824.

— scrratlfo'lia (saw-leaved). 20. Yellow. West

Indies. 1822.

— serrula'ta (fine-toothed). East Indies. 1832.

— specio'sa (handsome) . 20. Pink. May. Ura-

guay. 1838.

— specta'bilis (showy). 10. Purple. West Indies.

1820.

— spica'ta (spiked floivercd}. Trinidad. 1822.

— stami'nea (long stamened). 10. Yellow,

Hispaniola. 1825.

— siibero' so, (cork barked) . 38. White. East

Indies. 1820.

— tomentof sa (woolly). 10. Japan. 1820.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 10. White. South

America. 1783.
>— Tu-eedia'na (Mr.Tweedie's). 20. Yellow.

June. Buenos Ayres. 1838.
• — varia'Mlis (variable). 10. Yellow white.

West Indies. 1819.

— venu'sta (lovely). 4. Orange. September.

South America. 1816.

BILBERRY. Vacci'nium

BILIMBI TREE. Averrho'a bili'ml{.

BILL, a sharp-edged tool, employed
in cutting hedges, sharpening N
stakes, &c. It should never be
used in pruning ; but, where the
branch is too strong to be cut \
with the knife, the saw ought j
always to be applied. An im-
plement well adapted for this
purpose is Dean's bill ; for it has
a -narrow blade with a keen cut-
ting edge, and a saw at the back,
made expressly for cutting green
wood, warranted not to buckle or stick
fast.

BILLARDIE'RA. Apple Berry. (Named
after Labittardiere, a French botanist.
Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pittosporacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-monogynia).
Greenhouse evergreen climbers. Seeds
sown in a little heat in April. From
cuttings in May or June, in sand under
a bell-glass; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
B, angustifcflia (narrow-leaved). 2. Cream.
July. New Holland. 1820.

— dapJinoi'des (daphne-like). Yellow purple.

May. New South Wales. 1840.

— longifltfra (long flowered). 20. Crimson.

July. Van Diemen's Land. 1810.

— muta'bilis (changeable). 8. Crimson. August.

New South Wales. 1795.
. — ova' Us (oval-leaved). 20. Green yellow.
Van Diemen's Land. 1833.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 12. Blue. July.

New Holland. 1825.

— sctfndens (climbing). 12. Purple. August.

New South Wales. 1790.

BILLBER'GIA. (Named after Bittberg, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromehoorts
[Bromeliacea?]. Linn., Q-Hexandria,
\-monogynia). Stove plants formerly
belonging to BROMELIA. Suckers and
divisions ; sandy loam, peat, and a little
rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. amcefna (pleasing). 2. Yellow. June. South
America. 1817.

— bi' color (two-coloured). ?-. Rose blue. May.

Rio Janeiro. 1829.

— clava'ta (club-shaped). 1A. Blue. February.

Trinidad. 1824.

— cruefnta (bloody). 1. Blue red. August.

Rio Janeiro. 1824.

— fascia' ta (banded). 1$. Blue red. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1825.

— iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). 1. Scarlet yellow.

March. Rio Janeiro. 1825.

— nudicau1 Us (naked stemmed). 2. Crimson.

May. Trinidad. 1822.

— purptfrea (purple). Rose purple, October.

BIN

[132]

BIR

B. lyurpitrea-rtf sea (purple and rosy). 2. Rose
purple. November. Brazil. 1831.

— pyramid tf fa (pyramidal). 2. Crimson.

February. Rio Janeiro. 1817.

— zebri'na (zebrli-strcaked). 1£. June. South

America. 1826.

— zona' ta (zoned leaved}. 1£. White. March.

Brazil. 1843.

BINDING. A term applied to adhesive
soils, to describe the closeness and hard-
ness of their texture in hot dry seasons.
See BAKING. This term applies also to
some gardening processes. Thus, fas-
tening a graft or hud in its place by
means of bast or other material, is termed
binding in some counties.

BINDWEED. Convolvulus.

BIO'PHYTUM. Oxa'lis Bidphytwn.

BIRCH. Be tula and Ca'rpinus Be tula.

BIKDS are benefactors as well as in-
jurers of the gardener. They destroy
milions of grubs, caterpillars, and aphides,
which would have ravaged his crops ;
but at the same time some commit havoc
upon his fruit and seeds. The wisest
course, consequently, is to scare them
from the garden at such times, or from
the portions of it in which they can be
prejudicial, but to leave them to visit it
unmolested Avhenever and wherever they
cannot be mischievous. Thus in early
spring a boy or two will drive them away
during such time as the buds of the goose-
berry, currant, and plum, are open to
their attacks ; and again during the time
that the cherries are ripe. To keep them
from the fruit of late gooseberries and
currants, it is sufficient to interlace tliick-
ly the bushes with red worsted. To keep
them from attacking peas and other
vegetables just emerging from the soil,
a similar display of white thread fastened
to pegs about six inches from the surface,
is also sufficiently deterring. Nets, where
available, are also sufficient guardians.
By these aids, but \ especially by the
watching during certain seasons, the
gardener may protect himself from in-
jury at a very trifling expense, without
depriving himself of the services of the
most sharp sighted, most unwearying,
and most successful, of all insect-killers.

INSECT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH DO NOT
EAT riUHTS OR SEEDS.

One of the most exclusively insect-
eating birds, is the golden-crested Wren

Re gulus oristatus, Ray), the smallest of
the birds of Europe. The species which
come nearest to the gold-crest in appear-
ance and habits, are the wood wren
(Sylvia sibilatrix), and the willow wren,
or hay bird (S.jitis). The chiff-chaff (8.
kquax] also ranks with these as an insect-
eating bird, but is least common. The
nightingale (Sylvia luscinia) does consi-
derable service to the cultivator, by de-
vouring numbers of caterpillars and
grubs, as well as the moths, butterflies,
and beetles from which they are pro-
duced. The whinchat (Saxicola rubetra),
the stonechat (8. rubicola), and the wheat-
ear (S. cenanthe), may be ranked as insecti-
vorous birds ; the stonechat particularly.
The whinchat frequents cabbage gardens
and turnip fields after the breeding
season, and ought to be protected, be-
cause it not only eats insects, but small
shell-snails, while it never touches fruits
or seeds. The wheatear is equally bene-
ficial in clearing crops from insects, with-
out levying any contribution for iu
services.

The wagtails, particularly the yellow
one, (Motacitta flava,} feed wholly on in-
sects, particularly gnats, midges, and
other flies that tease cattle. They will
also follow the spade to feed upon the
worms and grubs turned up, and in this
way no doubt thousands of wire -worms
and other destructive vermin are effec-
tually destroyed. The tree pipet, or tit-
lark, (Anthus arboreus,} and the meadow
pipet, (A. pratemis,} are common hedge
birds, which search busily after the au-
tumnal hatches of caterpillars and grubs,
or the smaller flies and beetles, which
they find among the herbage. The
cuckoo, the common fly-catcher, and the
flusher, or lesser butcher bird, may bo
classed among the insectivorous feeding
birds. To these many other hedge birds
might be added, such as the nightjar,
the sedge-bird, the wryneck, the creeper,
and the bottle -tit, none of which are in
the least destructive ; while, from their
feeding exclusively, or nearly so, on in-
sects, they are of much service in dimi-
nishing the number of such as are
injurious to field and garden crops.

INSECT- EATING BIRDS WHICH EAT FRUITS
OR SEEDS.

These are the common wren, the

BIR

[ 133 ]

BIX

hedge sparrow or dunnock, the redbreast,
the redstart, the torn-tit, the cole-tit, the
marsh-tit, and the greater tit. The weeds
and insects which these birds destroy,
will, however, certainly more than com-
pensate for the few heads of grain, the
flower seeds, or small fruit, which they
may occasionally pilfer.

FRUIT-EATING BIRDS, WHICH ALSO FEED
ON INSECTS.

In this list are the black cap, babillard,
(Currucd garrula,} the garden warbler,
and the whitethroat, the missel-thrush,
the song-thrush, the blackbird, and the
starling.

DECIDEDLY DESTRUCTIVE BIRDS.

The greater portion of those to be
enumerated are exclusively grain eaters,
and make no return for their depreda-
tions by destroying insects, though they
no doubt contribute to keep down the
diifusion of weeds by the quantity of
seeds which they devour. The goldfinch,
the yellow-hammer, the cirl-bunting,
the reed-bunting, the corn-bunting, the
skylark, the woodlark, the linnet, the
chaffinch, the mountain-finch, the bull-
finch, the house sparrow, and the tree
sparrow.

BIRD CHERRY. Ce'rasus pa'dus.

BIRD PEPPER, Capsicum bacccttim.

BIRD'S BILL. Trigone'tta ornithopodi-
oi'des.

BIRD'S EYE. Pri' mula farind sa.

BIRD'S FOOT. Orthino'pus and Ett-
phdrbia orthino'pus.

BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL. Lotus.

BIRD'S NEST. Asple'niwn Nidus.

BIRD'S TONGUE. 0 'rnithoglo 'ssum.

BIRTHWORT. AristoU' chia.

BISCUTE'LLA. Buckler Mustard. (From
bis, double or twice, and scutella, a saucer;
in reference to the shape of the seed
vessel when bursting. Nat. ord., Cruci-
fers [Brassicaceee]. Linn., \5-Tetrady-
namia. Allied to Thlaspe, or Shepherd s
Purse). All hardy. The annuals by
seed in March ; the perennials by divi-
sion then or in September. Common
soil.

PERENNIALS.
B. amU'qua (doubtful). J. Yellow, June.

Italy. 1820.
*—coronopifo'Ua (Buckthorn-leaved), i. Yellow.

June. Italy. 1790.

B. keviffa'ta (smooth podded] . 1. Yellow. June.

Italy. 1777.
— alpc'stris (alpine). 1. YelloSv.

June. Hungary. 1816.

— longifo'lia (long leaved). Switzerland. 1832.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Yellow. Spain.

1823.

— rap hanifo'lia ; (radish-leaved). 1£. Yellow.

July. Sicily. 1822.

— saxa'lilis (rock). 1. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1821.

— sempcrvi'rens (evergreen). 1. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1784.

— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. Spain. 1826.

ANNUALS.

— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. June.

South of France. 1820.

— Colifmnce (Columna's). 1. Yellow. June.

South of Italy. 1823.

— dcpre'ssa (depressed). A. Yellow. June.

Egypt. 1811.

— lyra'ta (lyre leaved). 1J. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1799.

— mari'tima (sea). 11. Yellow. June. Naples.

1824.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg-s7«r^ec?). 1. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1817.

BISE'RULA. Hatchet Vetch. (From.
bis, twice, and serrula, a saw ; in refer-
ence to the seed pods being armed with
teeth. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia, 4-
decandria; allied to Astragalus). Hardy
annual. Seeds in April or September.
Sandy soil.

B. Pelefcimts (bastard corn-tveed). 1. Purple.
July. South Europe. 1640.

BITTER OAK. Que rcus cer rris.

BITTER-SWEET. Soldnum dulcamara.

BITTER VETCH. Oro'bus.

BITTER WOOD. Xylo'pia.

BIVON^E'A. (After A. Bivona Bernard^
a professor of botany in Sicily. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetra-
dynamia. Allied to Lepidium). Hardy
annual. Seeds ; common soil.

B. lute? a (yellow), i. Yellow. June. Italy.
1824.

BIXA. Arnott'a. (Its native name in
South America. Nat. ord.. Bixads [Fla-
courtiacese]. Linn., 13-Poli/andria, 1-
tnonoyynia). The reddish pulp which
surrounds the seeds of B. Orellana, is the
Arnotta of commerce, used in the prepa-
ration of chocolate and by farmers for
colouring cheese, and also by dyers for a
reddish colour. Stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of half ripened shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; lumpy

BIZ

[ 134]

BLA

peat and loam. Summer temp., 65° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
2?. Orelldna (Orellana). 20. Pink. June.
West Indies. 1690.

— purpu'rca (purple). 20. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1817.

— Urucura'na (Urucu). 20. Pink. July.

Brazil. 1820.

BIZARRE. See Carnation.

BLACK ADIANTUM. Aspk'nimn adla'n-
tum-ni'grum.

BLACK ARCH MOTH. See Psilu'ra
mona'cha.

BLACK BRYONY. Poisonous weeds
which, will not he further noticed.

BLACK BULLACE. Pru'nus insiti'tia.

BLACKBU'RNIA. (Named after Mr.
Blackburn. Nat. ord., Xanthoxyls [Xan-
thoxylaceoe]. Linn., 4-Tentrandria, 1-
Monogynia). Greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in
sand, under a hell-glass, in April; also hy
layers in autumn; peat and loam, both
fibry and sandy. Summer temp., 55°
to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
B. pinna' ta (leafletcd). White. May. Nor-
folk Island. 1829.

BLACK CATERPILLAR. See Atha'lia
spinarum.

BLACK FLEA. (Ha'ltlea nc'morum}.

No insect is more insidious or more
sweeping in the destruction it brings
upon some of the farmers' or gardeners'
crops than the Turnip Flea (Haltica
ncmorum}. Turnips of all kinds, beet-
root, mangold- wurtzcl, radishes, and flax,
are all liable to be destroyed by this in-
sect. It is a singular misapplication of
terms, that this insect is known among
cultivators of the soil as the black and
the turnip flea or fly, none of them ever
calling it a beetle, which it really is;

and the most descriptive name is the
turnip-flea beetle, for this describes not
only its real nature but its favourite
food, and its extraordinary power of
skipping or leaping like the common
flea. This insect is represented in our
drawing of its natural size and magni-
fied. The body, one-eighth of an inch
long, is rather flattened, and of a brassy
black colour, thickly dotted ; the wing
cases are greenish black, with a pale-
yellow broad line on each ; the base of
the feelers (antenna) and the legs are
pale clay-coloured. The eggs are laid
on the under side of the rough leaf of
the turnip from April to September.
They hatch in two days. Their maggots
live between the two skins or cuticles of
the rough leaf, and arrive at maturity in
sixteen days. The chrysalis is buried
just beneath the surface of the earth,
where it remains about a fortnight. The
beetles arc torpid through the winter,
and revive in the spring, when they
destroy the two first or seed leaves of the
young turnip. There are five or six
broods ia a season. These insects are
most to be feared in fine seasons. Heavy
rains, cold springs, and long droughts,
destroy them. Their scent is very per-
fect : the beetles fly against the wind,
and are attracted from a distance. The
rapid growth of a plant is the best
security against them ; to secure which,
sow plenty of seed all of the same age.
Burning the surface of the land is bene-
ficial, by destroying the chrysalides.
Deep digging is an excellent practice,
when the chrysalides arc in the soil.
Drilling is a far superior practice to
sowing the seed broadcast. Destroy
charlock : it affords support to the beetles
before the turnips come up. The most
effectual banishment of the turnip fly,
we think, is secured by sowing the sur-
face of the soil with gas-lime two or
three mornings after the turnip seed has
been sown. This is so offensive to the
insect as to drive it away just at the
time the young plants are appearing
above ground. — The Cottage Gardener,
ii., 93.

BLACK GRUB. AtJui'lla Spina'rwn.

BLACK JACK OAK. Quc'rcus ni'yra.

BLACK PINE, fi'nus austri aca.

BLACK SALTWORT. Glaux mari'tima.

BLA

[135]

BLE'

BLACK THORN. Pru'nus spino'sa.
BLACK VARNISH TREE. Melanor-
rhce'a.

BLACK- WATTLE. Cattico'ma. serrati-

BLADDER-BLIGHT. See Peach — blister-
ing of leaf.

BLADDER- KETMIA. Hibiscus trio num.

BLADDER-NUT. Staphyle'a.

BLADDER SENNA. Colu'tea.

BLADDER CATCHFLY. Silc'ne infldta.

BI^E'RIA. (Named after Dr. Blair , a
physician. Nat. ord., Heathworts \_Eri-
cacccc]. Linn., 1-Tctrandria, \-Monogy-
ni(t). Greenhouse evergreen shrubs,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of young wood, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 50°
to 65° ; winter, 35° to 45° ; with plenty
of air.
$. artintkfta (jointed). 2. Pink. May. 1795.

— cilia' ris (hair-fringed). 2. White. June.

1795.

— dnmo'sa (bushy). 2. 1806.

• — cricoi'des (heath-like). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. 177-i.
—fascicula'ta (bundled). 2. 1812.

— purpufrea (pm-ple-flowered). 2. Purple.

May. 1791.

BLA'KEA. (Named after Martin Slake,
an active promoter of useful knowledge.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn., \\-Dodecandria, \-Monogynia.
Allied to Miconia). Stove evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings from shoots, rather
firm; plant in sandy peat, in bottom
heat, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50°
to 55°.

2i. quinquene' rvia (five-nerved). 10. White.
June. Trinidad. 1820.

— trine? rvia (three-nerved). 8. White. June.

Jamaica. 1789.

BLANCHING, or etiolation, is effected
by making plants grow in the dark, and
the more completely the light is ex-
cluded the more entire is the absence of
colour from the leaves and stems of the
plants. The colouring matter of these
is entirely dependent upon their power
to decompose water and carbonic acid
gas, a power they do not possess when
light is absent. The effect of blanch-
ing is to render the parts more delicately
flavoured, more pleasing to the eye, and
more crisp — properties very desirable in
sea-kale, celery, rhubarb, endive, let-
tuces, &c. Wherever it can be accom-

plished, blanching pots should be em-
ployed, in preference to covering the
plants with earth or other materials.
The flavour is better, and decay is less
liable to be induced. Lettuces and
cabbages are usually whitened by tying
the leaves over the heart or centre bud.
In some instances blanching is unde-
signed and a positive evil, as when,
geraniums and other plants become pale
and weak, from being confined under
vines in a greenhouse, where the rela-
tive heat and light are disproportioned.

BLANDFO'RDIA. (Named after George,
Marquis of Blandford. Nat. Ord., Lily-
worts [LUiaceee], Linn., 6-Hexandrta,
\-Monogynia. Allied to Hemerocallis).
Beautiful greenhouse bulbs, requiring
the same treatment as Ixias. Seeds and
offsets. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Loam
and peat.

B. Backhousii (Backhouse's). Van Diemen's
Land.

— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). Red yel-

low. New Holland.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Crimson.

July. New South Wales. 1812.

— intermedia (intermediate). Yellow. Sep-

tember. New Holland. 1844.

— margina'ta (rough-edged-leavcd). 2. Cop-

per. July. Australia. 1842.

— no'bilis (noble). 2. Orange. July. New

South Wales. 1803.

BLAST or BLIGHT, is the popular name
for any withering of plants of which
neither the scientific title nor the causes
are known to the observer. The mildew
of corn ; the honey- dew on fruit trees ;
the withering occasioned by violent cold
winds in early spring, and the ravages
of the hawthorn caterpillar, are all
spoken of by the uninformed under the
above titles.

BLEABERRY, or Bilberry. Vacci'niutn
myrti'llus.

BLE'CHNUM. (From blcchnon, a Greek
name for a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacesDJ. Linn., 1±-Cryptogamia, 1-
Filices). Spores or seed, and divisions
at the root ; peat and loam. The Cape
of Good Hope and New Holland species
will thrive in the greenhouse; the South
American and Indian require the stove,
though none of them will find fault with
its heat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 55° to 60°. B. serrulatum is
hardy.

B.angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Brown
July. AVest Indies,

BLE'

[ 136 ]

BLE'

B.austra'lc (southern), f. Brown. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1691.

— brasilic'nse (Brazilian). J. Brown. June.

Brazil. 1820.

— cartilagi'neum (cartilaginous). 1. Brown.

July. New Holland. 1820.

— corcovade" nsc (Corcovado). 4. Brown.

July. Brazil. 1837.

— denticula'tum (toothed). Brown. June.

Teneriffe. 1826.

— Finlaysonia'num (Finlayson's) . Brown.

Malacca.

— Fontancsia' num (Desfontaine's). Brown.

July. Brazil.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). £. Brown. April.

Brazil. 1823.

— qra'cile (slender). 5. Brown. November.

Brazil. 1830.

— hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 1. Brown.

July. Chili. 1841.

— intermedium (intermediate). 1: Brown.

July. Brazil. 1841.

— lance' ola (lance-fcared). f. Brown. Sep-

tember. Brazil. 1829.

— Iceviga'tum (smooth). 1. Brown. July.

New Holland. 1821.

— longifo'Uum (long-leaved). 1. Brown.

July. Caraccas. 1820.

— ni'tidum (shining). Brown. Isle of Luzon.

— occidenta'le (western). 1. Brown. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1823.

— orienta'le (eastern). Brown. July. East

Indies.
—pectina'tum (comb-leaved}. 1. Brown.

August. South America. 1827.
— polypodioi'des (polypodium-like). 1. Brown.

September. Brazil. 1829.

— serrula'tum(ssi-w-edffed). f. Brown. July.

Florida. 1819.

— stria' turn (furrowed), J. Brown. July.

New Holland. 1824.

— triangula're (three-angled). Brown. July.

'Mexico. 1841.

— trif olid turn (three-leaved). Brown. July.

Brazil. 1841.

BLE' CHUM. (From a Greek name for
an unknown plant, supposed to be Mar-
joram. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceao]. Linn., l^-Didynamia, 1-Angio-
spermia. Allied to DICLIPTERA). Stove
herbaceous perennials. Cuttings of
young firm shoots in spring or sum-
mer ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
B. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue.
June. Jamaica. 1824.

— Brazilic'nse (Brazilian). 1. Blue. June.

Brazil. 1824.

— Bro'wnei (Brown's). 2. June. West In-

dies. 1780.

— laxifitfrum (loose-flowered). 2. White.

Jamaica. 1818.

BLEEDING. Sec Extravasated Sap.

BLE'PHARIS. (From blcpharis, the
eyelash ; in reference to the fringed
bractes. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acantha-
ceoe]. Linn., ll-Didynamia, 1-Angio-

spcrmia. Allied to ACANTHUS). The
annuals and biennials by seed in hotbed,
as tender annuals ; the trailers and un-
dershrubs by the same means, and by
cuttings, in heat, under a bell-glass.
B. boerhaviafo'lia (Boerhavia-leaved) . 1. Blue.
July. East Indies. 1829. Stove annual.

— cape'nsis'(Ca.pe). 1. Blue. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse bien-
nial.

— furca'ta (fork-spmed). 2. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816. Greenhouse ever-
green shrub.

— linear if o'Ua (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue.

July. Guinea. 1823. Stove annual.
— procu'mbcns (procumbent). 1. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1825. Greenhouse

evergreen trailer.

BLEPHI'LIA. (From blepharis, the
eyelash ; in reference to the fringed
bractes. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceao].
Linn., 2-Dicmdrta, \-monogynia. Allied
toMoNAiiDA). Hardy herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, and dividing the roots in
April and September. Common soil.
B. cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 3. Red. July.

North America.

— hirsu' ta (hairy). Purple. August. North

America. 1798.

BLESSED THISTLE. Ccntau'rea benc-
di'cta.

BLE'TIA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of the name of Bkt. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceso]. Linn., IQ-Gyn-
andria, \-Konandria). Stove terrestrial
orchids, exceptwhere otherwise specified.
Division of the roots, when done flowering
or starting into growth ; peat, loam, and
a little sand, enriched with top-dressings
of cow-dung or manure, watering when
growing. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 48° to 58°.

B.acutipdt-ala (acute - petaled) . 5. Purple.
September. America. Greenhouse.

— campanula'ta (bell-flowered). Purple and

white. Peru.

— capita' ta (headed). June. West Indies.

1795.

— catcnula'ta (linked). 1|. Purple. Peru.

1844.

—flo'rida (florid). 2. Hose. February.
Trinidad. 1786.

— Gebi'na (Japanese), 1. White. April.

Japan. 1846.

— gra'cilis (slender - scaped] . 1£. Yellow.

July. Mexico. 1830.

— ffuinec'nsis (Guinea) . 2. Purple. Sierra

Leone. 1822.

— havancfnsis (Ilavannah). 2^. Purple.

April. Ilavannah. 1835.

— hyaci'nthina (hyacinth-like). 1. Rose and

crimson. April. China. 1802.

— pa' tula (spreading-./?0M7m?rf). 2. Purple.

Havti.

BLF

[ 137 ]

BLO

B. Parkin so' ni (Parkinson's). 1. Rose. Ja-
nuary. Mexico. 1838.

— rcflc'j-a (bent-back-s^aterf). 2. Purple

green. Mexico.

— sccrf nda (second). Green crimson. Mexico.

1840.

— verccu'nda (modest). 3. Purple. March.

West Indies. 1733.

Shcphtfrdii (Shepherd's). 2.

Purple and yellow. January. Ja-
maica. 1825.

BLI'GHIA BA'PIDA. The Akec Tree,
the berry of which is so much esteemed
in the West Indies. It was named after
Captain Bligh, the introducer of the
bread-fruit from the Society Islands.
It is now united to Cupania.

BLIND PLANTS frequently occur in the
cabbage and others of the brassica tribe.
They are plants which have failed to
produce central buds ; and as these are
produced from the central vessels, if the
top of their stems be cut away, they
usually emit lateral or side buds from
the edge of the wound. See Barren
Plants.

BLISTERED LEAVES. See Peach.

BLIGHT* See Blast.

BLI'TUM. The Strawberry Blite, or
Spinach, is scarcely worth growing. B.
capita' turn, B. vir get turn, and -3. mari'tum,
are sometimes cultivated.

BLOOD. See Animal Matters.

BLOOD-FLOWER. Jfama'nthus.

BLOOD-WORT. Sanguina 'ria.

BLOOM, or BLOSSOM, is the popular
name for the flowers of fruit-bearing
plants.

The organs of fruitfulness are abso-
lutely necessary for the production of
seeds, and are always producible by
garden plants properly cultivated. They
may bo deficient in leaves, or stems, or
roots, because other organs may sup-
ply their places; but plants are never
incapable of bearing flowers and seeds,
for without these they can never fully
attain the object of their creation, the
increase of their species. Of course, we
exclude the mushroom, and others of
which the seed-producing parts are ob-
scure.

Most flowers are composed of the
following parts, viz. : — The calyx, which
is usually green and enveloping the
flower whilst in the bud; the corolla,
or petals, leaves so beautifully coloured,
and so delicate in most flowers; the

stamens, or male portion of tho flower,
secreting the pollen or impregnating
powder; the pistils or female portion,
impregnatable by the pollen, and render-
ing fertile the seeds; and, lastly, the
pericarp, or seed-vessel.

The stamens can be removed without
preventing the formation of fertile seed,
but their loss must be supplied by the
application to the pistils of pollen from
some kindred flower.

The calyx is not useless so soon as it
ceases to envelope and protect the flower,
for the flower stalk continues increasing
in size until the seed is perfected, but
ceases to do so in those plants whose
calyces remain long green if these be
removed; on the other hand, in the
poppy and other flowers, from which the
calyx falls early, the flower stalk does
not subsequently enlarge.

The corolla or petals, with all their
varied tints and perfumes, have more
important offices to perform than thus to
delight the senses of mankind. Those
bright colours and their perfumed honey
serve to attract insects, which are the
chief and often essential assistants of
impregnation; and those petals, as ob-
served by Linnaeus, serve as wings, giv-
ing a motion assisting to effect the same
important process. But they have occa-
sionally a still more essential office, for
although they are sometimes absent, yet
if removed from some of those possessing
them, the subsequent processes are not
duly performed.

The corolla is not always short lived,
as in the cistus, for some continue until
the fruit is perfected. The duration of
the petals, however, is in some way con-
nected with the impregnation of the seed,
for in most flowers they fade soon after
this is completed ; and double flowers, in
which it occurs not at all, are always
longer enduring than single flowers of
the same species. Then again, in some
flowers, they become green and perform
the function of leaves after impregnation
has been effected. A familiar example
occurs in the Christmas rose (Helleborus
niger,} the petals of which arc white, but
which become green so soon as the seeds
have somewhat increased in size, and
the stamens and other organs connected
with fertility have fallen off.

BLO

[ 138]

BOI

BLOOM. This term is also applied to
the fine exudation on the surface of some
fruit — purple on the Black Hamburgh
Grape, and on some plums, and green on
the cucumber. It so improves their ap-
pearance that an apparatus has been
suggested for adding it artificially. It
seems of a resinous nature.

BLUE-BELLS. Campanula, 'rotundifo'lia.

BLUE-BOTTLE. Ccntau'rea cy anus.

BLUETS. Vacci'nium angustifd Hum.

BLUMENBA'CHIA. (Named after /. F.
Jilumenbach) of Gottingen. Nat. ord.,
Loasads [Loasacese], Linn., 18-Polya-
delphia, 2-polyandria). Hardy annuals.
Seeds in April ; rich mould.
j5. insi'gnis (remarkable), f. White. July.
Monte Video. 1826. Trailer.

— multi'fida (many-cleft-Ze0»erf) . 1 Greenish

red. July. Buenos Ayres. 1826.

BOATLIP. Scaphyglo'ttis.

BOBA'RTIA. (Named in honour of
Jacob Bobart, Professor of Botany at Ox-
ford in the seventeenth century. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridaceael. Linn., Z-Triandria, 1-
monogynia}. The species in this genus
should have been united to ARISTEA.
Seeds in April ; divisions in autumn or
spring. Sandy loam ; protection of a
cool greenhouse or pit in winter.
J?. auranti'aca (orange), f . Orange. March.
Belgia. 1827. Hardy perennial.

— gladia'ta (sword-shaped). 2. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— spatJia'cea (sheathed), f. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1798.
BOCCO'NIA. (Named after P. Bocconc,
M.D., a Sicilian. Nat. ord., Poppyworts
[Papaveracese]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria,
\-monogynia). Stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings in sand and heat ; fibry sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

JB.frutc'scens (shrubby Celandine). 10. White
yellow. February. West Indies. 1739.

— intcgrifo'lia (entire -leaved). 4. White.

February. Mexico. 1820.
BCE'BERA. (Named after JBcebcr, a
Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synffcnesia, 2-
superflua). A greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of young firmish shoots
under a glass ; requires a pit or a cool
greenhouse in winter.
B. inca'na (honry-hcrbagcd). li. Golden.

Mexico. "1828.

There arc other species, but not deserv-
ing cultivation.

BOG-BEAN.. Menya'nthes trifolia'ta.
BOG-EARTH. Heath-mould, or Peat.
By gardeners this is understood as not
meaning that mass of moss or sphagnum
dug out of wet fenny places for fuel, but
a sharp, sandy soil, mixed with the dead
fibrous roots of heath, and usually of a
dark grey colour, such as is found upon
the surface beneath the heath on Wimble-
don, Bagshot, and many other dry com-
mons. Peat of the best description is
thus constituted. Of 400 parts : —
Fine silicious sand . . .156
Unaltered vegetable fibre . 2
Decomposing vegetable matter . 110
Silica (flint) . . . .102
Alumina (clay) . . .16
Oxide of iron .... 4
Soluble vegetable and saline

matter .... 4
Muriate of limo ... 4

Loss 2

BOG EARTH PLANTS. See American
Plants.

BOG-MOSS. Sphagnum.
BOILER. The vessel employed to sup-
ply the pipes or tanks with hot water
or steam, when either of these are used
for heating purposes. Many are the in-
genious and intricate boilers from time
to time offered to the gardener ; but,
after much experience with boilers of all
descriptions, we can confidently say the
most simple is the best. The smaller
the boiler and the fire-place, compatible
with efficiency, the greater is the eco-
nomy. We can tell the gardener also,
most decidedly, that the total size of the
boiler has nothing to do with that effi-
ciency ; the only point to be secured is,
that a sufficient surface of the boiler be
exposed to the fire. The following table
shows the amount of boiler surface
which must be exposed to the fire to
heat given lengths of pipe, respectively
4 inches, 3 inches, and 2 inches in dia-
meter.

Surface of boiler exposed
to the fire.

4 inch
pipe.

3 inch
pipe.

2 inch
pipe.

ft. ft.

ft.

3i square feet will heat

200 or 266 c

r 400

4

300

400

, 600

7

400

533

, 800

N

500

666

, 1000

12

700

933 ,

, 1400

17

•

1000

1333 ,

, 2000

BOI

[139]

BOM

To prevent the scale, or limy crust,
which is often so troublesome, dissolve
in the water at the rate of one ounce oi
sal ammoniac (muriate of ammonia) to
every sixty gallons. Do this twice in
the year ; as in October and April.

Bois FEHDRIX (Partridge-wood), lle-
iste'ria.

BOLBOPHY'LLUM. (From lolbos, a
bulb, and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to the
leaves issuing from the apex of the bas-
tard bulbs. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daccac]. Linn., 20-Gynandria, \-monogy-
nia). Stove orchids. Division of the
plant, when fresh potting ; sandy lumpy
peat, potsherds, charcoal, and hard chips,
raised above the pot, well drained, and
the plant fixed there; or on blocks. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90°, and moist; win-
ter, 55° to 65°, and dry.

H.bnrbi'gcrum (bearded). ^. Greenish brown.

June. Sierra Leone. 1835.
• — bractcola'tum (small-bracted). 1. Yellow

purple. July. Demerara. 1836.

— Carcya'nwn (Dr. Carey's). -J-. Brown.

purple. October. Nepaul. 1832.

— coco'inum (cocoa-nut). 1. Flesh. October.

Sierra Leone. 1835.

— ctfpreiim (coyper-flmcered). Copper colour-

ed. Manilla. 1837.

— crc'ctum (upright). Mauritius. 183-1.

— Jlcfviatim (yellowish). Yellow. March.

Sierra Leone. 1840.
— f if scum (brovm-flowcrcd) . Chocolate. April.

Sierra Leone. 1837.

— Jii'rtum (hairy). Whitish. East Indies.

— imbrica'tum (imbricated). Purple. March.

Sierre Leone. 1845.

— Icopardi'num (leopard-spotted). Yellowish

green. East Indies. 1837.

— limba'tum (bordered). 1. Purple. February.

Singapore. 1840.

— Lo'bii (Lobb's). 1. Yellow brown. March.

Java. 1845.
•—macra'nthnm (large-flowered). £. Lemon.

March. Sierra Leone. 1844.
• — occu'ltum (hidden-/Zoit;<?m7) . Sierra Leone.

— radiatum (rayed) . Brownish yellow. March.

India. 1836.

— recufrvum (bent-back). Green white. Sep-

tember. Sierra Leone. 1822.

— saltato'rium (dancing). £. Greenish brown.

December. Sierra Leone. 1835.

— seti'ffcrum (bristle-bearing). Purple. De-

merara.

— tetrago'nium (four-sided). Sierra Leone.

— umbclla'tum (umbellcd). A. Yellow. East

Indies. 1837.

— vagina' turn (sheathed). Brown. March.

Singapore. 1840.

BOLDO'A. United to Salpidnthus.
BO'LEUM. (From bolos, a ball ; in re-
ference to the shape of the seed pods.

Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn,,
15 - Tetr adynamia. Allied to Vella).
Half-hardy evergreen under-shrub. Seed
in a pot in spring, set in a frame, or sown
in the open border during summer. It
requires a little protection in a cold pit
during winter ; but is hardly worth it.
B. asfpenim (rough). 1. Cream. June. Spain.
1818.

BOLIVA'BIA. (Named after Bolivar,
the late republican chief in South America.
Nat. ord., Jasmineworts [Jasminaceoo].
Linn., 1-JDiandria, \-monogynia). Green-
house evergreen shrub . Cuttings of half
ripened shoots in sand, under a hand-
light. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40° to 48°.

B. tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. Yellow. June.
Chili. 1828.

BOLTO'NIA. (Named after /. B. Sol-
ton, an English professor of Botany. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraccffi]. Linn., 18-
Syngenesia, 1-superflua. Allied to Sten-
actis). Hardy herbaceous perennials.
Division of the roots in March or Octo-
ber ; common garden soil.
B. asteroi'des (Starwort-like). 3. Flesh. Sep-
tember. North America. 1758.
— glastifo'lia (wood-leaved). 1£. Pink. Sep-
tember. North America. 1758.

BOMARE'A. (Name not explained; pro-
bably it is commemorative. Nat. ord.,
Amaryttid^s [Amaryllidaccoe]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Alstromeria). Two features which can-
not be misunderstood divide JBomarea
from Alstromeria — a twining stem and a
triangular seed pod. The tubers of the
. cdulis are eaten in St. Domingo, like
those of Jerusalem artichoke. It is a
stove plant. The others prefer a deep
rich light border in the open air, with a
slight protection from frost. B. acuti-
folia, planted in a good cold greenhouse
inside border, will twine up ten or twelve
feet, and flower better than in any other
way. For culture, see Alstromeria.
B. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 6. Red yellow.
September. Mexico.

puncta'ta (dotted- flowered}. 6.

Spotted. September. Mexico. 1829.

— edu'Us (entfiblc-tubered). 6. Red. July.

Trinidad. 1820.

— hirteflla (small-haired). Red yellow. July.

Mexico. 1824.

— ota'ta (egg-shape-feared). Red and green.

Chili. 1824.

— Salsi'lla (Salsilla). 5. Green crimson. June.

South America. 1806.

BOM

[ 140]

BON

BOMBA'X. Silk Cotton Tree. (From
bonibfiz, cotton; in reference to the woolly
hairs -which envelope the seed, like those
of the cotton plant. Nat. ord., Stercu-
liads [Sterculiaceoj]. Linn,, IQ-Mona-
delphia, ^>- Poly an Aria). Trees more
remarkable for their prodigious size than
for their use or beauty. Stove trees.
Cuttings of rather young shoots, but
firm at the base, placed in sandy peat,
under a' bell-glass, and in bottom heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. Cei'ba (Ceiba). 100. White. South Ame-
rica. 1692.

— globo'sum (globe-form). 60. Guiana. 1824.

— malaba'ricum (Malabar). 60 Scarlet.

Malabar.

— scptena'tum (seven-leaved). 50. White.

Carthagena. 1699.

BONAPA'RTEA. Named after Napoleon
Bonaparte. Nat. ord., Bromelworts
[Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-ffexandria, 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Guzmannia).
Remarkable for the gracefulness of their
long rush-like leaves. They are well
adapted for growing in vases, out of
doors, in aummer. Stove plants. Seeds
in a hotbed ; cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in heat; well drained. Summer
temp. 60° to 70° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. gra'cilis (slender). 2. Mexico. 1828.
— ju'ncea (rush-leaved). IL Blue. Peru.
1800.

BONA'TEA. (Named after M. Bonat,
a distinguished Italian botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Gymnadenia). Stove orchid. Division
of the roots, or semi-bulbous tubers ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. specio'sa (showy). 2. Green white. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

BONES are beneficial as a manure,
because their chief constituent (phos-
phate of lime) is also a constituent of
all plants; and the gelatine which is
also in bones is of itself a source of food
to them. The bones of the ox, sheep,
horse and pig, being those usually em-
ployed, their analyses are here given : —

Phosphate of lime
Carbonate of lime .
Animal matter . .

The bones must

Ox.

Sheep.

Horse.

rig.

55

4
33

l>e app

70
5
25

lied t

68
1
31

o the

52

1

47

crops

in very small pieces or powder ; and ten
pounds, at the time of inserting the seed,
is enough for thirty square yards, if sown
broad-cast; and a much smaller quan-
tity is sufficient if sprinkled along the
drills in which the seed is sown. There
is no doubt that bone dust may be em-
ployed with advantage in all gardens
and to all garden crops, but it has been
experimented on most extensively with
the turnip and potato, and with unfail-
ing benefit. Mixed with sulphur, and
drilled in with the turnip seed, it has
been found to preserve the young plants
from the fly. Mr. Knight found it
beneficial when applied largely to stone-
fruit, at the time of planting; and it is
quite as good for the vine. To lawns,
the dust has been applied with great ad-
vantage when the grass was becoming
thin. As a manure for the shrubbery,
parterre, and greenhouse, it is also most
valuable; and crushed as well as ground,
is employed generally to mix with tho
soil of potted plants. Mr. Maund finds
it promotes the luxuriance and beauty
of his flowers. One pound of bone dust
mixed with twelve ounces of sulphuric
acid (oil of vitriol), and twelve ounces
of water, if left to act upon each other
for a day, form super-phosphate of
lime, a wineglassful of which has been
found beneficial to pelargoniums. Ap-
plied as a top-dressing, mixed with half
its weight of charcoal dust, it is a good
manure for onions, and may be applied
at the rate of nine pounds to the square
rod. There is little doubt of this super-
phosphate being good for all our kitchen-
garden crops, being more prompt in its
effects upon a crop than simple bone
dust, because it is soluble in'water, and
therefore more readily presented to the
roots in a state for them to imbibe. Bones
broken into small pieces are generally
used as drainage for Pelargoniums and
other potted plants.

BONNA'YA. (Named after the Ger-
man botanist, Bonnay. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceao]. Linn., 2 Dian-
dria, l-monogynia. Related to TOKENIA).
Stove plants. Seeds for annuals ; divi-
sions, and cuttings of creepers and trail-
ers ; rich sandy loam.

B. brachyca'rpa (short-seed-podded). Violet.
June. East Indies. 1829. Annual.

BON

[141]

BOR

B.r&ptans (creeping). |. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1826. Perennial ti-ailer.
— veronicaifo' lia (Speedwell-leaved). \. Pink.

August. East Indies. 1798. Biennial

trailer.

BONNE' TIA. (Named after C. Bonnet,
a distinguished naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternstromiaceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria, \-monogynia). Stove tree.
Cuttings of firm young shoots, in sand,
under a glass, in heat; loamandpeat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. paltf stris (marsh). Red. Trinidad. 1819.
BO'NTIA. ^Named after /. Bont, a
Dutch physician. Nat. ord., Myoporads
[Myoporacca?]. Linn., \t-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia). Stove evergreen shrub,
requiring similar treatment to Bonnetia.
B. daphnoi'des (Daphne - like). 6. Yellow

purple. June. West Indies. 1690.

BORAGE (Borago qfficinalis}. Its young
leaves, smelling somewhat like cucum-
ber, are sometimes used in salads, or
boiled as spinach. Being aromatic, its
spikes of flowers are put into negus and
cool tankards.

Soil and Situation. — For the spring
and summer sowing, any light soil and
open situation may be allotted, provided
the first is not particularly rich ; for
those which have to withstand the win-
ter, a light dry soil, and the shelter of a
south fence, is most suitable. A very
fertile soil renders it luxuriant, and in-
jures the flavour.

Times and mode of sowing. — Sow in
March or April, and at the close of July,
for production in summer and autumn,
and again in August or September, for
the supply of winter and succeeding
spring, in shallow drills, twelve inches
asunder. When of about six weeks'
growth, the plants are to be thinned to
twelve inches apart, and the plants thus
removed of the Spring and Autumn sow-
ing may be transplanted at a similar dis-
tance ; but those of the Summer sowing
seldom will endure the removal, and at all
times those left unmoved prosper most.
At the time of transplanting, if at all
dry weather, they must be watered until
established; water must also be fre-
quently applied to the seed-bed of the
summer sowing.

To obtain seed. — Some of those plants
which have survived the winter must be
left uugathered from. They will begin

to flower about June ; and when their
seed is perfectly ripe, the stalks must bo
gathered, and dried completely before it
is rubbed out.

BO'RAGO. Borage. (Altered from
cor, heart, and ago, to affect; referring
to the cordial qualities of the herbs.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginaceae].
Linn., 5 - Pentandria, 1 - monogynia).
Hardy plants. 'Biennials and annuals
from seed; perennials by divisions ; com-
mon soil.

B. crassifo'tia (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. June.
Persia. 1822. Herbaceous perennial.

— cre'tica (Cretan). 1. Blue. May. Crete.

1823. Herbaceous perennial.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 1. Blue. June.

Corsica. 1813. Trailing biennial.
— • longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. Blue. July.
South Europe. 1825. Annual.

— officina'lis (common). 3. Blue. August.

England. Annual.

— • albiflo'ra (white -flowered). 2.

White. August. England. Annual.

— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Blue. June.

Turkey. 1752. Herbaceous perennial.

BORA'SSUS. (One of the names applied
to the spatha of the date palm. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaccoe]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia, &-Hexandria). Palm -wine or
toddy, a grateful beverage, is the juice
which flows from the wounded spathe of
this and some other palms. Stove tree.
Seeds ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 60°.
B. fldbellifo'rmis (fan-leaved). 30. White
green. East Indies. 1771.

BORBO'NIA. (Named after one of the
Bourbon family. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [FabacesB]. Linn., IQ-Monadel-
phia, 6-Decandria. Related to SCOTTIA).
This genus, with its allies, Hovea, Lalage,
Templetonia, and others of that group —
have always been great favourites with
gardeners. All greenhouse evergreen
shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings in sand, in April, under a bell-

tlass, and in a close place, without arti-
cial heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
B. barba'ta (bearded). 4. Yellow. July. 1823.

— cilia' 'ta (hair-fringed). 3., Yellow. July. 1816.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1759.

— crena'ta (round-notch-fcam2) . 6. Yellow.

July. 1774.

— ericifo'lia (heath-leaved). 2. Pink. Ja-

nuary. 1821.

— lanceola'to (lance-leaved). 5. Yellow.

July. 1752.

BOR

[142]

BOR

S.ruscifo'lia (Ruscus - leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. 1790.

— trine? rvia (three-nerved). G. Yellow. July.

1759.

— undula'ta (wave-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

1812.

BORDER, is a name applied to that nar-
row division of the garden which usually
accompanies each side of a walk in the
kitchen-garden, and to the narrow bed
which is near to the garden- wall on one
side, and abuts on a walk on the other.
In fact, any bed which acts as a boun-
dary to a walk, or grass-plot, or the main
quarters of a garden, may be properly
described as a border.

1. Fruit Borders— Next to the wall
should be a path, eighteen inches wide,
for the convenience of pruning and
gathering. Next to this path should be
the border, eight or nine feet wide ; and
then the broad walk, which should al-
ways encompass the main compartments
of the kitchen-garden. The whole of the
breadth from the wall to the edge of this
main walk should be excavated to the
depth of four feet ; the bottom of the
excavation rammed hard ; brickbats and
large stones then put into the depth of
one foot and a half; and the remaining
two feet and a half filled up with suitable
soil. From the underdrainage of brick-
bats, &c., draining pipes should be laid,
with an outfall into some neighbouring
ditch. No fruit-tree will be healthy if it
roots deep, or if its roots are surrounded
by superfluous water ; that is, more water
than the soil will retain by its own che-
mical and capillary attractions. Shallow
rooting crops do no harm to the trees
grown on fruit borders sufficient to re-
quire their total banishment. — See Fruit
Trees and Stations.

2. Flower Borders.— -These, like the
preceding, and indeed, like every other
part of the garden not devoted to aquatic
and marsh plants, should be well drained.
In plotting them, it must also be remem-
bered, that, if narrow, no art will impart
to them an aspect of boldness and gran-
deur. Indeed, narrowness of surface is
inseparably connected with an impression
that the grounds are of limited extent,
and no disposal of the plants will remove
the littleness thus suggested. If the
pleasure-grounds arc small, narrow bor-
ders are permissible ; but even then the

broader they are the less is the appearance
of meanness. Neatness must be the pre-
siding deity over flower borders, and no
application of the hoe and rake, no re-
moval of decayed leaves, no tying up
of straggling members, can be too un-
remitting.— See Flowers.

Forking Borders. — No border, whether
tenanted by the roots of fruit-trees, or
flowering shrubs, should be ever dug
with the spade. The surface turned up
roughly with the fork, to benefit by the
winter frosts ; and manure, as necessary,
turned in with the same implement are
sufficient.

BORECOLE, Brassica oleracea Jimbriata.

Varieties. — Of the following, 1, 2, 3,
5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 16, are the best.

1. Brussels Borecole, or Sprouts.

2. Green Borecole, German or Curled
Kale, or Curlies, Scotch or Siberian Kale,
Brassica oleracea sclenisia.

3. Purple Borecole, B. oleracea laci-
niata.

4. Variegated Borecole.

5. Chou de Milan.

6. Egyptian or Rabi Kale.

7. Ragged Jack.

8. Jerusalem Kale.

9. Buda, Russian, or Manchester
Kale. This is greatly improved by
blanching under a pot, like sea kale.

10. Anjou Kale.

11. One-thousand-headed cabbage, B.
o. accphala.

12. Palm Borecole.

13. Portugal or large ribbed.

14. "VVoburn perennial. This, and
indeed the whole race, may be propagated
by cuttings, six inches long, planted
where to remain in March or April.

15. Barnes's feathered Savoy.
Sowing. — The first crop sow about the

end of March, or early in April, the
seedlings of which are fit for pricking out
towards the end of April, and for final
planting at the close of May, for produc-
tion late in autumn, and commencement
of winter. Sow again about the middle
of May ; for final planting, during July,
and lastly in August, for use during
winter and early spring.

Prick out the seedlings when their leaves
are about two inches in breadth ; set
them about six inches apart each way,
and water frequently until established.

BOH

[US]

BOS

In four or five weeks they will be of suf-
ficient growth for final removal.

Planting. — Set them in rows two feet
and a half apart each way ; the last plan-
tationmay be six inches closer. They must
be wateredand weeded; and some of them
being of large spreading growth, the
earth can only be drawn about their
stems during their early growth. If,
during stormy weather, any of those
which acquire a tall growth, are blown
down, they should be supported by
stakes, when they will soon firmly re-
establish themselves.

To raise seed select such plants of each
variety as are of the finest growth, and
either leave them where grown, or re-
move them during open weather in
November, or before the close of Feb-
ruary, the earlier the better, into rows
three feet apart each way, and planted
deeply. The seed ripens about the be-
ginning of August.

BORO'NIA. (Named after Boroni, an
Italian servant of Dr. Sibthorp's. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn., 8-
Octandria, \-monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, neither hard
nor soft, inserted in sand, under a glass,
where there is the mildest heat ; sandy
peat and charcoal. Though greenhouse
plants, most 'of them like a little extra
heat in spring. Summer temp., 60° to
70° ; whiter, 45° to 50°.
B.ala'ta (winged). 3. Red. May. New
Holland. 1825.

— anemoncefuf lia (Anemone-leaved). 2. Red.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— anethifo'lia (Fennel-leaved). New Holland.

1841.

— crenula'ta (round-notch-/eave<Z). 2. Red.

July. King George's Sound.

— denticuld'ta (fine-toothed). 2. Red. New

Holland. 1823.

— dichoto'ma (fork-branched). Rose. October.

New Holland. 1841.
—falcifo'lia (sickle-leaved). MoretonBay. 1841.

— Froze' ri (Frazer's). Red. May. New

Holland. 1821.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Red. April. New

Holland. 1824.

— ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved) . 2. Red. May.

New South Wales. 1814.

— mo' His (soft). New Holland. 1841.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Pink. New

Holland. 1846.

— ova'ta (egg-shape-7ecrrf(Z). Crimson. May.

Swan River. 1841.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 2. Purple. August.

New South Wales. 1794.

— poly galcefo' lia (Polygala-leaved) . 2. Red.

May. New Holland. 1824.

B. sea' Ira (rough). Pink. Swan River.

— serrula'ta (saw-edged-teawed) . 3. Scarlet.

June. New South Wales. 1816.

— spathula'ta (spathulate-fcared) . Pink. Swan

River. 1845.

— tetra'nda (four-stamened) . 2. Red. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— teretifo'lla (round-leaved). Pink. Swan

River.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. Pink. May.

New Holland. 1840.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). Pink. Swan River.

BORRE'RIA. (Named after /. W. Bor~
rer, a British Cryptogamist. Nat ord.,
CincJionads [Cinchonacae]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Sper-
macoce). Stove plants. The biennial
from seeds treated like a tender annual ;
and the perennials from cuttings in sand,
in heat under a glass ; light soil.
B. commuta'ta (changed), i. White. June.
West Indies. 1818.

— stri'cta (upright). £. White. July. East

— verticilla'ta (whorled-flowered). 2. White.

July. Africa. 1732.

BO'SCIA. (Named after L. Bosc, a
French professor of agriculture. Nat.
ord., Capparids [Capparidacea?]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria , \-monogynia}. Cuttings
of firm wood, in heat, in sand, under
a glass ; lumpy fibry loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 60°.
B. scneyalefmis (Senegal) 3. White. Senegal.
1824.

BOSSUE'A. (Named after Bossieu, who
accompanied La Perouse on his fatal voy-
age. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
baceoe]. Linn., \§-Monadelphia, Q-decan-
dria. Allied to Hovea). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs and trailers ; cuttings
of half-ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass in April ; peat and loam, both fibry,
with a portion of silver sand, and some
pieces of charcoal, to keep the soil open ;
also seeds sown in a slight hotbed in
March. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 50°.

B. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 4. Yellow. May.
New Holland. 1824.

— cine? rea (grey). 3. Yellow. June. Van

Dieman's Land. 1802.

— cord Ifo' Ha (heart-leaved). 1. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1820.

— di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1840.

— ensa'ta (sword-fcrawc/wYZ). 6. Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— erloca'rpa (woolly-podded). 1. Yellow.

May. King George's Sound. 1837.

— folio' sa (leafy). 4. Yellow. May. New

Holland. 1824.

BOS

[

B. Hendersofmi (Henderson's). Yellow and
bronze. New South Wales. 1844.

— heterophy" lla (various-leaved). 3. Yellow.

September. New South Wales. 1792.

— lenticula'ris (lentil-leaved). 3. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 18X3.

— linnceoi'des (Linnaea-like) . Yellow. May.

New Holland. 1824.

— linophy'lla (flax-leaved). 3. Orange. Au-

gust. New Holland. 1803.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. New South Wales. 1803.

— ova'ta (egg-shape-lcaved) , Yellow. April.

New South Wales. 1792.

— paudf(/Ua (few-leaved). 2. Yellow brown.

June. Swan River. 1841.
-~vrostra'ta (prostrate). £. Yellow. August.
New South Wales. 1803.

— rhombifo' lia (diamond-leaved). 1. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1820.

— rotundifa' lia (round-leaved). 3. Yellow.

May. New Holland. 1824.

— rtffa (reddish-yellow-^o^-crerf) . 6. Orange.

August. New Holland. 1803.

— scolope'ndrium (Hart's-tongue-Zeared). 10.

Yellow. June. New South Wales. 1792.
— i#pme'sccns(spined). Yellow. New Holland.

1849.
— >tenuicau' Us (slender-stemmed). ^. Yellow.

April. Van Diemen's Land. 1836.

— mrna! ta (twiggy). 2. Yellow red. June.

Swan River. 1842.

BOSTP.ICHUS, a class of beetles, many of
•which are very injurious to the crops of
the garden.

B. dispar, Apple bark beetle. The
female of this insect bores into the wood
of the apple tree, and there deposits her
eggs, generally in the month of May ;
and its perforations are so numerous and
extensive, as frequently, on the conti-
nent, to destroy the tree. In England it
rarely occurs. The perforations arc con-
fined to the alburnum or young wood.

B. typographies, Typographer bark
beetle. This attacks the pine tribe, espe-
cially the silver fir. A drawing of this
insect is given at page 329, vol. iii., of
The Cottage Gardener.

B. pinastri, Pinaster, or red bark beetle,
confines its attacks to the pines, leaving
the firs untouched, as the B. larius lives
exclusively on the larch, and the B. ortho-
graphus on the spruce fir.

BOSWE'LLIA, Olibanum tree. (Named
after Dr. Boswell of Edinburgh. Nat.
ord., Amyrids [Amyridaccffi]. Linn.,
lQ-l)ecandria, \-monogynia). The brittle
resin of Boswcllia boiled with oil to ren-
der it soft, is used in the East as pitch
for the bottoms of ships, and in the dry
state as frankincense. Stove trees ; cut-
tings of half- ripened shoots, in sand and

i ] BOT

peat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
B. gla'bra (smooth). 30. Pale yellow. Coro-
mandel. 1823.

— scrra'ta (saw-edged-feared). 20. Pale yel-

low. East Indies. 1820.

BOTHY. The lodgings assigned to young
gardeners in the northern part of the
kingdom, and miserable hovels they often
were, and in some cases still are.

BOTRY'CERAS. (From botrys, a bunch,
and keras, a horn; in reference to the
bunches of horn-like racemes. Nat. ord.,
Anacards [Anacardiaceaej. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria, \-vnonogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a hand-light in a
frame, and the hand-light tilted up at
night ; sandy peat. Summer temp. 55°
to 65° ; winter, 38° to 45°.

B. lauri'num (laurel-like). 4. New Holland.
1823.

BOTRY'CHIUM, Moonwort. (From lo-
trys, a bunch ; in reference to the bunch-
like formation of the seed apparatus on
the back of the leaf. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodeacese]. Linn., l^-Cryptogamia,
l-filices). Perennial ferns hardy, with
but one exception ; chiefly divisions ;
peat and loam. B. australe should be
protected in winter.

B. austra'lc (southern). 1. Brown. June.
New Holland. 1823. Half hardy.

— disse'ctum (cui-leaved) . $. Brown. July.

North America. 1806.
— fumarioi'des (Fumitory-like). A. Brown.

July. Carolina. 1806.
• — luna'rium (common moonwort). A. Brown.

May. Britain.

— obli'qutan (twisted), g. Brown. August.

North America. 1821.

— virffi'nicum (Virginian). 1. Brown. August.

North America. 1790.

BOTTLE GOURD. Lagena'ria.

BOTTOM HEAT. Naturally the tem-
perature of the soil always bears a due
relative proportion to that of the air.
When the temperature of the air de-
creases, that of the soil also decreases,
but very slowly ; and when the atmos-
pheric heat increases, that of the soil
also gradually rises. Bottom heat, or
heat applied to the roots of plants, is the
artificial mode of imitating this proceed-
ing of nature in our hothouses, and other
structures of that kind. If the tempe-
rature of the soil be too cold in propor-
tion to the temperature of the atmosphere,

EOT

[145]

BOX

the roots are not stimulated sufficiently
to imbibe food as fast as it is required
by the branches and foliage ; and, as a
consequenee, the leaves or fruit will fall
or wither. On the other hand, if the
temperature of the soil be too great in
proportion to that of the atmosphere, the
roots absorb food faster than it can be
elaborated by the leaves, and, as a con-
sequence, over luxuriant shoots and an
extra development of leaves are caused,
instead of blossoms and a healthy pro-
gress in all the parts.

Every plant obviously will have a
particular bottom heat most congenial to
it. Plants growing in open plains will
require a higher bottom heat than those
growing in the shade of the South Ameri-
can forests, though the temperature of the
air out of the shade may be the same in
each country. That gardener will suc-
ceed in exotic plant-culture best, who,
among his other knowledge, has ascer-
tained the relative temperature of the
air and soil in which any given plant
grows naturally. At present, such in-
formation from actual observation is not
obtainable, but it is not so difficult to
ascertain the maximum and minimum
temperature of the air of a country ; and
these being obtained, the gardener may
adopt this as a safe rule : — Let the bot-
tom heat for plants of that country be
always 5° higher than the average tem-
perature of each month ; that is, if the
lowest temperature of the month is 40°
and the highest 70°, the average is 55°,
and if we add 5° to that, we shall have
60° as the bottom heat for that month.
If the average maximum temperature of
the air only be known, let the bottom
heat be less by 10° than the maximwtn
temperature of the air.

BOTTOMING. A term usually applied
to the drainage of pots, although equally
applicable to any kind of horticultural
drainage. (See DRAINING.) It is also
applied to moiving grass on lawns ; and
signifies that the mower should take
extra pains in mowing ; cutting down
almost to the surface of the turf, in order
to facilitate future mowings by the pro-
duction of an entirely fresh herbage, free
from moss and the residue of former ;
mowings.

BOURBON PALM. Latdnia.
10

BOURGEON or BURGEON. See Bud.

BOUSSINGAU'LTIA. (Named after the
celebrated chemist Boussingault. Nat.
ord., Basellads [Basellaceasj. Linn., 6-
Hexatidria, \-monogynia). Half-hardy
tuberous rooted plant. Seeds ; division
of its tuberous roots ; peat and rich
loam. K nnmer temp., 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°.

B.baselloi'des (Basella-like). White. July.
South America. 1835.

BOUVA'RDIA. (Named after Dr. Bou-
vard, Curator of the Botanic Garden at
Paris. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchon-
aceasl Linn., 4-Tetrandria, 1-mono-
gynia). Greenhouse evergreen under-
shrubs, except where otherwise specified.
Seed at times in heat. Cuttings of
young shoots in heat, in March or April.
Shut up during the day, and air given at
night. Also by roots, cut into pieces,
and inserted in sandy soil, and placed in
a brisk sweet heat in spring. Light fibry
soil. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 35° to 45°.

B. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Red.
September. Mexico. 1838.

— Cavanillc'sii (Cavanilles's). 1£. Scarlet.

May. Mexico. 1846.

—fla'va (yellow). U. Yellow. September.
Mexico. 1844.

— longiflo'ra (long flowered). 2. White.

Mexico. 1827.

— spUndcns (shining). Scarlet. September.

Mexico. 1834.

— strigillo'sa (small-bristled). 3. Yellow.

March. 1845.

— tripJn/'lla (three-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July.

Mexico, 1794.

gla'bra (smooth). 2. Scarlet. July.

2. Scarlet.

Mexico. 1794.

July

pule' seem (downy).
v. Mexico. 1794.

(shining). 2. Scarlet.
April. Mexico. 1838.

— versi' color (various coloured). 2. Red. Au-
gust. South America. 1814.

BOWER. See Arbour.

Box (Buxus sempcrvirens), is noticedby
the gardener chiefly as a plant suitable
for edgings. For this purpose it is neat;
but it is an exhauster of the soil more
than any other that can be so employed,
and is a favourite lurking place for the
snail. For plants that may be substi-
tuted, see EDGING. The best months
for planting Box are September and
February. Small rooted slips are em-
gloved, and arc planted against the per-
pendicular side of a small trench along

BOX

[146]

BRA

the edge of the border or bed they arc
desired to bound. The best month for
clipping Box is June, and it should be
done in showery weather. With grea
attention to not injuring the roots, am
to washing earth in among these in theii
new position, large Box trees or bushes
have been moved in May, June, and July
Sco The Cottage Gardener, iv., 328. 350.

Box ELDER. Negitndo.

Box THORN. Ly'cium.

BRABEI'UM. African Almond. (From
brabeion, a sceptre ; in reference to the
flower racemes. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteaceoe]. Linn., 23-Polyffamia, 1
moncBcia. Allied to Persoonia). Green-
house evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, under a bell-glass, in sand. Sandy
loam. Summer temp., 50° to 65°; win-
ter, 35° to 45°.

£. stclla'tum (starred). 15. White. August
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

BRACHY'COME. (From brachys, short,
and kome, hair. Nat. ord., Composite.
[Asteracea?]. Linn., \$-8y*g0nesia, 2-
supe-rflua. Allied to the Daisy). Annuals.
Sown in a gentle hotbed in March, arid
transplanted as a half hardy annual. J3.
diversifd lia by cuttings of half-ripe shoots,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Win-
ter temp., 38° to 45°.
B. diversifo' lia (various-leaved). 7*'$. "White.

May. Australia. 1824. Greenhouse

evergreen,
— ibcridifo'lia (Iberis-leavcd). £. Purple.

May. Swan lliver. 1810. Half-hardy

annual.
• albiflo'ra (white-flowered), i.

White. Swan lliver.

BRACHYI^E'NA. (From brachys, short,
and latna, a cloak or covering ; referring
to the shortness of the involucre. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraccae]. Linn., 19-
Kynyenesia, 1-Superflua. Allied to Tar-
chonanthus). Greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of half ripe shoots,
same as Srttchycotne divcrsifolia.
B. ncrcifo'lia (Oleander-leaved). 4. White.
September. Cape of Good Hope.
1752.

BRACHYSE'MA. (From brachys, short,
and scnia, standard ; the flowers having
the standard petal short. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabuceao]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria, \-Monoy ynidt). Green-
house evergreen climbers. Seeds in
March, in heat ; cuttings of half-ripened ,

shoots in summer, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in a mild bottom heat ; loam and
peat, with a little sand. Summer temp.,
50° to 65° ; winter, 45° to 5o°.

E. apliy'Uum (leafless). Brownish crimson.
New Holland. 1849.

— bractea' turn (braceted). 3. Crimson. April.

Swan lliver. 1843.

— h\fbridum (hybrid). Crimson cream.

March.

— latifo'Hum (broad-leaved). 3. Crimson

May. New Holland. 1803.

— platy'ptcra (broad-winged-sf««jewd). Crim-

son. May. Swan lliver. 1844.

— prcEtno'rmm (jagged-pointed). Red. New

South Wales. 1848.

— undula'tiim (\fi\\e-tcarcd). 3. Green.

March. New South Wales. 1828.

— villo'sum (long-haired) . 3. Crimson. March.

Swan lliver.

BRACHYSTE'LMA. (From brachys, short,
and stelma, a crown; referring to the
coronal processes of the flowers. Nat.
ord., Asdcpiads [Aslepiadacea)]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria, 2-Digynia). Greenhouse
tuberous perennials, from Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat ;
division of the roots ; fibry loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 48°
to 55°,

B. crispum (curled-leaved). A/ Brown yel-
low. September. 1829.

— spatula' turn (spatulatc-teotwd). 1. Green.

June. 1826.

— tiibero'sum (tuberous) . 1A. Purple. June.

1821.

BRACTE. A leafy appendage to the
flower or its stalk, and not inaptly called
the floral leaf. The most familiar ex-
ample is the pale green oblong one
attached to the flower stalk of tho Lime
Tree (TiUa JEitropcea).

BRAKE. Pte'ris.

BRAMBLE. Rtt'bus.

BRANCHING ANNUAL STOCK. Mako-
niitt maritima.

BRASSA'VOLA. (Named after A. M.
Brassavola, a Venetian botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceao]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, l-Monogynia). Stove Or-
chids. Divisions ; best grown on blocks
of wood, but will do in peat, crocks, and
sphagmun. Summer temp., 70° to 90°,
and moist ; winter, 55° to 65°, and dry.

J). anyusta'ta (narrowed). Yellowish green.
June. Demerara.

— corda'ia (kciirt-lippud). 1. White green.

May. Brazil.

— cuculln'ta (hooded). \. Purple and White.

June. West Indies. 1790.

BRA

t 147]

BRE

B. cuspida'ta (spe&r-lippcd). £. White. March.
Trinidad. 1839.

— DigUa'na (Mr. Digby's.) J. Yellow,

white, and purple. July. Honduras.
1844.

— dUgans (elegant). Lilac. Antigua.

— glaufca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. March.

Vera Cruz. 1837.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White.

March. Honduras. 1838.

— Martia'na (Dr. Martius's). 1. White. March.

Berbice. 1838.

— nodtfsa (knotty). 1. Yellowish green.

October. Mexico. 1838.

— Perri'nii (Pcrrin's). 1. Green. Septem-

ber. Rio Janeiro. 1831.

— rettfsa (end-notched). White green. March.

Maracaybo.

— titbercula' ta (knobbed). \. White. July.

BotafBay. 1827.

— veno'sa (veiny-lipped). 1. White. March.

Honduras. 1839.

BRA'SSIA. (Named after Mr Brass, a
botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaccoe]. Linn., 1§-Qynandria, 1-

Monogynici). Stove Orchids. Divisions ;
rough turf in pots, well drained. Those
from Guatimala require less heat than
those from the West Indies; water freely
when growing, but give little when at
rest. Temp, same as for Brassavola.

B. angu'sta (narrow-lowered). Yellow. Oc-
tober. Brazil. 1839.

— arista' t a (awned). Yellow brown. Au-

gust. Guatimala. 1844.

— it' dens (two-toothed). Brown yellow. May.

Brazil. 1842.

— brachia'ta (opposite-branched). 2. Yel-

lowish green and brown. September.
Guatimala. 1843.

— cauda'ta (&w<7-tailed). 1. Yellow and

brown. February. West Indies. 1823.

— Clmoe'sii (Clowes's). Brown yellow. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1844.

— cochlea' ta (spoon-lipped). 1. Green brown.

April. Demerara. 1134.

— gutta' ta (blotched). Green Yellow. Au-

gust. Guatimala. 1843.

— Lancea'na (Lance's). J. Yellow, brown

spotted. January. Surinam. 1843.

viridiflo' ra (green-flowered). J.

Green. March. Demerara. 1833.

— Lawrencea'na (Mrs. Lawrence's). 1. Yel-

low brown. April. Brazil. 1839.

— macrosta' chya (long-spiked). 2. Green

brown. Demerara.

— macula' ta (spotted-flou-ercd) . 1. Yellow

red spotted. April. Jamaica. 1806.

— pu'mila (dwarf). Yellow purple. 1844.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Yellow green.

April. 1844. '

— vcrruci'sa (warty-7//>;?«7). Green and brown.

March. Guatimale.

• — Wra'ycc (Mrs. Wray's). Yellow green. I
Guatimala. 1840.

BRA'SSICA. (Cabbage. (From brcsic,
the Celtic name for cabbage. Nut. ord.,
*2

Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., I5-Tet-
radynamia}. Seeds, chiefly spring and
autumn ; but at all intermediate periods
during summer, according as the produce
is wanted young ; deep rich loamy soil.
AVe shall only mention the specific names
of the most useful; the cultivation of
each of which, will be found under its
common name.
B. na' pa-bra' ssica. Turnip-cabbage.

— net pus. Rape.

— olera'cea. Cabbage.

fimbria'ta. Borecole.

caulijlo'ra. Cauliflower.

botrtftis. Brocoli.

cau lo-ra'pa. Kohl Rabi.

BRAVO'A. (Named after Bravo, a Me-
xican botanist. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn. , §-Hexandria, 1 -
monogynia). A pretty Mexican small
bulb, requiring slight protection in win-
ter, or the greenhouse culture of Ixias.
Offsets; light rich loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

B.gemmifltfra (twin-flowered). Red. July.
Mexico. 1841.

BRAZIL NUT. Berthole tia.

BRAZIL WOOD. Casalpi'niaBrasiliensis.

BREAD-FRUIT. Artoca'rpus.

BREAD-NUT. Bro'simum.

BREAD-ROOT. Psora lea escule'nta.

BREAKING. A tulip's flower is broken
when it has attained its permanent
colours. A bulbous root is said to break
when its foliage begins to be thrust forth ;
and a bud breaks, when it bursts to allow
the expansion of the leaves or flowers.

BREAST- WOOD. The shoots which grow
out directly from the front of branches
trained as espaliers, or against walls.

BREMONTIE'RA. (Named after M.
Bremontier. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., \j-DiadelpMa, 4-JDc-
candria. Allied to Hedysarum). Stove-
evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand,,
imder a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and
peat, witn a little sand. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

E.Ammo'xylon (sand-wood). 4. Purple,
Mauritius. 1826.

BRE'XIA. (From&nxrw, rain; in refe-
rence to the protection from rain given,
by the large leaves of same of the species..
Nat. ord., Brexiads [Brcxiacecu]. Linn.,.
o-Pentandria, \-monogynia). Stove ever-
green trees. Half-ripened shoots in saudr

BRI

under a bell-glass, in bottom heat ; sandy
peat, and a third loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B.cnrysophy'Ua (golden-leaved). 30. Mau-
ritius. 1820.

— madagascaric'nsis (Madagascar). 30. Green.

June. Madagascar. 1812.

— spino'sa (thorny). 30. Green. June.

Madagascar. 1812.

BRICKS. As the gardener often may
require to know how many bricks will be
required for an intended structure, it
will be a guide to know that all bricks
sold in England were required by statute
(17 Geo. III., c. 42) to be eight and a
half inches long, four inches wide, and
two and a half inches thick. Pantiles,
by the same authority, were required to
be thirteen and a half inches long, nine
and a half inches wide, and half an inch
thick. But as the duty is now taken off
these articles, we hope to see them made
larger, and of various forms, so as to re-
duce the amount of bricklayers' labour,
which is one of the most costly items in
the construction of garden buildings.

BRIDGES, says Mr. Whateley, are in-
consistent with the nature of a lake, but
characteristic of a river ; they are on
that account used to disguise the termina-
tion of the former; but the deception has
been so often practised that it no longer
deceives, and a bolder aim at the same
effect will now be more successful. If
the end can be turned just out of sight,
a bridge at some distance raises a belief,
while the water beyond it removes every
doubt, of the continuation of the river ;
the supposition immediately occurs, that
if a disguise had been intended, the
bridge would have been placed further
back, and the disregard thus shown to
one deception gains credit for the other.

As a bridge is not a mere appendage
to a river, but a kind of property which
denotes its character, the connection be-
tween them must be attended to ; from
the want of it, the single wooden arch,
once much in fashion, seemed generally
misplaced ; elevated without occasion so
much above it, it was totally detached
from the river, and often seen straddling
in the air without a glimpse of the water
to account for it, and the ostentation of
it as an ornamental object diverted all
that train of ideas which its use as a
communication might suggest. The

5 ] BRI

vastness of Walton Bridge cannot with-
out affectation be mimicked in a garden
where the magnificent idea of inducting
the Thames under one arch is wanting ;
and where the structure itself, reduced
to a narrow scale, retains no pretension
to greatness. Unless the situation makes
such a height necessary, or the point of
view be greatly above it, or wood or
rising ground instead of sky behind it,
fill up the vacancy of the arch, it seems
an effort without a cause, forced and
preposterous.

The vulgar footbridge of planks, only
guarded on one hand by a common rail,
and supported by a few ordinary piles, is
often more proper. It is perfect as a
communication, because it pretends to
nothing further; it is the utmost sim-
plicity of cultivated nature ; and if the
banks from which it starts be of a
moderate height, its elevation preserves
it from meanness. No other species
of bridge so effectually characterizes a
river ; it seems too plain for an orna-
ment, too obscure for a disguise; it must
be for use, it can be a passage only ;
it is therefore spoiled if adorned ; it is
disfigured if only painted of any other
than a dusky colour. But being thus
incapable of all decoration and impor-
tance, it is often too humble for a
great, and too simple for an elegant
scene. A stone bridge is generally more
suitable to cither; but in that also an
extraordinary elevation is seldom be-
coming, unless the grandeur compensates
for the distance at which it leaves the
water below.

A gentle rise and easy sweep more
closely preserve the relation ; a certain
degree of union should also be formed
between the banks and the bridge, that
it may seem to rise out of the banks, not
barely to bo imposed upon them ; it
ought not generally to swell much above
their level ; the parapet wall should be
brought down near to the ground, or end
against some swell, and the size and the
uniformity of the abutments should be
broken by hillocks or thickets about
them : every expedient should be used
to mark the connection of the building,
both with the ground from which it
starts and the water which it crosses.

In wild and romantic scenes may be

BRI

[149]

BEO

introduced a ruined stone bridge, of
which some arches may be still standing,
and the loss of those which are fallen
may be supplied by a few planks, with a
rail thrown over the vacancy. It is a
picturesque object — it suits the situation
and the antiquity of the passage ; the
care taken to keep it still open, though
the original building is decayed, the ap-
parent necessity which thence results for
a communication, give it an imposing
air of reality.

BRINING. See Steeping.

BRI'ZA. (From brizo, to nod. Nat.
ord., Grasses [Graminaceoe]. Linn., 3-
Triandria, 2-jDigyma). This genus in-
cludes our quaking grass or lady's tres-
ses, B. maxima and minor. These, with
the two others we here enumerate, are
the only ones having any pretensions to
being ornamental. Seed in early spring ;
common soil.

B. Clu'sii (Clusius's). 1J.' Apetal. June.
South Europe. 1820.

— ma'xima (greatest). 1^. Apetal. June.

South Europe. 1633.

— mi' nor (smaller). £. Apetal. July. Eng-

land.

— ru'bra (red). 1. Apetal. June. South

Europe. 1820.

BROADCAST is a mode of sowing now
rapidly falling into disuse in the garden
as well as in the field. It has no one
advantage over sowing in drills, except
that the work of sowing is done more
expeditiously. Subsequently, the saving
is all on the side of the drill system. See
Drilling. We know of no sowing where
the broadcast mode is preferable, except
in the case of grass seeds upon lawns,
and small seed beds. The operation of
broadcast sowing is thus performed : —
Take up the seed in portions in the
hand, and disperse it by a horizontal
movement of the arm to the extent of
a semicircle, opening the hand at the
same time, and scattering the seeds in
the air, so as they may fall as equally
as possible over the breadth taken in
by the sower at once, and which is
generally six feet, that being the dia-
meter of the circle in which the hand
moves through half the circumference.
In sowing- broadcast on the surface of
lu.s bods, and in narrow strips or borders,
t'io soeos are dispersed between the
thumb and fingers by horizontal move-

ments of the hand in segments of smaller
circles.

BROCOLI. (Bra ssicaolera' cea Botry'tis.)
Varieties. — Mr. Thomson, of the Chis-
wick Gardens, has published the follow-
ing list of these, with their synonymes,
or other names, by which they are known.
Those marked with an * we consider
the most desirable : — •

PURPLE OR GREEN BROCOLI.

1. *Early Purple Cape. — Synonymes,
Grange's Early Cape, Purple Silesian,
Purple Sicilian, Blue Cape, Violet,
Nain Hatif of the French ; comes into
use during September and until January.
Sow the first and third week in April,
and second week in June.

2. *Green Cape. — Syn., Hardy Cape,
Late Cape, Autumnal Cape, Improved
Cape, Maher's Hardy Cape ; comes into
use in October and November. This
may be sown about the middle of April
and the middle of June.

3. Green close -headed. — Syn., Late
Green, Late Hardy Green, Dwarf Ro-
man, Siberian, Late Green Siberian.
From November to the end of February.
Sow about the second or third week in
April.

4. Sprouting. — Syn., Italian Sprout-
ing, Grange's Early Purple Sprouting,
Early Branching, Lisbon Autumn Sprout-
ing, North's Early Purple. Very hardy,
and in use from November to April, if
sown at different periods from April to
the end of June.

5. Danish, or Late Green. — Sijn.,
Dwarf Danish, Late Danish. Very
hardy ; produce in April and May ; best
suited for standing severe winters. Sow
about the second or third week in April.

6. *Late Dwarf Purple.— Syn., Dwarf
Danish, Purple Cockscomb, Dwarf Swe-
dish, Late Purple, Italian Purple, Dwarf
Hardy Siberian, Dwarf close -headed
Purple. Very hardy, coming into use
in May. Sow this and the next about
the same time as the preceding.

7. Dwarf Brown. — Syn., Late Da-
nish, Late Dantzic, Late Brown, Lewis-
ham Brown. Very hardy, from March
to May.

SULPHUR.

8. * Portsmouth. — Syn., Cream-colour-
ed, Bolvidere, Southampton, Maher's Now

BRO

[150]

BRO

Dwarf. In use during March and April,
and is very hardy. Sow about the se-
cond or third week in April.

9. Sulphur. — Syn., Brimstone, Late
Brimstone, Edinburgh Sulphur, Fine
Late Sulphur. In use during April and
May. Sow at the same time as the pre-
ceding.

WHITE.

10. * Grange's Early Cauliflower Broc-
oli. — Syn., Cup-leaved, Hop wood's Early
White, Early Dwarf White, Invisible
White, Bath White, Italian White,
Marshall's Early White, Blanc d'ltalie
of the French. In use from the end of
September to Christmas, if the weather
proves mild, and is the earliest of all the
white kinds. This and the next should
be sown at three different seasons, viz. :
about the first and third weeks in April,
and the second week in June.

11. Early White. — Syn., Neathouse,
Devonshire White, Autumn White ; dif-
fers from the preceding, in being smaller
and much later. Season from November
to February, if the weather prove mild.

12. * Knight's Protecting. The hardiest
and largest of all the white kinds. Its
season from March to the beginning of
May, if planted at different times. Sow
about the third week in April.

13. Spring White. — Syn.t Close-leaved
White, Cauliflower Brocoli, Neapolitan
White, Naples White, Large late White,
New Dwarf, Late White. In perfection
during the months of April and May ;
not so hardy as the preceding, but very
desirable for late use. Sow at the same
time as the preceding.

14. White Danish is good, hardy, and
dwarf. Sown in mid- April, it is ready
the May following.

15. *Walcheren Brocoli; white; excel-
lent. Sown the third week in April, in
season from the end of August through-
out September. Sown in May, it is in
season during December and January.

Time and mode of Sowing. — The times
for sowing each variety are specified
Tinder each ; but we will add that, for a
small family, we have found the follow-
ing sowings and varieties are sufficient
to keep up a supply from the beginning
of October to the end of May.

Sow early purple cape and Grange's
early cauliflower brocoli the second week

in April and the first week in June. The
produce will be fit for table during
October, and until the middle of Decem-
ber. Sow green close-headed the first
week in April. The heads will be ready
in November, and until January ends.
Sow dwarf brown the second week in
April. It will be in production from
February to end of April. Sow sulphur
coloured and spring white the second
week of April. Their heads will bo
ready during the April and May fol-
lowing.

Each variety should be sown sepa-
rately, and the sowing performed thin ;
the beds not more than three or four feet
wide, for the convenience of weeding,
which must be performed as often as
weeds appear, as they are very inimical
to the growth of this vegetable. The
seed must not be buried more than half
an inch, and the beds be netted over to
keep away the birds ; which, especially
in showery weather, are very destructive.

Pricking out. — The plants arc fit for
pricking out when they arc two or three
inches high ; do it during warm showery
weather, and set them six inches apart
each way, and water every night until
they have taken root. They must have
four or five week's growth before they
are again moved, or not until they have
leaves nearly three inches in breadth.

Planting. — When planted out, they
must be set, on an average, two feet
asunder each way; in summer a little
wider, in autumn rather closer. Water
to be given at the time of planting, and
occasionally afterwards until they are
established; during the droughts of sum-
mer it may bo given plentifully, with
the greatest advantage. They must be
hoed between frequently, and the mould
drawn up about their stems.

Protection in Winter. — To those crops
which have to withstand the winter in
the open air, salt is beneficially applied,
as it preserves them from being frosted
in the neck ; this application preserves
their roots from being worm-eaten, and
so does pouring soapsuds between the
rows, which application is also very be-
neficial to the plants. The salt should
be sown over the bed in a dry day in
autumn, at the rate of ten bushels to the

BRO

BRO

To preserve the winter-standing crops
from destruction by severe weather, a
small trench is made in the first week of
November, at the north end of each row,
in which the adjoining plant is laid so
low, with its head towards the north,
that the centre of its stem at the top is
just level with the surface of the ground,
the root being scarcely disturbed ; it is
then immediately watered, and its roots
covered with more mould. Thus every
plant is in succession reclined ; and in a
few days it is scarcely perceptible that
they have been thus treated, though it
certainly checks their growth. Before
the arrival of snow, a small hillock must
be raised round each plant to support its
leaves, and prevent their being broken.
If snow accompanies severe frost, ad-
vantage should bo taken of it, and the
plants be heaped over with it, which
will afford them an effectual protection.

To obtain Seed. — Such plants of each
variety must be selected in March or
April as most perfectly agree with their
peculiar characteristics, and are not par-
ticularly forward in advancing for seed.
As the stems run up, some gardeners
recommend the leaves to be taken away ;
but this must be injurious. Mr. Wood,
of Qucensferry, N.B., is particularly
careful that no foliage appears on the
surface of the head ; he always lifts
his plants, and plants them in another
bed, watering them abundantly, as this,
he finds, prevents their degenerating or
producing proud seed; and when the
head begins to open, he cuts out its
centre, and leaves only four or five of
the outside shoots for bearing. The
sulphur- coloured, he always finds the
most difficult to obtain seed from. As
the branches spread, four or six stakes
should be placed at equal distances
round each plant, and hooped round
with string to support them and prevent
their breaking. When the pods begin
to form, water should be given repeat-
edly, and occasionally some thrown over
the whole plant, which tends to prevent
mildew. Before the pods begin to
change colour, those from the extremity
of every shoot must be taken away, as
these yield seeds which produce plants
very apt to run to seed without heading,
and by an early removal the others arc

benefited. The branches ought to be
gathered as soon as the pods upon them
ripen. Different kinds must never be
planted near each other, or they will
reciprocally be crossed. The seed ripens
in August or September, and it is often
recommended to preserve it in the pod
until wanted ; but the general practice
is to beat it out, and store it as soon as
perfectly dry.

BRODIJE'A. (Named after /. /. Brodie,
a Scotch cryptogamist. Nat. ord., Lily-
icorts [Liliaccse]. Linn., 2>-Triandria, 1-
monogynia. Allied to Allium). Frame
or half-hardy small bulbs requiring tho
same treatment as Ixias. Offsets; sandy
peat. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40°.

B. calif o' mica (Calif ornian). Pale brown. July
California. 1848.

— conge? sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July. Georgia.

1806.

— grand) flo'ra (large flowered). 1|. Blue.

North America. 1806.

BROMF/LIA. (Named after Bromel, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bromelworts
[Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria, 1-
inonogynia. Belated to the Pine Apple).
Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers ;
rich lumpy soil, well drained. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture ; winter,
50° to 60°, dryish.

B. bractca'ta (red-bracted) . 2. Pink. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1785.

— chri/sa'ntha (golden-flowered). 2. Blue.

Caraccas. 1819.

— crudnta (bloody). 2. Blue white. August.

llio Janeiro. 1824.
-- di'scolor (two-coloured). Pink. April.

South Europe.
—fastuo'sa (proud). 4. Purple. August.

South America. 1815.

— liu'milis (low). 1. Pink. March. 1789.

— Kara'tas (Karatas). 2. Pink. West Indies.

1739.

— Ungula'ta (tongue leaved). \\. Yellow.

May. South America. 1759.

— Pi'nguln (Pinguin). 3. lied. March. West

Indies. 1690.

— sylvefstris (wood). 3. Crimson. July. South

America. 1820.

BROMHEA'DIA. (Named after Sir E.
F. Bromhcad, Bart. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaccee]. Linn., 2Q-Gft/nandria, l-
Monandria. Allied to Ansellia). Stove
orchid. Offsets ; broken pots, moss, and
sanely fibry peat ; set tho pot in a pan,
and keep this filled with water. Sum-
mer temp. 60° to 90°; winter, 65° to
60",

BRO

[ 152]

BRO

B.palu'stris (marsh). 3. White, yellow, and
purple. June. Sumatra. 1840.

BROXGNIA'RTIA. (Earned after Brong-
niart, a French botanist. Nat ord.,
Leguminous plants \~F&ba£&e~\. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia, k-Decand.ria). In relation
with such plants as Colutea and Clian-
thus. Greenhouse evergreen under-
shrubs. Cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass, of young shoots, but firm at the
base ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Sum-
mer temp., 50° to 60; winter, 40° to
45°.

B.podalyrioi'des (Podalyria-like). 1. Flesh.
September. North of Spain. 1827.

— seri'cea (silky). Purple, Mexico. 1843.

BROOM. See Besom.

BROOM. Spa'rtium&DACy'tismspino-
sits.

BROOM (SPANISH). Geni'sta hispa-
nica.

BROOM-CYPRESS. Ko'cMa, scopa'ria.

BROOM-RAPE. Oroba'nchc,

BRO'SIMUM. Bread nut. (From bro-
simos, edible, or good to eat; the fruit
being edible. Nat. ord., Atrocarpads
[Atrocarpacea?]. Linn., 23-Pofy(/amia,
"2rDio2cia). The far-famed cow tree of
South America (Galactodendron], whose
milky juice is as rich and wholesome as
the milk of the cow is ; Brosimum utile ;
another species, B. Alicastrum, produces
nuts, which are roasted and eaten as
bread ; and a third species produces the
beautifully marked wood, called snake-
wood. Its gummy juice is also made
into india rubber. Stove evergreen
shrubs and tree. Cuttings of ripe wood
in a hotbed ; rich fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. Alica' strum (Alicastrum) . 6. Apetal. Ja-
maica. 1776.

— spifrium (spurious-wi'tticoofZ). 6. Apetal.

Jamaica. 1789.

— u'tile (useful. — Cow-tree). 50. Caraccas.

1829.

BROUGHTO'NIA. (Named after Mr.
Brouyhton, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacea}]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, l-Monandria). Stove orchids ;
division. These may be grown in crocks,
and fibry peat, the plant raised above the
pot, but best on blocks without moss, bo-
ing near a roof; high moist temperature
in summer ; cooler and drier in winter.
Summer temp., 60° to 85 3; winter, 55°
to 6o\

B. au'rca (golden). ^Yellow-red. March.
Mexico. 1836.

— ni'tida (glossy). U. Red. June. East

Indies. 1824.

— sangui'nea (blood-coloured). 1$. Crimson.

August. Jamaica. 1793.

BROUSSOXE'TIA. (Named after Brous-
sonet, a French naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Morads, or Mulberries [Moracea3J. Linn.,
22-Dioecia, 4-Tetrandria). In general
aspect there is nothing to distinguish it
from a mulberry tree ; but it is less
hardy. Hardy trees ; suckers and cut-
tings of ripened wood, insertedin autumn,
and seeds sown when ripe, or kept over
to the following April ; good common
soil.

B* papyri? f era (paper-bearing). 12. June.
Japan. 1751.

cucull'ata (cov?l-Jeaved).l2. February.

French variety. 1824.

disse'cta (cut-leaved). 1847.

fru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 12. Au-
gust.

macropliy'lla (large-leaved).

variega'ta (variegated-feewed). 184G.

— spatula' ta (spatulate-/eat'erf) . 12. June.

Japan. 1824.

BROWA'LLIA. (Named after /. Bro-
wallim, bishop of Abo. Nat. ord., Fig-
ivorts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, 2-A.ngiospermici). Green-
house annuals; seeds sown in a mild
heat in March ; potted and re-potted,
and kept in the greenhouse during sum-
mer ; light rich soil.

B. demi'ssa (low), f. Blue. August. South
America. 1735.

— ela'ta (tall). 1|. Blue. August. Peru.

1768.

— donga' ta (elongated). 1|. Blue white.

July.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Light

yellow. June. Peru. 1829.

— Jamcso'ni (Jameson's). Orange.

— specio'sa (showy-flou-crcd). 2. Purple.

September. Quindiu. 1846.

BROW'NEA. (Named after Dr. Brown.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabacece].
Linn., 16-MonadelpMa, Q-Decandria. Al-
lied to Cccsalpinia and Amherstia). Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe wood,
in sand, under a glass, and placed in a
strong bottom heat; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp,. 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to

B. Ari'za (Ai'iza). lied. Bogota. 1843.

— cocci' nca (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. West

Indies. 1793.

— yra'ndiccps (large-headed). 6. lied. Carac-

cas. 1829.

BRO

[ 153]

BRU

B.latifo'lia (broad-leaved) . 6. Scarlet. Trini-
dad. 1824.

— racemo'sa (clustered). 6. Rose. Caraccas.

1826.

— ro' sea (rosy). 8. Crimson. July. Trini-

dad. 1828.

BROWNLOW'IA. (Named after Lady
Brownlow. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Ti-
liaeece]. Linn., \3-Polyandria, l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Grewia). Stove tree.
Cuttings of ripe shoots in heat; rich
loamy soil. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

B. ela'ta (tall). 60. Yellow. East Indies.
1820.

BROWN-TAILED MOTH. Porthesia.

BRU'CEA. (Named after Bruce, the
African traveller. Nat. ord., Quassiads
[Simarubaceae]. Linn., 22-Dicecia, 4-
Tctrandria). This genus possesses that
intense hitter, for which quassia, the head
of this small order, has long been cele-
brated. Stove evergreen shrubs. Ripen-
ed cuttings in sand, under a glass, in
bottom heat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 55°.

J3. ferruqi' nca (rusty ash-leaved], 6. Green.
April. Abyssinia. 1775.

— gra'cilis (slender). 6. Yellow green. East

Indies. 1820.

— sumatra'na (Sumatra). 6. Green. May.

East Indies. 1820.

BRU'CHUS. A genus of small beetles
which confine their depredations chiefly
to the seeds of leguminous plants.

Bruchus granarius. The Grain Beetle.
Every one who is acquainted with the
seeds of the pea and the bean must have
noticed that in many of them were small

round holes, and these occasionally are so
numerous as to spoil the sample, and, in-
deed, render the seeds totally valueless for
sowing ; for not one of those thus pierced

but would produce either a weak un-
healthy plant or not vegetate at all.
Those holes in the " worm-eaten " peas
and beans are made by a small beetle
(Bruchus granarius) produced from a
grub or caterpillar which has eaten away
the vital parts of the seed ; and when it
has passed through the chrysalis state,
and given birth to this beetle, the latter
makes the hole in order to escape into
the open air, there to perpetrate more
mischief upon the growing crops. The
body of the beetle is a dull brown, but
the elytrse, or wing covers, are black,
dotted with white, but scarcely percepti-
bly so, unless magnified, as in our draw-
ing. Naturally it is the size of the
smaller figure; that is, scarcely two lines
long. The antennae, or feelers, are
eleven- jointed, black, and thinnest near
the head, where they are also tinged
with red. The head droops, the eyes are
prominent, the fore-legs are rusty-col-
oured. This little beetle may be found
upon various flowers during seven montha
of the year. In February it may be
found on the furze blossom, in June
upon the white-thorn, and in July and
August upon the spiraea and rhubarb
flowers. The female pierces through the
pod of the pea and bean whilst very
young, and often deposits an egg in each
seed. Probably, the best mode of de-
stroying this insect would be to subject
the seed, as soon as harvested, for some
hours, until thoroughly heated, to a

temperature of 150°. This, we think,
would kill the grubs without injuring
the seed.

BRU

[154]

BRU

^ Bruchus atcr. The Furze Beetle. This
little insect is shown in the annexed cul
of its natural size, as well as magnified,
it is black, with its elytra (wing cases'
marked with lines and lighter coloured
dots : antennae (feelers) divided into
eleven joints. The females in Feb-
ruary deposit their eggs in the germs, or
young seed-vessels, of the winter-bloom-
ing furze ; and the same insects may be
found again in Jime similarly employed
upon the summer-blooming furze. The
grub hatched from her eggs lives upon
the seeds, and every one who has no-
ticed this plant, must be aware that its
ripe seed-vessels often contain nothing
but a little rough powder ; a powder
which is the refuse of the seeds destroyed
by the grub of this insect. Another
member of this family of beetles, Bru-
chus pisi, is greatly destructive to the
pea crops. It is a small brownish beetle,
usually found at the time the plants are
in flower, and depositing eggs in the
tender seeds of leguminous plants, and
sometimes in different kinds of corn. In
these the larva, a small white fleshy
grub, finds both a suitable habitation
and an abundance of food. It undergoes
all its transformations in the seed, and
the perfect insect remains in it till the
spring, though in fine autumns the per-
fect insects appear at that season also.
The larvse possess the singular instinct
of never attacking the vital part of the
seed till the last. "We have often ob-
served the seed-pots of Ghorozema, and
other delicate and scarce leguminous

Slants in greenhouses, pierced by the
ruckus pisi. The more effectual re-
medy is to pull up and burn, the haulm
and pods altogether, and not attempt to
get a crop at all. — Cottage Gardener, i
and iii.

BRUGMA'NSIA. This genus is united
to Datura.

BRUISE. . See Canker.

BRT/NIA. (Named after C. Bnm, a
traveller in the Levant. Nat. ord., Brn-
niads [Bruniacea3]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-Monoyynia). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs and undershrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, under a hand light, in summer ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 50° to 65°:
winter 38° to 45°.

B. como'sa (tufted). 3. White. July. 1820.

— e'lcgnns (elegant). 2. White. July. 1817.

— cricoi'rfcs (heath-like). 3. White. July.

1804.

— formo'sa (handsome). 2. White. 1817.

— fflobo'sa (globe-like). 2. White. July.

1816.

— lafvis (smooth). 2. White. July. 1822.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. White.

July. 1815.

— nodiflcfra (knot-flowered). 6. White.

July. 1786.

— plumo'sa (feathery). 2. White. July.

1824.

— squarro'sa (broad-spreading). 2. White.

July. 1820.

— tupfrba (superb). 4. White. June. 1791.

— rerticillcfta (whorled). 3. White. July.

1794.

BRUNEI' CHIA. (Named after Brun-
nich, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Buckwheats [Polygonacc^]. Linn., 10-
Decandria 1-Trigyni(i}. Greenhouse
evergreen climber. Cuttings root freely;
fibry loam, with a little sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 70 ; winter, 38° to 46°.
Pink.

2?. cirrJio'sn (tendrilled) .
Carolina. 1787.

July.

BRUXO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Brown,
the celebrated English botanist. Nat.
ord., Brunoniads (Brunoniacete). Dr.
Brown himself, and other great authori-
ties, have been, and still are, in doubts
as to the true position and affinity of
the solitary genus of which this order
s composed. Herbaceous perennial.
Seeds and divisions; sandy loam and
fibry peat. It requires the protection
of a frame or greenhouse in winter, being
neat and fragrant.

B. austra'Us (southern). 1. Blue. New
Holland. 1834.

BRTXSFE'LSIA. (Named after Brtms-
fcls, a German physician. Nat. ord.,
Figworts [Scrophulariaccoo]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, l-Angiospcrmia. Allied to
Salpiglossis). "We have added Franciscca
:o this genus. Stove evergreen shrubs.
Outtings, in sandy soil in a moist heat ;
•ich lumpy fibry soil. Summer temp.,
30° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

JB. acumina'ta (taper-pomted-7emrd). 2. Pur.

pie. April, llio Janeiro.
•America' no- (American). 4. Pale yellow.
June. West Indies. 173J.

angustifo' Ha (narrow-leaved).

4. Pale yellow. July. West Indies.

latifutlia (broad-leaved). 4. Pale

yellow. June. West Indies.
angu'sta (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple.

BRU

[155]

BUD

B.exi'mia (choice). 2£. Purple. Jane. Brazil.
1847.

— gra' tills (slender). 2. Pale cream. June.

1847.

— hydranqcfefo'rmis (Hydrangea-like). 4.

Purple. April. "Brazil. 1840.

— latifu'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. April.

llioJaneira. 1840.

— Lockha'rtii (Lockhart's). Purple. April.

West Indies. 1840.

— monta'na (mountain). 4. White. July.

South America. 1820.

— ni'tida (shining).

Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 5. Yellow.

June. Jamaica. 1844.

— Polilia'na (Pohli's). Blue white. April.

Brazil. 1840.

— undula'ta (wave-flmcercrl} . 4. White.

June. Jamaica. 1820.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. White. Pur-

ple. July. Brazil. 1826.

— viola' cca (violet-coloured). 3. Livid. July.

West Indies. 1815.

BRUSTSVI'GIA. Named after the noble
house of Brunswick. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids (Amaryllidacese). Linn., Q-Hexan-
dritt) \-Monogynia}. This genus hears
the same relation to Amaryllis which
Azalea does to Ehododendron : it is a
well marked section of Amaryllis itself,
when divested of " the mass of discor-
dant plants accumulated under that
name." — Herbert. Half-hardy hulbs,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets ;
loam and fibiy peat ; either in green-
house or in a warm situation out of
doors, where the bulbs being planted
deep, are secure from frost and from wet
by coverings, such as glazed sashes, or
tarpauling ; or the bulbs may be taken
up at the approach of winter and stored.
B. cilia' ris (hair-fringed). 1. Black. August.

— cora'nica (Corsmic poison-bulb}. 1. Pink.

September. 1815.
pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1. Pale.

September. 1826. %
• — dVsticha (two-rowed). 1. Red. 1823.

— f Men? tti (sickle-7«wr««). f . Red. May. 1774.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Pink.

August. 1827.

— Joseplii'n(c (Josephine's). 1£. Scarlet. July.

1814.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Scarlet.

July. 1814.
stria' ta (streaked). li. Scarlet.

July. 1823. •

— lifcidf: (shining). 1. Pink. August. 1818.

— marginn'ta (rod-margined). 1. Scarlet.

September. 1795.
• — mi'nor (smaller). ^. Pink. July. 1822.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. lied. July.

1752.

— ra'dula (rasp-fe«fed). £. Red. June.

— strirfta (striated). $. Pink. July. 1823.

B. toxica'ria (poison- bulb}. 1. Pink. Octo-
ber. 1774.

BRUSSELS SPIIOUTS. See Borecole.

BUY' A. (From bryo, to germinate ;
the seeds at times sprouting in the pod.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaecae].
Linn., \6-Monadclphi(tt 6-decandria. Al-
lied to Hedysarum). Stove evergreen
shrubs. Seeds and cuttings in hotbed ;
rich fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
B. H'bemts (Jamaica ebony). 12. Yellow green.

July. Jamaica. 1713.

— Leone' nsis (Sierra Leone) . 12. Yellow green.
Sierra Leone. 1824.

BRYOPHY'LLUM calycinum (a species
of House Leek) chiefly regarded as a
curiosity; but a single leaf laid down on
a damp surface will throw out young
plants all round its margin. Being a
native of the East Indies, it requires a
summer temperature, 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 60°.

BU'CIDA. Olive Bark Tree. (From
bom, an ox; in reference to the fruit
being like an ox's horn. Nat. ord., My-
robolans [Combretaceas]. Linn., IQ-Dc-
candria, 1-digynid}. B. Buceras furnishes
bark for tanning. Stove tree. Cuttings of
young firm wood, in sand, over sandy peat,
and in a moist bottom heat ; loam and
rough sandy peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
B. Bu'ccras (ox's horn). 25. Yellow white.
August. Jamaica. 1793.

BUCK-BEAN. Mcnya'nthcs.

BUCKLER MUSTARD. Biscutella.

BUCKTHORX. Eha'innus.

BUCKWHEAT. Poly'gonum fagopy-
rum.

BUCKWHEAT TREE. Myloca rywn.

BUD. The buds are organized parts
of a plant, of an oval, round, or conical
form, and containing the rudiments of
future branches, leaves, and flowers,
which remain without breaking, on pro-
ducing them, until circumstances favour
their development. The same buds, ac-
cordingly, as circumstances vary, pro-
duce either flowers or leaves. Buds
spring from the alburnum, to which
they arc always connected by central
vessels. Buds are formed at first only
in the axils of leaves, that is, in the .
angle between the leaf and the branch ;
but, if these buds are destroyed, what
are termed adventitious or latent buds

BUD

[156]

BUD

are formed, yet chiefly in the neighbour-
hood of the regular buds.

BUDDING is the art of making a bud
unite to the stem or branch (then called
the stock) of another tree or shrub, in-
dependently of its parent. The object
thus attained is a rapid multiplication of
that parent ; and in the case of seedlings,
an earlier production of fruit than if the
buds were left upon the parent. Deli-
cate kinds are strengthened by being
worked, as it is technically termed, upon
more robust stocks, as when a tender
vine is budded on the Syrian, and the
double yellow rose upon the common
China Variegated roses often lose their
distinctive marks if grown upon their
own roots. Some roses, budded upon the
common brier, afford finer flowers than
upon their own stems. Buds from seed-
ling peaches and pears are earlier pro-
ductive, and produce finer fruit, if budded
upon a robust stock; but buds of the
pear inserted earlier than the close of
August, produce branches and not blos-
soms. Where the bud comes in contact
with the wood of the stock a confused
line is visible, between which line and
the bark of the bud new wood is pro-
duced, having solely all the characteris-
tics of the parent of the bud. Buds of
almost every species succeed with most
certainty if inserted in shoots of the
same year's growth ; but the small wal-
nut buds succeed best which arc taken
from the base of the annual shoots,
where these join the year-old wood of
that from which the bud is taken. Buds
are usually two years later than grafts
in producing fruit, but then every bud
will produce a new plant, but each graft
has at least three upon it. Buds succeed
more readily than grafts, and if a graft
inserted in the spring has failed, a bud
may succeed in the summer of the same
year. Buds are ready for removal when
their shield, or bark attached to them,
separates readily from the wood. This
is usually in July or August, and is inti-
mated by the buds being well developed
in the axils of the present year's leaves.
Scallop-budding may be done almost at
any soason. Buds sh/nild be taken from
the middle of the shoot; those from its
point arc said to make wood too freely,
and those from the base to be more un-

excitable, and consequently less prompt
to vegetate.

Stocks for budding may be much
smaller than for grafting, even on the
same year's shoot. Several buds may
be inserted on older branches, and thus a
good head be obtained sooner. On
stocks of long standing, scallop -budding
is to be adopted. Just after rain, and
when there is no violent wind, is a time
to be preferred for budding. Whatever
mode of budding is adopted, quickness
in the operation is indispensable ; for if
the wound in the stock or that of the
bud becomes dry, the budding will fail.
The bark of the stock should be cut and
raised first, and if possible on its north
side. A piece of moist bast may be
twisted over the wound whilst the bud
is preparing, and the moment this is done
it should be inserted and the ligature
put on forthwith.

The following practical details of bud-
ding Fruit trees and Roses — details ap-
plicable to all other trees and flowering
shrubs capable of being thus propagated
— we have copied from the pages of The
Cottage Gardener : —

If the bark does not rise well, that
is, does not part freely from the wood,
the buds will not succeed.

A good budding knife is the first
thing to be provided; any respectable
nurseryman will furnish this.* Next,
some really good matting : we prefer the
new Cuba bast ; but the finest of the or-
dinary Russian mats will answer equally
well, perhaps better, provided the mate-
rial is very fine and very tough.

The bast must be cut into lengths
and adapted to the size of the stocks — be
they what they may. A mere novice
may soon determine the length neces-
sary, by twisting a piece round any twig
of similar size, as in the act of budding.

Before describing the process itself,
it will be well to speak of the condition
of tlie stocks or subjects to be operated on.

* The best budding instrument we have
ever seen is made by Mr. Turner, Necpaend,
Sheffield. It has a budding knife at one end
and a grooved hook at the other end. This
hook being inserted in the T cut made -with
the knife keeps it open, and allows tin- hud to
be slipt easily down the groove into its place.
It really supplies the buclder with a third
hand.

BUD

[ 157]

BUD

Budding, as before observed, is per-
formed at various seasons ; and in very
early budding, it is considered in the majo-
rity of cases prudential, if not absolutely
necessary, to insert the whole of the shield
or bud with its own system of wood at-
tached. When the summer is far advanced,
however, and the buds are become indivi-
dually perfect or nearly so, in their or-
ganization, the case alters, and the less
of intervening matter there exists be-
tween the bud and its immediate appur-
tenances of petiole, and bark, the better.

Budding, then, in spring or early
summer, is generally accompanied, it
may be presumed, by a copious current
of sap ; not so, however, late summer
budding on all occasions ; for the season
may have been unusually warm and dry;
the stock or subject may be short of sap,
or, in other words, be beset with a pa-
ralysed root action : all these are impedi-
ments. A copious watering the evening
previous to the process, will, however,
promote the free rising of the bark, on
which so much depends. In addition to
this, a cloudy day is preferable to a
sunny one.

In former days the chief criterion of
the eligibility of a tree for the budding
process was the cessation of growth, or
rather of extension, in point of length in
the stock. Such generally happens in
fruit-trees— such as the peach, apricot,
cherry, plum, &c., about the first or se-
cond week in August. The period, of
course, being liable to be modified by
several circumstances, as heat, drought,
&c. Instead, however, of thus waiting
until the eleventh hour, it is better to
make an earlier commencement ; and
there is little occasion to delay after the
middle of July has passed, unless the
stocks or scions are subjects of late
growth and excessive luxuriance.

The exact position of the bud being
determined, the incision is made across
the stock transversely, in length suffi-
cient to create an opening for the bud ;
this slit forms the head of the incision,
which, when the next slit is made, will
form the letter T- I11 making this slit,
or incision, a somewhat bold cut must
be made, — in fact, the point of the knife
must be made to reach the surface of the
wood of the stock.

The perpendicular slit is made from
the bottom upwards, and an experienced
budder gives a peculiar flirt or jerk to
the knife when he approaches the head
of the T: this jerk at once rifts up the
bark better than any slower process could
do it ; and the haft of the budding-knife
is in a moment turned round, and the
point introduced ; and, by pressing it
close to the wood, right and left, the
bark is, as it were, ploughed up, or libe-
rated from the wood.

All is now ready for the reception of
the bud, which is, indeed, by most good
budders prepared first, as follows : — The
cutting or shoot of the kind to be inserted
being wood of the current year's growth,
is generally kept in a waterpot, first cut-
ting off all the leaves : care must, how-
ever, be taken to leave most of the
petiole (leaf stalk) to handle the bud by :
this also, doubtless, assists in forming a
speedy union.

The bxid, with its bark and a little of
the wood of the tree, is then cut oif in
the form of a shield ; and the point of
the knife and thumb-nail of the right
hand, by a little nice handling, are made
to remove the portion of woody matter
from the centre. The bud is instantly
introduced beneath the bark in the T in~
cision of the stock, where, as before ob-
served, it is found in the same relation
to the stock or stem of its new parent as
existed between it and the shoot whence
it sprang. This done, it is carefully
and closely, but not tightly, bound with
the bast ; the operator generally begin-
ning to bind at the lower end, gives an
extra tug with the mat when he comes
tolerably close to the lower end of the
petiole. This is an old practice, and not
particularly intelligible ; the meaning,
we suppose — if meaning it have — being,
that the tightness of the ligature in that
precise position impedes slightly the re-
turning sap, thereby concentrating it
about the bud.

Some persons employ a grafting wax
to cover the parts where air may enter ;
the following mixture will make a very
useful kind : — Sealing wax, one part ;
mutton fat, one part ; white wax, one
part; honey, one-eighth part. The
white wax and fat are first melted, and
then the scaling wax is to be added, gra-

BUB

[ 158 ]

BUB

dually, in small pieces : the mixture be-
ing kept constantly stirred; lastly, the
honey must be put in, just before taking
it off the fire. It should be poured into
paper or tin moulds, and kept slightly
agitated till it begins to congeal.

"We before observed, that when the
season is late, and the bark rises some-
what badly, it may be excited to rise.
A liberal watering with liquid manure,
of the temperature of 90°, the day before
the operation, will in general facilitate
the proceeding. When the bud or shield,
after the wood is removed, appears hol-
low at the bud part, it is commonly re-
jected. Such are not always barren ; but
they are apt to lie dormant for a year or
two.

When a choice of position offers itself,
we prefer the shady side of the stock ; it
is of more importance, however, to select
a clear portion of the stem, free from
knots ; although some fancy the bud
takes better if placed in a position from
whence a natural bud has been removed.
It should be taken as a maxim, that only
those buds should be selected, the leaves
of which have become fully developed ;
the leaf also should, if possible, be un-
blemished.

Cloudy weather is in all cases to be
preferred to sunny periods.

For budding Roscs^ and indeed for
all budding, the best time of the day is
either early in the morning, at least as
early as seven o'clock, A.M., or, after
three o'clock in the afternoon ; cloudy,
moist days are most suitable. Cut off
the head of your stocks, and all the side
branches to three, that is, for standards.
For dwarfs, cut off to within six inches
of the ground; then, with the knife,
make an incision on the upper side of
the young side branches, as close to the
main stem as possible. The incision
should be about an inch long, lengthwise
on the branch. Cut a cross just at the
top of this incision, in a direction some-
what more slanting than in the annexed
drawing, (fig. 2). Then take off the bud,
previously cutting off the leaf, leaving
part of the leaf-stalk. Cut away with
the bud a portion of the bark from the
parent stem, which is technically called
the shield of the bud, and a portion of
wood with it. This bud, and the bark

and wood with it, should be, altogether,
rather more than three quarters of an
inch long. Turn the bud over between
your finger and thumb, and dextrously
take out the greater part of the wood,
but be careful to leave the wood full in
the eye of the bud. Then raise one side
of the bark of the incision, in the shape
of a T made in the stock, and, with the
ivory handle of the budding knife, slip
in one side of the bark attached to the
bud, then turn your knife, and lift iip

1. The bud, with the wood taken out, mid
ready to be put into the stock side branches.

2. The branch, or stein, with the incisions
made, previously to raising- the bark.

3. The bark raised for receiving- the shield of
the bud.

4. The bud fitted into its place.

5. The bandage put over the parts. It is here
represented as done with a shred of bass-
mat, but stout worsted thread is better.

BUD

[159]

BTJL

the other side of the incision, and the
bud will drop into its place : press the
bark of the bud to the farther end of the
incision, and, if any projects beyond the
cross incision on the stock, cut it off.
Then tie with worsted neatly, and the
operation is complete. A laurel leaf
fastened at each end by a ligature round
the stock, so as to arch over the bud,
will complete the arrangement, and thus
the sun's rays, the air, and wet, will be
most effectually excluded, the admittance
of any one of which are fatal to the
union of the bud with the stock. "We
feel it almost impossible to give instruc-
tion, to bo understood, in words only, for
such a complex operation. "We have,
therefore, given the preceding woodcuts,
to show all the several parts of this inte-
resting process.

BU'DDLEA. (Named after A. Buddie,
an English botanist. Nat. ord., Fig worts
[Scrophulariaceee]. Linn., 4- Tetrandria,
\-monogynia). Stove evergreen shrubs,
except where otherwise specified. B.
fflobosa, the only hardy species, requires
a dry sheltered situation in the north of
the island, — seeds|are '. sometimes pro-
cured in the south of England, and
should be sown in the spring following.
Plants are also easily procured from well-
ripened cuttings placed under hand-lights
in September, and slightly protected
during winter frosts. The greenhouse
and stove species may all be propagated
freely from cuttings, and for general
management the latter merely require a
higher temperature than the former.

B. america'na (American). 10. Yellow. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1826.

— brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. Orange. Brazil.

1822.

— - conna'ta (base-joined leaved}. 5. Orange.
May. Peru. 1826.

— diversify lia (various leaved). 6. Java. 1823.

— fflobo'sa (globe-flowered). 15. Orange. May.

Chili. 1774. Hardy herbaceous.

— heterophtf lla (variable leaved). 10. Yellow.

May. South America.

— Lindlcyu'na (Lindley's). 6. Violet. Sep-

tember. China. 1844. Greenhousa
evergreens.

— Madagascar it? nsis (Madagascar). 10. Or-

ange. Madeira. 1824.

— Netfmda (Neemda). 15. White. June. Ne-

paul. 1821.

— occidcnta' Us (western). White. Peru. 1730.

Greenhouse evergreen.

~ panicula' ta (panicled). 14. White. August.
Nepaul. 1823.

B.salVgna (willow-like). 6. White. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— salvifo'lia (sage-leaved). 3. Crimson. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1760. Green-
house evergreen.

— thyrsoi'dca (thyrse-floivered). Yellow.

South America. 1823.

BUFF-TIP MOTH. Hcmmato'phora.

BUFFALO CLOVER. Trifo'lium Pennsyl-
vanicum.

BUGAINVILL^E'A. (Named after the
French navigator Bougainville. Nat. ord.,
Nyctagos [Nyctaginaceae]. Linn., 8-Oc-
tandria, \-monogynid]. B. spectabilis is a
scrambling plant, with beautiful rose-
coloured bracts, in cones like those of
the Hop. It flowers freely at Paris, but
no English gardener has yet succeeded in
flowering it: we keep it too hot. Stove
plants. Cuttings in sand, and in bottom
heat; sandy fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75°; winter, 50° to 60°.

B.specta'UUs (showy). 15. Pink. South Ame-
rica. 1829.

— spier ndens (shining). South America. 1848.

— vitifo'lia (vine leaved). 1848.
BUGLE. A'juga.
BUGLOSS. Anchu'sa.
BUGWOKT. Cimici'fuga.

Buissox, is a fruit tree on a very low
stem, and with a head closely pruned.

BULB. A bulb is really an underground
bud ; its fibrous or real roots die anmially,
but the bulb remains stored with ela-
borated sap, and retaining the vital
powers of the plant, ready for reproduc-
tion at the appropriate season. Besides
root bulbs, as are the onion, crocus, £e.,
there are stem or caulinary bulbs, equally
efficient for propagation.

The stem bulb consists of a number of
small scales closely compacted together
in an ovate or conical form, enclosing
the rudiments of a future plant, and ori-
ginating sometimes in the axil of the
leaves, as in Denta'ria bulbi'fcra and seve-
ral lilyworts, and sometimes at the base
of the umbel of flowers, as in A' Ilium
carindtiim and others, in both which
cases it is nourished by the parent plant
till it has reached maturity, at which
period the bond of connection is dis-
solved, and the bulb falls to the ground,
endowed with the power of striking root
in the soil by sending out fibres from the
base, and so converting itself into a new
ndividual.

BUL

[ 160]

BUP

Every bulbous - rooted plant has its
management given in its proper place ;
but there are a few rules of general ap-
plicability. They should be moved,
where necessary, whilst in a state of
rest ; this occurs to the summer -flower-
ing bulbs in autumn, and to the autunrn-
nowering in spring. Many require to
be taken up annually, or at farthest
every second or third year, to remove
the accumulated offsets. No bulb should
be kept long out of the ground, and even
during the time it is necessarily so kept,
it should be prevented from drying by
burying it in sand.

BULBI'NE. (From bolbos, a bulb. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia). This is now
united to Anthericiim. The name Bul-
bine, also, is a misnomer, for many more
have the herbaceous habit of Anthericiim
than that of true bulbs. Bulb species
by offsets ; herbaceous plants, suckers
and divisions; the shrubby species, by
cuttings under a hand - glass. Sand,
loam. For Greenhouse species, summer
temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

B. aloi'des (aloe-like). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1732.

— a' nntia ; (annual). ^. Yellow. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1731.

— asphodcloi' dcs (asphodel-like). 2. "White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— austra'Us (southern). 1. Yellow. June.

New Holland. 1820.

• — bisulctfta (two - furrowed). 1. Yellow.
November. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— cilia' to. (hair-fringed). 2. Yellow. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
—floribtfnda (many-flowered). 1. Yellow

green. September. Cape of Good

Hope. 1830.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1702.

— glatifca (milky green). 2. White. Chili.

1828.

— grami'nea (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— longi'scapa (long-flowcr-stemmed). 1. Yel-

low. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— mesem lin/antJioi' de.s ( mesembryanthemum-

like). :?. Yellow. May. Cape of
Good Hope. 1822.

— mftans (nodding). 1. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.

— prccmo'rxa (bitten-off) . 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— pnmonifo' rmis (dagger-formed). 1. Yellow.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1793.

B. rostra' ta (beaked). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— sca'bra (rough). 1. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1825.

— semibarba'ta (half-bearded). 1. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— sua'vis (sweet). Yellow. May. New Hol-

land. 1836.

— triqtfetra (three-sided). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

BTJLBOCO'DIUM. (From bolbos, a bulb,
and kodion, wool ; referring to the woolly
covering of the bulbs. Nat. ord., Me-
lanths (Melanthace®]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria, \-monogynia). Small hardy bulbs,
having the aspect of Crocus. Offsets;
sandy loam, well drained.
B. ve'rnnm (spring), j. Purple. Febmary.
Spain. 1629.

— versi' color (party-coloured). §. Purple.

August. Crimea. 1820.

BULBO' STYLES. (From bolbos, a bulb,
and stylos, the style. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia,
\-cequalis). Stove plants. Cuttings in
sand, with bottom heat, under a bell-
glass ; loam and peat.
B. Cavanille'sii (Cavanille's). 1£. Purple.

August. Mexico. 1827. Evergreen

undershrub.

— pefndula (hanging-down). Yellow. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1832.

— veronica'fo'lia (speedwell-leaved). 1|. Blue.

August. Mexico. 1825.

BTJLLACE TREE. Pru'nus insiti'tia.

BULL GRAPES. Vi'tis rotundifo'lia.

BUNCHO'SIA. [From bunchos, coffee ;
the seeds resembling coffee-berries. Nat.
ord., Malpighiads [Malpighiaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-JDccandria, 1 -monogynia) . Stove shrub
and tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots under a
glass, in moist bottom heat ; sandy loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
B. argefntea (silvery). 10. Yellow. July.

Caraccas. 1810.

— ' cane? seen s (hoary). 20. Yellow. July.
West Indies. 1742.

— glanduli' fcra (gland-bearing). 10. Yellow.

April. West Indies. 1806.

— ni'tida (shining). 10. Red. July. St.

Domingo. 1800.

— odora'ta (scented). 10. Yellow. July.

Carthagena. 1806.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Purple. June.

Jamaica. 1820.

BUPLEU'RUM. Hare's ear. (From bous,
an ox, and plcuron, a side ; the leaves, if
eaten, are supposed to swell cattle. Nat.
ord., UmbcUifcrs [Umbellacese]. Linn.,
fj-Pentandria, Z-Digynia] . Hardy annuals

BUP

C 161 1

BUJt

and herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise specified. Seed of the annuals
in common soil, in March and April;
divisions of herbaceous plants in autumn
or spring; cuttings or divisions of green-
house species in March and April ; dry
sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUALS.

B. glatfcum (milky-green). £. Green yel
low. July. South Europe. 1819.

— gra'cile (slender). \. Green yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

— ju'nceum (rush-leaved). 1. Green yellow'

July. South Europe. 1772.

— lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). 1. Green yel-

low. July. Tauria. 1820 Biennial.

— oppositifo' Hum (opposite-leaved). 1. Green

yellow. July. Pyrenees. 1819.

— Potfi'c/m (Pollich's). 1. Green yellow.

July. Palestine. 1818.

^protra'ctum (protracted), f. Yellowish.

July. Portugal. 1824. Twiner.

— rotundifcf Hum (round-leaved). 2. Green

yellow. June. Spain.

— semi-compo' situm (semi-compound) . f .

Green yellow. July. Spain. 1778.

— subova'tum (rather oval-leaved). £. Yel-

low. June. Spain. 1819,

— tenui'ssimum (slenderest). £. Green yel-

low. July. England.

— tri'fidum (three-cleft). 24. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1824. Biennial.

HARDY PERENNIALS.
B. arista' turn (awned). Blush. June. Britain.

— mtreum (golden). 1. Yellow. May. Si-

beria. 1820.

— coria'ceum (leathery). Striped. August.

Gibraltar. 1784.

—falca'tum (sickle-leaved). £. Green yel-
low. August. Germany. 1739.

— frute'scem (small-shrubby). 2. Yellow.

August. Spain. 1752.

— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved). £. Green

yellow. June. Switzerland. 1768.

— longifo' Hum (long-leaved). 3. Green yel-

low. June. Switzerland. 1713.

— multinefrve (many-nerved). 3. Yellowish.

Altai.

—panicula'tum (panicled). Ij. Yellow.
July. Spain. 1824.

— petrafum (rock). !£. Green yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1768.

— poly phy" Hum (many-leaved). 1. Green

yellow. May. Caucasus. 1823.

— scorzonercefo'lium (Scorzonera-leaved). Yel-

low streaked. June. Germany. 1818.

— spmo'sum (spined). Yellow. July. Spain.

1752. Evergreen shrub.

GREENHOUSE.

B. candsccns (hoary). 5. Yellow. August
Barbary, 1809. Evergreen shrub.

— frutictf sum (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July

South Europe. 1596. Evergreen
half-hardy.

— Gibralta'rica (Gibraltar). Yellow. June

Gibraltar. 1784. Evergreen halfl
hardy.
11

B. plantagi'neum (plantain-feared). 3. Yel-
low. July. Mount Atlas. 1810.
Evergreen half-hardy.

BUPTHA'LMUM. Ox-Eye. (From
bous, an ox, and ophthalmos, eye ; the
disk of the flower ox-eye-like) . Nat.
ord., Composites (Asteracese). Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-Superflua). Seed of an-
nuals in border, in April; division of
herbaceous perennials in March; cut-
tings in sand, under a bell-glass, of the
evergreen greenhouse shrubs ; the latter
require peat and loam, and the usual
greenhouse treatment.

HARDY.

B. aqua'ticum (aquatic). £. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1731. Annual.

— ffrandifto'rum (large-flowered). 1£. Yel-

low. August. Austria. 1722. Her-
baceous perennial.

— salicifo' Hum (willow-leaved). 1£. Yellow.

September. Austria. 1759. Herba-
ceous perennial.

— • speciosi' ssimum (showiest) . 2. Yellow. July.
South Europe. 1826. Herbaceous
perennial.

'— spmo'sum (spinose). 3. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1570. Annual.

GREENHOUSE.

B. Iceviga'tum (smooth-leaved). 4. Yellow.
July. Teneriffe. 1800. Evergreen
shrub.

— mari'timum (sea). 1. Yellow. August.

Sicily. 1640. Half-hardy herbaceous
perennial.

— seri'ceum (silky). 4. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1779. Evergreen shrub.

— stenophy'llum (narrow-leaved). 3. Yel-

low. June. Canaries. 1818. Ever-
green shrub.

BURCHA'RDIA. (Named after H. Bur-
chard, M.D. Nat. ord., Melanths (Me-
lanthacese). Linn., Q-Hexandria, 3-Tri-
gynia. Allied to Veratrum.) Greenhouse
herbaceous perennial : offsets and divi-
sions ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 38°
to 40°.

B. umbella'ta (umbellate). 2. White green.

August. New Holland. '1820.
BURCHE'LLIA. (Named after Burchett,
an African traveller. Nat. ord., Gin-
chonads [Cinchoniaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Gar-
denia). Stove evergreen shrubs, from
Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of yonug
shoots, getting firm at the base, in April
and May ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter 50°
to 55°.

BUR

[ 162]

BUT

B. bubali'na (buffalo). 3. Scarlet. May. 1818.

— capefnsis (Cape). 3. Scarlet. March.

BURLINGTO'NIA. (Named after the
Countess of Burlington, Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidacea?]. lA-an.^-Gynandria
\-Monogynia}. Stove orchids. Divi-
sions fastened to blocks of wood, with a
little moss attached. High temperature
and moist atmosphere when growing;
cool and dry when in a state of rest.
Summer temp., 65° to 90° ; winter, 55°.

£. ca'ndida (snow-white). 1. White. April.
Demerara. 1834.

— macula' ta (spotted) . | . Yellow and brown

spots. May. Brazil. 1837.

— ri'glda (stiS-stcmmed). 1. Purplish, pink

spotted. April. Brazil. 1838.

— venu'sta (beautiful). White. March. Bra-

zil.

BURN ONION. See Potato Onion.

BURNET, (Pote'rium Sanguiso'rba}.
Small, or Upland Burnet. Used in cool
tankards, soups, and salads.

Soil and Situation, — It delights in a
dry, unshaded poor soil, abounding in
calcareous matter, with a dressing of
bricklayers' rubbish or fragments of
chalk. A small bed will be sufficient for
the supply of a family.

Propagation is either by seed or by
slips and partings of the roots. The seed
sown towards the close of February, if
open weather, and until the close of
May; but the best time is in autumn, as
soon as it is ripe ; for, if kept until the
spring, it will often fail entirely, or lie in
the ground until the same season of the
following year, without vegetating. Sow
in drills, six inches apart, thin, and not
buried more than half an inch. Keep
clear of weeds. "When two or three
inches high, thin to six inches apart, and
those removed place in rows at the same
distance, in a poor, shady border, water
being given occasionally until they have
taken root, after which they will require
no further attention until the autumn,
when they must be removed to their final
station, in rows a foot apart. When
established, the only attention requisite
is to cut down their stems occasionally in
summer, to promote the production of
young snoots, and in autumn to have the
decayed stems and shoots cleared away.

If propagated by partings of the roots,
the best time is in September and Octo-
ber. They are planted at once where

they are to remain, and only require
occasional watering until established.

To obtain Seed some of the plants must
be left ungathered from, and allowed to
shoot up early in the summer ; they
flower in July, and ripen abundance of
seed in the autumn.

BURNING BUSH. Euo'nymus Ameri-
ca'nus,

BURSA'RIA. (Named from bursa, a
pouch. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pitto-
sporaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-Mo-
nogynia]. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of young shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
B, spino'sa thorny). 10. White. October
New South Wales. 1793.

BU'RSERA. (Named after Burser, an
Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Amy rids
[Amyridaceae). Linn., 23-Polygamw, 2-
dioscia]. Stove trees ; cuttings under a
glass, with bottom heat; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

B. gummi'fera (gum-bearing). 20. White,
green. West Indies. 1690.

— serra' ta (saw-edged-/eat>e^) . 30. East

Indies. 1818.

BURTO'NIA. (Named after D, Burton,
a collector for the Kew Gardens. Nat.
ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceoo]. Linn.,
10-I)ecandria, \-monogynia. Allied to
Pultenaea). Greenhouse evergreen under
shrubs ; seeds in March and April in
sandy peat ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibry
peat, sandy loam, and pieces of charcoal,
mixed with soil and drainage. Summer
temp., 60° to 70 ; winter, 45° to 50°.
B. brunioi'des (Brunia-like). 1£. Yellow. June

New Holland. 1844.

— confefrta (clustered-./?0(/we^). 2. Violet.

July. New Holland. 1830.

— mi' nor (smaller). $. Yellow. May. New

Holland. 1812.

— pulchc'lla (beautiful). 2. Purple. April.

Swan River. 1846.

— sca'bralvough-leaved). 1. Yellow. June

New Holland. 1803.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalklcss-flowered) . ^. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1824.

— villa' sa (long-haired). 2. Purple. May.

Swan River. 1844.

BUSHEL. See Basket.

BUTCHER'S BROOM. Ruscus.

BU'TEA. (Named after John Earl of
Bute, Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fa-
baceae]. Linn., ll-Liadelphia, \-pcntan-
dria. Allied to the Coral tree). Stove

BUT

[ 163]

BYR

evergreen trees ; cuttings of shoots,
young, but firm : in sand, in a moist bot-
tom heat, under a glass, removed, or air
given during the night ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

B.f rondo' sa (leafy). 30. Scarlet. East Indies.
1796.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 20. Scarlet.

Coromandel. 1818.

— suptfrba (superb). 30. Scaiiet. East

Indies. 1798.

BU'TOMUS. Flowering Rush. (From
bous, on ox, and temno, to cut ; in refer-
ence to its acrid juice, causing the mouth
to bleed. Nat. ord., Butomads [Buto-
macese]. Linn., ^-Enneaiidrea, 3-hexa-
gynia). Hardy perennial aquatics ; divi-
sions ; rich loam in water.
B. latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 1. White. June.
Nepaul. 1823.

— umbella'tus (umbeled). 2. Pink. June.

Britain.

BUTTER NUT. Caryo' car and Jit ' glans
clne'rea.

BUTTER AND EGGS. Narci'sstts incom-
para'bilis.

BUTTER AND TALLOW TREE. Penta-
do'sma.

BUTTER TREE. Ba'ssia.

BUTTERFLY PLANT. Onci'dktmpapi'lio.

BUTTERWORT. Pingui'cula.

BUTTON FLOWER. Go'mphia.

BUTTON TREE. Conoca'rpus.

BUTTON WEED. Spertnaco 'ce,

BUTTON WOOD. Cephala'nthtts.

BT/XUS. Box tree. (From pyknos,
dense ; referring to the hardness of the
wood. Nat. ord., Spurgeivorts [Euphor-
biacese]. Linn., 21-Monoecia, 4-tetran-
dria}. There is a weeping box tree in
the gardens at Shrubland Park, with
branches as pendulous as those of the
weeping ash. Hardy and greenhouse
shrubs and trees ; seed sown in light
well-drained soil, as soon as ripe ; cut-
tings from four to six inches in length of
the young shoots, inserted in a shady
place in August and September ; layers
of either old or young wood : division of
the variety suffruticosa, generally used as
edgings to walks ; cuttings of bakarica
will require protection in winter. Chinese
and New Holland species require a cold
pit or greenhouse in winter.
j?. austra'lis (southern). 6. New Holland.
1820.

Ji.balea'rica (Balearic). 8. Yellow green.
July. Minorca. 1780.

— chine! nsis (Chinese). 3. Yellow green.

October. China. 1802.

— semper vi' r ens (common evergreen). 8. Yel-

low green. April. England.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).
8. Yellow green. April.

_ - arboref scens (tree-like) . 30.
Yellow green. May. Britain.

arge'ntea (silver-variegated) .
30. Yellow green. May. Britain.

au'rea (golden-variegated). 30
Yellow green. May. Britain.

• margina'ta (yellow-edged). 30.
Yellow green. April. Britain.

- myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved) . 8.

Yellow green. April. Britain.
-- = -- suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1.

Yellow green.
-- — -- variega'ta (variegated-fcm- ed.

30. Yellow green. May. Britain.

BY'BLIS. (A classical name, after
Syblis, daughter of Miletus. Nat. ord.,
Sundews [Droceracese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria, 5-pentagynia) . Greenhouse aquatic ;
seeds ; fibry black peat, immersed in
water. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°.

B. liniflo'ra (flax-flowered). L Blue. May.
New Holland. 1800.

BYRSO'NIMA. (From byrsa, a hide ; in
reference to the tanning properties of the
genus. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Malpigh-
iaceae]. Linn., \Q-Decandria, 3-trigynia).
In Brazil the bark of these trees is in
common use by the tanners, under the
name of Murice, The fruit of some of
them is eaten in the West Indies. Stove
evergreens ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass,
and in a moist bottom heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

B. alti'ssima (tallest). 60. "White. July.
Guiana. 1820.

— chrysopliyf lla (golden-leaved). 10. Yellow,

August. Orinoco. 1823.

— coria'cea (leathery-feaved). 30. White.

June. Jamaica. 1814.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 20. Yellow.

July. Guiana. 1793.

— laurifo'lia (laurel-leaved). 10. Yellow.

July. Cumana. 1824.

— litcida (shining-fcarerf). 6. Pink. July.

West Indies. 1759. '

— Mourei'la (Moureila). 20. Yellow. August.

South America. 1823.

— nervofsa (full-nerved). 8. Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1820.

— pa'llida (pale). 4. Pale. Cayenne. 1820.

— reticula'ta (netted). 10. Purple yellow.

July. Cayenne. 1823.

— spica'tn (spiked). 6. Yellow. August.

Antilles. 1810.

M2

BYS

[164]

CAB

B. verbascifo'lia (verbascum-leaved). 6. Pale
red. July. Guiana. 1810.

— volitUlis (twining). 10. Yellow. August.

West Indies. 1793. Twiner.
BYSTROPO'GON. (From byo, to close,
and pogon, a beard ; in reference to the
throat of the flower being closed up with
hairs. Nat. ord., Labiate [Lamiaceae].
Linn., \±-Didynamia, \-gymnospermia.
Allied to Thyme). Greenhouse evergreen
under-shrub ; cuttings of stubby side-
shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to
70° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
B. canarie'nsis (Canary). 1£. Pale purple.
July. Canaries. 1714.

— origaniftflius (Origanum-leaved). 1£. Pale

purple. July. Canaries. 1815.
—plumo'sus (f eather j-flowered}. 1^. Pale
Canaries. 1779.

purple. June.
— puncta'tm (dotted). 1£
Madeira. 1775.

Pale purple. June.

BYTTNE'KJA. (Named after Buttner,
a German professor. Nat. ord, Byttne-
riads [Byttneriaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria, \-monogynia}. Cuttings; the two
first species require the greenhouse, the
others require the routine of the plant
stove.

B. dasyphi/lla (thick-leaved). 3. White. June.
Van Diemen's Land. 1780.

— hermanniftflia (Hermania-leaved). 4. White.

July. New Holland. 1823.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 5. White

purple. South America. 1816.

— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. Purple. July.

West Indies. 1793.

CABARET. See Asarum.

CABBAGE. (Brassica oleracea).

Varieties. — But few should be planted
of the early varieties, as they soon harden
and burst ; but the large York and others
that are mentioned in the middle class,
though not far behind the others in quick
cabbaging, continue long in a state fit for
the table.

For First Crops. — Early Dwarf, Early
Fine York, Early Dwarf Sugar Loaf,
Battersea, Imperial, East Ham.

Midsummer Crops. — Large Early York,
Large Sugar Loaf, Wheeler's Nonpareil,
Atkinson's Matchless, Shilling's Queen,
Penton — this is valuable in late summer,
when other varieties are strongly tasted.
Antwerp, Russian — to have this in per-
fection, the seed must be had from abroad,

as it soon degenerates in this country.
Early London Hollow. Musk is excel-
lent at any period, but is apt to perish in
frosty weather. Couve Tronchuda, for
its leaves and stalks used as Sea Kale.

For Autumn Crops. — Pomeranian,
Large Hollow Sugar Loaf, Large Oblong
Hollow, Long-sided Hollow, and any of
the preceding. Red Dutch for pickling.
(B. oleracea rubra). Large Round Win-
ter, Great Drum Head. Great Pound
Scotch, or Strasburg, employed for sour
krout in January.

Times of Sowing. — Some gardeners sow
almost monthly, and employ many varie-
ties ; but we only employ Wlieeler's Non-
pareil, Shilling's Queen, and Atkinson's
Matchless — of one of which a sowing
should be made about the 21st of July ;
for final planting out, early in September;
many plants of which will be turning in
between Michaelmas and Christmas, and
in early spring. The second and most
general time of sowing to raise plants for
almost the whole year's supply, and of
any kind, including the Red Dutch and
its varieties, is from the 6th to the 12th
of August, of which the seedlings may re-
main in the seed-bed all the winter, if not
too thick ; or any number may be finally
planted out into the open quarters from
October to November, or pricked out into
nursery-beds, banks, &c., so as to have
a good stock plants for final planting out
whenever favourable opportunities offer.

Should the winter be so severe as to
have destroyed many of the autumn-
sown plants, then early spring- so wing
becomes of importance. Sow towards
the middle or end of January, so as to
have good plants for final planting out
if the weather be mild and open, about
the end of February. To effect this,
either a pinch of seed may be sown in
pans or boxes, and placed in some steady-
heated structure, and when the seedlings
are up large enough to prick out have a
warm border or very gentle hotbed ready
to prick them out upon, to be protected
either by a little glass or hoop and mat.
To sow on a larger scale make up gentle
hotbeds, to be protected with either glass,
which is best, or mats; the pricking out
attend to as before mentioned. Also
any kind may be sown in the open warm
border in February and March, should

CAB

[ 165]

CAB

the August sowing have been destroyed.
The Gouve Tronchuda should be sown
from the first of March to the end of
April. One very important point is, that
all pricked-out plants should invariably
be lifted with either a spade, trowel, or
fork, out of the pricked-out beds, whether
in frames or otherwise, so as to secure
their young roots. Plants out of the
seed bed seldom need this precaution.

Mode of Sowing.— The seed is inserted
rather thin, about a quarter of an inch
deep, and occasionally watered until the
plants are well above ground, and the
waterings in summer may afterwards be
beneficially repeated two or three times
a week, until they are ready for removal,
if dry hot weather continues. The seed-
lings are pricked out in rows four or five
inches asunder each way ; shaded and
watered until completely established.

The Soil cannot be made too rich for
cabbage-worts at any time.

Planting. — "We never make but two
plantings in the year; one from the 21st
of July sowing, which planting is made
during the first fortnight of September ;
and the second planting is made in the
spring, towards the end of February or
beginning of March. This last planting
is either made from plants raised in Au-
gust, or, if the winter destroyed that
sowing, it is made from early spring
sowings ; our soil being made so rich for
these two plantings that we never want
for coleworts, or even young cabbage,
which are produced after the principal
heads have been cut away.

Cutting^ Cabbages. — If young sprouts-*
are required, the side-leaves should be
left on for about five days after the prin-
cipal head is cut. The side-sprouts will
be found to put forth very much the
stronger and quicker for the leaves being
thus left.

Planting. — Plant in rows from one and
a half to two and a half feet asunder
each way ; the smaller early kinds being
planted the closest. The red cabbage,
the principal plantation of which should
be made in March for pickling in Sep-
tember, is benefited by having the dis-
tances enlarged to three feet. They must
be well watered at the time of removal,
and until fully established. The best
mode of applying the water is to make

the hole with the dibble and pour in
about a quart before inserting the plant ;
frequently hoe to keep under the weeds,
and as soon as their growth permits, the
earth should be drawn round the stems.
To promote the cabbaging of the plants,
it is useful to draw the leaves together
with a shred of bass mat, which forwards
it about a fortnight. The stems of the
summer and autumn crops, if left after
the main head has been cut, will produce
numerous sprouts during those seasons,
and continue to do so throughout the
winter.

To obtain Seed. — In October, which is
the preferable season, and from thence
until the close of February, select some
of the finest and best cabbage plants.
Have the large outer leaves removed,
and then insert them up to their heads
in rows, three feet asunder each way.
Each variety must be planted as far from
any other as possible, as indeed from
every other species of cabbage- wort ; and
this precaution applies equally to the
whole tribe.

Frame Seedlings. — The heat must never
exceed 60°, nor sink more than two or
three degrees beneath 50°, which is the
most favourable minimum. Air should
be admitted freely in the day, and the
glasses covered, as necessity requires, at
night with matting.

Coleworts, or Collets, merely signify
cabbages eaten young, or previous to
their hearts becoming firm, the genuine
colewort, or Dorsetshire kale, being nearly
.fi^tinct.

The observations upon transplanting,
and the directions for cultivating cab-
bages, apply without any modification to
coleworts ; but the distance at which the
plants may be set is much less. If the
rows are a foot apart, and the plants
seven or eight inches distant from each
other, an abundant space is allowed.
They may be eaten when the leaves are
five or six inches in breadth. The most
preferable mode of taking them is to pull
up every alternate one ; the openings left
are beneficial to the remaining plants, and
some — especially of the August-raised
plants may be left, if required for cab-
baging.

The cabbage is liable to the Mildew
and Ambury, which see ; and to many

CAB

[ 166]

CAC

insects, as the Aphis^ Mamestra, and
those next enumerated.

CABBAGE BUTTERFLY. See Pie'ris.

CABBAGE FLY. See Anthomy'ia.

CABBAGE GARDEN PEBBLE MOTH.
Pyratts.

CABBAGE MOTH. Mamestra.

CABO'MBA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Water shields [Cabombaceas].
Linn., Q-Hexandria, 1-Digynia). A small
water plant with floating shield-like
leaves, and small yellow flowers, which
look at a distance like so many Crow-
foot flowers. An interesting species
propagated by root division, requiring
only greenhouse culture in summer, and
to rest in a cool part of the stove in
winter. A shallow pan of water, with
three inches deep of rich loam in the
bottom, will suit it well.
C. (Mua'tica (aquatic). Yellow. May. Caro-
lina. 1823.

CACA'LIA. (From Jcalcos, pernicious,
and Kan, exceedingly ; supposed to be
hurtful to the soil. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., Vd-Syngenesia, 1-
JEqualis. Allied to Senecio). Hardy spe-
cies are propagated by dividing the plant,
and dividing the root when tuberous ;
C. coccinea may be sown in the borders in
April ; other annuals require a hotbed ;
Cape and East Indian species require the
greenhouse and stove respectively. Cut-
tings should have their juicy ends dried
before inserting them in sandy soil ;
sandy loam, fibry peat, equal parts ; lime
rubbish and very rotten cow-dung half
a part of each.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. alpi'na (alpine). 2. Purple. July. Aus-
yfria. 1739.

— cn-Wnra (xc-drlct-flou-ered). 1.}. Orange.

V* June. 1799. Annual.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. "White. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1823. Tuberous-
rooted.

— Jiasta'ta (hsdbert-leaved). 1. White» Sep-

tember. Siberia. 1780.

— renifcfrmis (kidney-formed), li; "White,

July. North America. 1801.

— suave1 olcns (sweet-scented). 6. White*

August. North America. 1752.

— tubcro'sa (tuberous). 1. August. North

America. 1812. Tuberous-rooted.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. art'icula'ta (jointed). 1£. Yellow. Sep.
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1775.

— camcf sa (iicshy-/wm/). 1£. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope- 1757.

C. cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— Hawafrthia (Haworth's). 2. Yellow. Cape

of Good Hope. 1795.

— Klci'nia (Klein's). 3. Yellow. Septem-

ber. Canaries. 1732.

— longifoflla (long-leaved). 1. Yellow. 1820.

— papilla' ris (pimpled-stalked). 2. Yellow.

Cape of Good Hope. 1727.

— ra'dicans (rooting). £. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823. Creeper.

— rcticttla'ta (netted). 2. Yellow. Bourbon.

1823.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Orange purple.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1814.
Twiner.

STOVE.

C. II' color (two-coloured). 2. Purple. July.
East Indies. 1804. Deciduous.

— ova' Us (oval-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1734. Evergreen.

CACO'UCIA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Myrobolans [Combretacese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodecandria) \-monogynia; allied to
Combretum). A fine stove climber, re-
quiring the same treatment as Combretum
purpureum. Cuttings of stiff side shoots ,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom
heat. Peat and loam, both sandy and
fibry. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 50° to 60".
C. cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. May. Guiana.

CA'CTUS. Melon Thistle. (A name
applied by Theophrastus to some spiny
plant. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cacta-
ceael. Linn., \1-Icosandria, \-Moiio-
gynia). This extensive genus of Indian
fig, Melon-cactus, &c., have been very
properly divided into several and well-
marked subgenera : here we gather them
under one general title.
C. corruga'tm (shriveled). Chili. 1824.

— folMsiu (leafy). Chili. 1824.

— reda'ctus (restored). 2. Mexico. 1796.

— sent Us (old). 20 feet at least. Mexico. 1823.

— speciosi' ssimus (most showy). Crimson.

July. South America. 1836.

Echinocactus. (Hedgehog Thistle).
C.abno'rmis (mis-shapen). White. July.
South America. 1818.

— acittiis (sharp-ribbed). April. Monte Video.

1828.

— acutangula'ris (sharp-angled) . Yellow*

September. Mexico. 1835»

— agglomera'tus (heaped). June. Mexico.

1838.

— Anconia'nus (Anconian). April. Ancona.

1834.

— arcua'tus (arched-ribbed). Yellow. Sep-

tember. Monte Video. 1836.

— centete1 rim (mariy-spined). Yellow. July;

Mexico. 1840.

— chlorophtha'lmus (green-eyed). Purple.

June. Rio del Monte.

GAG

[167]

GAG

C. cocctneus (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1835.

— cowcfnniM (neat). YeUow. March. Monte

Video. 1828.

— corn i'gcnis (horn-bearing). White. July.

Mexico. 1830.

— cm-ynol'des (club-shaped). Yellow. October.

South America. 1837.

— crispa'tite (curled). Purple. Mexico. 1826.

— cylfndricus (cylindrical). Mexico. 1836.
-de1 mm (dense). Mexico. 1829.

— De'apei (Deppe's). Mexico. 1829.

— depre'ssiis (depressed). South Ameriaa.

1798.

— echina'tus (hedgehog-like). April. Mexico.

1830.

— edtflis (eatable). Yellow. Mexico.

— erina'ceus (rough). July. 1818.
^Eyr^sii (Eyre's). White yellow. Septem-
ber. Mexico. 1829.

> glau'cus (milky-green). White

green. July,
~ aibbo'sus (swollen). White, July. Jamaica.

1808.

— Gillie1 sii (Gillies's). September, Mexico.

1830.

— qladia'tm (sword-spined) . July. Mexico.

1826.

— hcxcedro'phorus (six-sided). White. June.

Tampico.

— infla'tus (inflated). Chili. 1828.

— i'ngens (huge). Mexico. 1838.

— inttfrtus (-twisted-spined) . Purple. June.

Antigua. 1768.

— intrica'tus (intricate). April. Montevideo.

1828.

^-Le'chii (Leeche's). Yellow. July. South
America. 1833.

— Leea'nus (Lee's). Pale sulphur. May.

Buenos Ayres. 1840.

— Li'nkii (Link's). Yellow. July. Mexico.

1828.

— Maclcica'nus (Mackie's) . Yellow. Chili. 1836.

— mammillaroi'des (Mammillaria-like). Yel-

low. Chili. 1836.

^-montevidefntu (Montevideo). Yellow. Monte
Video. 1835.

— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). White. June.
••- myriosti'gma (many-spotted). Pale-striped.

July. Mexico. 1843.

— no'bilis (noble). White, June. Mexico. 1796.

— obvalla'tus (fenced-round). Purple, Mexico.

— octogo'nus (eight-sided). Red white. June.

South America. 1830.

— oxygo'nus (sharp-angled). Pale rose. May.

Brazil. 1831.

— pectini'ferus (comb-like) . Pale green rose.

April. Mexico. 1844.
^-pentla'ndi (Pentland's). Rose. July.

— pulche'Ha (neat). White. August. Mexico.

1831.

— sco' pa (broom). Yellow. April. Brazil.

1838.

spi'nis a' Ibis (white-spined). Yellow.

June. Brazil. 1836.

— Staine'sii (Staines's). Pink. Mexico. 1844.

— subqibbo'sus (slightly-swollen). White. July.

Chili. 1830.

— tubiflo'rus (txibe -flowered). White. Me-

xico. 1836.

— Vi'snaqa (tooth-pick-spincd) . Yellow pink.

Mexico. 1844.

C. Wittia'msii (Williams's). White. June.
Mexico. 1845.

Epiphy'llum. (Leaf-flowering).

— Ackerma'nnii (Ackermann's). Scarlet. June.

Mexico. 1829.

ma'jor (larger-flowered}. Scar-
let. June.

— ala' turn (winged). White, June. North

America. 1810.

— cocci' ncnm (scarlet). Scarlet. June. Brazil.

1828.

— crena'tum (round-notched). Pale cream.

May. Honduras. 1839.
C.Hooke'ri (Sir Wm. Hooker's). White.
June. South America.

— lonaifo'lium (long-leaved). June. Mexico.

1838.

— la'tifrons (broad-stemmed). White. Au-

gust. South America. 1820.

— pJiylla'nthus (many-flowering). White

June. South America. 1810.

— rho'mbeum (diamond-feared). Pale yel-

low. June. Brazil. 1835.

— specio'sum (showy). Red. June. Brazil.

— trunea'tum (abrupt-ended). Pink. June.

Brazil. 1818.

cocci' neum (scarlet). Scarlet.

June. 1818.

Russellia'num (Duke of Bed-
ford's). Pink, May. Brazil. 1839.

viola'ccum (violet-colour-/otc'cr-

ed). Violet, May.
Mammillaria. (Nipple -bearers).

C. chrysaca'ntha (golden - spined). Yellow.
South America. 1827.

— chrysa'ntha (yellow -flowered). Yellow.

South America. 1827.

— cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June.

Chili, 1827.

— columna'ris (column-like). Mexico. 1838.

— co'nica (cone-headed}. July, 1808.

— corona' ria (garland). Scarlet. July. South

America. 1817.

— ddnsa (dense). June. Mexico. 1830.

— deprefssa (depressed), Red green. July.

South America. 1800.

— di'scolor (two -coloured). Red, July.

South America. 1800.

— echina'ria (hedge-hog). Pale pink, Mexico.

1830.
—flave'sccns (yellow-spined) . Yellow. 1811.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). Pink. Chili.
—fulvispi'na (brown-spined). Re'd. Brazil.

1829.

— aemmispi'na (twin-spinea). Red. Mexico.

1823.

— alomera'ta (tufted). Red, St. Domingo.

1825.

— heli'ctcr™ (twisted). Rose. June. Mexico.

1827.

— lani'fera (wool-bearing). Red. Mexico.-

1823.

— Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Yellow. Mexico.

— misaouric'nsis (Missouri). White. July.

Missouri. 1818.

— proli'f era (whites pined proliferous). Whit-

ish. July. South America. 1800.

— puflchra (pretty). Yellow. June, Mexico.

1826.

CAC

[168]

C. pusi' lla (small) . Pale red. South Americ a

1820.
^-pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Mexico. 1835.

— quadra' ta (four-sided). Chile. 1827.

— quadrispi'na (four-spined). Mexico. 1838

— specie? sa (showy). Red. Chile. 1827.

— Stella! 'ta (starry). Pink. May. South

America. 1815.

— strami'nea (straw-coloured). Red. June

South America. 1811.

— tffnuis (slender). Pale yellow. May

Mexico. 1830.

— tetraca'ntha (four-spined) . Rose. July.

Mexico.

— turUna'ta (top-shaped). Striped. July.

Mexico. 1838.
~- viftula (oldish). Light scarlet. 1835.

— vivi'para (viviparous). Red. Louisiana.

1811.

Melo-ca'ctus (Turk's-Cap-Cactus.)
C. amatnus (lovely). Light scarlet. 1835.

— commu'nis (common). Red, July. West

Indies. 1788.

m'ridis (green). 1836.

— depre'ssus (depressed). Scarlet. Pernam.

huco.

— macro,' ntha (large-spined) . White red.

South America. 1820.

— meonaca'nthus (ohlong-spmedf). Jamaica.

1835.

— placentifo'rmis (placenta- shaped). Red.

Brazil.

— polyaca'ntha (many-spined). Brazil.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). Red. Curacoa.

1824.

— spi'nis-rtfbris (red-spined).

There are many more species in all
the above subdivisions of Cactus men-
tioned in botanical works; but so little is
known about them that is certain that
we have omitted them. We think also,
that when this very numerous genus is
better known, many now considered
as species will be found to be a single
species at different periods of its growth.

Culture. — It is possible that under the
different names of Epiphyllum, Mamil-
laria, and melo-cactus we may see oc-
casion to detail a few extra points of
culture ; but we may observe here, that
there are features of cultivation common
to them all, — namely, a high tempera-
ture and a somewhat moist atmosphere
when growing in summer; a dry at-
mosphere when ripening their growth ;
and a dry atmosphere — dryness compa-
ratively at the roots — and a low tempe-
rature, when in a state of rest. Though
a temperature of from 80° to 95° will
not be too high in the one case, one not
below 40° will suffice in the other.

Echinocactiis culture. — This group are \
propagated at times by seed, which

should be sown as soon as ripe in shal-
low pans and plunged in a hotbed ; by
offsets, which should be well dried at
the base before planting, and then
plunged into bottom heat. This method
of propagating should only be resorted
to in spring or summer ; all changing of
the soil, or repotting, should also be done
at that time, as, if done in winter, stag-
nation and decay are apt to ensue. Good
drainage constitutes an essential feature.
Soil, equal portions of sandy loam and
peat, and half parts of clear river or
silver sand, leaf moulder dried old cow-
dung, and brick rubbish, consisting, how-
ever, more of the brick broken than the
lime. In addition to this compost, when
potting offsets without roots, a little
silver sand may be advantageously
placed round them, and firmness be se-
cured by placing some slight pins of
wood round their base. In repotting it
is well to use a thick soft glove, to save
alike hands and spines ; and then it is
advisable to remove the most of the
soil as well as drainage, and any faulty
roots; holding the plant well up, and
shaking the compost with the other
hand carefully among the roots. "Water
at all times must be given with care ; but,
when growing in fine weather in sum-
mer, they will require a considerable
supply both at the roots and as vapour
in the atmosphere, with a high tempera-
ture. As soon as the spines change
colour, moisture must be gradually with-
held, the temperature lowered, and more
air given. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 40° to 50°.

Insects. — The red spider seizes them
at times, and he must be started imme-
diately, either by covering the surface of
the pot and then placing your hand over
it, turning it topsy-turvy and drawing
the plant rapidly several times through
water at 1 20° ; or by dusting the plants
with flowers of sulphur; or, as alike
prevention and cure, fuming the house
ay placing sulphur on the hot water
ripes, or on a hot water plate kept on
Purpose. The most remarkable are the
E. stanesii and Viznaya, the monsters
br size lately introduced to Kew gar-
dens.

(LTSLESTI'NA. (From ccekstis, celestial ;
n reference to its sky blue colour. Nat.

CJEN

[ 169]

CAL

ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, \-cequalis; allied to Agera-
tum). Seed and cuttings take freely.
Greenhouse and cold pit in winter, and
the flower border in summer. They
grow most compact in loamy soil.
C. ageratoi'des (Ageratum- like), 1. Blue.
August. New Spain.

— caeru'leaf sky-blue). 1. Blue. July. North

America. 1732.

-~ micro,' ntha (small flowered), 1£. Blue.
July. South America. 1800.

CJENO'PTERIS. (From kainos, new,
and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceae], Linn., I^Cryptogamia,^
\-filices]. Divisions, like most ferns ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
70° ; winter, 38° to 50°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS,
C. appendicula' ta (appendaged) . f. Brown.
July. New Holland. 1822.

— odonti'tes (odontites). f. Brown. July. New

Holland. 1822.

STOVE HERBACEOUS*

C.myriophy'lla (myriad leaved). 1. Brown.
December, West Indies.

— rhizophy'lla (rooting-leaved). 1, Brown.

June. West Indies. 1827.

— tkalictroi'des (thalictrum-like). 1. Brown.

September. Jamaica.

CJESALPI'NIA. Brasiletto, (Named
after Ccesalpinus, physician to Pope
Clement VIII. Nat. ord., Leguminous
plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria,
l^nonogynia; in alliance with Poin-
ciana), "As hard as Brazils" refers to
the Brazil- wood — that of Ccesalpmia,
Brasiliensis* Stove evergreens, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds and
cuttings in sand and in bottom heat.
Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. bahame'nsis (Bahama). 15. White. Ba*
hama. 1820.

— brasiliefnsis (Brazilian). 20. Orange. Ja-

maica. 1739.

— cassioi'des f Cassia-like). 6. Yellow. South

America. 1821.

— chinefnsis (China). 10. Yellow. East In-

dies. 1820.

— Gillie* sii (Gillies's), Mendoza. 1829. De»

ciduous.

• — oleospefrma (oil-seeded) . 15, Yellow. East
Indies. 1820.

^—panicula'ta (panicled). 6» Yellow. Mala-
bar. 1817.

— proceVo (tall). 30. Yellow. Cuba. 1824.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellow. Brazil. 1820.

— Sappa'n (Sappan). 20. Yellow. East Indies.

1773.

^-xca'ndens (climbing). 20. Yellow. East
Indies. 1800. Climber.

C. vesica'ria (bladdered). 12. Yellow. East
Indies. 1820.

C^'SIA. (Named after F. Ccesia. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia. Allied to AN-
THERICUM). Greenhouse tuberous-rooted
perennial. Seeds in March, in heat ;
division of the roots ; loam and peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 40°
to 45°.

C.vitta'ta (riband). 1. Pale blue. July.
New South Wales. 1816.

CAJA'NUS. Pigeon Pea. (From its
Malabar name, Catjang. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia, 1 - Pentandria. Allied to
PHASEOLUS.) Stove evergreen shrubs.
Seeds in spring ; sandy loam and peat.
Summer temp,, 60° to 75° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
C. U' color (two-coloured). 4. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1800.
—fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1687.

CAJEPUT TREE. Melaleu'ca teucade'n-
dron.

CAJOPHO'RA, (From kaio, to sting;
referring to the stinging property in the
hairs on the leaves and stems. Nat.
ord., Loasads [Loasaceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria, 1 - monogynia* Allied to
BLUMENBACHIA). Hardy annuals. Seeds
in open border in the end of April, or in
a slight hotbed in March, and afterwards
transplanted as a half-hardy annual.
C. later ftia (brick -coloured). Red orange.
May. Tucumania. 1836. Climber.

— Pentla'ndica (Pentland). Orange. May.

Peru. 1841,

CAL ABA TREE. Calophy'ttum cdlaba.

CALABASH. Cresce'ntia.

CALADE'NIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and aden, a gland. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 1Q-Gynandria, 1-
monogynia. Allied to LIMODORUM). New
Holland half-hardy terrestial orchids.
Division of the roots ; loam, peat, sand,
and broken pots in equal portions. A
cool greenhouse in winter.
C. ala'ta (winged). June. New Holland.

— a'lba (white). White. July. New Hoi-

lahd. 1810.

— ccerdlea (sky-blue). Blue. New Holland.

1&04.

— cdrnea (Aesh-coloWed}. Flesh. July. New

Holland. 1826.
• — clavtgera (club-lipped). June. New South

CAL

I 170 ]

CAL

C. dcnticula'ta (toothed). Yellow. Swan
River.

— dilata'ta (broad-lipped] . New South Wales.

— elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. Swan

River.

— gemina' ta (budded). Purple. May. Swan

River.

— gra'cilis (slender). Australia. 1826.

— hi'rta (hairy). Yellow. May. Swan

River.

— ixim'des (Ixia-like). Yellow. May. Swan

River.

— longica'uda (long-spurred). Yellow. June.

Swan River.

— margina'ta (bordered). Purple. May. Swan

River.

— mofllis (soft). Yellow. Swan River.

— Paterso'nii (Paterson's). New South Wales.

— pili'fera (hairy). Purple. September. Swan

River.

— reopens (creeping). Purple. August. Swan

River.

— testa' cea (light-brown). July. New Hol-

land. 1824.

— unguicula'ta (clawed). Yellow. August.

Swan River.

CALA'mtJM. (A word of uncertain
derivation, perhaps from kaladion, a
cup. Nat. ord., Arads [Araceae].
Linn., 2l-Monoecia, §-Polyandria. Allied
to COLOCASIA). The ginger-like roots of
C. bicokr, &c., are Used as common food
in tropical countries, under the name
cocoa roots ; but the roots of others are
very acrid, Stove plants, with the ex-
ception of C, virginicum. Interesting
chiefly on account of their stems and
leaves. Herbaceous kinds, by division
of the plants, and suckers; sub-shrubs,
cuttings, and dividing the roots; rich
lumpy soil, and abundance of water.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

STOVE EVERGBEEXS.

C. aculea'tum (prickled). White. Surinam.
1822.

— arborc? seem (tree-like). 8. White. June.

West Indies. 1759.

— arbo'reum (tree). 9. White. Cumana.

1820.

— auri'tum (ear-leaved), 3. White. Ame-

rica. 1739.

— tiuculla'tum (hoofcleaved) . Green. March.

China. 1826.

— fragranti'ssimum (most fragrant). 4. Red.

Demerara. 1832. A parasite.

— helleborifo'lium (Hellebore - leaved). 2.

White. June. Caraccas. 1796.

— la'cerum (torn). 4. White. Caraccas.

1822.

— macula1 turn (spotted). 6. Green. August.

South America. 1820.

— segui'num (Seguin-Z)«m&-c/7nc). 6. White.

March. America. 17.59.

— triparti' turn (three- parted -leaved], 3.

White. Caraccas. 1S16. **

C. xanthorhffzum (yellow-rooted). White. 1822.
STOVE HERBACEOUS.

— bi' 'color (two-coloured). 1. White. June.

Madeira. 1773.

— edu'le (eatable). 4. White. Guiana. 1800.

— escule'ntum (esculent). 2. White. Ame-

rica. 1739.

— li'vidum (livid). 1. Dingy. September.

West Indies. 1828.

— nymphceifo' Hum (water - lily - leaved) . 4.

White. East Indies. 1800.

— odora'tum (fragrant). 2. White. Pegu.

1818.

— ova' turn (egg-shaped). 4. White. East

Indies. 1818.

^pcda'tum (doubly-cut-Zrared). 2. White.
Brazil. 1824.

— petiola'tum (Zon^-leaf-stalked). 1. Purple.

June. Fernando Po. 1832. Tuberous-
rooted.

— pinnati'fidum (deeply - lobecl - leaved) . 2.

White. Caraccas. 1817.

— pu'milum (dwarf). 1. White. Nepaul.

1820.

— saffittcfrfo'lium (arrow-leaved). 2. White.

West Indies. 1710.

— sca'ndcns (climbing). 2. White. Guinea.

1822.

— virgi'nicum (Virginian). 1. June. Vir-

ginia. 1759. Hardy.

— vivi'pantm .(viviparous). 2. Green. May.

East-Indies. 1817.

— zamiccfo'lium (Zamia - leaved) . Yellow.

Brazil.

GALA' is, (Named after a fabled indi-
vidual covered with scales ; referring _ to
the scaly involucre, or the parts which
surround the outside of composite flow-
ers. Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceoe],
Linn., \§-Syngenesia, \-JEqualis. Allied
to Succory). A hardy annual. Seeds
in common soil, in March or April.
C, Lindleyi (Dr. Lindley's). Yellow. May.

North America. 1833.
CALAMI'NTHA. Calamiiit. ^ (From
kalos, beautiful, and mintha, mint. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacca;]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, \-Angiospermia, Allied to
Melissa). Hardy herbaceous perenni-
als, except where otherwise mentioned.
Suckers and divisions ; common soil.
C. a'lba (white), f. White. July. Hungary.

1818,

— carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Flame. June.

Carolina. 1804.

— cre'tica( Cretan). £. Purple. June. South

Europe. 1596. Half-hardy evergreen.

—frutico'sa (shrubby). %. Purple. August.

Spain. 1752. Half-hardy evergreen.

— grandiHo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Red. July.

Italy. 1596.

varicya'ta (variegated-Zeaverf) <

1. Red. July. Gardens.

— marifo'lia (Marum-leaved). 1|. Purple.

June. Spain. 1788.
CA'LAMUS, (From kalom, the Arabic

GAL

[ 171]

CAL

word 'for a reed. Nat. ord., a section of
Palms [Palmaceoe]. Linn., 6-Hexandria,
\-Monogynia). The dark coloured resin
called Dragon's blood is the natural se-
cretion of the fruit of C. Draco. Stove
palms. Seed ; sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55.°
C. a'lbas (white). 50). East Indies. 1812.

— dra'co (dragon). 50. East Indies. 1819.

— ni'aer (black). 20. Green. East Indies.

1824.

— rude? ntnm (cable). 200. Green. East In-

dies. 1812.

— vc'rus (true). 20. Green. Cochin China.

1812.

— Zala'cca (Zalacca). 20. Green. East In-

dies. 1812.

CALANDRI'NIA. (Named after Calan-
drini, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Purslanes [Portulaceae]. Linn., \\-Do-
dccandria, \-Monogynia}. When grown
from seeds, the hardy, as well as the
greenhouse and stove kinds, like a little
protection, such as may be given by a
slight hotbed in April, and a hand-light
over it. Cuttings also strike freely; light
sandy soil, well drained, suits them well.

HARDY.

C. arena' ria (sand-inhabiting}. %. Orange
red. July. Valparaiso. 1831. Herba-
ceous perennial.

— caulefscens (stemmed). Rose. August.

Mexico. 1827. Annual.

— comprefssa (flattened). £. Rose. August.

Chili. 1826. Annual.

— mona'ndra (one-stamened) . f» Red. Au-

gust. Chili. 37. Annual.
— proctfmbcns (lying-down). ^. Rose. Au-
gust. Peru. 1827. Annual.

— spccio'sa (showy). J. Purple. June. Cali-

fornia. 1831. Herbaceous peren-
nial.

— umbella'ta (umbel-cowered) • £. Rose. July.

Peru. 1826. Annual.

GREENHOUSE.

C. Andrc'u'sii (Andrews'). Rose. August.
West Indies. 1812. Deciduous shrub.

— di'scolor (two-eoloured-Jeiroed). 1£. Rose.

July. Chili, 1834. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.

— glau'ca (milky-green). Rose. August.

Chili. 1827. Annual.

— Lockha'rti (Lockhart's). Rose. June. Tri-

nidad. 1825. Deciduous shrub.

— nVtida (shining). £. Red. August. Chili

1837. Annual.

— phacospefrma (Lentil-seeded)." Red. Au-

gust; Chili. 1837. Biennial.

STOVE.

C. ascc'ndens (ascending). ^, Purple. Br
eil. Herbaceous perennial.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). £. Purple. Au-

gust. Chili. 1823. Annual.

C. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 1. Purple*
July. Chili. 1826. Herbaceous per-
ennial.

— Lla'vea (La Llave's). April. Mexico. Her-

baceous perennial.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 1^. Purple. July.

South America. 1816. Herbaceous
' perennial.

CALA'NTHE. (From Jcalos, beautiful,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., a sec-
ion of Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, \-Monogynia). Terrestrial
orchids, all evergreens except C. vestita.
Divisions and suckers ; loam and peat,
Lightened with sand and charcoal, and en-
riched by top-dressings of old cow-dung ;
extra well drained, constantly moist, and
the plants well exposed to light. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.
C. U' color (two-coloured). Yellow. Japan.
1837,

— di'scolor (discoloured). White. Japan. 1837.
—fwca' ta (forked). White. Luzon Isles. 1836.

STOVE.

C. austra'lis (southern). New South Wales.
1823.

— brevico'rmi (short-horned), Rose. White.

August. Nepaul. 1838.

— curculigoi1 des (Curculigo-like). 2. Orange.

October. Malacca. 1844.

— densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). f. Yellowish.

September, East Indies. 1837.

— fla'vicans (yellowish-^o?fered). White blue.

April. East Indies. 1838.

— Masu'ca (Masuca). 2. Violet purple. June.

East Indies. 1838.

— ochra'cea (ochre-coloured). Pale yellow*

April. Japan. 1836.

— plantagi'nca (Plantain-leaved}. Lilac. Feb-

ruary. Nepaul. 1839.

— Siebo'ldii (Siebold's). East Indies, 1837.

— sylva'tica (wood). White, changing to yel-

low. Madagascar. 1823.

— veratrifo'lia (Veratrnm-leaveA}. 2. WTiite.

April. Java. 1819.

— versi' color (various - coloured - flower cd)t

Whitish blue. August. Mauritius.
1836.

— vesti' ta (clothed). 2£. White and pink.

November. This has pseudo-bulbs;
no water given between December and
March, its time of rest,— See The Cot-
tag& Gardener, v. 166,
CALA'THEA. (From Icalathos^ a basket
in reference to the leaves being worked
into baskets in South America. Nat.
ord., Maranths [Marantaceae]. Linn.,
1-Monandria, \-Monogynia). Stove her-
baceous perennials. Divisions ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. flare' scens (pale yellow). 1£. Yellow. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1822.

CAL

[ 172]

CAL

C. grand if o'lia (large-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Rio Janeiro. 1826.

— longibractea'ta (long-bracted). 1. Purple.

July. Brazil. 1826.

— orbicula'ta (rovmd-Ieaved). 2. Yellow.

August. West Indies. 1830.

— villtfsa (shaggy). 3. April. Brazil. 1825.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). li. Purple.

July. Brazil. 1815.

— zebri'na (Zebra plant). 2. Red yellow.

Brazil. 1815.

CALATHIAN VIOLET. Gentiana pneu-
mona'nthe.

CALCAREOUS SOIL is a soil in which
chalk (carbonate of lime) predominates.
The colour approaches to white, in pro-
portion. No soil is productive which
does not contain some chalk, or in which
it exceeds nineteen parts out of twenty.
From one to five per cent is the usual
proportion in fertile soils. Calcareous
soils are rarely productive ; they are so
feebly retentive of moisture that the crops
upon them are burnt up in summer ; and
they reflect the sun's rays so fully, that
they remain unheated, and vegetation is
late upon them in spring. The best ad-
dition to such soils, to improve their
staple, is clay.

OALCEOLA RIA, Slipperwort. (From
cakeolus, a slipper; in reference to the
shape of the flower. Nat. ord., Fig worts
(Scrophulariace' V. Linn., 2-Diandria,
\-Monogynia}. Herbaceous kinds, to
bloom early, sow seeds in August and
September, and cuttings at the same
time. Shrubby kinds, for flower-garden
decoration, by cuttings of firm young
shoots, under glass, in September; and
again, in heat, in March. Soil for pots,
light and rich compost, well drained ;
for beds, a good loam should preponde-
rate. Summer temp., 50° to 60° ; win-
ter, 35° to 45°.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. atnplexicatf Its (stem-clasping). 1J. Yel-
low. June. Peru. 1845.

— arachnofdes (cobweb-like). 1. Purple.

June. Chili. 1827.

a'lba (white-flowered). 1.

White. June.

— conna'ta (base-joined-leared). 3, Yellow.

Chili. 1824. Biennial.

— corymbofsa (corymbose). 1. Yellow. May.

Chili. 1822.

— crenatifU/ra (round-notched-/t»»erf). li.

Yellow spotted. June. Chili. 1831.

— cuneif o'lia (wedge-shaped-leaved). 1£. Pale

lemon. Bolivia. 1846.

— flextto'sa (zig-zag). 3. Yellow. Peru

mountains. 1847.

C.Fothergi'lli (Fothergill's). $. Orange."
April. Falkland Isles. 1777.

— Herbertia'na (Herbert's). L Yellow. June.

Chili. 1828.

— pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. Yellow. July.

Peru. 1773. Annual.

— plantagtnea (Plantain-feared). 1. Yellow.

August. Chili. 1827.

— polyf o'lia (Poly-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

Chili. 1827.

— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 1. Purple.

July. Chili. 1827.

• e'legans (elegant). 1. Pale pur-
ple. June. Chili. 1832.

pi' eta (painted). 1. White pur-
ple. June. Chili. 1832.
SHRUBBY EVERGREENS.

C. a'lba (vftete-jloivered). li. White. June.
Chili. 1844. '

— angustiflo'ra (narrow-flowered). 1£. Yel-

low. June. Peru. 1830.

— ascefndens (ascending). 1. Yellow. July.

Cordilleras. 1826.

— H' color (two-colored). 2. Yellow. August.

Peru. 1829.

— chiloe'nsis (Chiloe). 2. Yellow. August.

Chiloe. 1830.

— floribu' 'nda (many - flowered) . 1£. Pale
yellow. September. Quito. 1843.

— Herbertia'na parviflo'ra (Herbert's small-

flowered). 2. Yellow. April. Val-
paraiso. 1836.

— integrif o'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. Chili. 1822.

— angustif o'lia (narrow -leaved).

2. Yellow. August. Chili. 1822.

— — •* viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 3.

Yellow. August. Chili. 1832.

— pefndnla (hanging). Yellow spotted. July.

Chili. 1831.

— rugo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Yellow. August.

Chili. 1822.

— scabioscef o'lia (Scabious-leaved). 2. Yel-

low. May. Chili. 1822. Trailer.

— se'ssilis (stainless-leaved). 1£. Yellow.

September. Valparaiso. 1832.

— thyrsifto'ra (thyrse-flowered). 14. Yellow.

June. Chili, 1827.

CALCEOLARIA AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER.
— Propagation by Cuttings. — In August,
immediately after flowering, and in
March. In August, from a spent hotbed
remove the soil, and place six inches of
dry coal-ashes or sawdust. In spring,
prepare a hotbed of leaves or stable lit-
ter a month before it is wanted, to allow
the strong heat to subside ; then cover it
with the same depth of coal-ashes or
sawdust. Fill a sufficient number of
pots, within an inch of the top, with
light sandy loam ; fill up to the rim with
silver sand, and water gently to settle
the sand firmly. Take off the cuttings
(the young tops are the best), cut off the
bottom leaves, leaving two or three at
the top ; put them in the sand by the

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C 173]

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aid of a small sharp-pointed stick, pres-
sing the sand about them firmly. The
herbaceous varieties should be placed
rather thinly round the edge of the pot,
the half-shrubby ones may be put in all
over the pot, neatly in rows; then give a
gentle watering. Allow the water to
dry oif, and then plunge them into the
hotbed, in the ashes or saw- dust, up to
the rims of the pots, taking care that
the heat is moderate. Shade for a week
all the day, — afterwards only when the
sun shines. If the sand becomes dry,
water in the morning of a fine day, but
very little water will be necessary. Re-
move all decaying leaves or dead^, cut-
tings as they occur. As soon as the
cuttings are rooted pot them off in
the same kind of soil, and in 2|-inch
pots, and set them on the surface of the
same bed till they make fresh roots, then
remove them into a shady part of the
greenhouse, for a week previously to re-
potting.

By Seed. — Sow twice — as soon as the
seed is ripe, and in early spring. Sow in
wide, shallow seed-pans, rather thinly,
and very slightly covered, A similar
situation as for cuttings will answer; but
as soon as the seedlings are up, place
them on a shelf, near the glass, in an
airy greenhouse. When they are large
enough, pot them into 2| inch-pots, singly,
and keep repotting as they require it till
they are in 6 -inch pots; then allow them
to flower, and such as are of a good form,
bright distinct colours, and a fair size, re-
pot again, and keep them to propagate
by cuttings ; but all others either throw
away or plant them out to ornament the
flower borders till the frost kills them.

To save Seed. — Impregnation is neces-
sary in order to produce good seed, and
to produce variety. Choose the pollen
from a bright- coloured clear-spotted va-
riety, and apply it to the best formed
ones destined to bear the seed. The
male parent for colour, and the female
• for shape.

Soil. — Light sandy yellow loam two
bushels, leaf mould half a bushel, much
decayed cow-dung one peck ; mix tho-
roughly, and use in a moderately dry state.
If the loam is not sandy naturally, add
as much sifted river sand as will make
it so.

Summer Culture. — Commence potting
as early in spring as possible. Autumn-
struck cuttings early in March, and the
spring- struck as soon as they are fit.
Old stools never make such fine speci-
mens as cuttings; they had better be
thrown away as soon as they have
yielded a crop of cuttings. Drain plen-
tifully with broken potsherds, using a
greater quantity every time. Repot
about three times, and leave the plants,
at last, in 11 -inch pots to bloom. No
flower stems should be allowed to remain,
until the plants have attained their full
growth. Keep them as near the glass as
possible, in a light airy greenhouse.
After the last potting, the plants should
present a healthy appearance, with large
broad leaves, of a dark green colour.
The flower-stems may now be allowed
to grow : each should be tied to a neat
small green stick. Place the sticks so
as to slope outwards, to allow room for
the heads to bloom. Plenty of air should
be given to cause a stout growth. They
should be in perfection early in July.
Each plant will be then two feet high,
and as much in diameter. They will be
fine objects either for the greenhouse
when few other things are in bloom, or
for exhibition purposes.

Winter Culture, — As soon as the flow-
ers are all dead (if no seed is required),
the stems ought to be cut down and the
plants either removed out of doors, or
still better, into a cold pit. Plenty of
air should be given on all favourable
occasions, and as soon as the frost of
winter begins to appear, remove them
into the greenhouse, place them as near
the glass as possible, and keep them
there till the time of propagation arrives.
Take off the cuttings then, and throw
the old stools away.

Forcing. — On account of , their impa-
tience of heat, calceolarias, excepting a
few shrubby ones, do not force well.
These may be repotted in January, and
put into a heat of 55° to 60°. Give
water moderately, and allow the flower-
stems to grow from the first. They will
then flower in April and May.

Diseases, — - The herbaceous varieties
are subject to a disease very like that
which has attacked the potato of late
years. They appear quite heajthy, until

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dark brown spots appear on the leaves
and stems, and in a week's time the
disease spreads and the plants arc dead.
No cure is known. As soon as it ap-
pears on any plant remove it at once,
and throw it away, because the disease
is contagious, and soon spreads to the
healthy plants. Too much wet at the
root, or damp in the house, will accele-
rate the disease.

Insects. — The most destructive is the
green fly (aphis). Whenever it appears
fill the house with tobacco smoke. Eed
spider (ctcarm} will sometimes appear if
the house be kept hot and dry. Dust
the leaves with sulphur where it is ob-
served.

Calceolarias for bedding-out should be
propagated in the autumn, and kept in
the cutting-pots through the winter.
Pot them singly in the spring, place
them in a cold frame, and gradually
harden them off by May. Then plant
them out in a rich light soil, where they
are to flower.

CALDA'SIA. (Named after G. Caldas,
a naturalist at Bogota. Nat. ord., Phlox-
worts [Polemoniaceae] Stove annual :
seeds in hotbed in spring; sandy peat.
Temp., 50° to 70°.

C. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 2. Blue.
July. New Spain. 1813.

CALBCLU'VIA. Named after A. Cald-
cleugh, F.R.S., who collected botanical
specimens in Chili. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniaceae], Linn., 8-Octandria, 2-
digynia. Allied to Cunonia). The prin-
cipal character of this and other Cunoni-
ads, is the leaves growing opposite with
stipules between the leaf stalks. The
panicles of little white flowers have a
pretty appearance. Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs •, cuttings of half-ripened
wood in sand, under glass, and a little
bottom heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

C. panicul'ata (panicled-^owcred). White.
June. Australia. 1831.

CA'LEA. (From kalos, beautiful; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Astcracese]. Linn., \$-Syngenesia,
l-aqualis. Allied to Galinsogia). Stove
evergreen shrubs ; seed in March ; side-
shoots strike freely at any time, in sand,
and placed in bottom heat, under a glass,

Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter 55°
to 60°.

C. cordlfoflia (heart-leaved). 2. Jamaica. 1822.
— Jamaica? mis (Jamaica). 3. Purple. June.
West Indies. 1739.

— pinnati'fida (leafleted). Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1816.

— solidaqi'nea (Solidago-like). 4. Caraccas.

1817.

— urticcefo'lia (Nettle-leaved). 2. Yellow

July. Vera Cruz. 1740.

CALEA'CTE. See Ca'lea.

CALECTA'SIA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and stachys, a spike. Calectasias are
branched herbs, with dry, permanent,
starry flowers, of a bright violet. Nat.
ord., Rushes, [ Juncacea?]. Linn., 6-Hex-
andria, \-monogynia. Allied to Baxte-
ria). Unless we had it on authority we
should not take this for a rush, but a lily-
wort. Greenhouse herbaceous perennial ;
divisions ; peat and loam, or common
soil. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
C. cya'nea (blue-flowered). Blue. June. Aus-
tralia. 1840.

CALE'NDULA. Marigold. (From ca-
lendce, the first day of the month ; its
flowers produced almost all the year
round." Nat. ord., a section of Composites
[Asteracea3], Linn., \Q-Syngenesia, 4-
necessaria}. Hardy annuals may be sown
in the border in April ; tenderer ones in a
slight hotbed, and transplanted in May.
Greenhouse varieties by cuttings ; sandy
loam ; and loam and peat for the green-
house ones. See MARIGOLD.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 3. Yellow. De-
cember. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— chrysanthemifo'lia (Chrysanthemum -leav-

ed). 2. Yellow. April. Cape of Good
Hope. 1790.

— denta'ta (toothed) 1£. Yellow. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— denticula'ta (small-toothed). \\, Yellow.

December. Barbary. 1821.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.

— murica'ta (prickled). 2. Yellow. Decem-

ber. Cape of Good Hope.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— suffiutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Yellow.

December. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— tra'gus (Goat-rwsA). 2. White purple. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
—fla'ccida (feeble). 2. Orange. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1774.

— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Orange. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. arvdnsis (corn-field). 2. Yellow. June
Europe. 1597.

CAL

[•176]

GAL

C. astdrias (star). 1J. Yellow. August.
Europe. 1838.

— ara'cilis (slender). Yellow. June. Persia.

1836.

— araminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Yellow.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1531.

— Wbrida (hybrid-ffmrt-cfl^e). 1. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1752.

— inca'na (hoary). 1£. Yellow. July. Bar-

bary. 1796.

— mexica'na (Mexican). £. Yellow. August.

Mexico. 1829.

— nudicau'lis naked-stalked). 1. White

purple. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1731.

— officina'lis (officinal- Common marigold}. 3.

Orange. June. South of Europe.
1573.

. /. plefna (double-lowered) . 3.

Orange. June.

— pe'rsica (Persian). Yellow. June. Persia.

1830.

— pltfvialis (tscmj-Small-cape mangold). 1.

White. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1693.

— sa'ncta (holy-pale-floicercd). 2. Yellow.

June. Levant. 1731.

— si'cula (Sicilian). 1. Yellow. June. Sicily.

1816.

— stella' ta (starred). 2. Yellow. July. Bar-

bary. 1796.

CALE'YA. (Named after G. Caley, su-
perintendent of the Botanical Garden, St.
Vincent. Nat. ord., a small section of
Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn., 10-Gynan-
dria, \~monogynia}. Greenhouse terres-
trial orchids ; division of the plants ;
fibry peat, lumpy loam, and a little char-
coal, well drained. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. ma'jor (greater). Green brown. June.

New South Wales. 1810.
^— mi' nor (less). Green brown. June. New

Holland. 1822.

— nigri'ta (blackish -powered). Dark. Swan

lliver.

CA'LLA. (From kalos, beautiful. Nat.
ord., Orontiads [Orontiaceae]. Linn., 7-
Hcptandria^ \-monogynia). AH green-
house plants ; division of the plants and
roots ; rich loam and peat ; the marshy
one does well as an aquatic, and fre-
quently stands out of doors ; all gene-
rally need the protection of the green-
house in winter.

C. aroma' tica (aromatic). 2. White. July.
China. 1813. Herbaceous perennial.

— occur Ita (hidden spiked). White. May.

China. 1817. Herbaceous perennial.

— palu'stris (marsh). 4. White. July. North

America. 1768. Perennial aquatic.

— pertu'sa (perforated). 6. White. May.

West Indies. 1752. Evergreen creeper.
CALICO-BUSH. Kalmia latifo'lia.
CALLIA'NDHA. (From&afcs, beautiful,

and aner, a man ; referring to the sta-
mens or male organ ; literally beautiful
stamened. The long silky purple, orwhite,
stamens of this genus are veiy beautiful.
Nat. ord., Leguminous plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia, 8-polyandria.
Allied to Ing' a). Stove evergreen
shrubs ; cuttings of rather firm young
wood in sand, under a glass, in heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. Jlarri'sii (Mr. Harris's). 20. Rose. Bra-
zil. 1845.

— pulche-rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822.

— Twetfdii (Tweedie's). 6. Scarlet crimson.

Mexico. 1845.

CALLICA'RPA. (From Jcalos, beautiful,
and carpos, fruit ; referring to the beau-
tiful berries. Nat. ord.. Verbenes (Ver-
benaceffi]. Linn., k-Tetrandria, l-mono-
gynia. Allied toPetraea). The leaves
of C. lanata are eaten by the Cingalese as
a substitute for betel leaves. Stove
evergreens, exceptwhere otherwise speci-
fied; cuttings in sandy soil, in bottom
heat; loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° : winter, 50° to 55°.
C. arnerica'na (American). 6. Red. June.

North America. 1724. Greenhouse

deciduous shrub.

— arlo'rea (tree). 12. Purple. August.

East Indies. 1820.

— ca'na (hoary). 3. Purple. East Indies.

1799.

—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 2. 31ue. June. Ja-
maica. 1794.

— inca'na (very hoary). 4. Red. July. East

Indies. 1800.

— lana' ta (woolly). 4. Purple. June. East

Indies. 1788.

— lanceola'ria (spear-Zeared). 4. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— longifo' Ua (long-leaved). 3. White. April.

China. 1825.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. India.

— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— reticula'ta (netted). 4. Red. July. Ja-

maica. 1820.

— rubdlla (reddish). 2. Red. May. China.

1822.

CALLI'CHROA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and chroa, colour ; referring to the bright
yellow colour of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, 2-superflua. Allied to Hele-
iiium). Hardy annual ; seed sown in
March on a slight hotbed, under a hand-
light, and transplanted in patches in the
open border, at the end of April, or be-
ginning of May ; or it may be sown in the

CAL

[176]

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front of the border in the end of April
and it will blow later.
C. platyglo'ssa (broad-rayed). 1. Yellow
October. California. 1835.

CALLICO'MA. (From kalos, beautiful
and coma, hair ; in reference to the tufte<
heads of its yellow flowers. Nat. ord.
Cunoniads [Cunoniacese]. Linn., 11
Dodecandria, 2-digynia. Allied to Wein
mannia). Greenhouse evergreen shrub
cuttings of half-ripened wood, under a
bell-glass in sandy peat ; sandy peat
Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; winter, 40r

C. serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 4. Yellow. June
New South Wales. 1793.

CALLI'GONUM. (From kalos, beautiful,
and aonum, a joint; in reference to its
leafless joints. Nat. ord., Buckwheats
[Polygonaceae]. Linn., \l-Dodecandria,
4-tetragynia. Allied to Polygonum),
This is a curious leafless shrub, a native oi
Siberia, where the Calmucks in times ol
scarcity pound and boil the roots, from
which they obtain a nutricious gum re-
sembling tragacanth, to allay their hun-
ger, while by chewing the acrid branches
and fruit they quench their thirst. Hardy
evergreen shrub ; cuttings under a hand-
glass, in spring and autumn ;

C. Palla'sia (Pallas's). 4. Green white. Au-
gust. Caspian Sea. 1780.

CALLIO'PSIS. Synonyme of Coreopsis,
which see.

CALLIPHRU'RIA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Ama-
ryllidacecs]. Linn., §-Hexandria, l-mo-
nogynia. Allied to Eurycles). Pretty
Peruvian bulbs, flowering when not in
leaf like the Guernsey lily. Offsets ;
sandy loam and a little peat ; cold pit, or
a warm border, and protected during
winter.

C. Hartwegia'na (Hartweg's). Yellow. Gre-
nada. 1843.
— fferbertia'na (Herbert's).

CALLI'PRORA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and prora, a front ; referring to the front
view of the flowers. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts, in the Squill section [Liliacece].
Linn., 6-Hexandria, \-monogynia). A
pretty hardy little bulb with drooping
yellow flowers. Offsets ; shady peaty
border.

C. Mtea (yellovr-ftmcered) f . Yellow. August.
California. 1831.

CALLI'PTERIS. Synonyme of Dipla-
zium, which see.

CALLI'SIA. From kalos, beautiful. A
pretty species. Nat. ord., Spiderworts
[Commelynacese]. Linn., 3-Trmndria,
\-monogynia. Allied to Tradescantia).
Stove evergreen trailer ; division of its
creeping roots ; sandy loam and a little
peat. Summer temp,, 60° to 70° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°.

C. re1 pens (creeping). £. Blue. June. West
Indies. 1776.

CALLISTA'CHYS. (From kalos, beauti-
ful, and stachys, a flower-spike, Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae], Linn.,
W'Decandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Oxylobium). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, except where otherwise specified.
Cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy
peat, fibry loam, and a little charcoal.
Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40°

C. cunea'ta ( wedge- Jea»ed). 3. Yellow. July.
New Holland. 1824.

— lanceola'ta (spear- leaved). 4. Yellow. June.

New Holland. 1815.

— linaricefo'lia (Toad-flax-leaved). 6. Yel-

low. June. New Holland. 1824.

— linea'ris (narrow-beared). 2. Red. Octo-

ber. Swan River. 1838.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5, Red yellow.

June. Swan River. 1839.

— ova'ta (egg-shape-Jeowd). 4. Yellow. June.

New Holland. 1815.

— retu'sa (jagged-ended-teared). 4. Yellow.

July. New Holland, 1830.

CALLISTE'MMA. China-Aster. .(From
kalistos, most beautiful, and stemma, a
jrown. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
36£e]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia, 2-Superflua).
This is the common name for the China-
Asters: Cassini, its author, however
changed it to Cattistephus, but as botan-
sts acknowledge that the whole order,
is now arranged, is but " a temporary
tevice," and that "the genera are need-
essly multiplied," we adopt the more
ommon name until the whole order is
e-arranged. Hardy annuals. Seeds,
own in a slight hotbed in March, hard-
ned and transplanted in May. If
ricked out in a similar way to celery,
hey will well repay the labour. Seeds
lay also be sown at the end of April,
rhere the plants are to bloom ; an open

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[177]

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situation, and a rich loamy soil, will

answer best.

C. horte'nse (garden). 14. Blue. July. China. 1731

a'lbum (white), li. White. July.

China. 1731.

ru'brum (red), li. Red. July.

China. 1731.

varieya'tum (variegated). 1£.

Variegated. July. China. 1731.

multiplex (double), l^. Varie-
gated. July. China. 1731.

• brachya' n thum ( short - flowered) .

1£. Blue. July. China. 1731.

— i'ndicum (Indian). 1. Blue. July. East
Indies. 1820.

CALLISTEMMA CULTURE. — Propaga-
tion.— These, being annuals, must be in-
creased by seed every year. It should
be saved from the best formed and most
double flowers. Those with quilled flow-
ers are most esteemed. The colours
should also be taken into consideration
in saving seed ; the self-colours should
be clear, divided, and bright; such as
have striped blooms ought to have the
colours well defined, not run into each
other, but distinctly separated.

Soil. — The soil should be light, and
moderately rich ; and the situation where
they are to bloom should be fully exposed
to the sun. They make beautiful beds
in the parterre, but are not so lasting as
some other flowers.

Culture.— Sow the seeds in March, on
a gentle hotbed, either in pots or on a
bed of earth laid upon the heating mate-
rial, at least six inches thick ; transplant
the seedlings as soon as the frosts are
over, either in beds of separate colours,
in mixtures, or in patches in the general
flower border ; whichever way is deter-
mined upon, the soil should be prepared
by the addition of a portion of fresh
loam and very much decayed dung, well
mixed with the original soil.

Diseases. — China- Asters are subject to
die off suddenly. There is no remedy
when this occurs but to pull up the
sickly plants and remove the soil ; put
in some fresh, and replant from the re-
serve stock — a stock that ought always
to be kept ready for such occasions.

Insects. — The green fly sometimes,
during a dry season, attacks these plants.
Either sprinkle with tobacco water or
Scotch snuff to destroy them. Do this
in the evening of a fine day, and wash it
off in the morning with the syringe.

CALLISTE'MON. (From kalistos, most
beautiful, and stemon, a stamen; refer-
ring to the graceful long scarlet stamens.
Nat. ord., Myrtkblooms [Myrtacese].
Linn., 12-Icoscmdria, \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Leptospcrmum). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs from New Holland,
with pea-like blossoms. Seeds sown in a
hotbed in March ; cuttings of firm but not
solid wood, in sandy loam, under a bell-
glass, in April or May ; turfy peat, sandy
and fibry loam, and a few pieces of char-
coal. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40° to 45°.
C. brachya' ndrum (short-stamened) . 3.

low. October. 1848.
— formo'sum (handsome). 5. 1824.

— lanceola'tum (spear-leaved). 10. Crimson.

June. 1788.

— leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 6. Green.

June. 1820.

I — linear if o' Hum (narrow-leaved). 10. Red.
May. 1820.

— linea're (narrow). 6. Scarlet. June. 1728.

— lopa'nthum (crest-flowered). 6. Purple.

June. 1800.

— marffina'tum (bordered). 6. 1816.

— microphy'llum (small-leaved). 5. 1824.

— mycrosta' chyum (small-spiked). 5. Red.

March. 1836.

~ phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purplish. March.
1843,

— pinifu'lium (Pine-leaved). 6. Green. June

— ptfngens (stinging). 6. May. 1827.

— ri'yidum (stiff). 5. Cream. April. 1800.

— ruyulo'sum (small-wrinkled). 6. Pink. May.

1821.

— soli' gnus (willow-leaved). 6. June. 1788.

— sea' ber( rough). 4. July. 1820.

— semperflo' rens (ever-blooming). 6. Crimson.

April. 1818.

— specio' sum (showy). 10. Crimson. April.

1822.

— vimina'le (twiggy). 10. Red. April. 1800.

— mridiflo'rum (green-flowered). 5. Green.

July. 1818.

CALLI'TRIS. (From kalos, beautiful ;
referring to the whole plant. Nat. ord.,
Conifers [Pinacese]. Linn., 21-J/w/um«,
13-Polyandria.. Allied to Thuja). The
wood of C. quadrivalvis is in great de-
mand by the Turks, who use it for the
ceilings and floors of their mosques, as
they believe it to be indestructible.
Greenhouse evergreen cypress-like trees.
Seeds and cuttings, under a hand light
in autumn, and protected by a cold pit;
sandy loam, generally protected under a
glass in winter, though there seems rea-
son to believe they would flourish out of
doors, in the warmer parts of England,
nearly as well as several of the Cy-
presses.

N

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C. cupressifo'rmis (Cypress-like) . 20. New
Holland. 1826.

— quadriva' Ivis (four-valved). 20. Apetal.

September. Barbary. 1815.

— trique'tra (three-sided). Apetal. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

CALLU'NA. (From kalluno, to adorn ;
in reference both to the beauty of the
Heather, and to its use as a scrubbing-
brush or broom. Nat. ord., Heathworts,
[Ericaceae]. Lin., 8-Octandria, \-Mo-
nogynia). Calluna vulgar is, the common
heather, and all its varieties, are the best
bee-flowers of our native Flora. The C.
vulgaris is a native of many parts of the
British Islands, and its flowers are pur-
ple, opening in April ; but there are the
double blossomed, the white, the scarlet,
the red, the decumbent, the spiked, the
downy, and variegated varieties. See
Erica.

CALLUS is the matter exuded from the
edges of the wound of a plant in the
process of healing. It is exuded from
the horizontally communicating cells of
the plant; and in cuttings it is from and
through this exuded matter that the
roots and the perpendicular vessels con-
nected with them proceed.

CALOCHI'LUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and cheilos, a lip; referring to the beauty
of the labellum or lip. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceoe]. Lin., 20-Gynandria,
\-Monogynia. Allied to Listera and
Neottia). Orchids are only apparently
monandrous; there are, in fact, three
filaments firmly grown together in the
column, — the centre one bearing the
pollen, and the other two are barren.
Greenhouse Terrestrial Orchids. Divi-
sions of the plant; sandy loam and turfy
peat, enriched with a little lumpy old
cow-dung. Encouraged to grow when
done flowering by heat and moisture;
kept cool and dry after they are pretty
well matured, and heat given again
when to be started into bloom. Sum-

mer temp., 50°
to 50°.

to 75° ; winter, 45°

C. campc'stris (field), f . Green brown. New
Holland. 1824.

— paludo'sus (marsh). J. Brown. New Hol-
land. 1823

CALOCHO'RTUS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and chortw, grass ; referring to the
leaves. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria, 6-Polygynia. Allied

to the Tulip and Fritillaria). The gay-
est of our hardy or half-hardy bulbs, in-
troduced by the unfortunate and intrepid
Douglass, from Colombia. The finest of
them have been lost, but such beautiful
plants cannot long remain in the wilder-
ness. Half-hardy bulbs. Onsets; sandy
loam and peat, in equal proportions. If
planted out, the bulbs should be taken up
and dried before winter ; if in pots, keep
in a cold pit, and pot afresh when the
bulbs begin to grow.

C. eflcgans (elegant) . A. White. June. Colom-
bia. 1826.

— Mteus (yellow-petalcd}. 1. Yellow spotted.

September. California. 1831.

— macrocal 'rpus (large-fruited). 2. Purple.

August. California. 1826.

— ni'tidus (shining). £. Purple. August.

California. 1826.

— spiff ndens [splendid-flowered] li. White

spotted. August. California. 1832.

— vcnu'stus (handsome-#«w:era/). 1£. Lilac.

August. California. 1836.

CALODF/NDRON. (From Jcalos, beauti-
ful, and dendron, a tree. Nat, ord., Rw-
^corts [RutaceeeJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-Monogynia. Allied to Diosma). One
of those beautiful Diosrna-looking genera
which abound in our Cape Colony, re-
markable alike for their pretty flowers
and for their powerful and generally
offensive odour. The settlers call them
Bucku plants. Greenhouse tree. Cut-
tings of half-ripened wood, in sand, un-
der a bell-glass, and with a little bottom
heat ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 50°
to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
<?. Capensis (Cape). 40. Pink. Cape of Good
Hope. 1789.

GALON Y'CTION. (From Jcalos, beauti-
ful, and nyx, night; in reference to their
flowering in the night time. Nat. ord.,
Bindweeds [Convolvulacea?]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-Monogyuia. Allied to
Convolvulus). These night-flowering
Bindweeds are the midnight Lilies of
travellers. Stove evergreen climber.
Convolvulus - looking, but opening its
flowers at night. Seeds in heat, in
March ; cuttings of side-shoots in April
or May, in sandy soil, and in bottom
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; 50° to 58°.
C. pseudomurica' turn (false - point - covered) .
Purple. July. East Indies. 1827.

CALO'PHACA. (From kalos, beautiful,
and phake, a lentil ; in reference to the

CAL

[179]

CAL

lentil-like flowers. Nat., ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceoe]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia, k-Decandria. Allied to Cyti-
sus). Loudon says of it, "grafted stand-
ard high on the common Laburnum, it
forms an object at once singular, pic-
turesque, and beautiful." Hardy de-
ciduous shrub. Seeds sown in March ;
or cuttings under a hand-light; common
light loam.

C. Wolga'rica (Wolga). 2. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1786.

CALO'PHANES. (From Jcalos, beauti-
ful, and phaino, to appear. Nat. ord,.
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, 1-A.ngiospermia. Allied to
Ruellia). Hardy herbaceous perennial.
Dividing the roots in March ; loam and
peat, or sandy loam.

C. oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 1. Blue. Au-
gust. Carolina. 1832.

CALOPHY'LLTTM. (From Icalos, beauti-
ful, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., a
section of-Guttifers [Clusiaceas]. Linn.,
\5-Tetradynamia). Stove evergreen
trees ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
sand, under a glass, and in bottom heat;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter 50° to 55°.
C. Cala'ba (Calaba tree). 30. White. India.
1780.

— Inophy'llum (fibrous-leaved). 90. White.

East Indies. 1793.

— spu'rium (spurious). 30. White. Mala-

bar. 1800.

— Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahaca). 30. White.

Bourbon. 1822.

CALOPO'GON. (From Jcalos, beautiful,
and poffon, a beard ; in reference to the
fringe on the lip or labellum. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan-
dria, \-Monandria. Allied to Pogonia).
Greenhouse Orchid. Division of its
tuberous roots; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 45°
to 50°.

C.pvicMttus(fretty). 1^. Purple. July.
North America. 1771.

CALOSCO'RDUM. (From kalos, beauti-
ful, and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hezandria,
l-Monogynia. Allied to Mffla.) Half-
hardy little bulb. Offsets ; common
soil. Though a native of Chusan, it is
likely to require but little protection in
winter.

C. nerinefio'rwn (nerine-flowered). J. Rose
purple. Chusan. 1843.

CALOSTE'MMA. (From kalos, beauti-
ful, and stemma, a crown. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-
Ilexandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Co-
burgia). Greenhouse bulbs. Offsets ;
sandy loam and a little leaf mould ; a
cold pit or the greenhouse in winter.
C. a'lbum (white). 1. White. May. New
Holland. 1824.

— ca'rneum (flesh - coloured - flowered}. 1.

Flesh. Australia. 1837.

— Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). May. More-

ton Bay.

— hfteum (yellow). 1. Yellow. November.

New Holland. 1819.

— purpufreum (purple). 1. Purple. Novem-

ber. New Holland. 1819.
CALOTHA'MNUS. (From kalos, beauti-
ful, and thamnus, a shrub. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceoe]. Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia, 2-Polyandria. Allied to
Melaleuca). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, natives of Australia. Cuttings
of young wood, firm at the base, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; win-
ter, 38° to 45°.
C. clava'ta (club-leaved). 2. Scarlet. July.

1824.

— ara'cilis (slender-feared). 3. Scarlet. July.

1803.

— Kni'ghtii (Knight's). Blooms all year. 1839.

— quadri'fida (four-cleft). 3. Scarlet. July.

1803.

— villo'sa (soft-haired). 3. Scarlet. July. 1803.

CALO'TIS. (From kalos, beautiful, and
ous, an ear; in reference to the chaffy
scales of the pappus or seed head. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceae], Linn., 19-
Syngenesia, 1-Superflua. Allied to Bel-
lium). Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nial. Divisions; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 35°
to 45°.

C. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 1. Blue. June.
New Holland. 1819.

CALO'TROPIS. (From kalos, beautiful,
and tropis, a keel ; referring to the flow-
er. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiada-
cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-Digynia.
Allied to Schubertia). C. gigantea is
the Akund-yercum, or Mudar plant of
India, whose thick milky juice is a pow-
erful purgative. Stove evergreen shrubs.
Seeds in a slight hotbed, in March; cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a glass, in April ; good common
fibry loam and a little sand. Summer
temp., 50° to 80° ; winter 40° to 50°.

CAL

[ 180]

CAL

C. giga'ntea (gigantic). 6. "White. August.
East Indies. 1690.

— prtfcera (tall). 10. White. April. Persia.

1714.

CA'LTHA. Marsh Marigold. (A con-
traction of kalathos, a goblet ; referring
to the form of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria, §-Polygynia. Allied to Hel-
lebore). Hardy herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, or divisions, in March or April;
common soil of the border. A moist
place near a running stream is where
they flourish most.

C. a'rctica (Arctic). Yellow. May. North
America. 1827.

— asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). 4. Yellow.

April. Unilas. 1824.

— Uflo'ra (two-flowered), f. White. June.

North America. 1827.

— flabelllfo'lia (fan-leaved). 1. Yellow. April.

North America. 1818.

— Govenia'na (Gowen's). North India. 1848.

— intege! rrima (entire-leaved). Yellow. May.

North America. 1827.

— leptosc'pala (small-sepaled). 1. Yellow.

May. North America. 1827.
mi' nor (smaller). \. Yellow.

May. Britain.
. nat'ans (floating). Yellow. May.

Siberia. 1816.

— palifstris (common marsh). 1. Yellow.

April. Britain.

flore-pleno (double-flowered). 1.

Yellow. April.

— parnassifa'lia (Parnassia-leaved). \. Yel-

low. April. North America. 1815.

ra'dicans (rooting) £. Yellow.

April. Scotland.

— sagitta'ta (arrow-leaved). J. Green yel-

low. November. Cape Horn. 1840.
CALTROPS. Tri'bulm.
CALYCA'NTHTJS. Allspice. (From&<%#,
a calyx, and anthos, a flower ; in reference
to the coloured calyx. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthacese]. Linn., 12-Icos-
andria, 3-Polyyynia). The bark of C.
floridus, from its aromatic fragrance, is
used as a substitute for cinnamon in the
United States of North America. Hardy
deciduous shrubs. Layers, as fruit is sel-
dom produced ; rich sandy loam, in a
shady situation. It is said that by pul-
ling out the terminal bud of a shoot, two
flower buds are produced, and thus the
flowering season is prolonged.
C.ferti'li* (fertile). 3. Brown. June. Caro-
lina. 1726.

— fltfridm (flowery). 6. Brown. June. Caro-
lina. 1726.

asplen ifo' Hits ( Aplenium - leaved) .

6. Brown. July.

fe'rax (fertile -floiocred). 6. Brown.

July.

inodtfrus (nearly scentless). 6.

Brown. July.

longifo' lius (long - leaved) .

6.
Brown. July.

--- ova'tus (egg-shape-feared). 6.

Brown. July.
-- variega'tm (variegated-Zea»ed). 6.

Brown. July.

— glatfcus (milky -green-leared) . 6. Brown.

May. Carolina. 1726.

— Iceviga'tus (smooth-leaved). 3. Brown. June.

North America. 1806.

— macroph y'llus (large-leaved). 6. California.

— oblong ifo' lius (oblong leaved) . 4. Brown.

May. North America. 1820.

— pennsylva'nicus (Pennsylvanian). 4. Brown.

May. Pennsylvania. 1820.

CALYCOPHY'LLUM. (FronpiJta^F, calyx,
and phyllon, a leaf ; referring to a divi-
sion of the calyx expanding into the
form of a leaf. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria^ 1-
monof/ynia. Allied to Bouvardia). Stove
evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; loam, peat, and a little sand and
charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. candidi' ssimum (whitest). 20. White. Cuba.
1830.

CALY'CULATE; having bracts so placed
as to resemble an outer, or additional
calyx.

CALY'PSO. (From kalypto, to conceal,
in reference to its place of growth. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Li-
paris). Half-hardy terrestrial Orchid.
Offsets from the bulbs ; sandy loam and
peat. Cold pit and frame, or close to
the side of a wall.

C. borea'lis (northern). £. Rose brown. Ja-
nuary. North America. 1820.

CALYPTRA'NTHES. (From kalyptra, a
veil, and anthos, a flower; referring to
the way the flower bud is hid by the
cohesion of the tips of the calyx, which
falls off like a cap when the flower ex-
pands. Nat. ord., Myrtkblooms [Myr-
tacea)]. Linn., \1-Icosaridria, l-i/tono-
(jynia. Allied to Pimento). The dried
flower buds of C. aromaticus are a good
substitute for cloves. Stove evergreen
trees. Layers and cuttings, in heat;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. chytracu'lia (Chytraculia). 20. White. April.
Jamaica. 1778.

— Zuzy'yium , (Xuzygium). 20. White. June.

West Indies. 1778.

CAL

C 181]

CAM

CALYSTE'GIA. Bearbind. (From lealyx,
a calyx, and stega, a covering ; in refer-
ence to the calyx being hid by two
bracts as is the case with a section of
Bindweeds. Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Con-
volvulaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-mo-
nogynia. Allied to Convolvulus). C. pu-
bescens received from China as a double
flower has become single with Mr.
Beaton. Cottage Gardener, iv. 302.
Hardy deciduous plants, except where
otherwise mentioned. Both the creep-
ing and twining species may be propa-
gated by divisions of the plant and roots.
Common soil.

C. Catesbta'na (Mr. Catesby'a). Rose. July.
Carolina. 1816. Twiner.

— dahu'rica (Dahurian). £. Pink. July. Da-

huria. 1823. Twiner.

— hedcra'cea (Ivy-like). Hose. June. Nepaul.

1826. Half-hardy twiner.

— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Pink. July. New

Holland. 1824. Twiner.

— pube'scens (downy). 15. Pale rose. June.

China. 1844. Twiner.

— renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). Pink. June.

New South Wales. 1822. Half-hardy.

— se'pium (great hedge. Common Bindweed) .

6. White. July. Britain.

incarnu'ta (red flowered). 6. Red.

July. North America.

— Soldane'lla (Soldanella-Zeaped). Sea Bind-

weed). Flame. June. Britain. Ever-
green trailer.

— spit ha ma? a (span). 1. White. July. North

America. 1796. Twiner.

— sylve'stris (wood). 18. White. July. Hun-

gary. 1815. Twiner.

— tomento'sa (woolly). June. North America.

1818. Trailer.

CA'LYTHIX. (From kalyx, a calyx,
and thrix, hair ; in reference to the di-
visions of the calyx ending in long
bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Fringemyrtles
[Chama?lauciaceoB]. Linn., \l-Icosan-
dria, \-nionogynia). The calyx in this
small order ends in awn-like hairs or
bristles, or is broken up into fringes —
hence the name of Fringe Myrtles.
They are beautiful little bushes, often
not unlike Heaths, with the fragrance of
Myrtleblooms. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of points of shoots, in
April or May, in sand, under a bell-
glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 35° to 45°.

C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). Yellow. May.
Swan River. 1842.

— au'rea (golden-flowered). Bright yellow.

Swan River.

— brevise'ta (short-bristled). Pale lilac. May.

Swau River. 1843.

C. ericoi'des (Heath-like). 2. White. New Hoi-

land. 1824.
— florlbu'nda (many-flowered). 4. WTiite.

New Holland. 1820.

— gla'bra (smooth). 4. White. May. New

Holland. 1818.

— glutino'sa (clammy). Yellow purple. May.

Swan River.

— pube'scens (downy). 4. White. New Hol-

land. 1824.

— sapphirina (sapphire-coloured). 2. Blue.

May. Swan River. 1843.

— sca'bra (rough leaved and bracte-1). 4. White.

June. South Australia. 1824.

— varia'bilis (changeable). Lilac. May. Swan

River. 1842.

— virga'ta (twiggy-branched). 2. White. May.

Australia. 1823.

CAMARI'DIUM. (From eatnara, an
arched roof; in reference to the arched
tip of the stigma. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacea3]. Linn., 10-Gynandria, 1-
monandria. Allied to Maxillaria). Stove
Orchid. Division. Shallow basket, or
raised above the surface of the pots with
sphagnum, moss, and broken pots. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 65°.
C. ochroleu'cum (yellowish white) . 1. White.
Brazil. July. Trinidad. 1823.

CAMARO'TIS. (From camara, an arched
roof ; in reference to the form of the lip
or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceee]. Linn., 1^-Gynandria^ l-mon-
andria. Allied to Sarcanthus). Stove
orchids ; divisions ; block of wood, or
shallow pot, with plant raised above it,
and the lower part fastened with moss,
peat, &c. Summer temp., 60° to 90°,
with moisture ; winter, 55° to 65°.
C. braziliefnsis (Brazilian). White. May.
Brazil. 1808.

— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). Rose. April. India.

1844.

— purpu'rea (purple-flowered) . L Purple.

May. East Indies. 1837.

CAMA'SSIA. (From Qua-mash, so called
by the North American Indians, who eat
the bulbs. Nat. ord., Lilytvorts [Lili-
acese]. Linn., §-Hexandria,\-monogynia.
Allied to Scilla, or squill). A beautiful
hardy bulb ; offsets and seeds, which may
be sown when ripe ; sandy peat, in a
shady situation.
C. esciile'nta (eatable). 2. Purple. July.

Colombia. 1827.

CAME'LLIA. (Named after Camellus, a
Moravian Jesuit. Nat. ord., Theads, or
Teaworts [Ternstromiaceao]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia, $>-polyandria), A good table
oil is extracted from the seeds of C. olci-
fera). Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. In-

CAM

[182]

CAM

arching and grafting, the latter mode
entailing least trouble, using a slight
sweet hotbed, and shading from bright
sun until the scions have taken ; March
and April is the best time ; cuttings of
ripened shoots — every joint, if necessary,
will form one, inserted firmly in the sand;
set in a close shady situation, and after a
time placed in mild bottom heat ; peat
and loam, with a little cow-dung dried,
and charcoal. Summer temp., 50° to 70°,
with shade; winter. 35° to 45°. By bring-
ing forward in a vinery they may be in-
duced to flower at almost all seasons.
C. euryoi'des (Eurya-like). 4. White. May.

China. 1824.
—japo'nica (common Japan). 10. Red. May.

China. 1739.

a'lba semidu'plex (white semi-
double). 10, White. March. China.

1822.
alberti (Prince Albert's). Red

white. May. China. 1839.
ela'ta (tall). Bright crimson.

May.
imbrica'ta (imbricated). 10.

Crimson. March. China. 1824.
pceoniceflo'ra a'lba (Paeony-flowered

white). 10. White. February.

China. 1820.
Pa'rksii (Park's). 10. Bright

rose. February. China,
Heevesia'na (Reeves's). 10. Crim-
son. September. China. 1829.
ro'sca (rose-like-flowered) . 10.

Rose. February. China. 1821.
Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 10. White.

February. China). 1824.
specio'sa (Rawe's showy). 10.

Deep red. March. China. 1824.

— Ki'sii (Kissi). 10. White. May. China.

1823.

— maliflo'ra (Apple-flowered). 8. Pink. China.

1818.

— olei'fera (on-yielding). 10. White. May.

China. 1819.

— reticula'ta (netted). 6. Red. April. China.

1824.

— Sasa'nqua (Lady .Bon&'s-Sasan). 4. White.

February. China. 1811.
plena-a'lba (double white). 4.

White. February. China. 1824.
ple>na-ru'bra (double red). Red.

February. China. 1818.
— semi' '-pie 'na (semidouble). 4. Red.

February. China. 1811.
CAMELLIA CULTURE. — Propagation.
By Cuttings, The double varieties do
not grow nor flower so well on their own
roots. Cultivators, therefore, propagate
by cuttings the original single flowered
species, and when these become plants
strong enough for the purpose, inarch, or
graft, upon them the fine double varieties.
The best time to put in these cuttings is

when the new wood has become nearly
ripe, which generally happens about the
end of June. Prepare first the pots, six
inches wide, for the cuttings, by covering
the hole at the bottom with an oyster-
shell, or a large piece of broken potsherd ;
place about an inch of smaller pieces
upon it, and another inch of pieces no
larger than peas upon them ; cover these
with a thin layer of moss, and then fill
the pots to the top with sandy loam,
sifted pretty fine; press this firmly down,
and fill the pot again quite up to the
brim, making it very firm. Then take
the cuttings of the single flowering spe-
cies ; make them about four or five
inches long; cut the bottom off smoothly
and level just under a bud ; then cut off
two of the lowest leaves, leaving as many
on the cutting. Make as many ready as
will fill the first pot. As soon as they
are ready, insert them into the soil thick-
ly all over the pot ; place them in a cold
frame, or spent hotbed, and in two or
three months they will nearly every one
be rooted. Then pot them off singly in
three-inch pots, in peat and sandy loam ;
and replace them in the frame where
they may remain till winter approaches ;
then to be removed into the greenhouse,
and have the usual treatment of the
older plants. Let them have a little
extra heat during the growing season,
and most of them will be ready for
grafting, or inarching, the following
season.

By grafting. — The time from Septem-
ber to February. The method called
tongue-grafting is the best for Camellias.
— See GRAFTING. As soon as grafted,
place them under hand-glasses upon a
surface of coal-ashes, in a deep pit or
shady part of the greenhouse, to remain
till the grafts have united to the stocks
and begin to grow; the hand-glasses
may then be removed, and the plants
gradually inured to the open air, and
finally placed in the greenhouse, and
receive the same culture as the other
plants.

By inarching. — The time for this mode
of increasing the double varieties is just
before the growing season in April. Place
the stocks in a warm place, to start the
sap ; and as soon as it is in motion, bring
them into a position near to the variety

CAM

[ 183]

CAM

intended to work upon. See INARCHING.
It is a more certain mode of increase
than by grafting, and also more expedi-
tious ; but the plants are generally longer
stemmed, and do not make so neat a joint
as by the former mode.

Soil — A moderate strong turfy loam
and sandy peat, in equal parts, will grow
these plants well. Some growers use
peat alone ; but it is too light, and the
plants do not live long in it.

Summer culture. — The bloom will be
over before summer commences. It will
then be necessary to give the Camellia
a little artificial heat to encourage a free
growth; a moist atmosphere also must
be produced by syringing the plants,
walks, and walls, every morning and
evening, and keeping the floor deluged
with water. Shade from bright sunshine,
and give air to reduce the temperature to
€5° by day, and 55° by night. Con-
tinue this liberal treatment till the buds
and the new leaves are fully formed;
then give more air, and about the middle
of July pot them, using plenty of drain-
age ; and set them out of doors behind
a north wall, where the sun cannot reach
them after 10 o'clock. There they may
remain till the autumn.

Winter culture. — As soon as there is
the least fear of frost, prepare for housing
the plants for the winter. Cleanse and
repair the house ; wash the pots, and top-
dress the soil before arranging them in
the house. Give abundance of air both
night and day when there is no frost;
and when there is frost, only just use
fire enough to keep it out. This treat-
ment is proper till the blooming season
is over. Water must be judiciously ap-
plied ; too much or too little will cause
the buds to drop off prematurely.

Insects.— The white scale is the most
troublesome insect. Strong soap water
will destroy it. The black fly also some-
times makes its appearance, and is very
injurious to the flower-buds. That and
the green fly may be destroyed in the
usual way by smoking with tobacco. The
black fly requires a stronger dose.

Diseases. — Sometimes young plants
will die suddenly, and if the roots are
examined, a browuness will be observec
at the ends. This arises from stagnam
water caused by imperfect drainage

To prevent it, pay particular attention to
hat point,

CAMOMILE or CHAMOMILE. Anthemis
^ob^lis.

Varieties. — There are two kinds, the
common single species and the double
lowering.

Soil and Situation. — They require a
poor dry soil, otherwise they are less
powerful in their medicinal qualities.
They will grow in any situation almost,
aut the more open the better.

Time and mode of Propagation. — Gene-
rally by parting the roots, and by offsets,
planted from the close of February until
the end of May ; the earlier, however,
the better, though they be planted in the
autumn. Seed sowing may be in any of
the early spring months, but as parting
the roots gives much less trouble, it is
generally pursued ; still after a lapse of
several years, raise fresh plants, the old
ones often then declining.

Cultivation. — They should not be
planted nearer to each other than eigh-
teen inches. Water must be given
moderately at the time of planting, if
dry weather. If raised from seed, the
seedlings require no further cultivation,
than to be kept free from weeds in the
seed-bed ; and when three or four inches
high, to be thinned to about six inches
apart, and may remain thus until the
following spring, then to be thinned and
remain, or to be removed to the above-
mentioned distance apart. A very small
bed will supply the largest family.

Gathering. — In July the flowers are
generally in perfection for gathering ;
the period for performing it, however,
must be governed by the flowers them-
selves, as the best time is when they are
just opened. Particular care must be
taken to dry them thoroughly before
they are stored, otherwise they will be-
come mouldy. If seed be required, the
only attention necessary is to leave some
of the first opening flowers ungathered ;
the seed will ripen early in September,
when it may be dried and rubbed out.

CAMPA'NULA. Bell- Flower. (The
diminutive of Campana, a bell ; literally
a little bell. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam-
panulacesel. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-
Monogynia). The annuals are chiefly
pretty low-growing plants, the seed of

CAM

[ 184]

CAM

which may he sown in the common bor-
der, at the end of March ; the biennial*
may he sown in April or May, many of
them will bloom the same year ; by cut-
tings a perennial habit will be given to
many of them. Perennials, chiefly by
division of the plant and roots. Those
from the West Indies, New Holland, and
the South of Europe, require the protec-
tion of a greenhouse, or cold pit, in win-
ter. Even the well-known beautiful
window plant C. pyramidalis makes a
poor show in the open air in most places.
Common soil for the most of them ; a
little peat and dung for those in pots.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. Broussonetia' na (Broussonet's). 1. Blue.
July. Mogadore. 1825.

— dicho'toma (forced-branched). 1. Blue.

July. Sicily. 1820.

— drabcKfo'lia (Draba-leaved). 1. Pale blue.

June. Athens. 1823.

— Eri'mis (Erinus). 1. Pale blue. July.

South of Europe. 1 768.

— erinoi'des (Erinus-like). 1. Pale blue.

July. Africa. 1823.

— Hermi'nii (Hermini's). 1. Blue. July.

Portugal. 1823.

— hispi'dula (rather bristly). 1. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817.

— Lcefli'ngii (Lcefling's). 1. Blue. July.

South of Europe. 1818.

— Lo'rei (Lore's). 2. Purple. June. Italy.

1824.

— puncta'ta (dotted-floivered) . 1, White.

May. Siberia. 1813.

— ramosi' sslma (branchiest) . 1. Blue. July.

Greece. 1820.

— sylva'tica (wood-inhabiting}. 1£. Blue.

June. Nepaul. 1840.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

C. Ada' mi (Adam's). 1. Blue. July. Cau-
casus, 1821.

— affi'nis (allied). 2. Blue. July. South

of Europe. 1824.

— America' na (American). 1. Blue. July.

Pennsylvania. 1763.

— Arms' na (Armenian). 1. Blue. July.

Russia. 1826

— bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

Pyrenees. 1823.

— betoniccefo'lia (Betony-leaved). 1. Blue.

May. Greece. 1820.

— cervica'ria (Throatwort) . 3. Light blue.

July. Germany. 1808.

— corymbo'm (corymbose). 2. Blue. May.
r Crete. 1820.

— divefrqens (spreading). 2. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1814.

— garga'nica (Garganian). 1. Pale blue.

July. Mount St. Ang. 1830. Trailer.

— lanugiwSsa (woolly -leaved}. 2. Blue. May.

1814.

— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Blue.

June. Hungary. 1814.

C. mefdium (middle-sized). 4. Blue. July.
Germany. 1597.

flo're-a'lbo ple'no (double-white-

flowered). 3. White. July. Ger-
many.

a'lbutn (white - flowered). 3.

White. July.

. fltfre-pwrpttrea plcfna (double-
purple-flowered). 3. Purple. July.
Germany.
— purprfrea (purple). Purple. July.

Germany.

— neglefcta (neglected). 2. Blue. June. 1818.

— obli'qua (twisted). 3. Blue. June. 1813.

— parvlllo' ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

'Iberia. 1819.

— peregri'na (diffuse). 2. Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1794.

— Sibc'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1783.

— spatula'ta (spatulate - leaved). 1. Blue.

July Greece. 1817.

— spica' ta (spiked). 1. Blue. July. Switzer-

land. 1786.

— stri'cta (upright). 2. Blue. June. Syria. 1819.

— thyrsoi'dea (ihyrse-flmvcred) . 2. Blue.

June. Switzerland. 1785.

— violcefo'lia (Violet-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1817.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

C. acumina'ta (long-pointed.) 3. Blue. Au-
gust. North America. 1826.

— aggrcga'ta (crowded-flowered). 2. Blue.

August. Bavaria. 1817.

— alliariwfo' lia (Alliaria-leaved). 1. Blue.

July. Caucasus. 1803.

— AUw'nii (Allioni's). 1. Blue. July. South

of France. 1820.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). 2. Blue. July. Switzer-

land. 1779.

— Alpi'ni (Alpinus's). 1. Blue. June. Italy.

1800.

— anqwtifo'Ua (narrow -leaved). Blue. July.

' France. 1818.

— azu'rea (blue). 2. Light blue. June.

Switzerland. 1778.

— barba'ta (bearded). 2. Light blue. June.

Italy. 1752.

cya'nea (dark blue). 1. Blue.

July. 1836.

— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Blue. Sep.

tember.

— Bella'rdi (Bellard's), 1. Blue. July. Italy.

1813.

— Eicbcrstenia'na (Bieberstein's). 1. Blue.

June. Caucasus, 1820.

— Bononic'nsis (Bononian). 2. Blue. Au-

gust. Italy. 1773.

— CaroHnia'na (Carolina). Blue. August.

— ca'spiio'sa (tufted(. 1. Blue. July. Aus-

tria. 1819.

— calyci'na (Zar</e-calyxed). 1. Blue. July.

Tauria. 1820.

— carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Blue. July.

Carpathian Alps. 1774.
a'lba (white-flowered). $. White.

June. Gardens.
— • Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

— Ccni'sia (Mount Cenis). 1. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1775.

CAM

[ 185 ]

CAM

C. cephala'ntha (head-flowered). 1. Blue.
August, Russia. 1817.

— cephalo'tes (round-headed). 1. Blue. June.

1818.

— cervicarol' des (Cervicaria-like). 1. Blue.

July. Italy. 1822.

— cichora'cea (Chichory-like). 2. Blue. June.

Greece. 1768.

— colll'na (hill). 1. Blue. July. Caucasus.

1803.

— conge' sta (crowded). 1. Blue. July.

France. 1823.

— crcna'ta (round-tooth-faawd) . 2. Blue

July. Russia. 1820.

— clati'ne (Elatine). 1. Pale blue. July.

South of Europe. 1823. Trailer.

— tflegans (elegant). 1. Pale blue. July.

Siberia. 1811.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved) . 1. Blue. July.

Hungary. 1826.

— erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 2. Purple.

June. Caucasus. 1823.

— exci'sa (cut off). 1. Blue. June. Switzer-

land. 1820.

— folio' sa (leafy). 1. Blue. July. Italy. 1826.

— gloinera'ta (clustered). 2. Violet. May.

Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 1.

White. May. Britain.
plffna a'lba (double-white-/Zow-

ered). 1. White. May. Britain.
flo're-ple'no purpurea (double-
purple-flowered). 2. Pale purple.

June. Gardens.
— fra'gilis (fragile). Blue. August. Alps.

1826. Half-hardy.
hirsufta (hairy-hcrbaged). 1. Blue.

August. Italy. 1833.

— graminifo'lia (grass-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1817.

— gra'ndis (large). 3. Purple. August.

Natolia. 1842. Half-hardy.

— gummi'fcm (gum-bearing) . 1. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1817.

— hedera'cea (Ivy-leaved). 1. Blue. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817.

— heterodo'xa (heterodox). 1. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1824.

— infundi'buhim (funnel- floircred) . 2. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1825.

— infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1822.

— lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). 2. Blue. June.

Greece. 1788.

— lactlflo'ra (milk-flowered). 6. Whitish

blue. August. Siberia. 1816.

— lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved). 3. Pale yel-

low. June. Iberia. 1823.

— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

France. 1819.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. White. July.

Britain.

flo're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 3.

White. July.

— Ulilfo'Ua (Lily-leaved). 3. Bltoe. May.

Siberia. 1783.

— lingula'ta (tongue-leaved). I.Violet. July.

Hungary. 1804.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— longlfo'Ua (long-leaved). 4. Blue. July.

Pyrenees. 1820.

C. Jyra'ta (Lyre-shaped). 2. Violet. July.
South of Europe. 1823.

— macro1 ntha (large-flowered). 3. Purple.

August. Kussia. 1822.

— polya'ntha (many-flowered). 5.

Blue. May. Russia. 1830.

— microphy" lla (small-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1820.

— mura'lis (wall). 1. Blue. September.

South of Europe. 1835. Half-hardy.

— nicccensis (Nice). 1. Purple. June. Pied-

mont. 1820.

— ni'tida (shining). 1. White. July. South

America. 1731.

flo're-a'lbo pie' no (double-white-flow-
ered). }. White. July.

cceru'lea (blue-flower, d). 1. Blue.

July. North America. 1731.

flo're-ccerufleo pldna (double-blue-
flowered). J. Blue. July.

— no'bilis (noble). 4. Pale purple. July.

China. 1844.

— Nu'ttaUil (Nuttal's). 1. Blue. July. North

America. 1829.

— obliquifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 3. Blue.

July. Italy. 1823.

— pa' tula (spreading). 1. Violet. July.

Britain.

— pcrsicifo'Ha (Peach-leaved). 3. Blue. July.

Europe. 1596.
a'lba (\vhite-flou-ered). 3.

White. July. Europe. 1596.
a' Ibaple'na (double-white). 3.

White. July. Europe. 1596.
ple-na (double-6/we). 3. Blue.

July. Europe. 1596.
gra'ndis (large-flowered). 3.

Blue. July. Europe. 1596.
maxi'ma (largest-peach-leaved).

3. Blue. July. Europe. 1596.

— planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). 2. Blue. Au-

gust. Siberia. 1817.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Blue. July. Bo-

hemia.

— pu'lla (russet). 1. Blue. June. Austria.

1779. '

— pitintia (dwarf). 1. Blue. July. Switzer-

land.

— pusi'lla (diminutive). 1. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1821.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. July.

Carniola. 1594.
flo're a'lbo (white-flowered).

4. White. July. Europe.

— quadri'fida (four-cleft). 1. Blue. June.

New Holland. 1820.

— Ralne'ra (Rainer's). 1. Blue. July. Italy.

1826.

— rapu'nculus (Ramp ion). 3. Blue. July.

Britain.

— rapunculoi'des (Rampion-like). 3. Blue.

June. England.

— rhomboi'dea (diamond-leaved). 2. Blue.

July. Switzerland. 1775.
ru'bra (red-flwcercd). 1. Red-
dish lilac. July. Switzerland.

— rige'scens (stiff). 1. Blue. June. Sibe-

ria. 1820.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 3. Blue June.

Britain.

flo're a'lbo (white-flowered).

1. White. June. Britain.

CAM

[ 186]

CAM

C. rotundifo'liaflo'replefno (double-flowered).
:J. Blue. July. Gardens.

— ruthe'iiica (Russian ). 2. Blue. June. Cau-

casus. 1815.

— sarma'tica (Sarmatian). 2. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1803.

— saxa' tills (rock). 1. Blue. May. Can-

dia. 1768.

— Scheuchze'ri (Scheuchzer's). 1. Blue. July.

Europe. 1813.

— si' mplex (single-stemmed), 3. Blue. July.

South of France. 1819.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. May. Si-

beria. 1825.

— spref ta (despised). 2. Blue. July. Siberia.

1820.

— Teno'rli (Tenor's). Blue. June. Naples.

— tenuifo'lia (line-leaved). 1. Violet. July.

Hungary. 1817.

— tomentv'sa (woolly). 1. White. June.

Levant. 1810.

— trachefl'min (Throatwort). 4. Blue. June.

Britain.

a'lba (white-flowered). 3. White.

July. Britain.

a'lba pit? no, (double-white-flow-
ered). 3. White. July. Britain.

ple'na (double- blue - flowered).

3. Blue. July. Britain.

— tracheloi'rfes (Throatwort-like). 3. Blue.

July. Caucasus. 1817.

> flt/ re-purpu' rea pi' ena (double-

purple-flowei-ed) . 3. Purple. July.

— trichocalyci'na (hairy-calyxed) . 4. Blue.

July. Italy. 1823.

— urticifo'lia (Nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. Au-

gust. Germany. 1800.

flo're ple'na (double -flowered.)

White. July. Germany.

— Vande'si (De Vande's). 1. Cream. June.

— veluti'na (velvety). 1. Blue. May. South

of Europe. 1826.

— virga' ta (twiggy). 1. Blue. June. North

America. 1823.

— versi' color (various-coloured). 4. Striped.

July. Siberia. 1788.

— Waldsteinia'na (Waldstein's). 1. Blue.

June. Hungary. 1824.

— Zo'ysii jfZoy's). 1. Dark blue. June.

Carniola. 1813.

GREENHOUSE.

C. au'rea (gol&en-fiowtred). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. Madeira. Evergreen shrub.
1777.

angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved) . 2.

Yellow. August. Madeira. 1777.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. Madeira. 1777.

— capefnsis (Cape). 1. Blue. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1803. Annual.

— ce'rnua (noAAmg-flowered). 1. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1804. Biennial.

— dehi'scens (gaping). 1. Blue. July. East

Indies. 1818. Annual.

— gra'dlis (slender). 1. Blue. June. New

South Wales. 1794. Biennial.

— littora'lis (shore). 1. Blue. April. New

Holland. 1820. Biennial.
-- mo' Ills (soft). 1. Purple. June. Sicily.
1788. Herbaceous perennial.

— Ottonia'na (Otto's). 1. Blue. July. Cape

of Good Hope,
shrub.

1825. Evergreen

CAMPE'LIA. (From kampe, bending, and
helios, the sun ; in reference to the flowers
bending round to the sun. Nat. ord.,
Spiderworts [Commelynaceae]. Linn. 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Tra-
descantia). Stove herbaceous perennial ;
seeds in spring ; rich loam ; common
stove treatment.

(7. zano'nia (Zanonia-leaved) 2. Blue. July.
West Indies. 1759.

CA'MPHORA. Camphor Tree. (From
camphor, commercial name of its chief
product. Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauracese].
Linn., §-Eneandria,\-monogynia. Allied
to Cinnamomum). Although camphor is
secreted by many plants in this order, and
more particularly by some species of cin-
namon, the true camphor of commerce
is obtained from Camphor officinalis, and
is a product of the oil procured from the
wood, branches, and leaves, by means of
dry distillation. Camphor is chiefly
manufactured in the island of Formosa, and
from thence sent to Canton for exporta-
tion. The hard camphor of Sumatra and
the camphor oil of Borneo, are the natu-
ral secretions of Dryoba 'loops ca'mphora.
Stove evergreen tree ; cuttings ; peat and
loam ; cool stove.

C. officina'lis (officinal. Camphor tree). 20.
Greenish white. March. Japan. 1727.

CAMPOMANE'SIA. (Named after Cam-
pomanes, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Myrileblooms [Myrtaceaa]. Linn., 12-
Icosandrici; \-monoyijnia. Allied to Psi-
dium). Its yellow sweet-scented fruit,
called palillo, is eaten by the natives.
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings
of rather ripe shoots in sand, under a bell-
glass. Summer temp., 50° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40° to 45°.

C. lineatifo'lia (lined-leaved). White. April
Peru. J824.

CAMPTE'RIA. (Stove ferns. Allied to
Pteris and Blechnum [Polypodiacea3].
Linn., 1±-Cryptogamia, \-filices). Divi-
sions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°
C. Uauri'ta (two-eared) Pale yellow and

brown. West Indies. 1824.
— nemora'lis (grove). 1^. Brown. June.
Isle of Bourbon. 1823.

CAMPYLA'NTHUS. (From campyks, a
curve, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
FigworU [ Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 2-

CAM

[ 187]

CAN

Diandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Ge-
rardia). Greenhouse evergreen shrub ;
cuttings in sand of half-ripened shoots,
under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 65° to 70° ; win-
ter, 40° to 50°.

C salsoloi'des (salsola-like). 1. Purple. March.
Teneriffe. 1825.

CAMPY'LIA. A section of the Pelargo-
niums.

CANADA RICE. Tiza'nia aqua'tica.

CANARI'NA. So named from being a
native of the Canary Islands. Nat. ord.,
JBellworts [Campanulacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, l-monogynia. Allied to Light-
footia). Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nials ; cuttings of small side shoots in
sandy loam, under a hand-light, but
rather difficult to manage; division of the
roots in spring, just as they begin to grow,
and at that time for a month or two they
like the assistance of a hotbed ; at other
times the common treatment of the green-
house will suit them ; fibry loam, turfy
peat, and a good portion of sand ; pots
well drained.

C. campanula (Campanula). 3. Orange. Janu-
ary. 1696.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth). 3. Orange. January.

1825.

CANARY GRASS. Pha'laris.

CANAVA'LIA. (From Canavali, its
native name in Malabar. Nat. prd., Le-
guminous plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia, Q-decandria. Allied to Dio-
clea). Stove perennial twiners, except
where otherwise specified ; seeds, and
cuttings, in sandy soil, and in heat, under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayrean). 10. Purple.
July. Buenos Ayres.

— gladia'ta (sword-podded}. 6. White red.

June. East Indies. 1790.

— obtusifo'lia (twisted-leaved). 6. Purple.

July. East Indies. 1820.

emargina'ta (end-notched-Zeav-

ed). 6. Purple. July. East Indies.
1800.

— ro'sea (rose-coloured}. 3. Purple, July.

Jamaica. 1812. Evergreen creeper.

— ru'tilans (shining). Scarlet. 1847. Green-

house evergreen twiner.

CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. My'rica.

CANDO'LLEA. (Named after the great
botanist, Decandolle. Nat ord., Dille-
niads [Dilleniacese]. Linn., IS-Polya-
delphia, 1-polyandria). Greenhouse ever-
green shrubs, from Australia ; cuttings

in sandy peat, under a glass ; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to
70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. Bruno' nis (Brown's). 6. Yellow. May.

-cuneifo'rmis (wedge-shaped). 7. Yellow.

IfugtflUi (Hugel's). 6. Yellow. May- 1837.

— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 7. Yellow.

June. 1842.

CANDY CARROT. Athama'nta Mat-
thi'ola.

CANDY-TUFT. Iberis.

CANEL'LA. (From canna, a reed ; the
form of the inner bark when peeled off.
Nat. ord., Cancttads [Canellacese]. Linn.,
\l-Dodecandria, \-monogynia). This is
the wild cinnamon of the West Indies,
on account of its aromatic fragrance.
CaneUa, or white wood bark, yields by
distillation a warm aromatic oil, which is
often mixed with the oil of cloves in the
West Indies. Stove evergreen trees;
cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under a
;lass, and in bottom heat in April or
Jtay ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55 .
C. a'lba (white wood-bark}. 40. White. West
Indies. 1735.

— lau'rifolia (laurel-leaved). 30. White.

South America. 1820. .

CANKER.— This disease is accompanied
by different symptoms, according to the
species of the tree which it infects. In
some of those whose true sap contains a
considerable quantity of free acid, as in
the genus Pyrus, it is rarely accompanied
by any discharge. To this dry form
of the disease it would be well to confine
the term canker. In other trees, with
sap abounding in astringent or gummy
constituents, it is usually attended by a
discharge. In such instances it might
strictly be designated ulcer. This dis-
ease has a considerable resemblance to
the tendency to ossification, which ap-
pears in most aged animals, arising from
their marked tendency to secrete the
calcareous saline compounds that chiefly
constitute their skeletons. The conse-
quence is, an enlargement of the joints
and ossification of the circulatory vessels
and other parts, phenomena very analo-
gous to those attending the cankering
of trees. As in animals, this tendency
is general throughout their system, but,
as is observed by Mr. Knight, " like the
mortification in the limbs of elderly

CAN

[ 188]

CAN

people," it may be determined as to its
point of attack by the irritability of that
part of the system.

This disease commences with an en-
largement of the vessels of the bark of a
"branch or of the stem. This swelling
invariably attends the disease when it
attacks the apple-tree. In the pear the
enlargement is less, yet is always pre-
sent. In the elm and the oak some-
times no swelling occurs; and in the
peach we do not recollect to have seen
any. The swelling is soon communi-
cated to the wood, which if laid open
to view on its first appearance by the
removal of the bark, exhibits no marks
of disease beyond the mere unnatural
enlargement. In the course of a few
years, less in number in proportion to
the advanced age of the tree, and the
unfavourable circumstances under which
it is vegetating, the swelling is greatly
increased in size, and the alburnum has
become extensively dead ; the bark above
it cracks, rises in discoloured scales, and
decays even more rapidly than the wood
beneath. If the canker is upon a mo-
derately-sized branch, the decay soon
completely encircles it, extending through
the whole alburnum and bark. The cir-
culation of the sap being thus entirely
prevented, all the parts above the disease
perish.

Trees injudiciously pruned or growing
upon an ungenial soil are more frequently
attacked than those which are advancing
under contrary circumstances. The
oldest trees are always the first attacked
of those similarly cultivated. The
golden pippin, the oldest existing va-
riety of the apple, is more frequently
and more seriously attacked than any
other. The soil has a very considerable
influence in inducing the disease. If
the subsoil be an irony gravel, or if it
is not well drained, the canker is almost
certain to make its appearance amongst
the trees they sustain, however young
and vigorous they were when first
planted.

Bruises and wounds of all kinds
usually are followed by canker in the
wounded part, if the tree is tending to
this disease.

All these facts before us unite in as-
suring us that the canker arises from

the tree's weakness, from a deficiency
in its vital energy, and consequent in-
ability to imbibe and elaborate the
nourishment necessary to sustain its
frame in vigour, and much less to supply
the healthy development of new parts.

It is quite true that over-luxuriant
trees are particularly liable to this dis-
ease ; but over-luxuriance is really a
demonstration that the tree does not
digest and secrete its juices healthily.

If over-luxuriance threaten to intro-
duce canker, the best remedy is to re-
move some of the main roots of the
tree, and to be particularly careful not
to add any manure to the soil within
their range. On the contrary, it will be
well if the continued exuberant growth
shows the necessity for the staple of the
soil to be reduced in fertility by the
admixture of one less fertile, or even of
drift sand. If there be an excess of
branches, the saw and the pruning-knife
must be gradually applied. It must be
only a tree of very , weak vital powers,
such as is the golden pippin, that will
bear the general cutting of the annual
shoots. A vigorous variety would ex-
haust itself the following year in the
production of fresh wood. Nothing
beyond a general rule for the pruning
can be laid down ; keep a considerable
vacancy between every branch, both
above and beneath it, and especially
provide that not even two twigs shall
chafe against each other. The greater
the intensity of light, and the freer the
circulation of air amongst the foliage of
the tree, the better the chance for its
healthy vegetation. If the disease being
in a fruit tree be a consequence of old
age, it is probably premature, and in-
duced by injudicious management, for
very few of our varieties are of an age
that insure to them decrepitude. We
have never yet known a tree, unless in
the last stage of decay, that could not
be greatly restored by giving it more air
and light, by careful heading in pruning,
improvement of the soil, and cleansing
the bark.

If the soil by its ungenial character
induces the diseases, the obvious and
only remedy is its amelioration ; and if
the subsoil is the cause of the mischief,
the roots must be prevented striking

CAN

[189]

CAN

into it. In all cases it is the best prac-
tice to remove the tap root. If the trees
are planted shallow, as they ought to
be, and the surface kept duly fertile,
there is not much danger of the roots
striking into the worse pasturage of the
subsoil.

Scrubbing the bark of the stem and
branches with a mixture of soapsuds and
urine, and, where any pruning has
taken place, keeping the wounds covered
with a mixture of clay and cow-dung are
the best local applications. "We once
thought resinous plasters the best, but
subsequent experiments have altered
our opinion.

The canker in the auricula is a rapidly-
spreading ulcer, which, destroying the
whole texture of the plant where it oc-
curs, prevents the rise of the sap. Some
gardeners believe it to be infectious, and
therefore destroy the specimen in which
it occurs, unless it be very valuable ;
but this we believe to be erroneous, the
reason of the disease appearing to be
infectious, or epidemic, being, that it oc-
curs to many when they are subjected
to the same injurious treatment.

It appears to be caused by the appli-
cation of too much water, especially if
combined with superabundant nourish-
ment. Therefore, although cutting out
the decaying part, when it first appears,
and applying to the wound some finely-
powdered charcoal, will effect a cure if
the disease has not penetrated too deeply,
yet it will be liable to return imme-
diately if a less forcing mode of culture
be not adopted. No auricula will suffer
from this disease if it be shifted an-
nually, and the tap root at the time of
moving be shortened ; a thorough system
of draining being adopted, and excessive
damp during the winter being prevented
by proper shelter.

Parsley grown in a poor soil is also
liable to canker in the winter. Mr.
Barnes says he never found any appli-
cation which eradicated this disease so
effectually as a mixture in equal parts
of soot and slacked lime, thrown over the
plants. The cure is complete in a few
days, the vigour of the plants restored,
indicating that this species of ulcera-
tion arises from deficient nourishment.

The tubers of the potato also are

liable to the speck, black spot, or canker,
a disease which we once thought occa-
sioned by the calcareous earth, lime, or
chalk, contained by the soil ; but on more
lengthened observation, we find it in all
soils, and in seasons characterised by
opposite extremes of wetness and dry-
ness ; hence we are induced to consider
that the disease arises from some defect
in the sets employed, or to potatoes
being grown too often on the same site.
It is quite certain that in ground tired
of potatoes the disease most extensively
appears. This suggests that it is occa-
sioned by a deficiency of some consti-
tuent in the soil, a suggestion confirmed
by the fact, that in the fields of the
market-gardeners near London, which
are supplied without stint with the most
fertilizing manure, this disease of the
potato comparatively is unknown.

The stems of succulent plants, such as
the cacti, mesembryanthemums, and the
balsam, as well as the fruit of the cu-
cumber and melon, and the stalk of the
grape, are all liable to canker in some
form.

CA'NNA. Indian Shot. (The Celtic
name for a cane, or reed. Nat. ord.,
Mar ants [Marantaceas]. Linn., 1-Dian-
dria, \-Monogynid). Stove herbaceous
perennials. Divisions of the root ; seed
sown in hotbed ; rich open loamy soil.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C. achi'ras (Achiras).) 5. Dark red. August
Isle of Mendoza. 1829.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet.

April. South America. 1824.

— auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. De-

cember. Brazil. 1824.

— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured) . 4. Flesh. De-

cember. Brazil. 1822.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. December.

South America. 1731.

— compa'cta (compact). 2. Red. April.

East Indies. 1820.

— crrfcea (saffron-coloured) . 2. Red. May.;i823.

— denuda'ta (naked). 2. Scarlet. June.

Brazil. 1818.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Red.

May. Brazil. 1818.

— di'scolor (two - coloured - leaved] . 10.

Scarlet. November. Trinidad. 1827.

— edu'lis (eatable). 3. Red. September.

Peru. 1820.

— esculcfnta (esculent). 4. Red. December.

South America. 1822.

— exctflsa (lofty). 16. Scarlet. January.

Brazil. 1820-

—fla'ccida (weak). 5. Red. July. South
Carolina. 1788.

CAN

[ 190]

CAP

C. giga'ntea (gigantic). 5. Red yellow. De-
cember. South Europe. 1809.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. January.
South America. 1730.

ru' bra lit! tea (yellow and red). 4£.

Yellowish red/ August. Jamaica.

1834.

. ru'fa (reddish brown). 2. Brown.

July. South America.

— i'ndica (Indian). 2. Scarlet. December.

India. 1570.

macula' ta (spotted). 2. Reddish

yellow. December. India.

— iridijfo'ra (Iris-flowered). 6. lied. Decem-

ber. Peru. 1816.
—jufncea (rush-like). 1. Red. May. Indies.

— lagune'mls (Laguna). 5. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Laguna. 1828.

— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4. Scarlet. May.

Trinidad. 1819.

— lanceola'ta (spear-/e«wd). 3. Red. De-

cember. Brazil. 1825.

— lanugino'sa (woolly). 6. Scarlet. April.

Marant. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink. De-

cember. Brazil. 1820.

— limba' ta (bordered). 3. Red. December.

Brazil. 1818.

— lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October. East

Indies. 1829.

— occidentn'lis (western). 3. Reddish yellow.

June. West Indies. 1822.

— oricHta'lis (eastern). 4. Red. June. East

Indies. 1820.

fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow.

June. East Indies. 1820.

macula' ta (spotted) . Scarlet yel-
low. August. East Indies. 1570.

— na'Uida (pzle-Jloiccrhiff}. 4. Pale yellow.

June. West Indies. 1820.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yel-
low. June. West Indies. 1820.

—pa' tens spreading). 2. Reddish yellow.
May. RioJaneira. 1778.

— peduncula' ta (long - flower - stalked) . 6.

Orange. October. 1820.

— poli/mo' rpha (many-formed). 3. Red. De-

cember. South America. 1825.
—Ree'vesii (Reeve's). 5. Yellow. May.
China. 1835.

— rw'ira(red). 3. Red. December. West

Indies. 1820.

— rubricau' Us (red-stemmed). 3. Red. May.

1821.

— sangui! 'nea (bloody).

South America.

— specio'sa (showy). 3.

America. 1820,

- sylve'strts (wild). 5.

South America.

— variu'Ulis (variable).

India. 1822.
CANNON-BALL TREE. Le'cythis. ^
CANTERBURY BELLS. Campanula
medium.

CA'NTHIUM. (From Coftttx, its Mala-
bar name. Nat. ord., Cinchmads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5 - Pentandria, 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Psychotria.]. Be-

4. Red.
1820.

December.
Red. August. South

Scarlet. December.

1820.

3. Red. December.

sides its beauty, it is one of tbose reme-
dial agents for which Cinchonads are so
much celebrated. A stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots,
in sandy soil, under a glass ; rich fibry
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 70°;
winter, 40° to 45°.

C. du'Uum (doubtful). 3. White. July.
East Indies. 1824.

CA'NTUA. (Cantu is the Peruvian name.
Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoniacese].
Linn., 5 - Pentandria, 1 - Monogynia).
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings in sand, under glass ; sandy loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C bi' color (two-coloured). 4. Reddish yel-
low. May. Peru. 1846.

— m/ri/o' lia (pear-leaved) . 3. Cream. March.

Peru. 1846.

CAPE JASMINE. Garde 'ma florida.

CAPE PHILLY'REA. Cassi'ne cape mis.

CA'PPARIS. Caper Tree. (From kabar,
the Arabic name for capers. Nat. ord.,
Capparids [Capparidaceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria. l-monogynia}. The flower
buds of C. spinosa form a well known
pickle. Stove evergreen shrubs, except
where otherwise specified. Cuttings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, in
moist heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
All require protection, and most of them
the usual treatment of the plant stove.
C acumina'ta (long-pointed-/eared). 6. White.
East Indies. 1822.

— ccgyptl'aca (.Egyptian). 3. White. Egypt.

1822.

— amygdali'na (Almond -like). 6. White.

West Indies. 1818.

— aphi/lln (leafless). 4. White. East Indies.

1822.

— auricula' ta (eared). 6. White.

— Bra'ssii (Brass's). 4. WTiite. Gold Coast.

1793.

— Srefynia (Breynius's). 11. White. West In-

dies. 1752.

— ch in* nsis( Chinese). 4. White. July. South

America. 1827.

— cynoplutUo'phora (Dog - phallus - bearing.

Jlay-lcavcd). 8. Green white. West
Indies. 1752.

— Eustachia'na (St. Eustach's). 6. Striped. St.

Eustach. 1822.

—fcrrvgi'nca (rusty). 4. White. Jamaica.
—frondo'sa (leafy).' 7. Green. Carthagena.

1800.

— herba' cea (herbaceous) . 2. White. Tauria.

1818. Herbaceous half-hardy.
—jamaictnsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.

— linea'ris (narrow-fcaved) . 15. White. West

Indies. 1793.

— maria'na (Marianne island). 4. White. Ti-

mor. 20.

CAP

CAT

C. odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 6. White.
Caraccas. 1814.

— ova' ta (egg-shape-leaved). 3. White. July.

South of Europe. Half-hardy deci-
duous.

— pelta'ta (shield-teamed). 6. White. Trinidad.

1827.

— pulche'rrima (fairest). 10. White. Cartha-

gena. 1700.

— salt' gna (Willow-leaved). 8. White. Santa

Cruz. 1807.

— sepia' ria (hedge). 4. White. East Indies.

1823.

— spino'sa (common spiny). 3. White. June.

South of Europe. 1596. Half-hardy
deciduous.

— tenuisi'liqua (slender-podded). 6. White.

Caraccas. 1823.

— tomlo'sa (twisted-podded). 6. White. West

Indies. 1822.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 4. White. South

America.

— undula' ta (waved). 6. White.

— verruca' sa (warty -podded). 8. White.

Carthagena. 1820.

— zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 6. White. Ceylon. 1819.

CAPRIFO'LIUM. Honeysuckle. (From
caper, a goat, and folium, a leaf, poetically
goat-leaf, for its climbing habit. Nat.
ord., Capri/oils [Caprifoliaceas]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria, \-monogynia. Allied to
Lonicera). All deciduous and twiners ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings
of ripened shoots taken off in autumn
and inserted in a shady border ; tender
and scarcer kinds should have the as-
sistance of a hand-light, as the wood is
generally pithy. The most successful
mode of propagating out of doors, is by
layers in autumn after the leaves have
commenced falling. Common soil.

HARDY.

C. dim' cum (dioDcious). 6. Purple. June. North
America. 1776.

— Dougla'ssii (Douglass's). 20. Orange. July.

North America. 1824. Climber.

— etntscum (Etruscan). 15. Orange. May.

Italy.

—fla'vum (yellow). 10. Yellow. May, Caro-
lina. 1810.

— hirstftum (hairy. leaved). 20. Yellow. May.

Canada. 1822.

— hispi'dulum (rather bristly). Rose. July.

South America. 1833.

— gra'tum (pleasant). 20. Red. July. North

America. 1730. Evergreen.

— ita'licum (Italian). 10. Purple yellow. June.

England.

ru'brum (red Italian). 10. Red.

June. South Europe.

— longiflo' rum (long - flowered). Yellow-

white. July. China. 1826. Climber.
— • occidenta'le (western). 20. Orange. July.

Ft. Vancouver. 1824.
—.Periclyme'num (Woodbine). 20. Yellow.

June. Britain.

C. Periclyme'num Be'lgica (Dutch). 20. Yel-
low. June.
quercifo'lium (Oak -leaved).

20. Yellow-red. June.
seru'tinum (late red). 20.

Yellow-red. June.
variega'tum (variegated). 15.

Yellow red. June. Britain.
— semper vi'rens (evergreen). 15. Scarlet. June.

North America. 1656. Evergreen.
Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20.

Bright scarlet. May.
ma'jor (larger-flowered). 20.

Scarlet. May.

mi'nus (less. Trumpet). 15.

Scarlet. June. Carolina. 1656.

— tubulo'sum (cylindrical) . Mexico. 1846.

HALF-HARDY.

C. chine1 nse (China). 30. Orange. August.
China. 1806. Evergreen.

— cilio'sum (hair fringed). 6. Yellow. June.

Missouri. 1825.

— imple'xum (interwoven). 8. Red yelknv.

July. Minorca. 1772. Evergreen.
balea'ricum (Balearic). 8. Cream.

June. Minorca.
— japo'nicum (Japanese). 15. Red. June.

China. 1806. Evergreen.

— nepale'nse (Nepaul). 15. Orange. July.

Nepaul. 1807. Evergreen.
CA'PSICUM. Chili Pepper. (From
kapto, to bite ; referring to its pungency.
Nat. ord. , Nightshades [Solanaceae] . Linn. ,
5-Pentandria, \-monogynia}. Cayenne
pepper is the ground seeds of Capsicum ;
seeds sown in a hotbed in March, and
after being picked off finally potted to be
grown in a house, such as a vinery, or
transplanted against a wall, or any shel-
tered place out of doors.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. angulo'sum (angular-fruited). 1. White.
June. India.

— a' nnum (annual). 1. White. June. India.

1548.

— cordifo'rma (heart-shaped). 1, White.

June. India.

— Icfngum (long-fruited). 1. White. June.

India. 1548.

— tetrago'num (four-angled). 1. White. June.

India.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. bacca'tum (berried). 3. White. June. 1731.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 4. Purple. June.

West Indies. 1804.

— cerasiflo'rum (cherry-flowered). 2. White.

June. 1823.

— cerasifo'rme (cherry-shaped). 1. Red yel-

low. June. West Indies. 1739. An-
nual.

— cceruld 'scens (bluish). Purple. June. South

America. 1827.

— co'nicum (conical-fruited). 2. White. June.

Guiana. 1820. Annual.

— conoi'des (cone-like). 2. White. April.

India. 1750.

CAP

[192]

CAR

C. frute! scens (shrubby). 1. Pale yellow. July.

India. 1656.
tortulo'sum (sub-twisted). 2.

White. June. East Indies. 1820.

— globi'ferum (globe-bearing). 2. White. June.

Guiana. 1824.

— gro'ssum (large). 1. White. July. India.

1752. Biennial.
bi'fidum (two-cleft). "White. May.

East Indies. 1758.
globo'sum (globe-fruited}. 1. White.

July. East Indies.

— lute' urn (yellow-fruited). White. July.

East Indies.

— havane'nse (Havanah). White. May. Ha-

vanah. 1826.

— lu'teum (yellow -fruited). 1. White. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— micr a' nthum (small-flowered). 3. White.

May. Brazil. 1820.

— microca'rpon (small-fruited). 2. White. May.

— Mille'rii (Miller's). 1. White. June. June.

West Indies. 1824. Annual.

— mi'nimum (smallest). White. May. East

Indies. 1728.

— ova' turn (egg-fruited). 3. White. July. 1824.
— pefndulum (pendulous)). 2. White. May.

1750.

— pyramida'le (pyramidal). 2. White. May.

Egypt. 1750.

— sine1 me (Chinese). 2. White. July. China.

1807.

— sphee'ricum (globular-fruited). 2. White.

May. 1807.

— tomatifo'rme (Tomato-shaped). 1|. Whitish.

July. Biennial.

— ustula'tum (burnt). 2. White. June. Chili.

Annual.

CAPSICUM. For pickling purposes the
following are the species and varieties
usually employed : —

Capsicum annuum (Guinea pepper), the
long-podded, short-podded, and oval
short-podded. C. cerasiforme (cherry pep-
per), cherry-shaped red and yellow pod-
ded. C. grossum (bell pepper).

Soil and situation. — They do best in a
light, rich loam, and against a fence or
wall, hence they are often grown within
an enclosure devoted to hotbed forcing.

Time and mode of sowing. — Sow to-
wards the end of March or beginning of
April. Sow in pots or pans, and place in
a hotbed, with the shelter of a frame ;
but in default of a stove, hotbed, or
frame, they may be raised under hand-
glasses on a warm border, the sowing in
such case being deferred until settled
warm weather in May. The seed covered
a quarter of an inch deep. When the
plants have still their seed leaves, thin to
four inches apart, and those removed
plant in four-inch pots, three in each,
and keep them in a moderate hotbed,

being shaded from the meridian sun, and
moderately watered with tepid water
until they have taken root ; but little
shading will be required if the roots of
the seedlings are carefully moved, and in
the afternoon just before shutting up.
During the whole of their continuance
beneath a frame, air must be admitted
freely to prevent their being drawn ; and
as May advances they must be accus-
tomed gradually to an uncovered situa-
tion, by taking off the glasses during the
day, and by degrees leaving them open of
an evening : this prepares them for their
final removal at the close of that month
or early in June. Those raised in a
border beneath hand-glasses must also
be thinned as directed above, and those
removed planted in a similar situation,
or in default of hand-glasses, beneath a
paper frame or matting. The same may
be adopted for the plants from the hot-
beds, if all other conveniences are want-
ing. "When planted out finally, set them
two feet asunder, screened from the sun,
and water freely until rooted. Continue
the watering in dry weather throughout
their growth. They flower during July
or beginning of August, and the pods are
ready to be gathered for pickling at the
close of this last month or early in Sep-
tember.

To obtain seed. — A plant bearing some
of the forwardest and finest fruits of each
variety must be preserved, that it may
be ripe before the frost commences, the
first of which generally kills the plants,
When completely ripe, cut the pods and
hang up in the sun, or in a warm room,
until completely dry, and keep the seed
in them until wanted for sowing.

CARAGA'NA. Siberian Pea Tree.
(From Caragan, the name of C.
arborescens among the Mogul Tar-
tars. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabaceee]. Linn., 1 1 -Diadelphia, 4-
Decandria. Allied to Colutea). These
handsome shrubs inhabit the whole of
north-eastern Asia, from Pekin in China
westward, to the banks of the Wolga ;
they are increased principally in the
nurseries by grafting on C. arborescens,
which is a deciduous tree, but all the
others are deciduous shrubs. The larger
growing species are best propagated by
seeds sown in spring, or by cuttings of

CAR

[ 193]

CAR

the roots. Shrubby low plants by seed
and layers ; and the rarer, Chinese, Sibe-
rian, and drooping kinds, by grafting in
spring ; sandy loam.

C.Altaga'na (Altagana). 3. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1789.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. Yellow. May.

Siberia. 1752.

ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Yel-
low. May. Siberia. 1820.

— arena' ria (sand). 1. Yellow. June. Si-

beria. 1802.

— Chamla'gu (Chamlagu). 4. Yellow. May.

China. 1773.

— fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia.
—frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Yellow. April.

Siberia. 1752.
. angustifo'lia (narrow-leafleted) .

6. Yellow. April. Odessa.
latifo'lia (broad-leafleted). 6.

Yellow. April.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow.

June. Iberia. 1823.

— Gerardia'na (Gerard's). Himalayas. 1839.
—juba'ta (maned). 2. Pink. April. Siberia.

— macraca'ntha (large-thorned), 2. Yellow.

June. Siberia.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow.

May. Russia. 1819.

— moTHis soft). 2. Yellow. May. Tauria.

1818.

— mongrflica (Mongolian). Yellow. April.

Tartary 1826.

— pygmcefa (pigmy). 1. Yellow. May. Si-

beria. 1751.

arena' ria (sand). 1. Yellow.

April.

— Redtfwski (Redowski's). 3. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1827.

pro? cox (early). 3. Yellow.

April.

— spincfsa (thorny). 6. Yellow. May. Si-

beria. 1775.

— tragacanthoi' des (Goat's-thorn-like). 4.

Yellow. May. Siberia. 1816.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). Greenish yellow.

1847*

CARA'LLIA. (From cara'llie, its name
in India. Nat. ord., Mangroves [Rhizo-
phoraceas]. Linn., ll-Dodecandria, 1-
monogynia}. This, like the rest of the
mangroves, grows only along the tropical
shores, where they form impenetrable
thickets, and send down roots from the
branches, like the Banian tree. In time
such roots raise the main trunks high
above their original level ; hence the
usual name of the order — rhizophoraceae,
or root bearers. Cuttings and treatment
as for Canthiunt

C. lufcida (shining). 20. Yellow. East Indies.
1820.

CARALLU'MA. (Its Indian name. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn.,
13

5-Pentandria, 1-Digynia. Allied to Sta-
pelia). Stove evergreen shrubs, natives
of East Indies. Cuttings well dried, and
laid rather than fastened among gravely
and limy rubbishy soil until they strike ;
sandy loam, broken pots, and lime rub-
bish; little water given, unless when
growing freely. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°, and dry.
C. adscdndens (ascending). 2. Pink. July.
1804.

— crenula'ta (round-notched), i. Pale yel-

low. 1829.
—fimbria'ta (fringed), i. Pale yellow. 1829.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). Pink. 1804.
CARAMBO'LA TREE. Averrho 'a caram-

bo'la.

CARA'NDAS. Cari'ssa cara'ndas.

CARA'PA. (From caraipe, its name in
South America. Nat. ord., Meliads
[Meliacese]. Linn., \Q-Decandria, 1-
monogynia}. The flowers are small but
numerous, and like the rest of the meliads,
this genus possesses bitter astringent
and tonic qualities. Stove trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom heat ; loam and
peat. Summer, temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

C. guianefnsis (Guiana). 20. Yellow. Guiana.
1824.

— guinetfnsis (Guinea). 20. Yellow. Sierra

Leone. 1793.

— moluccefnsis (Moluccas). 20. Yellow. East

Indies. 1820.

— pro'cera (tall). 40. Yellow. West Indies.
CA'RAWAY. Ca'rum ca'rui,
CARDA'MINE. Lady's smock. (From

Kardamon, watercress ; referring to the
acrid flavour. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras-
sicaceasj. Linn., \5-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Arabis). Like the rest of the
crucifers, Cardamine is antiscorbutic and
stimulant. All that we describe are
hardy herbaceous perennials, except C.
thalictroides, which is an annual ; seeds
in any common soil, provided it be moist ;
the herbaceous and marshy plants by
division ; marshy peaty soil.
C.ama'ra (bitter) 1. White. April. Britain
Aquatic.

— asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). 1. White.

June. Italy. 1710.

— bellidifo'lia (daisy-leaved). 1. White.

April. Scotland.
alpi'na (Alpine). 1. White

April. Austria. 1658.
— chclido'nia (Celandine4eo»erf). 1. White.

June Italy. 1739.

— yliu'ca (milky-green). 1. White. June.,

Calabria. 1827.

O

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C. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple. June
Spain. 1710. Marsh plants.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1824,

— prate' nsis (meadow- Cuckoo-flower}. 1. Pur-
ple. April. Britain. Marsh plant.

pie! no, (double-flowered). 1. Pur-
ple. April. Marsh plant.

plefna a'lba (double-white flower-
ed). 1. White. April. Marsh
plant.

— thalictroi'des (Thalictrum-like). 1. White.

June. Piedmont. 1818. Annual.

— trifo' lia (three-leaved). 2. White. May.

Switzerland. 1629.

— uligino'sa (bog). 1. White. April. Tauria.

1819. Marsh plant.

CARDAMOM. Alpi'nia cardamo'mum

CARDINAL FLOWER. Lobelia cardi-
na'lis.

CARDOON. Cyna'ra cardu'nculus. The
stalks of the inner leaves, when rendered
tender by blanching, are used in stews,
soups, and salads.

Soil and Situation. — A light rich un-
shaded soil, dug deep, and well pulverised,
suits it best.

Time and mode of Sowing. — Sow at
the close of April, those plants raised from
earlier sowing being apt to run ; for a
late crop, a sowing may be performed in
June. Best practice is to sow in patches
of three or four, six inches apart, in rows
four feet apart, to be thinned finally to
one in each place, the weakest being re-
moved. If, however, they are raised in
a seed-bed, they will be ready for trans-
planting in about eight or ten weeks
from the time of sowing, and must be
set at similar distances.

The seed must be covered about half
an inch. "When about a month old, thin
the seedlings to four inches apart, and
those removed may be pricked out at a
similar distance. When of the age suf-
ficient for their removal, they must be
taken up carefully, and the long straggling
leaves removed. The bed for their re-
ception must be dug well, and laid out in
trenches as for celery, or a hollow sunk
for each plant ; but as they are liable to
suffer from excessive wet, the best mode
is to plant on the surface, and form the
necessary earthing in the form of a ridge.
Water abundantly at the time of planting,
as well as subsequently, until the plants
are established ; and also in August, if
dry weather occurs, regularly every other
night, as this is found to prevent their

running to seed. When advanced to
about eighteen inches in height, which,
according to the time of sowing, will be
in August, and thence to October, the
leaves must be closed together, a hay-
band wound round each, and then earthed
up like celery. It must be done on a
dry day. As the plants grow, use more
hay-bands and more earthing, until
blanched about two feet high. The
blanching is completed in about eight or
ten weeks. If litter is thrown over the
tops during severe weather, the plants
will continue good through the winter.

To obtain seed. — Being a native of Can -
dia, seed in this country seldom comes
to maturity ; but in dry seasons a few
plants may be set in a sheltered situation
of the April sowing, not earthed up, but
allowed the shelter of mats or litter in
frosty weather. The flowers make their
appearance about the beginning of July,
and the seed should ripen in September.

CARDU'NCELLTJS. (The diminutive of
Cardunculm, the Cardoon. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., \9-Syn-
genesia, \-cequalis. Allied to Carthamus).
Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of
France. Division of the roots ; common
soil.

C. miti'ssirmis (most gentle), f. Blue. June.
1776.

— vulga' ris (common). J. Blue. May. 1734.

CA'RDUUS. Thistle. (From ard, the
Celtic word for a prickle, or sharp
point; referring to the spines of the
thistle. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceae]. Linn., Vd-Syngenesia, l-cequalis).
Notwithstanding the proverbial weedi-
ness of thistles, there are some hand-
some garden species among them. All
hardy. Seeds or divisions ; common soil.

ANNUALS.

C. a'lbidus (whitish). 2. Purple. July. Tauria.
1816.

— arcfbicus (Arabian), i. Purple. July.

Arabia. 1789.

— argenta'tus (silvered). 1. Purple. July.

Egypt. 1789.

— cine" reus (grey), 3. Purple. July. Cau-

casus. 1818.

— clavula'tus (club-shaped). 2. Purple. July.

Canaries. 1827.

— leucctnthus (white-flowered). 2. Purple.

July. Spain. 1816.

— leuco'ffraphm (white-painted). 2. Purple.

June. Italy. 1752.

— peregri'nus (diffuse 2. Purple. July. 1816.

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CAR

C. volge'nsis (Volga). 2. Purple. July. Volga.
1820.

BIENNIALS.
C. ala'tus (winged). 2. Purple. July. 1812.

— ca'ndicans (hoary). 3. Purple. July. Hun-

gary. 1805.

— carlinecefo' lius (Carline-leaved). 2. Purple.

July. Pyrenees. 1804.

— car linoi'des (Car line-like). 1. Purple. July.

Pyrenees. 1784.

— colli'nus (hill). 3. Purple. July. Hun-

gary. 1818.

— • corymbo'stis (corymbose). 4. Purple. July.
Naples. 1824.

— cri' spits (curled). 2. Purple. July. Eu-

rope. 1804.

— hamulo'sus (spiny-hooked). 5. Purple.

June. Hungary. 1802.

— lanugintf sus (woolly). 3. Purple. July.

Armenia. 1820.

— mo'ntosus (mountain). 3. Purple. July.

South of Europe. 1820.

— myriaca' nthus (myriad - spined). Purple.

July. North Africa. 1836.

— nigre'scens (blackish). 4. Purple. July.

South of France. 1819.

— persona' ta (Burdock). 4. Purple. July.

Austria. 1776.

— seminu'dus (half-naked). 3. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1819.

— uncina'tus (hooked). 6. Purple. July.

Tauria. 1817.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. a'ffinis (allied), Pink. July. Naples. 1830.

— alpefstris (alpine). 1£. Purple. July.

Croatia. 1805.

— atriplicifo'lius(Atri-pleK-leaved). 10. Purple.

August. Siberia. 1784.

— arctioi'des (Burdock-like). 2. Purple. July.

Carniola. 1804.

— argemo'ne ( Argemone-leaved) . 1£. Purple.

July. Pyrenees. 1810.

— crassifo' lius (thick-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

1805.

— deflora'tus (unflowered). 6. Red. August.

Austria. 1570.

— du'bius (doubtful). 2. Purple. July. 1816.

— macroce'phalus (large-headed). 2. July.

Numidia. 1827.

— me'dius (intermediate). 2. Purple. June.

Piedmont. 1819.

— onopordioi' des (Onopordum-like). 1L Purple.

July. Iberia. 1818.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Purple. July.

Iberia. 1804.

— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 2, Purple.

July. South of Europe. 1781.

— podaca' nthus (foot-spined). 3. Purple.

July. France. 1819.

— pycnoce1 phalus (dense headed Italian} . 1 ^ .

Purple. July. South of Europe. 1739.

CARE'YA. (Named after Dr. Carey, a
celebrated divine and Indian linguist,
who devoted his leisure hours to garden-
ing and botany. Nat. ord., Barrington-
iads [Barringtoniaceae]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia, 8-polyandria). These splendid
plants are fit associates to Barringtonia

and Gustavia, Stove plants from the East
Indies ; cuttings and dividing the roots ;
sandy loam one part, to two parts fibry
peat ; with pieces of charcoal and plenty
of drainage, and careful watering. Sum-
mer temp. 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. Red and yellow. 1823.

— herba'cea (herbaceous). 1. Red and white.

July. 1808. Herbaceous perennial.

— sphcefrica (ronnd-fmited) . 3. Red. 1803.

Evergreen shrub.

CA'RICA. Papaw Tree. (Named from
an erroneous idea that it was a native of
Caria. Nat. ord., Papayads [Papayacse].
Linn., 22-Dicecia, 9-Decandria). One of
the tropical fruits grown in our stoves,
more for curiosity than for use. The
Papaw fruit (C. Papaya) is eaten when
cookedj in some parts of South America ;
but not much esteemed by Europeans.
Stove trees ; cuttings of ripe shoots, in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in
sweet bottom heat; rich loamy soil.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 60°.

C.cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 20. Green.
Caraccas. 1806.

— citrifo'rmis (orange-formed). 20. Yellowish.

Lima. 1820.

— microca'rpa monoi'ca (small-fruited-monoa-

cious). 20. Whitish green. 1818.

— Papa' y a (common Papaw). 20. Green

July. India. 1690.

— pyrifo'rmis (pear-shaped). 20. Pinkish

Peru. 1823.

— spino'sa (prickly) . 20. Whitish green.

Guiana. 1821.

CARI'SSA. (The derivation is not as-
certained; but krishna-pakphula, is the
Sanscrit name of C. Carandas. Nat. ord.,
a section of Dogbanes [Apocynaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-monogynia). The
milky juice of this and others in this
order of Dogbanes, is manufactured into
india-rubber. The fruit of C. Carandas
furnishes a substitute for red- currant
jelly. Stove trees and shrubs ; cuttings
of ripe wood, in sand, under a glass, in
bottom heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. cara'ndas (Carandas). 15. White. July.
East Indies. 1790.

— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 6. White. July

New Holland. 1822.

— ovafta (egg-leaved). 15. White. August

New Holland. 1819.

— spinet rum (spiny). 20. White. July. East

Indies. 1819.

— Xylopi'cron (bitter-wooded). 12. White.

July. Mauritius. 1820.

OAR

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CAR

CARLI'NA. (Named after Charlemagne.
Nat. ord., a section of Composites [Astera-
cesej. Linn., 19-Syngenesia, l-^Equalis).
Hardy herbaceous perennials, except
where otherwise specified. Seeds of
annuals in April ; seeds and divisions of
perennials. The cape species requires
protection. Common soil.
C. acantUfo'lia (Acanthus-leaved). 2. White.
June. Carniola. 1818.

— acaiflis (stemless). |. White. June. Italy.

1640.

caule'scens (sub-stemmed). 1.

White. June. Switzerland. 1819.

— aggrega'ta (clustered). 2. White. July.

Hungary. 1804.

— Biebersteinia'na (Bieberstein's). 2. August.

Caucasus. 1816.

— corymbo'sa (corymbose). 3. Yellow. July.

South of Europe. 1640.

•—lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. South
of Europe. 1683. Hardy annual.

— lyra'ta (lyre -shaped leaved}. 1. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816. Green-
house biennial.

— racemo'sa (racemed-flowered). 3. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1658. Hardy biennial.

— si'cula (Sicilian). 1. July. Sicily. 1827.

Hardy biennial.

— si'mplex (singly-flowered). 1£. White.

June. Hungary. 1816.

CARLUDO'VICA. (Named after Charles
IV. of Spain, and Louisa, his queen.
Nat. ord., Screw Pines [Pandanaceae].
Linn., 21-Moncecia, 9-Polyandria). The
leaves of all the Screw Pines are set
spirally round the stem, which gives it
a cork-screw appearance ; hence the
name of this order. Stove perennials ;
suckers ; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

C.funi'fera (rope-bearing). 4. White. Trini-
dad. 1824.

—jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 4. White. Jamaica.
1825.

HERBACEOUS SHRUBS.
C. angwtifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Greenish
yellow. Peru. 1818.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Green. July.

Peru. 1818.

— palma'ta (hand-heaved). 3. White. July.

Peru. 1818.

CARMICHAE'LIA. (Named after Capt.
JET. Carmicliael, author of the Flora of
Tristan da Acunha. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous plants [Fabacea?]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia, k-Decandria. Allied to In-
digofera) . Greenhouse evergreen shrub ;
cuttings of side-shoots, under glass, in
sand, in April or May ; sandy peat and

a very little fihry loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 65° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. awtra'lis (southern). 2. Blue. June.
New Holland. 1800.

CARNA'TION. (Dia'nthm caryophy'l-
lus). Propagation by Layers. — The latter
end of July and beginning of August is
the best time for this operation. By
performing it thus early the layers be-
come rooted in time to be taken off,
potted, and well established before
winter. Having a very sharp small
knife, some fresh-sifted compost of light
loam and leaf mould in equal parts, and
some hooked pegs (the best are made of
the fronds of the common fern, or when
they cannotbe had, of birch or h azel twigs),

Eroceed to dress the stem intended to be
tyered by trimming off the bottom leaves,
leaving about six on, nearest to the top.
Do not shorten those left on. If there
are more in the pot than can be con-
veniently layered, take the surplus ones
off and make pipings of them. Dress
all intended to be layered in one pot,
before any are tongued. This prevents
breakage and confusion. Then tongue
the layer ; to do which hold the first
layer, on one side, and with the knife
make an incision on the underside, just
below the third joint, bringing the knife
slanting upward through the joint, then
drop the knife, and with the other hand
take up a hooked peg, thrust the sharp
end into the soil, catching the layer with
the hooked end of the peg as it descends,
press it gently but firmly down to the
soil ; proceed with the layer next to the
one done, and so on all round the
plants, till the first pot is finished.
Then cover the slit joint an inch deep
with the compost, and proceed to the
next pot or plant. It is not advisable
to water the newly-layered plants the
first day, because withholding it will
give time for the wounds to heal a little.
Soil. — The best compost to grow and
bloom carnations in is three parts loam,
taken from an upland pasture ; the top
turf four inches thick ; lay it up in a
heap for twelve months, turning it over
once a month to sweeten and pulverize,
and looking out diligently for the wire-
worm^ the grand enemy of the carnation.
One part, two years old cow-dung and
one part well - decayed vegetable mould

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Mix them together three months before
using, and turn them over together
three or four times.

Spring and Summer Culture. — About
the end of March is the right time to
put the carnations into their blooming
pots. They are generally grown in
pairs, but this is not a necessary point.
The pots for blooming should be eleven
inches across, well drained with broken
potsherds, and the compost not sifted,
but in using it keep a sharp eye upon
the wireworm. As soon as all are potted
set them upon a bed of coal ashes, in a
sheltered part of the garden ; give water
when necessary. Whenever the plants
begin to send up their flower-stems,
place sticks to them of the size and
height they will require when in bloom.
Tie very slackly, or the stems will be-
come knee'd, and perhaps break ; to
prevent which, pay attention constantly
to the ties.

When the buds are nearly full grown,
thin out the least promising, leaving
the most plump and healthy. Just be-
fore they break, or burst, place an
India-rubber ring round each bud, or
a ribband of bass-mat : this prevents the
buds bursting on one side. Shade them
from sun and heavy rains.

Autumn and Winter Culture. — As soon
as the bloom is over, cut down the
flower-stems and expose the plants to
the full sun and rain. Take off the
layers as soon as they are rooted ; put
them into five -inch pots in pairs, place
them in cold frames, shading them from
the sun until they make fresh roots, then
expose them again to the weather till
the winter frosts begin to take place,
and then keep the lights on, protecting
them from heavy rains and frost ; but,
on all favourable occasions, during mild,
fine weather draw the lights entirely off
during the day, shutting them up at
night and covering them up securely
whenever there is an appearance of
severe frost.

Forcing. — Carnations may be success-
fully forced, choosing the freest growers,
potting them singly early into eight-
inch pots, and placing them in gentle
heat (55°) early in January. There is
a variety called the Tree carnation, which
answers best for forcing. Lately there

have been imported from the continent
several handsome and full -flowering
Tree carnations, which are a great addi-
tion to our winter flowers. To bloom
these in the greatest perfection, they
should not be allowed to flower the first
year, but should be repotted when
rooted into eight-inch pots, the tops
nipped off to make them bushy, and no
flower- stems allowed to rise till the
autumn following. They will then send
up several stems, and flower all the
winter in the greenhouse or conserva-
tory. Tree carnations are propagated
by pipings ; and as the same method of
propagating by pipings is proper for
the florists' varieties, we shall describe .
it briefly. It is done as follows : pre-
pare as many pots as are wanted for
the purpose ; fill them nearly full of the
compost above described, and the re-
maining space with silver sand ; prepare
the piping by cutting off a stem quite
smooth at the third joint, then carefully
slit the joint just through, and insert the
pipings in the sand, pretty thickly all over
the pot ; place them upon a gentle hot-
bed on a layer of sifted coal ashes, or
river sand ; place the lights on and
shade from the sun till they are rooted,
then harden them off gradually, and pot
them into small pots, if Tree carnations,
singly — if show varieties, in pairs of the
same kind, and repot them as directed
above.

Exhibiting. — In June, or beginning of
July, the plants will be considerably
advanced towards flowering, and they
should be put upon stages or stands.
The posts or supporters of the stage
should be surrounded at the bottom by
small cups of water to exclude slugs ;
and by placing the plants on a stage,
having the platform eighteen inches or
two feet high, the flowers are viewed to
more advantage ; and if there is erected
an awning over the top, supported four
feet above the platform, the flowers
being screened from the heat of the mid-
day sun, and defended from heavy rains,
are continued much longer in beauty.

With respect to the cups of water
above mentioned, they are earthen or
leaden, about fifteen inches wide, and
three or four deep, having a hollow or
vacancy in the middle six inches wide,

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like a socket to receive the posts : and
is formed by a raised rim in the middle,
equal in height to that of the circum-
ference, and the hollow or socket so
formed as to receive the bottom of the
posts quite through to the ground ; and
the space between the outer and inner
rim is filled with water, so that each
post standing in the middle of such a cis-
tern sufficiently guards the plants against
creeping insects.

For want of a covered stage to screen
the flowers, you may contrive a small
umbrella or round spreading cap, either
of tin or canvas, nine or ten inches
diameter, one for each plant ; having a
socket in the middle to receive the tops
of the support-sticks; those umbrellas,
which are formed of tin, are the best,
but if you make them of canvas, first
make little round frames, having the
rim formed with slips of wire, cane, &c.,
the above width, with cross slips of the
same materials ; contriving a socket of
lead or tin in the middle for the support-
stick to go quite through, as justobserved ;
and upon these frames paste or sew
canvas, which paint with oil-colour ;
either covers are placed over the flowers
by running the support- stick up through
the hole or socket in the middle, and
resting the cap upon a piece of wire or
peg, put across through holes in the
stick at such a height from the flower
as to screen it from the sun and rains.

Give attention to continue to tie up
neatly the flower-stalks of the plants as
they advance in stature. When they
are arrived at their full height, support
them erect at top with wires, having a
small eye or ring at one end for the re-
ception of the flower-stalk ; so put the
other end into holes made in the sup-
port-sticks. These wires should be five
or six inches long, and several holes are
made in the upper part of the sticks ;
the first at the height of the bottom of
the flower-pod, the other above that, an
inch or two distant ; and place the wires
in the holes lower or higher, that the eye
or ring may be just even with the case
of the calyx, to support the flower in an
upright position; and by drawing the
wire less or more out, the flower is pre-
served at such distance from the support
as shall seem necessary to give it proper

room to expand ; and if two or three of
the like wires are placed also in the
lower parts of the support-sticks, placing
the stem of the flowers also in the eye of
the wires, all the tyings maybe cut away.

To have as large flowers as possible,
clear oft" all side shoots from the flower-
stem, suffering only the main or top buds
to remain to flower.

When the flowers begin to open, at-
tendance should be given to promote
their regular expansion, they being apt
to burst open on one side ; and, unless
assisted by a little art, as by India-
rubber rings already noticed, the flower
will become very irregular ; therefore,
attending every day at that period, ob-
serve, as soon as the calyx begins to
break, to cut it a little open at two other
places in the inden tings at top, with
narrow-pointed scissars, that the open-
ings may be at equal distances, — observ-
ing if one side of any flower comes out
faster than another, to turn the pot
about, that the other side of the flower
be next the sun, to assist the more re-
gular expansion of the flower.

Likewise, to bloom any flowers as
spreading as possible, place paper collars
round the bottom of the flower, on
which to spread the petals to their ut-
most expansion ; these collars are made
of stiff white paper, cut circular, about
three or four inches diameter, having a
hole in the middle to receive the bottom
of the petals, withinside of the calyx,
the leaves of which are made to spread
flat for its support ; and then spread or
draw out the petals upon the collar to
their full width and extent, the longest
undermost, and the next longest upon
these, and so of the rest quite to the
middle, observing that the collar must
nowhere appear wider than the flower
when they begin to burst.

Diseases. — These plants are subject to
the mildew ; and when it is not checked
in time, it not only destroys the plants
it first appears on, but will in time
spread to the whole stock. As soon as
it is observed, sprinkle the affected
plants with sulphur, and keep the air
inside the frames as dry as possible.
The black spot is only mildew in a se-
verer form. Cut off the leaf on which
it appears, and treat as for mildew.

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Insects. — The great enemy is the wire-
worm, which eats away the inside of the
stem and destroys the plant. Search
for it in the soil previously to using
and bury there, after the plants are
potted in the blooming-pots, some slices
of potatoes. Examine these daily and
destroy the wireworms you may find in
the baits. The green flij also attacks
carnations, sometimes even in the frames.
These are easily destroyed by fumigating
with tobacco- smoke. When the plants
are blooming they sometimes appear. De-
stroy them then by sprinkling with Scotch
snuff. The red spider is often trouble-
some in dry springs. The best remedy
is washing every leaf with a small
sponge, repeating the operation till the
plants are quite cleared.

CAROLI'NEA. Pachira. (Named after
Sophia Caroline, Margravine of Baden.
Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiaceae].
Linn. , 1 6 - Monadelphia, 8 - Polyandria.
Allied to Adansonia). Stove trees. Cut-
tings of ripened wood, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in heat ; rich loamy soil. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter 50° to
55°.

C. (flba (white). 20. White. July. Brazil.
1817.

— insi'gnis (showy). 20. Red West Indies.

1796.

— mtnor (less). 20. Red, yellow, green.

July. Guiana. 1798.

— pri'nceps (princely). 30. Red, yellow,

Green. West Indies. 1787.

CARPI'NUS. Hornbeam. (From car, the
Celtic for wood, and pix, a head; in refer-
ence to the wood being used to make the
yokesof oxen. Nat. cvd.,Mastworts [Cory-
laceae]. Linn., 5 - Pentandria, \-Mo-
nogynia}. C. Betulus is the only one
of the Hornbeams that is of much use
or ornament ; it is one of the best nurse
plants in young plantations, and for
making fast growing hedges. Hardy de-
ciduous trees. Seeds, sown when ripe,
or kept in dry sand, until the following
spring; suckers and layers for the varie-
ties ; layers for the common plants, but
they are inferior to plants raised from
seed. Common soil.

C. America,' na (American). 20. North Ame-
rica. 1812.

— Be'tulus (common). 30. March. Britain.

inci'sa (cut-leaved}. 15. March.

quercifo'lia (oak-leaved). 30. May.

Europe,

C. Betulus variega'ta (variegated). 20. March.

Britain.
au'rea-variega'ta (golden-variega-

teA-leaved). 20. March. 1845.
— orienta'lis (Eastern). 12. Levant. 1739.

CARPOCA'PSA POMONE'LLA. The Cod-
lin Moth.

Every grower of the apple knows how
liable his fruit is to be " worm-eaten."
He finds basketfuls of "windfalls" even
in the calmest weather, and that the
cause of the loss is a small grub, which
has fed upon the pulp of the fruit ; but
how, when, or where these grubs got
there he has not the slightest notion.
As it is one of the most injurious of in-
sects to one of our most useful of fruits,
we shall give more full particulars than
usual, borrowing them chiefly from Mr.
Westwood's essay in the Gardeners'
Magazine, iv. 235, N.S. The grub in
question is the larva of the Codlin Moth.
Carpocapsa pomonella of some entomolo-
gists, but Tinea pomonella, Pyralis po-
tnona, and Tortrix pomoniana of others.
It is upon the pulpy parts of the apple
that the grub chiefly feeds ; when, how-
ever, it has nearly attained its full size,
it feeds on the pips of the apple, which,
thus attacked in its most vital part, soon
falls to the ground. No sooner is the
apple fallen, than the grub quits the
fruit by the passage which it had pre-
viously gnawed. A hundred apples may
be opened, and not more than two or
three larvae observed within them ; the
orifice by which they have escaped being
open, and not concealed by a little mass
of brown grains, which is the case with
those apples from which the larva has not
made its escape. These little grains are
the excrement of the larv®, which are
also to be seen in the burrows formed by
them within the apple. The grub is of
a dirty white colour, with a brown head,
varied with darkish brown marks. The

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body is slightly hairy; the first segment
after the head is whitish, with minute
brown spots ; the other segments are of a
pale colour, with about eight small tu-
bercles on each ; each of the three ante-
rior segments is furnished with a pair of
legs, and there are a pair of feet at the
extremity of the body. In its early
state it is of a dirty reddish or fle'sh
colour. The caterpillar wanders ,^bout
on the ground till it finds the stem of a
tree, up which it climbs, and hides itself
in some little crack of the bark. The
fall of the apple, the exit of the grub, and
its wandering to this place of safety,
usually take place in the night-time. It
gnaws away the bark a little, and having
made a smooth chamber, spins a little
milk-white silken case, in which, after a
few weeks, it becomes a chrysalis ; and
in this state it remains through the
winter, and until the following June,
when the moth comes forth, and is to be
seen hovering round the young apples
on a midsummer evening. The moth
itself, of which we give a cut, of the
natural size and magnified, is a very
beautiful insect, about three- quarters of
an inch in expanse : fore wings ashy-
brown, with very numerous, rather ob-
scure, darker, transverse streaks, united
into a broadish band towards the base,
giving them a damasked appearance.
On the hind border of the fore wings is
a large reddish-brown patch, spotted and
surrounded with a golden mark. The
hind wings reddish-brown, tinged with
yellow. The moth lays its eggs in the
eyes of the young apples, one only in
each, by inserting its long ovipositor
(egg-tube) between the divisions of the
calyx. As soon as the egg is hatched,
the little grub gnaws a hole in the crown
of the apple, and soon buries itself in its
substance ; and it is worthy of remark,
that the rind of the apple, as if selected
for the purpose, is thinner here than in
any other part, and consequently more
easily pierced. The apple most com-
monly attacked is the codlin. It will
be evident, from the preceding details of
the habits of this moth, that there are
considerable difficulties in the way of its
extirpation. It is impossible, for in-
stance, to be aware of the presence of
the enemy within the fruit, until the

mischief is actually completed ; and, in
like manner, the destruction of the moth,
from its small size, and its habit of
secreting itself in crevices of the bark,
&c., is equally impracticable. The
gathering up of the worm-eaten apples
immediately after their fall, and before
the enclosed caterpillar has had time to
escape, cannot but be attended with good
effect ; care, however, must be taken to
destroy the larvae, which would other-
wise very speedily make their escape.
The cocoons also may be destroyed in
in the chinks of the bark during the
autumn and winter. — (The Cottage Gar-
dener, ii. 63).

CARPODE'TES. (From karpos, a fruit,
and detos, tied ; the fruit or capsule is as
much constricted as if tied in the mid-
dle. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllida-
ceae]. Linn., Q-Hexandria, \-Monogy-
nia. Allied to Eucrosia and Liperiza).
C.recu 'rvata (bent-back). A purplish long-
necked bulb, with purplish yellow flowers,
from Peru, where it is called by the
natives Chichuanhuaita, constitutes this
genus. It requires the same treatment
as Coburgia.

CARPODO'NTOS. (From karpos, fruit,
and odontos, toothed ; in reference to the
toothed ends of the fruit cells. Nat.
ord., Tutsans [Hypericaceos]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria, 6-Pentagynia}. Greenhouse
shrub. Cuttings of small side shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 70° ;
winter, 40° to 45°.

C. lu'cida (shining). 20. White. New Hol-
land. 1820.

CARPODI'SCUS. Sweet Pishamin. (From
karpos , a fruit, and discos, a circle ; in
reference to the form of the fruit. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Carissa). Stove shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in heat ; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 50° to 65°.

C. dulcis (sweet). 8. Green. June. Sierra
Leone. 1822.

CARPOLY'ZA. (From karpos, a fruit,
and lyssa, rage ; in reference to the three-
celled fruit or seed -pod opening like the
mouth of an enraged animal. Nat. ord.,
Amaryttids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-Monoyynia. Allied to

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Gcthyllis and Lapiedra). C. spiralis,
pink, Cape of Good Hope, 1791. A very
neat little bulb, with spiral leaves and
starry pinkish flowers having green tops,
requiring the same treatment as Ixia.

CARROT. (Da'ttcw caro'ta).

Varieties. — 'Those with a long taper-
ing root are named long carrots ; and
those having one that is nearly regularly
cylindrical, abruptly terminating, are
denominated horn carrots. The first are
employed for the main crops ; the second,
on account of their superior delicate fla-
vour, are advantageously grown for early
use, and for shallow soils.

Horn carrots. — Early red. Common
early. Dutch, for forcing. Long. This
last is the best for the summer crop.

Long carrots. — White Belgium, Yel-
low, Long yellow, Purple, Long red,
Chertsey and Surrey. Superb green-
topped, or Altringham. The two last
are the best for main crops.

Soil and Situation. — Carrots require a
warm, light, rich soil, dug full two
spades deep. With the bottom spit it is a
good practice to turn in a little well-de-
cayed manure ; but no general application
of it to the surface should be allowed in
the year they are sown; but a spot should
be allotted them which has been made
rich for the growth of crops in the pre-
vious year, or else purposely prepared by
manuring and trenching in the preced-
ing autumn. The fresh application of
manure is liable to cause their growing
forked, and to expend themselves in
fibres, as well as to be worm-eaten ; if
the soil is at all binding it should be well
pulverized by digging very small spits at
a time. Pigeons' dung is a good manure
for the carrot.

Time and Mode of Sowing. — The first
sowing for the production of plants to
draw whilst young, should take place in
a moderate hotbed, during January, and
in a warm border at the conclusion of
February, or early in March. At the
close of the last month, or preferably, in
the first half of April, the main crop
must be inserted; though, to avoid the
maggot, it is even recommended not to
do so until its close. In May and July
the sowing may be repeated for produc-
tion in autumn, and lastly in August, to
stand through the winter, and produce

in early spring. For sowing, a calm day
should be selected; and the seeds should
be separated by rubbing them between
the hands, with the admixture of a little
sand or dry coal-ashes ; otherwise they
cannot be sown regularly. Sow thinly,
in drills eight inches apart for the horn,
and ten or twelve inches for the long ;
and the beds not more than four feet
wide, for the convenience of after culti-
vation. The larger weeds must be con-
tinually removed by hand, and when the
plants are seven or eight weeks old, or
when they have got four leaves two or
or three inches long, they should be
thinned, those intended for drawing
young, to four or five inches apart, and
those to attain their full growth to ten ;
at the same time the ground must be
small-hoed, which operation should be
regularly performed every three or four
weeks, until the growth of the plants
becomes an effectual hindrance to the
growth of the weeds. The crop to stand
through the winter should, in frosty
weather, be sheltered with a covering of
litter, as, if it occurs with much seve-
rity, it often destroys them. The hotbed
for the first sowing of the year must be
moderate, and earthed about sixteen
inches deep ; two or three linings of hot
dung, as the heat decreases, will be suf-
ficient to bring them to a state fit for
use. These are the first in production,
but are closely followed by those that
have withstood the winter. The tempe-
rature must never exceed 73°, nor fall
lower than 55°. They need not be
thinned to more than three inches apart.
At the close of October, or early in No-
vember, as soon as the leaves change
colour, the main crop may be dug up,
and laid in alternate layers with sand,
in a dry outhouse, previously to doing
which the tops and any adhering earth
must be removed. A dry day should
always be chosen for taking them up.

To obtain Seed. — Leave some where
raised; but if this is impracticable, some
of the finest roots should be selected, and
their tops not cut so close as those for
storing. These likewise must be placed
in sand until February or March, then
to be planted out two feet asunder in a
stiff loamy soil. Those left where grown,
or those planted at the close of autumn,

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must, during frosts, have the protection
of litter — to be removed, however,, during
mild weather. As the seed ripens in
August, which is known by its turning
brown, each umbel should be cut; other-
wise, much of the seed is often lost
during stormy weather. It must be
thoroughly dried by exposure to the sun
and air, before it is rubbed out for stor-
ing. For sowing, the seed should always
be of the previous year's growth; if it is
more than two years old it will not vege-
tate at all.

Insects. — The carrot is liable to the
attacks of the wireworm (see Elater),
as well as of those next mentioned.

CARROT MAGGOT. Psila rosce. The
parent fly is dark, with a metallic green
lustre, and rather hairy ; head, reddish
yellow; legs, yellow; wings, very trans-
parent. Very much resembles the A.n-
thomyia. The grub or maggot is cylin-
drical and yellow ; it eats holes in the
main root of the carrot. This under-
ground enemy of the carrot is said to be
banished by mixing spirits of tar with
sand until saturated, and applying it to
the soil previously to digging, at the rate
of about one gallon to sixty square
yards, but we find trenching and manur-
ing, as we have directed, a sufficient
protective.

CARROT MOTH. See Tinea.

CA'RTHAMUS. (From quartom, to
paint, in the Arabic ; referring to the
flowers yielding a fine colour. Nat. ord.,
a section of Composites [Asteraceoe].
Linn., \$-Syngenesia,, \-JEqualis). Hardy
annuals. Seeds, sown in April where
they are to grow, or in a slight hotbed
in March, and then planted out; com-
mon soil.

C. oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined). 2. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1818.
— tincto'rius (dyer's). 3. Orange. June.

Egypt. 1551.

CARTONE'MA. (From Jcartos, shorn,
and nema, a filament ; referring to the
formation of the filaments, or threads,
which support the pollen bags. Nat.
ord., Spiderworts [Commelynaceae].
Linn., 6 - Hexandria, 1 - Monogynia).
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds
sown in slight hotbed ; light loam and
sandy peat ; requires the protection of a
greenhouse, or a warm situation.

C. spica'tum (spiked). 1. Blue. July. New
Holland. 1822.

CA'RTJM. Caraway. (From Caria, in
Asia Minor, where it was first disco-
vered. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae],
Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-digynia. Allied to
the weed Ammi). The seed of C. Carui
is our caraway, esteemed for its aro-
matic qualities. Hardy biennials. Seeds;
open ground, in March or April. Com-
mon soil.

C. ca'rui (common). 2. White. May. Britain.

— verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). 1. White.

July. Britain. This species is re-
moved here from Sison, a genus of
•weeds.

CA'RYA. Hickory. (The Greek name
for the Walnut, so named on account of
Carya, daughter of Dion, king of La-
conia, said to have been changed by
Bacchus into a Walnut tree. Nat. ord.,
Juglans [Juglandacesel. Linn., 21-Jfo-
ncecia, 9-polyandria). This is the Hickory
so celebrated in North America for the
purposes of the cabinet maker. Their
best chairs they call their Hickories.
Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds ; the nut
should be sown where the tree is in-
tended to stand ; layers, and grafting on
the Walnut. Good common soil.

C. a'lba (white. Shell bark Hickory). 30.
April. 1629.

— ama'ra (bitter-nut). 30. May. 1800.

— compre'ssa (compressed-fruited) . 30. April.

1730.

— lacinio'sa (jagged). 30. April.

— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 30. April.

— obcorda' ta (reversed - heart - shaped) . 30.

May. 1812.

— olivcefo'rmis (olive-shaped). 30. April.

— porci'na (hog-nut}. 30. May. 1799.
ffla'bra (smooth). May.

— sulca' ta (furrowed). 30. April. 1804.

— tomentt/sa (woolly). 30. April.
ma'xima (greatest fruited). 60.

May.

CARYO'CAR. Butter Nut. (From
karyon, a nut : in reference to its fruit.
Nat. ord., Rhizobok [Rhizobolaceael.
Linn., 13- Polyandria, ^.-tetragynia).
Two genera of immensely large trees,
bearing large flowers and edible nuts,
constitute the whole of this small Order.
The Suwarrow (Sauari) nuts of the
shops are the produce of the C. nuciferum.
Oil not inferior to olive oil is extracted
from the kernels. Cuttings in sand, in
heat under glass. Loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°,

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C. gla'brum (smooth). 100. Green. Guiana.
1820.

— nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). 100. Red yellow.

Guiana. 1820.

— tomento'siim (woolly). 100. White. Guiana.

1820.

CARYOPHY'LLUS. Clove Tree. (From
karyon, a nut, ynsLfhyBon, a leaf; in re-
ference to tbe appearance of the flower-
buds, or Clovts of commerce. Nat. ord.,
Myrtkblooms [Myrtacesel. Linn., 12-
Icosandria, \-monogynia). The power-
ful scent of Cloves, or flower-buds of C.
aromaticw, arises from a volatile oil
contained in the pellucid dots in the
leaves and other parts of the bark. Dotted
leaves is one of the peculiar characteris-
tics of this, the most natural order of
plants. The flower-buds of Calyptranthes
are as good a spice as those of the Clove-
tree. Stove Tree. Cuttings of firm
shoots with leaves on, in heat, under
glass. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

C. aroma' ticus (aromatic) 20. Yellowish
white. Moluccas. 1797.

CARYO'TA. (From karyon, a nut;
The Greeks first applied this name to
their cultivated Date. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia, 9-poly-
andria). A noble member of a noble
family of plants, most valuable to the
natives of the countries they inhabit.
C. urens furnishing a highly nutritious
sago, besides abundance of palm wine or
toddy. Stove trees. Seeds ; rich sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. South America. 1823.

— mi'^(mild). White. China. 1820.

— u'rens (stinging). 20. White. East Indies.

1788.

CASCADE, or Waterfall, is agreeable
only when properly associated with the
scenery around; that association is a
bold broken ground, and a dense planta-
tion of trees ; nothing is more misplaced
or tasteless than a sheet of water falling
into another uniform collection of water
in an open unwooded plain. Mr. Whate-
ley justly observes, that a rill cannot
pretend to any sound beyond that of a
little waterfall ; the roar of a cascade
belongs only to larger streams : but it
may be introduced by a rivulet to a con-
siderable degree, and attempts to do
more have generally been unsuccessful ;

a vain ambition to imitate nature in
her great extravagances betrays the
weakness of art. Though a noble river
throwing itself headlong down a preci-
pice be an object truly magnificent, it
must be confessed that in a single sheet
of water there is a formality which its
vastness alone can cure ; but the height,
not the breadth, is the wonder : when it
falls no more than a few feet, the regula-
rity prevails, and its effect only serves to
expose the vanity of affecting the style
of a cataract in an artificial cascade ; it
is less exceptionable if divided into seve-
ral parts, for then each separate part
may be wide enough for its depth ; and,
in the whole, variety, not greatness, will
be the predominant character. But a
structure of rough, large, detached stones
cannot easily be contrived of strength
sufficient to support a great weight of
water; it is sometimes from necessity
almost smooth and uniform, and then it
loses much of its effect: several little
falls in succession are preferable to one
greater cascade, which in figure, or in
motion, approaches to regularity.

When greatness is thus reduced to
number, and length becomes of more
importance than breadth, a rivulet vies
with a river, and it more frequently
runs in a continued declivity, which is
very favourable to such a succession of
falls. Half the expense and labour
which are sometimes bestowed on a river
to give it at the best, a forced precipi-
tancy in any one spot only, would ani-
mate a rivulet through the whole of its
course ; and, after all, the most interest-
ing circumstance in falling waters is
their animation. A great cascade fills us
with surprise, but all surprise must
cease ; and the motion, the agitation, the
rage, the froth, and the variety of the
water are finally the objects which en-
gage the attention : for these a rivulet is
sufficient, and they may there be pro-
duced without that appearance of effort
which raises a suspicion of art. To ob-
viate such a suspicion, it may sometimes
be expedient to begin the descent out of
sight, for the beginning is the difficulty.
If that be concealed, the subsequent falls
seem but a consequence of the agitation
which characterises the water at its first
appearance, and the imagination is, at

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the same time, let loose to give ideal
extent to the cascades.

CASEA'RIA. (Named after /. Casearius,
the coadjutor of Rheede in producing the
Hortus Malabaricus. Nat. ord., Samyds
[Samydaceoe]. Linn., IQ-Decandria, 1-
monogynia) . Stove evergreen trees, chiefly
valued for their astringent and medicinal
qualities. Cuttings in sand, under a
glass, in heat. Light sandy fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 60°.

C. hirsu'ta (hairy). 8. Yellow green. Ja-
maica. 1825.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 6. Yellowish

green. South America. 1818.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 6, Yellowish

green. Martinique. 1827.

— ram iflo'ra (branch-flowered). 4. Yellowish

green. Guiana. 1824.

— serrula'ta (fine-saw-edged). 6. Whitish

green. Jamaica. 1818.

— sylve'stris (wood). 8. Whitish green. Ja-

maica. 1823.

CA'SHEW NUT. Anacardium occiden-
ta'le.

CASSA'VA. Jani'pha ma'nihot.

CASSEBEE'RA. (Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceae]. Linn., 1±-Cryptogamia, 1-
Jilices. Allied to Platyloma). Divisions ;
peat and loam ; hardy, greenhouse, and
stove treatment, according to their native
locality.

C. argeTntea (silvery). A. Brown. July. Si-
beria. 1816. Hardy.

— auricula' ta (eared). Brown. July. Stove.

— cunea'ta (wedge-shaped-ieowd). Brown.

July. 1831. Stove.

— farino'sa (mealy). 14. Brown. May.

Isle of Luzon. 1840. Stove.

— hasta'ta (h&Tbert-leaved) . 2. Brown. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
Greenhouse.

— intramargina' hs (bordered beneath). Brown.

September. Mexico. 1828. Green-
house.

— peda'ta (twice-lobed). £. Brown. Vir-

ginia. 1820. Hardy.

— pinna' ta (leafleted). Brown. June. Stove.

— pteroi'des (fern-like). Brown. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1775. Greenhouse.

— triphyflla (three-leaved). Brown. July.

1824. Stove.

— vespertilio'nis (b&t-winged) . 3. Brown. Au-

gust. New Holland. 1823. Green-
house.

CA'SSIA. (From the Greek name of a
plant, kasian of the Bihle,. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria, \-monogynia). C. lanceolata
produces the true Alexandrian senna-
leaves, and a variety of this species yields
the Indian senna. The plant, however,

is a native of Arabia, and from it is ob-
tained the senna of Mecca. C. obovata
furnishes the Aleppo senna; and in
America they use the leaves of C. mari-
lanica as a purgative. Allied to Ca3sal-
pinia. Annuals and biennials by seed,
sown in March or April in heat. The
biennials by cuttings, in April, of half-
ripened shoots in heat. A few will
thrive in the greenhouse; but most of
them require stove treatment in winter,
that is, a temperature of from 50° to 60° ;
and where there is much room they de-
serve it.

ANNUALS.

C. ceschyno' mene (JLschynomene). 1. Yellow.
June. West Indies. 1810. Stove.

— angusti' ssima (narrowest-teamed). 1. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1820. Stove.

— a'spera (rough). 1. Yellow. July. Georgia.

1818. Stove.

— Burma'nni (Burinann's). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1810. Half hardy.
— flexua'sa (zig-zag-stemmed). 1. Yellow.
July. Brazil. 1810. Stove.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. Yellow.

June. New Spain. 1818. Stove.

— flo'rida (large-flowered). 6. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1820. Stove.

— alandulo'sa (glanded). 5. Yellow. Sep-

tember. West Indies. 1822. Stove.

— hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. Cayenne.

1826, Stove.

— htfmilis (humble). 1. Yellow. June.

South America. 1800. Stove biennial.

— ita'lica (Italian senna}. 3. Yellow. June.

South of Europe. Stove.

— mimosoi'des (Mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. July.

Ceylon. 18(6. Stove.

— ni'ctitans (twinkling). 2. Yellow. July.

North America. 1800. Hardy.

— obova'ta (reversed-heart) . 2. Yellow. July.

Egypt. 1640. Stove.

— oUusifu'lia (twisted-leaved). Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1732. Stove.

— procu'mbens (lying-down) . Yellow. June.

North America. 1806. Hardy.
—pufmila (dwarf). 1. Yellow. June. East
Indies. 1814. Stove trailer.

— Ta'gera (Tagera). Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1803. Stove biennial.

— Thonni'ngii (Thonning's) . Yellow. June.

Guinea. 1824. Stove.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. .Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1816. Stove.

— Wallichia'na (Wallich's). 1. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1817. Stove.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. cegypti'aca (Egyptian). 3. Yellow. May.
Egypt. 1822.

— artemisioi'des (Wormwood-like). 2. Yellow.

June. New Holland. 1820.

— Bar clay n'na (Barclay's). 4. Yellow. July.

New Holland. 1827.

— Berte'ri (Berter's). 10. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1827.

CAS

[205]

CAS

C. bicapsula'ris (two-capsuled). 4. Yellow.
May. West Indies. 1739.

— Uflo'ra (two-flowered). 6. Yellow. Au-

gust. West Indies. 1766.

— bractea'ta (bracteated) . 6. Yellow. August.

West Indies. 1822.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). Yellow. June.

Madagascar. 1824.

— cape'nsis (Cape). 1. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— chine? nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. June.

China. 1807.

— Flinde'rsii (Flinders's) . Yellow. June.

New South Wales. 1818.

— 1 rondo' sa (fern-loaved) . 3. Yellow. April.

West Indies. 1796.

— alutino'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. June.

New Holland. 1818.

— linea'ris (narrow-podded). 3. Yellow.

June. Carolina. 1800.

— marilct 'ndica (Maryland). 3. Yellow.

September. North America. 1823.
Hardy herbaceous perennial.

— ni'gricans (blackish). 1. Yellow. June.

Egypt. 1817.

— ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved) . 2. Yellow.

June. Madeira. 1816.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. acapulc1 ensis (Acapulco). 4. Yellow. June.
Acapulco. 1823.

— ala'ta (winged-teat-ed). 12. Yellow. West

Indies. 1731.

— apoucoui'ta (Apoucouita). 8. Yellow.

Surinam. 1820.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). Yellow. May.

North Spain. 1818.

— atoma'ria (atomed). 4. Yellow. June.

North America. 1810.

— auricula' ta (small-eared). 4. Yellow. East

Indies. 1777.

— bacilla'ris (rod). 3. Yellow. East Indies.

1782.

— chamcecri' sta (ground senna). 1. Yellow.

July. America. 1699.

— chryso'tricha (golden-haired). Yellow.

June. Guiana. 1828.

— cilia' ris (hair-fringed-stipuled). 1. Yellow.

June. East Indies. 1817. Herbaceous
perennial.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringeA-leafleted) . 1. Yellow.

June. Cuba. 1820.

— coromandelia'na (Coromandel). 8. Yellow.

June. Coromandel 1823.

— corymbo'sa (corymbose) . 3. Yellow. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1796.

— cuspida'ta (spine-pointed-/eowed). 4. Yel-

low. July. South America. 1820.

— diphy'lla (two-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1781.

— di'spar (unequal). 3. Yellow. South

America. 1824.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 5. Yellow. June.

Trinidad. 1818.

— emargina'ta (notch-leaved). 15. Yellow.

May. Jamaica. 1759.

—fastigia'ta (peaked). 4. Yellow. June.
East Indies. 1818.

— giga'ntea (gigantic). Yellow. June. Ja-

maica. 1825.

— glatfca (milky-green). 4. Yellow. June.
East Indies. 1818.

C. gra'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow. June.
Orinoco. 1817.

— Herbertia'na (Herbert's). 9. Yellow.

November. Barbadoes. 1828.

— hi'rta (hairy). 3. Yellow. August. North

America. 1820.

— hirsu'ta (coarse haired). 4. Yellow. July.

America. 1778.

— Houstonia'na (Houston's). Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1817.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth). 3. Yellow. July.

— lanceola'ta (spear-Zeowed). 1. Yellow.

July. Levant.

— linea'ta (lined-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.

Jamaica. 1818.

— longisi'liqua (long-podded). 6. Yellow.

June. West Indies. 1800.

— lotoi'des (Lotus-like). 2. Yellow. June

Trinidad. 1820.

— macra'nthera (large-anthered). 3. Yellow.

June. Brazil. 1824.

— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. June.

Surinam. 1823.

— mexica'na (Mexican). 5. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1824.

— melanoca'rpa (black-podded), Yellow. June.

Jamaica. 1825.

— molli'ssima (softest leaved). 6. Yellow.

South America. 1820.

— monta'na (mountain). Yellow. May. East

Indies 1822.

— Occident a' Us (western). 3. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1759.

— Parkeria'na (Parker's). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Demerara. 1817.

— pa' tula (spreading). 2. Yellow. August.

West Indies 1778.

— pe'ndula (pendulous). 3. Yellow. July.

South America. 1820.

— penta'gona (five-angled). 1. Yellow.

June. Peru. 1700. Herbaceous per-
ennial.

—pilo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June.
Jamaica. 1818. Herbaceous perennial.

— planisi' liqua (flat-podded). 4. Yellow.

June. West Indies. 1822.

— polyphy'lla (many leafleted). 4. Yellow.

June. West Indies. 1816.
— pube"scens (downy). 2. Yellow. June.
South America. 1812.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 3. Yellow. July.

Mauritius. 1825.

— purprfrea (purple-stemmed). 4. Yellow

July. East Indies 1821.

— quinquangula' ris (Rve-angletL-branched). 3.

Yellow. June. Cayenne. 1818.

— reticula'ta (netted). 10. Yellow. August.

South America. 1821.

— Hichardia'na (Richard's). 2. Yellow.

July. Cumana. 1823.

— robinioi'des (Robinia-like). 10. Yellow,

July. South America. 1823.

— sennoi'des (senna-like). 3. Yellow. July*

East Indies. 1808.

— seri'cea (silky). Yellow. May. South

America. 1731.

— sopho'ra (Sophora). 4. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1658.

— specie' sa (showy). 5. Yellow. June. Brazil.

1816.

— specta'bilis (showy). 4. Yellow. June.

Caraccas. 1820.

CAS

[206]

CAS

C. stipuldcea (Zart/e-stipuled). 3. Yellow.
Chili. 1781.

— sulca'ta (furrowed-branched) . 3. Yellow.

June. South America. 1820.

— Sumatra' na (Sumatra). Yellow. June.

Sumatra. 1823.

— tara'ntan (Tarantan). 2. Yellow. July.

Cumana. 1817.

— tenet lla (weak). 2. Yellow. July. Ori-

noca. 1820.

— tomento'sa (thick-downed). 15. Yellow.

July. South America. 1822.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Red. June. Bra-

zil. 1824.

— venu'stula (rather pretty). Yellow. July.

Cumana. 1825.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Yellow. West Indies.

1786.

— virga'ta (rod-branched) . 1. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1810.

CA'SSIDA VI'RIDIS. Artichoke Tortoise
Beetle. The common artichoke's leaves
suffer during the summer, sometimes,
though rarely, from the attacks of the
larva of a very curious small beetle,
which may be called the Artichoke Tor-
toise beetle, Cassida Viridis. The beetle,
which is found in May and June, is not
more than one- sixteenth of an inch long ;
the antennae are black, the dotted wing-
cases and other outer coverings green, but
the body beneath them black, and the
legs pale, with black thighs. It is found
upon the water mints, as well as upon
thistles and artichokes. The larva has a
very flat body, with spines upon its
edges ; and it has the singular habit of
covering itself with its own excrement,
which it attaches together in a mass, and
carries on a kind of fork attached to its
tail. The pupa is also very flat, having
thin toothed appendages at the sides of
the body, with a broad thorax prolonged
forward into a rounded expansion, which
covers the head.

o, larva ; ft. the same on a leaf, with its
canopy of excrement ; c, pupa ; d, the perfect
insect.
— The Cottage Gardener, iii. 317.

CASSI'NE. (A name given by the
North American Indians to a plant now

referred to the Holly \Ilex Vomitoria}.
Nat. ord., Holly worts [Aquifoliacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, %-trigynia}. Green-
house evergreen shrubs ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand., under a glass ;
loam and peat. Summer temp. 60° to
70° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. cethio'pica (^Ethiopian). 5. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope,

— ba'rbara (barbarous) . 6. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— capefnsis (Cape Phillyrea). 6. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1629.

— colpo'on (colpoon tree). 6. White. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1791.

— exce'lsa (tall). 18. White. June. Nepaul.

1820.

— maurocet 'nia (Morosini's. 'Hottentot cherry}.

5. White. August. Cape of Good
Hope. 1690.

— oppostifo' lia (opposite-leaved). 5. White.
CASSI'NIA. (Named after Cassini, a

French botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia, 5-
segregata. Allied to Amobium). The
annual by seed in March, the others by
dividing at the roots, and cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, in April ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to
to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. affi'nis (allied). 2. May. New Holland.
1820. Greenhouse evergreen.

— atfrea (golden). 1. Yellow. July. New

Holland. 1803. Greenhouse herbaceous
perennial.

— denticula'ta (small -toothed). Pale yellow.

Australia. 1826. Greenhouse ever-
green.

— leptop hy1 lla (slender-leaved). 2. White.

August. New Zealand. 1821. Green-
house evergreen.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. May. New

Holland. 1822. Greenhouse evergreen.
— : specio'sa (showy). New South Wales.
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial.

— specta'bilis (showy annual). 6. Yellow.

July. New Holland. 1818. Hardy
annual.

CASTA'NEA. Chestnut. (From a
town of that name in Thessaly.
\ Nat. ord., Mastworts [Corylaceeel.
\ Linn., 2l-Moncecia, §-polyandrid).
I Hardy deciduous trees, except C.
j / indica; seeds gathered in autumn,
y/ preserved in dry sand, and sown
uv in March ; deep sandy loam ; varie-
ties by grafting.

C. amerwa'na (American). 50. Green. May.
America.

— chine'nsis (China). 50. Green. May. China.

— chry sophy1 lla (golden-leaved). Mexico. 1848.

— i'ndica (Indian). 40. East Indies. 1827.

Stove evergreen.

CAS

[207]

CAS

C.pu'mila (dwarf). 12. Green yellow. July.
North America. 1699.

— v<? sea (Spanish edible). 50. Green. June.
England.

asplenifo'lia (asplenium-leaved) . 50.

Green. May. Europe.

cochlea' ta (spiral). Green. May.

coralli'na variega'ta (coral-varie-
gated). Green. May. 1846.

uculla'ta (hooded). Green. May.

1846.
foliis atfreis (golden-leaved). 50.

Green. June.
gla'bra (smooth-leaved). Green.

May.

glau'ca (milky-green). Green. June.

lu'cida (shining-leaved) . Green.

May. 1846.
me1 dia (intermediate). 50. Green.

June. Europe.
Pri'ncei (Prince's). Green. May.

1846.

ptfmila (dwarf). Green. May. 1846.

variega'ta (variegated4ea»ed) . Green.

May.

Chestnut (Spanish or Sweet). This,
the Castanea vesca of the above genus, in
the southern parts of England is culti-
vated for its fruit as well as for the value
of its timber, which is in good esteem.
There are several varieties in cultivation
in this country, and of course many in
France and Italy. About twenty foreign
varieties may be found in the catalogue
of the Horticultural Society ; but the
Downton, and the Prolific, or Devonshire,
are at present most esteemed, probably
as being somewhat hardier, and therefore
well adapted to our climate, which is not
capable of producing the fruit in that
high degree of perfection of which it is
susceptible in the warm and bright cli-
mates of Spain, Portugal, and France.
The Chataigne Exalade has been sug-
gested as particularly eligible for the
dwarfing system in a small garden.

Propagation, — The better sorts are pro-
pagated by grafting on the ordinary
chestnut of our nurseries, which is raised
from seed.

Soil and culture. — Any free upland
soil is adapted to its culture, provided it
is dry beneath, and not too adhesive.
For the dwarfing system we recommend
the platform mode, allowing only half a
yard in depth of soil. Little if any prun-
ing is necessary, the fruit being all pro-
duced in clusters on the extremities of
the shoots. No other culture is neces-
sary ; but a warm situation is of much
importance.

Fruit seeds how to keep. — It is almost
needless to observe that chestnuts are
generally eaten roasted, mostly with a
little salt. They are also stewed in
cream, and eaten with salt fish. In
keeping them dryness is necessary, but it
must be accompanied with as low a tem-
perature as possible. They should be taken
out of their exterior or rough coating as
soon as ripe ; and it is well to subject
them to an artificial heat of about sixty
to seventy degrees in a warm room for a
couple of days afterwards. They may
then be packed away in dry sand or dust,
and placed in a very cold but dry room
or cellar, where they will keep for
months. They are very exciteable as to
sprouting, a very little moisture with
warmth will bring on germination.

CASTANOSPE'RMUM. Moreton Bay
Chestnut. (From Castanea, the chestnut,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nousplants [Fabacese]. Linn., W-I)ecan-
dria, \-monogynia. Allied to Sophora).
Greenhouse evergreen ; seeds when pro-
curable ; layers and cuttings ; deep loamy
soil ; greenhouse or conservative wall.
C. austra'le (southern). 40. Saffron. New
Holland. 1828.

CASTE' LEA. (After an author named
Castel. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Ochnacese].
Linn., 8-Octandria, \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Elvasia). The Goatbust, C.
Nicholsoni, is as bitter as Quassia. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of rather
firm shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
C. ertfcta (upright). 4. West Indies 1821.

— Nicholso'ni (Nicholson's). 4. Copper. An-

tigua. 1830.

CASTTLLE'JA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist of that name. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, 1-Angiospermia. Allied to
Euphrasia). The stove species by cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots, in sand, in
bottom heat, under a glass; loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°. Hardy species, seeds,
and divisions of the roots ; peaty sandy
soil.

C. integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). 1. South
America. 1825. Stove evergreen.

— lithospermoi'des (Gromwell-like) . Scarlet.

August. Mexico. 1848. Greenhouse.

CAS

[ 208 ]

CAT

C. moranefnsis (Moran). Mexico. 1825. Pros-
trate stove evergreen.

— pa'llida (pale). 1. Light purple. July.
Siberia. 1782. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.

— septentriona' Us (northern). 2. White,

green. August. Labrador. 1824.
Hardy annual.

— serra'ta (saw-edged). 1. Blue. June. 1829.

Stove evergreen.

CASTJARI'NA. Beefwood. (Supposed
to be derived from the resemblance of
the long weeping leafless branches to
the drooping feathers of the Cassowary.
Nat. ord., Beefwoods [Casuarinaceae].
Linn., 21-Moncecia, l-Monandria}. This
is the "Native Oak, or Beefwood" of
the Australian Colonists, and probably
the most singularly picturesque tree of
the Australian flora. Large trees with
weeping branches, the individual branches
being jointed like a bamboo and streaked
between the joints, having no leaves.
The timber is as good as our Oak, and of
the colour of raw beef, whence the colo-
nial name. Cattle are extremely fond
of the young branches of the She Oak
(C. quadrivalvis), and the colonists chew
them to allay their thirst. From what
we know in this country of C. equi-
setifolia, we would rank the Beefwoods
as the most remarkable in a winter
conservatory. Greenhouse evergreen
trees. Seeds, and cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in April, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; loam and peat, with a por-
tion of sand and lumps of charcoal.
Summer temp., 55° to 70° ; winter, 40°
to 45°. They should be tried in shel-
tered places out of doors, especially in
the south of England.

C. di'styla (two-styled). 15. New Holland.
1812.

— equisetifo' lia (Equisetum-leaved). 15. Sep-

tember. South Sea Islands. 1776.

— glatf ca (milky-green). 15. New Holland.

1824.

— murica'ta (point-covered). 15. East In-

dies. 1822.

— nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). 15. New Cale-

donia. 1823.

— quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 18. New South

Wales. 1812.

— ttri'cta (upright). 15. May. New South

Wales. 1775.

— tenui' ssima (slenderest). 10. New Holland.

1825.

— torul(/sa (twisted). 15. New South Wales.

1772.

CATA'LPA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Bignoniads [Bignoniaceae]. Linn.,

2-Diandria. \-Monogynia). The North
American species by seeds sown in
spring, root cuttings, layers in autumn,
and cuttings of the ripened shoots in
autumn ; deep rich loam. The "West
Indian species by cuttings of the ripe
shoots, in heat, and under a glass; usual
stove treatment.

C. longi'ssima (longest-podded] . 20. White.
West Indies. 1777.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 15. White.

Hispaniola. 1820.

— syringtKfo'lia (Syringa-leaved). 29. White

July. North America. 1726.

CATANA'NCHE. (From katanangke,
a strong incentive ; in reference to an
ancient custom among the Greek women
of using it in love potions. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, \-JEqualis). Division of the
roots, in March, and seed sown in April ;
common soil.
C. cae.ru' lea (sky-blue). 3. Blue. August. South

Europe. 1596. Hardy herbaceous

perennial.
bi' color (two-coloured). 3. White,

blue. August. Gardens. 1827.

— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Candia.

1640. Hardy annual.

CATASE'TUM. (From kata, downward,
and seta, a bristle ; referring to the posi-
tion of the two horns of the column.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn.,
20-Gynandria, l-Monandria). Stove
Orchids. Divisions; peat, moss, bro-
ken pots, and charcoal, elevated above
a pot, or in shallow open baskets ; cool
and dry in winter, a high temperature
and moist atmosphere when making their
growth. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. abrtfptum (blunt-lipped). 1. Greenish yel-
low. September. Brazil. 1841.

— atra'tum (dark-flowered). 1. Dark. July.

Brazil.

— barba'tum (bearded), f . Green, purple.

May. Demerara. 1836.

immacula' turn (spotless). f,

Green pink. September. Demerara.
1835.

labe'llo-a'lba (white-lipped), f .

Greenish white. September. Deme-
rara. 1835.

- probosci'dewn (long - snouted).

Brownish green. May. Sertao. 1839.

— callo' sum (hardened). 1. Brownish yel-

low. June. La Guayra. 1840.

grandijlo'rttm (large-flowered). 1.

Green, brown, purple. December.
Columbia. 1845.

— ctfrnuum (drooping). 11. Pale green. Rio

Janeiro. 1832.

CAT

[209]

CAT

C. dtrfnum (citron-coloured). Pale yellow.
August.

— corntftum (horned). Greenish purple.

March. Demerara. 1840.

— crista'tum( crested). 2. Green. August.

Brazil. 1823.

— deltoi'deum (tri&ngle-lipped) . 1£. Green,

brown. March. Demerara. 1842.

— fimbria' turn (fringed-lipped). Pink, red.
August. Brazil. 1837. There are
two kinds, Haynderii and Legrelli,
slightly differing in colour.

—fuliffino'sum (sooty). Green, purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1839.

— globiflo'rum (globe-flowered). 1. Olive,
brown. June. Mexico. 1840.

— Hoo'keri (Hooker's). 2. Green, brown.

October. Brazil. 1818.

— integef rrimum (entire - lipped) . Purple,

brown. June. Guatemala. 1839.

intermedia variega'ta. Black,

white, yellow. Brazil.

— lamina' turn (plaited). Brown, purple.

April. Mexico. 1844.

ebu'rneum (ivory-lipped). White,

green. April. Mexico. 1839.

— lanci'ferum (lance-bearing). Pure green.

March. Brazil. 1839.

— longifcflium (long-leaved). 2. Orange,

violet. August. Demerara. 1837.

— macula' turn integer rrimuni (spotted entire-

lipped) . 3. Green and purple spotted.
September. Mexico.

— Mi'lleri (Dr. Miller's). 2. Purple spotted.

September. Brazil. 1837.

— na'so (nose-like-lipped). White purple. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1843.

— ochra'ce-um (reddish yellow). Yellow. Bra-

zil. 1844.

— plafniceps (flat-headed). 1. Green, and

yellow. Spanish Main. 1810.

— probosci' deum (long-snouted). Brightish

green. Demerara. 1839.

— pu'rum (spotless). 1. Green. October.

Brazil.

— ro'seo-a'lbum (rose and white flowered}. 2.

White red. April. Para. 1836.

— Russellia'num (Duke of Bedford's). 3.

Green. July. Guatimala. 1838.

— sacca'tum (pouched). Yellow, purple.

March. Demerara. 1840.

— semiapc'rtitm (half-open). 1. Yellow. No-

vember. Brazil. 1826.

— serra'tum (suv-ctlged-lipped). Green yel-

low. September. Panama. 1844.

Green, brown.

— tabula' re (tajble-fonned-%ped). Pale green.

Guatimala. 1843.

— tridenta' turn (three-toothed). 2. Yellow

brown. April. Trinidad. 1822. This
sports into the sixjfollowing, and even
into Wailefsil.

— spino's

sum (spiny lipped}. 1.
Brazil. 1840.

atropurpu'rcum (dark purple

floivered}. 2. Dark purple. August.
Demerara.

au'reum (golden flowered}. 2.

Yellow. August. Demerara.

— Claceri'ngi (Capt. Covering's).
2. Yellow brown. August. Brazil.
1822.

- floribu! 'ndum (bundle flower-
14

ed). 2. Yellow brown. November.

Trinidad. 1824.
C. tridentatum macroca'rpum (large fruited).

2. Yellow, purple. August. Brazil.
viridiflo' rum (green-flowered).

2. Green. May. Demerara.

— tri'fidum (three-cleft-lipped). 2. Green.

June. Trinidad.

— tntlla (trowel-lipped). Green, brown. Sep-

tember. South America. 1840.

— viridifla'vum (greenish yellow). 1. Yellow

green. June. South America. 1841.

— Waile'sii (Wailes's). 1. Green. September.

Honduras. 1840.

CATCHFLY. Sik'ne.

CA'TECHU. Acacia ca'techu,

CA'TERPILLAR. Scorpiu'rus.

CA'TERPILLAR. This is the young of
either the butterfly or the moth, in its
first state after emerging from the egg.
There are many kinds, and the best
mode of preventing their invasions is to
destroy every butterfly, moth, chrysalis,
and egg that can be found. Hand-pick-
ing, dusting with lime or soot, and other
modes of destroying the caterpillar are
mentioned when noticing the plants
they attack, but we may here observe
that the powder of White Hellebore is
by far the most effectual for dusting over
this marauder. Sparrows and other
small birds in early spring should not be
scared from the garden, for they destroy
myriads of caterpillars ; at that season
they can do no harm if the gardener
properly guards his seed -beds. Boys
paid a halfpenny per dozen for leaves
having eggs or smaller caterpillars upon
them, have been found to keep a garden
free for a whole season for about seven
shillings,

CATESB-*;'A. Lily Thorn. (Named
after M. Catesby, author of a natural his-
tory of Carolina. Nat. ord., Cinchmads
[Cinchonaceffi]. Linn., 4- Tctrandria. 1-
monogynia. Allied to Gardenia). Stove
evergreens. Cuttings in sand, under a

tlass in heat in April. Sandy loam and
bry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

C. latiftflia (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. June.
West Indies. 1823.

— Lindenia'na (Linden's). 2. July.

— parviflo'ra (small - flowered), 2. White.

June. Jamaica. 1810.

— spino'sa (thorned). 12. Yellow. June.

Isle of Providence. 1726.
CA'THA. "We have united this genus
to Cela'strus.

CATHARA'NTHUS. See Vi'nea.

CAT

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CAU

CAT-MINT. Nepeta.
CAT-THYME. Tcucrium ma'rum.
CA'TTEBIDGE TREE. Euo'nymus euro-

CA'TTLEYA. (Named after Mr. Cattley,
a distinguished patron of botany. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, 1-inonandria). Stove Orchids,
Divisions. Moss, peat and broken pots.
either in shallow baskets, or raised
above the surface of the pot. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 60°.

C. Acla'ndia} (Lady Acland's). j. Purple
brown. July. Brazil. 1839.

— Arembe'rgii (Count Aremberg's). lilac.

July. Brazil. 1842.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Olive green.

September. Brazil. 1837. There is
a variety with a white margined
lip.

— bulborsa (bulbed). £. Rose purple. April.

Brazil. 1846.

— ca'ndida (white -flowered). White pink.

Brazil. 1838.

— citri'na (citron flowered). Citron. April.

Mexico. 1838.

— cri'spa (curled flowered). 1. White purple.

September. Brazil. 1826.

— cri'spa viola' cea (violet coloured). Deep

violet and white. Guiana. 1850.

— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). April. St.

Domingo. 1844.

— ela'tior (taller). 1. Green spotted. Brazil.

1827.

— Forte" sii (Forbes's). f. White yellow.

June. Brazil. 1823.

— granulo'sa (granulated-/ip.ped). 1. Whitish

green. May. Guatimala. 1841.

Rmscflia'na (Duke of Bedford's) .

1. Green, white, orange. May. Mexico.
1839.

— guttafta (spotted-flowered). 1. Green, red.

April. Brazil. 1827.

ela'tior (taller). April. Brazil. 1827.

Russcllla'na (Lord C. Russell's).

Green, red. August. Brazil. 1838.

— Harriso'nive (Mrs. Harrison's). 1. Rose

yellow. April. Brazil. There is a
variety of a violet colour.

— intermedia (intermediate sized). 1. Rose

white. April. Brazil. 1824.
angustifo'lia (narrow leaved). 1.

Light purple. September. Brazil.

1836.
pa'llida (pale red-flowered). 1.

Light red. June. Brazil. 1833.

purpu'rca (purple blotched).

varicga'ta (variegated-^;/>ed). 1.

White red. May. Brazil. 1843.
-labia'ta(ruby lipped). 1. Crimson lilac.

May. Brazil. 1818. It appears as if

this species is identical with C. Mos-

sice.

a'lba (white).

__, atropvrpu'rea (dark purple).

Lilac purple. November. La Guayra.

1839.

C. labia'ta atrosangui' nea (dark crimson).

1. Dark red. July, South America.
pi' eta (painted).

— Lemonicfna (Sir C. Lemon's). |. Rose

yellow. August. Brazil. 1842.

— loba'ta (lobed petaled and lipped). Purple

violet and crimson veins. Brazil.
1847.

— Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). 1. Rose lilac.

August. Brazil. 1815.

— margina'ta (bordered). £. Pink crimson.

November. Brazil. 1843.

— mari'tima (sea-side). Lilac, white. Buenos

Ayres.

— mtfzima (largest). 1^. Dark pink. May.

Guayaquil. 1844.

— Mo'ssice (Mrs. Moss's). 1. Crimson, lilac.

July. La Guayra. 1836.

a'lba (white). Wbite and purple.

Brazil.

— odorati' sslma (sweetest). Purple. Deme-

rara. 1836.

— Papeiansia'na.

— Perri'nii (Perrin's). 1. Purple. Brazil.

— Pinellia'na (Knell's). Doubtful whether

this and pumila are not identical with.
marginata.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. Purple. July. South

America. 1837.

— Skinne'ri (Skinner's). 1£. Rosy purple.

August. Guatimala. 1836.

a'tro-ro'sea (dark rose). 1J. Dark

rose. May. Guatimala. 1836.

— specio'sa (showy).

— sup&rba (superb). 1.

Purple. May. Guiana.

— Walkeriaina (Walker's). Lilac crimson.
May. Brazil. 1844.

CAULIFLOWER. Bra ssica olera cea eau-
liflora.

Varieties. — There are many to be found
in local catalogues ; but they are only
different names for the following : — Early
Cauliflower; Late Cauliflower; Large Asia-
tic; and Walcheren. The last named is
included also among the Brocolis ; for it
unites these to the Cauliflowers, partak-
ing of the character of each.

Sowing. — There are three seasons for
sowing this vegetable.

First Sowing. — For the first main crop,
a sowing should be made in the third
week, or about the 24th of August, to
raise plants for winter protection, to form
the first principal and main crops of the
following year. Should the weather be
very dry at the time of sowing, the soil
should be thoroughly well watered before
the seed be sown, and so continued to
encourage the growth of the seedlings ;
as soon as these are up, large enough to
handle, beds should be formed in an open
situation, well broken up, made rich,
lined out neatly, and, if the weather is

CAU

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CAU

dry, well watered before planting as
well as afterwards. The best time for
pricking out young plants of any kind in
dry weather, is late in the afternoon or
in the evening. By this attention,
strong healthy plants will be ready for
either finally planting out under hand-
glasses, about the middle of October, or
for protection in frames or at the foot of
walls. These protected plants are to
form a second crop to those which were
planted out under the hand-glasses, and
may be finally planted out toward the
end of February, if the weather is fa-
vourable, two feet and a half asunder
each way ; and should severe weather
set in again, flower-pots just large
enough to cover the plant may be turned
over each, but taken off in all favourable
weather. Care should always be taken
to lift up the plants out of the nursery-
beds, so as to ensure uninjured roots.

Should the weather be very severe in
the winter, the hand-glass crop must
have a little protection more than that of
the hand-light itself. But particular at-
tention should be paid to airing at all
times when the weather will permit, by
either taking the lights entirely off, or
tilting them.

If, through some mismanagement or
misfortune, the winter stock should be-
come short, a sowing towards the end of
January becomes of importance. A very
little seed must then be sown in a pan or
box, placed in some moderate heated
structure, or in a gentle hotbed made up
for the purpose ; and when the seedlings
are up, and large enough to handle, they
should be pricked out on other very
gentle hotbeds, care being taken to keep
the plants up close to the glass, and in-
ured to the open air. Plants raised in
this way will be nearly as forward as
those sown in August, and protected in
cold frames through the winter.

The second Solving should be at the
end of February or beginning of March,
and then either in a cold frame, or warm
open border, or if the weather be very
unfavourable, a sowing may be made on
a very gentle hotbed even at this time,
attention to pricking-out, &c., given as
before directed. From this sowing a
third planting is made.

The third Sowing should be made about

the last week in April, or first week in
May, and the seedlings attended to as
before, as to pricking-out, &c. From
this sowing a fourth planting is made.

Fitness for Use. — When a cauliflower
has arrived at its full size, which is
shown by the border opening as if it was
about to run, pull up the plant, as it
never produces any useful sprouts, and
if hung up thus entire in a cool place, it
be may preserved for several days. The
best time to cut a cauliflower, is early of a
morning before the dew is evaporated ;
if it is done during the meridian or after-
noon of a hot day, it loses much of its
firmness, and boils tough.

To preserve from Frost. — As frost de-
stroys the cauliflower, it is a practice in
November, before it sets in, to pull up
the late standing plants, and the leaves
being tied over the head, to hang each
up in a coal-shed or cellar, by which
means they remain good for some time.
But a better mode is to bury them in
sand, laying them in alternate layers with
the earth, in a dry situation — by this
means they may be preserved to the
close of January — or they may be put in
a trench dug at the bottom of a wall,
eighteen inches wide and deep, the plants
being laid with their roots uppermost in
an inclining position, so that the roots of
the second covered the top of the one
preceding. The earth to be laid over
them thick, a considerable slope given to
it, and beaten smooth with the spade to
throw off rain.

Saving Seed. — Some should be from
the first planted out of the hand-glass
crop. The best with well formed heads
should be selected for this purpose, and
marked for seed, by placing a strong
stake to each for the future tying of
the flowering stems up to. Gather each
branch of seed as it ripens.

Diseases and Insects. — See CABBAGE
and BROCOLI.

CAULOPHY'LLTJM. (From Jcaulon, a
stem, aivlphyllon, a leaf ; in reference to
the stems ending as if it were in a leaf-
stalk. Nat. ord.,.zW#mVfe[Berberidaceae].
luirni^Q-Hexandria, \-monogynia). Hardy
tuberous perennial; division of the roots ;
light sandy peat.

C. thalictroi'des (Thalictrum-like) . 1. Yellow
green. North America. 1755.

CEA

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CED

CEANO'THUS. (From keanothm, a name
applied by Theophrastus to a plant now
not known. Nat. ord., Rhanmads [Rham-
nacea?]. -Linn., o-Pentandria, 1-mono-
gynia). Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
of firm side-shoots answer best, either in
April or August. The greenhouse varie-
ties do well against a south wall, but
may require a little protection in severe
weather. Those from tropical regions
require the usual treatment of the stove,
or a warm conservatory. They are not
particular as to soil ; a little peat mixed
with loam will be an advantage.

HARDY DECIDUOUS. "

C. america'mis (American). 2. White. July.
North America. 1713.

— colli'nus (hill). 1. Light. July. North

America. 1827. Evergreen.

— cweaftus (wedge-shaped). 4. California.

1848.

— denta'tm (toothed). 3. Blue. California.

1848.

— divarica'tus (straggling). 4. Blue. June.

California. 1848.

— intermc'dius (intermediate). 2. White.

June. North America. 1812.

— microphyTUw (small-leaved). 2. White.

June. North America. 1806.

— nepalc'nsis (Nepaul). 10. Yellow. Nepaul.

1820.

— ova' tus (egg-shaped leaved). 3. White.

July. North America. 1818.

Pale blue. July.

— pa'llidus (pale). 10.
North America.

— papilla' svs (pimpled). 8. Blue. California.

1848.

— pereTnnis (perennial). 2. White; August.

Carolina. 1822.

— ri'gidus (stiff). 4. Blue. California.

1848.

— sangufncus (crimson-stalked). 2. White.

June. Missouri. 1812.

— tardiflo'rus (late flowering). 3. White.

September. North America. 1820.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. africa'mis (African). Pale yellow. March.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712.

— azu'reus (blue). 10. Pale blue. April.

Mexico. 1818.

__ fto're-a'lbo (white-flowered). 10.
White. April.

— buxifo'lim (box-leaved). White. April.

Mexico. 1824.

— captnsi* (Cape). 3. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
C. infefstus (troublesome). 4. Mexico. 1824.

— leeviaa'tus (smooth-tea^). 4. Green yel-

low. West Indies. 1818.

— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). 3. Yellow.

July. New Spain. 1824.

— mocinia'nits (Mocino's). 5. Mexico. 1824.

— mystaci'mis (bearded). 13. White green.

November. Africa. 1775.

C. sph(sroca'rpus (round-fruited) . 15. Green
yellow. Jamaica. 1824.

— zeyla'nicus (Ceylon). 3. White. Ceylon.

1818.

CECRO'PIA. Snake wood. (A classical
name after Cecrops, first king of Athens,
who built that city, and called it Cecropia.
Nat. ord., Atrocarpads [Atrocarpacete].
Linn., 22-Dicecia, 2- Diandria). All the
Atrocarpads abound in milky juice, by
which they are easily distinguished from
the Nettleworts with which they are
allied. From many of the genera, and
from C. peltata, caoutchouc, or India
rubber, is obtained. Stove evergreen
trees ; cuttings of ripened shoots, placed
in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and
in a moist bottom heat in April ; peat
and loam in a rough state, with a little
sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

— C. co'ncolor (self-coloured). 20. Brazil.

1822.

— palma'ta (hanH-leaved) . 20. Brazil. 1820.

— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 30. Jamaica. 1778.

CEDRONE'LLA. (A diminutive of Jced-
ron, the cedar; referring to the fragrant
resinous scent. Nat.ord.,Zafo'«fcsorZeJ9-
ivorts [Lamiaceae]. Linn., \±-Didynamia,
1 - Gymnospermia. Allied to Dracocepha-
lum). It is worthy of remark that the
Lipworts are all destitute of any delete-
rious qualities, and that most of them are
fragrant and aromatic — as the lavender,
salvia, rosemary, mint, balm and hyssop,
&c. Greenhouse plants. Divisions of
the roots of the herbaceous species; cut-
tings of the evergreen; sandy loam and
a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 40°.

C. corda'ta (heart-shaped-teatferf). 1. Purple.
July. North America. 1824.

— mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Purple. Mexico.

— pa'llida (pale-flowered). 1£. Hose. Sep-

tember. Mexico. 1844.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). Pale purple. July.

Canaries. 1697. This is a greenhouse
evergreen shrub, but all the others are
herbaceous perennials.

CE'DRUS. The Cedar. (From the
Arabic kedron or kedree, power ; in re-
ference to its majestic appearance, but
some have supposed from cedron, a brook
in Judca. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacecel
Linn . , 2 1 - Moncecia, 10- Man adelphia) .
Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, saved in
the cones, extracted by steeping the
cones in water and boring a hole down
their centre so as to split them, and sow-

CEL

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CEL

ing in sandy soil in March ; also by cut-
tings, under a hand light; and the deodar a
by inarching and grafting on the corn-
con Cedar, and on the Larch, but it is
doubtful if the latter will answer as a
stock ; deep sandy soil.
C.qfrica'nm (African. Mount Atlas Cedar}.
May. Mount Atlas. 1843.

— deoda'ra (Deodara). 120. Nepaul. 1822.
There are other varieties of this —

crassifo'lia (thick - leaved) ; tenuifo'lia
(thin-leaved) ; and vi'ridis (green).
C.Le'bani (Cedar of Lebanon). Levant. 1683.

fo'liis arge'nteis (silvery-leaved).

80. May.
na'na (dwarf).

There are other varieties of this spe-
cies, as glau'ca (milky -green) ; interme-
dia (intermediate) ; pe'ndula (pendu-
\Q\\s-branched} ; pyramida'lis (pyramid-
shaped) ; and pyramida'lis arge'nteis
(silvery pyramid-shaped).

CE'LANDINE. Chelido'nium and Bocco-
n ia frute'scens.

CELA'STRUS. Staff Tree. (From
kelas, the latter season , referring to the
fruit hanging on the trees all winter.
Kat. ord., Spindle trees [Caelastraceoe].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia). Cut-
tings of the half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a glass; peat and very sandy fibry
loam. The stove and greenhouse spe-
cies require the treatment common to
each department. The hardy species
may be propagated by layers in autumn,
and scandens by seeds ; bullatus seldom
ripens its seeds; deep loamy soil for
those hardy climbers.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBERS.
C. luHa'tiia (blistered). 20. White. July.
Virginia. 1759.

— sca'ndcns (climbing). 15. Yellow. May.

North America. 1736.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. mcxica'nus (Mexican). 7. Mexico. 1824.

— multijlo'rtis (many-flowered). 4. White.

May. South Europe. 1816.

— myrtifaflius (Myrtle-leaved). 20. White.

May. Jamaica. 1810.

— nit tans (nodding). 5. White. East In-

dies. 1810. Climber.

— panicula'tus (panicled). 3. Greenish. May.

East Indies. 1841.

— quadrangular ris (square-stalked) . 10. White.

Brazil. 1820.

— trtgymts (three-styled). 5. May. Isle of

France. 1824.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
C. buxifo'lius (box-leaved). 4. White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1 7 52.

0. cassinoi'des (Cassine-like). 4. White. Au-
gust. Canaries. 1779.

— cdrnuus (drooping). 5. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817.

— cymo'sus (Cymose). 3. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1815.

— emaraina'tus (notch-leaved). 8. Yellow-

ish. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.
—flexuo'sus (zig-zag). 6. White. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1826.

— ilici'nus(Uo\.\\~leaced). 3. White. Cape

of Good Hope. 1817.

— lauri'nus (Laurel-like). 3. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 4. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— lutcidm (shining). 2. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1722.

— lycioi'des (Box-thorn-like). White. August.

Canaries. 1821.

— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). White. Peru.

1826.

— oleoi'des (Olive-like). 3. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— pteroca'rpus (wing-fruited). 3. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— puncta'tus (AoUed-branchcd). Greenish. Ja-

pan. 1817. Climber.

— pyraca'nthus (fire-spined). 2. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1742.

— reMsus (blunt). 6. Yellow. Peru. 1824.

— ri'gidus (stiff). 3. Yellow. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.

— rostra' tus (beaked). White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1821.

— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. White. Cape

of Good Hope. 1810.

— trlcuspida'tus (three-pointed). 6. White.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— undo,' tus (waved). 4. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1826.

CELERI'AC, or TURNIP-ROOTED CEL-
ERY (A'pium grave olens rapaceum}. Of
this variety of Celery there is said to
be a hardier kind cultivated by the Ger-
mans, called by them Knott-celery .

Sowing. — It may be sown in March,
April, and May, to afford suceessional
plantations in June, July, and August.
Sow in drills six inches apart, and keep
regularly watered every evening in dry
weather. The bed must be kept free
from weeds, and when about three inches
high, the plants may be pricked out into
another border in rows three inches apart
each way; giving water abundantly and
frequently: by adopting the precautions
mentioned in the cultivation of celery,
the same seed bed will afford two or three
distinct prickings. In the neighbourhood
of Dresden, where this vegetable is grown
in great perfection, they sow in Feb-
ruary or March, in a hotbed under glass,
and the plants are removed in April,
when two or three inches high, to another

CEL

[214]

CEL

hotbed, and set an inch and a half apart.
The fineness of the plants is there attri-
buted to the abundance of water with
which they are supplied.

When five or six inches high, they are
fit for final planting in rows two feet
asunder, and the plants eight inches
apart, on the level ground, or in drills
drawn with the hoe three inches deep, as
they only require earthing up a few
inches with the hoe. In dry weather
they should be watered plentifully, at
least every other evening. Keep them
free from weeds. They require a light
fertile soil.

Sowing Seed. — The directions given
for saving the seed of Celery, is in every
respect applicable to this vegetable.

CELERY. (A'pium grave okns}.

Varieties. — There are the gigantic,
dwarf curled, common upright red stalked,
upright giant, hollow upright, and the
solid stalked (red and white}. The red
chiefly for soups, the white being much
more delicate in flavour ; violet, solid ;
very superior, blanches white; Turc,
solid, white, for autumn ; Cole's superb,
red and white ; and Nutfs champion ;
the last named being the best we have
cultivated.

Sowing. — The first sowing maybe made
about the middle or toward the end of Feb-
ruary, sowing a very little seed in a pan or
box placed in any heated structure, and
having a gentle hotbed made up ready to
receive the young plants as soon as they
are fit to prick out. The soil cannot be
too rich for them ; and if pricked out in
gentle hotbeds under glass, which is
best, the young crop should be kept "up
within two or three inches of the glass,
and attention paid to frequent watering,
earth stirring, and airing, in favourable
weather.

The sowing for a main crop should be
made about the first week in March ; and
although it may be sown in a rich warm
border, yet it is better to make a gentle
hotbed for this sowing, even if it is only
of four boards nailed together, to keep up
the earth round the sides of the bed, and
no glass to cover it ; but if an old light
can be spared until the plants are up, all
the better. Several prickings- out may
be made from this sowing in any rich
earth, in open situations, having the beds

made up neatly ready for pricking out,
either in warm showery weather, or dur-
ing evenings in dry weather. The plants
should be inserted six inches apart in the
nursery beds, well supplied with water,
until the plants are established, and the
earth among them frequently stirred.

A third sowing may be made about
the second week or middle of April in the
open warm border, to be attended to as
before mentioned, as to pricking-out,
watering, &c., only that cool situations
will be found best, such as north borders
for summer pricking -out, for a supply to
plant out for winter and spring use.

Finalplanting — the single trench system.
— The trenches, where the soil will allow
of it, may be eight or ten inches deep, to
receive the plants for the first summer
plantings ; but as the season advances,
not so deep by two inches, at each suc-
cessive planting, and, lastly, on the level
surface for late winter and spring use.
When planted in deep trenches for the
first crop, the rows may be much nearer
together. Another method of planting
out the principal and late crops is, to dig
out a trench, four and a half feet wide,
and one foot deep, placing the earth half
on one side, and half on the other side ;
this done, give a thorough good manur-
ing, as the soil cannot be made too good
for this vegetable : let it be neatly dug in,
and the surface made smooth as the work
goes on; then lift the plants with a
trowel from the nursery beds, to ensiire
their having good roots ; let them be
planted precisely one foot from row to
row, and six or seven inches from plant
to plant ; the row crossways of the trench,
thus : —

GEL

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Thoroughly well water, and in the course
of a week after planting, the earth should
be carefully stirred over the whole hed.

The plants should not be shortened, as
many persons do ; but remove any de-
cayed or broken leaf, and all side-shoots
from the plants, one by one, being care-
ful not to injure other leaves, or the
roots.

Earthing up. — The first earthing up
should be done with a small trowel,
holding the leaves of the plant together
in one hand, and stirring and drawing up
a little earth to the plant with the other ;
the next earthing is done by the help of
two light boards, six to eight inches
broad, of the same length as the trench
is wide ; these to be placed between two
of the rows of plants by two persons ;
then place between these boards well-
broken earth as much as required ; draw
up the boards steadily ; do the same in
the next space, and so on until the work
is completed. By the last mentioned
method of final planting, more than
double the quantity can be grown on a
given space of ground, and the
heads are quite as fine as in the
single-trench system. It is also
handy for protection in winter,
either with hoops and mats, or
litter.

The trench being dug out four
and a half feet wide, allows room
for six plants across it, at six
inches apart from plant to plant,
leaving three inches' space from
the outside of the trench.

Frost. — At the appearance of
very severe weather setting in at
any time during the winter
months, three or four dozen heads of the
celery may be taken up without cutting
away any part of them, and laid in
dry earth, sand, or sifted coal ashes, so
as to be handy for immediate use.

Manuring. — In the seed-bed, when
pricked out, and in the bed for final
growth, too much of the richest manure
cannot be applied. Upon this, and upon
the roots being uninjured at each removal,
depend the fineness and excellence of
the celery ; any cheek to its growth is
never recovered but renders it dwarf
and stringy. Liquid manure should be
given to it frequently.

To save Seed. — Some plants must be
left where grown, or in February or
March some may be carefully taken up,
and after the outside leaves are cut off,
and all laterals removed, planted in a
moist soil a foot apart. Those which are
most solid, and of a middling size are to
be selected. When they branch for seed,
they must be tied early to a stake to pre-
serve them from the violence of winds.
The flower appears in June, and the seed
is swelling in July ; if dry weather oc-
curs, they should be watered every other
night. In August the seed will be ripe,
and when perfectly dry, may be rubbed
out and stored.

Diseases. — In heavy wet soil it is
liable to have its stalks split and canker.
The soil for earthing up cannot be too
light and dry. We have seen coal ashes
employed for the purpose most success-
fully.

CELERY FLY (Tephri'tis onopordi'nis).
— In the autumn it is very common to
observe part of the leaves of celery plants
blistered and turned yellow ; and this oc-

curs occasionally to such an extent that
their growth is checked and their size
diminished. If the withered parts are
examined, and the skin of the blisters is
raised, there will be found beneath it
some small green grubs,* that have eaten
away all the green pulp (parenchyma) of
the parts so withered. These grubs are
the larvae of the Celery Fly. The grubs
may be found in the leaves of the celery
in June, July, September, October, and
November ; for there are two or more
broods of them in the course of the year.
The grubs, though less frequently, are
found doing similar damage to the leaves

CEL

[216]

CEL

of Alexanders and Parsnips. When full
grown, the grubs descend into the earth
and remain in the chrysalis state until
the spring following, when they give
birth to the fly. The Celery Fly, may
usually be found upon the leaves of the
laurel, hovering over flowers and resting
upon palings in the sunshine, from the
middle of May to the end of July. It is
one of the most beautiful of the English
two-winged flies, and has been thus de-
scribed by Mr. Westwood. — The general
colour of the body, which is five-jointed,
varies from rusty-brown to shining black;
head buff", with black hairs ; legs yellow ;
thorax sprinkled with long black hairs ;
wings black, with various pale spots;
eyes green. The whole length of the
insect is not more than one-sixth of an
inch, and its wings, when outspread,
barely half an inch across. The cross-
lines in our woodcut show these propor-
tions, as well as the insect magnified.
The motions of this fly are very peculiar ;
seated upon a leaf in the sunshine, the
wings are partially extended, yet partially
elevated, and it has a sideling kind of
motion. — The withered leaves of the
celery should be picked off, and the grubs
within them crushed as soon as seen.
Mr. Westwood suggests that a string,
smeared with birdlime, and stretched over
the celery plants, might catch many of
the parents.— The Cottage Gardener, i. p.
73.

CELO'SIA. Cockscomb. (From Jcelos,
burnt ; in reference to the burnt-like ap-
pearance of the flowers of some of the
species. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amaran-
taceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-monogy-
nia). The flowers of the coxcomb, Celo-
sia cristata, are astringent, and much used
by Asiatic physicians. Seeds in a hot-
bed in March; potted off repeatedly,
and transferred to the hothouse or green-
house ; light rich soil, well drained.

SHRUBS.

C. echina'ta (hedge-hog). 1. Purple. July.
Orinoco, 1821. Stove evergreen.

— glavfca (milky green). 1. White. July.
Cape of" Good Hope. 1818. Green-
house evergreen.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C. crista'ta (crested). 2. (Dark red). July.

Asia. 1570.
compa'cta (compact). 2. Dark

red. July. Asia. 1570.

C. crista'ta ela'ta (tall). 2. Dark red. July.

Asia. 1570.

flavffscens (pale yellow). 2. Yel-

low. July. Asia. 1570.
STOVE ANNUALS.

C argefntea (silvery-spikrd). 1. Light flesh.

July. China. 1740.
Uncarts (narrow-fcarcrf). 1. Flesh.

June. East Indies. 1714.

— castre'nsis (camp). 2. Purple. July. East

Indies. 1739.

— cefrmia (drooping) . 3. purple. July.

East Indies. 1809.

— cocci! 'nea (scarlet). 5. Pink. July. China.

1597.

— como'sa (tufted). 1. Pink. July. East

Indies. 1802.

— dicho'toma (fork-branched). 1. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1824.

— margarita' cm (pearly). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. West Indies. 1817.

— Monso'nia (Monson's). 3. White. August.

East Indies. 1778.

— ni'tida (shining). 1. Purple. August. Ma-

labar. 1706.

— nodiflo'ra (knotted-flowered). 2. Green.

August. East Indies. 1780.
— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 1. White. July.
East Indies. 1820.

CELOSIA CRISTATA. TJie Cockscomb of
florists. All the varieties of this are
well worth cultivating. The deep crim-
son coloured varieties are generally the
most esteemed ; and of these there are
tall and dwarf kinds — the latter being
generally preferred. The comb at its
extremities altogether, or nearly,, touch-
ing the sides of the pot. Seeds should be
sown in a aweet hotbed in spring, and,
unlike the balsam, where splendid speci-
mens are required, they should never be
turned out of the hotbed until the combs
are nearly full grown, when they may
be set in the greenhouse. Two systems
of culture may be adopted. First, as soon
as the plants are one inch in height,
prick out and shift successively into
larger pots, never allowing the plants
to be pot-bound. By this method the
plants are strong before the combs ap-
pear ; and you have a chance of having
many very fine, but with the risk that
many others from their shape will be fit
only for the rubbish heap. By the
second method, the best for those with
limited space, the young plants are
pricked out a few inches apart into shal-
low pans, in light rich earth, encouraged
to grow freely, and then checked sud-
denly by keeping them cooler and with-
holding water, which will cause them.

CEL

[217]

CEN

to show their combs in a few days.
Though small, you can easily observe
those which are close and well shaped
from those which will be upright
and straggling. Select the best, pot
them and continue repotting, and en-
courage with heat and manure water,
and the strength of your culture going
chiefly into the combs, these will be
large, while your plants will be small.
Where extremely dwarf plants are
wanted, cut off young plants a little be-
low the comb ; insert the part with the
comb into a small pot in sandy soil, in
strong heat and a hand-glass over. Soil,
sandy loam and very rotten dung, but
sweet. Temperature when growing 60°
to 8-5° by day ; 60° at night

CE'LSIA. (Named after Professor Cel-
sius, of Upsal. Nat. ord., Figtvorts
[Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., \±-Didynamia,
2-angiospermia). Chiefly from seeds, or
raised in a slight hotbed in March or
April, and flowered in the greenhouse
during the summer, or in favourable
positions out of doors. The biennials
require the protection of the cold pit
during winter ; light sandy open soil.
C. ArcMrus (Arcturus). 4. Yellow. August.
Candia. 1780. Half-hardy biennial.

— betonicctifo' lia (Betony-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. North Africa. Half-hardy
biennial.

— coromandelia! 'na (Coromandel). 4. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1783. Stove annual.

— cre'tica (Cretan). 6. Yellow. July. Crete.

1752. Half-hardy biennial.

— heterophy" lla (various - leaved). Yellow.

July. 1829. Half-hardy biennial.

— lana'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. 1818.

Half-hardy evergreen.

— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1816. Half-hardy biennial.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 2. Brown yellow.

July. Levant. 1713. Hardy annual.

— visco'sa (clammy). 3. Yellow. July. 1816.

Stove annual.

CE'LTIS. Nettle Tree. (The name of
a tree mentioned by Pliny. Nat. ord.,
Elmworts [Ulmacese]. Linn., 23-Poly-
gamia, 1-moncecia). Seeds, sown as soon
as ripe ; layers also and cuttings of ripe
shoots in autumn; common good soil.
The East and West India species require
protection, but there seems little to re-
commend in them over the European
and North American species which are
hardy. The wood of australis is ex-
tremely pliant.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

C. cane'scens (hoary). 40. Green. Mexico.
1840. Half-hardy.

— crassifo'lia (thick leaved) . 20. Green. April.

North America. 1812.

— Iceviga'ta (polishedj. 20. Green. April.

Louisiana.

— occidenta'lis (western). 20. Green. April.

North America. 1656.
cordu'ta (heart -leaved) . 20.

Green. April. North America.
scabriu'scula (roughish). 20.

Green. April, North America.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 6. Green. May. North

America. 1812.

— sine'nsis (Chinese). 12. Green. Asia. 1820.

— Tournefo'rti (Tournfort's) . 8. Green. Le-

vant. 1739.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. aculea'ta (prickly). 10. Green. Jamaica.
1791.

— austra'lis (southern). 10. Green. Jamaica.

1796.

— li'ma (file-leaved). 20. Green yellow. West

Indies. 1823.

— micro! ntha (small flowered). 10. Green.

August. Jamaica. 1739.

— orienta'lis (oriental). 50. Yellow green.

East Indies. 1820.

CENTAURE'A. Centaury. (The classical
name of a plant, fabled by Ovid to have
cured a wound in the foot of Chiron —
Chiron being one of the centaurs, or war-
horse breakers, of Thessaly. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., l^-St/nye-
iiesia, 3-frustraned), The Centaury s are
so numerous that more than twenty ge-
neric names have been applied to the
species. C. cyanea and dtpressa, or corn
flowers, are much used in bouquets.
Seeds of most of them in the open border
in the end of March. The tenderer ones
may be raised on a hotbed ; transplanted
to another : a few might be preserved
in a cold pit if it was deemed desirable.
Common soil.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

2. Yellow. July. Si-
July.

Red.

C. Ada' mi (Adams's).
beria. 1804.

— america'na (American). 2.

North America. 1824.

— a'pula (Apulian). 1. Yellow. July. North

Africa. 1817.

— arachnoi'dea (cobweb -like). 3. Yellow.

July. Italy. 1820. Biennial.

— benedi'cta ( Blessed -thistle). 2. Yellow.

August. Spain. 1548.

— cancella' ta (latticed). 1. Yellow. July.

North America. 1824.

— chile' nsis (Chilian), li. Lilac. June. Chili.

1836.

— coarcta' ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. July.

North Africa. 1827.

CEN

[218]

CEN

C. Crocod

di/'lium (Crocodylium). 3. Purple.
July. Levant. 1777.

— crupl'tta (Crupina). 3. Flesh. June. Italv.

1596.

— crupinoi'des (Crupina-like).- 1. Copper. July.

North Africa. 1818.

— cya'nits (Blue-bottle). 3. Blue. July. Bri-

tain.

- fusca'ta (brownish). Yellow. July. Sar-
dinia. 1830.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Pale yellow. June.

Caucasus. 1808.

— ibc'rica (Iberian). 2. Purple. July. Iberia.

1818. Biennial.

— ii'#pu(Lippi's). 1. Pale purple. June.

Egypt. 1793.

— melitef nsis (Maltese). 1. Yellow. July.

Malta. 1710.

— moscha'ta (musky. Sweet Sultan). 2. Purple.

August. Persia. 1629.

— napifo'tia (Turnip-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

Candia. 1691.

— palle'scens (pale). 2. Yellow. July. Esrypt.

1816.

— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. June. Persia.

1836.

— piflchra (beautiful). 1. Bright crimson.

June. Cashmere. 1838.

— salma'ntica (Salmanca). 3. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1596. Biennial.

— si' cula (Sicilian). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily.

1710.

— solstitia' Us (solstitial. Barnaby's Thistle}. 1.

Yellow. July. England.

— Steve' nil (Steven's). 2. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1820. Biennial.

— strum? nea (straw-eoloured) . 1. Yellow.

July. Egypt. 1801.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow.

July. Levant. 1683.

— sulphu'rca (sulphur-co/owraZ). 1. Yellow,

July. 1815.

— Torrea'na (Torre's). 1£. Purple. July.

Naples. 1830.

— vertftiim (dwarf). 2. Yellow. July. Le-

vant. 1780.

HALF-HARDY.

C. cegypt?aca (Egyptian). 1. White. July.
Egypt. 1790. Herbaceous perennial.

— argefntea (silver-leaved). 2. Pale yellow.

July. Candia. 1739. Evergreen shrub.

— argu'ta (sharp-notched). August. Canaries.

1839. Evergreen shrub.

— cincra'ria (grey-leaved) . 3. Purple, July.

Italy. 1710. Herbaceous perennial.

— hyssopifo;lia (Hyssop-leaved). 1. Purple.

July. Spain. 1812. Half-hardy ever-
green.

— ragusfna (Ragusan). 2. Yellow. July.

Candia. 1710. Evergreen shrub.

— semperv? rens (evergreen). 2. Red yellow.

July. Spain. 1683. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.

— spintfsa (prickly -branched). 2. Purple.

July. Candia. 1640. Herbaceous
perennial.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C acanthoi' des (acanthus-like). 2. Purple.
July. 1827.

C. ala'ta (winged, stalked) , 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Tartary. 1781.

— a'lba (-white-floircred). 2. White. July.

Spain. U97.

— nlpi'na (Alpine). 3. Yellow. July. Italy.

1640.

— ama'ra (bitter). 2. Purple. July. Italy.
grandiflo'ra (large - flowered) . 2.

Purple. July. Switzerland. 1819.

pinnati'fida (leafleted). 2. Purple.

July. Switzerland. 1819.

— arena'ria (sand). 2. Purple. August.

South Europe. 1778.

— a'spera (rough). 2. Purple. August. South

Europe. 1772.

— astraca' nica (Astracan). 2. Purple. July.

Astracan. 1818.

— atropurpu' rca (dark-purple). 3. Purple.

July. Hungary. 1802.

— aufrea (great-golden}. 2. Yellow. August.

South Europe. 1758.

— austri'aca (Austrian). 2. Purple. August.

Austria. 1815.

— axilla' 'ris (axillary). 1. Purple. July.

Austria. 1823.

— babylo'nica (Babylonian). 7. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1710.

— Balsa' mita (Balsamita). 2. Yellow. July.

Syria. 1820.

— Barrel'irfri (Barrelier's). 2. Purple. July.

Hungary. 1820.

— bractca'ta (bracteated). 2. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1817.

— calci'trapa (Star-thistle). 1. Pink. July.

England.

— calcitrapoi' des (Calcitra pa-like). 1. Purple.

June. Levant. 1683.

— caloce'phala (beautiful-headed). 3. Yellow.

July. Levant. 1816.

— calop htf lla (beautiful-leaved). 5. Yellow.

July. South Europe. 1816.

— capilla'ta (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Si-

beria. 1810.

— centaureoi' des (Centaurea-like) . 3. Yellow.

June. South Europe. 1739.

— centau'rium (Great Centaury). 4. Yellow.

July. Italy. 1596.

— cheiranthifo'lia (Wall-flower leaved). 2.

Pale yellow. July. Caucasus. 1820.

— cichora'cea (Endive-like). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1816.

— cicutcefo'lia (Cicuta - leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. Podolia. 1820.

— chif'rict (grey). 2. Purple. June. Italy. 1710.

— eolli'na (hill). 3. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1596.

— concl'nna (neat). 4. Yellow. August.

Caucasus. 1818.

— coria'cea (leathery-leaved) . 2. Purple. June.

Hungary. 1804.

— coronopifo' lia (Buckhorn-leaved) . 3. Yel-

low. June. Levant. 1739.

— crue'nta (crimson-leaved). 1. Purple. July.

1816.

— dcalba'ta (whitened). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

— deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Purple. August.

France. 1816.

— declina'ta (curved-down). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1821.

— decvfmbens (lying-down). 2. Purple. Au-

gust. France. 1815.

CEN

[219]

CEN

C. depre'ssa (depressed) 1. Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1818.

— deu'sta (burned). 5. Dark red. August.

Naples. 1818.

— dlhftn (washed). 2. Pale purple. July.

South Europe. 1781.

— dissect a (deeply - cut - leaved) . 2. Purple.

July. Naples. 1823.

— ete'ta (tall). 4. Yellow. August. Mauri-

tius. 1820.

— elonga' ta (lengthened). 2. Purple. August.

Barbary. 1823.

• — er'wfphora (wool-bearing) . 1. Yellow. Au-
gust. Portugal. 1714.

— eriophy'Ua (woolly - leaved).

uly. 1827.

— fe'rox (fierce). 2. Yellow. August. Bar-

py'Ua (woolly - leaved). 3. Yellow.
July.

bary. 1790.
— Fische'rii (Fischer's). 2. Blue. July.

Russia.

1820.

— flosculo'sa (many-fioreted). 1. Purple. Au-
gust. Italy. 1818.

— glastifo'lia (Woad-leaved). 4. Yellow. July.

"Siberia. 1731.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 1. Purple. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Purple. August. Naples.

1822.

— intyba'cea (Succory-leaved). 2. Purple. Au-

gust. South Europe. 1778.

— /swaWt (Isnard's). 1. Purple. July. Bri-

tain.

— jacobcea' folia (Jacobaea-leaved). 3. Yellow.
July. 1818.

— Kartschia'na (Kartschi's). 2. Purple. June.

Carniola. 1836.

— leuca'ntha (white flowered) . 2. "White. Au-

gust. South France. 1816.

— leucophy" lla (white-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1823.

— limba'ta (fringed). 3. Purple. July. Por-

tugal. 1818.

— lingula'ta (tongue-feared). 2. Blue. July.

Spain. 1824.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July.

Spain. 1827.

— macroctfphala (large-headed). 3. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1805.

— macula' ta (spotted-leaved). Purple. July.

Siberia. 1816.

— maculo'sa (spotted-calyxed) . 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1816.

— Marshall ia'na (Marshall's). 2. Purple.

July. Caucasus. 1820.

— mo' Mis (soft). 2. Blue. July. Hungary. 1818.

— monta'na (mountain. Perennial blue-bottle).

2. Blue. July. Austria. 1596.

— murica'ta (point-covered). 1. Purple. July.

Spain. 1621.

— myaca'ntha (Mouse - thorn). 1. Purple.

August. France. 1820.

— ncgldcta (neglected). 3. Yellow. July.

Podolia. 1820.

— nervo'sa (nerved). 2. Purple. July. South

Europe. 1815.

— nicest? mis (Nice). 2. Yellow. July. Nice.

1819.

— ni'tens (sparkling) . Purple. Caucasus. 1823.

— ochroleu' ca (yello wish-white). 2. Pale yel-

low. July. Caucasus. 1801.

— orienta'lis (oriental). 2. Yellow. Siberia.

1759.

C. orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1818.

— ovi'na (sheep's). 1. Purple. August.

Caucasus. 1802.

— panicula'ta (panicled) . 2. Purple. July.

Europe. 1640.

— parviflo'ra (small -flowered). 2. Violet.

June. Barbary. 1823.

— pectina'ta (comb-edged). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. France. 1727.

— pcregri'na (diffuse). 2. Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1749,

— phry'gia (Swiss). 2. Purple. August. Switzer-

land. 1633.

ambi'gua (ambiguous). 2. Purple.

August. Switzerland. 1819.

— polyaca'ntha (many-spined). 1. Purple.

July. Portugal. 1804.

— polymo'rpha (many-formed). 2. Pui-ple.

July. Spain. 1819.

— Pouzi'ni (Pouzin's). 2. Purple, July. South

France. 1824.

— prate1 nsis (meadow). 2. Purple. July.

France. 1817.

— procu'mbens (procumbent). 1. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1821. Trailer.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow. July. 1804.

— pulche'rrima (very beautiful). 5. Yellow.

July. Armenia. 1816.

— pulla'ta (sad -looking), 2. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1789.

— radia'ta (rayed). 2. White. July. Siberia.

1804.

— refldxa (bent - back spined). 3. Yellow.

July. Iberia. 1801.

— re! pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. July. Le-

vant. 1739.

— ri'gida (stiff). 1. Purple. July. 1823.

— rimila'ris (rivulet). 2. Brown. July. Por-

tugal. 1812.

— roma'na (lloman). 3. Red. July. Rome.

1739.

— rupe'stris (rock). 2. Yellow. July. Italy.

1806.

— ruthe'nica (Russian). 3. Pale yellow. Au-

gust. Russia. 1806.

— sabulo'sa (sand). 1. White. July. Sibe-

ria. 1820.

— salicifo'lia (Willow- leaved). 2. Purple.

July. Caucasus. 1823.

— sangui'nea (bloody). 2. Purple. July. 1827.

— se'ridis(Enc]i\G-lcaved}. 1. Purple. July.

Spain. 1686.

— sessa'na (Sessane). 1. Blue. July. South

Europe. 1816.

— sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Purple. July. Si-

beria. 1780.

— sonchifo'lia (Sow-thistle leaved). 1. Purple.

August. Mediterranean. 1780.

— so'rdida (sordid). 1. Purple. July. 1818.

— spatula' t a (spatulate-Zeacerf). 2. Blue. July.

Naples. 1825.

— sphceroccfphala (globe-headed). 2. Purple.

July. South Europe. 1683.

— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 2. Purple. July.

Hungary. 1826.

— sple'ndcns (shining). 3. Purple. July.

Spain. 1597.

— squarro'sa (wide-spreading), li. Purple.

July. Persia. 1836.

— stereophy1 lla (stiff- leaved). 2. Purple.

July. Podolia. 1820.

CEN

[ 220 ]

CEP

C. Stable (Stoobe). 1. Red yellow. June. Aus-
tria. 1759.

— stri'cta (erect). 1. Blue. July. Hungary.

1816.

— tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. Yellow. July.

Tartary. 1801.

— tenuifolia (line-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1820.

— transalpi'na (transalpine). 4. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— trichoce! phala (hairy-headed). 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1805.

— trindrvia (three-nerved). 2. Purple. Julv.

Podolia. 1816.

— uliffino''sa (marshy). 3. Yellow. July. Por-

tugal. 1816.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Purple. July,

South Europe 1819.

— vochine'nsis (Vochin). 2. Purple. Julv.

Austria. 1817.

— Weldmannia' na (Weidmann's). 2. Rose.

July. Natolia. 1836.

— xanthi'na (yellow). 2. Yellow.

CENTRADE'NIA. (From Jcentron, a spur,
and aden, a gland ; referring to a spur-
like gland on the anthers. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn.,
8-Octandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Lavoisiera). Stove evergreen. Cuttings
of side shoots, in March or April; sandy
loam one part, and rough peat two
parts; a cool stove, or a warm green-
house. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; win-
ter, 45° to 55°.

C.ro'sea (rose-coloured). 1. Rosy white.
April. Mexico. 1843.

CENTRA' NTHUS. (From kentron, a spur,
and anthos, a flower; referring to a spur-
like process at the base of the flower.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [Valerianaceaej.
Linn., \-Nonandria, l-Digynia). Hardy
herbaceous perennials, except C. calci-
trapa. Seeds and divisions ; common
soil.

C. anffustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Crimson.
June. South Europe. 1759.

— calci'trapa (Caltrop-teacerf). 1. Purple.

June. Portugal. 1683. Hardy annual.

— nfber (red). 2. Crimson. June. Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white -flowering). 2.

White. June. Britain.

CENTROCLI'NIUM. (From kentron, a
sharp point, and Mine, a bed. Nat. ord.,
Composites. Linn., 19-Syngencsia, 2-
Supcrflua). Stove plants. Seeds and
cuttings, in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Summer temp., 50° to 75°;
winter 50° to 55°.
C . appre'ssum (elose-presseft-scaled) . 2. Rosy.

January. Peru. 1836. Evergreen.
— reflffxmti (bent-back-sca/ed). 2. Rosy. Au-
gust. Peru. 1830. Annual.

CENTROPO'GON. (From kentron, a spur,
and pogon^ a beard ; in reference to the
fringe which envelopes the stigma. Nat.
ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-Monogynia). Notwith-
standing the acid poisonous qualities
assigned to Lobeliads, it is asserted that
the soft fruit of the Centropogon surina-
mensis is eatable. Herbaceous peren-
nials. Divisions of roots; sandy peat
and rich fibry loam ; moisture and heat
when growing, and comparative dryness
and a low temperature when at rest. The
Surinam species will require a few de-
grees higher temperature in winter than
the others.
C. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). Rose. June.

Guatimala. 1839. Stove.
— fastuo'sum (proud). 2. Rose. November.
Greenhouse.

— Suriname' mis (Surinam). 2. P^ose. Novem-

ber. Surinam. 1786. Stove.

CEXTROSTE'MMA. (From kentron, a
spur, and stemon, a stamen ; referring to
a horn or spur-like process on the sta-
mens of Asclepiads. Nat. ord., Asclc-
piads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria, 2-Digynia. Allied to Hoy a). Stove
evergreen twiner. Cuttings of rather
firm shoots root freely in sand, under a
bell-glass, with bottom heat ; fibry peat
and sandy loam, with rubbly charcoal to
keep the soil open. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. refltfxum (bent-back). 2. August. Cream.
Manilla. 1838. It is also called Hoy' a
voria'cca and Cyrtoce'ras refle'xum.

CEPHAE'LIS. (From kephale, a head ; in
reference to the arrangement of the
flowers in heads, or corymbs. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [CinchonaceajJ. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-inonogynia. Allied to Psy-
chotra). The Ipecacuanha of the shops
is the root of C. Ipecacuanha, a half her-
baceous plant with creeping roots, grow-
ing in the damp shady forests of Brazil.
Stove plants. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in
moist bottom heat. Sandy fibry peat
and lumpy loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. a'lba (white). Pale pink. April. Guiana.
1824.

— axilla' r is (axillary). 4. White. April.

Brazil. 1816.

— ela'ta (tall). 15. Purple. Jamaica. 1793.

— gla'bra (smooth). Blue. April. Trinidad.

1820.

CEP

[221 ]

CEB,

C. involucra'ta (involucrated). 5. White. July.
Guiana. 1826.

— ipecacua'nha (Ipecacuanha). ^. White.

January. Brazil. 1839.

— musco'sa (mossy). White. May. West In-

dies. 1824.

— peduncula'ta (long flower - stalked) . 2.

White. February, Sierra Leone.
— puni'cea (scarlet involucred). 3. White.
July. Jamaica. 1820.

— purpu'rea (purple -fruited). 1 White-

purple. May. Trinidad. 1821.

— Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). 4. Bluish. West In-

dies. 1824.

- tomento'sa (downy). 4. Brownish. Au-
gust. Trinidad. 1825.

— viola'cea (violet-berried). 1. White. June.

West Indies. 1818.

CEPHALANTHE'RA. (From kephale, a
head, and anthem, an anther. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., W-Gynan-
dria, \-monandria. Allied to Limodo-
rum). Hardy terrestrial Orchids. Di-
visions ; peat and loam.

C. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 2. White. June.
Britain.

— pa'llens (pale). 1. White. June. Bri-

tain.

— rifbra (red). 2. Purple. June. Britain.
CEPHALA'NTHUS. Button-wood. (From

Jcep/iale, a head, and anthos, a flower ;
flowers disposed in heads being a general
characteristic of this order. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [CinchonaceaeJ. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria, \-inonogynia. Allied to Sper-
macoce). The Button- wood grows in
marshy places from Canada to Florida,
and prefers a damp peat bed in this
country. Hardy deciduous shrub. Cut-
tings in sandy soil, under a hand-glass,
in the beginning of autumn ; layers also.
Sandy loam, with vegetable mould or
peat.

C. Occident a' Us (western). 7. White. August.

North America. 1735.
brachypo'dus (short - stalked)

White. August. North America.
CEPHALO'TUS. (From Jcephalotes, head-
ed ; in reference to the simple scape or
flower stalk, bearing a compound ter-
minal spike. Nat. ord., doubtful. Dr.
Lindley believes "the genus will fall
into the ranks of the Crowfoots"). This
is the New Holland Pitcher plant, found
growing in the marshes of King George's
Sound. Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nial. Offsets. Chopped sphagnum, peat,
earth, and broken pots, well drained and
carefully watered ; a bell-glass kept over
it and frequently cleaned. Summer
temp., 60° to 75' ; winter, 48° to 55°.

C.follicula'ris (follicled). 1. White. New
Holland. 1822.

CEPHALOTA'XUS. (FTomkephale, a head,
and taxus, the yew ; referring to the ge-
neral appearance of these trees. Nat.
ord., Taxads [Taxacese]. Linn., 22-
Dio&cia, \3-polyandria. Allied to Phyllo-
cladus). These are the Japanese Yews,
lately set apart from the old yews by
Dr. Sieboldt, the Japan traveler, and
Zticcarini, in their work called Flora Ja-
panica. Hardy evergreens.

C. drupa'cea (berry-hearing). 12 to 20 feet.
Japan. 1844.

— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 40 to 60 feet. Japan.

1848.

— peduncula'ta (stalked-fruited. Lord Har-

rington's yew). Japan. 1837.
CERA'DIA. (From Jceras, a horn; re-
ferring to the disposition of the spiny
branches. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
aceae]. Linn., l$-Syngenesia, 2-sttperflua.
Allied to Cremocephalum). We keep
this botanical curiosity as a sample of the
scanty vegetation of the Island of Icha-
boe, of guano notoriety ; and we are told
by an officer of our navy that when the
plants are walked over in the evening
the bruised stems emit a frankincense
scent. It succeeds best planted out on a
sunny border in summer, and requires
the protection of a greenhouse in winter.
Cuttings of the branches. Sandy soil,
with a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to
55°.

C.furca'ta (forked). Pale yellow. January.
Africa. 1844.

CERANTHE'RA. (From Jeer as, a horn
and anthera, an anther ; alluding to a
horny point on the anthers. Nat. ord.
Vioktworts [Violaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, l-monogynia). This should have
been united to Akode'ia. Stove ever-
green shrub. Cuttings in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, in a brisk bottom heat;
light fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to
80°; winter, 48° to 55°.

C. subintegrifo'lia (almost entire-leaved). 6.
White. June. Guinea. 1824.

CERA'PTERYX graminis. The Anther
Moth. We have seen enough to render
us quite ready to assent to Mr. Kirby's
observation ; that it is " the greatest
enemy of our pastures." Fortunately, it
is of rare occurrence in this country. It
is the Charceas and Bombyx graminis of

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CER

some entomologists. This moth, repre-
sented of its largest size in our drawing,
is generally altogether of a grey brown

colour, with a slender whitish line run-
ning from the base of the fore-wing along
its centre vein, and branching along its
branches. Another whitish line runs
along near each edge of the fore-wing ;
near the point of the wing is a row of
triangular dark spots. There are also
two dark kidney-shaped spots near the
front edge. The hind- wings are yellow-
ish brown, with a dark circular spot in
the centre of each, and various dusky
bars. The caterpillar is green, with
brown spots, and smooth. In the few
instances it has been found in this coun-
try it appeared in June. Mr Kirby says,
" It is said not to touch the foxtail grass.
In the years 1740-41-42-48-49, they
multiplied so prodigiously and committed
such ravages in many provinces of Swe-
den, that the meadows became white and
dry, as if a fire had passed over them.
In 1759, and again in 1802, the high
sheep-farms in Tweedale were dreadfully
infested with a caterpillar, which was
probably the larva of this moth. Spots
a mile square were totally covered with
them, and the grass devoured to the
root." — The Cottage Gardener, v. 1.

CE'RASUS. Cherry. (From Cerasus,
a town in Pontus, in Asia, whence the
cherry was brought to Rome by Lucullus.
Nat. ord., Almondworts [Drupaceae].
Linn., \1-Icosandria, \-monogynia}. Be-
sides the cultivated cherry, the genus
Cerasus includes species which contain
virulent poisons, chiefly in their leaves
and fruit -kernels. Hardy deciduous
trees and shrubs, except where otherwise
specified. Seeds sown when the fruit is
ripe, or mixed up with three or four
parts their bulk of dry sand, and frequently

turned to prevent sprouting, and sown in
the March following ; also by layers and
cuttings from the roots, and from suckers ;
particular varieties by budding and graft-
ing ; deep soil, rather sandy.
a affi'nis (related). White. May. Europe.
1837.

— a'vium (Birds'. Corone}. 50. White. April.

England.
macroca'rpa (large ^wrp/e-fruited) .

50. White. April. Switzerland.
multiplex (double flowered). 15.

White. April.
pa'llida (pale and red-fruited}.

20. White. April.
sylve'stris (wood). 50. White. April.

Britain.

— borea'lis (northern Choke}. 20. White. May.

North America. 1822.

— canade'nsis (Canadian). 15. White. May.

Canada. 1820.

— capronia'na (hautbois). 20. White. April.

South of Europe.
cordi'gera (Cr?«'#ne-heart-bearing).

20. White. April. South of Europe.
gobbtftta (Gobbetta -white -flesh}.

20. White. April.

grio'tta (Griotte). 20. White.

April.
Montmorencia' na (Montmorency).

20. White. April.
mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). 12.

White. April.
. palle'scens (pale. Cer amble}. 20.

White. April.
pcrsicifo' lia (peach-leaved) . 20.

White. April.

poly'gyna (many-pistiled. Cera bou-
quet}. 20. White. April.
variega'ta (variegated). 10.

White. April.

— carolinia'na (Carolina. Evergreen bird}. 30.

White. May. Carolina. 1759.

— Chammce'rasiis (ground-cherry). 8. White.

May. Austria. 1597.

— chica'xa (Chicasaw Plum}. 8. White. April.

North America. 1806.

— cornu' ta (horned). 10. White. 1842.

— depre'ssa (depressed. Sand}. 4. White.

May. South of Europe. 1805.

— dura'cina (hard). 20. White. April. South

of Europe.
cordi'gera (heart -bearing). 20.

White. April.
mammilla' ris (nippled) . 20. White.

April.
obtusa' ta (blunted). 20. White.

April.

— hyema'li* (winter. Slack-choke}. 4. White.

May. North America. 1805.

— japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. April. Japan.
1810.

flo're pltfno-a'lba (white double-
flowered). 2. White. March. North
of China. 1846.

multiplex (double). 4. Pink. April.

Japan. 1810.

— Julia' na (St. Julian's). 20. White. April.

South of Europe.

Heaumca'na (helmeted). 15.

White. April.

CER

[ 223 ]

GEE,

C. Julia' na pe'ndula (pendulous). 10. White.

April. South of Europe. 1821.
— Lauroce? rasus (common Laurel cherry).

12. White. April. Levant. 1629.

Evergreen.
angustifo' Hits (narrow-leaved). 8.

White. April. Evergreen.

• variega' tus (variegated - leaved) .

12. White. April. Evergreen.

— lusita'nica (Portugal Laurel). 20. White.

May. Portugal. 1648. Evergreen.

— Maha'leb (Mahaleb). 20. White. April.

Austria. 1714. Evergreen.
fru'ctufla'vo (yellow-fruited). 20.

White. May. South of Europe.
latifo'lium (broad -leaved). 20.

White. June. South of Europe.
~- Mara'scha (Marascha). White. April.

Europe. 1827.

— nepaWnsis (Nepaul). 20. White. May.

Nepaul. 1820. Half hardy.

— occidenta'lis (West Indian). 20. White.

Jamaica. 1629. Stove evergreen.

— Pa'dus (Bird cherry). 30. White. April.

Britain.
argefntea (silver-Wofc/ied) . 20. White.

April. 1846.
auciibccfo'lia (Aucuba-leaved). 20.

White. April. 1845.
bracteo'sa (long bracted). 30. White.

April. Europe.
heteropht/ lla (various-leaved). 20.

White. April. 1845.
parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 30.

White. April. North of Europe.
ru'bra (red. Cornish bird). 30.

White. April. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 30. White.

April. Britain.

— pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 30. White.

May. North America. 1773.
— persicifo' lia (peach-leaved). 8. White.
May. North America.

— prostra'ta (prostrate). 1. Pink. April.

Crete. 1802.

— Pseu' 'do-ctf 'rasus (bastard cherry). 6. White.

April. China. 1821.

— pubefscens (downy). 12. White. April.

North America. 1806.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 2. White. May. North

America. 1756.

— pygmata (pigmy). 4. White. May. North

America. 1823.

— sali'cinus (Willow-leaved). 4. White. April.

China. 1822.

— semperflo' rens (ever-flowering). 20. White.

April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.

sessilijto'ra (stalkless-flowered)

20. White. April.

— sertftinus (late. American bird). 30. White.

June. North America. 1629.

retu'stis (blunt-feawd) . 30. May.

South America.

— serrula'ta (saw-edge-leaved). 4. White

April. China. 1822. Half-hardy.

— sphceroca' rpa (round-fruited). 10. White

June. Jamaica. 1820. Stove ever-
green.

— susqueha' nna (Susquehanna). White. May
North America. 1800.

— Virginia' na Virginian). 30. White. May

Virginia. 1724.

Cherry Culture. All our cultivated
sherries appear to be derived, by the aid
>f various crosses, from Ce rasus dura cina,
Juliana, and caproniana.

DESSERT FRUIT.
1. Early Purple Guigne . .

May.

. Early Duke b. June.

3. Royal Duke e. June.

4. Elton m. June.

5. Florence m. Aug.

6. Late Duke e. Aug.

7. Morello b. Sept.

8. Buttner's October Morello . e. Sept.

FOR PRESERVING.

9. Kentish, e. Aug.

For Standards take Nos. 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 ;
these, however, are equally adapted for
walls, fan forcing take the Early Duke.
This is so well adapted both on account
of its earliness and fine bearing, that few
of the other kinds are ever used for this
purpose. Some of the others would suc-
3eed very well, and the Tartarian has
been pointed to by some as very eligible.

In addition to the above the following
are in good repute : "Warder's Black
Heart ; Black Eagle ; Bigarreau ; Tarta-
rian ; Downton ; and the new kind, Heine
Hortense.

Propagation. — Both budding and graft-
ing are resorted to ; the former is the
safest plan to avoid gum. The stocks used
are those of the wild cherry for ordinary
standards or wall trees, but for a dwarf-
ing system it has become customary of
late to use the Ce rasus Maha'leb^ or
Perfumed Cherry, so called on account
of the agreeable perfume emitted by the
wood whilst burning. In France this is
called Bois de St. Lucia, and this has
long been used as slocks. In addition to
its promoting a dwarf habit it is said to
be adapted to very ordinary soils, totally
unfit for the common cherry stock. It is
the usual practice to obtain the Maha'leb
from layers ; but no doubt cuttings will
answer equally well. The ordinary
cherry stocks are raised from seed, gene-
rally obtained from trees of the same
kind. They are preserved in sand through
the winter, and sown in February. Care
must be taken to preserve them from the
mice. They may be transplanted in the
following October in rows two feet apart
in the row. For dwarfs they may be
budded the following season j but if

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[224]

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standards are required they must stand
until they acquire the desired height.

Soil. — A deep and mellow loam rather
sandy, is hest adapted to the cherry ; it
•will, however, succeed in any ordinary
garden soil, if some what fertile in charac-
ter and one which parts freely with su-
perfluous moisture.

Wall culture in growing period. — The
first operation commences in the dis-
budding, stopping, and laying in of the
young shoots — this will be in the early
part of June. Gross fore-right shoots may
at once be displaced, unless required to
fill gaps ; but if any doubt exists as to
their becoming permanent stock, it will
suffice to pinch off their points wnen four
or five inches long.

The kinds differ so much in size of
foliage that a difference becomes neces-
sary in the distance at which the young
wood is trained. This must be ruled by
the sLze of the leaves. Such as the Bi-
garreau must be kept at least five inches
apart ; the Morello section may be placed
from two to four inches apart. One of
the main points is to destroy the aphides
in time ; they are almost sure to infest
the trees before midsummer.

Culture in rest period. The cherry in
general requires less culture than most
of our hardy fruits ; and this because it
produces so little breast wood. If the
summer management has been duly at-
tended to there will be little to perform
during the rest period.

The remaining portion of the snags or
bases of the young shoots, which were
pinched back in June, must now be
pruned back to within two inches of the
branch, unless required to furnish a blank
space. Any late made immature-looking
wood may be shortened to where solid,
but no other shortening is required with
bearing trees. All the shortening requi-
site in order to multiply shoots to furnish
the wall, should be done within three
years after their transplanting. There
will, however, be mostly a few shoots to
be entirely removed in the winter's prun-
ing ; and in doing this regard must be
paid to the distance previously given.

Uses, Jww to keep, $$c. "We need scarce-
ly point to the dessert section. The
Morellosare famous as "brandy cherries."
The Kentish has the peculiar property of

slipping from the stone, and when dried
making a delightful confection ; and in-
deed, most of them are of great use for
confectionary purposes. The pulp of
some makes a very good wine ; and in
Germany a liqueur is made from the kernel
and pulp bruised and fermented, known
by the name of Kirschwasser.

The keeping of cherries on the trees is,
indeed, the great obstacle to their much
extended culture. Were it not for this
cherries would be an everyday affair from
the end of May until the end of October.
The birds are their greatest enemies, and
next to them the wasps. For preserva-
tion from birds these is nothing like good
nets ; but, as it takes much netting to
cover an ordinary tree, a dwarfing system
should be had recourse to, by which
means much fruit may be preserved in a
little space. By strict preservation we
have had the May Duke in use from the
beginning of June until the middle of
August; the Late Duke from the latter
period until the end of September ; and
the Morello from the latter period until
the end of October, or even later. The
Wasps are by far the most difficult to
manage ; we have, however, kept these
at bay for a few weeks by covering the
bushes with some material like Scotch
gauze.

Disease. — We are not aware of any
positive disease in the cherry, excepting
the gum. This is an exudation of gummy
matter, which generally follows a wound
or bruise, and not unfrequently breaks
out spontaneously. The best way to
avoid this is to plant in soil of moderate
quality ; in general a light maiden loam
is good enough without adding a particle
of manure or vegetable matter. — See
Extravasated Sap.

Insects. The Black Aphis (see Aphis')
is the greatest enemy, and next the Red
Spider (see Acarus}. The wall and wood
of the trees should be washed annually
in the rest season with soft soap water,
six ounces to a gallon, adding plenty of
lime, soot, and sulphur. When the
aphides attack the young shoots in sum-
mer there is no better plan than to dip
each in a bowl of tobacco water, just be-
fore they are trained.

Winter pruning of Standards. — Very
little is requisite with standards. Like all

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[225]

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other fruit trees, they are apt to produce
an inconvenient amount of young spray,
in the interior of the tree especially. All
shoots of this character should be dressed
away during the rest season; and all that
are obviously not placed in a position to
receive the influence of light and air. Most
of these must be spurred back, leaving a
couple of inches of the base, which gene-
rally becomes a nucleus of spurs ; and, al-
though not well placed to produce fruit of
the highest amount of flavour, yet they
are sometimes of importance in inclement
seasons ; for we not unfrequently find a
sprinkling of fruit in such situations,
when all round the outside is barren.
Orchard cherry trees, which have to re-
ceive nets occasionally, will, as strength
increases, require the removal of some of
the coarsest and most unyielding shoots ;
for, were they permitted to extend them-
selves without control, the amount of
netting required to cover them would
become a rather serious item, and a
drawback on their culture. Such un-
ruly shoots, therefore, should be timely
removed ; for amputations of the large
limbs should always be avoided in the
cherry, and indeed in all trees liable to
extravasation of sap. By a timely re-
moval of such shoots, and by the occa-
sional use of rope yarn or other fasten-
ings, the tree may be kept in a somewhat
compact form.

CERATI'OLA. (From a diminutive
of keras, a horn ; in reference to the
stigma radiating into four divisions like
little horns, as in the Carnation. Nat.
ord., Crowberries [Empetraceae]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia,, \-monandria}. The Crow-
berries are a small group of little bushes
with heath-like leaves which are ever-
green. The most of them inhabit the
bleak and inhospitable regions both in
Europe and in North America. Half-
hardy under-shrub. Cuttings in sandy
soil, under a glass in a mild bottom heat.
Sandy peat and a little very fibry loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

C. erlcoi'dcs (heath-like). 2. Brown. June.
North America. 1826.

CERATODA' CTYLIS. (From Jeeras, ahorn,

and dactylos, a finger ; alluding to the

divisions of the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns

[Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24-Cryptoffamia}

15

\-fiUces. This ought to have been united
to Allosorus}. Stove Fern. Divisions ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
90° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C.osmundoi'des (Osmunda-like). Brown, June.
Mexico.

CERATO'NIA. CarobTree. (From£mw,
a horn; in reference to the shape of
the seed pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous
plants [Panaceas]. Linn., 1%-Polygamia,
2-dicecia. Allied to Gleditschia). This
is believed to be the Locust Tree of Scrip-
ture. " The dry pulp in which the seeds
are buried is very nutritious, and is sup-
posed to have been the food of St. John
in the wilderness ; wherefore it is called
the Locust Tree, and St. John's Bread."
— Lindley. The North American Locust-
tree and the Locust-tree of the West
Indies, are different from each other,
and from the Locust-tree of Scripture.
Greenhouse tree, hardly worth culture.
Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a
hand-glass. Sandy loam.

C.si'liqua (podded). 15. Red, yellow. Sep-
tember. Levant. 1570.

CERATOPE'TALUM. Red Gum Tree.
(From keras, a horn, and petalon, a petal ;
the j>etals being jagged or like a stag's
horn. Nat. ord., Cunoniads [Cunonia-
ceae]. Linn., IQ-Decandria, \-monogynia).
Greenhouse tree. Cuttings, under a
bell-glass, in sand; rich sandy loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 35°
to 45°.

C. gummi'ferum (gum-bearing). 50. Yellow.
New Holland. 1820.

CERATOSTE'MA. (From keras, a horn,
and sterna, a stamen. Nat. ord., Cran-
berries [Vacciniaceae]. Linn., W-Decan-
dria, \-monoyynia. Allied to Thibaudia
and Cavendishia). Stove plant. Divi-
sions ; layers. Peaty soil.

(7. longiflo'rum (long - flowered). Crimson-
Peru. 1846.

CE'RBERA. (Named after the fabled
dog Cerberus. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria. \-mono-
gynia. Allied to Plumiera). Stove
evergreens. Cuttings of young rather
ripe shoots, in April, in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom heat. Rich fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

CER

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CER

C. Ahou'ai ( Ahouai). 20. Yellow. June. Brazil.

1739.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. Red. May. Pegu.

1819.

— macula' ta (spotted). 4. White. June.

Bourbon. 1782.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 3. Yellow. New Spain.

— There' tia (Thevetia). 12. Yellow. June.

South America. 1735.

— thevetioi'des (Thevetia-like). 8. Yellow.

June. New Spain. 1800.

CE'RCIS. Judas Tree. (From Jcerkw,
a shuttlecock ; the name given by Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord., Legwninow plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 10 - Decandria, 1-
monogynia). The wood of C. siliquas-
trum is beautifully veined and takes a
good polish. Hardy deciduous trees.
Seeds, sown in a gentle hotbed, in spring ;
hardened off and pricked out into a shel-
tered situation. The varieties by graft-
ing. ' In the south of the island they do
well in sheltered places on a lawn ; in
the north they require a wall.

C. canade'nsis (Canadian). 18. Pale red. May.
North America. 1730.

— • pube'scens (downy) . 18. Pale

red. May.

— siliqua' strum (cylindrical - podded. Com-

mon Judas Tree). 20. lied. May.
South Europe. 1596.

-flo're-a'lbo (white - flowered).
20. White. May. South Europe.

- parciflo'rum (small-flowered).
20. Purple. May. Bucharia. 1827.

CERCOCA'RPTJS. (From kerkos, a shuttle-
cock, and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Rose-
worts [Rosaceoe]. Linn., l2-Icosandria,l-
monogynia. Allied to Geum and Purshia).
There is no unwholesome plant in this
order, and the strawberry, raspberry,
and the blackberry of the bramble, are
the nearest plants in affinity to the rose
itself; then come the potentilla, geum,
and agrimonia, among which stands
Cercocarpus, followed by the Spiraeas and
Quillaiads. Greenhouse evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of green shoots, in sand, under
a glass, in a little heat. Peat and loam.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. Fothernilloi'des (Fothergilla-like). 12.
Purple. May. Mexico. 1828.

CE'REUS. Torch Thistle. (From cereus,
waxy ; referring to the fact that some of
the spines are as pliant as soft wax, while
others are as brittle as wax tapers. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria, l-monogynia). Cuttings, at
any time, of either old or young shoots ;

the latter are the best, if the base of the
cutting is well dried. Instead of insert-
ing them firmly in sand, they do best
when laid among rough material, such
as peat, charcoal, leaf mould, and brick
and lime rubbish. They are generally
described as stove plants ; but, unless
when they are just making their wood,
they will endure a very low temperature
if kept dry. Unless for the winter
flowering varieties, and those desired to
bloom at that season, no water will be
requisite from October to March, if kept
cool. Sandy loam, turfy peat, half parts
of lime rubbish and dried cow-dung.
"Water freely when growing and when
in bloom. Summer temp., 55° to 85° ;
winter, 35° to 50°.

C. sE'thiops (l&aek-spined). Brazil. 1829.

— affi'nis (related). White.

— albiseto' sun (white bristled. Trailing}. 2.

St. Domingo. 1816.

— albispi'nus (white-spined). 2. St. Domingo.

1816.

— ambi'guus (doubtful). 2. Purple, white.

July. 1827. '

— amblygo'nus (blunt-angled). Buenos Ayres.

1836.

— arcua'tus (arched). White. 1835.

— au'reus (golden -spined). South America.

1825.

— baxa'rius ( clog-shaped). June. Mexico. 1838.

— bifo'rmis (two-formed). June. Honduras.

1840.

— cUloe'nsis (Chiloe).

— cocci' neus (scarlet). Scarlet, September.

Brazil.

— ccerule'scens (bluish). 3. Blue. July. Brazil.

1829.

— crispa'tus (curly). Rose. Brazil. 1829.

— eyli'ndricus (cylindric). 3. Peru. 1799.

— De-ppei (Deppe's). 1. Peru. 1799.

— ebu'rnem (ivory). 3. South America. 1818.

— erio'phorus (woolly). Red. 1835.

— euphorbioi'des (Euphorbia-like). 3. South

America.

— extdnms (long-stemmed). 6. Pale rose. Au-

gust. Trinidad.

— Eyrdsii (Eyre's). White green. 1829.
—fe'rox (fierce). 1. Brazil. 1827.
—fimbria'tus (fringed). 20. Pink. St. Do-
mingo. 1836.

— •flagellifo' rmis (rod-shaped. Creeping eereus)

Pink. Peru. 1690.

—flavispi'nus (yellow-spined). 3. West Indies.
— formo'sus (handsome). White. Buenos

Ayres. 1834.

— fulvispino' sus (tawny -spined). 3. South

America. 1796.

— gemma' tus (bud-bearing). July. Mexico.

1834.

— gra'cilis (slender long-spined). South Ame-

rica.

— grandiflo' rus (great - flowering. Night-

blooming Cereus). White yellow. Ja-
maica. 1700.

CER

[227]

CER

'C. gra'ndls (gte&t-spined). 3. Brazil.

— griseus (grey). 3. Grey. South America.

1809.

— Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 3. Caribbees.

1811.

— heptago'nus (seven-angled). 3. White. July.

West Indies. 1728.

— Jiexago'nus (six-angled). 36, White. Au-

gust. Surinam. 1690.

— htfmilis (humble). South America. 1827.

— Ht/strix (porcupine) . South America. 1808.

— Jamaca'ru (Jamacaru). White. Brazil.

1835.

— Lancea'nus (Lance's). Scarlet. May.

Guiana. 1834.

— lanugino'sus (woolly). 1. White. August.

West Indies. 1690.

— Idtifrons (broad-stemmed). White. Septem-

ber. South America. 1830.

— Leetfnus (Mr. Lee's). 1. Bright red.

Mexico.

— l&ptophis (slender). White purple. 1835.

— leuctfnthus (white-spined). White, purple.

1830.

— ma' gnus (great). 3. White. June. St.

Domingo. 1829.

— Martia'nus (Martius's). 2. Pink. April.

Mexico. 1838.

— monocle? nos (single-branched). 20. Rose

white. June. Caribbees.

— monstro'sus (monstrous) . Red, white.

South America. 1816.

-mu'ltiplex (multiplied). Scarlet. St. Do-
mingo. 1829.

-myosifrus (mouse-tail). Brazil. 1828.

— myriophifUus (thousand-leaved). Brown.

1815.

— Napoleo'nis (Napoleon's). 6. Green, white.

1834.

— ni'ger (black). 3. South America. 1820.

— ru/blUs (noble). 3. Pink. West Indies.

1811.

— ochroleif cus (cream - coloured). Striped.

South America. 1835.

— ova1 tus (egg-shaped). Chili. 1827.

— oxyao'nus (sharp - angled). Pink. Brazil.

1829.

— oxype! talus (sharp - pctaled). Red. May.

Mexico. 1828.

— panicuU'tus (panicled). White, red. St.

Domingo. 1827.

— pentago'nus (five-angled). 3. White. July.

South America. 1769.

— peruvia'nus (Peruvian). 3. Red. August.

Peru. 1728.

— Pitajay'a (Pitajaya). 6. White. Cartha-

gena. 1836.

— potyffo'nus (many-angled). 10. White.

Chili. 1827.

— quadrangula' ris (quadrangular). White.

West Indies. 1809. Creeper.

— ramo'sus (branched). July. Mexico. 1838.

— rega'lis (royal). 10. White. South Ame-

rica.

— repa'ndus { waved- Jeaced). 20.

August. West Indies. 1728.

— rosa'ccus (rosy). Rose. 1826.

— Royefni (Royen's). 2. White. South Ame-

rica. 1728.

— seni'lis (old-man). 20. Red. Mexico. 1823.

— serpenti'nus (serpentine). 4. White, pur-

ple. Peru.

C. splendldus (splendid). Scarlet. Septem-
ber. Mexico. 1831.

— strtctus (erect). 3. South America. 1823.

— subrepcfndus (sub-waved-Zea#ed). 3. 1817.

— Wnuis (slender). Pink. Brazil. Creeper.

— tetraca'ntha (four-spined). Rose. July.

Mexico.

— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 3. White. July.

South America. 1810.

— triangula' ris (triangular - stemmed}. 1.

White. August. West Indies. 1590.

— trigo'nus (triangular-stemmed). 1. White.

South America. 1809.

— tri'queter (three-sided). 3. South Ame-

rica. 1794.

— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). White. 1830.

— tunica'tus (tunicated). Brazil. 1832.

— undo,' tus (waved). China. 1829.

There are many other species named
in botanical works; but as little is known
of them but their names, and they are
probably synonymous with some of those
we have retained, we have omitted them
until more certainly known. Cereus
speciosissimm and some others have been
joined to Cactus.

CERI'NTHE. Honeywort. (From keros,
wax, and anthos, a flower; referring to
its being a favourite flower with bees.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacesel.
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Anchusa). Hardy annuals, except
C. maculata. All by seeds, in common
soil. Maculata requires a dry soil, or its
fleshy roots decay.

C. alpi'na (Alpine). Pale yellow. June. Car-
pathian Mountains. 1827.

— a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

South France. 1633.

— macula' ta (spotted). 2. Yellow, red. July.

South France. 1804. Perennial.

— ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. South

France. 1596.

— mi' nor (smaller). 2. Yellow, purple. July.

Austria. 1570.

— reto'rta (twisted), 2. Yellow, green. July.

Levant. 1825.

CEROPE'GIA. (From keros, wax, and
pegre, a fountain; referring to the form
and waxy appearance of the flower. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese]. Linn.
5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Hoy a). Cuttings of small side shoots,
in April, in sand, under a glass, and a
little heat ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and
a little leaf-mould and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to
55° ; giving the East Indian species the
most heat. More curious than beau-
tiful

CES

[ 228 ]

GET

GREENHOUSE.

C. apJij/Ua (leafless). 2. White. June. 1817.
Evergreen twiner.

— austra'lis (southern). 3. New Holland.

1820. Evergreen twiner.

— sinua' ta (wavy-edged). 3. Pale red. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Ever-
green twiner.

— stftphelin'fo'rmis (Staphelia-formed). 4. Pur-

ple. July. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
Evergreen trailer.

— tomlo'sa (uneven). Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820. Evergreen
twiner.

STOVE.

C. acumina'ta (taper-pointed). 2. Purple.
July. Coromandel. 1820. Tuber.

— africa'na (African). 6. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1823. Evergreen twiner.

— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. Red, green. May.

East Indies. 1821. Trailer.

— dicho'toma (fork -branched). 1. White.

July. East Indies. 1804. Evergreen.

— Slegans (elegant). 20. Purple. August.

East Indies. 1828. Deciduous twiner.

— jifncea (rushy). 1. Yellow. East Indies.

1822. Evergreen.

— Lu'shii (Dr. Lush's). Purple. Septem-

ber. Bombay. 1833. Deciduous
climber.

— ocula'ta (round-spotted). 6. Green. Red

spotted. September. Bombay. 1842.
Deciduous twiner.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 8. Red, green. May.

East Indies. 1821. Tuberous Pe-
rennial.

— vincwfo'lia (Vinca- leaved). 20. Purple.

September. Bombay. 1837. Ever-
green twiner.

— Wri'ghtii (Dr. Wright's). 20. Green, pur-

ple. August. East Indies. 1832.
Deciduous climber.

CE'STRUM. (An ancient Greek
name for another plant. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanace®].
Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-rnono-
gynia. Allied to Habrothamnus).
Cuttings in sand, in heat, in
April ; peat and loam. Of easy
culture. With the exception of
tinctorium, which is used for
dying, and the few others we
have selected, none are worth
cultivating, being chiefly poiso-
nous plants of no beauty. There
are fifteen other species. Those
we have described are stove
evergreen shrubs, with the ex •
ception of C. roseum, which is
a greenhouse evergreen shrub.
C. alatcrnoi' des (Alaternus-like).
6. Yellowish. March. Tri-
nidad. 1824.

— aurantl'acum (orange-coloured-

flmcered). 3. Orange. Guatimala.
1842.

C.latifo'lium (broad - leaved) . 6. White.
June. Trinidad. 1818.

— ro'seum (rose-coloured-^owererf) . 3. Rose.

July. Mexico. 1839.

— subero'sum (cork- bar ked). 5. Sulphur.

June. 1815.

— tincto'rium (dying). 4. White. May.

Caraccas. 1823.

CETO'NIA AURA'TA. Golden Rose
Beetle. This insect is the Scarabaus
auratus of some naturalists. The grub
is of a dirty- white colour, and the tail
end thicker and more highly glazed than
the remainder of its body. It is usually
found in decayed wood ; but being occa-
sionally discovered in the nest of the ant
under ground, where it seems to feed
upon the bits of wood of which the nest
is composed, it thence has the popular
name of ' King of the Ants.' After
remaining about three years in the larva
state, it makes a sort of cocoon of chips
of wood glued together by an excretion
of its own. In this it passes the winter,
and in June following emerges in the
perfect form. The rose beetle flies well,
with a considerable humming noise,
during the hottest part of the day, pass-
ing from flower to flower — preferring,
but not exclusively, our roses. It robs
them of their honey ; but, not content
with this, devours occasionally their
nectaries, and the lowermost juicy por-
tion of the petals. Our drawing repre-

CHA

[ 229 ]

CHJE

sents the larva, pupa, and beetle of their
natural size. The beetle is of a shining
green colour above, and the wing-sheaths
dotted with white. Beneath, the body
and head are coppery red. — Tlie Cottage
Gardener, iii. 341.

This beetle is most severely felt by
the gardener when it attacks the blos-
soms of his strawberries, which it does
in May or June ; but it also attacks
the whitethorn, candytuft, elder, moun-
tain-ash, and poeony, the flowers of
which it feeds upon. The female rose-
chafers often lay their eggs in the ground,
and the larvae they produce are no doubt
often confounded with those of the cock-
chafer (Helolontha vulgaris), being as
large and very similar.

CHABR^E'A. (In honour of D. Chau-
Irey, a Genevese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., \$-Syn-
genesia, \-cequalis .

C. runcina'ta (rimcinate). li. White. June.
Chili. 1844.

CHJENA'NTHE. (From chaino, to gape,
and antltos, a flower. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., IQ-Gynandria, 1-
monandria). Stove orchid. Offsets and
divisions, placed in a very shallow bas-
ket with sphagnum ; or tied to a block
of wood, and suspended in a high tem-
perature and moist atmosphere ; cool
and dry in winter. Summer temp., 60°
to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
C.Barke'ri (Barker's). Para. 1837.

CH^ENE'STES. (From chaino, to gape ;
in allusion to the flower's mouth. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceae]. Linn., 5-
fentandria, 1 - Monogynia. Allied to
Lycium). A stove evergreen shrub,
propagated by cuttings in spring, in
sand, under a bell-glass, with bottom
heat. Sandy loam and fibry peat Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. lanceola'ta (spear-head-/e«wd). 5. Purplish
brown. July. Quindiu. 1846.

CHJENO'STOMA. (From chaino, to gape,
and stoma, a mouth ; in reference to the
wide opening of the tube or bottom part
of the flower. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariacea3]. Linn., 14 - Didy-
namia, l-angiospcrmia). All natives of
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds sown in
March in a hotbed, and transplanted to
the flower garden in May ; and cuttings

taken off in August and September, and
potted in a greenhouse or cold pit, to be
transplanted the following season.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
C.fattida (fetid). 1£. White. June. 1794.

— villo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. June. 1783.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. corda' ta (heart-shaped- leaved). 1|. White.
June. 1816.

— hi'spida (bristly). 1. White. July. 1816.

— polya'ntha (many-flowered), f. Lilac, yel-

low. June. 1844.

CH^ETANTHE'RA. (From chaite, a
bristle, an& anther, an anther or pollei -
bag ; the anthers being furnished with
tufts of bristly hairs. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia,
1-superflua. Allied to Mutisia). All na-
tives of Chili, and half-hardy herbaceous
perennials except C. limaris. Division of
the roots, in March or April. C. limaris
by seed. Peat and loam. Protection of
Greenhouse or cold pit in winter.

C. chile" mis (Chilian). 1. July. 1827. An-
nual.

— cilia' t a (hair-fringed). 2. July. 1822.

— linea'ris (narrow -leaved}. Yellow. July.

1837. Annual.

— serra'ta (saw- leaved). £. Yellow. July.

1827.

— tenuifu'lia (fine -leaved). Yellow. July.

1827.

CH^TO' CALYX. (From chaite, a bristle,
and Jcalyx, a flower envelope ; in refer-
ence to the calyx being furnished with
bristles. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., \1-Liadelphia, 4-
decandria. Allied to Hedysaruin). Stove
evergreen twiner. Cuttings of ripe
shoots in heat. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

Ci vincent? na (St. Vincent's). 6. Yellow. June.
St. Vincent. 1823.

CH^TOGA'STRA. (From cliaite, a bristle,
and gastron, a cavity ; referring to the
cavities between the apex of the ovary
and the bottom of the calyx being fur-
nished with hairy scales. Nat. ord., Me-
lastomads [Melastomaceae]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Os-
bekia). Seeds in hotbed, in March;
and cuttings in sandy soil in heat. Peat
and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.
C. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Red, lilac. Brazil.

1834. Stove perennial.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teared). 1. White.

CHA

[ 230 ]

CHA

January. Trinidad. 1820. Stove
annual.

— sMgo'sa (short-bristled). £. Rosy-purple.

August. West Indies. 1848. Green-
house evergreen.

CHAFF-FLOWER. Alternanthe ra achyr-
a'ntha.

CHALK. Carbonate of lime, contains
when pure — Carbonic acid, 45 ; lime, 55.
But as it usually occurs it contains about
twenty-four per cent, of water, and five
per cent, of silica (flint), alumina (clay),
and oxide (rust) of iron. After these
deductions it will be apparent that if
fifty tons of lime be applied to land, it
will be equal to more than one hundred
of chalk, a subject worthy of considera-
tion when it has to be conveyed from
afar. Chalk is usually employed in
large quantities to improve the staple of
a soil. It makes heavy soils less reten-
tive of moisture, and light sandy soils
more retentive. On wet sour lands it
neutralizes the acids which render them
unproductive. Some chalks contain
phosphate of lime, and this being a con-
stituent of all plants, such chalk is to be
preferred. Some contain a large pro-
portion of carbonate of magnesia, which
is less beneficial. Chalk has also been
shown by Mr. Beaton to be of great value
in forming the best of walks. See Con-
crete Walks.

CHAMJECY/ PARIS. White Cedars. (From
chamai, ground, meaning dwarf, and Ctt-
prcssm, Cypress — the Cypress-dwarf or
bastard Cypress. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pina-
cete]. Linn., 21-fifoncecia, 10-decandria.
Allied to Taxodium and Cypress). Hardy
evergreens. Seeds. Deep sandy soil.

C. nutktie'nsis (Nootka Sound). 70. North
America.

— obtu'sa (blunt). 80. Japan.

— pisi'fcra (pea-bearing). A small tree. Island

of Niphon.

— splicer oi' dea (globe -coned). A small tree.

North America.

— squarr(/sa (spreading). A bush. Japan.

— thurtfera (frankincense). 70. Mexico.

CHAMJEDO'REA. (From chamai, dwarf,
and dorea, a gift ; referring to the nuts
of this palm being easily reached. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia, 6-hexandria. Allied to Areca).
Stove deciduous trees. Seeds when ob-
tainable; freely by suckers from the
roots. Rich sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

C.fra' grans (sweet-scented). 8. White. Tri-

nidad. 1820.
— gra'cilis (slender). 10. White, green. Ca-

raccas. 1803.

CHAMUEFI'STULA. Same as Cassia.

CHANNEL A' UCIUM. (From chamaileuJce,
a dwarf white poplar ; because its heathy
stems are miniatures of that tree. Nat.
ord., Fringe Myrtles [Chamselauciacese].
Linn., \Q-Decandria,\-monogynia}. This
is the head of a small order of beautiful
little greenhouse bushes, natives of New
Holland, generally with the aspect of
heaths, having their flowers gathered
into heads, and the flower envelopes
ending in awns, fringes, or bristles,
which give them the appearance of
Composites. A greenhouse evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
or side shoots when getting firm, in sand
under a bell-glass; one part fibry peat,
and two of sandy lumpy loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 2. White. May.

New Holland. 1825.

CHAM^E'LEDON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and leclon, a kind of Cistus). It is really
Azalea procumbens, and we ought to have
united it to the hardy section of that
genus. See Azalea.
C. procu'mb&is (trailing). £. Pink. April.

North of Scotland.

CHAMJERHO'DES. (From chamai, dwarf,
and rodon, a rose ; in reference to the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Roseworts [Rosaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentan*
dria, 5-Pentayynia. Allied to Rubus).
Hardy herbaceous perennials ; chiefly by
seeds; sandy loam and a dry elevated
position.

" o'rus (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
ihuria. 1828.

MS (many-pistiled). Yellow. June.
24.

(From chamai, dwarf,
and rhops, a twig. A comparative name,
making the Fan palm of the south of
Europe a low twig in comparison to the
huge gigantic palms of the tropics. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacecel. Linn., 23-Poly±
gamia, 2-dieecia). Seed's, imported; suck-
ers which are freely produced, with the
exception of C. gracilis and gttiammis,
the others will flourish in a greenhouse,
and their leaves render them striking
objects. In Edinbtirgh the Jmmilis stood
out several winters, with but a slight

Iberia. 18

CHA

[ 231 ]

€HA

protection; rich loamy soil. Summer
temp., 50° to 80° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. exce'lsa (tall). 30. Green, white. Nepaul.
1822.

— gra'cllis (slender). 10. Green, white. South

America. 1822. Stove.

— gumne'nsis (Guiana). 20. Green, white.

Guiana. 1824. Stove.

— hu' milts (low). 10. Green, white. March.

South of Europe. 1731.

— hjfstrix (porcupine). 10. Green, white.

Georgia. 1801.

— Palme' tto (Palmetto). 20. Green, white.

Carolina. 1801.

— serrula'ta (saw-leaved). 10. Green, white.

North America. 1809.

CHAM^NE'RON. (From chamai, dwarf,
and neron, the oleander. Nat. ord, Ona-
grads [Onagraceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria,
l-monogynla. Allied to Epilobium).
Hardy herbaceous perennial ; seeds ; di-
vision of the roots in spring ; common
soil.

C. America' num. (American). Red. July. North
America. 1825.

CHAMISSO'A. (Named after M. Camisso,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Amaranths, [Ama-
rantacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-mo-
nogynia). Stove evergreen shrub; cut-
tings of ripe shoots in heat, tinder a bell-
glass; fibry sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. altfssima (tallest). 5. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1816.

CHAPTA'LIA. (Named after M. Chap-
tal, a French chemist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., V^-Synge-
nesia, ^-necessaria. Allied to Cussonia).
Hardy herbaceous perennial; division of
the roots ; light sandy soil.
C. toMcnto'sa (wooly). £. White. May. North
America. 1806.

CHARCOAL. Soot, a chief constituent
of which is charcoal, has long been known
as a very effective fertilizer ; and burning
has still longer been known as a mode of
reducing stubborn soils to prompt produc-
tiveness. But both these sources of ferti-
lity might owe their efficiency to other
causes than their affording carbon to
plants ; and comparatively it is only
lately that anything like a general know-
ledge has been diffused that mere charcoal
is a good manure. Charcoal is a most effi-
cient manure to all cultivated plants,
especially to those under glass. Heaths,
rhododendrons, cucumbers, onions, roses,
orchidaceous plants, hydrangeas, caml-

lias, melons, and pine apples, have been
the subjects of extensive and most suc-
cessful experiments. "We think no cul-
tivated plant would be unbenefited by
having charcoal applied to the soil in
which it is rooted. It should be broken
into small pieces, about the size of a nut,
and for potted plants may be mixed in
the proportions of one part charcoal to
twenty parts earth. If applied to the
open ground, one-fourth of a bushel may
be sown over a square rod or perch, and
dug in just before inserting the crop.
The reason of charcoal being so useful as
a manure is very apparent. MM. Sen-
nebier, Buckert, Saussure, and others,
have demonstrated that plants are ren-
dered much more luxuriant and produc-
tive by having carbonic acid applied to
their roots, than other plants to whose
roots nQ' such application was made.
Now charcoal kept moist, as when buried
in the soil, slowly combines with oxygen,
and emits carbonic acid ; in fact, it slowly
dissolves. We are sorry to differ from
such an authority as Liebig, who broadly
asserts that " Carbon never combines at
common temperatures with oxygen, so as
to form carbonic acid." This was long
since shown to be otherwise by Count
Rumford ; and may easily be demon-
strated to be incorrect, by confining a few
ounces of fresh and moistened charcoal
powder, mixed with earth, in a glass re-
ceiver full of oxygen, over lime water,
carbonate of lime will form, showing the
gradual evolution of carbonic acid. For
draining, pieces of charcoal about the size
of filberts and walnuts are among the
best that can he employed.

CHARD. See Artichoke.

CHARDOON. See Cardoon.

CHARLES'S SCEPTRE. Pedicular is Seep-
trum Car oil num.

CHARLOCK. Sinapis avemis, a well-
known weed.

CHARLWOO'DIA. New Holland dragon
tree ; the species are now united to 6V-
dyline.

CHASCA'NTTM. ^From chasJco, to gape ;
referring to the irregular limb of the
flower — approaching the form of a Lip-
wort flower. Nat. ord., Verbenes [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn., \k-Didynamia, 2-an-
giospermia. Allied to StachytarphetaJ.
Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings in

CHE

[ 232 ]

CHE

spring, in sand, tinder a glass, in gentle
heat. Loam and sandy peat, well
drained.

C. cuneifo'lwm (wedge - shaped - leaved). 4.
White. April. Cape of Good Hope.
1821.

CHEESE-RENNET. Gdliwm verum.

CHEILA'NTHES. (From cheilos, a lip,
and anthos, a flower; in reference to the
form of the seed organs. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceas]. Linn., 24-Crypto-
gamia, \-jfilices. Allied to Adiantum).
Division of the roots, just when com-
mencing to grow. Peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

C. gra'cilis (slender). £. Brown. July. North

America. 1823.

— odo'ra (sweet-smelling). |. Brown. June.
. 1819.

Switzerland
— vesti'ta (clothed). ^. Brown.
North America. 1812.

August.

GREENHOUSE.

C. cauda'ta (tailed). 4. Brown. June. New
Holland. 1824.

— fr a' grans (fragrant) f . Brown. August.

Madeira. 1778.

— hi'rta (hairy). £. Brown. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1806.

— macrophiflla (large-leaved). 1. Brown.

August. "West Indies.

—pterofdes (Pteris-like). £. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1J75.

— suave? olens (sweet-scented). Brown. Au-

gust. Madeira. 1778.

STOVE.
C. crenula'ta (scolloped). 1. Brown. 1824.

— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved^. 1. Brown. 1831.

— Iticsonioi'des (Dicksonia-like). 4. Brown.

August.

— farino'sa (mealy). Brown, yellow. Isle of

Luzon.

— femtgi'nca (rusty). £. Brown. June. 1816.

— lendi'gera (maggot-bearing). |. Brown.

June. New Spain

— micro' mcra (parted-small). Mexico.

— micro' pteris (small - winged). 4. Brown.

September. 1838.

— profu'sa (dangling). £. Brown. September.

— refpens (creeping). 1. Brown. July. West

Indies. 1824.

— ru'fa (reddish-brown). ^. Reddish hrown.

West Indies.

— rufefseens (brownish red). £. Brown. Sep-

tember. 1838.

— sinuo'sa (wavy-edged). 1. Brown. Au-

gust. West Indies.

— specta'UUs (showy). H, Brown. Sep-

tember. Brazil. 1829.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). Brown. Sep.

tember. Ceylon.

— visco-sa (clammy). Brown. Mexico. 1841.
CHEIMATO'BIA BRITMA'TA. Winter

Moth. This is the cause of more de-

struction to our fruit and other trees

MALE AND FEMALE.

than almost any other insect; for no
weather is sufficiently severe to injure
either them or their eggs ; and the cater-
pillars, in the early spring, will feed
upon the opening buds and leaves of al-
most every kind of tree. The females
being without wings, may be prevented
ascending our standard fniit-trees by
smearing round their trunks a band of
tar, but this must be renewed, as it
dries, every two or three days. The
male moths begin to fly about just after
sunset during November and until the
end of January. Their upper wings,
when opened, measure across about one
inch and a quarter ; but during the day
they look much smaller, for they fold
them so as to form a triangle, and have
their feelers or horns (antcnnse) turned
back over them. Those wings are pale
grey, marked with various darker waved
lines. The under wings are greyish-
white, often having a notched line cross-
ing their centre. The body, delicate
and tapering, is yellowish grey. The
female crawls to the top of a tree, and
deposits her very small oval eggs upon
the blossom and leaf buds, as well as
upon the shoots. She will lay from 200
to 300 eggs. The caterpillars and the
buds come to life together ; at first they
are grey, and scarcely thicker than a
horsehair, but they cast their skins, and
finally become the green-looper, of a
yellowish green colour, shining, and
with a blue line down the back. On
their sides are two yellowish white
lines. The apple buds are their favourite
food ; but they destroy without difficulty
the leaves of the hawthorn, lime, hazel,
rose, elm, willow, and hornbeam. — The
Cottage Gardener, i. 53. The caterpillar

CHE

[ 233 ] CHE

descends into the earth and becomes a
chrysalis about the end of May.

CHEIRA'NTHUS. "Wallflower. (From
cheir, the hand, and anthos, a flower ; in
reference to the custom of carrying the
wallflower in the hand for a nosegay.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
lo-Tetradynamia). Half-hardy ever-
green under- shrubs, except where other-
wise specified. Seeds and cuttings
under a hand-light, in May or June, of
particular varieties, and double flower-
ing especially. Most of the finer kinds
will like the protection of a pit in win-
ter, and may be employed for early
blooming in the greenhouse. "When
left out of doors, a protection of a few
evergreen boughs should be given them ;
herbaceous kinds by division. A light
rich sandy soil suits them best ; but
even the tenderer species survive the
winter on rock- work.

C. alpi'nus (Alpine). £. Yellow. May. South
Europe. 1810.

— arbo'retts (tree). 3. Yellow. May. Egypt.

1827.

— capita' tus (rormd-h.ea.ded}. Yellow. June.

Columbia. 1826. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.

— Chei'ri (Cheiri. Common Wallflower}. 2.

Orange. May. South Europe. 1573.

— ferrugi'neus (rusty -flowered}. 2.

Brown. May. South Europe. 1573.

flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow.

May. South Europe. 1573.

flo're-ple'no (double -flowered). 2.

Yellow. May.

grandiflo'rus (large - flowered). 2.

Yellow. May. South Europe. 1573.

hcema'nthus (double - bloody - flower-
ed). 2. Crimson. May. South Eu-
rope. 1573.

hfema'nthm-variega'tus (variegated-
bloody). 2. Crimson. June. South
Europe.

ma'ximus (largest). 2. Yellow. May.

South Europe. 1573.

pa'tulus (do«6/e-spreading). 2. Yel-
low. May. South Europe. 1573.

— purpu'reus (purple -flowered}. 2.

Purple. June. South Europe.

purpu'reus-variega' tus (variegated-
purple). 2. Purple. June. South
Europe.

sangui'neus (bloody). 2. Dark brown.

May.

serra'tus (s&vr-edged-floivcred}. 2.

Yellow. May. South Europe. 1573.

thyrsoi'des (thyrse -flowered). 2.

Blood. May. South Europe. 1573.
va'rius (various-coloured} . 2. Va-

riegated. May. South Europe. 1573.
—fl'rmus (firm). 1. Yellow. June. Europe.

1816.
— fruticulo' sus (small-shrubby) . 1$. Yellow.

May. Britain. Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennials.

C. linifo'lius (Flax-leaved). 2. Purple. April.
Spain. 1815.

— muta'Ulis (changeable). 3. Yellow, purple.

April. Madeira. 1777.

longifo'lius (long - leaved). 3.

White, purple. September. Madeira.
1815.

— ochroleiC cus (pale -yellow), f. Pale yel-

low. April. Switzerland. 1822.
Hardy herbaceous perennial.

— scopa'rius (Broom). 3. "White, purple.

June. Teneriffe. 1812.
cerugino'sus (rusty). 3. Rusty.

June. Teneriffe. 1812.
chamctflco (Chameleon). 3. Yellow,

purple. June. Teneriffe. 1812.

— semper flo'rens (ever-blooming). 2. White.

Barbary. 1815.

frute'scens (shrubby) . 2. White.

May. Teneriffe. 1815.

— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow.

June. Madeira. 1777.

CHEIROSTE'MON. Hand plant. (From
cheir, the hand, and stemon, a stamen ; in
reference to the formation of the stamens
and style : they issue in a central co-
lumn, bearing five curved anthers and a
curved style in the middle, having much
resemblance to a hand with long claws.
Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Sterculiaceael.
Linn., 16 - Monadelphia, 6 - decandria}.
Stove tree. Cuttings of rather firm
shoots, in sandy peat, under a glass,
and in bottom heat. Sandy loam and
fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 48° to 55°;

C. platanoi'des (Plane -tree -like). 30. New
Spain. 1820.

CHELIDO'NIUM. Celandine. (From
chelidon, a swallow ; alluding to the
flowers opening on the arrival of that
bird, and to the plant drying up on its
departure. Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Pa-
paveracesej. Linn., 13- Polyandries, \-mo-
nogynia). The yellow juice of the com-
mon Celandine (C. majus) is said to be a
violent acrid poison and a popular re-
medy for warts. Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennials. Division. Common garden
soil.

C. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
May. Dahuria. 1820.

— laclnia'tum (jagged- leaved}. 2. Yellow.

May. South Europe.

— majus flo're-ple'no (large double-flowered).

2. Yellow. September. Gardens.

CHELO'NE. (From chekne, a tortoise,
the back of the helmet of the flower be-
ing fancifully compared to a tortoise.

CHE

[234]

CHI

Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceae].
Linn., 11 - Didynamia, 2 - angiospermia.
Allied to Pentstemon). Hardy herbaceous
perennials, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Division of the roots and cuttings
of the young shoots, under a hand-glass,
in April or May ; also by seeds. Sandy
loam, and if a little peat and leaf mould
all the better.
C.barba'ta (bearded). 3. Scarlet. July.

Mexico. 1794.
— • ca'rnea (flesh.- coloured- flowered}*

3. Flesh. July. Mexico.

ma'jor (larger). 4. Orange-striped.

June.

— ccntranthifo'lia (Centranthus - leaved). 7.

Scarlet. September. California. 1834.

— gentianoi' dcs (Gentian-like). 3. Orange,

scarlet. July. Mexico. 1835.

— ffla'bra (smooth). 4. White. August. North

America. 1730.

— Lyo'ni (Lyon's). 4. Purple. August. North

America. 1812.

— Mexico,' na (Mexican). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1842.

— nemoro'sa (grove). 1. Purple. August.

North America. 1827.

— obli'qua (twisted). 4. Purple. August.

North America. 1752.

— specio'sa (showy). 4. Pale red. August.

North America.

CHENOLE'A. (From cken, a goose, and
'Zeia, prey ; in reference to the plant be-
ing eaten by those birds. Nat. ord.,
Chcnopods [Chenopodiaceae], Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-monogynia}. Greenhouse
evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots
under a glass, in sandy loam. Summer
temp., 55" to 80° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1758.

CHE'RMES. See Psy'lla.

CHERRY. See Cerasus.

CHERRY PEPPER. Capsicum cerasi-
fo'rme.

CHERRY LAUREL. The common Laurel,
•Cerasus lauro-ce rasus.

CHERVIL. Parsley-leaved. Charo-
phyttum sativum. Fern-leaved chervil,
or Sweet Cicely, C. aromaticum, for soups,
salads, &c. They are not often found in
the kitchen-garden.

Soil and Situation. — The soil for these
plants must be unshaded, light, with a
large portion of calcareous matter, and
well drained.

Sowing. — A principal sowing should
be made in August, and from this sowing
seed should be saved the following sea-
son. To continue the supply during the

summer months a spring sowing should
be made at the end of February, and at
the end of every three or four weeks to
the middle of July. Sow in drills eight
inches apart, a quarter of an inch deep ;
and thin the seedlings out to six inches
apart in the rows.

CHESTNUT. See Casta'nea.

CHICKASAW PLUM. Cerasus chi'casa.

CHICKEN GRAPE. Vftis cordifo'lia.

CHICKLING VETCH. La'thyrus sati'-
vus.

CHICK PEA. Cicer arieti'num.

CHICKWEED. Alsi'ne.

CHICORY. Succory, or wild Endive
(Cicho'rium inty'bus). Cultivated for use
in salads, and for its roots to roast for use
like coffee.

Soil and Situation. — Like endive, for
the main crops it requires a rich light
soil, and for the earlier sowings a moister
one, in every instance having an open
situation allotted to it.

Sowing must be annually; for, al-
though it is a perennial, yet, after
being cut from two or three times, the
leaves become bitter and worthless.
Sow from the beginning of March, and
at intervals to the end of June, or early
in July. Sow moderately thick, in the
same manner as endive, the directions
for cultivating which are equally appli-
cable in every other particular.

Cultivation. — When the plants begin
to cover the ground, thin to nine inches
apart ; and those removed plant out at
similar distances. If the leaves grow
very luxuriant, and shade the roots
much, they must be cut off within an
inch of the ground. Those grown from
sowings antecedent to June, when of
nearly full growth, which they arrive at
in about four months from the insertion
of the seed, must have all their leaves
trimmed away, so as not to injure their
hearts, and then covered over thick with
sand, ashes, or long litter. By this
treatment, those fresh leaves which are
produced are blanched and crisp, losing
their bitterness. Those from the sow-
ings of June and July, must, at the end
of September, or early in October, be
raised, and planted very close, by the
dibble, in pots or boxes, having their
leaves trimmed as before directed, and
their roots shortened previous to plant-

CHI

[235]

GUI

ing. "Water must be given moderately
in dry weather, until they are estab-
lished, and shelter, if frosts occur, by a
light covering of litter. When well
rooted, they may be removed into the
cellar, or other place, where the light
can be completely excluded from them,
to blanch for use as wanted, which
change will be effected in six or seven
days. Succory will bear a temperature
of 60°, but thrives better in a rather
lower one.

If the roots are vigorous, they will
bear cutting two or three times, after
which they are unproductive.

To, obtain Seed, a few plants must be
left in the open ground of the June sow-
ing ; they bear the severity of winter
without protection, and shoot up in the
spring, running to seed about May.

CHILI PEPPER. Capsicum,

CHILO'DIA, (Fram chilos, a lip, and
odous, a tooth ; the lip of the flower being
toothed. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacesej.
Linn., \±-Didynamia, \-gymiwspermia.
Allied to Prostranthera). Greenhouse
evergreen shrub ; cuttings of young-
shoots set firm in sand, under a bell-
glass ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. austra'lis (southern). 3. Violet. July.
New Holland.

— scutellarioi'des (Scutellaria-like). 2£. Violet.

New South Wales. 1828.

CHILO'PSIS. (From cheiks, a lip, and
opsis, like ; referring to the irregular
lobes of the corolla. Nat, ord, Bignoni-
ads [Bignoniacese]. Linn., li-Didyna-
mia, 1-angiospermia. Allied to Catalpa).
Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; cuttings of
half-ripened shoots in sand under a bell-
glass, in bottom heat ; peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

C. linea'ris (narrow-leaved}. Rose. May.
Mexico. 1825.

CHIMA'PHILA. (From cheima, winter,
and phileo, to love ; these little plants
being green all winter. Nat. ord., Win-
tergreens [Pyrolacese], Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria, \-monogynia}. Hardy herbaceous
perennials ; divisions and suckers ; peat
and sandy soil.

C. corymb^ sa (corymbose-flowered) . ^. White.
June.' North America. 1752.

— macula' ta (spotted-bearer/). £. Pink. June.

North America. 1752.

CHIMONA'NTHUS. (From cheima, win-,
ter, and [anthos, a flower ; referring to
the time of flowering. Nat. ord., Caly-
canths [Calycanthaceae]. Linn., 12,-Icos-
andria, 3-trigynia). Half-hardy decidu-
ous shrub ; layers made in the beginning
of autumn ; seeds sown in March in a
gentle hotbed ; deep rich sandy loam ;
requires a wall in most places, but from
its scent should be admitted during win-
ter to the greenhouse.
C.fra' grans (fragrant). 6. Yellow, red. De-
cember. Japan. 1766.

grandiflu'rus (large-flowered). 8.

Yellow. December. China.

parviflo'rus (small-flowered) .

Pale yellow. December. Japan. 1818.

CHINA-ASTER. See Calliste'mma.

CHINESE ROSE. Hibiscus ro'sea sine'n-
sis.

CHIOCO'CCA. Snowberry. (From chi-
on, snow, and ho/cos, a berry. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
o-Pcntandria, \-monogynia. Allied to
Psycho tria). The roots of C. angmfug^a
and densifolia are said to be a certain
cure for serpent bites in Brazil. Stove
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
under a glass, in hotbed. Peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° j win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

C. angui'fuga (snake-defeating). 3. White.
July. Brazil. 1824.

— densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered). 3. White.

Brazil.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. February.

Jamaica. 1729.

CHIONA'NTHUS. Fringe Tree. (From
chion, snow, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Oliveworts [Oleaceae]. Linn., 2-
Diandria, \-monogynia}. Fine hardy
shrubs for peat bogs in a sheltered situa-
tion. Seeds imported, sown in spring ;
layers made in summer ; and grafting
on the common ash. Deep moist sandy
loam. The East Indian species requires
the heat of a stove.

C. axilla'ris (axR-flowering). 7. White. June.
East Indies. 1810.

— mari'tima (sea-side). 10. White. June.

North America. 1736.

. 30. White. June.

— virgl'nica (Virginian)
North America.

1736.

• angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30.
White. June. North America.

• latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. White.

June. Carolina.

CHIRI'TA. (From cheryta, the Hin-

dostanee for the Gentian plant. Nat.

CHI

[236]

CHL

ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracesel Linn.,
\^-I)idynamia, 1-angiospermiw). Stove
evergreens, except C. sinensis. Seeds
sown in a hotbed in spring, and cuttings
in March and April, in sandy peat, under
a bell-glass. Peat and loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. Moo' nil (Mr. Moon's). 2. Pale purple. July.
Ceylon. 1847.

— sine'nsis (Chinese). $. Lilac. July. China.

1843. Greenhouse evergreen.

— Walkefrice (Mrs. General Walker's). 1£.

Pale-yellow. Ceylon. 1845.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 1A. Purple. June.

Ceylon. 1845.

CHIRO'NIA. (A classical name after
Chiron, one of the Centaurs, fabled to be
the father of Medicine. Nat. ord.,
Gentianworts [Gentianaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, \-monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreens from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings in sandy peat, under a bell-
glass. Peat three parts, loam one part ;
all fibry, with a little sand and charcoal,
and good drainage. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.

C.angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 1. Red.
July. 1800.

— bacci'fera (berry-bearing). 2. Yellow. June.

1759.
~-decussa' ta (cross-leaved), li. Red. July.

1789.
— floribu'nda (abundant-flowering). 1. Rose.

May. 1842.

—frutefscens (shrubby). 1|. Red. July. 1756.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1|.

White. July. 1756.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 3. Red-lilac. 1844.
—jasminoi'des (Jasmine-like). 2. Purple. May.

1812.

— linoi'des (Flax -like). 2. Red. August.

1787.

— lychnoi'des (Lychnis-like). 2. Purple. May.

1816.

— nudicaiflis (naked-stemmed). 1. Purple.

July. 1816.

— peduncula'rw (long - flower -stalked). 3£.
Purple. July. 1830.

— serpylifo'lia (Wild thyme-leaved). 1. Yel-

low. August. 1829.
• — tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. Yellow. July.

1824.

CHITO'NIA. (From chiton, a coat of
mail ; the seeds, when dry, bearing a
rough or scabrous exterior. Nat. ord.,
Sean-capers [Zygophylaceae], Linn.,
W-Decandria, \-monogynia}. Stove ever-
greens. Cuttings in sand, in heat, in
April. Peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C. a' Means (white - leaved). 10. White.

Mexico. 1815.
- Father gi'lla (Fothergill's). 20. Purple.

South America. 1815.

B. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White.

Trinidad. 1820.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 3. Wrhite. July.

Trinidad. 1817.

— Tamo'nia (Tamonia). 12. Purple. West

Indies. 1815.

CHIVE or GIVE (A'ttium Schcenopra'-
sum}. Is used as a very superior sub-
stitute for young onions in spring salad-
ing. A single row a few yards long,
will supply a family.

A light rich soil is most suitable.

Plant together eight or ten of the off-
sets of the bulbs in March or April, in
rows ten inches apart, and as many from
patch to patch. By autumn they mul-
tiply into large-sized bunches, and if
required may be taken up as soon as the
leaves decay, and be stored as a substi-
tute for the onion. The leaves, which
are fit for use as long as they remain
green, must, when required, be cut down
close to the ground, when they will
speedily be succeeded by others.

CHLIDA'NTHUS. (From clideios, deli-
cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacere]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-monogynia. Allied to Cli-
nanthus). A half-hardy bulb, with
sweet scented flowers. It requires fer-
tile loam in a warm border, and to be
taken up on the approach of frost and
kept dry in a pot of sand till April, when
its numerous offsets should be removed
to enable the bulb to flower well. Off-
sets ; sandy peat and fibry loam.

C. fra' grans (fragrant). 1. Yellow. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1820.

CHLOA'NTHES. (From chloa, greenish
yellow, and anthos, a flower; in reference
to its greenish flowers. Nat. ord., Ver-
benes [Verbenaceae]. Linn., \±-Didyna-
mia, ?>-A.ngiospermia. Allied to Lanta-
na). Greenhouse evergreens from New
Holland. Cuttings of young shoots, in
sandy soil, under a glass; fibry loam and
turfy sandy peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.

C. glandulo'sa (glandulous). 2. Green yel-
low. July. 1824.

— rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary - leaved). 2.

Green yellow. July. 1823.

— Staff chadis (Staochas-like). 2. Green, yel-

low. July. 1822.

CHLO'RA. Yellow- wort. (From chloros,
greenish yellow. The flowers of C.
perfoliata,' a British plant, are yellow,
and turn green when dried. Nat. ord.,

CHL

[237]

CHO

Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria, \-Monogynia). The leaves of
these plants are a good substitute for
Gentian. Hardy annuals. Seed sown
in April, in the open border.

C". imperfolia'ta (leaf-unstem-pierced) . Yellow.
June. Italy. 1823.

— perfolia'ta (leaf - stem - pierced) . Yellow.

June. Britain.

— sero'tina (late -flowering], 1. Yellow.

November. South of Europe. 1832.

CHLORIDE OF LIME, or Bleaching Pow-
der, is composed of Chlorine, 36.23, Lime,
36.77. Exposed to the air it is conver-
ted into chalk, and muriate of lime, a
salt which absorbs moisture from the air
very powerfully. By this conversion it
becomes a useful addition to soils ; and,
as it also gives out some chlorine gas, so
offensive and destructive to insects, it
has been suggested as a useful applica-
tion to the land at the time of turnip
sowing. It is also useful as a disinfec-
ter, and for sprinkling about stable floors
to fix the ammoniacal fumes.

CHLORO'XYLON. (From chloros, green-
ish yellow, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord.,
Cedrelads [Cedrelacese]. Linn., 10-Zte-
candria, \-Monogynia. The Satin-wood is
from the trunk, and the wood-oil of India,
is from the leaves of C. Swietenia}. Stove
evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a glass, and in heat; loam
and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80 ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. Swietefnia (Van Swieten's). 50. White.
East Indies. 1820.

CHOCOLATE NUT. Theobro'ma.

CHOI'SYA. (Named after M. Choisy, a
botanist of Geneva. Nat. ord., Rueworts
[Rutacese]. Linn., W-Decandria, 1-
Monogijnid}. Stove evergreen, cultivated
like Chloroxylon.

C. terna'ta (three-leafleted) . 6. White. July.
Mexico. 1825.

CHOME'LIA. (Named after Dr. Chomel,
physician to Louis XV. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinch onacese]. Linn., ±-Tetran-
dria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixora).
Stove evergreen shrubs, cultivated like
Chloroxylon.

C.fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). 5. White.
West Indies. 1825.

— spino'sa (spiny). 12. White. West In-

dies. 1793.

CHONEMO'RPHA. (From chone, a fun-
nel, and inorpha, form ; the flowers be-

ing funnel-form. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-
Monogynia. Allied to E-hyncospermum).
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
rather firm young shoots, in sand, under
a glass, and in heat; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

C.pub&scens (downy). White. May. East
Indies. 1822.

CHORE' TIS. (From choros, to unite in
chorus ; this genus being an interme-
diate link between Hymenoca His and
Isme'ne. Nat. ord., Amaryttids [Ama-
ryllidacese]. Linn., 6-JIexandria, \-Mo-
nogynia). The bulbs are half-hardy, and
require to rest from the end of summer
till March. Like the Peruvian Daffodils
(Ismene), they require very light sandy
soil ; the flowers are very beautiful — •
pure white, with a green eye and green-
ish stripe. Division of bulbs ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 48° to 85°.
C. galvestonie'nsis (Galveston Bay). 1. White.

Texas.
— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. July.

Mexico. 1837.

CHORI'SPORA. (From choris, separate,
and spora, a seed ; the seeds being divi-
ded from each other in the pods. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-
Tetr -adynamia. Allied to Cakile). Hardy
annuals. Only one worth notice. Seeds,
sown at the end of March; common soil.
C.tene'lla (slender), i. Purple. June. Si-
beria. 1780.

arcua' ta (bowed), i. Purple. June.

Siberia.

CHORO'ZEMA. (From choros, a dance,
and zema, a drink. The party who dis-
covered the first of these beautiful flow-
ers in New Holland, danced for joy at
finding fresh water in its neighbourhood.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae],
Linn., 10 - Deccmdria, 1 - Monogynia).
Greenhouse evergreens, from New Hol-
land. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed in
March give the best plants ; cuttings of
firm, short, side shoots, may be taken off
any time before midsummer and inserted
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat three
parts, fibry loam one part, sand and char-
coal one-half part each. Summer temp.,
55° to 70° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. angustifo' Ha (narrow-leaved) . Yellow, red.
March. 1830.

CHR

[ 238 ]

CHR

— corda'ta (heart-shaped-fe«»erf). 2. Red.

— Dickso'ni (Mr. Dickson's). 3. Scarlet, yel-

low. July. 1836.

— Henchma'nni (Henchmann's). 2. Scarlet.

May. 1824.

— Huffe'lii (Hugel's). 2. Blue. May.

— iliciftflia (Holly-leaved). 2. Yellow, red.

August. 1803.

— Lawrencia'iia (Mrs. Lawrence's). 3. Orange.

Spring. 1845.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red. April.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 3. Deep

orange. Spring. 1845.

— na'na (dwarf). |. Yellow red. April.

1803.

— ovtfta (egg-shaped). 1. Scarlet. August.

1830.

—platylobiofdes (Platylobium-like). Yellow.
May. 1825.

— rho'mbea (diamond-leaved}. 2. Yellow.

May. 1803.

— sca'ndem (climbing). Yellow. March. 1824.

— spartiot ties (Spartium-like). A. Yellow

red. August. 1832.

— specta' bills (showy). 2. Orange red. March.

— triangula're (three-angled), f. Scarlet.

April. 1830.

— va'ria (various-leaved). 4. Orange red.

March. 1839.

ffrandiflo'ra (large - flowered) . 3.

Orange. Spring. 1844.

CHRISTMAS ROSE. Helle'borus mger.

.CHRIST'S THORN. PaUu'rus.

CHRYSA'NTHEMUM. (From chrysos,
gold, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, 2 - Superflua). Hardy plants.
Annuals by seed sown in the border, in
April, or in a slight hotbed at the end of
March, and transplanted; Perennial her-
baceous species by seed and division of
roots, in autumn or spring ; the garden
varieties of sinense by divisions and cut-
tings in March and April, giving them
light rich soil ; and to do these full jus-
tice, planting them against a wall, or
blooming them under glass, giving plenty
of manure-water after the bloom buds
appear. The shrubby kinds are increased
by cuttings and divisions, and require a
little aid in winter in a frame, cold pit,
or cool greenhouse.

C. absinthiifo' Hum (Worm wood -leaved). 1.
White. Siberia. 1824.

— Achf llece (Milfoil-leaved). 1. White. July.

Italy. 1775.

— ano'malum (anomalous). 1. White. June.

Spain. 1811.

— a'rcticum (arctic). $. White. July.

Kamschatka. 1801.

— argdnteum (silver-leaved). 1. White. July.

Levant. 1731.

— atra'tum (blackened-fcawd). 1. White.

July. Austria, 1731.

C. atra'tum loba'tum\(lobed.). |. White. July.
Switzerland. 1819.

— carina'tiim (keeled). 2. White, purple.

August. Barbary. 1796.

— corona' rium (garland) . 4. Yellow. Au-

gust. Sicily. 1629.

— daucifo'lium (Carrot-leaved). 1. White.

July. 1820.

— graminifo' Hum (Grass-leaved). 1. White.

June. Montpelier. 1739.

— heterophy? Hum (various-leaved). 1 White.

July. Switzerland. 1806.

— i'ndicum (Indian). 2. Yellow. Septem-

ber. China.

— i to! licum (Italian). 2. Pale yellow. June.

Italy. 1796.

— lanceola' turn (spear-head-/e«»crf). £. White.

June. Hungary. 1817.

— leuca'nthemum (white-flowered). 2. \Vhite.

June. Britain.

— mexica'nnm (Mexican). 1. White. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1825.

— montpelie'nse (Montpelier). 1. White.

July, Montpelier. 1739.

— monta'num (mountain). 2. White. June.

France. 1759.

— Myco'nis (Mycon's). 1. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1775.

— paludf/sum (marsh). 1$. White. June.

Barbary. 1810.

— perpusi'llum (very small). 1. White. June.

France. 1825.

— pinnati'fidum (leafleted). 3. White. July.

Madeira. 1777.

—ptfmilum (dwarf). \. White. August.
1806.

— ra'dicans (footing-branched). 1. White.

July. Spain. 1818.

— rotundifa'lium .(round-leaved). 1£. White.

June. Hungary. 1817.

— rutheni'acum (Russian). £. Pink. June.

Russia. 1827.

— sefgetum (corn). 1|. Yellow. July. Bri-

tain.

— sine1 me (Chinese). 3. Variegated. Octo-

ber. China. 1764.

— sylvtfstre (wood). 2. White. June. 1804.

— tanacetifo' Hum (Tansy-leaved). 1. White.

Asia Minor. 1818.

— triparti'tum (three-lobe-leaved) . 3. Yel-

low. October. East Indies. 1800.

CHRYSANTHEMUM as a Florist' s Flower.
This is the C. sineme and its varieties.

Propagation by cuttings. — The best
time is the first week in February. Take
off the young shoots three inches long,
and with a sharp knife cut off the lower
leaves ; insert the cuttings round the
edge of a five-inch pot, numbering each
kind as they are put in to prevent mis-
takes. Use a light sandy loam, with a
thin layer of pure sand on the surface.
Give a gentle watering to settle the
earth closely to the cuttings. Place
them upon a heated surface of either
coal ashes or river sand. Cover them
with a hand-glass, and they will soon

CHR

[ 239 ]

CHE

emit roots. When rooted, pot them im-
mediately into small pots and replace
them under the hand-glasses. As soon
as the roots reach the sides of the pots,
repot them immediately. Cramping the
roots in small pots is very injurious.
Then place them either on a shelf near
the glass of a good greenhouse, or,
which is better, place them in a cold
frame well protected from frost and
damp.

By layers. — To procure very dwarf
plants, as soon as the frosts are fairly
passed for the season, plant out in the
open air a few old plants in a row in an
open situation. Peg down some of the
branches, and, as soon as the flower
buds appear, plunge as many small pots
round the plants, filled with light rich
earth, as may be required; place a
branch into each pot, and give it a gentle
twist : put a short hooked peg into each
pot, catching the branch with the hook ;
then cover it with half an inch of soil,
and in a month it will be rooted. Then
cut it off from the parent plant, take up
the pots and keep them in the shade till
fairly established. They may then have
another and final potting, and will be
neat dwarf plants to place in front of the
taller ones.

By seeds. — The seed must be saved as
soon as it is ripe, and only from such as
are of a fine shape and bright, clear co-
lour. Sow the seeds in February, very
slightly covered with soil, finely sifted
in shallow wide pots. Place them in a
gentle heat, giving very gentle waterings
when dry with a fine rosed watering-
pot. As soon as the seedlings have two
or three leaves each, transplant them
singly into small pots, keeping them in a
temperature of 55° to 60° ; repot when
required. Some of them may flower, if
well grown, the same season. Treat
them exactly like the old varieties, and
they will all flower the second year.

Soil. — As these plants are gross feeders,
they require a very rich compost ; half
light loam, half decayed dung, with a
fourth of peat added, will grow them
strong and flower them well.

Summer culture commences in April.
Such as are intended to bloom in pots
should now have large shifts out of their
small pots into three sizes larger ; for

cuttings struck the same season, the
blooming pots should be at least nine
inches' diameter, but for plants a year
older they should be twelve inches. At
every potting stop all the shoots, to
cause them to branch early and form
dwarf compact bushes. Give up stopping
at the last shift, which should not be
done later than the middle of June. Tie
the branches out so as to give as much
room and air to each as possible, con-
sistent with forming a handsome plant.
Thin the buds of such as are intended
for exhibition, to cause large flowers.
During the whole season of growth give
abundance of water. Every week give
them one watering with liquid manure.
Never allow them to flag from the first re-
potting up to the finishing bloom. "Water
them over head in hot weather at least
twice a day. The proper situation to
place them at this season (from May till
they bloom), is on a bed of ashes or
gravel in an open situation. As soon as
the buds begin to open remove them
into the greenhouse, giving them as
much space as possible, or the lower
leaves will drop off. Continue an abun-
dant supply of water till the blooming
season is over.

Winter Culture. — "When the flowers
are all decayed, cut down the blooming
shoots and place the pots in a cool pit,
giving only just water enough to keep
the plants alive during the winter, and,
as they are nearly hardy, they do not re-
quire much protection ; a mat or two
thrown over the glass in very severe frost
will be quite sufficient.

These old plants are the best to plant
out in the open border. In the southern
counties Chrysanthemums bloom very
finely either in the open borders or
against a wall or low paling, and during
the months of October and November
make a fine display.

Insects. — The green fly is the most
troublesome, and, where it is allowed to
prevail greatly, will quite destroy the
bloom. It is easily destroyed in the
open air by dipping the ends of the
shoots in tobacco water, and, in the
greenhouse, by filling it completely with
the smoke of tobacco.

Diseases. — These are such robust
hardy plants that they are seldom

CHR

[240]

CHR

troubled with any diseases. The only
one that is dangerous is mildew on the
leaves, brought on by a damp cold at-
mosphere before they are brought into
the greenhouse. The only remedy is
dusting the parts where it appears with
flowers of sulphur. Brown's fumigator
is an excellent one to apply the sulphur
with.

CHRYSE'IS. See Eschscho Uzia.

CHRYSOBA'LANUS. Cocoa Plum. (From
chrysos, gold, and balanos, an acorn ; in
reference to the colour of the drupes or
berries. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans [Chry-
sobalanaceao]. Linn., \1-Icosandria, 1-
mmogynia). Layers ; also cuttings of
half ripened shoots in sand, under glass.
Loam and peat. Common greenhouse
and cool stove treatment.
C. lea' co (Icaco). 15. White. West Indies.
1752. Stove evergreen.

— oblongifo' litis (oblong-leaved). 3. White.

May. Georgia. 1812. Greenhouse
evergreen.

CHRYSO'COMA. Goldy -locks. (From
chrysos, gold, and home, hair ; in refer-
ence to the yellow florets. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, \-aqualis. Allied to Solidago).
Hardy herbaceous species by divisions in
March. Common soil. Greenhouse species
by cuttings of half ripe shoots in April,
under a glass, in sand. Loam and a
little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
C. bifio'ra (two-flowered). 3. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1741.

— dracunctiloi'des (Tar agon-like). 2. Yellow.

August. Siberia.

— Linosy'ri'i (Flat-leaved). 2. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Europe. 1596.

— nudd la (naked). 2. Yellow. September.

Carolina. 1818.

— villo'sa (long-haired-leaved]. 2. Yellow.

August. Hungary. 1799.

— viraa'ta (twiggy). 1. Yellow. September,

North America. 1821.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. ce'rnua (drooping). 4. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1712.

— cilia' ris (hair-£ringed4eot»ed). 4. White.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— Comau'rrn (golden -hair). 6. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— denticula'ta (tooth-leaved). 4. Yellow.

— ni'vea . (snow-'irMfe). 3. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— pa'tula (spreading). 3. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1810.

— sea'&rafrusrgedl. 4. White. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1832.

C. squama'ta (sc&ly-stalked). 2. Yellow.
May. New South Wales. 1837. Her-
baceous.

CHRYSO'GONUM. (From chrysos, gold,
and gonu, a joint; the golden flowers
being borne on the joints. Nat. ord.,
Composites [AsteraceaeJ. Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia, \-aqualis. Allied to Milleria).
Hardy herbaceous perennial. Dividing
the roots in spring ; loam, with a little
peat and leaf mould.

C. virffinia'num (Virginian). 1. Yellow. May.
North America.

CHRYSOPHY'LLUM. Star Apple. (From
chrysos, gold, and phyllon, a leaf ; refer-
ring to the colour of the under side of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapo-
taceaa]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-monogy-
nia). The fruit of C. cainito is the Star
Apple, an esteemed Indian dessert fruit.
Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings in sand,
under a glass, and in heat ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.

C. angustifo' Hum (narrow -leaved) . 20. White.
West Indies. 1819.

— arge'nteum (silvery-leaved). 20. White.

Martinique. 1758.

— Caini'to (Cainito). 50. White. May. West

Indies. 1737.
caynfleum (blue - fruited) . 40.

White. May. South America. 1737.
jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 40. White.

May. Jamaica. 1737.

— . microphy1 Hum (small -leaved). 30.

White. May. South America. 1800.

— gla'brum (smooth). 15. White. Marti-

nique. 1823.

— macrophi/ Hum (large-leaved). 100. White.

Sierra Leone. 1824.

— monopyrc'num (one-stoned). 30. Brown.

West Indies. 1812.

CHRYSO'PSIS. (From chrysos, gold,
and oj)sis, a face. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceae]. Linn., \§-Syngenesia, 1-
aqualis}. A strong coarse hardy herba-
ceous perennial for a shrubbery, and
will grow in any common soil ; divisions
in March.

C. trichophy'lla (hairy-leaved). Yellow. June.
North America. 1827.

CHRYSORRHO'E. (From chrysos, gold,
and rheo, to flow ; referring to their
bright yellow or golden heads of flowers.
Nat. ord., Fringe- Myrtles [Chamselaucia-
ceac]. Linn., IQ-Decandria, \-monogy-
nia. Allied to Chama^laucium). Very
beautiful little bushes from New Hol-
land. They are very scarce, if at all in
cultivation. Cuttings of firm young

CHR

[241 ]

CIC

shoots, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
cold pit or greenhouse, or with a little
protection, such as a warm wall, might
be tried.
C. ni'tens (shining-flowered). Yellow. May.

— serra'ta (saw-leaved). Yellow. May. 1841.

CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM. Golden Saxifrage.
(From chrysos, gold, and splen, spleen ; in
reference to the colour of the flowers,
and the supposed medicinal qualities of
the plant as a slight tonic. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria, 1-digynia). Hardy herbace-
ous perennials. Dividing the roots ;
moist situation ; common soil.
C. alternifo'lium (alternate-leaved). 1. Yel-
low. April. Britain.

— nepalc'nse (Nepaul). 1. Yellow. April.

Nepaul. 1820.

— oppositlfo' Hum (opposite-leaved). Yellow.

April. Britain.

CHRYSOSTE'MMA. (From chrysos, gold,
and stemma, a crown — the yellow flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn.,
\$-Syngenesia, 3-Frmtranca. Allied to
Rudbeckia). Hardy herbaceous peren-
nial. Division of the roots, and seed;
common light soil.

G. tri'ptcris (three-winged). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. North America. 1837.

CHYMOCA'RPUS. (Better known as
Tropaolum pentaphyllum of "THE COT-
TAGE GARDENER ;" but the genus is ac-
knowledged by botanists, and the mean-
ing of the name is juicy-fruited, in con-
tradistinction to the hard dry fruit of the
narsturtium. It is derived from chymos,
juice, and carpos, a fruit). Greenhouse
perennial climber. Seeds in a slight
hotbed ; cuttings in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer. Sandy loam,
with a little peat.

C. pentaphy'llus (five-leaved). 4. Red, green.
August. Buenos Ayres. 1830.

CHY'SIS. (From city sis, melting ; in
reference to the fused appearance of the
pollen masses. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacea}]. Linn., 20 - Gynandria, 1-
mofiandria). Stove orchids. Offsets ;
baskets filled with fibry peat and pot-
sherds ; and kept in a cool moist stove.
C. au'rea (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow and
crimson. May. Venezuela. 1834.

— bracte" 'scats (bracteated). 1. White, yellow.

May. Guat:mala. 1840.

— la? vis (smooth). Cream, yellow. Guati-

mala.
16

CIBO'TIUM. (From kibotion, a small
box ; referring to the form of the seed
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae].
Linn., 1±-Cryptoyamia, l-filices}. Divi-
sion of the roots ; peat and loam ; a
warm greenhouse or cool stove.
C. Ba'rometz (Barometz). 6. Brown, yellow.
May. China. 1824. Stove.

— SiUardiefri (Billardier's). 30. Brown.

April. New Holland. 1824. Green-
house.

— Schie'fci (Schiede's). 6. Brown. Mexico.

1846. Stove.

CIBOUL, or "WELSH ONTON, Alliumjistu-
losum, a perennial, never forming any
bulb, but sown annually, to be drawn
young for salads, &c. Its strong taste
renders it greatly inferior to the common
onion for this purpose; but from its
extreme hardiness it is good as a winter-
standing crop for spring use.

Varieties. — Two varieties are in culti-
vation, the white and the red.

Cultivat-ion. — It may be sown at all
times with the onion, and is similarly
cultivated, except that it may be sown
thicker, and only thinned as wanted. —
(See Onion}. The blade usually dies
away completely in winter, but fresh
ones are thrown out again in February or
March.

To obtain seed. — Plant some of the roots
in March, six or eight inches asunder.
The first autumn they will produce but
little seed ; in the second and third, how-
ever, it will be produced abundantly. If
care is taken to part and transplant the
roots every two or three years, they may
be multiplied, and will remain produc-
tive for many years, and afford much
better seed than that from one-year-old
roots.

Scattiom. — There is good reason for
concluding that by a confusion of names,
arising from similarity of appearance,
this vegetable is the true scallion, whilst
the hollow leek of Wales is the true
Welsh onion. At pi-esent all onions that
have refused to bulb, but form lengthened
necks and strong blades in spring and
summer, are called scallions.

CI'CCA. (Named after Peter Cicca, a
writer of the sixteenth century. Nat.
ord., Spurgeicorts [Euphorbiaceae] . Linn.,
21-Moncecia, k-tetrandria. Allied to.
Phyllanthus) . The milky j nice of many
of the Spurgeworts is poisonous, yet the
R

CIC

[242]

CIN

succulent fruit of C. disticha is whole-
some, and the roots a powerful purga-
tive. Stove tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a glass, and in bottom
heat ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. di'sticha (two-rowecU&tfVtftf). 20. Green.
East Indies. 1796.

CICELY. Charophyttwn.

CICHO'RITIM. Chicory, or Succory. (An
ancient Egyptian name. Nat. ord, Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn. \Q-Syngenesia,
\-(sqnnlis). Hardy salad plants, of easy
culture; seed at different times. See
Chicory and Endive.

C.endi'via (Endive). 2. Blue. July. East
Indies. 1548. Animal.

— i'ntybiis(mtyl>us Chicory). 2. Blue. July.

Britain. Perennial.

CIMICI'FUGA. Bugwort. (From eimex,
a bug, and fugo, to drive away ; from its
supposed quality. Nat. ord, Crowfoots
[Rammculaceie]. Linn.. \3-Polyandria,
5-pentagynia. Allied to Acta&a). Good
old hardy herbaceous plants for borders ;
seeds, and division of the roots in spring
or autumn ; common soil.
C. america'na (American). 2. White, yellow.
July. Carolina. 1824.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. While, yellow.

June. North America. 1812.
—fceftida (fetid). 4. Light yellow. June.
Siberia. 1777.

— palma'ta (hand-leaved). 4. White, yellow.

July. North America. 1812.

CINCHO'NA. Peruvian bark. (Named
after the Countess of Cmchon, who was
cured by this Peruvian bark. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria, l-monogynia}. The Peruvian
bark stands foremost as a febrifuge tonic.
Stove evergreens ; cuttings of ripe wood,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam
and fibry peat, with a little sand and
charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;.
winter, 55° to 60°.

C. officina'/is (shop). 18. Red. July. Peru.
1810.

— sea' bra (rugged). 6. Red. 1820.

CINERA'RIA. (From cineres,
ia reference to the grey down covering
the surfaces of the leaves. Nat. ord.
Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., \S-Syn-
genesia, 2-Superfaia). Hardy Herbaceous
species by seed, but chiefly by division
of the roots ; good loamy soil, and a
little peat or leaf-mould. The shrubs

and imdershrubs which mostly require
a greenhouse or cold pit in winter, by
cuttings in sandy soil under a hand-light.
The garden florist varieties see further on.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. attonifi'nn (Alton's). 1. Yellow. July.

— america'na (American). 6. Yellow. Gre-

nada. 1825.

— dis? color (two-coloured-frrtiwZ). 4. White.

July. Jamaica. 1804.

— fflabra'ta (smooth). 2. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1822.

— hfcida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. West

Indies.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. a'lba (white). 1. White. February. Cape
of Good Hope. 1825.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Mexico. 1825.

— auri'ta (eared). 2. Yellow. June. Ma-

deira. 1827.

— bi' 'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. July.

Austria.

— cacalioi'dcs ( Cacalia-like ) . 2. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— cane'scens (hoary). 2. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— cauca'sica (Caucasian). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759. Herba-
ceous.

— ela'tior (taller). 5. White. July.

— geifo'lia (Geum-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1710.

— g'Mo'sa (swollen). Sicily.

— humifu'sa (trailing). 1. Yellow. July

Cape of Good Hope. 1754. Herba-
ceous.

— fiy'brida (hybrid). 2. Yellow. February.

— inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. Ja-

maica. 1823.

— la'ctea (milk-coloured). 3. White. June

1816.

— lana'ta (woolly). 3. Purple. June. Ca-

naries. 1780.

— loba'ta (lobed). 3. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.

— malvtpfo'lia (Mallow-leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. Azores. 1777. Herbaceous.

— multiflo'ru (many -flowered). 2. White.

July. Teneriffe. 1829.

— Petasi'tes (Butterbur-framZ). 3. Yellow.

February. Mexico. 1812.

— populifo'lia (Poplar -leaved). 2. Red. July.

Canaries. 1780.

— prcecox (early). 2. Yellow. February.

Mexico. 1824.

— pulchc'lla (neat). 2. Purple. February.

Canaries. 1818.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 4. Yellow.

July. Mexico. 1827.

— scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). 1. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1829.

— tussilaginoi' dcs (Coltsfoot-like). 2. Lilac.

Autumn. Teneriffe. 1829.

— vesti'ta (clothed) ^. Yellow. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.

— visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774. Biennial.

CIX

[243]

CIX

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. alpt? stria (Alpine). 1. Yellow. May. Swit-
zerland. 1819.

— alptna .(Alpine). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-

zerland. 1819.

— auranti'aca (orange). 1. Orange. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— aifrea (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Si-

beria. 1827.

— auricula' ta (small-eared). 3. Yellow.

August. 1831.

— canade1 mis (Canadian). 2. Yellow. July.

Canada. 1739.

— campe' stris (wild). 1. Yellow. May.

Europe.

— crassifo'lia (thick -leaved). 1. Yellow.

July Carinthia. 1827.

— cri'spa (curled). 3. Yellow. July. Swit-

zerland. 1818.
— fla'mmea (flame-coloured). Flame. Dahuria.

— gigtfntea (gigantic). 2. White. July.

Cape Horn. 1801.

— int egrifo' Ha (entire-leaved). 1. Yellow.

May. England.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth - leaved] . 1. Yellow.

July. Siberia. 1819.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Austria. 1792.

— macrophy'Ua (large-leaved). 8. Yellow.

July. Altai Mountains. 1831.

— mari'tima (sea. Ragwort). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. South Europe. 1633. Ever-
green.

— palu'stris (marsh). 3. Yellow. June.

England.

— pappo'sa (downy-crowned). 1. Yellow.

July. Gallicia. 1821.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Yellow.

July. Caucasus. 1820.

— racemo'm (racemed). 1. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

— renifo'lia (kidney-leaved). 1. Yellow.

May. Kussia. 1833.

— rivula'ris (rivulet). 1. Yellow. July.

Hungary. 1816.

— sib'irica (Siberian). 4. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1784.

— spatulfcfo' lia (spatulate-leaved). 1. Yel-

low. May. Germany. 1820.

— specio'sa (showy). 6. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1815.

— sude'tica (Swiss). 2. Yellow. July. Swit-

zerland. 1819.

— thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-formed) . Prussia. 1832.

CINERA'RIA as a Florists' Flower. The
immense varieties of this flower seem to
be the offspring by various crosses of
C. malvcefolia, lanata, populifolia^ and
probably some others.

Propagation by Offsets. — When a cine-
raria has done blooming, remove it from
the greenhouse, cut down the old flower
stems (excepting such as are intended
to save seed from), place the pots out of
doors upon a bed of coal ashes, in an
open situation. Give water moderately
in dry weather ; and as soon as the off-

sets appear, and have attained a leaf or
two, take them off with a sharp knife,
with the roots uninjured ; plant them in
small pots, and place them in a cold
frame, shading them from the light for a
fortnight, and from bright sunshine for
another week. They will then be well
rooted, and will require a pot a size
larger.

By Seed. — Sow the seed as soon as it
is ripe in shallow wide pots, in light fine
soil, and slightly covered. As soon as
the seedlings have formed two or three
leaves, prick them out into the same
kind of pots in a somewhat richer soil.
They may remain in these pots till they
have made some more leaves and fresh
roots, then pot them off singly into small
pots, shading for a few days. After-
wards, and at the proper time, re-pot
them in the same manner as the offsets.

Soil. — The offsets and seedlings having
attained the proper size for potting into
larger pots, prepare for that operation by
mixing and bringing, in a moderately
dry state, to the potting bench, the fol-
lowing compost : — Turfy loam from an
upland pasture, two parts ; fibrous peat,
one part ; decayed leaves, two years
old, one part; very rotten cowdung,
half a part ; and a small addition of river
sand. Prepare, also, a sufficient quan-
tity of broken potsherds of two sizes, one
as large as walnuts, and the other about
the size of peas. Have also a sufficient
number of either new or clean-washed
pots, two sizes larger than the plants
are in. You are then ready for the ope-
ration of potting.

Winter Culture. — By the time the
plants, whether offsets or seedlings, are
ready for re-potting out of their first
size pots, cold nights will have begun to
take place, which brings the time of cul-
ture under this head. Bring the plants
on to the potting-bench ; prepare a pot
by placing a large piece of potsherd over
the hole at the bottom of the pot, then a
layer of the larger size, and a second
layer of the smallest size ; place a thin
layer of the rougher parts of the compost
upon them, and as much soil as will be
required to keep the plant just level with
the rim of the pot ; set the plant in the
pot, and fill round it with the compost,
pressing it gently down. Be careful not

GIN

[244]

cm

to break the leaves, as they are very
brittle and tender. When the pot is
quite full, give it a gentle knock upon
the bench to finally settle the soil. When
all are finished, give a gentle watering,
and place them in a cold frame ; shade
them if they flag from the sun, and water
when necessary. The cineraria is a very
fast-rooting plant, and they will soon
require another shift. To know when
they require it, turn a plant carefully
out of its pot, and if the roots have
reached the sides of the pots, and through
the drainage, re-pot again immediately ;
for if the roots once become closely
matted, the plants will be crippled in
their growth. The grand object is to
keep them growing freely till they make
large broad-leaved plants in eight-inch
pots before they begin to show their
flower-stems. Keep them in the cold
frame, or pit, through the winter, only
take care to cover them up securely
every night, and day also, if the frost is
severe. It will be necessary to pack
round the sides and ends of the frame or
pit with either short litter or dry fern of
sufficient thickness to keep out the se-
verest frost. During this severe weather,
it will sometimes be necessary to keep
the covering on the glass all the day.
It has occurred that the cover has been
kept on for a fortnight without any in-
jury ; but on all fine days take off the
coverings, and give abundance of air,
pick off all decaying leaves, should any
appear, and only water when absolutely
necessary. They grow and keep healthy
much better in such a situation than in
a greenhouse.

Summer Culture. — As soon as the warm
mild days of spring arrive give the plants
their last shift, and, if desirable, remove
them into the greenhouse at once, pla-
cing them as near the glass as possible.
The flower-stems will now be advancing
rapidly ; and for some kinds it will be
necessary to use sticks to open out the
heads of bloom and show them to the
best advantage, especially for those in-
tended for exhibition ; but all sticks
should be removed a day or two before
the show, as they are no addition to the
beauty of these plants.
, Insects. — The great pest of the cine-
raria is the greenfly, but it may be easily

got rid of by smoking with tobacco ; yet
it must be carefully applied, as there is
no plant so susceptible of injury from a
too strong dose of this smoke. Some-
times the red spider makes its appearance ;
and when it does, it will be necessary to
dust the leaves with sulphur, which,
though it will not kill him, prevents
his feeding, and thus starves him to
death.

Diseases.— These plants, like all other
highly cultivated ones with soft wood,
are subject to go off just on the surface
of the soil. The only preventive is
plenty of fresh sweet air and a judicious
application of water, especially during
the early part of the year.

CINNAMO'MTTM. Cinnamon. (From
the Arabic name, kinamon. Nat. ord.,
Laurels [Lauracese]. Liun., §-Ennean-
dria, \-momgynia). Cassia bark is ob-
tained from nearly all the species of
Cinnamon trees. Other countries have
their Cinnamon trees, but differing from
the true Asiatic Cinnamon. Stove trees.
Cuttings of fine shoots in April, in sand,
under a glass, and a moist bottom heat.
Peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C.Beiolgo'ta (Beiolgota). 40. Yellow, green.
East Indies. 1818.

— Ca'ssia (Cassia). 50. Yellow, green. June.

Ceylon. 1763.

— Culila'ban (Culilaban). 20. Yellow, green.

East Indies. 1823.

— du'Ice (sweet. True cinnamon). 40. White,

yellow. East Indies. 1820.

— gla'ucum (milky green. Camphor Tree).

20. Pale yellow. Japan. 1800.

— gra'cile (slender). 20. Yellow, green.

East Indies. 1820.

— Malabo.' trum (Malabar-fca/). 20. Yellow,

green. East Indies. 1805.

— monta'nwn (mountain). 40. White, green.

West Indies. 1810.

— ni'tidum (shining). 20. White. East In-

dies. 1823.

— vefrum (true). 40. Green. July. East In-

dies. 1768.

CINQUEFOIL. Potenti'tta.

CION. See Scion.

CIRCLE'A. Enchanters' Nightshade. (A
classical name after Circe, a celebrated
enchantress skilled in poisonous herbs.
Nat. ord., Onagrads [Oriagraceae]. Linn.,
2-Diandria, \-numogynia. Allied to
Lopezia). Hardy perennials. Offsets
and divisions. Common garden soil.
C. alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Red. July. Britain.

— intermedia (intermediate). 1. lied. July.

Europe. 1821.

cm

[245]

C. lutetln'na (Parisian. Common}. 1. Red.
July. Britain.

CIRCUMPOSITION differs from layering,
only that in this the shoot to be rooted
is bent down to the soil, whilst in cir-
composition the soil is placed in a vessel
and raised to the shoot. There are pots
called layering pots made for this prac-
tice, and differing from the common
garden, pot, only by having a section
about an inch broad cut through one
side, and to the centre of the bottom, for
the admission of the shoot or branch.
Moisture necessary for favouring the
emission of roots is supplied by means of
a bottle, from which the bottom is struck
off, and the neck furnished with a cork,
perforated so as to admit a small pigeon's
feather or bit of wool to form a syphon,
by means of which the moss is kept in a
proper state of moisture. Hardwooded
plants are propagated in this way trom
the middle of May till the end of June ;
and the branches are sufficiently rooted
to be taken off by the end of September.
It is, however, necessary in all cases, to
ascertain whether the branches are suffi-
ciently rooted previously to their being
separated. After being separated, the
rooted branch is treated like one layered.
See Layering.

CIRRHJE'A. (From cirrhus, a tendril ;
the rostellum being extended like a
small tendril. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacecej. Linn., Ib-Gynmidria, 1-
monandria). Stove Orchids. Divisions
and offsets. Sphagnum, peat, broken
pots, and charcoal, in shallow open bas-
kets; a high moist temperature when
growing ; cooler and dry when at rest.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

C. a'lbo-vi'ridis (white and green-flowered).
White, green. May. Brazil. 1838.

— atropurpu' rea (dark-purple- /Zou'ovrf). Dark

purple. April. Mexico. 1838.

— bracte'scens (bracted). White, yellow. July.

Brazil.

— fuscolu'tea (dusky-yellow). 1. Yellow, green.
July. Brazil. Same as C. ftaccat it .

— la? vis (smooth). Yellow, brown. July.

Brazil.

— Loddigcfsii(LoMize's). Yellow, red. May.

Brazil. 1827.

— obtusa'ta (blimt-petaled). ?. Yellow, red.

September. Rio Janeiro. 1835.

— petllirfa (pule-flowcred) . Yellowish. August.

Brazil. 1837.

— pi' eta (painted). Purple. May. Brazil. 1830.

C. ru'bra-purpif rea (red and purple-^owered).
Red, purple. May. Brazil. 1838.

— RusseUia'na (Duke of Bedford's}. Green,

red. May. Brazil. 1S37.

— squa'lens (squalid). May. Brazil. 1836.

— tri'stis (dull colour ed~floivcred). J. Dull

purple, red. June. Mexico. 1831.

— viridipurpu' rea (green and purple). J-.

Purple, green. June. Brazil.

— Frya'na (Fry's). |. Green,
purple spotted. July.

— Warrea'na (Mr. Warre's). L Yellow, red,

purple. June. Brazil.

CIRBHOPE'TALUM. (From cirrhus, a
tendril, and petalon, a flower leaf ; in re-
ference to the strap-shaped petals. Xat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria, \-monandria). Stove Orchids.
On blocks of wood. Growing temp., 7-5°
to 85°, and very moist air ; rest temp.,
60°.

C. antcnni'ferum (antennce-bearing). Brown.
Philippines. 1843.

— aura' turn (gold-edqed). 4. Yellow, crimson.

March. Manilla. 1840.

— Blu'mei (Blume's). August. Java. 1843.

— candela'bruM (chandelier). Straw, pink,

purple. July. Manilla. 1840.

— capita' turn (head-flowering). Java. 1813.

— ca;spit(f sum (tufted). Pale yellow. April.

Khooseea. 1837.

— chintfnse (Chinese). $. Purple, yellow.

China. 1840.

— compre'ssum (flattened stemmed). Java.

1843.

— cornn'tum (horned sepals). f . Purple. Au-

gust. Khooseea. 1837.

— Cumi'nffii (Cuming's). Ruby. May. Phi-

lippines. 1839.

— elonga'tum (elongated). May. Java. 1843.
— jimbria'tuni (fringed). \. Green, purple.

April. Bombay. 1838.

— macula' turn (spotted). Pale green. May.

India. 1841.

— maculo'sum (spotted -flowered}. Green,

purple. East Indies. 1841.

— Macro! i (M'Rae's). Brown, yellow. April.

Ceylon. 1839.

— maxilla' re (Maxillaria-like). Philippines.

1843.

— Medrfsce (Medusa's head). |. Spotted, pink.

May. Singapore. 1839.

— nu'tans (nodding- ftotcercd) . A. Pale straw.

May. Manilla. 1838.

— pictura'ium (pictured). Purple, red. March.

East Indies. 1838.

— Eoxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Yellow. May.

East Indies. 1843.

— Thoua'rsii (Thouars's). 1. Yellow. July.

Society Islands.

— umbella'tum (umbel - flowered). Green,

brown. April. Indies. 1838.

— vagina' turn (sheathed). Pale yellow. Sin-

gapore. 1843.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). Brown. March. Ne-

paul. 1837.

CI'RSIUM. (From kirsos, a swollen
vein ; in reference to the effects of being

cm

[246]

CIR

pricked by the spines. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., \§-Synge-
nesia, \-cequalis. Allied to the true
Thistles). Perennials by division of the
roots ; annuals and biennials by seeds.
Common soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. aca'rna (Acarna). 2. Purple. August.
Spain. 1683.

— pinnatl'fidum (deeply-cut-leafed). 2. Purple.

July. Spain. 1820.

— seto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Si-

lesia. 1322.

— stella'tum (starred). 2. Purple. June.

Italy. 16t>5.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

C. ctfrum (African). 2. Purple. June. Bar-
bary. 1800.

— ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. Purple. July.

Mexico. 1827.

— dealba'tum (whitened). 3. Purple. July.

Caucasus, 1820.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Purple. June.

North America. 1803.

— erio'phorum (wool-bearing). 4. Purple.

July. Britain.

— fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. July. South Eu-

rope. 1683.

— heteroma' Hum (one-side-woolly). 3. Purple.

July. Nepaul. 1820.

— inca'num (hoary). 3. Purple. July. Cau-

casus 1820.

— lappa'ceum (Burdock-like). 4. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1821.

— orienta'le (eastern). 3. Purple. July. Asia

Minor. 1827.

— panicula'tmn (panicled). 2. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1781.

— pazeuare'nse (Pazcuara). 3. Purple. July.

Mexico. 1827.

— polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 2. Pink.

June. Rome. 1739.

— pifngcns (pungent). 3. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1820.

— sqitarro'sum (branching). 3. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1818.

— strigo'sum. (short-bristled). 2. Purple. Au-

gust. Caucasus. 1825.

HALF-HARDY BIENNIALS.
C. Cassdb(fn<K (Cassabona's). 2. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1794.

cichora'ceiim (Succory-like). 3. Purple.
August. Naples. 1816.

— diaca'nthion (two-spined). 3. Purple. July.

Syria. 1800.

— mexica'num (Mexican). 4. White. Sep-

tember. Mexico. 1837.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. acaifle (stemless). 1. Purple. July. Bri-
tain.

— alti'ssimum (tallest). 6. Purple. Axigust.

North America. 1726.

— ambi'ffuum (doubtful). 2. Purple. July.

Mount Cenis. 1820.

— angula'tnm (angled). 2. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

C. arachnioi' deum (cobweb-like). 2. Purple.
July. Tauria. 1818.

— Bertoli'ni (Bertolini's). 3. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1820.

— Itffticum (Boetic). 3. Yellow. July. Spain.

1824.

— carnio'Ucum (Camiolian). 2. Pale yellow.

July. Carniola. 1792.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 3. Purple. Au-

gust. Siberia. 1787.

— cynaroi'des (Artichoke-like). 2. Purple.

July. Crete. 1827.

— deserto'rum (desert). 3. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1824.

— echinu'tum (prickly). 1. Purple. August.

Barbary. 1817.

— echinoce'phalum (prickly-headed). 2. Purple.

July. Caucasus. 1826.

— ela'tim (taller). 6. Purple. August. 1823.
—funbria'tum (fringed). 4. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1816.

— Forste'ri (Forster's). 3£. Crimson. July.

England.

— glutino' sum (clammy). 2. Pale yellow.

July. South Europe. 1816.

— Gmenini (Gmelin's). Purple. August. Rus-

— JTaWe'm'(Haller's). 4. Purple. July. South

Europe. 1816.

— heleniol'des (Elecampane-like). 6. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1804.

— heteroph'if 'Hum (various-leaved). 2. Purple.

July. Britain.

— la'cteum (milk-coloured}. 2. Pale yellow

July. Switzerland. 1819.

— laniflo'rum (woolly-flowered). 2. Purple.

July. Tauria. 1819.

— mon^cssuhi'num (Montpclicr). 2. Purple.

June. Montpelier. 1596.

— muni' turn (armed). 3. Purple. July. Cau-

casus. 1816.

— mu'ticum (awnless). 2. Purple. July.

North America. 1820.

— nudiflo'rum (naked-flowered). 2. Purple.

August. Switzerland. 1817.

— ochrolcu'cum (pale yellow). 2. Pule yellow.

July. Switzerland. 1801.

— olera'ceiim (pot-herb). 3. Pale yellow.

July. Europe. 1570.

— orgya'le (six-feet), 6. Purple. July. 1823.

— buludo'snm (marsh). 3. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— ri'gens (stiff. Alpine}. 2. Yellow. July.

Switzerland. 1775.

— rivula're (brook). 3. White. July. Hun-

gary. 1804.

— rUzoct' phalum (rooting). Pale yellow. Cau-

casus. 1836.

— ruftfsccns (rustyish). 3. White. July. Py-

renees. 1816.

— Salisburyc'nse (Salisbury's). 3. Purple.

July. Europe. 1816.

— serratuloi'des (Saw wort-like). 3. Purple.

August. Siberia. 17a2.

— scrrula'tum (saw-edged). 4. Purple. July.

Tauria. 1819.

— spmosi'vsimum (spiniest). 3. Pale yellow.

July. Switzerland. 1759.

— stri'ctum (upright). 2. Purple. August.

Naples. 1819.

— syri'acitm (Syrian). 2. Purple. July, Le-

vant. 1771.

CIS

[247]

CIS

a tuberofsutn (tuberous). 3. Purple. July.
England.

— uliffiuo'ium (swamp). 3. Purple. June.

Caucasus. 1820.

CISSA'MPELOS. Pareira Brava Boot
(From toms, ivy, and awgdos, a vine ;
creeps like ivy, and flowers like the vine
on long hairy racemes, Nat ord., Meni-
spermads [Menisperinaceae]. Linn., 22-
Dioecia, 13-polyandria), Stove twiners ;
the species from South Africa will do in a
warm, greenhouse ; cuttings of small side
shoots, rather firm, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom heat ; loam and
peat Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 55°.
C. eaape'ba (Caapeba). 4. Green. July.

South America. 1733.

— <s«Kf««j*(Capei. G. Green. Cape of Good

Hope. 1775.

— hini/taftoiry)* 6. Yellow, green. NepauL

1819.

— mawitirfna (Mauritian). 6. Yellow, green.

Mauritius. 1824.

— mieroca'rpa (small-fruited). 6. Yellow,

green. West Indies. 1823.

— Partfra (Pareira). 6. Green. July.

South America. 1733.

Ci'ssus. (From ktgsos, ivy; in refe-
rence to their scrambling habit Nat
ord,, Vimworts [Vitaceae]. Linn., 4-
Tetrcwdriii) l-monogynitt). A genus of
stove and greenhouse climbers, having no
pretensions to beauty. We introduce it
in order to remark, that, with the excep-
tion of the grape vine, the plants of this
order are singularly deficient in use or
beauty. The species require the same
treatment as Cissainjjel&s.

CISTERNS for the accumulation of rain
water should be formed in connection
with the gutters of the various buildings
in the gardens, for no water is equal to
it for the artificial supply of moisture to
plants,

CI'STUS. Hock Hose. (From Jciste, a
box ; in reference to the form of the seed
vessel. Nat ord., Rock Rose [Cistaceae],
Linn., \1-Icosandr ia^ \-monoyynia). C.
ladaniferm and C. ledon produce gum
ladamim. Seeds sown in April, if under
glass so much the better ; layers after the
plants have flowered ; and cuttings in
May under a hand-glass; dry soil; all
smaller kinds suitable for rockwork, and
although hardy in sheltered dry places it
is safest to propagate a few every season,
and give the protection of a cold pit in
winter.

C. acut if o' Hits (pointed-leaved). 1. White.
August. South of Europe.

— a'lbidus (white-leaved}. 2. Pale purple

June. Spain. 1640.

— asperiforiim (rough-leaved). 2. White.

June. South of Europe.

— candidl' ssimm (whitest). 4. Pale red. June.

Canaries. 1817.

— cant? scats (honrv-lcaced). Purplish. June.

South of Europe.

— tfW«t(Clusius's). 3. White. June. Spain.

1810.

— complied! tiis (complicated). 3, Red, June,

Spain. 1818.

— corboric' mis (Corbor). 2. White. June,

Spain. 1656.

— cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 4. White. June.

1800.

— ere? tic'its (Cretan), 2. Purple. July. Levant.

1731.

-- tmtricus (Taurian). 2. Purple.
June. Tauria. 1817.

— cri'spus (curled-teamZ). 2. Purple. June.

Portugal. 1656.

(Cupani's). White. June.

Sicily.

— cymo'sus (cyme-flowered). 2. Purple. May.

— ctfprius( Cyprus). 4. June. White. Greece.

1800.

— Dimalia'nus (DunaPs). 2. Purple, May.
-- -ftorenii'Kus (Florentine). 3. White, June.

Italy. 1825.

— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 2. Purple.

June. Algiers,

— Mrsu'tus (hairy,)- 2. White. June. Por-

tugal. 1656.

— inert nm (hoary). 2. Purple, July. South

of Europe 15%.

— ladani'Jerus (ladanum-bearing. Bog-ci&tus}.

4. White. June. Spain. 1629.
__ = -- albiflu'rus (white-flowered, gum-

cistm). 4. White. June. Spain.
__ •macula' tits (spotted). 4. White.

June. Spain. 1700.
- latiftfliu* (broad-leaved). 4. White. June.

Barbarv.

— lawlfo'lius '(laurel-leaved). 4. White.

June. Spain. 1731.

— la'xus (loose-flowered). 2. White. June.

Spain. 165&

— Let don (Ledon). 1. White. July. France.

1730.

— longiffj lius (long-leaved). 4. White. June.

South of Europe. 1800.

— Imita'nicus (Portuguese). 3. Yellow. July.

Portugal. 1830.

— mtmtftellt' nsis (Montpelier). 2. White.

June. South of Europe, 1656.

— oblongtfdlius (oblong-leaved). 3. White.

June. South of Europe.

— obtttsi/o'Uu* (blunt-leaved). 3. White.

June.

— parvijlo'rus (small-flowered). 3. Pale red.

June. Crete. 1800.

— X«fyse'p«/«* (broad-sepaled). 4. Bed. June.

— populifo' lius (Poplar-leaved), 3. White.

May. Spain. 1656.

— psilosff palm (smooth-sepaled). 3. White.

June.

— purpu'revs (purple). 2. Purple. June.

— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 2. Purple.

June. South of Europe. 1640.

CIT

[248 ]

CIT

C.sdlnfo'lhis (Sage-leaved). 2. White. June.

South of Europe. 15 IS.
ercctiu' xeuhis (rather erect). 2.

White. June.
ochroleu' ctis (yellowisn white). 2.

Yellowish. June.

— scri'cens (silky). 2. Red. June. Spain.

1826. '

— widula'tus (waveA-leaved). 4. White. June.

South of Europe. 1803.

— vayinu'tus (sheathed). 2. Pale purple.

April. Teneriffe. 1779.

— villo'sus (long-haired). 3. Purple. June.

South of Europe. 1640.

CITHARE'XYLUM. Fiddle Wood. (From
Icithara, a lyre, and xylon, wood ; in refe-
rence to the wood being fit for musical
instruments. Nat. ord., Verbenes [Yer-
benaceaej. Linn., 14t-Didynamia, 2-an-
giospcrmia). Stove trees ; cxittings of
ripe shoots in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom heat; loam and peat. Summer
temp. 60° to 80 ; winter, 50° to 60a.
C. cauda'tum (tailed). 20. White. Jamaica.
1763.

— denta'tum (toothed). 15. East Indies. 1824.

— »eri'eeum (silky). 15. East Indies. 1824.

— subserra'tum (slightly-toothed). 15. White.

West Indies. '1820.

— viUo'snm (long-haired). 10. St. Domingo,

1784.

CITRIOBA'TUS. (From citros, a citron,
and batoA, a thom ; called the Orange
Thorn by the colonists in New Holland,
the plant bearing small orange-coloured
fruit. Nat. ord., Pittosporads [Pittospo-
racese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-mono-
gynia}. Greenhouse evergreens from New
Holland ; cuttings in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy txirfy peat, and a little loam
and charcoal. Summer tomp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
C. multifl'/nis (many-flowered). 3. November.
1818.

— pducijttfrus (few-flowered). 1822.
CITRON. Citrus me'dica.

CI'TRUS. Orange Tree. (Derivation
of doubtful origin ; supposed to refer to
Citron, a town in Judaea. Nat. ord.,
Citromvorts [Aurantiacecol Linn., 18-
Polyadclphia, 2-polt/andnaj . Greenhouse
evergreen trees.

C. angula'ta (angular-/rM#ed). White. East
Indies.

— mira'ntium (su-cet Orange). 15. White.

Asia. 1595.

— buxifo'lia (box-leaved). 3. White. June.

China.

— decuma'na (huge Shaddock). 15. White.

June. India. 1724.

— delicio'sa (delicious). White. April. China.

— hy'strix (porcupine), la. White. June.

East Indies.

C.japo'nicn (Japan small-fruited}. 6. Whit*.
June. Japan.

— lime? tta (Lime hrrgamot}. 8. White. June.

Asia. 1648.

— Hmo'num (Lemon). 15. White. June.

Asia. 1648.

— madwefnsis (Madura). 10. White. June.

China.

— margari' ta (pearl. Sweet lemon} . 15. White.

June. China.

— me'dica (Median Citron}. 8. White. June.

Asia.

— no' bills (noble. Mandarin}. 15. White. June.

China. 1805.

mi' nor (smaller). 15. White. June.

China. 1805.

— spinos-l' ssima (spiniest). 15. White. June.

Cayenne.

— vulga'ris (common. Seville} . 15. White.

June. Asia.

myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 3.

White. June. Asia.

Common Orange (C. auranti'acum). —
The following are esteemed varieties:
the China, blood-red, sweet-skinned, the
ribbed, pear-shaped, tiny-fruited, finger-
ed, St. Michael's, and mandarin. The
mandarin and St. Michael's are far supe-
rior to the rest for cultivation. The
mandarin is cultivated extensively at
Malta, although originally from China ;
it has a thin rind, and is of very superior
flavour. The St. Michael's is also a
small orange, but the skin is of a pale
yellow ; the rind also very thin, and the
pulp remarkably sweet. The fruit is
generally without seed, and the tree is a
great bearer.

The Lime (C. lime'tta) approaches the
lemon, but the juice is flat, and somewhat
bitter.

The Shaddock (C. decuraa'na) has a
large and round fruit ; skiu yellow, with
a white spongy rind ; the pulp sweet
and juicy. This has been successfully
cultivated in Devonshire on the open
walls, with protection in winter, but no
artificial heat.

The Lemon (C. limo'num). — The Con-
tinental growers are content to raise
these from seed ; hence the great differ-
ence in quality of the imported fruit.

The Citron (C. me'dica) has a rind thick
spongy and very fragrant ; pulp, sub-
acid.

Propagation. — All the kinds will pro-
pagate freely by cuttings, either of the
young shoots, or of that riper in charac-
ter. They are prepared in the usual
way, and inserted in pots of sand ; a
close frame, with a bottom heat of 7oa,

CIT

[249]

CIT

is necessary, and they must be plunged.
They may be made at any period, except-
ing whilst the plants are growing. Some
cultivators put out long straight pieces
of the citron (which is easiest to propa-
gate) of two or three years' growth, and
as soon as they are rooted they graft
them.

Layers root with facility, but do not
make such fine plants.

Grafting. — There are various ways of
performing this operation, dependent
much on the size and character of the
stock. Some graft the young seedlings
which were sown in early spring ; these,
by bottom heat and high culture, are
rendered fit for this operation in about
four or five months. No clay is used in
this delicate operation, but a little fine
moss. Some cut off the head of the
stock, and crown-graft; others attach
the graft to the growing shoot, as in
ordinary whip-grafting. Budding is also
practised by some cultivators.

Inarching has sometimes been prac-
tised by inarching several plants on one
large stock, in order to form a head
speedily.

Stocks. — The citron has been mostly
preferred ; the shaddock, however, makes
a robust stock. M'Intosh seems to re-
commend sowing any ordinary seeds —
from such fruit indeed as have rotted in
the warehouses — from which he has had
complete success.

Seeds. — The mode of rearing them
thus is simple enough. A light rich soil
and a lively bottom heat, with a some-
what close atmosphere, will produce
plants eighteen inches high in a few
months.

Soil and Culture. — All the family love
a generous soil. One half a free, yet
rich loam, and the other half composed
of leaf-mould, old cow-manure, and
sandy heath soil, will grow them in high
perfection ; adding a little sand and some
charred materials. Care must be taken
to use the turfy loam in lumps, and to
drain well ; indeed all the materials
should be somewhat coarse. They re-
quire liberal watering, and it must, when
given, penetrate the whole mass of soil.
They enjoy liquid manure occasionally.
They are not only grown in pots or tubs,
but planted out as trees, and against

walls and trellises ; and they are equally
adapted for all these modes of culture.
Span-roofed houses would be highly
eligible for them as standards ; and the
sides and ends being portable, might be
removed in summer. The citron family
are impatient of intense sunshine, being
for the most part natives of woods ; a
slight amount of shading, therefore, be-
comes occasionally necessary. The tem-
perature during winter — especially in
houses with opaque roofs — must be very
moderate : 48° to 50°, by means of fire
heat, is quite sufficient. As light in-
creases with a returning spring, the ther-
mometer may be permitted to advance a
little. In light houses, a thermometer
of 50° to 55° will do no injury ; here,
however, shading will at times be requi-
site.

Fruit, uses, S$c. — Besides forming, in
its natural state, one of the adjuncts of
the modern dessert, these fruits are used
in a variety of forms, both in confec-
tionary, sweetmeats, and liqueurs. Thus,
the Seville, bizarade, or bitter orange,
having a very bitter rind, is used for
marmalade, bitter tinctures, candied
peel, and for flavouring cura9oa. The
bizarades are the kinds used principally
for the production of cut blossoms by
the French gardeners. The Bergamot
has a pear-like fragrance ; from this the
perfumer obtains his bergamot essences.
The Lime is used in flavouring punch
and confectionary. The Shaddock has a
cooling and refreshing juice, and the
fruit is a splendid addition, in appear-
ance, to the dessert. The Lemon is too
well known to need comment. The
Citron is used for sweetmeats, lemonade,
and to flavour negus and punch.

Diseases. — We are not aware of any-
thing which may be strictly termed a dis-
ease of this genus. A black fungus is
frequently found on the leaf, having the
appearance of soot, and perhaps arguing
a corrupt atmosphere through a too closo
confinement. This must be cleaned away
by a sponge with warm water.

Insects. — The aphis and the scale (coc-
cus) are amongst its principal enemies.
The former may at all times be readily
destroyed by fumigation ; the latter may
be rubbed off by means of sponge bound
on a stick, frequently dipping the sponge

CLA

[250]

CLA

in a liquor consisting of two ounces o:
soft soap beat up in a gallon of water.

CLADA'NTHUS. (From klados, a branch
and anthosj a flower; flowering at th<
end of the branches. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [AsteraceaeJ. Linn., Vd-Synyenesia
1-Superflua. Allied to Anthemis). The
annual from seeds in April ; the ever-
green from cuttings under a glass ; com-
mon soil.

C. ara'bicus (Arabian). 2. Yellow. July
Bombay. 1759. Hardy annual.

— candscens (whitish). 1. Yellow. June,
Canaries. 1829. Greenhouse ever-
green.

CLA'RKIA. (Named after Captain Clark.
Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceae]. Linn.,
"2-Diandria, \-vnonoyynia). Hardy an-
nuals. Seeds in common border, in
March ; or in September in reserve gar-
den, protected with a few branches in
frosty weather, and transplanted in
spring in patches, when they will bloom
early.

C, eflegans (elegant). 2. Rose purple. July.

California. 1832.
Jto'rcplefno (double-flowered). 1$.

Pale rose. September. Gardens.

1827.
rhomboi'dca (diamond - petal ed).

Purple. June. North America. 1823.

— gauroi'dcs (Gaura-like). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. California. 1835.

— pulchr'lla (pretty). 2. Purple. June,

North America. 1826.

flo're a'lbo (white flowered). 2.

White. June. North America. 1826.

CLARY. (Salvia sclarca). Its leaves
are sometimes used in soups and medi-
cated wines. A very small number of
plants are sufficient for a family. Sow
early in April, or a month earlier, in any
light-soiled border. Thin the plants to
two feet apart. The sowing must be
annual. Seed may be saved by allowing
some plants to run up the next spring ;
they ripen their seed in September.

CLAUSE' NA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Citronworts [Aurantiaccoe].
Linn., IQ-Decandria, \-monogynia). Stove
evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in
sand, under a glass, in heat. Loam and
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 60°.

C.pentaphy'lla (five - leaved). 20. White.
July. Coromandel. 1800.

CLAVI'JA. (Named after Clavija, a
Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Ardisi-
ads [Myrsinacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-monogynia. Allied to Theophrasta).
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half
ripe shoots in sandy loam, with sand
above, under a bell-glass, and in bottom
heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White.

Peru. 1816.
— orna'ta (adorned). 12. Orange. Caraccas.

1828.

CLAY is a constituent of all fertile
soils, though in these it rarely exceeds
one-sixteenth part, and generally bears
a much smaller relative proportion to
the other constituents. In its pure state
it is known as alumina. It is the best
of all additions to light, unretentivc soils,
for it retains moisture much more power-
fully than any other earth. M. Schubler
found, that when silicious sand lost
eighty-eight parts of moisture, and chalky
sand seventy-six, stiff clay in the same
time lost only thirty-five parts.

Clay soils are the worst that can be
for gardens, for there is scarcely one of
the crops there cultivated that is not
injured by stagnant water, which can
scarcely be prevented in clay soils at
some seasons ; and in wet weather clayey
soils cannot be worked, whereas the
gardener must be inserting or attending
to his crops every day.

For the improvement of clay lands,
by rendering their staple less retentive,
burning some of their own soil is an
efficient application. One hundred tons
per acre for this purpose are not too
many ; for a dressing as a manure, thirty
tons are a good quantity. See Paring.

CLAYING is adding clay to a soil to
render it more retentive.

CLAYTO'NIA. (Named after John Clay-
ton, who collected plants in America.
!<fat. ord., Purslanes [Portulaceae]. Linn.,
-Pentandria, \-monoyynia). C. pcrfoii-
ita, a gay little annual, is used as a sub-
stitute for purslane in North America.
Annuals in border of sandy loam, or
landy peat, in March and April ; tuber-
tus species by offsets in spring or autumn,
and seeds in spring ; herbaceous species
" y division of the roots ; vegetable
lould and peaty soil.

CLE

[251]

CLE

HARDY ANNUALS.
C. citbefnsia (Cuba). $. White. May. Cub

— gypsophiloi'des (Gypsophila-like). L Pin

October. California. 1835.

— Joannea'na (Joannes's). 1. White. Jun

Siberia. 1818.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Whit

June. North America. 1794.

— sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. lied. June. S

beria. 1768.

— unalaschke1 nsis (Onalaschka). 1. White

June. Russia. 1820.

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
C.acutifo'lia (pointed -leaved). 2. White
Siberia. 1827.

— acutiflo'ra ( pointed -petaled). 1. White

May. North America.

— calif o' mica (Californian). California. Hei

baceous perennial.

— carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Pink. Apri

North America. 1789.

— grandifio'ra (large - flowered). 1. Pink

April. North America.

— lanceola'ta (spear-hcad-leaved). 1. White

April. North America. 1812.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. White. April

North America. 1827.

—pohjphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Pink. April
North America. 1827.

— vestia'na (Vest's). 1. Hose. Altai. 1827

— Virginia' na (Virginian. Notch - petaled}

1. White. North America. 1740.

CLEISO'STOMA. (From Jeleio, to close
and stoma, a mouth. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacose]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria, 1-
monandria. Allied to Sarcochilus). Stove
orchids, except C. tridentata ; divisions ,
blocks of wood, with a little sphagnum
moss. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 55° to 60°.

C. dealba'tum (whitened). Yellow. September
Manilla. 1843.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). Yellow. March

India. 1844.

— dec? picas (deceiving). Ochre. May. Ceylon

1843.

— iono'smum (violet-scented). 2. Yellow

March. Manilla. 1843.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Yellow, red.

March. Singapore. 1840.

— maculo'sum (spotted- floii-cred). Yellow

pink. March. Ceylon. 1839.

— ro'sca (rose-coloured-jtfottwed). Straw-co-

loured. September. Manilla 1837

— fpica'tum (spiked), lied, yellow. May.

Borneo. 1846.

-— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). Reddish white.
New Holland. 1838. Greenhouse.

CLE'MATIS. Virgin's Bower. (From
kkma, a vine branch ; in reference to
their climbing like a vine. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Kanunculaceee]. Linn, 13-
Polyandria, 6-polygyma), Cuttings of firm
side shoots under a hand-light, in sum-

mer ; layers in September ; division of
herbaceous kinds, as they commence to
grow in spring ; light loam, or loam and
a little peat. A dry situation suits the
most of them.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.
C, america'na (American). 12. White. South
America.

— brazilia'na (Brazilian). 12. White. Brazil.

1823.

— oaripefnrit (Caripe). 12. White. Trinidad.

1820.

— dice' tea (dioecious). 14. « Green, yellow.

May. West Indies. 1733.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. Yellow,

green. Sierra Leone. 1823.

— hedysarifo'lia (Hedysar um-leaved). White.

East Indies. 1819.

— triterna'ta (Smilax-leaved). 20. Purple.

East Indies. 1824.

— smilacifo' lia (Smilax-leaved). 20. Purple.

East Indies. 1824.

GREENHOUSE CLIMBERS.
C. arista'ta (awned-anthcrcd) . 12. Green,
yellow. June. New Holland. 1812.
Deciduous.

— baled rica (Minorca). 12. Yellow, white.

February. Minorca. 1783. Halt-
hardy evergreen.

— brachia'ta (armed). 2. Yellow, green.

October. Cape of Good Hope. Ever-
green.

— chine'nsis (Chinese). 12. White. Trinidad.

1820. Half-hardy evergreen.

— coria'cca (leather-leaved). 12. White. New

Holland. 1821. '

— ylycinoi'des (Glycine-like). 10. White. New

Holland. 1826. Evergreen.

— gruvefolens (strong-smelling). Pale yellow.

July. Chinese Tartary. 1845. Half-
hardy deciduous.

— hexase'pala (six-sepaled). 3. Pale green.

April. New Zealand. 1844.

— indivi'sa (undivided-/er«;«?rf) . 20. White,

cream. April. New Zealand.

loba'ta (lobed-ZratwZ). 20. White,
cream. April. New Zealand. 1847.

— linear i'loba (narrow-lobed) . 4. White.

July. Carolina. 1823. Herbaceous
perennial.

— odor a' t a (fragrant). June. East Indies.

1831.

— zanzibard mis (Zanzibar). 10. Zanzibar,

1820.

HARDY CLIMBERS AND HERBACEOUS.

C. angustifo'lia (narrow enfo're-leaved). 2.

While. June. Austria. 1787.

(sky-blue-flo'icercd). 10. Blue.
April. Japan. 1836.

grandiflfj'ra (large-flowered) . Pur-
ple. June. Japan. 1841.

— califo'rnia (Californian). 1840.

— campaniflofra (bell-flowered). 6. Purple.

July. Spain. 1810.

— cirrho'sa (tendrilled) . 12. White, green.

April. Spain. 1596.

cri'spa (curled-flowered). 6. Pale purple.
August. North America. 1726.

CLE

[ 252 ]

CLE

C. cylifndrica (cylindric-flowcrfd) . 3. Blue.
August. North America. 1820. Her-
baceous perennial.

— dahu'rica (Dahurian). 12. Yellow, green.

September. Dahuria. 1820.

— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. White.

April. Herbaceous perennial.

— ere' eta (upright). 3. White. July. Aus-

tria. 1597.
hispa'nica (Spanish). 3. White.

July. Spain. 1800.
•-flammu'la (flame). 20. White. August.

Prance. 1596.
etespi-tafsa (tufted). 20. White.

September.
mnri'tima (sea). 20. White.

May. South of Europe.

rotund if o' Ha (round-leaved) . 20.

White. August. France. 1596.
rube' Ha (HeAdish-sepalcd) . 20.

Reddish. September.
vnlya' ris (common). 20. White.

August. France.
—flofrida (florid). 10. White. June. Japan.

1776.
bi' color (two-coloured). White,

purple.
— - flo' re plena (double-flowered). 10.

White. June.
Siebo'ldu(Sil)oldVs). 10. Purple,

green. June. Japan. 1836.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 12. Pale yellow.

April. Siberia.

— Grrahn'mi (Graham's). 15. Pale green.

July. Mexico. 1846.

— intcgrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

Hungary. 1590.

elonga' ta (elongated) . 2. Blue.
June. Europe.

la tifcf lla (broad-leaved) . Pur-
ple. July.

— lathyrifo'lia (Luthyrus-leaved). 4. White.

June. 1836. Herbaceous perennial.

— Massonia'mi (Masson's). 12. C. of Good Hope.

— monta'na (mountain). 20. White. May.

Nepaul. 1831. Deciduous.

— grandlflcfra (large-flowered). White. May.

— nepalefnsis (Nepaul). May. Nepaul. 1835.

— ochroleufca (yellowish-white). 2. Light

yellow. June. North America. 1767.
Deciduous.

— orient a' Us (eastern). 8. Yellow, white,

August. Levant. 1731. Deciduous.
—panicula'ta (panicled). 20. White. August.
Japan.

— pedicella'ta (fow/7-flower-stalked). 12 White.

green. July. Majorca.

— reticula'ta (netted). 8. Purple. July.

North America. 1H12. Deciduous.

— semitri'loba (half-three-lobed). 1. White,

green. June. Spain.

— Si'msii (Sims'), 8. Purple. July. North

America. 1812. Deciduous'.

— triterna'ta (thrice three-leafletcd) . 12.

White. 1800. Deciduous.

— tubulo'sa (tubular-flowered"). 2. Blue. Sep-

tember. China. 1845. Herbaceous.

— Vio'rna (American. Traveller's joy). 12.

Purple. August. North America, 1730.
Deciduous.

— viornoi'des (Viorna-like). 8. Lilac. August.

North America. 1828. Deciduous.

C. Virginia' na (Virginian). 15. Green. July.

North America. 1767. Deciduous.
6raetea'to(bracted). Id. Greenish

white. June. North America. 1767.
vita'lba (White vine. Traveller's joy). 20,

White. August. England. Deciduous.
intcgra' ta (entire - leaved) . 20.

White. August. England.
— vitice'lla (Vine-bower). 20. Purple. Au-
gust. Spain. 1569. Deciduous.
event lea (blue-floivwed) . 20. Blue.

July. Spain. 1659.
Ppna (double purple}. 20. Purple.

August.
purpu'rea (purple flowered). 20.

Purple. July. Spain.
temtifo'lia (slender-leafleted). 20.

Crimson. June.

CLEO'ME. (From kleio, to shut; in
reference to the parts of the flower.
Nat. ord., Capparids [Capparidacea?].
Linn., I5-Tetradt/namia). Those of a
shrubby character, by cuttings of half-
ripe shoots in sand, under a hell-glass ;
perennial herbaceous species hy division
of the plant and seeds ; Indian annual
species hy seed sown in a hotbed and
bloomed in the greenhouse as tender an-
nuals. The European and several Mexi-
can annuak, by seed in a gentle hotbed, to
be transferred to the flower borders in
May; rich light soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. ara'Uca (Arabian). 2. Yellow. June.
Arabia. 1794.

— Dillenia'na (Dillenius's). 1. White. June.

Levant. 1732.

— fta'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Australia.

1825.

— ibr'rica (Iberian). 1. White. July. Ibe-

ria. 1820.

— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. North Ame-

rica. 1840. Herbaceous perennial.

— pulx'sccns (downy). 2. White. July. 181 i.

— speciosi' fisiina (most showy). Purple. July.

Mexico. 1827.

— tritufrvia (three-nerved). Yellow. Arabia.

1837.

— viola' era (violet-coloured). 1. Purple. June.

Portugal. 177B.

— vlrqa'tn (twiggy). 1. White. June. Persia.

1820.

STOVE SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 8. White. June. Carac-
cas. 1817. Evergreen.

— dendroi'des (tree-like). 5. Purple. Brazil.

182N.

— droscrifo'Ha (Drosera-leuved). Yellow,

violet. May. Egypt. 1837. Green-
house shrub.

— (jitja'ntea (gigantic). 6. White. June. South

America. 1774.

— micro! ntha (small-spined). White. June.

1824.

— procit mkcns (lyiug-down). Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1798.

CLE

[ 253]

CLE

STOVE ANNUALS.

C.aculea'ta (prickly). 2. White. June.
South America. 1817.

— cardina'lis (Cardinal-flower-W&e). 2. Red.

July. Mexico. 1823.

— diffu'sa (spreading). 1. Green. June. Brazil,

1823.

— heptaphiflla (seven-leaved). 1. White.

June. Jamaica. 1817.

— Housto'ni (Houston's). 1. White. June.

West Indies. 1730.

— monopht/'lla (one-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1759.

zcyla'nica (Ceylon). 1. Yellow.

June. East Indies. 1759.

— polffgama (many-stamened) . 2. White.

June. West Indies. 1824.

— pu' nff ens (stinging). 2. White. July. West

Indies. 1812. Biennial.

— ro'sea (rosy). 2. lied. June. Brazil.

1825.

— spino'sa (prickly). 2. White. June. West

Indies. 1731. Biennial.

CLERODE'NDRUM. (From kkros, chance,
and dendron, a tree ; said to be owing to
the uncertainty of the medicinal quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Verbenes [Verbenaceae].
Linn., \\-Didynamia, 'l-angiospermia).
Seeds sown when ripe, or in the follow-
ing March in a hotbed. Cuttings of the
firm short side shoots, when growth is
commencing in March or April, in sandy
peat, under a glass, and in bottom heat.
Loam and peat, with a little charcoal
and dried co wdung; assisted with heat
until they show tiower ; kept cool and
dry in winter, and pruned back in
spring, that vigorous shoots may be
formed. Summer temp., 60° to '85°;
winter, 45° to 50°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. attenua'tum (attenuated). 6. New Holland.
1824.

— cost a' turn (ribbed). 6. New Holland. 1823.

— fraf grans (fragrant). 6. White, red. Oc-

tober. China. 1790.
flo're pie" no (double-flowered). 6.

White, red. October. China. 1790.
—japo'nicum (Japan). White. July. Japan.

1823.

— li'viditm (livid). 3. White. November

China. 1824.

— tomcnto'sum (thickly-downy). 5. White

April. New South Wales. 1794.

— tricho'tomum (three-forked). 6. Japan. 1800.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. angustifo' Hum (narrow -leaved). 4. Mau-
ritius. 1824.

— Bethunia'num (Capt. Bethune's). 10. Scar-

let. Borneo. 1847.

— buxifo'Hum (Box-leaved). 4. White. 1820.

— calamito' sum (calamitous). 4. August. East

Indies. 1823.

— capita' turn (head-Jtowercd). 5. Cream. Au-

gust. Sierra Leone. 1846.

0. ce'rnuum (drooping). 4. East Indies. 1823

— cocci' neum (scarlet). Scarlet. July. East

Indies.

— corda'tum (heart-leaved). 3. White. July

Nepaul. 1826.

— coromandelia'num (Coromandel). 6. Mauri-

tius. 1823.

— dcnta'tutn (tooth-leaved). White. May

East Indies. 1826.

— cmirne'nse (Emire). 3. White. February

Madagascar. 1822.
—falla'x (deceptive). Scarlet. September.

— floi'ibu' ndum (bundle-flowered). 6. Lilac

July. Madagascar. 1825.

— faftidum (fetid). 5. Nepaul. 1820.

— fortune? turn (fortunate). 6. July. East

Indies. 1784. •

— fflandulo'sum(glanded). Scarlet. September.

— <//««' 6w»_(milky -green). 4. East Indies.

1825.

— hasta'tum (halberd-leaved). 6. White June

East Indies. 1825.

— helianthifo' Hum (Sun - flower - leaved}. 5

East Indies. 1824.

— heterophtfllum (various-leaved). 3. White.

August. Mauritius. 1805.

— Huge' Hi (Hugel's). 5. Crimson. Sierra

Leone. 1842.

— inefrme (unarmed). 4. White. July. East

Indies. 1692.

— infortuna'tum (unfortunate). 6. East Indies.

— Kwmpfe'ri (Kaempfer's). 4. Scarlet. July

South America. 1843.

— laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). Scarlet. East

Indies.

— leiicosce'ptrum (white - sceptred). White

Nepaul. 1826.

— ligustri'num (Privet-leaved). 3. White.

September. Mauritius. 1789.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 8. White,

blue. July. East Indies. 1815.

— neriifo'lium (Oleander - leaved). White

May. East Indies. 1824.

— nu' tarts (nodding). 6. White. November.

East Indies. 1825.

— odora'tum (scented). 4. lied. Nepaul.

1823.

— panicula'tum (psadded). 6. Scarlet. Au-

gust. Java. 1809.

— phlomoi'des (Phlomis- like). 4. White.

August. East Indies. 1820.

— pube-scens (downy). White. July. West

Indies. 1824.

— salicifo' I turn ( Willow-leaved). 4. East In-

dies. 1824.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 12. White. July

Guinea. 1822. Climber.

— serra'tum (saw-edged). 6. Nepaul. 1822

— sinua'tum (Wavy-edge-fc«tv>rf). 3. White.

February. Sierra Leone. 1846.

— siphona'nthua ; (siphon-flowered). 6. White.

East Indies. 1796.

— speciosi'ssimum (most-showy). Scarlet. Au-

gust. 1835.

— sple'ndens (shining). 10. Scarlet. June.

Sierra Leone. 1840. Climber.

— squama' turn (scaled). 10. Scarlet. August.

China. 1790.

— ternifo'liinn (three -leaved). 4. Nepaul.

1823.

— urticcKfo'llum (Nettle-leaved). 4. East In-

dies. 1824.

CLE

[254 ]

CLI

C. vert-icilln'tinn (whorled-Jertt'ed). 6. White.
August. Nepaul. 1818.

— viola' ceiun (violet- coloured). 4. Violet.

1822.

— msco'sum (clammy). 6. White. July. East

Indies. 1796.

— voltfbile (twining). 6. White. Guinea. 1823.

Climber.

CLE'THRA. (From klethra, the Greek
name of the Alder , alluding to a sup-
posed resemblance between their leaves.
Nat. brd., Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
W-Decandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Andromeda). Cuttings of half ripe
shoots of the tenderer species, in April,
under a bell-glass, and in sand. The
North American species are hardy enough
for our shrubberies; are propagated by
layers in autumn, or by firm cuttings in
sand, under a hand-light, in summer;
for all, peat is necessary.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.
C.acumina'ta (long - pointed - leaved). 10.
White. September. Carolina. 1806.

— alnifo'lia (Alder-leaved). 4. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1731.

— inexica'na (Mexican). 10. White. Mex-

ico. 1840. Evergreen.

— na'na (dwarf). 2. White. August. 1820.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 4. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1770.

— sea' bra (rough-/eai?ed). 4. White. Sep-

tember. Georgia. 1806.

— tomento'sa (downy -leaved}. 4. White.

September. North America. 1731.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. arlo'rea (tree). 8. White. September.
Madeira. 1784.

m i' nor (.smaller). 2. White. Sep-
tember. Madeira.

variega'ta (variegated) . 3. White.

August. Madeira.

— ferruyi'nca (rusty). 4. White. Peru.

1800.

— qucrcifo'lia (Oak-leaved). 10. White. June.

Mexico. 1840.

— tinifo'lia (Tinus-leaved) . 20. White. Ja-

maica. 1825. Stove.

CLEYE'RA. (Named after Dr. Cleyer,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Tlwads
[Ternstroniiaceae]. Linn., \S-Polyan-
dria, \-Monogynici). Greenhouse ever-
green shrub. Cuttings of half ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass; sandy
fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 70° ;
•\*dnter 45° to 50°.

C.Japo'nica (Japan). 5. Yellowish white.
Japan. 1820.

CLI'ANTHUS. (From Meios, glory, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., I#gwminotM
Plants [Fabaceaj]. Linn., \l-Uiadel-

phirt, 4-Dccandria. Allied to Sutherlan-
dia). The Parrot Beak plant and the
Glory Pea of New Zealand. Half-hardy
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, in sandy
soil, under a glass, easily ; peat and
loam, with a little sand or charcoal.
Young plants are best grown rapidly,
old plants are so subject to red spider ;
do well in pots, planted out in a conser-
vatory, or against a wall where a little
protection can be given in winter.
C. ca'rneu* (flesh-coloured). 6. Flesh. May.

Phillippines. 1840.
— puni'ceus (crimson corolla). 3. Crimson.

May. New Zealand. 1832.

CLIDA'NTHUS. (From clidcios, delicate,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Ama-
rt/ttids [Amaryllidacere]. Linn., 6-Hcx-
andria, \-Monog t/nia. Allied to Pancra-
tium). This bulb increases so rapidly
by offsets, and splitting of the old bulb,
that it is difficult to keep bulbs of a size
to flower. It grows vigorously in a
border of fertile loam in front of a green-
house, in summer, but is so impatient of
wet that it requires to be taken up in
the autumn, without destroying the roots,
and kept dry till April in a pot of sand
or light soil. It looks like a yellow
Narcissus.

C. fra' grans (fragrant). Yellow. Buenos

Ayres. 1820.

CLIMATE controls the growth of plants
most imperatively, and in the cultivation
of his fruits, flowers, and culinary vege-
tables, it forms the first object of the
gardener's inquiry. He must first know
the climate of which any given plant is
native ; and secondly, the soil which it
affects, before he can cultivate it suc-
cessfully How all-influential is climate
appears from the fact, that different
countries, though in the same degrees of
latitude, have often a totally different
Flora on soils similar in constitution.

Now, the reason for these differences
is, that the countries thus contrasted differ
in climate— that is, they differ in the in-
tensity and duration of the light and heat
they enjoy — they differ in the contrast
of their day and night temperatures — they
differ in the relative length of the day
and night — they differ in the length of
their summer and winter, or, which is
synonymous, in the relative lengths of
their periods of vegetable activity and

CLI

[ 25o ]

CLI

rest — they differ also in the amount of
rain which falls, not only annually, but
at particular seasons — they differ in
having much atmospheric moisture de-
posited in the form of rain or dew, or
snow, at the different periods of vegeta-
ble activity or rest. Now, whatever
these differences are, whatever the pecu-
liarities of a climate from which a plant
comes, the gardener cannot cultivate it
successfully unless he secures to that
plant those climatal differences and pe-
culiarities. We often see long tables of
the average monthly temperature of
places, but these are useless. They are no
guides to the gardener unless they show
the average highest and lowest tempcfa-
tures of each month, as well as the high-
est and lowest degrees the thermometer
is known to reach during the same
period.

CLIMBERS are plants which attach
themselves to supporters by their natural
appendages, as by their tendrils, by their
hooks, or by other modes of attachment.

CLINA'NTHTJS. See Clitdnthus.

CLIXTO'NIA. (Named by the unfortu-
nate Douglas, after his friend De Witt
Clinton, Governor of the state of New
York. Nat. ord., a section of Lobeliads
[Lobeliacea3]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia,
2-Pentatidria). Hardy annuals, from Co-
lumbia. Seeds, in well pulverised, rather
light soil, in April; or in a slight hotbed
in March, and planted out.

C. e'leyans (elegant). 1. Blue. July. 1827.
— pulcheflla (pretty). 1. Blue, white. Au-
gust. 1831.

CLIOCO'CCA. (From kkio, to close, and
kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord., Flaxworts
[Linaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandria, 5-Pen-
tagynia. Allied to Linum). Hardy
herbaceous perennial. Seeds sown as
directed for Clintonia, ; and by divisions ;
light loam, and a little peat.
C. tenuiff/lia (slender-leaved). |. Purple.
July. Australia. 1837.

CLIPPING hedges should be confined
to those of the commonest and hardiest
varieties of shrubs, as those of hawthorn
and privet ; for the bruising and mang-
ling of the branches which accompanies
this operation, is very injurious to ever-
greens, as the laurels and holly. Those
are always much better kept in order
and within bounds by the knife. In

clipping, many of the leaves of those are
cut in half, and their decayed edges are
very unsightly. Clipping of deciduous
hedges is most advantageously performed
in the spring and early summer. A
multitude of shoots are then induced,
which secures that chief desideratum ia
hedges — thickness and closeness of tex-
ture.

CLISIOCA'MPA NETT'STRIA. The Lackey,
or Barred ^Tree Lackey, Moth. " The
eggs of this insect in winter may be de-
tected easily, in broad bands round the
twigs of our pear, apple, and other trees.
They are arranged with such admirable
art, that they seem set by the skilful
hands of the jeweller (see the annexed
drawing). Each bracelet, as the French

gardeners call it, contains from two hun-
dred to three hundred eggs, fastened by
their ends in a series of from fifteen to
seventeen close spiral circles round the
twig. The spaces between the eggs are
filled up with a tenacious brown gum,
which protects them from inclement
weather, as well as from all attacks ex-
cept those of man. The eggs thus placed
look like a ring of seed-lac, and we think
its name may have been thence derived.
They are easily crushed by the gardener's
knife. The caterpillars, striped length-
wise, blue, red, and yellow, slightly
hairy, and with a white line down the
back, appear from these eggs in the April
or May following. They congregate
early in the morning, or during rain, in
large nests at the forks of the small
branches, and are then easily crushed.
They enter the chrysalis state at the end
of June, and then they are to be found
in cocoons, or oval webs, powdered with

CLI

[256]

CLO

white or yellowish dust, between two
leaves, &c. The chrysalis, or pupa, is
longish, and dark brown, in which state
it remains for three weeks or a month.
In July the moth appears ; its colour is
light yellow, or reddish yellow-ochre.
The upper wings have a darker band
across their middle, which band is bor-
dered by two light cross-lines ; the frin-
ges of the wings are whitish, spotted
with brown ; the lower wings are of a
uniform brownish, or light-yellow colour.
The male is readily known from the
female by his comb-like (pectinated) an-
tennas (feelers) and thinner body. The
insect flies only at night, and conse-
quently is rarely seen. The caterpillars
.often appear in considerable numbers,
and do not confine their ravages to fruit-
trees, but attack many others ; such as
beeches, elms, poplars, oaks, and even
pines. In May, when the caterpillars
are living in society, the nests containing
them should be collected and destroyed.
Care must be taken when collecting the
nest; for if the caterpillars are much
disturbed, they let themselves down to
the gi-ound by means of a thin silken
thread, and escape. In July their co-
coons should be looked for on the trees,
in the roofs of sheds, in hedges, and even
on the tops of walls." — The Cottage Gar-
dener, i. 207.

CLITA'NTHUS. (From klitus, a moun-
tainous declivity, and anthos, a flower.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacesej.
Linn., §-IIexandria, \-monogynia. Allied
to Urceolina). Natives of Lima. They
will grow and flower in an open warm
border, to be taken up on the approach of
frost, and kept dry through the winter,
and are readily increased by offsets from
the old bulbs. There are believed to be
three species: hu mills (humble) ; lutea
(yellow), and macka'na (Maclean's) ; but
little is known about them.

CLITO'RIA. (From kleio, to shut up ;
in reference to its seeding within the
flower long before the flower drops off.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., 1 1-Diadclphia, ±-Decandria. Allied
to Phaseolus). Stove evergreen twiners,
except where otherwise mentioned. Cut-
tings of stubby side-shoots in heat, in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; and seeds,
when procurable ; sandy peat and fibry

loam, with sand and charcoal. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. arbore'scens (tree-like). 8. Pink. August.
Trinidad. 1804. Shrub.

— Bcrtcria' na (Bertera's). Yellow. June.

St. Domingo. 1824. Trailing annual.

— brazilia'na (Brazilian). 4. Pink. July.

Brazil. 1759.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July.

Brazil. 1820.

— ere' eta (straight). South America. 1822.
—formo'sa (beautiful). 3. Pink. Julv. Ori-
noco. 1823.

— fu' Iff ens (bright- flowered}. Scarlet. May.

Brazil. 1840.

— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Blue. July. South

America. 1824.

— heterophi/ lla (various-leaved). 1. Blue.

July. East Indies. 1812.

— lasci'via (wanton). 4. July. Madagascar.

1826.

— maria'na (Maryland). 3. Blue. August.

North America. 1759. Deciduous
half-hardy.

— mexica'ria (Mexican). 3. Purple. Octo-

ber. North America. 1759. Green-
house.

— Phonic' ri (Plunder's). 6. White, red.

October. West Indies.

— terna'tea (three-leafleted). 4. Blue. July.

East Indies. 1739.

— a'lba (white). White. May. East

Indies.

cceru' lea (sky-blue). Blue. May.

East Indies.

ma'jor (larger-Jloivcrccl). 4. Bright

brown. August. Sydney. 1845. Green-
house.

— Virginia' na (Virginian). 6. Purplish. July.

1732. Greenhouse.

OLIVIA. (Named after the Duchess of
Northumberland, a member of the Clivo
family. Nat. ord., Amaryllids (Amaryll-
idacese]. Linn., 6-Ifezandria, 1-mono-
y ijiuti). The affinity of this plant puzzled
many. Dr. Lindley puts it now in the
aloe section of the order. Greenhouse
bulbs. Divisions and seeds ; a high
temperatxire, and plenty of moisture,
when growing; cooler and drier when
at rest ; rich sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
C. no' bills (noble). 2. Red, yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

CLOUDBERRY. Rubus chamcemo rus.

CLOVE. Didnthus caryophy llus.

CLOVE TREE. Caryophy'llus.

CLOWE'SIA. (Named after the late
Rev. J. Clowes, a great orchid grower
near Manchester. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidiaceae]. Linn., 20 - Gynandria,
\-monandria. Allied to Cycnoches).
Stove orchid. Division ; peat and loam,

CLU

[257]

CLU

with charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to

80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

C. ro'sea (rosy). £. White, pink. Brazil.

CLUB-MOSS. Lycopo dium.

CLUB-ROOT. See Amburtj.

CLUMPS, when close, are sometimes
called Thickets, and when open, Groups
of Trees. They differ only in extent
from a wood, if they are close, or from a
grove, if they are open ; they are small
woods, and small groves, governed hy
the same principles as the larger, after
allowances made for their dimensions.
But besides the properties they may have
in common with woods, or with groves,
they have others peculiar to themselves.
They are either independent or relative ;
when independent, their beauty as single
objects is solely to be attended to ; when
relative, the beauty of the individuals
must be sacrificed to the effect of the
whole, which is the greater considera-
tion. The least clump that can be, is of
two trees ; and the best effect they can
have, is that their heads united should
appear one large tree ; two, therefore, of
different species, or seven or eight of
such shapes as do not easily join, can
hardly be a beautiful group, especially
if it have a tendency to a circular form.

A peculiarity of clumps is the facility
with which they admit a mixture of trees
and of shrubs, of wood and of grove ; in
short, of every species of plantation.
None are more beautiful than those
which are so composed. Such composi-
tions are, however, more proper in com-
pact than in straggling clumps ; they
are most agreeable when they form one
mass. If the transitions from very lofty
to very humble growths, from thicket to
open plantations, be frequent and sudden,
the disorder is more suited to rude than
to elegant scenes.

The occasions on which independent
clumps may be applied are many. They
are often desirable as beautiful objects
in themselves ; they are sometimes ne-
cessary to break an extent of lawn, or a
continued line, whether of ground or of
plantation ; but on all occasions, a jeal-
ousy of art constantly attends them,
which irregularity in their figure will
not always alone remove. Though ele-
vations show them to advantage, yet a
hillock evidently thrown up on purpose

to be crowned with a clump is artificial
to a degree of disgust ; some of the trees
should therefore be planted on the sides
to take off that appearance. The same
expedient may be applied to clumps
placed on the brow of a hill, to interrupt
its sameness ; they will have less osten-
tation of design if they are in part carried
down either declivity.

A line of clumps, if the intervals be
closed by others beyond them, has the
appearance of a wood, or of a grove ; and
in one respect the semblance has an ad-
vantage over the reality in different
points of view; the relations between
the clumps are changed, and a variety of
forms is produced, which no continued
wood or grove, however broken, can fur-
nish. These forms cannot all be equally
agreeable, and too anxious a solicitude
to make them everywhere pleasing may
perhaps prevent their being ever beauti-
ful.

The effect must often be left to chance,
but it should be studiously consulted
from a few principal points of view ; and
it is easy to make any recess, any promi-
nence, any figure in the outline, by
clumps thus advancing before, or retiring
behind one another. — Watheley.

CLU'SIA. Balsam Tree. (Named after
C. de VEcluse, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Guttifers [Clusiacea?]. Linn., 23-
Polygamia, 1-Moncecia). Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings of half-ripe shoots,
in sand, under a glass, and with good
bottom heat. Rich sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. a'lba (white-flowered}. 30. White. South

America. 1752.

—fla'va ( yellow -flowered}. 30. Yellow.
Jamaica. 1759.

— rot 'sea (rose-coloured}. 30. Red. July. Ca-

rolina. 1692.

— tetra'ndria (four-stamened). White. South

America. 1820.

— veno'sa (veiny- leaved}. White. South

America. 1733.

CLUY'TIA. (Named after Cluyt, a
professor of botany at Ley den. Nat.
ord. , Euphorbiads [Euphorbiaceae] . Linn. ,
22-Dicecia, Z-Triandria). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs, except where other-
wise specified. Cuttings of small side
shoots ; but if not to be got, points of
shoots before they become hard, in sand,
over a layer of sandy peat, and covered
with a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry

CXE

[ 258]

COG

peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; •winter,
40° to 48°. The East Indian species re-
quire more heat in winter.
C. alaternoi' des (Alaternus-like). 2. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1692.

— colU'na '(hill). 3. White. East Indies.

1807. Stove.

— daphnoi'dcs (Daphne- like). 3. White.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 2. White. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— heterophy1 lla (variable-leaved). 3. White.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— pa' tula (spreading). 3. White. East

Indies. 1812. Stove.

— polifo'lia (Poly-leaved). 2. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— poly gonoi' des (Polygonum-like) . 2. White.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— pub&scens (downy). 3. White. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— pulche'lla (neat). 2. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1739.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1817.

— tomento'sa (thickly-downy). 3. White.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

CNEO'RUM. "Widows - wail. (An
adopted name from Theophrastus, the
derivation not explained. Nat. ord., a
section of Rueworts fRutacese]. Linn.,
3-Triandria, \-Monogynia). Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
under a glass, in April ; peat and fibry
loam, with a little silver sand. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

C.pulverulefntum (powdery). 6. Yellow.
June. Madeira. 1822.

— trico'ccum (three-grained). 6. Yellow.

June. South Europe. 1793.
CNE'STIS. (From knao, to scratch,
referring to the prickly capsules. Nat.
Ord., Connarads [Connaracese]. Linn.,
1 Q-Zheandria, ^-Pentagynia) . Stove ever-
greens. Cuttings of ripe young shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in sweet
bottom heat. Loam and peat, both
fibry, with sand. Summer temp., 60° to
80°; winter, 50 to 60°.
C. cornicula'ta (small-horned). 10. Purple.

Guinea. 1793.

— gJa'bra (smooth). 10. White, green.

Mauritius. 1823.

— polyphtflla (many-leaved). 6. Purple.

Mauritius. 1823.

COAL. See Fuel.

COAL-ASHES. See Ashes.

COBCE'A. (Named after M, Cobo, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Phloxworts
[Polemoniaccae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
l-Monogynia). Half-bar Jy evergreen
climbers. Cuttings of firm side shoots,
ia summer ; but best from seeds sown in

a hotbed in March. Poor sandy soil,
otherwise they will grow too freely to
bloom profusely. Greenhouse, or poles,
or wall, during summer in open air.
C. macroste'ma (long-stamened). 20. Green,
yellow. October. Guayaquil. 1839.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Purple. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1792.

— stipula'ris (Zan^-stipuled). 20. Yellow.

October. Mexico. 1839.

COBU'RGHIA. (Named after Prince
Leopold of Saxe-Cobourg, now King of
Belgium. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Ama-
ryllidaceae]. Linn., §-Hexandria, I-Mo-
nogynia). Handsome half-hardy flower-
ing bulbs, which delight in strong rich
loam, and will grow on a warm sunny
border in summer ; to be taken up on
the approach of frost, and kept dry over
the winter. Propagated by offsets.

C. cocci' nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. March. Cor-
dilleras. 1839.

— ftflva (i&Vinj-floicered). 1. Tawny. South
America. 1829.

— hurmilis (humble). |. Orange. March.

Cordilleras. 1841.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured) . 2. Scarlet.

August. Quito. 1826.

— minia'ta (vermilion-co/owerf) . 3. Ver-

milion. April. Peru. 1842.

— stylo' sa (long-styled). Orange red. March.

Quito. 1847.

— trichro'ma (three-coloured), 1. Scarlet,

white, green. June. Andes. 1837.

— versi' color (changeable). 2. Red, white,

green. June. Lima. 1840.

COCCINE'LLJE. Lady Birds. There
are about thirty species of this useful
and beautiful insect. Let no one destroy
a coccinella, for it is one of the greatest
destroyers of the plant-louse or aphis.
This is much better appreciated on the
continent than in England, for there the
gardeners collect lady-birds and place
them upon rose trees, &c., infected with
aphides.

COCCO'LOBA. Sea-side Grape. (From
kokkos, a berry, and lobos, a lobe ; in
reference to the fruit. Nat. ord., Buck-
tvheats [Polygonacece]. Linn., 8-Octan-
dria, S-Trigynut). Stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of young firm shoots, in spring
or summer, in sand, under a bell-glas?,
and in bottom heat. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C atumina'ta (pointed-Jeai>«*). 20. White,
green. New Grenada. 1820.

— excoria'ta (barked). 80. White, green.

West Indies. 1733.

—flavfscens (pale yellow). 15. White. St.
Domingo. 1820,

COG

[259]

coc

C. laurlfo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 20. White,
green. August. Caraccas. 1822.

— longifo'Iia (long - leaved). 30. White,

green. West Indies. 1810.

- microsta' chya (small-spiked). 16. White,

green. West Indies. 1824.

— ntvea (white-teared). 20. White, green.

Jamaica. 1818.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg-7e«»ed). 50. White,

green. South America. 1824.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt -leaved). 20. \Vhite,

green. Carthagena. 1822.

— orbicula'ris (round- leaved). 15. White,

green. South America. 1825.

— pube'scens (downy). White, green. West

Indies. 1690.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 15. White, green.

West Indies. 1733.

— tenuifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 30. White,

green. Jamaica. 1820.

— twffera (Grape - bearing). 60. White,

green. West Indies. 1690.

CO'CCULUS. (From coccus, cochineal-
colour; in reference to the scarlet colour
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Menispermads
[Menispermaceae]. Linn., ZI-Di&cia, 6-
Hexandria). Stove evergreen climbers
from the East Indies. The Coceulus
indicus of the druggists' 'shops are the
berries of C. Plukenetii and subcrosus.
Cuttings of half-ripened small side shoots,
in sandy soil, under a glass ; peat and
loam, both fibry and sandy. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50" to 55°.

C. cordifo'lius (heart -leaved). 20. White,
green. 1820.

— crfspus (curled). 20. White, green. 1822.

— inert mix (hoary). 10. White, green. 1820.

— laurifo'Uus (Laurel-leaved). 10. White,

green. 1816.

— orbicula'tus (round- leaved}. 6. Green,

yellow. 1790.

— palma'tus (hand-feaeetf). 10. White, green.

1800.

— P/wfcene'ZM (Plukenet's). 10. Green, yel-

low. 1790.

— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 20. White,

green. 1820.

— subero'sm ( Cork-barked] . 20. White, green.

1800.

— tomento'sus (woollv). 10. White, green.

1819.

— mllo'sus (long-haired). 6. Green, yellow.

1800.

Coccus. Scale Insect. The species
of this family are most usually, but not
exclusively, found upon the tenants of
our greenhouses and hothouses. The
males are active, but the females usually
fixed to a part of the plant ; the former
have wings, and are so small as to re-
quire a magnifier to distinguish them
clearly : they then appear somewhat
like a gnat in form. The females are

much larger, and in shape not unlike a
bed-bug, but with a scaly skin. "When
hatching they envelop themselves in a
woolly case. The eggs are oval, but no
larger than dots. Brushing the stems
and branches of trees and shrubs with a
hard scrubbing brush, will destroy many
of these vermin, and if spirit of turpen-
tine, with a painter's brush, is applied,
so as to visit every cranny of the bark,
the application is perfectly effectual.
Smaller and more delicate plants in pots,
may be placed under a sea-kale or other
cover, with a little of the spirit in a sau-
cer, and then submitted to a gentle heat;
the vapour of the turpentine will destroy
the insect in an hour or two. If the
first application fails, the second will
not fail.

C. ado'nidum. Mealy Bug. If this
insect is attacked the moment the first is
seen the pest may be usually avoided.
Vines attacked by it should have every
branch and stem brushed over sedulously
with a hard brush, and then with a
painter's brush as thoroughly painted
over with this mixture : — Soft soap, 2
Ibs. ; flowers of sulphur, 2 Ibs. ; tobacco,
1 Ib. ; and a wine-glass of spirit of tur-
pentine. Mix the sulphur, turpentine,

and soap into a paste with warm water ;
boil the tobacco for an hour in a covered
saucepan in some more water, strain it,
mix it with the soapy mixture, and then
add enough water to make five gallons.
More tender plants can only have their
stems and leaves sponged with water at
a temperature of 115°, frequently, and
so long as a single insect can be detected.
The Mealy Bug on pine-apples mny be
destroyed by shutting these up in a from

COG

[ 260 ]

COG

over a bed of hot fermenting horse-dung.
Our drawing represents a female magni-
fied, and of its natural size. It is some-
what like a woodlouse in form, hut
reddish, and covered with a white mealy
powder. The male is slender, gnat-like,
with two broad wings, and two brush-
like filaments behind. The Cottage Gar-
dener, v. 157.

C. vi'tis. Yine scale. It preys upon
the stems and branches of the grape
Tine, both in the open air and under
glass. It seems to be the same species
which also attacks, occasionally, the
peach, nectarine, and plum. It is, says
Mr. Curtis, a longish brown insect,
which in old age assumes a blackish
brown colour, and becomes hemispheri-
cal and wrinkled. The females are
shield-like, being convex above, and flat
or concave, below ; they are furnished
with six small legs, which, when the
insect is old, become part of the sub-
stance of the body. On the under side
of the insect is a sucker, with which it
pierces the cuticle of the plants, and ex-
tracts their juices. Soon after impreg-
nation the female dies, and her body
becomes a protection for the eggs, which
are covered with long white wool, and
sometimes completely envelop the shoots
of the vines, or of plants growing under-
neath them. Their powers of propaga-
tion are immense ; and, where they once
become very numerous, they are exceed-
ingly difficult to eradicate. This species
belongs to the true genus Coccus, cha-
racterized by the female having a scale
inseparable from her body. While
young, both sexes are alike ; but the
male larva? produce two- winged insects,
with two tail threads. The females
have no wings ; and their dead bodies,
beneath which the young are sheltered,
appear as in the annexed woodcut.

Whilst the leaves are on the vine,
if any species of scale appears on its
stem and branches, the least offensive
remedy is to paint over the whole with
a strong solution of gum arabic or
starch ; allow it to remain on for a week,
and then wash it off. But the most
effectual remedy is to brush them over
thoroughly twice, after an interval of a
day, with spirit of turpentine. To pre-
vent the recurrence of the plague, a

very effective mode, in autumn, is to
scrape away and burn all the rough
bark, and then, with a rough brush, to
paint over the stem and branches, with
a creamy mixture, composed of £ Ib. of
soft soap, 1 Ib. of sulphur, and ^ oz. of
black pepper, to four gallons of water ;
boil together for twenty minutes, and
make it thick enough to adhere to the
wood like paint. If it does not, thicken
it with lime, adding sufficient soot to
take off the glaring white colour of the
lime. Gard. Chron., 1842, 840.

C. hesperidum is found in greenhouses,
especially on orange trees. It infests
leaves as well as stems.

C. Iromelice, Pine Apple Scale, infests
that fruit, the hibiscus, justitia, $e.

C. testudo. Turtle Scale. This is
found chiefly on stove plants requiring
a high temperature. The scale is oval,
very convex, and dark brown. They
may be all destroyed by the applica-
tions recommended against the preceding
species.

A genus of insects closely allied to
the Coccus and usually confounded with
it, is Aspidiotus; and as all remedial
observations applicable to the one are
equally applicable to the other, the pre-
vailing kinds of it are here enumerated.

A. nerii, Oleander Scale, is found in
our stoves and greenhouses, chiefly on
the Oleanders, Palmce, Aloes, and Acacias.

A: rosce, Rose Scale ; A. echinocacti,
Cactus Scale; A., lauri, Sweet Bay

COG

[ 261 ]

CCEL

Scale; infest chiefly the plants by the
names of which they are distinguished.

A. ostre<?formis. Pear Tree Oyster
Scale, is found upon the pear tree.

COCHLEA'REA. Scurvy Grass. (From
cochlear, a spoon, in reference to the
concave leaves. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15- Tetr adynamia).
Seeds, divisions and cuttings, the first in
the open border. They are of little orna-
mental interest. A.rmoracea is well known
as horse-radish.

3. White.

C. Armora'cca (Horse-radish).
May. England.

— grorila' ndica (Greenland). 1. Flesh. May.

Scotland.

— intearifo' lia (entire-leaved). White. May.

Siberia. 1822.

— officina'lls (shop. Scurvy grass}. ^. White.

May. Britain.

— pyrenaUca (Pyrenean). 1. White. April.

Pyrenees. 1820.

See Horse-Radish and Scurvy Grass.

COCHLOSPE'RMTJM. (From cochlo, to
twist, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Rock-Rose [Cistacese]. Linn., 16-Jfb-
nadelphia, 6-Decandria). Stove ever-
green trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
April, in sand, in bottom heat; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 8(T ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. Gossy'pium (cottony). 60. Yellow. May.
East Indies. 1824.

— serratifo' Hum (saw-edged-leaved). GO.

Yellow. Mexico. 1820.

COCKCHAFER. See Melolo'ntha.

COCKSCOMB. See Celo'sia. Rhina'n-
thus cri' stag alii and Erythri'na cri' sta-
galli are also so called.

COCKSPUR THORN. Cratcegus cri'sta-
galli.

COCOA-NUT TREE. Co' cos.

COCOA PLUM. Chrysoba'lanus.

COCOA ROOTS. Cala'dium.

Co' cos. Cocoa-nut Tree. (From the
Portuguese word coco, a monkey, in re-
ference to the end of the nut being like
a monkey's head. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceae]. Linn., 2l-Monoecia, 6-
Hexandria). Seeds in hotbed in spring,
rich loamy soil, somewhat shaded.

C. flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 50. Brazil. 1825.

— nuci'fera (common nut-bearing) . 50. Pale

green. East Indies. 1690.

— plumo'sa (feathery). 50. Pale green.

Brazil. 1825.

CODLIN MOTH. See Carpocapsa.

CODLINS AND CREAM.

hirsu'tum.

CCE'LIA. (The derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Orchids. [Orchi-
daceoe]. Linn., IQ-Gynandria, l-Monan-
dria}. Allied to Ornithideum and
Maxillaria). Stove Orchids. Divisions ;
sphagnum, peat, and a little charcoal, in
a shallow basket. Growing temp., 60°
to 90° ; rest, 55° to 60°.
C. Baueria'na (Bauer's). White. June.

Jamaica. 1790.

— macrosta! 'chya (large-spiked). Red. Feb-
ruary.' Guatimala. 1840.

CCELO'GYNE. (From koilos, hollow,
and gyne, female ; in reference to the
female organ or pistil. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orehidaceoe]. Linn., 1Q-Gynandria, 1-

To cultivate this genus successfully,
divide it into two sections : — The first,
C. barbata, cristata, Cumingiij elata, fu-
liginosa, ocellata, speciosa, and some other
new species from Borneo not yet bloom-
ed in this country. The second section,
C. Gardneriana, maculata, prcecox, and
W^attichiana.

The compost for the first section should
be chopped sphagnum, turfy peat, using
only the fibrous part, and small potsherds.
The season for potting is when they be-
gin to grow, about February. Some of
the species have long rhizomas (creep-
ing stems), and would soon run over the
edges of the pot. To keep them at
home, place an upright block of wood in
the centre of the pot; clothe it with
moss, and, as the plant advances in
growth, train to it, and fasten it with
fine copper wire. "When growing, they
require a liberal amount of water, but
the water must not lodge in the hearts
of the young leaves. In very hot
weather syringe the plants in the morn-
ing, and give air to dry up the extra
moisture. Shade from bright sunshine,
— removing it off by four or five o'clock.
The annual growths should be finished
early in the autumn, and then the heat
and moisture should be reduced ; and,
when winter approaches, cease watering
altogether.

For the second section the soil should
be a compost of sandy peat, fibrous loam,
and half decayed leaves, with a small
portion of river sand. Drain moderately

C(EL

[ 262 ]

COL

well, and place four or five bulbs in a
six-inch pot, excepting C. Gardneriana,
which is a strong grower, and requires a
larger pot, and fewer pseudo-bulbs in it.
Pot as soon as the bloom is over, because
as soon as the flowers decay the young
leaves begin immediately to push forth
from the same sheath, and will soon be-
gin to put out new roots. Before that
takes place the plants should be potted.

THIS EULE APPLIES TO ALL ORCHIDS.

Place this section of Cwlogyne on a
shelf near the glass in a cool stove.
"Whilst growing, freely water — mode-
rately, till the leaves are considerably
grown, and then abundantly. In pot-
ting, place the bulbs just on the surface
of the soil.

Resting -period Treatment. — As soon as
the pseudo-bulbs are fully formed cease
watering, and allow the leaves to turn
yellow and die ; remove them and con-
tinue the plants in the same situation,
keeping them dry and cool. Pay atten-
tion to them occasionally, to see that the
bulbs continue plump and fresh : should
they appear to shrivel, give a little water,
which will cause them to swell again ;
but be careful not to overdo it, or you
may induce them to start prematurely.

C. barba'ta (bearded -flowered). White, yel-
low. December. Khooseea. 1837,

— bnfnnea (russet). Greenish yellow. No-

vember. East Indies. 1844.

— corona' ria (crowned). Yellowish. Khoosea.

1837.

— crista'ta (crested-lipped). White, yellow.

Nepaul. 1837.

— Cumi'ngii (Mr. Cuming's). 2. Creamy white,

yellow. June. Singapore. 1840.

— deco'ra (comely). White. March. India.

— ela'ta (tall). White, yellow. Khooseea.

1837.
—fimbria'ta (fringed). 1. White, brown.

September. Nepaul.
—fla'ccida (drooping). 1. White. January.

Nepaul.
—fla'vida (yellowish). Yellow. April. India.

1838.

— fuliginctsa (dusky). Cream, brown. June.

Khooseea. 1837.
— fusee" scens (brownish). Greenish yellow.

— Gardneria'na (Mr. Gardner's). 1*. White,

yellow. November. Khoosea. 1837.

— intermedia (intermediate), East Indies.

1840.

— intern? pta (interrupted). White. Khooseea.

1837.

— longica'ulis (long-stemmed). White, yellow.

Khooseea. 1837.

— Lo' wii (Mr. Low's) . Buff and brown. Bor-

nea. 1848.

C. macula' ta (spotted). White, spotted. Khoo-
seea. 1837.

— me'dia (middle). White, yellow. Khooseea.

1837.

— nigre'scens (blackish). Blackish. March.

India. 1838.

— ni'tida (shining-leaved). 1. Yellow. East

Indies. 1822.

— ocella'ta (eyed). White, yellow. East In-

dies. 1822.

— ochra'cea (ochre-spotted). £-. White, yellow.

April. East Indies. 1844.

— ova' Us (oval). White, brown. October.

— plantagi'nea (Plantain-feaved). Pale yel-

low. Singapore. 1840.

— pro? cox (eavly-flmvering). £. Rose, white.

October. Nepaul. 1845.

— proli'fera (many - offseted). Yellowish.

Khooseea. 1837.

— punctula'ta (dotted). Yellow. October.

Nepaul. 1822.

— rl'gida (stiff). Yellow. Khooseea. 1837.

— specio'sa (showy -flowered) . $. Brown, white.

September. Java. 1845.

— testa' 'cea (light-brown). Brown. May. Sin-

gapore. 1842.

— trine1 rvi$ (three - nerved). White, yellow.

February. Singapore.

— undula' ta (waved-heaved). White. Khoo-

seea. 1837.

— Wallichia'na (Wallich's). Rose, white.

November. Khooseea. 1837.

COFFE'A. Coifee Tree. (From Coffee,
the name of a province of Narea, in
Africa. Nat. ord., Cinchonafa [Cincho-
nacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-mono-
gynia). Stove evergreen shrubs. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in moist heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85' ; winter, 55°
to 60°.

C. ara'bica (Arabian). 20. White. Septem-
ber. Yemen. 1696.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 8. White. Guiana.

1822.

COGWOOD TREE. Lau'rus chloro'xylon.

Co' ix. Job's Tears. (Adopted name
from Theophrastus. Nat. Ord., Grasses
[Graminaceae]. Linn., 21 - Moncecia,
3 - Triandria. Allied to Indian Corn).
Stove perennial grasses. Seeds; divi-
sions ; rich light soil. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

C. arundina'cea (reed-like). 2. July. Mexico.
1818.

— la'chruma (tear). 2. June. East Indies.

1596.

COKE. See Fuel.

COLBE'RTIA. (Named after /. B. Col-
bert, a French marquis and patron of
botany. Nat. ord., Dilleniads [Dillenia-
ceae]. Linn., \3-Polyandria, 5-Pentagy-
nia. Allied to Dillcnia). Stove ever-

COL

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COL

green trees. Cuttings of half- ripened
shoots, under glass, and in a moist bot-
tom heat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

C. coromandelia' na (Coromandel). 15. Yel-
low. April. Coromandel. 1803.

— scabre'lla (roughish). 10. Yellow. Ne-

paul. 1820.

CO'LCHICUM. Meadow Saffron. (Named
after Colchis, its native country, in Asia
Minor. Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanth-
aceoe]. Linn., 6-Hezandria, Z-Trigynia).
Dr. Lindley says, " Few orders of plants
are more universally poisonous than this."
G. autumnale, a gout medicine, is a viru-
lent poison. Hardy herbaceous bulbs.
Offsets, planted in common border.

C. alpi'num (Alpine). £. Purple. July.
Apennine. 1820.

— arena' rium (sand). \. Purple. Septem-

ber. Hungary. 1816.

— autumna'le (autumnal). Common meadow

saffron. 1. Purple. September.
Britain.

a'lbum (white-flowered). £. White.

September. Britain.

atropurpu'reum (dark purple). |.

Dark purple. September. Britain.

f of His - variega'tis (variegated -

leaved). £. Purple. September.
Britain.

flo'replefno (double-flowered) . £.

Purple. September. Britain.

. purpu'reo - stria'tum (purple -

striped). £. Purple-striped. Sep-
tember. Britain.

stria! turn-pit? no (striped-double).

\. Lilac-striped. September. Bri-
tain.

— byzanti'num (Byzantine). \. Purple. Sep-

tember. Levant. 1629.

— chionefnse (Chio). \. Purple. November.

Chio.

— crociflo'rum (Crocus-flowered). 1|. Purple.

August. South Europe.

— monta'num (mountain). J. Purple. Au-

gust. South Europe. 1819.

— tessella'tuin (chequered). {. Purple. Au-

gust. South Europe. 1600.

— umbro'sum (shaded). }. Pink. Septem-

ber. Guinea. 1819.

— variega'tum (variegated - flowered}. \.

Purple. September. Greece. 1629.

COLDE'NIA. (Named after C. Golden,
a North American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cliretiads [Chretiacece], Linn., 4 - Te-
trandria, 3-Tric/ynia. Allied to the
Heliotrope). Stove trailing annual.
Seeds, sown in hotbed in March, and
flowers in the greenhouse in summer.
Light rich soil.

C. procitmbens (lying down). 2. White. July.
East Indies. 1699.

CO'LEA. (Named after General Cole,
governor of the Mauritius. Nat. ord.,
Crescentiads [Crescentiaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia, 1-A.ngiospermia. Allied to
the Calabash -tree). Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand,
under a glass, and in moist bottom heat ;
peat and loam, both fibry, and mixed
with a little sand and charcoal. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to
55°.

C.floribufnda (abundant-flowering). 8. Yel-
low. August. Madagascar. 1839.

COLEBKO'OKIA. (Named after If. F.
Colebrooke, a botanist. Nat. Ord., La-
biates [Lamiacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia,
1-Angiospermia. Allied to Mint). Green-
house evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half ripe shoots in April or May ; sandy
peat, and fibry loam. Winter temp.
40° to 45°.
C. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. White.

Nepaul. 1820.
— ternlfo'lia (three-leafleted-leaved) . 3. White.

COLEONE'MA. (From Koleos, a sheath,
and nema, filament ; in reference to the
way the filaments, or anther threads,
are combined with the base of the flower.
Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Diosma). Greenhouse evergreen shrubs,
from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
young shoots, getting firm at the base,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat one
part, loam two parts, with sand to
keep it open. "Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
C. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. 1798.

— pu'lchrum (beautiful). 6. Hose. May.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). Rose. March.

COLESAT or COLESEED. Bra'ssica
campdstris olei'fera.

COLEUS. From Koleos, a sheath ; re-
ferring to the way that the bottom of
the stamens, or anther threads, are
combined. Nat. ord., Labiates [La-
miaceae]. Linn., \k-Didynamia, \-Gym-
nospennia. Allied to Plectranthus).
Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in sand,
in heat. Loam and peat. Summer
temp, for the stove species, 60° to 80° ;
Winter, 50° to 55°. For the other,
common greenhouse temperatures.

C. aroma'Ucus (aromatic). 2. Violet. May.
India. 1826. Stove.

— barba'tiis (bearded). 3. Blue. October.

Abyssinia. 1806. Stove.

COL

[264]

COL

C. frutico'sus (shrubby). 3. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

COLEWORT, or Collet ; see Cabbage.

COLLA'NIA. (Derivation unknown.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceoe].
Linn., §-Hcxandria, \-Monogynia). A
splendidly flowering greenhouse peren-
nial in the style of Alstromeria. Col-
lectors should strive to import these.
Division of bulbs, and oifsets, peat and
loam in frame or greenhouse, or deeply
planted out of doors.

C. Andinamarca' na (Andinamarca} . 6. Red,
green. April. Peru. 1845.

— dtflcis (sweet-flowered). Pale cream, green.

August. Peru. 1845.

COLLE'TIA. (Named after M. Collet,
a French botanical writer. Nat. ord.,
Rhamnads \_Rhamnaceai\. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, \-Monogynia). Stove evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand,
under a glass, in spring ; sandy loam,
Winter temp., 50° to 55°.
C. crucia'ta (cross-spined). 4. Pale yellow.
Chili. 1824.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Greenish white.

May. Chili. 1832.

— serratifo' lia (saw-leaved). 2. Yellow.

June. Peru. 1822.

— spino'sa (spiny). 2. Apetal. June. Peru. 1823.

— uli'clnu (Furze-like). 2. Pale yellow.

May. Chili.

COLLIFLOWER. See Caulifloicer.

COLLI'NSIA. (Named after Coffins, a
North American naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Figworts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didi/namia, l-Angiosperinia}. Hardy
Annuals. Seeds in March, in open
borders, some in autumn, and slightly
protected during winter, or some in a
slight hotbed in March, and transplanted
in patches in April and May : autumn-
sown ones will bloom earliest.

C. bi' 'color (two-coloured). 2. Purple white.
June. California. 1833.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), 1. Pink,

blue. June. Columbia. 1826.

— hcterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Lilac.

July. Columbia. 1838.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. Purple,

blue. June. Columbia. 1826. Trailer.

— sparsiflo'ra (scattered- flowered). 1. Violet.

May. California. 1836.

— tincfafria (dyer's). 1. Pale pink. May.

California. 1848.

— vefrna (spring). 1. Purple blue. June. North

America. 1826.

COLLINSO'NIA. (Named after P. Col-
linson, a great promoter of botany.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn.,

2-Diandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Cunilaand Hyssop). Hardy herbaceous
perennials. Division, common soil in
moist places.

C. anisa'ta (Anise-scented). 3. Yellow. Oc-
tober. Carolina. 1806.

— canadefnsis (Canadian). 3. Lilac, yellow.

September. North America. 1735.
corda'ta ( hear t-lear ed). 3. Lilac,

yellow. September. North America.

1734.
ova'ta (egg-leaved}. 3. Lilac,

yellow. September. North America.

1734.

— ova' Us (oval-leaved}. 2. Yellow. August.

Carolina. 1812.

— scdbriu' scula (roughish). 2. Red, yellow.

August. East Florida. 1776. Green-
house.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. Yellow. August.

Carolina. 1806.

COLLO'MIA. (From kolla, glue ; refer-
ring to the mucus which surrounds the
seeds. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemoni-
aceso]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, l-monogynia.
Allied to Gilia). Hardy annuals. The
best is C. coccinea. Seeds in open border ;
spring or autumn.

C. Cavanillc'sii (Cavanilles's). 1£. Red, yel-
low. June. Chili. 1832.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. July. Chili.

1832.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Pink.

July. Columbia. 1826.

— gilioi'des (Gilia-like). 1. Pink. August.

California. 1833.

— glutino'sa (glutinous). Red. September.

California. 1833.

— gra'cilis (slender). £. Rose. June. North

America. 1827.

— heterophif lla (v&rio\i&-leaved). 1. Pink.

June. Columbia. 1826.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved}. 1. Red. June.

North America. 1826.

COLOCA'SIA. (From kolokasia, the
Greek for the root of an Egyptian plant.
Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-
Monceeia, 7 -heptandria. Allied to Cala-
dium). The Colocasias are remarkable
alike for their milky juice and for pro-
ducing eatable tubers, though belonging
to an order which an acrid principle
generally pervades. Divisions j peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°. Greenhouse not quite
so warm.
C. antiquo'ritm (ancient). 2. Green. June.

Levant. 1551. , Tuberous - rooted.

Greenhouse.

— esculefnta (eatable-roo/«f). 2. Green, pur-

ple. June. South America. 1739.

— odora'ta (fragrant). 3. Green, yellow. May,

Peru. 1810.

COL

[265]

COM

COLOCY'NTH. Cu'cumis colocy ' ntlius.

COLOGA'NIA. (Named after M. Cologran,
who hospitably entertained naturalists
visiting Teneriffe. Nat. ord., Leguminous
plants [Fahaceae]. Linn., 1*1 -Diadelphia,
4r«bcatdfia. Allied to Clitoria). Stove
evergreen twiners, natives of Mexico ;
cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in sand,
under a glass, in April ; seeds sown in a
hotbed in March ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 40° to 45°.
C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Violet.

— Broussone? tii (Broussonet's). 3. Violet.

1827.

— pulchiflla (pretty). 3. Rose. September.

1837.

COLPOON TREE. CttSSinC ColpOOH.

COLT'S-FOOT. Tussila'go.

COLUBRI'NA. (From coluber, a snake ;
in reference to the twisted stamens. Nat.
ord., Rliamnads [Rhamnaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria. \-monogynia. Allied to
Ceanothus). Stove evergreen shrubs ;
cuttings of young shoots in sand, under
a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° : winter, 50° to 55°.
C. asia'tica (Asiatic). 12. Pale yellow. July.
Ceylon. i 1691.

— cube'tisis (Cuba). 5. Crimson. Cuba. 1820.
—ferrugino'sa (rusty). 20. Green. July.

Bahama. 1762.

— reclina'ta (bent down). 5. Green. August.

Jamaica. 1758.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). Pale yellow.

Mexico. 1826.

COLUMBINE. Aquile'gia.

COLUMBO ROOT. Root of Co CCuluS pal-

ma'tus.

COLTJ'MNEA. (Named after Fabius
Columna, an Italian nobleman. Nat.
ord., Gesncrworts [Gesneraceae]. Linn.,
14-I)idynamia, 1-Angiospermia. Allied
to Besleria). Stove evergreens. Cut-
tings, in sandy soil and in heat, under a
hand light ; peat and loam, with pieces
of charcoal and rotten wood, well drained.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45°
to 55°.

TWINERS.

C. au'reo-ni'tens (bright-golden). \\. Orange,
red. September. Columbia. 1843.

— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). £. Orange. June.

Mexico. 1840.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Scarlet. August.

West Indies. 1759.

SHRUBS.

C. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Rose. Oc-
tober. 1837.

C, hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pale purple. Septem-
ber. Jamaica. 1780.

— M'spida (bristly). Scarlet. September.

Jamaica. "1824.

— ru'tilans (red-leaved). 2. Purple. Sep-

tember. Jamaica. 1823.

— sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July.

Brazil.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 3. Blue. Sep-

tember. 1823.

zebri'na (zebra-marked). Pale yellow. Bra-
zil. 1843.

COLU'RIA. (From kolouros, deprived
of a tail ; in reference to the seeds. Nat.
ord., Roseworts [Rosaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria, Z-Trigynia. Allied to Geum
and Potentilla). Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennial. Divisions ; peat and loam.
C. potentilloi' des (Potentilla-like). 1. Orange.
June. Siberia. 1780.

COLU'TEA. Bladder Senna. (From
koloutea, a name adopted from Theo-
phrastus. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceas]. Linn., \1-Diadelpliia, 4-
Decandria. Allied to Caragana). The
leaves of the Bladder-senna are used to
adulterate the Senna of the druggists.
Cuttings, planted in the end of summer,
seeds sown in spring; common soil.
(7. arbore' scens (common tree-like). 10. Yel-
low. July. France. 1548.

— cru^nta (bloody). 4. Scarlet. June. Le-

vant. 1710.

— hale'ppica (Aleppo). 6. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1752.

— me' dia (intermediate). 10. Orange. July.

— nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 5. Yellow. August.

Nepaul. 1822.

COLVI'LLEA. (Named after Sir Charles
Colville, Governor of Mauritius. Nat.
or&.,Leguminous Plants [Fabaceaa]. Linn.,
IQ-JJecandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to
Cossalpinia) . Stove evergreen tree. Cut-
tings, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom heat ; seeds when procurable.
Summer temp., 6(T to 80° ; winter, 45°
to 55°.

C. racemo'sa (?a?-^e-racemed). 45. Scarlet.
April. Madagascar.

COMARO'PSIS. (From Icomaron, the
Comarum or Marsh cinquefoil, ando/ms,
like ; referring to its strong resemblance
to Comarum. Nat. ord., lioseworts [Ro-
sace®]. Linn., \2-Icosandria, Z-Trigy-
nia. Allied to Geum and Potentilla).
Hardy North American perennials. Di-
visions ; seeds ; common soil.

C. Donia'na (Don's). 1. Yellow. May. 1800.

— fragarioi'des (Strawberry-like). 1. White.

May. 1803.

COM

COMAROSTA'PHYLIS. (From
the arbutus, and staphyle, a grape ; refer-
ring to the clusters of fruit. Nat. ord.,
Heathivorts [Ericaceae]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Arctosta-
phylos). Pretty bushes from the Alpine
regions of Guatimala, bearing succulent
fruit, which is eatable. Seeds; cuttings,
under a hand light, in the beginning of
autumn ; grafted on the arbutus in
spring ; loam and peat. If not kept in
a cold greenhouse, will require protec-
tion out of doors.

C. arbutoi'des (Arbutus-like). 6. White. May.
1842.

— polifo'lia (Folium-leaved). Crimson. May.

1840.

Co' M ARUM. Marsh Cinquefoil. (From
komaros, the arbutus, or strawberry-tree ;
in reference to the fruit being like that
of the arbutus. Nat. ord., Roseworts
[Rosaceae]. Linn., 12 - Icosandria, 3-
Polygynia. Allied to Potentilla). The
leaves of the Marsh cinquefoil have been
used for Peruvian bark. Hardy her-
baceous perennials. Divisions ; moist
places, common soil.

C.palufstre (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Bri-
tain.

— varicffa'ium (striped-leaved). 1£. Purple.

July. Britain.

COMBRE'TUM. (An ancient name
adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., Myroba-
lans [Combretacece]. Linn., 8-Ocfandria,
\-Monogynia). Stove evergreen climbers,
except two shrubs. Cuttings of young
shocts, or rather stifnsh side shoots,
taken off with a heel, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom heat ; sandy
peat and loam, with a little charcoal, and
broken pots, to keep the soil open. Sum-
mer temp., 603 to 90°; winter, 50' to
60°.

C. e'legans (elegant). 15. Scarlet. May.
Brazil. 1820.

— farina' sum (mealy). 10. Orange-red. May.

Mexico. 1825.

— forms/sum (handsome). Yellow-red. March.
Brazil. 1824.

— grandijlo'rum (large-flowered). 5. Scarlet.

May. Sierra Leone. 1824. Shrub.

— latlfo'lium (broad-leaved). Scarlet. May.

East Indies. 1844.

— na'num (dwarf). 2. White. Nepaul. 1825.

Shrub.

— panicula' turn (panicled). 50. Scarlet. Sep-

tember. Guinea. 1824.

— Pincea'num (Pince's). Purple-red. May.

Sierra Leone. 1845.

— racemo'sum (racemose). 12. White. May.

Benin. 1826.

[ 266 ]

COM

C.sectfndum (s>vte- flowering). 10. Yellow-
striped. May. Trinidad. 1818.

— Wrightia'num (Wright's). 10. India. 1845.

COMESPE'RMA. (From Jco>ne, hair, and
sperma, a seed ; in reference to the seeds
being enveloped with hairs. Nat. ord.,
Milk worts [Polygalaceoe] . Linn., 16-
Monadelphia, 5 - Octandria. Allied to
Poly gala). Greenhouse evergreens from
Australia. Cuttings of young shoots in
April, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 40°
to 45°.

C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purple. June.
1822.

— coridlfaflia (Coris-leaved). Purple. May.

1822.

— eri'cina (Heath-like). 3. Purple. June.

— gra'cilis (slender). 3. Blue. April. 1834.

Twiner.

— virga! ta (twiggy). Purple. May. 1826.

COMFREY. Sy'mphytum.

COMMELI'NA. (Named after /. and G.
Commelin, Dutch botanists. Nat. ord.,
Spidcrworts [Commelinaceoe]. Linn., 3-
Triandria, \-monogynia}. The fleshy
roots, or rhizomes, of most of the species
of Commelina are eatable when cooked.
Hardy kinds, by sowing in the open
ground, whether annual or perennial,
and by dividing the roots of the latter.
Evergreen trailing kinds, whether green-
house or stove, chiefly by cuttings, in
sandy soil, under a hand-light, in a
gentle hotbed. All the herbaceous species,
whether from tropical regions or New
Holland, &c., by seeds, sown in a hotbed,
early in spring, pricked off, and potted
and planted out towards the end of May,
will flourish in the flower-garden, and
constitute a pleasing feature until the
end of autumn. Before frost, the tuber-
ous kinds should be taken up and kept
like dahlias, but not over dry ; started a
little in spring, in heat, and then trans-
planted at the end of May, will bloom
stronger than the seedlings. The soil
should be light and rich, using either
rotten dung or leaf mould, with sandy
loam. Summer temp, for stove species,
50° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 45\

ANNUALS.

C. commit nis (common). 2. Purple -blue.

June. North America. 1732. Hardy.

— cuculla'ta (hooded). Blue. July. Brazil.

1825. Greenhouse.

COM

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HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
C. caripefnsis (Caripe). 2. Blue. June. Trini-
dad. 182G. Stove.

— caile'stis (sky-blue). Blue. June. 1813.

Stove.

a'lba (wltite-flowered). 3. White.

June.

— crefcta (upright). 1. Blue. August.

Virginia. 1732. Hardy.

— fascicula'ta (fascicled). 1. Blue. July.

Lima. 1817. Hardy.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. July. Lima.

1830. Greenhouse.

— Wrfe'Wa (hairyish). 1. Blue. June. North

America. 1820. Hardy.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 1. Blue. June.

Mexico. 1732. Stove.

HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C.carolinia'na (Carolina). 2. Purple -blue.
America. 1732.

— virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Blue. June.

Virginia. 1779.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C. africa'na (African). 1. Blue. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1759.

— angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 1. Blue.

June. Carolina. 1827. Half-hardy.

— cya'nea (bright - blue). 1. Blue. July.

New Holland. 1820.

STOVE EVERGREEN TRAILERS.
C. lengalefnsis (Bengal). 3. Blue. June.
Bengal. 1794.

— Cayenne" nsis (Cayenne). 1. Blue. June.

Guiana. 1823.

— dcfi'ciens (deficient). 6. Blue. August.

Brazil. 1823.

— dianth'ifo'lia (Pink-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

1816. Twiner.

— du'Ma (doubtful). 1. Blue. June. 1818.

— longicau'lis (long stalked). 3. Blue. Au-

gust. Caraccas. 1806.

— mo' His (soft). 2. Blue. August. Caraccas.

1804.

(twisted-heaved). 1. Blue. June.
1820.

— pa'llida (pale). 1. JBlue. June. Trinidad.

1820.

— parviflo'ra (small - flowered). 1. Blue.

June. 1824.

— polifgama (polygamous). 1. Blue. June.

China. 1818.

COMMERSO'NIA. See Barringtd nia.

COMOCLA'DIA. Maiden Plum. (From
Icome, hair, and klados, a branch ; in
reference to the dense silky covering on
the young branches. Nat. ord., Ana-
cards or Terebinths [Anacardiacesc]. Linn.,
%-Triandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Pis-
tacia). Stove evergreen trees. For
cultivation, see Barringtonia.
C. denta'tn (tooth-leaved). 30. Red. July.
West Indies. 1790.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). 15. Red. Carib-

bee Isles. 1789.

C. integrifo'lia (whole - leaved). 15. Red.
Jamaica. 1778.

COMPARE' TTIA. (Named after Com-
paretti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn., 20-6ty-
nandria, \-monandria. Allied to Inopsis
and Trichoceutron). Stove Orchids.
Divisions and offsets ; fibry peat, sphag-
num, and broken potsherds. Plants
raised above the surface of the pot, or
fastened in a very shallow well-drained
basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cocci' nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. August.

Brazil. 1838.
—falca'ta (sickle-shaped). L Rose. May.

Mexico. 1836.
— ro'sea (rosy). 4. Rose. May. Spanish

Main. 1843.

COMPOST, is a mixture of manures, or
of earths and manures, in such propor-
tions, and of such qualities as are consi-
dered particularly applicable to the plant
or crops to which the composition is to
be applied. If leaves are required to be
largely developed, the compost can be
scarcely too rich ; for the greater the
quantity of food imbibed by the roots,
the greater will be the surface of leaves
requisite for its elaboration. But if
flowers and fruit, as well as leaves, are
desired, the composts, if excessively
rich, will cause these to diminish in
number and size, the flower -buds passing
into leaf-buds for the reason already al-
leged.

Composts must also duly regulate the
amount of moisture supplied to the roots,
totally independent of drainage, as com-
post retains to them moisture by its che-
mical and capillary powers. The richer
in decomposing animal and vegetable
matter, and the looser its texture, the
better does a compost retain moisture.
And this power is diminished in propor-
tion as siliceous sand, or calcareous
(chalky) matters preponderate.

Gardeners prepare their composts
from strong tenacious loam ; half rotten
leaf- mould; heath-soil; horse-manure;
cow-manure ; charcoal and wood-ashes ;
bone-dust ; sharp sand ; burnt turf ; and
moss well scalded ; and, from these ma-
terials, there is no doubt that a compost
could be prepared, embracing any de-
sired degree of fertility. — See Manure*
and Potting.

CUM

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CON

COMPOST-GROUND. This should be an
enclosure concealed from sight, but in
the vicinity of the hotbeds, hot-houses,
and other similar structures, for the con-
venience of moving the pots to it, in the
potting season ; conveyance of manures,
&c. All the earths and manures should
be under a shed, and the dungs, being
liable to lose much of their fertile com-
ponents in drainage, should be in water-
tight tanks ; and if these are covered, all
the better.

COMPTO'NIA. (Named after Bishop
Compton. Nat. ord., Gcdeworts [Myrica-
ceae]. Linn., 2l-Mo»&eia, Z-triandria).
Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers ; sandy
soil.

C. asplenifaflia (fern-leaved. Sweet -gale). 4.
Brown. April. North America. 1714.

CONANTHE'RA. (From konos, a cone,
and antlwra^ an anther, or pollen bag ; in
reference to the six anthers forming a
cone in the early stage of the flower.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
6 - Hexandria, 1 - monogynia. Allied to
Cumingia and Squill). Pretty little
half-hardy bulbs, very scarce, being dif-
ficult to preserve, like others of this
Chilian class of plants. Sandy soil and
a dry border in front of a greenhouse
suit them best, and to be protected from
wet and frost in winter. Propagated by
offsets.

C. Ufo'lia (two-leaved). 1. Blue. April. 1823.
— tf?»MM (Sims's). i. Blue. April. 1823.

CONCRETE WALKS. From personal
inspection we can say these are the best
we ever saw. Mr. Beaton's directions
for making them is as follows : — A layer
of stones, brick-bats, shells, or clinkers,
six inches deep, to form a dry bottom ;
a layer of chalk or lime, in the propor-
tion of one to ten of the stones or other
foundation, and well rolled and watered
to the thickness of three inches, with a
rise of two inches in the centre ; over
this half an inch of gravel and lime, or
fine chalk ; water and roll well again ;
add one-eighth of an inch of the best
coloured gravel; and again roll until
quite solid. Have the walk two inches
wider on each side than you desire, as
this checks the turf and weeds from en-
croaching, and prevents the rain water
getting to the foundation of the walk.

CONDA'LIA. (Named after Condal, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Rhamnads
[llhamnaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, 1-
inonogynia. Allied to Zizyphus or Christ's
Thorn). Half-hardy evergreens. Cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots ; common soil.
Wants a little protection in winter.
C. microphif'lla (small - leaved) . 2. Green.
Chili. 1824.

CONI'FER;E, or Cone-bearers, are such
trees and shrubs, with their allied genera,
as are commonly known as the Pines,
Larches, Firs, Cedars, Junipers and Ar-
bor Vitaes.

CO'NIUM. Hemlock. (From Jconao,
to whirl round ; in reference to the gid-
diness caused by eating the leaves. Nat.
ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceae]. Linn., 5--
Pentandria, \~monogynia. Allied to Ar-
racacha). Division of the roots, and
sowing the seeds in spring ; C. moschatum
by offsets. Common soil.

C. croa'ticum (Croatian). 6. White. July.
Hungary. 1818. Hardy herbaceous
perennial.

— macula' turn (spotted. Common Hemlock}.

5. White. June. Britain. Hardy
biennial.

— moscha' turn (musk). 2. White. June.

South America. 1824. Stove tuber.

CO'NNARUS. (From connaros, name of
a tree; adopted from the Greek of
Athena3us. Nat. ord., Connarads [Con-
naraceae]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia, 6-
decandria). Stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of firm shoots in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.
C. ni'tidus (shining). 8. White. Silhet. 1824.

— panictda'tus (panicled). 8. White. Chit-

tagong. 1824.

— pube'sccns (downy). 6. White. Guiana.

1822.

CONOCA'RPUS. Button Tree. (From
fconos, a cone, and carpos, fruit ; in re-
ference to the fruit growing so closely
together on the spikes as to resemble
cones. Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combre-
taceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria, \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Terminalia). The
bark of C. racemosus, one of those plants
called Mangroves in Brazil, is in gene-
ral use for tanning at Ilio. Stove ever-
green shrubs. Treatment similar to
Co'nnarus.

C. acutifoWus (pointed-leaved). 10. Pale
yellow. South America. 1824.

CON

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CON

C. erefctus (upright). 10. White.
1752.

— procifmbens (lying-down). 1.

low. Cuba. 1730.

— racemtfsus (racemed). 10. White.

America. 1820.

Jamaica.

Pale yel-
South

CONOSPE'RMTJM. (From konos, a cone,
and sperma, a seed ; the fruit or carpels
growing close together and forming a
cone. Nat. ord., a section of Proteads
[Proteaceae]. Linn., k-Tetrand.ria, 1-Mo-
nogynia). Greenhouse evergreen shrubs
from New Holland. Cuttings in sand,
under a glass, either in spring or autumn ;
sandy peat. Summer temp., 55° to 7o°;
winter, 35° to 45°.
C. acero'sum (fine-leaved).

— acinacifo' Hum (scyme tar-leaved). 3. White.

June. 1824.

— oenrvtleum (blue). Blue. 1830.

— capita' turn (flower-headed). 3. Blue. July.

1824.

— densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered).

— elli'pticum (oval-leaved). 3. White. July.

1822.

— ericif</lium (Heath-leaved). White. 1820.

— gluma'ceum (chaft'y).

— Hugeflii (Baron Hugel's).

— incu'rvum (incurved-fcafled).

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 4. White. July.

1824.

— sclerophy1 Hum (hard-leaved).

— taxifo'lium (Yew-leaved). 3. White. July.

1824.

— tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 3. White. July.

1824.

— tripline'rvium (three-nerved). 1830.

— undula'tum (waved-feared).

CONOSTE'GIA. (From konos, a cone, and
stege, a covering; alluding to the lobes of
the calyx clasping the angles of the ovary.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastomaceae].
Linn., \Q-Decandria, \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Aplectrum). Stove evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of shoots, well ripened,
and the cut ends allowed to get dry ;
peat and sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. Balbisia'na (Balbis's). 20. White. May.
Jamaica. 1825.

— ^roeeVa (tall). 12. White. June. Ja-

maica. 1822.

— semicrena'ta (half -scolloped -edged). 20.

White. April. West Indies. 1823.

CONOSTE'PHIUM. (From konos, a cone,
and Stephanos, a crown ; referring to the
disposition of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridaceae]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria, \-Monogynia. Allied to Sty-
phelia), This belongs to the berry-bear-
ing section of Epacrids. The berries,
though not much liked by Europeans, are

eatable and wholesome. The "Native
Currant" of New Holland, and the Tas-
manian Cranberry belong to this section.
They are all favourite plants with gar-
deners for the beauty of their flowers
and the great skill required to grow
them into fine specimens. Greenhouse
evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, in April; peat and sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; win-
ter, 40" to 50°.
C.pe'ndu him (hanging-down). Swan River.

CONOS'TYLIS. (From konos, a cone,
and stylos, a style ; the style, or female
organ, grows in the shape of a cone
at the bottom. Nat. ord., Bloodroots
[Haemodoracese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria,
\-Monogynia. Allied to Anigozanthos).
Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, from
New Holland. Divisions ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 40°
to 45°.
C. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. 1820.

— au'rea (golden-cowered). Yellow.

— dealba'ta (mealy-stemmed).

— serrula' ta (fine-saw-edged) . 1 824.

— seti'gera (bristle-bearing). 1825.

— scWsa (bristly). Yellow. September. 1843.

CONOTHA'MNTJS. (From konos, a cone,
and thamnos, a shrub ; from the form of
the shrubs. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms
[MyrtaceaeJ. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia,
2-Polyandria). Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from Swan River. Cuttings of
young firm shoots, in sand, under a bell-
For culture see Calotha mnus.

C. erioca'rpus (woolly-fruited). Red. May.

— later a! Us (spreading). Red. June.

— trine! 'rvis (three-nerved). Red. June. 1840.

CONRA'DIA. (Named after Conrad Ges-
ner, a botanist of Zurich. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceae], Linn., 14-
Didynamia, 1-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gloxinia). Stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of ripe shoots, under a glass, in
bottom heat; loam, sand and peat. Com-
mon temperature of stove.
Cl calyci'na (Zar^e-calyxed). 1£. Red and

white. Jamaica. 1824.
— floribu'nda (many-flowered). Deep reddish

scarlet. October. South America.

1843.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). l\. June. Ja-

maica. 1823.

— sea' bra (rough). 2. Scarlet. July. Ja-

maica. 1820.

CONSERVATIVE WALLS. See Walls.
CONSERVATORY is often used synony-

CON

[270]

CON

groups into ornamental vases
for which suitable places

mously with Greenhouse, and then it
denotes a suitable structure for the cul-
tivation of those exotic plants which
are just too tender for our climate, yet
do not require the hot temperatures of
plant stoves, orchid-houses, &c., which
are set apart chiefly for plants from the
tropical regions. With the greenhouse
should be associated the idea of plants
cultivated in pots or boxes ; but with
conservatory we would associate the idea
of plants growing in suitable soil, with-
out at least the apparent intervention of
pots and boxes, and the structure con-
nected with the residence. To keep up
the interest of such places, it is neces-
sary that plants in bloom should be in-
troduced; but in every case the pot
should be plunged, so that the plant may
appear to be growing in the soil. "We
would only make one exception in the
case of very small ornamental plants,
or even those not so very small, but to
which particular attention is wished to
be directed. We would elevate them in
vases or baskets,
should be

formed, and which would be quite as
much in harmony in such a place as
in ornamenting a regular geometrical
flower-garden. For several reasons,
therefore, the planting out in conserva-
tory fashion should not be attempted,
except with Climbers for the rafters,
where the space is but limited, as a few
plants, however beautiful at times, when
seen every day all the year round in the
same position, lose, to a certain extent,
the power of pleasing. The having the
plants in large pots or tubs would enable
you at any time to effect fresh combina-
tions. Where the range of glass is
varied and extensive, though the plants
be chiefly turned out in the soil, the
same feeling of sameness is not engen-
dered, as the owner may easily enter
his house at different points, and in such
circumstances the very number of ob-
jects will constitute variety.

Unity of expression is, to a certain
extent, maintained, by a mixture of the
two modes, the centre of the house being
supplied with plants that are really
turned out, or which, brought for a tem-
porary purpose, appear to be so, while
all round the house there is a broad

shelf for the accommodation of plants
in pots. In saying — all round the house,
we are, of course, alluding to houses
that have glass on all sides. Where
there is an opaque back wall, the shelf
could be only at the front and ends.
However desirable it is to have light on
all sides, where expense for heating in
winter is no great object; yet very
pleasing effects are produced, even in'
lean-to roofs, where a little attention
is paid to unity of idea. This has been
strikingly exemplified in the range of
plant-houses at the Duke of Devon-
shire's, at Chiswick, most of which, with
the exception of the centre, the old
conservatory, formerly consisted of lean-
to forcing-houses. The handsomest
small conservatory we know is at Mr.
Wilson's, Stamford Hill, near Lon-
don.

With the single exception of planting
out, the treatment of the conservatory is
similar to that of the greenhouse. Keep-
ing this in mind, good drainage should
be secured, and the general soil should
consist of two parts fibry loam and one
of fibry peat, with pieces of sandstone,
broken bricks, and charcoal intermixed,
to keep it open. The peculiar require-
ments of each plant, as respects soil and
manure, can be attended to in planting.
Where the object is merely to preserve
the plants during the winter, the general
treatment will be similar to that of a cold
greenhouse. Where the ideas of com-
fort, alike for the plants and the visi-
tors, are to be maintained, and flowering
plants are to be introduced liberally in
winter, the general temperature should
not be lower than 45°, and should range
from that to 50°, allowing 10° or 15° more
for sunshine. In such circumstances,
the Camellia and the Orange will bloom
during the most of the winter, and
Acacias, Eugeneas, &c., will bloom early
in spring. The greatest possible quantity
of air must be given in summer, but in
winter it must be very limited in frosty
and dull foggy weather, it being better
in either circumstances to keep the
house rather close, in preference to using
large fires. Protecting by covering in
severe weather will be of importance.
The heating me.lium, to be most effec-
tual, should be above ground, but to save

CON

[271]

CON

room, the flues or pipes may be beneath
the pathways, which will also be of im-
portance for keeping the soil in the beds
in a nice warm condition ; and in such
a house will render the flowering of many
of the hardier stove climbers a matter
of certainty. "Watering may be given
liberally during summer, both at bottom
and overhead, but in winter the plants
will want little if duly attended to in
the autumn ; yet what is given should
be rather warmer than the atmosphere
of the house. In planting, it will often
be necessary to make little brick pits for
particular plants, to prevent them occu-
pying too much space.

CONTORTION. See Deformity.

CONTRAJE'RVA ROOT. Dorste'nia con-
traje'rva.

CONVALLA'RIA. Lily of the Valley.
(From the Latin convallis, a valley, and
rica, a mantle, in reference to the dense
covering formed by the leaves. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria, \-Monogynid). Hardy her-
baceous perennial, native of Britain.
Divisions ; common soil, shady situation.

<?. mff/a'to (May). 1. White. May.

flo're plefno (double-flowered). 1.

White. May.
ru'bra (red). 1. Flesh. May.

CONVO'LVULUS. Bindweed. (From
convolve, to entwine ; in reference to their
twining habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Convolvulaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria,
\-Monogynia). The roots of most of the
plants in this order abound in a milky
juice, which is acrid, and, in some cases,
highly purgative, as the Jalap and Scam-
mony plants. Cuttings, divisions, and
seeds of perennials ; and seeds of an-
nuals ; peat and loam for the greenhouse
and stove species, and common soil for
the hardy. Seeds of hardy, sown in
open border in March or April, or in
hotbed for those which need protection.

HARDY ANNUALS.

C. donga' tus (\ong-floiver~stalkcd). 1. White.
July. Canaries. 1815. Twiner.

— Forska'elii (Forskael's). Blue. June.

Egypt. 1837.

— pentapctaloi'des (five-petaled) . 1. Light

Blue. July. Majorca. 1789. Trailer.

— stculus (Sicilian). 2. Light blue. July.

South Europe. 16-10. Trailer.

— stri'ctus (straight). Kose. June. Egypt.

1822.

C. tmdllus (delicate). White. June. North
America. 1812. Climber.

— tricolor (three-coloured). 3. Striped.

July. South Europe. 1629.

albiflo'rus (white - flowered ). 1.

White. July. South Europe. 1629.

— undula'tus (waved-tewed). White, red.

June. South Europe. 1816.

TENDER ANNUALS.

C. bi' color (two-coloured). 6. White, purple.
July. Isle of France. 1818. Stove.

— erube'scens (blushing). 6. Pink. July.

New South Wales. 1803. Greenhouse
biennial.

— evolvuloi' des (Evolvulus-like). 15. Red.

July. South Europe. 1820. Green-
house.

— genicula'tus (kneed). Red. July. Aus-

tralia. 1826. Greenhouse climber.

— hi'rtus (hairy -stalked). 3. Blue. July.

East Indies. 1804. Stove trailer.

— macroca'rpvs (large-fruited). 10. Purple.

July. South America. 1752. Stove
twiner.

— quinquefu' lius (five-leaved). 6. White.

July. West Indies. 1807. Stove
climber.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
C. AlceifJlius (Alcea-leaved). Yellow, purple.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

Herbaceous.
- bryoniaifo' Urn (Bryony-leaved). 3. Pink.

July. China. 1802. Deciduous

twiner.

— canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. Pink. June.

Canaries. 1690. Twiner.

— canefscens (hoary). 1. Blue. Bogota.

1846. Twiner.
Cneo'rum ( Cneorum ). 3. Pink. June.

Levant. 1640. Shrub.
— farino'sus (mealy-stalked). 6. Pink. May.

Madeira. 1777. Twiner.
—Jlo'ridus (flowery). 2. Pink. August.

Canaries. 1799. Trailer.

— Herma'nnice (Herman's). 5. White. Au-

gust. Peru. 1799. Twiner.

— lana'tm (woolly). White. May. Levant.

1829. Climber.

— linea'ris (narrow/earc^) . 2. Pink. June.

South Europe. 1770. Shrub.

— pannifo'lius (cloth-leaved). 15. Blue.

August. Canaries. 1805. Twiner.

— saxtf tills (rock). 1. White. South Eu-

rope. 1796. Trailer.

— sco'parius (broom). 2. White. August.

Canaries. 1733. Trailer.

— sujfrutico'sus (sub- shrubby) . 3. Pink.

July. Madeira. 1788. Twiner.

— tenui'ssimus ; (most-slender). Lilac. July.

Levant. Herbaceous climber.

— tilia'ceus (Lime-tree-like). 3. Purple.

July. Brazil. 1820. Twiner.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. albivefnius (white-veined-Je«tv?rf). 6. Pale
pink. June. Algoa. 1823. Climber.

— arbore'scens (tree -like). 10. Mexico.

1818. Shrub.

— cilia' tus (hair-fringed). 6. Pink. July.

Cayenne. 1816. Twiner.

coo

[272]

COP

C.gla'ber (smooth). 12. White. May
Cayenne. 1806. Twiner.

— guianefnsis (Guiana). 10. White. July

Guiana. 1823. Twiner.

— ma'ximits (greatest- Cey Ion}. 20. Pink

July. Ceylon. 1799. Twiner.

— ocella'tus (purple-eyed}. 1*. White, pur-

ple. July. South Africa. 1844
Herbaceous climber.

— ochra'ceus (yellow). 6. Yellow. July

Guinea.' 1825. Twiner.

— penta'nthm (five-flowered). 6. Light blue

August. East Indies. 1808. Twiner

— rffptans (creeping). 1. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1806.

— Boxbtfrgii (Dr. Roxburgh's). White. July.

East Indies. 1826. Climber.

— scrobicula'tus (small-furrowed). 2. Pale

red. South America. 1825. Trailer.

— verticilla'tiis (whorled). 5. Blue. August.

West Indies. 1819. Twiner.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

C. althceoi'des (Althsea-like). 2. Pink. June.
Levant. 1597. Twiner.

— bicuspida' tus (two-pointed). 4. Purple.

June. Davuria. 1818. Twiner.

— bonariefnsis ( Buenos- Ayres). 3. White.

July. Chili. 1817. Twiner.

— canta'bricus (Cantabrian). 1. Pink. June.

South Europe. 1640. Trailer.

— chine'nsii (Chinese). 6. Purple. July.

China. 1817. Twiner.

— ctfrsicm (Corsican). 1. Pink. June. Cor-

sica. 1824. Twiner.

— ebr acted tus (unbracted). 1. White. July.

1819. Trailer.

— cmaraina'tus (end - notched). 2. Purple.

July. 1817. Twiner.

— Gera'rdl (Gerard's). 1. Pink. July.

South Europe. Trailer.

— holoseri'ceus (all-silky). Pale yellow. June.

Tauria. 1824.

— intermeTdius (intermediate). Pale rose.

June. South Europe. 1825.

— ita'licus (Italian). Rose. May. South Eu-

rope. 1844. Climber.

— lanugino'sus (rather woolly). 6. White.

July. Levant. 1818. Climber.

— linea'tus (lined). 1. Purple. June. South

Europe. 1770. Trailer.
-Malcoflmii (Malcolm's). White. July.
Persia. 1824. Climber.

— petrsicus (Persian). White. June. Persia.

1829.

—platyca'rpus (broad-fruited). Lilac. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1827. Half-hardy.

- salviftj'liiis (Sage-leaved). 1. Pink. July.

Palestine. 1825. Trailer.

— scammtfnia (Scammony). White, purple.

July. Levant. 1726. Twiner.

— Sibtho'rpii (Sibthorp's) 1. White. July.

France. 1823. Trailer.

- terrtfstris (earthy). White. July. Altai.

1828.

CO'OKIA. "Wampee Tree,. (Named
after Captain Cook, the circumnavigator.
Nat. Ord., Citronworts [Aurantiaceael
Linn., IQ-Decandria, \-monogynia. Al-
lied to Murraya). A fruit highly esteem-

ed in China and the Indian Archipelago.
Stove tree ; cuttings of ripe shoots, in
March, or when best obtainable, in heat,
and under a bell-glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C.puncta'ta (dotted}. 15. White. China. 1795.
COOPE'RIA. (Named after Mr. Cooper,
gardener at Wentworth House, in York-
shire, for many years. Nat, ord., Ama-
rtjllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-Hez-
andria, \-monogynia. Allied to Zephy-
ranthus). We would have named this
genus " The Evening Star." It is ano-
malous amongst its race for first opening
its starry white flowers in the cool of the
evening. They possess the fragrance of
the primrose. Although probably hardy,
they are best treated as half-hardy, in 'a
border of deep sandy soil, under a west
wall, where they flower all the summer,
and produce seeds. Each stalk produces
but one flower, but a tuft of bulbs would
produce a fine effect. Offsets and seeds,
sown in spring , sandy loam.

C. chloroso'len (green-tubed). 1. White, green.
Mexico. 1835.

— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 1. White,

red. Mexico. 1835.

— peduneula'ta (Zon^-flower-stalked). White,
orange. July. Texas. 1835.

COPAI'PERA. (From copaiba, the Bra-
zilian name for its balsamic juice — the
balsam of capivi, and fero, to bear.
Nat. ord., Leguminow plants [FabaceaeJ.
Linn., IQ-Decandria, \-monogynia. Al-
lied to Cynometra). Stove evergreen
trees ; cuttings of firm shoots, in March,
in heat, under a glass ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

C. guiane'nsis (Guiana). 30. White. Guiana.
1826.

— offidna'lis p(shop). 20. White. South

America. 1774.

CO'PTIS. (From kopto, to cut ; in re-
ference to the division of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculaceael
Linn., \S-Polyandria, &-polygynia. Al-
lied to Heleborus). The roots of this
plant are used in the United States medi-
cinally, under the name of Gold Thread.
Hardy herbaceous perennial ; division of
the roots and seeds ; sandy peaty soil ;
requires the protection of a cold pit in
winter.

COH

con

CORDYLI'NE. Club Palm. (From
kordylc, a club. Nat. ord., Lilt/worts
[Liliacete]. Linn., G-Hcxandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Dracccna).

Stove evergreen shrubs. Suckers ; peat and
loam ; or light sandy loam and vegetable mould.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
C. austra'lis (southern). 10. Blue, white.
New Zealand. 1823.

— canneefo'lia (Canna- leaved). 4. New Hol-

land. 1820.

— conge'sta (crowded). 10. Pale blue. March.

New Holland. 1822.

— hemicry'sa (half-golden). 2. Isle of Bour-

bon. 1823.

— indivi'sa (undivided). 10. Blue. New

Zealand.

— stri'cta (upright). 10. Blue. March. New

Zealand. 1820.

COREOPSIS. (From koris, a bug, and
opsis, like ; referring to the appearance
of the seeds. Nat ord., Composites
[Asteracece]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesla 3-
Frustrancd).

Hurdy annuals, seeds in common soil in
March ; hardy perennials, division of the roots
in the autumn or spring ; West Indian species
require a hotbed ; and the perennial herba-
ceous, and evergreen species are multiplied by
divisions and cuttings. Light sandy soil.
C. a'lba (white, climbing). 6. White. June.

Jamaica. 1699.
-- angustifo' lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. North America. 1778.

— Atkinso'nii (Atkinson's). 2. Yellow, brown.

Columbia. 1826.

— argu'ta (sharp-notched). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Carolina.

— au'rea (golden). 3. Yellow. August.

North America. 1785.

— auricula1 ta (ear-leaved). 6. Yellow. July.

North America. 1699.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 2£. Yellow. June.

Arkansas. 1822.

— chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 2. Yellow.

August. West Indies. 1752.

— corona'ta (crowned). 2. Yellow, brown.

July. Mexico. 1835.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Carolina. 1786.

— dicho'toma (forked). 8. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Carolina. 182/.

— dieersifo'lia (various-leaved). 2. Crimson.

July. North America. 1833.

— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). 2. Yellow,

purple. September. Texas. 1834.
— ferulcefo1 lia (Ferula- leaved). 3. Yellow.
October. Mexico. 1/99.

— filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Texas. 1835.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowering). 3. Yellow.

August. North America. 1826.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 6. Yellow. October.

West Indies.

— integrifo'lia (whole -leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. Carolina.

— lanceola'ta (spear- head -leaved}. 3. Yel-

low. August. Carolina. 1724.
18

C. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. North America. 1786.

— lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 2. Yellow. April.

Texas. 1835.

— palmu'ta (hand-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

Louisiana. 1823.

— re'ptans (creeping). 6. Yellow. July.

West Indies. 1792.

— ro'sea (roseate). 2. Red. July. North

Casana. 1778.

— senifo'lia (six-leaved). 4. Yellow. Sep-

tember. North America. 1812.

— tenuifo'lia (slender- leaved). 2. Yellow.

North America. 1780.

— tiiwto'ria (colouring).

atro purpu'rea (dark purple). 3.

Dark purple. June.
atro sangui'nea (dark crimson).

Dark crimson. July. North America.

1823.

— trichospe'rma (hairy-seeded). 3. Yellow.

August. North Jersey. 1818.

— verticilla'ta (whorl- leaved). 3. Yellow.

August. North America. 17^9-
CORETHRO'STYLIS. (From korcthron,
a broom, and stylos, a style ; referring
to the consolidated styles being clothed
with hairs. Nat, ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1 - Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum ) .
Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots in silver sand ; peat and silver
sand, with a little charcoal. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 48°.
C. bractea'ta (ros^-bracted) . 3. Pink. April.

Swan River. 1844.

CORIA'NDRUM. Coriander. (From
koris, a bug ; referring to the smell of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbetttfers
Umbellifera] . linn., o-Pcntandria :>-
Dig y nia).

A hardy annual ; seeds sown in March ; com-
mon soil.
C. sati'vum (cultivated). 2. White. June.

England.

CORIA'EIA. (From -corium, a hide;

in reference to the crustaceous covering

of the fruit. Nat. ord., a disputed point

| among botanists. Dr. Lindley says —

! " It is very difficult to say what is the

; affinity of this plant." Linn., %%-Dicecla

! to-Decandria).

The hardy species by suckers ; the New
, Zealand one'by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-
' glass. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
, C. myrtifo'lia (Myrtle - leaved). 6. Green.

June. South Europe. 1629-
: — sarmento'sa (twiggy). 3. Green. June.

New Zealand. 1823.

CO'RIS. (A name adopted from Dios-
I corides. Nat. ord., Primru-orts [Primu-
lacese]. Lin., b-Pentandria l-Mono
' yynia. Allied to Lubinia).

COR

COR

A greenhouse biennial. Increased by seeds,
in March ; sand and peat. Interesting little
plant for the greenhouse shelf.
C. Montpelie'nsis (Montpelier). 1. Lilac. June.
South Europe. 1640.

CORK TREE. Qn>-'r>>ux phc'llos.
CORK WOOD. Ano'na palu'strh.
CORNELIAN CHERRY. Co' runs ma's-

CORN FLA<;.

CORNISH MONEYWORT. Riblho'rpia
europte'a.

CORN SALAD, or Lamb's lettuce ( V«
tcriane'Ha olito'ria), is grown for winter
and spring salads. The first dish
formerly brought to table, was a red
herring set in a corn salad.

Soil and Situation. — Any soil that is
not particularly heavy; the best is a
sandy moderately fertile loam, in an
open situation.

Time and Mode of Soir'nty. — Sow in
February and the two following months,
and once a month during the summer,
if in request ; but it is not so palatable
during this season. Lastly, during
August and early in September, the
plants from which will be fit for use in
early spring, or during the winter, if
mild. Three sowings are in general
quite sufficient for a family, viz., one at
the end of February, a second earl}' in
August, and a third early in September.

Sow in drills, six inches apart. The
only cultivation required, are frequent
hoeings, the plants being thinned to
four inches asunder. They should al-
ways be eaten quite young, in sum-
mer, the whole plant may be cut, as
they soon advance to seed at this
season ; but in spring and winter the
outer leaves only should be gathered,
as for spinach.

To obtain Sect/. — Some of the spring-
raised plants must be left ungathered
from. They flower in June, and per-
fect their seed during the two following
months.

CO'KNUS. Dogwood. (From «>nui,
a horn; in reference to the hardness
of the wood. Nat. ord., Corneh [Cor-
nacea?]. Linn., •i-Tclrandria \-Mono-

'll/tlia ).

Hardy deciduous trees, shrubs, &c.. except
where otherwise specified. Propagated by
seeds, layers, or cuttings, and root- divisions ;
common soil} and moist situation.

fi'l/ta ,\hite-fjciTii'rl.. 10. White. July.
Siberia. 1/41.

Ro'ssicu (Russian,. 8. White. July.

Siberia. 1820.
| Sibi'rica (Siberian). 10. White. Au-
gust. Siberia. 1824.

i — alter nifu'lia (alternate-leaved;. 15. White.
July. North America. 1760.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Yellow. July.

Canada. 1774. Herbaceous perennial.

— circina'ta (round-leaved). 6. White. July.

North America. 1784.

— flo'ridu (flowery). 15. White. April. North

America. 1/31.

— grti'ndis (grand). Green. Mexico. 1838.

Half-hardy evergreen.

— mucrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July.

Nepaul. 1827.

— ina'scufu (male Cornel}. 15. Yellow. Feb-

ruary. Austria. 1506.

— — — — — frti'ctu cc.'ra; coloru'to (fruit wax-

coloured). 20. Yellow. February.

naricga'ta .(variegated). 8. Yellow.

June. Austria. 1596.

— oblo'nga (oblong). 15. Purple. Nepaul.

1818.

— punicula'ta (panicled,. 6. White. June.

North America. 1/58.

— sangUri'nea, (bloody). 8. White. June.

Britain.

variegtt'ta (variegated,. 8. White.

June. Britain.

fo'liis vnricga'tis (variegated-
leaved). 10. White. June. Britain.

— scri'cca (silky). 5. White. August. North

America. 1683.

uspcrifo'lia, (rough - leaved). 8.

White. Carolina.

— — — — oblonfifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 8.

White. August.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. White. July. Si-

beria. 1824.

— stri'cta (erect). 10. White. June. North

America. 1758.

usperifo'lia (rough-leaved). 10. White,

sempcrvi'rens (,s-'/6-cvergreen). 10.

White. June.
I'di-ii'gu'tft (variegated '. 10. White.

June. North America. 1/58.

— Sttc'cicfi (Swedish1!. 1. White. April.

Britain. Herbaceous perennial.

COUNU'TIA. (Named after Conuifn;-,
a French physician. Nat. ord., J'cr-
bencs \ Verbenacea1]. Linn., 'Z-Dhmdriu
I -.}f'>noyi/nia. Allied to Calficaipft.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Loam and peat,
cuttings in bottom-heat, under glass, in Feb-
ruary or March.

C. pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 6. Blue. July.
Mexico. 1/33.

CORONI'LLA. (From corona, a crown,
or garland; in reference lo the dis-
position of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous plants (Fabacea?]. Linn.,
I / -l')i<t(lflj)li.j(t. 4 ficcniif/ria').

The juice of C. vnria is poisonous. Botli
greenhouse and hardy species are handsome,
tree-blooming plants. Seeds and cuttings ;

COR

[ 275 ]

COR

cuttings root readily during the summer months
under a close frame, even without bottom-heat.

HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
C. Cappado'cica (Cappadocian). 1. White.
July. Cappadocia. 1800.

— E'merws (Scorpion-senna). 3. Red, yellow.

April. France. 1596. Deciduous
shrubs ,

— globo'sa (globe-form). 1. White. Septem-

ber. Crete. 1800. Deciduous creeper.

— Ibe'rica (Iberian). 1. Yellow. July. Iberia.

1822. Deciduous trailer.

— ju'ncea (rush). 3. Yellow. June. France.

1656. Evergreen shrub.

— squama'ta (scaly). 1. White. June. Crete.

1820.

— va'ria (various). 1. Pink. September.

Europe. 15Q/. Deciduous creeper.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, lire.
C. arge'ntcn (silvery-leaved). 2. Yellow. May.
Crete. l6b'4.

— corona' tu (crown- headed}. 2. Yellow. June.

South Europe. 1//6. Herbaceous
perennial.

— Cre'tica (Cretan). 1. Striped. June. Can-

dia. 1731. Annual.

— glau'cd (milky-green. Seven- /tended). 2.

Yellow. July. France. 1722.

variega'ta (variegared-fcawrf). 4.

Yellow. August. Gardens.

— mi'ninut (least). 1. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1658. Herbaceous perennial.

— monta'na (mountain). 2. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 17/6. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

Algiers. 1/ou.

— Valenii'na (Valentine). 2. Yellow. August.

South Europe. 1596.

— vimina'lis (twiggy). 3. Yellow. August.

Mogad. 1/98.

CORRE'A. (Named after Correct, a
Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Rue
worts [RutaceffiJ. Linn., V>-Octandria
1 ••Mnnoyynia).

The settlers in New Holland employ the leaves
of Correas, particularly those of C. alba, for tea,
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Australia.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; in bottom-heat in spring. The
riner sorts are also grafted on the commoner
ones, such as C'. alia. C. speciosa will scarcely
strike at all ; three parts sandy peat and one of
turfy loam. Summer temp., 55° to /5° ; winter,
40° to 48°

C. a'lba (white). 6. White. June. 1793.

— fcrrugi'nca (rusty). 3. Green, white. April.

1836.

— pulche'llu (pretty). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824.

— ni'fn (reddish). 6. White. June. 1821.

— specio'sa (showy). 3. Scarlet. June. 1806.

— vi'rens (green-flowered). 6. Green. July.

1800.

CORTL ,'SA. Bears-ear Sanicle. (Named
after Cortusus, an Italian botanist. Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulacea:]. Linn.,
'o-Pcntandria l-

A hardy perennial, with frame protection in
winter ; does best as a pot-plant ; root division ;
loam and peat.

C. Matthio'li (Matthioli's). 1. Red. April.
Austria. 159(5.

CORYA'NTHES. Helmet Flower. (From
kori/s, a helmet, and ant/ios, a flower ;
in reference to the shape of the lip or
labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacetBJ. Linn., 'M-Gynandria \-Monan-

Stove orchids. Division ; in pots well-
drained ; fibrous peat, chopped sphagnum, and
small-broken potsherds. Growing temp., 75°
to 85°; rest, 50° to 60°. See The Cottage
Gardener, v. 256.

C. Feildi'ngi (Colonel Fielding's). Yellow,
brown. May. South America. 1845.

— lentigino'sa (freckled). Yellow. May.

Guiana. 1837.

— mucra'ntha, (large-flowered). 1. Brown,

yellow. June. Caraccas.

— macula 'ta (spotted- lipped). 1. Yellow-

spotted. June. Demerara. 1829.
-- Parke'ri (Parker's). 1. Yellow,
purple. June. Demerara. 1839.

— macrosta'chya (large - spiked). Orange,

yellow, brown. Mexico. 1843.

— speciu'sa (showy). ]£. Yellow, green. May.

Brazil. 1826.

-- a'lba, (white-flowered), li- White.
June. Demerara. 1840.

CORY'CIUM. (From 7,-on/s, a helmet,
referring to the shape of the flower.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacesej. Linn.,
20- Gynandria \-Monandria).

One of those terrestrial orchids from the Cape
of Good Hope, which no British gardener has
yet succeeded in cultivating with success.
C. cri'spum (curled). 1. Yellow. July. 1825.

— o/'06rmc#oiWra(Orobanche-like). 1. Yellow.

July. 1825.

CORYDA'LIS. (From korydalos, a
lark, the spur of the flower resembling
that of the lark. Nat. ord., Fume wort a
[FumariaceeeJ. Linn., ll-Dladelphw
~ -ffexan dria ) .

Beautiful hardy plants. The perennial kinds
are increased by root division at any season ;
and the annuals sown in the open ground in
spring or autumn in common soil.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
C. acau'lis (stemless). 1. Pale yellow. July.
Hungary. 1825.

— au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. June. North

America. 1812. Biennial.

— brcviflo'ra (short-flowered). 2. Pale yellow.

June. Kamtschatka. 1824.

— capnoi'des (Capnus-like). 2. \Vhite. July.

South Europe. 1596. Biennials.

— clavicula'ta (tendrilled). 6. White yellow.

June. Britain. Climber.

— giau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow purple.

July. North America. 1683.

con.

COK

C. impa' tie/is (impatient). 1. Yellow. May.
Siberia. 1823.

— stri'cta (straight). 1. Yellow. June. Siberia.

1827. Biennials.

— Uralc'nsis (Ural}. 1. Pale yellow. August.

Kamtschatka. 1824. Biennials.

HERBACEOUS.

C.fla'vula (yellowish). £. Yellow. June.
Russia. 1838.

— lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. England.

— peeonienfo'lia (Pteony-leaved). 2. Purple.

February. Siberia. 1820.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1810.

TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

C. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple.
February. Iberia. 181 9.

— bractea'tu (/rcrg-e-bracted). 1. Pale yellow.

February. Siberia. 1829.

— biculcnra'ta (two-spurred). 1. Pink. June.

— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 1. Pink. February.

Britain.

— Caucn'sica (Caucasian). 1. Purple. February.

Caucasus. 1823.

— faba'cea (Bean-leaved). 3. Purple. February.
Germany. 1815.

— Ge'bleri (Gebler's). May. Altai. 1827-

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). i!. Pale rose.

April. Altai. 1832.

— Marshalliu'na (Marshall's). 1. Purple.

February. Tauria. 1824.

— no' bills (noble-flowered). 1. Lilac yellow.

May. Siberia. 1783.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1. Purple. Feb-

ruary. Siberia. 1810..

— tubcro'sa (tuberous- hollow-rooted}. 1. Pur-

ple. February. Europe, 1596.

albijio'rn (white-flowered). 1.

White. February. Europe. 1596.

CO'EYLUS. Nut Tree. (From /,•«/•//*,
a hood or helmet; in reference to the
calyx covering the nut. Nat. orcl.,
Masf worts [Corylaceoj]. Linn., 21-
Monccda 9-Polyandria').

Hardy deciduous shrubs, mostly cultivated
for their fruits ; common soil ; readily increased
either by seeds sown in October or November ;
and by layers or suckers.

C. America 'na (American). 10. April. North
America.

— Avella'na (Filbert). 10. February. Britain.
a'lba (white filbert}. 10. February.

Spain.

Barcelone'nsis (Barcelona). 8. Feb-
ruary. Spain.

cri'spa (frizzled). 8. February.

glomerti'ta (clustered). 8. Feb-
ruary.

gra'ndis (great- Cob}. 8. February.

heterophy'lla (various-leaved) 20.

Yellow red. February. Danube. 1829-

Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 10. Feb-
ruary.

ova'ta (egg-fruited}. 8. February.

pu'mila (dwarf). 6. February.

purpu'rea (-purple- leaved). 10.

February.

ru'bra ^red Filbert}. 10. February.

te'nuis(thin'Cosford), 10: February.

C. America' na tubulo'sa, (tvAmlwc-calyxed}. 10.
February. South of Europe. 1759-

tubulo'sa a'lba (white-tubular-^V-

bert}. 10. February.

rariega'ta (variegated). 8. Feb-
ruary.

-r- Colurna (Hazel-Constantinople}. 10. Apetal.
February. Constantinople. 1665.

— hu' mills (humble). 6. February, North

America. 1798.

— rostra' ta (beaked). 5. February. North

America. 1745.

FILBERT CULTURE. — The following
are the most esteemed kinds : — White
Filbert; well known. Red; similar,
but having a red skin. Prolific; cob;
a very large nut. Cosford; fine flavour,
thin shell, great bearer. Prolific dwarf;
well adapted for small gardens. Gor-
don's thin shelled ; a good nut. Friz-
zled ; similar to the other filberts ;
husk more ornamental.

Propagation. — Layers, cuttings, graft-
ing, and seed. Shoots of the previous
year's growth root readily, if layered
any time during the rest season. Cnt-
tlmjs should be made similar to those
of the currant, the lower buds cut out,
in order to destroy their propensity to
suckering. If they are to form neat
little bushes, on a dwarfing system for
small gardens, the cuttings may
nearly half a yard in length. (
is performed as with the apple or pear,
and at the period when the buds first
begin to swell. The common hazel-
nut, or the Spanish nut, are generally
used for stocks ; the latter, it is affirmed,
Avill not produce suckers.

Seed. — This practice is resorted to
for the sake of raising new varieties, or
for producing the ordinary ha/els. In
the former case, there is much room
for progress still ; and certainly no
plant otters greater facilities to the
hybridiser. Bearing as it does, male
and female blossoms separately, every
opportunity exists for depriving any
given kind of its catkins betimes.

Soil. — Any ordinary soil, if pretty
good, will answer, provided it is not
stagnant. A free upland light loam,
however, is what they prefer. We have,
nevertheless, known them succeed very
well in a moorish-looking soil ; and on
well-drained peats, which had become
sound through the application of marl
or clay.

COR

COR

Culture during the growing period. —
Very little is requisite after the regular
winter priming, unless it be the ex-
tirpation of suckers, and the removal
during summer of those loose and ill-
placed watery growths, which only
serve to confuse and darken the tree.
We may here notice, that some little
training may be necessary for those
under a dwarfing system in small gar-
dens, in order to bring them into a
compact and handsome shape.

Culture during the rest period. — Com-
mencing with the training when young.
They are best in single stems of about
two feet in height ; and the head should
branch off equally, to accomplish which,
some pruning back is requisite during
the first year or two, whilst the head is
forming, and the latter should be kept
thin in the centre. When the trees are
well established an annual pruning
should be resorted to, consisting of still
keeping the centre of the bush some-
what open, and in thinning out any
cross shoots and superfluous spray. It
must be observed, that the fruit is pro-
duced on shoots of the preceding year,
and generally on portions \vhich have
been well exposed to the light. Any
coarse or robust shoots should be
shortened back nearly half their
length ; these will frequently produce
axillary branches of a fruitful charac-
ter. Do not prune until the blossoms
are showing; this will be about the be-
ginning of February. The female
blossom is like a minute brush, of a
pinkish colour; the male is the well-
known catkin. In pruning, much re-
gard must be paid to these blossoms —
especially the female ; scarcely a twig
may be cut away containing them. This
makes it evident that most of the
pruning, or, perhaps rather, thinning,
requisite, should have been well carried
out prior to the commencement of
IVuii fulness.

It often happens, that filbert-trees
will possess female blossoms with few
or no male catkins. When such is the
case there Mall be no crop, unless
means bo taken to bring the male
farina within their reach. Catkins
must be sought about the period when
the nmle dust is just beginning to

burst. Branches containing these, may
be tied here and there amongst the
bushes most needing them. It matters
not what kind of nut they are from ;
probably the wild haxel is best.

Fruit ; how to keep. — When gathered,
the fruit must be kept in jars, in a cool
cellar, with husks on. If it is de-
sired to impart a fine fresh-looking
colour to the husks, they must be
placed in a close vessel, and a small
pan of sulphur gently burned, or rather
smouldered beneath them.

Insects. — See Ciirculio nucum, and
Aphis coryli.

CORYMBS, a spike of flowers, the
flower-stalks of which are longer in
proportion as they stand lower down
the main stalk supporting them, so
that the flowers are with a top nearly
level. Those of 8pir<ea opulifolia, and
of the Mountain Ash, are examples.

CORYNE'LTA (From korynf, a club;
referring to the shape of the style.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cere]. Linn., 11 -Diadelphia -i-Decan-
dria. Allied to Clianthus).

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sand,
under a glass, and in bottom heat; peat and
loam; summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°

• to 55°.

; C. polyu'ntha (many-flowered). 5. Purple.

West Indies. 1824.

CORY«OCA'RPVS (From koryne, a club,

and carpos, a fruit ; referring to the

I form of the fleshy seed. Nat. ord.,

1 Ardlsads [Myrsinacete]. Linn., r>-

PrntdUflria I-Monoyynia. Allied to

I Theophrasta).

Greenhouse evergreen tree; readily increased
i by layers in light rich soil.

; C. leeciga'tus (smooth). 20. White. New
Zealand. 1823.

CORY'PIIA. Fan Palm. (From K-ory-
\ phe, the summit ; in reference to the
; leaves growing in tufts on the top of

• this palm. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal-
maceo1]. Linn., (\-Hexandria \-Mono-
f/ijnia}.

Stove Palms, except where otherwise men-
tioned ; soil, rich sandy loam ; increased by
i seeds.

C. Austra'lis (southern). 50. New Holland.
1824. Greenhouse.

— elu'ta (tall). 150. East Indies. 1S25.

— glauce'sccns (milky- green). 100. East

Indies. 1820.

— Jieterophy'lltts (various-leaved). Danube.

1829. Greenhouse.

COS

r 278

COS

C. Pn'mos (Tumos). 20. Cuba. 1824,

— tecto'rum (roof). 15. West Indies. 1825.

— nmlraruli'feru (umbrella-bearing\ 100.

East Indies. 1742.
- - U'tun (Utan). 50. Moluccas. 1825.

CORYSA'NTHES. New Holland ground
orchids, of which little is known. Per-
haps belonging to Coryanthes.

COSMA'NTHUS (From kosmos, beau-
tiful, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Hydrophyh [PTydrophyllaces1]. Linn.,
^-Pcntandna ]-Monogynia. Allied to
Phacelia).

A half-hardy annual. Seeds ; sandy soil.
C.fimbria'tus (fringed-j0/?/r//s). $. Pale flesh.
June.

COSME'LTA (From kosmeo, to adorn.
Nat. ord., Eparrids rEpacridacea^;.
Linn., 5-Pentandrtu 1 Munoyyniu ) .

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings in
summer months ; sandy peat and sand.
C. nt'brrt (red-flowered\ Red. New Holland.
1826.

CO'SMOS (From kosmos, beautiful; in
reference to the ornamental flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Astevacea>].
Linn., W-8ytif/e>ies«i ^-Supi-rfliiu. Al-
lied to Bidens).

Cosmea is united to this. Both the annual
and perennial species are all readily increased
from seeds ; sown early in spring, and treated
as tender annuals ; planted out in the open
borders in the summer months.

PERENNIALS.

C. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 3. Lilac.

September. Mexico. 1835. Hardy
tuber.

— Scabioaoi'dea (Scabioug-like). 4. Scarlet.

September. Mexico. Greenhouse
tuber.

ANNUALS.

C. biplnna'ta (doubly-leafleted). 3. Purple.
July. Mexico. 1/9P-

— clm/sunthemifo'lia (Chrysanthemum -leaved).

2. Yellow. July. South America. 1826.

— crithmifo'lia (Samphire-leaved). 2. Yellow.

September. Mexico. 1826.

— hi' tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. October,

Mexico. 1811.

— parvlfto'ra (small-flowered). 2. White.

July. Mexico. 1800. Hardy.

— vulphti'rea (sulphur). 2. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1799. Hardy.

— tene'Ua (delicate). 2. Yellow. October.

Mexico. 1824.

— tenuifo'lius (slender-leaved\ 2. Purple.

September. Mexico. 1836. Hardy.

COSSI'GNIA (Named after Cosni;/ny, a
French naturalist. Nat. ord., Soup-
worts [Sapindaceae]. Linn., G-Hexan-
drla 2-Difiyn ia . Allied to Kcelreuteria ) .
Admired for its golden-veined leaves. Stove

evergreen shrub. Soil, peat and loam. Cuttings
root readily under glass in bottom-heat.
C. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Mauritius. 1824.
Cp'|3SUS LIGNl'PEJRDA. Goat Motll. —

The caterpillar of the Goat Moth is
most destructive to the wood of fruit-
trees, though the elm, oak, willow,
poplar, and walnut, also, are liable to
its attacks. It is the COSSHS liyniperda
I of some naturalists, and the Bumlyx
and Xyleutes cossus of others. The
j caterpillar measures more than four
' inches in length, is smooth and shin-
; ing, beset only here and there with
single short hairs. It is dark red on
the back, and the breathing-holes si-
: tuated at both sides are of the same
! colour. The sides and lower part of
the body are flesh-coloured ; the head
! is black, the first segment also marked
: with black above. After remaining
j more than two years in the larva state,
! and casting its skin eight times, the
| caterpillar becomes of a light ochrish-
I yellow hue, shortly before becoming _ a
chrysalis, which usually takes place in
spring, when it makes a strong cocoon
of chips of wood and small pieces of
bark, which it has gnawed off. The
chrysalis is yellow, and the segments
i are deeply indented and capable of
I much extention ; its back is furnished
! with strong pointed spines, sometimes
; of a reddish brown colour. The cocoon
i is situated immediately within the open-
j ing in the tree, so that the pupa, when
arrived at maturity, can press itself half
: out of the hole when the shell bursts,
| and the moth comes forth usually in
! the month of .Tune or July, after having
' reposed in the pupa state for an inde-
' finite time. When at rest the wings
i are folded together over the back in
j the form of a roof; it. sits quietly in
the day-time on the stems of trees, and
is difficult to be distinguished on ac-
count of its grey colour. Its wings
measure, from one tip to the other,
nearly three inches, and many speci-
mens more than this : the female i ,
usually larger than the male. The
fore-wings are ashy white, clouded with
brown, especially across the middle, and
marked with very numerous streaks,
like net - work ; the hind-wings are
brown. Thorax ochrish in front, pale

COT

•270

COT

in the middle, with a black bar behind.
The female is provided with a strong
egg-depositor, with which she intro-
duces her eggs into the bark of the
tree— often 1000 in number; the young-
caterpillars living at first in and be-
tween the outer and inner bark, and
afterwards, when they are stronger,
penetrating into the wood. When the
existence of one of these creatures is
detected in a trunk, by its excrement,
relief comes too late for the tree, even
if we are able to kill the caterpillar, the
mischief being already done. Notwith-
standing this, the caterpillar should
never be left undisturbed; and an at-
tempt should be made to reach it by
enlarging the opening with a garden
knife, or endeavouring to kill it by
thrusting a piece of garden wire up the
hole. It is called the Goat Moth from
the peculiar smell both of the insect
and its larva, — The Cottage Gardener,
iii. 147.

Co'sxrs. (An ancient name adopted
from Pliny. Nat.ord., tringenrorls [Zin-
;->iberaceae]. Linn., 1 -Monantlr'm 1
Monof/i/nhi.)

The roots are very bitter, and without the
aromatic pungent odour peculiar to the Costus
of the continental shops, which is the root of a
very different plant, a native of Arabia, and
rJlied to Cardopatum. The Costus of Cash-
mere, employed to protect bales of shawls from
moths, is the root of Auklandia Costus. Stove
herbaceous perennials of easy growth, and
readily increased by root-division ; sandy loam
\vith a little peat.

(', A'fer (African). 2. White. June. Sierra
Leone. 1822.

— Am1 b iciiK( Arabian). 2. White. August.

Indies. 1752.

— di'scolor (two-coloured-tefli-erf). 4. White.

June. Maran. 1823.

— I ana' t us (woolly). 3. May. South America.

1820.

— macula' tus (spotted). 2. White. July.

Sierra Leone. 1822.

— Nepah'nsis (Nepaul). 3. White. July. East

Indies. 1799.

— pi'rtu>i (variegated-jftweraf). 2. Yellow,

purple. July. Mexico. 1832.

— Piso'iiis (Pison's). 3. Crimson.

Maran. 1823.

— specio'fuiK (showy). 3. White. August.

East Indies. 1799.

— spica'tus (spiked). 1. Yellow. June. West

Indies. 1/93.

— spira'lis (spiral). 4. Scarlet. November.

St. Vincent.

— villosi'ssinrus (most hairy). 6. Yellow.

November. St. Vincent. 1822.

COTONEA'STER. (From colonea, Pliny's

June.

I name for the quince, and aster, a cor-
! ruption of ad -in star, generally used to
j express likeness ; literally Quince-like.
I Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacea?].
Linn., l'2-Icosandria 'l-Dlgynia.}

Hardy shrubs, easily increased by layers or
seed. Common soil.
C. acumtna'ta (pointed-leaved}. 4. Pink. April.

Nepaul. 1820.

. — (iffi'nis (similar). 4. Pink. April. Nepaul.
1820.

— barilla' ris (rod). Nepaul. 1841.

— Buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 3. White. April.

Nepaul. 1824.

margina'ta ( w/,!/^ -margined). 3.

White. April. Saharunpore. 1838.

— denticula'ta (fine-toothed-/eawed). 6. White.

Mexico. 1826.

— emargina'ta (bordered). White. April. Ne-

paul.

— fri'gida (frigid). 10. White, green. April.

Nepaul. 1824.

— laxiflo'rq (loose-flowered). 4. Pink. April.

' 1826.

uniflu'ra (one-flowered). 3. White.

May. Nepaul.

— microphy'lla (small -leaved). 4. White.

April. Nepaul. 1825.

— multiflo'ra (many- flowered1!. 4. White.

May. Altai. 1837.

— nummuta'ria (money - wort - leaved} . 10.

White, green. April. Nepaul. 1824.

— rotundifo'lia (round -leaved). 3. White.

April. Nepaul. 1820.

— Ro'ylei (Dr. Royle's). White. North India.

1845.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Pink. April. 1759,

— rulga'ris (common). 4. Pink. April. Eu-

rope. 1656.

depre'ssa (depressed). White.

April. Europe.

— erythorca'rpa (red-fruited). 4.

White. April. Europe.

— melunoca'fpa (black-fruited). 8.

White. April. Europe.

COTTON. Gossy'pium.

COTTON THISTLE. Ono'pordum.

COTYLE'DON. Navelwort. (A name
adopted from Pliny. Nat. ord., House-
leeks [Crassulacea?]. Linn., IQ-Decan-
dria k-Pentayyn'ia. Allied to Sedum).

These plants feed as much, if not more, by
I the myriads of pores or mouths all over their
j leaves, than by the roots, which seem only
• necessary for holding them stationary in the
; driest and most barren situations. Greenhouse
| evergreens, from the Cape of Good Hope, except

where otherwise mentioned ; sandy loam, with
1 a little old mortar mixed with it, and plenty of

drainage ; cuttings at any season.

C. alte'rnam (alternate- leaved}. 1. July. 1816.

— cacalioi'des (Cacalia-like). 1. Yellow. May.

1818.

— canalicula'ta (small-channelled). 1. May.

1818.

— cluvifo'lia (club-leaved). 1. Purple, Sep-

tember. 1824,

cou

C. coru'scam (glittering^ 1. Orange. June.
1818.

— rrassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. 1824.

— crista'ta (crested). 1. Variegated. Sep-

tember. 1818.

— cunea'ta (wedge-like). 1. May. 1818.

— cuneifwrmis (wedge-shape-/e«mO- 1. 1823.

— curviflo'ra (curve -flowered). 2. Orange.

October. 1818.

— decussa'ta (cross-leaved}. 2. Scarlet. Au-

gust. 1819.
— - dicho'toma (fork-spined). 1. June. 1818.

— ela'ta (tM-potvdered). 2. June. 1816.

— fusciculn'ris (cluster-leaved). 1. Red. July.
1759.

— gi-a'cilis (slender). 1. July. 1800.

— hemisphce'rica (half- globular). 1. White,

purple. June. 1/31.

— i n terj e'cta \ cast- down). £. July. 1824.
—jasminiflo'ra (Jasmine-flowered). 1. White,

purple. July. 1818.

— Lieve'nii (Lieven's). if. Red. May. Altai.

1832.

— maculu'ta (spotted). 1. White, purple.

June. 1818.

— malacopJiy'llum (soft-leaved). 1. Pale yel-

low. June. Davuria. 1815. Hardy.

— mammilla'ris (nippled). 1. White, purple.

June. 1818.

— oblo'nga (oblong-leaved). 2. Red. August.

1690.

— orbicula'tu (round-leaved). 2. Red. July.

1798.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. 'Red. August. l/SQ.

— papilla! ris (pimpled). 2. Red. June. 1822.

— ramo'sa (branchy). 1. June. 1748.

— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). 1. May. 181 6.

— rhombifo'lia (diamond - leaved). 1. June.

18->3.

— rotundifo'lia (round - leaved). 1. June.

1826.

— sempervi'vum (Houseleek-ft/re). d- Cauca-

sus. 1836.

— spu'ria (spurious). 1. July. 1731.

— tritntspida'tu (three-spined)." 1. July. 1823.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pink, white.

June. 1821.

— tubercii'losa (knotted). 1. Orange. July.

1820.

— undula'ta (waved-/e«»e<£). 1. June. 1818.

— ung-ula'ttt (nail-shaped). 2. May. Purple.

1818.

— vl'ridis (green). 2. 1824.

COUCH GRASS. Agopy'rum re' pens.
A weed, the creeping underground
stems of which render it very difficult
to be destroyed: constantly and care-
fully forking it out of the' soil when-
ever seen and burning it is the most
effectual remedy.

COULTE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Conl-
ter. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plcnits
[Fabaceas]. Linn., IQ-ltecandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Poineiana).

Stove evergreen shrubs. Peat and loam ;
seeds.

C. ho'rrida (horrid). 15. Orange. Carthagena.
1824.

0 ] COW

C. tincto'na (dyer's). 12. Orange. Cartha-
gena. 1822.

COURSE 'TIA. (Named after Council
a botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacefe]. IAni\.,l7-Diadelphia
4 Decandria. Allied to Robiuia).

Stove evergreens. Cutting of firm young
shoots, in spring or beginning of summer ; in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-
heat ; loam and peat, well drained. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
C, tomento'sa (downy). Yellow. June. Peru.
1824.

— virga'ta (twiggy). Yellow. June. Trinidad.

1820.

COUSI'NIA. (Named after Cousin, a
French hotanist. Nat. ord.v Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., l9-8yn<jene$ia 1-
j&qualis. Allied to Caiiina).

Hardy plants, Annuals and biennials, by
seeds at the end of March, in the garden-bor-
der ; perennials, by division in autumn or
spring.

C. carduifo'rmis (Thistle-form). Purple. July.
Iberia. 1804.

— Cywn>'oi'des(Cynara-like). White. Caucasus,

Biennial.

— Hohenu'keri (Hohenaker's). Yellow. July.

Caucasus, 1836.

— hy'strix (porcupine). Purple. June. Russia.

1838.

— macrocc'phala (large-headed). Pale yellow.

Caucasus. 1823. Biennial.

— tene'lla (tender). Purple. America. 183".

Annual.

— Vclge'nsis (Wolga). Purple. Wolga. 1804.

COUTA'REA. (From Coutari, its name
in Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonnds [Gin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynla. Allied to Cinchona).

The Cinchona bark of French Guiana is the
| produce of this fine tree. Stove evergreen.
Sandy peat and loam ; cuttings, in heat, under
; glass, in spring months.

j C. specio'sa (beautiful). 12. Purple. Guiana.
1803.

COUTOUBE'A. (From Coutonll, its
name in Guiana. Nat. ord., Genllun
irorts [Gentianaeere]. Linn., 4-7V-
trandrla \-Monogynia. Allied to Leian-
thus and Lisianthus).

It is used in Guiana as a substitute for gen-
tian. Stove annual and biennial plants. Sow
in a mixture of loam and peat, early in spring,
in hotbed, frame, or stove.
C. ramo'sa (branchy). 3. White. July. Brazil.
1824. Annual.

— npica'ta (spiked). 2. White. July. Maran.

1823. Biennial.

— rerticilla'ta (whorlcd-heudfd). 1. White.

July. Trinidad. 1818. Biennial.

COWA'NIA. (Named after J/n Coicnn.

CRA

CRA

Nat. ord., Eoseworts [Rosaceoe]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 3~Trigynia. Allied to
Greum).

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Sandy peat
and loam ; propagated by cuttings under glass,
in heat, but not easily.

C. plica'ta (plaited-lcaved). 2. Red. June.
Mexico.

COWBERRY. T'acci'n'ntm vi'tis-idae'a.

COWDIE PINE. Damma'ra austra'lls.

COW-DUNG. See Dung.

COW-GRASS. TriJ'o'lium me'diiim.

COW-HERB. Sapona'ria vacca'ria.

COW-ITCH. Mucu'na u'rens.

COW-ITCH CHEERY. Malpi'ghia u'rens.

COW-PARSNIP. Herach'-um.

COWSLIP. Fri'mula ve'ris. There
are several varieties, varying in colour
from almost white to a very deep yel-
low ; some are single, Imt others are
double, in the form that florists distin-
guish as hose-in-hose, the calyx in these
being converted into a corolla. Some
specimens will produce one hundred
pips upon a single truss, and they have
been known to yield even more than
one hundred and fifty. The cultivation
is the same as that of the Polyanthus.

COW-TREE. Bro'simiun.

CRAB, or Wild Apple. Pi/'rus ace'rla.

CRAMBE. Sea-kale. (The Greek
name for Sea-kale. Nat. ord., Cruclfcrs
[Brassicaceee], Linn., In-Tetrad yna-
m/'a).

The Tartar bread, or large fleshy roots of
Crambe tatarica, is eaten in Hungary in slices,
with oil, salt, and vinegar. Hardy herbaceous
rooted perennials, of easy growth in rich garden
soil by root-division, or seeds sown in March.
C. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 6. White. May.
Caucasus. 1822.

— ju'ncea (rush-like). 2. White. May. Iberia.

1828.

— mari'tima (common sea-A'a/e). l£. White.

May. Britain.

— Tata'rifin (Tartarian). 3. White. June.

Siberia. 1754.

CRAMBE MAKITIMA or SKA - KALE
should be grown in an open situation.
It is readily increased by division of its
roots, or by seeds, which is the best
mode. Seeds sown towards the end of
INI arch, or beginning of April, in a well
manured and deeply trenched soil, and
lined out into four-feet beds, and with
two-feet alleys between. Sow the seeds
in patches two feet distant from patch
to patch. The patches should be made

by drawing a circular drill about eight
inches in diameter, and two inches
deep. Place therein about eight seeds
at equal distances round, and Avlien the
seedlings are up and well established,
they should be thinned out, leaving
from three to four plants in each patch,
at equal distances, to form the crop.
If the plantation be made from one-
year-old plants, then three plants should
be planted triangularly in each patch,
the patches as before directed, two feet
distant from each other. If the plan-
tation is made with pieces or slips of
crowns, which will do nearly as well,
plant in the same way, and the best
times are the end of March or be-
ginning of April. Should the wea-
ther be dry, watering will be required.
With good attention to earth-stirring
during the summer months, the plants
will be sufficiently strong to force the
following season, and may remain to
cut from for many years.

In soAving for transplanting, the drills
should be at least two feet from drill to
drill, and two inches deep, and seeds
about five inches apart in the drill, and
the seedlings attended to as before,
during the summer.

To force Sea-kale. — Some prefer
taking up plants either one or more
year old, and placing the roots care-
fully on a gentle hotbed made up for
the purpose, or carefully planting them
in pots or boxes to be placed in other
warm structures, of course in either
case to be kept in the dark; but we
prefer in all cases to force this veget-
able in the open ground, by inverting
pots over the crowns, and covering over
them dung or leaves. If dung is em-
ployed, it should be well worked, as for
other forcing purposes, but the best
materials for covering the crowns and
pots, are leaves which we yearly col-
lect in a corner for the purpose ; no
turning over is requisite ; a dry calm
day should always be chosen for cover-
ing up, and the whole of the work
should be done at the same time, first
placing the pots all ready to suit each
crown, then with the lime bag give
each crown a good dusting over with
quick-lime, which will destroy all
worms and slugs ; put on the pots im-

CHA

CBA

mediately, and the warm leaves over
them, The pots should be. covered
with the driest parts first. When
leaves are used, these should be covered
over with some long littery material, to
prevent their being blown about by
winds. The whole covering should be
from a foot to a foot ami half thick
every way round the pots, and put to-
gether snug and tight. We always
make our first covering (to be ready to
cut kale by Christmas day) during the
first fortnight in November. Of course
the weather has something to do with
the covering required. The heat had
better be too low than too high ; the
best temperatures are from f>0° to 60°,
and should never exceed Go0. "We at
all times use a few coal-ashes, just
enough to cover the crowns. When we
cut the kale, this prevents the slugs,
&c.j eating into the crowns. This re-
mains until cutting ceases, and the ma-
terials and pots are cleared away ; then
the whole is carefully forked over, and
the ashes spread about with the hand,
and all is made tidy for the summer
growth. See Sea -kale.

CRANBERRY. Oxyco'ccus pulu'strix.

CRANES-BILL. Gera'nhnn.

CRA'SSULA. (From the diminutive of
trussHs, thick, or succulent ; in refer-
ence to their leaves, £c. Nat. ord.,
Honse-leeks [Crassulaeepe]. Linn., ;V
Pentandria J -Munoytjuia).

Greenhouse plants from the Cape of Good
Hope, except where otherwise mentioned.

C. di/u'sa (diffuse). 4. Pink. June. 1774.

— expa'nsa (expanded). £. White. June. 1774.

— gla'bra (smooih-t.-luster). ±, White. Au-

gust. 1774.

— glomeru'ta (round-headed). $. White. Sep-

tember. 1774.

— Magno'lii (Magnol's). \. White. June.

South Europe. 1800.

— moscha'ta (musky). £. White. September.

New South Wales. 1794.

— pulche'lla (pretty). •'. Red. May. 1810.

— retrofle'jo. ;bent-back>. \. Yellow. June.

17S8.

— ru'be)is(red}. %. Pink. May. Italy. 1/59.

— subula'ta (awl-shaped). J. June. " 18np.

— verticilla'ris (whorl-flowered). 4- Pink.

July. South Europe. 1788.

BIENNIALS.

C. aloi'des( Aloe-like l. White. July. 1774.

— capltella'ta (small-headed . White, July.

1774.

C. centaitroi'des (Centaury-like). J. Pink.
May. 1774.

— corymbulo'su vsub-corymbed\ 1. White.

November. 1818.

— lineola'ta (small-lined). .}. Yellow. July.

1774.

— lingueefo'lia (latchet-leaved\ J. White.

August. 1803.

— obova'ta (reversed - egg - leaved^ . White.

June. 1818.

— pertusula (dotted-leared). 1. White, Oc-

tober. 18-24.

— spa'rsa (scattered-leaved). $. White. 1774.

— iomento'sa (downey). White. April. 1818.

— turri'ta (tower-formed). White. March.

1818.

EVERGREENS AND HERBACEOUS.

T. acii tlfu'lia (pointed-leaved\ i. White. July.
Greece. 1795.

— ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). $. White. June.

1800.

— Hi-bore.1 'scens (tree-like). 3. Pink. May.

1739.

— bibruftea'tn (two-bracted\ A. White. Au-

gust. 1823.

mu'jor (larger). \. White. Au-
gust. 1823.

— bicQnve'xa (double-convex. A, White.

August. 1800.

— biplana'ta (ftzt-sided-lruved^. 1. White.

September. 1823.

— bullula'ta (small-studded). 1. Yellow.

August. 1800.

— ri/la'ta (hair-fringed\ i. Yellow. July.

1732.
me'dia (mediate). .]. Yellow. July.

1818.
mi' nor (smaller). A. Yellow. July.

1818.

— coctine'lla (small- scarlet). $. Scarlet. July.

1823.

— columnu'ris (columnar). ^. M'hite. 1789-

— conci'nna (neat). ^. White. July. 1818.

— corda'ta (riezrt-leuced}. J. Pink. July.

1774.

— rotyle'donis (Cotyledon-leaved). 1. White.

1800. Herbaceous.

— dt'/e'cta (thrown- down). 1. White. July.

1820.

— ericoi'des (Heath-Ike). £. White. Septem-

ber. 1820.

— filicau'lis (thread-stemmed^. ^. White.

August. 1820.

— fruticulo'sa (under-shrubby). White.

— imbrica'tu (imbricated). 1. White. June.

1760.

— la'ctea (milky), jj. White. September.

1774.

— marginn'lis 'marginal). 2. Pale yellow.

July. 17/4.

— nbli'quu (unequal-/eff!'i?</). 4. Red. April.

1759.

— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 4. 1812,

— orbicula'ris (round-leaf fd). $. Pink. Au-

gust. 1731. Herbaceous.

— perfila'ta 'threaded . 1. Pink. September.

1785.

— peUu'cida (transparent\ l. Pink. August.

1732.

— jrtincta'tu ( .dottedi. 1. White. June. 1759.

— i-amo'sa (branchyj, 2, Pink. July. 1/74.

CRA

L 283 ]

CRA

C. ramuliflo'ra (branehlet-flowered), 1. White.
June. 1822.

— rei-o'lvens (revolving). 1. White. August.

1820.

— rnsula'ris (small-rosy), i. White. July.

1819. Herbaceous.

— rotund if o'lia (round-leaved). 1. White.

August. 1820.

— sra'brtt (rough-leaved). $. Pale yellow. June.

1730.

— ,w/i»v?7/« (roughish). A. White. 1810.

— sputhula'tu (spathulated). £. White. Au-

gust. 1774.

— squamula'sa . (scaley). A. White. July. 1817-

— Telephioi'rtes (Tele'phium-like). 1. White.

July. 1818.

— tetrago'nn (four-angled). 2. White. Au-

gust. 1711.

Culture. — Of the annual and biorniul
species the seeds should he sown in
pots in spring, and when the seedlings
will hear handling, separated and
planted singly in other pots. The
same soil suits them as the perennial
succulent species, which are those
most in request. The culture of these is
us follows, whether for bedding-out or
growing constantly under glass. Make
short cuttings, about the end of August
or in September, of the tops of the
young shoots which have not flowered,
and after the cuttings are rooted, place
singly in small pots and grow till the
end of October, when the pots are filled
with roots. From this time to the
end of February keep in a cool green-
house, on a shelf close to the glass, and
give two or three waterings during the
winter. As soon as the plants begin to
move in the spring stop them at about
three or four inches from the pot, and a
few of the top leaves take off, to facilitate
the growth of new shoots. As soon as
these are well formed thin them, so as
to leave but from three to six shoots on
each plant, according to its strength ;
and, as soon as the shoots are two
inches long, shift into pots a si/e or
two larger, in a mixture of yellow loam
and pounded bricks, well drained.

After the spring potting, indulge with
a little more than greenhouse-heat, by
placing them for two or three weeks in
a peach-house or vinery, or a close pit,
to have them in full vigour by the
middle of May, because the earlier in
the summer they complete their annual
growth the more time and sun they
have to finish their ripening process.
About midsummei', or before the be-

j ginning of July, their growth is finished,
I and then turn out of doors, and plunge
; in sand close to the front Avail of a hot-
| house, where the heat in the dog days
j will often range from 80° to 100°, and
where little rain can get at them, the
spouting which receives the water from
the roof passing over their heads. The
sand in which they are plunged gets
very hot also, and by watering it occa-
sionally between the pots the roots
are kept sufficiently moist without any
water being given on the soil in the
pots. This treatment is more uniform
and more natural to them than any
mode of pit or greenhouse culture.

On the first indication of frost re-
move into shallow cold pits, where the
lights can be drawn off them every mild
day till the end of November, then
move them to a dry shelf in the green-
house; but they could be wintered in a
dry pit from which the frost could be
kept.

During the following spring keep as
cool as possible, being among the first
set of greenhouse plants to be removed
into cold pits when plants begin to grow
in the spring, and about the last plants
to be bedded out at the end of May ;
and they make the most brilliant bed
for the whole season, flowering for six
weeks to two months, according to the
situation of the beds. We prefer the
tall dark scarlet, or old 6'. cocdneu, for
beds, but there are three or four dis
tinct sorts that do equally well in pots.
It often happens that plants with
only two shoots will produce but one
head of bloom, and then the second
shoot will be sure to follow the year
after, and thus a plant may be made to
flower every year.

If this plant with two shoots offers to
i flower on both instead of one, and you
| wish the plant to flower every year, you
j must forego the pleasure of having
' both shoots to flower the first season.
In that case, as soon as you can per-
ceive the flower-buds in the spring, you
must cut down one of the two shoots
and let the other one flower. The lower
down the shoot is cut the better. If
there is only an inch or two of it left,
it is sure to produce three times the
number of young shoots that will be

t'RA

; -w-i 3

CRA

necessary to retain. If you select three |
of the best placed, these will be enough I
for a plant so young, therefore, instead j
of two flower-heads we have only one j
of them, and three others coming \\p \
to flower next season. As soon as the |
single truss of flowers begins to fade, j
about the middle of August, this flower- j
ing shoot must be cut down close like- j
wise, and from it succession shoots will j
be obtained, so that in a large old
specimen there are many flowering
shoots and succession ones growing on
at the same time ; and, as soon as the
plants are done flowering, the shoots
which have borne the flowers are cut
back to different lengths according to
the size or shape the plant is intended
to be grown.

Every morsel of the old shoots cut
off in August will make cntl'tnys, but
the best cuttings are obtained from the
top ends of young vigorous shoots ;
they will root either in heat or cold, at
any time. Abundance of air, strong
sunlight, and plenty of water during
their two months of active growth, but
little during the rerst of the summer
and autumn, and scarcely any in winter,
are the leading principles in their
culture.

CRATJE'GUS. The Hawthorn. (From
kratos, strength ; in reference to the
strength and hardness of the wood.
Nat. ord., Appleworts [Pomacea?].
Linn., 12-Icosatnh-ia S-Di-pentagynia).

The family of thorns furnishes a greater num-
ber of handsome small trees for ornamental
grounds than any other woody family whatever.
They are all white-blossomed, except where
we have mentioned otherwise ; but they vary in
another beauty — the colour of their fruit ; and
this, as far as we know, we have particularized.
Young plants are obtained from seed sown in
spring ; and any particular varieties can be
budded or grafted upon one of the most useful,
the common whitethorn. Common garden soil.
C. Alpi'na (Alpine). 20. May. Italy.

— (ipiifo'lia (Parsley-leaved). 15. May. North

America. 1812.
mi'nor (smaller). May.

— Aro'nia (Aronia). 15. May. South Europe.

1810. Berries yellow .

grand! fln'ra (large - flowered). 15.

May. 1846.

— Azaro'lus (Azarole). 15. May. South

Europe. 1640. Berries red.

— rarpu'tica (Carpathian). 20. May. Car-

pathian mountains.

— cocri'»rft (»cn,rlet-fruitfd\ 20. May. North

America, 1683.

C. coccinea rora'ltina (coralline). 15. May.

France.
glandulo'sa (glandulose) 20. May.

North America. 1759. Berries red.
indent a' fa (indented.- 1 caved) . 12.

May. North America.
macra'«//t«(long-spined). 20. May.

North America. 1819. Berries yel-
lowish red.
ma'xima (largest). 20. May. North

America.
• — mi'nor (smaller-fruited). 20. May.

North America.
Neupolita'na (Neapolitan). Mav.

Naples.

subvillo'sa (slightly-hairy). 1832.

succule'ntu (succulent - fruited} .

Germany.

— corda'ta (heart- to/wcf). 20. May. North

America. 1738. Berries bright red.

— crenula'ta (scollop-edged). 10. May. Ne-

paul. 1820.

— Cm's-ga'lli (Cockspur). 20. May. North

America. 1691. Berries dark red.

— ' linfn'ris (narrow-leaved). 20. May.

North America.

na'na (dwarf). 4. May. North Ame-
rica.

pyr acanthi fo' Ha (Pyracantha - leaved).

20. May. North America.

snlirifo'lia (\Villovv-leaved). 20. May.

North America.

splf'iidens (shining). 20. May. North

America.

— Dovglafrti (Douglas's). 15. May. North

America. 1830. Berries purple.

— elli'pfica ;oval-/e«??erf). 20. May. North

America. 1765.

— fiissti (cleft-leaved). 15. May. 1810.

— flaMlaita. (km- 1 eared). 15. May. South

Europe.

— fla'va (yellow Penr-bet-rifd). 20. May.

North America. 1/24.
loba'ta (lobed). 15. June.

— Florenti'nit (Florentine). 15. May. 1800.

— fln'ridu (florid). 20. May. North Ame-

rica.

— glu'bru .(smooth). 15. May. North America.

1818.

— heterophy'lla (various-leavrd). 20. May.

North America. 1816. Berries red."

— latifo'lin (broad-leaved). 20. May. North

America. 1820.

— La'yi (Mr. Tradescant Lay's). 10. North

China. 1844.

— hticidn (shining-team/). 20. May. North

America.

— Miirurca'na (Morocco). 15. May. Barbary.

1822.

— melannca'rpa (black-berried). 15. May.

Tiiuria. 1820.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 15. May. Mexico.

1823.

— monoigyna (one-styled). 15. May. Siberia.

— ni'gru (black -fruited}. 20. May. Hungary.

1819.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 15. May.

Crimea. Berries bright red.

— Orientals (Eastern). 15. May. South

Europe. 1810. Berries dark red.

— — san<ftiijnea (.blood-coloured ). 15.

Mav. Crimea. 1810.

C1U

OHK

C. ovalifo'lia C oval-leaved). 20. May. North
America. 1810.

— oxyca'ntha (sharp-spined Common haw-

thorn). 15. May. Britain.
upe'tala (petalless). 15. May.

— • aurunti'acci (orartge-coloured-
f raited). May.

au'reti (golden-berried), 15. May.

capita'ta (capitate-flowering). 15.

May.

Celsia'na (Cels's). 15. May.

erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 15.

White. May. Britain.
flexuo'sa (zigzag-branched). 15.

White. May.
fo'liis-arge'ntis (vthite-variegated-

leaved). 15. White. May.
fo'liis-au'reis (yellow- variegated).

15. White. May.
lacinia'ta (cut-leaved}. 12. White.

May. Sicily. 1816.
leucoca'rpa (white-fruited). 15.

White. May. Britain.
ma'jor (greater-fruited). 15. White.

May.
mu'ltiplex (double-lowered). 15.

White. May.
obtusa'ta (blunt-lobed). 15. White.

May. France. 1322.

Oliver ia'na (Oliver's). 20. White.

C. punctatu brevispi'na (short-spincd). White.
May. North America.

ni'gra (black -/rwtYed). White.
r. North America.

strl'cta (black-fruited up-

May.

May. Asia Minor. 1820. Berries black.
ple'nn (double-flowered). 15.

White. May.

prce'cox (early). 15. White. May.

pterifo'lia (Brake-leaved). 15.

White. May.
pnni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 15.

Scarlet. May.

puni'ceo flo're ple'no (scarlet- dou-
ble). 15. Dark red. May.
quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). White.

June. Hamburgh. 1834.
' regi'jwe (Queen Mary's thorn). 30.

White. May. Scotland.
ro'sea superbo. (superb rosey-flower-

ed). 15. Crimson. May.
Sibe'rica (Siberian). 15. White.

May. Siberia.
Trantylva'nicq (Transylvanian).

)5. White. May. Transylvania.

— oxyncanthoi'des (Oxyacantha-like). 15.

White. May. France. 1822.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 15. May* North.

America. 1/04.

Flo'rida (Florida). 6. White.

May. North America.

— grossulitf'uefo'lla (Gooseberry-
leaved). 6. White. May.

— penta'gynm (five-styled). 15. White. May.

Hungary. 1820.

— Poiretia'na (Poiret's). 20. White. May.

Hungary. 1810.
•— Priest ia'na (Priest's). White. May. 1810.

— prunellifo'lia (Prunella-leaved). 20. White.

May.

— prunifol'ia (Plum-leaved). 20. White.

May. North America. 1818. Berries
dark red.

— puitf-ta'ta (dotted-fruited). 15. White.

North America. 1746. Berries red.

au'rea (golden-fruited). 30. White.

May. North America. 1724.

right). White. May. North America.
ru'bra (red-fruited). 20. White.

May. North America.
stri'ctn (upright red). 20.

White. May. North America.

— purpu'rea (purple-fruited). 15. White.

May. 1822. '

— Alta'ica (Altaic). 15. White.

May. Altaic Mountains.

— Pyraca'ntha (Evergreen-thorn). 10. White.

May. South Europe. 1629.
crenula'ta (small-scolloped). 10.

White. May. Nepaul. 1820.
fru'ctu u'lbo (white-fruited). 10.

White. May. 1841.

— pyrifo'lia (Pear-leaved). 15. White. June.

North America. 1763. Berries yel-
lowish red.

— sangui'nea (crimson-fruited). 15. May.

Siberia. 1810.

— spathula'tu (spatula-leaved). 15. Mayi

North America. 1805.

— spinofti'ssima (spiniest). 15. May. Europe.

— stipula'ris (stipulate). Pink. May. Quito.

1843.

— tanacetifo'lia (Tansy-leaved). 15. May.

Greece. 1789- Berries yellow.
gla'bra (smooth). 15. May.

Germany. 1816.
Tau'rica (Taurian). 15. May.

Taurica. 1800.

— Virgi'iiica (Virginian). 5. May. Virginia.

1812. Berries green.

— vi'ridis (green-fruited). 15.- May. Carolina.

1810.

CRATJE'YA. Garlic Pear. (Named
after Crat<evus, a Greek botanist. Nat.
ord., Capparids [Capparidacese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodccandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to the Common Gaper).

The bark of the roots of the Garlic Pear (C.
gynundra) blisters like Cantharides. Stove
evergreen trees ; rich loamy soil ; increased by
cuttings, in sand, under glass, in bottom-heat.

C. gyna'ndra (gynandrous). 12. White. Ja-
maica. 1789.

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 15. White. East

Indies. 1822.

— Ta'pia (Tapia). 30. White. East Indies.

1752.

— Tapioi'des (Tapia-like). 20. White. South

America. 1820.

CREEPERS or TRAILERS are plants
which by having numerous stems and
branches resting upon and spreading
over the soil's surface, are useful for
concealing what would be unpleasing
to the eye. They are also handsome
objects 'in pots suspended from the
roof of an appropriate structure, and
some, as Gaultheria procumbens, are or-

CRT

•2 SO

nu

namental round the margin of ponds or
other water.

CRESCI/NTIA. The Calabash Tree.
(Named after firsrcnti, an old author.
Nat. ord., Crrwatiitdx \ CrescentiacefeJ.
Linn., ±-TetrdHdria 1-Jfnitof/i/nia).

The flowers of the Calabash-tree (C. Cujcte],
are intermediate between Gesnerworts and Big-
noniads, and in all the species are produced
from the old stems or branches. Stove ever-
green trees ; a mixture of loam and peat ; cut-
tings of ripened shoots root readily in sand,
under glass, in heat.

C. acumina'tu (pointed- leaved; . 20. Green,
white. Cuba. 1822.

— cucurbiti'na (Gourd-fruited",. 10. White.

West Indies. 1/33.

— Cuje'te (Cujete). 20. White. Jamaica. 1690.

CRESS. (Lepi'd'mm s«ti'rt<m.)

r<meties. — There are three varieties :
Plain-leaved, which is the one com-
monly cultivated for salads; Curly-
leaved, equally good, and employed
likewise for garnishing ; Broad -leaved,
seldom cultivated. See Mustard.

CRESS ROCKET. Vc'lla.

CRI'NUM (From fouion, the Greek
name for Lily. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryilidacere]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria
\-Moiioyynia).

Nearly 50 species of Crinum, with numerous
varieties, and many cross-bred seedlings have
been described by Dr. Herbert. Many of them
are the most beautiful of this order. C. longi-
florum is perfectly hardy in England if planted
six or eight inches deep. It will grow in water,
but better on the margins of lakes, ponds, or
rivulets. The whole family delight in strong
rich loam, and an abundance of water when
they are growing. Bulbous plants of great
beauty ; rich loam, peat and sand ; readily in-
creased by offsets and many by seeds.

HARDY.

C. Ca'pensc (Common Cape). 2. Pink. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1752.

— Herbc'rti( Herbert's). 2. Pink. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.

GREENHOUSE.

C. angustifolium (narrow-leaved). 2. White.
June. New Holland. 1824.

— Austra'le (southern). White. April. Aus-

tralia. 1/gi.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 2. Pink. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.

— fla'cdi&um (flaccid). 2. Pink. July. New

Holland. 1816.

— tongifloirum (long-flowered). 2. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— longifo'lium (long -leaved). 3. White.

Bengal. 1810.

— lorifo'liutK, (strap-leaved }. 5. White. July.

Pegu. 1819.

— macroca'rpum (large-fruited;. l£. July.

Pegu. 1820.

C. uiaHritia'nuin, (Mauritian;. 4. Pink. March.
Mauritius. 1812.

— molucca'ntun (Molucca;. 2. Pink. July.

Moluccas. 1819-

— multifto'rum (many-flowered). 2. White.

1822.

— peduncula'tutn (long flower- stalked). 3.

White. July New South Wales. 1790.

— plicti'tum (plaited^. 2. White. July.

China. 1818.

— ripu'ritim (river-bank1. 2. Pink. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 181b'.

STOVE.

C. Algoc'nsc (Algoa Bay). Red, white. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.

— ama'bile (lovely). 5. Purple. July. East

Indies. 1810.

— Amcrica'num (American). 2. White. July.

South America. 1752.

— amce'num (pleasing). 2. White. East In-

dies. 1810.

la'oe (smooth-edged). 2. White.

East Indies. 1819.

nngustifoliitm (tall-narrow -lca\ed .

2. White. East Indies. 1819.

— uHgu'aiinn (narrow). 1. Pink, July. Mau-

ritius'. 1818.

— ano'nmlinn (anomalous). 1. White. July.

China. 1822.

— uqua'ticum (water). 4. Pink. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— arena'rinm (sand). 2. White. May. New

Holland. 1822.

bla'ndum (mild-looking]. 2. Blue.

May. New Holland. I8S1.

— Asia'ticum (Asiatic Poison bulb). 3. White.

July. China. 1/32.

— Australa'sicum (Australian). White. June.

Australia. 1838.

— brachya'ndrum(short-stnmcned). 5. White.

July. New Holland. 1819-

— brachyne'ma (short-stamened). White. East

Indies. 1840.

— brat-tea' turn (bracted . 2. White. July.

Mauritius. 1810.

— angustifotlium (narrow-leaved;. 2,

White. July. Mauritius. 1810.

— brevili'mbum (short-fringed). 2. July. Pa-

cific Islands. 1820.

— Broussone'ti (Broussonet's). \. Red, white.

July. Guinea. 1740.

— Ca'ffrnm (Caffre). Red, white. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— cunaliculu'tum (channelled - leaved,. 4.

White. July. East Indies. 1810.

— canalifo'lium (chahnclled-leaved). 2. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— Curcya'num (Carey's). 2. White. July.

Mauritius. 1821.

— Commeli'ni (Commelin's). 2. White. July.

South America . 1 798 .

— confe'rtum (crowded). 2. White. June.

New Holland. 1822.

— crue'nttt m (bloody -flowered). 4. Red. July.

East Indies. 1810.

— declina'tutn (curved- down). 2. White.

May. Silhet. 1818.

— dcfi'xum '(.denxed), 2. White. August.

East Indies. 1810.

— di'stichum (two-rowed). 2. White, purple.

June. Guinea. 1774.

CHI

287 ]

CRO

. e'legans .elegant). 4. White. September.

East Indies. 1823.
ensifo'lium (sword-leaved). 3. White.

Pegu. 1819.
• ernbe'scens (blushing). 2. Pale white. July.

West Indies. 1/89.

Bcrbwc'nse (Berbice). 2. White.

July. Berbice. 181Q.

Coranty'num (Corantyne). Pale

red. June. South America. 1820.
• glu'brum album (smooth-white).

White. June. South America. 1820.
gla-'brum ni'bntm (smooth - red).

Red, white. June. Maranham. 1824.
ma'j'us (larger). 3. Red, white.

July. South America. 1789.

'mi'nu s (smaller). 1$. Red, white.

July. South America). 1/89.

octoflo'rum (eight-flowered). White.

June. Spanish Main. 1820.

rubrili'mbum (red-fringed). Red.

June. South America.

niridifo'lium (green-leaved). 3.

White. July. Demerara. 1819.
eryt /trophy 'Itiah (red-leaved). 2. Red,

white. July. East Indies. 1825.
exalta'tum (lofty). 3. East Indies. 1820.
Forbc'si (Forbes's). Red, white. July.

Delagoa Bay. 1824.

formo'sum (beautiful). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.
giga'nteum (giant). 3. White. July. Guinea.

1/92.

hu'mile (low). 1. White. October. 1822.
insi'gne (noble). 3. Pink. November.

East Indies. 1819.

La'ncei (Lance's). Red, white. July. Su-
rinam. 1825.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. Pink. July.

East Indies. 1806.
Lindleya'num (Lindley's). White, purple.

June. Maranham. 1824.
Loddigesia'iium (Loddiges), White, purple.

August. Mexico.
Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Red, white. June.

East Indies.
pediola'tum (pediolate). White, purple.

July. South Africa. 1792.
specta'bilc (shewy). White. July.

Sierra Leone.
jiratc'nse (meadow). White. June. East

Indies. 1810.
firo'ccrum (tall). 3. White. July. Pegu.

1820.
purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. June.

Fernandez Po. 182d.
revolu'tum (rolled-back). 14. White. June.

Maranham. 1823.
ri'gidum (stiff). White. June. East Indies.

1810.
sea 'brum (rough). 4. Pink. May. Azores.

1810.

si'nicum (Chinese). 1. White. China. 1819.
spccio'sum (showy). 2. Pink. July. East

Indies. 1819.
atri'ctum (straight). U. White. September.

1824.
siihme'rsum (submerged). 1-J. Pink. July.

Rio Janeiro. 1820.
Httmittra'num (Sumatra). 3. White. July.

Sumatra. 1810.
iindtila'turn (IrswoA-leavefT). 1^. White.

November. Maranham. 1824.

C. cenu'stum (graceful), l. White, red. July.
East Indies. 1821.

— verecu'ndum (ruddy). 2. Pale red. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— Y'ucceeoi'des (Yucca-like). 2. Red, white.

June. Guinea. 1740.

— zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 3. Purple. July.

Ceylon. 1771.

(ongisty'lum (long-styled). Pale red.

July. East Indies. 1806.

CRISTA'RIA (From crista, a crest, the
form of the seed vessel. Nat. ord.,
Mallmc icor/s | Malvaceae]. Linn., 16-
Moiiadelphia $-Poly«it,<fri«. Allied to
Sida).

A very neat little hardy herbaceous perennial.
Peat ; cuttings during the summer months.

C. cocci'nea (scarlet). £. Scarlet. August.
Missouri. 1811.

CRI'THMUM. Samphire. (From/;-/'///",
barley ; resemblance of the seeds to
barley. Nat. ord., Umbatl\fer» [Api-
ace;v]. Linn., ^-Pentnndr'tn '2 Diyyida.
Allied to Seseli).

Samphire (C. mar'Uimum) is excellent in
pickles,

C. latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1^. Yellow.
July. Canaries. 1780. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— mari'timum (sea). 1. White. August.

Britain. Hardy herbaceous.

Culture. — Cri.thmum m<i>'ilrnnn>-
though a native of the sea shore, may
be cultivated successfully in the garden.

#o*7. — It requires a sandy rich soil
and the north side of a Avail.

Propaijrit'wn. — The roots may be
planted, or the seed sown in April ;
the only cultivation required being to
keep the plants free from weeds, and to
water it about twice a week with water
containing half an ounce of guano, and
one ounce of salt per gallon.

CROCKING, is putting a piece of pot-
sherd over the hole at the bottom of a
llower-pot previously to adding the
drainage, etc.

CRO'CUS. A name adopted from
Theophrastus. Nat, ord., Irlds [Iri-
dacejo]. Linn., ?>-Triamlria \-Mono-
(jynia}.

Hardy bulbs. The saffron of the shops is the
dried stigmas of C. sativus. The Sicilian saf-
fron is from those of C. odorus.

C. albiflo'rus (white-flowered). £. White.
February. Austria.

— annula'tus (ringed). $. White. March.

South East Europe. 1629.

CllU

CiiO

C. annula'tus Ada'micus (Adam's). 4, Purple.
March. Caucasus.

— „ a'lbus (\vh\te-flowered). White.

March. Opschina.
biflo'rus (two-flowered). 4- White.

March. Crimea. 1629.
stigmato'sus (long-styled).

4. White. March.
cosrule'scens (bluish). Bluish.

February. Naples.
• cstria'tus (unstreaked-se/?a/s).

Lilac. February. Florence.
Grce'cus (Grecian). February.

Greece.
nubige'na (cloudy). White.

March. Mount Gargarus. 1845.
purpura'scens (purplish -flower-
ed). Purple. March. Dalmatia.
pusi'llus arge'nteus (silvery). £.

White. February. Pisa.

• linea'tus (lined). Feb-

Parma.

Tenoria'nus (Tenore's).

February. Naples.

February.

Odessa.

— arge'nteus (silvery). White, brown. Feb-

ruary.

— Astu'ricus (Asturian). 4. Purple. October.

Asturia. 1842.

— ttu'rciis (golden). 4. Yellow. February.

Greece.

— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 4. White. Feb-

ruary. Crimea. 1629.

— Borya'nus (Bory's). White. September.

Morea.

— Byxanti'nus (Byzantine). September. Hun-

gary.

— Cambesedia'nus (Cambesedes'). White.

Majorca.

— cancella'tus (cross-barred). Mount Taurus.
Kotschia'nus (Kotschy's). Violet.

Mount Taurus.
margarita'ceus (pearly). Purple.

C. insulu'ris gcminiflo'rus (twin-flowered;. Sep-
tember.

ma'jor (larger). September.

ruary.

*. White.

Tau'ricus (Taurian).

Mount Taurus.

Maxxia'ricus

White, yellow. Caria.

(Mazziari's). i

— Cartwrightia'nus (Cartwright's). J. White,

purple. September. Candia.
Cre'ticus (Cretan). Pale

yellow. October. Candia.
leuca' dius (whitish).

White.

— Caucu'sicus (Caucasian). White, blue. Feb-

ruary. Caucasus.

— chrysa'nthus (golden-flowered). 4- Golden.

February. Rhodope.

— Clusia'nus (Clusius's). September. Por-

tugal. 1835.

— Damnsce'nus (Damascus). September. Da-

mascus. 1844.

— Keischeria'nns(K.visc'her'a'). White. Smyrna.
-+- Garga'ricus (Gargarian). 4- Golden yellow.

March. Mount Gargarius.

— Hadria'ticus (Hadriatic). October.

— — — Chrysobelohiicvs (Chrysobelo-

nian). October. Chrysobeloni.

Snundcrsia'nus (Saunders's).

September .

— imperato'nius (Imperato's). J. Lilac. Feb-

ruary. Naples. 1830.

— insula'ris (island;. September. Corsica,

---- me'dius (medium). September.
---- mi'nimus (least). Violet. Septem-
ber.

— la'cteus (cream-coloured-flowered}. 4. Pale

yellow. March.

— lagenteflo'rus (bottle-flowered). 4. Red,

yellow. February. Greece.

•auireus (golden). 4. Golden

yellow. March. Greece.
--- a'lbus (white-flowered}.

i. White. March.

la'ctcus (cream-colour-

ed). 5. Cream. March. Greece. 1629.
--- lalcteus pcncilla'tus

(milky pencilled). 4. Pale cream.

March.
---- lute'scens (yellowish).

|. Pale yellow. March.

pa'llidus (pale-flower-

ed). $. Pale sulphur. March.
— • - sulphura'sceiis (pale

sulphur). 4- March.
-- • sulphu'reiis (sulphur-

coloured). %. Pale yellow. March.

South Europe. 162Q.
--- triUneu'tus (three-

lined). 4. Yellow, blue. March.

ca'ndidus (white). White.

March. Mount Gargarus.
-- • fla'o'us (yellow). 4- Pale

yellow. February. Greece
-- Htz'micus (Hsemus). March.

Mount Hsemus.

Landeria'nus (Lander's). Yel-

low. March.

Syria1 cus (Syrian). 4- Yellow.
March. Syria.

Olirieria'nus (Olivier 's). Yel-
low. March, Chios.

stella'ris (starry). 4. Yellow.
March.

stria1 tits (streaked). 4- Yellow.

March. South Europe. 1629.

— longiflo'nts (long-flowered). February. Italy.

1843.

— hi1 tens (c'w/MWow-Yellow). £. Yellow. Fe-

bruary. Turkey. 1629.

— MasVamis (Macsian). ^. Yellow. Febru-

ary. Greece. 1629.

— me'dius (intermediate). September. Liguria.

— iiii'nimnti (smallest). ^. Purple. February.

1629.

— niv a 'Us (snowy). February. Morea.

— nudiflo'rus (naked-flowered). £. Violet.

September. England.

— odo'rtts (scented). ^. September. Naples.

1830.
-- longiflo'rus) (long-flowered). J. Oc-

tober.
-- Melitc'nsis (Malteses). 4- October.

Mata.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's. Autumnal). £. Lilac.

September. Crimea. 1821.

— pulche'llufi (neat). Light blue. February.

1843.

— pusi 'llus (dwarf). J. White blue. February.

Naples. 1824.

— Pyrenee'us (Pyrenean). |. Purple. Sep-

tember. England.

CEO

[ 289 ]

CRO

C. reticula'tus (netted). \. Blue. February.

Crimea.
_ a'lbicans (Cloth of silver). 4.

Whitish. March. Odessa.
Ansyre'nsis (Angora). 4. Yellow.

March. Angora.
aurite'xtus (Cloth of gold). A.

Gold. March.
immacula'tus (spotless).

4. Yellow. March.
refle'xus (bent-back). 4. I

Yellow-striped. March. Crimea. 1605.
Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 4.

April.
• variega'tus (variegated). 4. April.

— Sulzmannia'nus (Salzmann's). Africa. 1806.

— sati'vus (cultivated. Saffron}. 4. Violet.

September. England.

— sero'tinus (late. Autumnal). 4- Violet.

October. South Europe. 1629.

— Sibthorpia'nus (Sibthorps) .
pulchri 'color (fair - coloured).

May. Olympia.

stun1 rims (Stauric). White.

June. Trebizond.

— specio'sus (showy). Purple. September.

Hungary.

Cauca'sicvs (Caucasian). Purple.

September. Caucasus.

la'xior (looser). Purple. Septem-
ber. Caucasus.

Transylva'nicvs (Transylvanian).

Purple. September. Transylvania.

— stria' tus (channelled). 4. White. Feb-

ruary. 1820.

— sulphu' reus (sulphur-coloured). $. Yellow.

February. South Europe. 1629.

.jia'inis (pale yellow). ^. Pale

yellow. February. South Europe. 1629.

— Susia'nm (Susian). ^. Yellow. February.

Turkey. l605.

— Sutcria'jms (Suter's). ^. Bright yellow.

Match. Angora.

— Thoma'sii (Thomas's). §. Blue. Septem-

ber. Naples. 1830.

" lec'vis (smooth- leaved).

pri'nceps (fringed-leaved).

— Tournefortia'nus (Tournefort's). October.

Greek Archipelago.
»A Wl

— vallc'cola (valley). White. October. Tre-

bizond Alps.
•— variega'tus (variegated). £. Variegated.

February. Levant. 1829.
-^ve'rnus (spring). $. Purple. February.

England.
-1 albiflo'rus (white - flowered). $.

White. February. Carintha.

' apri'Kt (April). £. Violet. April.

• cla'tior (taller). $. February. Alps.

parviflo'rus (small -flowered). i.

White. February. Splueen.
leucorhy'nchus (white-beaked). A.

White, blue. February.

' Neapolita'nus (Neapolitan). 4. Pur-
ple, blue. February. Naples.
" obonu'tus (reversed-egg-shapcd). £.

Purple. February. South Europe.
pi'ctus (painted). $. Pale white.

February.

— versi'color (party-coloured). $. Purple. Feb-

ruary. South Europe. 1629.
CROCUS CULTURE. — Propagation: by
19

Seed. Sow the seed in October, in a
prepared bed of light rich earth, in an
open situation, covering it a quarter of
an inch. The seedlings will come up
in the spring and should be kept well
weeded. When the leaves decay, clear
them away and spread a thin coat of
fresh light earth over the roots. Allow
them to remain another season, and
then when the leaves decay take up
the bulbs carefully, sifting the soil so
as to find even the smallest. In August
prepare a bed of fresh rich earth, turn-
ing it over two or three times to mellow
and pulverise. About the middle of
September, on a dry day, level the bed
and draw drills across' it four inches
apart, then plant the young bulbs in
the drills three inches asunder, press-
ing them down gently into the soil,
and when all are planted, level the
ridges of the drills with a rake care-
fully down. In this bed they should
remain two years. The second year
most of them will flower, and when in
bloom the colours should be marked,
to enable you to separate them into
their colours when they are taken up.
Any new fine varieties should be espe-
cially taken care off.

By Offsets. — When the leaves decay
in the summer take up the bulbs,
keeping them in their various sorts ;
separate the large flowering bulbs from
the small offsets, and plant the latter
in a bed by themselves, in the same
way as is described above for seedlings.
In two years take them up, sort the
large roots out again, and replant the
small ones.

Soil. — The crocus delights in a dry
situation, and a rich light sandy soil.
In such a place and soil it flowers pro-
fusely, and produces large roots ; but
in a wet poor soil it dwindles away.

Culture. — October is the best month
for planting, though it may be pro-
longed to the middle of December.
Take the roots up every second year,
planting the offsets as described above.
Insects. — Slugs are their chief enemy,
which may be destroyed by watering
the beds or clumps with lime water.

Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes be-
come like a mass of starch or meal,
and then will not grow. There is no
u

CKO

[ aoo j

C&O

remedy for bulbs actually diseased, but
they ought to be carefully picked out,
and not mixed with the general stock
for fear of infection. It seems to be
caused by an internal fungus.

CROPPING ( MIXED) is growing two
or more crops together, one of which
may be either drawn young, so as to
be out of the other's way before it gets
high enough to be injured ; or one of
which benefits the other by shading it.
The object of mixed cropping is to
obtain the largest amount of produce in
the shortest time from a given space.
The subject cannot be treated in detail
within these limited pages ; and we
must, therefore, refer our readers to an
essay on the subject in The Cot lay e
Gardener, v. xJ74. See Rotation of Crops.

CROSSA'NDRA. ('From krossos, a fringe,
and aner, an anther ; fringed anthers
or pollen bags. Nat. ord., Acantliads
[Acanthacese]. Linn., 14^-Teiradynamia
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Justicia.)

A showy stove evergreen shrub; peat and
loam ; cuttings root readily irt sand, in bottom-
heat, at any season, under glass.

C. undulcefo'lia (wave -leaved). l£. Orange,
scarlet. March. East Indies. 1800.

CROTALA'RIA. (From krotalon, a cas-
tanet, or hand rattle ; the seeds rattle
in the pod if shaken. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., 1(5-
Monadelph'ta Q-J)ecandri<i. Allied to the
Lupines.)

Notwithstanding the great number of Cro-
talarias, with their gay coloured pea-flowers,
they are not much prized by gardeners, owing
to the difficulty of preserving them from the
attacks of the red spider. Seed ; perennial
kinds easily from cuttings, in sand, under glass;
loam and peat.

STOVE ANNUALS, &C.

C. acumina'ta (.pointed-leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820. Half-
hardy.

— ala'ta (winged). 1. Pale yellow. July.

Nepaul. 1818. Biennial.

— ungula'ta (angled). 1. Yellow. June. South

America. 1700.

-- blala'ta (two-winged). 1. Yellow. June.
1820.

— bifa'ria (two-rowered). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1817.

-•- Burma' nni (Burmann's). 1. Yellow. July.
East Indies, isno.

— calyci'na (large-calyxed). 1. Blue. June.

East Indies. 181 6.

— Cube'imis (Cuba). 1. Yellow. July. Cuba.

1820.

.fu'lva (tawny). 1. Yellow. June. East
Indies. 1817-

• glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Yellow. July.

Guinea. 1824.

• hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1818.

L«H£\sdo'»;/u(Langsdorf's). I. Yellow. June.
1820.

• microphy'lla (small-leaved). %. Yellow.

July. Arabia. 1820. Trailer.
ovu'lis (oval) . 1. Yellow. July. Carolina.

1810. Half-hardy.
•pu'mila (dwarf). £. Yellow. June. Cuba.

1823. Trailer.
jiurpura'scem (purplish). 1. Purple. July.

Madagascar. 1825.
Pu'rshii (Pursh's). 1. Yellow. June. North

America. 1800. Half-hardy.

• Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 1. Yellow. June.

Senegal. 1819.

• spccta'bilis (showy). l£. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1820.

stipula'ris (large-stipuled). 1. Yellow. July.
Cayenne. 1823.

• tria'ntha (three-flowered) . 2. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1824.

•tubero'sa, (tuberous). 1. Purple. June.
Nepaul. 1821. Greenhouse.

• verruco'sa (warted). 1. Blue. June. West

Indies. 1731.

acumina'ta (pointed-fcurprf). 1.

Blue. July. East Indies. 1731.

• villo'sa (soft-haired). 1. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
, arge'ntea (silvery). 1. Yellow. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823.
•dicho'tonm (forked). 1. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1824.

obscu'ra (obscure). 2. Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.

• Theba'ica (Theban). 2. Yellow. June.

Egypt. 1818.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
. unagyroi'des (Anagyris-like). b. Yellow.
July. Trinidad. 1823.

• anthylloi'des (Anthyllis-like). 4. Yellow.

August. East Indies. 1/89.

• Berteria'na (Barter's). 2. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1818.

• bractea'tu (large-bracted). 4. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1820.

• Bro'wnea (Browne's). 4. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1816.

• cajanifo'lia (Cajan-leaved). 6. Yellow. Au-

gust. South America. 1824.

• Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Yellow. June.

China. 1818.

• cytiaoi'des (Cytisus-like). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1826.
•folio'sa (leafy). 3. Yellow. June. East

Indies. 1818.
-fnitico'stt (shrubby). 2. Yellow. June.

Jamaica. 17^6.

• linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

Nepaul. 1820.

• medicuffi'nca (Medicjuto-hke). 1. Yellow,

green. June. East Indies. 1816.

• No'eec Holla'ndia: (New Holland). 2. Purple.

June. New Holland. 1823. Her-
baceous perennial.

CRO

CRY

C. panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Yellow. June.
Java. 1820.

— pelli'ta (furred). 1. Yellow. July. Jamaica.

1820.

— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 5. Yellow. Au-

gust. Jamaica. 1820.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.

— Roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). 2. Yellow.

June. East Indies. 1820.

— sMu'ta (streaked-flowered). 3. Yellow, red.

Mauritius. 1831.

— tenuifo'lia (line-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1816.

— tu'rgida (swollen). 3. Yellow. July. 1820.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 3. Yellow. June, East

Indies. 1816.

CRO 'TON. (From kroiou, a tick ; re-
ferring to the appearance of the seeds.
Nat. ord., Spwryewortt [Euphorbiace;e],
Lirin., 21 - Moncecia 10 - Monadelphla.
Allied to Jatropha.)

The most powerful of purgatives is Croton oil
obtained from the seeds of C. TigliUm. Stove
evergreen shrubs, except C. rosmarinifolia ;
loam and peat; cuttings root readily in sand,
under glass, in heat.

C. eleute'ria (Sea-side balsam). 6. White,
green. July. Jamaica. 1748.

— glabe'lla (smoothish. Laurel-leaved'}. 6.

White, green. Jamaica. 1778.

— linea'rls (narrow- tea y erf). 6. White, green.

July. West Indies. 1773.

— pi'cta (painted). 4. White, green. July.

East Indies. 1810.

— rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary-leaved). 5. June.

New Holland. 1824. Greenhouse.

— Ti'glium (Tiglium). 10. White, green.

East Indies. 1796.

— variega'ta (variegated). 10. White, green.

East Indies. 1804.
cri'spa (curled). 6. White, green.

July. East Indies. 1804.
longifo'lia (long- leaved). 2. White,

green. India. 1847.
~ • me'dia (intermediate). 6. White,

green. July. East Indies. 1804.

CROWBERRY. Empc'trum ni'yrum.

CRO 'WE A. (Named after J. Crowe, a
British botanist. Nat. ord., Rueworts
« Rutaceee]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Boronia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings root readily in sand, under
glass ; loam and peat.

C.elli'ptica(ov*l-leaved). 3. Pink. July. 1845.

— lattjo'ha (broad-leaved), 3. Purple. July.

— Sali'gna (Willow-leaved). 3. Purple. Sec-

tember. 1790.

— stri'cta (upright). 2. Pink. 1845.
CROWFOOT. Ranun'cidus.
CRUCIFERS. Crossworts. Flowers are

called micifers when composed of four
petals placed opposite each other, like
those of the cabbage and turnip. They

include all those plants arranged by
Linnaeus in the loth class of his system
Tetradynamia.

CRUCIANE'LLA. Crosswort. (From
the diminutive of crux, a cross ; refer-
ring to the way the leaves are arranged.
Nat. ord., Stellates [Galiacea?]. Linn.,
•i-I'etrandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Rubia.)

The leaves of all the plants in this order are
produced in whorls along the stem, hence the
name of the order, which has been reared on
the ruins of Rubiaceae, which is now cancelled.
The greenhouse species thrive well in loam
and peat, and readily increase by cuttings ;
the hardy perennial kinds by seed and division,
in garden soil. There are several annual spe-
cies, but not worth cultivating.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

C. America'na (American). 1. Yellow. July.
South America. 1780,

— mari'tima (maritime). 1. Yellow. July.

France. 1640.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

C. ano'mala (anomalous). 1. Yellow. July.
Caucasus. 1820.

— a! spent (rough). Greenish yellow. July.

Iberia. 1837.

— chlorosta'chys (greenish - yellow spiked.)

Greenish-yellow. July. Persia. 1837.

— Gila'nica (Ghilan). Yellow. July. Persia.

1837.

— glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Yellow. July.

Iberia. 1824.

— pube'scens (downy), 1. Purple. July.

Candia. 1799,

— stylo'sa (large- styled). 1. Pink. July.

Persia.

— suave'olens (sweet - smelling;. 1. Yellow.

July. Russia. 1838.

CRYPTOCHI'LUS. (From kryptos, hid
den, and cheilos, a lip ; the lip or label-
lum being partly hid by the sepals.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacefe]. Linn.,
20-Gi/nandria l-Monandri«. Allied to
Acanthophippium. )

Stove orchid ; root division ; soil rough fibry
peat and rotten wood.

C. sangui'nca (blood-coloured). 1. Scarlet.
June. Nepaul.

CRYPTOCO'RYNE. (From kryptos, hid-
den, and koryne, a club ; the club-shaped
spadix, or spike, in the centre of the
flower is hidden by the hooded spathe
peculiar to this order. Nat. ord., Arads
[Araceoe]. Linn., 21- Moncecia 2-Dian-
dria. Allied to Arum.)

Stove herbaceous perennial ; divisions, and
seeds when obtainable; loam and peat. Summer
temp. 60° to 80° ; winter 45° to 55°, and dry.

May.

C. cilia 'ta (hair-fringed). Green, purple
East Indies. 1824.

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CRYPTOGRA'MMA. — A spurious name
for Sir W. Hooker's Parkeria, a fern
published in 1825 in Hooker's Exotic
Flora, page 147. See Parkeria.

CRYPTOME'RIA. Japan Cedar. (From

hidden, and meris, part ; the* j
structure of all the parts of the flower
being hidden, or not easily understood.
Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacerc]. Linn.,
%1-Mweacia l-Q-Monaddphia. Allied to
Taxodium. )

A splendid evergreen tree, from 60 to 100
feet high ; from the north of China, where it
grows in damp situations. Seeds imported ;
some have ripened in Britain ; cuttings in sandy
soil, under a hand-light ; a pure loam seems to
suit it best.

C. Japo'nica (Japanese). 100. May. Japan.
1844.

na'na (dwarf). North China.

CRYTOPHRA'GMIUM. (From
kryptos, hidden, and phrayma, a
division or partition; the flowers
partly concealed by the leafy-
bracts. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthaceae]. Linn., 2-Dia.n-
dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Justicia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in
April, of young shoots, in sandy loam,
under glass and in bottom heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50°.

C. venu'stiim (beautiful). 5. September. Pur- !
pie. Bengal.

CRYPTOSTE'GIA. (From /tryptos, hid-
den, and slcyc, a covering : the cup or i
corolla is hidden. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadacerc]. Linn., 5-Pentrandria
%-Diyynia. Allied to Periploca.)

Climbing stove evergreens. Loam and peat ; '
cuttings root readily in sand, under glass, in
heat.

C. grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 6. Pink. June, i

India. 1818.
— Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Pink. \

July. Madagascar. 1826.

CRYPTOSTE'MMA. (From frryptos, hid- '
den, and stcmma, a crown ; the crown '
of the flower hidden. Nat. ord., Com- I
posit.es [Asteracete]. Linn., l^-Sym/e-
nesia S-Frustranea. Allied to Arctotis.) j

Tender annuals from Cape of Good Hope,
requiring to be sown on a gentle hot-bed; when
large enough may be potted two or three
plants in a pot, and protected again in the ;
same way, and planted out in the open border
the beginning of June.

C. calendula'ccum (Marigold-/?ozrfm?\ 1. Ycl- |
low. July. 1752.

C. hypochondri' acum (melancholy). 1. Yellow.

July. 1731.
— runcina'ium (s&\\- leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

1794.

CUCKOO FLOWER. Carda'minc pra-
tc'nsis and Ly'chnis floscii'culi.

CUCKOO-SPIT. See Telliyo'nia sp»-
ma'ria.

CUCU'LLIA VERBA'SCI. Mullein Moth.
This is the parent of a greenish white
or slaty-coloured caterpillar, found from
the end of May until August feeding
on the various species of mullein ( Vcr-
b(iscum) and figwort (Scrophularia). On
each segment of this caterpillar are
four large black dots, sometimes sepa-
rate, and sometimes running together ;
there are smaller black dots along the
sides, and a double row of yellow spots

on the back, with others on the sides.
The head is yellow, spotted with black.
This moth appears commonly in Ma}'.
It is about two inches across the ex~
panded fore-wings, which are of a dark
reddish-brown colour, clouded and lined
with black, and with a large white spot
on each resembling the figure 3, as
shewn in the annexed drawing. The
hind -wings are also reddish -brown,
but paler, and sometimes almost white.
The female lays her eggs upon the
mulleins, and their relative species of
plants, which eggs are hatched in a
few days if the weather be warm. The
caterpillars when of full growth descend
into the ground at the roots of the
plants on which they have been feeding,
where they form cocoons of half-rotted
leaves and earth, so firmly bound toge-
ther as to resemble small hard clods.
They remain in the pupa slate until
the following May, or even for two
years.

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CO'CUMIS. Cucumber. (From cu-
cuniis, the Latin for cucumber. Nat.
orcl., Cucurbits [Cucurbitacetej. Linn.,
21-Moncecia \0-Monad-elphia.)

Half-hardy trailing annuals. The C. colo-
cynthus produces the Colocynth of medicine ;
the whole of the species require to be sown in
hot-beds, and when of sufficient strength to be
planted out either in frames or under hand-
glasses.

C, Angu'ria (round prickly). 2. Yellow. July.
Jamaica. 1692.

— Citru'llus (Citrul). 6. Yellow. June. South

America. 1597.
-- Ja't-e (Water Melon). 6. Yellow.

July. 1597.
-- Paste 'ca (Pasteque cucumber). 6.

Yellow. July. 1597.

— Colocy'nthis (bitter- Colocynth). 6. Yellow.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1551.

— delicio'sus (delicious). 4. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1818.

— Jamaice'nsin (Jamaica). 4. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1824.

— Maderaspata'nus (Madras). 3. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1805.

— Me'lo (Melon). 4. Yellow. July. 1570.
-- Cantalu'pa (Cantalupe). 4. Yellow.

July. 1570.
-- Melite'nsis (Maltese). 4. Yellow. July.

1570.
-- reticulu'tus (netted). 4. Yellow. July.

1570.

— Momo'rdica (Elaterium-like). 4. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1820.

— murica'tus (point-covered). 4. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1817.

— satl'vus (common, cultivated). 4. Yellow.

August. East Indies. 1597.
-- • u'lbus (white). 4. Yellow. July.
-- fastigia't us (peaked). 4. Yellow.

July.

fla'vus (yellow). 4. Yellow. July.
-- variega'tus (variegated). 4. Yellow.

July.
-- vi'ridis (green). 4. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1597.
— utili'ssimus (most useful). 4. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1820.

CUCUMBEE. Cu'ctmiis satl'vus.
Varieties.

1. Early short green prickly. Fruit
4 inches long.

2. Early long green prickly. 7 in.

3. Most long green prickly. 9 in.

4. Early green cluster. 6 in.

5. White Dutch prickly. G in.

0. Long smooth green Turkey. 10 in.

7. Large smooth green Roman. 10 in.

8. Flanegaus. 15 in.

9. Russian. 12 in.

10. White Turkey. 15 in.

11. Nepaul. 17 in.

\'i. Fluted (from China). 9 in.
13. The Snake. 12 feet,

14. Brownston hybrid. 15 in.

15. Victory of England. 21 in.

16. Ringleader. 15. in.

17. Pratt's hybrid. 18 in.
.18. Sion House. 9 in.

19. Duncan's Victoria. 28 in.

20. Allen's Victory of Suffolk. 24 in.

21. Victory of Bath. 17 in.

22. Prizefighter. 10 in.

The Early short prickly is often pre-
ferred for the first crop, as being a very
plentiful bearer, quick in coming into
production, and the hardiest of all the
varieties. The Early long prickly is a
hardy, abundantly-bearing variety, but
not quick in coming into production.
It is generally grown for main crops.
The Most long prickly is a hardy good
bearer. There is a white sub-variety.
The Early green cluster is a very early
bearer. It is chiefly characterized by
its fruit growing in clusters. The whole
plant grows compact, and is well suited
for hand-glass crops. The White Dutch
prickly has an agreeable flavour, though
differing from most of the others. It
comes quickly into bearing. The other
varieties are slow in coming into pro-
duction, and are chiefly remarkable for
their great size. The Nepaul often
weighs twelve pounds, being occasion-
ally eight inches in diameter. It is a
native of Calcutta. The Snake cucum-
ber is very small in diameter. Victory
of England is a favourite variety at
Ipswich for early forcing. It is pro-
lific, and the best black spined kind of
that town. Nos. 14, 10, 17, and 18,
have been awarded many prizes. They
are not abundant bearers, but their
fruit is very handsome — averaging a
length of sixteen inches, and a dia-
meter of one inch and three quarters.

Standard of Merit. — Length, not less
than twelve inches. Diameter, one-
ninth of the length. Colour, dark
green. Spines, black and numerous.
Bloom, unremoved. Circumference, cir-
cular and equal throughout. Neck and
Nose, each not more than a diameter
long. Flesh, crisp and juicy. Flower,
remaining on the fruit.

Soil. — A fresh loam, as the top spit
of a pasture, is perhaps as fine a soil
as can be employed for the cucumber.

Culture — In Dung Beds. The time

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of sowing the cucumber depends upon
the time when the plants are re-
quired for final ridging out. Three
or four weeks will always be required
for raising the plants to a fitness for
that purpose. The seed-bed should
he made up three and a half feet high
at the back, and from two feet six inches
to three feet high in the front, and on
a dry bottom. The frame should be
put on as soon as the bed is made, and
the seed should not be sown until the
heat of the bed is sweet and healthy,
to which state it may be hastened by
its surface being stirred once or twice
daily and watered, plenty of air also
being given. The best material to put
on the seed-bed to plunge the pots or
pans of seeds in is old tan, or well-
rotted dung, or leaf mould, which may
be run through a very coarse sieve.
With this material the bed may be
covered all over, or any part of it, to
any thickness to suit the purpose in-
tended, and its being sifted makes it
the more pleasant to handle, either for
raising the plants nearer to the glass
or lowering them. The seeds may be
sown either in small pots or in pans,
and the seedlings to be moved from one
to three plants in a pot. If sown in
the pots so as not to need shifting, the
pots may be crocked, and a little better
than half filled with earth, and three
seeds in each covered half an inch
deep. "When the plants are up, they
may be thinned either to one or two in
each pot ; and as the plants advance in
height so the pots may be filled up
with rich light earth, which should be
kept in the frame for the purpose ; also
a small pot of water should be kept in
the frame, for moistening the earth or
sprinkling the plants when required.
The plants should be kept within three
or four inches of the glass. Three or
four sowings may be made (luring
January. It is important to have the
seed-bed in the winter months defended
from piercing winds, by thatched hur-
dles both on the west, north, and east
sides. As soon as the young plants
have formed two rough leaves they
should be stopped.

Fruiting Bed. — The materials for
making up either this or the seed-beds

should be thoroughly well worked by
being turned over four or five times,
shaken together well and mixed, and
if dry and husky thoroughly well
watered at the two first turnings, n-
the work goes on. The lumps should
be broken up, and the short mixed
with the long, until the whole mass
has one uniform appearance, and is
nearly half rotten. The size of the
beds depends on the season. In Feb-
ruary, six feet high at the back and
three feet in front ; and if in January,
a foot higher will be required ; and if
March, a foot less will be sufficient. A
dry bottom in all cases, and the mate-
rials well put together, shaken up and
beat down well as the work goes on ;
and the bed should be always six or
eight inches wider than the frame all
round. As soon as completed, put on
the frame and lights. When settled,
and all become sweet and healthy, the
hillocks of earth may be put on for the
young plants to be placed in, but before
the hillocks are made, particularly in
the early season, when the very strong-
beds cause some danger of burning,
some preventive measures must be
adopted. Almost every dung-bed cu-
cumber grower has his favourite way
to prevent this occurrence. Some pave
the bottom of the hillock with six or
eight bricks ; others with a thick
twist of straw or some hay -bands,
over which three or four inches thick
of cowdung are placed of about the
substance of mortar ; others, again,
remove a little of the centres, and
place therein a good thick turf with the
grass side turned downward, and on
this a good thick paste of cowdung.
But the best plan for the bottom of the
| hillocks is that given by Mr. Ellington,,
j in The Cottage Gardener, at page 164 of
' vol. in., by carrying up a cold bottom
j of brick-bats, &c., from the bottom of
! the bed, as the work goes on. Which-
ever method is adopted, the hillock
j must be about a bushel of rich earth
prepared for the purpose, and in a cone
; shape, so as to bring the plants within
| six or seven inches of the glass. Do
j not cover the whole surface of the beds
! with earth at this time ; for, should the
! beds be very strong, it may be neces

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^ary to undermine the hillocks. As
the roots put out round the hillock,
they should be covered with a handful
or two of earth ; and if all goes on well
the hillocks will very soon require to
he extended, and the plants stopped
and pegged down.

Ifand-gtaM Crops. — Sow for these
towards the end of March or beginning
of April. The plants to he ridged out
towards the middle or end of April,
under hand-glasses. If the open warm
quarters are to he occupied by this
fruit, trenches one or one and a half
feet deep, should he dug out, by two
and a half feet wide, and ten feet
wide from row to row ; these to be
rilled with good fermenting dung that
has been well worked as for other hot-
beds. The trenches should be filled
six or eight inches above the common
level of the soil before the earth is put
on. Put on the earth in the form of a
ridge until the heat is up, which will
be in the course of three or four da> s,
when it may be levelled down, the
glasses put on, and the plants turned
out under them, and watered with tepid
water. The pots out of which the
plants were turned may remain to tilt
the lights with when a little air is re-
quired ; and when the plants begin to
till the lights two similar pots or half
bricks will be required to stand the
lights upon over the plants, after whicli
they may be trained out by degrees,
and as they begin to extend over the
beds the sides or alleys must be forked j
and well broken up, making a neat j
level surface for the plants to be trained
out upon. The plants will require j
stopping, training, and plenty of water I
in dry hot weather.

Tempered nrc. — Air is to be admitted j
every day as freely as contingent cir- j
' i-nmstances will admit, and also at night, |
if the degree of heat and steam threat-
ens to be too powerful. It must never i
be neglected to cover the glasses at {
night, apportioning the covering to the
temperature of the air and bed. The I
heat should not exceed 80° in the hot-
test day, or sink below 05° during the
coldest night. If the heat declines,
coatings of hot dung are to be applied
in succession to the back, front, and j

sides, if that source of heat be employ-
ed. As the mould appears dry, mode-
rate waterings must be given, care being
i taken not to wet the leaves. The best
I time for applying it is between ten and
two of a mild day, the glasses being
closed for an hour or two after perform -
1 ing it. The temperature of the water
must be between (Jo0 and 80°. The
j interior of the glass should be fre-
j quently wiped to prevent the condensed
! steam dropping upon the plants, which
; is very injurious to them.

Hot- Water Beds.— Mr. Latter, one of
the most successful of cucumber grow-
ers, employs hot water to heat his beds,
and he gives us these leading points in
Ids culture. He sows in the first week
of September, and the vines from this
• sowing will be in bearing and very
I strong before February. The seedlings
| are first shifted into sixty-sized pots,
I secondly into twenty fours, and lastly
into the largest size. If to be trained
on a trellis, the runner must not be
stopped until it has, trained to a stick,
grown through the trellis. The tem-
perature in the pit or frame is kept as
nearly I5o° as possible during the night,
and from 7o° to 85° during the day ;
air being admitted night and day, little
or much, according to the state' of the
weather. The bottom-heat ( Mr. Latter
is the champion of the hot -water sys-
tem) is kept as near as can be to 70°,
although he finds that 85° does not
hurt the plants. He waters them witli
soft water until February, and then
employs liquid-manure, taking care that
the temperature of the liquid is always
from 75° to 80°. The earth over the
hot water tank or pipes ought not to
be less than fifteen inches deep. During
severe frosts it is an excellent plan to
keep a small floating light burning
within the frame every night.

Open Ground Crops. — The sowing for
these crops must be performed at the
close of May, or early in June. A rich
south-west border, beneath a reed or
other fence, is peculiarly favourable, as
they then enjoy a genial warmth with-
out suffering from the meridian sun.
The border being dug regularly over,
and saucer-like hollows, about fifteen
inches in diameter and one or two de?p,

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lormed five feet apart, the seed may be
sown six or eight in each.

Seed may also be sown beneath a
hedge of similar aspect, and the plants
either trained to it or to bushy branches
placed perpendicular. If the weather
be dry, it is requisite to Avater the
patches moderately, two or three days
after sowing. In four or five days, if
the season be genial, the plants will
make their appearance, and until they
have attained their rough leaves,
should be guarded from the small
birds, who will often destroy the whole
crop by devouring the seminal leaves.

If the season be cold and unfavour-
able, plants may be raised in pots under
a frame or hand-glasses, as directed for
those crops ; to be thence transplanted,
when of about a month's growth, or
when the third rough leaf appears, into
the open ground, shelter being afforded
them during the night. Water must
be given every two or three days, in
proportion to the dryness of the season,
applying it during the afternoon or
early in the morning.

Only three or four plants may be
allowed to grow together in a patch,
and these pressed far apart. The train-
ing must be as carefully attended to as
for the other crops, but stopping is
seldom necessary, as the plants are
rarely super -luxuriant. They will
come into production in August and
September.

To obtain Seed. — For the production
of seed, some fruit must be left of the
earliest forced production, as this is
found to vegetate and produce fruit in
much less time than that raised under
hand-glasses, from whence the seed
for the open ground crops is usually
obtained. The fruit that is left to pro-
duce seed should grow near the root,
and upon the main stem, not more than
one being left on a plant. They must
remain as long as the seed can obtain
any nourishment from the plant, which
it does whilst the footstalk remains
green; when this withers, and the rind
of the cucumber lias attained its full
yellow hue, they may be gathered and
reared in the sun until they begin to
decay. The seed then being .scraped
out into a vessel, allowed to remain I'm-

eight or ten days, and frequently stirred
until the pulp attached to it is decayed,
may be cleansed by frequent agitation
in water ; the refuse rises to the top
and passes away with the liquid.
Being thoroughly dried by exposure
to the air for three or four days it
is then fit for storing. Seed three or
four years old is found to be best for
use, producing less luxuriant, but more
productive plants.

Propagation by Cuttings. — Cuttings
five or six inches in length, taken from
the tops of bearing branches of vigorous
plants, about the end of September, or
early in October, planted in pots of rich
mould and plunged in a hotbed or bark-
bed in a stove, will take root, if regu-
larly watered, in less than a fortnight,
and may then be planted in a hotbed
for fruiting, Avhich they will do as soon
as the roots can support them, perfect-
ing the fruit before Christmas. They
may thus be had in succession, and
being propagated from year to year,
are rendered as it were perennial. The
plants are less succulent, and conse-
quently less liable to damp off, or suffer
from the low temperature to which they
are liable to be exposed in severe sea-
sons. Mr. Mearns puts four inches
and a half of mould in pots nine inches
deep, in which the cuttings are planted
and watered, the tops of the pots being
covered with fiat pieces of glass, which
answers the purpose of a hand-light,
whilst the sides of the pot afford a suf-
ficient shade until the roots are formed.
When the plants have afforded their
first crop, any small fruit must not be
waited for, but the plants be cut back
to the lowest shoot, the mould gently
stirred, and a little fresh spread over
the surface ; the same attention must
be paid them as before, when they will
shoot afresh and produce a good crop.

Diseases. — The cucumber is liable to
be attacked by the mildew, canker, yum-
ntiiHj (extravasated sap), and dvfunnity.
See those articles. The fruit is also
liable to bitterness, an ill quality usually
removed by increasing the temperature,
and exposure to the light. It arises
from an imperfect elaboration of the
juices; those in the neck of the cu-
cumber being least digested, are always

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CUP

more bitter than in any other part of
the fruit.

Insects. — See Aphis, steams, and
Thrips. For Melon culture see Melon.

CUCUMBER TREE. Mayno'lla. acumi-
nattt, and Averrho'a bili'mbi.

CUCU'RBITA. Goui'd. (From cnrbifa,
a gourd. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cu-
curbitacene] . Linn., 21-Moncecia 10-
Monadelphia) .

Half-hardy trailing annuals, requiring the
same culture as the cucumber.
C. aumnti'aca (orange -fruited). 3. Yellow.

July. 1802.
ora'ngina (false orange). 3.

Yellow. July. 1802.
colocynthoi'des (colocynth-like).

3. Yellow. July. 180'2.

— ma'xima (largest). 4. Yellow. July.

— melope'po ( melon -pum kin. Squash). 3.

Yellow. June. 1597-

— moxcha'ttt (musky). 4. Yellow. July.

— ovi'fera (egg-shape). 3. Yellow. August.

Astracan.
gri'sea (grey- fruited). 3. Yellow.

July.
pyrifo'rmis (pear-form fruited). 3.

Yellow. July.
subglobo'sa (subglobe- fruited). 3.

Yellow. July.

— Pe'po (Pumkin). 1(5. Yellow. July. Le-

vant. 15/0.

oblo'nga (oblong-fruited). 6. Yellow.

July. 15/0.

— • subrotu'nda (nearly-Tounci-fruited). 6.

Yellow. July. Levant. 1/50.

— po'tira (potiron, large-fruited}. 10. Yellow.

July.
gourge'ra (gourd-bearing). 10. Yellow.

July.
vi'ridis (green potiron). 10. Yellow.

July.

— verruco'sa (warty). 12. Yellow. June. 1658.

C.ULCA'SIA. (Derivation same as Colo-
eaaia. Nat. ord., Arads [Araceee]. Linn.,
%\-Moncecia. 7-Heptandria. Allied to
Caladium).

Stove climber. For culture, see Colocasia,
C. sca'ndens (climbing). White. Guinea. 1822.

CCLLUMBINE, or COLUMBINE. Aqili-

le'yia.

CUMIN. Layce'cia cinninoi'des.

CUMI'NUM CYMI'NUM. Common Cu-
min, an annual, native of Egypt, bearing
white flowers, and belonging to the
Nat. ord., Uiiibcllifcfs. It is cultivated
for its aromatic seeds. Sow in a warm
situation in March, in a rich light soil ;
the plants flower in June, and ripen
their seeds in the autumn.

CCMMI'NGIA. (Named after the late
L;nh/ Gordon Cummin ff, of Altyre, in

Moray shire. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Lili-
acere]. Linn.. 6-Hexandria 1-Mono-
(jijnla. Allied to Conanthera).

Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs from Chili,
which succeed best in a light rich border in
front of a greenhouse, with Ixias, Brodiseas,
Zephyranthes, Anomathecas, and the like. Off-
sets ; loam and peat.

C. campanula1 ta (\x\\-flowered). 3. Blue.
August. 1823.

— tene'lla (delicate). •£. Blue. November.

1829.

— trimacula'ta (three-spotted). <J. Blue. De-

cember. 1829.

CU'XILA, (After a town of that name.
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiacea^]. Linn.,
%-Diandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Balm and Mint).

North American hardy herbaceous perennials ;
root divisions ; in loam and peat.
C. cocci'nea (scarlet). 1A. Scarlet. September.
1823.

— Harin'na (Maryland). 1. Red. September.

1/59.

CUNNIXGHA'MIA. Broad-leaved China
Fir. (In honour of two brothers, ,1.
and A. Cunningham, British botanists
in Australia. Nat. ord., Conifers [Pi-
naceee]. Linn., 21-Moncvcia IQ-Mona-
delphia. Allied to the Spruce Fir.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree, but in some situa-
tions hardy ; light soil, well drained ; cuttings
can be rooted, but seldom make handsome
plants ; seedlings are best.
C. sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1804.

CUNO'NIA. (Named after .7. C. Cuno,
of Amsterdam. Nat. ord., Cunoniads
[Cunoniaceoe]. Linn., \Q-Decandria 2-

Greenhouse evergreen tree ; loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. Cape'nsis (Cape). 20. White. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.

CUPA'NIA. (Named after F. F. Cit-
pani, an Italian Monk who wrote on
botany. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapin-
dacea3]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono-
yyniu. Allied to Sapindus.)

Stove evergreen trees, all with white flowers ;
loam and peat ; cuttings of half-ripe shoots in
sand, under glass, in heat. Summer temp., Co0
to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

C. cane'scens (hoary). 16. East Indies. 1818.

— denta'ta (toothed). 12. Mexico. 1824.
~ exce'lsu (lofty). 20. Mexico. 1824.

— gla' bra (smooth). 14. May. Jamaica. 1822.

— sa'pidu (savoury. Akee-tree). 20. Africa.

1793.

— saponarioi'dcs (Saponaria-like). 6. April.

West Indies. 1810.

CUP

C 298 ]

CUP,

C. setl'gera (bristly). 20. November. C. Moret
B. 1830.

— tomento'sa (downy). 15. West Indies. 1818.

CU'PHEA. (From kriphos, curved ;
referring to the form of the seed- pods.
Nat. orcl., Loosestrifes [Lythracens].
Linn., 1 1 - Dodecandria 1 - Monoyj/n la.
Allied to Ly thrum.)

Dry rich soil ; seeds ; and cuttings in the
spring months.

ANNUALS, &C.

C. circteoi'des (Circae-like). p. Purple. Sep.
tember. South America. 1821, Green-
house.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). $. Pink. No-

vember. Demerara. 1824. Stove.

— procii'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale purple.

August. Mexico. 1816. Stove.

— silcnoi'des (Silene-like). l£. Bluish. Sep-

tember. 1836. Hardy.

— spica'tu (spiked). Rose. Peru. 1819. Hardy.

— viscosi'ssima (clammiest). 1. Purple. July.

America. 1776. Greenhouse.

• — virga'ta (twiggy). l£. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1824. Greenhouse.

STOVE <fc GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.

C. corda'ta (heart-seated). 1-J. Scarlet. June.
Peru. 1842.

— deca'ndru (ten-stamened). 1^. Purple. July.

Jamaica. 1/89.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple. July.

Orinoco. 1824.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-feawed). l£. Purple.

Mexico. 1796. Stove biennial.

— Lla'vea (Llave's). l£. Purple. June.

Mexico. 1830. Greenhouse.

— MeM'lla (Melville's). 3. Scarlet. August.

Guiana. 1823. Herbaceous perennial.

— micr ope' tola (small- petaled). 1. Purple.

July. Mexico. 1824.

— minia'ta (vermilion-co/OMred flower]. Pur-

ple, crimson. June.

purpu'rea (•purple-flowered.') l£.

Purplish. June. 1847.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1^. Purple.

September. Trinidad. 1820.

— platyce'ntra (broad-centered). 1^. Scarlet,

white. June. Mexico. 1845. Green-
house.

a'lba (white-flowered). 1$. White.

June. 1848.

— racemo'sa (r&ceme-flowered). 1. Purple.

June. West Indies. 1820.

— serpyllifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). 14. Red.

August. Trinidad. 1822.

— strigillo'sa (coarse-haired). 1^. Yellow, red.

July. Andes. Greenhouse.

CU'PIA. See Styldco'rync.

CUPRE'SSUS. Cypress. (From kuu,
to produce, and parisus, equal ; in re-
ference to the symmetrical growth of
the Italian cypress — C. setnpervirens.
Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinaceee]. Linn.,
2l-MoHcecia \Q-Monadciphlu. i

Evergreen trees ; hardy, unless otherwise
stated ; rich loamy soil ; and readily increased
from seeds ; can be raised from cuttings.

C. Austra'lis (south. Slender-branched). 10.
April. New Holland. Greenhouse.

— baccifo'rmis (beny-shaped). 20. May. 1818.

— Coulte'ri (Coulter's) . May. Mexico. 1838.

— fla'ccida (drooping).

— fune'bris (funebral). 50. April. China. 1849.

— Govenia'na (Mr. Gowen's). 10. April. Ca-

lifornia. 1848.

— litsita'nica (Portuguese. Cedar of Gou). 50.

April. Goa. 1683. Greenhouse.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60. California.

1847.

— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 20. May. Japan.

1808. Greenhouse.

— semperri'rens (com mon evergreen). 20. May.

Candia. 1548.
horizonta'Hs (horizontal). 30.

May. Mediterranean. 1834.
• stri'cta (erect). 20. May.

Mediterranean.
variega'ta (variegated". 20.

May. England. 1848.

— thuri'fera (franckincense -bearing). 100.

Mexico. 1836.

— Tfiyoi'des (Thya-like. White Cedar}. 20.

May. North America. 1736.

/o'/u's - variega'tis (variegated

leaved). April. Ireland. 1831.

— lomlo'sa (twisted, Bhotan\ 30. Nepaul.

1824.

— Uhdea'na, (Uhde's). 60. Mexico. Green-

house.

CURATE 'LLA. (From kn-rcno, to shave ;
in reference to the leaves being covered
with asperities so hard as to render
them fit for polishing. Nat. ord., />//-
le iiiads [Dilleniacefe]. Linn., l.'J-Pofy-
andi-ia 'l-Uiyyniu. AUied to Delima.)

Stove evergreen shrubs ; sandy loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in heat.
C. ala'ta (winged leaf -stalked}. 8. White.
Guiana.

— Americu'na (American). 8. White. South

America.

CURCU'LIGO. (From curculio, a wee-
vil ; the seeds have a point like the
rostrum, or beuk, of the weevil. Nat.
ord., Hypoxids [Hypoxidaceee]. Linn.,
to-Hexandria \-Monoyyniu. )

Hypoxids are distinguished from Amaryllids
by the absence of bulbs, and by their harsh and
hairy leaves. Stove herbaceous perennials, ex-
cept one ; sandy loam and peat ; offsets.
C. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). $. Yellow. June.
East Indies. 1804.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1,^. Yellow. Poolo

Pinang. 1804.

— Orcftioi'des( Orchis-like). ^. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1800.

— plica'ta (yl&ited-leaved) . l£. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.

— gla'bra (smooth), li. Yellow. June,
Cape of Good Hope. 1788. Greenhouse.

CUR

[ 299 ]

CUR

C, recurna'tu (rolled-back-tefl vect), 1. Yellow.

Bengal. 1805.
— Sumatra'na (Sumatran). 3. Yellow. July.

Sumatra. 1818.

CUECULIO. This destructive genus
of Beetles are popularly known as
Weevils. The following are some of
the chief species : —

C. alliarice. Stem-boring Weevil.
Steel-green colour. Bores the shoots
and grafts of young fruit-trees. Ap-
pears in June and July.

C. bacchus. Purple or Apple Weevil.
Pierces the fruit of the apple, deposit-
ing within it its eggs. June and July.

C. letuleti. Vine Weevil. Colour,
steel-blue. Attacks the leaf, rolling it
up as a nest for its eggs. The pear is
liable to its attacks also. Appears in
June arid July.

C. cupreus. Copper-coloured Weevil.
Attacks the leaves and young shoots of
the plum and apricot, as well as their
fruit. June and July.

C. lineatus. Striped Pea Weevil.
Every gardener must have observed
the edges of the young leaves of his
peas, and sometimes of his beans, eaten

away in scollops, or semicircular pieces.
This is often done by the Sltona tibialis,
but still more frequently by another of
the short-snouted beetles, Cim-nlto
lineatus. In Scotland it is commonly
called "the Cuddy," or Donkey, from
its grey colour. In our drawing it is
magnified, but the line by its side
shows the natural length. The whole
body is grey, and marked with black
lines ; the antennte reddish ; the eyes
black. They survive the winter shel-
tered beneath moss, &c., and in bad
weather at all seasons retire under
stones, only to reappear with the sun-
shine.

C. mamlarius. Spotted Weevil. Grey
colour. April. Also destroys the pea.
Soot or lime sprinkled over peas early
in the morning before the dew is off
from them, and so thickly as to cover
the soil about them, would probably
save them. To mitigate the attack of
the weevils upon trees, the only mode
is to spread a sheet beneath them, to
shake each branch, and to destroy
those beetles which fall. They usually
feed at night.

C. nucum. Nut Weevil, of which the
maggot is so frequent in our filberts.
Mr. Curtis thus describes it : — " The
insect is brown, with darker bands ; is
about a quarter of an inch long, and
has a long horny beak, about the mid-
dle of which are placed antenna?. When
the nut is in a young state the female
weevil deposits a single egg. The
maggot is hatched in about a fortnight,
and continues feeding in the interior of
the nut till it is full grown, when the
nut falls. The maggot has no legs, nor,
indeed, has it any use for them, being
hatched in the midst of its food ; and
when the nut remains on the tree, it
forces itself out of the hole it eats in
the nut, and falls almost immediately
to the ground. The only remedy we
are aware of is, in the course of the
summer to frequently shake the trees,
which will cause all the eaten nuts to
fall to the ground, when they must be
collected and burned."

C. oblonym. Oblong Weevil. Red-
dish-brown colour. Feeds on the young
leaves of the peach, apricot, plum, pear,
and apple. Appears in May.

C. picipes is a dull black, and is very
injurious in the vinery.

C. pomorum. Apple Weevil. Colour,
dark brown. Attacks the blossom of
the apple, and often destroys the whole
crop. More rarely it attacks the pear
blossom. Appears in March and April.

C. pyri. Pear Weevil. Dark brown,
very like the apple weevil. April.

C.snlcatus. During the winter months,
succulent plants, such as Sedums, &c.,
become sickly, and die apparently with-
out a cause. They are thus destroyed
by a small, footless grub feeding upon
them just below the surface of the
earth. This grab is about half an inch

CUR

[ 300 ]

CUR

long, colour dirty white, fleshy, slightly
curved, bristly, and without legs, but
furnished at the sides with tubercles,
which aid it in moving. At the latter
part of May, these grubs enter the
chrysalis state, becoming white, and

L*e*

having the appearance of the body of a
beetle stripped of its wings, and in a
mummy state. From this state the
perfect insect comes forth, at the end
of June, in the form of a small beetle,
as pictured in the accompanying draw-
ing, but not longer than the curved line
by its side. It is black, slightly glossy,
numerously granulated, so as to re-
semble shagreen, and a few pale-grey
hairs scattered over it. The best mode
of saving succulents from this pest is
to have it very assiduously sought for
among them during the month of June.
If the beetles are allowed to deposit
their eggs, the mischief is done.

C. tanebricosus infests the apricot.
Mr. Curtis says, that " every crevice in
old garden-walls often swarms with
these weevils; and nothing would
prove a greater check to their increase
than stopping all crevices or holes in
walls with mortar, plaster of Paris, or
Roman cement, and the interior of hot-
houses should be annually washed with
lime ; the old bark of the vines under
which they lurk, should be stripped off
early in the spring, and the roots ex-
amined in October, when they exhibit
any unhealthy symptoms from the
attacks of the maggots of (7. sttlcatus.
When the larva} are ascertained to re-
side at the base of the wall, salt might
be freely sprinkled, which will kill thorn
as readily as it will the maggots in

nuts ; strong infusions of tobacco-
water, aloes, and quassia are also re-
commended."

CURCU'MA. Turmeric. (From kur-
ktun, its Arabic name. Nat. ord., Giu-
gcrworts [Zinziberacesc]. Linn. 1-
Jfuncnidria \-MonoyynhC).

Most of the species possess the same aro-
matic stimulating properties in the roots, or
rhizomes, and seeds, as the common ginger, and
are objects of some beauty from their coloured
bracts. Stove herbaceous perennials ; rich
sandy loam ; root division.
C. eerugino'sa (bronzed). 5. Red, yellow. May.
East Indies. 1807.

— nma'da (Amada-ginger). 2. Red, yellow.

April. Bengal. 18HJ.
j — amari'sshna (most bitter). Red, yellow.

April. East Indies. 1822.
| — ungustifu'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1822.
I — aroma' i tea (aromatic). 2. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1804.

— cai'sia (ffrey). 1. Yellow. May. Bengal.

18)9-

— como'tta (tufted-flowered}. 2. Red, yellow.

May. East Indies. 181Q.

— ela'ta (tall). 3. Crimson. May. East Indies.

181Q.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. Yellow. May. East
Indies. 1819.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 12. Yellow. May.

East Indies. 1820.

— leucorhi'za (white-rooted). 1. Red, yellow.

May. East Indies. 1819.

— lo'nga (\oi\s-rooted). 2. August. East

Indies. 1759.

— tnonta'nu (mountain). 2. Red, white. May.

East Indies. 1824.

— parvifln'ra (small-flowered). J. White,

violet. January. Prome. 1S28.

— petiolu'ta (frmg'-nower-stalkcd). 2. Blue.

August. Pegu. 1822.

— Roscam'na (Mr. Roscoe's). 1. Scarlet.

September. East Indies. 1837.

— recUna'ta (leaning). £. Pink. April. East

Indies. 1S2Q.

— rube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. July. East

Indies. 1805.

— rubrictui'lis (red-stemmed). 1. Yellow.

May. East Indies. 1822.

— viridijlo'ra (green-flowered). 2. Yellow,

green. July. Sumatra. 1822.

— xanthorhi'xa (yeliovv-rooted). 4. Red. May.

Amboyna. 1819.

— xcdoa'riii (Zedoary). 3. Red. July. East

Indies. 1797.

— zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1807.

CURRANTS. — THE RED, JH'be's ru'-
brum ; THE WHITE, R. rn'brum, var.
album; and THE BLACK, or li. ni'tjrum,
are all deciduous shrubs. The culture
of the RED and WHITE differs in some
degree from that of the BLACK.

lied Varieties. — The following are
the best j—

CUE

C 301 ]

CUE

Eccl Dutch. Fine fruit ; bunch very
long.

White Dutch. Very large and juicy
berries.

Knight's Sweet Eed. As its name
imports.

Knight's Large Eed. Said to be
larger than Eed Dutch.

Houghton Castle Eed or Goliath.
Said to be both late and fine.

Eed Dutch. A good kind ; bushes
short, but berries large and sweet.

While Varieties. — Common White ;
Pearl White; and White Dutch, the
last being the largest and best.

Propagation : by Cuttings. — This is
the ordinary way. Young shoots of the
most vigorous and straight wood are to
be preferred ; shoots of this description
should be preserved at the early au-
tumn pruning, and all the immature
portion at the point being pruned away,
the best of the remainder must form
the cutting, and it should be at least
one foot in length — if fourteen inches,
all the better; blind all the eyes or
buds below the surface of the ground,
to prevent suckers springing up; for
these cuttings will emit roots from the
internodes or points between the joints.
Cuttings placed in a somewhat shaded
situation, and fastened tolerably firm
in the soil, will make two or three
shoots the first summer. They may be
put in rows eighteen inches apart ; the
cuttings about eight inches apart in
the rows. In the succeeding autumn
prune the shoots they have made back
to about four or five eyes or buds on
each, and by the succeeding autumn
they will be fine bushes, possessing
some six or eight shoots each, from
which a selection must be made, for on
this depends the future form of the tree.
It is seldom that more than five shoots
can be retained; indeed, sometimes
the shoots are produced so irregularly,
that not more than three can be saved —
standing of course nearly in a trian-
gular form. However, only those
should be reserved which are really
well placed, not only with regard to
form, but their distance apart. In
forming the bush, let there be no cen-
tral shoot left, but let the whole, if
possible, form either a triangle, if

three; a square, if four; or a bowl- like
character — in fact, about the form of a
good tulip, if more than four. The
trees are now ready for their final des-
tination, if necessary, or they will stand
another year before final removal.

By Layers. — This is seldom resorted
to ; if, however, any one should possess
a choice seedling of which he is de-
sirous to make much profit, he might
elevate the soil to the branches, as in
the act of layering carnations, and lay
the shoots for propagation fiat on the
surface, cutting a notch below each
bud, pegging the shoot down, and soil-
ing it over about an inch; every bud
becomes a shoot with a root.

By Seed. — This is resorted to for the
sake of raising new varieties. Sow the
seeds as soon as ripe, and in the spring
place them in a hotbed; the plants
Avill grow above a foot high the same
season. Many of them fruit at two
years old, and nearly all at three.

Suckers. — They grow readily from
suckers ; there is little doubt but that
plants thus reared are more liable to
produce suckers than those from cut-
tings.

Soil. — The Eed and White currants
love a free upland soil ; a clayey soil is
too cold, and a very sandy one is too
hungry. Water lodgments they are
quite averse to.

Culture in growing period, — In the
first place, if the soil is liable to suffer
from drought, let a top-dressing of half-
decayed manure, or littery material, be
spread three inches thick over their
roots, at the end of May, after rain.
The next point is " stop," or remove,
what is termed the watery wood. All
shoots growing into the interior of the
bush, to the exclusion of light and air,
may be cut back when about nine inches
in length ; far enough to render the
centre of the bush completely open.
This will be necessary about the mid-
dle of June. In about another fort-
night, the watery or wild-looking breast
spray all round the exterior, may be
pruned back to within four inches of
their base. This leaves a regular tuft
of foliage all round, absolutely neces-
sary for a partial shade to the swelling
fruit. Some intervening spray between

CUK

ci i;

each two branches must be served like- I
wise ; and if growing freely, the leading
points of the shoots may be stopped also.

Culture in the rest season. — Early
pruning is the first thing to be thought
of, as soon as possible after the leaves
are fallen. Every healthy branch in a
bearing state will, during the summer,
produce abundance of side-shoots from
amongst the spurs; this is the wood
we have first named as being all the
better for stopping in June. All this
must be cut back at the winter's prun-
ing to within one inch or so of the main
stem. An exception must, however, be
taken in favour of gaps or blanks, and
a shoot here and there must be re-
served to fill such ; taking care that
they are Avell placed, and that they are
low enough down ; the lower the bet-
ter. Pruning being thus far carried,
it is best to shorten every terminal
point. This induces a liberal produc-
tion of side -shoots in the ensuing sum-
mer, and the base of each becomes
a centre, around which a host of fruit
spurs will be engendered. Any decayed
or decaying wood must be cut away;
but if there is much of this, it is best
to destroy the bush, and plant anew ;
for it seldom makes a good bush
again. Those who have not top-dressed
in the summer, may now do so, and
the winter's work will be complete.

Fruit: uses; how to keep. — The fruit
commences ripening, under ordinary
circumstances, in the end of June, and
continues hanging for a length of time,
it' unmolested by the birds or wasps.
The white will hang nearly two months,
and the red we have gathered unco-
vered and unprotected in the first week
of November. The ordinary way of re-
tarding the currant, is by enclosing the
trees in mats when the fruit is rather
more than three parts ripe. These
mats should be taken off at least once
a week on dry days, to dispel the damp.
All decaying leaves and berries should,
at such times, also be carefully re-
moved. Some train against north
walls, Avhere the fruit keeps very late.
but is exceedingly acid. A White Cur-
rant or two, planted against a smith
wall or fence, will come in very early
for the dessert.

Diseases. — We are not aware of any
except a premature decay of the old
shoots after the manner of apricots;
the causes of which are not well under-
stood.

Insects. — The caterpillar sometime
attacks them, but their greatest enemy
is an aphis, which distorts the leaves
in a puckered form, producing red
blisters. Tobacco water is the best
remedy.

CruKANT (THE BLACK).

I rarieties. — We are not aware of any
more than two in this section really
deserving of notice, which are —

The Common Black. A good bearer,
but fruit small.

The Black Naples. A short bunch,
but noble berries.

The latter kind is now almost uni-
versally cultivated, it both requires
and deserves a generous treatment.
The "Black Grape" is recommended
by some, but Ave question if it is not
synonymous Avith the Black Naples.

Propagation : by Cuttings, Seeds, and
Layers, similarly to the Ked and White.

Soil. — Moisture of a permanent
character is the great desideratum
Avith this shrub; dry soils can never
do justice to it. A soil someAvhat
adhesive in character suits it best,
but not a cold clay; although, Avith due
culture, we have known them succeed
Avell in a soil of Avhich clay or marl
formed one of the principal com-
pounds. A soft and darkish looking
soil, such as the scouring of old ditches,
resting on a clayey subsoil, and espe-
cially if large trees overhang, becomes,
by the action of Avater, an excellent
mat ciial for a Black Currant plan-
tation. The clayey principle is gene-
rally incorporated Avith it; and being
rich in vegetable matter, it constitutes
a fat and pulpy mass. It must, IIOAV
ever, be thrown out some time to mel
low, previously to its being mixed Avitli
(lie soil. In Cheshire, it is very usual
to see them planted on the sides of
ditclies, which convey the impure drain -
ag€ from the house or farmstead, and
there they luxuriate Avith a very infe-
rior course of culture in other respects,
ll may, nevei tlieless, be observed, that.
almost any ordinary garden soil, if of

CUE

tolerably sound texture, will grow them
pretty well, with the mulchings we shall
have to recommend.

Culture in the Growing Period. — There
are three essential points of spring and
Bummer culture, viz. — mulching, wa-
tering, and the extermination of the
aphides. Mulching we prefer done in
Novemher, as soon as the hushes are
pruned ; we will, therefore, advert to this
under "rest culture." If, however, it
has been omitted at that period, apply
it in the early part of May, immediately
after a liberal rain. If dry weather en-
sue between the period of the berries
attaining the size of small peas and
their tinal change towards ripening, the
water-pot must be used freely. The
want of a permanency of moisture is
the predisposing cause towards a severe
visitation from the aphides ; but these
are easily destroyed if the bushes are
syringed two evenings in succession
with soap-suds, in Avhich tobacco, after
the rate of six or eight ounces to the
gallon, has been well soaked.

Culture in the rest period. — Prune and
then top-dress. The pruning should
be done as soon as the leaves have
fallen, unless the trees are very gross,
when it will, perhaps, be as well to
allow them to waste a little of their
surplus strength, for fear of the bud
being impelled too early into action.
In pruning, very little of the shortening,
as applied to the red and white kinds,
is necessary — in fact, we practise none
at all, unless in the case of overgrown
bushes, when we merely remove al-
together, or shorten back, those which
are becoming inconveniently high. The
whole of the process of winter pruning,
therefore, resolves itself into " thinning
out," except in the case of young trees
forming their head. In thinning bear-
ing trees, suffer no two shoots to touch
in any part of the tree. Endeavour to
remove all cross or very oblique shoots,
in order to promote easy pruning in
subsequent seasons ; and where a bare
part of the bush occurs, let a strong
shoot or two, in a proper situation, be
shortened back about one-third their
length, in order to cause young wood
to abound in that pail the following
year. As a general rule, let the shoots

average four inches apart all over the
tree when pruned. When trees acquire
some age, let the primer, as his first
act, look carefully over the bush, and
see what old shoots may be completely
pruned away ; all those which possess
merely a twig or two of young wood at
the extremity may be at once cut out,
for they take more from the tree than
they repay. As to forming young trees,
the directions given for the other cur-
rants will apply very- well ; only there is
no necessity to preserve the interior of
the bush open, as in the red and white
kinds. A young tree, therefore, at three
years old, may contain ten or twelve
shoots, at equal distances. As soon as
such a number can be obtained, short-
ening may cease.

Fruit : how to keep. — This fruit is
soon over ; for once ripe enough for the
table, it is gone in a few days ; and it
is so liable to drop, that this is one of
the very few fruits that bid defiance to
the art of keeping on the bush. Keep-
ing on the tree, if attempted, must be
on the retarding principle; and canvass
or mats must be thrown over the
bushes when the fruit is about one-
third ripe.

CURRANT SPHINX. (Trochihnn tipii-
liforme.} Every one acquainted with
old gardens must have frequently no-
ticed that one or more of the branches
of the currant-trees tenanting them
have suddenly withered and died with-
out any apparent cause. In such cases,
if the wood of the branch be split down
the centre, the pith will be found all
consumed, the tube Avhere it had been
blackened, and nothing remaining but
the excrements of a caterpillar, which
may also be caught at his work of des
traction if the examination is made so
soon as the branch first shows symp-
toms of withering. This caterpillar,
lleshy, whitish, with four yellowish
brown spots near its head, is the larva
of the Currant Sphinx. The parent
moth is beautiful, and may be seen at
the end of May and early in June du-
ring hot sunshine, either settled on the
leaves of the currant, or flying around
the flowers of the syringa and lilac. It
is about three -quarters of an inch across
the wings when these are quite opened ;

CUR

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the prevailing colour is bluish black,
with various parts yellow ; the antennce
black ; the breast with a yellow line on
each side ; the abdomen, or lower part
of the body, has three yellow rings
round it in the females, and four in the
males ; the fore-wings are barred and
veined with black ; it has a brush of
fine scales at the end of its abdomen,
which fan it can expand as it pleases.
The red, white, and black currant, and,
wo think, the gooseberry, are all liable
to its attacks. It lays its eggs at this
time in openings of the bark of a young
shoot, and the caterpillar, immediately
it is hatched, penetrates to its pith and
eats its way down this until it reaches
the pith of the main branch. The only
securitive measures are to kill the moth
whenever seen, and to split open the
withered brandies and serve the cater-
pillars similarly. — The CottayeGardener,
ii. lir>.

CU'SCUTA. Dodder. (From kechotrt,
its Arabic name. Nat. ord.. Dodders
[Cuscutaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Diyynia).

One peculiarity in all the Dodders is that
their seeds germinate in the earth ; but as soon
as the roots of the seedlings are grown suffi-
ciently to take hold of a neighbouring plant, or
even of each other, they lose their attachment
to the soil. Curious parasitical plants, with
white flowers ; sow in April. They will live
upon almost any plant they can lay hold of,
such as the common stinging-nettle, clover,
hemp, &c.

STOVE.

C. America1 'na (American). August. South
America. 1816.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). September. East In-

dies. 1823.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). January. Lima.

1820.

— verruco'sa (warted). August. Nepaul. 1821.

GREENHOUSE.

C. Austra'lls (Southern). August. New Hol-
land. 1818.

— Chile'mis (Chilian). August. Chili. 1821.

— Chine1 -nsis (Chinese). August.

— mono'gyna (one-styled). July. Levant. 1818.

HARDY.

C. Calif o'rnica (Californian). July. Califor-
nia. 1847-

— epili'num( Flax-frequenter). July. Britain.

— Epi'thymwn (true Dodder). July. Britain.

— Enrojxp.'a (European). July. Britain.

— lupulifo'rmis( Hop-like). July. Silesia. 1824.

— macroca'rpa (large-seeded). July. Siberia.

182?.

— trifo'lii (Clover Dodder), July, Britain.

CURTI'SIA. Hassagay Tree. (In
honour of the late William Curtis, who
originated the Botanical Magazine.
Nat. ord., Cornels [Cornacese]. Linn.,
3-Triandria \-Monoyynia) .

Cornels are entirely distinct from Caprifoils,
with which they have long been associated.
The Hottentots and Caffres make from this tree
the shafts of their javelins. Greenhouse ever-
green tree ; sandy loam and peat ; cuttings in
sand, under glass in heat.
C.fagi'nca (Beech-leaved). 30. Pale. Cape
of Good Hope. 1775.

CUSSO'NIA. (Named after P. C-usson,
a French botanist, Nat. ord., Ivyworts
{ Araliacere] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Diyynla. Allied to Panax).

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope, with green flowers ; cuttings in
sand, under a glass, with bottom-heat ; loam
and peat.
C. spica'ta (spike-flowered). 6. I'SQ.

— thjtrsifio'ra (thyrse-flowered). 6. 1795.

— tri'pteris (three-winged). 4. 1810.
CUSTARD APPLE. Ano'na.

CUTTING is a part of a plant capable
of emitting roots, and of becoming an
individual similar to its parent. The
circumstances requisite to effect this
are a suitable temperature, and degree
of moisture.

A rooted cutting is not a new plant,
it is only an extension of the parent,
gifted with precisely the same habits,
and delighting in exactly the same de-
gree of heat, light, and moisture, and in
the same food. There are numbers of
plants which strike most readily from
the young shoots ; others from partially
ripened wood ; some from a leaf with a
bud at its base ; a fourth set from off-
shoots from the base of the old plants;
and a fifth from leaves or portions of
leaves only ; and in some rare cases,
from the mere scolloped edges of the
leaves ; whilst several can only be pro-
pagated by cuttings of the roots, and
a few by cuttings of the flower-stems.
Particular cases will be described under
the names of the species requiring
some peculiar mode. In this place}
only general hints can be given.

Cuttinys of hardy Jlowerintj plants. —
Most kinds of quick growing soft-
wooded plants are best propagated by
the young shoots or tops of the plants.
The following list embraces the prin-
cipal of t\iem:—>S'ift-icoodf'd plants. —

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Anagallis, Antirrhinums, Calceolarias,
Carnations, Chrysanthemums, Dahlias,
Dianthus, Double Wallflowers, Double
Stocks, Gorterias, Gaillardias, Dwarf
Lobelias, Fuchsias, Pelargonium, Pe-
tunias, Penstemoris, Pinks, Salvias, and
Verbenas. These may all be placed in
pots in sand in a frame heated either
by leaves, manure, or tan, or in a pit or
house built purposely, and heated by a
tank and hot water pipes. Greenhouse
hard-wooded plants or shrubs that strike
best from young shoots or tops. — Aca-
cias, Aphelexis, Azalea (Chinese), Bo-
rouia, Bossirea, Chironia, Chorozema,
Crowea, Correa, Cytissus, Daviezia, Dil-
wynia, Epacris, Eriostemon buxifolium
(for stocks to graft the other species
on), Erica, Gastrolobium, Gompholo-
bium, Hardenbergia, Leschenaultia,
Kennedya, Mirbelia, Oxylobium, Plalty-
lobium, Pleroma, Podolobium, Pimelia
decussata (for stocks to graft the rest of
the genus upon), Pulteneea, Styphelia,
Tacsonia, Zichya, and all New Holland
shrubs of similar habit. These require
to be placed in a gentle tan-bed, planted
in pots in silver sand, closely covered
with bell-glasses, which should be wiped
dry occasionally, and shaded from clear
bright sunshine. Great numbers of
stove plants of woody habit require the
same mode of treating their cuttings,
for which see the body of the Dic-
tionary.

Cutting s of partially ripened wood. —
Camellia, Cape Pelargoniums, Coni-
ferse, Erythrina, Echites, Gardenia,
Gordonia, Hakea, Magnolia, Metros! -
deros, Nerium, Portlandia, Rosa, es-
pecially the China, and Tea-scented,
and most kinds of hardy evergreen
shrubs.

Cuttings of leaves with a bud at the
base. — When cuttings of any kind of
large-leaved plants are scarce, they may
be successfully increased by single
leaves with a bud at the base. We
need not particularize any species, as
most of the last section, and several of
the others that have moderate-sized
leaves, may be propagated in this mode
of making cuttings.

Cuttinys of leaves only, ivitliout buds. —
The following will increase readily by
this mode: Achimenes, Gesnera, Glox-
20

inia, and all of similar habit, as well
as some Begonias.

Cuttinys of Offshoots from the base
of the old plants. — Cinerarias, tall
Lobelias, Statices, and most kinds of
herbaceous plants, increase readily by
this mode.

Cuttinys of the Roots. — There are a
few plants that will not readily increase
by any of the above modes, particularly
some herbaceous plants ; (Enothera
macrocarpa is one, and CEnothera cces-
pitosa is another. Amongst hardy
shrubs the Pyrus Japonica and its va-
rieties mil propagate by this mode,
also the Abele poplar. In the stove,
the Ardisias, Clerodendrums, Dracae-
nas, Ipomeas — the tuberous-rooted spe-
cies, and the Petrea stapelria.

Cuttinys of the Flower-stem. — Double
white and yellow Rockets, the tall Lobe-
lias, Double Lychnis, and a few others,
may be increased by cutting the flower-
stem into lengths, and placing the cut-
tings under a hand-glass in a shady
border.

In all hollow - stemmed plants the
presence of a node, or joint, to cut
through at is essential. This is the
reason why cutting through at a joint
is also of importance in other cases,
and also the reason why taking those
little shrubby side shoots as cuttings
is often so successful, what is tech-
nically termed the heel — the point of
junction between the elder branch and
the young shoot — being Avell supplied
with incipient buds which readily pro-
duce roots. Whatever may be the
mode and the time in which a cut-
ting is made, and whether it is ne-
cessary in the peculiar circumstances
to cut clean through at a joint, it is of
importance that the cut be made with
a clean sharp knife.

Time when cuttiuys sliould be taken.
— When any particular period is men-
tioned for this operation in this work, it
is merely the period when, under gene-
ral circumstances, the practice would
be most suitable. Other things being
equal, spring and summer are the best
times for propagating greenhouse and
stove-shrubs, as thus the plants are
established before winter.

Leaves of a cutttiny, — Unless, in

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particular circumstances, as many
leaves should be removed as would
enable the cutting to be firmly fixed in
the cutting pot, and if the leaves be
large, a portion more may be removed,
or lessened in their dimensions, in
order to reduce the evaporating surface,
success consisting in keeping the cut-
ting healthy, and yet preventing it from
parting with its stored~up juices ; and
hence the reason why we cover them
with bell-glasses, and shade them from
bright sunshine. The more leaves
left, provided they can be kept healthy
and vigorous, the sooner will roots be
formed by the elaboration of fresh
material, and the more quickly will this
elaboration take place, the more light
the leaves receive, and do so without
flagging. Shading or diffused light is
essential at first, but the sooner it can
be dispensed with the better. Con-
tinued too long, the shading would
make the cuttings weak and spindly.

Soil. — Except for particular cases,
nothing is better than silver sand
placed over a layer of soil in which
the plant delights, and beneath this
the pot to be filled with drainage. In
general cases, half an inch of sand,
and three quarters of an inch of sandy
peat, or sandy loam, will be amply
sufficient; and the nearer the cuttings
are inserted to the side of the pot, the
sooner will they protrude roots. When
a bell-glass is used that would come
close to the side of the pot, it is a good
thing to put one pot inside a larger
one, fill up the space between them to
within a requisite distance of the top
with drainage, then with the soil and
sand, and place the cuttings firmly
round the outside of the inner pot.
In this case the inner pot may be
empty, be supplied with damp rnoss, or
'even in some peculiar cases filled with
water, though the latter would be more
generally applicable to stove than
greenhouse-plants. The turning of a
smaller pot topsyturvy inside of a '
large one, so that the inner forms a
sort of chimney, and inserting the out-
tings round the sides of its inverted
bottom, now the top, is also a good
plan, especially when it is desirable to
give the plants the stimulus of a good

bottom-heat, as by stopping with pot-
sherd the hole in the bottom, now
uppermost, the stimulus is applied to
the base of the cutting, and thus roots
are encouraged, rather than lengthen-
ing upwards.

Bottom-heat. — Unless where fresh
growth is rapidly making, and the
plants have received extra stimulus on
purpose, greenhouse-plants should not
have bottom-heat, in general, until a
callus is formed at their base. When
that is done, a mild, moist bottom-
heat — a heat a medium between the
general temperature of a greenhouse
and a stove — may be given with ad-
vantage. When, however, in many
hard-wooded plants heat has been
given to cause the protrusion of short
new shoots from one to two inches
in length, and these are taken off just
as their bottoms are getting a little
firm, then in their case a mild sweet
hotbed at once will just suit them,
care being taken that the atmosphere
is not kept too hot, to cause more
elongation upwards. Stove plants,
on the other hand, as they require
more heat at all times than greenhouse
plants, so scarcely ever do their cut-
tings suffer from bottom-heat, though
pretty strong ; and hence it often hap-
pens that they are more readily propa-
gated than greenhouse shrubs.

Cuttings of hardy Fruit-trees. — Any
time between the fall of the leaf and
the first swelling of the bud in the
spring, such cuttings may be put out.
As a general rule, we should say that
the end of October is a very good time,
provided the trees in question have
cast their leaves. By early planting,
the wounded portions become as it
were healed by the callosity which
will frequently form at the lower end,
even during the winter. It is of im-
portance to select a good situation :
a sunny and dry spot is a bad one ; and
one too shady, especially if with over-
hanging trees, is apt to cause the cut-
tings to grow weakly. The north side
of a wall is very good, placing the cut-
tings not nearer than within four feet
of the wall, and not farther than seven
feet. Here they will get shading during
the more difficult portion of their root-

CUT

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CYC

ing period, which will be during April
and May ; and by Midsummer, or soon
after, when all those which will succeed
will be well rooted, they will both re-
ceive and enjoy a liberal amount of
sunshine. The cuttings must be made
somewhat firm at their lower end ; and
if a very dry time occurs in March,
April, or May, it may become necessary
to lightly sprinkle them occasionally.

CUTTING - IN, is shortening the
branches.

CYANA'NTHUS. (From kyanos, blue,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Phlox-
irorts [Polemoniacete]. Linn., 5-Pcn-
tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Pole-
monium.)

A pretty little hardy herbaceous plant, re-
quires the same treatment as Alpine plants.
Divisions and cuttings, under a hand-light ;
sandy soil.

C. loba'tusQobed). 4. Purple, blue. August.
Chinese Tartary. 1844.

CYANE'LLA. (From the diminutive
of kyaiiGs, blue. Nat. ord., Lilyworls
[Liliaceoe]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Anthericum.)

Pretty little bulbous plants from the Cape of
Good Hope, which succeed best planted out in
a deep border of light rich compost in front, of
a greenhouse, to be protected from frost like
Ixias, and such-like bulbs. All the small bulbs
we recommend to be thus treated, may be grown
in pots like Ixias. Increased by offsets.
C. a'lba (white), l. White. July. 1819-

— cape'nsis(Cape). 1. Blue. July. 1768.

— linea'ta (lined). 1. Striped. July. 1816.

— hi' tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. 1788.

— odoruti'sslma (most fragrant). ]. Red. July.

1826.

— orchidifo'rrnis(Orchis.like'). 1. Blue. Au-

gust. 1826.

CYANOTHA'MNUS. (From fyanos, blue,
and thamnos, a shrub ; referring to its
flowers. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Ruta-
ceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoyynin.
Allied to Boronia.j

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Swan
River. Cuttings in moderate heat, in sand
under a glass ; sandy loam and peat.
C. ramo'sus (branched). Blue.

— te'nuis (slender). Blue.

CYANO'TIS. (From kyanos, blue, and
OHS, an ear ; referring to the shape of
the petals. Nat. ord., Spider worts
[Comrnelinaceoe]. Linn., 6-He.vandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Tradescantia.)

Rich soil ; C. barbatd is increased by root
division, the others by seed.

C. axilla'ris (axillary). 1. Blue. August. East
Indies. 1822. Greenhouse biennial.

— barba'ta (bearded). ). Blue. August.

Nepaul. 1824. Hardy perennial.

— crista'ta (crested). 1. Blue. August.

Ceylon. 1770. Greenhouse biennial.

CYATHE'A. (From kyatheion, a little
cup ; in reference to the appearance of
the spore or seed cases 011 the back of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptoyamia l-Filices.)

Stove evergreen tree-ferns, except otherwise
specified ; loam and peat ; root division or seeds.
C. arbo'rea (tree). 15. West Indies. 1/93.

— dealba'ta (whitened). New Zealand. Green-

house.

— e'legans (elegant). Jamaica. 1843.

— exce'lsa (tall). 20. Mauritius. 1825.

— inte'gra (entire-leaved). Isle of Luzon.

— medulla 'ris (pithy) . New Zealand. Green-

house.

— petiola'ta (fcrng-lcaf-stalked). Jamaica.

CYATHO'DES. (From kyathos, a cup ;
referring to the form of the limb, or
expanded opening of the flower. Nat.
ord., Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Styphelia.)

Greenhouse evergreens with white flowers,
from New Holland. Peat and loam ; cuttings,
in sand, with a little peat, under glass.
C. acero'sa (chaffy). 8. July. 1823.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 20. April. 1818.

— Oxyce'drus (Prickly-Cedar). 6. April.

1822.

CY'CAS. (Greek name for a Palm.
Nat. ord., Oycads [Cycadacese], Linn.,
2'2-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.)

This order is in close affinity with Conifers.
Dr. Lindley says—" The undoubted remains of
Cycads attest their having once formed a con-
siderable portion of the vegetation of Great
Britain." Stove herbaceous perennials; re-
quire plenty of pot room ; rich sandy loam, and
moist heat. Young plants are often obtained
from suckers.

C. angula'ta (sharp-cornered). 4. New Hol-
land. 1824.

— circina'lis (round-leaved). 3. East Indies.

1800.

— glau'ca (milky- green). 4. East Indies. 1818.

— revolu'ta (rolled-back-/eawed) • 3. July.

China. 1737.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 4. East Indies.

1824.

CY'CLAMEN. Sowbread. (From ky-
clicos, circular; referring to the shape
of the corm or bulb-hike root. Nat. ord.,
J'miitnrorts [Primulacece]. Linn., 5-
Pcntandria \-Monoyynia. )

Cyclamens are very acrid, yet are the favourite
food of wild boars of Sicily, whence the English
name. Beautiful bulbous plants.

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CYC

HARDY.

C. Co'um (Cos), i. Lilac, red. February.
South Europe. 1595.

— Europce'um (European). 4> Lilac, red.

August. Switzerland. 1596.

— hedenfo' limn (Ivy-leaved). ?. Purple. April.

Britain.

— — a'lbidum (whitish-^otm-ed). $.

White. July. Britain.

purpura'scens (purplish- flow-
ered'), $. Purple. July. Britain.

— Ibe'ricitm (Georgian). $. Asiatic Georgia.

1831.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). \. Red. April.

South Europe. 1800.

— linearifo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. Purple.

April. South Europe. 1824.

— littora'le (shore-inhabiting). J. Deep rose.

LakeofComo. 1845.

— Neapolita'num (Neapolitan). 4> Red. April.

Italy. 1824.

— ve'rnum (spring). $. Purple. April. South

Europe.

GREENHOUSE.

C. Pc'rsicum (Persian). $. Red, white. Feb-
ruary. Cyprus. 1731.

albiflo'rum (white-flowered). $.

White. February. Cyprus. 1731.

•inodo'rum (scentless). $. Red,

white. February. Cyprus. 1731.

. lacinia'tum (jagged-petaled) . 3.

Red, white. April.

— ___ llla'ceum (Lilac - coloured -flow-

ered). $ Lilac. February.
odora'tum (scented). ^. Red,

white. February. Cyprus. 1731.
• — ~ puncta'tum (spotted -flowered).

i. White, lilac. March.

— repa'ndum (wavy-edged), k. April. Greece.

1816.

Propagation : by Seed. — This is the
only way of propagating cyclamens.
The roots being a solid corm will not
divide successfully. Gather the seed
as soon as ripe, dry it slowly, and sow
it in February in shallow wide-mouthed
pots, in a compost of peat, loam, and
sand, covering the seeds scarcely a
quarter of an inch deep ; place them
in a cold frame, excepting O. pcrsicum,
which should be placed in a greenhouse
on n shelf near the glass ; sow the
seeds thinly, so that they may remain
in the seed pots for one year.

Soil. — Equal parts, light turfy loam,
sandy peat, and leaf mould ; or if this
cannot be had, half apart of very rotten
dung may be substituted.

Summer Culture. — Pot in autumn,
and when spring comes in most of the
kinds will be in 'flower. They require
then a good supply of water. Though
some of the species are hardy, yet it is

safer to cultivate them in pots in
frames, and bring them into the green--
house when in flower. Some of the
varieties of C. persicum are very fra-
grant, but there is no certainty that the
seedlings from them will continue fra-
grant. Seedlings of a year old should
be potted singly into thumb-pots, and
be repotted in April in 3^-inch pots,
and kept in a gentle heat, to encourage
the bulbs to grow larger. As soon as
the flowering season is over, set them
out of doors, giving no water; and as
soon as the seed is gathered, and all
the leaves dead, trim these off, and lay
the pots on one side to keep them dry
till the plants require potting.

Winter Culture. — When frost begins,
shift them into pots of a size in pro-
portion to that of the bulbs, leaving
the bulbs just out of the soil, excepting
C. count, which should be covered
about half an inch. The largest bulbs
may require pots six inches in diame-
ter. As soon as potted, place them in
a cold frame, covering up securely
from frost; give air on all favourable
occasions, and water very moderately
till the leaves are full-grown and the
flowers begin to appear, when it may
be more liberally given.

Insects. — Slugs, yrecn fly and wlrc-
tcorms prey upon them.

Diseases. — Sometimes when the bulbs
become large they lose the power of
growing again ; the buds on the crown
appear to be dead. We know of no
remedy.

Culture in the open air. — All the spe-
cies, excepting C. persicum and its va-
rieties, will live in a warm border of
the compost out of doors, but on
account of their early blooming the
flowers are often injured by late frosts.
The border should be well drained, and
a covering of tanner's bark, or coal
ashes should be spread over the roots
in autumn, and allowed to remain on
till the warm weather of spring arrives,
when it may be removed and renewed
in the autumn. The bulbs may either
be taken up and replanted in October,
or allowed to remain for two years.

CYCLOBO'THRA. (From kyklos, a cir-
cle, and bothros a pit ; in reference to a
cavity at the bottom of each sepul.

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[ 309 ]

CYM

Nat. orcl., Lilt/worts [Liliaceee]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Calochortus.)

Little hardy, or half-hardy bulbs, with droop-
ing flowers ; succeed best in a sunny border of
light soil ; to be protected in winter. Readily
increased by the little viviparous bulbs produced
oil the upper part of the stems.
C. a' ll)a (\vliitc-petaled). 1. White. August.
California. 1832.

— barba'ta (bearded). 3. Yellow. August.

Mexico. 1827.

— hi1 tea (yellovf-petaled). Ij. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Mexico. 1827.

— monophy'lla (single-leaved). £. Bright

yellow. California. 1848.
-~- pulche1 lla (pretty-flowered). 1. Yellow.
August. California. 1832.

— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple-green. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1827.

CYCLO'GYNE. (From kyklos, a circle,
and yync, a stigma or female organ ;
in reference to the disposition of the
pistils. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Galega.)

Cane'scens ; (hoary). 1. Purple. May. Swan
River. Greenhouse evergreen.

CYCNO'CHES. Swan-neck. (From
kyknos, a swan, and auchen, the neck ;
in reference to the long and gracefully
curved column. Nat ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., %0-Gynandria 1-
Monandrla. Allied to Cyrtopodium.)

Stove orchids. Strong moist heat whilst
growing; rough fibry peat, and half decayed
leaves, with a little sand; root division.
C. barba'tum (bearded}. White, pink. New
Grenada.

— chlorochi' lum (greenish-yellow-lipped). 2.

Yellowish. June. Demerara. 1838.

— Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). White, yellow.

June. Singapore.

— Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). 1. White, pur-

ple. May. Surinam. 1830.

leucochi'lum (white-lipped). 1.

Yellow, white. June. Guiana.

— macula1 turn (spotted). 1. Buff, purple.

June. Mexico. 1839.

— petitada'ctylon (five-fingered). 1. Yellow,

brown. March. Brazil. 1841.

— steUi'ferum (starry). Green, brown. May.

Oaxaca. 1843.

— ventric'j'sum (inflated-Zip). 2. Green, white.

Guatemala. 1835.

Egertonia'num (Sir P. Eger-

ton's). 2. Purple, green, pink. June.
Guatemala. 1840.

CYDO'NIA. Quince. (Its native place,
Cydon, in Candia. Nat. ord., Apple-
worts [Pomacece]. Linn., 1%-Icosan-
dria S-Di-pentayynia.)

Hardy deciduous Wes and shrubs. C.japo~

nica is one of our handsomest flowering shrubs ;
layers in September, and to remain until that
time twelvemonths before taken off ; also by
seeds. See Quince.

C.japo'nica (Japan). 4. Scarlet. Japan.
1815.

a'lba (\vh\te-flowered). 4. White.

ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). Flesh-
coloured. March.

flo're se'mi-ple'no (semi-double-
flowered). 4. Red. August.

— sine'nsis (Chinese). 15. Pink. May. China.

1818.

pyramida'lis (pyramidal). White.

May. 1847.

— vulgu'ris (common Quince). 20. White.

May. Austria. 1573.
lusita'nica (Spanish). 20. White.

May. Spain.
malifo'rmis (apple-formed). 20.

White. May. 1573.
oblo'nga (oblong - fruited}. 20.

White. May. Europe.

CYLI'STA. (From ki/l'tstos, twining ; re-
ferring to the habit of the plants.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea1.].
Linn., 17 -Diudelphia -i-Decandria. Al-
lied to Ehynchosia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Loam and peat ;
cuttings in sand, under glass, in bottom heat.
C. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 6. White. April.
Mauritius.

— scario'sa (membranous). 4. Yellow. East.

Indies. 1806.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 4. Yellow. East In-

dies. 1816.'

— villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Yellow. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1776.

CYMBI'DIUM. (From kymbe, a boat ;
referring to a hollow recess in the lip
or labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacere]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.}

Stove orchids. Fibry loam, fibry peat, and
leaf-mould, well drained ; root division.

C. aloifo'lium (aloe-leaved). 1. Purple, black.
September. East Indies. 1/89.

— hi' color (two-coloured-^ou-'ererf). Purple,

crimson. April. Ceylon. 1837-

— chlora'nthmn. (greenish - yellow - flowered) .

Yellow, crimson. May. Nenaul. 1840.

— Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1,

White, crimson. March. Khoseea.
1837.

— diu'rnum (day -flowering). Bahama.

— eburne'um (ivory-white-flowered). 1. White,

yellow-striped. May. East Indies.
1846.

— e'leguns (elegant). Yellow. May. Nepaul.

1840.

— Finluysonia'num (Finlayson's). Cochin

China.

— Gibso'nii (Gibson's). White, red. January.

Sylhet. 1837.

— gigante'uin (gigantic). Brown, purple,

Nepaul, 1837.

CYM

C 310]

CYN

C.iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). Dark brown.
March. East Indies. 1837-

— lancifo'lium (lance-leaved). §. White, red.

September. Nepaul. 1822.

— ma'didum (moist). Olive-green. May. East

Indies, 183Q.

— margina'tum (red-edgedL-sepal) . 3. Yellow,

purple. Brazil.

— Maste'rsii (Masters's). 14. White, yellow,

red. August. East Indies. 1841.

— ochroleu1 'cum (yellowish - white) . Yellow.

Trinidad.

— pe'ndulum (hanging-down). 3. Yellow, red,

white. June. Nepaul. 1838.

brevila'bre (short-lipped). 2.

Green, red, yellow. June. Singapore.
1840.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple, yellow.

April. Singapore. 1838.

— sine'nse (Chinese). 1 J. Purple, brown.

China. 1793.

— sua've (sweet). Green, brown. May. Aus-

tralia. 1826

— tri'pterum (three-winged). White. July.

Jamaica. 1790.

CYNA'NCHUM. (From kyon, a clog, and
ayche, to kill ; referring to its poisonous
qualities. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Ascle-
piadacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digy-
nia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Cuttings root readily; the hardy kinds in
common garden soil ; usual stove or greenhouse
treatment for the others.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

C.fimbria'tum (fringed). 10. Purple. July.
Cumana. 1826.

— Heynia'num (Heynes's). 6. White. East

Indies. 1825.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). 6. Trinidad. 1825.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

C. cape'nse (Ca.pe). 6. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.

— pilo'sum (soft-haired). 5. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1726.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

C. acu'tum (pointed-Jeawed). 3. White. July.
Spain. 15Q6.

— cirrho'sum (tendriled). 3. 1825. Deci-

duous twiner.

— exce'lsum (tall). 10. White. July. Bar-

bary. 1816. Deciduous twiner.

— lu'teum (yellovt-.fiowered). 2. Yellow. June.

Europe. 150,6.

— me'dium (middle-sized). 3. White. June.

— mela'nthos (black-flowered). 3. Purple.

July. 1818. Deciduous twiner.

— monspelia'cum (Montpelier). 3. White.

August. South Europe. 1596.

— ni'grum (black). 3. White. July. South

Europe. 1596.

— ro'seum (rosy). 3. Purple. July. Davuria.

1818. Deciduous twiner.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 3. White. July. 1821.

Deciduous twiner.

— Vinceto'xicum (Vincetoxicum). 2. White.

July. Europe. 1596.

CYNA'RA. Artichoke. (From kyon,
a dog, the spines on the involucre or
guard leaves, immediately below the
flower, being likened to clog's teeth.
Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracese] .
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 1-jE quails).

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except where
otherwise stated. Increased by seeds and root
division. See Artichoke and Cardoon.
C. cardu'nculus (Cardoon). 5. Blue. August.
Candia. 1658.

— fe'rox (fierce). 5. Blue. July. Italy. 1820.

— glomerafta (clustered). $. Blue. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Half-hardy.

— ho'rrida (horrid); 6. Purple. August.

Madeira. 1/68. Greenhouse.

— integrifo'lia (whole-leaved) . 4. Blue. July.

Spain.

— pygmce'a (pygmy). 1. Purple. July. Spain.

1820.

— Sco'lymus (Scolymus, Artichoke), 8. Purple.

August. South Europe. 1548.

— spinosi'ssima (spinest). 4. Blue. July.

Sicily. 1826.

CYNOGLO'SSUM. Hound's Tongue.
(From kyon, a dog, and ylossa, a tongue ;
referring to the shape of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese].
Linn., o-Pentandria 1-Monogynia).

Nearly all hardy ; some are very pretty border
flowers ; common soil ; seeds or root division.

ANNUALS.

C. cane'scem (hoary). 2. Blue. July. East
Indies. 1819.

— diffu'sum (spreading). White. July. India.

1820.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). 1. Blue. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1806.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head-feawed). White,

blue. July. Africa. 1806.

BIENNIALS.

C. Apenni'num (Apennine). 6. Red. May
Italy. 1731.

— bi1 color (two-coloured). 2. White, purple.

July. Germany. 1820.

— coele'stinum (celestial-blue). 2. White, blue.

August. India. 1837.

— cheirifo'lium (Wall-flower-leaved). 'l£. Blue. '

June. Levant. 1596.

— clandesti'num (clandestine). 2. Brown.

July. Spain. 1820.

— Colu'mnce (Collumna's). 2. Blue. July.

Apennines. 1825.

— Diosco'ridis (Dioscorides's). 2. Purple.

July. France. 1820.

— divarica'tum (straggling). Purple. June.

Siberia. 1837.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). 2£. Flesh. July.

1819.

— glochldia'tum (burred). 2. Blue. June.

India. 1837. Greenhouse.

— glomera'tum (clustered). 2. June. North

America. 1812.

— Hee'nkii (Hsenkc's). 2. Blue, purple. July,

Bohemia. 181Q.

CYN

[ 311 ]

CYR

C. holoseri'ceum (velvety). 2. Violet, July
Siberia. 1821.

— lateriflo'rum (side-flowered). Purple. June

Europe. 1838.

— officina'le (shop). 2. Purple, red. June

Britain.

— pi'ctum (painted). 2. Light blue. August

Madeira. 1658.
~sylva'ticum(vfooA). 3. Blue. June. Britain

— umbella'tum (umbel-flowered). 2. Purple

June. Hungary. 1817.

PERENNIALS.

C. amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). 2. Blue,
June. North America. 1812.

— anchusoi'des (Anchusa-like). 1. Blue. May.

Cashmere. 1840.

— austra'le (southern). 2. Pale red. June.

New Holland. ^820. Greenhouse,

— grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). 3. Blue,

white. India. 1830.

— longifio'rum (long-flowered). 1£. Purple,

red. June. India. 1839.

— magelle'nse (Magellan). 1. Purple. June.

Naples. 1823.

-*- tomento'sum (downy -flowered). Violet.
May. Italy. 1823.

— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). Blue, white. June.

North America. 1812.

CYNOME'TRA. (From kyon, a dog,
and metra, matrix; referring to the
seed pods. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacece]. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Hard-
wickia.)

Stove evergreen trees from the East Indies.
Loam and sandy peat ; cuttings in sand, under
glass, with bottom heat.
C. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 30. Red. 1804.

— polya'ndra (many-stamened). 20. Red. 1822.
CYPE'LLA. (From kypellon, a goblet

or cup, referring to the form of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia l-Triandria. Al-
lied to Herbertia.)

Pretty little half-hardy bulbs, requiring the
same treatment as Ixias. Sandy loam and peat;
offsets.

C. Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). Purple, yel-
low. June. San Felipe. 1834.

— Herbe'rti (Herbert's). 1. Vermilion. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1823.

— plu'mbea (leaden-coloured). Blue. Mexico.

1838.

CY'PHIA. (From kyphos, curved; re-
ferring to the shape of the style and
stigma. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campa-
nulacece]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Campanula.)

Greenhouse plants from Cape of Good Hope.
The perennial species root freely from young
cuttings ; the annual kinds by seed ; loam,
peat, and sand.

C. bulbo'sa (bulbous). £. Pale blue. August.
1/91. Annual,

C. carda'mines (Cardamine-like). 3. July.
1823. Herbaceous perennial.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). %. Pale red, July.

181Q. Annual.

— Phyteu'ma (Rampion). l£. Pink. February.

1822. Perennial tuber.

— volu'bilis (twining). 1. Pale blue. 1795.

Annual.

CYPEESS. See Cupre'ssus.

CYPRIPE'DIUM. Ladies' Slipper.
(From Kypris, Venus, and podion, a
slipper. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchid-
acese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria \-Monan-
dria.}

Both the stove and hardy species of these
orchids succeed well in turfy peat, mixed with
a little loam, charcoal, and potsherds. The
hardy kinds when grown in pots should have
frame protection during the winter months;
root division.

STOVE.

C. barba'tum (bearded). £. Purple, white, red.
April. Malacca. 1838.

— gutta'tum (spotted). %. Yellow. April,

Siberia. 182g.

— insi'gne (striking). 1. Green, red, orange.

June. Nepaul. 181Q.

— Irapea'num (Irapean). 1. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1844.

— Lo'wi (Mr. Low's). 1. Variegated. April.

Borneo. 1847.

— venu'stum (handsome). £. Green, red.

October. Nepaul. 1816.

HARDY.

May.
North

Green, rose.
1. Yellow.

Yellow.

C. acau'le (stemless). Rose, purple.
North America. 1786.

— a'lbum (white). l£. White. May,

America. 1800.

— arieti'mim (ram's-Aead). J.

April. Canada. 1808.

— calce'olus (common slipper).

June. England.
helve1 ticum (Swiss).

June. Switzerland. 1825.
-a'ndidum (white). 1. White. June. North

America. 1826.

— macra'nthos (large-flowered). $. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1828.

— parviflQ'rum (small-flowered) . 1. Yellowish.

June. North America. 1759-

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Yellow, purple.

June. North America. 1790.

— purpura'tum (purple-cowered). 3- Purple.

September. Archipelago. 1836.

— specta'bile (remarkable). l£. White, purple.

June. North America. 1731.
incarna'tum (flesh-coloured).

White, purple. June. North America.
a'lbum (white). White. June.

North America. 1827.

— ventrico'sum (swollen). §. Dark purple.

April. Siberia. 1829.
CYRI'LLA. (After D. Cyrillo, an
talian Botanist. Nat. ord., CyriUadx
Cyrillaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Heathworts,)

C 312 ]

CYR

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Sandy loam
and peat ; cuttings in sand, under glass, with
slight bottom heat.

C. Antilla'rum (Antilles). 6. White. July.
Antilles. 1824.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 6. White. July.

Carolina. 1766.

CYRTA'NTHUS. (From kyrtos, curved,
and anthos, a flower ; the flowers bend
down from the summit of the scape or
stalk. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Ama-
ryllidaceffi] . Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Yallota.)

Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope.
C. obliquus and C. carneus have evergreen
leaves ; they, therefore, require to be watered
all the year round. Strong friable loam suits
them best in deep narrow pots, and the bulbs
covered. Greenhouse culture from April to
November, and an airy place in the stove near
the glass in winter. The rest are deciduous,
and require to be kept dry in winter. Offsets.

C. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. Orange.
May. 1774.

— ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. August.

— colli'nus (hill). $. Crimson. June. 1816.

— obli'quus (twisted-fe«??ed). 2. Green, orange.

June. 1774.

— odo'rus (sweet-scented). $. Crimson. June.

1818.

— pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. June. 1822.

— spira1 Us (spiral-leaved). 1. Scarlet. June.

1790.

— striu'tus (streaked), |. Orange. July.

— ventrico'sus (swollen). 1. Red. June. 1770.

CYRTO'CEKAS. United to Ccntro-
ste'mma.

CYRTOCHI'LUM. (From kyrtos, curved
or concave, and che'dos, a lip ; the form
of the labellum or lip. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidacese]. Linn., '2Q-Gynan-
dria \-Monandria. Allied to Acantho-
phippium.)

Stove orchids. On blocks of wood, with moss
and sphagnum fastened over their roots. Sum-
mer moist temp., 60°toi90° ; winter, 55° to 60° ;
rather dry.

C. Bictonie'nse (Bicton). 2. Red. October.

Guatemala. 1836.
— fi'lipes (thread-stalked). 1. Red, yellow.

March. Guatemala. 1838.
— flave'scens (straw - coloured -flowered). 1.

Yellowish. June. Mexico. 1830.

— graminifo'lium (grass-leaved).

— macula1 turn (spotted). 1. Green, purple.

Vera Cruz. 1837.

ecornu'tum (hornless). 1. Yel-
low, purple. March. Mexico.

purviflo'rum (small-flowered) .

1. White, yellow, purple. February.
Guatemala. 1839.

Russellia'num (Russell's).

Spotted. March. Guatemala.

— mystaei'num (whiskered). 1$. Yellowish.

October. Peru. 1836.

C. Stella' turn (starry -flowered). Cream, pink.
March. Brazil. 1839.

CYRTOGO'NIUM. (From kyrtos, curved,
and (jonu, a knee ; referring to the
creeping stems or rhizomes. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia I-Filices. Allied to Pla-
ticerium.)

Stove ferns, with brown spores. Divisions ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
C. cnsta'tum (ribbed). July. Java.

— crispa'tulum (curled). May, East Indies.

— diversifo' Hum (various-leaved). May. East

Indies.

— flagelli'ferum (rodjbearing). East Indies.

1825.

— lacinia'tum (jagged-teaued). May. Isle of

Leyte.

— punctula' turn (small-dotted). May. Java.

— repa'ndum (waved). May. East Indies.

— sca'ndens (climbing). May. East Indies.

— serrutifo'lium (saw-leaved). May. East

Indies.

— sinuo'sum (crooked). May. Isle of Luzon.

— subcrena' turn (slight-scolloped). May. East

Indies.

— vi'rens (green). May. Java.

CYRTO'MIUM. (From kyrtos, curved ;
the shape of the spore cases or seed
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacese]. Linn., 24:-Cfrypto(/amia 1-
Filices.)

Stove ferns ; culture as for Cyrtogonium.
C. caryoti'deum (Caryota-like). Yellow. June.

East Indies.
— falca'tum (sickle-like-/ea?'<?rf). Yellow. June.

South America. 183Q.

CYETOPE'EA. (From kyrtos, curved,
and yera, a small sack ; alluding to the
sack-like appendage to the labellum or
lip. Nat. ord, Orchids [Orchidacere],
Linn., 20-Gynandrla \-Monandrla. Al-
lied to Galeandra.)

Stove orchids. Root division; peat, rotten
wood, and potsherds.

C.fla'va (yellow). 3. Yellow. June. East
Indies. 1831.

— flave'scens (yellowish). Pale yellow. June.

Mexico. 1830.

— plica' t a (plaited-feamZ). India. 1840.

— Woodfo'rdii(\Vooc\foid's).Pmk. September.

South America. 1819.
CYRTOPHLE'BIUM. (From kyrtos,
curved, and pldcbs, a vein ; referring to
the disposition of the veins in the
leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns (Polypo-
diacere]. Linn., Z±-Cryptogamla l-Fi-
llces.}

Stove ferns. Culture as for Cyrtogonium.
C. decu'rrens (leaf-bordered-stemwed). 4. Yel-
low. July. Brazil*

CYR

[ 313 ]

CYT

C. ni'tidum (shining). Yellow. July. West
Indies.

CYRTOPO'DIUM. (From kyrtos, curved,
and poca, a foot ; referring to the form
of the labellum or lip. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gy-
nandria 1-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; peat, sphagnum,
and broken pots ; plants raised above the pots,
or suspended in shallow baskets. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
C. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Yellow. April.

St. Vincent. 1804.
<— crista'tum (crested).

— fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. 1831.

— glutini'ferum (clammy). Yellow. South

America.

— puncta'tum (spotted). 3. Yellow, red. April.

Brazil.

— Wilmo'rei (Wilmore's). 4£. Yellowish-red.

June. Venezuela.

CYSTO'PTERES. A genus of ferns
composed of aspidiiim, alpinum, atoma-
rinum, bulbiferum, dentatum, fragile, and
reg'tum.

CY'TISUS. (From Cythrus, one of
the Cyclades, where one of the species
was first found. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona-
delphia ti-Decandria.}

Shrubs and trees. Readily increased by
seeds ; choice kinds are grafted or budded upon
the Laburnum ; common garden soil.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.

C. e'legans (elegant). 3. Yellow. Cape of

Good Hope. 1821.
—fi'lipes (thread-stemmed). White. March.

Teneriife. 1838.

— glomei-a'tus (crowded). 3. Zanzibar. 1826.

Stove.

— la'niger (woolly). 2, Yellow. June. Spain.

1821. Half-hardy.

ri'gidus (stiS-spined) . 6. Yellow.

June.

— nubi'genus (cloud-born). 6. Yellow. May.

Teneriffe. 1779.

— proli'ferus (proliferous). 2. Yellow. April.

Canaries. 1779.

HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C.

C. jEo'licus (Eolian). 7. Yellow. May. Strom-

boli. 1836.
flo're pie' no (double - flowered).

White. May. England.
fo'liis variega'tis( variegated-leaved).

Yellow. May. Gardens.

— a'lbidus (white). 4. White. June. South

Europe.

— a'lbus (white. Portugal Laburnum}. 8.

White. May. Portugal. 1752.
incarna'tuti(f]esh-coloured), 8. Flesh.

May. Portugal. J752.
• lu'teus (yellovfrflowered}, 8. Yellow

May. Gardens.

alpi'nus (alpine. Scotch Laburnum}. 30.

Yellow. June. Europe. 1596.
arge'nteus (silver-leaved}. 3. Yellow. Au-

gust. France. 1/39-

• Austri'acus (Austrian). 3. Yellow. July.

Austria. 1741.

• biflo'rus (two-flowered). 3. Yellow. May.

Hungary. 1760.

• calyci'nus (large-ca.lys.ed}. 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Tauria. 1820.

• capita'tus (round-headed). 3. Yellow.

July. Austria. 1774.

• cilia' tus (hair-fringed). 3. Yellow. July.

Carpathia. 1817.

• elonga'tus (long-branched}. 4. Yellow.

May. Hungary. 1804.

-falca'tus (sickle-shaped}. 3. Yellow. July.
Hungary. 18l6.

• grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Yellow.

June. Portugal. 1816.
-hirsu'tus (hairy). 5. Yellow. July. South
Europe. 1739.

• Labu'rnum (common Laburnum). 15. Yel-

low. May. Switzerland. 1596.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 15. Yellow. May.

fru' grans (fragrant). 15. Yellow.

June. Gardens.

ed}.

Yellow. May.

• quercifo'lius (Oak-leaved). 15,
Yellow. May.

urale'nsis (Ural). May. Russia.

1832.

— leuca'nthus (white-flowered). 4. Pale yellow.

June, Hungary. 1806.

— mo'llis (soft). 4. Yellow. June. 1818.

— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 4. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1818.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. Yellow.

May.

— na'nus (dwarf). l2« Yellow. May. Levant.

1816.

— ni'gricans (black-roofed). 3. Yellow. June.

Austria. 1730.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Yellow. June.

South Europe. 1818.

— pa' tens (spreading). 4. Yellow. June.

Portugal. 1/52.

— poly'trichus (many-haired). l£. Yellow.

June. Tauria. 1818.

— purpu'rens (purple-flowered). 3. Purple.

June. Austria. 1/92.

albiflo'rus (white-flowered). 2.

White. June. Austria.

— pygmee'us (pygmy). lp Yellow. June.

Calacea.

— racemo'sus (raceme-flowered}. 3. Yellow.

July. 1835. Evergreen.

— rhodophe'na (beautiful). 2. Yellow. May.

— Euthe'nicus (Russian). 3. Yellow. June.

Russia. 1817-

— scopa'rius (common Broom). 6. Yellow.

June. England.

a'lbus (white-flowering}. 6. White.

June. England.

flo're pie' no (double-flowered). 6.

Yellow. April. England.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leav-
ed). 6. Yellow. April. Gardens.

— sessiliflo'nis (stalkless-flowered). 6. Yellow.

July. Italy. 1629.

CYT

DAH

C. spino'sus (spiny Broom}. 2. Yellow. June.
South Europe. 15(j5. Evergreen.

— supi'nus (supine) . 1. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1755. Trailer.

— triflo'rus (three-flowered). 4. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1640.
—.Welde'nii (Baron Welden's). 10. Yellow.

April. Dalmatia. 1840.
pro'cerus (lofty). Yellow. June.

Portugal. 1816.
•: sero'tinus (Vale-flowering). Yellow.

July. Hungary. 1826.
so'rdidus (mean). Yellow, purple.

May.

CZA'CKIA. (After Czack, a Eussian
botanist. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Lilia-
ceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Mono-
gynia.}

United to Anthericum, which see for culture.
C. lilia'strum (Liliaster). l£. White. May.

South Europe. 1629.

1).

DACRY'DIUM. (From dakru, a tear ;
referring to the resinous drops, glands,
or exudations. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxacese]. Linn., 2l-Mona>cia 10-
Decandrla. Allied to Podocarpus and
Yew.)

D. taxifolium is tie kakaterro of the natives ;
its young branches, like those of the Norway
Spruce, afford a beverage of the same qualities
as spruce beer. Greenhouse evergreens. Cut-
tings of firm young wood, in sand, under a
glass; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
75° ; winter, 35° to 45°.

C. cupre'ssinum (Cypress-like). 60. New Zea-

land. 1825.

— ela'tum (lofty). 20. Pulo Penang. 1830.

— exce'lsum (tall). New Zealand.

— Frankla'ndii(Frxri\Lla.n&'s. HuonPine). 100.

Tasmania. 1844.

— Jlfa'»(Mai). New Zealand. 1843.

— taxifo'lium (Yew-leaved). New Zealand.

1843.

DACTYLICA'PNOS. (From daktylos, a
finger, and kapnos, fumitory, literally,
fingered-fumitory ; tendrils being fin-
ger-shaped. Nat. ord., Fumeworts
[Fumariacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia
2-Hexandria.)

Greenhouse perennial climber. Seeds in
slight hot-bed in March ; cuttings under a
glass in April ; sandy loam. If kept over the
winter, requires the protection of a cold pit.

D. thalictrifo'lia (Thalictrum-leaved). 3. Yel-

low, brown. August. Nepaul. 1831.

DJE'MIA. (Its Arabic name. Nat.
ord., Ascleplads [ Asclepiadaceae] . Linn.,
b-Pentandria ^JMgynia. Allied to
Eustegia.)

; Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers,
blooming in July. Cuttings of firm side shoots,
I in sandy soil, under a glass, and in bottom heat,
! in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with a little
! silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85°: winter,
| 50° to 55°.

I D. hi' color (two-coloured). 6. E. Indies. 1806.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 10. Arabia. 1824.

— exte'nsa (extended). 3. East Indies. 177".

— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Gambia. 1824.

DA'FFODIL. Narci'ssus pse'udo-nar-
ci'ssus.

DA'HLIA. (Named after Dahl, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-
Superfliia.)

Hardy perennial tubers. Division of the
tuberous roots ; cuttings when they have grown
three or four inches in length, in the spring, and
inserted in light sandy soil, with a little bottom
heat, and hardened off by degrees ; seeds for
insuring the different species ; fresh rich light
soil. The roots, after the stems are cut down
by frost, must be taken up and plunged in dry
soil.

D.Barke'riee (Miss Barker's). 2. Blush.
August. Mexico. 1838.

— Cervante'sii (Cervantes). Scarlet. August.

Mexico.

— croca'ta (rusty). Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1802.

— exce'lsa (tall).

anemonteflo'ra (Anemone-flowered) .

30. Light. September. Mexico. 1830.
— frustra'nea (barren rayed). 6. Scarlet.

October. Mexico. 1802.

— aura'ntia (orange-coloured), 6.

Orange. October. Mexico. 1802.

— .1 cro'cea (saffron). 6. Yellow.
October. Mexico. 1802.

lu'tea (yellow). 6. Sulphur.

October. Mexico. 1802.

— glabra'ta (smooth). 3. Lilac. July. Mex-

ico. 1838.

— scapi'gera (/orcg'-flower-stemmed). 2. White.

June. Mexico. 1837.

— supe'rflua (superfluous). 6. Purple. Oc-

tober. Mexico. 1789.

DAHLIA AS A FLORISTS' FLOWER. —
The innumerable varieties in our gar-
dens are the descendants of D. super-
flua.

Propagation : by Cuttings. — The time
for striking these extends from Feb-
ruary to August. The young shoots
that spring from the bulbs make the
best cuttings, and are the most sure to
grow ; but the young tops taken off at
a joint will strike root and form small
bulbs even so late as August, and often
are more sure to grow in the spring
following, if kept in small pots, than
roots that have been planted out late.

This more particularly applies to new

r

•iy

DAH

C 315 ]

DAH

varieties. If the shoots on the old
bulbs are numerous, or there appears
many buds ready to start, the shoots
that have grown three inches long may
be slipped off with the finger close to
the bulb ; but if the shoots are few, or
only one, they must be cut off so as to
leave two buds at the base of the shoot
to grow again. The cuttings, or slips,
must be put in pots filled with light
earth, with a layer of pure white sand
on the surface and placed in a gentle
hotbed. If the pot of cuttings can be
plunged in coal ashes, or other mate-
rial, the cuttings will strike the sooner ;
water very moderately and carefully,
and shade from bright sun. They
will strike root in a fortnight or three
weeks, and should be immediately pot-
ted in 3f -inch pots, and kept close for a
few days, till they make a few more
roots. They may then be placed in
a cold frame, shaded from the sun,
and protected from frost and wet. Pot
them again into 4^-inch pots, before
the roots become matted, and then
begin to give air daily, and keep them
well watered.

By Division. — The roots may be di-
vided from the crown downwards, taking
care to have a bud or two to each divi-
sion. Pot them, if too early to plant
out, or plant the division out at once
in their places, but not earlier than the
middle of April.

By Seed. — Save the seed from such
double flowers as are partially fertile,
having bright distinct colours and good
form. Gather it as soon as ripe, and
hang the pods up in a dry place.
When the scales of the pod turn brown
separate the seeds, dry them in the
sun in the morning only, and when dry
store them in a dry room. Sow them
in March, in shallow pans, and trans-
plant the seedlings singly into small
pots. As soon as the frosts are passed
plant them out a foot apart every way,
and allow them to flower. All bad-
shaped or dull-coloured throw away ;
there is no hope of their improving by
culture. Such as have good-formed
petals and bright colours, though not
perfectly double, may be kept another
year for a further trial ; and such as
are excellent should be propagated

from the young tops to preserve the
kinds, as the old root might perish.

Soil. — The dahlia requires a rich,
deep, friable soil ; and, as the branches
are heavy and brittle, a sheltered situ-
ation should be chosen, neither too low
nor too high. The ground should be
trenched, if it will allow it, eighteen
inches or two feet deep, a good coating
of well decomposed dung spread on
the surface after the trenching is com-
pleted, and immediately dug in one
spit deep. Lay the soil so mixed up in
slight ridges, to be levelled down just
before planting.

Summer Culture. — Prepare the plants
for planting out by constant and full
exposure when the weather is mild.
The season for planting is as soon as
there is no fear of any more frost. To
grow them fine, and to obtain high
colours, they should have plenty of
room between each plant — five feet
apart every way for the dwarf growing
kinds, and six feet for the tall ones,
will not be too much. It is a good
method to have the places for each
marked out, by driving in the stakes in
the exact places first, and then there is
no danger of the stakes injuring the
roots. As late frosts might possibly
occur, it is safer to cover the plants at
night with clean empty garden pots of
a sufficient size to cover them without
touching the leaves, until all fear of
frost has subsided. When the plants
have obtained a considerable growth,
cover the surface round each plant with
some half-rotted littery stable dung ;
this will preserve them from drought,
and afford nutriment when the plants
are watered.

Tying is a very important opera-
tion. As soon as the plants are high
enough they should be tied to the
stakes with some rather broad shreds
of 'soft bass matting, and the side
shoots must also be secured by longer
pieces of matting, to prevent the winds
and heavy rains from breaking them
off. It may sometimes be necessary
to place three or four additional stakes
at a certain distance from the central
one, to tie the side branches to. The
best kind of stakes are the thinnings
of larch plantations. They should be

DAH

[ 316 ]

DAI

stout, and six or seven feet long, at
least. As the plants grow, if the
weather is hot and dry, abundance of
water should he supplied.

Protecting the Flowers. — This will he
necessary if intended for exhibition.
Caps of oiled canvass stretched upon a
wire frame are very good for the pur-
pose ; even a common garden pot turned
upside down is no bad shelter. They
may easily be suspended over each
flower by being fastened to a stake, and
the flower gently brought down and
tied to the stake under them. The
best shade, however, is a square box
with a glass front, and a slit at the
bottom to allow the stem of the flower
to slide into it, and thus bring the
flower within the box. The flower
then has the advantage of light and
air, and is still protected from the sun,
wind, and rain.

Winter Culture. — As soon as the
autumn frosts have destroyed the tops
of the plants, cut down the stems and
take up the roots immediately. If the
roots come up clean out of the ground,
they will only require gently drying,
and may be stored at once in some
place where they will be safe from
frost. If the soil clings much to the
tubers, these should be washed and
dried, and then stowed away. The
place should not only be free from
frost, but from damp also, yet not so
dry as to cause them to shrivel up too
much. It is a good plan to have two
or three of each kind struck late and
kept in pots through the winter, but
the soil must be perfectly dry before
they are put to rest, and no wet or
frost allowed to reach them. A good
place for them is to lay the pots on one
side under the stage of a greenhouse.
In these winter quarters they must be
frequently examined, and all decaying
roots or stems removed.

Insects. — In the early stages of
growth, the great pest to the dahlia is
the slug. Watering with clear lime-
water, is the best article to destroy
them, or a dusting of quick-lime in
dewy mornings will be useful ; a circle
of lime round each plant will be a good
preventive, and also a carefully gather-
ing up very early in the morning of

these vermin will greatly reduce their
numbers. When the plants are in
flower, the earwig is almost sure to
attack them, and frequently in one
night will disfigure the finest and most
perfect bloom, and render it unfit for
exhibition. Traps must be set to catch
them. Small garden-pots with a little
hay or moss put in them, and then
turned upside down upon the stakes,
is a good trap for them. They should
be examined every morning, and the
insects in them destroyed. Dried bean-
stalks are also a good trap ; place them
among the branches, and the insects
will creep into them as a hiding place.
Also, as they feed chiefly in the night,
take a lantern at that time, and ex-
amine every flower.

Preparing for exhibition. — Cut the
flowers the night before, and if they
are to be conveyed a considerable dis-
tance, have a box or boxes made with
water-tight tin tubes securely fixed in
the bottom, to hold water; pass the
stem of each flower through a plug of
wood with a hole in the centre, just
wide enough to allow the stem to pass
through it, and just thick enough to fit
like a cork into the tin tube. Make the
flower quite firm in the wooden plug,
and let the lid of the box be so elevated
as not to touch the flower.

DA'IS. (From dnio, to heat ; re-
ferring to the causticity of the bark.
Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymelacete].
Linn., 10-Dec«ndria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Mezereon.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Seeds sown in slight
hot-bed in March; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, or of the roots, in April, in sand, under a
glass, and with a little heat; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to /5°; winter, 40° to 45°.
D. cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved). 10. White,
green. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1776.

DAISY (Bellis perennis). There are
many double varieties of this hardy
perennial ; some white, others crimson,
and many variegated. A more curious
variety is the proliferous or Hen and
Chicken Daisy. They all will flourish
in any moist soil, and almost in any
situation. They bloom from April to
June. Propagated by divisions, the
smallest fragment of root, almost, en-
ables them to grow. To keep them

DAI

[ 317 ]

DAN

double and fine, they require moving
occasionally. Planted as an edging
round the Kanunculus bed, their roots
tempt the wire worm from those of the
choicer flower.

DALBE'RGIA. (Named after Dalbery,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-
Diadt'Iphia k-Decandria. )

The wood of D. Sissoo is remarkable for its
excellence. East Indian stove evergreen trees,
almost all with white flowers. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in March, in sand, under a glass,
and in a little bottom heat ; fibry peat and turfy
loam, with a portion of sand. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Barcla'yi (Barclay's). 15. Blue. Mauri-
tius. 1823.
— frondo'sa (fronded). 30. 1818.

— margina'ta (bordered). 20. 1823.

— Ougeine'nsis (Ougein). 30. 1820.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 30. 1811.

— rimo'sa (chinky). 20. 1823.

— rubigino'sa (rusty). 10. 1811.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. 18J2.

— Si'asoo (Sisso). 30. 1820.

— tamarindifo'lia (Tamarind-leaved). 15. 1820.

— Telfa'irii (Telfair's). 15. Mauritius. 1823.

— volu'bilis (twining). 20. 1818.

DALECHA'MPIA. (Named after Dak-
champ, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Euphorbiads [Euphorbiacefe]. Linn.,
2l-Moncccia l-Monandria. Allied to
Poinsettia.)

Stove evergreen climbers, with yellowish green
flowers. Cuttings a little dried at their base
before insertion into sandy soil, under a hand-
light, in April ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50°.

D. brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 6. July, Brazil.

1824.
—ficifo'lia (Fig-leaved). 6. July. Brazil. 1820.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 12. June. West

Indies. 1/3Q.

DALIBA'KDA. (Named after Dallbard,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Rose-
irorf.s [KosaceseJ. Linn., 12-Icosandria
2-Di-pcntagynia. Allied to Potentilla.)

An Alpine or rock plant. Division ; light
sandy soil ; a sheltered, dry place, or the pro-
tection of a cold pit in winter.
D. violecoi'das (Violet-like). £. White. May.
North America. 1768.

DAMASO'NIUM. Plants of no interest
to the gardener, belonging to a small
group of fresh water plants, singular
for flowering under water, except at the
time of fertilization, when the flowers
rise above the water for a few hours.
The group is called Hydrocarads, but
these Damasoniums are now referred

to the genus Ottelia, allied to Stra-
tiotes.

DAME'S VIOLET. He'speris matrona'lis.

DA'MMARA. The Dammar Pine of
New Zealand, the Kawrie of the na-
tives. (Nat. ord., Conifers [Coniferre].
Linn., %\-Moncecia \Q-Monadelphia.}

The finest masts are now prepared from the
D. Australis for our navy ; it also yields a brittle
resin-like copal. Cuttings of young, ripe, firm
shoots, inserted in sand in the spring, in a
gentle bottom heat, under a bell-glass ; loam
with a little sand. Summer temp., 55° to 80°;
winter, 38° to 45°.

D. Austra'lis (southern. Cowdie Pine}. 200.
New Zealand. 1821.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Amboyna. 1804.

DAMPIE'RA. (Named after the cir-
cumnavigator, Capt. W. Dampicr. Nat.
ord., Goodeniads [Grooderiicese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Scaevola.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, with blue
flowers ; from New Holland. Division ; and
cuttings of young shoots in sand, under a glass ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75° >
winter, 38° to 45°.
D. ala'ta (winged-leaved). May. 1842.

— corona1 ta (crowned-cowered) . May.

— cunea'ta (wedge-/mm£). May.

— fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). May. 1841.

— lavendula'cea (Lavender-leaved). 1843.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). 1840.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). £. July. 1824.

— stri'cta (upright). 1. July. 1814.

— tc'ris (round-leaved). June.

DAMPING OFF is a name applied by
gardeners to an ulceration of the stems
of seedlings, and other tender plants.
This ulceration arises from the soil and
air in which they are vegetating being
kept too moist or damp. Flower seed-
lings are especially liable to be thus
affected ; and, to prevent this, one third
of the depth of the pot should be filled
with drainage, and the soil employed,
instead of being sifted, allowed to re-
tain all moderately sized stones. The
seeds should be sown very thinly,
pressed down, and a little white sand
be sprinkled over the surface, because
this is not easily disturbed by watering,
and is not a medium that retains mois-
ture to the neck of the seedlings, where
dampness most affects them. A pot of
sand should be kept hot, and whenever
symptoms of the disease appear, a little
whilst hot sprinkled on the soil.

DAN.E'A. (Named after P. M. Dana,
who wrote on the Flora of Piedmont.

DAN

[ 318 ]

DAE

Nat. ord., Daneeaioorts [Danreacea1].
Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia I-FUices.)

This small order consists of fern-like plants,
and for all the purposes of cultivation may be
considered as ferns. Stove herbaceous peren-
nial. Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. ala'ta (winged). West Indies. 1823.

DA'PHNE. (So called after the fabled
nymph of that name. Nat. ord., Daph-
nads [Thymelacese]. Linn., S-Octandria
1-Monoyynia.)

Extreme causticity is the general property of
the Daphnads — the Spurge Laurel and Meze-
reum particularly so. Seed for most of the spe-
cies, especially of the D. laureola, or Spurge
Laurel ; used as a grafting stock for most of the
rarer and tender kinds. As the seed is two
years in vegetating, it is usual to keep it some
time in sand in a heap. D. Cneorum and other
dwarf kinds, especially if at all trailing, are
generally propagated by layers in summer. A
close pit for grafting the finer kinds in March
or April is an advantage. Most of them like a
good proportion of sandy peat, but the deci-
duous Mczereum prefers pure loam. The Odora
and Odora rubra are nearly hardy in the climate
of London, but farther north they require the
cold pit or greenhouse.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

D. Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 3. Lilac. February.

China. 1844.
— Meze'reum (Mezereon). 4. Pink. March.

England.

— - — > a'lbum (white-lowered). 4. March.

autumna'le (autumnal). 4. Red.

August. Europe.

ru'brum (red-flowered). 4. Pink.

March. England.

HAEDY EVERGKEENS.

D. Alpi'na (Alpine). 2. White. June. Italy.
1759.

— Alta'ica (Altaic). 3. White. April. Siberia.

1796.

— Austra'lis (southern). 3. Pink. April.

Naples.

— Cneo'rum (Garland-flower). 1. Pink. July.

Australia. 1752.
-fo'liis variega'tis( variegated- leaved) .

1. Pink. April.
grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1.

Pink. April.
colli'na (hill). 3. Purple. March.

Italy. 1752.

— Gni'dium (Gnidium). 2. White. July.

Spain. 1597-

— Laure'ola (Spurge Laurel). 6. Green. Feb-

ruary. Britain.

— Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 2. Purple.

March. Naples. 1822.

— oleoi'des (Olive-like). 2. White. Crete.

1815.

— po'ntica (Pontic). 4. Green, yellow. April.

Pontus. 1759-

fo'liis i>«ne#a'«s(variegated-leaved).

4. Pink. August. Pontus.

C.pube'scens (downy). 3. '; Yellow, April.
Austria. 1810.

— seri'cca (silky). 2. White. April. Crete.

1820.

— stria'ta (streaked). 2. Purple. May.

Switzerland. 1819-

— Ta'rton-rai'ra (Tarton-raira). 3. White.

June. France. 1640.

— tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. White. June.

Asia. 1800. Half-hardy.

— Thymelai'a (Wild Olive). 3. Yellow. March.

Spain. 1815.

— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. Nepaul.

1829.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &C.

D. Auckla'ndii (Lady Auckland's). 2. Hima-
layas. 1841. Stove.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Yellow. May.

China. 1825.

— Indi'ca (Indian). 4. White. June. China.

1800.
ru'bra (red). Purplish Pink. China.

— Japo'nica (Japan). 2. Pink. Blarch. Japan.

1840.

— odo'ra (sweet-seen ted). 3. Pink-white. July.

China. 1771.
ru'bra (red). 4. Pink. April. China.

1831.
• variega'ta (variegated). 4. White.

October. Japan. 1800.

— papyra'cea (paper). 4. White. May. Ne-

paul. 1824.

— tinifo'lia (Tinus-leaved) . 6. Jamaica. 1773.

Stove.

DARE'A. (Named after Dar, a bota-
nist. Nat. ord.., Ferns [Polypodiaceffi].
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices. Allied
to Asplenimn,)

Stove ferns requiring the same treatment a«
Ceenopteris,
D. ala'ta (winged). Brown. July. West Indies.

— bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). 1. Brown. June.

New Zealand. 1820.

— cicuta'rium (Cicuta-like). 1. Brown. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 2. Brown.

March. New Zealand. 1831.

— myriophy'lla (1000-leaved). Brown. July.

South America.

— rhixo'phorum (root-bearing). 1. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1793.

— rhizophy'llum (rooting-leaved). jj. Brown.

June. North America. 1680.

— ruteefo'lia (Rue- leaved). Brown. July. West

Indies.

— sea 'ndcns (climbing). Brown. July. Isle

of Leyte.

— vivi'parum (viviparous). 1. Brown. June.

Mauritius. 1820.

DARWI'NIA. (Named after Dr. Dar-
win, author of The Botanic Garden.
Nat. ord., Frinyc-Myrtks [Chamfelau-
ciacecpi]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-Mono-
i/!/iti'i. Allied to Genetyllis.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-

DAE

[ 319 ]

DAV

flass ; peat and loam, both fibry, and with sand,
ummer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
C.fascicula'ta (fascicled). 29. Red. June.
1820.

— taxifo'lia (Yew-leaved). 29. White. June.

1824.

DASYSTE'MON. (From dasys, thick,
and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., House-
keks [Crassulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 5-Pentagynia. Allied to Crassula.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April ; sandy loam.
D. calyci'num (\eafy-calyxed~). White. June.
Australia. 1823.

DATE PALM. Phce'nix.

DATE PLUM. Dlospy'rus.

DATU'EA. Thorn Apple. (From its
Arabic name Tatorali. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacere]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria I-Monoyynia. Allied to Solandra).
Violent narcotic principles pervade this order.
The seeds being the most powerful. Annuals
by seeds in hotbed in March, and either potted
and bloomed in the greenhouse, or transferred
to a rich sheltered border. Evergreen shrubs
by cuttings, any time in spring or summer ; in
light soil, in a little heat, with a hand-light
over them ; rich fibry loam ; do well in a
sheltered border in summer, and may either be
protected there, or removed to a shed or house
where the temperature will not fall below 35° to
40° in winter.

HARDY ANNUALS.

D. a'lba (white-flowered). White. July. East
Indies.

— ceratocau'lon (horn-stalked). 2. White.

August. South America. 1805.

— fastuo'sa (proud). 3. Purple. August.

Egypt. 1629.
—fe'rox (fierce). 3. White. August. China.

1731.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). White. June. South

America. 1825.

— Guayaquile'nsis (Guayaquil). 2. White.

August. Guayaquil. 1826.

— lee'vis (smooth-fruited). 2. White. July.

Africa. 1/80.

— Me'tel (Metel). 2. White. July. Asia.

1596.

— murica'ta (muricated). 2. White. May.

1820.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). Lilac. July.

Mexico. 1824.

— Stramo'nium (Stramonium). 3. White.

August. England.

fla'va (yellow). Sulphur. Au-
gust.

— Ta'tula (Tatula). 3. Blue. August. North

America. 1629.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

D. bi'color (two-coloured-coro2/a). 20. Dark
red. August. Peru. 1833.

— ca'ndida (white-stalked). 10. White. Au-

gust. Peru. 1813.

— corni'gera (horn -bearing). 10. White. July.

Brazil. 1844.

.D. corni'gera flo're-ple'no (double - flowered).
10. White. July. 1846.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). Orange. June.

South America. 1838.

— Gardn'eri (Gardner's). White. South Ame-

rica. 1733.

— lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 20. Yellow. Sep.

tember.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 15. White.

August. Peru. 1733.

— Wayma'nii (Wayman's). 2. White, purple.

May. South America. 1827.

DAUBENTO'NIA. (Named after M.
Daubenton, a naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia i-Decandria. Allied to
Sesbania.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened
young shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in
heat ; loam and peat, open and fibry, with a little
sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

D. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Yellow. July.
New Spain. 1820.

— puni'cea(red). 3. Vermilion. July. New

Spain. 1820.

— Tripetia'na (Mr. Tripet's). Scarlet, orange.

September. Buenos Ayres. 1840.

DAUBE'NYA. (In honour of Dr. Dau-
beny, Professor of Botany in the Uni-
versity of Oxford. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Massonia.)

Pretty yellow-flowering bulbs from the Cape
of Good Hope, which will succeed in a warm
border in front of a greenhouse, if protected
from frost in winter ; and also in pots in rich
sandy loam, either in a greenhouse or frame,
and to be kept quite dry while at rest ; offsets.
D. au'rea (golden-cowered). £. June. 1832.
—fu'lva (tawny). £. 1836.

DAUC'US. Carrot. (From daucus, a
carrot. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Api-
aceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)

The cultivated species is a white-flowered
hardy biennial, but there are others, biennials
and annuals, mere weeds. Seeds in March or
April; deep, light, well pulverised soil. See
Carrot.
D, caro'ta (common Carrot). 3. June. Britain.

aura'ntia (^ow^-orange). 3. June.

horte'nsis (yellow-garden') . 3. May.

pree'cox (early - horn). 3. June.

DAVA'LLIA. Hare's-foot Fern. (Named
after E. Davali, a Swiss botanist. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2-i- Cryptogam la 1 -Filiccs . )

The rhozomes or creeping stems of this
fern clothed with a light brown down, when
without leaves, look much like a hare's foot.
Greenhouse ferns. Divisions and severing the
roots, and by spores ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 45° to 55°.

DAY

[ 320 ]

DEL

D. ala'ta (winged). June. East Indies.

— canarie'nsis (Canary). 14. June. Canaries.

1699.

— concavade'nsis (Concavado). 1. Brazil.

1823.

— du'bia (doubtful). 1. June. New Holland.

1826.

— e'legam (elegant). 1. June. New Holland.

1824.
—fla'ccida (feeble). 1. June. New Holland.

1820.
— fumarioi'des(F\imari&-likc). August. West

Indies. 1828.

— gibbero'sa (swollen-roofed). 2. June. New

Holland. 1825.

— pentaphy' Ha (five-leaved). April. Singapore.

— pyxida't a (box-like) . f. June. New South

Wales. 1808.

— ret'usa (abrupt-ended). June. Isle of Luzon.

— so'lida (solid). July. Isle of Luzon. 1844.

— tenuifo'lia (slender- leaved). July. Isle of

Luzon.

DAVIE'SIA. (Named after the Rev.
H. Davies, a Welch Botanist. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere].
Linn., 10-Decandria I-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Virainaria.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots, rather firm, stumpy
side shoots are best, in sand under a bell-glass ;
seeds sown in a slight hotbed in March ; heat
and loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter,
38° to 45°.

C. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
1804.

— ala'ta (winged). 3. Yellow. June. 1818.

— ungula't a (sharp-cornered). Yellow. April.

— corda'ta(he&rt-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

1824.

— corymbo'sa (corymbose). 2. White, red.

July. 1804.

— genistoi'des (Genista-like). Yellow. May.

1825.

— incrassa'ta (thick-leaved). 2£. Yellow. June.

1820.

— juniperi'na (Juniper-like). 2. Yellow. May.

1825.
—ju'ncea (Rush-like). 24. Yellow. July. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

1805.

— leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. 1824.

— llne'aris (narrow-teamed). 1£. Yellow. July.

1827.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). Yellow. May. 1840.

— mimosoi'des (Mimosa-like). 2. Yellow. May.

1809.

-<- peduncula'ta (/on#-flower-stalked) . Yellow.
May.

— physo'des (bladdery). 2. Yellow. May.

— pdlyphy'lla (many-leaved). Yellow. May.

1842.

— pu'ngens (pungent). Yellow. May. 1825.

— quadrila' tera (four-sided-/e«werf). Yellow.

May. 1840.

— racemulo'sa (slightly-racemed). 2£. Yellow.

July. 1823.

— ramulo'sa (branching). Yellow. May. 1842.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 2i. Yellow. June.

1824.

D. ulici'na (Furze-leaved). 3; Yellow. June.
1792.

— umbellula'ta (small-umbelled). 2V. Yellow.

May. 1816.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Tawny. July. 1827.

DAY LILY. Heme-roca'ttis.

DE'OODON. See Ncsa'a.

DECUMA'EIA. (From deciima, a tenth;
referring to the ten valvate divisions of
the calyx, and the ten cells of the cap-
sule or seed pod. Nat. ord., Syrinyas
[Philadelphacese]. Linn., Il-Dodecan-
dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Philadel-
phus.)

Hardy deciduous twiners, with small white
flowers, requiring supports, or to be trained
against a south wall in a dry warm border of
light rich soil. Cuttings under a hand-light, in
a shady place, and in sandy soil in summer.
D. ba'rbara (barbarous). 4. July. Carolina.
1785.

— prostrn'ta (prostrate). 5. July. North

America. 1820.

— sarmento'sa (twiegy). 30. July. Carolina.

1758.

DELI'MA. (From delimo, to shave or
polish ; referring to the hard asperities
which cover the leaves, and render
them fit for polishing. Nat. ord., J)il-
leniads [Dilleniaceae]. Linn., 18-Poly-
andria I-Monoyynia. Allied to Tetra-
cera.)

Handsome stove evergreen twiners, with fine
large leaves and yellow flowers, having much
the aspect of small Magnolia flowers. Cuttings
of fine young shoots, in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and loam,
both turfy and fibry, with a little silver sand,
pieces of charcoal, and good drainage. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°
D. ni'tida (shining-leaved). 10. Trinidad. 1830.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 10. Ceylon. 1820.

DELTHI'NIUM. Larkspur. (From
dclphln? a dolphin; supposed resem-
blance of the spur to a dolphin's head.
Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Rammculacese].
Linn., IS-Polyandfia '<\-Triyynia.')

Annuals and biennials by seeds, in common
soil, in the open border in March and April ;
perennials, by division of the roots in spring
arid summer, and by seeds in March or April.

HAKDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

D. Aconi'ti (Aconite-like). 1. Purple. June.
Levant. 1801.

— Aja'cis (Ajax). l£. Pink. June. Switzer-

land. 1573.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1.

Variegated. June. Europe. 15/3.

— ambi'guum (doubtful). Blue. June. Bar-

bary. 1759-

— cardiope'ialum (heart-petalcd), 1. Blue.

June. Pyrenees. 1818.

DEL

t 321 ]

DEL

D. Conso'lida (uniting. Branched). 2. Blue.

April. England.
. flo're-ple'no (double-flowered) . 1 .

Variegated. June. England.

— divarica'ttim (straggling). Purple. July.

Persia. 1836.

— Oliveria'num (Oliver's). l£, Blue. June.

South Europe. 1826.

— peregri'num (diffuse). 1. Blue. Julv. Italy.

1629.

— pi'ctum (painted). l£. Light blue. June.

South Europe. 1816. Biennial.

— pube'scens (downy). 2. Blue. August.

Mediterranean. 1816.

— Requie'nii (Requien's). 4. Blue. July.

Majorca. 1824. Biennial.

— Staphisa'gria (Stavesacre). 2. Light blue.

July. South Europe. 1596. Biennial.

— tenui'ssimum (slenderest-branched). I. Pur-

ple. August. Greece. 1835.

— virga'tum (twiggy). 1£. Blue. June. Syria.

1823.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

D. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 4. White.
July. America. 1823.

— Alpi'nnm (Alpine. Bee). 5. Blue. July.

Hungary. 1816.

— Alta'icum (Altaian). 4. Blue. July.

Altaia. 1829.

— amee'num (pleasing). 2. Pale blue. July.

Siberia. 1818.

— azu'reum (azure). 16. Light blue. July.

Carolina. 1805.

— cheila'nthum (lip-flowered). 2. Dark blue.

May. Siberia. 1819.

— Chi'nense (Chinese). 2. Blue. July. China.

1818.

— crassicau'le (thick-stemmed). Blue. June.

Siberia. 1822.

— cunea'tum (wedge-leaved). 4. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1816.

— dasyca'rpum (thick-fruited). 4. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1819.

— deco'rum (comely). 1$. Blue. June.

Russia. 1838.

— dictyoca'rpum (netted-fruited). 4. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1817.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Blue, xvhite.

August. Siberia. 1834.

— ela'tum (tall. Common Bee), 6. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1597.

— e'leguns (elegant). 1$. Blue. July. North

America.

flo're-ple'no (common double-flow-
ered), l£. Blue. July. North
America. 1741;

— exalta'tum (lofty). 3. Blue, July. North

America. 1758.

—fi'ssum (cleft). 4. Blue. June. Hungary.
1816.

— flexuo'sum (zig-zag). 2. Blue. May. Cau-

casus. 1820.

— gra'cile (graceful). Red. July. Spain.

1826.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. Dark

blue. July. Siberia. 1816.
___ u>ibum (white-flowered). 2.

White, July.
• a'lbum-ple'no (double-white),

3. White, June.
21

D. grandiflo' rum flo're-ple'no (double 6/ae-flow-
ered). 2. Dark blue. June.

pa'llidum (pale blue), 2. Blue.

•ru'brum(re&-flowered). 3. Red,

June.

pink. August.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). 3. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1794.

— intermedium (intermediate). Blue. August.

Silesia. 1710.

ceerule'scens (downy • leaved,
sky-blue). 7. Light blue. July. 1836.

la'xum (loose-spiked). 6. Blue.

May.

• leptosta'chyum (slender - spi-
ked). 6. Blue. May. Pyrenees.

-pa'llidum (pale blue). 2. Blue.

July.

- pilosi'ssimum (hairiest). 6.
Blue. July. Siberia.

ranunculifo'lium (Ranunculus-
leaved). 6. Blue. July. Pyrenees.

• sapphi'rinum (Sapphire-Wwe-

flowered). 7. Blue.

— laxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4. Blue. July.

Siberia.

— Mensie'sii (Menzies'). 2. Blue. July,

North America. 1826. Tuberous*
rooted.

— mesoleu'cum (white -middled). 3. Blue.

July. 1822.

— monta'num (mountain). 4. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— — bracteo'&um (br&cteose) . 8. Blue.

June. South Europe. 1816.

— rnoscha'tum (musk-scented). 6. Dark blue.

August. Switzerland. 1834.

— ochroleu'cum (yellowish-white). 2. White.

June. Iberia. 1823.

— pa'llidum (pale). Pale blue. June. Siberia,

1822.

— palmati'fidum (hand-like cleft). 3. Blue*

July. Siberia. 1824.

glabe'llum (smoothish). 3.

Blue. June. Siberia. 1817.

— penta'gynum (five-styled). 2. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1819.

— pseu'do- peregri'num (rather- diffuse). 3.

Red. June. Siberia. 1823.

— jmni'ceum (scarlet-flowered). 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1/85.

— revolu'tum (rolled-back). 6. Pale blue.

April.

— Sine'me flo're-ple'no (Chinese double-flow-

ered). Deep blue. June. China.

— specio'surn (showy). 4. Blue. July. Cau-

casus. 1816.

— spu'rium (spurious). 4. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1810.

— trico'rne (three-horned). J. Blue. July.

North America. 1806.

— tri'ste (sad). 2. Blue. July. Dahuria. 1819.

— Ucra'nicum (Ukraine). Blue. June. Si-

beria. 1818.

— urceola'tum (pitcher-like). 2. Blue, June.

1801.

— veluti'num (velvety), 4. Blue. July. Italy*

1819.

— i)illo'sum (long-haired). 4, Blue. July.

Caucasus, 1818.

— Uimi'neum (wand-like), 4. Blue, August.

North America, 1835,

Y

BEN

[ 322

DEN

DENDRO'BIUM. (From dcndron, a
tree, and bios, life; referring to the
way these air plants fasten on trees
for support. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria.)

Stove orchids. Dividing the plant when in a
dormant state; turfy peat, a few broken pot-
sherds, and fastening the plant above the surface
of the pot ; cutting pieces of peeled oak as
long as the diameter of the pot inside at the
rim ; fixing the plant to this wood ; and, after
placing it in the pot, banking up around it with
the suitable compost — prevents all danger from
damp owing to the plant sinking. Temp., 60°
to 90° when growing, with moisture in the air ;
and when at rest, 55° to 60°, and drier.
D. a'mulum (rival). £. White, brown. New
Holland. 1823.

— acero'sum (pointed- Jeaved). Yellow, pink.

Singapore. 1840.

— acicula're (neeAle-leaved) . Yellow, pink.

Singapore. 1840.

— acuminati'ssimum (most pointed). Greenish.

Manilla. 1840.

— adu'ncum (hooked). 2. Pink. Manilla. 1842.

1. Yellow. April.

aggrega'tum (clustered).
India.

ma' jus (larger). White. April.
India. 1835.

— alpe'stre (rock). White. Himalayas. 1840.

— anKE'num (lovely). White, yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1843.

— a'mplum (ample). Straw-coloured. Khoosea.

1837.

— ano'smum (scentless). l£. Purple. June.

Philippines. 1840.

— a'queum (watery). 1. Greenish. November.

Bombay. 1842.

— au'reum (golden -./towered). 1. Yellow.

Ceylon.
pa'llidum (pale - golden -flowered} .

1. Pale yellow. March. Ceylon. 1836.
— • uuri'ferum (gold-bearing). Yellow. China.

1843.

— barba'tum (bearded). Buff. Bombay. 1838.

— bicamera'tum (two - chambered) . Yellow,

purple. August. Khoosea. 1837-

— biflo'rum (two-flowered). White. Society

Islands. 1844.

— breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Green, brown.

June. Indies.

— ccErule' scens (blueish). 2. Sky-blue. April.

Khoosea. 1837.

— calceolaria (Calceolaria). 2. Orange-pink.

June. East Indies. 1820.

— 6'«/ceo7«s(slipper-like). Yellow. India. 1838.

— Cambridgea'num (Duke of Cambridge's). 1.

Yellow. Khoosea. 1837.

— cu'ndidum (white-flowered}. White. April.

Khoosea. 1837.

— 6-ass^//iOt'de.s(Cassytha-like). Yellow. Sep-

tember. Australia. 183Q.

— chlo'rops (green-eyed). Buff. Bombay. 1842.

— chrysa'nthum (golden-flowered). 1. Yellow.

February. Nepaul. 1828.
— chrysoto'xum (golden-arched). 1. Yellow.
March. Indies. 1845.

— compression (fiat-stemmed). J. Yellow.

Ceylon. 1842.

D. crumena'tum (pouch-stemmed). 1. White.

April. Sumatra. 1823.
violeeodo'rum (violet-scented).

White. April. Java. 1838.

— creta'ceum (chalked) . 1 . Dark, white-

coloured veins. Java. 1846.

— crini'ferum (long-haired). Yellowish. Cey-

lon. 1843.

— crispa'tum (curled). White. East Indies.

1838.

— cuculla'tum (hooded). Straw. India. 1835.

— cucume'rinum (Cucumber-like). $. White,

pink. New Holland. 1841.

— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). White.

New Zealand. 1843.

— cu'preum (copper-coloured). 2£. Red, buff.

June. East Indies. 1825.
•— cuspida'tum (spine-pointed). White. Savoy.
1844.

— Dalhousia'num (Lady Dalhousie's). 3. Pur-

ple, rose. Brazil. 1837.

— Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 1.

White, yellow, pink. May. East In-
dies. 1837.

— densiflo'rum Cthickly-flowered). l£. Orange.

June. Nepaul. 182Q.

pa'Uidum (pale). Pale yellow.

India. 1837-

— di' scalar (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, brown.

October. Java. 1833.

— Egerto'nice (Lady Egerton's). Pink, yellow.

Saharanpoor. 1844.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). l£. Yellow, red.

New Holland. 1835.

— Farme'rii (Mr. Farmer's). l£. Pale straw-

yellow. March. East Indies. 1847-
— fimbria'tum (fringed). 2. Yellow. May.

Nepaul. 1823.
ocula'tum (eyed) . Orange, brown .

Nepaul.

— flave'scens (yellowish) . Yellow. Java. 1844.
—formo'sum (beautiful). White. May. Khoo-
sea. 1837.

— Gibso'nii (Mr. Gibson's). Orange. June.

Khoosea. 1837.

— gluma'ceum (chaffy). Green. Philippines,

— Griffithia'num (Griffith's). Yellow. March.

East Indies. 1838.

— Hasse'ltii (Hasselt's). Purple. Java. 1844.

— heteroca'rpum (various-seeded). Pale yellow.

Khoosea. 1837.

— Heynea'num (Heyne's). White, green.

March. Bombay. 1838.

— hymenophy' Hum (membrane-leaved). Green-

ish. May. Java. 1844.

— insi'gne (remarkable). Yellowish, green.

Khoosea. 1837-

— Jenki'nsii (Capt. Jenkins's). 1. Yellow.

May. Gualpara. 1838.

— ju'nceum (rush-leaved). Green. Singapore.

1841.

— Kingia'num (Capt. King's). £. Pink spot.

February. New Holland. 1843.

— Ku'hlii (Kuhl's). 2. Pale purple. Java. 1844.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Green. Manilla.

— lingucpfo'rme (tongue-leaved). $. Purple.

New South Wales. 1810.

— longico'lle (long-necked). Straw, purple.

Singapore. 1840.

— longi'cornu (long-spurred). 1. White. May.

Nepaul. 1828.

— Macrai'i (Macrae's). Pink. India. 1839-

DEN

[ 323 ]

DES

D. macra'nthum (large-flowered). 2. Lilac.
Manilla. 1842.

— macrochi'lum (large-lipped). Rose. Ma-

nilla. 1838.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). Purple. July.

Philippines. 1838.

— mesochlo'rum (light-green). White. June.

India. 1846.

— minu'tum (small). White. March. New

Holland. 1826.

— Mirbelia'num (Mirbel's) . Lilac. Guinea.

— mi1 serum (poor). White. March. Philip.

pines. 1837.

— monilifo'rme (bracelet-formed). |. Blue.

April. Japan. 1824.

— moscha'tum (musk-scented). Rose, buff.

May. East Indies. 1828.

— muta'bile (changeable) . Rose. April. Java.

1844.

— no' bile (noble), 2. Green, yellow, pink. China.

— no'bile Walli'chii (Wallich's noble). Purple,

cream, white. March. East Indies.
1840.

— nu'dum (naked). Pale, purple. June. Java.

1844.

— ochrea'tum (yellowish). Yellow, purple.

June. Khoosea. 1836.

— ocula'tum (dark-eyed). 2. Orange, blood-

red-spotted. September. Nepaul.

— Paxto'ni (Paxton's). Orange, brown. April.

Khoosea. 1837.

— Piera'rdi (Pierard's). 2. Whitish. April.

East Indies. 1815.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Purple,

rose, yellow. June. Singapore. 1830.
lute'scens (Pierard's yellowish).

Yellowish. May. India. 1835.
ma' jus (larger). Whitish. April.

India. 1830.

— pulche'llum (fair). 1. Yellow. April.

East Indies.

purpu'reum (purple). Purple.

March. Ragabosa. 1834.

— revolu'tum (rolled-back). Straw. April.

Singapore. 1842.

— rho'mbmm (diamond-lipped). 1. Pale yellow.

August. Manilla. 1834.

— Ru'ckeri (Rucker's). l£. Yellow. February.

Philippines. 1843.

— rugo'sum (rough). 1. Pale yellow. April.

Java. 1844.

— sanguinole'ntum (blood-stained). £. Buff,

violet. March. Ceylon. 1842.

— schism' nurn (fluted). White. June. New

Holland. 1845.

— secu'ndum (side-flowering). Rose, purple.

July. Malacca. 1838.

pu'llidum (pale). Pale purple.

July. Sumatra. 1840.

— specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow, white.

January. New Holland. 1824.

— sulca'tum (furrowed). 1, Orange. April.

Khoosea. 183".

— tauri'num (bull-headed). 5. Yellow, purple,

October. Philippines. 1837.

— teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 1. Purple.

July. New Holland. 1823.

— tetrago'num (four-angled). 2. Yellow, green.

May. Moreton Bay. 1838.

— tranapa'rcns (transparent). Rose. Nepaul.

— triadc'nium (three-gland-/«/y»ed). 2. White,

lilac. East Indies. 1844.

D. undula'tum (waved). Yellow, brown. March.
Manilla. 1838.

— vagina'tum (sheathed). Straw, purple. Sin-

gapore.

— veratrifo'lium (Veratrum- leaved). Lilac.

October. Guinea.

— Veitchia'num (Mr. Veitch's). Yellow, white,

cream. Java. 1846.

DENTA'RIA. Toothwort. (From denst
a tooth; referring to the fanged roots.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese] .
Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Car-
damine.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of
tuberous-like roots ; seeds sown in April ; rich
light soil, in moist shady situations.
D. bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing), l£. Purple. April.
England.

— dasy'lobu (hairy-lobed). Russia. 1838.

— digita'ta (finger-feared). l£. Pale purple.

Switzerland. 1656.

— diphy'lla (two-leaved). ^. White, purple.

May. North America.

— enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.

May. Austria. 1656.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 1. Light purple,

May. Hungary. 1815.

— lacinia'ta (jagged). 1. White. May. North

America. 1822.

— ma'xima (largest). 2. Pale purple, May.

North America. 1823.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pale purple. May.

Switzerland. 1683.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. Purple. May.

Hungary. 1818.

— quinquefo'lia (five-leaved). 1. Purple. May.

Tauria. 1820.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Light purple.

May. Siberia. 1825.

— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 1. White. May.

Hungary. 1824.

DESIGN. — " Consult the genius of
the place " before you determine upon
your design, is sound advice; for in
gardening, as in all the fine arts, no-
thing is pleasing that is inappropriate.
Mr. Whateley, our best authority on
such subjects, truly says : — A plain
simple fieldj unadorned but with the
common rural appendages, is an agree-
able opening; but if it is extremely
small, neither a haystack, nor a cot-
tage, nor a stile, nor a path, nor much
less all of them together, will give it
an air of reality. A harbour on an
artificial lake is but a conceit ; it raises
no idea of refuge or security, for the
lake does not suggest an idea of
danger : it is detached from the large
body of water, and yet is in itself but a
poor inconsiderable basin, vainly affect-
ing to mimic the majesty of the sea.

When imitative characters in garden-

UKS

[ 324

DIA

ing are egregiously defective iu any
material circumstance, the truth of the
others exposes and aggravates the
failure. But the art of gardening
aspires to more than imitation ; it can
create original characters, and give ex-
pressions to the several scenes superior
to any they can receive from illusions.
Certain properties, and certain dispo-
sitions of the objects of nature, are
adapted to excite particular ideas and
sensations ; they require no discern-
ment, examination, or discussion, but
are obvious at a glance, and instanta-
neously distinguished by our feelings.
Beauty alone is not so engaging as this
species of character ; the impressions
it makes are more transient and less
interesting ; for it aims only at delight-
ing the eye, but the other affects our
sensibility. An assemblage of the most
elegant forms in the happiest situations
is to a degree indiscriminate, if they
have not been selected and arranged
with a design to produce certain ex-
pressions ; an air of magnificence or
of simplicity, of cheerfulness, tran-
quility, or some other general charac-
ter, ought to pervade the whole ; and
objects pleasing in themselves, if they
contradict that character, should there-
fore be excluded. . Those which are
only indifferent must sometimes make
room for such as are more significant —
may occasionally be recommended by
it. Barrenness itself may be an ac-
ceptable circumstance in a spot dedi-
cated to solitude and melancholy.

DESMA'NTHUS. A genus of pea-
flowered plants allied to Mimosa ; said
to be good-looking in their native wilds,
but we never saw a fine Desnianthus
in cultivation.

DESMO'NCUS. (From desman, a band,
and oykos, a hook ; the ribs of the
leaves ending in bands at the point,
like tendrils. Nat, ord., Palm* [Pal-
macea-]. Linn., 21-Monoecia Q-Hexan-
dria. Allied to Cocos.)

Stove palms. Seeds in a hotbed; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 55° to 60°.
D. America' nus (American). 6. St. Vincent.
1824.

— du'biw (doubtful). 6. Trinidad. 1824.

— orthaca'ntfms (straight-spined). 6. Brazil.

1822.

tia'nthus (many-spincd). 6. Brazil.

I DEI/TZIA. (Named after J. Dcutz,
a sheriff of Amsterdam. Nat. ord.,
SyrliKjus [Philadelphacea.1]. Linn., 10-
Decandria '$-Trigyn ia.)

We believe that Deutzia and Philadelphus
are only different sections of the same genus,
and that some of the species of each will yet

j cross with each other, to prove our position.

' D. scabra grown as a dwarf standard, and
pruned like the black currant, or cutting out the
shoots after flowering, would form a great orna-
ment for a border of select shrubs. It is also
a good subject for spring flowering for the con-

i servatory. Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings

j under a hand-glass, or strong shoots may be
planted in a sheltered place in autumn. Are
line ornaments to a wall in the early summer
months ; common soil.

| D. corymbo'sa (coryrah-flowering), 5. White.
Himalayas.

I — gra'cilis (slender). White. April. Japan.

j — sungui'iwa (red-flowered). Red. April.

— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 6. May. Japan.

1833.
i — stami'nea (AroflwZ-stamened). 3. White.

April. Himalayas. 1841.
DEVOXSIIIRINCT. See Parliuj and
Burniny.

DjlW-BEKllV. jRlt'bllS Ctf'xiltS.

CIACA'LPK. (From dis, two, or double,
and calpis, an urn ; referring to the dis-
position of the spore cases or seed
vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodi-
acete]. Linn., %±-Crypto(jamia \+FUiiC«s.
Allied to Woodsia.)

Stove fern. Division ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp,, 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. aspidioi'des (Aspidium-like). Yellow. July,
Java.

DIAXE'LLA. (A classical diminutive
from Diana, the goddess of hunting;
the first discovered species being found
in a grove. Nat. ord., LUyivorts [Lilia
cere]. Linn., (J-Hexandria l-Monv-
yynia.}

Greenhouse or frame bulbs. They would
answer in a mixed border of half-hardy bulbs
in front of a stove or greenhouse, with Anthe-
ricums, Albucas, Blandfordias. Cummingias,
and the like. All from New Holland, and with
blue flowers, except where specified. Seeds
sown in u slight hotbed in spring ; and division ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 65° to /5° ;
winter, 40° to 48°.
D. ceEm'le.a (sky-blue). 2. June. 1783.

— r.onge'sta (crowded). 2. June. 1820.

— divarica'ta (straggling). 3. July. 1805.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). ]£. White. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1731.
' — Ice' vis (smooth). 2. August. 1822.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2£. August. 1822.

— tiernoro'sa (grove). 2. August. East Indies.

1/31.

— revolu'ta (rolled-back). 2. August. 1823.

— strumo'sa (swollen). i.i- March. 1822.

DIA

[ 325 ]

DTA

DIANTHOI'DIS. (Dianthus-Iike ; so
named from its flowers resembling the
Pink. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo-
niacepe]. Linn., S-Pentandrht 1-Mono-
cjyn'ia.}

Some have ventured to change its name to
Fenzlia, Hardjr annual from California. Seeds
in open border, in April, or in a slight hotbed
in March, to be afterwards transplanted in
patches ; sandy loam.

D. dianthiflo'ra (Pink-flowered). £. Purple,
yellow. June. 1833.

DIA'NTHUS. Pink. ( From dios, divine,
and finthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Clove-
worts [C'aryophylaceae], Linn., IQ-De-
cfin drla 2 -Diyyn'ta . )

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under a hand-
light, in light soil, any time about midsummer.
The tender hinds should be kept in pots, and
protected in a cold pit during the winter. See
Carnation, Pink, and Sweet William,

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

D. aggregu'tus (crowded). 1. Pink. June.
1817. Biennial.

— Arme'ria (Armeria). 1. Red. June. Eng-

land.

— Armerioi'des (Armeria-Kke). 1. Red. June.

New Jersey. 1826.

— Chine'nsis (China). 1. Red. July. China.

1/13. Biennial.

— margina'tus (bordered). J. White. July.

South Europe. 1820. Biennial.

— pro'lifer (proliferous). jj. Pink. July.

England.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Red. July, Greece.

1820.

— velu'ttmt* (velvety \ Red. May. Calabria.

1837.

HALF-HARDY PERENNIALS.

D. a'lbem( whitish). f. Whits. August. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/8/.

— arbo'reus (tree). l£. Pink." July. Greece.

1820. Evergreen.

— arbu'scula (little tree). l£. Red. July.

China. 1824. Evergreen.

— crenaftns (scolloped). 1. Flesh. .August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817.

— frutico'sus (shrubby Carnation), 3. Pink.

July. Greece-. 1815. Evergreen.

-^japo'mcitN (Japanese), l. Pink. June.
China. 1804.

— jitniperi'mw (Juniper-like). Red. July.

Greece. 1825.

— suffnttico'mH (half-shrubby). l£. Pink.

August. Siberia. 1804. Evergreen.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

D, alpe'stris (rock). £. Red. June. Europe.
1817.

— Alpi'nus (Alpine). $. Red. June. Austria.

1/5C).

— arena1 rius (sand). 2. Purple. August.

Europe.

— ft'sper (rough-sfaMrerf). $. Pink. July.

Switzerland. • 1822.

D. atroru'bens (dark-red). 1. Crimson. Au-
gust. Italy. 1802.

— attenua'tus (tapering). £. Red. July.

Spain. 1822.

— Balbi'tiii (Balbis's). 1. Red. August.

Genoa. 1817.

— barba'tus (bearded. Sweet William}. 1^,

Pink. July. Germany. 15/3.
latifo'lius (broad-leaved). lj. Scar-
let. July. 1826.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 1. Pink. July.

Tauria. 1816.

— biflo'rus (two-flowered). Red. June. Greece.

— bre'vis (short). Red. June. Jurassa.

— Buchtorme'nsis (Buchtormian). 1. Red.

July. Russia. 1826.

— ceR'sius (grey). £. Flesh. July. Britain,

— campe'stris (field). 1. White, red. .August.

Tauria. 1815.

— capita' tus (headed). l£. Purple. August.

Caucasus. 1822.

— Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 1. Purple. June.

North America. 1811.

— Carthusiano'rum (Carthusians'). l£. Red.

July. Germany. 1573.

— Caryophylloi'des (Clove-like). 1. Red. June.

1817.

— Caryopliy'llus (Clove). 2. Flesh. June.

England.

flo're-ple'no (double. Carna-
tion}. 2. Crimson. August. England.

— frutico'sus (shrubbyCarnation) .

3. Crimson. July. England.

^ imbrica'tns (imbricated. Wheat'

ear}. l£. Flesh. August. England.

— Cnuca'sicus (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1803.

— cephalo'ten (headed). l£. Pink. July.

1823.

— cilia1 tux (hair- fringed). l£. Pink. July.

Naples. 182Q.

— clava'tus (club-shaped). 1; Flesh. July.

— colli'nus (hill). §. White. August. Hun-

gary. 1800.

— Cy'ri (Cyri's). Red. June. Natolia. 1843.

— deltoi'des (triangle), jj. Flesh. June. Bri-

tain.

— denta'tus (toothed). 1. Red. July. Siberia.

1826.

— diffu'sus (wide-spreading). l£, Red. July.

Cyprus. 1820.
\ — diminutus (small -flowered} . £. Pink. July.

South Europe. 1/71.
! — di'scolor (two-coloured). 1. Pink. August.

Caucasus. 1803.

— diuti'nus (long-lasting). Red. June. Hun-

gary. 1820.

— divarica'tus (straggling). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. Greece. 1822.

— du'bius (doubtful). White rose. May.

— e'leguns (eleeant). Red. June. Levant.

1825.

— erube'scens (blushing). Blush. July. Pyre-

nees. 1825.
—femtgi'neus (rusty). Brown. July. Italy.

1/56.
suiphu'reus (sulphur-eoJowrerf).

14. Sulphur. August. Italy. 1836.
— fimbria'tus (fringed). l£. Brown. July.

Iberia. 1815.

— Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1'. Red. June. Russia.

1920.

DIA

[ 326 ]

DIA

D. Fische'rt a'lbus (white). 1 J. White. Au-
gust. Gardens. 1830.

—fra'grans (fragrant). 1. White. August.
Austria. 1804.

->furca'tus (forked). 1, Pale red. July.
Piedmont. 1819.

— ga'llicus (French). 3. Purple. August.

South France.

— giga'nteus (gigantic). 3. Purple. August.

Greece. 1824.

— glacia'lis (icy). £. Red. June. South

Europe. 1820.

— glaucophy' llus (milky-green-leaved). l£.

Red. July. 1827.

— glau'cus (milky-green). £. White. June.

Britain.

— gutta'tus (spotted). 1. Red. July. Cau-

casus. 1816.

— Hendersonia'nus (Henderson's). 1. Crimson.

July.

— hi'rtus (hairy). 1. Red. July. France. 1821.

— Hornema'nni (Hornemann's). 1. Red.

August. Italy.

— horte'nsis (garden). ). Red. July. Hun-

gary. 1805.

— • Hyssopifo'lius (Hyssop-leaved). -J. Pink.
August. Europe. 1810.

— Ibe'ricus (Iberian). A. Purple. July.

Iberia. 1817.

— latifo'lms (broad-leaved). l£. Pink. June.

— leptope' talus (fine-petaled). l£. White.

June. Caucasus. 1814.

— Libano'tis (Rosemary-like). 4. White. July.

Lebanon. 1830.

— Liboschitzia'nus (Liboschitz's). £. White.

July. Tauria. 1817.

— longicau'lis (long-stemmed). 1. White.

August. Italy. 1820.

— monad&lphus (monadelphous). 1. White,

pink. August. Levant.

— monspessula'mis (Montpelier). 1. Red.

July. Montpelier. 1/64.

— montn'nus (mountain). 3. Red. July.

Caucasus. 1803.

— multipuncta'tus (many-dotted). Spotted.

June. Levant. 1825.

— Mussi'ni (Mussini's). £. White. June.

Caucasus. 1823.

— na'nns (dwarf). f. Crimson. August.

Switzerland. 1820.

— ni'tidus (shining). 1. Red. July. Car-

pathian. 1822.

— ochroleu'cus (yellowish-white). Yellow.

June. Levant. 1821.

— pallidiflo'rus (pale-flowered). 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1817.

— petrat'us (rock). White. July. Hungary

1804.

flo'ribus-majo'ribus (larger-flow-
ered). £. Pink. June. 1804.

— Pniretia'nus (Poiret's). 1. Purple. August.

1816.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1 .

Purple. April. Greece. 1820.

— polymo'rphus (many-form). 1. Red. March.

Crimea. 1822.

— pomeridia'nus (afternoon). 1. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1804.

— pluma'rius (feathered). £. White, purple.

July. South Europe. 1629.

— plumo'sus (feathery). l£. White, lilac.

June. M. Bald.

D.prate'nsis (meadow). 1. White, yellow.
August. Crimea. 1820.

— prostra'tus (prostrate). £. Red. Septem-

ber. Cape of Good Hope. 1824. Ever-
green.

— Pseud-Arme'ria (False Armeria). 1. Purple.

August. Crimea. 1820.

— pulche'llus (pretty). 1. White, red. June.

Siberia. 1827:

— puncta'tus (dotted). 1. Pale lilac. August.

— pu'ngens (pungent). ). Pink. August.

Spain. 1781.

— renews (creeping). Red. Siberia. 1825.

— ri'gidus (stiff), g. Red: July. Caspian

Sea. 1802.

— fupico'la (rock-inhabiting). 1. Red. June.

Italy. 1820.

— ruthe'nimis (Russian). 1. Purple. June.

Russia. 1816.

— saxa'tilis (rock). £. White. June. South

Europe. 1816.

— Seguie'rii (Seguier's). Switzerland. 1832.

Evergreen.

— sero'tinus (laie-flowering). 1. Purple.

August. Hungary. 1804.

— seiTa'tits (saw-edged). 1. Pink. June.

Pyrenees. 1827.

— Si'culus (Sicilian). 1. Red. August. Sicily.

1829.

— spino'sus (spiny). 2. Pink. July. Mount

Lebanon. 1831.

— squarro'sus (spreading) . £. White. June.

Tauria. 1817.

— Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 1^. Red. June.

— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 1. White.

August. 1820.-

— sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pink. July.

— supe'rbus (superb). 2. White. August.

Europe. 1596.

— sylva'ticus (wood). Ij. Red. June. Ratis-

bon. 1815.

— sylve'stris (wild). 1. Red. July. South

Europe. 1732.

— Tau'ricus (Taurian). 1. Pink. July. Tauria.

1831.

— te'ner (tender). \. Red. August. Europe.

1817. •

— umbella'tus (umbel -flowered). Red. July.

1825.

— versi'color (changeable-coloured). l£. Red.

August. Russia. 1823.

— virgi'neus (Virgin). 1. Red. June. Mont-

pelier. 1816.

DIAPE'NSIA. (From dis, two, or twice,
and pcnte, five; five sepals compose
the calyx, and five stamens with petal-
like filaments. Nat. ord., Diapensiads
[Diapensiaeere]. Linn., <)-Pentundr'm
\-Monoyynia.)

An extremely rare Alpine prostrate little
under shrub, from Lapland, yet it requires the
protection of a frame in winter, to compensate
for the winter covering of snow in its native
climate. Seeds or division of the plant ; peat
and loam ; a dry situation on a bank in sum-
mer ; and a dry corner in a cold pit in winter,
D. Luppo'nica (Lapland). £. White. July.
1801.

DJASTE'MA. (From dis, two, and

DIA

[ 327 ]

DIG

stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Gesner-
worts [Gesneraceee]. Linn., 1-i-Didy-
namia 2-Anyiospennla, Allied to Con-
radia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions ; cut-
tings of its young shoots, when two or three
inches in length, after commencing to grow ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 48° to 55°.

D. ochroleu'ca(jellow-\vhite-Jlowered). 1. Au-
gust. New Grenada. 1844.

DIBBER, or DIBBLE. This
instrument for making holes
in which to insert seeds or
plants is usually very simple
in its construction, being at
the best the head of an old
spade-handle. To secure
uniformity of depth in plant-
ing beans, &c., by this in-
strument, it is useful to have
it perforated with holes to
receive an iron peg, at two and three
inches from the point as in
the annexed outline. It
should be shod with iron ;
for if this be kept bright it
will make holes into which
the soil will not crumble
from the sides. The crum-
bling is induced by the soil's
adhesion to the dibble. For
planting potatoes, a dibble
with a head three inches
diameter at the point, eight
inches long up to the foot-
rest, and with a handle four
feet long, is to be preferred.
For the insertion of seed, a
dibble that delivers the seed
has been invented by a Mr.
Smith, and another, by Dr.
Newington ; the last is the best.

DIBBLE'MMA. (Derivation not known.)

A stove fern allied to Parkeria. Division;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Samare'nse (Samarese). East Indies.

DICE'RMA. (From rfi.?,two, and crma,
a prop ; referring to the two bractlets
under the flower. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacea3]. Linn., \l-Dia-
delph la ^-Decandna. )

Stove evergreens with yellow flowers. Seeds
in hotbed, in March ; cuttings of half ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat, in April or May ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

D. biarticula'tum (two-jointed). 2. July. E.
Indies. 1808.

— e'legans (elegant). 1. July. China. 1819.

— pulche'llumtne&t'). 1. July.' E. Indies. 1/Q8.

DICHI'LUS. (From dis, two, and
chi'ilos, a lip; in reference to two divi-
sions of the calyx being longer than
the rest. Nat. ord., Leyuminom Plmtlx
[Fabacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 6-
Decandria. Allied to Hypocalyptus.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under
a bell-glass; sandy peat. Summer temp.,
55° to 80°; winter, 40° to 48°.
D. Lebeckioi'des (Lebeckia-like). 2j. White,
yellow. April. Cape of Good Hope.
1826.

DICHORISA'NDRA. (From <Zw, twice,
chorizo, to part, and aner, an anther ;
referring to the anthers being two-
celled. Nat. ord., Spiderworls (Com-
melynacese]. Linn., Q-Hcxandrla 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Campelia.)

D. thyrsiflora is the handsomest plant of this
order, and one of the best stove plants in cul-
tivation, for winter or late autumnal flowering.
We have seen it under liberal treatment rise to
ten feet, branched all round, and every branch
ending in a long spike or thyrse of densely set
sky blue flowers. When the flowers begin to
expand, it may be removed to a warm con-
servatory, where it will last in bloom from six
weeks to two months. Stove herbaceous pe-
rennials from Brazil. Division of the plant, when
growth is commencing ; seeds sown in a hotbed
in spring ; peat and loam, with sand and leaf
mould. Summer temp., 6(1° to 80°; winter,
45° to 55°.
D. di'scolor (two-coloured). September. 1848.

— gra'cilis (slender). l£. Blue. August.

— oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). 2. Red. August.

1810.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Purple. May. 1846.

— pi'cta (painted-leaved). £. Blue. September.

1830.

— pube'rula (downy). 3. Blue. August. 1823.

— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 4. Blue. Au-

gust. 1822.

DICKSO'NIA. (Named after James
Dicksou, a British botanist, who studied
this Nat. order — Ferns [Polypodiacea-]-
Linn., %±-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)

Who that has visited the first resting place
of the remains of Napoleon Buonaparte, at St.
Helena, did not admire the native tree ferns,
D. arborescens, a little beyond. To transport
this memorial with the weeping willow, to our,
and other shores, any time within a month
before your departure from the island, cut off
all the branches or fronds to within two inches
of the stem, making a clean cut from the under-
side ; clear away the soil till you see the fang-
like roots ; cut them with a chissel and mallet
without moving the stem ; smooth the cut end
of the roots, and the trunk is ready to travel,

DIG

DID

packed in a dry case. When the gardener
receives it, let him set the bottom of the trunk
on a bed or box of half sand, and half peat, in a
temperature of 80°, and give no water for the
first six weeks, the new leaves by that time
issue from the top, water then in abundance.
Thus, any of the colossal ferns or cacti may be
safely removed. Division of the roots; best
done when growth is commencing ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°, winter, 48°
to ,r>5°.

D. «d('aw/oi'rf<?s(Adiantum-like). 2. November.
West Indies. 1828.

— anta'rctica (Antarctic). September. New

Holland. 1 824.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 15. September. St.

Helena. 1786.

— DuvuUioi'des (Davallia-like). 3. September.

New Holland.

— disse'cta (cut-leaved). 3. August. Jamaica.

1793.

— pilosiu'scula (rather -hairy). 2. August,

North America. 1811.

— rubigino'sa (rusty). Brazil.

— scu'ndens (climbing).

— squamo'sa (scaly). New Zealand.
DIOLI'PTERA. (From dis, twice, and

Ids to, to shut ; referring to the two-
celled capsule or seed vessel. Nat.
ord., Acanthads. Linn., 2-DianJria 1
Monoyynia. Allied to Justicia.)

Annuals by seed in a hotbed in spring 5 pe-
renmals by cuttings of side shoots, or the points
ot shoots, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat, with a
hand-light, not so close as a bell-glass. Loam
and peat, open and fibry, with a little rotten
leaf.mould. Summer temp., 6o« to 85°) win-
ter, 48 to 55°.

STOVE ANNUALS,

D. Jtexangula'ris (six-angled). 2. Red. July

South America. 1733.
- resupina'tn (lying-back). 1*. White, purple.

March. South America. 1805.

GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS.
D. CMne'nsis (China). Pale blue. September.
Kast Indies, 1816, Herbaceous

— vertirilla'ris (\vhor\-_ftou'ered). l. Purple.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.
Kvergreen.

STOVE EVERGREENS, ci'C.

D. assu'rffem (rising). 2. Red. July. West
Indies. 1818.

— biva'Ms (two-valved). A. Purple. June.

East Indies. 1818.

— Martimce'nsis (Martinique; . 2. Purnle

July. West Indies. 1818.

— pectina'tu (comb-like). 1$. Blue. June

East Indies. 1793.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. June

Peru. 1818.

— retn'sa (abrupt-ended). 2. Purple. July.

West Indies. i«-Ji, Herbaceous.

— scorpioi'des (scorpion-like). 3. July. Vera

Cruz. 1802.

^-ftpino'sa (spiny). 2. Yellow, April. Mau-
ritius. J824,

DICTA'MNUS. Fraxinella or Dittany.
(Dictanmus, a name adopted from Vir-
gil; Fraxinella, a diminutive offraxinns,
the ash, from the similarity of their
leaves. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Rutaoea> .
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monof/ynia.)

This is one of the oldest and best border
plants of our cottage gardens. Instances are
known where the "Fraxinella" has outlived
father, son, and grandson in the same spot,
without increase, all attempts at multiplying it,
to give away a rooted slip to a newly married
member of the family, having failed ; yet the
Fraxinella is easily increased from seeds." Sow,
as soon as they are ripe, in the common soil of
the border, and cover one inch deep ; they will
not sprout till the following April. If they are
kept over the winter, and sown in the following
spring, they will remain twelve months before
they sprout, and not one seed out of a hundred
sprouts at all. When the seedlings are two
years old, transplant them where they are to
remain, and they will flower the third season.
They prefer a deep rich border, on a dry bot-
tom, and all flower in June.
D. a'lbus (white). 3, White. Germany. 1596.

— ungiistifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Lilac,

Altai. 1821.

— Frax'me'lla (Fraxinella\ 3. Purple. Ger-

many. 1696.

DICTYOGLO'SSUM. See Acro'stichum
crini'tnm.

DICTY'MIA attcnua'ta. A very pretty
fern, brought from Ne\v Holland in
1828 ; requires only the shelter of a
greenhouse and the usual cultivation.
See Ferns.

DICTYG'PTERIS. (From dictyon, net-
work, and ptcris, a fern ; referring to
the leaves or fronds.)

Greenhouse Ferns. See Ferns.
D. attenud'tn (tapering). June. Australia.

— lunceola'ta (spear-head-fettuerf). June. Mau-

ritius. 1824. Stove.

— macrodo'nta (large-toothed). May. Aus-

tralia. 1840.
pterol'des (Brake-like). June.
1842.

Australia.

DIDYMOCA'RPUS. (From didymos,
twin, and carpos, fruit ; referring to a
double division along the centre of the
seed vessel. Nat. ord., Gesncrn-ort*
[Gesneraceee]. Linn., 1-i-Didynamiu
2-siiiyiospermia. Allied to Chirita.)

This must not be confounded with its ally,
Streptocarpus. Stove herbaceous. Division ;
cuttings of young shoots, when commencing
growing, in sandy soil, in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, with sand, a little turf-mould, and
rotten cow-dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.

1), rrini'tns (/OH,?- haired). 1. White, yellow.
June. Pulo Penang. 1945.

DID

[ 339 ]

DIG

DIDYMOCHTJF/XA. (From dhlymos,
twin, and chhiimt, a cloak ; referring to
the coverings of the spore-cases, called
seed-vessels. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacere]. Linn., S-i-Crifptogamia 1-
Filicrs.)

Handsome stove ferns, allied to Oxygonium.
Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D.pulcJte'rrirna (fairest). July. Brazil.

— trunca'tiila (little tree). 4. June. Brazil.

1838.

DIET.Y'TRA. ( From (//.v, two, ande/y-
tron, a slieath ; referring to the two
sepals, which embrace the flowers in
this order, and give the remarkable
brilliancy to the flowers of D. spccta-
bilis. Nat. ord., Fumeu-orts [Fiuna-
riacese]. Linn., \l-Dladdpltia 'i Hcx-
unrlrta.' Allied to Corydalis.)

D. spectabilis is the most brilliant hardy
plant added to our collections for many years,
but furnishes the most obvious example of the
remarkable economy of the sexual organs of its
race. The flowers of Fumitories never open,
and their peculiar construction seems to offer
no means for the pollen to escape ; but, by a
peculiar contrivance connected with the parts,
fecundation is effectually and simply brought
about. We have failed, .however, to effect the
process artificially with D. spectabilis. This
most beautiful plant was described by Linnseus
from dried specimens, but was not seen alive by
any European until Mr. Fortune found it in
gardens in the north of China, and sent it, in
18i6, to the London Horticultural Society. It
is a spring-flowering, deciduous herbaceous
plant, with large lleshy roots; the stalks and
leaves rise to 18 inches or two feet, and look
like a small-leafed tree-pceony; the flowers are
produced on spikes from four to six inches long,
and hanging down gracefully on one side. It
requires rich light soil, and is readily increased
by dividing the crown of the roots early in
spring, or by cuttings after the plant is in
growth. It. will find its way, like the China
rose, into every cottage garden. All hardy
herbaceous, and flowering in June ; the same
culture is applicable to all the species.

D. brncteo'sa (bracted). 1. White. N. Ame-
rica. 1823.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian), jf. White. N.

America. 181Q.

— ciiculla'riu (Monk's-hood). •?. White. N.

America. 1/31.

— exi'mia (choice). 1J. Flesh. N. America.

1812.

— formo'sa (handsome). 1. Flesh. N.Ame-

rica. 1796.

— laclienuliteflo'ru (Lachenalia-flowered). l.

Purple. Siberia. 1826.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. 1810.

— specta'bilis (remarkable). 1£. Purple. Si-

beria. 1810.

— temiifo'lia (fine-leaved). J. Pink. Kamt-

' 1820.

DIERVI'LLA. (Named after M. Dier-

ville, a French surgeon. Nat. ord.,

i Gaprifalh [Caprifoliaceae]. Linn., f>-

: Pentnndria l-Jfonoyynia. Allied to

Leycesteria.)

A creeping rooted hardy shrub. Suckers
from the roots ; cuttings in the open ground, in
autumn; common moist, shaded, garden soil.
D. lit' tea (yellow-flowered). 3. June. N. Ame.
rica. 1739.

DIE 'TIS. See Movafa.
DIGGING with the spade or fork has
for its object a loosening of the soil so
as to render it more fit for the reception
! of seeds or plants. Begin at one end
of the piece of ground, and with your
spade open a trench quite across, one
good spade wide and one deep, carrying
the earth to the end where you finish ;
then, keeping your face to the opening,
proceed to dig one spade deep regu-
larly from one side of the piece to the
other, turning the spits neatly into the
trench, and the next course against
these; and so keep digging straight
back, spit and spit, still preserving an
open trench, a good spade width and
depth, between the dug and undug
ground, that you may have full room
to give every spit a clean turn, taking
all the spits perpendicularly, and not
taking too much before the spade, espe-
cially in stiff land, or where the surface
is full of weeds, or is much dunged;
so giving every spit a clean turn, the
top to the bottom and the bottom to
the top, that the weeds or dung on the
surface may be buried a due depth,
and that the fresh earth, may be turned
up. As you proceed, break all large
clods, and preserve an even surface,
carrying both sides and middle on
i equally, unless one side shall be hol-
; low ; then carry on the hollow side
first in a gradual sweep, inclining the
i spits of earth rather that way, which
will raise that side and reduce the high
one, observing the same if both sides
I are high and the middle hollow, or
! both sides hollow and the middle high,
! always keeping the lower ground ad-
i vancing gradually before the higher,
i by which you will always maintain a
! uniform level.

> The same should also be observed
I in beginning to dig any piece of

DIG

[ 330 ]

DIG

ground, that if one corner is much
lower than another, carry on the lower
part somewhat first, in a slanting di-
rection, as far as necessary. Likewise,
in finishing any pieces of digging,
gradually round upon the lower side
so as to finish at the highest corner ;
and having dug to where you intend to
finish, then use the earth taken out of
the first trench to make the last open-
ing equal with the other ground. In
plain digging dunged ground, if the
dung is quite rotten you may dig clean
through, giving each spit a clean turn
to hury the dung in the hottom of the
trench ; hut if you cannot readily do
this, trim the dung a spade's width at a
time into the furrow or open trench,
and so dig the ground upon it, which is
rather the most effectual method, whe-
ther rotten or long fresh dung.

All weeds that are perennial should
he carefully picked out, particularly
couch-grass and bear-bind. But annual
weeds, groundsel, and the like, should
he turned down to the bottom of the
trench, where they will rot.

A man will dig by plain digging of
light free-working clean ground, eight,
ten, or twelve rods a day, from six to
six, though in some of the light clean
ground about London, a man will turn
up fifteen or twenty rods a day, from
five to seven; but in stiff stubborn soils,
a man may work hard for six or eight
rods in a day of twelve hours. Trench-
Ing, if only one spade deep, without the
crumbs or shovelling at bottom, a man
will dig almost as much as by plain
digging ; or two spades' depth, from
four to six rods a day may be good
work, though in harsh working ground
digging three or four rods per day may
be hard work. — (Mawe}. Most gar-
den soils dig best the day after a fall
of rain ; and if the soil has in its
composition a larger proportion than
usual of clay, the operation will be fa-
cilitated by dipping occasionally the
spade into water. Most gardeners ob-
ject to digging while snow is upon the
ground, and the objection is not mere
prejudice, for experience proves tl.r
bad result of the practice. The evil is
owing to the great quantity of heat
required to reduce ice or snow from

the solid to the fluid state ; and when
buried so that the atmospheric heat
cannot act directly upon it, the thawing
must be very slowly effected, by the
abstraction of heat from the soil by
which the frozen mass is surrounded.
Instances have occured of frozen soil
not being completely thawed at mid-
summer.

DIGITA'LIS. Foxglove. (From the
Latin digitate, a finger-stall; referring
to the shape of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Fiyvjorts [Scrophulariaceee]. Linn.,
l±-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.}

The seeds should be sown in the autumn,
when sown in the spring they often remain
twelve months before they sprout. Division ;
and most of them plentifully by seeds ; common
soil.

BIENNIALS.

D. eriosta'cliya (woolly-spiked). 3. Brown,
yellow. July. Russia. 1827.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 4. Brown. July. Italy.
1597-

— purpu'rea (purple. Common Foxglove}. 4.

July. Britain.
aUlu (white). 4. July. Britain.

PERENNIALS.

i'gua (ambiguous). 3. Light yellow.
July, Switzerland. 1595.

— au'reu (golden). 3. Yellow. July. Greece.

1816.

— fusce'scens (dark brown) . 2. Red. July.

Hungary. 1823.

— fu'lva (tawny). 3. Brown. June.

— lacinia'ta (cut-leaned). l£. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1827.

— lannga'ta (smooth-teamed). 2. Yellow. July.

Hungary. 1816.

— lana'tu (woolly). 2. Yellow. June. Hun-

gary. 1789.

— leucophce'a (grey). 2. White, brown. June.

Greece. 1788.

— lu'tea (yellow). 2. July. France. 1629.
fuca'ta (dyed). 2. Yellow, red. June.

South Europe.

— me'dia (intermediate)- 2. Yellow. June.

Germany. 1817.

— micra'nthu (small-flowered). 2. Yellow,

brown. July. Switzerland. 1817.

— mi' nor (smaller), ij. Purple. July. Spain.

1789-

— nervo'sa (large - nerved - leaved) . Yellow .

July. 1836.

— obscu'ra (obscure). 1. Orange. June. Spain.

1778. Half-hardy evergreen.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 4. June.

Europe.

— orienta'lift (eastern). l£. White. June.

Levant. 1820.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). l£. Brown.

July. 1798.

— purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June.

Germany. 1776-

— ri'glda (stiff). 1£. Yellow, red. June.

D. amb

DIG-

[ 331 ]

DIG

D. Sibi'rica (Siberian), Yellow, red. July.
Siberia. 1826.

— TAa'/wuThapsi). 1^. Purple. June. Spain.

1752.

— tomento'su (woolly). 3. Red. July. Por-

tugal. 1818.

— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Yellow. June.

— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). July. Levant.

182;.

DILA'TKIS. (From dilato, to open
wide ; referring to the opening of the
flower. Nat. ord., Blood-Roots [Haemo-
doracess]. Linn., S-Triandria 1-Mono-
f/ynia. Allied to Anigozanthos.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants with sword-
shaped leaves, from, the Cape of Good Hope.
Divisions, when fresh growth is commencing ;
seeds in a slight hotbed in March or April;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 40° to 45°.

D. corymbo'sa (corymb~flowered). 1. Purple.
May. 1790.

— panicula'ta (panicled-/ow^red). 1. Blue.

June. 1825.

— visco'sa (clammy). |. Blue. 1/95.

DILL. Ane'thum grave' olens. Its leaves
and umbels are used in pickling, and
the former in soups and sauces.

Soil. — It may be cultivated in any
open compartment; but if for seed, a
sheltered soil, rather dry.

Sowing. — Sow immediately the seed
is ripe, for if kept out of the ground
until the spring it often is incapable of
germinating. If neglected until the
spring, sow from the close of February
until the commencement of May. Sow
in drills a foot apart, the plants to re-
main where sown. When of three or
four weeks' growth thin them to about
ten inches apart. -The leaves are fit
for gathering as wanted, and the umbels
about July and August. In September
their seed ripens, when it must be im-
mediately cut, and spread on a cloth to
dry, being very apt to be shed.

DILLE'NIA. (After Dilkniits, once
professor of Botany at Oxford. Nat.
ord., Dllleniads [Dilleniacese] . Linn.,
I'-l-Polyandrta Q-Polygyn'in. }

Valuable timber-tree, with leaves after the
manner of Magnoliads. Stove tree. Cuttings
of ripe wood, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-
heat, in April; sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. specz'o'sa (showy). 30. White, yellow. E.
Indies. 1800.

DILLWY'NIA. (In honour of L. W.
Dillivyn, a British patron of botany.
Nat. ord ., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece].

Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Eutaxia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with yellow or orange-
coloured flowers, from New Holland. Cuttings
of firm side-shoots, in March or April, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; seeds in peaty soil, in a
slight hotbed, in March ; sandy peat two parts,
fibry loam one part, with a little silver sand, and
pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 48°.

D. acicula'ris (needle-leaved}. l£. May. 1826.

— cinera'scens (greyish-leaved). 2. May. 1819.

— clava'ta (club-shaped). 3. May. 1839-

— ericifo'lia (Heath-leaved). 2. May. 1/94.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. May. 1794.

— glabe'rrima (smoothest). 2. May. 1800.

— glycinifo'lia (Gly cine-leaved). l£. April.

1830.

— juniperi'na (Juniper-leaved). 2. May. 1818.

— parvifo'lia (small -leaved). 2. May. 1800.

— phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). 2. May. 1824.

— pu'ngens (pungent). June. 1825.

— ru'dis (rustic). 2. April. 1824.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 2. April.

1824.
hispi'dula (slight-bristled). 2. May.

1824.
teretifo'lia (round-leaved) . 2. May.

— teri'cea (silky). lj. April. 1824.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. June. 1838.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). H. May. 1824.

DIMA'CRIA. (One of seventeen sec-
tions into which the genus Pelargo-
nium has been split. From dis, twice,
and makros, long ; referring to the two
lower stamens being twice the length
of the other three.)

There are about twenty species included under
this head, all little botanical things with fleshy
or tuberous roots. Generally they are grown in
sandy peat; they live much longer, however,
confined in small pots in equal quantities of
peat, loam and pounded brick, well drained.

DINE'TUS. (From dinetos, to twine ;
alluding to the mode of growth. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)

Cuttings of side-shoots in sandy soil, and in
heat ; light rich soil. The annual may be sown
in a little heat, and transplanted in May, and it
will thrive like the Covolvulus.
D. panicula'ta (panicled). 10. White. August.
East Indies. 1823. Evergreen twiner.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 12. White. August.

Nepaul. 1823. Annual twiner.

DICECIOUS. Two-housed, applied to
any species having the female and
male flowers in separate flowers on
separate plants.

DIOME'DEA. (After Diomeda, a classi-
cal name. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teraceae]. Linn., W-Syngenesia 2-
Superflwi.}

DIG

DIO

This genus of greenhouse evergreens should
be united to Buphthalmum, which see for cul-
ture. They have all yellow flowers.
D. urge'ntea (silvery-leaved}. 2. June. South
America. 1824.

— bidenta'ta (two-toothed\ 2. July. West

Indies. 1696.

— glabra'ta (smooth). 3. June. South Ame-

rica. 1699.

DI'ON. (From dls, two, and oon, an
egg ; referring to the two-lobed scales
which compose the large cones oi' the
Cycad, hearing a large nut-like seed at
the bottom of each scale ; otherwise
from seeds heing borne in twos. Nat.
ord., Ci/cads [Cycadacea*]. Linn., 22-
Ditecia \\-Dodecandria. Allied to Cycas
revoluta.)

A fine palm-like plant. The fruit of this
Dion, which is as large as a chesnut, is pow-
dered by the natives, and formed into a kind of
arrowroot. Supposed to be propagated by
suckers, and seeds when obtainable; rough
sandy loam, with some broken bricks and char-
coal. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter. 55°
to 60°. ,

D. edu'le (eztsible-seeded) , 2. April. Mexico.
1844.

DIONJE'A. Yenus's Fly-trap. (After
Dione, one of the names of Venus. Nat.
ord., Sundews [Droceracece]. Linn.,
W-Decandria l-Monogynia.)

Notwithstanding all the fables about this
plant, it is one of extreme interest to cultivators,
owing as much to the care and skill necessary
for its management, as to the irritability dis-
played by the stipulary fringes on the winged
leaves. The irritability is in three hair-like
teeth, set on either side of a hollow leaflet on
the top of the main leaf, so situated that an
insect cannot pass along, or alight on the part,
without touching one of them, when they sud-
denly fold, like the fingers of the two hands
clasped together, and enclose the insect with a
firmness beyond its strength to escape. Green-
hpuse evergreen. Division of the plant ; seeds
at times ; leaves laid in damp moss, under a
glass, will sometimes emit a young plant at its
margin ; peat earth, with a little sphagnum,
moss, and bits of potsherds broken small. The
pot is set in a pan, stuffed round, not very tight,
with clear moss, and the pan filled with water ;
a bell-glass is placed over the plant, but kept
from going close down all round. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
D.musci'pula (Fly-catcher). „}. White. July.
Carolina. 1788.

DIOSCO'J^EA. Yam. .(After P. Dios-
corides, a Greek physician. Nat. ord.,
Yamworls [Dioscoreacea1]. Linn., 22-
Dtcecia G-JJexandria.)

Stove, green-flowered, tuberous-rooted plants,
used as potatoes. Dividing the tubers ; light
rich soil. Summer temp., 60°to80°; winter,
50° to 55°.

D. aculea'ta (prickly. stemmed). 10. East In-
dies. 1803.

— ala'ta (\ving-stalked). 15. India. 1739,

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 8. Brazil. 1823.

— bulbi'feru (bulb-bearing). 12. July. East

Indies. 1692.

— cinnamonifo'lia (Cinnamon-leaved). 6. Rio

Janeiro. 182".

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 10. East Indies.

1768.

— sati'va (common cultivated yam'}. 20. Au-

gust. West Indies. 'l733.

DIO'SMA. (From dios, divine, and
osmc, odour; referring to the powerful
perfume which characterizes these and
other Rueworts [Rutacea?]. Linn., ;")-
Pent an dria 1 -j\tonoqyn ia. )

These are among the Bucku plants of the
Cape colonists, and old inhabitants of our
greenhouses, but some of the more showy spe-
cies now form the new genera Adenandra, Aga-
thosma, Barosma, &c. Greenhouse evergreens
from the Cape of Good Hope. All are white-
flowered, except where otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings of short-jointed young shoots in April,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat three
parts, fibry loam one part, with silver-sand,
and a few pieces of charcoal to keep the soil
open ; some of the most robust species should
have more loam, but in a fibry rough stnte.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 40° to 45°.
D. corda'ta (heart-shaped). l£. May. 1823.

— coryrnbo'sa (corymb-flowered). I*J May.

1818.

— cupressi'na (Cypress - leaved}. l£. Pink.

May. 1/90.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 2. June. 1756.

— fcetidi'ssima (most fetid). 2. June. 1824.

— hirsn'ta (hairy-leaved). 4. Pink. May. 1731.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. May. 1823.'

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 3. June.

1752.

— pectinn'tu (corab-leaved). 1. Blue. May.

1812.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 2. June. 1823.

— ru'bra (red). 2. Red. March. 1752.

— scopa'ria (broom-like). 1$. June. 1812.
— • spheeroce'phalii (round-headed). May.

— squamo'sa (scaly). 1. June. 1818.

— Kubulu'tu (awl-shaped-/ewvY/). 3. June.

1818.

— suctntle'nta (succulent-leaved). 2. June.

— tene'lla .(delicate). 1. May. 1823.

— tenui'ssima (slenderest). 1. July. 1820.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaned). 2. June.

— tetrago'na (four-angled). 1. June. 1/8Q.

— nlici'na (Furze-like). 1. May. 1823.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 1. June. 1820.

DIOSPY'ROS. The Date Plum. (From
dios, divine, mid jmros, wheat. Literally
coplestial food. Nat. ord., Ebeinulx
[ K)>cuacea\]. Linn., ^-Polinjam'ia °-l-
Difecia.}

The European Lotus, or Date plum, is rather
tender in Britain, but ripens its fruit in the
south of France. The Virginian Diospyros, of
which Loudon says all the other American sorts

mo

DTI'

are only varieties, is not unlike the European
Lotus ; it thrives best in damp peat, and is often
much injured by frost. In India many species
of Diospyros are found, where they are remark-
able for the hardness of the wood. The Ebony
on which the order is founded is D. Ebenus.
The Iron-wood is also one of the species. The
Kau Apple of the Cape, and the Kaki preserve
from China, are said to be the fruit of a Dios-
pyros. Greenhouse species by cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass.
Stove species strike best from ripened shoots,
in sand, under a glass, and in a brisk bottom-
heat, any time from March to May. The hardy
species are best propagated by seeds, and sown
out of doors in a sheltered moist place.

D. Lo'tus (Lotus). 20. Yellow, green. June.
Italy. 1596. Evergreen.

— lu'cida (shining). 15. Yellow. June. North

America. 1820.

— pube'scens (downy). 20. Yellow, green.

April. N. America. 1812. Evergreen.

— Virginia.' na (Virginian). 20. Yellow, green.

June. North America. 1629.

du'lcis (sweet). Yellow. July.

America. 1629.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

D. Ka'ki (Kaki). 12. White, green. Japan.
1789.

— loba'ta (lobe-fruited). 16. China. 1822.

— monta'na (mountain). 6. White, green.

East Indies. 1822.

— reticula'ta (netted). 20. Mauritius. 1824.

— rugulosa (small-wrinkled). 20. New Hol-

land. 1823.

— vaccinioi'des (Vaccinium-like). 2. White.

May. China. 1823.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

D. chloro'xylon (green-wooded). 20. White.
East Indies. 1822.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 15. White, green.

East Indies. 1/94.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 20. Philippine.

1821.

— Ehenu'ster (Ebenaster). 20. Bengal. 1792.

— Ebefneum (Ebony). 30. White. East In-

dies. 1/92.

— edu'lis (eatable). 20. East Indies. 1824.

— J5wiij-^o'/j£em(Embryopteris). 25. White,

green. July. East Indies. 1818.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Ceylon. 1820.

— lycioi'des (Lycium-likc). 10. 1806.

— Mabo'la (Mabola). 8. Yellow, green. Phi-

lippines. 1822.

— melano'xylon (black- wooded). 20. White.

East Indies. 1817.

— obovu'ta (reversed-epg-/t'ffrerf). 15. White,

green. West Indies. 1796.

— supo'ta (Sapota). White. July. Philippines.

1843.

— sylva'tica (wood). 20. White. East Indies.

1812.

DI'PHACA. [From dis, two or twice,
and phakc, a lentil ; referring to the
seed pods being divided into two di-
visions, having one seed in each. Nat.

1 ord., Leynmlnous Plants [FabaceaeJ.
! Linn., 11 -D lad el phi a -i-Dccandria.)

A greenhouse evergreen, of strong habit ; old
plants of it may be turned out into the borders
in summer, and left to their fate ; young ones
only being good for pot cultivation. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots in April; peat and loam.
1 Summer temp., do0 to 80° ; winter, 45° to 48°.
i D. Cochinchine' nsis (Cochinchina). 3. White.
China.

DIPHYLLE'JA. (From dis, two, and

phyllon, a leaf ; the leaves produced in

I twos. Nat. ord., Berberids [Berberi-

t dacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandrla l-Mono-

yynia. Allied to Jeffersonia.)

A pretty hardy herbaceous plant, best treated
I as an Alpine plant, or on the shady side of a

rockwork ; divisions ; rich light soil.
| D. cymo'sa (cyme-flowered). £. White. May.

North America. 1812.

."DIPHY'SA. (From dis, two, &n<lp1it/s(i,
\ a bladder ; referring to the seed pods
being produced in twos, and bladdery-
like, as in Sntherlandia, to which it is
nearly allied. Nat. ord., Lcrfuminom
Plants [Fabacere]. ~Linn.,l7-l}iadelphia
•i-Dccandia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
a little firm at the base, in sand, under a glass,
and in a mild bottom heat ; sandy loam and
n'bry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 55°.

D. Cartftagine'nsis (Carthagena). 10. Yellow.
Carthagena. 1827.

DI'PLACUS. (From dis, two, and
; pinkos, a placenta, or the part inside a
I seed-pod on which the seeds originate.
! When the seeds are ripe, the placenta

in this and some other genera divide
I into two parts. A very slight feature
1 to separate Diplacus from Mimulus, to
1 which it is allied. Nat. ord., Fif/wurt*
1 [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 1-i-D'tdyna-

mia '2-Anyiospcrmia.}

This and the old Mimulus glutinosus are as

nearly one and the same thing, botanically con-

| sidered, as any two plants can be, yet they will

j not interbreed. Both are good plants for turn-

i ing out into warm borders through the summer,

' and for planting in mixed flower-beds. Green-

j house evergreens from California. Cuttings of

young shoots getting firm at the base, in April,

"in sand, under a bell-glass; rich fibry loam,

with a little peat. Summer temp,, 55° to 75°;

winter, 40° to 45°.

I D. glutino'sus (clammy). 3. Orange. 1/9-1.
: — puniceus (•earlet-/T0u>era?). 4. Scarlet.
1837.

DirLADE'xrA. ( From diploos, a double,
and aden , a gland ; referring to the pre-

DIP

[ 334]

DIP

sence of two gland-like processes on
the ovary. Nat. ord,, Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceas]. Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Mandevillia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in a sweet
bottom heat ; turfy peat, with silver sand, and
plenty of drainage; abundance of water in sum-
mer, but very little in winter. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

D. atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 10. Dark
purple. July. Brazil. 1842.

— crassino'da (thick-jointed). 10. Rosy.

October. Rio Janeiro.

— sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. July.

Organ Mountains. 1841.

— urophy'lla (tail-leaved). 3. Deep salmon.

Brazil. 184;.

DIPLA'ZIUM. (From diplazo, to double ;
referring to the double covering of the
spore cases or seed vessels.)

A genus of handsome stove evergreen Ferns
or Polypods. The root-stocks of D. esculentum
are eaten in India by natives. The spores of
all are brown, or brownish yellow ; divisions ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.

D. acumina'tum (long-pointed-/eawerf). £.
Brazil.

— affi'ne (allied). Isle of Luzon.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 12. Mauritius. 1826.

— alismcefo'lia (Water- Plan tain-leaved). Isle

of Luzon.

— auricula'tum (eared). 10. August. Carac-

cas. 1820.

— Barbade'nse (Barbadoes). August. West

Indies. 1822.
— - breviflo'rum (short-flowered). Isle of Luzon.

— Custuneeefo' Hum (Chestnut-leaved). 1. July.

Guiana. 1824.

— cauda'tum (tailed). Isle of Luzon.

— coarcta'tum (close- pressed). Brazil. 1841.

— decussa'tum (cross-fronded) . 2. June. East

Indies.

— defle'xum (turned-down). Malacca.

— ebe'neum (black). Isle of Luzon.

— c'legans (elegant). July.

— escule'ntum (eatable). 3. East Indies. 1822.

— exte'nsum (lengthened). Malacca.

— frondo'sum (frondose). August. East Indies.

— grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 4. August.

Jamaica. 1/93.

— integrifo' Hum (entire-leaved). June. Java.
—juglandifo'lium (Walnut-leaved). 3. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1822.

— Malabo! ricum (Malabar). 8. East Indies.

1818.

— ova'ta (egg-shaped). April. Isle of Ley te.

— Plantagi'neum (Plantain-leaved). 2. Au-

gust. West Indies. 181Q.

— porre'ctum (stretched-out). Malacca.

— Serampore'nse (Serampore). 3. August.

Serampore. 1820.

— Schku'hrii (Schkuhr's). Malacca.

— Shephe'rdii (Shepherd's}. Brazil. 1822.

— spinulo'su. (small -spined). July. Java.

— stria' turn (streaked). 1. August. West

Indies. 1793.

D. Thelyptcroi'des (Thelypteris-like). 1. July.
North America. 1823.

— undulo'sum (wavy). August.

— vittcefo'rmis (Vittaria-like). July. Isle of

Java.

— Walli1 chi (Wallich's). April. East Indies.

DIPLOCHI'TA. (From diploos, double,
and chiton, a coat of mail ; referring to
a cup-like process covering the top of
the ovary. Nat. ord , Melustomads [Me-
lastomacete] . Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
MoncHjynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of side shoots, in
sasd, under a glass, and in heat, in April ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

D. Fothergi'lla (Fother gill's). 15. White.
May. Trinidad. 1818.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. Rose.

May. Mexico. 1820.

— Swartzia'na (Swartz's). 12. Rose. April.

Jamaica. 1816.

DIPLO'COMA. (From diploos, double,
and /coma, hair; referring to the two
forms of the pappus or seed appen-
dages. Nat. ord., Composites [Asterae®].
Linn., l$-Syn<jenesia %-Superfliia.'}

Rather a pretty perennial border plant, but
not quite hardy. We have adopted the name
by which it is best known, but the original and
legitimate name is Eterotheca. Division ; com-
mon soil, in a dry sheltered place.
D. villo'sa (long-haired). 1. Yellow. June.
Mexico. 1826.

DIPLOLJE'NA. (From diploos, double,
and hena, a cloak ; referring to the
coating of the ripe fruit splitting into
two divisions, as is general in this
section of Rueworts [Rutaceao]. Linn.,
\Q-Decandria \-Mono(jynla. Allied to
Correa.)

Greenhouse evergreens from Swan River,
with cream-coloured flowers. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm ; peat, and a very little
fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter,
40° to 45°.

D, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May.

— grnndiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. May.

— Damirie'ri (Dampier's). 4. April. 1837.

DIPLOPA'PPUS. (From diploos, double,
and pappost a plume; referring to the
feathery ornaments called pappus Avhich
crown the seeds, as in the Dandelion.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere.]
Linn., lQ-8y>i;j<'n<'sia '1-Sitpcrfliia. Al-
lied to Callistephus.)

All by cuttings under a hand or bell-glass ;
sandy loam; they require the protection of a
cold pit in winter. A'stcr filifo'lius, Ihmri-
fo'lius, obtusu'tus, plurijlu'rus, and ri'gidua,

DIP

[ 335 ]

DIS

have recently been added to this genus. See
Aster.

D. inca'nus (hozry-herbaged}. 2. Light yel-
low. August. California. 1832.

DIPLOPE'LTIS. (From diploos, double,
and pelte, a shield; referring to a
double appendage attached to the in-
side of the petals. Nat. ord., Soap-
worts [Sapindacege]. Linn., 23-Po/y-
yamla l-Monascia.}

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass, in April ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 50° to 75°;
winter, 40° to 45°.

D. Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). 1. Rose, white.
July. Swan River. 1837.

DIPLOTHE'MIUM. [From diploos,
double, and thema, a sheath ; referring
to the spathe or sheath out of which
issue the flower-stem of Palms, Arums,
&c. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceae].
Linn., £\-Moncecia O-Enneandria. Al-
lied to Cocos.)

Those who cannot afford head room for the
giants of this noble race, have here two dwarf
species to represent the order. Stove palms.
Seeds ; rich fibry loam. Summer temp,, 60° to
90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
D. campc'stris (field). 10. Brazil. 1823.

— mari'timum (seaside). 10. Brazil. 1823.

DI'PSACUS. Teasel. (From dipsao,
to thirst ; referring to the cavity formed
by the leaves clasping the stem hold-
ing water. Nat. ord., Teazel-worts [Dip-
sacacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandia \-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Scabious.)

The only plant in this genus worthy of any
remark is D.fullonum, used by fullers in dress-
ing cloth. For the cultivation of this plant,
and the use of the heads by the fuller, see Cot-
tage Gardener, v. 83. Hardy biennials. Seeds ;
common soil.

D.fe'rox (fierce). 3. Purple. July. South
Europe. 1818.

— futto'num (fuller's). 6. Purple. July.

Britain.

— Gme'lini (Gmelin's). 3. Blue. July. Cau-

casus. 1820.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. White. Nepaul.

1823.

— lacinia'tus (cut-leaved). 6. Purple. July.

Germany. 1683.

— pilo'&us (shaggy). 4. White. August.

Britain.

There are other species, but mere weeds.

DIPTEEACA'NTHUS. (From dis, two or
double, and akantha, a spine ; double
spined. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thaceie]. Linn., I±-Didynamia 2-An-
(jlospcrmia. Allied to Kuellia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings, in sandy soil,

under a glass, not close ; loam and peat. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter. 50° to 55°.
D. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. Purple. July.
East Indies. 1806.

— pa' tula (spreading). 1^. Pale violet. July.

East Indies. 1774.

— sca'ndens (climbing). White.

D/PTEKIX. Tonquin Bean. (From
dis, double, and pterix, a wing ; re-
ferring to the two upper segments of
the calyx. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

The Tonga, or Tonquin Bean, used by per-
fumers and snuff-makers, is the seed of this
tree, hence the specific name. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings, in sand, under a glass, in
moist heat, in April ; rich rough loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. odora'ta (sweet - scented). 60. Purple.
Guiana. 1793.

DI'KCA. Leather-wood. (From dirke,
a fountain ; the plant growing in moist
places. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thyme-
lacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria I-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Daphne.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Layers in autumn ;
seeds in spring ; sandy, peaty soil, and moist
situation. t

D.palu'stris (marsh). 6. Yellow. March.
Virginia. 1750.

DI'SA. (Probably the native name.
A genus of curious ground orchids,
natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
Perhaps the most splendid is D. r/rau-
diflora, a native of the top of Table
Mountain behind Cape Town, growing
in spongy kind of peat earth, on the
margin of pools, in the wet season.
But it has hitherto resisted the skill of
British cultivators.)

Greenhouse terrestrial orchids. Division;
peat and loam, with a portion of sand. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. bractea'ta (bracted). $. Green. June.
1818.

— chrysosta'chya (yellow-spiked). 1. Yellow.

June.

— cornu'ta (horned). 1A. Pale blue. June.

1805.

— draco' nis (dragon). 1. White, purple. June.

1823.
— ferrtigi'nea (rusty), f. Brown. June. 1820.

— fiexuo'sa (zig-zag). §. 1823.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). l£. Blue.

1825.

— grandiflu'ra (large-flowered). 1. Scarlet.

July. 1825.

— la'cera (jagged). £. White. June. 182(5.

— macula'ta (spotted). 1. Blue. June. 1816'.

— 2)rusina'ta (leek-grcen-floivered). $, Green,

red. June. 1815.

bis

[ 336 ]

DIS

D, spatula.' tit (spatula-Jt/>/>eri).
June. 18U5.

Pale blue.

DISA'NDRA prostra'ta we have united
to Sibtho'rpia.

DISBUDDING is the removal, soon j
after they have burst into leaves, of
such buds as it' allowed to grow into
shoots would be misplaced. Thus,
buds protruded directly in the front of
branches trained against Avails, or fore-
right shoots, as they are correctly
termed, and buds that would produce
shoots in places already sufficiently
filled with branches, may be removed, or
disbudded. The object is to strengthen
the desirably-placed buds by thus con-
fining to them the expenditure of sap.
There is no better mode of aiding a
weakly plant to a more vigorous and
robust growth than judicious disbud-
ding; but an over-robust and super-
luxuriant tree had better be allowed to
exhaust itself by a more profuse deve-
lopment of leaf buds. By judicious
disbudding, which should always be
performed gradually, any winter prun-
ing is almost rendered unnecessary,
and in all instances is diminished.

DISCA'KIA. (From d is/cos, a disk,
having a large fleshy disk. Nat. ord,,
Rhamnads [llhamnacea;]. Linn., 4-
Tctrandrla 1-Monoijynia. Allied to
Colletia.)

Greenhouse evergreen from New Holland.
Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in sand, under a
glass, in April, kept rather close and hot ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 55° to 75° ;
winter, 40° to 45°=
D. austra'lis (southern). Yellow. May. 1824.

DISCHI'DIA. (From dis, twice, and
schizo, to split ; referring to an obscure
process in the construction of the
flower. Nat. ord., Aschpiads [Ascle-
piadaceoe]. Linn., b-Pentundria 1-3/b-
Hot/i/nia. Nearly related to Stepha-
notis and Hoya.)

Stove evergreen trailers, with white flowers.
Cuttings in sandy soil, in heat, any time in the
spring and summer months ; sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. Bengale'nsis (Bengal). 1^. September.

India. 181Q.

— nummula'ria (Moneywort-tezued). £. Au-
gust. Amboyna.

DISEASES. The morbid affections to j
which the vegetable part of the creation j
are liable, are almost as numerous as j
those which render decrepid and de- |

stroy the animal tribes. The smut
which ravages our corn crops ; the
mildew which destroys our peas; the
curl infecting our potatoes; the am-
bury, or club -root, to which our turnips
and other species of cabbage-worts are
liable; the shanking or ulceration
which attacks the stalks of our grapes,
are only a few of the most commonly
observed diseases to which the plants
we cultivate are liable.

Disease is the negation of health ;
and as the health of a plant is the
correct performance of its functions,
disease may be defined to be an in-
correct performance of the functions.

Such incorrectness arises from the
vital energy declining in consequence
of old age ; from parasites ; from
wounds ; from food improper either in
quality or quantity; and from un-
favourable temperature. If all these
could be avoided, a plant might enjoy
a vigorous immortality. Such, how-
ever, is not the lot of any organized
being, and we note them chiefly to re-
mind the gardener, that in proportion
as he can save any plant from such un-
favourable circumstances, will it enjoy
health, and length of vigorous life.

DISE'MMA. (From dis, double, and
stcnimu, a crown ; referring to the
double coronet or rays. Nat. ord.,
Pnssionworts [Passifloraceai]. Linn.,
16-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria. Allied
to Tacsonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen climbers from New
Holland. Cuttings of young shoots, in sum-
mer, in sandy soil, under a glass, and in gentle
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
45° to 50°.

D. adiant ifo'lia (Adiantum-leaved) . 20. Orange.
July. 1/92.

— ntirn'ntia (orange). 15; White, red. July.

— Herbc1 rtiana (Herbert's). 30. Green, white.

July. 1821.

DISOCA'CTUS. (From dis, twice, isos,
equal, and cactos. The divisions of
the petals and sepals equal, and twice
two, and the habit of a Cactus. Nat.
ord,, Cactusworts [Cactacece]. Linn.,
I'-i-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Rhip satis.)

This curious plant forms the connecting link
between the Epiphyllum and Rhipsalis sections
of the order, but in general appearance inclines
much more to Rhipsalis. Stove evergreen.
Cuttings after fresh growth has commenced,

DIS

[ 337 ]

DOO

also seeds; turfy loam and leaf-mould, with
sand, and broken pots to keep the compost
open. Summer temp., 60°to 85°, with moisture ;
winter, 48° to 55°, kept rather dry.
D. bifo'rmis (two-formed) . 2£. Pink. Hon-
duras. 1839.

DISPE'RIS. (From dis, double, and
pera, a pouch ; from the form of the
perianth's outer segments.)

A genus of ground, or terrestrial orchids, na-
tives of the Cape of Good Hope. Division;
peat and loam, with a little sand and charcoal.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. Cape' mis (Cape). $. Scarlet. July. 1816.

— cucullu'ta (hooded). f. Purple. .June. 1822.

— secu'nda (side-flowering). |. Purple. June.

1799-

Di'sroRmi. (From dis, double, and
paros, a pore; application not stated.
Nat. ord., Mdanths [Melanthacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria l-Munogynia. Al-
lied to Uvularia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants. Division of
the roots in spring, also by seeds, sown under
glass in April ; peat and loam, most of the
first ; require a cold pit in winter.
D.fu'lvum (tawny-flowered). l£. Brown. Oc-
tober. China. 1801.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 3. Yellow.

July. Nepaul. 1820.

DITTANY. Dicta' m tins.

DITTANY OF AMORGOS. Ori'yanum
Toiirnfo'rtii.

DITTANY OF CEETE. Ori'yanum Dic-
ta'mnus.

DODDER. Cu' scuta.

DODECA'THEON. American Cowslip.
(An ancient name applied by Pliny to
a^ plant having a leaf like a lettuce.
Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primulacete],
Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Cyclamen.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America. Dividing the roots ; sandy loam.
D. integrifo'lium (whole-leaved). A. Light
purple. April. 1829.

— Meu'dia (Meadia). 1. Light purple. May.

1744.
' ttlbiflo'rum (white - flowered). 1.

White. May. 1824.
e'lcgans (elegant). 1J. Rosy. May.

-gigante'iim (gigantic). 2. Lilac.

May. 181Q.
lilaci'num (Lilac -flowered"). l .

Lilac. May. 1824.

DOG-BERRY TREE. Co'rnns sangui'nea.
DOG BRAMBLE. jRi'bes cyno'sbati.
DOG'S BANE. Apo'cymtm.
DOG'S TOOTH VIOLET. JSrythro'nium.
DOGWOOD. Co'rnus.
22

DO'LIGHOS. (From dolikos, long ;
referring to the twining shoots. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Al-
lied to Lablab.)

Generally weedy-looking things ; D. lignosus

is the one most favoured by gardeners. Seeds

for all ; cuttings of perennial species, in sand,

under glass, the stove ones requiring a little

extra heat. The treatment common to the

greenhouse and plant stove will suit them. All

the flowering species are twiners.

D. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823. Greenhouse

evergreen.

— Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 8. White. July.

South America. 1800. Stove evergreen.

— ligno'sus (woody). 12. Purple. July. East

Indies. 17/6. Greenhouse evergreen,

— Lw'bia (Lubia). !£. White, blue, July.

Egypt. 1818. Hardy annual.

— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pale red. July.

India. 17/6. Hardy annual.

DoLiocA'Rrus. (From dolios, deceit-
ful, and karpoS) a fruit ; in reference to
the juice being used as rouge. Nat.
ord., Dllleniads [Dillcniaceffi], Linn.,
13-Polyandria 1-Moiioyynia. Allied to
Delima.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of young
firm shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, most of the
former, and a little silver sand. Summer temp.,
50° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. Caline'a (Calinea). 10. Yellow. Guiana.
1822.

DOMBE'YA. (Named after J. Dom-
bey, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bytlncriads [Byttueriacere]. Linn., 10-
Monadelphla 1 -Dodecandria. Allied to
Astrapaea.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a glass, and
in bottom-heat, in April ; sandy loam, and
turfy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
60° to 55°.

D. Cannabi'na(Hemp). 10. White. March.
Mauritius.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1(5. Red. East

Indies. 1820.

— erymro'xylon (red- wooded). White. Ja-

nuary.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty -leaved). 15. White,

Mauritius. 1815.

— ova'ta (egg-shaped). 16. White. Bourbon,

1822.

— puncta'ta (dotted- leaved}. 16. White. Bour-

bon. 1820.

— tilierfo'lia (Lime-leaved). 15. White. Bour-

bon. 1820.

DOO'DIA. (Named after S. Doody, a
London apothecary and botanist. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceee]. Linn., 24-
Cryptoyamia I-FUices.)

DOO

[ 338 ]

DOR

Greenhouse herbaceous ferns. Spores brown,
or yellowish brown. Divisions, just before
fresh growth commences in spring ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter. 45°
to 50°.

D. a'spera (roucth-stalked). f. June. New
South Wales. 1808.

— blechnni des (Blechnum-like). August. New

Holland. 1835.

— cauda'ta (tailed). 1. June. New Holland.

1820.

— Kunthia'na (Kunth's).

— lunuln'tn (crescent- leaved}. New Zealand.

1834.

— me'dia (intermediate). 3. June. New Hol-

land. 1823.

— virgi'nica (Virginian). August. Virginia.

17/4.

DORE'MA. (From dorema. a gift;
referring to its product — gum am-
moniac, but not Dioscorides's plant,
which was some species of Ferula,
supposed F. orientalis. Nat. ord., Urn-
bellifers [Apiaceee]. Linn., b-Pentan-
dria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Ferula.)

The plant from which gum ammoniac is
obtained. Hardy herbaceous plant. Seeds
sown in a sheltered place, at the end of April ;
common garden soil.

D. ammoni' ar.'um (ammoniac). 7. White,
yellow. June. Persia. 1831.

DORO'NICUM. Leopard's Bane. (From
doronigi, the Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synyeni'sia 2 - Superflua. Allied to
Arnica.)

A genus of early flowering, low, hardy, herba-
ceous plants for borders. D. Columnce makes an
excellent bed or large patch ; will bear removing
with a hall as soon as it has done flowering; trans-
plant about the end of September to the flower-
garden. Yellow flowers, except D. altaicum.
Dividing at the roots ; common garden soil ; if
dry and light all the better.
D.Alta'icum (Altaic}. 1. White. July.
Siberia. 1783.

— Austri'acum (Austrian). 1. May. Austria.

1816.

— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1 . July. Cau-

casus. 1815.

— Colu'mnee (Columna's). 2. May. Italy.

1824.

— cordifo' Hum (heart-leaved). Russia. 1838.

— denta' turn (toothed-leaved). May. 1825.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 2. July.

Europe. 1828.

— Porda^VwcAes(Panther-strangler). 2. May.

Britain.

— Plantagi'neum (Plantain-leaved). 2. May.

South Europe. 1570.

— Scorploi'des (Scorpion-like). 1. May. Ger-

many.

DORSTE'NIA. (Named after T. Dors-
ten, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Morads [Moracesej. Linn., k-Tetran-

dria l-Monoyynia. Allied to the Fig
and Mulberry.)

Little tufted stove herbaceous plants, culti-
vated for the curious way they produce their
inconspicuous green flowers, on a flattened leaf-
like receptacle. They are worth growing for
covering rock-work, or side edgings in a damp
stove. Division, before active growth ; also
seeds in a hot-bed in March or April ; rich
sandy loam. Summer temp., 6o°to85°; win-
ter, 50" to 55°.

D. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. June. West
Indies. 1822.

— Housto'ni (Houston's). £. June. South

America. 1747.

— tubici'na (trumpet). June. Trinidad. 1317-
DORYA'NTHES. (From dory, a spear,

and anthos, a flower ; the flower-stem
shoots up from twelve to twenty feet
high, like the handle of a spear, bearing
flowers on the top. Nat. ord., Ama-
ryllids [Amaryllidaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria l-Monoijynia. Allied to
the American Aloe, but not with suc-
culent leaves.)

This gigantic half-lily and half-palm looking
plant, with its bundled fleshy roots, seems
rather out of place among Amaryllids. This,
with its fellows, Litisea and Fourcroya, can
only find head -room in the loftiest conserva-
tories. Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers, and
seeds at time-; ; peat and rich loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. exce'lsa (lofty). 20. Cream. July. New
South Wales. 1800.

DORY'CNIUM. (From dory, a spear;
adopted from Pliny, who applied the
name to " a poisonous herb wherewith
they poisoned arrow-heads, darts, &c."
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \7-J)ia,delphia ^.-Decandrla. Al-
lied to Lotus and Trifolium.)

Seeds in March ; herbaceous ones also by
division ; common garden soil.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

D. herba'ceum (herbaceous). 1$. White. July.
South Europe. 1802.

— interme' dium (intermediate). White. June.

Caucasus. 1836.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). l£. White. July.

Iberia. 1818.

HAEDY EVERGREEN.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). 3. Red, white. July.

South Europe. 1683.

— re'ctum (upright). 2. Red. July. South

Europe. 1640.

— svffrutico'sum (subshrubby). 1j. White.

July. South Europe. 1040. Half-
hardy.

— tomento'sum (woolly). 3. Red, white. July.

South Europe. 1817-

DORYO'PTERIS. (From dory, a spear,

DOE

[ 339 ]

DOU

and pteris, a fern ; spear-leaved Fern
[Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 2±-Crypfoga-
mia l-Filices. Allied to Pteris.)

Stove herbaceous ferns, with yellowish brown
spores. Division, chiefly in spring ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 45°
to 55°.

D, colli' net (hill). August. Brazil.
- cordifo'lia (heart-leaved).

— hasta'ta (halbert-leaved) , June. West In-

dies. 1823.

— palma'ta (hand-shaped). £. July. Carac-

cas. 1821.

— sngittifo'lia (arrow-head leaved). £. July.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). East Indies.

DOUBLE FLOWERS. — Hybridizing,
aided by cultivation, gives birth to
these objects of the gardener's care.
To the uninitiated it seems incredible
that the double moss rose should be a
legitimate descendant from the briar ;
neither do the flowers of the Fair A: aid
of France appear less impossible deri-
vatives from those of the Ranunculus
platanifoliits ; nor bachelors' buttons
from the common butter-cup ; yet so
they are. Double flowers, as they are
popularly called, are more correctly
discriminated as the full flower, the
multiplicate flower, and the proliferous
flower.

The full flower is a flower with its
petals augmented in number by the
total transformation into them of its
stamens and its pistils. One-petalled
flowers rarely undergo this metamor-
phosis, but it is very common in those
having many petals, as in the carna-
tion, ranunculus, rose, and poppy. But
this is not the only mode in which a
flower becomes full, for in the colum-
bine (Aqmlegia) it is effected in three
different ways, viz., by the multiplica-
tion of petals to the exclusion of the
nectaries ; by the multiplication of the
nectaries to the exclusion of the petals ;
and by the multiplication of the nec-
taries whilst the usual petals remain.
Eadiated flowers, such as the sunflower,
dahlia, anthemis, and others, become
full by the multiplication of the florets
of their rays to the exclusion of the
florets of their disk. On the contrary,
various species of the daisy, matricaria,
etc., become full by the multiplication
of the florets of the disk.

The multiplicate flower has its petals
increased by the conversion of a portion

of its stamens, or of its calyx. It
occurs most frequently in polypetalous
flowers. Linnoaus gives the only
instances we know of the conver-
sion of the calyx into petals, and
these are to be observed in the pink
(Dianthus caryophyllus), and a few of
the Alpine grasses.

A proliferous flower has another
flower or a shoot produced from it, as
in the variety of the daisy popularly
known as the Hen-and-chickeiis. It
occurs also more rarely in the ranun-
culus, pink, marigold, and hawkweed.
A leafy shoot often appears in the
bosom of the double-blossomed cherry,
anemone, and rose.

A due supply of moisture, but rather
less than the plant most delights in,
when the production of seed is the
desired object, a superabundant supply
of decomposing organic matter to its
roots, and an exposure to the greatest
possible degree of sun-light, are the
means successfully employed to pro-
mote excessive development of the
petals which characterize double flowers.

By these means a greater quantity
of sap is supplied to the flower than
the natural extent of the petals can
elaborate ; and those parts required
for the extra elaboration are developed
at the expense of those not demanded
for the purpose.

In double flowers, as was observed
by the late Sir J. E. Smith, the corolla
is much more durable than in single
ones of the same species, as anemones
and poppies, because, as he conceived,
in such double flowers the natural
function not being performed, the vital
principle of their corolla is not so soon
exhausted. Advantage 'may be taken
of this to prolong the duration of
flowers by cutting away the pistils or
stamens, whichever are least conspi-
cuous, with a sharp pair of pointed
scissors.

DOUCIN STOCK. See Stock.

DOUGLA'SIA. (In memory of the
unfortunate D. Douglas, botanical tra-
veller in North West America. Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulacese]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria \-Monoyyniu. Allied to
! Androsace.)
I An extremely rare hardy evergreen Alpine

DOU

[ 340 ]

DBA

plant. Seeds ; peat and loam ; should be used
as an Alpine plant, and protected in winter; it
will not bear sudden changes.
D. niva'lis (snowy). 5. Purple. June. Rocky
Mountains. 1827-

DOTE FLOWER. Peristc'ria.

DRA'BA. (From drabc, acrid; refer-
ring to one of the universal characters
of its Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassica-
ceae]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Con-
nected but not in close alliance with
Aubretia, Alyssum, and Cochlearia.)

Hardy rock or Alpine plants. Yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Perennials
by dividing the roots ; also with the annuals
and biennials by seeds in spring, and under a
hand-light in summer ; peat and loam for the
tenderest ; sandy loam and dry situation for
the hardiest. They make interesting pot-plants,
treated as Alpines, and that is the safest way to
treat many of them.

ANNUALS.

D. gra'cilis (slender). £. June. North Ame-
rica. 1827.

— lu'tea (yellow). £. June. South Europe.

1820.

— mura'lis (wall). £. White. June. England.

— nemora'lis (grove). 4. June. Europe. 1759.

BIENNIALS.

D, au'rea (golden). J. June. Denmark. 1820.

— cine'rea (grey). £. White. July. Siberia.

1818.

— confu'sa (confused). 3- White. July. North

Europe.

— dau'rica (Daurian). £. White. July.

Dauria. 1824.

— inca'na (hoary), jj. White. May. Britain.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
D. Aizni'des (Aizoon-like). $. March. Wales.

— .dizo'on (Aizoon). $. May. Carinthia. 1823.

— Alpi'na( Alpine), i- April. Lapland. 1820.
sili' culis-pilo' sis (hairy-podded), &.

August. Greenland. 1820.

— a'spera (rough). June. Siberia.

— austri'aca (Austrian). £. White. June.

Austria. 1824.

— brachyste'rnon (short-stamened). £. March.

Switzerland. 1819.

— bruniaefu' tin (Brunia-leaved). i. June.

Caucasus. 1820.

— bryoi'des (Bryum-like). £. March. Tauria.

1820.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed-/ent>ed). £. March.

Switzerland. 1731.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 3. White. May.

Baffin's Bay. 1823.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). $. June. North

America. 1826.

— cuspida'ta (spine-point-/ea»erf). £. March.

Iberia, 1820.

— dasyca'rpa (hairy-fruited). White. May.

Altai. 1837.

• — enceefo'lia (Heath-leaved). &. June. Cau-
casus. 1821.

— fladnice'nsis (Fladniso). £. White. June.

Switzerland, is 19.

D. glacia'lis (icy). £. June. Siberia. 1826.

— Gmell'ni (Gmelin's). £. June. Siberia.

1823.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). $. White.

May. Altai. 1832.

— helve1 tica (Swiss). £. August. Switzerland.

1819.

— hi'rta (hairy). 3. White. June. North

Europe. 1823.

— inco'mpta (rough). £. April. Caucasus. 1821.

— Lappo'nica (Lapland). £. White. April.

Lapland. 1810.

— lasioca'rpa (woolly - fruited). 3. White.

May. 1820.

— murice'lla (small-prickly). £. White. June.

Lapland. 1810.

— niva'lis (snowy). ^. White. June. Swit-

zerland. 1824.

— oblongu'ta (oblongate). £. White. May.

Baffin's Bay. 1823.

— pilo'sa (soft-haired). £. White. June.

Siberia. 1825.

— re'pem (creeping), £. June. Siberia. 1818.

— ruspe'stris (rock). 3. June. Scotland.

— siliquo'sa (/arg-e-podded'i. 4> White. June.

Caucasus. 1822.

— stella' ta (starry). £. White. June. Pyrenees.

1820.

— stylo! ris (^ong-styled).

— tomento'sa (woolly)- £• White. June.

Switzerland. 181Q.

— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 1. August.

Russia. 1838.

DRAG^NA. (From drakaina, a female
dragon ; because if this Dragon-tree is
wounded the milky juice on drying
becomes a hard gum, having the same
properties as the resinous substance
called Dragon's-blood. Nat. ord.. Llly-
ivorts [Liliacese]. Linn., ti-Hexandria
I-Monogynla.}

Evergreens, with Avhite flowers, except D.
nutann. Large pieces of the branches strike
when put in strong bottom-heat ; rich fibry
loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 48° to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

D. nodo'sa (knotted). 4. 1820.

— nu'tans (nodding). 4. Brown. July. New

Holland. 1820.

— undula'ta (waved). 6. Cape of Good Hope.

1816.

STOVK.

D. arbo'rea (tree). 30. May. Sierra Leone.
1800.

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 6. Brazil. 1825.

— ce'rnua (drooping). 10. May. Mauritius.

— Dra'co (Dragon. Common). 10. East Indies.

1640.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 4. 1800.

— fe'rrea (iron). 8. April. China. 1771.

— fro.' grails (sweet-scented). 6. April. Africa.

1?68.

— interru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. Sierra

Leone. 1798.

— Leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 3. June. Sierra

Leone. 1824.

DBA

[ -341 ]

DBA

D. margina'ta (bordered). August. Madagascar.

— Muuritia'na (Mauritian). 4. May. Mau-

ritius. 1825.

— ova1 tit (egg-shape-feawed). 2. August.

Sierra Leone.

— purpu'rea (purple-/eawed). 15. June. East

Indies. 1820.

— refle'xa (bent-back-/eai'ed). 4. June. Ma-

dagascar. 1819.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved).

— stria' ta (streaked). 4. April. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.

— surculo'sa (twiggy). 4. July. Sierra Leone.

1821.

— termina'lis (terminal). 10. June. East

Indies. 1820.

— tessella'ta (chequered). Madagascar. 1816.

— umbra culi'f era (umbrella - bearing). 10.

Mauritius. 1/88.

DRACOCE'PHALUM. Dragon's Head.
(From drakon, a dragon, and kephale, a
head ; referring to the gaping flower.
Nat. ord., Lipivorls, or Labiates [Lami-
acesej. Linn., l±-Didynamia \-Gym-
nospermia. Allied to Nepeta.)

Annuals, by seed, in the open ground at the
end of March ; perennials by seeds and divi-
sions ; the tender evergreens by cuttings of
young shoots, under a hand-glass, in April or
May ; light rich soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.
D. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Blue. July. Le-

2. Blue. July.

vant. 1711.

— Molda'vicum (Moldavian).

Moldavia. 1596.

albiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2.

White. July. Moldavia. 1596.

— peregri'num (diffuse). 4- Purple. July.

Siberia. 1759.

— thymiflo'rum (Thyme-flowered). 4- Purple.

July. Siberia. 1752.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
D. Canarie'nse (Canary. Balm ofGilead). 3.
Pale purple. August. Canaries. 1697.

— chamadryoi'des (Germander-like). £. Blue.

July. 1823. Trailer.

— origanoi'des (Marjoram-like). &. July. Si-

beria. 1829. Trailer.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

D. Altaie'nse (Altaic). 4. Purple. July.
Georgia. 1759.

— Argune'nse (Argun). 14. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1822.

— Austri'acum (Austrian), l. Blue. June.

Austria. 1597.

— botryoi'des (Botrys-like). 3. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1822.

— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). 1. Blue. July. Ibe-

ria. 1820.

— integrifo'lium (whole-leaved) . Blue. July.

Siberia. 182/.

— Mexica'num (Mexican). 2. Blue. July.

Mexico. 1832.

— mi' tans (nodding). 1. Blue. July. Sibe-

ria. 1731.

— palma'tum (hand-leaved). 14- Purple. July.

Siberia, 1815.

D. parviflo' rum (small-flowered). 4- Blue.
July. North America. 1825.

— pelta' turn (shield-leaved). 14. Purple. July.

Levant. 1/11.

— pinna1 turn (leafleted). Blue. June. Sibe-

ria. 1822.

— Ruyschia'num (Ruysch's). 2. Blue. July.

North Europe. 1699.

— SiWricum (Siberian). 1. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1760.

DRACO'NTIUM. Dragon. (From dra-
/ton, a dragon ; referring to its spots
and streaks being like those on ser-
pents. Nat. ord., Orontiads [Oron-
tiaceaB]. Linn., 7-Heptandr'ta \-Mono-
gynla. Allied to Pothos and Orontium.)

Stove evergreen creepers. Dividing the roots ;
fibry loam, and a little decayed clung and leaf-
mould. Summer temp., 6o°'to 85° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.

D.polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 2. May. In-
dia. 1759.

— spino'sum (prickly). 2. April. Ceylon. 1759.

DRACOPHY'LLU^I. (From drakon, a
dragon, and phyllon, a leaf; referring
to the long bracts, which resemble the
young leaves of the Dragon plant, Dra-
c<tna draco. Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epa-
cridacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mo-
nogynla. Allied to Sphenotoma and
Eichea.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young wood, getting firm at the
base, in April ; peat and loam, both fibry, with
a little silver sand. Temp., winter, 40° to 45°.
D. capita' turn (headed). 1830.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. White. June.

1824.

— secu'ndum (side-flowering) . 2. White. June.

1823.

DRACO 'PIS. (From drakon, a dragon,
and opsis, appearance ; referring to the
rays or florets. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese], Linn., \tt-Syngenesia 3-
Superflua. Allied to Budbeckia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds and divisions ; open
garden soil.

D. amplexicau'lis (stem - clasping). Yellow.
July. Lousiana. 1793.

DRAGON. Draco' ntium, and A' rum
draco' ntiitm.

DRAGON'S-BLOOD. Caflamvs dra'co.

DRAGON'S-HEAD. Dracoct' 'phahnn.

DRAGON-TREE. Dracce'na dra'co.

DRAINING is drawing away the sur-
face water, instead of allowing it to
chill the land by evaporation, and fur-
ther injuring the crops by an excessive
supply of moisture. There is scarcely
a garden existing that would not be

DRA

[ 342 ]

DEI

benefited by under-draining. Every
gardener knows the absolute necessity
for a good drainage under bis wall-
trees and vines, but few gardeners ever
think for a moment, whether there is
any escape and outfall for the water he
has drained from immediate contact
with the roots of the above-named fa-
voured trees. Every garden should
have drains cut, varying in depth from
two to three feet, according to the depth
of the soil, with an interval of twenty-
four feet between the drains ; twelve
feet will not be too near in clayey soils.
At the bottom of the drains should be
placed one -inch pipes ; these should be
well puddled over six inches deep with
clay, and then the earth returned. They
should have an outfall into a ditch, at
the least elevated side of the garden.
By having the pipes with a bore no
larger than an inch moles cannot creep
in; and that bore is large enough to
carry off all the water, after even the
heaviest rains. For full directions we
refer our readers to Donald's shilling
volume, entitled Land Drainage.

DRAKE 'A. (Named in honour of
Miss Drake, botanical painter for the
Botanical Eegister. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Caleya.)

The only species is an extremely curious
ground orchid, having one flower on the top of
a slender stalk, eighteen inches long, "resem-
bling an insect suspended in the air, and moving
with every breeze." Greenhouse. Divisions;
peat, loam, and rough sand.
D. ela'stica (elastic). Variegated. September.
Swan River.

DRAWN. A plant is said to be drawn
when it is unnaturally increased in
length. This is usually by an excess
of heat and moisture, and a deficiency
of air and light.

DREPANOCA'RPUS. The Sickle-pod.
(From drepanon, sickle, and carpos, a
fruit ; referring to the shape of the
seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., \l-Diadel-
phia 4:-Dccandria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots
nearly ripe, with its leaves entire, in sand,
under a glass, and in bottom-heat ; peat and
loam, both fibry. Summer temp., 60°to80°;
winter, 50° to 55°.

D. luna'tva (httlf-monn capsuled), 12. White.
South America. 1792.

DRESSING. Putting the borders in
order ; also manuring strawberries, as-
paragus, and other permanent beds.

DRIF"T SAND is the sand washed by
floods into drifts or banks, whether by
the sides of roads or streams.

DRILLING. Scarcely a crop in the
garden should be sown broadcast, for
drilling saves seed and labour ; and
although in some cases it takes more
time to insert the seed in drills, yet
this is more than compensated by the
time saved during the after-culture, for
the thinning and hoeing are greatly
facilitated. (See Broadcast.)

The distance apart appropriate for
the drills for particular crops will be
found under their respective titles ;
they are usually made with a hoe and
line, but the drill-raJie is often used.
The teeth are set six inches apart, and
are broad and coiilter-formed. When
the drills are required to be less than
six inches apart the implement can be
worked diagonally ; but it may be made
with teeth moveable to any desired
space apart.

Dm 'MIA. (From drimys, acrid ; re-
ferring to the juice of the bulbs. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Massonia.)

Little greenhouse bulbous plants from the
Cape of Good Hope ; elegant, though less showy
than the Ixias. Offsets; peat, or leaf-mould,
and sandy loam. Summer temp., 50° to "5°;
winter, 35° to 45° ; potted when beginning to
grow, and until then kept dry after the wither-
ing of the leaf.

D. acurnina'ta (pointed). £. Brown. August.
1829.

— alti'ssima (tallest). l£. White, green. Au-

gust. 1791.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). l£. Purple, white.

August. 1800.

— ela'ta (tall). 2. Red, green. October. 17S9.

— lancecefo' lin (spear - leaved). ?. Purple.

September. 1800.

— lunceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). ^. Yellow,

green. September. 1/74.

— longipeduneulu' 'ta (long - flower - stalked).

Green, purple. September. 1800.

— me'dia (intermediate). White. August. 1820.

— purpura'scens (purplish). £. Purple. Au-

gust, 1818.

— pusi'ltu (little). £. Green. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1/93.

— undula'ta (waved). £. Green-striped. May.

181Q.

— villo'sa (long-haired). Green. August. 1826.

DRI'MYS. (From drimys, acrid ; re-

DEI

[ 343 ]

DEY

ferring to the " bitter tonic taste " of
the bark, one of the characteristics of
its Nat. orcl., Magnoliads [Magnolia-
cese]. Linn., l'3-Polyandria 4t-Tetra-
gynia.}

The Winter Bark of commerce is that of D.
Winteri, a good substitute for cinnamon.
Greenhouse evergreen trees, with white flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in sand, under a
glass, and, after standing a fortnight shaded
from sun, transferred to a sweet bottom-heat ;
fibry peat and sandy lumpy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
D. Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Chili. 1829.

— Winte'ri (Winter's). Magellan. 1827.

DKO'SERA. Sundew. (From droseros,
dewy. Nat. ord., Sundews [Drosera-
eese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Penta-
gynia.)

The sundews are delicate herbaceous plants,
chiefly inhabitants of marshes ; the whole plant
is thickly clothed with glandular hairs, giving
them the appearance of being studded with
dew-drops. We have often viewed D. rotundi-
folia with amazement, on the opposite side of a
little pool, arrayed in hundreds of little stars,
and sparkling beneath a midday's sun. Seeds,
generally, and divisions ; peat earth, above it
fresh sphagnum moss, in which the tiny plant
is to be fixed, and then the pot is to be set in a
pan of water; when cultivated, they should all
be indulged in the greenhouse.
D. acau'lis (stemless). \. White. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1823.

— America'na (American). £. White. July.

North America. 1820.

— A'nglica (English). £. White, red. July.

England.

— bina'ta (twin-leaved). J. White. July. New

Holland. 1821.

— erythrorhi'za (scarlet-rooted). White. July.

Swan River. 1843.
— filicau'lis (thready-stemmed). Rose. May.

Swan River. 1841.
— filifo'rmis (thread- form). £. Purple. July.

North Jersey. 1811.

— gigante'a (gigantic). White. July. Swan

River.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). $. Purple. July.

North America. 1818.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). £. White, red.

July. Britain.

— macran'tha (large-flowered). Rose. July.

Swan River.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). White. July.

Swan River. 1842.

— pa'llida (pale). White. July. Swan River.

1843.

— paucijio'ra (few-flowered). ^. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). £. White.

July. Britain.

— stoloni'fera (creeping-rooted). White. July.

Swan River.

DBOPWOBT. Spires' a JiUpe'ndula and
Potetiti'lla filipe'ndula.
DRUMMO'KDEA. (Named after Thomas

Dntmmond, who sacrificed his life in
the cause of botany. Nat. ord., Saxi-
frages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 5-Pe»-
tandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Mitella.)

An Alpine or rock plant from the Rocky
Mountains. Unfortunately Drummondia must
be cancelled, the plant was named Mitellopsis
previously by Meisner. Hardy herbaceous pe-
rennial. Divisions and seeds ; light sandy soil,
in a dry place or rockwork.
D. mitelloi'des (Mitella-like). &. Yellowish.
July. Rocky Mountains. 1827.

DRYA'NDRA. (Named after Dryander,
a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Banksia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land, with yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm
side shoots taken off in August, inserted in
sand, under a bell-glass, shaded to keep the
foliage from flagging, and in a fortnight or three
weeks transferred to a mild bottom -heat ; fibry
peat, and fibry loam, with a portion of sand,
broken potsherds, and a few pieces of charcoal ;
pots particularly well drained. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.
D. arctotoi'des (Arctotis-like). 1830.

— arma'ta (armed) . 3. 1803.

— Baxte'ri (Baxter's). 3. 1824.

— bipinnuti'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1840.

— fi/ecA»!/o'««(Blechnum-leaved). !*• 1824.

— calophy'llu (beautiful-leaved). 1830.

— cardua'cea (Thistle-like). 3. April.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3.

April.

— cunea'ta (wedge-leaved). 3. June. 1803.
brevifo'lia (short-wedge-leaved). 3.

June. 1803.
longifo'lia (long- wedge-leaved). 3.

June. 1803.
— favo'sa (honey-combed). 1840.

— ftoribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. 1803.

— foliola'ta (leafleted). 1830.

— formo'sa (handsome). 4. 1803.

— Frase'ri (Eraser's). 1840.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. 1803.

— mucronula'ta (small-sharp-pointed). 3. 1824.

— nervo'sa (large -nerved). 2. 1824.

— ni'vea (snowy-leaved). 2. 1805.

— no'bilis (noble). 1840.

— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 2. 1803.

— plumo'sa (feathered). 3. 1803.

— proteoi'de.t (Protea like). 1840.

— pteridifo'lia (Pteris-leaved). l£. 1824.

— stupo'm (heavy). 1840.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. April. 1803.

DRY'AS. (From Dryades, the god-
desses of the woods, to whom the oak
was sacred. The leaves of D. octopetala,
a Scotch plant on which the genus was
founded by Linnceus, resemble small
oak-leaves ; and he, in a playful mood,
made Dry as the badge of Virgil's Dry-
acles, after the manner of the Scottish
clans. Nat. ord., Bosewoyts [Roseacea].

DEY

[344]

DEY

~Linn.,U.Icosandria %-Polycjynla. Allied
to Coluria and Cowania.)

All the species, but D. Drummondi, have
white flowers, blooming in July. Divisions,
and seeds, in spring ; cuttings under a hand-
light in summer ; a peat border, or still better,
in pots, and protected during winter in a cold-
pit.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

D. interme'dia (intermediate). £. North Ame-
rica. 1832.

— octope'tala (eight-petaled). £. Britain.
America' na (American). £. North

America. 1800.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

D. decape'tala (ten-petaled.) North America.
1839.

— depre'ssa (depressed). |. Ireland.

— mi'nor (smaller). £. North America.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

D. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). J. Yellow.
North America. 1828.

— integrifo'lia. (whole-leaved). £. Greenland.

1824.

— tene'lla (delicate). £. Canada. 1820.

DRYMOGLO'SSUM. The Wood-tongue.
(From drymos, a wood, and glossum, a
tongue ; alluding to the place of growth
and form of the fronds. Allied to
Polypodium.) See Ferns.

Spores yellow. Division ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
D. carno'sum (fleshy). Australia.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head). June. India.

1843.

— piloselloi'des (Pilosella-like). June. East

Indies. 1828.

— spatula'tum (spatulate). East Indies.

DRYMO'NIA. (From drymonia, wood-
land ; their habitation. Nat. ord., Ges-
nerworts [Gesnerace®]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to
Besleria.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings in sandy
soil, in bottom-heat; rich sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
D. bi'color (two-coloured). 6. Purple. West
Indies. 1806.

— punctu'la (spotted-^owemf). g. Yellow,

violet. May. Guatemala. 1843.
DRYNA'RIA. (From drys, a tree ;
dwelling among trees.)

A large genus of stove ferns, with brownish
yellow spores. Allied to Dryostachyum. Divi-
sion ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

D. a' Ibido-squnma' ta (white- scaled). June.
Isle of Luzon.

— Billardieri (La Billardiere's). 1. June.

New Holland. 1824.
-~ caspito'su (tufted). April. India. 1841. |

D. capitella'ta (small headed). July. South
America. 1822.

— coria'cea (leathery). June. India. 1840.

— co'ronans (crowned). June. West Indies.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). August. West

Indies. 1823.

— cuspidiflo'ra (pointed-flowered). June. Isle

of Luzon.

— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. Aus-

tralia.

— du' bin (doubtful). June. Isle of Luzon.

— glau'ca (milky-green). Isle of Luzon.

— hemioniti'dea (Spleenwort-like). 2. Yellow.

March. East Indies. 1843.

— Horsfi'eldii (Horsfield's). Yellow. Java.

— irioi'des (Iris-like). 3. June. East Indies.

1824.

— juglandifo'lium (Juglan's-leaved). l£. May.

South America. 1822.

— leiorhi'za (smooth-rooted). March. East

Indies.

— lomarioi'des (Lomaria-likel. Isle of Luzon.

— lo'ngifrons (long-fronded). Isle of Luzon.

— lo'ngipes (long-stalked). East Indies. 1823.

— longi'ssima (longest leaved). Isle of Luzon.

— lorifo'rmis (strap-like). March. East In-

dies.

— negle'cta (neglected). Isle of Luzon.

— norma'lis (normal). March. Nepaul.

— palma'ta (hand-shaped). Isle of Luzon.

— plantagi'neu (Plantain-like). June. East

Indies. 1842.

— propi'nqua (allied). May. East Indies.

— pustula'ta (pimpled). 1. March. Manilla.

1840.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). l£. March. Isle

of Luzon. 1.

— ru'bida (red). Isle of Luzon.

— rupe'stris (rock). Isle of Luzon.

— sesquipeda'lis(foot-a.nA-a.-ha\f). May. Nepaul.

— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). March. Java.

— subfalca'ta (rather-sickle-shape). Isle of

Luzon.

— tenuilo'ris (slender- thonged). Mindanao.

— undula'ta (waved-leaved). Isle of Luzon.

— vulga'ris (common). March. West Indies.

1816.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). March. East In-

dies.

DRYOBA'LANOPS. Camphor Tree.
(From drys, a tree, and ballo, to now;
from the tree yielding much sap. Nat.
ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliacese], Linn.,
13-Polyandria 1-Monoyyn in. )

A stove tree, which produces the chief of the
natural camphor imported. We say natural
camphor, because camphor is now manufactured
from turpentine.

D. ca'mphora (camphor). 100, Yellow. Su-
matra.

DRYO'PTERIS. (From dnjs, a tree,
and pteris, a fern. A genus of Stove
Ferns. Allied to Pteris.)

Division; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

D, sugittifo'lia (arrow-leaved). Yellow. April.
'East Indies.

DRY

[ -345 ]

DUN

DRYOSTA'CHYUM. (From drys, a tree,
and stachys, a spike. A genus of Stove
Ferns with yellow spores. Allied to
Drynavia.)

Divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
J>. cauda'tum (tailed). May. Celebes. 1842.

— pilo'sum (hairy). May. Isle of Luzon. 1841.

— sple'ndens (shining)." May. Isle of Luzon.

1842.

DRY'PETES. (From drypto, to lace-
rate ; being a spiny shrub. Nat. ord.,
Spuryeworts [Euphorbiaceo1.]. Linn.,
2->.lJiceda •i-Tctrundria. Allied to Sar-
cococca.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy
loam, under a glass, in heat; peat and loam,
both fibry and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

D. cro'cea (copper-coloured). 6. June. West
Indies. 1820.

DRY'PIS. (From drypto, to lacerate ;
leaves armed with spines. Nat. ord.,
Cloveworts [Caryophyllacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria %-Trigynia. Allied to
Acanthophyllum. )

Hardy evergreen. Seeds; cuttings under a
hand-light in the early summer months ; re-
quires a dry situation, and equal portions of
loam, peat, and rough sand.
D. spino'sa (prickly). $• Pale blue. June.
Italy. 1775.

DEY-STOVE is a hothouse devoted to
the culture of such plants as require a
high degree of heat, but a drier atmo-
sphere than the tenants of the Bark-
stove. Consequently, fermenting ma-
terials and open tanks of hot water are
inadmissible ; but the sources of heat
are either steam or hot-water pipes, or
flues. See Stove.

DUBBING is a gardener's term for
clipping. The dubbinys of a hedge are
the parts clipped off with the shears.

DucK's-FooT. Podophy'llum.

DUMA'SIA. (Named after M. Dumas,
one of the editors ofAnnales des Sciences
Natnralles. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadel-
phia ±-Decandria. Allied to Clitoria.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Nepaul ;
both introduced in 1824. Seeds sown in a hot-
bed in spring; cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, under a glass, and in sand, in a little bot-
tom heat, in April ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Summer temp., 55° to /5° ; winter, 45° to 50°.
D. pube'scens (downy). 6. Yellow. October.
•*-=- villo'sa (long-haired). 6. Pale yellow. Oc-
tober.

DuMB-CANE. Cala'diam Segni'mnn.

DUMERI'LIA. (In honour of Constant
Dumeril, a French naturalist. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracere]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia \~JEtpudi9.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass; sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
D, panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August.
Columbia. 1825.

DUNG. Under this title our attention
must be confined to the faeces and
urines of animals, and that one most
common compound, stable dung.

Night-soil is the richest of these ma-
nures. It is composed of human fseces
and urine, of which the constituents
are as follows : Faces. — Water, 73.3 ;
vegetable and animal remains, 7 ; bile,
0.9 ; albumen, 0.!) ; peculiar and ex-
tractive matter, 1.2 ; salts (carbonate
of soda, common salt, sulphate of
soda, ammonia- phosphate of magnesia,
and phosphate of lime), 2.7 ; insoluble
residue, 14.0. Urine. — Urate of am-
monia, 0.208 ; sal-ammoniac, 0.459 ;
sulphate of potash, 2.112 ; chloride of
potassium, 3.674 ; chloride of sodium
(common salt), 15.060; phosphate of
soda, 4.267 ; phosphate of lime, 0.209 ;
acetate of soda, 2.770 ; urea and colour-
ing matter, 23.640 ; water and lactic
acid, 47.511.

After stating the above analyses in
his excellent work On Fertilizers, Mr.
Cuthbert Johnson proceeds to observe,
that the very chemical composition
therefore of this compost would indi-
cate the powerful fertilizing effects
which it is proved to produce. The
mass of easily soluble and decom-
posable animal matters and salts of
ammonia with which it abounds, its
phosphate of lime, its carbonate of
1 soda, are all by themselves excellent
fertilizers, and must afford a copious
supply of food to plants.

The disagreeable smell may be de-
j stroyed by mixing it with quick-lime,
I or still better with either chloride or
| sulphate of lime ; and if exposed to
i the atmosphere in thin layers in fine
! weather, it speedily dries, is easily pul-
! verized, and in this state may be used
i in the same manner as rape cake, and
I delivered into the furrow with the seed\

DUN

[ 346 ]

DUN

From the experiments of M. Schub-
ler and otbers, the relative value of
night-soil is as follows : —

" If a given quantity of the land
sown without manure yields three
times the seed employed, then the
same quantity of land will produce five
times the quantity sown when manured
with old herbage, putrid grass or leaves,
garden stuff, £c. ; seven times with
cow-dung, nine times with pigeon's-
dung, ten times with horse-dung, twelve
times with human urine, twelve times
with goafs-dung, twelve times with
sheep's-dung, and fourteen times with
human manure, or bullock's blood.
But if the land be of such quality as
to produce without manure live times
the sown quantity, then the horse-dung
manure will yield fourteen, and human
manure nineteen and two-thirds the
sown quantity."

Fowl-dung, if composed partly of that
of the duck, which is a gross feeder, is
nearly equal to guano. This, and that
of the pigeon contain much ammonia,
and all abound in phosphate of lime,
mixed with decomposing organic mat-
ters and uric acid, all highly valuable
as fertilizers.

Stable or Farm-yard Dung is usually
composed of the following matters :
Horse-urine. — Water and mucus, 94 ;
carbonate of lime, 1.1 ; carbonate of
soda, 0.9; hippurate of soda, 2.4: chlo-
ride of potassium, 0.9 ; urea, 0.7. But
besides the above, it contains common
salt, phosphate of lime, and sulphate
of soda. Cow-urine. — Water, 66 ; phos-
phate of lime, 8 ; chloride of potassium,
and sal ammoniac, 15 ; sulphate of
potash, 6 ; carbonate of potash, and
carbonate of ammonia, 4 ; urea, 4.

One thousand parts of dry wheat
straw being burnt, yielded M. Saussure
forty-eight parts of ashes ; the same
quantity of the dry straw of barley
yielded forty-two parts of ashes. The
portion dissipated by the fire would be
principally carbon (charcoal), carbu-
retted hydrogen gas, and water ; one
hundred parts of these ashes are com-
posed of — Various soluble salts, prin-
cipally carbonate and sulphate of pot-
ash, 22$ ; phosphate of lime (earthy
salt of bones), 6$ ; ckalk (carbonate |

of lime), 1 ; silica (flint), 61£; metal-
lic oxide (principally iron), 1; loss,
7 4.5ths. The straw of barley contains
the same ingredients, only in rather
different proportions.

The solid excrements of a horse
fed on hay, oats, and straw, contain,
according to the analysis of M. Zierl,
in 1000 parts : Water, 698 ; picromel
and salts, 20 ; bilious and extractive
matter, 17 ; green matter, albumen,
mucus, etc., 63 ; vegetable fibre and
remains of food, 202.

These, when burnt, yielded to the
same chemist sixty parts by weight of
ashes, which were composed of — Car-
bonate, sulphate, and muriate of soda,
5 ; carbonate and phosphate of lime,
9 ; silica, 46. — Jo-urn . Hoy. Agr. Soc.,
vol. i., p. 489.

There have been many arguments
and much difference of opinion among
cultivators with regard to the advantage
of employing dung in a fresh or in a
putrid state, and, as is too often the
case, both parties have run into ex-
tremes— the one side contending for the
propriety of employing it quite fresh
from the farm -yard, the other contend-
ing that it cannot well be too decayed.

The mode employed by Lord Leices-
ter is the medium between these equally
erroneous extremes. He found that
the employment of the fresh dung
certainly made the dung go much far-
ther, but then a multitude of the seeds
of various weeds were carried on to
the land along with the manure. He
has, therefore, since used his compost
when only in a half putrefied state
(called short dung by farmers), and
hence the seeds are destroyed by the
effects of the putrefaction, and the
dung still extends much farther than
if suffered to remain until quite pu-
trefied. Putrefaction cannot go on
without the presence of moisture.
Where water is entirely absent, there
can be no putrefaction ; and hence
many farmers have adopted the prac-
tice of pumping the drainage of their
farm -yards over their dung heaps;
others invariably place them in a low
dranp situation. This liquid portion
cannot be too highly valued by the cul-
tivator. The soil where a dunghill has

DUN

[ 847 ]

DUE

lain in a field is always distinguished
by a rank luxuriance in the succeeding
crop, even if the earth beneath to the
depth of six inches is removed and
spread with the dunghill.

Guano. This now celebrated manure
has been known as the chief fertilizer
employed by the Peruvians, almost as
long as that part of the New World has
been recognised by geographers. Its
name, in the language of that country,
signifies the manure ; and it merits
such distinction, as being one of the
most powerful assistants to vegetation
which can be applied to the soil. Guano
is not peculiar to Peru, but is found in
immense beds upon many rocks and
islands of the Atlantic, being the excre-
ments of the marine birds frequenting
those ocean solitudes. It has been
lately analyzed by Dr. Ure,who reports
it as composed of the following propor-
tional constituents : — Azotized organic
matter, including urate of ammonia,
and capable of affording from 8 to 17
per cent, of ammonia by slow decom-
position in the soil, 50.0; water, 11.0;
phosphate of lime, 25.0; ammonia,
phosphate of magnesia, phosphate of
ammonia, and oxalate of ammonia, con-
taining from 4 to 9 per cent, of ammo-
nia, 13.0 ; siliceous matter, 1.0.

This analysis explains the source
from whence failure has been derived
to many who have tried it. It is the
most violently stimulating of all the
known natural manures, and they have
applied it too abundantly. This is
shown by the experiments of Mr.
Maund. When applied to Strawberries
once a week in a liquid state (four
ounces to a gallon), it made them very
vigorous and productive ; but sprinkled
upon some young seedlings of the same
fruit it killed them. Two ounces per
yard (five cwt. per acre), were sprinkled
over Onions, and they doubled the un-
treated in size. Potatoes manured witli
one ounce and a half per yard, were
rendered much more luxuriant than
others having no guano. Brussels
Sprouts were half destroyed by being
planted in immediate contact with nine
parts earth and one part guano. Gera-
niums were greatly injured by liquid-
manure of guano (four ounces per gal-

lon), but " Plants of various sorts, in
pots, watered only with guano water,
half an ounce to a gallon, have flou-
rished astonishingly ; none have failed.
These are lessons which cannot be
mistaken." — Auctorium, 223. Mr. Ken-
die and other persons record, as the
result of dearly-purchased experience,
that where guano has failed to be bene-
ficial, or has been injurious, it has been
applied in quantities too powerful for
the plants to bear. In a liquid state,
half an ounce per gallon, and given to
growing plants once a week, it never
fails to be productive of vigour. When
sown as a top-dressing, it should be
mixed with five times its weight of dry
earth, ashes, &c., and then scattered as
thinly as possible. When used as a
top-dressing for a flower-pot, a small
pinch between the thumb and two fin-
gers will be sufficient.

Cow- dung, for potting purposes,
should be collected whilst fresh, kept
under a dry shed, be frequently turned
over, and used when in a dry loose
condition. Two years' old dung is best.

DURA'NTA (Named after C. U-urantes,
a physician and botanist. Nat. ord.,
Verbenes [Verbenacese]. Linn., 14-
Dldynamia 2-An(/iospermia.}

Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers.
Cuttings in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
80°; winter, 45° to 55°.
D. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. East Indies. 1824.

— £Wi'sm(Ellis's). 6. August. West Indies.

1739.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). 6. August. South

America. 1/3Q.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. West Indies.

1818.

— Muti'sii (Mutis's). 6. West Indies. 1820.

— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 15. October. South

America. 1733.

— Xa/ape'n«s(Xalapa). 6. Mexico. 1822.

DU'RIO (From Duryon, the Malay
name of the fruit, " one of the most
delicious productions of nature." Nat.
ord., Sterculeads [Sterculiacese]. Linn.,
18-Polyadelphia 1-Decandria. Allied to
Cheirostemon.)

In a putrid state the fruit is used as a bait to
trap the civet cat, hence the specific name.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in spring, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat, loam, and leaf mould. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
D.xibethi'nus (civet). 60. White. East Indies.
1825.

DUV

C 348 ]

EAR

DUVA'LIA. Applied by Haworth to a
section of Stapelia, but the name was
pre-occupied by Nees von Esenbeck
for a genus of Liverworts, of which 110
account is taken in this work. The
species will be found under Stapelia.

DUVAU'A (After Duvau, a French bo-
tanist. Nat. ord., Terebinths or Ana-
cards [Anacardiacese]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecla 1 -Octandrla. Allied to Schinus.)

Fine evergreens, requiring greenhouse pro-
tection north of London.

D. denta'ta (toothed). 20.

Owyhee. 1/95.
— depe'ndens (hanging). 2

1/90.

White. June.
White. Chili.
0. Yellowish.

— latifo'lia (broad -leaved).

June. Chili. 1830.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Pale yellow.

June. Buenos Ayres. 1835.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish. Chili.

1824.

DWARF FAN-PALM. Chamce'rops hu' mi-
lls.

DWAKF STANDARD is a fruit-tree on a
very short stem, with its branches un-
trained.

DY'CKIA. (Named in honour of
Prince Salm-Dyck, a German author
of a splendid work on succulents.
Nat. ord., Bromelworts [Bromeliacese].
Linn., Q-Hcxandrla 3-Tryginia. Allied
•in appearance to a small Pitcairnia.)

Like a pine-apple plant in miniature ; usually
grown with small greenhouse succulents. Suck-
ers; loam and peat, with lime rubbish, and
well drained. Summer temp., 56° to 75°;
winter, 38° to 45°.

D. alli'ssima (tallest). Orange. September.
Buenos Ayres.

— variflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 2. Orange.

June. Brazil. 1832.

DYER'S GREEN-WEED. Genista tlnc-
to'ria.

DYSOPHY'LLA. (From dysodes, fetid,
and phyllon, a leaf; referring to the
strong peppermint-like smell of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Lipivorts or Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Dt/dynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Mint.)

Division of the roots just as fresh growth is
commencing in spring ; common sandy soil.
D. pu'mila (dwarf). £. Purple. August. Ne-
paul. 1826. Hardy herbaceous.

— quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse evergreen.

— stella'ta (starry-cowered). 1. Purple. India.

1816. Greenhouse herbaceous .
•— verticilla'ta (whorled). Lilac. Nepaul, 1828.
Greenhouse herbaceous.

E,

EARI'NA. (From earinos, the spring,
the time of their blooming. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gy-
nandrla \-Monandrlu. Allied to Pho-
lidota.)

Stove orchids, from New Zealand. Division
of the plants when fresh growth is commencing ;
sphagnum moss and fibry peat, in which the
roots are fixed above the surface of a pot, or in
a shallow basket, and suspended from the roof.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°, with moisture; win-
ter, 50° to 60°, and rather dry.
E. mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). White. May.

1845.
— suave'olens (sweet-scented); White. May.

1843.

EARTH. Every cultivated soil is
mainly composed of four earths in va-
rious proportions : — Silica, or pure
flint; Alumina, or pure clay; Lime,
combined with carbonic acid in the
state of chalk ; and Magnesia. See
Soil.

EARTHING-UP, or drawing the soil in
a ridge to the stems of plants, is bene-
ficial to fibrous-rooted plants, by re-
ducing the distance from the surface
of the extremities of the plant's roots ;
by inducing the production of rootlets
from the stem ; and sheltering the
winter standing crops, for the closer
the leaves of these are to the earth the
less is the reduction of heat from the
latter, either by radiation or contact
with the colder air. But to tuberous-
rooted plants, as the potato, it is de-
trimental. In our experiments, it has,
on an average, reduced the produce
one-fourth.

EARTH-NUT. A'rachis.

EARWIG. Forft'cula auricula' ris. This
destroyer of the peach, apricot, plum,
dahlia, pink, and carnation, commits
its ravages only at night, retiring
during the day to any convenient
shelter in the vicinity of its prey. Ad-
vantage must be taken of this habit,
and if small garden pots with a little
moss within be inverted upon a stick,
and pieces of the dry hollow stem of
the sunflower, or Jerusalem artichoke,
be placed in the neighbourhood of the
fruits and flowers enumerated, many
of the insects will resort thither, and
may be shaken out and destroyed. As

EAR

[ 349 ]

ECU

earwigs are winged insects, it is useless
to guard the stems of plants in any
mode.

E'BENUS. The following species
have been separated from An thy 'His
by some botanists, to make this genus,
but they should be reunited to it. See
Anthy'llis.

E. Cre'tica (Cretan). 1$. Pink. June. Candia.
1737.

— pinna' ta (leafleted). £. Pink. June. Bar-

bary. 1786.

— Sibtho'rpii(SibthoTp's). Pink. July. Greece.

1826.

E'BONY. Diospy'ros ebe'neiim.

ECASTAPHY'LLUM. See Pteroca'rpus.

ECCREMOCA'RPUS. (From ekkremes,
pendent, and karpos, fruit; position of
the seed-pods. Nat. ord., Bignonlads
[Bignoniacea?] . Linn., l^-Didynamla
2-Angiospermia. Syn., Cale'mpelis.)

Half-hardy evergreen climbers, with orange
flowers. Seeds sown on heat in February will
bloom out of doors during the summer; cuttings
taken off in August, and kept in a cold frame
during the winter, will bloom better. In shel-
tered places the fleshy roots will remain safe in
the ground during the winter, but in most
places it is safest to protect them from frost and
wet, or take them up and keep them from frost,
and plant again in May ; any light fertile soil.
E. longiflo'rus (long-flowered). 6. July. Peru.

'1825.
— sea' bra (rough). 6. July. Chili. 1824.

ECHEA'NDIA. (Derivation unknown.
A rare Lily wort [Liliacea?]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynla. Allied to
Anthericum.)

Division, and, it is believed, by seeds ; peat
and loam ; greenhouse and cold pit culture.
E. ternifln'ra (three-flowered). Golden. July.
Mexico. 1837.

ECHEVE'RIA. (After M. Echeveri, a
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord.,
Home-leeks [Crassulaceffi], Linn,, 10-
Decandria ±-Pentagyma. Allied to
Sedum.)

Cuttings, chiefly in spring, that the plants
may be established during summer ; the base
of the cutting should be dried for several days,
though the leaves are kept green by shading
and moisture, before inserting them in sandy
soil ; a bell-glass, if not kept close, will do them
good, and also a little bottom-heat; sandy loam,
peat, and lime rubbish. Winter temp., 40° to
45°, and kept almost dry.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved) . 1 . Scarlet, yel-
low. April. Mexico. 1841.

— bracteola'ta (small-bracted). Red, yellow,
Caraccas, 1840,

E. ccespeto'sa (tufty). 1. Yellow, July. Cali-
fornia. 1796.

— cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). 2. Scarlet. Oc-

tober. Blexico. 1816.

— farino'sa (mealy). Pale yellow. California.
—•gibbiflo'ra (swollen-flowered). 2. Yellow,

pink. September. Blexico. 1826.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Orange. Oc-

tober. Blexico. 1828.

— la'xa (loose). Yellow. California. 1847.

— pitlvertile'nta (powdery). White, red. Sep-

tember. Mexico. 1840.

— retu'sa (blunt-leaved). 1. Crimson, yellow.

November. Mexico. 1846.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose, yellow. September.

Brazil. 1840.

— Sche'erii (Scheer's). l£. Pink, yellow. No-

vember. Blexico. 1842.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E. lu'rida (dingy-leaved). 1. Scarlet. July.
Mexico. 1830.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Crimson. October.

Blexico. 1836.

— secu'nda (second). Scarlet. June. Blexico.

1837-

ECHINA'CEA. (From cchinos, a hedge-
hog .; referring to the involucre, or
scaly covering of composite flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracece] .
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. (Al-
lied to Rudbeckia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division and
seeds, in spring ; common or sandy soil.
E. Di'cksoni (Dickson's). 1. Lilac. August.

Blexico.

— du'bia (doubtful). 4. Lilac. September.

Blexico. 1837.

— heterophy' lla (various-leaved). l£. Purple,

October. Mexico. 1829.

— napifo'lia (Rape-leaved). 2. Red. July.

North Spain. 1824.

— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 4. Red. Sep-

tember. North America. 1699-

— sero'tina (late-flowering). 3. Red. Sep-

tember. North America. 1816.

ECHIKOCA'CTUS. (From cchinos,
hedgehog, and cactus. Nat. ord, Indian
Figs [Cactacese]. Linn., ~L2-Icosandria
\-Monogynia. )

Like the section Blammillaria, this of Melo-
cacti is encumbered by one-half too many
I names of species; founded on trifling varia-
| tions, peculiar either to different ages of, the
; same plants, or to accidental forms from seeds.
; For species and culture, see Ca'ctus.

ECHI'NOPS. Globe Thistle. (From
cchinos, hedgehog, and opsis, like ; re^
ferring to the spiny scales of the invo-
lucre, or covering of composite flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceaj].
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 5-Scgregata. Al-
lied to Gazania.)

Biennials chiefly by seeds in April. Pe-
rennials by division in Blarch ; common soil.

ECH

[ 350 ]

ECH

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E, barma'ticus al'bus (Hungarian white).
White. Hungary. 1832.

— Gmeli'ni(Gmclin'a)J. White, blue. 1835.

— hu'milis (humble). l£. Blue. June. Cau-

casus. 1816.

— lanugino'sus (woolly). 2. Blue. July. Levant.

1736,

— platy'lepis (broad-scaled). September. 1835.

— pu'ngens (pungent). Russia. 1835.

— Tau'ricus (Taurian). 4. Blue. August.

Tauria. 181 6.

— Tournefo' rtii (Tournefort's). Caucasus.

1835.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

E. Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 3. Blue. August.
Dahuria. 1828.

— exalta'tus (lofty). 6. White. July. Austria.

1817.

— glabe'rrimus (most-smooth). Blue. August.

Sinai. 1830.

— punicula'tus (panicled). 6. Blue. July.

Spain. 1815.

— Pe'rsicus (Persian). White. August. Persia.

1821.

— Ri'tro (Ritro). 3. Blue. July. Europe. 1570.

— Ruthe'nicus (Russian). 3. Blue. July.

Russia. 1816.

— spino'sus (spiny-headed). 4. White. July.

Egypt. 1597-

— stri'ctus (erect). 3. Pale blue. July. Europe.

1830.

— tenulfo'lius (fine-leaved). 2. Blue. August.

Russia. 1820.

— virga'tus (twiggy). 2. Blue. June. South

Europe. 1820.

ECHI'TES. (From echis, a viper; re-
ferring to the snake-like coils of the
twining shoots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynla.}

Nearly all evergreen climbers. Cuttings in
sand, in bottom-heat, in spring ; lumpy loam
and peat. Summer temp., for stove species,
60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 60°. Others, usual
greenhouse temperatures.

GREENHOUSE.

E, bispino'sa (twin-spined). 1. Pink. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1795.
Under shrub.

— diffo'rmis (two-formed). 8. Pale yellow.

July. Carolina. 1806.

E. antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). Pink.
East Indies. 1821.

— atropurpu' rea (dark-purple). Brown, pur-

ple. July. Brazil. 1814.

— biflo'ra (twin-flowered). 20. White. July.

West Indies. 1783.

— caryophylla'ta (Clove - leaved). 6. Pale

yellow. October. East Indies. 1812.

— cymo'sa (cymosed). 10. July. fc>ast Indies.

1828.

— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow.

June. West Indies. 1820.

E, Franci'scea (River Francisco). Rose, green.
September. Brazil. 1845.

— frute'scens (shrubby). 10. East Indies.

1816.

— grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 8. Pink. East

Indies. 1823.

— He'ynii (Heynes's). 5. Yellow. June. East

Indies. 1818.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 10. Yellow, rose. Sep-

tember. Brazil. 1843.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White.

June. Brazil. 1816.

— Malaba'rica (Malabar). 6. Red. June.

Malabar. 1822.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July.

South America. 1823.

— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). 10. Trinidad. 1826.

— reticulu'ta (netted). 6. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1818.

— sple'ndens (shining). White, rose. Sep-

tember. Brazil. 1841.

— Richa'rdii (Richard's). 3. Yellow. July.

Guiana. 1824.

— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. Yellow.

July. Guiana. 1824.

— stella'ris (sta.r-eyed-corollaed). 10. Rose,

yellow. July. Rio Janeiro.

— subere'cta (slightly bent. Savannah flower},

10. Yellow. July. Jamaica. 1759.

— toro'sa (twisted). 10. Yellow. July. Ja-

maica. 1778.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 15. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1/33.

E'CHIUM. Viper's Bugloss. (From
echis, a viper, seeds like the viper's
head. Nat. ord., Bomgeworts [Boragi-
nacese]. Linn., b-Ptnlandria 1-Mono-
(jynia. Allied to Anchusa. )

Annuals and biennials, by seed, in common
garden soil, in March ; evergreen shrubs also,
by seeds, sown in spring in a slight hot-bed;
by layering the young shoots in summer j and
cuttings in sandy soil, of firm young shoots, in
April or May ; under a bell-glass, but not kept
very close, and receiving a little bottom heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). Blush. July.
Spain. 1826.

— arena'riurn (^3.nd-inhabiting}. Purple. July.

Calabria. 1826.

— calyci'num (large calyxed). Blue, yellow.

July. South Europe. 1829.

— macro.1 nthum (large-flowered). 1. Violet.

July. Barbary. 1818.

— Si'msii (Sims's). Red, blue. August. South

Europe. 1816.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. amce'num (agreeable). Blue. July. Cau-
casus. 1826.

— aspe'rrimum( very rough). Blue. July. Cau-

casus. 1826.

— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). Blue. July.

Dahuria. 1827.

— Ita'licum (Italian). 4. White. July. Jersey.

— Sibthn'rpii (Sibthorp's). 1. Red. June.

Europe, 1824.

ECH

[ 351 ]

EDG

E. te'nue (slender). 1. Blue. July. Sicily.
1824.

— tuber cula' turn (pimpled). 1. Violet. Au-

gust. Spain. 1820.

— viola'ceum (\io\et-flowered). 3. Blue. June.

Austria. 1658.

— vulga're flo're-a'lbo (common white-flow-

ered). 1. White. July. Britain.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. cauda'tum (tailed). 1. Red. July. "Cape
of Good Hope. 181Q. Greenhouse.

— Lagasca'num (Lagasca's). Lilac. July.

Spain. 1826. Hardy.

— Merte'nsii (Merten's). \\. Blue. June.

Spain. 1824. Hardy.

— prostra'tum (prostrate). 1. Red. July.

Egypt. 1825. Hardy.

— spica'tum (spiked-Dwarf ). £. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 17Q1. Green-
house.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. aculea'tum (prickly). 4. White. June.
Canaries. 1815.

— ambi'guum (doubtful). 3. White, red.

July. Canaries. 1820.

— arge'nteum (silvery). 3. Blue. June.

Cape of Good' Hope. 1 789.

— bi'frons (two-faced). 3. White, red. June.

Canaries. 1820.

— brachya'nthum (short-flowered). l£. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 181Q.

— ca'ndicans (whitish). 3. Blue. June.

Madeira. 1777.

— capita' turn (headed), 2. Red. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1819.

— cynoglosfsoi'des (Bugloss-like). 3. Blue.

July. Canaries. 181 6.

— densiflo'rum (close-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

Canaries. 1820.

— fastuo'sum (proud). 4. Purple. April.
Canaries. 1779-

— feroci'ssimum (fiercest-stalked). 6. Blue.
June. Madeiia. 1/94.

—folio'sum (leafy). 3. White. July. Cana-
ries. 1815.

— frutico'sum (shrubby). 3. Pink. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— gigante'nm (gigantic). 10. White. June.

Canaries. 1779.

— gla'brum (smooth). 2. White. May. Cape

of Good Hope, 1791.

— glaucophy'llum (milky-green-leaved). 2.

Violet. May. Cape of Good Hope.
1/92.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. Pink.

June. Madeira. 1787.

— hispidum (bristly). 2. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.

— inca'mim (hoary). Blue. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.

— Iceviga'tum (smooth-stalked). 2. Blue.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— lasiophy'tlurn (hairy-leaved). 2. White.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1819.

— linea'tum (lined). 2. White. July. Cana-

ries. 1815.

— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1806.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. Blue. July.

Canaries. 1823.

E. mo'lle (soft). 6. White. June. Teneriffe.
1820.

— nervo'sum (nerved). 4. Purple. July.

Madeira. 1777.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 3. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1815.

— petree'um (rock). 2. Blue. May. Dal-

matia. 1843. Hardy.

— pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— sca'brum (rough). 2. Purple, blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— si'mplex (simple). 1. White. June. Tene-

riffe. 18-20.

— sphasroce'phalon (round-headed). White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— stri'ctum i erect). 3. Blue- June. Cana-

ries. 1/79.

— strigo'sum (stiff-haired). 2. Violet. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1821.

— Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— verruco'sum (warted). 3. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1822.

— vire'scens (greenish). 2. Bluish. July.

Canaries. 1820.

EDGING. The material used for
dividing beds and borders from the
paths. For the kitchen-garden, and
all other places where neatness only
need be considered, slates set edgeways
form the best edging. In peaty, or
any light soils, the common heath
(Erica vitlgaris) is very advantageously
employed; it requires to be clipped
twice annually, and may be planted at
any season. Box is neat ; but objec-
tionable as a harbour for vermin, liable
to decay, troublesome, and as a great
impoverish er of the soil. Thrift is
almost as objectionable ; when employ-
ed, it is best inserted by the dibble
during September, the plants being
placed two inches apart. It requires
frequent trimming, and to be renewed
every three years. Gentianella makes a
very beautiful edging, but is expensive.
It may be planted in September. Va-
rious other substitutes have been
recommended, but none seem so de-
serving of attention as the Saxifraya
hypnoides. It is a native plant, and is
strongly recommended. Sprigs have
to be planted a few inches asunder;
they soon spread out and unite, only
require paring once in autumn or sum-
mer, and no other attention than a
second paring in winter or early spring.
In winter the leaf of this saxifrage is a
refreshing green, and in spring and
summer it is in great beauty, from its

EDCr

[ 352 ]

multitude of white flowers and pink
buds. The cuttings strike without dif-
ficulty. Turf is sometimes employed,
and should be of the finest grasses,
such as are found on the chalk downs.
Cast-iron, edgings, if kept constantly
painted, either very dark green, or dark
brown, are very neat, and, if of an open
basket-work pattern, very ornamental.

EDGWO'RTHIA. [Named after M.
Edy worth. Nat. ord , Daphnads [Thy-
melacese]. Linn., S-Octandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Daphne.)

The flower-heads at the end of the shoots are
in round balls, covered with hairs ; when open
they are clear, yellow, and fragrant. Must not
be confounded with Edgeworthia of Falconer,
now called Reptoniu. A Daphne-like green-
house plant. Cuttings, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in spring, and grafting should be tried on
the Spurge laurel ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

E. chrysa'ntha (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow.
June. China. 1845.

EDWA'RDSIA. (After Mr. Edwards,
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. Linn.,
10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Sophora.)

All have yellow flowers. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, several inches in length, in sand,
under a glass, in summer ; sandy peat and a
little lumpy loam. If in pots in a greenhouse,
winter temp., 35° to 45°; if kept dry during
winter all except E. nitida will stand against a
wall.
E. Chilc'nsis (Chilian). May. Chili. 1822.

— chrysophy'lla (golden-leaved). 12. May.

New Zealand.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 12. May.

New Zealand. 1/72.

— Macnabin'na (Mr. Macnab's). 6. July.

Australia. 1820.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 6. May. New

Zealand. 1/72.

— mi'nima (least). 4. May. New Zealand.

1818.

— myriophy'lla (many-leaved). 5. May. New

Zealand.

— ni'tid a (shining). 8. Bourbon. 1820.
EGG-PLANT or BEARER. Solafnnm

ovi'yerum.

EGG-SHELLS. See Animal matters.

EGLANTINE. Ro'sa lu' tea, and Ru'bcns
eylante'ria.

EGYPTIAN LOTUS. Nymphce'a lo'tus.

EGYPTIAN THORN. Aca'c'ui ve'ra.

EHRE'TIA. (After Ehret, a German
botanical draughtsman. Nat. ord.,
Ehretiads [Ehretiacese]. Linn., 0-
Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Tournefortia and Heliotropium.)

I All of them unfold their flowers from twisted
I (gyrate) stalks, like the Heliotrope. All ever-
| greens and white-flowered. Cuttings, in sandy
j soil, in April, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat ; loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
80°; winter, 50° to 55°. The New Holland
species will do in a temperature in winter of 35°
to 45°.

E. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 15. July. New
Holland. 1820.

— buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 8. East Indies.

1823.

— divarica'ta (straggling). 15. Havannah.

1820.

— interno'dis (interknotted). 6. Antilles. 181Q.

— la'vis (smooth). 12. East Indies. 1823.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 10. July. Kast

Indies. 1818.

— serra'ta (saw-edged-/eai'ed). 6. East Indies.

1823.

EKEBE'RGIA. (After Capt. Ekeberg,
a Swede. Nat. ord., Meliads [Me-
liaceajj. Linn., 10-Decandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Triehilia.j

A fine tree, with the aspect of a large Melia
azedarach.

E. Cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1789.

ELSA'GNUS. Oleaster or Wild Olive.
(From el&aqnos, Dioscorides's name for
the Wild Olive. Nat. ord., Oleastcru
[Elaeagnacese]. Linn., k-Tctrandrta
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Shepperdia.)

The flowers of E. orientulis are highly frag-
rant, and the fruit is esteemed in Persia.
The deciduous species, and their varieties,
by seeds sown in spring, and cuttings in-
serted in the open ground in autumn ; the
evergreen species by layers in autumn, and
cuttings under a hand-light in summer 5 sandy
soil and a little peat, and requiring, during the
winter, the assistance of the greenhouse. The
hardy kinds are very graceful.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN'S.

E. acumina'ta (long-pointed). 4.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. July. East

Indies. 1712.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 10. July. Levant. 1/48.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1633.
dttcti/lifo'rmis (Date - form -

fruited). White. July.

— arge'ntea (silvery). 10. North America.

1813.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). White. Canada.

1848.

— confe'rta (crowded). 10. White. Nepaul.

1825.

— horte'nsis (garden). 20. Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1633.

— parvifo'lius (small-leaved). 10. White.

June. India. 1843. Evergreen.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved).

— spino'nus (prickly). White. July. Egypt.

EL.E [ ;j

E. Songufricus(Songatiari). Pale yellow. July.
Siberia. 1821.

— triflo'rus (three-flowered). White. July.

Nepaui. 1825.

— umbelta'tua (urnbelled). White. July. Ne-

paui. 1829-

EL.EOCA'RPUS. (From daia, the olive,
and /earpos, fruit ; resemblance of fruits.
Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tiliaeere].
Linn., \\-Dodecandrla, l-Monoyynia.')

The rough bony fruit, or stone, divested of
the pulp and polished, make handsome neck-
laces. Evergreens, with white flowers. Seeds
in a hotbed in spring ; cuttings of ripened young
shoots, with the leaves attached, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass, and bottom-heat ; loam and
a little fibry peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 50° to 55° ; E. cya'neus, winter, 35° to 45°.
E.cya'neus (bine-fruited). 10. July. New
Holland. 1803.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 20. East

Indies. J829.

— serra'tus (saw-edge-feotwd). 20- East In-

dies. 1774.

EL.EODE'NDRON. Olive Wood. [From
elaia, olive, and dendron, a tree ; allud-
ing to the resemblance. Nat. ord.,
Spindle-trees [Celastracese]. Linn., o- j
Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to !
Hartogia.)
For culture see Elatoca'rpus.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. austra'le (southern). 3. Green, white. July.
New South Wales. 1796.

— Cape'nsc (Cape). 18. Green, June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1828.

— cro'ceum (rusty). White. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1794.

•^-integrifo'lium (entire-leaved). 3. Green,
white. July. New Holland.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E. gluu'citm (milky-green). 6. Green. Ceylon.
1824.

— orienta'le (Eastern). 12. Green, yellow.

Mauritius. 1771.

— xyloca'rpum (wood-fruited). 3. Green,

yellow. Antilles. 1810.

ELA:THAGLO'SSUM. See Ol/e'rsia.

ELA'IS. The Oil Palm. (From elaia,
the olive ; similarity of expressing oil
from the fruit, Nat, ord., Palms, [Pal-
maceoj]. Linn., 22-Dicccia 0-Hexandria.
Allied to Cocos.)

The best kind of palm wine is from this palm.
Palm oil, so much used in the manufacture of
soap, and as a sort of grease, is chiefly the pro-
duce of E. Guincensis and melanococca. Stove
Palms, with greenish-white flowers. Suckers
and seeds ; rich sandy soil. Summer temp.,
<JO° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

E. Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 30. Guinea. 1/30. !

— melanoco'cca (black-seeded). 30. New Gre-

nada. 1821.
23

J ] ELD

E.occidcnta'lis (western). 30. Jamaica. 1820.
j — Pernambuca'na (Pernambuca). 50. Brazil.

1825.

— specta'hilis (showy). East Indies. 1831.

ELDER. (Sambii'cus ni'yra.)

Varieties. — There are several kinds

j in cultivation, but the old 8. nigra is in

j most general esteem, being the best

adapted for wine making. The White-

1 berried (8. albida} is much esteemed

by some, especially as an ornamental

shrub. S. viridis, or the Green-berried,

and 8. nigra variegata, the Silver-striped,

and S. nigra aurea, the Golden-edged,

are interesting varieties. We have 1^

received one with scarlet berries,

to be very handsome. Most of the

varieties of S. nigra are ornamental,

and Avell adapted to assist in forming

skreens to the exterior of small gardens,

or even as hedge-row fruits.

Propagation. — Generally by cuttings,
which strike easily, even as large trun-
cheons. They are readily produced,
also, by suckers, and in all these cases
care should be taken to cut away from
the stem those buds which are to be
placed below the ground. They are
easily produced from seed, and by such
means varieties may be obtained.

Soil. — They will thrive in almost
any ordinary soil ; still they prefer an
upland light loam, containing a fail-
amount of vegetable matter.

Culture. — The form will depend on
the situation it is to occupy. The elder
will bear fruit either as a huge bush,
or as a small tree, provided the prepa-
ratory course of training is properly
carried out. Those for fruiting as
bushes, should be formed almost as a
gooseberry-bush, in its earlier stages,
keeping the centre somewhat thin.
Indeed, thinning out superfluous shoots
is nearly all that can be practised.
Those for standard trees, or with stems,
must be trained by clearing away side-
shoots, and forming a head at a higher
level. About five or six feet is com-
monly allowed for stem height, and
the head must then be formed as re-
commended for the bushes. They
require scarcely any subsequent 'cul-
ture, and will endure for many years.

Fruit. — The making of elder wine is
the principal use. Elder flowers are
used occasionally to flavour confections.

. 2 A

ELE

[ 354 ]

EMP

ELECAMPANE. I'nula hete'nium.

ELICHRY'SUM. See Helichry' sum.

ELISE 'NA. (Ancient name of romance.
Nat. ord., Amarylllds [Amaryllidaceee].
Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Pancratium.)

A fine rare greenhouse bulb, with a flower-
scape a yard high, with six to eight large white
flowers, more like a Peruvian Daffodil (Ismene)
than a Pancratium, and requires more than
one-half sand, with light loam, to flower it well.
Offsets; peat and very sandy loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°.
E. longipe'tala (long-petaled). May. Lima.
1837.

ELLIO'TTIA. (After S. Elliot, an
American botanist. Nat. ord., Cyrillads
[Cyrillacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monor/ynia.)

A little evergreen bush with spikes of Andro-
meda-looking flowers. It requires a warm si-
tuation, and a peat border. Cuttings of small
shoots, under a hand-light, in spring, or layers
at the end of summer ; sandy loam and peat.
If in a greenhouse, winter temp., 35° to 40°.
E. racemo'sa (racemed). 2. White. June.
Georgia.

ELLOBOCA'EPUS. Pod Fern. (From
en in, lobos, a pod, and carpos, a seed-
vessel; alluding to the appearance of
the divided fronds. Nat. ord, Ferns
[Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 1±-Cryptoyamia
1-Filices.)

A beautiful stove fern. Divisions; peat and
loam, rather most of the latter. Summer temp.,
55° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°. By some bota-
nists called Cerato'pteris.

E. olera'ceus (potherb). ]£. Brown. August.
Tranquebar. 1818.

ELM. U'lmus campe'stris.

ELM-BEETLE. See Scoly'tus.

ELODE'A. (From elodes, a marsh,
the native place of the species. Nat,,
ord., Tutsans [Hypericaceffi]. Linn.,
3-Triandria Z-Trigynia. Allied to Par-
nassia.)

Aquatic annuals, requiring a cool stove. Sow
in light loam annually, and keep the pots stand-
ing in trays of water.

E. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). £. White. July.

Guiana. 1820.
— pulche'lla (pretty). East Indies. 1831.

EMBE'LIA. (From JEnibdia, its name
in Ceylon. Nat. ord., Ardlslads [Myr-
sinacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Ardisia.)

Like Ardisia, the chief beauty resides in the
leaves and berried fruit. The pungent berries
of Kmbelia vibes are eatable, and called currants
in India. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-

ripe young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 65°.

E. robu'sta (robust). 20. White, green. East
Indies. 1823.

E'MBLICA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Spurgeworts [Euphorbiaceee].
Linn., 21-Moncecia IQ-Decandria. Al-
lied to Phyllanthus.)

Stove evergreens from the Molucca Islands.
Cuttings, dried at their base, in sandy soil, in
heat ; sandy peat. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ;
winter, 48° to 55°.

E. officina'lis (shop). 12. Pale yellow. July.
1768.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 2. Green, yellow.

July. 1793.

EMBO'THEIUM. (From en, in, and
bothrion, a little pit ; referring to the
pollen cases or anthers. Nat. ord.,
Proteads [Proteace®]. Linn., -L-Tetran-
dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Knightia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub from New Hol-
land. Cuttings in sandy soil, taken when the
wood is ripe, under a glass ; sandy peat, with
a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. strobili'num (strobile -like). 3. Green,
yellow. April. 1824.

E'MPETRUM. Crow Berry. (From
en, in or upon, and petros, a rock; plants
grow in stony places. Nat. ord., Crow-
berries [Empetracese]. Linn., 22-
Dicecia B-Triartdna.)

Low, spreading, heath-like plants, better
suited for damp peat beds than rockwork. The
black berries are as wholesome as black cur-
rants, and more palatable. Their Gaelic name
means ravenberries, but ravens or crows never
touch them. Grouse eat them greedily, and Ptar-
migans feed on the leaves in winter. Hardy
evergreens ; propagated by cuttings, under a
hand-light, in sandy peat, "in summer, and by
seeds sown in spring or autumn, which gene-
rally remain a year in the soil before vegetating ;
heathy soil, and rather moist situation.

E. ni'grum (black-berried). 1. April. Britain.
Sco'ticum (Scotch). il. April. Scot-
land.

— ru'brum (red- fruited) . Brown, purple. South

America. 1833.

EMPLEU'RUM. (From en in, and
pleuron, a membrane ; referring to the
seed being suspended from the seed-
cord by a thin membrane. Nat. ord.,
Rueworts [Eutaceffi]. Linn., 21-Mo-
ncecia ^-Tetrandria. Allied to Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
points of shoots when two inches in length, and
getting a little firm at their base, taken off with
a heel ; peat, one part, sandy fibry loam, two
parts. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

BMP

[ 355 ]

END

E. serrula'tum (fine saw-edged). 3. Pink.
June. 1774. Cape of Good Hope.

ENCE'LIA. (From egclielion, a little
eel ; formation of the seeds. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. IQ-Syngenesia
3-Frustranea. Allied to Sclerocarpus.)
Greenhouse evergreens. Seeds, when obtain-
able, in spring; cuttings, a little dried at the
base, in sand, under a glass, and shaded; sandy
fibry loam, with a little peat. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.

E. cane'scens (hoary). l£. Orange. July-
Peru. 1780.

— Halimifo'lia (Halimus-leaved). l£. Yellow.
July. Mexico. 1826.

ENCHANTEK'S NIGHTSHADE. Circce'a.

ENDIVE. (Cicho'rium endi'via.} Used
in salads.

Varieties. — The green-curled is culti-
vated for the main crops, as it best
endures wet and cold ; the white-curled,
chiefly grown for summer and autumn ;
the broad-leaved, or Batavian, is pre-
ferred for soups and stews, but is sel-
dom used for salads.

Soil and Situation. — A light, dry, but
rich soil, dug deep and unshaded. It
is best to form an artificial bed by lay-
ing a foot in depth of earth on abed of
brickbats, stones, &c.

Sowing. — For a first crop about the
middle of April, to be repeated in May,
but only in small portions, as those
which are raised before June soon ad-
vance to seed. Towards the middle
of June the first main crop may be
sown again, in the course of July, and
lastly early in August ; and in this
month the main plantation is made.
Sow in drills twelve inches apart, and
about a quarter of an inch below the
surface. When an inch in height, thin
the plants to three or four inches apart :
those taken away are two small to be
of any service if pricked out. Water
should be given freely in dry weather.

When the larger seedlings have been
transplanted, the smaller ones which
remain should have a gentle watering,
and in twelve or fourteen days they
will afford a second successional crop ;
and, by a repetition of this manage-
ment, in general, a third. The plants
are generally fit for transplanting when
of a month's growth in the seed-bed,
or when five or six inches high.

Planting. — Set them in rows twelve

or fifteen inches apart each way ; the
Batavian requires the greatest space.
Water must be given moderately every
evening until the plants are established,
after which only in excessive and pro-
tracted drought. Those which are left
in the seed-bed, in general, attain a
finer growth than those that have been
moved. In November, some plants
that have attained nearly their full
size may be removed to the south side
of a sloping bank of dry light earth,
raised one or two feet behind : to be
protected by frames, mats, or thick
coverings of litter, during severe and
very wet weather ; but to be carefully
uncovered during mild dry clays. The
plants, in this instance, are not re-
quired to be further apart than six or
eight inches. This plan may be fol-
lowed in open days during December
and January, by which means a con-
stant supply may be obtained. Instead
of being planted in the above manner
on a terrace, it is sometimes practised
to take the plants on a dry day, and
the leaves being tied together, to lay
them horizontally in the earth down to
the tip of the leaves ; this accelerates
the blanching, but otherwise is far more
subject to failure. As the number ne-
cessary for a family is but small, but
few should be planted at a time.

Blanching. — About three months
elapse between the time of sowing and
the fitness of the plants for blanching.
This operation will be completed in
from ten to fourteen clays in summer,
or in three or four weeks in winter.
To blanch the plants tie their leaves
together; or place tiles or pieces of
board upon them; or tie their leaves
together, and cover them to their tips
with mould, making it rise to a point,
so as to throw oft' excessive rains. All
these methods succeed in dry seasons,
but in wet ones the plants, treated ac-
cording to any of them, are liable to
decay.

The one which succeeds best in all
seasons is to fold the leaves round the
heart as much as possible in their
natural position ; and, being tied toge-
ther with a shred of bass-mat, covered
up entirely with coal-ashes in the form
of a cone, the surface being .rendered

END

[ 356 ]

ENG

iirm and smooth with the trowel. Sand
will do, but ashes are equally uure-
tentive of moisture, whilst they are
much superior in absorbing heat, which
is so beneticial in the hastening of the
process. If the simple mode of drawing
the leaves together is adopted to effect
this blanching, they must be tied very
close, and, in a week after the first tying,
a second ligature must be passed round
the middle of the plant, to prevent the
heart-leaves bursting out. A dry after-
noon, when the plants are entirely free
from moisture, should be selected,
whichever mode is adopted.

A very excellent mode is to spread
over the surface of the bed about an
inch in depth of pit-sand, and covering
each plant with a small pot made of
earthenware, painted both within and
on the outside to exclude the wet —
that worst hindrance of blanching. To
avoid this, the pots should be taken
off daily to allow the plants to dry, and
the insides of the pots wiped dry. A
sea kale pot in miniature, like the an-
nexed figure, is to be preferred j and if

made of zinc or other metal it would
be better, because not porous and ad-
missive of moisture.

To obtain Seed. — The finest and
soundest plants should be selected of
the last plantation. For a small family
three or four plants of each variety
will be sufficient. Plant these in March
beneath a south fence, about a foot
from it and eighteen inches apart. As
the flower-stem advances, fasten it to a
stake, or, if they are placed beneath
palings, by a string, to be gathered as
the seed upon it ripens ; for if none
are gathered until the whole plant is
changing colour, the first ripened and
best seed will have scattered and be
lost. Each branch must be laid, as it
is cut, upon a cloth in the sun ; and
when perfectly dry, the seed beaten
out, cleansed, and stored,

ENGINE. This name is
applied .to many contri-
vances for supplying water
to plants.

1. The pump-syringe, or
syrinyc-cnyine, can be sup-
plied with water from a
common bucket, from
which it sucks the water
through a perforated base.
The handle is sometimes
made to work like that of
the common pump.

2. The barrow watering -
oiyinc is represented in
the figure below. It will
throw the jet of water to
a distance of forty or fifty
feet, or somewhat less if a
rose is upon the end of
the delivery-pipe. It holds
from twenty to thirty gal-
lons of water ; but may be
made, with a leather-hose
attached, to communicate
with a pond or other re-
servoir of water.

3. The curved barrel-

ENG

C 857 ]

ENT

fnylnc is excellent ; for tlie bar-
rel, piston-rods, £c., being so con-
structed as to be turned on a lathe,
they are so accurate that there is the
least possible loss of power, either from
unnecessary friction or from an im-
perfect vacuum.

ENKYA'NTHUS. (From enkuos, en-
larged, and anthos, a flower, the flowers
swollen in the middle. Nat. ord.,
Heathworts [Ericacere]. Linn., 10-De-
candria \-Monogynia. Allied to Arbu-
tus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with pink
flowers, from China. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in sand, under a hand-light, in April or
May ; a bell-glass is too close, unless a little
air is admitted; sandy loam two parts, and
fibry peat one part. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. quinqueflo'ms (five-flowered). 3. May. 1812.

— reticula'tus (netted). 3. January. 1822.
EXSLE'KIA. (Named after ^4. Enslen,

a botanist. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [As-
clepiadaeese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria '2-
Di.gynla. Allied to Asclepia.)

Virginian hardy herbaceous climber. Seeds
and divisions in spring ; common soil.
E. a'lbida (whitish). White. July. 1828.

ENTA'DA. (The Malabar name. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece].
Linn., W-Polygamia l-Moncccia. Allied
to Mimosa.)

The large brown beans, called Gela in India,
and used by the natives for washing their hair,
are the seeds of E. Purseetha. Stove ever-
green climbers, with white flowers. Cuttings
of young shoots getting firm, in sand, under
glass, and in heat ; loam and peat in equal por-
tions. Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 48°
to 55°.

E. Adena'ntJtera (Adenanthera-like). 20. South
Sea Islands. 1817.

— man ost a' chy a (single-spiked). 20. Malabar.

1800.

— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 26. West In-

dies. 1816.

— Pursen'tfia (Purstetha). 20. East Indies.

1/80.

ENTELLE'A. (From enteles, perfect,
the stamens all fertile. Nat. ord.,
Lindenblooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., 18-
Polyandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Grewia. )

Greenhouse evergreens from New Zealand.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a glass ; sandy loam and a little peat. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°.

E. arbnrefscens (tree-like). 20. White. May.
1820.

— pnlma'tn (hand-tertw«Z\ 4. White. May.

1830.
'—pube'scens (downy), White. May. 1836.

! ENTRANCES. — Upon these parts of a
' residence, which should give a first and
appropriate impression, Mr. Whateley
i has these just remarks : — The road
| which leads up to the door of the man-
; sion may go off from it in an equal
; angle, so that the two sides shall ex-
{ actly correspond ; and certain orna-
i ments, though detached, are yet rather
within the province of architecture than
! of gardening ; works of sculpture are
i not, like buildings, objects familiar in.
| scenes of cultivated nature ; but vases,
| statues, and termini, are usual appen-
| dages to a considerable edifice; as such,
i they may attend the mansion, and tres-
j pass a little upon the garden, provided
I they are not carried so far into it as to
; lose their connexion with the structure.
The platform and the road are also ap-
; purtenances to the house ; all these
| may therefore be adapted to its form,
I and the environs will thereby acquire a
! degree of regularity ; but to give it to
the objects of nature, only on account
i of their proximity to others which are
calculated to receive it, is, at the best, a
refinement. Upon the same principles
regularity has been acquired in the
approach; and an additional reason
i has been assigned for it, that the idea
of a seat is thereby extended to a dis-
tance; but that may be by other means
than by an avenue — a private road is
easily known ; if carried through
I. grounds, or a park, it is commonly
I very apparent; even in a lane, here
and there a bench, a painted gate, a
small plantation, or any other little
ornament, will sufficiently denote it.
If the entrance only be marked, simple
! preservation will retain the impression
along the whole progress; or it may
wind through several scenes distin-
guished by objects, or by an extraordi-
nary degree of cultivation : and then
the length of the way, and the variety
of improvements through which it is
conducted, may extend the appearance
of a domain, and the idea of a seat, be-
| yond the reach of any direct avenue.
I A narrow vista, a mere line of perspec-
; tive, be the extent what it may, will
seldom compensate for the loss of that
space which it divides, and of the parts
which it conceals.

EPA

[ 358 ]

EPI

EPA'CRIS. (From epi, upon, and
akros, the top. The Epacris grows on
the tops of hills and rising grounds.
Nat. ord., Epacrids [Epacridaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Australia.
Cuttings of the tips of the shoots when from
one to two inches in length, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in spring or early summer ; three or
four round a small pot. Sandy fibry peat suits
them best. They are better kept in turf pits
than in the open air during the summer, as the
sun striking upon the pots is apt to scorch the
hair-like roots. If set out of doors, the pots
should be plunged in earth or ashes. The
plants should be cut back when done flowering,
and kept close until new growth is making.
Winter temp., 40° to 48.

E. Andromedeeflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2.
White rose. 1848.

— apicula'ta (small-tufted). 2. May. 1825.

— bi' color (two-coloured-^/)M)«red). 2. Deep

crimson, white. 1848.

— campanula1 ta (bell-flowered). 3. Deep

blush. April. 1830.

a'lba (white-flowered). 2.
White. April. 1830.

ma'mma (largest - bell - flow-
ered}. 3. Dark crimson. February.
1848.

— cereeflo'rn (wax-flowered). 2. White. April.

1831.

— exse'rt a (drawn-out). 2. White. May. 1812.

— delicut'a (delicate). 2. Blush white. April.

1848.

— densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered) . 2. Blush.

April. 1848.

— du'bia (doubtful). 3. White. April.

— grandiflo'ra (larare-flowered). 3. Scarlet.

March. 1803.

— heterone'ma (various-stemmed). 3. White.

June. 1823.

— impre'ssa (flattened). 3. Crimson. June.

1824.

parniflo'ra (small - flowered). 3.

Red. April. 1836.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. White.

May. 1822.

— minia'ta (vermilion). 3. White, vermilion.

May. 1844.

— niva'lis (snowy-flowered). 3. White. Feb-

ruary. 1829.

— Onosmteflo'ra (Onosma-flowered). 2. Red.

June. 1823.

— paludo'sn, (marsh). 3. Pale red. May.

1825.

— pulche'lla (neat). 4. Pink. May. 1804.

— purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Purple. Feb-

ruary. 1803.

ru'bra (red-flowered). 3. Red.

February. 1803.

— variu' bills ( variable). 2. Pink. March. 1829.

EPHE'DRA. (The Greek for the
Hippuris, or Horsetail, which it re-
sembles. Nat. ord., Joint Firs [Gne-
tacere]. Linn., %%-Dicecia 13-Monu-
delphia.)

Evergreens, E, monostachia inhabits the

margins of salt lakes and springs in Siberia,
and would be a useful little plant to cover
spaces flooded by spring tides ; both that and
E. distnchya would live on the sea-shore, and
bear clipping.

E. alti'ssima (tallest). 24. Barbary. 1825.
Half-hardy twiner.

— dista'chya (two-spiked). 2. June. France.

1570.

— mi'nor (less). 1838.

— monosta'chya (one-spiked). 2. October.

Siberia. 1772.

EPIDE'NDRUM. (From epi, and den-
dron, a tree ; air plants attached to
trees. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn., 2Q-Gynandria l-Monandria. Al-
lied to Leelia.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant before
active growth commences ; fibry peat, broken
pots, a little charcoal, and sphagnum moss ;
the plant fixed above the surface of a pot nearly
filled with drainage. Summer temp., 60° to
90° with moisture; winter, 55° to 60°, with
more dry ness.

E. aggrega'tum (clustered). Peru.

— aloiforlium (Aloe-leaved). Green, white.

March. East Indies. 1835.

— aroma! ticum (aromatic). 3. Yellow. May.

Guatemala. 1835.

— a'sperum (rough). Yellowish. Mexico.

— auranti'acum (orange). Orange. Guate-

mala. 1835.

— auri'tum (eared). Pale green. Guatemala.

1843.

— auropurpu'reum (gold and purple). Yellow,

purple. July. Hispaniola.

— bicornu'tum (two-horned). l£. White.

April. Jamaica.

— Boothia'num (Boothe's). J. Green. Sep-

tember. Cuba. 1835.

— brachychi'lwn (short-lipped). Yellow, brown.

Sier Nervada.

— caspitn'sum (tufted). White, rose. Peru.

— Cando'llei (De Candolle's). Brown, yellow.

Mexico. 1836.

— carno'sum (fleshy). Yellow. Brazil.

— cauliflo'rum (stem-flowering). Yellow. Rio

Janeiro. 1830.

— cepifo'rme (Onion-shaped). 3. Green, yel-

low. May. Mexico. 1838.

— chio'neum (snowy). White. North Grenada.

— cilia1 re (hair-fringed). 1. White. July.

Martinique. 1793.

— cinnabar i'num (crimson). 1, Crimson.

Pernambuco. 1837.

latifo'lium (broad - leaved).

Trinidad. 1836.

mi'nus (smaller). Trinidad.

1836.

— clava' turn (club-stemmed), j. Green, white.

July. Cumana. 1834.

— Clowe'sii (Clowes'). Yellow, white. Guate-

mala. 1835.

— cochlea' turn (spiral). 1. Purple. July.

West Indies. 1799.

(latifo'lium) broad-leaved. Xa-

lapa. 1828.
— colla're (banded).
1843.

White; Guatemala.

EPI

[859]

EPI

E. corda'tum (heart-shaped), Peru.

— crussifo'lhim (thick- leaved). Pink. April.

St. Vincent.

— crispa'tum (curled). White. Blay. Mexico.

1839.

— Cube'nse (Cuban). Yellow, purple. June.

Cuba. 1842.

— cuspida'tum (pointed). 1. White. June.

Mexico. 1808.

— detisiflo'rum( dense-flowered). Green, brown.

Mexico. 1836.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). Mexico.

— dii'rum (hard). Yellow. Guiana.

— elonga'tum (long-stalked). 2. Red. May.

West Indies. 1/98.
pa'llidum (pale). Brazil. 1836.

— enm'tum (sword-leaved). Mexico.

— erube'scens (blushing). Eose. Mexico. 183/.
— fdlca'tum (sickle-shaped). Yellow. Oaxaca.

1838.
— fimbria'tum (fringed). White, violet. Peru.

— fla'vidum (yellowish). Yellow. Pamplona.

— fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Brazil.

— flexuo'sum (zigzag). White, green. Deme-

rara. 1836.

— fioribu'ndum (many-flowered). 1. Green,
blue. October. Mexico.

— fra'gruns (sweet-scented), f . White. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1778.

_ — cinnamo'meum (cinnamon-scent-
ed). White. September. Jamaica.
1836.

— Fundiia'num (Funck's). Brown. Mexico.
•— gigante'um (gigantic). Brazil. 1843.

— glau'cum (milky - green). Green, purple.

June. Mexico, 1837.

— gluma'ceum (chaffy). White. Brazil. 1839.

— gra'cile (slender). 3. Red, green. March.

Bahamas.

— - Graha'mi (Dr. Graham's). 2. Yellow, green.
August. Mexico.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered), Mexico.

— grani'ticum (grained). Green, white. June.

Guiana. 1840.

— Hanbu'rii (Hanbury's). 2. Rose. August.

Mexico. 1843.

— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Peru.

— hormi'dium (Clary-like). Yellow, green. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1836.

— HaiYme'nse(Havanna). Havanna. 1836.

— herba'ceum (herbaceous). Brazil. 1837-

— imatophy'llum (thong-leaved). Rose. De-

merara.

— iono'smum (violet-scented). Yellow, green.

June. Guiana. 1836.

— la'cerum (torn). 3. Pale pink. November.

Havannah. 1835.

— lactiflo'rum (milky-flowered). White. Mex-

ico.

— lamella1 turn (lamellated). Pink. Honduras.

— landfo'lium (lance-leaved). Pale yellow.

March. Mexico. 183Q.

— latila'brum (broad-lipped). Green. March.

Brazil. 1840.

— lacertl'num (Iizard-£ai7ed). Yellow, green.

March. Guatemala. 1837.

— ledifo'lium (Leclum-leaved). Yellow. Mexico.

— lentigino'sum (freckled). Yellow, green.

March. Demerara. 1837.

— leucochi'lum (white-lipped). Yellow, green.

March. Caraccas. 1840.

— Linde'nii (Mr. Linden's), Rose, Merida.

E. Knea're (narrow-/ea»ed). Peru.

— Linkia'num (Link's). Yellow, white, March,

Mexico. 1840.

— longibu'lbon (long-bulbed). Guiana. 183Q.

— macro' chihim (large-lipped). |. Brown,

white. July. Mexico. 1836.
a'lbum (white-lipped). White,

rose. May. South America. 1824.
ro'seum (rosy). Rose. May.

Guatemala. 1842.

— macrosta'chyum (large - spiked). Green,

white. Ceylon.

— Michuaca'num (Michuacan). Pale yellow.

Mexico. 1840.

— monophy'llum (one-leaved). White. Deme-

rara.

— Monroea'num (Monroe's). White, pink.

July. Guatemala. 1840.

— musci'ferum (fly-bearing). Demerara. 1836.

— ncevo'sum (freckled). White, yellow. Feb-

ruary. Oaxaca. 1846.

— nemora'le (wood). Purple. June. Mexico.

1840.

— noctu'rnum (night-fragrant}. 1. White.

September. Martinique. 1836.
angmtifo'lium (narrow-leaved) .

West Indies. 1835.
latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1.

Yellow, white. October. West Indies.

1836.
pu'milum (dwarf). Enseouibo.

1835.

— nu'tana (nodding). 1. Green. July. Ja-

maica. 1793.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 1. Dingy

green. August. Rio Janeiro. 1827.

— oncidioi'des (Oncidium-like). 3. Yellow,

brown. South America.

— orchidiflo'rum (Orchis-flowered). Brown.

Bahia.

— orgya'le (wrathful). Yellow. St. Bogota.

— ovalifo'lium (oval-leaved). Green, white.

April. Mexico. 1835.

— o'vulum (egg-like). Green, white. July.

Bolanos. 1842.

— oxype'talum (sharp-petaled). Yellow. April.

Cuba.

— pachya'nthum (thick-flowered). Green. Gui-

ana. 1837.

— Parkinsonia'num (Mr. Parkinson's). 2.

Green, yellow. September. Mexico.
1838.

— pasto'ris (shepherd's). White, green. March.

Mexico. 1836.

— pa'tens (spreading). White. October. St.

Vincent.

— phaeni'ceum (purple). £. Cream, purple,

green. June. Cuba. 1840.

— piperi'num (peppery - scented). Quito.

1846.

— polysta'chyum (many-spiked). Yellow. June.

Peru. 1840.

— primuli'num (Primrose-scented). Yellow,

brown. Bahamas. 1837;

— propi'nquum (related). Brown. Mexico.

— puncta'tum (dotted). Dotted. West Indies.

— pyrifo'rme(peiiT-shaped-bulbed). Red, yel-

Ibw. January. Cuba.

— radio! turn (rzy -flowered). 1. Green, purple.

Mexico. 1835.

— ra'dicans (stem-rooting). Orange, yellow,

October, Mexico, 183Q.

EPI

EPT

E. rani'femm (frog-bearing), i. Green, brown.
May. Mexico. 1839."

— recurva'tum (bent-back). Rose. April. Co-

lombia.

— refra'ctum (broken). Dark red. May. Ca-

raccas.

— rhizo'phorum (rooting). Guatemala. 1836.

— ri'gidum (stiff-petaled). 1. Yellowish white.

June. Jamaica. 1836.

— ru'bro-ti'nctum (red-edged). Yellow, brown.

March. Brazils. 1836.

— saxa'tile (rock). Red, purple. Guayana.

— sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). Yellow, purple.

Jago.

— Schombu'rgkii (Schomburg's). 2. Scarlet.

Guiana. 1837.

— scute'lln (saucer-shaped). Green, yellow.

Guayana:

— selli'gerum (saddle-formed). Pale white.

April. Mexico. 1836.

— se'rpens (snake-like). Violet. Peru.

— Skinne'ri (Skinner's). f. Green, white.

July. Cumana. 1834.

-- ma' jar (large-flowered). 1. Light
purple. November. 1847.

— squa'lidum (squalid). Yellow, brown. June.

Mexico. 1840.

— Stamfordia'num (Stamford's). White, red.

April. Guatemala. 1836.

— stenopeta'lum (acute-petaled). 1. Rose.

March. Jamaica.

— stria' turn (streaked). White, red. May.

Mexico. 1838.

— subulatifo'lmm (awl-leaved). Yellow. Mex-

ico.

— tibi'cinis (piper's). 8. Rose. Honduras.

1836.

— tigri'num (tiger-like). Yellow, red. Merida.

— Toli'mense (Toliman). Yellow. Tolima.

— tor qua! turn (twisted). Peru.

— tri'dens (three - toothed). White, green.

April. Demerara. 1836.

— variegu'tum (variegated leaved and flowered).

1. Green, white. January. Rio Janeiro.
1829.

-- - coria'ceum (leathery). 1. Green,
purple. Demerara.

— reno'sum (veined -lipped). White, violet.

Mexico.

— verruco'sum (warted -flower - stalked). 1.

Green, brown. Jamaica. 1825.

— Vincenti'num (St. Vincent's). St. Vincent.

1840.

— vi'rens (green). Green. Serampore.

— vitelli'num (yoke - of - egg - coloured). 1 .

Orange, yellow. September. Mexico.
1840.

-- , — ma' jus (larger). Orange, yellow.
September. Oaxaca. 1841.

— vivi'parum (viviparous). White. January.

Guayana. 1838.

— volu'bile (twisting). Peru.

EPIGJE'A. (From cpl, upon, and </«/,
the earth; referring to its trailing
habit. Nat. ord., Heatlurort* [Eri-
caceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mo-no-

Hardy evergreen sweet-scented trailers, suit-
able for rOcKworks, and delighting in moist

peaty soil; propagated chiefly by layers • would
be better in a cold pit during severe weather.
E. re'pens (creeping). £. White. July. North
America. 1736.

— rubicu'nda (red- flowered), A. Red. March.

1836.

EPILO'BIUM. Willow Herb. (From
cpi, upon, and lolos, a pod ; flowers
superior, or seated on the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Onar/rads [Onagracese].
Linn., S-Octandria I-Monot/ynia. Al-
lied to Clarkia and Zauschsneria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, and
many by seeds ; common light garden soil. E.
villosum requires the greenhouse or a cold pit.
E. Alpe'stre (Alpine). £. Purple. June. Switz-
erland. 1820.

— angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved), 4. Purple.

July. Britain.

a'lbum (white-flowered). 4.

White. July. Britain.

'•'ssimum (narrowest-leaved). 2. Pur-
ple. July. Alps, Europe. 17/5.

— cane'scens (hoary). Rose. June. 1826.

— colora'tum (coloured). 3. Purple. June.

North America. 1805.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Red. June.

1829.

— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). Red. June. South

Europe. 'l837.

— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). $. White. June.

Dahuria. 1822.

— DodoneK'i (Dodoen's). 1$. Purple. July.

France. 1/00.

— hirsu' turn (hairy. Codlins and Cream). 4.

Purple. July. Britain.

variegu'tum (variegated-leaved). 4.

Rosy. June. England.

— hypericifo1 Hum (Hypericum-leaved). Red.

June. South Europe- 1837.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head- (eared). l£. Pur-

ple. July. Italy. 1810.

— minu'tum (small). 1. White. August.

Russia. 1838.

— nu'tans (nodding). Blush. June. Bohe-

mia. 1827.

— rosmarinifo' Hum (Rosemary- leaved). 2.

Purple. June. North Europe. 1800.

— spica'tum (spiked). 4. Purple. June. North

America.

-~ stri'ct um (erect). 1^. Purple. July. Pen-
sylvania. 1817.

— tomenio'sum (downy,1, 3. Purple. June.

Asia. 1818.

— rillo'sum (long-haired). 2. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/99.

— virga! turn (twiggy). 2. Purple. July.

Sweden.

EPIME'DIUM. Barrcnwort. (From
epimedion, a name used by Pliny. Nat.
ord., Berberids [Berberidacese] . Linn.,
•i-Tetrandri<i \-Mjonogynia, Allied to
Jeffersonia. )

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings and
divisions; sandy loam. K. riulaceum likes the
protection of a cold pit. E. Alpinnm does hcsr
iu moist peaty soil.

EPI

[ 301 ]

ERA

E. Alpi'nnm (Alpine). £-. Crimson. May.
England.

— diphy'llum (twin). 2. Red. May. Japan.

1830.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). White.

April. Japan. 1836.

— hex'andrum (six-stamened). 2. Lilac. May.

North America. 1827.

— mil-era ntlium (large-flowered). 1. White,

violet. April. Japan. 1836.

— Musschia'nmn (Mussch's). 1. White.

March. Japan. 1836.

— vlola'ceum (Violet). jf. White, violet. April.

Japan. 1837.

ETIPA'CTUS. (From epipegmuo, to
coagulate ; its effect on milk. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacese] . Linn., 20-
Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to
Listera.)

Pretty British orchids, not difficult to grow.
Divisions ; common soil ; kept rather dry during
the resting period.
E. latifo'lia (broad -leaved). !.$. Purple. July.

me'dia (intermediate). l£. Green,

purple. September. In woods.
ova'lis (oval). l£. Blush red.

July. Mountain sides.

purpura'ta (purpled). l£. Green,

pink. July.

— pulu'stris (marsh). 3- Purple. July.

— purpura'ta (purpled). 1. Purple. June.
EPI'PHOEA. (From epiphora, inflam-
mation of the eyes. A Cape terrestrial
or ground Orchid. Linn., ZQ-Gynandria
l-Monaudria. Allied to Aspacia.)

Greenhouse orchid. Division, before starting
into fresh growth ; fastened to a piece of peeled
oak, and decayed moss fastened over the roots.
Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with moisture ; win-
ter, 50° to 60°, dryish.

E. pube'scens (downy). Brown, yellow. May.
Delagoa Bay. 1838.

EPIPHY'LLUM. (From epi, upon, and
phylloit, a leaf; flowers borne on the
edges of the leaf-like branches. Nat.
ord., Indian Figs [Cactace^]. Linn.,
1 'i-'fcosandria 1 -Monogyn ia. )

Stove fleshy-leaved plants. Cuttings in sum-
mer, dried at the bottom before inserting them,
or rather laying them down in any loose mate-
rial, such as gravel and rough leaf-mould ; soil,
loam, peat, lime rubbish, and dried cow-dung
in equal proportions. The smaller kinds do
well grafted on the Cactus speciosissimus, &c.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 38° to 45°.
For species see Cactus.

EPI'SCIA. See Erino'sma and Lcit-
co'jinn.

EPI'SEMA C(ERU'LA-CE'PHALA. The
Figure-of-eight Moth, appears early in
October. The bluish grey upper wings
have a yellowish white spot in their
The spot being shaped like a

double kidney, or 8, gives the popular
name to the msect. It should be de-

stroyed whenever observed, as its cater-
pillars, at the end of the following
spring, very often destroy the young
leaves of plums and peaches.

ERA'NTHEMUM. (From erao, to love,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to the
beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
AcemtlMds [Acanthacere]. Linn., 2-
Diandria \-Monoyynia.')

Cuttings of points of shoots when a little
firm, in sandy loam, in bottom heat, under a
hand-glass ; peat one part, loam two parts.
Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 45° to 55°.

E. acanthopho'rum (thorny). Lilac. July.
China. 1822.

— alliiflo'rum (white-flowered). 2£. White.

July.

— amlti'guum (doubtful). 2. Red. July.

1821.

— Barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). Blue. August.

East Indies. 1824.

— bi'color (two-coloured). £. White, red.

July. Lucona. 1802.

— Cape'nse (Cape). 1. Purple. May. East

Indies. 1818.

— crenula'tum (scolloped). 1. Lilac. October.

Nepaul. 1824.

— e'legans (elegant). 3. Scarlet. June. Guinea.

1824.

— fcEcu'ndum (ever-blowing). l£. Lilac. June.

Brazil. 1829-

— monta'num (mountain). 2. Lilac, purple.

March. Ceylon. 1843.

— pulche'llum (pretty). 2. Blue. April. East

Indies. 1796.

— racemo'sum (racemed). Blush. August.

East Indies. 1826.

— ro'seum (rosy). 2. Red. May. East In.

dies. 1820.

— spino'sum (spined). 3. July. West Indies.

1733.

— stri'ctum (erect). 2. Purple. April. Nepaul.

1818.

— raria'bile (variable). 2. Purple. June,

New Holland. 1820.

ERA'NTHIS. Winter Aconite. (From
cr, spring, and anthos, a flower; re-
ferring to its early flowering. Nat.
ord., Crowfoots [Ranunculacerc]. Linn.,
1 .'} -Polyandria 0 -Pohjyyn ia. )

Hardy tubers ; offsets ; common soil.

EEA

[ 362 ]

EEI

X, hyema'lis (common winter). $. Yellow.
February. Italy. 1596.

— Sibi'nca (Siberian). 4- Yellow. March.

Siberia. 1826.

EEEJLE'A. (From eremos, solitary;
referring to the female organ or solitary
style. Nat. ord., Miirtleblobms [Myr-
tacere]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia 2-Poly-
andria. Allied to Metrosideros.)

Greenhouse evergreens', from Swan River.
Cuttings of young shoots in April or May, in
sand, under a bell-glass ; peat one part and
loam two parts. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. ericifo'lia (Heath-leaved). White. June.
— fimbria'ta (f ringed-flowered) . Purple. June.
1841.

— pilo'sa (hairy). Pink. June. 1842.

ERE 'MIA. (From eremos, solitary ;
referring to the seed being but one
in a cell. Nat. ord., Heathworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Erica.)

Greenhouse evergreen, from Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots when
fresh growth has extended beyond one inch;
sandy peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. To'tta (Hottentot). 2. Red. June. 1810.

EEEMU'EUS. (From eremos, solitary
and owra, tail ; referring to the flower
spike. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria L-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Asphodel.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial, with yellow
flowers. Divisions ; sandy loam.
E. Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). May. Caucasus.
1834.

— specta' bilis (beautiful). 2. May. Siberia.

1800.

E'RIA. (From mon, wool; re-
ferring to the down on the leaves of
some of the species. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-€rynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Dendrobium.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; fibry peat and
chopped decayed moss ; the plant to be raised,
roots and all, above the surface of the pot or
shallow basket. Summer temp., 60° to 00°,
with plenty of moisture ; winter, 50° to 55°,
dry.

E. clavicau'lis (club-stemmed). White, yellow.
Chirra. 1837-

— excava'ta (hollowed). Nepaul.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). 1. White,

crimson. Sincapore. 1842.

— loneicau'lis (long-stemmed). White. Chirra.

1837.

— longila' bris (long-lipped). White, purple.

Philippines. 1838.

— panicula'ta (pariicled). Greenish yellow.

East Indies.

— polyu'ra (many-tailed). Pink, purple, yel-

low,

E.pulche'Ua (pretty). Yellow. India. 1840.

— stella'ta (starred). 2. Yellowish, red. Feb.

ruary. Java.

— ve'stita (clothed). 1. Red, brown. India.

1842.

ERI'CA. Heath. (From erico, to
break; referring to the brittle nature
of the wood. Nat. ord., Heathivorts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia.)

All natives of the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, when fresh growth enables the
handling of them easily, inserted in sand, the
pots previously being half-filled with drainage,
and then filled with sandy peat, in various de-
grees of fineness — the rough over the drainage,
the fine at the top, all surmounted by, at least,
half an inch of silver sand, well pressed and
watered, and pressed again a day before using,
and then covered with a bell-glass, and set in
a close pit or frame. Some slow-growing kinds
require to be put into heat, in order to get cut-
tings. Sandy peat for all, especially the slow-
growing, using plenty of drainage ; for the very
strong-growing, a very little fibry loam may be
used. In potting from the cutting pots, it is
best to place three or four round the sides of
small pots for the first winter, singling them
out, and then keeping them close the following
spring, hardening them off by degrees ; as larger
pots are wanted, pieces of charcoal and sand-
stone are valuable for keeping the soil open.
The pots, if set out of doors, should be protected
from the sun in summer ; if plunged, drainage
should be secured by setting the pot on bricks.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°, with abundance of
air.

HAEDY EVEEGEEN.

E. arbo'rea (tree). 5. White. May. South

Europe. 1658.
mi'nima (least). White. April.

South Europe.
squarro'sa (spreading) . 4. White.

April. South Europe. 1800.
stylo'sa (long-styled). 5. White.

May. South Europe. 1658.

— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). £. Pale purple.

February. Germany. 1763.

herba'cea (herbaceous). £. Pink.

February. Germany.

— herba'cea (herbaceous). Flesh. May. South

Europe. 1/63.

— Muckia'na (Mackie's). Purple. July. Ire-

land.

— Mediterrdnea (Mediterranean). 4. Purple.

April. Portugal. 1648.

— stami'nea (bent-back-stemmed). 2. Red.

June. 1799.

— viridipurpu'rea (green and purple). 3.

Green, purple. May. Portugal.

GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEEN.

E. acumina'ta (pointed- leaved). l£. Red. Au-
gust. 1800.

pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red.

June. 1820.

— acu'ta (pointed cupped), £, Red, June,

1799.

ERI

[303]

ERI

. Aitonia'na (Alton's). 2. White, purple.
August. 1790.

• a'lbida (whitish). 2. White. July. 1826.

• amas'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. June. 1795.

• ampulla1 cea (flask- shape -powered). 2.

White, red. June. 1790.

• Andromedeeflo'ra (Andromeda-flowered). 2.

Pink. May. 1803.

• arbu'scula (shrubby). 1. Red. May. 1810.

• Archeria'na (Lady Archer's). l£. Dark

scarlet. September. 1796.

• a'rdens (glowing). 2. Scarlet. May. 1800.

• aristu'ta (awned). l£. Purple, white. June.

1801.

assu'rgens (rising). 1. White. May. 1821.
an'rea (golden). 2. Orange. August. 1799-
azaleeefa'lia (Azalea- leaved). Lilac. June.

1/98.
Bandonia'na (Bandon's). 2. Purple. July.

1810.

• Banksia'na (Bank's). |. White, purple.

April. 1/89.
a'lbu (white). J. White. June.

1812.
__ purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple.

June. 1800.

• Beaumontiu'na (Beaumont's). $. Purple.

June. 1820.

Bergia'na (Bergius's). l£. Purple. June.
1787-'

• bi'color (two-coloured). 2. Green, red.

June. 1790.
bla'nda (Rollinson's charming). 2. Purple,

orange. May. 1798.
Blandfordia'na (Blandford's). l£. Yellow.

May. 1803.
BonjD/andtVwa(Bonpland's). 1, Pale yellow.

July. 1812.
Bowiea'na (Bowie's). 1. White. October.

1822.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. April. 1800.

• Ca'ffra (Caffrarian). l£. White. May. 1802.
spica'ta (spiked). l£. White. Sep-
tember. 1800.

Caledo'nica( Caledonian). Rose. June. 1816.
campanula' ta (bell-flowered). 1. Yellow.

June. 1791.
campylophy'lla (crooked -leaved). Lilac.

April. 1802.

• cane'scens (hoary) . l£. Pink. June. 1790.
carina'ta (keeled). l£. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1820.

Celsia'na (Cels's). 1. Orange, rose. May.

1810.

cerinthoi'des ( Honey wort-like) . Dark scarlet.
September. 1774.

ma'jor (larger). 4. Scarlet.

May. 1800.

na'na (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. May.

180U.

cinera'scens (grey.feoued). 1. Purple. May.
1810.

• Cliffordiu'na (Lady Clifford's). 1. White.

April. 1812.
•cocci'nea (scarlet). 1$. Scarlet. 1783.

• co'lorans (colouring). 2. White, red. May.

1817.

• como'sa (tufted), f. Red. June. 1787.

a'/ia (white). £. White. June. 1787.

ru'bra (red), f. Red. June. 1787.

• Comptonia'na (Compton's). 2. Purple.

June. 1802.

E. conci'nna (neat). 2i. Flesh, September,
1773.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 2. June. 1820.

— co'nica (conical). 2. Purple. June. 1820.

— conspi'cuu (conspicuous) . 2. Dark yellow.

July. 17/4.

— Coventrya'na (Lord Coventry's). 1. Pink.

May. 1801.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Lilac. May. 1826.

— cu'bica (cube-lowered). 1. Purple. May.

1790.

ma'jor (larger). 1. Purple. June.

1800.

— curviflo'ra (curve -flowered). 2. Yellow,

August. 1774.
rw'Ara(red). 2. Red. August. 1800.

— CwsAzmVna(Cushin's). 2. September. 1816.

— duplmoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. White. May.

— deci'piens (deceiving). Flesh. May. 1822.

— deco'ra (graceful). 2. Purple. June. 1/90.

— de'nsa(closely-leaved). l£. Red. June. 1810.

— denticula'ta (small-toothed). l£. Purple.

April. 1821.

— depre'ssa (depressed), f . Yellow. July.

1/89-

— dichroma'ta (two- coloured). 3. Yellow,

pink. August. 1800.

— Dickso'nia (Dickson's). 2. Yellow. June.

1809.
a'lba (white). 2. White. June.

1809-
rw'ira(red). 2. Red. May. 1809.

— di'stans (distant). Violet. November.

1822.

— Diosmatflo'ra (Diosma-flowered). 2. May.

1792.

— Droseroi'des (Drosera-like). Purple. August.

1788.

— dumo'sa (bushy). 1. Purple. May. 1812.

— Echiiflo'ra (Echium-flowered). l£. Scarlet.

April. 1798.

cocci'nea (scarlet) . 1 . Scarlet.

April. 1812.

— e'legans (elegant). £. Green. August. 1799.

— episto'mia (spout-cowered). 2. Yellow,

green. May. 1810.

— erioce'phala (woolly-headed). White. July.

18)6.

— erube'scens (blushing), li. Flesh. May.

1800.

— exi'mia (choice). 2. Scarlet. June. 1800.

— expa'nsa (expanded). 1. Scarlet. July.

1818.

— exposi'ta (exposed). Red. August. 1820.

— exsu'rgens (rising). 14. Dark orange. 1792.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Orange.

1800.
grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1.

Orange. 1800.

• ma'jor (larger) . 1. Orange. 1800.

pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. 1810.

— Ewera'na (Ewer's). 2. Pink. August.

1/93.
longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Red.

June. 1793.
specio'sa (showy). 2. Red. August.

— fascicula'ris (parcel-lowered). l£. Purple.

April. 1787.

—fastigia'ta (peaked). 1*. White. July.
1797-

— ferrugi'nea (rusty). I. Bed, May, 1793,

ERI

[ 304 ]

E. fla'mmea (nsusae-flou-ered). 1$. Light yel-
low. June. 1798.

— fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. 1795.

• imbrica'ta (imbricated). 2. Yellow.

July. 1795.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 1. Pale pink.

May. 1800.

— flo'rida (florid). 1. Red. June. 1803.
. — . moscha'ta (musky). 1. Red. May.

— formo'sa (handsome). 2. Red. August.

1795.
a'lba (white). 2. White. August.

1795.
—fra'grans (fragrant). <?. Purple. April. 1803.

— ge'lida (ice-cold). 3. Green, white. June.

1799-

a'lbens (whitish). 2. White. June.

1820.

— gemmi'fera (many-budded). Orange. Au-

gust. 1820.

— globo'sa (globe-flowered). l£. Pink. August.

1789-

— glomiflo'ra (crowded-flowered). White. June, j

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Purple, red. March, i

1794.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 3. Yellow.

July. 1785.

hu1 mills (lowly). 2. Yellow.

May. 1806.

— grandino'sa (hail-stone). £. White. March.

1810.

— Halicaca'ba (Red nightshade). 1. Yellow.

June. 1780.

— Hartne'lli (Hartnell's). 2. Purple. July.

1820.

— Hibbertia'na (Hibbert's). 2. Orange yel-

low. July. 1800.

— hispi'dula (short-bristled). Purple. July.

1790.

— Humea'na (Sir A. Hume's). l£. Pink.

March. 1808.
r— igne'scens (glowing). l£. Red. May. 1/95.

— imperia'lis (imperial). 2. Scarlet. June.

1802.

— inca'na (hoary). l£. White. July. 1810.
ru' bra (red-flowered) . l£. Red. July.

1810.

— infla'ta (swollen). l£. White.red. July. 1809-
.— infundibulifo'rmis (funnel-shaped). 2. Pale

red. September. 1802.

— Irbya'na (Irby's). 14. White, green. Au-

gust. 1800.

— Jasminiflo'ra (Jasmine-flowered). 2. White,

pink. August. 1794.

a'lba (white). 2. White. Au-
gust.

— juba'ta (maned). 2. August. 1800.

— Julia'na (July). 3. Red. July. 1800.

— luchneefo'lia (Lachme-leavcd). 1-J. White.

June. 1/93.

— Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 1. White. June.

1800.

— larici'na (Larch-like). Pink. July. 1824.

— La wso'ni (Lawson's). 3. Flesh. May. 1802. i

— Leea'na (Lee's). 2£. Orange yellow. April.

1788.

— leptoca'rjm (slender-berried). Red. June.

1824.

— Linna-a'na (Linmeus). l£. Purple, white.

March. 1790.

— Linnceoi'des (Linnea-like). Ij. Purple,

red. April. J812.

E. longiflo'fa (long-flowered). 2. Red, orange.
May. 1812.

— longipeduncula'tti (long flower-stalked). 1.

Pink. July. 1805.

— lu'tea (yellow). £. Pale yellow. March.

1774.

— mammn'sa (nippled). 2. Purple. August.

1762.

mi' nor (smaller). 1. Purple.

August. 1800.

— Masso'ni (Masson's). 3. Red, green. Au-

gust. 1787.

-mi' nor (smaller). 1. Red, green.

August.

— mela'stoma (black-mouthed). 2. Red,

brown. June. 1795.

— metuleeflo'ru (ninepin-flowered). 1. Red.

April. 1/98.

— minuteeflo'ra (small-flowered). Purple. June.

1822.

— miru'bilis (admirable). 1. Purple. May.

1800.

— mollea'ris (soft). Purple. June. 1803.

— Monsonia'na (Lady Monson's). 4. White.

July. 1787.

— moscha'ta (musky). l£. Green. June. 1805.

— mu'ndula (neatish). 2. Purple. June.

1810.

maj'or (larger). 2. Purple. June.

1810.

— miiscosoi'des (Muscosa-like). Lilac. May.

1800.

— niva'lis (snowy). White. June. 1820.

— ni'vea (snowy). 2. White. April. 1816.

— obla'ta (flattened). Red, white. June. 1796.

— obli'qita (twisted-leaved). l£. Purple. Au-

gust. 1800.

, — oblo'nga (oblong). Red. July.

•' — obtu'm (blunt-leaved). 1. Purple. Sep-
tember. 1789.

— odora'ta (perfumed). 1. Pink. June. 1829.

— orba'ta (globular). White. 1810.

— oralifo'lia (oval -leaved). White, pink.

North India. 1842.

— ova'ta (egg-sh&pe-flowered) . 1. Purple.

June. 1811.

— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Flesh. July. 1799-

— Parmentieria'na (Parmentier's). 1. Pale

purple. July. 1810.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Red. July. 1810.

— Patersonid'na (Paterson's). 2$. Yellow.

May. 1791.

ma'jor (larger). 3. Yellow.

May.

— Patersonioi'des (Patersonia-like). 2. Orange,

red. June. 1800.

— pellu'cida (clear). 2. White. September.

1800.

— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). Green, purple.

July. 1804.

— persolu'ta (Garland-flowered). IzJ. Purple.

April. 17/4.

a'lba (white). 1. White. March.

1800.

— perspi'cua (clear -flowered). 2. White,

purple. May. 1/90.

na'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. April.

1800.

— Petive'rii(Petiver'*). 2. Yellow. May. 1774.
cocci'ncn (scarlet). 2. Scarlet.

May.

— Pexi'xa (Pezi/.a). 1. White. June. 1812.

ERI

[ 005 ]

ERI

White. May.

June,
ale.

1812.

K.physo'des (puffed-out).
1788.

— pilula'ris (pill-like). White. November.

1820.

— pi'nea (Pine-leaved} . 2. Red. October.

1790.
di'scolor (two-coloured). 2. Red.

October.
favoi'des (honeycomb-like). 2. Red.

October.
pulche'lla (pretty}. 2. Red. October.

— Plukene'tii (PlukenetTi). £. Red. May.

-pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red.

June. 1794.

— 2)rai'gnans (swelled). 2. Red. August. 179».

— jyrec'stans (excelling). 1. White. August.

1810.

— primttloi'des (Cowslip-like). £. Purple, red.

May. 1802.

— pri'nceps (princely). l£. Scarlet. June. 1800.
ca'rnea (fiesh-coloured}. 1. Flesh.

June. 1804.

— pro'cera (lofty). 6. White. May. 1791-
-— propc'ndens (forward-hanging). 1$. Purple.

July. 1800.

— pulche'lla (pretty). l£. Red. July. 1792.

— pulverule'nta (powdered). 1. Purple. July.

1820.

— pu'm ila (dwarf) . 1 . Purple ,

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Light purple. 1789-

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal), l£. Pink. March.

1787-

— racemo'sa (racemed). l£. Pink. April. 1795.

— radia'ta (rayed). 1. Crimson. September.

1798.

— ramcnta'cca (scaly). l£. Dark red. Sep-

tember. 1/86.

— refu'lgens (refulgent). 2. Scarlet. May. 1800.

— rege'rminans (re- sprouting). l£. Red. June.

1791-

— reto'rta (curled-back-fea«erf). 1. Pink, white.

June. 1787.

— Rollinso'nii (Rollinson's). 2. Purple. June.

1820.

— rube'lla (reddish). 2. Pink. June. 1814.

— ru'bens (red). 1. Dark red. July. 1810.

— r«6rose'/ja/a(red-sepaled). Red, white. June.

1825.

•*- Russellia'na (Russell's). 1J. Pink. May.
1820.

— Sanisburya'nu (Sainsbury's). 2. Purple.

July. 1800.

— Salisburya'na (Salisbury's). Rose. June.

1815.

— sangui'nea (bloody). 1. Crimson. 1815.

— Savilea'na (Savile's). if. Red. June. 1800.

— scabrlu'scula (roughish). 1. White. May.

1805.

— Seba'na (Seba's). 2. Orange. April. 1774.
— fu'sca (brown). 2. Brown. May.

1812.

lu'tea (yellow). 2. Yellow. May. 1800.

mi'nor (smaller). 1. Orange. May.

1810.

— Shannonia'na (Lady Shannon's). 14. White,

purple. June. 1816.

*- Smithia'na (Smith's). 2. Purple. April.
1791.

— Solandria'na (Solander's). 2. Pink. June.

1800.

— spectVsa (showy). 2, Red, green.( July. 1800.

E.sple'ndens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1/92.

— Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). 2. Yellow, purple.

June. 1806.

— spu'ria (spurious). 2. Purple. June. 1796.

— squammceflo'ra (scaly-flowered). 2. April.

1796.

— stri'cta (erect). 2. Purple. September. South

Europe. 1795.

— suave' o lem (sweet-scented). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. 1800.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 2. Yellow.

June. 1805.

(Swainson's). 2. Red, purple.
August. 1794.

— taxifo'lia (Yew-leaved). Pink.

— Templea'na (Temple's). 2. Red, purple.

July. 1820.

— tene'lla (delicate). &. Purple. June. 1791.
Thunbergia'na (Thunberg's). 14, Orange.

June. 1794.

— thymifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). -§. Purple. July.

1789-

— toga'ta (gowned). 2. Red. June.

— tomento'sa (downy). 2. Purple. June.

1788.

— tortuo'sa (twisted). 2. May. 1816.

— translu'eens (clear). 2. Red. June. 1797-

— trunspa'rem (transparent). 1$. White. May.

1800.

bla'nda (charming). Carmine.

February. 1843.

— tricolor (three-coloured). 2. Red, green.

June. 1810.
ma'jor (larger). 2. Red, green.

June. 1810.
mi'nor (smaller). 1. Red, green,

June. 1810.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 14. White. April.

1774.

— triu'mphans (conquering). 2. White. April.

1802.

— tro'ssula (spruce). lj. White, pink. April.

1800.

rw'ira(red). 1. Red. April. 1810.

- t ub iflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. Pink. May.

1775.

— tu'mida (swollen). 14. Scarlet. July. 1812*

— tu'rgida (bloated). 1; Purple. May. 1821.
— - va'riu (various). 1. Purple, yellow. July.

1810.

— ventrico'sa (bellied). 1. Flesh. June. 1787-

a'lba (white). 1. White. June.
ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh.

June.
June.

cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet.

• ere' eta (erect) . 1 .

• hirsu'ta (hairy). 1

• na'na (dwarf). ^.

• supe'rba (superb)

Flesh. June.
Flesh. June.
Flesh. June.

1. Scarlet.

March. 1827.

2. Orange,

ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1800.

— verticiUa'tu (whorled). 3. Scarlet. August.

ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. Sep-
tember. 1800.

— vesti'ta (clothed). 3. WThite. 1789-
,. u'lba (white). 2. White, 1789.

June.

— verna'lis (spring). 3. Pink.

— verSi1 'color (various-coloured).

red. August. 1790.

ERI

[ 866 ]

EEI

E.vesti'tabla'nda (charming). 2£. Pink. May.

1827.

rocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1789.

e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. 1810.

fu'lgida (bright). 3. Orange. 1789.

incarna'ta (fash-coloured). 2. Pink.

'789.

Mtea (yellow). 3. Yellow. 1789-

muta'bilis (changeable). 3. Scarlet,

white. 1800.
purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. June.

— ro'sea (rosy). 3. Light red. August.

1789-

— viridiflo'ra(dark- green-flowered). 2. Orange.

July. 1810.

— vi'ridis (green-flowered). 2£. Dark green.

July. 1800.

— Walkeria'na (Walker's). Red. July. 1806.

— Ze'yheri (Zeyher's). Lilac. June. 1824.

ERI'GERON. (From er, the spring,
and geron, old man ; some being hoary
with a downy covering early in the
season. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste-
racese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesial-^Eq-ualis.
Allied to Stenactis.)

Seeds and divisions ; garden soil.
HARDY ANNUALS.

E. Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). l£. Purple.
July. South America. 1732.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. White. August.

England.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 1. White. August.

China. 1818.

—fce'tidum (stinking). Yellow. June. Malta.
1688.

— grave'olens (strong-smelling). 1£. Yellow.

July. South Europe. 1633.

— linifo'lius (Flax-leaved). 1. Purple. July.

South America.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E, a'cris (sharp). 1A. Blue. July. Britain.

— Chilefrms (Chile). 2£. Yellow. September.

Chile. 1816.

— delphinifo'lius (Larkspur-leaved). lj. Pur-

S\e. August. South America. 1816.
reenhouse.

— divarica'tus (straggling). 1. White. August.

Mississippi. 1818.

— leeviga'tus (smooth-leaved). 1. White. July.

Cayenne. 1822.

— podo'licus (Podolian). 1. Purple. July,

Podolia. 1821.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

E. Alpi'nus (Alpine). 1. Purple. July. Scot-
land.

— armerioefo'lius (Thrift - leaved). Purple.

July. Barcelonia. 1829

— a'sper (rough). Purple. August, North

America. 1828.

— asteroi'des (Aster-like). l£. White. July.

Hudson's Bay. 17/6.

— A'tticus (Attic). It- Purple. July. Attica.

1816.

— bettidifo'lius (Daisy-leaved), ig. Purple.

July. North America. 1790.

— Carolinia'nus (Carolina), l, Purple. July.

North America. 1727.

— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). $. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1821.

— compo' situs (composite). £. White, red.

July. North America. 1811.

— grami'neus (Grass-like). ?. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1824.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered), f. Purple.

July. Switzerland. 1819.

— hu'milis (humble). J. Flesh. August.

North America. 1828.

— Lehma'nni (Lehmann's). Lilac. August.

1828.

— ma'ximum (largest). Purple. July. Mexico.

1830. Half-hardy.

— Philade'lphicus (Philadelphian). 1. Purple.

July. North America. 1778.

— pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mexico.

1827.

— pulche'llum (pretty). Purple. April. Da-

huria. 1818.

— pu'milum (dwarf). White. August. Da-

huria. 1818.

— purpu'reus (purple). 1. Purple. August.

Hudson's Bay. 1776.

— rupe'stris(rock). 4. Purple. July. Swit-

zerland. 1819.

— specio'sum (handsome). Blue. June. Cali-

fornia. 1838.

— Villa1 rsii (Villars's). 1. Purple. July.

Piedmont. 1804.

ERINO'SMA. (From er, the spring,
and osme, to smell ; referring to the
early flowering of this sweet-scented
bulb. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amarylli-
dacese]. linn., Q-Hexandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Galanthus.)

Once called Leucojum vernum, Hardy bulb,
with white flowers ; offsets 5 light garden soil.
E. ve'rnum (spring). £• February. Germany.

1596.

Carpa'thicum (Carpathian), g. Fe-
bruary. Carpathian Mountains. 1816.
•mu'ltip lex (full-flowered), 2- March.

ERI'NUS. (From er, the spring ; re-
ferring to the early time of flowering.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese],
Linn., \±-Didynamia 2-Anyiospennia.
Allied to Wulfenia.)

Half-hardy plants. Seeds and divisions ;
mostly require the protection of a cold pit in
winter. Succeed well as rock plants in summer,
I the soil is sandy loam.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
E. Alpi'nus (smooth Alpine), i. Blue. March.
Pyrenees. 1739.

— hispa'nicus (hairy. Spanish). J. Ked.

March. Spain. 1739.
EVERGREENS.
E.fra'grans (fragrant). 4. White, yellow.
May. Cape of Good Hope. 1776.

— Lycknide'a (Lychnidea). 4. Yellow, white.

May. Cape of Good Hope.

— tri'stis (dark-flowered). 1. Purple. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

ERI

[ 367 ]

ERI

ERIOBO'TRYA. Loquat. (From erion,
wool, and botrys, a bunch of grapes;
referring to the downy flower racemes.
Nat. ord., Appleivorts [Pomacese].
Linn., \Q-Icosandria 2-Diyynia. Allied
to Photima.)

Half-hardy evergreen fruit-trees, with white
flowers. Cuttings of side shoots, from one to
two inches in length, in sand under a bell-glass,
and in a few days placed in bottom-heat; by
seeds in a hotbed as soon as gathered ; also by
grafting on the White Thorn, or, better still,
on the Quince. Peat and loam ; will grow
against a wall with a protection in winter ; has
been fruited in pots by turning it out to rest in
summer, giving a stove heat in winter, when it
flowered in December and fruited in April.

E. elli'ptica (oval-fruited). 12. Nepaul. 1823.
— Japo'nica (Japanese). 15. October. Japan.
1787.

ERIOCAU'LON. Pipewort. (From
erion, wool, and caulos, a stem. Nat.
ord., Pipeworts [Eriocaulaceae]. Linn.,
3-Triandria 3-Trigynia.)

The only known European Pipewort is E.
septangulare, a small bog or marsh plant in
the Isle of Sky. There are five other species,
but all more curious than beautiful.

ERIOCE'PHALUS. (From erion, wool,
and kephale, a head ; referring to the
appendage. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia ±-Ne-
cessaria. )

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm,
in April, in sand, under a glass : sandy loam
and a little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

E. decussa'tus (crossed). 4. Yellow. April.
1816.

— purpu'reus (purple). 4. Purple. April. 1816.

— racemo'sus (racemed). 3. Yellow. March.

1739,

ERIOCHA'SMA. From erion, wool,
and chasme, a rent ; referring to the
spore cases. Nat, ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacete]. Linn., 2±-Cryplogamia 1-
Filices.)

Ferns with brown or brownish-yellow spores
Division, before fresh growth commences ; pea
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter
50° to 55°. The greenhouse species will do
with 5° to 10° lower temperature. E. vestita
is hardy.

GREENHOUSE.

E.di'stans (distant), j. May. Wales. 1823

— hi'rta (hairy). £. May. C. of G. Hope. 1816

— stella'pilis (starry -haired). Way. N. S

Wales. 1840.

— sulca'ta (furrowed). May. N. S. Wales

— veati'ta (clothed). $. August. America

1812. Hardy.

STOYE.

E, hypoleu'ca (white beneath). July. W. In-
dies .

— lanugino'sa (woolly). §. July. Bourbon.

1818.

— ru'fa (reddish). August. W.Indies. 1830.

— tomento'sa (woolly). May. N. S. Wales.

1842.

ERIOCHI'LUS. (From erion, wool,
and cheilos, a lip ; downy on the la-
)ellum or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidaceffi]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.}

Ground orchids from Australia. Divisions ;
)eat and loam, both fibry, with a portion of
sand and lumps of charcoal. Winter temp.,
40° to 50°.

E. autumna'lis (autumnal). 1. Red. October.
1823.

— dilata'tus (dilated). May.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). October.

— multiflo'rus (many-flowered). March.

— sea' her (rough). September.

ERIO'COMA. (From erion, wool, and
home, hair ; referring to the appendage
on the seed of Composites. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Rud-
beckia.)

Half-hardy evergreens, with white flowers,
from Mexico. Cuttings in May, in sandy soil,
under a hand-light; sandy loam. Winter
temp., 35° to 40°.
E.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 3. October.

1828.
—fra'grans (fragrant). 3. September. 1828.

ERIODE'NDRON. (From erion, wool,
and dendron, a tree ; referring to the
silky wool in seed-pods. Nat, ord.,
Sterculiads [Sterculiacse]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to
Boinbax.)

Stove trees ; seeds in a hot-bed ; rich sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 55°.

E. anfractuo'sum (winding). 100. Scarlet.
East Indies. 1739.

— Caribat'um (Caribean). 70. Cream. West

Indies. 1739.

— Guinee'nse (Guinea). 150. Scarlet. Guinea.

1826.

— leianthe'rum (smooth-flowered). 70. Scarlet.

Brazil. 1818.

ERIO'GONUM. (From erion, wool,

gonu, a joint ; downy at the joints of

the stems. Xai. ord.,~£tuckwlieats [Poly-

gonaceee]. Linn., Q-Enneandria 1-

j Monogynia. Allied to Polygonum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with ydlow
j flowers, from North America. Seeds and divi-
sions in March and April ; loam and a little
peat.

E.RI

[ :JU8 ]

EEI

E. compo'situm (compound). l£. June.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. June. 1822.

— pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). 2. June. 1820.

— seri'ceum (silky). 1. July. 1811.

— tomento'sum (woolly). 2. May. 1811.

ERIO'PHORUM. Cotton Grass. (From
crion, wool, and phoreo, to bear ; in re-
ference to the silky tails or coverings
of the seeds. Nat. orcl., Sedges [Cype-
raceee]. Linn., '3-Triandria 1-Mono-
yynia.)

With the exception of the Sundews, the cot-
ton grasses are the prettiest genus in the British
Flora, particularly E, capltatum and vagina-
turn. They are natives of peat marshes, and
do not belong to grasses, though erroneously so
called.

ERIOPHY'LLUM. (From crion, wool,
and phi/lion, a leaf ; woolly leaved. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteracesc] . Linn.,
1 (.)-8yngencsict '2-Superftua, )

Hardy evergreens from North America. Divi-
sions of the roots in spring ; common soil.

E. ceespito'sitm (turfy). 1. Yellow. May. 1826.

— oppositifo' 'Hum (opposite-leaved). l£. Yel-

low.

ERIO'PSIS. (From Ena, a genus of
Orchids, and opsis, like. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceaj]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria I-Monandria. )

Stove orchid. Division; fastened to wood
with a little moss. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 55° to 60°.

E. bilo'ba (two-lobed). U. Orange. Septem-
ber. 1845.

ERIOSPE'RMUM. (From erion, wool,
and spcrmos, a seed ; woolly-seeded.
Nat. ord., Lihjivorls [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Anthericum.)

Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets; sandy peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. Bdlende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Light blue.
July. 1806.

— fulioli'ferum (leaflet-bearing). J. Yellow,

green, July. 1806.

— lancecefo'lium (spear-head-leaved). 1. Light

blue. July. 1795.

— lanugino'sum (woolly). 1. White, green.

July. 1820.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Light blue.

July. 1800.

— parado'xum (wonderful). 1. July. 1825.

— parvlfo'lium (small-leaved). #. Dark blue.

July. 1796.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. White, green. July.

1820.

EKIOSE'MA. (From erion, wool, and
sema, a standard ; referring to the top
petal, or standard, in a pea-flower. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe].

! Linn., 'It -Diadelphia -i-Decandria. Al-
j lied to Ehynchosia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in March ;
cuttings in April, in sand, under a glass, and
in heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
; to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
j E. grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.
August. Mexico.

— violu'cea (violet). 4. Purple. March.

Guiana. 1820.

ERIOSTE'MON. (From erion, wool,

! and stemon, a stamen ; appearance of

i stamens. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Kuta-

| eero]. Linn. lO-Decandrial-Monoyyuia.

Allied to Crowea.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots, in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in about a week plunged
in a mild hotbed ; three parts sandy peat, and
one sandy fibry loam. Summer temp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

j E. buxifo'lius (Box-leaved). 2. Pink. May.
1824.

— cuspida'tus (spine-pointed). 3. Red. May.

1824.

— cricifo'lius (Heath-leaved). 3. Red. June.

1824.

— glaucc'scens (milky-green). Lilac. April.

1824.

— gra'cilis (graceful). 1. Lilac. June. 1831.

— interme'dmm (intermediate). Rose. April.

— lanceola'tus (spear-head-teawd). 3. Red.

June. 1823.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. White. 1845.

— littearifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. Red. June.

1823.

— myoporoi'des (Myoporum-like). ]£. White.

September. 1824.

— neriifo'lium (Oleander-leaved). 4. Pale

pink. April. 184/.

— nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered) . Blush. 1841.

— oblongifo' Hum (oblong - leaved). White.

April. 1825.

! — sca'brum (rough-/cm't'd)- !&• Pink. April.
1840.

ERI'OTIIRIX. (From crion, wool,
and thrlx, hair ; referring to the appen-
dages on the seeds. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceaj]. Linn., l(.)-Syn-
(jcnesia ^-Super/lua. Allied to Neuro-
lasna.) See Ba'ccharis lycopodioi'dex.

ERI'SMA. (From crisma, strife; re-
ferring to the difficulty of assigning
their position in the natural arrange-
ment. Nat. ord., Tochyads [Vochy-
acess]. Linn., l-Monandria 1-Mono-
yynia.}

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm, in April, in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom-heat; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.

E , floribu'nda (many-flowered). 40. Blue.
October. Guiana. 1825.

ERI

[ 369 ]

ERY

ERITHA'LIS. (From crlthallo, to grow
green ; referring to the glossy deep
green of the leaves. Nat. ord., Cln-
clwnads [ Cinch onaceae]. Linn., 5-
Peiitandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Guettarda.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
stubby side shoots, in spring or summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
sandy fibry loam, and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°
E.frutico'sa (shrubby). 15. White. July.
Jamaica. 1/93.

— Ti'mon (Timon). 12. East Indies. 1823.
ERNO'DEA. (From ernodes, branched.

Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacete].
Linn., o-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Spermacoce.)

Half-hardy evergreen trailer. Division ; dry
gravelly soil ; protection of a cold-frame in
winter.

E, monta'na (mountain). £. Red. June.
Sicily. 1820.

ERO'DIUM. Heron's - bill. (From
crodlosj a heron; referring to the re-
semblance of the style and ovaries to
the beak and head of the heron. Nat.
ord., Cranesbills [Geraniaceee]. Linn.,
l()-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria. Allied
to Geranium.)

The biennials and annuals may be sown in
front of a border in April ; perennials divided
in March ; the half-hardy by seeds and divi-
sions ; sandy loam ; and the protection of a
cold pit in winter.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. chi'um (Chian). Blush. June. Levant.
1724.

— cico'nmm (stork's). Lilac. July. South

Europe. 1711.

— grui'num (crane's). Blush. July. Crete.

1596.

— murica'tum (prickly). J. Red. July. 1827.

— Mu'rcinum (Murcian). 1. Red. Julv. 1827.

— />tm/>meto/o'«ww (Burnet-leaved). j. Pur-

ple. July. South Europe. 1800.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. d</>mna7u.m(doubly-leaneted;. Pink. June.
Numidia. 1804.

— gcifo'lium (Geum leaved). 1. Lilac. 1835.

— pulcerule'ntum (powdered). 1. Lilac.

Spain.

— Roma'num (Roman). $. Purple. June.

Rome. 1724.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

K. Alpi'num (Alpine). £. Red. June. Italy.
1814.

— tint hemidifo' Hum (Chamomile-leaved). 4.

Purple. June. Iberia. 1820.

— L'aucalifo'lium (Caucalis-leaved). 1. Purple.

June. France. 1816.

E. glaucophy'llum (grey-leaved). Lilac. July.
Egypt. 1732.

— Gjmo'm(Gousson's). 1. Pale purple. June.

Naples. 1821.

— hi'rtum (hairy). £. Purple. June. Egypt.

— littore'um (sea-shore). Lilac. June. Nar-

bonne. 1818.

— Malapoi'des (Malope-like). £. Purple. June.

North Africa. 1800.

co'rsicum (Corsican). £. Purple.

June. Corsica. 1817.

— petres'um (rock). ^. Purple. July. South

Europe. 1640.

— sero'tinum (l&te). J. Blue. August. Siberia.

1821.

— Stephania'num (Stephan's). £. Blue. June.

Dahuria. 1820.

— styla'tum (long-styled'). £. Purple. June.

1826.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). $. Scarlet.
June. Cyprus. 1788.

— glandtilo'sum (glanded). £. Purple. June.

Spain. 1798.

— hymeno'des (Hymen-like). $. Pink. July.

Barbary. 1789.

— incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1787.
Evergreen.

— lacinia'tum (fringed). £. Red. June.

Crete. 1794.

— melasti'gnum (black-stigmaed). 1. Purple.

June. 1823.

— Reicha'rdi (Reichard's). i. White. July.

Minorca. 1783.

ERO'PHILA. (From cr, the spring,
and phileo, to love, referring to the time
of floAvering. Nat. ord., Crucifcrs [Bras-
sicaceai]. Linn., 15 - Tctr adynamia.
Allied to Draba.)

Hardy annuals, with white flowers. Seeds ;
common soil.

E. America'na (American). 4- March. North
America. 1816.

— pra'cox (early). ^. March. Caucasus. 1820.

— vulga'ris (common). £. March. Britain.
ERPE'TION. New Holland, or Spur-
less Violet. See Vi'ola.

EBY'NGIUM. Eryngo. (FromEryn-
I a eon, a name adopted by Pliny from
I Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Umbcllifers
! [Apiac-eep]. Linn., b-Pentan-dria 2-Di-
\ yynia. Allied to Sanicula.)

The roots of E. maritimum and campestre
are sweet, aromatic, and tonic ; they are can-
died, and sold by the name of Eringo roots.
Annual, biennial, and perennial hardy kindnj
by seeds and divisions, in common soil; it
sandy loam, they will thrive best. Half-hardy
species require the protection of a pit, or green-
house, iu winter, and also require sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUALS, &.rC.

E.tc'nuc (slender). 1. Blue. July. Spain.
1824.

O D

EEY

[ 370 ]

ERY

E. tncuspida'tvm (three-pointed). 2. Green.
September. Spain. 1699. Biennial.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
E. Carli'txR (Carlina-like). Blush. August.
North Spain. 1827.

— Cervante'sii ( Cervantes 's). 1. Green. August.

Mexico. 1820.

— como'sum (tufted). 1. Blue. July. North

Spain. 1818.

— <• ebractea'tum (bractless). 2. July. Buenos
Ayres. 1817.

— grami'neum (Grass-leaved). Blush. August.

New Spain. 1825.

— monoce'phalum (one-headed). Purple. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1824.

— ovi'num (sheep). l£. White. July. New

Holland. 1824.

— serra'tum (saw-edged). 1. Blue. July.

New Spain. 1800.

— terna'tum (three-leafleted). Purple. August.

Crete.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

E. bromeliafo'lium (Pine -apple -leaved). 3.

White. July. New Spain.
• — fie'tidum (stinking). 1. Green. September.

West Indies. 1714.

— gra'cile (slender). 1. Blue. July. New

Spain. 1824.
— longifo'liu

longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. White. July.
Mexico. 1820.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS.

E. alpi'num (Alpine). 2. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1597.

— amethy'stinum (amethystine). 3. Light

blue. July. Styria. 1648.

— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 2. Blue. July.

1800.

— aqua'ticum (aquatic). 4. White. August.

North America. 1699.

— Aquifo'lium (Holly-leaved). 1 . Blue. August.

Spain. 1816.

— asperifo'lium (rough-leaved). 2. White.

July. 1820.

— azu'reitm (light-blue). 2. Blue. July. South

Europe. 1790.

— Baldwi'nii (Baldwin's). Blush. August.

Carolina. 1824.

— Billardie'rii (Billardier's). Blush. July.

South France. 1731.

— Bourga'ti (Bourgati's). 2. Pale blue. July.

South France. 1731.

— ceeru'leum (sky blue). 2. Blue. July.

Caspian. 1816.

— campe'stre (field). 2. Blue. July. Britain.

— comicula'tum (small-horned). 1. Green.

July. Portugal. 1803.

— crini'tum (fringe -leaved). Blue. August.

Spain. 1826.

— dichi'tomum (spreading). 2. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1820.

— dilata'tum (dilated). l£. Blue. July.

Portugal. 1821.

— galioi'des (Galium-like). J. Green. July.

Portugal. 1810.

— gigante'um (giant). 4. Blue. July. Cau-

casus. 1820.

— glomera'tum (crowded). 1. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1826.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved) . 183 1 .

l£. Blue. July.
Britain.

— pla'num (ft&t-leaved) . 3. Light blue. July.

Europe. 1596.

— pusi'lhtm (small). ^. Green. July. Spain.

1640.

— ri'gidum (stiff). %. Blue. July. France.

1816.

— spi'na-a'lba (white spined). White. August.

South Europe. 1816.

— trique'trum (triangular). 1. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1824.

— virga'tum (twiggy). 1. Light blue. June.

North America. 1810.

— Virginia! num (Virginian). 2. Blue. August.

North America.

ERY'SIMUM. Hedge Mustard. (From
eryo, to draw, supposed to produce blis-
ters. Nat.ord., Crudfers [Brassicacese].
Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Si-
symbrium.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed, in the open
border, in September or March ; perennials,
seeds and divisions,

HARDY PERENNIALS.

E. suffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 2. Yellow.
June. Europe. 1820. Evergreen.

— versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Variegated.

May. Caucasus. 1825.

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. perfolin'tum (leaf-pierced). 1. White. May.
Austria. 1818.

— quadrico'rne (four-horned). 1. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1821.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

E. ulti'ssimum (tallest). 3. Yellow. June.
Germany. 1818.

— Andrzejoskiu'num (Andrzejoski's). 1£. Yel-

low. June. Tauria. 1818.

— au'reum (goldeu). 1. Yellow. June.

Caucasus. 1820.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow. May.

Switzerland. 1810.

— cane'scens (hoary). 1. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1816.

— colli'num (hill). 1. Yellow. May. Caucasus.

1823.

— cra'ssipes (thick-leaf-stalked). 1. Yellow.

June. 1835.

— decu'mbens (decumbent) . £. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

—firmu'm (firm). 1. Yellow. July. Swit-
zerland. 1819-

— hieracifo'lium (Hawkweed-leaved). 1. Yel-

low. June. North Europe. 1816.

— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). 1. Yellow. May.

America. 1803.

— inter me' dium (intermediate). 2. Yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1819-

— leptophy' Hum (fine-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. Iberia. 1821.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. South Europe. 1823.

— longisiliquo'sum (long-podded). l£. Yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1819.

— pu'tulwn (spreading). .'1. Yellow. June.

South Europe. 1820.

ERY

[ 371 ]

ERY

E, Pernfskia'num (Perofski's). l£. Orange.
July. 1838.

— pu'milum (dwarf). £. Yellow. May. Swit-

zerland. 181Q.

— Redo'wskii (Redowski's). 1. White, June.

Siberia. 1821.

— Rhce'ticum (Rhaetian). 1. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 181Q.

— strigo'sum (short-bristled). 1. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1806.

— stri'ctum (erect). 2. Yellow. June. Austria.

1819.

ERYTHRE'A. (From erythros, red;
the colour of the flowers of some spe-
cies. Nat. ord,, Gentianworts [G-en-
tianaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)

The biennial should be sown in autumn ; the
perennial* by seeds and division ; sandy loam,
with a little peat. The species worth cul-
tivating require a pit or frame in winter.
E. aggrega'ta (clustered). ^. Red. July.
South Europe. 1824. Biennial.

— confe'rta (crowded) . £. Pink. June. Spain.

1824. Herbaceous perennial.

— mari'tima (sea). £. Yellow. July. Switzer-

land. 1777. Herbaceous trailer.

— Masso'ni (Masson's). Yellow. July. Azores.

1777. Herbaceous.

EEYTHEI'NA. Coral Tree. (From
erythros, red ; the colour of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese],
Linn., \l-Diadelphia ±-Decandria.}

According to Dr. Royle, gum lac is the pro-
duce of a species of Coral tree, E. monosperma,
not here in cultivation. Stove plants; all
scarlet flowered. By cuttings of the young
shoots breaking from the old collar of the plant
in spring, and when two or three inches long ;
also by cutting up the old flowering-stems
when ripe, and in both cases covering with a
bell-glass, after placing them in sand, and in a
strong bottom-heat; peat, loam, and dried
cow-dung, in equal proportions, with a portion
of sand. Summer temp., 55° to 80° ; winter,
45° to 55°. E. cristagalli and laurifolia do
out of doors in sheltered places, cut down, and
the roots slightly protected as for fuchsias, in
winter.

E. cor alloden' drum (Coral-tree). 20. May.
West Indies. 1690.

— cri'sta-ga'lli (Cock's-comb). 40. June.

Brazil. 1771.

— fu'lgens (brilliant). 10. East Indies. 1810.

— herba'cea (herbaceous). 3. July. Carolina.

1824. Herbaceous.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel - leaved). 4. August.

South America. 1800. Herbaceous.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 20. Teneriffe

1822.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved), 10. East Indies

1816.

— pi'cta (painted). 0. East Indies. 1696.
-^ portorice'nsis (Porto Rico). 10. Porto Rico.

1600.

— secundiflo'ra (side-flowering), 20, Brazil.

E. specio'sa (showy). 10. September, West
Indies. 1805.

EEYTHEOCHI'TON. (From erythros,
red, and chiton, a tunic; referring to
the flower envelope, or calyx. Nat.
ord., Rueworts (Rutaceaa]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Galipea.)

Stove evergreen tree. Seeds and cuttings, in
sand, and heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E, Braxilie'nsis (Brazilian). 10. White, July.
Brazil. 1842.

ERYTHROLJE'NA, Mexican Thistle.
(From erythros, red, and lana, a cloak ;
referring to the scarlet flowers. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceaa], Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis. Allied to
Carduus.)

The prettiest of all the thistles ; seeds in
April ; should be treated as a biennial, or not
allowed to seed ; the young plants to be kept
over the winter in frames, and planted out in
May in the American beds, where it will rise
with numerous branches, crowned with scarlet,
thistle-looking flowers.

E. conspi'cua (conspicuous). 8. Scarlet, orange.
September. Mexico. 1825.

ERYTHRO'NIUM. Dog's-Tooth Violet.
(From erythros, red; referring to the
colour of the leaves and flowers of the
species first discovered. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria \-Monogy niat}

Hardy bulbs ; offsets ; common garden soil $
E. lanceolatum requires a little heat.
E. a'lbidum (whitish). £. White. April.
Louisiana. 1824.

— De'ns-ca'nis (Dog's Tooth. Common). $.

Lilac. March. Europe. 1596.
a'lbidum (whitish). $. White.

March. Italy. 15Q6.
ru'brum(iK&- flowered). %. Red, lilac.

March. Europe. 1596.

— gigante'um (gigantic). Yellow. April. North

America.

— grandiflo'rum (large -flowered}. £. Yellow.

May. North America. 1826.

— lanceola'tum(spear-he&&-leaved). $. Yellow.

April. North America. 1665.

— longifo'lium (long- leaved). Rose. March.

Switzerland.

EEYTHEOPO'GOX. (From erythros^
red, and pogon, a beard; referring to
the colour of the chaffy scales of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Composites. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 1-^Equalis.)

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam,
and a little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

EIIY

[ 372 ]

ESC-

E. imbricu'tm (imbricated). White. May.
1816.

— umbclla'tus (umbelled). Rose. May. 1816.

ERYTHROPHLE'UM. Red Water Tree.
( From erythms, red, and phleos, an an-
cient name for a prickly plant ; referring
to the flow of red juice when the tree
is wounded. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabace;e]. Linn., W-Decan-
dria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Mimosa.)
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; rich
fibry loam, with a little peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. Guinee'nse (Guinea). 100. Pale yellow.
Sierra Leone. 1793.

ERYTHRO'XYLON. (From erythros,
red, and xylon, wood. Nat. ord., Ery-
throxyk [Erythroxylacefle]. 10-Decan-
dria 3-Triyynia.)

The wood of some species is deep red. E. Ha-
vanensc, is the best garden plant among them.
Stove evergreen trees, with yellowish green
flowers. Cuttings of half ripe shoots, in sand,
under a glass, and in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E.Havane'nse (Havannah). 10. Havannah.
1822.

— hijpcricifo'lium (Hypericum- leaved). 40.

Mauritius. 1818.

— laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). 50. Mauri-

tius. 1823.

E SCALLO 'NIA. ( Named after JEscallon,
a Spanish traveller. Nat. ord., Escal-
loniads [Escalloniacese]. Linn., b-Pcn-
landria I-Monoyynia.)

Evergreen greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of
young shoots rather ripe, in sandy soil, under a
hand-light, in summer ; or younger smaller
shoots under a bell-glass in the greenhouse ;
peat and loam, with a little road drift, and well
drained ; most of them will do against a wall,
with the protection of a spruce branch in frosty
weather, in winter, especially if the wall has a
broad coping.

E. Caracasu'nu (Caraccas). White. Caraccas.
1827.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. White. South

America. 1820.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). White. July.

New Grenada. 182/.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). Red. September.

Chili. 1827.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5. July. 1846. i

— iUini'ta (varnished). 5. White. August '

Chili. 1830.

— incu'na (hoary). July. 1847.

— Monteiiide'nsis (Monte Video).

July. Brazil. 1827.

— Otfane'iuis ( Organ- Mountain^

Organ Mountains. J844.

— jmliwrule'nta (dusted). 8. Chili.

, White.
3. Rose.

1831.

— ru'ltra (red- flowered) .
Chili. 1827.

3. Red. September.

E. ru'bru a/iJ/?o'ra (white-flowered}. 6. W'hite.

July.

pube'scens (downy). 6. Red. July.

— visco'sa (clammy). 5. White. Mendoza.

182Q.

ESCHALLOT or SHALLOT. (A1 Ilium
ascalo'nicnm.)

Varieties. — The Common, which puts
up long, slender, dark-green leaves, and
the Lony-keepiny, with larger bulbs and
dwarfer habit, and keeps good for nearly
or quite two years. Both have a strong-
er taste than the onion, yet not leaving
its disagreeable smell on the palate.

Propagation. — Each offset will in-
crease in a similar manner as its pa-
rent, and may be planted out either in
the months of October and November,
or early in the spring, from February
to the beginning of April. Autumn is
the best season for planting, if the soil
lies dry. If planted in beds, let them
be three feet and a half wide, and three
or four inches higher than the alleys,
and the surface of the bed a little
arched. Set out the rows nine inches
apart from row to row, and plant the
offsets singly with the hand upon the
surface of the bed, six inches apart
in the row, just pressing each bulb
down firm in the soil ; see occasion-
ally that they are not cast out of
their places by worms or other ver-
min ; or each bulb may be covered with
either a little old tan or coal ashes, in
little ridges along the rows, an inch
and a half or two inches deep. When
the bulbs are well established and grow-
ing, this covering should be removed
with the hand; no other culture is re-
quired, except earth-stining. Take
them up for stoiing, when full grown,
towards the end of June or July, as
soon as the leaves begin to decay.
Spread them out to dry, on boards,
in some airy situation.

ESCHSCHO'LTZIA. (Named after Dr.
Eschscholtz, a botanist. Nat. ord.,
Poppy worts [Papaveraceffi]. Linn.,
I 13-Polyandria 'i-Tctrayynia.)

Hardy bulbs with yellow flowers ; seeds sown
I in the open border in March ; when once intro-
' duced they will generally sow themselves ; it
sown in autumn, and an evergreen branch bent
t over them in severe weather, they will bloom
* early.

i E. Ca({f b'rnica (Californian). 1. September.
California. 1826.

ESC

[ 373 ]

EUC

E. compu'cta (compact). 1. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

— cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 1. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

—fumaria-fo'lia (Fumaria-leaved). September.
Mexico. 1827.

ESPALIERS. A terra used to express
modes of training fruit-trees on rails of
iron or wood, as bordering to the walks
of kitchen-gardens, wherehy the mar-
gins are rendered more ornamental, and
the walls are relieved of many trees
too tender to withstand the ordinary
rigours of our climate. The forms of
these trellises vary much ; some are
placed perpendicularly, others horizon-
tal, and others, again, in a curved or
saddle-like form, with various other
shapes which the fancy of the owner, ,
or the peculiar situation, may dictate. |
These rails are generally placed within
a few feet of the garden walk, having,
also, another walk or alley at the hack,
in order to facilitate operations. Es-
paliers being nearer to the ground than
ordinary standards, we need hardly say
that in such a position they are warmer.
The mode of training tends to check
exuberance of growth, which is of some
service in a dwarfing and, by conse-
quence, an early fruiting system. The
trees are completely within reach for
stopping, and various other manipula-
tions, which, on standards, require lad-
ders and other cumbrous machines.
Again, a much greater collection of
fruits may be cultivated, in any garden,
by an espalier system, than by the or-
dinary course of culture. The espalier
system can be rendered conducive to
the greatest amount of produce, as well
as to the most ornamental appearance.
Form of Trellis. — This is very mate-
rial. There are fruits which must have
sunshine to perfect them, yet will suc-
ceed with a moderate share. There
are others which will succeed in what
is commonly termed a northern aspect ;
such are adapted for the northern side
of trellises, which run east and west.
Again, others must have a full exposiire
to the sun. Kitchen-gardens are mostly
rectangular, and if most or all of the
margins be appropriated to trellises,
there will be a great difference between
those which run north and south and
east and west, To avoid over-shadow-

ing, we think that what have been
termed Table Trellises, that is, those
which present a flat surface, parallel to
the horizon, at about a foot or half a
yard from the ground, are by far the
best for the majority of fruits.

Perpendicular Rails are, however,
very well adapted for many of our
fruits, and if iron is not used, a very
nice, but somewhat perishable struc-
ture, may be formed by means of wood.
Permanent stakes of oak, larch, <fcc.,
may be driven at from two to three
feet apart perpendicularly, and tempo-
rary stakes driven as wanted between
them, of more perishable material. The
temporary, or intervening stakes are to
be moveable at pleasure, and when the
trees acquire a strong fabric, may be
entirely dispensed with.

The Strained-wire Rail is, however,
much superior, and will, doubtless,
prove most economical in the end.
Such, well-constructed, with stone bases
to the iron uprights, would endure a cen-
tury, and are, at least, particularly to be
recommended for trees of slender wood.
As for perpendicular iron treillage, an
ordinary field hurdle will give a pretty
good idea; the distance between the
rails being, of course, ruled by the
mode of growth of the tree.

With regard to Arched or Saddle
Trellisses, we would speak with some
caution. Running north and south, and
occupied with trees properly adapted,
they will doubtless succeed, and they
are assuredly ornamental.

Gooseberries and currants we have
found conveniently trainable to a cheap
trellis of this form —

It is not the least advantage attendant
upon this mode of training, that the
fruit is easily covered and protected.

ETIOLATION. The same as JBlanchint/.

EUCALY'PTUS. Gum Tree. (From
eu, good, and kalypto, covering ; refer-
ring to the flower envelope, or calyx,
which covers the flower and falls oft'
like ft cap, Nat. ord., Myrtlettooms

EUC

[ 374]

EUC

[Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Metrosideros.)

Greenhouse evergreen trees from New Hol-
land, and all with white blossoms. Cuttings of
young firm side shoots in the beginning of
summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; peat
and loam ; a cool greenhouse. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°. Most of them in warm places will
do well against walls, with a little protection, if
dryness is secured.
E. ala'ta (winged). 1816.

— amygda'lina (Almond-leaved). 1830.

— corymbo'fta (corymb-flowered). 1788.

— cotinifo'lia (Cotinus-leaved) . 1818.

— Eugenloi'des (Eugenia-like). 1 830.

— glo'bulus (globuled). 150. 1810.

— hcema'stoma (bloody-mouthed). 30. 1803.

— heterophy'lla various-leaved). 30. 1820.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 20.

— hypericifo'lia ( Hypericum-leaved) . 1 823 .

— incrassa'ta (thickened). 6. 1818.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). June.

— mar gina'ta (thick-edged). May. 1794.

— me'dia (intermediate). 1823.

— maeroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. June. 1842.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 20. 1823,

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 1823.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1820.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 6. 1823.

— obli' qua (twisted-leaved). 100. July. 1774.

— orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). 1816.

— ova'ta (egg-form-leaved). 6. 1820.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 1820.

— persicifo'lia (Peach-leaved). July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1817.

— phillyreoi'des (Phillyrea-like). 1820.

— pilula'ris (pelleted) . 1 804 .

— pulche'lla (pretty). 1820.

— puloerule'nta (powdery). 30. June. 1816.

— pulvi'geru (powdered) . 1824.

— purpura'scens (purplish-wer«ed). 1823.

— sali'gna (Willow-like). 1804.

— sea1 bra (rough). 1810.

— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1823.

— stri'cta (erect).

— verruca' sa (warty). 1820.

— vimina'lis (rod-like). J810.

— virga'ta (twiggy).

EUCHJE'TIS. (From en, well, and
chaite, a head of hair; the bottom of
the petals furnished with hairs inside.
Nat. ord., Rueworts [Kutacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Diosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub from the Cape
of Good Hope. For culture, see Diosma.
E. glomera'ta (close -flowered). 1. White.
May. 1818.

EUCHAEI'DIUM. (From eucharis,
agreeable ; referring to the general ap-
pearance of this exquisite little hardy
annual. Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagra-
ceffi]. Linn., S-Octandria \-Monoyyma,
Allied to Clarkia.)

Sow in the open ground in September, March,
and middle of May, for flowering from May to

September; sow also in a slight hotbed in
March, and transplant into the borders.
E. conci'nnum (neat). 1. Purple. June.
North America. 1836.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). Eosy red.

June. 1824.

EUCHI'LUS. (From e-u, fine, and
cheilos, a lip ; referring to the upper
division of the flower envelope, or calyx.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Gastrolobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
firmish side-shoots, or points of shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, without any bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45° ; peat and loam.
E. obcorda'tus (reversed-heart-teared). 2. Yel-
low. April. New Holland. 1803.

EtTCHRo'MA. (From eit, good, and
chroma, colour ; referring to the colour
of the bractes. Nat. ord., Figwortx
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., l±-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia.)

This genus should be reunited to Castilleja,
which see for culture.
E. cocci'nea (aca.rlet-br acted). £. Yellow.

July. North America. 1787- Hardy

annual.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1$. Purple,

yellow. July. Louisiana. 1811. Hardy
herbaceous.

EUCLE'A. (From eukleia, glory; re-
ferring to the beauty of the ebony-like
wood, and fine green leaves. Nat.
ord., Ebenads [Ebenaceee]. 22-_Dum«
10-Dccandria. Allied to Diospyros.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of hall
ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April ; peat and loam. Summer temp., 55° to
75°; winter, 40° to 45°.

E. racemo'sa (racemed-round-leaved) . 5. No-
vember. 1772.

— undula'ta (•waved-leaved). 5. 1794.

EU'COMIS. (From eukomes, beautiful-
haired ; referring to the tufted crown
of the flower spike. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Daubenya.)

Strong Cape of Good Hope bulbs, which, if
planted six inches deep in a rich light border in
front of a greenhouse, remain uninjured, and
flower every year. Propagated by offsets.
E. bifo'lia (two-leaved). -4. Light green.
April. 1792.

— na'na (dwarf). £. Brown. May. 1//4.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 2, Green, brown.

June. 1783.

— purpureocau'lis (purple-stalked). 2. Green,

brown. April. 1794.

— re'gia (royal). 2. Green. March. 1702,

— stria'ta (streaked). 2. Green. 1790.

EUC

[ 375 ]

EUN

E.undula'ta(wz.veA-leaved), 2, Green, April.
1760.

EUCRO'SIA. (From eu, beautiful, and
krossos, a fringe ; referring to the cup
above the instertion of the stamens.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacesej.
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Stenomesson and Elisena.)

This is the best ill-used bulb in British gar-
dens. Sweet, Don, Loudon, and Paxton, make
it a native of Cape Horn, instead of the western
declivities of the Peruvian Andes — a mistake
which caused the destruction of many bulbs.
Hooker and Lindley gave badly coloured figures
of it, and the latter placed it in alliance with
Phycella, with which it has no affinity ; bicolor
refers to a dark green stripe in the middle of
the petals, outside ; the flower is of a bright ver-
million. It delights in strong loam ; rests in
winter, and prefers the stove. Offsets; light
rich loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Scarlet, green.
April. Peru. 1816.

EUDE'SMIA. (From cu, beautiful,
and desma, a bundle ; referring to the
connected parcels of stamens. Nat.
ord., MyrtleUooms [Myrtacese]. Linn.,
IS-Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria. Allied
to Melaleuca.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of
young shoots getting firm at the base, in sand,
under a bell glass, in April or May ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. tetrago'na (four-angled). 16. Red. July.
New Holland. 1824.

EUGE'NIA. [NAmed after Prince
Eugene of Saxony. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
Uooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Jambosa
and Caryophyllus.)

Stove evergreens, all white blossomed. For
culture see Caryophyllus.
E. balsa'mica (balsamic). 15. Jamaica. 1816.

— bmifo'lia (Box-leaved). 4. May. West

Indies. 1818.

— elli'ptica (oval-fruited). 8. July. New

South Wales. 1790.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 5. West

Indies.

—fra1 'grans (sweet-seented). 10. April. Ja-
maica. 1/90.

— glanduli'fera (glanded). 10. East Indies.

1825.

— Java'nica (Javanese). 10. Java. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Guiana. 1793.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. East Indies.

1822.

— obova'ta (reversed -egg -leaved). Isle of

France. 1823.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 10. East Indies.

1821.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 10. East Indies. 1824.

— rugo'sa (wrinkly). East Indies. 1824.

— Sinemarie'nsis (Sinemaria). 4. June. Guiana.

1823.

EULO'PHTA. (From eulophos, hand-
some crested ; referring to the hand-
some lip or labellum, furrowed into
elevated ridges. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria
l-Monandria. Allied to Galeandra.)

A family of those forms of orchids, which,
like our British species, derive their nutriment
from the ground, and hence are called ground
or terrestrial orchids. An Indian species of
Eulophia furnishes from its tuberous roots the
nutritive substance called salep. Division
of the plant when in a state of rest, just as fresh
growth commences^ peat and loam, both fibry,
and well drained ; well watered when growing,
kept nearly dry when resting. Summer temp.,
60° to 806; winter, 45° to 55°. Those from
Sierra Leone and East Indies require a few
degrees more.

E.barba'ta (bearded). 1. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1825.

— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 1. Purple, brown.

September. Sierra Leone. 1822.

— longico'rnis (long-horned) . 1 . July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1825.

— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). 2. Yellow,

green. October. Ceylon.

— squa'lida (squalid). Dingy. July. Manilla.

1838.

EU'MERUS ^ENE'US. Brassy Onion fly.
Mr.Curtis says — the maggots are brown-
ish, and are very rough from a multitude
of rigid bristles, especially towards the
tail. The fly itself is of a reddish ochre
colour, freckled with dark brown, and
there are two spiny processes like short
horns upon the thorax, in the female
at least. It is densely clothed with
short hairs, thickly and distinctly punc-
tured, and of an olive-green colour,
with a brassy tinge; the antennae
(feelers) are entirely black, the seta
naked ; the face is very hairy, simply
convex, and silvery white; eyes dark
brown, and slightly hairy; rostrum
very short; thorax with two whitish
lines down the back. The maggots of
this fly do not seem to be confined to
the onion, for Mr. Curtis bred one in
the middle of May from cabbage roots,
and specimens have been taken flying
about hedges in June and July, in the
neighbourhood of London and Bristol.
As it often happens, the female has not
been observed depositing her eggs ; the
spot that she selects is therefore yet
unknown. Drought does not suit them.

EUNO'MIA. (From eu, well, and no-
mos, arranged ; referring to the dispo-
sition of the leaves in pairs and twin

EUN

[ 376 ]

EIT

.seeds. Nat. ord., Criicifers [Brassi-
cacere]. Linn., l^-Tch-adi/namia. Allied
to Lepidiuni. )

Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds, under a glass,
in spring ; cuttings, under a glass, in summer ;
common sandy soil ; requires the protection of
a pit, in most places, in winter ; may be treated
as an Alpine.

E. oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 1. White.
July. Syria. 1827.

EUO'NYMUS. The Spindle Tree.
(From eu, good, and onoma, a name;
literally of good repute. Nat. ord.,
Spindle-trees [Celastracete]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1 - Monogynia. )

Interesting trees and shrubs in autumn, their
opening capsules looking very beautiful when
other things are losing their attractions. Seeds
may be sown either in autumn or spring ; cut-
tings of ripe young shoots may be planted in a
border in autumn ; common soil. The Ame-
rican species require a moist situation. Those
from Nepaul, though from a high altitude, have
not been proved quite hardy, though it is pre-
sumed they would in many places ; protect
them in winter.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

E. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. Pink. May. China,
1820.

— echina'tus (prickly). 10. White. May.

Nepaul. 1824. Deciduous.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 8. White.

June. Nepaul. 1824.

— Hamiltonia'nus (Hamilton's). 20. White.

June. Nepaul. 1825.

— Japo'nicus (Japanese). 6. Pink. July.

Japan. 1804.
-- macula' tus (spotted). 6. Pink.

July. Japan. 1836.
--- variega'tus (variegated). 6. Pink.

July. Japan. 1836.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

— America 'nus (American). 6. Pink. June.

North America. 1683.

— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 6. Yellow,

red. June. North America. 1806.
Evergreen.

— ntropurpu'reus (dark-purple). 6. Purple.

June. North America. 1756.

— Europa'us (European). 15. White. June.

Britain.

-- fo'liis varieffa'tis (variegated-
leaved). 15. White. May. Britain.
fru'ctu-u'lbo (white-fruited). 12.

White. May. Britain.

latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 15.
White. May.

na'nus (dwarf). 4. White. May.

fimbria'tus (fringed). Green. May. Japan.
latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 10. Green. June.

Austria. 1/30.
lu'cidus (shining). 7. White. Nepaul.

1820.
obova'tus (reversed-egg-/ea»ed). 3. Pink.

June. North America, 1820.
ti'ngent (etainiDg,\ Green, J»p»n,

i E. veluti'nm (velvety) . White. June. Cau-
casus. 1838.

I — vermco'sus (warted). 6. Green. May.
Austria. 1763.

ELTATO'RIUM. (Named after Mlfhri-
| dates Eupator, king of Pontus, who
: discovered one of the species to be an
' antidote against poison. Nat. ord.,
I Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 10-
i Synqene&ia \-JKqualis.')

Stove shrubs and under shrubs, by cuttings,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam ;
stove, greenhouse, and hardy herbaceous plants,
by division, as fresh growth is commencing:;
common soil. Usual stove and greenhouse
temperatures.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

E. Berteroia'nitm (Bertero's). White. Au-
gust. Guadaloupe. 1830.

— Ivtufo'lmm (Iva-leaved). 3. Pink. Sep.

tember. Jamaica. 1794.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 4. White.

July. Jamaica. 1823.

— panicula'tum (panicled) . 6. Pink. August.

South America. 1818.

I — ScJriedea'num (Schiede's). White. June.
Mexico. 1833.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E. cane'scens (hoary). 3. Purple, yellow.
Jamaica. 1821.

— chamadrifo' Hum (Germander-leaved). 1.

Blue. August. South America. 1822.

— Da' lea (Dalea-like). 6. Pink. August.

Jamaica. 1773.

—floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). l£. Blue.
July. South America. 1823.

— odora'tum (sweet-scented). 3. Pink. August.

Jamaica. 1752.

— tetrago'num (four-sided). White. Mexico.

1832.

— Xalape'nse (Xalapa). 3. White. July.

Mexico. 1826.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

E. Ageratoi'des (Ageratum-like). 4. White.
August. North America. 1640.

— alti'ssimum (tallest). 5. Pink. September.

North America. 1699.

— aroma'ticmn (aromatic). 4. White. July.

North America. 1739.

— cannabi'num (Hemp-like Agrimony}. 4.

Pink. July. Britain.

— coronopifo'lium (Coronopus-leaved). 3.

White. August. Carolina. 1824.

— ftenicula'ceum (Fennel-leaved). 4. Pale

yellow. August. North America. ISO/.

— Frase'ri (Eraser's). 1^. White. August.

Carolina. 1820.

— hyssopifo'lium (Hyssop-leaved). 1. White.

August. North America. 1699-

— lanceola'tum (spear-head-/ea?^d). 3. White.

July. North America. 1819-

— macula'tum (spotted-stalked). 3. Purple.

July. North America. 1656.
~- perfolia'tum (pierced- leaf). 2. White. July.
North Amerka. 1699-

— p«6e'*fftn&own$*4. White. July.

America, 1618-

KIT

[ 377 ]

EUP

E. purpu'reum (purple-s/rt/Ared). 5. Pink.
August. North America. 1640.

— rotundifo'lium (round -leaved). 1. White.

July. North America. 1699-

— sessUifo'iium (stalkless-leaved). 1. White.

September. North America. 1777-

— Syri'anum (Syrian). 4. Purple. August.

Syria. 1807.

— trifolia'tum (three-leaved). 6. Purple.

August. North America. 1768.

— trunca'tum (cut-off). l£. White. Sep-

tember. North America. 1800.

— vertirilla'tum vwhorl-teawed) . 5. Purple.

August. North America. 1811.

EUPE'TALOI. (From en, handsome,
and petalum, a petal ; referring to the
large handsome flowers. Nat. ord.,
Beyonlads [Begoniacesoj. Linn., 21-
Monrecla 7 ' -Heptandrla.)

Stove herbaceous perennial ; division of the
plant ; cutting of shoots when young, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 55° to 80°; winter 45°
to 55°.

E.jmncta'tum (dotted). Eose, scarlet. May.
Mexico. 1839.

EUPHO'RBIA. Spurge, or Milkwort,
(Named after Euphorbus, physician to
the king of Mauritania. Nat. ord.,
Spuryeworts [Euphorbiacese]. Linn.,
]}-Dodecandria %-Trigynia.}

The unripe seed pods of E. lathyrus are the
British capers. A large family, widely differing
in their habits. Hardy annuals may be sown
in the open border, in April ; but with the ex-
ception of plumosa, and a few more, the rest
are not worth ground room. Even the tropical
annuals are little better; they require to be
raised in a hotbed and transplanted. Herba-
ceous perennials are chiefly hardy ; divisions of
the plant, and seeds ; sandy soil ; shrubs and
under shrubs chiefly require a dry stove and
warm greenhouse, and are propagated by seeds
and by cuttings, which should be dried at the
base before placing in any rough loose material.
The species which are firm and hard, require a
rich light loam, with a little peat ; those that
are very succulent, should have a large portion
of lime rubbish and broken bricks. Winter
temp., not much below 45°. There are two
sub - evergreen shrubs, natives of England,
Amygdaloides and Charucias, both of which,
and especially the latter, do well for rockwork.
Spinosu, from the south of Europe, did well in
the Botanic Garden at Cambridge.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

E.globo'sa (globular). 1. July. 1818.

— Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). l£. July. Na-

ples. 1816.

— plumo'aa (feathery). July. 1816.

— ru'bra (red). £-. June. France. 1818.

— serpyllifo'lia (Serpyllium-tea»»ed). &. July.

South America. 1817.

— Tau'rlca (Taurian). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.
• — vnriega'ta (variegated). September. Louisi-
ana, 1811.

STOVE ANNUALS.

E. hi'rta (hairy). £. July. East Indies. 1818.

— ophtha'lmica (opathalmic). £. July. Rio

Janeiro. 1824.

— scordifo'lia (Scordium-leaved). £. July.

Africa. 1823.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
E. aphy'lla (leafless). 1$. Teneriffe. 1815.
1 — a'pios (pear-roo/rtT . £. July. Candia. 1596.
i — atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3. July. Te-
neriffe. 1815.

— balsami'fera (Balsam-bearing). June. Ca-

naries. 1779-
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 1. June. Sicily. 1824.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. August. Por-

tugal. 1804.

— lee'ta (joyous). 1. June. 1758.

— nummularicefo'lia (Moneywort-leaved). 4.

July. 1800.

— ornitJio'pHs (bird's-foot). 1. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— spathuleefo'lia (spatula-leaved). 2. August;

1800.

— spino'sa (prickly). 2. June. Levant. 1710.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
E. Ale'ppica (Aleppo). 1. July. Europe. 1820.

— Erythri'na (Erythrina). I. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1823.

— margina'ta (bordered). 1. June. South

America. 1824.

— prunifo'lia (Plum -leaved). 2. August.

1799- Biennial.

— serra'ta (narrow saw - leaved") , 1. July.

South Europe. 1710.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
E, anacampseroi'des (Anacampseros - like) 1 .

9. April. East

South America.

— antiquo'rum (antique).

Indies). 1/68.

— biglandulo'sa (twin-glanded). 3. Bourbon.

1808.

— Bo'jeri (Bojer's). 4. Scarlet. November.

Madagascar.

| — bractea'ta (bracted). l£. August. 1809.

I — Bryo'nii (Bryony-like). Scarlet.

S — bupleurifo'lia (Bupleurum- leaved). 1$. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1793.

; — Canarie'nsis (Canary). 20. July. Canaries.
1697.

j — caerule'scens (bluish). 3. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.

I — Caput Medu'sae (great Medusa-headed). 2.
August. Africa. 1/31.

pu'mila (dwarf). J. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1768.

— cereifo'rmis (Cereus- shaped). 2. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731 .

— Commeli'ni (Commelin's). August. Africa.

1805.

— cri'spa (curled). £. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1819.

— cucumeri'na (Cucumber -like), i. June.

Cape of Good Hope.

— enneago'na (nine-angled). 3. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1/90.
— fructuspi'na (spine-fruited). 3- August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
.». — gemina'ta (tvt'm-branched). $,

August. Cape of Good Hope* J731,

EUP

[ 3T8 ]

EUB

E.fu'lgens (blazing). 4. Scarlet. August.
Mexico. 1836.

— gra'ndidens (large-toothed). 5. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 6. Sierra Leone.

1/89.

— Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

— heptego'na (seven-angled). 3. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

ru'bra (reA-spined) . 4. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— hy'strix (porcupine). 6. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 16Q5.

— la'ctea (milky). 4. July. East Indies. 1804.

— Lama'rkii (Lamark's). l£. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1808.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 2. Peru. 1820.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 2. West Indies.

1774.

— linea'ris (nunovr-leaved). July. VeraCruz.

1824.

— lopJtogo'na (crested-angled). 3. Madagas-

car. 1824.

— magnima'mma (large-nippled). 3. Mexico.

1823.

— mammilla 'ris (nippled-<mg7ed). 2. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759-

— melofo'rmis (melon-shaped). 2- July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 2. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1699.

— odontophy'lla (tooth -leaved) . 5. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.

— officina'rum (shop). 6. June. Africa. 1597.

— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 1. 1808.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1768.

— puni'cea (scarlet-flowered). 6. April. Ja-

maica. 1778.

— repa'nda (wavy -edged). 2. August. East

Indies. 1808.

— sple'ndens (shining). 4. Scarlet. June.

Isle of France. 1826.

— squarro'sa (spreading). $.

— tetrago'na (four-angled). 4.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). £. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1808.

— uncina'ta (hooked). 2- July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1794.

- verticilla'ta (whorled). August. West
Indies. 1826.

HAKDY EVERGEENS.

E, amygdaloi'des (Almond -like). 2. April.
England.

— • variega'ta (striped-/eawed). 2.

March. Britain.

— Chara'cias (Characias). 4. April. England.

— dendroi'des (tree-like). £. July. Italy. 1768.

HAKDY HERBACEOUS.

E. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Trinidad. 1827-

— Atla'ntica (Atlantic). 1. June. South Eu-

rope. 1818.

— biumbella'ta (double-umbelled). 1. Bar-

bary. 1780.

— ceespito'sa (turfy). *. July. Italy. 1820.

— Corderia'na (Corden's). 1. May. South

Europe. 1824,

E. denticula'ta (small-toothed). 1. June. South
Europe. 1810.

— du'lcis (sweet). 1. July. South Europe.

1759.

— flavi'coma (yellow-haired). lj. July. South

France. 1820.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. Nepaul.

1823.

— mult icory mho' sa (many corymbed). 1. July-

1805.

— Portla'ndica (Portland) . 4. June. Britain.

— purpura'ta (purpled). 1. June. France.

1820.

— trunca'ta (cut-off). I.July. South Europe.

1820.

— Valeria'nee (Valerian-teamed). 1. July. Si-

beria. 1818.

— villo'aa (shaggy). 2. June. Hungary. 1820.

EUPHO'RIA. See Nephe'lhim.

ETJPHRA'SIA. Eyebright. (From
enphraino, to delight; fabled to cure
blindness. Nat. ord., Fig worts [Scro-
phularicese] . Linn., \±-Didynamia 3-
Anyiospermia. Allied to Bartsia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in March or April, in
the open border.

E. Alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Purple. July. Europe.
1827.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved), f- Purple. August.

France. 1826.

— lu'tea (yellow). 14. Purple. August.

South Europe. 1816.

EUPOMA'TIA. (From en, well, and
2)oma, a lid ; the calyptra covering the
unexpanded flower like an extinguisher.
Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonacete]. Linn.,
1 2 -Icosan dria 3-Polygynia . )

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds in a
slight hot-bed in spring ; cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
E. Lauri'na (Laurel-like). 4. Greenish yel-
low. New Holland. 1824.

EU'RYA. [From etirys, large; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat. ord. Theads
[Ternstomiacere] . Linn., 2%-PoIyyamia
l-Moncecia. Allied to Freziera.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in early autumn or spring, in sandy peat,
with a glass over them ; peat and loam, poth
fibry, with a portion of silver sand. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

E. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. White. June.
China. 1823.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. White.

Nepaul. 1823.

ETTEYA'LE. (The name of one of
Ovid's Gorgons, whose heads he fabled
to be covered with vipers instead of
hair ; referring to the fierce aspect of
the plant in flower. Nat. ord., Water-
lilies [Nympheeacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-

EUR

[ 379 ]

EUT

andria 1-Monogyina. Allied to Vic-
toria Kegia.)

The leaves of Euryale in the East Indies vie
with those of Victoria, but its flowers are incon-
spicuous. The seeds are eatable. Stove aqua-
tic. Seeds and divisions ; loamy soil, in a tub
set in water, and kept at a high temperature.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 556 to 60°.
E.fe'rox (fierce). Red. August. India. 1809-

EURY'BIA. (From euribies, wide-
spreading ; referring to the roots. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to
Aster.)

All the greenhouse species are from New
Holland. Division of the plant in spring, like
an autumn Aster; common soil. Usual green-
house temperature.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

E- corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July.
North America. 1765.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

E. aculea'ta (prickly-teawed). 2. White. March.
1818.

— argophy'lla (white-leaved). 10. White.

March. 1804.

— chryso'tricha (golden-haired). 2.

— erube'scens (blushing). 3. Red. May.

— glutino'sa (clammy). Pale violet.

— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 3. White. Septem-

ber. New South Wales. 1812.

— myrsinoi'des (Myrsine-like). 3. Pale purple.

May. New Holland. 1835.

EI/RYCLES. (From curys, broad, and
Idas, a branch, referring to the broad
leaves or branch-like footstalks. Nat.
ord., Amarylllds [Amaryllidaceee].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Calostemma.)

Store bulbs requiring rest in winter. Seeds,
but chiefly offsets ; light sandy loam and a
little vegetable mould, or very rotten cow-dung ;
watered and heat given when growing, drier
and cooler when resting. Summer temp., 55°
to 80°; winter, 45° to 55°.
E. Amboine'nsis (Amboyna). 2. White. May.
Amboyna. 1759-

— Australa'sica (Australasian). 1. White.

May. New Holland. 1821.

EURY'COMA. (From eurys, large, and
home, a head of hair ; in reference to
fringe-like hairs on the ovary. Nat.
ord., Connarads [Connaracese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-flfonogynia.}

Stove evergreen. For'culture see Co'nnarus.
E- loneifo'lla (long-leaved). 20. Purple. Suma-
tra. 1826.

ERYTHA'LIA. See Gentfa'na.
EUSTE'GIA. (From eu, good, and
stege, a covering ; referring to the

bracts. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu-
phorbiacese] . Linn., 6-Pentandria 2-
Digynia. Allied to Peplonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen trailer. Cuttings in
sandy soil, and by trailing runners ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45.
E. hasta'ta (halbert-Jeawecf) . 1. White. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

EUSTO'MA. [From eustoma, a beau-
tiful mouth ; referring to the opening
of the flower. Nat. ord., Gentianworls
[Grentianacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Leianthus.)

Seeds sown in a slight hot-bed in March, and
transplanted into the border in May, and some
in the end of April. E. exaltatum by division,
and cool greenhouse treatment.
E. exalta'tum (tall). 2. Purple. July. Mexico.
1804. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— Russellia'num (Russell's). Purple. August.

Texas. 1835. Hardy biennial.

— Silenifo'lia (Silene-leaved). 1. White. July.

I. of Providence. 1804. Hardy annual.

EU'STREPHUS. (From eu, good, and
strepho, to twine; literally beautiful
twiners. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceee].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Dianella.)

Half-hardy evergreen twiners, from New
South Wales, with pale purple flowers. Cut-
tings of firm young shoots, in early autumn or
spring, in sandy soil, under a glass; sandy
peat. They will bear the same treatment as
Dianella.

E. angustifo'lius (narrow-leayed). 3. July.
1820.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1800.

EUTA'SSA and Eutacta, synonyms for
Aurauca'ria Cunningha'mii and exce'lsa.

EUTA'XIA. (From eutaxia, modesty ;
referring to the delicate aspect of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Dillwynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of short young shoots, getting
firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May ; peat and loam in equal propor-
tions. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. E.myrtifolia,
with a little protection, will do against a wall
near London.
E. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 8. Yellow. 1830.

— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved). 1$. Orange.

August. 1803.

— pu'ngens (pungent). 4. Orange. May.

1825.

EUTE'RPE. (After Euterpe, one of
the nine Muses. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacece]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 6-
Hexandria. Allied to Areca.)

EUT

[ 380 ]

EVO

Stove palms. Seeds; rich loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°, and moist; winter, 50° to 60°.
E. Carlbcp'a (Caribtean). 30. West Indies.
1656.

— globo'sa (round-fruited'). 30. Mauritius.

1819,

— monta'na (mountain). Yellow. Grenada.

1815.

Are'ca olera'cea and pisifo'rmis are
sometimes included erroneously in this
genus.

EU'THALES. (From en, well, and
lhaleo, to push or sprout. Nat. ord.,
Goodeniads [Goodeniaceae]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Leschenaultia.)

A singular characteristic of Goodeniads may
be seen in the flower of Leschenaultia ; the
stigma is placed in the bottom of a cup or in-
dusium, and when the pollen is shed the cup
closes over the stigma ; whether it does so in
others, has not been recorded. Greenhouse
herbaceous perennials from New Holland. Cut-
tings of young shoots getting firm, in April or
May, or early in autumn; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
E. macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 4. Yellow,
brown. July. 1839.

— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 1. Purple, yellow.

July. 1803.

EUTHA'MIA. See SoUda'go.

EU'TOCA. (From eutokos, fruitful;
referring to the abundance of seeds.
Nat. or A., Hydrophyte [Hydrophylacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Nemophila.)

Hardy annuals and biennials from North
America. Seeds sown in the border in April,
or on a slight hotbed, and transplanted ; sow
or plant thinly, or the leaves will become
diseased.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

E. divarica'ta (straggling). Light violet. May.
1833.

— Menzie'sii (Menzies's). Purple. June. 1826.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Blue. June.

1826.

— vl'scida (clammy-haired) . 2. Brown, rose.

July. 1834.

— PFra»gfe/io'»a(Wrangel>s). 1, Blue. Au-

gust. 1835.

HARPY BIENNIALS.

E. Frankli'ni (Franklin's). 1. Pink. May.
1827-

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). l£. Pink.

June. 1826.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Blue. June. 182/.

EUXE'NIA. (From en, beautiful, and
xenos, a stranger. Nat. ord., Com-
tiosites [Asteracese]. Linn., \$-Syn<i<.-nt'-
sia 5-Scyrepata. Allied to Petrobium,)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, in spring or autumn, in sand, under a
bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp . 40°
to 48b.
E. gra'ta (pleasant). 2. Yellow. Chili. 1825.

EVELY'NA. (Named after John
Evelyn, our first good writer on trees,
&c. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacew].
Linn., '20-Gynandria \-Monandrla. Al-
lied to Bletia.)

Stove orchids, some of which are terrestrial,
and may be grown in loam and peat, like
Bletia ; the others in shallow baskets and blocks
of wood, with sphagnum moss. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°; divisions.
E. bracte'scens (bracted). Red. July. Merida.

— capita 'ta (headed). White. August. Sierra

Neva.

— columna'ris (columned). White, purple.

June. Sierra Neva.

— ensa'ta (svrorA-leaved). Carmine. August.

Sierra Neva.

— flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. May.

Truxillo.

— furfura'cea (purplish). Scarlet. June.
Merida.

— kermesi'na (carmine). Bright carmine. Ja-

nuary. Mariquita.

— lupuli'na (Lupine-like). Rose. August.

Sierra Neva.

EVENING FLOWER. He1 sperm.

EVENING PRIMROSE. (Eno'thera.

EVERGREENS are such plants as do
not shed all their leaves at any one
time during the year.

EVERGREEN THORN. Crata'yns pyra-
ca'ntha.

EVERLASTING. Gnapha'litim.

EVERLASTING PEA. La'thyrus tatifo'-
Hut,

EVO'DIA. (From evodla, sweet scent;
referring to that of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Rueworts [Kutacere]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandrla \-Monoyymn. Allied to
Pilocarpus.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat, in April; light fibry loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75 ; winter, 50b to 55°.
E. triphy'lla (three-leaved). 7- White. East
Indies. 1821.

EVO'LVFLUS. (From evolvo, the op-
posite to Convolvulus ; referring to the
plants not twining. Nat. ord., Bind-
weeds [Convolvulaceffi]. Linn., -}-Peii-
landrla "-l-Ditfynia. Allied to Convolvu-
lus.)

For culture see Convo'lnilits. All blue
flowered trailers, except where otherwise
specified,

EVO

[ m 3

EXO

HARDY ANNUALS.

E. NuttaUia'nus(X\itta.n's). %. July. North
America. 1824.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

E.ceeru'lcus (sky-blue). July. Jamaica. 1845.

— lanceola'tus (spear - head - leaved}. June.

South America. 1818.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 2. White. June.

Brazil. 1819.

— purpu'reo-cceru'leus (purplish - blue) . 1 £.

July. Jamaica. 1845.

— villo'sus (shaggy). 1. July. South America.

1810.

STOVE ANNUALS.

E. alsinoi'des (Chickweed-like). £. July. East
Indies. 1817.

— emargina'tus (end-notched). 1. September.

East Indies. 1816.

— gange'ticus (Ganges). 1. July. East Indies.

Trinidad. 1818.
Jy. South America.
1810.

— linifo'lius (Flax-leaved). 2. August. Ja-

maica. 1732.

— nummula'ris (Money- wort-like). £. Sep-

tember. Jamaica. 1816.

— hirsu'tus (hairy). £. July.

— inca'nus (hoary). ^. July.

— seri'ceus (silky). A.
Indies, 1816.

White. July. West

E'XACUM. (From ex, out of, ago, to
drive; supposed virtue of expelling
poison. Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gen-
tianacege]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria \-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Chironia.)

Hardy annuals. Sow in April, in a moist

border, in which there is a portion of peat.

E.pulche'llum (pretty). $. Pink. August.
New Jersey. 1826.

— tetrago'num (four-angled). 14. Blue. Au-
gust. Nepaul. 1820.

bico'lor (two-coloured). 1. Pale

purple. June. Corcan. 1846.

EXCJECA'RIA. ( From excicco, to blind ;

crops are very few. That wliicb ap-
pears above the point of union between
the scion and stock, is caused by the
former being the freer grower of the
two, and is a warning that should be
remembered, for it curtails the lon-
gevity of the tree, the supply of sap
gradually becoming inefficient. The
j excresences which occur upon the
! branches of some apples, as those of
the codling and June-eating, cannot be
j looked upon as disease, for they arise
from congeries of abortive buds, which
readily protrude roots if buried in the
soil, making those among the few
apples which can be propagated by
cuttings. Of a similar nature are the
huge excrescences so prevalent on aged
oaks and elms. Bulbous excrescences
are formed upon the roots of many
plants if compelled to grow upon a soil
drier than that which best suits them.
This is the case especially with two
grasses, Phle'um prate' use and Alope'cu-
rus yenicula'tus, and is evidently a wise
provision of nature to secure the pro-
pagation of the species, for those bulbs
will vegetate long after the remainder
of the plant has been destroyed by the
excessive dryness of the soil.

EXOGO'NIUM. (From exo, external,
and gonu, a joint ; referring to the
stems. Nat. ord., B'mdiveeds [Convol-
vulacese]. Linn., ^-Pentandria i-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ipomsea.)

E. purga is the true source of the best kind
of Jalap. A beautiful crimson-flowered green-
house twiner, not a stove climber as mentioned

the j Uice and smoke of burning branches erroneously in books ; we have even flowered it
i«;»M *U« MA D;«».* xi.4 ±S »„,., " j beautifully in the open air. Greenhouse ever-

injure the eye-sight. Nat. ord.. Spuryc-
ivorls [Euphorbiacese]. Linn., £2-
Dicecia 13-Polyandria. Allied to Gus-
sonia and Hippomane.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers ;
cuttings in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
spring or autumn ; fibry sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
E. Agallo'cha (Ceylon). 5. May. East In-
dies. 1820.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 5. May. Jamaica.

1821.

— serra'ta (saw-leaved). 6. May. Chili. 1796.

EXCRESCENCE. — Independently of
Galls, which are caused by the punc-
tures of insects, and the swellings
which always accompany Canker, the

excreseuces which injure the gardener's I winter, 50° to 55

green twiners ; cuttings of short side shoots in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-
heat. Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 45°
to 50°.
E.filifo'rme (thread -shaped). 10. Purple.

October. West Indies. 1823.
— pu'rga (purgative. True Jalap). 10. Rose,

purple. September. Vera Cruz. 1838.
— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. June.

West Indies. 1793.

EXOSTE'MMA. (From exo, externally,
and stemma, a crown ; referring to the
nower-heads. Nat. ord., Cinchonarix
[Cinchonaceae). Linn., 5-Pcntandria
l-Monor/ynia. Allied to Luculia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe younp
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat, ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;

EXO

C 382 ]

EXT

E. longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 30. White
June. Caraccas. 1820.

EXOTICS. Plants belonging to
country different from that in which
they are growing.

EXTRAVASATED SAP may arise from
five causes.

1. The acrid or alkaline state of the
sap, which has been considered already,
when treating of the Canker.

2. Plethora, or that state of a plant's
excessive vigour in which the sap is
formed more rapidly than the circu-
latory vessels can convey it away.
When this occurs, rupture must take
place. If the extravasation proceeds
from this cause, there is but one course
of treatment to be pursued, root-
pruning, and reducing the staple of
the soil, by removing some of it, and
admixing less fertile earthy compo-
nents, as sand or chalk. This must
be done gradually, for the fibrous roots
that are suited for the collection of
food from a fertile soil are not at once
adapted for the introsusception of that
from a less abundant pasturage. Care
must be taken not to apply the above
remedies before it is clearly ascertained
that the cause is not an unnatural con-
traction of the sap vessels, because, in
such case, the treatment might be in-
jurious rather than beneficial. We
have always found it arising from an
excessive production of sap, if the tree
when afflicted by extravasation pro-
duces at the same time super- luxuriant
shoots.

3. Local contraction of the sap ves-
sels.— If the extravasation arises from
this cause, there is usually a swelling
of the bark immediately above the
place of discharge. In such a case the
cultivator's only resource is to reduce
cautiously the amount of branches, if
the bleeding threatens to be injuriously
extensive, otherwise it is of but little
consequence, acting, like temporary
discharges of blood, as a relief to the
system.

•A. The extravasation of the sap from
a wound is usually the most exhaust- j
ing, and as the wound, whether con- :
tused or cut, is liable to be a lodgement |
for water and other foreign bodies op-
posed to the healing of the injured

part, the discharge is often protracted.
This is especially the case if the wound
be made in the spring, before the leaves
are developed, as in performing the
winter pruning of the vine later than
is proper. In such case, the vine always
is weakened, and in some instances it
has been destroyed.

5. Heat attended by dryness of the
soil, as during the drought of summer,
is very liable to produce an unnatural
exudation. This is especially notice-
able upon the leaves of some plants,
and is popularly known as honey-dew.
It is somewhat analogous to that out-
burst of blood, which in such seasons
is apt to occur to man, and arises from
the increased action of the secretory
and circulatory system to which it af-
fords relief. There is this great and
essential difference, that, in the case of
plants, the extravasation is upon the
surface of the leaves, and in proportion
consequently to the abundance of the
extruded sap are their respiration and
digestion impaired.

Azaleas sometimes, but rarely, have
the hairs on their leaves, especially on
their lower surface, beaded as it were
with a resinous exudation. This can
scarcely be called a disease. It is never
found but upon plants that have been
kept in a temperature too high, and in
a soil too fertile. It is an effort to re-
ieve the surcharged vessels, and occurs
n various forms in other plants.

The various successful applications
of liquids to plants, in order to prevent
the occurrence of the honey-dew and
similar diseases, would seem to indicate
hat a morbid state of the sap is the
ihief cause of the honey -dew, for other-
wise it would be difficult to explain the
reason why the use of a solution of
common salt in water applied to the
il in which a plant is growing, can
)revent a disease caused by insects.
But if we admit that the irregular ac-
tion of the sap is the cause of the dis-
order, then we can understand that a
portion of salt introduced in the juices
of the plant would naturally have a ten-
dency to correct or vary any morbid
tendency, either correcting the too rapid
secretion of sap, stimulating it in pro-
moting its regular formation, or pre-

EXT

[ 383 ]

FAG

serving its fluidity. And that by such
a treatment the honey-dew may be en-
tirely prevented, we have often wit-
nessed when experimentalizing with
totally different objects. Thus we have
seen plants of various kinds, which
have been treated with a weak solution
of common salt and water, totally es-
cape the honey-dew, where trees of the
same kind growing in the same plot of
gound not so treated, have been mate-
rially injured by its ravages.

EYE-BKIGHT. Enphra'sia.

EYSENHA'EDTIA. (Named after Eysen-
hardt, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Allied to
Amorpha.)

Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, in bottom-
heat, in April or May ; loam and peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
E, amorphoi'des (Amorpha -like). 15. Pale
yellow. June. Mexico. 1838.

F.

FA'BA. Garden Bean. (From phago,
to eat. Nat ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae], Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria.}

Botanists place the garden bean among the
Vetches (Vicia), but for practical purposes, we
prefer keeping it distinct, under the old name,
which now gives the comprehensive designation
Fabacese to this large assemblage of plants.
Hardy annual. For culture, see Bean.
F. vulga'ris (common). 3. White. July. Egypt.
equi'na (horse). 3. Purple. July.

FABA'GO. See Zyyophy'llum.

FABIA'NA. (Named after F. Fabiano,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Vestia.)

A half-hardy evergreen shrub, having the
aspect of a Cape heath. Seeds in a hotbed, in
March ; cuttings of firm young shoots in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April; set at first in a
cold greenhouse or pit, and then plunged in a
mild bottom-heat ; sandy peat. Winter temp.,

40° to 48°.
F. imbrica'ta (scaly).
1838.

White. May. Chili.

FABEI'CIA. (Named after Fabricius,
a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Myr-
tleblooms [Myrtacea]. Linn., 12-Ico-
sandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Lepto-
spernum.)

Like Melaleucas, Beaufortias, Eucalyptus,
Metrosideros, and other Australian Myrtle-
blooms, they are peculiarly adapted for winter
gardens, either under glass, or for planting
against heated conservatory walls. Australian
evergreens. By seeds, in a hotbed ; but as
the plants thus raised are long in flowering,
more generally by cuttings of the young shoots,
getting firm in summer, under a bell-glass, and
in sand ; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp.,
37° to 45°.

F. leeviga'ta (smooth-teaoed). 3. Yellow. June.
1788.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 3. Yellow.

— seri'cea (silky). 2. Yellow. 1820.

— stri'cta (erect). 3. June. 1827.

FAD YE 'MA. [Named after Dr. Fady-
en, author of a Flora of Jamaica. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia l-Filiccs. Allied to
Aspidium.)

This must not be confounded with Endli-
cher's Fadgeniu, which belongs to Garryads.
Stove Fern. Division ; loam and peat. See
Ferns.

F. proli'fera (proliferous).
Jamaica. 1843.

Brown. May.

FAGE'LIA. (Named after Fayel, a
botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceee]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Cajana.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Seeds, steeped
in warm water, sown in light soil, and put in a
mild hot-bed. Cuttings of the points of young
shoots before they get hard, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam ; both sandy and
lumpy. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
F. bi'tuminosa (pitchy). 4. Yellowish purple.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

FAGOPY'KUM. (From phago, to eat,
and pyren, a kernel; referring to the
triangular kernel of the nut. Nat.
ord.., Suck wheats [Polygoniaceffi]. Linn.,
S-Octandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Poly-
gonum.)

Hardy annual. Seed in April. Common soil.
F. cymo'wm (cymed). Pink. July. Nepaul.

1827.

FAGE^'A. (Named after Dr. Fa-
grams. Nat. ord., Loganiads [Loga-
niaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Logania.)

Loganiads stand foremost among the most
deadly poisons in the vegetable kingdom.
Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
shoots beginning to get firm, in April, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
55° to 60°.
F. obova'ta (reversed egg-leaved). 20. White.

Silhet. 1816.
— seyla'nica (Ceylon), 12. White, Ceylon.

1816,

FAG [ :584 ]

FA'GUS. The Beech. (From fuyo,
to eat; referring to the edible seeds.
Nat. ord., Mastworts [Corylacese].
Linn., %\-Moncecia Q-Polyandria.}

By seeds, gathered in autumn, dried in the
sun, kept dry during the winter, and sown in
light soil in March. They might be sown in
the autumn, only mice, &c., make havoc among
them ; loamy soil, over chalk, suits them well,
as the roots seldom run deep. The different
varieties are propagated by grafting in March
and April. The male catkins, when sweeped
up, are often used for packing fruit, and filling
pillows for the poor man's bed. The morel and
the truffle are chiefly found under beeches.

EVERGREENS.

F. betuloi'des (Birch-like). 50. Magellan.
1830. Hardy.

— Cunninghu'mii (Cunningham's). New Zea-

land. 1843. Half-hardy.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

F. anta'rctica (Antarctic). 50. Magellan. 1830.

— castanoKfo'lia (Chesnut-leaved). June. North

America.

— Comptonieefo'lia (Comptonia-leaved). May.
— ferrugi'nea (American rusty). 30. June.

North America. 1766.
Carolinia'na( Carolina). Carolina.

— purpu'rea (purple). April. Germany.

— sylva'tica (common wood) . 70. June. Bri-

tain.
America'na (American). 100. May.

North America.
atroru'beus (dark-red leaved}. 30.

June.

arista' ta (crested-Jeaued). 30. May.

cu'prea (copper-coloured-teaued).

70. May.
fo'Kis arge'nteis (silver-leaved; .

May.

fo'liis au'reis (golden-leaved) . June.

heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40.

April. May.

• inci'sa (cut-leaved). 10. June.

pe'ndula (pendulous). May. Gar-
dens.

FA'LKIA. (Named after Folk, a
Swedish botanist. Nat. ord., Bind-
u-ecds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., o-
I'cntandria 1-Diyynia. )

Greenhouse evergreen creeper. Cuttings,

under a hand-glass, in sandy peat, in April or

May; peat and loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

F. rc'pens (creeping). 4. Pink. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.

FALL OF THE LEAF. Dr. Lindley
thus explains this phenomenon. In
the course of time a leaf becomes in-
capable of performing its functions ;
its passages are choked up by the
deposit of sedimentary matter; there
is no longer a free communication
between its veins and the wood and

FAR

| liber. It changes colour, ceases to de-
compose carbonic acid, absorbs oxygen
instead, gets into a morbid condition,
and dies ; it is then thrown off. This
phenomenon, which we call the fall of
the leaf, is going on the whole year.
Those trees which lose the whole of
their leaves at the approach of winter,
and are called deciduous, begin, in
fact, to cast their leaves within a few
weeks after the commencement of their
venial growth ; but the mass of their
foliage is not rejected till late in the
season. Those, on the other hand,
which are named evergreens, part with
their leaves much more slowly ; retain
them in health at the time when the
leaves of other plants are perishing ;
and do not cast them till a new spring
has commenced, when other trees are
leafing, or even later. In the latter
class, the function of the leaves are
going on during all the winter, although
languidly ; they are constantly attract-
ing sap from the earth through the
spongelets, and are therefore in a state
of slow but continual winter growth.

FALLOWING is needless where there
is a due supply of manure, and a suffi-
cient application of the spade, fork, and
hoe to the soil. Fallowing can have
no other beneficial influence than by
destroying weeds, aiding the decom-
position of offensive exuviae, exposing
the soil to the disintegrating influence
of the air, and accumulating in it de-
composing matter. Now all these
effects can be produced by judicious
J manuring, and a constant application
! of the hoe and fork.

FALSE BLOSSOM is the very erroneous
name applied sometimes to the male
flowers, which containing only stamens,
do not produce fruit, yet are essential
for causing fruitfulness in, what gar
deners call, the true blossoms, which
contain the pistils.

FAN PALM. Co'rypha.

FARA'MEA. (The derivation has not
been explained, probably a commemo-
rative one. Nat. ord., Ciiichonads [Cin-
chonacea?.]. Linn., n-Triaudria \-i\Io-
ii"f/i/n/ii. Allied to the Coffee tree.)

A sweet-scented stove evergreen bush, Joii£
known in our gardens as Tctramerium. Cut-
tings of firm young shoots in May, in sand,

FAB

[ 885 ]

FEN

under a bell-glass, in bottom heat ; peat and
loam, both fibry, with silver sand, and lumps
of charcoal.

F. odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. White.
West Indies. 1793.

FARI'NA, a name for the pollen or
fertilizing dust produced by the anthers,
or male organs, of a flower.

FARM-YARD MANURE. See Dung.

FARSE'TIA. (Named after Farseti,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Cmci-
fcrs [Brassicacete]. Linn., \b-Tetra-
dynamia. Allied to Alyssum.)

Hardy annuals sow in border in March or
April ; hardy perennials by division and seeds;
half-hardy evergreens by cuttings, under a
hand-light, in May, in sandy loam. Sandy
loam ; good for rockworks and mounds. The
half-hardy should have the protection of a pit
in winter.

F. cheimnthifo'lia (Wall - flower - leaved). 1 .
Yellow. July. Levant. 1818. Annual.

— clypca'ta (buckler podded). 14. Yellow.

July. South Europe. 1596. Her-
baceous perennial.

HALF-HARD Y EVERGREENS.

F. cheiranthoi'des (Stock-like). 1. White,
purple. July. Levant. 1788.

— erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Yellow. July.

Greece. 1820.

— lunarioi'des (Lunaria-like). 1. Yellow. July.

Archipelago. 1731.

— suffrutico'sa (sub-shrubby). 1. Violet. April.

Persia. 1823.

FEABERRY. A local name for the
Gooseberry,

FEATHERS. See Animal Matters.

FE'DIA. (A word of unknown origin.
Nat. ord., Valeriantvorts [Valerianaceffi].
Linn., 2-Diandria l-Monoyyniat Allied
to Centranthus.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in the open border,
in April.

F. cornuco'picc (cornucopia-fruited). 1. Red.
July. South Europe. 1796.

— gracUiflo'rtt (slender-flowered). A. Pink.

July. Algiers.

FELI'CIA. ( From fdix, happy; from
their cheerful appearance. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracere]. Linn,, U)-Si/ii-
yenesia '2-Fnislranea. Allied to Asters.)

Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals
sown in open border in April ; evergreens re-
quire the protection of a cool greenhouse, and
may be easily raised by cuttings under a hand-
light in May ; soil chiefly sandy loam.

HARDY ANNUAL.

F; tene'lla (delicate). Violet. June. 1769.
2-3

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Lilac.

May. 1812.
gla'bra (smooth). 6. Blue.

May. 1804.

— echina'ta (prickly). Yellow. May. 1820.

— refle'xa (bent-back). Red, white. February.

1759.

Some of the above have been de-
scribed under the genus Aster.

FASCICLE is the name applied to
flowers on small stalks variously sub-
divided and attached to one flower-
stem, and collected into a close bundle,
level at the top, as in the Sweet Wil-
liam.

FELWORT. Swe'rtia.

FEMALE FERN. Asple'niumfi'lix-fce'-
mina.

FENCES are employed to mark the
boundary of property, to exclude tres-
passers, either human or four-footed,
and to afford shelter. They are either
live fences, and are then known as Jicdyes,
or dead, and are then either lanks,
flitches, palings, or walls ; or they are a
union of two, to which titles the reader-
is referred.

FENNEL (Ane'lhum fanii'cuhmi) in a
dry soil is longest-lived. It is propa-
gated both by offsets, partings of the
root, and by seed, any time between
the beginning of February and the end
of April. The best season for sowing
is autumn, soon after the seed is ripe,
at which time it may also be planted.

Insert the plants a foot apart, and
the seed in drills, six or twelve inches
asunder, according as it is intended
that the plants are to be transplanted
or to remain.

When advanced to the height of four
or five inches, if they are intended for
removal, the! plants are pricked out
eight inches apart, to attain strength
for final planting in autumn or spring.
Water must be given freely at every
removal, and until established, if the
weather is at all dry.

The stalks of those that are not re-
quired to produce seed must be cut
down as often as they run up in sum-
mer. If this is strictly attended to the
the roots will last for many years ; but
those which are allowed to ripen their
seed seldom endure for more than five
or six.

FEN

[ 386 ]

FEE

FENNEL-FLOWER. Niye'lla.

FENUGREK. Triyone'lla.

FE'NZLIA. See JDiauthoi'dis.

FERNANDE'ZIA. (After Fernandez, a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Monan-
dria. Allied to Brassia.)

Stove orchids, with yellow flowers. Divi-
sions ; turfy peat and potsherds, raised in the
pots, and well drained. Summer temp., 65° to
90°, with moist atmosphere ; winter, 60°, and
drier.

F. acu'ta (acute leaved). &. June. Trinidad.
1834.

— e'legans (elegant). £. June. Trinidad.

1817.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). July. Merida.

— luni'f era (crescent-lipped). July. Manilla.

1840.

— robu'sta (robust). May. Guatemala. 1841.

FERNE'LIA. (Named after J. Fernel,
a French physician. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4-7V-
trandia \-Monoyynia. Allied to Con-
dalia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of firm
young shoots in May, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in bottom heat ; peat and loam,
lumpy and sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
F. buxifo'lia (box-leaved). Isle of France. 1816.

— obova'ta (reversed - egg - leaved). Isle of

France. 1816.

FERO'NIA. (After Feronia, the god-
dess of the groves. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [Aurantiacese]. IQ-Decandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to the Orange.)

The young leaves, when bruised, are said to
be deliciously fragrant ; the flowers and wood
also partake of the fragrance of the orange and
citron. Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe
young shoots, in spring or summer, in sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat ;
loam, peat, rotten dung, and a little sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 65°.
F. elepha'ntum (Elephant-ajop/e). 4. Blush.
April. East Indies. 1804.

FERNS. STOVE FERNS.

Propagation : by Division. — Any spe-
cies of Fern that sends out stolons, or
creeping stems underground, readily
increases by division. This requires
considerable care. They should never
be divided till the parts to be di-
vided have a portion of roots to each.
Turn the plants out of the pots, and
with a sharp knife divide the plants
into as many parts as have roots and
a small ball; pot them into pots only
u little larger than the little ball ; drain

them well, give a gentle watering, and
place them in a shady place till they
begin to grow again, and send up fresh
fronds.

By Young Buds on the Fronds. — Se-
veral species produce miniature or em-
bryo plants on the fronds. These should
be pegged down in a pot filled with the
proper soil, and placed so near to the
parent plant, as to allow the fronds to
remain attached to it. When the buds
have made roots into the new soil, and
pushed forth some new fronds, they
should be detached from the parent,
and potted into 2^-inch pots, gently
watered, and placed in a shady place.
Some few kinds have these buds or
knobs so strongly developed, that they
may, when in a sufficiently forward
state, be cut off and potted at once.
Examples of this kind of bud may be
observed in Pteris palma'ta, P. eff'u'sa,
Dare' a rhizophy'llwn, and Woodwardia
radicans.

By Seed. — Several of the finest Ferns
cannot be increased by division, or, if
they can, several years elapse. If right
means are followed, they may be raised
by seed. This requires a constantly
humid, warm, atmosphere, and little, if
any, sunshine. Procure a wide earthen
pan, a hand or bell-glass that will go
within it and rest on the bottom, and
a shallow wide pot that will stand
within the glass and above the rim
of the pan two or three inches. Fill
this pot half full of potsherds, and
upon them a sufficient number of
small pieces of turfy peat, mixed with
small pieces of sand stone, about the
size of peas, to come up to the rim of
the pot. Then take the frond of any
fern that is full of spores or seeds,
and, with the hand, brush them off
upon the prepared pot, set it in the
pan, place the glass over it, and till the
pan nearly with water. Place the whole
in the warmest part of the stove, shad-
ing it from the sun. The small pieces
of turf and stone can be easily sepa-
rated, and the seedlings on each put
into small pots, without any danger of
destroying them by the process of pot-
ting. In the moist atmosphere of the
orchid-house, several species of fern
will come up spontaneously in the pots,

FER

[ 387 ]

FEE

baskets, and upon the blocks. These
may be carefully detached as soon as
they are large enough, and potted in
small pots, placed for a time in a shady
place, and they will soon make nice
bushy plants.

Soil. — Ferns require a light open
soil. A compost of sandy fibrous peat
two parts, turfy loam one part, and
leaf-mould one part, with a free admix-
ture of sand, will suit them well.

Summer Culture. — Temperature, 65°
minimum, 75° maximum, by day, and
60° by night.

Time of Potting. — Early in March,
drain well, and give a moderate shift.
Small plants may be potted twice, the
second time the first week in July

Watering. — Ferns are like heaths, if
they once get thoroughly dry they will
perish, therefore, keep them constantly
well watered, more especially when the
pots are full of roots. Should they by
any chance appear to be suffering se-
verely from drought, take such and let
them stand in a vessel of water, that
will cover the top of the pot, for an
hour or two. This will thoroughly
wet every part of the ball, and often
recover the plant. If such a conveni-
ence is at hand, the smaller ferns, like
other stove plants, will be greatly be-
nefitted by a few weeks sojourn in the
middle of summer in a deep cold pit.
Here they should be well supplied with
water, and nearly every afternoon, about
three o'clock, have a gentle syringing,
shutting them up close afterwards. As
soon as the nights begin to be cold in
September, remove them back again
into the stove, and give them an extra
supply of water for a short time, till
they become used to the drier atmo-
sphere.

Winter Culture.— Temperature, 60°
maximum, and 55° minimum, by day;
52° by night. During this season,
rather less water will be required. Ee-
move all decaying fronds, and give
them a top-dressing in December. This
will carry them through till the potting
season arrives in March.

Insects. — The green fly and thrip
will frequently appear on them. Smok-
ing frequently with tobacco will destroy
them both.

GEEENHOUSE FEENS.
Propagation. — The same methods of
increase suit the greenhouse varieties,
and also the same compost. The only
difference is in the temperature. In
summer they may be set out of doors
with the rest of the greenhouse inha-
bitants, and brought into it as soon as
there is any danger of frost. The great
advantage of growing ferns in a green-
house is, that they fill up many a corner
where nothing else will grow.

HARDY TEENS.

Propagation : by Division. — All that
produce side shoots may be increased
by division. If they are planted out in
a bed, or on rockwork, they should be
taken up and divided into pieces, with
a portion of earth to each. They may
be replanted; but a better plan is to
pot them, and place them in a cold
frame, kept close, and shaded till they
make fresh roots and fronds. Scarce
kinds may be increased by seed. Even
the rare Woo'dsia ilvc'nsis has been in-
creased by seed. Something of the
same method as that described for stove
ferns must be adopted for hardy ones.
If some small sand stones be placed
in a damp shady place, and the fern
seed be scattered upon them, and then
be covered with a hand-glass, the seed
will germinate, and the stones will be
covered with ferns. For the more rare
kinds a little more care will be neces-
sary. Sow them upon rough pieces of
dead turf, place them under a hand-
glass, in a situation where they can
have a close, warm, moist atmosphere ;
a cold frame, kept close in summer,
will answer admirably.

Culture. — Hardy ferns are found in
various situations, and, consequently,
require various modes of treatment.
Some grow on rocks in exposed situa-
tions ; others in boggy moist ground ;
some grow on hedge banks and shady
woods, whilst others again grow near
waterfalls, where the spray keeps
them constantly moist. To succeed in
cultivating all these in one place, an
approximation must be made to the
circumstances in which they are found
wild. A low, moist soil, at the foot of a
bank of rockwork, will suit those found

FEIi

[ 388 ]

FIC

in a similar situation ; — the lower part
of rock will suit those found on hedge
banks. Those found in shady woods
may be planted on the north side of the
rockAvork, near to the ground; whilst
those that grow wild on exposed rocks,
or old walls, may be placed near the
top of the rockwork in chinks between
the stones. The most difficult to ma-
nage are those found within the reach
of the spray of a waterfall. The only
Avay to succeed tolerably with these, is
to place them so as they can be covered
with a hand-glass in the shady side of
the rock, and to keep them moist by
sprinkling them every day through the
rose of a watering-pot, protecting them
in winter by a covering of matting
thrown over the hand-glass in frosty
weather.

FERRA'RIA. (Named after Ferrari,
nn Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadclphia 1-
Triandria. Allied to Pardanthus.)

Very dwarf bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope. Seeds, sown when ripe, or kept dry un-
til the following spring; offsets, which are plen-
tifully produced ; sandy loam and a little peat;
bulbs to be kept dry after the leaves have
withered; fresh potted when they begin to
move, and then supplied with moisture. If
planted on a warm border, placed at least six
inches deep, and the soil and young shoots pro-
tected from frost, they may be grown in the
open ground.

F. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. Brown.
June. 1825.

— anther o'sa (/arg-e-anthered). £. Green,

brown. June. 1800.

— atra'ta (darkened). ^. Dark purple. June.

— divarica'tu (straggling), i. Brown. June.

1825.

— donga' ta (elongated). Dark purple. July.

Monte Video. 1828.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). A. Brown. June.

1825.

— uncina'ta (hooked). £. Brown. June. 1825.

— undula'ta(\v&vy -leaved). £. Green, brown.

April. 1775.

FE'RULA. ^ Giant Fennel. (Pliny's
name for this plaflt. Nat. ord., ITmlcl-
Iifcrs [Apiacece]. Linn., ti-Pentandria
2-Dif/ynia. Allied to Heracleum.)

The giant fennels, like the Cow parsnips, are
peculiarly well fitted to form striking contrasts
near water, on banks, or by the recesses of rock-
work in gardens, besides their interest as fur-
nishing assafcetida from the milky juice of F.
persica, &c. Hardy herbaceous perennials,
with yellow flowers, except where otherwise
specified. Seed in spring; common garden
soil.

F. ammoni'aca (ammoniac). 6. White, June.
Persia. 1831.

— assafce'tida (assafcetida). 7. July. Persia.

— campe'stris (field). 3. June. Tauria. 1829.

— ctt;>i#«'raj(hair-like). 4. June. Spain. 1820.

— Ca'spica (Caspian). 3. July. Caucasus. 181Q.

— commu'nis (common). 10. July. South

Europe. 1597-

— Ferula'go (Ferulago). 6. July. South

Europe.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 8. July. Italy. 150,6.

— longifo'lia (long-lejjved). 4. July. Siberia.

1820.

— meoi'des (Meum-like). 3. July. Levant.

1810.

— nu'da (naked). 1. July. Siberia. 182J.

— nudicau'lis (naked - stemmed). January.

Sicily. 1825.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 1. Green. July.

Greece. 181Q.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. July. Levant. 1759-

— pauciju'ga (fcw-paired-^eauerf). !<£• June.

Persia. 1830.

— Fe'rsica (Persian). 6. August. Persia.

1782.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. July. Siberia. 1820.

— Sidi'rica (Siberian). 4. July. Siberia. 1816.

— Songa'rica (Songarican). August. Siberia.

1827.

— stri'cta (erect). 2. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1818.

— sylva'tica (wood). 3. June. Podolia. 1829.

— t/iyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). 1£. June.

Candia. 1823.

— tingita'na (Tangier). 8. July. Barbary.

1680.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 1. White. July. North

America. 1821.

FESTOON. An arch curving down-
wards, and the most graceful form for
training climbers, either out of doors
or in the conservatory.

FESTU'CA. Fescue Grass. A genus
of grasses containing some of the best
of our pasture grasses, such as Sheep's
Fescue, jP. ovina, and Hardish Fescue,
F. duriuscula.

FEVERFEW. Pyre'lhcum.

FEVERWORT. Trio'stcnm.

FJCA'RIA, Pilewort. (From fit-its, ;i
fig ; in reference to the fig- shaped little
tubers of the root. Nat. ord., Cro-w-
foots [Kammculaceae]. Linn., Ift-Poly-
andr'm C>-Polyyynia. Allied to Ranun-
culus.)

One of the prettiest of our native early spring
flowers. Hardy tubers. Division of the tube-
rous roots at any time, but best when the plant
is pushing afresh. The garden varieties, as
well as the common one, do best under the
shade of trees.

F. vc'rnu (spring). $. Yellow. May. Britain.
pa'llida (pale-flowered) , £. Pale

yellow. May.
_. ple'na (double-flattered), &. Yellow.

May. Britain.

[ 389 ]

FIG

Fi'cJrs. Fig-Tree. (The fig-tree has
nearly the same name in all the Euro-
pean languages, and is supposed to he
derived from the Hebrew name fag.
Nat. ord., Morads [Moracese]. Linn.,
1%-Polygamia 2-Di(ecia.)

Besides the cultivated figs, there are a vast
number of other species belonging to Ficus, all
natives of the tropics, where they arrest the
attention of the traveller either by their grate-
ful shade, their enormous growth, or by their
manner of sending down roots from their
branches to support and extend their distorted
arms, as in the Banyan tree. By layers and
cuttings ; by the latter mode in the case of
greenhouse and stove species. In either case
dry the cut ends before inserting them in
sandy soil, but not removing more of the leaves
than those at the joint cut through ; in each
case place a hand-light over them. For the
stove species there should be the addition of a
hotbed ; peat and loam will suit them well, the
latter should preponderate when compactness
of growth is desirable. F. elastica is the Indian
rubber plant. F. Cnrica, the cultivated fig, is
the only one hardy enough to bear our climate.
Most of the stove species will do in a warm
greenhouse. See Fig,

GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.

F. Cape'nsls (Cape). 4, Cape of Good Hope.
1816.

— Ca'rica (Carian. Common fig). 15. June.

South Europe. 1548. Deciduous.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 6. Cape of Good

Hope. 1802.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 14, New

Holland.

— jfu'mila (dwarf). £. China. 175Q. Trailer.

— stipula'ta (stipulate). $. China. 1/71.

Creeper.

STOVE EVEEGEEENS.

F. arbutlfo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). March. 1825.

— auranti'aca (Orange-like). 10. 18*24.

— Benjami'na (Benjamin-tree). 10. East

Indies. 1757.

— coria'cea (leathery-teaped). 10. East In-

dies. 1772.

— corona1 ta (crowned). 6. June. 1800.

— crassine'rvia (thick- nerved). 10. South

America. 1823.

— dumo'sa (bushy). 6. 1825.

— elu'stica (elastic-gwrn). 20. East Indies.

1815.

— eUi'ptica (oval). 20. South America. 1824.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 6. West Indies. 1816.

— infecto'ria (staining). 15. West Indies.

1763.

— leeviga'ta (polished). 6. West Indies. 1823.

— leucato'ma (white-cleft), 20. East Indies.

1763.

— Lichtenstci'nii (Lichtenstein's). 3. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.
— • Loga'nii (Logan's). 20. Caraccas. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. East Indies.

1825.

— myrtifo'lia (myrtle-leaved) . 4. 1824.

— nymplnBifo'lid (Water-lily-leaved). 10. East

Indies. 1759*

F. oltusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 20. Mexico,
1823.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 4. East

Indies. 1802.

— pertu'sa (piercer-leaved). 8. South Ame-

rica. 1780.

— popu'lnea (Poplar -leaved). 12. South Ame-

rica. 1812.

— recemo'sa (racemed). 4. East Indies. 175°.

— religio'sa (religious. Banian-tree). 25. East

Indies. 1731.

— re'pens (creeping-summed). £. East In-

dies. 1805. Creeper.

— rubine'rvia (red-nerved). 10. Brazil. 1824.

— sagitta'ta (arrow-head-teawed). £. East

Indies. 1810. Creeper.

— tincto'ria (dying). 14. May. Society Isles,

1793.

— urophy'lla (tail-leaved). 2. June. India.

1829.

— veno'sa (veiny-leaved). 10. East Indies.

1763.

— viscifo'lia (clammy-leaved). 10. 1820.

FIDDLE-WOOD. Cithare'xylum.

FIE'LDIA. (Named after Baron Field,
once chief judge of New South Wales.
Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneraceoe].
Linn., 14:-Didynamia \-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Cyrtandra.)

Greenhouse climber*; cuttings of points of
shoots getting a little firm, or, better still, firm
side shoots, about two inches in length, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, kept shaded, and after
a fortnight placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat
and loam, with a little sand, and pieces of char-
coal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
F. austra'lis (southern). 1. White. July. New
Holland. 1826.

FIG. (Fi'cus ca'rica}.

Varieties. — For forcing, we recom-
mend the Brown Turkey, or Lee's Per-
petual, Pregussata, and White Marseilles.
The Nerii is also well spoken of. To
plant out-doors, the Brunswick, Brown
Turkey, Brown Ischia, Black Ischia, and
Pregnssata.

Propagation. — The fig roots so firmly
by cuttings, that few resort to any other
mode. They propagate, however, as
freely by layers. Some persons, also,
have raised them from seed, hut it does
not appear that they are valuable, though
new kinds have been originated by such
means. Cuttings of ripe wood, about
three or four inches long, planted
in pots in January or February, and
plunged in any ordinary bottom-heat,
will make very nice plants during the
same summer. Those for forcing in
pots or boxes, must be potted off when
rooted, and again plunged in bottom
warmth, and the highest course of cul-

FIG

[ 390 ]

FIG

ture pursued, shifting them when ne-
cessary. Those who plant on the open
walls, should do so in the middle of
March ; and if the plants are from pots,
the roots must be uncoiled and spread
nicely out. Many persons who have esta-
blished trees, merely take suckers away
from them ; such only need fastening
in the soil, and, it may be, a slight
shading when they begin to grow.

Soil. — The fig will thrive in almost
any ordinary garden soil, but is said to
prefer a chalky loam. When planted
against walls out-of-doors, care must
be taken not to make the soil rich, for
invincible grossness would be the con-
sequence. A plain "maiden" soil is
quite good enough for general pur-
poses.

Culture in Growing Period. — Out-door
culture consists in an early disbudding
of all superfluous shoots ; this is per-
formed when the young shoots are
about three inches long, reserving all
those which are short-jointed and com-
pact-looking. Care must be taken to
reserve shoots for blank places. This
disbudding is generally performed at
twice or thrice during the season ; for
waste and watery-looking spray will
continue to spring up until August,
especially in moist summers, and when
the plants are gross. Such disbudding
should be carried out until almost
every leaf of the future year's bearing-
wood obtains a free exposure to sun-
shine, say by the middle of August.
About the end of this month it is
accounted good practice to pinch the
ends of all growing shoots, or rather
to squeeze them with the thumb and
finger. Nothing more is needed as
summer culture, except a timely train-
ing of all reserved shoots, in order to
obtain all the sunlight possible.

Culture in Rest Period. — This merely
consists in protection from frost, and
in pruning. Towards the beginning
of December, some protection ought
to be given, as mats, straw, fern fronds,
or spruce boughs. Before closing
them, or, indeed, at the end of Octo-
ber, every fig which has become as
large as a horse-bean, should be pulled
away, for such rob the trees, and are
sure to perish. The trees must be un-

covered again in the end of February,
if matted, otherwise, such -materials as
fern or straw may remain on a little
longer ; the spruce until pruning time.
The latter operation should not be per-
formed until the young buds are begin-
ning to swell, when wood of a proper
character may be distinguished readily
from that which is useless. All the
latter must be cut away, unless re-
quired for blank spaces ; but if summer
disbudding has been properly perform-
ed, there will be little for the pruner to
do. After this, they must be duly
trained.

Forcing. — Some build houses for the
fig, but most prefer growing them in
tubs or large pots. The general princi-
ples of forcing them so closely resemble
those for the vine, that it will be needless
to go into details. As to general tem-
perature, although they will bear much
heat, yet most cultivators agree that
one intermediate, between the peach-
house and the forcing vinery, is the
most congenial. It requires, however,
a little more excitement to bring the
fig into leaf than the peach. Under
good house culture, it will produce two
satisfactory crops in one year. A first
crop may be obtained as early as
May, and after a couple of months or so,
the second will commence ripening; the
latter being those on the wood of the
current season. The first crop, or the
embryo fruit of the previous year, are
very apt to fall prematurely, and much
care is necessary. Kegular waterings
the moment they are dry, and an avoid-
ance of atmospheric extremes, are the
best preventives. Most good culti-
vators make a point of pinching the
ends of the young shoots when about
six or eight eyes or buds in length ;
this soon causes the fruit to form in
the axils of the leaves. Frequent
syringings should be practised in the
growing season ; and when at rest they
should never be subjected to a lower
temperature than 40°. Under all cir-
cumstances, the fig delights in a soil
somewhat moist : a neglect of watering
when necessary, even for a day, may
cause them to cast their fruit.

Fruit. — Its use is almost entirely
confined to the ripe state, as dessert ;

FIG

C 391 ]

FLO

as for keeping, if such is attempted,
it must be on the retarding system,
by partial shade, and a lowering of
temperature just before ripening.

Insects. — The Bed Spider and the
Brown Scale alone cause any alarm to
Fig-cultivators. The spider must be
combatted by the syringe, by an occa-
sional dusting of sulphur, and by dress-
ing the shoots all over, before com-
mencing forcing, with soap water and
sulphur ; three ounces of soft soap to
a gallon of warm water, well beat up,
adding four handsful of sulphur, will
make a mixture, which, brushed into
every crevice, will extirpate both scale
and spider. Sulphur, however, should
be used on the pipes during the grow-
ing season.

FIG MARIGOLD. Mesembrya'nthcmnm.

FiGURE-OF-8 MOTH. Epi'sema.

FIMBEIA'RIA. (From Jimlria, fringe ;
a second name for Schwannia, a fine
shrub with fringed leaves ; hence the
synonyme. Nat. ord., Malpighiads
[Malpighiacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
4-Pentaqynia. Allied to Camarea.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring or
summer, and plunged in a sweet bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, turfy peat, a little silver sand, and
a few pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

F. e'legam (elegant). Yellow. South America.
1842.

FINGERS-AND-TOES. See Amlury.

FINOCHIO, or Azorean Fennel (Ane'-
thum Azo'ricum) cannot be cultivated
successfully in this country.

FIR. Pi' mis.

FIRE. See Furnace.

FISH. See Animal Matters.

FISCHE'RIA. (Named after Dr. Fischer
of St. Petersburg!!. Nat. ord., Ascle-
j/t«<ls [Asclepiadaeese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Gono-
lobus.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots,
young or old, in light open soil, and in heat ;
peat and loam, with broken bricks and charcoal
mixed with the compost, in addition to good
drainage. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter.
48° to 55°.

F. sca'ndens (climbing). Green, yellow. May.
South America. 1826.

FLACOU'RTIA. (Named after E. Fla-

court, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bixads [Flacourtiacese] . Linn., 22-
Dioecia 1%-Potyftndria.)

Stove evergreens with white flowers, the fruit
of which are wholesome. Cuttings of half-ri-
pened shoots, in April, in sand, and in heat,
under a bell-glass ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
F. cataphra'cta (all-armed). 4. East Indies.
1804.

— flave'scens (yellowish). 15. Guinea. 1780.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). 20. East Indies. 181Q.

— Ramo'ntchi (Ramontchi). 12. July. Mada-

gascar. 1775.

— rhamnoi'des (Rhamnus-like). 4. Cape of

Good Hope. 1816.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 12. East In-

dies. 1820.

— sa'pida (well-tasted. Esculent). 10. East

Indies. 1800.

— sepia'ria (hedge). 6. East Indies. 1816.

FLAGELLA'RIA. (From Jlagello, to
whip or scourge ; in reference to the
long flexible shoots Nat. ord., Spider-
worts [Commelynaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria 3-Trigynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings in sand,
under a bell-glass, but chiefly by suckers ; peat
and loam ; more curious than beautiful ; leaves
very astringent.

F. I'ndica (Indian). 7- White. June. India.
1782.

FLAKE is the term by which a carna-
tion is distinguished that has two
colours only, and these extending
through the length of the petals.

FLAME LILY. Pyroli'rion.

FLAX. Li'niim.

FLAX-LILY. PJio'rm'nim.

FLAX - STAR. Lysima'chia li'num-
stella' turn.

FLINDE'RSIA. (Named in honour of
Capt. M. Flinders, R. N., who explored
the coast of New Holland, in the be-
ginning of this century. Nat. ord.,
Cedrelads [Cedrelacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Chloroxylon.)

A greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of
the ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass,
in spring; loam and peat. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.

F, Austra'lis (southern). 60. White. New
Holland. 1823.

FLORESTI'NA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Aste-
raceoe]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia l-^qualis.
Allied to Bahia.)

Seeds of callosa in the open ground, in April ;

FLO

[ 30-2 ]

FLO

seeds of pedata in a hotbed in March, and
transplanted in May to a sheltered situation, or
grown in a cool greenhouse.
F. eallo'sa (hardened). 1). White. June.

Arkansas. 1824.
— peda'ta (double-lobed-leaved). White. July.

Mexico. 1803.

FLORETS. The small stalkless flowers
united on a common undivided recep-
tacle, and enclosed in one common
calyx to form a compound flower.

FLORIST. A dealer in flowers, flower-
ing shrubs, and their seeds.

FLORISTS' FLOWERS are those which,
by their beauty or fragrance, power to
produce permanent varieties, and faci-
lity of cultivation, are so largely in
demand as to render them especially
worthy of cultivation as an article of
commerce.

Mr. Glenny has justly enumerated
the necessaiy characteristics of a flo-
rist's flower to be — 1st. The power to
be perpetuated and increased by slips
and other modes independent of its
seed. 2ndly. The power to produce
new varieties from seed, capable, like
their parent, of being perpetuated ;
and, 3rdly, it must possess sufficient
interest and variety to be grown in
collections.

At present the chief florists' flowers
are the Amaryllis, Anagallis, Anemone,
Auricula, Calceolaria, Carnation, Chry-
santhemum, Cineraria, Crocus, Dahlia,
Fritillary, Fuchsia, Gladiolus, Hyacinth,
Hydrangea, Ixia, Iris, Lily, Lobelia,
Narcissus, Pansy, Pieony, Pelargonium,
Petunia, Phlox, Pink, Polyanthus, Ra-
nunculus, Rhododendron, Rose, Tulip,
Tuberose, Verbena.

FLOWER. See Bloom.

FLOWER FENCE. Poinciu'na.

FLOWERING ASH. O'rnus.

FLOWER OF JOVE. Ly'chnis Jlo's
Jo' vis.

FLOWER-GARDEN is that portion of
the ground in the vicinity of the resi-
dence disposed in parterres and bor-
ders, tenanted by flowers and flowering
shrubs, and among walks and lawns,
so that the occupiers of the house may
have ready access to what is so beau-
tiful in form, colour, and fragrance.
SeeLantlsctipr Gardatiii//, Plantation, &c.

FLOWER POTS are of various sixes
and names : —

Thimbles and thumbs ; any size under three
inches diameter at the top.

Width of

Depth

Old

top in

in

inches.

inches.

name.

Three-inch pot

3

4

60s

Five-inch ..

5

6

48s

Six-inch . .

6

6

32s

Eight-inch

8

8

24s

Nine-inch . .

9

9

ID'S

Eleven inch

11

10

12s

Twelve-inch .

12

11

8s

Thirteen-inch

13

12 6s

Fifteen- inch . .

15

13

4s

Eighteen-inch

18

14 2s

In addition to the above, there is a
description of flower pots called iip-
riyhts, which are used for growing bul-
bous plants, the roots of which do not
spread laterally but perpendicularly.
They are deeper in proportion to their
width than common flower pots, and
may be thus particularised —

11
|:i

f!

£.2

Uprightl 5-inch
(Old upright
16s).....

15

8

6
5

16

10

7
6

Used for growing 7«
or a large mass of
Gladioli, and third-
sized bulbs of Japan
lilies ; for ordinary-
sized Alstrsemerias ;
and for large tubers
of Tropoeolum tri-
colorum and its al-
lies.
For 5 Hyacinths, Nar-
cissi, or strong early
tulips, like Golden
Standard and Rex
ruborum.
For 3 Hyacinths, or
Narcissi, and for 1
strong Gladiolus,
Auricula, &c.
For single Hyacinths,
or Narcissi ; for 5
Ixias or Crocuses ;
and for 4 dwarf early
Tulips, such as the
Van Houte.

Upright 8-inch
(Old upright
24s)

Upright 6-inch
(Old upright
32s)

Upright 5-inch
(Old upright
48s)

For sizes larger than 15-inch it is
needless to have any pots but those of
the usual proportions.
Thimbles are sometimes called " small
nineties," and thumbs, "large nineties."
The form and material also vary.

FLO

[ 300 ]

FLU

Mr. Beck makes them very successfully
of slate ; and the prejudice against
glazed pots is now exploded.

It was formerly considered important
to have the pots made of a material as
porous as possible ; but a more miser-
able delusion never was handed down
untested from one generation to an-
other. Stone-ware and china-ware are
infinitely preferable, for they keep the
roots more uniformly moist and warm.
Common garden pots, if not plunged,
should be thickly painted. Large pots
have been recommended to be em-
ployed, and there is no doubt that this
is a system much abridging the gar-
dener's labour ; but as with due care
small pots will produce magnificent
specimen plants, we cannot recommend
an adoption of large pots, ensuring as
they do such an immense sacrifice of
room in the hot and greenhouses.
Captain Thurtell, one of the most suc-
cessful of growers of the Pelargonium,
never employed pots larger than twenty-
fours.

It is usual to have saucers in which
to place flower pots when in the house,
and so far as preventing stains and the
occurrence of dirt, they are deserving
adoption ; but as to their being used
for applying water to plants, they are
worse than useless, except to plants
almost aquatic. The great difficulty
in pot cultivation is to keep the
drainage regular ; and no more effective
preventive of this could be devised
than keeping a pot in a saucer contain-
ing water. No plan for most cultivated
plants could be invented more contrary
to nature ; for we all know that she
supplies moisture to the surface of the
soil, and allows it to descend, thus sup-
plying the upper roots first. For draw-
ings of various flower pots see The
Cottage Gardener, No. 64.

FLOWER FENCE. Poincia'na.

FLOWER STAGES are made for the
exhibition of flowers at shows, in the
greenhouse, and elsewhere. The fol-
lowing are some very judicious observa-
tions on the subject : — The first object
in the construction of stages should be
to have them so formed and situated
as to afford facilities for grouping
plants ; the second should be to give

plants more the appearance of growing
in borders than upon artificial struc-
tures; and the third to keep the pot
out of sight. This is requisite for two
reasons : first, because they are no
ornament ; and, secondly, that it is
always desirable to protect the plant
from being scorched by exposure to
the sun. It is also desirable to adopt
another mode of construction, for the
purpose of giving plants that aspect
which is most suited to their habits ;
and, therefore, instead of placing the
stages from the front to the back of
the house, as is generally the case, let
them be placed in groups of stages,
thus producing an effect similar to the
borders in a well - arranged flower-
garden. The spectators, in their pro-
gress from group to group, would be
attracted by the separate display in
each, instead of having their attention
drawn away by a whole blaze of beauty
at once.

Mr. Ainger, also, makes these good
suggestions : — Stages are frequently
formed of an equal or nearly equal
series of ascents, in consequence of
which the upper plants are by no
means so well seen as the lower ones.
The proper plan is to commence by
small elevations, gradually increasing
as the shelves recede from the eye.
The lowest shelf to be eighteen inches
from the floor, the first rise is six
inches, the next nine, twelve, fifteen,
eighteen, twenty-one, and so on. The
upper shelves should also be broader
than the lower, for larger pots. The
advantage of this arrangement as com-
manding a better view of the flowers
is obvious.

FLUES are pipes formed of brick or
slate, for conducting heated air through
stoves or other buildings where a high
artificial temperature is desired. It
is a mode of heating much less used
than formerly, being superseded by the
much more manageable and effectual
modes of heating by hot water; and
flues have the additional disadvantages,
that they require frequent sweeping,
and that they emit a sulphurous fume
that is injurious to plants and disagree-
able to the frequenters of the structures
I so heated. This has been obviated by

FLU

FOE

using Valencia slates in the place of
bricks, yet flues under few circumstances
can compare with either the pipe or
tank system of hot water heating. When
flues are employed, they are constructed
inside and near the walls of the build-
ing; each flue eight or nine inches
wide in the clear, by two or three bricks
on edge deep, ranged horizontally one
over the other the whole length of the
back wall, in three or four returns com-
municating with each other, continued
also along the end and front walls in
one or two ranges, to be used occasion-
ally; furnished with a regulator to slide
open and shut as required, the whole
proceeding from the first lowermost
flue, which communicates immediately
from the furnace or fire-place behind
either the back wall at one end, or in
the back part of the end walls; or if
very long stoves, of more than forty
feet length, two fire-places are requisite,
one at each end ; each having its set of
flues ranging half-way ; each set of
flues terminating in an upright chimney
at the end of the back outside. Flues
are merely chimneys horizontal, instead
of being merely upright, terminating,
however, generally in an upright tube
or shaft, which discharges their con-
tents into the open air. They are most
effectual when they traverse the ends
and the front of the house; as if the
back wall is a solid material, there can
be less danger of cold there. Arrange-
ments must be made for a good draught,
by having the bottom of the furnace
two feet below the level of the bottom
of the flue The flue should, after en-
tering the house, rise a little to the
extreme end. It should stand a little
raised above the floor, and never be
placed below it, unless when well sup-
plied with air by cross drains. It should
be constructed of the best brick and
tiles, be plastered over if a strong equal
heat is necessary, and merely white-
washed if a heat is only wanted occa-
sionally. Evaporating basins should
be secured, so that the atmosphere be
supplied with moisture as well as heat.
See Stove.

FLUED WALT,. See Wall.

FLY. See Black Fly.

FLY-WORT. Mya'nthus.

FGE'TIDA. (From fcetidm, fetid ; re-
ferring to the unpleasant smell of the
leaves and wood. Nat. ord., Barriu</-
loniads [Barringtoniacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandrla 3-Polygynia. Allied to Gus-
tavia.)

Cuttings of ripe wood, with the leaves re-
maining, in sand, in spring, under a bell-glass,
and in heat ; fibry loam and turfy peat, with
silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

F. Mauritia'na (Mauritius). 26. White. Mau-
ritius. 1825.

FOGGING-OFF. The same as dampinq-
off*

FOLLICLE, a seed-vessel of one entire
piece, and one-celled, bursting length-
wise, and having the seed on or near
its edges, on a receptacle parallel with
it. Examples are the seed-vessels of
the Perriwinkle and Poaony.

FONTANE'SIA. (In honour of the
French botanist, Des Fontaines. Nat.
ord., Oliveworts [Oleaceffi]. Linn., 2-
Diandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Lilac.)

Grafted standard high on the Manna Ash
(Ornus) it would make an interesting object on
lawns. It resembles the common Privet, but
with rough bark. Layers, and cuttings under
a hand-glass in autumn, and by grafting on the
Privet. When grown to a single stem it has a
graceful appearance, owing to its slender droop-
ing branches.

F.j9A»%r«oi'des(Phillyrea-like). 12. Yellow.
August. Syria. 1787-

FORCING is compelling culinary vege-
tables to be edible, flowers to bloom, and
fruits to ripen, at unnatural seasons,
being the very contrary of the object
for which our greenhouses and hot-
houses are constructed ; viz. to secure
a temperature in which their tenants
will be in perfection at their natural
seasons. Under the heads of Hotbeds,
and of each particular plant, will be
found directions for forcing, and it will
be sufficient here to coincide with Dr.
Lindley in saying, that as forced flowers
are always less beautiful and less fra-
grant ; and forced vegetables and fruits
less palatable and less nutritious than
those perfected at their natural periods
— it is desirable, at the very least, to
devote as much effort and expence to
obtain superior produce at accustomed
times, as to the procuring it unseason-

FOR

[ 395 }

FOE

ably. Rarity is good, but excellence is
best.

FORE-EIGHT SHOOTS are the shoots
which are emitted directly in front of
branches trained against a wall, and
consequently cannot be trained in with-
out an acute bending, which is always
in some degree injurious.

FORE - SHORTENING. A method of
pruning back fruit-trees in summer,
and of pruning forest trees at any time,
by which the lower branches are short-
ened, without removing them altoge-
ther.

FORGET-ME-NOT. Myoso'tls pahcstris.
FORK. This instrument is preferable
to the spade, even for digging over
open compartments, for the soil can be
reversed with it as easily as
with the spade ; the labour is
diminished, and the pulverisa-
tion of the soil is more effec-
tual. (See Digging.') For stir-
ling the soil in plantations,
shrubberies, and fruit borders,
a two-pronged fork is often
employed, but that with three
prongs is quite as unobjection-
able, and a multiplicity of tools
is an expensive folly. The ac-
companying is a sketch of
what is termed Dr. Yellojy's
fork, and is certainly a good
working implement. Entire
length, three feet three and a
half inches ; handle's length,
two feet two inches ; its dia-
meter one and a half inch;
width of the entire prongs
seven inches at the top; width
at the points six inches ; prongs thir-
teen and a half inches long, and at the
top seven-eighths of an inch square,
tapering to a point. The straps fixing
the head to the handle are eleven
inches long, two inches wide, and half
an inch thick, feathering off; weight of
fork, eight pounds.

Leaf-fork. Mr. Toward, of Bagshot
Park, describes a very serviceable im-
plement of this kind ; he says : — One
person with this implement will take
up with greater facility more leaves
than two persons could do with any
other tool. It is simply a large four-
tined fork, made of wood, shod with

iron ; the tines are eighteen inches
long, and are morticed into a head
about seventeen inches long, and one
and a half inch by two and a quarter
inches thick. The tines are one inch
in width, and one and a half inch in
depth at the head, gradually tapering
to a point with a curve or bend up-
wards. The wood of which they are
formed ought to be hard and tough ;
either oak or ash will do, but the
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia is preferable to
either. The head should be made of
ash, with a handle of the same, and
should be two feet four inches long.
Its recommendations are its size and
lightness, the leaves also do not hang
upon it as on a common fork, the large
size of the tines tearing them asunder.

FORMI'CA. See Ant.

FORSY'THIA. (In honour of Mr. For-
syth, royal gardener at Kensington.
Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacere]. Linn.,
2-Diandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Fon-
tanesia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Cuttings or layers ;
common sandy loam. F. viridissima requires a
little protection.

F. suspe'nsa (hanging-down). Yellow. Japan.
— viridi'ssima (greenest). 10. Yellow. March.
North China. 1845.

FORSYTH'S PLAISTER for healing the
wounds and restoring to vigour decayed
trees, was as follows : — One bushel of
fresh cowdung ; half a bushel of lime
rubbish, that from ceilings of rooms is
preferable, or powdered chalk ; half a
bushel of wood ashes ; one-sixteenth of
a bushel of sand ; the three last to be
sifted fine. The whole to be mixed
and beaten together until they form a
fine plaister. There is nothing in this
compound sufficiently differing from
others recommended by his contem-^
poraries and predecessors to have en-
titled him to call it his invention.

FORTUN^'A. (Named in compliment
to Mr. Fortune, botanical collector in
China. Nat. ord., Juglands [Juglan-
dacese]. Linn., 2l-Moncecla Q-Poly-
andria. )

A curious plant with the aspect of a Sumach.
By seeds, and probably by grafting on smaller
species of the Walnut and Hickory. Likely to
prove hardy.

F. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. Green. June.
North China. 1844.

FOT

[ 390 ]

FRA

FOTHERGI'LLA. (Named after Dr.
Fotherglll. Nat. ord., Witch Hazeh
[Hamamelidacene]. Linn., IS-Icosan-
dria 2-

1765.
June.

Hardy little shrubs from North America,
their white, sweet-scented flowers, appearing
before the leaves. Seeds, which frequently
ripen in this country, sown in spring:, in a peat
border, or in pans, and transplanted ; layers in
March and August ; sandy moist peat.
F. alnifo'lla (Alder-leaved). 4. May.
-- — acu'ta (^cute-leaved). 4.

1765.

-- ma'jor (larger), 4. May. 1/65.
-- obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). 4. June.

1765.
-- sero'tina (late-flowering). 4. Au-

gust. 1/65.

FOUNTAINS, or, as they are sometimes
called, Jets d'eau, surprise by their
novelty, and the surprise is propor-
tioned to the height to which they
throw the water ; but these perpendi-
cular columns of water have 110 pre-
tence to beauty. The Emperor foun-
tain at Chatsworth is the most sur-
prising in the world, for it tosses its
waters to a height of U67 feet, impelled
by a fall from a reservoir 881 feet
above the ajutage, or mouth of the
pipe from which it rushes into the air.
The supply of water, either naturally
or artificially, is brought from a higher
level than the discharging pipe ; but
the water will not rise so high as the
level from whence it came, which is
owing to the resistance of the air at
the discharging point, its own gravity,
and the friction of the sides of the
pipe in which it is conveyed. What-
ever be the form in which the water is
discharged, if it is designed to throw it
up in a perpendicular direction, the
pipe must be so narrowed where the
water issues out as not to be above
^one-fourth the diameter of the con-
ducting pipe.

FOURCRO'YA. (Named after M.
Fotircroy, a celebrated chemist. Nat.
ord., AmarylUds [ Amaryllidacene].
Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Littsea.)

Amaryllids reach their maximum grandeur in
Fourcroya longa-na, whose flower-stem rises to
40 feet, whilst that of F. gigantca does not
exceed that of a moderate-sized Agave, and
both would thrive in the open air with us in
summer. There are only two species intro-
duced ; the following synonymes belong to F.
gigantca— fvtida, txberosa, Cul/ensis, rigida,

Aust rails t Madagascariensis, and Cantata.

They are increased by imported seeds or by

suckers.

F. giga'ntea (gigantic). 20. Green. August.

South America. 1690.
— longce'va (long-lived). 40. White. May

Mexico. 1833.

FOX-BANE. Aconi'tum vulpa'ria.

FOXGLOVE. Diyita'lis.

FRACTURES. If an immaterial branch
is broken, it is best to remove it en-
tirely, but it sometimes happens that
a stem or branch which cannot be re-
placed, is thus injured, in which case
it is advisable to attempt a reduction
of the fracture ; and if it be only partial,
and the stem or branch but small, the
parts will again unite by being put back
into their natural position, and well
propped up. The cure may be expected
not to succeed if the fracture is accom-
panied with contusion, or if the stem
or branch is large. And even where it
succeeds, the woody fibres do not con-
tribute to the union ; but the granular
and herbaceous substance only which
exudes from between the wood and
liber, insinuating itself into all inter
stices, and finally becoming indurated
in the wood. Splints extending at least
a foot above and below the fracture,
should be bound very firmly all round,
and a plaster of grafting-clay to exclude
wet be placed over all ; and every pre-
caution adopted to prevent the surfaces
of the wound being moved by the force
of the wind.

FRAGA'RTA. The Strawberry. (From
fragrans, perfumed ; in reference to the
flavour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Rose-
worts [Rosacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria
l-Monogynia.)

Hardy evergreens. Seeds, sown early in a
slight hotbed, and planted out early, will in
many cases produce fruit in the autumn of the
same season. Plants are most easily obtained
by detaching the runners. Deep loam suits
them. See Strawberry.

F. Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). 2. Apetal.
June. Buenos Ayres.

— Bresli'ngii (Bresling). 1, White. May.

France.

— calyci'na (fcwg-e-calyxed). 1. White. April.

France.

— Canude'nsis (Canadian), ij. White. May.

North America.

— Clnle'nsis (Chili). £. White. May. South

America. 1727.

T- colli'na (hill. Green Pine'}. 1. White. June.
Germany. 1768.

FRA

[ 81)7 ]

FiU

F. ela'tior (taller. Hautboi&}. 1|. White.
May. Britain.

— grandiflo'ra (Pine. Great-flowered). 1.

White. May. Surinam. 175Q.

— 1'ndica (yellow Indian). 1. Yellow. July.

India. 1805.

— majau'fea (Majaufe de Champ). 1. White.

May. France.

— monophy'lla (one-leaved). 1. White. May,

1773.

— 2>latanoi'dcs (Plane-like). 1. Ked. May.

North America.

— ve'sca (edible. Common wild). 1. White.

May. Britain.

— Virginia'na (Scarlet. Virginia). 1. White.

April. North America. 1629.

FRAMES are structures employed
either in forcing, or in protecting
plants, and are of various sizes.

According to the good practical rules
of Abercromhie : — The onc-Uykt frame
may be about four feet and a half in
width from back to front, and three feet
six inches the other way ; iifteen or
eighteen inches high in the back, and
nine in front, with a glass sash or light,
made to fit the top completely, to slide
up and down, and move away occa-
sionally.

The two-light frame may be seven
feet long, four and a half wide, and
iifteen or eighteen inches high in the
back, with bars reaching from it at top
to the front, serving both to strengthen
the frame and help to support the
.lights; the two lights to be each three
feet six inches Avide, made to lit the
top of the frame exactly.

The three-light frame should be ten
feet six inches long, four and a half
wide, and from eighteen inches to two
feet high in the back, and from nine to
twelve or fifteen inches in front — ob-
serving that those designed principally
for the culture of melons, may be rather
deeper than for cucumbers, because
they generally require a greater depth
of mould or earth on the beds ; though
frames, eighteen, or twenty inches in
the back, and from nine to twelve in
front, are often made to serve occa-
sionally, both for cucumbers and me-
lons. Each frame should have two cross
bars, ranging from the top of the back
to tli at of the front, at three feet six
inches distance, to strengthen the
frame, and support the lights ; and the
three lights should be each three feet six
inches wide ; the whole together being

nade to fit the top of the frame
exactly, every way in length and Avidth.
Sometimes the above sort of frames
are made of larger dimensions than be-
;ore specified ; but in respect to this it
should be observed, that if larger they
are very inconvenient to move to dif-
ferent parts Avhere they may be occa--
ionally Avanted, and require more heat
to Avarm the internal air : and in re-
spect to depth particularly, if they are
but just deep enough to contain a due
depth of mould, and for the plants to
have moderate room to groAv, they will
be better than if deeper, as the plants
Avill be then always near the glasses,
Avhich is an essential consideration in
early Avork — and the internal air will be
more effectually supported in a due
temperature of warmth. For the deeper
the frame, the less in proportion Avill
be the heat of the internal air, and the
plants being far from the glasses Avill
be some disadvantage in their early
growth. Besides, a too deep frame,
both in early and late Avork, is apt to
draw the plants up Aveakly; for they al-
Avays naturally aspire towards the
glasses, and the more space there is,
the more they will run up ; for which
reason the London kitchen-gardeners
haA*e many of their frames not more
than fouiteen or fifteen inches high
behind, and seven in front, especially
those which are intended to winter the
more tender young plants, such as
cauliflower and lettuce, and for raising
early small salad, herbs, radishes, &c.
The woodwork of the back, ends,
and front should be of inch or inch
and a quarter deal, as before observed,
which should be all neatly planed even
and smooth on both sides ; and the
joints, in framing them together, should
be so close that no Avet nor air can
enter. The cross-bars or bearers at
top, for the support of the glasses,
should be about three inches broad
and one thick, and neatly dovetailed
in at back and front even with both
edges, that the lights may shut doAvn
close, each having a groove or channel
I along the middle to conduct off all wet
falling betAveen the lights. At the end
of each frame, at top, should be a thin
slip of board, four inches broad, up to

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the outside of the lights, being neces
sary to guard against cutting wind
rushing in at that part immediate!}
upon the plants, when the lights are
occasionally tilted hehind for the ne
cessary admission of fresh air, <fcc.

With respect to the lights, the wood
work of the frame should he incl
and a half thick and two and a hal:
hroad ; and the hars for the immediate
support of the glass-work should he
ahout an inch hroad, and not more
than inch and a half thick ; for if too
broad and thick they would intercept
the rays of the sun, so should he only
just sufficient to support the lights and
be ranged from the back part to the
front, nine or twelve inches asunder.

All the woodwork, both of the frames
and lights, should be painted, to pre-
serve them from decay. A lead colour
will be the most eligible ; and if done
three times over, outside and in, will
preserve the Avood exceedingly from
the injuries of weather, and from the
moisture of the earth and dung.

Mr. Knight has suggested an import-
ant improvement in the form of frames.
He observes, that the general practice
is to make the surface of the bed per-
fectly horizontal, and to give an incli-
nation to the glass. That side of the
frame which is to stand towards the
north, is made nearly as deep again as
its opposite : so that if the mould is
placed of an equal depth (as it ought
to be) over the whole bed, the plants
are too far from the glass at one end of
the frame and too near at the other.
To remove this inconvenience, he points
out the mode of forming the bed on an
inclined plane ; and the frame formed

when on the bed, as represented in the
accompanying sketch.

There are several minor points in
the construction of frames that deserve
attention^ The strips of lead or wood
that sustain the panes of glass should
run across the frame, and not length-
wise ; they then neither obstruct so
much the entrance, of light, nor the
passing off of rain. The inside of the
frame should be painted white, since
plants generally suffer in them for
want of light : if the accumulation of
heat was required, the colour should
be black.

Saisiny the Frames. — It is a well-
known difficulty that the gardener has,
in raising the frames so as to keep the
foliage of the plants within them at a
determined and constant distance from
the glass. To remedy this, Mr. Nairn,
gardener to J. Cresswell, Esq., of Bat-
tersea Priory, has introduced the inge-
nious contrivance represented in the
accompanying sketch and references : —
A, a moveable frame ; B B, inside lining
of the pit ; c c, outer wall. Between
these the sides of the frame pass, and
are lowered or elevated by racks and
spindles, D D.

^T

r_r

B

i

:

•'A

|

g

IL
m
v

i

1

i_

•

C

with sides of equal depth, and so put j
together as to continue perpendicular |

A more simple plan might perhaps
>e adopted, by having frames of the
ame length and breadth as the origi-
nal, but only from an inch to three
nches, or upwards, deep. These, as
lecessary, might be put on the top,
nd would be kept close by the pres-
ure of the lights ; bolts and nuts might
Iso be easily applied, and the inter-
tices rendered still more impervious to
ir by being faced with list.

(i/<txs find Glazing. See Stove.

Slteltcr for the Glass. — In proportion

FRA

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to the number of lights, matting for
shading and sheltering must be at
hand. The usual mode of covering at
night is by laying on mats, and over
these litter, in thickness according to
the severity of the season. Some gar-
deners lay hay immediately in contact
with the glass, and over this the mats.
Every person conversant with these
modes of shelter is aware of their in-
convenience. In rainy weather they
soon become wet, and rapidly chill the
beds; added to which, the trouble
caused in placing and removing them,
and the danger to the glass from the
stones laid on as a resistance to the
wind, are by no means inconsiderable.

Mr. Seton, to obviate these inconve-
niences, employs a particular covering,
which he constructs of four laths, two
of such a length as to exceed a little
that of the frame, and the others in a
similar manner that of its breadth.
These are bound together at right an-
gles, so as to form a parallelogram of
the form and size of the frame ; and
pieces are bound across this at a foot
apart from each other. Over this a
mat is spread, and over the mat a layer
of straw is fastened, laid on level like
thatch, from three to six inches thick,
as may appear necessary. If the breadth
of the frame is, or exceeds, four feet, it
is best to have the covering in two
parts, otherwise it becomes weak and
unwieldy. These pannels, as they may
be called, Mr. Seton also employs in
preserving tender plants through the
winter. A pit of frames, earthed up all
round, and covered with one of them,
or two or three if needful, is com-
pletely impervious to frost.

Substitutes for glass. Oiled paper was
formerly employed ; but this has been
superseded by linen dressed with Whit-
ney's or Tanner's compositions ; or the
gardener may employ the following
preparation : — Old pale linseed oil,
three pints ; sugar of lead (acetate of
lead), one ounce; white resin, four
ounces. Grind the acetate with a little
of the oil, then add the rest and the
resin. Incorporate thorougly in a large
iron pot over a gentle fire ; and, Avith a
large brush, apply hot to a fine calico
stretched loosely previously, by means

of tacks, upon the frame. On the fol-
lowing day it is fit for use, and may be
either done over a second time, or
tacked on tightly to remain. — Garden-
ers' Chronicle.

The quantity made according to this
recipe will be sufficient for about 100
square feet of calico.

FKANCISCE'A. We have referred the
species to Brunsfelsia.

FBANCO'A. (Named after F. Franco,
a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Francoads [Fran-
coaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria -i-Tetra-

Hardy herbaceous perennials, natives of Chili,
and impatient of wet under cultivation. A few
plants should be kept in cold frames, to replace
such as die off during severe winters. Seeds, in
a slight hotbed, in spring ; plants hardened off
and then transplanted; dry sandy loam suits
them best. In severe weather, they are worth
the labour of sticking a few evergreen boughs
round them.

F. appendicula1 ta (appendaged) . 2. Purple.
July. 1830.

— ramo'sa (branched). 2. White. July. 1831.

— sonchifo'lia (Sowthistle-leaved). 2. Purple:

July. 1830.

FKANKE'NIA. Sea Heath. (Named
after Frankenius, a Swedish botanist.
Nat. ord., Frankeniads [Frankeniacese] .
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.)

Small plants found chiefly near the sea, more
curious than pretty, though useful for rock-
works, or for a collection of Alpines. Seeds,
cuttings, and dividing the roots ; sandy loam,
and a little peat.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN TBA1LERS.

F. ericifo'lia (Heath-leaved). $. Bed. July.
Canaries. 1816.

— nodiflo'ra (knot-flowered). ^. Flesh. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1. Pink. July.

New Holland. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREEN TRAILERS.

F. corymbo'sa (corymbose). £. Red. July.
Barbary. 181Q.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). $. Light blue. July.

Siberia. 178Q.

— interme'dia (intermediate). £. White.

July. South Europe. 1817.

— lee' vis (smooth). £. Flesh. July. England.

— mo' His (soft). £. Red. July. Caucasus.

1824.

— No'thria (Nothria). £. Flesh. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— pulverule'nta (powdery). £. Red. July.

England. Annual.

FRANKINCENSE. Pi'nus t&'da.

FRA'SERA. (Named after John Frascr,
botanical collector in North America.
Nat. ord., Gentianworts [Gentianaceee].

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Linn., ±-Telrandria 1-Monoyynia* Al-
lied to Chironia. )

Hardy biennial marsh plant. Seeds in spring,
and transplanted ; also by division of the roots ;
sandy peat wih a little turfy loam.
F. Caroline'nsis (Carolina). 4. Green, yellow. I
July. Carolina. 1795.

FHAXINE'LLA. Dicta'mnm.

FRA'XINUS. The Ash. (Fraxinus is
the Latin for an ash-tree. Nat. orcl.,
Ollveworts [Oleacese]. Linn., 23~Poly-
yamia '2-Dicecia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers.
Seeds ripe in October, then to be collected, and
stored in thin layers in the ground, mixed with
sar fly soil, and turned once or twice during the
winter ; the seeds sifted from the soil, and sown
in March or April. Most of the species may
also be propagated by seeds, and the most dis-
tinct of them ; as also the varieties by grafting.
Dry deep loam makes them produce the best tim-
ber. The Weeping, the Silver, and Golden-
barked varieties of F, excelsior are interesting.

F. acumina'ta (pointed. Green). 40. May.
North America. 1/23.

— u'lba (white). 30. Green. May. North

America. 1823.

— amari'ssima (bitterest). 20. May.

— America'na (American white). 20. May.

North America. 1723.

— latifo'lia (broad - leaved), 20.

May.

— ungustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). May. Spain.

1825.

— appe'ndica (appendaged) . 20. May.

— appendicula'ta (appendiculate). 20; May.

— arge'ntea (silvery). 15. June. Corsica. 1825.

— atro'virens (dark-green). 4. May. Britain.
— au'rea (golden). April.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 30. June. North

America. 1783.

— cine'rea (grey). 30. May. North America.

1824.

— cu'rvidens (curve-toothed). May. Caro-

lina. 1811.

— elli'ptica (oval). 30. May. North America.

1825.

— cpi'ptera (wing-upon-wing). 30. May. North

America. 1823.

— cxcc'lsior (taller. Common Ask}. 80. May.

Britain.

arge'ntea (silver-barked). 20. May.

Britain.

au'rea (golden-barked). 20. May.

Britain.

att'rca pe'ndula (yellow pendu-
lous). May. Britain.

— •- ero'sa (gnawed). 20. May. Britain.
fungo'sa (fungous). 20. May.

Britain.

— " horizonta'lis (horizontal). 20. May.
Britain.

jaspi'dca (Jasper -like. Yellow-
barked}. 30. May.

Kincai'rniai (Kincairney). 40. Muy.

Kincairney.

_ n lu'tea (yeUow«e<%erf). 20. May.

Britain.

F. cxcc'laior na'na (dwarf). 10. May. Britain.

pe'ndula (pendulous) . 20. May.

— stria' ta (streaked). 20. May. Britain.

verruco'sa (warted - barked). 60.

May. England.
verruco'sa pe'ndula (pendulous-war-

nglan.
I -- verticilta'ris (whorled). 20.

Britain.
— expa'nsa (expanded). 30.

May.

May. North
May. North

May.

America. 1824.
•—fu'sca (dark brown). 30.
America. 1823.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 30.

England.

-- - varicgn'ta (variegated-teawed).
12. May. Ireland. 1836.

— juglandifo'lia (Walnut-leaved). 40. May.

North America. 1783.

— • -- subintege'rrima (nearly en-

tire). 40. May.

— lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). May. North

America.

— la'ncea (lance-leaved). 30. May. North

America. 1820.

— lentiscifo'lia (Lentiscus-leaved). 6. May.

Aleppo. 1710.

--- pe'ndula (pendulous). 20. June.
Germany. 1833.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 30. May. North

America. 1824.

— lu'cida (shining). 20. May.

— macrophy' lla (large-leaved). 40. May.

1823.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 30. Green. May.

Mexico. 1825.

— mi'jcta (mixed). 30. May. North America.

1824.

— monstro'sa (monstrous). July. Britain.

— na'na (dwarf). 6. June.

— ni'gra (black-branched). 30. May. North

America. 1825.

— ova'ta (egg-shaped). 30. May. North

America.

— oxyca'rpa (sharp-fruited). 20. May. Cau-

casus. 1815.

-- oxyphy'lla (sharp - leaved). 20.
1 South Europe. 1821.

— pa'llida (pale). 30. May. North America.

— panno'sa (cloth-leaved). 30. May. Ca-

rolina. 1820.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 20. May. Levant.

1822.

— platyca'rpa (broad-fruited). 30. May. North

America. 1820.

— polcmoniifo'lia (Great Valerian - leaved).

April. North America. 1812.

— pube'scens (downy). 20. April. North

America. 1811.
-- latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 20.

May.
--- longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20.

May.
-- subpubc'scem (slightly- downy).

20. May.

— pulverule'nta (powdery). 30. May. North

America. 1824.

— quadrangula'ta(four-&ngled.-blue). 30. May.

North America. 1822.
-- nervo'sa (nerved). 30. May.

— Richu'rdi (Richard's). 30. May. North

America.

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FBI

F. rubicu'ndu (ruddy -veined'. 30 May. North
America. 1824.

— ru'fa (rusty). 30. May. North America.

1822.

— sambucifo'lia (Elder-leaved). 30. May.

North America. 1800.
cri'spa (curled). 30. May.

— tamariscifo'lia r(T amarisk - leaved). April.

Levant.

— versi' color (many-coloured). May. Britain.

— vi'rens (green). 20. May.

variega'ta (variegated). 20. April.

— v-i'ridis (green) . 30. May. North America.

1824.

— ,ran*Ao.r#toi'<fc?s(Achee-tree-like). North of

India. 1845.

FREE-STONE peaches and nectarines
are those with fruit, the flesh of which
parts freely from the stone.

FREEZING. See Frost.

FREZIE'RA. (Named after A. F. Fre-
::ier, a French traveller in South Anie- j
rica. Nat. ord., Thcads [Ternstrb'niia-
ce£e]. Linn., 1'3-Polyandria \-Mono-
•jynia. Allied to Lettsomia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub, with the habit
of a Laurel. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in
sandy soil, in heat, under a hand-light; lumpy
peat and tibry loam, with a little sand. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 58°.
F. thceoi'des (Tea-like). 4. White. Septem-
ber. Jamaica. 1818.

FRENCH BEAN. See Kidney Bean.

FRENCH MARIGOLD. Taye'tes pa'tula.

FRIE'SIA. (Named after Dr. Fries,
of Lund. Nat. ord., Llndenblooms [Ti-
liaceee], \\-Dodecandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Ekeocarpus.)

A fit plant for training against a conservatory
wall. Cuttings of young shoots, rather firm, in
sand, under a glass, in April ; turfy loam and
fibry peat, with a little sand. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.

F. peduncula'ris (preduncled). 6. White,
Van Pieman's Land. 1818.

FRINGE-TREE . Chiona'n thus.

FRITILLA'RIA. Fritillary. ( From ./>•<-
tillits, a chess-board ; referring to the
chequered flowers of some species. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese], Hardy
bulbs, in close affinity with the true
Lilies. Linn., G-Hexandria l-Mono-
(jtjnia.)

F. a'lba (white. American}. 1. White. May.
North America.

— cit'prea (copper-coloured). 1$. Copper. July.

Mexico. 1834.

— imperiu'lis (Crown imperial). 4. Dark yel-

low. April. Persia. 15'j6.

' fla'va (yellow -flowered). 4. Yellow.

April. Persia. 1596.

— ru'bra, (red - flowered) . 4. Red. April.

Persia. 1596.
20

F. scu'tidens (climbing). Yellow. April. Si-
beria. 1827.

— Kotschya'na (Kotschy's). £. April. Ha-

zartschall. 1844.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-leaved). 2. Dark

purple. May. Kamtschatka. 1759-

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Red. May.

Caucasus. 1604.

— leuca'ntha (white-flowered. Russian). 1.

White. May. Siberia. 1822.

— Lttsita'nica (Spanish). 1. Brown, purple.

June. Spain. 1825.

— lu' tea (yellow -flowered). I. Yellow. May.

Caucasus. 1812.

— melea'gris (Guinea-fowl-like). 1. Purple.

May. Britain.

— meleagrdi'des (Meleagris-like). 1. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1824.

— Messane'nsis (Messina). 1. Brown, purple.

June. Italy. 1825.

— mi' nor (smaller). 1$. Purple, spotted.

April. Altai Mountains. 1830.

— nervo'sa (nerved-/eauerf). 1^. Dark purple.

May, Caucacus. 1826.

— ni'gra (black). 1. Yellow, purple. May.

Pyrenees. J596.

— obli'quu (tv/isted-leaved). 1. Brown, purple.

April. Caucasus.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). 1$. Brown. May.

Persia. 1596.

. mi'nima (least. Persian). £. Brown.

May. Persia. 1596.

— pra'cox (early white). 1. White. May.

Europe.

— pudi'ca (chaste). 1. Purple, yellow. May.

North America. 1824.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). l£. Dark purple.

June. Spain. 1605.

— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 1. Purple. May.

Caucasus. 1826.

— tene'lla (slender). 1. Purple. May. Cau-

casus. 1826.

— tulipifo'lia (Tulip-leaved). 1. Brown, purple.

May. Crimea. 1822.

— verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. Purple. April.

Crimea. 1823.

FRITILLARY AS A FLORIST'S FLOWER.
Propagation- : by offsets. The offsets
are produced round the old bulbs ;
these should be detached every third
year when the bulbs are taken up, and
be planted in a bed of light rich earth,
each variety by itself, where they may
remain till they are large enough to
flower. Then take them up, and plant
them in October either in r>£-incli pots
three or four bulbs in a pot, or plant
them in patches near the front of the
mixed flower-border. The above re-
marks apply only to the smaller kinds
of FritUlaria. The noble F. imperuilis,
when the bulbs attain a certain size,
produce two flower stems, and each
stem perfects a bulb. They may then
be taken up, divided, and replanted.
This species, on account of flowering

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early, may be planted when divided
into beds in the grouped flower-garden,
which they will highly ornament, and
will die down early enough to be suc-
ceeded by summer flowers. This spe-
cies is too large for pots.

3uil. The Crown Imperial, with its
varieties, should be planted in a deep
rid i soil, well drained. If the soil is
not rich, it must be made so by the
addition of a good dressing of well-de-
composed manure. The stems send
out, just above the bulbs, a large num-
ber of young strong shoots. The plants
will be benefited in that stage by a top
dressing of very decayed duiig placed
close to the stems.

If. the smaller species be cultivated
in pots, the proper soil for them will be
a compost of turfy loam, peat, and
vegetable mould in equal parts.

Growing Season. — All the smaller
kinds of the Fritillary will flower beau-
tifully in pots. Pot them in October
in 5£-inch pots, four bulbs in each, in
a light rich compost. Plunge the pots
in coal ashes in a bed, and protect
them through the winter with hoops
and mats. There they may remain till
they flower, and then be removed into
the greenhouse. When intended to
bloom in the open ground, plant them
in patches in the mixed flower- border.

Resting Season. — As soon as the
blooming season is over and the leaves
decayed, take the bulbs up and keep
them in a cool, rather moist place, till
the season for planting arrives again.

FROG ORCHIS. Gymnadc'nia vi'ridis.

FROST. — If a plant be fro/en, and
though some defy the attacks of frost,
others are very liable to its fatal influ-
ence, death is brought upon them as it
is in the animal frame, by a complete
breaking down of their tissue ; their
vessels are ruptured, and putrefaction
follows.

The following contingencies render
a plant especially liable to be fro/en.

First. — Moisture renders a plant sus-
ceptible of cold. Every gardener
knows tliis. If the air of his green-
house he dry, the plants within may
be submitted to a temperature of -'52°
without injury, provided the return to
a higher temperature be gradual.

j Secondly. — Gradual decrements of

I temperature are scarcely felt. A myrtle

i may be forced and subsequently passed

to the conservatory, to the cold-pit, and

j even thence to an open border, if in

the south of England, without enduring

any injury from the cold of winter;

but it would be killed if passed at once

from the hothouse to the border.

Thirdly. — The more saline are the
juices of a plant, the less liable are they
to congelation by frost. Salt preserves
vegetables from injury by sudden tran-
sitions in the temperature of the at-
mosphere. That salted soil freezes
with more reluctance than before the
salt is applied, is well known, and that
crops of turnips, cabbages, cauliflowers,
&c., 'are similarly preserved is equally
well established.

Fourthly— Absence of motion enables
plants to endure a lower degree of
temperature. Water may be cooled
down to below 82° without free/ing,
but it solidifies the moment it is agi-
tated.

The seeds of some plants are bene-
fited by being frozen, for those of the
rose and the hawthorn never germinate
so freely as after being subjected to
the winter frosts.

Free/ing is beneficial to soils, not
only by destroying vermin within its
bosom, but by aiding the atmosphere
to pervade its texture, which texture is
also rendered much more friable by the
frost. A soil in our climate is rarely frozen
to a depth of more than four inches,
and in extremely hard winters it does
not penetrate more than six inches in
light soils, and ten inches in those
that contain more clay, or an excess of
moisture.

If a plant lie frozen, dip it into the
coldest, water, or syringe it, and put it
into a dark cold cellar, so that it may
thaw gradually.

FROST, degrees of. — When a gardener
uses this phrase, he means degrees of
cold below 32°, the freezing point of
water.

FROTH-FLY. See Tcttigo' nhi.

FRUIT -ROOM. — Fruit for storing

should be gathered before it is quite

mature, for the ripening process, the

formation of sugar, with its attendant

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exhalation of carbonic acid and water, |
goes on as well in the fruit-room as in j
the open air at the season when the
functions of the leaves have ceased,
and the fruit no longer enlarges. In
gathering fruit, every care should he j
adopted to avoid bruising ; and, to this
end, in the case of apples, pears,
quinces, and medlars, let the gathering
basket be lined throughout with sack-
ing, and let the contents of each basket !
be carried at once to a floor covered :
with sand, and taken out one by one,
not poured out, as is too usual, into a J
basket, and then again from this into
a heap, for this systematic mode of in-
flicting small bruises is sure to usher
in decay, inasmuch as that it bursts the
divisional membranes of the cells con-
taining the juice, and this being extra-
vasated, speedily passes from the stage
of spirituous fermentation to that of
putrefaction. To avoid this is the prin-
cipal object of fruit storing, whilst at
the same time it is necessary that the
fruit shall be kept firm and juicy. Now
it so happens, that the means required
to secure the one also effects the other.

The following, we think, will be found
safe principles to guide the inexpe-
rienced : —

Site. — A somewhat low level, with a
subsoil perfectly dry, or rendered so.
We have said low, because we feel
assured that by keeping the floor, if
possible, even a little below the ground
level, less fluctuation of temperature
will be experienced. Sooner, however,
than be liable to much damp, we Avould
go as much above the level as is neces-
sary in order to avoid it. Concrete
should be used for the flooring, and a
portion of the foundation walls done in
cement, to prevent the transmission of
damp upwards by capillary attraction.
The rats and mice are great annoy-
ances ; the cement and concrete would
keep them at arm's length. A pre-
ventive drainage may be applied also i
round the exterior, if the locality be
damp.

Aspect. — An easterly ornortherly one;
any point but south or south-west.

Frost. — -The house to be rendered per-
fectly secure against this. We would
never have the general store-room sink

below forty or rise above fifty degrees. To
create an artificial warmth, and merely
to keep out the cold, or rather to pro-
cure, as much as possible, the amount
of warmth which the interior posesses,
are two very different affairs. The
preservation of the natural interior
warmth in winter is best effected by
double walls, possessing a cavity of
some three inches in width. The power
of what are termed holloAV walls, as
non-conductors of heat, is well known.
Neither can exterior damps be readily
transmitted; and, moreover, such are
cooler in summer; for the sluggish
agency of such walls in transmitting
heat is as much in keeping out sum-
mer heats as the colds of winter. If
the roof is an exterior one, it should
either be double, or other means taken
to keep out the summer heat.

Air. — The power of thorough venti-
lation when necessary, and equally the
power of rendering it almost hermetri-
cally sealed is necessary. Of course a
very liberal ventilation is needed when
much fruit is housed in the autumn.
There should, therefore, be a special pro-
vision for both the egress of moisture,
and for the ingress of fresh and dry air.
The higher the level at which the latter
enters, the brisker will, in general, be
the circulation.

Liyht. — Windows to admit light, of
course, for the sake of operations in
the room ; generally speaking, however,
a fruit-room cannot be kept too dark.
Most good practitioners agree in the
nec&ssity of excluding light as much as
possible. Scientific men say, that the
surface skin of fruits perspires exactly
as the surface of leaves ; and that light
is a prime agent in inducing such per-
spiration : hence, heat and light are
conjoint causes of shrivelling. The
windows or other apertures, therefore,
must be provided with close fitting
shutters, and these should be double,
even as the walls. During severe
weather, mats enclosing hay may be
fastened' over the exterior.

As to .artificial heat, we think every
good general fruit store-room should
open into :a small closet, which should
be so fitted up as to produce an artificial
warmth when necessary. If adjoining

FBI

[ 401 i

VI :.

a mushroom house on the one side, or
any place where a surplus of heat was
available, such would be readily accom-
plished without extra expense in fuel.
Some persons have advocated the
placing piping to convey heat inside the
cavity of the exterior walls : this sounds
somewhat philosophical, inasmuch as
in such a situation, with a slight amount
of controllable ventilation, the non-con-
ducting cavities might be kept dry and
warm. The situation of pipes or other
apparatus, however, should depend on
the arrangement made for the fruit;
the heating source, pipes, &c., being as
far removed from them as possible,
and certainly not immediately beneath
them. Such a little closet might possess
merely a stand for drawers down the
centre ; which stand should be an exact
counterpart of a stand in the centre of
the general store-room ; and the best
pears, or other tender fruits, being
placed in parcels in the general store,
might be removed in portions to this
ripening room, a whole drawer at once,
without moving the fruit.

FU'CHSIA. (Named after Leonard
Fuchs, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Onograds [Onograceee]. Linn., 8-Oc-
tandrla, \-Monogynia.)

When gardeners discover the way to improve
the size and flavour of fruits, we cannot doubt
but that those of the Fuchsia and Cactus will
be among the first novelties in the dessert.

F. alpe'stris (mountain), 20. Crimson. August.
Brazil. 1841.

— ape'tala (no-petaled). 10. Purple. Sep-

tember. Chili. 1824.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 16. Pink. October.

Mexico. 1824.

— bacilla'ris (rod-branched). 5. Rose. July.

Mexico. 1829.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 6. Scarlet, purple.

August. Chili. 1788.

— co'nica (conical). 4. Scarlet, purple. August.

Chili. 1825.

— cordifo'lia (heart- leaved). 5. Orange.

August. Mexico. 1840.

— corymbiflo'ra (cluster-flowered). 6. Scarlet.

August. Peru. 1840.

— cylindra'cea (cyYin&ric&i-flowered). 2. Scar-

let. August. Demerara. 1837.

— denticulu'ta (toothed). Crimson. August.

Brazil.

di'jic'ndens (pendent-flowered). 4. Crimson.
June. Brazil. 1848.

— discolor (two-coloured). 3. Purple, red.

August. Port Famine. 1830.

— cA'cortini'ta (barked). 3. Green, purple.

July. New Zealand. 1824.

F.fu'lgem (glowing). 4. Vermilion. July.
Mexico. 1839.

— gra'cilin (slender). 8. Scarlet, purple.

August. Chili. 1823.

mnltiflo'ra (many -flowered). fi.

Scarlet, purple. August. Chili. 1 824 .

— integrifo' lia (whole-leaved). Red. June.

Braxil. 1841.

— macra'ntfia (large-flowered). 2. Red. April.

Peru. 1845.

— niucroste'mon (long-stamened). 3. Scarlet,

purple. July. Chili. 1823.

— microphy' lla (small-leaved). 6. Scarlet,

purple. August. Mexico. 1828.

— ni'gricans (dark). Dark crimson. Venezuela.

1848.

— ra'dicans (rooting). 20. Scarlet. September.

Brazil. 1837.

— scrratifo'lia (saw-edge-leaved). 5. Scarlet,

green. August. Peru. 1844.

— simplicicau'Ks (simple-stemmed). Crimson.

July. Brazil.

— specttr'bilis (showy). 4. Scarlet. August.

Andes of Cuenca. 184/.

— sple'ndens (splendid). 6. Scarlet, green.

August. Mexico. 1841.

— tcne'lla (delicate). 8. Scarlet, purple. Au-

gust. Chili. 1824.

— tetrada' ctyla (four- fingered -stigma). 2.

Rose. July. Guatemala. 1842.

— tripliy'lla (three-leaved). Crimson. Sep-

tember. Pichinchia. 1842.

— venu'sta (beautiful). 6. Purple. October.

Mexico. 1825.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 4. Scarlet, purple. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1825.

FUCHSIA CULTURE. Propagation : 1»j
cuttings. — The best time for this is in
February and March. The plants re-
quire a little heat to stimulate them
into growth. The best kinds of cut-
tings are the young shoots taken off
close to the old wood as soon as they
are an inch long. Fill a sufficient num-
ber of 5- inch pots, with a compost of
loam and leaf -mould, in equal parts, to
within an inch of the top; fill the re-
maining space up with silver sand ;
water it gently to make it firm, then
put in the cuttings after trimming off
the lower leaves, give another gentle
watering, and place them in a mild hot
bed, or in a propagating house. If in
the latter, place hand-glasses over
them. The cuttings will soon strike
root, and should then be potted oil1 into
the smallest pots; shade them from
the sun for a time, and then repot them
into pots two sizes larger.

Ktj .stW. They are as easily ruiM'd
from seeds as by' cult ings. The object.
of raising them in tins way is not so
much to increase the plants as to raise

FUC

[ 405 ]

FUC

improved varieties. There are two
divisions, in regard to colour, that
should be aimed at — light and dark
varieties, and the colours in each ought
to Tie well denned. The light ones
should have the sepals pure white, and
the corolla rich purple ; size is also a
necessary quality, and a good form is
also indispensable. The sepals should
be stout and broad and well reflexed ;
that is, turned upwards to show off the
corolla to the greatest advantage. The
corolla should be large, and protrude
boldly out from the sepals. It should
be round and cup-shaped. The flower-
stalk should be not less than three
inches long, which will allow the flower
to hang down gracefully. The flowers
should be produced abundantly, and
the foliage not too large or coarse.
The same points should appear in
the dark varieties, .except the colour of
the sepals, which should be of the
brightest scarlet or crimson. Though
a fine self-coloured flower, with every
good point, is not to be despised, yet a
purple corolla, with the scarlet or dark
crimson tube, all other points being
present, is the perfection of a good
dark Fuchsia.

Saving the seed. — Any variety pos-
sessing one or more of the above quali-
ties (form being indispensable) is one
to save seed. from. Supposing a fine
shaped flower, with a tolerably pure
white tube, but deficient in a good
corolla of the right form and colour ;
then take the pollen of a variety that
has a good corolla, and apply it to the
stigma of the one with a good tube
and sepals, and save the seed. The
same principle must be followed to
improve the dark varieties. When the
seed is ripe, gather the berries, crush
them with the fingers, and wash away
all the pulp ; then spread the seed on
a sheet of paper, and expose it to the
sun till it is dry. Then put it up in
brown paper, and store it away till
March ; sow it then in shallow pots,
potting off the plants as soon as they
can be handled, and grow them on till
they flower. Seedlings will flower in
•i-inch pots, so that a great number of
them may be grown in a small space.
As soon as they flower, choose such as

have good points ; such give a good
shift into larger pots.

Summer Culture. — Pot the old plants
early in the spring. Commence by
shaking off the greater part of the old
soil, reducing the roots and trimming
in the branches, so as to leave them in
a pyramidal form ; pot in the proper
soil, and place them in a heat of 5o°
by day and 50° by night. Water mo-
derately, and syringe overhead fre-
quently. When the plants are freely
growing, give weak liquid manure every
other time. Young plants should have
a good shift from 5-inch to 8-inch pots.
The tops should be nipped off, to force
out the lower branches ; the great ob-
ject being the pyramidal form. One
of the upper shoots should be removed
as soon as the lower ones have pushed
a few inches, and the other tied to a
stick to be again stopped when it has
advanced about a foot. Proceed in this
way, with both old and new plants, till
the desired height is attained. The
side shoots, if not sufficiently nume-
rous, should be stopped also, to cause
the right number of side branches to
be produced. The potting should
finish in 12-inch pots, which are suffi-
ciently large to make fine plants fit for
the exhibition tables.

Winter Culture. — As soon as the
bloom is over set the young plants out-
of-doors in some open place in the
garden. The older plants may either
I be thrown away, or be planted out in
j the borders, it not being worth while to
t keep them the third year. When the
j frost begins to appear take the plants
under cover, either under the stage of
the greenhouse, or in a back shed, or
even a cellar, where the severe frost
cannot reach them; here they may
remain without water till the potting
time comes round again.

Soil. — Mellow, strong, yellow loam
one-half, well-decomposed hotbed ma-
nure one-quarter, and one year old
| decayed tree leaves one quarter, all
thoroughly mixed, will form a suitable
compost.

Insects. — The green fly and red spider
are very apt .to .find their way to the
! young shoots. See Aphis and Acarus.
OPEN BOEDER .Cm/runE, — The whole

FUC

[ 406 ]

FUG

of those having the habit of the old
coccinea, virgata, conica, gracilis, globosa,
&c., are well-fitted for flower-garden
purposes; requiring no attention, but
cutting them down after the first frost,
and covering the stools with moss,
coal ashes, or other litter, to exclude
the frost; removing it in April, and
thinning the shoots in May. When it
is desirable to keep such kinds as coc-
cinea as dwarf as globosa, raising the
plants out of the ground in May, and
shaking the soil from them before
transplanting them, will be effectual.
This, also, furnishes a good means for
increasing the stock. Good stout cut-
tings of the stems, planted at the end
of October, in the open ground, will
furnish nice little plants in spring, if
the ground is covered with moss or
litter ; for though what is above ground
will be killed, what is below the moss
will be safe. Those likefulgens in their
habit, must be kept dry if left out ; it
is better to take them up and house
them in a shed where frost will not
reach them. Standards of any kinds
for the lawn maybe thus inserted in
dry earth in a shed, and transplanted
again in April or May. Most of the
hybrids will stand the winter in the
open garden, and push strongly in the
spring, if, in addition to being kept
from frost, they are also kept dry.
Though thus endurant of cold, they
will, also, stand a high temperature
and a moist atmosphere when growing,
and, in these circumstances, grow with
great rapidity. F. corymbljlora must
have the wood well ripened, and not be
pruned too close. Spectabilis and serra-
tifolia are late blowers, and must be
treated accordingly. All sorts in pots
look best trained to a sinple stem.

FUEL is no small item in the annual
expenditure of the stove, greenhouse,
and conservatory departments, and
therefore deserves consideration. The
cheapest of all fuel is the breeze, or
small coke, procurable at gas-works.

The heating quality of the different
coals known in Great Britain are in the
following proportions :

Scotch Cannel 100

Lancashire Wigan .... 100
Yorkshire Cannel .... 188

Newcastle (best Wallsend) . 100
Gloucestershire (Forest of

Dean) 108

Welsh (common) .... 25
Hence, if the Scotch Cannel coal
cost 10s., when the Gloucestershire
could be had for 10s. per chaldron, the
latter would be no cheaper; for the
heating powers of the first is as 100 to
108 of the latter. In other words,
108 chaldrons of Scotch would afford
as much heat as 100 chaldrons of
Staffordshire.

The following are the quantities of
the fuels named, required to heat eight
gallons of water, from 52° to 112° :

Tfes.
Caking coals 1.2

Splint or hard coal . ,

Cannel coal j-

Cherry or soft coal . . .. 1.5
Wood of lime 3.10

beech 3.1fi

elm 3.52

oak (chips) . . . 4.20

— ash 3.50

maple ..... 3.00

service 3.

cherry 3.20

. — fir 3.52

poplar 3.10

• hornbeam .... 3.37

Peat (average, not compressed) 7.(5
Charcoal of wood .... 1.52

peat 3.28

It is essential to good and profitable

fuel that it should be free from moisture ;
for unless it be dry, much of the heat
which it generates is consumed in
converting that moisture into vapour :
hence the superior value of old dense,
dry wood, to that which is porous and
damp. A pound of dry will heat thirty-
five pounds of water from 32° to 212° ;
but a pound of the same wood in a
moist or fresh state, will not similarly
heat more than twenty-five pounds.
The value, therefore, of different woods
for fuel is nearly inversely, as their
moisture : and this may be readily as-
certained by finding how much a pound
weight of the shavings of each loses by
drying during two hours, at a tempera-
ture of 212°.

FUGO'SIA. (Named after Bernard
Cien-Fueyos, a Spanish botanist; Nat.

FUG

FUS

ord., Mallowworts [Malvaceffl], Linn.,
l(}-3fonadc'lphia S-Polyanclria. Allied
to Malvaviscus.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the points
of shoots, in April or May, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and placed in a mild bottom-heat ;
peat and loam, with a little silver sand. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

F. hakectfo'lia (Hakea-leaved). 5. Lilac, red.
August. Swan River. 1846.

— Jieteropliy'lla (various-leaved). Yellow, red.

August. St. Martha. 184.ri.

FULL-FLOWER. See Double-flower.

FUMA'RIA. Fumitory. From fumos,
smoke, referring to the disagreeable
smell of the plant. Nat. ord., Funie-
irorfs [Fumariacesej. Linn., 17-Dm-
dcfjihin '^-Hcxandrla. Allied to Cory-
dalis.)

Hardy annuals. If once sown in March or
April, on rockwork, or undisturbed banks, they
will sow themselves annually, and maintain
themselves without care or trouble.

F. capreola'ta (tendrilled). 4. Flesh. July.

Europe. Climber.
Burche'l/ii (Burchell's). 4. April.

Cape of Hope. 1816.

— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). l£. White.

August. Corsica. 1836.

— me'diti (intermediate). 3. Flesh. July.

Britain.

FUMIGATING is employed for the de-
struction of certain insects ; the inhaled
vapour or smoke arising from some
substances being fatal to them. Tobacco
is the usual substance employed ; and
it may he ignited, and the smoke im-
pelled upon the insects \sylellows; or
the ignited tobacco may be placed
under a box, or within a frame, together
with the atfected plant. The vapour of
spirit of turpentine is destructive to the
scale and other insects, employed in
this mode. Mr. Mills has stated the
following as the best mode of fumi-
gating with tobacco. According to
the sixe of the place to .be fumi-
gated, one or more pieces of cast
iron, one inch thick, and three inches
over, are made red hot (pieces of old
tiles, such as are used for covering
smoke flues, \vould probably answer
equally well) ; one of these is placed
in a twenty-four sized pot, on which is
put the quantity of tobacco considered
necessary to charge the structure with
smoke sufficient to destroy insect life.
To fumigate an ordinary sized eight-

light house, use three heaters, and
three twenty-four sized pots, which I
have placed on the front flue or walk ;
one pound of strong tobacco is put on
the three heaters in equal parts, and
this is found sufficient to fill the house,
so as to destroy all the kinds of insects
that perish by fumigation. The system
lias these advantages : the tobacco is so
quickly consumed, that the house is
completely filled in a very short time,
and but little smoke can escape before
the insects are destroyed, the pure heat
from the iron heaters prevents injury
from gas, and as no blowing is required
there is no dust, it being only necessary
to put the tobacco on the heaters and
leave the house. A better mode is to
soak the tobacco in a strong solution
of saltpetre, and when dry to ignite it.
The combustion is so complete and in-
stantaneous that a smaller quantity is
sufficient. The best of all instruments
for fumigating with tobacco is Brown's
Fumitjator.

To fumigate with sulphur, paint the
hot-water pipes with some sulphur
mixed with whitewash ; or put this
mixture against the side of the flue
furthest from the furnace ; or put some
sulphur on a hot-water plate, and keep
the water in this boiling by means of a
lamp.

FUMITORY. Fuma'ria.

FU'NKIA. (After H. Finite, a German
botanist, Nat. ord., Lily worts [Lilia-
ceffl]. Linn., 6-Ifexandri.a \-Mono-
<jynl.fi. Allied to Hymerocallis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials from Japan ;
dividing the roots; sandy loam, and a dry situa-
tion.

F. a'lbo-marginu'ta (white -margined). l£.
Lilac. July. 1837.

— lanceaefo'lla (spear-head-leaved). 1. Lilac.

August. 1820.

— ova'ta (egg-te«?wrf). ij Blue. May. 1/90.

— Sieboldia'nn (Siebolds). 1. Lilac. June.

1830.

— subcorda'ta (slightly - heart - leaved). 1 .

White. August. 1"90.

— undula'ta (wa.veA-lea.ved}. 1. Lilac. Au-

gust. 1834.

— variegu'ta (variegated). 1. Lilac. August.

1834.
FURCRJ/A. A mistaken name for

n i

Fonrcro'ya.

FURZE. U'lex.

FUSTICK. Macln'ra tincto'ria.

r 408 i

GAT,

G.

GJ/RTNERA. (Named after Dr.
Cf<f')'tncr, a celebrated botanist. Nat.
ord., Loganiads [Loganiacere]. Linn.,
W-Decait tlria \.-Mun-oyyni<i. Allied to
Logania. )

All Loganiads are to be suspected, as no
order is more venomous. Stove evergreen
twiners ; cuttings of firm young shoots in April,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter 48° to 55°.

G. obtusifn'lia (blunt- leaved). 20. White.
China. 1810.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 15. White, yellow.

April. East Indies. 1793.

GA'GEA. (Named after Sir Thomas
Gage. .Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., ti-Hexandria \-Monogynla. Al-
lied to the Tulip.)

All hardy, little, yellow flowering bulbs. They
should occupy the front row of a light-soiled
border, like Crocuses ; offsets in spring or au-
tumn.

G. Bohe'mica (Bohemian). \. April. Bohe-
mia. 1825.

— bractcota'ris (small -bracted). £. April.

Europe. 181/.

— bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). May. Tauria.

182Q.

— chlora'ntha (yellow -flowered). 4. April.

Siberia. 181Q.

— circinu'ta (rounded). $. May. Siberia. 1789.
— fasciciila'ris (bundle-flowered). $. April.

Britain.

— glau'ca (milkv-green). $. April. Switzer-

land. 1825.

— Liota'rdi (Liotard's). May. South Europe.

1825.

— Podo'llica (Podolian). May. Podolia. 182".

— pmi'lla (small). |. April. Bohemia. 1825.

— pygma'a (pigmy). £. April. Spain. 1825.

— sero'tinu (late). £. June. Wales.

— spathn'aea (sheathed), £. May. Germany.

1759.

— (stella'ris] starry). $. May. Sweden. 175Q.

— Sternbe'rgii (Sternberg's).' £. May. Swit-

zerland, me.

— stria1 ta (streaked). £. July. Europe. 1826.

— sylua'tica (wood). £. April. Europe.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). £. May. Siberia.

178!.

— villo'sa (shaggy). $. April. Caucasus. 1825,

GAGNEBI'NA. (Probably the native
name of one of the species. Nat. ord.,
Leywninniis Plants [Fabacefe]. Linn.,
W-Decandria l-Motw(/ynia. Allied to
Mimosa.)

Stove evergreens from Mauritius. Seeds in
hotbed, in spring, after being moistened for
several hours in warm water ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, in April, under a bell-
glass, and in mild bottom-heat ; peat and loam,

both turfy and fibry. Summer temp., 60° to

75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

G. turiUa'ris (axillary). 6. Yellow. 1824.

— tamari'scina (Tamarisk-like). 6. Yellow.

1824.

G-AILLA'KDTA. (Named after M.
(laillurd, a French patron of botany.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracercl.
Linn., I9-$yng#nt#M -l-Fnistnau'a. )

This, like many other composite genera, is
inclined to sport from seeds, and, therefore,
may be expected to yield double flowers some
day. Hardy herbaceous plants, with the ex-
ception of coronata, which requires a cold pit
in winter. In cold, damp situations, cuttings
of bicolor and picta, may also be saved in a
similar manner. Cuttings under a hand light
in summer, and division of the root in spring ;
sandy loam.

G. arista' ta (awned). 1. Orange. August.
North America. 1812.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow. August.

North America. 1787.

— eorona'ta (crowned). Red, brown. July.

| — Drummo'ndii integt'rrima (Drummond's
whole-feared). 2. Carnation, yellow,
August. Lousiana. 1833.

— pi'cta (painted). Yellow. August. Loui-

siana. 1833.

— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 1 £. Orange

July. North America. 1829.

GALA'CTIA. (From yala, milk ; in
reference to the milky juice of some of
the species. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese], Linn., Yi-Diadcl-
phia ^-Decandria. Allied to Glycine.)

Deciduous, by division of the plant, and
grown in sandy loam. Stove, by cuttings of
short stubby side-shoots, in sand, in April,
under a bell-glass, and plunged in a hotbed ;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to
75°; winter, 48° to 55°.

HAEDY DECIPUOUS TWINERS.
G. globe1 Ha (smoothish). 3. Purple. July.
North America.

— mu'llis (soft). 3. Purple. July. North

America. 1827.

STOAT. EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. Cube'nsis (Cuban). Rose. July. Cuba. 1826.

— pe'ndula (pendulous). 6, Red. July.

Jamaica. 1794.

— seri'cea (silky). 6. July. Bourbon. 1824.

ITALACTI'TES. (From ynla, milk
referring to the juice and to the milk-
white veins on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceft'j. Linn., 10-
Synfffttefia ll-Fntstranca. Allied to
Silybum.)

Hardy annuals requiring to be sown in the
flower borders, in March or April.
G. austra'lis (southern). 1. Purple. July.
New Holland. 1824.

— tomento'sa (woolly). l£. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1738.

GAL

[ 40U j

GAL

GALACTODE'NDRON. Cow Tree. (From
gala, milk, and dendron, a tree. We
introduce this name as being in com-
mon use ; but the true name of the
Cow Tree is Broximum utile, to which
refer.)

( I ALAN G ALE . Komipfe 'rio,

GALA'NTHUS. Snowdrop. (From
yalfi, milk, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord, Amaryllids [Amaryllidacefe].
Linn., fi-Hexandriu l-Monogynla.}

Hardy bulbs. Offsets ; division of masses of
bulbs ; common garden soil ; should be lifted
every four or five years.

G, niva'lis (Common. Snow). £. White. Feb-
ruary. Britain.

— plica' tus (plaited). £. White. February.

Crimea. 1818.

— rejie'xus (bent - backed - pet tiled) . White,

green. Mount Gargarius. 1844.

fiALATE'LLA. (A diminutive of gala,
milk, literally, milky ; referring to the
colour of the leaves. "Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-Syn-
gencsia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Aster.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division in spring ; com-
mon garden soil.

G. puncta'ta (dotted-leaved). 2£. Violet, yel-
low. August. Hungary. 1815.

GA'LAX. (From gala, milk, referring
to the milk-white flowers. Nat. ord.,
Wintergreens [Pyrolacere]. Linn., ;">-
Pentandria \-Monogynla. Allied to
Pyrola.)

Little bog-earth plants. Divisions in spring ;
moist sandy peat ; may be treated as an Alpine,
as it is subject to casualties in the border.
G. aptiy'lla (leafless). £. White. July. North
America. 1786.

G ALA'XIA. ( From galaktido, to abound
in milk, referring to the juice. Nat.
ord., Irids [Iridaeeeel. Linn., l(J-Mo-
nade-lphia l-Triandria, Allied to Pater
sonia.)

Greenhouse bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope. Offsets ; sandy peat, with a little fibry
loam. In a state of rest keep in the greenhouse
or cold pit. If planted in a sheltered place, out
of doors, the roots must be protected from frost.

Light yellow .
£. Dark
£. Purple.

G. grami'nea (Grass-leaved). 4-

July. 1795.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered).

yellow. July. 1799-

— mucronula'ris (hard-pointed).

July. 1799-

— ova'ta (escg-leaved). $. Dark yellow. July.

1799-

— versi1 color (various- coloured). £. Purple.

July. 1799.

GALEA'NDRA. ( From yulea, a helmet,
and aner, a stamen, referring to the
crested male organ on the top of the
column. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacece]. Linn., 20- Gynandrla l-Monan~
drift. Allied to Eulophia.)

Stove terrestrial orchids. Fibry peat, and a
little turfy loam, with some broken pots, and
pieces of charcoal. Summer temp., 60° to 85°,
with moisture ; winter, 48° to 55b, and rather
dry-

G. Bau'eri (Mr. Bauer's). ^. Pink. August.
Guiana. 1840.

— crista'ta(crested-anthered). Purple. May.

Cayenne. 1844.

— Devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 2. Pink,

white. May. South America. 1840.

— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Green, yellow. May.

Sierra Leone. 1822.

GALE'GA. Goat's Ptue. (From gala,
milk, referring to an old idea that the
herbage was superior for milk-cows,
goats, £c. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabacece]. 16-MonadeIphia Q-Decan-
dria.}

Hardy herbaceous, rather rambling perennials.
Seeds sown in spring ; division of the plant at
the same time ; common soil.
G. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 3. Blue. July. 1823.

— officina'lis (shop). 4. Blue. July. Spain.

1568.

a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White.

July. Spain.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 4. Blue. July. Levant.

1801.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). 2. White. July. Persia.

1826.

lila'cina (Lilac). 3. Lilac. June.

Persia. 1830.

— tri' color (three-coloured). 3. Blue. July.

1822.

GALEO'BDOLON. Dead Nettle. (From
gale, weasel, and bdolos, foetid, referring
to the strong disagreeable odour of the
plant. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipivorts
[Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14,-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia.)

This herbaceous British plant has so long
gone by the name Galeobdolon, that we have
retained it, but it is only a species of Lamium.
Division in spring ; moist common soil.
G. lu'teum (yellow). 1. Yellow. June.

vuriega'tum (variegated-/«u>ed). 1.

Yellow. May.

GAUPE'A. (The Indian name in
South America. Nat. ord., Hue worts
[Rutacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo-
•nogynla. Allied to Almeidea.)

The Angostura bark is that of trifoliata.
Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and
in heat; peat and loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 75°; winter, 48° to 55°.

GAL

[ 410 ]

GAR

G. odomti'ssima (most-fragrant). 2. White.
May. Rio Janeiro.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 4. Green. Guiana.

1816.

GA'LIUJL Bed Straw. (From gala,
milk, referring to the flowers of G.
verum having been used to curdle milk.
Nat. ord., Stellates [Galiacece]. Linn.,
•i-Tetrandria ~L- Monoyynia. Allied to
Eubia.)

Few of these plants are interesting to the
gardener, except to cover rock or root work.
They possess, in a more or less degree, the
dying qualities of Madder. Of the following
selected species, all are herbaceous perennials,
except G. suaveolens, which is an annual.
Annuals merely require to be sown in the com-
mon border, in March ; and the perennials
divided at the same time.

G. campanula' turn (bell-flowered). £. White.
June. South Europe. 1821.

— capi'llipes(h&iry-stalked). 1. White. Oc-

tober. Russia. 1838.

— Gree'cum (Grecian). $. Purple. July.

Candia. 1798.

— Pe'rsicum (Persian). Yellow. July. Persia.

1837.

— purpu'reum (Purple). 1. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1831.

— 'ru'brum (red). 1. Purple. July. Italy.
1597-

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 1. White.

July. North Europe. 1821.

— Tcm'ric-um (Taurian). |. Yellow. July.

Tauria. 1818.

— Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. Green. May.

England.

GALL is a tumour formed in conse-
quence of the part being punctured by
an insect, the tumour becoming the
nidus of the insect brood. The Oak-
apple caused by the Cynips qnerci is a
familiar example ; as also are the
bunches of leaves, not unlike a rose, on
the Rose Willow, and the mossy tufts
on the twigs of the wild rose, and erro-
neously called Bedeyuar. These tufts
are caused by the Cynips rosai, another
species of gall-fly.

GALPHI'MIA. (An anagram of Mai- I
p'xjhia, to which it is nearly allied. ;
Nat. ord., Malpiyhlads [Malpighiacese],
Linn., 10-Decandria X-Trif/yttia.)

Stove evergreens from Mexico, with yellow
flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, firm but
not too old, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
t>0° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 55°.
G. glau'ca (milky-green). 8. 182Q.

— glandulo'sa (glandcd). April. 1824.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). September. 1824.

GAMMA MOTH. Just after sunset, in
October, and hovering round flowers',

maybe seen this moth (Noctaa gamma.}
It is called the Gamma Moth, because
about the middle of the upper wings,
but towards their inner border, there is
a silvery shining mark, like the Greek
letter gamma (7). The shape of this
mark has acquired to this insect another

name, — the Y-Moth. The outspread
wings are about an inch across : the
upper ones gray- coloured, marbled with
brown, and shining ; the under wings
pale ash, with a brown edge ; the head
and throat brownish, edged with gray
lines ; the belly, or abdomen, yellowish
gray, tufted with brown hairs. In
October they deposit their eggs, and it
would be an aid to the warfare against
them to ascertain what plants they
select for this purpose. The eggs hatch
at various times from May to Septem-
ber, but chiefly during July. The
caterpillars proceeding from them are
green, beset with greenish single hairs ;
head brownish green; on the back and
sides three or fouryellowish white lines ;
feet twelve in number, and marked with
a yellow stripe. These caterpillars
commit great ravages, especially in the
south of England, upon our peas and
other garden vegetables; the best re-
medy for which is hand picking.

GANGRENE. See Canker.

GARCI'NIA. Mangosteen. (Named
after Dr. Garcia, an eastern traveller.
Nat. ord., Guttlfcrs [Clusiacea^]. Linn.,
\\-Dodfcandrla 1 -Monogynla. Allied to
Mammea. )

Of all the fruits in the East, that of G. man-
gustana is the most highly extolled by Euro-
peans ; and the Gamboge from Siam is fur-
nished by G. Gambogia. Stove evergreen trees.
Cuttings of ripened shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in a strong bottom-heat ; peat and
loanru Summer temp., 60° to 90°, with moist
atmosphere ; winter, 60° to 65°.
G. co'rnea (horny). 30. Yellow. East Indies.
,1823.

GAR

[ 411 ]

GAR

G. Co'wa (Cowa). 20. Yellow, East Indies.
1822.

— Gambo'gia (Gamboge). 30. Yellow. East

Indies. 1820.

— Mangosta'na (Mangosteen). 20. Purple.

Java. 1789-

GARDEN BALSAM. Justi'cia peclora'lis.

GARDEN BEETLE. In June and July,
a small, pretty beetle very often may be
found among the petals of white roses.
It is nearly half an inch long, and
rather less than a quarter of an inch
broad. Its wing-cases are reddish
brown, shining, and shorter than the
body; the body and head are dark
green, and the antennae reddish, having
at their ends a dark green club. This is
the garden beetle (Phyllope'rtha horti'-
cola and Melolo'ntha hortl'cola of some):
it feeds on the leaves of apples, pears,
and roses, gnawing them full of small
holes, and even transferring its attacks
to the young fruit of the apple. During
the latter part of July the female retires
into the earth for the purpose of there
depositing her eggs, from which the
grubs speedily are produced, and feed
upon the roots of plants. The only
mode of reducing the number of these
beetles is by searching for them during
the evening, when, if detected, they
stiffen their outstretched legs, and feign
death; but in the day they fly about
swiftly, and are captured with great
difficulty.

GAEDEN PEBBLE MOTH (Sco'pula
forficula'ris}. The perfect insect, says
Mr. Curtis, measures rather more than
an inch across, when its wings are
expanded. The upper pair are hazel-
coloured, with four stripes, two of which
are distinct, and the other faint; the
under wings as well as the body are
whitish, and on the former, near the
centre, there is a curved brown streak,
and another black on the margin. The
first brood of caterpillars occurs in May,
and the second in the autumn ; and
when very numerous they do consider-
able injury to cabbages and plantations
of horse-radish. The caterpillar is eight
or ten lines long, with the head of a
light brown colour, and the body is
yellowish green, with black longitudinal
stripes. Like other caterpillars, it may
be destroyed by being dusted with white
hellebore powder.

GARDENEE. — The day is gone when
the spade and the blue apron were the
only appropriate devices for the gar-
dener; he must now not only have a
thorough practical knowledge of liis
art, but he must also have an intimate
acquaintance with its sciences. No
man can have stored in his mind too
much knowledge, but there are always
some branches of information of more
value than others ; of these, to the gar-
dener, there are none so important as
botany and chemistry — botany, phy-
siological as well as classical — chemis-
try, especially as applied to the exami-
nation of organic nature. The relative
duties between the gardener and his
master are embodied in that universal
rule — do as you would be done by.
The head gardener is the superior of
the valet or butler, for his education
and knowledge are of a higher order.
The under gardeners, though necessa-
rily hardy, and the open air is their
appropriate whereabouts, should have
work assigned to them appropriate to
the clemency or inclemency of the
season ; for no men are more liable to
suffer early in life from rheumatism.
There are two golden sentences which
we would have always kept in mind by
a gardener :

1. Let all things be done orderly.

2. Be always ready to give an account
of your stewardship.

GARDENER'S GARTER. Aru'ndo.

GARDE'NIA. (Named after Dr. Gar-
den, an American. Nat. ord., Cincho-
nads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria I-Monogynia.)

Sweet-scented evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of shoots half ripe, in sand, under glass, and in
a moist bottom-heat ; this moist heat, when
growing and when starting into bloom, is the
! very life of all the stove species. Even the
greenhouse kinds do best when pruned after
flowering, grown rapidly afterwards, if in a
moist atmosphere from decomposing material,
such as dung and leaves, all the better ; hard-
ened off and ripened by exposure to light and
air in autumn, rested in a cool and dryish atmo-
sphere in winter, and started into bloom in a
moist heat again, and then removed to the
greenhouse; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.

GREENHOUSE.

G. amae'na (pleasing). 4. Pink. July. China.
— ang-ustifo'lia (mirrow-leaved). 3, White*
1823.

GA'R

( At* 1

GAP,

G.Jio'rida (flowery). 5. Pale yellow. August.

China. 1754.
• Fortu'ni (Fortune's double-flowered).

5. White. July. North China. 1844.
— • ple'na (double-flowered). 5. Pale

yellow. August. China. 1/54.
-si'mpllci (single -flowered). 5. White.

January. East Indies. 1831.

— ra'dicans (rooting). l. White. June.

China. 1804.

— Rothina'niu. (Rothman's). 10. Pale yel-

low. July. Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.

— spino'sa (spiny). 8. White. July. China.

1800.

— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 6. White. Feb-

ruary. Cape of Good Hope. 17/3.

STOVE.

Q. armu'tn (armed). 10. White. July. West
Indies. 1813.

— campanula'ta (bell-flowered'). East Indies.

1815.

— Devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 6.

White. September. Sierra Leone. 1845.

— dumeto'rum (thicket). 6. White. July.

East Indies. 1777.

— fro! grans (fragrant). 4. White. East

Indies. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Pale yellow.

East Indies. 1787.

— longisty'la (long-styled). 6. Green, white.

June. West Africa. 1845.

— lu'cida (shining). 4. White. East Indies.

1819.

— mellei'fera (clapper-bearing). 5. Cream.

Sierra Leone.

— monta'na (mountain). 8. White. East

Indies. 1819-

— ni'tida (shining-/e«t>erf). 3. White. Octo-

ber. Sierra Leone.

— Pave'tta (Pavetta-like). 6. White. July.

East Indies. 1817.

— Sherbou'rniee (Mrs. Sherbourne's). 3. White,

red. June. Sierra Leone. 1842.
Climber.

— Stanleya'nn (Stanley's. Earl of Derby's). 6.

White, spotted red. June. Sierra
Leone. 1843.

GARDENING is the art of cultivating
and arranging plants, so as to obtain
from them the greatest amount of pro-
duce, and of beauty.

GARDEN ROCAMBOLE. A' Ilium ophi-
osco'rodon.

GARDEN SWIFT (Hcpia'lus hipuli'-
nits). The caterpillar of this moth
is more indiscriminate in its attacks
upon our plants than is any other
ravager of the garden. The roots of
auriculas, snowdrops, bear's-ear, par-
snips, lettuces, celery, potatoes, and
strawberries, have all been observed
destroyed by this larva. The moth,
usually, is chalky brown, head and
thorax woolly, and its upper wings dark
bright brown, with a broad Hue of white ;

I but sometimes this is absent, and at.

i other times the upper wings are chalky
white. These moths appear about tho
end of May, and are very abundant, in
the evening in meadows and other
grassy places. They deposit their
eggs apparently without discrimination,
which soon hatch, and the caterpillars
produced are cylindrical, and yellowish-
white, Avith black dots and hairs on the
upper part and sides of their segments.
The caterpillar changes to an ochreous
shining cylindrical pupa. — Gard. Chron.
GARDO'QITIA. (Named after Oardo-
qiti, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Labiates, or
Lipworls [Lamiaceffi]. Linn., 14-D/V?/-
nnm'ta 'l-Anyiospcrmia. Allied to Me-
lissa.)

Of all the Lipworts, there is not a greenhouse
rival to G. Hookeri when well grown. Green-
house evergreens, except 6. betonicoides, which
is herbaceous. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in June, in sand, under a hand-glass ; peat and
loam, with a fair portion of sand, and pieces of
broken bricks and charcoal. Winter temp.,
40° to 48° ; a shady place in summer. They
should be tried against a wall, with a slight
protection in winter.

G. betonicoi'des (Betony-like). 3. Pink. Oc-
tober. Mexico. 1837.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). Purple. June.

Chili. 1827.

— Gillie'sii (Gillies' s). 2. Lilac. June. Chili.

1828.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Scarlet. June.

Carolina. 1832.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. Purple.

April. Chili. 1837.

GARLAND FLOWER. Plcnra'ndra cne-
o'rttm.

GARLICK. A' Ilium sali'vwn. Grown
best in a light rich soil.

I'lantiny. —It is generally propagated
by parting the root, but may be raised
from the bulbs produced on the stems.
Plant any time in February, March,
and early in April ; but the middle of
March is the usual time. A single
| clove to be placed in each hole, made
j six inches apart, and one deep, in
j straight lines, six inches distant from
• each other, care being taken to set the
, roots downwards ; to do this it is the
! best practice to thrust the finger and
thumb, holding a clove between them,
to the requisite deptli without any pre-
vious hole being made. Keep them fre-
quently hoed, and in June the leaves are
to be tied in knots to prevent the plants

CiAK

GAS

running to seed. A few roots may be ff.
taken np as required in June and July, !
but the whole must not be lifted until ' _
the leaves wither at the close of July, —
or in the course of August. It is usual
to leave a part of the stalk attached, by i "
which they are tied into bundles, being > —
previously well dried for keeping during —
the winter.

GAHJJC PEAK. Cratm'ra. , _

GA'RRYA. (Named after Mr. Garry,
of the Hudson's Bay Company, who ! _
facilitated Douglas's botanical re- _
searches in North West America. Nat.
ord., Garry ads [Garryaeese]. Linn.,
'21-Moncecia ±-Tetrandria.)

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Layers in the an- j

tumn, and cuttings toward the end of summer, ' —

in sandy soil, under a hand-light; sandy loam. —

G. elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 6. Green. October. —

California. 1828.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 6. White. Mex-

ico. 1839-

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Green. Mex-

ico. 1846.

— Macfadyenia'na (Mac Fadyen's). 6. Green.

Jamaica. 1842.

GARU'GA. (Its East Indian name.
Nat. ord., Ami/rids [Amyridaeeee].
Linn,, H)-Dccandria \-Mo)io<jynia. Al
lied to Boswellia.)

One of the frankencense trees so celebrated
in the east. Stove evergreen trees, with yellow
flowers ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and set in a little
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 50.' May.
Madagascar. 1824.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 60. East Indies. 1808.

GAS-HEATING. — If the flame is sup- j
plied with air by the aid of a small j
pipe communicating with the outside j
of the house, is enclosed in a small I
iron stove, and has the gases produced
carried away by a pipe, gas may be ;
employed for protecting greenhouse .
plants in winter. We have known a
small greenhouse, Hi feet by I'-ij thus !
protected by a single Argand burner.

GASTE'RIA. (From t/aster, a belly;
alluding to the swollen base of the ;
flowers. Nat; ord., Lilt/ irnrts [Liliaceeo]. ,
Linn., (i-Hcxandria l-Monogynta.}

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of Good
Hope, and all with red flowers, except where
otherwise specified. This genus ought to be
united to Aloe, which see for culture.
G. acinacifo'lia (scimitar-leaved). 3. Orange.
July. 18)9.

acinacifo'lia mi' nor (smaller).1 2, Scarlet.

July. 1820.

angula'ta (angled). 2. July. 1/91.
--- - mi'n-or (smaller). l£. August. 1820.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1^. June.

1731.

longifo'lia (long -leaved).

July. 1/96.
bi' color (two-coloured). 1. 1824.
brevifo'lin (short-leaved). 3. July. 1809-
1 peri'i'ridis (very green.) l£. Scar-
let. July. 1820.
ca'ndicans (rough marble, white). 1. July.

1822.

carina'ta (roH#7t-keeled). 2. July. 1/31.
conspurca'ta (dirtied). 2. Jane. 1796.
crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). l£. July. 1820.
deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
di'stichu (two-rowed). 2. Scarlet. July.
1820.

ma'jor (larger). 2. Scarlet. July.

1620.

ensifu'-lia (sword-leaved). 1. July. 1823.
ejccava'ta (excavated). l£. 1824.

obli'qua (twisted-leafed). 1^. July.

1759.
fascia'ta (banded). l£. July. 1820.

la'xa (loose). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

fonno'sa (beautiful). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
gla'bra (smooth-keeled). 3. July. 1/96.

mi'nor (smaller). 2. Scarlet. July.

1820.
intcrme'dia(rai&dle-tongued).2. July. 1790.

aspe'rrima (roughest-Zeaued). 2.

July. 1-820.

— Ice'vior (smoother). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1820.

lo'ngior (longer-Jeoi-ed). 2. Scar-
let. July. 1820.

lee'tejmncta'ta (lively-spotted). 2. Scarlet.
July. 1820.

denticula'ta (small -toothed).

2. Scarlet. July. 1822.
iee'uis (smooth). l£. July. 1820.
lini'ta (smeared). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
macula'ta (spotted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1759-

fa'lliix (fallacious). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1820.

mo' His (soft-muddy-leaved). 1. July. 1823.
ni'gricans (dark). 2. July. 1790.

marmora'ta (marbled). ij. July.

1820.
ni'tens (shining). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

bre'vior (shorter-leaved). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1820.

- ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1820.
grandipuncta'ta (large-dotted). 1.

July. 1822.
obtu'sa (blunt). l£. July. 1820.

- obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 1^. July. 1796.
•pa'rva (small). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.
-pi'cta (painted). 3. Scarlet. July. 1820.
-pluripuneta'ta (many-dotted). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1820.

-pu'lchra (fair), 3. Scarlet. July. 1/59-
-re'pens (creeping-roofed). 1. July. 1821.

- rota'ta (netted). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

- strigu'ta (rigid). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

- subcarina'ta (obscure-keeled). 2. Orange.

July. 1818.

viri'dior (greener). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1820.

GAS

GAU

G. subni'gr leans (blackish). 2.' Scarlet. July.
1820.

let.

— gla'brior (smoother). 2. Scar-
July. 1826.

— stibverruco'sa (small-waited). 2. July. 1820.
parvipuncta'ta (small-dotted).

2. July. 1820.

— sulca'ta (furrowed). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

— trigo'na (triangular). l£. July. 1820.

— undu'ta (waved). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

— venu'sta ( lovely). 2. Scarlet. July. 1820.

— verruco'sa (warty). 2. July. 1731.

GASTO 'NIA. (After Gaston dc Bourbon,
son of Henry IV. of France. Nat. ord.,
Ivyworls [Araliaceee], Linn., 11-Dode-
candria 5-Pentagynia. AlliedtoAralia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots
getting firm, in April, in sand, under a bell
glass, and in bottom heat; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
G.palma'ta (hand-/eauerf). 4. White, green.
March. Chittagong. 1818.

GASTROCHI'T/US. (From //roster, belly,
and cheilos, lip; in reference to the
swollen lip. Nat. ord., Gmgerivorts
[Zinziberacese]. Linn., 1-Monandria
1'Monogynia. Allied to Alpinia.)

Must not be confounded with Don's Gasto-
chilus, a synonyme of Saccolabium. Stove
herbaceous perennials. Divisions of the plant
as fresh growth is commencing ; sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
G, Jenkinso'nii (Jenkins's). 2. Orange, crim-
son. June. East Indies. 1841.

— longiflo'rus (long-flowered). 2. Yellow, red.

July. East Indies. 1843.

— pulche'rimus (prettiest). 2. Yellow, pink.

August. Rangoon. 1828.

GASTROLO'BIUM. (From (jasicr, belly,
and lobos, a pod ; inflated seed pod.
Nat. ord., Legurhinous Plant* [Fabacea:].
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Eutaxia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River,
and all with yellow flowers, except where
otherwise mentioned. Seeds sown in a hotbed
in Spring, after being soaked in warm water ;
cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in May, in
sand, under a bell glass ; peat and loam, both
fibry, with a portion of silver sand, and small
pieces of charcoal ; impatient of sour stagnant
soil. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
G. acu'tum (sharp-pointed). 1$. Yellow, red.
March. 1842.

— bilo'bum (two-lobed). 2. May. 1803.

— caly'cinum (/arge-calyxed). April.

— corda'tum (heart-shaped-teased)- May. 1841.

— epacrioi'des (Epacris-like). 184/.

— obova'tum (reversed egg-/e«red). April.

— oxylnbioi'des (Oxylobium-like). April. 1840.

— retu'sum (blunt-/e«iv?rf). 1^. Orange, scar-

let. May. 1830.

— spathula' turn (spathulate-^twerf).

— spinn'sum (spined). 3. April. 1840.

— tri'lobwn (three-lobed-teawd).

G. villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Red, crimson. May.
1845.

GASTRONE'MA. (From gaster, belly,

! and nema, a filament; in reference to

I the filaments seen below the point of

insertion. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Ama-

ryllidacea}]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria \-Mo-

iw(/i/nia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.)

Dr. Burchell discovered the pretty bulb clam-
turn, and flowered it in an open border along with
other Cape rarities, but we believe the plant is
not to be had now in Europe ; its native place at
the Cape is in "fields beyond Camtours river."
Offsets ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and dried leaf
mould ; plenty of water when growing, and dry
when at rest. Winter temp., from 35° to 45°,
or in border protected in winter.
G. clava'tum (club -leaved). £. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.
— sangui'neum (blood-red). 4. Deep rose.
June. Caffraria. 1845.

GATEN or GATEK TREE. Co'rmis
sanyiti'nea.

GATHERER. The hand is the best
instrument for collecting fruit into the
basket, but to avoid the clanger and
breakage of branches incidental to using
long ladders, the following instruments
have been designed. No. 1 for apples
and other single fruit, No. ^ for grapes,
the stalk of which it severs and retains
in its grasp.

No. 1. No. X.

GATHERING. See Fruit-mom.

GAUDICHAU'DIA. (Named after C.
Gandichmtd, a French naturalist. Nat.
ord., Malpiy hiads [Malpighiacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono<jynia.}

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots in
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam, with sand, and
pieces of charcoal to keep it open. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. cynanchoi' dcs (Dog's-bane-like). 10. Yel-
low. Mexico. 1824.

GAULTHK'IUA. (Named after Dr.
Gaulthcr, a (Jaunadian. Nat. oi\L,

GAU

GEI

Heathworts [Ericaceae]. 10-Dccandria
\-Monogyniu. Allied to Pemettia.)

The oil of Wintergreens used to flavour drugs,
and also by perfumers, is obtained from the
berries of G. procumbens. Chiefly by layers and
seeds. Pnieumbens requires a moist peat soil ;
Shallon will grow in any soil. The fruit is
prized for its flavour so much by the natives,
that they make it into bread for winter use.
The greenhouse kinds require peat, and similar
treatment, with the exception of a temperature
from 35° to 45° in winter.

HARDY.

G. procu'mbcns (procumbent). £. White. July.
North America. 1762.

— Sfta'llon (Shallon). 4. White. May. North

America. 1826.

GREENHOUSE.

G.anti'poda (antipodal). 6. White. New
Zealand. 1820.

— bractea'ta (bracted). Red. July. Columbia.

1848.

— corda'ta (heart-Zeayerf). White. May. Japan.

— fra'grans (fragrant). 6. Purple, red. Ne-

paul. 1824.

GAU'RA. (From yaiiros, superb ; re-
ferring to the beauty of some of the
species. Nat. orcl., Onayrads [Ona-
gracesc]. Linn. S-Octandria \-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Stenosiphon.)

G. fruticosa may be propagated either by
seeds or cuttings ; the others, annuals, bien-
nials, and perennials, are all hardy, and may be
sown in April, and the perennials may also be
divided. Sandy rich loam suits them all.
G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pink.
August. Perennial.

— bie'nnis (biennial). 5. Red, white. Sep-

tember. North America. 1762.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). £. Scarlet. September.

Louisiana. 1811. Perennial.

— frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Red,white. South

America. 1815. Stove evergreen.

— muta! bilis (changeable). 2. Yellow. July.

North America. 1/95. Biennial.

— another (Kfo'lia ((Enothera-leaved). l£. Pur-

E'e. July. South America. 1816.
iennial.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. Yellow.

August. North America. 1835. .Bien-
nial.

— sinua'ta (twisted). Blush. July. North

America. 1826. Biennial.

— tripe1 tula (three-petaled). 1$. Pink. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1804. Annual.
GAYLUSSA'CIA. Named after M. Gay
Litssac, a celebrated French chemist.
Nat. ord., Cranberries [Y acciniacea;] .
Linn., IQ-Dccandria \-Monogynla. Al-
lied to Vaccinium.)

Cranberry-like half-hardy evergreens. Seed
and layers ; sandy peat, a little loam and leaf-
mould ; require the protection of a pit or the
greenhouse in winter.

G, pseudo-vacci'nittm (Bilberry-like). l£. Rose,
red. May. Brazil. 1843.

— ro'seu (rosey-flowered). Rose. May. Peru.

1843.

GAZA'NIA. From yaza, richness, in
reference to the large gaudy flowers.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., \.$-8yngenesia S-Frustranca. Al-
lied to Gorteria.)

Natives of Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of
side shoots, produced in abundance near the
base of the plant, in August, more sparingly in
spring, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ; peat
and loam, with a portion of sand. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

G. ri'gens (stiff). 1. Orange. June. 1/55.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.

1816.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

G. heterophy'lla (variable -leaved). £. Orange.
July. 1812.

— pavo'nia (peacock). !£. Yellow. July. 1804.

— subula'ta (awl-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

1792.

GEISSOME'RIA. (From yeisson, a tile,
and meris, a part, referring to the way
the bracts are imbricated, or fall over
each other as tiles on a roof. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acantliaceas]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia %-Anyiospe-rmiu. Allied to
Baxleria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of shoots
getting firm, any time in summer, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom heat ;
loam and peat, with sand and a little old cow-
dung.
G. auranti'ucu (orange-coloured). 2. Orange,

red. Autumn. 1848.
—fu'lgida (brilliant). Scarlet. August. West

Indies. 1804.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 3. Scarlet. July.

Brazil. 1826.

GEISSORHI'ZA. Tile Eoot. (From
f/eisso-n, a tile, and rhiza, a root, referring
to the dry coats which cover the fleshy
roots like tiles on a roof. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacea?,]. Linn., S-Triandri«.
I-Mohoyynia. Allied to Trichouema.)
Half-hardy bulbs from Cape of Good Hope.
Except when planted out on a border, in front
of a greenhouse, the roots should be planted in
a handful of white sand ; offsets ; sandy peat,
with a little loam ; must be kept from the frost
in winter.
G. cilia'ris (hair- fringed). 1. May.

— ere'cta (upright). Yellow, blue. May. 1824.

— exci'sa (abrupt-fcaued). 4. White. May.

1/89-

— hi'rta (hairy). 1. White. May. 1825.

— hu'mUis (humble), Yellow, rose. May.

1822.

QKI

[ 410 J

G.imbrifiu'ta (imbricated). 1. Variegated.
May. 1825.

— ju'jicea (rush-Jike). 1. White. July. 1822.

— Laro'chei (De la Roche's). £. Violet. May.

1/90.

— obtusa'ta (blunted; . 1. Yellow. May. 1801.

(si&e-fioivering] . 1. White. May.

albe'scens (whitish). 1. White.
May. 1795.

cacru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. May.

1795.

— seta'cea, (bristle-leaved). 1. Sulphur. July.

1809.

— sublu'tea (yellowish). 1. Yellow. May. 1825.

— vagina1 ta (sheathed). l£. Yellow, blue.

May. 1824.

GF/LA. (From 'jelt-n, to shine; re-
ferring to the surface of the leaves.
Nat. orcl., Rueworts [Paitaceee]. Linn.,
X-Octandria l-Monoyynia.')

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half ripened shoots, iii May, under a hand-
light, in sandy soil ; sandy peat. Winter
temp., 38° to 45.

G. lunceala'ta (spear-head -leaved) . 4. Yellow.
Cochin China, 1820.

— oblongifo' lia (oblong-leaved). 6. White,

green. June. New Holland. 1823.

GELASI'NE. t From gclasinos, a smiling
dimple, referring to tide flowers of these
pretty bulbs. Nat. ord, Irids [Iri-
daceao]. Linn., '3-Tnandria \-Monotjy-
nla. Allied to Trichonema.)

A bulb, from the Rio Grande in South Ame-
rica, almost, if not altogether, hardy ; but we
fear it has been lost at the dispersion of Dr.
Herbert's collection, who had dry specimens of
five more species of Gelasine. Nuttal's Nemo-
stylis is the nearest genus to it, but Tricho-
nema, so well known, will give a good idea of
it; light sandy soil suits them best ; they seed
freely, and seedlings flower the second season
from the sowing, and like most Irids they in-
crease by offset bulbs.

Gi azu'rea (blue). 1. Blue. May. South
America. 1838.

GENI'PA. Genip-tree. (From Gene-
papa, the native name. Nat. ord., Cln-
clioiKuls [Ginchonacete]. b-PcfilandriK
]-j\fonc><i;/)ii((. Allied to Gardenia.)

The Genipap, a South American fruit, is
produced by G. Americana ; it is as large as an
orange, and much esteemed. Stove evergreen
trees. Cuttings of shoots just getting a little
firm, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom heat ; peat and loam, with a little
sand and cow-dung. Summer temp., 6(1° tu
80° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

G. America' na (American). 30. Pale yellow.
South America. 1779-

— edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. Guiana. 1824.

— escule'nta (eatable). 20. China. 1823.

— Meria'ncE (Merian's). 10. White. Cay-

enne; 1800.

G. oblongifo' lia (oblong-leaved). 20. Yellow.
Peru. 1821.

GENI'STA. (From the Celtic yen, a
small bush. Nat. ord., Leguminous
plant* [Fabaceie]. Linn., U]-Mona
th'lphia i)~Dccandria. Allied to Spar
tium.)

Low shrubs, all with yellow flowers, good for
making quickly an ornamental appearance in
a shrubbery. The greenhouse and half -hardy
kinds like peat and loam, with a little sand and
leaf mould, and are propagated by cuttings of
the young shoots, in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass. The hardy kinds are easily pro-
pagated by seed, and the most rare by cuttings,
under a hand-light, after April, in a shady
place. Whatever plan is adopted, they should
be frequently transplanted, or at once removed
to their position in the shrubbery, as they make
long naked roots. Canar tennis is about the best
of me greenhouse ones, and that in a dry place
requires only a little protection out of doors.
Lusitanica, and radiata, look interesting, even
in winter, when the leaves are gone. Angelica
is the rough-looking spring dwarf bush that
blooms so freely in our moist moors. Tinctoriu
is used in all its parts, for producing a yellow
dye ; and on a rock work, or on the top of a
mound, with its branches allowed to creep
downwards, few things in spring, and the be-
ginning of summer are more splendid than the
trailing triquetra, and its next door neighbour,
triangular is. Common loamy soil s.uits all the
hardy ones.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS-.
G. conge'sta (close-branched). 4. June. Tene"
riffe.

— monospe'rma (single-seeded). 4. July.

South Europe. 1690.

— spheeroca'rpa (round-podded). 4. July.

South Europe. 1/31.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

G. bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 2. May. 1823.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. June. Canaries.

1659.

— clava'ta (club -leaved;. 3. June. Mogadore.

1812.
—fe'rox (fierce). l£. July. Barbary. 1800.

— linifo 'I ia (Flax-leaved). 3. June. Spain.

1739.

— spachia'na (Spachs). 2. Canaries.

— umbdla'tu (umbelled). 3. June. Barbary.

1799-

HARDY DECIDUOrS.

G. aphij'lla (leafless). 4. Violet. July. Siberia.
1800.

— humifu'sa (trailing). 1. July. France.

1819. Trailer.

— Svo'rpiiis (Scorpion). 4. April. South

Europe. 15/0.

— tetrago'nu ^ (four-angled-ira/i^Aff/). 1. July.

Podolia. 1822. Trailer.

— virga'ta (long-twigged). 6. June. Ma-

deira. 1/77.

HARDY EVERGREEN.
G. «tf/me'«eis(Etna). 3. July. Sicily. 1816.

GEN

[417]

GEN

G. A'nglica (English.

Britain.
— angula'ta (angled). 3.

1/39.

Petti/whin). 2. July.
June. Maryland.

— Anxa'ntica (Anxantic). 4. July. Italy. 1818.

— ca'ndicans (whitish). 2. May. Spain. 1735.

— cine' rea (greyish). 4. July. South Europe.

— decu'mbens (decumbent). £. June. Bur-

gundy. 1775. Trailer.

— dlffu'sa (spreading). 3. June. Hungary.

1816.

— flo'rida (flowery). 6. July. Spain. 1752.

— Germa'nica (German). 2. July. Germany.

1773.

-- ine'rmis (nearly- unarmed). 2.
July. Germany.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). 2. July. Spain. 1/sg.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. July. Pyrenees. 1821.

— Ita'lica (Italian). 3. July. Italy.

— Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. May. Por-

tugal. 1771.

— Ma'ntica (Mantic). 3. July. South Europe.

1816.

— ova'ta (.egg-leaved). 3. July. Hungary.

1816.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 3. July. South

Europe. 1817-

— pa'tens (spreading). 2. June. Spain.

— pa1 tula (spreading). 3. July. Caucasus.

1818.

— pilo'sa (downy. Green weed}. 6.

England.

— polygalcefo'lia (Polygala-leaved). 3.

Spain. 1820.

— procu'mbens dying-down). l£

gary. 1816. Trailer.

— radia'ta (rayed). l£. July.

— sugitta'lis (a.rro\v-jointed~). £.

many. 1570.

-- mi1 nor (less). May. Trailer.
•*- scurio'sa (membranous). 6. July. Italy.

1821.

— seri'cea (silky). 3. June. Austria. 1812.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. July. Siberia. 1/85.
•— sylve'stris (wood). 2. July. Hungary. 1818.

— tincto'ria (dyer's. Green weed). 3. July.

Britain.

-- flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 2.
July.

July.

Italy.
June.

June.
July.
Hun-

1758.
Ger-

- Mr su'ta (somewhat hairy). 2. July.

Britain.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. July.

Auvergne. 1824.
pratc'nsis (meadow). 2. July.

Italy.

— triaca'nthos (three-spined). 2. July. Spain.
interru'pta (interrupted). 2.

May. Tangier.

— triangula'ris (three-angled-stewraerf). 2.

June. Hungary. 1815.

— Mque'tra (three - cornered - stemmed"). 3.

June. Corsica. 1770.

GENTIA'NA. Gentian. (Named after
Gentius, King of Illyria, who first ex-
perienced the virtue of Gentian. Nat.
ord., Gentian worts [Gentiaftaceoe].
Linn .,5- Pen tandria 2 • Digyn la. )

The roots of G. lutea is the true gentian of
the druggists, an intense bitter, only exceeded
by that of Aletris farinosa, a little North Ame-

rican Bloodroot, the most intense bitter known,
and by Quassia amara. The smaller kinds may
be treated as Alpines; and whether grown in
pots or not, a little heat and sandy leaf-mould
should be given them. All may be propagated
by seed sown as soon as ripe ; the perennials,
also, by division in spring. Some of the creep-
ing low-growing kinds, as acaulis, make nice
edgings to walks and borders.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

G. Amare'lla (Amarella). £. Purple. August.

Britain.
-- lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. Au-

gust.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). \. Purple.

July. North America. 1812.

— Carinthi'aca (Carinthian). 4. Blue. Au-

gust. Switzerland. 1817-

— Germa'nica (German). $. Blue. August.

Germany. 1818.

— glacia'lis (icy). $. Blue. July. Alps. 181Q.

— hu'milis (humble). £. Purple. April.

Caucasus. 1824.

— niva'lis (snowy). $. Blue. August. Scotland.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt - leaved). \. Yellow.

July. Switzerland. 1826.

— prate'nsis (meadow). ^. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1817-

HAKDY BIENNIALS.

G. barba'ta (bearded). £. Blue. August.
Siberia. 1/64.

— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Violet. July.

Caucasus. 1804.

— confe'rta (crowded). Blue. August. Altaia;

1827.

— crini'ta (long- haired). £. Blue. July.

North America. 1804.

- uligino'sa (marshy). Blue. August. Ger-
many. 1827.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). Violet. July. Car-

pathian Mountains. 1828.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

G. cesti'va (summer). 4. Blue. July. Austria*
1818.

— aeatt'«s(stemless. Gentianella). 4. Blue.

May. Wales.

-- angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). $.
Blue. May. Alps. 1819.

— adsce'ndens (ascending), f. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1/99.

-- ,, . decu'mbens (decumbent). £.
Blue. June. Siberia. 1/99-

— a'lgida (cold). A. White. July. Siberia.

1808.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). $. Blue. July. Alps.

1817-

— Alta'ica( Altaic). 1. Purple. May. Sibe-

ria. 1824.

— angulo'sa (angled). £. Purple. Altai.

1824.

— usclepia'dea (Swallow- wort- like). 1. Blue;

July. Austria. 1629.

---- ma'jor (greater). 2. Blue. July;
-- ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 1.

Cream. July.

— au'rea (golden). £.

Norway. 1823.

— Bava'rica (Bavarian).

Germany. 1/75.

Yellow. August.
\, Blue. July.

• 2 E

GEN

[418 ]

GEO

G. bilo'ba (two-lobed). 2J. Yellow. July.
Alps. 1820.

— Burse1 ri (Burser's). 2. Yellow. July. Py-

renees. 1820.

— campanula'ta (bell-flowered). 2. Sulphur.

July. Switzerland. 1819.

— Catesbat'a (Catesby's). 1}. Blue. July.

North America. 1803.

— cilia' tu (hair- fringed). ^. Blue. July.

Germany. 1759.

— clava'ta (studded). |. Blue. 1820.

— crucia'ta (crossed). 1. Dark blue. July.

Austria. 1596.
— fimbria'ta (fringed). \, Blue. August.

Caucasus. 1818.
—fri'gida (frigid). £. White. July. Syria.

1817-

— Ge'bleri (Gebler's). Blue. August. Russia.

1832.

— ge'lida (ice-cold). 1. Blue. July. Siberia.

1807.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2j. Yellow, purple.

July. Switzerland. 1817-

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). £. Blue. July.

Switzerland. 181p.

— incarnu'ta (flesh-coloured) . 2. Pink. Sep-

tember. North America. 1812.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep-

tember. North America. 1820.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved) . 1. Blue. August.

Carolina. 1816.

— lu'tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Alps.

1596.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 1. Blue, July.

Siberia. 1796.

— ochroleu'ca (cream-flowered) . 2. Yellowish.

August. North America. 1803.

— Panno'nica (Pannonian). 1. Purple. July.

Alps.

— plebe'ia (vulgar). f. Dark blue. July.

Germany. 1834.
— • pneumona'nthe (wind-flower). $. Blue.

August. England.
flo're a'lbo (white-flowered).

i. White, green. August. Germany.

1834.
gutta'ta (spotted). £. Blue.

August.

— pse'udo-pneumo-na'nthe (Bastard-wind flow-

er). £. Blue. August. North America.
1800.

— pu'mila (dwarf). £. Blue. May. Switzer-

land. 1817.

— puncta'ta (spotted-flowered). 3. Yellow.

July. Alps. 1775.

— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Blue. July. Alps.

1768.

flo're a'lbo (white- flowered). 2.

White. July. European Alps. 1823.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. Blue. July.

Pyrenees. 1825.

— quinqueflo'ra (five-flowered). ;|. Blue. Au-

gust. North America. 1824.

— sapona'ria (Soap-wort-leavrd}. 2. Blue.

August. North America. 1//6.

flo'ro a'lbo (white-flowered). 4-

White. September. North America.
1826.

— septc'mfida (seven-cleft), if. Blue. July.

Persia. 1804.

— . gutta'ta (spotted). $. Blue.

June. Levant. 1804.

G. septe'mfida cauca'su-a (Caucasian). Blue.
August. Caucasus.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). £. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1807-

— umbella'ta (umbelled). ^. Purple. June.

Caucasus. 1823.

— utriculo'sa (bladdery). ^. Purple. April.

South Europe. 1822.

— ve'rna (spring). |. Blue. May. England.
flo're a'lbo (white - flowered). $.

White. April.

GEOFFKO'YA. Bastard Cabbage tree.
(Named after Dr. Geoff roy, of Paris,
author of " Materia Medica." Nat. ord.,
Leguminous plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia k-Pcntagynla. Allied to
Andira.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, in peat, and under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 75°;
winter, 48° to 55°.

G. J3raferae'#en(Bredemeyer's). Yellow. July.
Caraccas. 1824.

— spino'sa (spined). 30. Yellow. South

America. 1818.

— viola'cea (violet). 20. Violet. Guiana. 1823.

GEOME'TEA. The Amphida'sis and
Hyberna'ria of some entomologists, is
a genus of moths; including G. polo-
sa'ria, Pale Brindled Beauty Moth
which appears in March ; eggs depo-
sited in bands round a twig, as clone by
the Lacky Moth. Caterpillars appear
with the opening leaves of the elm,
lime, lilac, and apple tree. They are
at first a light green.

<!. tfefolia'ria, Lime Looper, or Mot-
tled IJnibre Moth, feeds on the leaves
of the lime and apple. Moth appears
in November. Caterpillar reddish,
with a bright yellow stripe on each
side. Female moth has no wings, so
that a piece of cloth dipped in tar and
bound round a tree's stem prevents its
ascent.

G. pinia'ria attacks the pine and fir
tribe.

GEO'NOMA. (From yeonomos, skilled
in agriculture ; as much as to say that
only a skilful planter could increase
these palms. Nat. ord., Palms [Palm
acese]- Linn., %%-Dlccc'm (\-JIcxandrw.
Allied to Borassus.)

Stove palms. Seed; rich sandy loaui. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 55° to 60°.
G. acuu'lis (stemless). 5. Brazil. 1823.

— mttcrosta'cfiys (large-spiked). 5. Brazil.

1823.

— pinna' tifrons (leaflet-leaved). 15. CaraccaH,

1821.

GEO

C

GER

G. Schottia'na(Scbott's). Brazil. 1820.

— simpli'cifrons (simple-leaved). 5. Trinidad.

1818.

— Spixia'na (Spix's). 15. Brazil. 1824.

GEORGI'NA. Attempts were made
some years since to substitute this
name for that of Dahlia, but the law of
priority settles the question. Dahlia
was named by the Spanish botanist
Cavanilles in 1701, and neither Willde-
now nor Sprengel's Georgina appeared
for more than eighty years subsequently.

GERA'NIUM. Crane's Bill. (From
Geranos, a crane, referring to the beak-
like torus, or projection beyond the
seeds. Nat. ord., CrancsbiUs [Gera-
niacea?]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-De-
candria.}

A very few require the pit or greenhouse in
winter, and these should have equal portions of
peat, loam, leaf-mould, and sand. Almost all
are hardy, and flourish in common ground ;
many grow under the shade of trees and hedges,
and thus secure a portion of vegetable earth.
There are worse things than the common weed
Robertianum, for twining itself round the sides
of a rustic basket, or crawling over a rockwork.
The following are a few of the best for gardens—
Mexicanum, rubifolium, sanguineum, Lan-
castriense, WaUichianum,pratense flore plena,
Dahuricum, pilosum, and cristatum. There
is hardly an annual worth sowing.

HALF HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. aconitifo'lium (Aconite-leaved) . 14. White.
June. Switzerland. 17/5.

— arge'nteum (silvery - leaved), ^. Striped.

July. South Europe. 1699.

— c'ine'scens (hoary). £. Pink. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1787.

— inca'num (hoary many-cleft). £. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1701.

— Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. Pale puqple.

August. Mexico. 1832.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

• •• I'inu-gino'sum (woolly). Rose. July. North
America. 1817.

— pn'llens (pale). Pale. June. Iberia. 1827.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. uffi'ne (related), l. Blue. June. Altaia.
1832.

— albiflo'rnm (white-flowered). l£. Whitish.

July. North America. 1827.

— Alta'icum (Altaic). l£. Pale red. July.

Altaia. 1818.

— anemonefo' Hum (Anemone-leaved). 3. Red.

August. Madeira. 1788. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— angula'tum (angular-stalked), I. Purple.

June. 1/89.

— asphodeloi'des (Asphodel-like). Levant. 1828.

— batradiioi'des (Batrachium-like). 1. Blue.

July. Europe. 1817-

— caent'leum (blue). 1. Blue. July, Dahuria.

1824.

G. cine'reum (grey). 1. Red. August. Pyrenees.

— colli'num (hill). 1. Purple. July. Siberia.

1815.

— crista'tum (crested). l£. Red. July. Ibe-

ria. 1820.

— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 1. Purple. June.

Dahuria. 1820.

— ena'nthum (woolly-flowered). 2. Crimson.

June. California. 1839.

— erioste'mon (woolly-stemmed). lzj>. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1822.
pa'llidum (pale). l£. Pale blue.

August. Nepaul. 1822.
—fu'scum (brown). l£. Brown. July. South

Europe. 1759.

— gymnocau'lon (naked-stemmed). 1. Blue.

July. Iberia. 1814.

— Ibt'ricum (Iberian). l£. Blue. July. Le-

vant. 1802.

— Lamb'erti (Lambert's). l£. Red. July.

Nepaul. 1824.

— Lancastrie'nse (Lancaster). £. Striped.

June. Britain. Trailer.

— lo'ngipes (long-stalked). 1. Lilac. July.

1823.

— lu'cidum (shining). £. Pink. June. Bri-

tain.

— macrorhi'zum (large-rooted). l£. Purple.

June. Italy. 1 576.

— macula'tum (spotted). 3. Purple. July.

North America. 1732.

— multi'fidum (much-cut). 1. Red. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1817-

— nemoro'sum (grove). 1. Purple. July.

Italy. 1821.

— Nepaule'nse (Nepaulese). £. Red. June.

Nepaul. 1818.

— palu'stre (marsh). 2. Purple. July. Ger-

many. 1732.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered), f. Purple.

June. Van Dieman's Land. 1816.

— phee'um (dusky). 1$. Black. May. England.

— pilo'sum (shaggy). J. Purple. July. New

Zealand. 1821.

— prate'nse (meadow. Crowfoot-leaved). 14.

Blue. June. Britain.

flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). l£.

White. June. Britain.

flo're a'lbo ple'no (double white-
flowered). 2. White. May. Britain.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 2.

Blue. June. Scotland.

flo're variega'ta (variegated-flower-
ed), l^. Variegated. July. Britain.

— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Purple. June.

Britain.

— refle'xum (bent-back-./?ottfem£). l£. Red.

July. Italy. 1758.

— Robertia'num (Herb Robert). 1. Red.

April. Britain.

fin' re a'lbo (white-flowered). 1.

White. April. Britain.

— rubifo'lium (Bramble -leaved). 1. Pink.

July. Himalayas. 1839-

— sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Crimson. July.

Britain.

villosi'ssimum (hairiest). $.

Blood. July. Europe. Trailer.

— Sibe'ricum (Siberian). 1. White. July.

Siberia. 1758.

— stria' turn (channelled). 1. Striped, Au-

gust. Italy. 1629-

GER

[ 420 ]

GES

G. tubero'sum (tuberose - rooted}. 1. Pink.

July. Italy. 15Q6.
ramo'sum (branching). 1. Purple.

July. South Europe.

— umbro'sum (shaded). 1. Purple. July.

Hungary. 1804.

— Vlassovia'num (Vlassov's). 1. Red. July.

Crimea. 1821.

— Wallichia'num (Wallich's). $. Striped.

July. Nepaul. 1819.

GERA'IIDIA, (Named after Gerard,
the English herbalist. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariacere]. Linn., 14-
Didyiiamia S-Anylospcrmia.}

All but delphinifolia from North America.
Annuals, biennials, and perennials by seed, in
sandy peat ; perennials and biennials also by
cuttings in sandy peat, under a hand-light;
such as quercifolia, by divisions in spring;
sandy fibry loam, if peat is not to be had ; the
stove species requires similar treatment, but
extra heat.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

G. delphinifo'lia (Larkspur-leaved). 2. Pink.
July. East Indies. 1800.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
G. aphy'lla (lenfiess-stemmed). 3. Rose. July.
1934. Annual.

— mari'tima (sea-side). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.

— pedicula'ria (Pedicularis - like). 'Yellow.

June. 1826,

— purpu'rea (purple). l£. Purple. July. U72.

— tenuifo'lia (slender - leaved). 1. Purple.

July. 1812.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
G.fta'ua. (yellow). l£. Yellow. July. 1796.

— yuercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

1812.

GERBE'RA. (Named after Gcrbcr, a
German naturalist. Nat ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceaai]. Linn., W-Synyc-
ncsia S-Superflua.')

A greenhouse biennial ; seeds, or cuttings of
the side-shoots, and preserved over the winter ;
sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp.,
40° to 45°.

G. cre'nata (scollop-leaved). £. Purple. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1822.

GERMAN CATCHFLY. J'isca'ria vul-
rju'ris.

GERMANDER. Teu'crium.

GERMINATION is the sprouting, or
first step in vegetation of a seed. To
enable it to germinate it must have a
perfectly-developed embryo, and be ripe
or nearly ripe. It must not be too old,
and there must be present a certain
degree of heat, moisture, and oxygen
gas, the latter being furnished by the
air.

Old Man's Beard.

(From gcron, old man, and pogoH, a
beard ; referring to the hair-like pap-
pus which crowns the calyx in this
order. Nat. ord., Composites [Aster-
aceto]. Uum.t19-Syngenesia l-jEqualis.
Allied to Scorzonera.)

Hardy plants from Italy. Annuals by seed
in April, in common soil; perennial by seed
and division of the plant in spring.
G. calycula'ttus (Jarg-e-calyxed). 2. Pink. July.
1774. Perennial.

— gla'ber (smooth). l£. Pink. July. 1704.

— hirsu'tus (hairy). 1£. Red. July. 1769-

GE'SNERA. (Named after Conrad
Gesner, a celebrated botanist of Zurich.
Nat. ord., Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?].
Linn., l±-Didynamia %-Anyiospermia.
Allied to Gloxinia.)

A most interesting family of plants, that, by
regulating their rest period, may be brought
into bloom at almost any time. All scarlet-
flowered, except where otherwise stated.

G. acau'lis (stetnless). 1. June. Jamaica. 1793-

— aggrega'ta (aggregate). 3. June. Brazil.

1816.

— allagophy'lla (shifting-leaved). !£. Orange.

July. Brazil. 1834.

— Arno'ldi (Arnold's). 1. July. Brazil. 1841.

— breviflo'ra (short-flowered). 1. Red. Au-

gust. 1847-

— bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. June. Brazil. 1816.

— calyci'na (large calyxed) . !£. Jamaica.

— Caraccasa'na (Caraccas). 2. July. Caraccas.

1842.

— Coope'ri (Mr. Cooper's). 2. May. Brazil.

1829.

— corda'ta (hearWeai'erf). $. Pale scarlet.

July.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. July. Jamaica.

1822.

— digita'lis (Fox-glove-«fre). June. Brazil.

1842.

— diSco'lor (two-coloured). Red, yellow. Sep-

tember. South America. 1843.

— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). lA. Red, yellow.

September. Rio Janeiro. 1820.

verticilla'ta (whorled-/ojt-ercd). 2.

Crimson. May. Rio Janeiro. 1835.

— elli'ptica (oval).

lu'tea (yellow-flowered). 1. Yellow.

May. Santa Martha. 1844.

— elonga'tn (elongated). 2. Scarlet. Sep-

tember. South America. 1835.

±jx—~frutico'9a (shrubby). 2. August.

—fattcia'lis (wide-mouthed). 2. July. Brazil.

1833.

— Gardne'ri (Gardner's). 2. Red. July.

Brazil. 1841.

— Gerardia'ntt (Gerard's). 2. Red, yellow.

September. South America. J843.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. July. Cumana. 1826.

— Honde'nsis (Honda). I. Red, yellow.

May. Brazil. 1845.

— hu'milis (humble), g. Cuba.

— lasia'ntha (woolly-flowered). 3. Autumn.

Mexico.
- luteri'tia (brick-red). 2. July. Brazil, 1834,

GES

GES

G. latifo'lia (broad-leaved) , August. Caraccas.
1839.

— Libane'nsis (many -flowered}. J. June. Cuba.

1847.

— Lindle'yi (Lindley's), Scarlet, yellow. July.

Brazil. 1825.

— longifo'lia, (long-leaved). 2. Ked. June

Guatemala. 1841.

— macra'ntha (large-flowered). Purplish,
purpu'rea (purple-^oirered). £.

August. 1847.

— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rio Janeiro.

1825.

— magni'fica (magnificent). August.

— oblonga'ta (oblong). Crimson. April. South

America. 1830.

— pardi'na (leopard-spo^ed). 14. Orange,

red-spotted. August. Brazil. 1847,

— penduli'na (drooping-./?ou>emf). 2. June,

South America. 1825.

— polya'ntha (many - flowered). 2. June.

Brazil. 1830.

— refle'xa (bent-back). April. Valparaiso.

1837.

— rupe'stris (rock -inhabiting). ?. August.

1835.

— rupi'cola(rock}. $. May. Brazil. 1835.

— ru'tila (brilliant). 2. Scarlet, yellow.

August. Brazil. 1825.

atrosangui'nea (dark red). 2. Crim-
son. August. Brazil. 1826.

— sea' bra (rough). 1. July. Jamaica. 1820.

— sce'ptrvm (sceptred). 4. July. Brazil. 1836.
t'g-nea(nrey). 3. Eeddish yellow.

September. Brazil. 1835.

— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). l£. July. Mexico.

1844.

— Sello'wii (Sellow's). 2. July. Brazil, 1835.

— spica'ta (spiked). Grenada. 1831.

— stri'cta (upright). 5. July. Brazil. 1835.

— Sutto'nii (Captain Button's). 2. July. Rio

Janeiro. 1 833.

a'lba. White. July. Brazil. 1840.

-=- triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Yellow, red.

July. New Grenada. 1846.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). %• Autumn. Brazil.

1834.

•— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 2. March. South
America. 1815.

— ve'stita (clothed). 14. Orange. July. Bo-

gota. 1842.

— xebri'na (zebra-sir iped) • 2. Scarlet, yellow.

September. Brazil. 1840.

Propagation; by Cuttings. — They may
be propagated by cuttings of three
lands. 1st — the young shoots, as soon
as they are three inches long, springing
from the old tubers (these are the
best) ; ^nd— leaves taken off with a
bud at the base ; and 3rd — by the
leaves only, without buds. The first
mode may be used when the kind or
variety is plentiful, and the bulbs so
strong as to send out more shoots than
are wanted for flowering ; the second
mode, when the variety is new and
more scarce ; and the last, when it is

more rare still. There is an advantage
in the first and second mode, that the
cuttings, if struck early in the year,
will, with moderate care and attention
to repotting, flower the same year ;
whereas those struck from leaves, or
parts of leaves, will only form small
tubers that season. Eacli kind of cut-
ting requires to be put in sand, under
bell or hand-glasses, in bottom-heat, to
strike them quickly. A moist, Avarm
heat is necessary ; a moist, cold place
would rot the cuttings immediately.
Such species as do not make bulbs
must be propagated by the first kind of
cuttings.

By Seed. — To raise new varieties it
is necessary to save seed. Choose the
finest and brightest coloured to save it
from. As soon as it is ripe, gather it
and dry it; keep it very dry till the
March folIoAving, then sow the seed on
the surface of a light sandy compost,
place it in a warm, moist atmosphere,
and as soon as the seedlings are up,
and the plants have attained a leaf or
two, transplant them thinly on the
surface of shallow pots, and let them
grow there during the summer. Allow
them to go to rest in the autumn, and
keep them in the same pots through
the \vinter, giving but little Avater. As
soon as life appears again in the spring,
pot them off singly into small pots,
watering and repotting the same as the
cuttings ; but it is more than probable
they Avill not floAver till the second year.

Soil. — Light fibrous loam, turfy peat,
and half-decayed leaves, in equal parts,
Avith a due portion of sand, Avell mixed,
but not sifted.

Summer Culture. — To have a suc-
cession of bloom, pot a portion of the
bulbs in January, and place them in
heat, giving a little Avater. Temp., 60°
to 80°. Pot a second batch about the
middle of February, and another towards
the end of March. These will supply
flowers for several months. Put them
in pots according to the size of the
bulbs ; keep them regularly watered,
but never very wet. They may be
syringed occasionally previously to
flowering, but not much ; for the leaves
are so woolly that they hold moisture
too long if syringed severely. When

GES

GIL

the blooming season is over they may
be set out of doors during summer,
but should be sheltered from heavy
rains. They will then gradually go
to rest.

Winter Culture. — All that they re-
quire is to be kept in their pots in a
place where neither frost nor wet can
reach them ; yet the place should never
be below 45°, nor above T)5°. If the
cold is much lower they will be apt to
rot ; and if higher, to start into
growth.

Diseases. — The only disease that
these plants are subject to is a kind
of dry rot in the bulbs, which changes
the substance into a soft pulp, destroy-
ing the buds, and so causing them to
perish. There is no cure for it.

GETHY'LLIS. (From getheo, to re-
joice ; referring to the sweetness of the
flowers of some of them. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceffi], Linn.,
G-Hcxandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to
Sternbergia.)

Here the Amaryllids reach their minimum
stature ; G. ciliaris, if not the smallest, is as
dwarf as any in the order. There are only
three of them in cultivation : Afra, ciliaris, and
spiralis. Greenhouse bulbs from the Cape of
Good Hope, with white flowers. Offsets and
seeds ; sandy loam and peat ; kept nearly dry
in winter. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

G. A'fra (African). £. July. 1820.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). £. July. 1788.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teoverf). 3. July.

1790.

— spira' Us (spiral-leaved), f. July. 1/80.

— mllo'sa (shaggy), f . July. 1787.

GETO'NIA. (Probably the native
name. Nat. ord., Myrobolans [Com-
bretacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Terminalea.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of ripened
shoots in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp,,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

G, floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 6. Yellow,
green. East Indies. 1815.

— nu'tans (nodding). 6. East Indies. 1816.

GE'UM. Avens. (From yeyo, to
stimulate ; the roots of some of them,
and of allied species, have the same
properties as Peruvian bark. Nat. ord.,
Rose worts [Rosace®]. Linn., 12-/eo-
sfindria '3-Polyyynia. Allied to Poten-
tilla.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Coccinewn is

very showy. Seeds, and dividing the plants in
spring ; sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould.
G. Agrimonioi'des (Agrimony-like). Ij. White.
July. North America. 1811.

— a'lbum (white). 1. White. July. North

America. 1730.

— Atta'nticum (Atlantic). 1. Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1810.

— brachype'talum (short-petaled). 1. Yel-

low. July. 1818.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). l£. Yellow. July.

Canada. 1810.

— Chile'nse (Chili). 2. Copper. July. Chili.

1826.

atrosangui'neum (dark-blood-co-
loured). 2. Dark blood.

grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). l£.

Scarlet. July.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). I. Yellow. July.

North America. 1818.

— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. White.

July. 1816.

— hy1 bridum (hybrid). 1. Red, brown. July.

Europe.

— intermedium (intermediate). l£. Yellow.

July. Volhinia. 1794.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Kamschatka. 1804.

— niva'le a'lbum (snowy- white). White. June.

— nu'tans (nodding). l£. Yellow. July.

North America. 1825.

— Portenschlagia'num (Portenschlag's). 1$.

Yellow. July. 1820.

— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). l£. Yellow. July.

Pyrenees. 1804.

— radio! turn (radiated). 1. Yellow. July.

North America. 18 15.

— ranunculoi'des (Ranunculus-like). 1. Yel-

low. July. 1823.

— • rotundifo'lium (round-leaved). 1: Yellow,.
July. Russia. 1820.

— stri'ctum (upright). 1. Striped. June.

North America. 1/78-

— virginia'num (Virginian). l£. White. July.

North America.

GIANT FENNEL. Fc'nda.

GI'LIA. (Named after Gilio, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord., PMoxworts [Pole-
moniaceffi]. Linu., &-Peiitandria l-Mo-
noyynia.)

Hardy annuals, except G. aggregata. Sown
in September, and slightly protected during
winter, they bloom early in the summer; sow
in the end of March in open border ; common
soil . The greenhouse biennial, sown in August,
potted, and kept over the winter, will bloom
freely the following summer.
G. achWeeKfo'lia (Milfoil-leaved). l£. Pink.
August. California. 1833.

— aggrega'ta (crowded). Scarlet. July. Ame-

rica. 1822. Greenhouse biennial.

— arena'riu (sand-inhabiting). 1. Blue. June.

California. 1833.

— capita'ta (rownd-headed). 2J. Blue. July.

Colombia. 1826.

coro'lla a'lba (white- corollaed). 2.

White. June. Gardens. 1829.

— corom>/?i/o'/j«(Coronopus-leaved). 2.J. Scar-

let. July, Carolina. 1726.

GIL

C 423 ]

GLA

G, crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellowish.

June. Chili. 1832.
-—gra'cilis (slender). £. Pink. July. North

America. 1826.

— inconspi'cua (inconspicuous). 2. Blue.

August. North America. 1793.

— lacinia'ta (cut-leaned). A. Purple. July.

Chili. 1831.

— liniflo'ra (Flax-flowered), i. White. June.

California. 1833.

— mult i can' Us (many - stemmed). 2. Blue.

California. 1833.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Blue. Oc-

tober. America. 1793.

— Pharnaceoi'des (Pharnaceum • like). £.

White. June. California. 1833.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 2&. Scarlet. July.

North-west America. 1826.

— pu'ngens (prickly). l£. Pink. July. North

America. 1827.

— pusi'lla (dwarf). £. June. Chili. 1833.

— tenuiflo'ra (thin-flowered). 2. Rose, violet.

August. California.

— tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Purple, orange.

August. California. 1833.

flo'ribus albica'ntibus (whitish). J.

White. July. California. 1833.

GILIBE'RTIA. (Named after Gilibert,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ivy-
worts [ Araliaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Cussonia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
young shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
G. palma'ta (hand-leaved). 6. White. March.
East Indies. 1818.

GILLF/NIA. (Named after one Gille-
nhis. Nat. ord,, Rose-worts [Bosacese].
Linn., 12-Icosandria 2-Pentagynia. Al-
lied to SpirsBa.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with red and
white flowers, from North America. Division
of the plant ; common soil.
G. stipula'cea (Jarge-stipuled). 2. July. 1805.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2. July. 1713.
_ ma'jor (greater). 3. July.

GILLYFLOWER. Matthi'ola inca'na.

GINGER (Zingi'ber officina'le}. Green
ginger may be easily cultivated two
ways, either in pots, or in a deep pit.
If in pots, take the plants, shake
them out of the pots when at rest
in February, divide them, and pot
each piece into a pot six inches across ;
plunge them, as soon as the heat is
temperate, in a bark pit, or a frame
heated with dung like a cucumber-bed,
the surface being covered with tan deep
enough for the pots. As soon as the
plants come up give a small supply of
water, gradually increasing the quan-
tity as the plants advance in growth.

By August they will be fit to take up
and preserve. If a large quantity is
required, a deep pit of two or three
lights will be necessary, the bottom to
be filled with rich soil to the depth of
a foot ; plant the roots in this soil, and
line the pit with hot dung, renewing it
as the heat declines. The time for
planting in the pit is February or
March. Water whilst growing, give
air in hot weather, and in September
you will have a large supply of fine
ginger roots, equal to foreign.

GINGERBREAD TREE. Parina'rium
macrophy'lhtm.

GLADI'OLUS. Corn Flag. (From Gla-
dius, a sword, referring to the shape of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese] .
Linn., 3-Triandria I-Monogynia.)

Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. The hardiest
merely require border room, and are propagated
by seeds, arid by taking up and dividing the
bulbs before growth has commenced. Those
generally designated frame and greenhouse spe-
cies, will thrive very well in dry sandy loam and
peat out of doors, if planted from six to ten
inches deep, according to the strength of the
bulbs. The earliest flowering, such as
blandus, &c., may be planted in the end of
October ; ramosus, formosissimus, &c., in
December ; and Gandavensis, floribundus,
Psittacinus, and splendens, from February
to March, when they will keep blooming all the
autumn. The whole make fine pot plants,
potted in autumn and spring, and kept in a
cold pit until they show flower. They may also
be forced for the greenhouse after the roots
have filled the pots.

G. cequinoctia'lis (sequinoctial) . April. Sierra
Leone. 1842.

— ala'tus (winged-flowered). §. Scarlet, yel-

low. June. 1795.

Algoe'nsis (Algoa Bay). §. Orange.

July. 1824.

— a'lbidus (whitish). 1. White. June. 1774.
pi'ctus (painted). 1. Red, white.

July. 1794.

— angu'stus (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

1756.

— bla'ndus (fair), l£. Flesh. June. 1774.

— brevifo'lius (short-leaved). 1£. Pink. June.

1802.

— Byxanti'nus (Byzantine). 2. Red. July.

Turkey. 1629.

— campanula' tus (bell-flowered). l£. Light

purple. May. 1/94.

— cardina'lis (cardinal). 2. Red. July. 1789.

— ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. June.

1796.

— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1842.

— cochlea'tus (spoon-lipped). ]£. White, red.

March. 1829.

— commu'nis (common). 2, Red. July.

South Europe. 1596.

GLA

[424]

GLA

G. commu'nis a'lbus (white-flowered). 2. White.

June. South Europe.
ca'rneus (flesh - coloured). l£.

Flesh. July. South Europe. 1596.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 1. Yellow. June.

1790.

— crispifto1 rus (curled - flowered). Various.

July. 1842.

— cuspida'tus (pointed). l£. White, brown.

May. 1795.

— de'bllis (weak). l£. White. May.

•— e'dulis (eatable-roofed). !£. White. June.

1816.
—festi'vus (festive). Pale rose. July. 1844.

— flexuo'sus (zig-zag). 1. Orange. June.

1825.

—floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 1. Citron.
July. 1788.

— gra'cilis (slender). 2. Blue, white. April.

1800.

— hasta'tus (halbert-shaped). 1. Flesh. May.

1816.

— hirsn'tus (hairy). l£. Pink. June. 1795.

— hyali'nus (grass-like). 1. Yellow, red. June.

1825.

— imbrica't us (imbricated) . 1. Red. June.

Russia. 1820.

— involu'tits (rolled-inward), Ij. Pink. June.

1757.

— Mille'ri (Miller's). 14. Violet. May. 1751.

— Morto'nius (Morton's). 14. White. 1837.

— Namaque'nsis (Namaque). 2- Orange.

June. 1800.

— Natale'nsis (Natal). 4. Scarlet, yellow.

August. Natal River. 1830.

— oppositiflo'rus (opposite-flowered). April.

Madagascar. 1843.

— permea'bilis (penetrateable). £. Orange.

June. 1825.

— ramo'sus (branching). 5. Rose. July. 1838.

— recu'rvus (rolled-back). 2. Striped. May.

1758.

— se'getum (corn-field). 2. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1596.

— tene'llus (tender). J. Yellow. June. 1825.

— te'nuis (slender). 1. Red. June. Tauria.

1823.

— Trichonemifo'lius (Trichonema-leaved). l£.

Yellow. June. 1800.

— trimacula'tus (three-spotted). 1. Red,

white. June. 1794.

— tri'stis (sad). 1. Brown, red. July. 1745.

— undula'tus (waved-^ou»ered). 1. Pink. May.

1760.

pa'llidus (pale). 1. Pink. May.

1760.

— versi'color (various-coloured). l£. Brown.

June. 1794.
bine'rvis (two-nerved). 1$. Pink.

June. 1806.
tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Variegated.

June. 1779-

— vipera'tus (viper-like). £. Green, white.

May. 1787-

— Watso'nius (Watson's). 1. Red. March.

1/91.

variegu'tus (variegated). l£.

Red. White. April. 1801.

Propagation : by offsets. — The offsets
are produced plentifully round the base
of each bulb. When the bulbs are

taken up, separate the flowering bulbs
from the offsets, and then again divide
the latter into two lots, one of the
larger roots and one of the smaller.
Towards the end of August, prepare a
bed for them in an open situation, and
drain the ground well if damp. Place
a layer of brick rubbish under the soil,
not less than a foot deep, and not
more than fifteen inches ; upon the
drainage place a layer of stable litter,
then throw in the soil, mixing it freely
with well decomposed manure ; let it
settle about a fortnight, then plant the
larger offsets in one bed and the smaller
ones in another; the larger sized four
inches apart in the row, six inches from
row to row, and three inches deep.
Plant by drawing drills across the beds
with a triangular shaped hoe, and put
in the bulbs with the hand, pressing
each pretty firmly down into the soil.
When all are planted, level the soil
with a rake. The small sized offsets
may be planted much thicker, but in
every other respect the same as the
larger sized. The reason for planting
them in two sizes is, because the larger
sized produce such large leaves as
smother the smaller ones ; besides, the
larger sized will produce, after one
year's growth, flowering bulbs, which,
when taken up after the growth is per-
fected, may be sorted to plant with the
older flowering ones. The smaller size
had better remain in the bed for two
years, then be taken up, sorted, and re-
planted in two sizes again, till they are
large enough to flower.

By seed new varieties are obtained.
All that is wanted are a few square yards
of ground, a few roots of the best
kinds, but as dissimilar in habit as
possible, and then, when in bloom, to
exercise a little taste and discernment
in hybridizing, by impregnating the
finest form as the breeder of seed, with
the pollen of the highest and most
distinct coloured male parent, removing
the pollen of the breeder before it
bursts, and applying the pollen of the
male parent as soon as the anthers
open. When the seed is ripe, gather
it, and keep it dry till spring ; then sow
it in shallow pots or boxes; place them
in a gentle heat and when the seed

GLA [ 4

lings are up give plenty of air, and very
moderate supplies of water. As soon
as the weather will permit, set them in
the open air, and as the leaves advance
in size give more water, and allow
gentle showers to fall upon them, but j
shelter them from heavy rain. When j
the leaves are all decayed, take the soil
and carefully sift it through a fine
sieve, picking out every bulb, however
small. Prepare a bed in the same
manner, and of the same materials, as
is described above for offsets. Plant j
the seedling bulbs in it the first week '
in September, in the same way as the
small offsets. Let them remain in
tills bed for two years ; then take them
and replant them in a bed fresh pre-
pared. It is likely that some of the
strongest will then flower, and the
very worst will be worth planting in
the borders.

Summer Culture.— The bulbs want
very little attention during summer.
Keep them clear of weeds, and when
the flower-stems are a foot high plaee
a stick to support them, as the winds
are apt to twist them off close to the
bulbs. When the bloom is over, and
the leaves turn yellow, take them up,
dry, and sort them, separating the
bulbs that are large enough, to flower
from the offsets ; put them away in
drawers marked with the name of each
variety, keeping them dry and cool till
the planting season arrives again.

Winter Culture. — In September pre-
pare the beds by throwing out all the
soil to the depth of fifteen inches ; if in
the same situation as beds were before,
examine the drainage. If it is open
and ready to work well, it will need
nothing doing to it, but if it be choked
up, remove it entirely ; sift it, throwing
in the rough, and removing the fine
eai'thy part; add some fresh rubble,
and then cover it with litter ; mix a
goodly portion of thoroughly decayed
dung with the soil, or, which is better,
renew it entirely ; level the bed, leaving
it a few inches higher. Plant the first
week in October, three inches deep,
giving each of the bulbs six inches
square to grow in. Place a thin layer
of half rotten dung upon the bed, to
protect the bulbs in severe frost. They

5 ] GLA

will require no other care during this
season.

Vermin. — Mice, wireworms, and the
red spider prey upon them. Wire-
worms may be caught with slices of
potatoes buried in the soil, and taken
up occasionally. The red spider, hap-
pily, only appears when there is a long
continuance of dry weather. Watch
for its first appearance, and as soon
as it is perceived causing the leaves
to appear spotted, let every leaf be
sponged over with water impregnated
with flower of sulphur. If dry wea-
ther prevails much, syringe the plants
every evening severely.

Diseases. — The bulbs sometimes are
attacked by a kind of dry rot, which
turns them into a powdery substance,
prevents them sending forth roots, and
then the tops, if they have made any,
turn yellow, and the whole plant
perishes. There is no known remedy.
To prevent its spreading, remove the
infected bulbs, and a portion of the soil
near them.

GLASS is the best agent employed by
the gardener to exclude the cold, whilst
the light is admitted to his plants which
are natives of hotter climates than that
in which he cultivates them. Now that
the excise- duty is removed from glass,
the gardener is enabled to employ the
best, and a thicker kind than formerly,
when the duty was high in proportion
to the good quality and weight. Anxiety
to obtain the best glass for hothouses,
&c., is every way laudable ; but the bene-
fit sought for is frustrated if it be not
constantly well cleansed. The best
glass, if dirty, allows fewer rays of light
to pass through than inferior glass kept
bright. A thorough cleansing should
| be given both to the outside and inside
twice annually, during the first weeks
of February and of October, and a third
cleansing, on the outside only, at the
end of June. In proportion to the de-
ficiency of light does the plant under
glass become, in the gardener's phrase-
ology, drawn ; that is, its surface of
leaves becomes unnaturally extended,
in the vain effort to have a sufficient
elaboration of the sap effected by means
of a large surface exposed to a dimi-
nished light, for which a less surface

GLA

[ 420 ]

GLA

Grapes

would have been sufficient if the light
were more intense. Taking into con-
sideration the consequences of break-
age, and other contingencies to be
avoided as well as secured, we consider
glass of 21 ounces to the square foot,
and in panes of 18 inches by 12 inches,
the substance and size most desirable.
Eough plate glass is desirable, because
without diminishing the light it reduces
the danger of scorching the leaves.

GLASS-CASES are of various kinds.
One is formed of glazed wooden
frames, fitting together, to protect es-
paliers, wall-trees, or shrubs, too large
to be covered with a hand-glass.

Another glass-case is made for pro-
tecting a single branch. It is thus de-
scribed by Mr. Maund, the author of
that most useful periodical the Botanic
Garden : —

grown on open walls in
the midland counties are
rarely well ripened; there-
fore I provide a small
glazed frame, a sort of
narrow hand-glass, of the
shape shown in the an-
nexed outline, to fix
against the wall, and in-
close one branch of the
vine with its fruit and
foliage. The open part,
which rests against the
wall, is thirteen inches
wide, and may be of any
length required to take
|in the fruit. The sides
are formed of single panes of glass,
seven inches wide, and meet on a bar
which may represent the ridge of a
roof, the ends enclosed by triangular
boards, and having a notch to admit
the branch. This is fixed on the
branch a month before the vine is in
flower, and brings it a week earlier
than the exposed. The frame is not
fitted closely to the wall, but in some
places may be a quarter of an inch
from it. The lateral branches being
shortened before it is fixed, it does not
require removal even for pruning, be-
cause I adopt the long-rod mode of
training, which is peculiarly adapted to
my partial protection system. The tem-
perature within the frame is always

) higher than without, sometimes at mid-
day even from 20° to 30°. By this
simple protection I find grapes may be
ripened from three weeks to a month
earlier than when wholly exposed, and
this saving of time will, I believe, not
only secure their ripening well every
year in the midland counties, but also
that such advantage will be available in
the north of England, where grapes
never ripen on the open walls."

Lastly, there is the Wardlan-case^ to
cover plants growing in rooms, pre-
serving to them uniform moisture and
excluding dust. To prevent the dew
which is occasionally deposited inside
the glass, it is only necessary to open
the case frequently, for a few minutes,
to render the temperature within simi-
lar to that outside. They are not in-
tended to exclude the air, and are now
made very ornamental.

GLASTONBURY THORN, a variety of
Cratte'gus oxyca'ntlia.

GLASSWORT. Salico'rnia.

GLAU'CIUM. Horn Poppy. (From
glaukos, greyish green ; referring to
the colour of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 18-
Polyandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Eschscholtzia.)

Seeds, in common borders, in March or April.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

G.fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August.
Britain.

— fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Orange. August.

South Europe. 1802.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. Ara'bicum (Arabian). Red. June. Arabia.
1837.

— Pe'rsicum (Persian), l. Red. August.

Vollynia. 1820..

— phceni'ceum (purple). 2. Purple. July.

GLA

[ 427 ]

GLO

G. plianVceum flavifio'rum (yellow-flowered).
2. Yellow. July. Tauria. 1823.

— ru'brum (red). 1. Red. July. Greece. 1818.

— tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Red. July.

Persia. 1828.

GLAUCOUS. Greyish, or milky, green.

GLAU'X. (From glaukos, greyish
green. Nat. ord., Primeworts [Primu-
lacetfi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
(fynia. Allied to Soldauella.)

Hardy British perennial trailers, found in
marshes near the sea. Sandy moist soil ; seeds.
G. mari'tima (sea). Flesh. June.

a'lba (white-lowered). J. White.

May.

GLAZING. See Greenhouse and Stove.

GLECHO'MA. See Nepe'ta.

GLEDI'TSCHIA. (Named after Gled-
Usch, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacere], Linn.,
23-Polyyamia 2-J)icecia. Allied to Cera-
tonia.)

Ornamental hardy deciduous trees. Seed
imported from America, and the South of
France, where tricanthos, fyc., ripen their seeds.
Sinensis inermis, &c., are generally grafted on
the other. The seed should be sown in March,
after being soaked twelve hours in warm water.
Common soil.

G. ho'rrida (horrid). 10. Green. July, China.
1774.

1 purpu'rea (purple). 20. Green.

July. China. 1774.

— macra'ntha (large-spined). 20. Green.

July.

— mieraca'nthos (small-spined). 10. Green.

July.

— monospe'rma (one-seeded). 20. Green.

July. North America. 1723.

— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 20. Green. China.

1812.

ine'rmis (unarmed).

June.

ma'jor (larger).

Green.
30. Green. June.

China.
na'na (dwarf). 12. Green. June.

China.
pe'ndula (weeping). Green. June.

— trica'nthos (three-spined. Honey Locust).

30. Green. North America. 1700.

ine'rmis (unarmed). 30. Green.

July.

GLEICHE'NIA. (Named after Gleichen,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2-L-Oryptogamia
1-Filices.)

Stove ferns with brown spores. Division of
the plant ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
45° to 55°.
G. bifurca'ta (two-forked). May. Malacca.

— exceflsa (lofty). May. Isle of Luzon.
•—flabella'ta (fan-leaved). July. New Holland.

1823.

— g I gunt e' a (gigantic). June. East Indies.

G. Herma'nnl (Hermann's). Isle of Luzon.
1839-

— nricrophy'lla (small-leaved). July. New

Holland. 1823.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Mindora.

— pectina'ta (comb-like). 3. August. Tri-

nidad. 1824.

— pube'scens (downy). 3. August. South

America. 1822.

— ri'gida (stiff). June. Isle of Luzon. 1839.

— semivesti'ta (half-clothed). May. Malacca.

— spelu'nca (cavern). July. New Holland.

1824.

GLO'BBA. (A native name. Nat.
ord., Glngcrworts [Zinziberaeese].
Linn., I-Monandria I-Monogynut. Al-
lied to Colebrookea.)

Stove herbaceous plants. Parting the roots ;
sandy loam.

G. bulbi'fera (bulb-producing). 2. Yellow.
July. East Indies. 1820.

— Carey ulna (Dr. Carey's). l£. Yellow.

August. Pegu. 1822.

— ere'cta (upright). 1. White. July. East

Indies. 1820.

— maranti'na (Maranta- like). l£. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1800.

— Orixe'nsis (Orixian). 2. Pink. July. East

Indies. 1819-

— pe'ndula (weeping). 1. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— raeemo'sa (racemed). 1. Yellow. July.

Ceylon. 1812.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered) . l£. Yellow.

August. Pegu. 1807.

GLOBE AMARANTH. Gomphre'na.

GLOBE FLOWER. Tro'llius.

GLOBE MALLOW. Sphcera'kea.

GLOBE THISTLE. Echi'nops.

GLOBULA'RIA. (Fromglobulos, a small
round head ; referring to the flower
heads. Nat. ord., Selagids [Selagina-
cese]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.
AUied to Selago.)

Seeds in spring ; cuttings of young shoots, in
summer, in sandy soil, under a hand-light ;
sandy loam and peat. The greenhouse species
require similar treatment ; longifolia will do
against a conservative wall, and alypum should
be tried in a dry sheltered place, on a rock-
work, with a spruce branch over it in winter.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
G. Aly'pum (Alypo). 2. Pale. August. South

Europe. 1640.
integrifo'lium (entire-leaved). 2.

Pale. August. South Europe.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. White. July.

Madeira. 1775.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

G. bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). *. Red. July.
Italy. 1825.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), 4. Blue. July.

Germany. 1633.

— incane1 scans (hoary). Purple, June. Italy,

1828.

GLO

428 ]

GLO

<?. linifo'lia (Flax-leaved), £, Blue, June.
Spain. 1818,

— na'na (dwarf). £. Blue. July. France.

1824.

— nifdieflw'fts (naked-stalked). £. Blue. July.

Germany. 1629.

— spino'sa (prickly-leaved). £. Blue. June.

Spain. 1640.

— vulga'ris (common), i. Blue. June. Europe.

1640.

GLOBU'LEA. (From globitlos, a small
globe ; referring to glands on the
petals. Nat. ord., Houscleehs [Crassu-
lacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 5-Penta-
gynia. Allied to Crassula.)

Greenhouse succulents from the Cape of
Good Hope, and with white flowers, except
atropurpurea. Cuttings of firmish young
shoots, taken off and dried for a day or two
before inserting them in sandy soil, and placing
a hand-light over them, but not close. Sandy
loam, a little peat, charcoal, and brick rubbish,
in small pieces, the dust being sifted out. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 48°, and little water given
them.

G. atropurim'rea (dark-purple). *. Purple.
August. 1823.

— cane'scens (hoary). £. July. 1800.

— capita'ta (^ower-headed) . £. July. 1819.

— cultra'ta (sharp-leaved). 1. July. 1732.

— hi'spida (bristly flat-leaved). $. November,

1823.

— impre'ssa (flattened). $. August. 1820.
mi'nor (smaller). £. August. 1820.

— mo1 Ills (soft). 1. August. 1774.

— nudicau'lis (naked-stemmed). $. July.

1732.

— obvalla'ta (guarded-leafed). £. July. 1795.

— panicula'ta (panicled). £. July.

— sulca'ta (furrowed).

1823.
1818.

August.

GLOEIO'SA. (From glorlosus, glo-
rious ; referring to the flowers. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliacere], Linn., 0-
Hf xanana 1-Monogynia, Allied to the

My.)

These bulbs are so well known by this name,
that we have retained it ; but Clinostylis is the
true name, referring to the way the style bends
to one side away from the stamens. Stove
bulbs, except Nepulensis. Divisions of the
roots and seeds ; if by the former, take a pot
that has been kept dry all the winter, say in
March, turn it out, and separate the bulbs
carefully, without bruising them. Place each
bulb, with the end farthest from the old tuber, j
uppermost, in the centre of a clean pot, cover- I
ing it with an inch or two of soil ; the pot being i
five or ten inches, or any intermediate size, in !
diameter, according to the size of the bulb 5 ;
peat, loam, leaf-mould, old cow-dung, and sand |
in equal proportions, with good drainage. Give j
no water until the bud appears above ground,
then water and place in a strong moist heat, j
growing vigorously, and training as the plant '
proceeds. When done flowering, and the leaves ;
turn yellow, refrain from watering, and shortly !
after turn the plants on their broadsides in a >

dry place, and allow them to rest until next
season,

G. Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 2. Yellow. June,
Nepaul. 1825. Half-hardy.

— si'mplex (simple). 2. Blue. July. Sene-

gal. 1756.

— supe'rba (superb). 6. Orange. July. East

Indies. 1690.

Leopoldia'na (King Leopold's). 6,

Yellow. July. 1847.

— vire'seens (greenish). 4. Orange. August,

Mozambique. 1823.

GLOEY PEA. Clia'nthus.

GLOSSOCO'MIA, (From ylossokomos,
a money hag ; referring to the shape of
the flower. Nat. ord., Bellworts [Cam-
panulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynla, Allied to Canarina.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Seeds and divi-
sions ; common garden soil.
G. ova'ta (egg-leaved). l£. White. July.
1839. North India.

— lu'rida (lurid). 3. Green, purple. May.

1838. North India.

GLOSSO'DIA. (From ylossa, a tongue,
and eidos, like ; referring to the lip or
lahellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cece]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Limodorum.)

Greenhouse, New Holland, terrestrial orchids.
Offsets ; sandy loam and peat ; dryish in winter.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
G. tna'jor (larger). Blue. June. 1810.

— mi'nor (smaller). Blue. June. 1810.

GLOTTI'MUM. (From glottis, the
valve of the windpipe ; referring to the
division in the seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fahacesej. Linn.,
Yi-Diadelphia ±-Decandria, Allied to
Daubentonia.)

Greenhouse annual. Seed in a hotbed, and
hardened off by degrees ; sandy peat.
G. Florida'num (Florida). 2. Yellow. July.
Florida. 1816.

GLOXI'NIA. (Named after P. B.
Gloxin, a botanist of Colmar. Nat,
ord.,Gesnerworts [Gesneracea?]. Linn.,
1^-Didynamla %-Anyiospermia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. For culture
see Gesnera.

G. caule'scens (stemmed). 3- Purple. July.
Pernambuco. 1826.

— digitaliflo'ra (Fox-glove-flowered). 3. Pale

crimson. June. Mexico. 1843.

— di'scolor (two-coloured-/e«werf). 1^. Lilac,

blue. March. Brazil. 1843.

— Mrsu'ta (hairy). $. Blue. July. South

America. 1824.

— macrophy' lla (large-leaved). Violet. Sep-

tember. Brazil. 1844.

— macula' tu (spotted-stalked). 1. Purple.

September, South America. 1730.

GLO

[420 ]

GNA

G. Passingha'mi (Passingham's). §. Violet.
September. Rio Janeiro. 1845.

— pi'cta (painted-teaued). Lilac, blue. June.

South America. 1842.

variega'ta (variegated-Zeawd). Pale

blue. South America.

— ru'bra (red). Scarlet. September. Rio

Janeiro. 1840.

— specio'sa (showy). £. Purple. September.

South America. 1815.

a'lba(white-fowered). g. White.

September. South America.

— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered) . 1. White. July.

South Brazil. 1847.

GLY'CE. (From glykys, sweet; al-
luding to its flavour. Nat. ord., Cruci-
fers [Cruciferse]. Linn., Id-Tetrad y-
namia.)

By various botanists this British annual has
been called Aly'ssum, Adyse'tum, and Koni'ga.
G. maritima by seed m open border, but
variegata as a greenhouse shrub, by cuttings
in spring, under a hand-glass.
G. mari'tima (sea-side). £. White. July.

— variega'ta (variegated). White. July.

GLY'CINE. (From glyleys, sweet ;
referring to the taste of the roots of
some. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceffi]. Linn., Yi -Diadelplda 4-
Decandria. )

The well known Chinese twiner, popularly
called Glycine sinensis, belongs to Wistaria.
Seeds in a hot bed in spring ; cuttings of young
side shoots, in spring, in sand, under a bell
glass ; peat and loam, with silver sand.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

G. Backhousia'na (Backhouse's)

— hedysaroi'des (Hedysarum-like). 14. Purple.

July. Guinea. 1823. Shrub.

— mo'llis (soft). 3. Yellow. July. West

Indies. 1824.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose. Ceylon. 1848.

— stria'ta (streaked). 4. Yellow. July.

South America. 1818.

. GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN TWINERS.
G. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Yellow.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— mi'nima (smallest). 2. Purple. July.

New Holland. 1818.

GLYCYRRHI'/A. Liquorice. (From
ylyftys, sweet, and rhiza, a root ; refer-
ring to the sweet juice of the roots of
the liquorice. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., \l-Diadclphia
±-Decandria. Closely allied to Galega.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. The true
Liquorice is the root or G. glabt'a, but those
of echinuta and glandulifera are equally es-
teemed as a pectoral. Dividing the roots,
taking care that there is one or several buds on
each piece ; deep sandy loam.
G. atpe'rrima (roughest), 2. Blue. July.
Siberia. 1795.

G. echina'ta (prickly-headed). 3. Pale. July

Italy. 1596.
—fae'tida (stinking). 3. Pale yellow. July.

Africa. 1817-

— gla'bra (common-smooth). 3. Pale blue.

July. Italy. 1562.

— gtanduli'fera (glanded). 3. Pale. July.

Hungary. 1805.

— lursu'ta (hairy). 3. Pale. July. Levant.

1/39.

— lepido'ta (scaled silky -leaved}. 3. Pale.

July. Missouri. 1811.

— urale'nsis (Ural). 3. Pale blue. July.

Siberia. 1818.

GLYCYRRHI'ZA GLA'BEA CULTURE
Common Liquorice.

Soil and Situation. — It thrives best
in a rich light soil, two or three feet
deep, which should be trenched com-
pletely to the bottom before planting,
and a little well-decomposed manure
turned in Avith the bottom spit. In
shallow or poor ground it Avill not suc-
ceed : the situation cannot be too open.

Planting. — It is propagated by cut-
tings of the side-roots, which spring
from the crown of the plants, and run
horizontally just beneath the surface.
Plant in January, February, or early in
March. Each set, having a bud or
tAvo, should be about two inches be-
neath the surface. The only cultiva-
tion they require is to be frequently
hoed, and in autumn the decayed stalks
to be cut down, and the earth stirred
between the rows.

The roots are not fit for use until of
three or four years' growth. The
season for taking them up is December,
January, or February. A trench must
be dug regularly along each row, quite
down to the extremity of the principal
roots, Avhich descend tAvo feet and
more.

GMELI'KA. (Named after G. Gmelin^
a German naturalist. Nat. ord., T'er-
bcnes [Verbenaceie]. Linn., 1-i-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to Tec-
tona.)

Evergreen trees. Seeds; cuttings of firm
young shoots in sand, and in heat ; rich fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

G.Asia'tica (Asiatic). 10. Yellow. East
Indies. 1/92. Stove.

— Rhe'edii (Rheede's). 14. Orange. May.

East Indies. Stove.

— speciosi'ssima (showiest) . 15. White. Ne-

paul. 1823. Greenhouse.

GNAPHA'LIUM. Cudwort, or Ever-

GNA

[ 430 ]

GOL

lasting. (From gnaphalon, soft down ;
in reference to the woolly covering of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 2-Su-
perflua. Allied to Helychrisum.)

Seeds of the hardy and tender annuals and
biennials, in the open ground, and in heat
respectively; shrubs by cuttings, under a hand-
light ; and perennials by divisions ; sandy loam
and leaf- mould. Albescens requires a cool
stove, and the addition of a little peat.
G. albe'scens (whitish). 2. White. Jamaica.
1793. Stove evergreen.

— invohicra'tum (involucred). 1. Brown, yel-

low. July. New Zealand. 1699.
Hardy herbaceous.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 1. Yellow.

July. North America. 1732. Hardy
annual.

— purpu'reum (purple-flowered), ij. Purple.

July. North America, 1732. Green-
house biennial.

— sangui'neum (bloody). l£. Crimson. July.

Egypt. 1768. Hardy biennial.

— undula'tum (waved). 1. Yellow, white.

July. Africa. 1732. Hardy annual.

GNI'DIA. (An ancient name for
laurel. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela-
ceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoyynia.
Allied to Pimelea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with pale yellow
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Young
shoots, when two or three inches long, in sand,
above sandy peat, well drained, under a bell-
glass; sandy peat, well drained; stagnant
water quickly destroys them. Winter temp.,
40° to 48° ; rather shaded in summer.
G. arge'ntea (silvery). 2. June. 1826.
-"• biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. June. 1800.

— capita' ta (round-hea.ded). 1. July. 1788.

— fla'ra (yellow). 2. Dark yellow. June.

1825.

— juniperifo'lia (Juniper-leaved). 2£. June.

1810.

— laviga'ta (polished). 1. June. 1822.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved). 2. June. 1768.

— oppositifo'liu (opposite-leaved). 1. June.

1783.

— seri'cea (silky). 1£. July. 1786.

— si'mplex (simple). 1. July. 1786.

— stri'cta( upright). 2zfc. June. 1818.

GOAT MOTH. See CU'SSUK.

GOAT'S BEAUD. Spirai'a arii'nc/is.

GdAT's FOOT. Oxa'lis capri'na.

GOAT'S RUE. Gale' y a.

GOAT'S THORN. Astra'yalus Traya-
ca'ntha.

GOBBO. See Artichoke.

GODE'TIA. (Named after M. Godet,
a foreigner. Nat. ord., Otiagrads [Ono-
gracesej. Linn., H-Oclandria 1-Mono-
yynia. Allied to (Enothera.)

Hardy annuals. Seed sown in common soil,
in March and April, also in September, and
protected with an evergreen branch in winter.

G. albe'scens (whitish). 1^. Purple. June.
Columbia River. 1841.

— decu'mbens (leaning-down). 1. Purple. June.

California. 1827.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2£. White,

purple. July. Columbia River. 1841.

— le'pida (pretty). l£. Pink. August. Cali-

fornia. 1835.

— Lindle'yii (Lindley's). l£. Purple. June.

North America. 1826.

— purpu'rea (purple-flowered). 1. Purple.

May. North America. 1794.

— quadrivu'lnera (four-spotted-petaled), l£.

Pink. September. North America.
1826.

— Romanzo'vii (Romanzow's). 1. Purple.

June. North America. 1817.

— ro'seo a'lba (red and white). 1. Red, white.

May. Nepaul. 1827.

— rubicu'nda (ruddy). 2. Purple-flame-

coloured. July. California. 1834.

— tene'lla (delicate). £. Purple. April. Chili.

1822.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June.

Chili. 1828.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. Purple. June. Cali-

fornia. 1826.

— vino'sa (wine-coloured-flowered) . 2. Blush.

July. California. 1835.

GODO'YA. (Named after E. Godoy,
whose Spanish title was the Prince of
Peace. Nat. ord., Thcnds [Ternstromia-
cese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Mono-
yyida. Allied to Thea.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in strong
bottom heat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; win-
ter, 50° to 55°.

G. gemmiflo'ra (bud-flowered). 8. Yellow.
Brazil. 1820.

GOLDEN APPLE. JE*<jle.

GOLDEN HAIR. Cliryso'coma comau'-
rca.

GOLDEN ROD. /SW/V«y>.

GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE. &kryso*ple'nium.

GOLDEN THISTLE. Sco'tymus, and
Pro' tea Sco'tmtVHi.

GOLDFU'SSIA. (Named after Dr.
Ooldfitss, professor of natural history
in the university of Bonn. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., 14-
Diili/numia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Ruellia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs from Silhct, that
should be cut down freely after flowering in
winter ; young shoots when three inches long,
after the plant has commenced growing, in
sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy peat and
fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
45° to 55°.

G. anisopfu/'lla (unequal-leaved). 3. Blue. July.
1823.

— glomera'ta (crowded-flowered). 1. Purple,

October. 1838.

GOL

GON

G. isophy'lla (equal-leaved) ; 2. Pale lilac.
September.

GOLDY LOCKS. Chryso'coma.

GO'MPHEA. Button Flower. (From
gomphos, a club ; said to be the shape
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Oclmads [Och-
nacete]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono-
gynia.}

Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers.
Cuttings of young shoots, getting firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam
and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
G. Jabota'pita (Jabotapita). 5. Jamaica. 1820.

— ItKviga'ta (smooth-leaved}. 4. 1820.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 5. Jamaica.

1823.

— ni'tida (glossy-leaved). 4. Jamaica. 1803.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Jamaica.

1803.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 4. Ceylon. 1823.

GOMPHOCA'RPUS. (From gomphos, a
club, and karpos, a fruit ; shape of the
seed -pods. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [As-
clepicliacese]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria 2-
Dif/ynia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope. Seeds sown in a hotbedin spring.
Cuttings of the points of shoots, and better
still, small side shoots, when growth is com-
mencing, in sand, under a bell-glass. Sandy
loam and tibry peat. Summer temp., 55° to
75° ; winter, 40° to 48°.

G. arbore'scens (tree-like). 5. White. De-
cember. 1714.

— cri'spus (cuiled- leaved}. 1. Yellow. July.

1714.

— frutico'sus (shrubby). 5. White. July.

1714.

GOMPHOLO'BIUM. (From gomphos, a
club, and lobos, a pod ; shape of seed-
vessel. Nat. ord., Leguminous I'ltnifs
[Fabaceae]. Linn., lO-Dccandria 1-
Monogijnht.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots, about two inches in
length, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a shaded
place, in April or May ; peat and loam in little
fibry pieces, with rubbly charcoal, potsherds,
and silver sand; drainage must be well at-
tended to, as saturated soil is their ruin.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°. All have yellow
flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
G. adu'ncum (hooked). May. 1837.

— angitstifo'Hum (narrow-leaved). May. 1825.

— arista' turn (awned). May. 1837.

— barbi'gerum (bearded -keeled}. 2. June.

1824.

— capita' turn (round-head-^owcred). 2. July.

1830.

— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's) . August. 183Q.

— glabra'tum (smooth). 1$. June. 1820.

— glance' seem (milky-green). £. June. 1824.

— grandlflo'ru m (large-flowered). 2. June.

G. grandiflo'rum setifo'lium (bristle-leaved). 2.
June. 1826.

— Henderso'nii (Henderson's). August. 1840.

— Knightia'num (Knight's), f. August. 1830.

— lana'tum (woolly). l£. May. 1824.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2. May. 1803.

— margina'tum (edged). 2. May. 1820.

— 7mYAetan'des(Mirbelia-like). 14. May. 1823.
— peduncula' re (to«g--flower-stalked). £. May.

1824.

— pinna'tum (leafleted). £. May. 1820.

— polymo'rphum (many-form) . 3. June. 1803.

— reticula't urn (netted-Zeaued). 1^. May. 1824.

— sple'ndens (shining). June. 1843.

— tens' Hum (delicate). !£. May. 1824.

— te'nue (slender). 1. August. 1838.

— tetrathecoi'des (Tetratheca-like). l£. May.

1824.

— tomento'surn (shaggy). 3. May. 1803.

— venulo'sum (\einy-leaved). l|. Purple.

June. 1830.

— venu'stum (beautiful). 3. May, 1803.

— versi'color (changeable-coloured). l£. Red,

yellow. March. 1838.

cau'libus purpu'reis (purple-
stalked). 1£. Red. March. 1838.

— virga'tum (twiggy). l£. May. 1820.

GOMPHEE'NA. Globe Amaranth.
(From yomphosy a club ; the shape of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Amaranths
[ Amaranthaceae] . Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Jlfonoqynia.)

Stove plants. Perennials by seed and divi-
sions ; the shrubby by seed and cuttings ; the
annuals and biennials by seed in a hot bed.
The Globe varieties are very useful for orna-
ment, and should have equal care, potting,
soil, heat, £c., as the Cockscombs.

G. globo'sa (globe-flowered). l£. Red. July.

India. 1714. Annual.
a'lba (white). 1. White. July. India.

1714. Annual.

— pere'nnis (perennial). 2. Pale yellow.

August. South America. 1732.
Herbaceous.

— pulche'lla (pretty). l£. Rosy. July.

Brazil. 1843. Annual.

— villo'sa (long-haired). Striped. June.

Monte Video. 1826. Evergreen shrub.

GOHU'TUS. (A Palm of that name
in Malabar. Nat. ord., Palms [Pal-
rnacese]. Linn., 21-Dicecia <d-Ennean
dria.}

Seed, on strong heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
G, saccha'rifer (sugar-bearing). 40. Moluc-
cas. 1820.

GONGO'EA. (Named after a Spanish
Viceroy of New Grenada. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied to
Batemannia.)

Stove Orchids. Divisions; baskets filled and
packed with sphagnum, fibry peat, and broken
pots, and pieces of charcoal. Summer temp.,

GON

[ 414 ]

GON

6q° to 90°, with plenty of atmospheric moisture :

winter, 55° to 65° and dryish.

G. atropurpu'rea (dark purple).

purple. June. Trinidad. 1824.

ma'jor (larger). Purple.
Demerara. 1834.

Dark
May.

— pi'cta (painted). Yellow, purple.
May. Demerara. 1836.

— bufo'nia (toad- coloured). 1. Variegated.

May. Brazil. 1841.
-- leucochi'la (white-lipped). Purple,

white. May. Brazil. 1840.
-- ma'jor (larger). Purple, white. May.

Brazil. 1837.

— fu'lva (tawny). £. Yellow, blue. July.

Mexico. 1838.

-- vitelli'na (yolk-of-egg). Yellow.
May. Mexico. 1841.

— Galeottia'na (Galeott's). Mexico.

— macula' ta (spotted-flowered). 2$. Yellow-

spotted. May. Demerara. 1832.
-- a'lba (white-flowered). 2. White.

May. Guiana. 1836.
-- - aura'ntia (orange). Orange. May.

Guiana. 1842.
-- ca'ndida (white). White. May.

Guiana. 1843.
-- citri'na (citron). Yellow. May.

Guiana. 1837.

— - fu'lgens (blazing). Guiana. 1837.
-- -fu'sca (dark-brown). Guiana. 1836.
-- gra'cilis (slender). Guiana. 1839.
-- gri'sea (grey). Demerara. 1836.
-- i'gnea (flame-colored). 2. Flame.

May. Brazil. 1837.

— • - lu'tea (yellow). Guiana. 1835.

- -- sangui'nea (blood-coloured). De-

merara. 1836.

- -- squa'lens (mean). Guiana. 1837-
--- tri1 color (three-colored). 2. Golden,

brown. May. Panama. 1842.
'-nlgri'ta (blackish). Dark purple. July.
Demerara. 1838.

— quinquene'rvis (five-nerved). Yellow, purple,

May. Peru.

— trunca'ta (blunt-flowered). Red, yellow.

April. Mexico. 1842.

GONIOPHJ/F/BIUM. (From gonia, an
angle, and phlebia, a vein ; alluding to
the veins of the fronds. Nat. ord.,
Polypods [Polypodiacere]. Linn., ^4-
Cryptoyamia 1-Filices. Allied to Foly-
podiura and Acrostichum.)

Stove ferns. Division in the spring, as fresh
growth is commencing ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
Attenuatum will do with greenhouse treatment.

G. a'lbo puncta'tum (white-dotted). Brown,
yellow. July. South America. 1840.

— argu'tum (sharp). Brown. Nepaul. 1845.

— uttenun'tum (thin). ?. Yellow. June.

New South Wales. 1823.

— Catheri'ncR (St. Catharine's). 1. Brown.

Brazil. 1841.

— dissi'mile (unlike). 2. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1820.

— hurpeo'des (scimitar-like). Brown. Brazil.

1841.

— inca'num (hgary), West Indies. 1840.

G, la'tipes (broad-footed). Brown, Brazil.
1841.

— Memsciifo'lium (Meniscium-leaved). Brazil.

1840.

— neriifo'lium (Oleander-leaved). 5. Brown.

July. Brazil. 1837.

— pectina'tum (comb- leaved). l£. Yellow.

July. West Indies. 1793.

— piloselloi'des (Pilosella-like).

— sepu'ltum (enclosed). 1. Brown. Brazil.

1,841.

— vacciuiifo'lium (Bilberry-leaved). Brazil.

1841.

GONIO'PTERIS. (From gonia, an
angle, and pteris, 'a fern ; referring to
the leaves. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 2-i-Cryptogamia 1-
Felices.)

Stove ferns. Treatment as for Goniophlebium.
The New Zealand and New Holland species
will thrive in the greenhouse.
G. a'spera (rough). Brown, yellow. July.
Isle of Luzon.

— asplenioi'des (Asplenium-like). Brown, yel-

low. July. Jamaica. 1841.
~- costa'ta (ribbed). Brown, yellow. June.
East Indies.

— crena'ta (scolloped). West Indies. 1935.
— fraxinifo'lia (Ash-leaved). 2. Brown. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1841.

— megalo'des (picture-like). Brown. July.

West Indies. 1843.

— penni'gera (feathered). Brown, yellow.

July. New Zealand. 1835.

— proli'fera (proliferous) . 1. Brown, yellow.

May. East Indies. 1820.

— ru'bida (red). Brown. July. Isle of Luzon.

— tetrago'na, (four-angled). Brown. West

Indies. 1843.

— urophy'lla (tail-leaved). Brown, yellow.

June. East Indies.

GONO'LOBUS. (From yonia, an angle,
and lobos, a pod ; referring to the
shape of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.,
Asclepiach [Asclepiadaceoj]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria '2 -Diqynia. )

The hardy species by seeds and divisions, in

,ndy soil,
species, divisions, by seed, in heat, and by cut-

dry sandy soil. The greenhouse and stove

tings of the young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass. The stove kinds require bottom-heat;
peat and loam, with silver sand, and a little
dried cow-dung.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

G. di' scalar (two-coloured). 8. Green. July.
North America. 1809-

— macrophy1 llus (large-leaved). 6. Yellow.

July. North America. 1822.

— Nuttalia'nus (Nuttall's). 4. Green. July.

Mississippi. 1822.

GREENHOUSE TWINERS.

G. Curoline'nsis (Carolina). 6. Purple. July.

Carolina. 1824. Deciduous.

— prostru'tus (lying-down). 3. Green. July.

Mexico. 1823. Evergreen.

GON

£ 433 J

GOO

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.

G. crispifto'rus (curled-flowered). 2. White,
green. July. South America. 1741.

— grandiflu'rus (large- flowered). 10. Green.

July. Trinidad. 1826.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

G. hi'spidus (bristly). Black. July. Brazil.
1837.

— mari'timus (sea-shore). 6. Green. June.

Carthage. 1823.

— ni'ge.r (black). 6. Dark purple. October.

Mexico. 1825.

— subero'sus (cork-barked). 6. Green. Au-

gust. South America. 1/32.

GOODE'NIA. (Named after Dr.
Goodenouyh, Bishop of Carlisle. Nat.
ord., Goodeniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn.,
o-Pen tandria 1 -Monoyyn la. )

All New Holland plants, with yellow flowers,
except where otherwise mentioned. Herba-
ceous, by seeds and divisions in spring ; the
shrubby by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April; peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.

G. bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). 3. July. 1823.

— decu'rrens (running-down-fcauerf). 1. May.

1825.

— gra1 tilts (slender). l£. July. 1822.

— grandijlo'ra (large-flowered). 4. July. 1803.

— hedera'cea (Ivy-leaved). $. July. "l813.

— hcterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Pale red.

July. 1826.

— inca'na (hoary). $. Blue. May. 1842.

— ora'ta (egg-/«ZB«ft. 2. July. 1/Q3.

— paniculu'ta (panicled). 1. July. 1823.

— ri'gida (stiff). Blue. June.

— stelli'gera (star-haired), g. June. 1823,

GOO'DIA. (Named after P. Good, a
collector of plants in Australia for
Kew Gardens. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacea-]. Linn., IQ-Mona-
delphla (i-Decandna. Allied to Tomp-
letonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow
blossoms, from Van Diemen's Land. Seeds,
and cuttings of the young shoots, in May, in
sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. A shady
place for the pots in summer. AH, and espe-
cially latifolia, should be tried against a wall,
with a little protection in winter.
G. lotifo'lia (Lotus-leaved). 3. June. 17Q3.

— polyspe'rma (many-seeded). 2. June. 1/90.

— pube'scens (downy). 3. June. 1805.

GOODYE'RA. (Named after J. Good-
ycr, a British botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae], Linn., ;20-
Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to
Neottia.)

Terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the roots ;
peat and loam, with a little decayed wood and
charcoal.

HARDY.

G. pube'scens (downy). §. White. July.
North America. 1802.

— re'pens (creeping). j£. White. July. Scot-

land.

— tessella'ta (chequered). £. White. July.

North America. 1821.

STOVE.

G.

'scolor (two-coloured). 1. White. No-
vember. South America. 1815.

— pro'cera (tall). 2. White. June. Nepaul.
1821.

— » rubicu'ndu (reddish-flowered). Cinnamon.
July. Manilla. 1838.

GOOSEBERRY. (Ri'bes Grnssula" rla} .

VARIETIES. — General Dessert kin da. —
Champagne, R. and Y. ; Early Green,
hairy, G. ; Golden Drop, Y. ; Kockwood,
Y.; Pitmaston Green-Gage, G.; ^Yar-
rington, or Aston Seedling, R. ; Taylor's
Blight Venus, w. ; Whitesmith, w. ;
Glenton Green, G. ; Walnut, G. ; Early
Sulphur, Y. ; Massey's Heart of Oak,
G. ; Wellington's Glory, w. ; Eumbul-
lion,Y.

Late Dessert kinds (for retarding on
trellises). — Warrington, R. ; Pitmaston
Green-Gage, G. ; Coe's Late Eed, R. ;
the Champagnes, R. and Y.

BottUng. — liumbullion, Y.

Preserving. — Hough Eed, Warring-
ton, Champagne.

Large kinds (very good). — Prince
Eegent, R. ; Wonderful, R. ; Eoaring
Lion, R.; Top Sawyer, i;.; Tiuckwood,
Y. ; No Bribery, Y. ; Sovereign, Y. ;
Wellington's Glory, w. ; Queen Char-
lotte, w. ; Greenwood, G. ; Glenton
Green, G.

The letters it. Y. G. w. refer to the
colours, red, yellow, green, white.

PROPAGATION: by Cuttings.— Large,
straight, and healthy young shoots
should be procured at the end of au-
tumn, and these may be shortened to
about fifteen inches in length, cutting1
away the weaker portion — the point.
All the eyes or buds must be cut out,
except the four top ones, in order to
prevent the future plant from produc-
ing suckers. These should be planted
hi any ordinary garden soil, in a light
situation, but not too sunny. Plant
about four inches deep, and keep them
tolerably moist timing spring and early
, 2 F

GOO

t 404 ]

GOR

summer. Cuttings of young growing
shoots, also, strike readily under a

Layering is performed as with other
deciduous shrubs ; if in the old wood,
at the same period as the cuttings, and
for the same reasons ; if in the young
shoots, when they have acquired some
strength, about the beginning of July.

Seed. — This is the source whence
new varieties may be obtained. The
seed being washed out of the pulp
when ripe, may be sown immediately ;
and in the ensuing spring, if the plants
can be early subjected to a slight bot-
tom warmth, they will be a foot in
height in the first summer, and may,
with good management, be brought to
bear, some in the second year, and all
in the third.

Soil. — A deep sandy loam is best
adapted to the gooseberry. Any free
garden soil, of average quality, will pro-
duce them in tolerable perfection, if
well manured, and, above all things,
freed from excess of moisture. Goose-
berries will never thrive in stagnant
soil; they will become hide-bound
speedily, and their stems covered with
moss. Nevertheless, they are very par-
tial to a permanency of surface mois
ture in the growing season, and for
that purpose top-dressings are had re-
course to. Wherever fine gooseberries
are required, the situation must be
totally unshaded ; it, however, becomes
good policy at times to plant some un-
der the partial shade of small trees;
in such situations they will set in a
frosty spring, when those exposed are
cut off.

Culture in Growing Period. — A due
training, especially whilst young, is
necessary. Those who grow them for
exhibition use two sorts of sticks, vix.,
forks and hooks, these are cut out of
any ordinary brush-wood, about half a
yard long, and they must be neatly
pointed. Thus the hooks are made to
draw down refractory shoots, and the
forks to prop up the drooping ones.
It is good practice to apply a top
dressing of half rotten manure in the
beginning of May ; and just before the
fruithave completed their last swelling,

the points of all the longest straggling
shoots may be pinched or dubbed. It
is well to go over the bushes in the
early part of June, and remove much
of the waste spray which chokes the
interior of the bush ; some of the
grosser shoots may be entirely re-
moved, and all others of a doubtful
character may have the points pinched.
This will throw both size and flavour
into the berry, and add to the value of
the remaining wood for the ensuing
crop.

Culture in the Root Period. — Prun-
ing is the first point, and the sooner
this is performed after the fall of the
leaf the better. It consists, mainly, in
thinning out; when a bush is well
thinned, no two shoots will touch ; in-
deed, they should be, on an average,
three inches apart all over the bush.
Most good cultivators keep the middle
of the bush very open ; this is espe-
cially necessary during the first three
years from striking the cutting ; and
the principle should be attended to,
less or more, at every annual pruning
afterwards. In selecting wood to re-
main, choose that which is strong, but
not over luxuriant; the latter, with all
weakly and inferior wood, may be cut
clear away; cutting away, also, all i-oarse
snags in the interior of the branches.
Lastly, shorten every point which ap-
pears weakly or incomplete in charac-
ter, just so far as such inferiority is
manifest. The root must now receive
attention ; some of our show goose-
berry growers open a trench around
their bushes annually, at about the
distance the branches extend ; cutting
away all coarse roots beyond that line.
They then fill in the trench with good
fresh loam and cow dung blended.
Whether this be done or not, a top
dressing of half-decayed manure should
be annually applied; scraping away
the loose surface, and placing the m:i
nure next the top fibres, and then
soiling the whole over.

INSECTS. See Abraxas, Aphis, and
Nematm.

GOBDO'NIA. ( Named after Mr. Gordon,
ii London nurseryman. Nat. ord.,
The ads [Ternstromiaceee]. Linn., 1(>-

GOR

[ 435 ]

GEA

Monadelpkia 8- Polyandrla. Allied to
Stuartia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, except Hamatoxy-
lon, which is a stove evergreen, and requires
peat soil ; cuttings of young shoots, in sand,
under a bell glass, in heat. The others,
though hardy, flowering late, are ornaments
for the greenhouse ; layers in autumn, seeds in
spring, and cuttings in sandy peat under a
hand light in summer, in a shady place.
Pubescens and Franlelini are the hardiest, but
Lasianthus is the most beautiful, and blooms
chiefly in summer and autumn. Peat, leaf-
mould, and sand, with a trifle of loam, deep,
and on a retentive subsoil, if not naturally so,
puddled with clay ; so that the plant may ob-
tain something of its native position in swampy
soil.

G. Frankli'ni (Franklin's). 4. White. Sep-
tember. North America. 1774.

— Hcemato'xylon (Red-wood). 40. White.

Jamaica. 1820.

— Lasia'nthus (Hairy-flower). 6. Yellow. Sep*

tember. North America. 1/39.

— pubc'sccns (downy). 4. White. July. Caro-

lina. 1774.

GORTE'EIA. (Named after D. Gorter,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [ Asteracece] . Linn., \$-Synyenesia
3-Frutjtranea, Allied to Gazania.)

Greenhouse annual. Sow in common soil in
the greenhouse, in March ; or in the open bor-
der at the end of May.

(i. persona' ta (masked). £. Yellow. August.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

GOSSY'PIUM. Cotton Tree. (From
//o~, Arabic for a soft substance. Nat.
ord., Mallow worts [Malvaceas]. Linn.,
IQ-Monaddphia S-Polyandria. )

The cotton of commerce is the hairy covering
of the seeds of several species of this genus.
Barbadmse and herbaceum, especially the for-
mer, furnish the best cotton. Stove plants.
Annuals and biennials by seed, in moist heat,
in spring; perennial herbaceous by seed and
divisions in similar circumstances ; shrubs by
cuttings of young shoots, just getting firm, in
sandy soil, nnder a bell-glass, and in bottom
heat ; rich sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

G. arborc'um (tree). 12. Yellow. July. East
Indies. 1694. Evergreen shrub.

— Barbade'nse (Barbadoes). 5. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Barbadoes. 1759. Biennial.

— hcrba'ceum (common-herbaceous). 3. Yel-

low. July. East Indies. 1594. An-
nual.

— I'ndicum (Indian). 3. Yellow. August.

East Indies. 1800. Biennial.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 5. Yellow. July.

1800. Evergreen sbrub.

— obtusifo'litiHi (blunt-leaved). 5. Yellow.

July. East Indies. Evergreen shrub.

— rcfigio'surn (religious). 3. Yellow. July.

India. 1777- Herbaceous perennial, i

GOUA'NIA. (Named after A. Gonan,
once professor of botany at Montpelier.
Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnacese].
2%-Potygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to Try-
malium.)

Evergreen stove climbers. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
bottom heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 58°.

G. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 10. Yellow. Rio
Janeiro. 1820.

— Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 10. Yellow.

West Indies. 1739.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 10. Green,

Yellow. 1800.

— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 10. Green, yel-

low. Mauritius. 1823.

— tili&fo'lia (Lime-tree-leaved). 10. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1810.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 10. Green, yellow.

West Indies. 1823.

GOURD. Cucu'rbita.

GOVE'NIA. (Named after J. JR.
Gowen, a distinguished horticulturist,
and cross-breeder of plants. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Batemannia.)

Stove terrestrial orchids. Divisions of the
plant; peat and loam, with a little charcoal
and silver sand. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

G. fascia! tu. (banded-cowered). l£. Yellow.
January. Mexico. 1843.

— Ga'rdneri (Gardner's). 2. Green, yellow.

December. Organ Mountains. 1837.

— lageno'phora (bottle-bearing). l£. White.

January. Mexico. 1844.

— lilia'cea (Uly-flowered). 1. White. July.

Mexico. 1837.

— supe'rba (superb). 5. Yellow. March.

Mexico. 1828.

— utricula'ta (bladdery-s/teaMed). l£. Cream.

August. Jamaica. 1843.

GRTE'LLSIA. (Name unexplained.
Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese].
Linn., \b -Tetrad yuamia. Allied to
Coehlearia.)

Hardy herbaceous plant, suited for rock
work ; common sandy soil ; division, and
cuttings, under a hand light, in sandy soil, iri
summer.

G. saxifragafo'lia (Saxifrage-leaved). 3. White.
July. Persia. 1844.

GRAFF OR GRAFT.— This, also called
the scion, is the portion of a branch
selected to be inserted, or grafted upon
a stock, or rooted stem, to form the
heatl of the future plant. See Grafting
and Stock.

G1U

[ 436 ]

GRA

GRAFTING is uniting a scion of one
plant to the root, branch, or stem of
another. The scion and stock must be
of nearly related species.

The objects of grafting are: — 1st.
To increase choice kinds. 2nd. To
increase the vigour of delicate kinds.
• 5rd. To reduce the vigour of those
which are too gross, -ith. To accele-
rate the period of fruiting. ;">th. To
adapt kinds to soils for which they
would be unfitted on their own roots.
6th. To renovate old kinds.

We now proceed to give a series of
cuts, illustrative of all the modes which
arc usual in general horticulture —

1. WHIP GRAFTING, called also splice,
and tomjue grafting. — This is the most
common mode, and is that almost uni-
versally adopted in our nurseries ; and
when the stock and scion are equal in
size, is perhaps the handiest. The
head of the stock is pruned
off at the desired height, and
then a slip of bark and wood
removed at the upper portion
of 1 he stock, with a very clean
cut, to fit exactly with a cor-
responding cut which must
be made in the scion. A
very small amount of wood
must be cut away, and the
surface made quite smooth;
care must be taken that no
dirt he upon the cuts in this,
and, indeed, in all the other
modes. The scion must now
be prepared ; this should
have at least three or four
huds, one of which should,
where possible, be at the lower end, to
assist in uniting it to the stock. A
sloping cut must now he made in the
scion; this cut must correspond with
that on the stock, and a slit made to
fit in a cleft made in the stock when
heading it. This slit serves to main-
tain the scion steadily in its place until
properly fastened, and is more u matter
of convenience than anything else.
Care must be taken that the scion fits
hark l.o bar If, on one side at least, for
Ji is not the old or existing portion of
wood that forms the union, but a tissue
-which has to be produced, just as when

the sides of a wound have to be re-
united. This power exists in the albur-
nous matter, which lays next the inner
bark ; and the substance which forms
the union, and which is secreted by
the returning sap, is termed cambium.
Where the stock and scion disagree in
point of size, of course only one side
can touch, and great care should be
taken in this part of the operation ;
and, in the case of a young scion on
an old tree, some allowance must be
made for the ruggedness of the bark.
The scion being thus adjusted, the
whole is bound close, but not too tight-
ly, witli a shred of bass mat, care being
taken that the inner barks coincide.
The clay is now applied, in order to
keep the parts moist, and some practi-
tioners pile soil over the grafted part,
when near enough the ground. In all
the modes of grafting it may here be
observed, that the chief ground of success
lies in nicely fitting together some corres-
ponding -portions of the inner bark of the
scion, and stock.

',!. CROWN, called also Clcj 2, or Wedge
Grafting. — This is applied to various
plants as well as fruits, as, for instance,
the rose, cactuses, «i'c. Vines, also,
are frequently grafted by this mode.
As in whip grafting, it accelerates the
union if the bottom of the scion has a
bud or two. In the case of the vine, it
is considered necessary to let the stock
grow a little before grafting; care must
be taken, however, to keep some grow-
ing portions on the stock, above the
graft, or severe bleeding would ensue.
As the name indicates, a
cleft, or division, is made in
the stock to receive the scion,
which is cut like a wedge ;
again taking care, in case of
inequality of size, to make
one side fit bark to bark.
When the scion and stock
are unequal in size, both
sides of the scion may be
brought to fit by cutting the
cleft nearer to one side of the crown
than the other. The wound is bound
over, as in the other processes, with
bast, and covered over with clay, or
grafting-wax. The camellia succeeds
well when grafted this way, even a

GRA

C 407 J

GBA

single bud will make a plant, provided
the stocks are kept in a damp and
shady atmosphere for a lew weeks after
grafting. The stock here, also, should
be slightly in advance, that is, should
be forwarder in growing than the graft
or scion. The best time is just as
the sap is rising.

3. CLEFT GRAFTING, as represented
in this sketch, is only a kind

of crown grafting, and is prac-
tised on stocks one or two
inches in diameter, and,
therefore, too large for whip
grafting. Cut or saw off the
head of the stock in a sloping
form ; with a knife or chisel
cleave the stock at the top,
making the cleft about two
inches deep ; keep it open by
leaving in the chisel ; cut
the lower end of the scion into the
form of a wedge, one inch and a half
long, and the side that is to be towards
the middle of the stock sloped off to a
fine edge; place the bark of the thickest
side of the wedge-end of the scion so
as to correspond exactly with the bark
of the stock ; take away the chisel, and
then the sides of the stock will pinch
and hold fast the scion. Two scions
may be inserted, one on each side of
the cleft ; but in this case the top of
the stock must not be cut off sloping.
Bast and clay must be put on as in the
other modes of grafting.

4. SADDLE GRAFTING. — The top
of the stock is cut to a
wedge shape, and the scion or
graft cleft up the middle, and
placed astride on the wedge of

the stock ; hence the name.
The binding and claying is per-
formed as in the other modes,
care being taken to make at
least one of the sides meet barfe
to bark.

A modification of this mode is
practised in some of our cider
counties, where they do not hesi-
tate to practise it in the middle
of summer, when the young wood
has become somewhat mature.
The scion is chosen smaller
than the stock, and is .cleft
about three inches at the lower

so that one side is rather
thicker than the other. The
rind of the stock is then opened
on one side, and the thick
side of the scion introduced
between the bark and wood ;
the thinner portion is carried
astride the stock, and down the
opposite side, a slight cutting
having been made to receive it,
on the principle of making cor-
responding parts meet. This,
though tedious, is a very safe
mode of grafting, inasmuch as it
presents a greater expanse of al-
burnum for effecting the j unction .

5. SIDE GRAFTING.— -This, in
neral, is performed on
trees on which the top
is required to remain,
and is well adapted for
the insertion of new
kinds of pears, or other
fruits, on established
trees, in order to increase
the collection, or to has-
ten fruit-bearing. It is
also adapted to furnish
naked portions of old
shoots. It is, however, not so safe a
mode as some of the others. Little
description is needed; the cut will
sufficiently illustrate it,

0. CHIXK OR Shoulder Grafting. —
This is not much in use in
this country, and, indeed, we
see little occasion for its
practice. "When the stock
and scion are equal in size,
however, it offers an opportu-
nity of gaining the advantage
of an extra amount of al-
burnous union. The cut will
explain it.

7. ROOT GRAFTING.
— An old practice,
but with regard to de-
ciduous fruit trees it
offers no particular
advantage over the or-
dinary whip grafting,
when performed near
to the ground. It is,
perhaps, better adapt-
ed for very large
scions, for in many

GRA

[ 438 ]

GRA

trees such may be used when two or |
three inches diameter. When strongly
bound they may be soiled over head,
merely leaving a hole for the bud of
the scion to come through, which in
this case will rise like a sucker.

8. PEG GRAFTING. This mode is
now never practised in
England, and we only
insert the annexed en-
graving, because it com-
pletes our catalogue of all
the known modes. Of
these eight modes there
are many modifications,
but they are all derived
from the eight enumerated.
Peg grafting never hav-
ing been practised by our-
selves, we shall only make
this extract relative to it : " The scion
must be of the exact size of the stock ;
bore a hole into the centre of the stock,
one and a half inch deep; cut the
bottom of the scion to fit; the edges
of the barks must be very smooth, and
fit exactly."

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. — For ordi-
nary garden purposes, we think the
whip, the cleft, the saddle, and the
crown, the most eligible modes by far.
These may be said to be the rule, the
others are merely exceptional cases.

In all these proceedings a few axioms
or main principles must be kept steadily
in view ; of such are the following : —

1st. The scions of deciduous trees
should be taken from the parent tree
some weeks before the grafting season,
and " heeled " (the lower ends put into
the soil) in some cool and shady place ;
this causes the stock to be a little in
advance of the graft, as to the rising of
the sap, a condition admitted on all
hands to be essential.

2nd. Let all the processes be per-
formed with a very clean and exceed-
ingly sharp knife, taking care that no-
thing, such as dirt or chips, gets be-
tween the scion and the stock.

3rd. Let the bandage be applied
equally and firmly ; not so tight, how-
ever, as to cut or bruise the bark. For
this reason, broad strands of bast are
exceedingly eligible.

4th. In selecting grafts be careful in

choosing the wood, avoiding, on the
one hand, exb.au.sted or bad-barked
scions, and, on the other, the imma-
ture, watery spray which frequently
springs from the old trunks of ex-
hausted or diseased trees.

GRAFTING CLAY, to make. — Take
some strong and adhesive loam, ap-
proaching to a clayey character, arid
beat and knead it until of the consist-
ence, of soft-soap. Take also some
horse droppings, and rub them through
a riddle, of half inch mesh, until tho-
roughly divided. Get some cow manure,
the fresher the better, and mix about
equal parts of the three ; kneading and
mixing them until perfectly and uni-
formly mixed; some persons add a
little road scrapings to the mass. A
vessel with very finely riddled ashes
must be kept by the side of the grafter,
and after the clay is closed round the
scion the hands should be dipped in
the ashes ; this enables the person who
applies the clay to close the whole with
a perfect finish. It must be so closed
as that no air can possibly enter ; and
it is well to go over the whole in three
or four days afterwards, when, if any
have rifted or cracked, they may be
closed finally.

GRAFTING WAX. — The following re-
cipe lias been recommended by a first-
rate authority. Take common sealing-
wax, any colour but green, one part ;
mutton fat, one part ; white wax, one
part ; and honey, one-eighth part. The
white wax and the fat are to be first
melted, and then the sealing wax is to
be added gradually, in small pieces, the
mixture being kept constantly stirred ;
and, lastly, the honey must be put in
just before taking it off' the fire. It
should be poured hot into paper or tin
moulds, to preserve for use as wanted,
and be kept slightly stirred till it begins
to harden.

GRAINS OF PARADISE. Amo'mum
gra'na-paradi'si.

GRAMMA'NTHES. (From yramma,
writing, and anthos, a flower; marks
like V being on the corolla. Nat. ord.,
Hmiseleclts [Crassulacenc]. Linn., 5-
Penlandria Q-JPentaOy'ti in.

Greenhouse annuals from the Cape of Good
Hope. Sow thinly in pots, well drained ; lime

GRA

[ 439 ]

GRA

rubbish and sandy loam, equal parts; plants
may be kept in greenhouse, or planted on rock-
work in summer.
G. chloreefio'ra (yellow-flowered). £. Yellow,

red. July. 1774.
~ gentianoi'des (gentian-like). $. Pinkish red.

1848.
--retrofle'xa (bent-back). Orange. 1788.

GRAMMATOPHY'LLUM. (From gram-
mata, letters, and phyllon, a leaf; re-
ferring to the markings on the leaves.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria I-Monandria. Allied to
Brassia.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; basket, well raised
in it, and packed with sphagnum and fibry
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50°
to 55°.
G. multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. Brown,

green. May. Manilla. 1838.
tigri'num (tiger-like). Spotted.

May. Manilla. 1837.

— specio'sum (showy) . 6. Yellow, brown. May.

East Indies. 1837.

GRAMMI'TIS. (From yramme, letter-
ing ; in reference to the spore cases
or seed apparatus. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Crypto-
< I anna 1-Filices.)

Chiefly stove ferns, with brownish yellow
spores. Division ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 58°.

G. Austra'lis (Australian). July. New South
Wales. 1822.

— cuculla'ta (hooded). July. Isle of Luzon.

1840.

— elonga'ta (elongated). July. West Indies.

1824'.

— furca'ta (forked- leaved), July. Trinidad.

1825.

— Jii'rtu (hairy). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawed). July. Mau-

ritius. 1824.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). July. Jamaica.

1823.

GEANADILLA. — This is a name some-
times given to several species of the
Passiflora, but one only is the true
Granadilla, Passiflo'ra quadrangula'ris ;
but P. edulis also produces edible fruit,
and may be similarly cultivated. We
are aware that there are other species
of Passiflora, the fruits of which are eat-
able, such as the P. malifo'rmis, or sweet
calabash ; P. laurifo'lia, the laurel-
leaved or water lemon ; and P. incar-
na'ta, or the flesh-coloured, &c.

Propagation. — They are nearly all
readily propagated by seeds, but most
cultivators who grow them for table
purposes prefer cuttings ; and they are

quite right; for, like most of the Cucur-
bitaceous group to which they approxi-
mate, they are apt to run much to bine
if raised from seed. Plants from cut-
tings grow more moderately, and blos-
som sooner. Seedlings will fruit readily
at two years old; but cuttings struck
very early in the spring, and highly
cultivated, will fruit the same autumn ;
but not produce a full crop.

Soil. — A somewhat light and gene-
rous soil is best. The following is an
excellent compost : — Decomposed mel-
low turfy loam, two parts ; old leaf soil,
two parts ; heath soil, one part ; and
sand, one part.

Culture in Growing period. — P. quad-
rangular is requires a greater heat than
P. edulis — in fact, a heat equivalent
to the Pine stove ; whilst P. edulis will
succeed well in an ordinary vinery.
Bottom heat is most essential, espe-
cially for the P. quadrangularis ; and,
indeed, in this, and a generous soil,
consists the chief secret of successful
culture. No place can exceed the cor-
ner of the bark-bed for the culture of
either, provided they can ramble freely
overhead, unshaded by vines or other
creepers ; for light is also essential.
The corner of the bark-bed must be
separated by bricks, pigeon-holed ; a
triangular space, which will hold a
wheelbarrow of soil, will suffice; put-
ting some bricks below for drainage.
The shoots must be carried up to within
a foot or so of the roof, and may then
be trained in any way most convenient.
The P. edulis will produce many
branches ; these must be kept thinned
out, after the manner of Melons ; but
no stopping is requisite. The P. quad-
rangularis does not so soon crowd itself
with spray; nevertheless, it will at
times require thinning out. Liberal
waterings must be given, and it must
be remembered that the roots will ex-
tend through the pigeon-holes into the
bark-bed, and will principally follow
the side of the pit walls. The most
important matter, however, is the arti-
ficial impregnation of the blossoms ;
for they will seldom " set" without it.
The following is Mr. Appleby's mode
of setting P. quandrangularis. The
whole of the calyx, corolla, and

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crown, must be cut off with a sharp
pair of pointed scissors; and tliis must
be done without injuring the flower-
stem. When all these are cut away,
there only remains the essential parts
of the flower ; the stamens, five in num-
ber, and the three stigmas. Then cut
off one or more of the stamens bearing
the anthers ; and do this without shak-
ing the dust or pollen out of the an-
thers ; then touch each stigma with the
anther, covering them with the fertiliz-
ing powder. Take an opportunity of
performing this operation early in the
morning, at the very time when the
anthers are observed to be bursting.
So far Mr. Appleby is, doubtless, right
as concerns the P. quadrangularis, which
has an exceedingly succulent calyx,
and other appurtenances ; but we never
took any further pains with P. edulis
than to look over the plants every day
about noon ; and whatever blossoms
might be out, to pluck one of the an-
thers from it, and touch the face of the
stigmas with it. By these means they
generally become impregnated.

Culture hi Rest period. — As soon
as the bearing season is over, towards
October, the plants will sink to rest,
and this may be facilitated by with-
holding water entirely. They will now
become partially deciduous, and this
will induce a ripeness in the shoots ;
and in the following February they may
be pruned, cutting back all spongy and
immature growths.

Fruit. — It is used in the dessert ;
and is capable of being kept for a fort-
night or so in a fruit-room, or other
place, if perfectly dry.

Insects. — We have known the red
spider to attack the P. quadrangular'^ ;
for remedy, see Acarus.

GRANGE'RIA. (Named from N.
Granger, a traveller in Egypt and
Persia. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans [Cry-
sobalanaceffi]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria
\-Monogynia.}

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sandy soil, in heat, under a glass ; peat and
loaai. Summer Temp., 60° to 85°; winter,
65° to 60°.

G. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. White. Bourbon.
1823.

GRAPE HYACINTH. Musca'ri.

GRAPE PEAR. Amela'nicher l>otry~
a' plum.

GRAPEVINE. (Wtls VlnVfora).

Varieties for Walls. 1 — August Mus-
cat. 2— Early Black July. 3— Miller's
Burgundy. 4 — Esperione. o — Hatif
di Genes. 6 — Koyal Muscadine, White.
7 — Eoyal Muscadine, Black. 8 — Sweet
Wateri White Dutch. 9— Sweet Water,
Black. 10— Black Hamburgh. 11—
Black Prince. 12— Claret. 13— Ver-
delho. 14 — Pitmaston White Cluster.
15 — Lashmar's Seedling.

As superior kinds for a pretty good
climate and aspect, we recommend
Nos. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11 ; as kinds for in-
ferior aspects, Nos. 2, 0, 10, 14.

For Greenhouse. 1 — Black Ham-
burgh. 2 — Black Damascus. 3 — Black
Prince. 4— West's St. Peter's. 5 —
Royal Muscadine. 0 — Dutch Sweet
Water. 7 — Chasselas Musque. 8 —
Esperione; of these, Nos. 1, 3, 5, 0,
are the most to be relied on.

For Stove. 1 — Muscat of Alexan dria.
2— Cannon Hall Muscat. 3— White
Frontignan. 4 — Black Frontignan.
5 — Black Hamburgh. 6 — Black Dam-
son. 7 — Eoyal Muscadine. 8 — Dutcli
Sweet Water. 9 — Chasselas Musque.
10— West's St. Peter's. 11— Charles-
worth Tokay. 12 — Black Barbarossa ;
of these Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 11, are kinds
of superior merit, and require much
heat. Nos. 7, 8, at the warmest end
will be exceedingly early. Nos. 5, 0, 9,
10, will provide for a succession. Of No.
12, we at present have no experience,
it is stated to be a very long keeper,
and is highly recommended.

Propagation. — Layering has almost
fallen into disuse ; their culture from
eyes or single buds having superseded
it. Layers will root either from the
growing shoot, or from young wood
layered in a state of rest. The latter
operation is performed any time from
November to the beginning of March,
and no tongue or slit is requisite. Most
of the Vines, in former days, were
i raised in this way; the nurserymen
having old plants, or stocks for the
purpose, around which the shoots were
layered in pots, generally in February,
and they made saleable plants by the
autumn. Layering of the growing shoot

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is a more delicate procedure, and it is
well to introduce a portion of the pre-
vious year's wood where possible.

Cuttings are best made from shoots
in the rest state, and may either be
made short or long. Speedily recom-
mends two inches of the two year old,
and one bud or eye of the new. These
were inserted perpendicularly in pots,
the bud just level with the surface.
They will, however, strike root from
thick shoots, of three or four years
old, of a greater length, and these may,
if necessary, be planted at once in the
border ; or if in pots, deep ones must
be used, and the cutting may be sloped
or bent. In all these cases, the cuttings
must be buried nearly their whole
length beneath the siirface. Bottom
heat will facilitate speedy rooting.

Eyes. — This is the most approved
plan, for the plant thus approaches
nearest to a seedling state. These are
generally planted in pots, a single eye
in each, at the end of January, and
plunged in a bottom heat of from 70°
to 80°. Prunings are reserved for this
purpose in the autumn, and these
being cut in convenient lengths, are
imbedded in moist soil until winter.
About half an inch of wood may be re-
served above the eye, cutting it sloping
away from the bud, and about an inch
or so below the bud ; the latter section
made horizontally. These, inserted
singly in five-inch pots, may be plunged
in a bottom heat of from 70° to 80°,
and care must be taken that the worms
do not get into the soil. When grown
nearly a foot in height, they should be
repotted into pots of about seven inches
diameter, using a rich turfy soil, and
draining thoroughly. Many good gar-
deners reserve a portion of the two
years old wood at the base of each
eye, and there can be little doubt that
it is good practice.

Coils. — Obtain prunings from healthy
and fruitful vines on the rod system ;
these prunings should be from two to
four feet in length. Such being plun-
ged in a bottom heat of from 70° to
80°, and in an atmosphere ranging from
50° to 00°, have a tendency to produce
roots before shoots; and this is the
object sought. Fruiting pots of twelve

to fifteen inches in diameter should be
used, and a compost of turfy loam and
half rotten manure, with the addition
of charred material, lime rubbish or
sand ; any, or all of them added in the
proportion of a sixth of the mass, in
order to ensure the free passage of
moisture. Thorough drainage being
secured, the end of the shoot is pressed
down against the bottom of the pot,
and the shoot bent round, until as
many coils or turns as possible are
made : leaving at last, four or five stout
eyes above the level of the pot rim.
The pot is then filled with the com-
post, and careful watering, a judicious
control of heat, augmenting the amount
of atmospheric warmth as the leaves
unfold, together with the usual routine
of stopping, thinning the berries, &c.,
as applied to established vines, must
be carried out. The turfy compost is
filled in as the coiling proceeds.

Grafting is not often practised. As
in most other cases of grafting, the
stock should be slightly in advance of
the scion. Perhaps the stock should
have unfolded a few large leaves before
the operation is practised. Then the
usual whip grafting is the best plan.
A couple of eyes on the graft are
sufficient. It is good practice to bind
moss round the whole at last, even
shading the buds of the scion for
awhile. The moss may be moistened
daily.

Inarching. — This may be performed
with either the growing shoot, or with
that in a rest state. A plant established
in a pot of the kind to be introduced
must be procured. With regard to in-
arching in a rest state, it is proper that
the sap should be in motion at the pe-
riod of operating, and that the stock, if
possible, should, as in grafting, be
slightly in advance of the scion. Vines
which are breaking are in an eligible
state, and the kind to be inarched may
be just emerging from a rest state.
The point of junction being determined,
the pot must be so fixed as that no
slipping can occur, and that the shoot
may be readily bent to meet the parent
plant. Nothing is necessary but to
pare a thin slice of bark with a little of
the wood from the facings of the scion

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and stock, which are to be fitted, and
then to bind them carefully together
close, but not too tight — just as in or-
dinary grafting. A little moss may be
fastened round the point of junction,
and this frequently moistened. In-
arching of the growing shoot is, how-
ever, the best practice, but it is an ope-
ration that requires nice handling. The
shoot of the stock is best at about the
middle of its annual growth, when it
has begun to acquire some solidity and
toughness. The scion may be some-
what younger, and everything being
adjusted, a section must be made in
each, as before, cutting through the
bark and a little into the alburnous
matter, and fitting them nicely toge-
ther. It may be observed, that the
ligature must not be so tight as in the
old wood. The whole may be covered
with moss, and in six weeks the junc-
tion will be complete. In the mean-
time a progressive stopping of the spray
on the stock must take place, in order,
by degrees, to transfer a portion of the
luxuriance of the stock to the scion.
When the pruning season arrives, the
stock may be cut back in part or wholly.
Thus a vinery possessing inferior kinds
may be renovated in a very short pe-
riod.

Seed. — Perfectly ripe grapes of the
kinds intended to be propagated from,
should be pressed, the seeds washed
and thoroughly dried, and then secured
like other seeds until the following
February. They may then be sown in
well-drained pots, in a light, rich soil,
rather sandy, and plunged in a bottom
heat of from 70° to 80°. In about a
month they will vegetate; the seed-
lings may be potted off, and hencefor-
ward reared as plants from eyes, con-
tinuing bottom warmth until Midsum-
mer, and training the shoot (unstopped)
fully to the light in a warm situation.
They may in the autumn be cut back
to two or three eyes, and grown through
the following summer as before ; again
pruning back in the autumn. In about
four years they will fruit on their own
roots; but, perhaps, a year will be
gained by inarching them near the ex-
tremity of a sound and fruitful old vine.

Wall Culture.— The first essential is

a mellow and thoroughly drained soil.
An ordinary sandy loam is the best
staple, but almost any ordinary garden
soil will suit, if it is capable of receiving
and transmitting moisture with facility.
Vine roots will descend to a considerable
depth if the soil be mellow, but we
would rather grant them extra width,
especially if the situation is not par-
ticularly favourable. Whether bor-
ders, or, what are much more econo-
mical stations, are made, we would
first thoroughly drain the site, and
then place some imperishable ma-
terial, as stone, brick, or clinkers
rammed close beneath them, leaving
only half a yard of soil in depth,
unless the roots are securely limited in
width. This done, the natural soil
must be examined with practical accu-
racy, and accordingly, as sand or clay
predominates, so must be the amount
and character of the correcting mate-
rial. If destitute of organic matter, or
turfy fibre, something must be intro-
duced to enrich it, such as fresh manure,
and abundance of rotten weeds, leaves,
&c., indeed, anything of a decaying
vegetable kind; remembering that a
good portion must be such as will endure
long, and slowly give out its enriching
qualities. Some coarse bone manure,
and rubbly charcoal, will be a capital
addition ; and a good deal of charcoal
rubbish or brush wood. If the situa-
tion is cool and damp, place half the
volume of this material above the ordi-
nary ground level.

Planting. — The end of March is the
most eligible time ; and strong plants
being at hand, if in pots, let the soil be
carefully shaken away, and every root be
carefully uncoiled, and spread out, like
a tree fan-trained, and place a little
superior compost about the roots,
covering the surface with three inches
of coarse charred material. This will
absorb a great amount of heat from the
sun, and admit water freely when ne-
cessary. As the plants grow, they must
be carefully trained, and no stopping
practised the first season. In the
autumn, however, they must be pruned
back to three or four eyes ; and in the
next season the shoots from these eyes
must be trained to the desired form,

GKA

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GRA

which will be regulated by the character
of the space they are to occupy, whether
on a building or a Avail.

Out-door Culture during the Rest pe^
riod. — Pruning is a first consideration,
and this is done soon after the fall of
the leaf. Many conflicting practices,
as to out-door culture, have competed
for the palm of victory here, even as
with in- door vines ; but it is probably
best not to attempt to tie the hands of
those who try their culture by too
severe rules. One safe maxim is, that
no two of the principal leaves should
so overlap each other as to obstruct
the solar light. From about eight to
*ten inches, therefore, at least, may be
given between each of the growing
shoots. This, then, will be a guide as
to the distance at which the shoots
should be trained. As for root culture
at this period, nothing will be needed but
to preserve the surface fibres from the
spade, which is but too apt to approach
too close to those on kitchen-garden
walls. When vines become somewhat
exhausted with much bearing, top-
dressings of good soil and manure
become necessary.

Out-door Culture during Growth. — We
must here be brief, for the main prin-
ciples will be found somewhat identical
with those connected with in-door cul-
ture. All superfluous young spray must
be thinned away, and the bearing shoots
stopped an eye or two beyond the
bunch. Where, however, there is wall-
ing to be tilled, the dresser may leave
several eyes or buds beyond the bunch.
In due time the bunches must be
thinned ; one to a square foot of wall
will, in general, suffice. The berries,
too, must be thinned out at the proper
period, and a frequent stopping of the
lateral shoots practised, never suffering
them to shade the principal leaves.
Towards the beginning of September,
all the stopped laterals may be entirely
removed, in order to permit a free cir-
culation of air, and allow the sun to
heat the wall ; protection also must be
afforded to the bunches against wasps,
flies, &c.

Greenhouse Culture. — Having attended
to the character of the soil requisite
for the vine, we have little to report on

the subject of border making ; which
must, however, be at all times consi-
dered the most important point in the
whole of the proceedings. A more
generous soil is necessary for in-door
vines, inasmuch as a greater demand
exists at times on their vital powers
through the powerful effects of solar
light beneath glass ; as also owing to
a greater amount of dryness at times
in the atmosphere. The first point is
to elevate the border above the ground
level in proportion to the lowness, cold-
ness, or dampness of the situation.
Thorough drainage we have before
pointed to ; it is not possible to drain
too imich if the soil be of proper texture.
As to soil, turfy loam, inclining to sand,
should form nearly one-half the volume
of soil. To this may be added one
quarter part of coarse manure, leaf-
mould, &c., rather raw than otherwise ;
and the other quarter, part of rubbly
and imperishable materials, such as
lumpy charcoal, old plaster, and the
rubbish of old buildings, coarse bone
manure, &c. All these well blended,
and filled in when dry, will produce a
first-rate compost, taking care to place
a layer of turf at the bottom.

Course of Culture. — Whatever com-
bination exists as to a greenhouse
vinery, whether it be for vines alone or
used in conjunction for pot-plants, an
uniform system should be pursued as
to the vines, both during the growing
season, and the rest period. This
system consists in the regular pruning,
dressing of the wood, in order to the
extirpation of all insects, and the
usual vine dressing during the growing
period, the latter being, disbudding,
stopping, thinning the berry, and train-
ing— principles applicable to the vine
in all its positions.

Stove Culture. — Vines in stoves are
generally combined with pine culture,
and the excitement by heat, is, there-
fore, at times considerable. In former
days it was supposed that vines must
be turned outside the house and frozen,
in order to restore their energies ; but
abundant proofs exist, that from 50°
to 55° may be submitted to, in ex-
treme cases, during the rest season.
Whatever culture is combined with

GEA

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that of the vines, it is best to con-
fine these to the rafters on the
spurring system. For early forcing,
and where the house is specially de-
voted to vines, it is another affair —
here either the long rod system or the
spurring may be used. We need not
repeat advice as to border making, and
the usual routine of disbudding, stop-
ping, thinning the berry, and the fre-
quent pinching of the lateral. One
remark may be permitted as to bor-
ders ; let them be inside the house if
the interior arrangement will permit,
and the front wall on arches. When at
rest, we would not allow the thermo-
meter to sink below 85°.

Vines in Pots is a mode of culture
only to be recommended as an adjunct
to late vineries, and where the pos-
sessor, not desiring to build a house
for early forcing, yet desires to have
a few early grapes. The plants should
be reared from eyes, and receive very
high culture ; and at the end of the
second summer they should be strong
canes, and in high perfection for forcing.
They must receive liberal shifts when
they need repotting, and their shoots
be constantly trained in a very light-
situation. The young plants, at the
end of the first season's growth, will
require pruning back to two buds, from
which one may, during their progress,
be carefully trained, and the other re-
moved. When the cane has grown
about five feet in length, during the
second season, it is well to stop it, in
order to strengthen the lower leaves, on
the healthy action of which the future
crop depends. The leader, however,
which succeeds, may be laid in full
length, well exposed to the light, but
the laterals which push from the sides
must be pinched back, leaving one bud
only, and this pinching must be con-
tinued all through the season, when
necessary. In the second autumn
they will be strong canes, with remark-
ably plump buds, and they may now,
when the leaves are decayed, be pruned
back to some five or six eyes, according
to the Avish of the cultivator. Having
received their final shift into pots of
about fifteen inches in diameter, in the
preceding June they will require

nothing but a rich top-dressing. They
enjoy a bottom-heat of 70° to 80°, but
they may be made to succeed on the
j kerb stones or back shelves of the
I stove, away from cold draughts, and
, near the flues or piping. Liquid ma-
| nure must be liberally supplied, and
j the same course of culture as to dis-
budding, stopping, thinning the berry,
and training, pursued as with the
rafter vines. A rich turfy loam must
be used as compost three parts of
' this to one of rich, half-decomposed
manure, will be found excellent, ad-
ding some charcoal, and a little lime
rubbish. The turfy loam should be
nearly a year old, and must be well
chopped with the spade, not sifted.
The pots must be most carefully
drained nearly one- fifth of their depth ;
any stagnation whatever will surely
prove fatal. If the pots were un-
plunged, some screen, such as moss or
old matting should be interposed be-
tween them and the sand, or they may
have double pots.

Diseases. — Shrivelling of the berries
of the grape in stoves appears to arise
from the roots of the vine not supplying
a sufficiency of sap, as well as from its
not being duly elaborated in the leaves.
This occurs if the roots are in a cold
soil, or are vegetating in an outside
border, the temperature of which is too
low compared with that of the stove.
In the first case, thorough draining and
the incorporation of calcareous rubbish ;
and in the second case, protection to
the border and stem, will remove the
evil. If the sap be not duly elaborated,
it must arise, either separately or con-
jointly, from the leaves vegetating in
an ungenial atmosphere, or from their
being too reduced in number.

If the roots of the vines are found
to have penetrated the soil deeply, they
should be lifted very carefully, brick-
bats placed beneath the roots, and
these trained about nine inches beneath
the surface. If drainage of the border
has been neglected, let it be effected at
the same time. If the loss of the
crop which would be occasioned by the
lifting of the whole of the vines would
be inconvenient, only one or two can
be so treated in successive autumns.

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The most injurious time for an un-
natural disparity of temperature in the
air and soil to occur is at night; for,
as was justly observed by the late Mr.
Knight, an ill effect of high temperature
during the night is, that it exhausts
the excitability of the tree much more
rapidly than it promotes the growth,
or accelerates the maturity of the fruit,
which is in consequence ill supplied
with nutriment at the period of its
ripening, when most nutriment is pro-
bably wanted. The Muscat of Alex-
andria, and other late grapes, are,
owing to this cause, often seen to wither
upon the bunch in a very imperfect
state of maturity; and the want of
richness and flavour in other forced
fruit is often attributable to the same
cause. The Frontignans are among
the varieties apt to shrivel under
great disparity of temperature between
the roots and branches.

Somewhat allied in its causes to
shrivelling, is that unsightly imper-
fection where the berries do not come
to maturity at the point of the bunches,
leaving from five to ten quite colourless
and sour, though others on the same
bunch are fine and large. In such
case the remedies are to give more
heat and air, keeping the border warm-
er than before, and to avoid cold damps
in the house ; leave as much foliage as
can be exposed fully to light. The
leaves removed must be by little at a
time. In thinning, clip off a few berries
at the lower extremity of the bunch ;
the rest will swell better.

Slianklny is an ulceration, or gan-
grene, attacking the footstalks of the
bunches, and appears to be occasioned,
like shrivelling, by the temperature of
the soil being too much below that in
which the branches are vegetating ;
and, consequently, the supply of sap to
the grapes is much diminished, and
the parts which thus fail of support
immediately begin to decay ; this is an
effect always the consequence of a di-
minished supply of sap, apparent either
in the leaves, flower, or fruit. The
disease, like every other putrefaction,
does not advance rapidly unless there
be much moisture in the atmosphere.

The coldness of the soil causes this

torpidity in the action of the root ; and
this, perhaps, at the very period when,
the greatest demand is made upon it to
sustain the excessive perspiration which
is going on in the leaf, and to furnish
fresh matter for elaboration ; to both
which ends it is frequently quite inad-
equate, owing to drenching rains. If
the young fibre be examined at such
inclement periods, it will be found
somewhat discoloured ; and, in some
cases, quite rotten. Shanking, we con-
ceive, is generally caused by the un-
natural disagreement of temperature
between the root and top, independent,
in the main, of the question of moisture.
It generally occurs with vines which
have been somewhat forced ; seldom
on open walls — seldom with vines
forced in pots or tubs. The obvious
prevention of shanking is securing a
congenial relative temperature to the
roots and foliage.

Rust comes upon the berries in the
form of a rough, rusty appearance of
their skins, which have, in fact, become
thick and indurated. Some think it
arises from their being handled, or the
hair of the head touching them ; but
the disease is often too general to
admit of this topical explanation. We
believe it to arise from an over-heating
of the vinery, however unintentional,
whilst the grapes were young, and thus
tending to force them to a premature
rapidity of growth. Any excessive
pressure upon the cuticle, whether
from within or from without, causes its
thickening. This considerable eleva-
tion being succeeded by a sudden re-
duction of temperature, will almost
certainly induce the disease.

The Spot affecting the berries seems
to be the same disease as shanking,
only affecting a different part. Like
this disease, it is a gangrene, and is
probably occasioned by an irregularity
in the supply of moisture and vicissi-
tudes of temperature, but especially if
one of the extremes is much below the
degree of heat most favourable to the
healthy growth of that plant. Muscats
are particularly liable to the spot. Our
opinion that sudden vicissitudes of
temperature are the causes of this
disease, seems to be well sustained

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by the fact, that the parts nearest the
glass, that is, the upper portions of the
hunches, and those parts most exposed
to the sun's influence, are the first to
suffer ; and this, also, goes far towards
substantiating the assertion, that the
shade of the foliage is necessary to the
well-doing of grapes.

Want of Colour is often a defect of
the Black Grape, but not at all neces-
sarily arising from deficient light. The
green colour of leaves depends entirely
upon the presence either of light or of
uncombined hydrogen gas, but vege-
table reds, purples, and other colouring
matters of fruits, are formed, though
less intense, even in a total absence
from light. So far from full exposure
to light being requisite for the full co-
louring and ripening of grapes, they
never attain these desired qualities so
well as when shaded by one thickness
of leaf. The colouring matter of all
fruit is dependent partly upon the leaves
immediately above it, and partly upon
the fruit itself ; the necessary digestion
of the sap being commenced in the one
and perfected in the other. If this
digestion or elaboration of the sap is
checked by ungenial temperature, but
more particularly if the crop is too
heavy for the vine, or if the leaves, es-
pecially above the bunches, arc too
much thinned, defect of colour will
be the very usual consequence to the
berries. We have seen the blackest of
berries in situations where the sun
had never shone on them since they
blossomed; indeed, it only requires a
little close observation for one season
to dispel such a fallacy. It sometimes,
however, happens, that the principal
leaves on the same shoot with the
bunch are shaded by other main leaves,
or by laterals ; such si lading is sure to
be prejudicial to the colouring of the
berry, as well as to the maturation of
the buds connected with the shaded
leaves. And here we have one of the
reasons for such close stopping as the
vine is subjected to. Over- cropping,
alone, will lead to bad colouring; in-
deed, is one of the most fruitful sources
of it. It exhausts the tree of every
particle of prepared sap, and produces
debility in the root, which renders it

readily susceptible to the stagnating
rains of an unpropitious season.

In order to promote good colouring,
the ripening process should not be hur-
ried. It is evident, that very high tem-
peratures are not required for tliis pur-
pose, for the Black Hamburgh, on
common walls, is not deficient in co-
lour, in a good season. Now tbe co-
louring process, in the latter case, occurs
in the end of September, when the tem-
perature at night must sometimes be
near the freezing point. It is a com-
mon observation of practical men, that
the cold nights of autumn hasten ma-
turity in many crops ; and this is un-
doubtedly a fact, and traceable, we pre-
sume, to a cessation of the growing-
principle ; causing, thereby, a concen-
tration of the energies of the plant.
We would say, therefore, beware of too
high a temperature during the colour-
ing process, unless accompanied with
much solar light, and even then avoid
extremes. We would more especially
avoid night heat at this period, and
would promote a circulation of air night
and day.

Blecd'my. — This only occurs to the
vine, from the unhealed surfaces of cuts
made after the sap has commenced its
motion, and before the leaves are well
expanded. A red-hot iron, applied to
the bleeding surface until it be chiirred,
will stop the effusion of sap for a time,
if not permanently, and to effect a com-
plete stoppage at once, coat the charred
surface, and rub well into it, a paste
made of lime newly burnt and grease.
This hardens and forms an effectual
plaister.

Mr. Knight's plaister wo know to be
effectual, and is thus composed : —

One-fourth of calcined oyster si id Is,
beaten to fine powder in a mortar, and
three-fourths of cheese, worked loge
ther, until they form a sort of paste ;
this mixture pressed into the pores of
the wood, either with the thumb or any
other means, will effectually stop the.
How of the sap ; sometimes a repetition
may be necessary, if it is not well
forced into the pores. — See Mid/ctr.

///.scr/.s. See .It'itriis, slphis, Coccus,
< 'itfciilioj and Thrijjs.

GIUPTOPHY'LLUM. (From yraplw, to

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write, and phyllon, a leaf; referring to
the markings on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-
Diandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Be-
loperone.)

Stove evergreen shrub . Cuttings of young
shoots, just getting a little firm, and a heel of
the older wood at its base, in sand, under a
bell glass, in heat ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 55° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
G. horte'nsc a'lbum (garden- white). Crimson.
July. East Indies. 1815.

GRASSES for lawns and grass plots
must be varied according to the nature
of the soil, and we know of no more
judicious selections than the following,
recommended by Messrs. Lawson, of
Edinburgh —

Avcna flavescens (Yellowish
Oat Grass)

Cynosurus cristatus

(Crested Dog's Tail) ..

Festucaduriuscula (Hardish

Fescue) 3 3 4

Fcstuca tenuifolia (Fine-
leaved Fescue) 2 2 I

Lolium perenne tenue (Fine

Rye Grass) 20 20 20

Pou nemoralis (Wood Mea-
dow Grass) 14 \'i 2

Poa nemoralis sempervirens

(Evergreen Ditto) l£ 1^ 2

Poa trivialis (Rough-stalked

Meadow Grass) 14 lj 2

Trifolium repens (White

Clover) 777

Trifolium minus (Smaller

Yellow Clover) 2 2 1

The above mixtures are enough for
an acre. Where the ground is over-
shadowed with trees, both the kinds of
Festiica should be omitted, and similar
quantities of the two kinds of Poa
nemoralis substituted. The best time
for sowing is early in the spring.

GRASS-PLOT, correctly speaking, is a
parterre, or bed of flowers, arranged
with grass turf between them, instead
of gravel. It is usually confounded
with Lawn, which see.

GRATI'OLA. Hedge Hyssop. (From
yracia, grace ; referring to its medicinal
virtues. Nat. ord., Fit/worts [Scrophu-
lariaceoe]. Linn., Q-Diandria \-Mono-
!f!/niti. Allied to Mimulus.)

Hardy herbaceous plants. Division of the
plants in spring; rich moist soil. Latifolia

and tetrugonn require the protection of a
frame in winter.

G. au'rea (golden). £. Yellow. June. North
America. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White. July.

New Holland. 1822.

— megaloca'rpa (large-fruited). Pale-yellow.

July. North America. 1828.

— qfficina'lis (common-shop}. 1. Light blue.

July. Europe. 1568.

— pilo'sa (hairy). White. July. North Ame-

rica. 1827.

— quadridenta'ta (four- toothed). J. White.

June. North America. 1821.

— tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 1. Blue. Au-

gust. Buenos Ayres. 1 830.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Virginia. 1759-

GRAVEL WALKS, like all other walks,
require a good substratum of drainage,
and the facing about five inches deep
of gravel. It must have no stones
mixed with it larger than good sized
marbles, and about one-fourth of it
must be much finer to nil the inter-
stices. Pit-gravel, with a slight admix-
ture of clay, and the more rubbly the
better, is the best for binding and form-
ing a solid walk. The more speedily
it is laid down after digging from the
pit, the more firmly will it bind.

The following is an excellent plan to
make or turn gravel walks in dry wea-
ther. If of a sandy or gravelly nature,
strew a little clay or marl upon the
walk. When turned over, take away
the large stones and place them at the
bottom of the soil. Immediately after
you level your walk, apply your iron
roller steadily, and let a labourer follow
the roller, pouring upon it water regu-
larly as it passes over the ground ; in
twenty-four hours after, if the weather
is dry, it will be as solid as a stone-
floor.

The best method of extirpating grass
from a gravel walk, is to spread salt iu
considerable quantities over its whole
surface; and if after the first applica-
tion it is found that portions of the
grass still exist, let another coating of
salt be applied, which will effectually
destroy it. Care must be taken, how-
ever, if the walk is edged with box, that
the salt does not come in contact with
it, otherwise it will destroy the edging
also.

in the early part of April, gravel
walks are usually turned. After the

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walk has been broken up and levelled,
and a facing of new gravel spread over,
tbis ought to be left for three or four
days, and until a shower of rain has
fallen, before the roller is used. This
bleaches the gravel, and washes down
the fine particles, so that, immediately
after rolling, the walk is solid, and has
a clean bright surface.

The above directions relate to the old
system of gravel-walk making, but we
strongly recommend the general adop-
tion of Concrete Walks, which see. They
are far more durable, and free from
weeds.

GREAT BURNET. Sanyuiso'rba.

GREAT CENTAU'REA. Centau'rea cen~
tau'rinm.

GREENHOUSE .«-rThis is a light airy
structure designed for plants which
can sustain a lowish temperature, but
cannot withstand the vicissitudes from
frost to sunshine, and from damp to
dry, of our common winters. It is dis-
tinguished from a plant stove in re-
quiring but little artificial heat ; and
from a conservatory in having all the
plants (with, perhaps, the exception of
climbers for the rafters) grown in
portable pots or tubs, and these gene-
rally set upon a stage to bring them
nearer the glass.

The mode of constructing such a
house must be regulated by the wishes
of the proprietor, and the conveniences-
at his disposal. For general purposes
any aspect will do in an emergency,
except the north, and that raigbt be
selected for those plants that cfeiight
in the shade. The more command of
light, with the means at hand of re-
ducing its fierceness and heat when
too powerful, the better. From due
south to south-east and south-west,
may be considered the best aspects. If
it is a lean-to house, having a sloping
roof from a back wall, it should always
have a considerable amount of upright
glass in front to receive 11 ie oblique
rays of the sun in winter. By the side
of a cottage ornee the front of the
house may thus partake of the same
style of architecture, while the shed-
like sloping roof may be exchanged for
u ridge and furrow one, and that con-
cealed from external observation by a

light entablature or frie/e work. For
a neat detached structure it should
! stand, less or more, north and south,
j have a ridge and furrow roof, and
| means for breaking the sun's rays in
the morning and afternoon. We are
supposing it to bo glass all round.
When in connection with other build-
j ings a very useful and elegant house is
formed, having the front and ends of
glass, a hipped roof, and an opaque
back wall. Here, likewise, by an orna-
mental entablature, the roof, if desir-
able, may be wholly or partially con-
cealed, so as not to interfere with archi-
tectural propriety, though we should
have no great scruples on this score, as
the utility of an object, if apparent,
gives it appropriateness.

The size of the glass to be used
must depend upon the taste and the
money wished to be spent by the pro-
prietor. For the roof, especially, it
will be desirable to have it at least
sixteen ounces to the foot. Small
squares can be procured in boxes very
cheap, but what you gain in glass you
partly lose from requiring so many
sash-bars. We should not care about
having them much above eighteen
inches in length. All things considered,
if we were to roof a house most econo-
mically, we should obtain strong ma-
chinery-cut sash-bars, dispense with
rafters, use glass from fifteen to eigh-
teen inches wide, and say a foot in
depth, and secure means of ventilation
without touching the roof, by means of
the upright glass, and wooden venti-
lators at the ridge in the roof, and in
the back wall.

Slayes. — These are generally shelves,
arranged in stair-like fashion, partaking
less or more of the character of the
roof. For a general collection, the
stage may be from five to six feet from
the glass roof; for insuring dwarf,
compact, bushy plants, the distance
should be from three to four feet. The
lowest shelf of the stage should be a
little higher than the shelf that sur-
rounds the house next the front glass.
Where the roof is Itiji/u'd, even though
the back wall be opaqiie, if the house
faces the south the stage should b<-.
hipped too, terminating in a single

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shelf, broad or narrow in the centre.
The north part would be admirable for
kecpimj many plants in winter, and
exhibiting in summer those that were
in full bloom. In a wide house it is
always preferable to have several stages,
in the shape of circles, ovals or tri-
angles, whichever is most approved,
with walks between them. The expense,
and the room apparently lost, are
more than compensated by the ease
with which all the plants may be ex-
amined, and the greater thickness with
which they may be safely set, as the
pathway will be so many breathing
/ones (See Floiver Stages). For low-
hipped roofed, and ridge-and-furrow
roofed houses, flat table-like trellised
stages will be the best ; the highest
plants being set in the centre, or, if
necessary, one being placed now and
then on a pot. As an improvement on
this, where extreme economy was the
object, we would dispense with the
wooden trellis, and substitute a bed of
earth, kept in its place by brick- walls,
the earth being first covered with cin-
ders, and then with pure sand, on
which to set the pots. The damping
of this sand from watering in summer
would be a source of health to the
plants, and save them from many visit-
ations. Small inclosures in such an
earth-pit, if- suitable compost were used,
would be excellent for the less hardy
creepers, which would be likely to main-
tain a lingering existence if planted, as
they sometimes are, in a border close
to the front wall.

Temperature. — If merely preserving
the plants is the object, then artificial
heat may only be applied to maintain a
temperature of from 80° to 40°. This
low temperature must not, however, be
longcontinuedinastagnantatmosphere.
It will, therefore, be necessary to raise
the temperature to admit air during
the day. "Where it is desired slowly to
grow the shoots, and to keep a winter
display of plants in bloom, the tem-
perature must not sink below 4")°. In
either case a rise of 10° or 15° may be
allowed for sunshine in winter. In
summer the chief difficulty will be to
keep the house cool by admitting all the
air possible, and having it on night and

day. If the plants are turned out into
pits and shady places, and even very
sunny places if their nature requires
it, and their place is supplied with
tender annuals, &c., then more close-
ness and moisture must be obtained —
a limitation of air and plenty of moist-
ure giving all the essentials of a plant
stove.

Artificial Heat. — The best, because
the most equal and the cleanliest, is
hot water ; and the simplest of all con-
trivances is the best: a compact little
boiler, well set, and a flow and return
pipe on the simplest principles. A small
boiler and two or three-inch pipes are
the most suitable for a greenhouse
where only quick and occasional fires are
wanted. Flues are far from being des-
picable conveniences. In some respects,
in small houses, where a higher tem-
perature is wanted at one end than
another, they answer better than hot
water. When neatly built, they are no
eye sore in a house. To insure draught
the flue should be at least a third
deeper than it is wide, and the mouth
of the flue should be eighteen inches
above the bottom of the surface. For
greenhouses, one foot of four-inch pipe
will be necessary for every forty cubic
feet of air, making allowance, less or
more, according to the surface of glass,
or the presence of opaque walls ; or,
in other words, taking the square foot
of glass, it would require a foot of four-
iuch pipe for every six feet of glass ; or
a foot of a common flue above the
ground for about ten or eleven feet of
glass.

J'eiiti lotion. — Means should be se-
cured for a thorough circulation of air
from the sashes in front, and the high-
est point in the roof, as there the heat
will generally be the greatest. In cold
weather in winter, unless there are
means for heating the air before it en-
ters, the little given should be at the
top of the house, as thus the cold dry
' air would be heated and absorb tho
! moisture before reaching the bulk of
i the plants. When the air is very dry,
and the weather very cold, the less siir
that is given the better. In such cir-
cumstances, the heating medium should
be cool before the sun strikes upon the

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bouse, and then the sun-heat will raise
the house the less; and 10° or 20°, for
a short time, from sun-heat, is a very
different affair from having that increase
from artificial means. For greenhouse
plants, generally, in favourable weather,
too much air cannot be given, night or
day, from the middle of May to the
middle of September. For two months
preceding May, and subsequent to Sep-
tember, air should be given early in the
morning, even if it should be withdrawn
or reduced soon afterwards, or early in
the afternoon. In winter, unless the air
is very mild, it will be time enough to
give air by ten o'clock, and shut up be-
tween two and three. When the wea-
ther is very severe, one hour, or even
less, in the middle of the day, must be
sufficient. In dull, close weather, air
should be given, though a brisk fire
should be put on during the day, on
purpose. When, however, the green-
house is changed into a vinery, a place
for growing tender annuals, £c., the
forwarding of the growth of Camellias,
Epacris, Azaleas, &G., then the tempe-
rature in spring and summer must be
higher, and the atmosphere closer and
moister. By means of divisions, you
may have almost as many temperatures
and atmospheres in one house as you
please, by regulating the ventilation of
the different compartments. Slight
wooden moveable divisions we find ex-
tremely useful in pots, as we can then
give a peculiar treatment to one or any
number of lights at pleasure.

Firiiifi. — The heat from the furnace
merely extends vegetable tissues, that
from the sun expands and concentrates
them. No stoker should visit his furnace
without knowing the temperature of his
house, the temperature, of the external
atmosphere, the direction of the wind,
and the changes that have taken place
in a certain number of hours, and thence
calculate what will be the most likely
to happen. The minimum tempera-
ture should never be exceeded by fire-
heat during the night. More than suf-
ficient is not only waste, the plants are
drawn and dried, while less advantage
can be taken of the glorious light arid
heat which conies from the sun. For
dispersing damps, &c.,use a brisk little

j fire during the day and allow it to go

; out. In very dull, close weather in win-

j ter, such a fire often, if even for an

i hour, would be useful ; not for heat,

but for enabling us to give more air,

and causing a rapid circulation among

the plants.

Wateriny. — The rule is, water so as
I to reach every fibre of the plant's roots,
I and then wait until a similar repetition
| is necessary. A plant may want wa-
i tering twice a day in summer, and,
j perhaps, only twice a month in dull
weather in winter. From the end of
September to the middle of May, let
the temperature of the water used be
from f>° to 10° higher than the mini-
mum temperature of the house. From
the periods mentioned, making of course
due allowance for peculiar weather,
watering should be performed in the
morning ; in cold weather not too early.
Thus the stimulus of sun-heat, dimi-
nished though it be, meets the plants
when they have received their re-
fresher ; the extra moisture is parted
with before the evening comes, and
there is not that rapid cooling of the
soil by evaporation during the night.
During summer we reverse the lime of
watering, and perform the operation in
the afternoon and evening. Anything
that tends to cool the soil and the plant
is then, refreshing. By watering in a
bright morning, the moisture is exhaled
rapidly from the soil, as well as through
the foliage of the plant, which does not,
in consequence, receive the full benefit
of the watering, and, therefore, soon
requires a, fivsh supply. In llie even
ing the evaporating tendencies are ap-
proaching the minimum; the plant has
full time to absorb and refresh itself,
and thus is more able to stand the brunt
of the following dny.

Manure Wateriny. — Tbis should be
applied often, but weak and clear ; a
little quicklime added will effect the
clearing, at the expense of driving off a
portion of the ammonia. It is appli-
cable in almost any case where luxuri-
ance of plant is the chief object; where
size of bloom and compact, rather than
slender, growth, are the desideratum,
it should not be applied until the flow
er-buds appear.

GRE

[ 451

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Syringing. — This is a most valuable
mode of applying water, as it promotes
cleanliness, and is as necessary for re-
moving dust and incrustations from the
foliage as soap and water are for clean-
ing our own skins. In winter it should
be done at mid-day, when the sun
shines ; in spring and autumn, in the
morning ; in summer, chiefly in the
evening, though at that season we fre-
quently give them a dash several times
a day.

Pruning. — This is generally done
when the plant has finished flowering —
when we wish it to start into fresh
growth. Of course there are excep-
tions; without these exceptions the
nature of a plant and the mode of its
growth must be the basis for a system
of pruning. For instance, we cut down
the flowering shoots of an Epacris and
a Pelargonium; but we act very dif-
ferently both before and after in the
two cases. The Epacris is hard-wooded,
and if tolerably ripened it requires no
preparation. The long branches of
most kinds are cut in at once, and the
plant is then transferred to a closer
and warmer atmosphere to encourage
the formation of new shoots ; a cold
pit, kept close, is the thing; some
people, with great success, keep them
a couple of months in a plant stove.
Of course they are duly hardened, and
the wood ripened by autumn. On the
other hand, the stems of the Geranium
are soft and spongy ; if a very valuable i
kind, this will have been increased by
shading, to preserve the colour of the
flower. The plant altogether is at a
minimum as respects its possession of
organisable material; while, for the
sake of the old plant to be kept, and
the cuttings for seed from its stems, it
is desirable it should be at the maxi-
mum. The plants are, therefore, ex-
posed fully to the sun ; not a drop
more water is given than just to keep
the leaves from flagging ; and the
stems, instead of being soft and green,
become hard and brown, by parting
with their watery evaporations, and as-
similating fresh solid material. Many
other close-headed plants, such as the
Azalea, merely require, in general, the
stopping of a few of the strongest shoots.

Time of Pottiny. — This should gene-
rally be done after pruning, and when
fresh growth has taken place, because
it is advisable never to give more checks
to a plant at once than can be avoided.
When cut down, or pruned, the energies
in the stems and the un-mutilated, un-
touched roots, are at once put forth in
the production of fresh shoots. When
these are formed and forming, and the
plant is kept close for a time after
shifting, fresh roots will soon be formed
j through their agency, upon the same
I principle that roots are protruded from
a cutting of half-ripened wood under a
hand-glass.

Time for Cuttings. — Now we speak
merely in general terms. Other things
being equal, the older and harder the
wood of the cutting, the longer will it
be in striking. The younger the wood
is, provided it is just hard enough at
the base to possess a sufficiency of
organisable material, the sooner it will
strike ; if too soft and spongy it will
rot and damp off; hence the general
time for propagating is regulated by
the general time of pruning and fresh
growth taking place. Small side shoots,
from If to 3 inches in length, just
getting firm at the base, cut to a point
with a clean, sharp knife, or taken off
close to the older branch, and a few of
the lower leaves removed, will succeed
in the great majority of cases. It is
desirable to get them in in April or
May, in the case of slow growing
plants, to have them established before
winter. Wo shall merely add a few
requisites ; 1st, clean pots ; 2nd, secure
drainage by an inverted small pot in-
side a larger one, or by crocks so as to
fill it three-quarters full; '3rd, place
rough material or moss over the drain-
age to prevent the finer soil washing
through it ; 4th, cover it with an inch
or so of sandy soil, similar to what the
plants delight in, if a little charcoal is
added all the better, finishing with a
layer of pure sand, watering all Avell
and then allowing it to drain before in-
serting the cuttings ; oth, insert the
cuttings firmly, fill the small holes
made by the dibber with sand, dew all
over with the fine rose of a watering-
pot, allow the foliage to become dry,

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place each pot under a bell-glass or a j
number under a hand-light, and shade
from the sun, either in a corner of the |
greenhouse, or better still in a close j
frame or pit without any artificial heat !
being applied, at least none before the |
cutting begins to swell at its base, j
Some things may have bottom-heat at i
once, especially those that have been a !
little forced previously. Though shade j
be indispensable, yet as much light as |
the cuttings will endure must be given, |
increasing the quantity gradually.

Sowing Seeds. — This may be done at j
any time when the seeds are thoroughly
ripe. As it is of importance to have
the seedlings potted off and established
before winter, April and May are the
best periods in several circumstances.
Where there is no hotbed the latter
period will be the best, and even then,
for confining heat and moisture, the pot
should be covered with a bell-glass, or
a square of glass laid over it. Where
there is a hotbed, such as a cucumber
frame, the seeds may be sown a month
or six weeks earlier, and hardened off
as soon as they are fairly up and potted
off. In sowing, any light sandy soil
will do ; for all fine hairy-rooted plants
sandy peat is the best. The pots
should be nearly as well drained as for
cuttings, watered and allowed to drain
before sowing, as the less water they
have afterwards until they are up the
better. Hard seeds that have been
kept dry over the winter will vegetate
all the sooner for being steeped several
hours in warm water, say from L'3° to
14°. In covering the seeds the thick-
ness should be regulated by the size of
the seeds. Hence, for very small dusty
seeds, the surface of the fine soil should
be made smooth, the seeds evenly scat-
tered over it and slightly pressed in,
and then just dusted witli a little fine
sand, but in unpractised hands it is
safer to be content with the slight
pressing in, with a] clean round board
having a nail in the centre to hold by,
and then place a square of glass over
the pot, with moss or paper above to
shade until vegetation lias taken place.

After Treatment of Cuttings mid Seed-
I'UUJK. — This is almost identical. Neither '
cuttings nor seedlings, if at nil thick,

will thrive long in the cutting and seed-
ling pot. The sooner they are potted
off the better they will tbrive. Before
that, air must be given to prevent them
damping; first at night; next, night,
morning, and evening ; and lastly, when
roots are well formed, during the day
removing the glasses altogether from
the cuttings ; all this time, the little
moisture necessary must be carefully
given. The less it touches either the
stems or leaves, the better. When a
little advanced, dust them overhead
with a fine rose watering-pot, or a sy-
ringe, but be careful to have the foliage
dry before shutting up for the night. In
potting off tender plants that are very
small, three or four may be put round
the sides of a four-inch pot; a strong
growing one into such a pot at once.
In every such potting, and every time
that reshifting is necessary, a moist
close atmosphere is of importance for a
short time afterwards ; thus lessening,
by means of shading and syringing, the
evaporating processes until the roots
have begun to work in the new soil,
when air must be given, first gradually,
and ultimately plentifully.

GREEN MANURE is a mass of recently
growing plants dug whilst green and
fresh into the soil, for the purpose of
enriching it; and it is a rule without
any exception, that all fresh vegetable
matters so turned into the earth do
render it more fertile, and if plants are
grown upon the soil for this purpose,
the greater the amount of the surface
of leaves in proportion to that of roots
the better, because such plants obtain
a large proportion of their chief consti-
tuent,— the chief constituent of all
plants, carbon,— from the atmosphere :
they, therefore, return to the soil more
decomposing matter than they have
taken from it.

The putrefaction of the vegetables,
and the gases in that case emitted, says
Mr. Cuthbert Johnson, appear to be on
all occasions highly invigorating and
I nourishing to the succeeding crop.
During this operation, the presence of
water is essentially necessary, and is
most probably decomposed. The gases
produced vary in different plants; those
which contain gluten emit ammonia ;

ORE

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onions and a few others evolve phos- |
phorus ; hydrogen, carbonic acid gas, j
and carburetted hydrogen gas, with '
various vegetable matters, are almost ;
always abundantly formed. All these |
gases wlien mixed with the soil are \
very nourishing to the plants growing j
upon it. The observations of the
farmer assure us that they are so. He
tells us that all green manures cannot
be employed in too fresh a state.

8ca Weed is a species of greeu ma-
nure, for it ought to he employed whilst j
quite fresh. There are many species,
and they differ very essentially in. their
components. The Lumiinaria, those
long, tawny-green, ribbon-like algaa, so
common 011 our coasts, contain besides
vegetable matter a large proportion of
the salts of potash in addition to those
of soda ; whereas the Fuel contain none
of the salts of potash. All, however,
are excellent manures, and we know a
garden, near Southampton, very pro-
ductive, that for some years had no
other manure. It is particularly
good as a manure for potatoes. The
^HCUS vexictilosits, so distinguishable by
the bladders full of air embedded in its
leaves, is a very excellent manure. It j
contains, when dry, about eighty-four j
parts vegetable matter, thirteen parts '
sulphate of lime and magnesia, with a
little phosphate of lirne, and three parts
sulphate and muriate of soda.

GREXVI'LLEA conspi'cua. This is Pc-
largo'ninm conspi'cuum. ,nn rnyorg \

GREENWEED. Geni'sta pilo'sa, and
tincto'riu.

GREVI'LLEA. (Named after C. F.
Greville, a patron of botany. Nat, ord.,
Proteads [Proteacere]. Linn., ±-Tetran-
dna 1-Monogynia. Allied to Hakea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring,
or in the greenhouse, as soon as ripe ; cuttings
of the young shoots when ripened, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and when callused at the
base to have a slight bottom ; peat and loam,
with silver sand, and bits of charcoal, to keep
the soil open. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Ros-
tnarinifolia and acuminuta have stood out in
sheltered places, with little or no protection.
G. aca'nthi folia (Acanthu8-leaved\ 4. Purple.
June. 1824.

— acumina'ta (pointed - leaved). 4. Red.

April. 1805.

— aqutfo'lia (Holly-leaved). 1820.

~ d'ftpera (rough). 3. Pink. June, 1624.

G. asplenifo'lia (Asplenium-leaved). 5, Pink.
July. 1806.

— Bnue'ri (Bauer's). 4. Red. June. 1824.

— berberifu'lia (Berbery-leaved). 4. Red. June.

J821.

— bipinnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 1837-

— brachya'ntha (short-flowered). Purple.

— buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 6. Pink. June.

1790.

— Cale'yi (Caley's). 5. Red. June. 1830.

— cane'scens (hosty-leaved). 5. Green, tawny.

1824.

— ceratophy' Ha (horn-leaved). 1839.

— cine'rea (ashey-coloured). 4. Red. June.

1822.

— colli'na (hill). 4. Pink. June. 1812.

— conci'nna(nent). 4. Purple. June. 1821.

— eriosta'chya (woolly-spiked). Orange.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. 1837-

— Flinde'rsii (Flinder's). 3. Purple. June,

New South Wales. 1824.

— gibba'sa (swollen-stemmed) . 1821.

— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 4. White.

June. 1821.

— juniperi'na (Juniper-like). 4. Pink. June.

1822.

— Lawrenceu'nu (Mrs. Lawrence's). White.

183Q.

— linea'ris (narrow -leaved). 6. White. June.

1790-
a' Iba (white-flowered). 4. White.

June. 1/90.
incarnu'ta. (flesh-coloured). 4.

Flesh. June. 1/90.

— longifo'lia (long.leaved). Reddish yellow.

May.

— Mangle' sii (Mangles's).

— monta'na (mountain). 4, violet. June.

1822.

— mueronifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 3. Violet.

June. 1824.

— mucronula'ta (small -pointed -leaved}. 4.

Pink. June. 1809.

~-planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 2. Orange. June.
*823.

— puni'cea (scarlet). Purple. June. 1822.

— robu'sta (robust, or silk-oak). 5. Orange.

June. 1829.

— rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary-leaved). 4. Red.

June. 1824.

— seri'cea (silky). 6. Pink. June. 1790.

— stri'cta (erect). 4. Pink. June. 1820.

— stylo'sti(long-styleA). 9. Red. June. 1809-

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 4. Pale yel-

low. June. 1824.

— Thielemania'na (Thielemann's). Crimson.

1838.

— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Red. June.

1821.

GEI'AS. Anchovy Pear. (From grao,
to eat; the fruit being eatable. Nat.
ord., Barrlnytoniads [Barringtoniacese] .
Linn., 13-Polyandria \-Monoijyniu. Al-
lied to Gustavia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich sandy
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 55°.
G. cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 50. White;

Jamaica, 1768.

GRI

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GEO

GRIE'LUM. (From griehtm, old look-
ing ; referring to the gray hoary aspect
of the plants. Nat. ord., Roseworts
[Rosacese], Linn., 13-Polyandria 4-
Tetragynia. Allied to Neurada.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial from the
Cape of Good Hope, all having yellow flowers.
Division of the roots in spring; rough sandy
soil well drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
G. humifu'sum (trailing). 1. May. 1825.

— lacinia'tum (jagged). £. August. 1825.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved) . 2. May. 1780.

GRLFFI'NIA. (Named after W. Grif-
fin, Esq., a patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceee], Linn., 0-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Eucrosia in leaf, and to Lycorus in the
flower.)

Stove bulbs from South America. Seeds in a
hot-bed, either when ripe or early in spring,
and young offset bulbs ; peat and loam, with
plenty of sand, and a little dried leaf-mould.
Temp., when growing, 60° to 80°, with plenty
of moisture ; when at rest, 40° to 50°, and dry.
G. hyaci'nthina (violet-colored) . 1 . Blue. July.
1815.

— interme'dia (intermediate) . %. Blue. April.

1823.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. Pale pur-

ple. August. 1815.

GRINDE'LIA. (Named after H. Grin-
del, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., IQ-Syn-
(jenesia 2-Superflua.)

Half-hardy plants, all with yellow flowers,
and from Mexico, except when otherwise men-
tioned. Ciliata is a hardy biennial, by seeds
sown in autumn, or early in spring, under pro-
tection; herbaceous species by division and cut-
tings ; evergreens, cuttings in April of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp,, 40° to 48°.

HERBACEOUS.

G. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). I. August.
1822.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). l£. August. North

America. 1821. Biennial.

— sguarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. Mis-

souri. 1811.

EVERGREEN.

G. Coronopifo'lia (Coronopus-leaved). l£. Au-
gust. 1826.

— Duva'lii (Duval's). l£. August. 1820.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 2. 1803.

— Inuloi'des (Inula-like). l£. August. 1815.

— Lambe'rtii (Lambert's). 2. August. 1816.

— spatula'ta (spatulate). l£. August. 181Q.

GRI'SLEA. (Named after G. Grisley,
a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Loosestrifes [Lythracea?]. Linn., 8-
Octandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Cu-
phea)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings in April of
firm young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, in heat ; peat and loam, fibry and sandy.
Summer temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 50° to 55°.

G, secu'nda (side-flowering}. 4. Pale pink.
Cumana. 1820.

— tomento'sa (downy). 3. Red. June. East

Indies. 1804.

GRO'BYA. (Named after Lord Grey
of Groby. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceee]. Linn., '20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria Allied to Huntleya.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; shal-
low basket, in sphagnum, fibry peat, and pot-
sherds. Summer temp., 60° to 90° when grow-
ing ; winter, when comparatively at rest, 55° to
60°, and dryish.

G. Amhe'rstice (Lady Amherst's). £. Ochre
spotted. September. Brazil'. 1829-

— galea'ta (helmeted). Green, purple. July.

Brazil. 1836.

GROTTO, is a resting place, formed
rudely of rockwork, roots of trees, and
shells, and is most appropriately placed
beneath the deep shade of woods, and
on the margin of water. Its intention
is to be a cool retreat during summer.

GROUND CHERRY. Ce'rasus Cha~
mcece'rasus.

GROUND CISTUS. Rhodode' ndron Cha-
mced'stus.

GROUND IVY. Ne'peta glecho'ma.

GROUND SENNA. Ca'ssiaCliamcecri'sta.

GROVE, is a moderately extensive
association of trees without underwood.
The most fitting character of a grove
is beauty ; for line trees are lovely ob-
jects, and a grove is an assemblage of
them, in which every individual retains
much of its own peculiar elegance, and
whatever it loses is transferred to the
superior beauty of the whole. To a
grove, therefore, which admits of end-
less variety in the disposition of the
trees, differences in their shapes and
their greens are seldom very important,
and sometimes they are detrimental.
Strong contrasts scatter trees which are
thinly planted, and which have not the
connexion of underwood; they no longer
form one plantation ; they are a number
of single trees. A thick grove is not
indeed exposed to this mischief, and
certain situations may recommend dif-
ferent shapes and different greens for
their effects upon the surface. The eye,
attracted into the depth of the grove,
passes by little circumstances at the

GRO

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GUI

entrance ; even varieties in the form of
the line do not always engage the at-
tention, they are not so apparent as in
a continued thicket, and are scarcely
seen if they are not considerable.

GRYLLOTA'LPA. See Mole CrikL'i.

GUAJA'CUM. (The aboriginal name
in South America. Nat. ord., Bean-
capers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., 10-
Decandria \-Monoqynia. )

The Guaiacum bark of G. officinale is well
known for its medicinal properties. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in
April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
brisk bottom heat ; rich sandy fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
G. arbo'reum (tree). 30. Blue. Trinidad. 1816.

— qfficina'le (shop). 40. Blue. August.

West Indies. 1694.

— vertica'le (vertical). 8. Blue. West In-

dies. 1820.

GUAXO. See Dungs.

GUA'REA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Meliads [Meliacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ca-
rapa.)

Stove evergreen trees. Same culture as for
Guajacum.

G. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. White.
June. South America. 1752.

There are two other species, G.
ramiflo'ra and Swa'rtzii.

GUATTE'RIA. (Named after Guatteri,
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anonads,
[Anonacese], Linn., l'3-Polyandria 6-
Polygynia. Allied to Anona.)

The flowers of G. virgata are exceedingly |
sweet. Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cut- i
tings of half ripened shoots in April, as for |
Guajacum.

G. cerasoi'des (Cherry- like). 16. Green. East '
Indies. 1820.

— laurifo'lin (Laurel - leaved). 8. White.

Jamaica. 1818.

— ru'fa (reddish). 3. Brown. July. China.

1822.

— subero'sa (cork-barked). 8. White. East

Indies. 1820.

— virga'ta (twiggy. Lancewood). 30. White.

Jamaica. 1793.

GUAVA (Psi'dium Cattleya'mim). This
evergreen shrub is not generally cul-
tivated for the sake of its fruit, but it
is deserving of some encouragement
where hothouse room is plentiful. Its
fruit, in size and appearance, somewhat
resembles a small Orleans plum, and
of a dull purple colour; it is juicy, and
in flavour somewhat resembles a straw-
berry.

Propagation is effected by cuttings,
layers, and seeds.

Soil. — Two parts of loam and one
part peat.

Culture. — It requires the ordinary
culture given to evergreen shrubs in
our stoves. As soon as the plants
attain a little age they bear abundantly
and in a long succession, often pro-
ducing fruit through the Avinter. They
will succeed very well in a comfortable
conservatory, but a climate of an in-
termediate character will suit them
best, as they enjoy a moderate amount
of heat. They occasionally require
the pruner's assistance in thinning-out
crowded or cross shoots, when such
occur, and in pinching the tops from
those which become over luxuriant.

Fruit. — It is used for the dessert, and
making jelly.

GUAZU'MA. Bastard Cedar. (The
aboriginal name in Mexico. Nat. ord.,
Byttneriads [Byttneracese]. Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia l-Decandria. Allied to
Theobroma.)

The fruit of G. ulmifolia is full of a sweet
agreeable pulp. Stove evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots, and general treatment
as for Guajacum.

G.polybo'trya (many-racemed). 12. Yellow.
Brazil. 1816.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Cumana. 1820.

— ulmifo'lia (Elm-leaved). 40. Yellow. Ja-

maica. 1739.

GUELDER ROSE. Trirbu'rn/un o'pulus.

GUERNSEY LILY. Neri'ne sarnie'nsis.

GUETTA'RDIA. (Named after E.
Gueltard, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 21
Moncecia Q-Hcxandria.}

Stove evergreen trees. General treatment as
for Guajacum.
G. hirsu'ta (hairy). 20. Peru. 1820.

— lu'cida (shining). 20. Jamaica. 1818,

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 10. Red. Jamaica.

1818.

— rugo'sa (wrinkly-tefli-erf). 20. West Indies.

1/93.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Jamaica. 1820.

— sca'bra (scaly). 20. White. West Indies.

1818.

— specio'sa (showy-flowered). 20. Scarlet. East

Indies. i/71.

GUILANDI'XA. Nicker Tree. (Named
after M. Guilandina, a Prussian bota-
nist. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Poinciana.)

GUI

[ 456 ]

GYM

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds in a hotbed !
in spring; cuttings, &c., as for Guajacum.
G. Bo'ndue(Bonduc). 10. Yellow. India. 1640. j

— Bonduce'lln (small Bonduc). 8. Yellow. East j

Indies. 1/00.

— tnicrophy'llu (small-leaved). East Indies.

GUINEA PEACH. Sarcoce'phahis.

GUINEA PLUM. Parina'riumtwe'lsinn. \

GUM AMMONIAC. Durc'ma ammoni'a- \
cum.

GUM ARABIC TREK. Aca'cia Ara'blca.

GUM CISTUS. Ci'stus ladanl'j'erus.

GUM ELEMI THEE. A'myrls Plu-
mic'ri.

GUM LAC TREE. BH' tea f rondo' sa.

GUM SENEGAL TREE. Aca'cia Senega' I.

GUM TREE. 'Eucaly'ptus robu'sta.

GUMMING. See Extravasatcd Sap.

GUSTA'YIA. (Named after Gusta-
vns III. of Sweden. Nat ore!., Bar-
rinytoniads [Barringtoniacefe]. Linn.,
\Q-Monadelphhi S-Polyandriu.)

There are several species of these fine stove
evergreens not yet in cultivation. Cuttings of
ripe shoots, sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; rich loamy soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°. G. au-
giifstu is a splendid low evergreen tree, some-
thing like a myrtle or a Barringtonia.
G. aiigu'sta (august). 10. White. Guiana. 1794.
—fastuo'sa (disdainful). 20. White. May.
Guiana. 1824.

GUZMA'NNIA. (Named after A. Guz-
man, a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Bromdworts [Brorneliaceso], Linn.,
C)-Hcxandria l-Monoyyuia. Allied to
Bonapartea.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers ; rich
soil. Stove temp., 6i)° to 80°; winter, 55° to
60°.

G. tricolor (three-coloured). 1. Green, scarlet.
April. South America. 1820.

GYMNE'MA. (From yyinnos, naked,
and tiema, a filament; in reference to
the stamens. Nat. ord., Asclcpiads
[Asclepiadacece]. Linn., b-Pcntandria
2-l)i(jyitict. Allied to Stephanotis.)

G. lactifenim is the Cow Plant of Ceylon, the
milk of which is used as food by the natives.
Stove evergreen twiners, with yellow flowers.
Cuttings of stiff young side-shooti, in May, in
sand, under a hell-erluss, in heat ; tibry loam
and sandy peat, welfdrained. Summer temp.,
00° to 80°; winter, 50° to 58°.
G. tenaci'ssimum (most tenacious). 8. East
Indies. 1806;

— ti'iiqens (staining). 8. July. East Indies.

1823.

GYM.NO'CLADT-S, Kentucky Coffee
Tree. (From <tymiws, naked, and

Mados, a branch ; in reference to the
soft young wood, devoid of buds. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea-].
Linn., '2^-Dimcia O-Dccandrla. Allied
to Parkinsonia.)

Hardy deciduous tree. By imported seeds
and cuttings of the roots, keeping the part
nearest the surface uppermost; deep mellow
loam. The tree has a peculiar dead-like ap-
pearance in winter, as the buds are incon-
spicuous, but has a line effect in summer with
its very large green leaves.
G. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. White. Canada.
1748.

, GYMNODI'SCUS. (Fromgymnos, naked,
and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-£f/H</e«e~,
sla k-Necessaria. Allied to Othonna.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in March or April, in
any common soil.

G. capilla'ris (hair-like). Yellow. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.

(TYJMNOGRA'MMA. (From^j/mwoA1, naked
and yramma, writing ; in reference to
the spore cases. Nat. ord., Polypods
[PolypodiaceeeJ. Linn., 2±-Crypto<jamla

Beautiful stove ferns, with brown spores, ex-
cept where otherwise stated. Division of the
plant ; and spore cases from the fronds scattered
freely on rough peat, in a pot, and covered with
a square of glass, before being placed in a damp,
warm, shady, place ; peat and loam, most of
the former, with a little silver sand. Summer
temp., (50° to 85°, a little shade ; winter, 50° to
60°, and rather dry.

G, calomela'nos (beautiful-black). 2. July.
West Indies. );yo.

— charophy' tin (Chervil-leaved). £. June.

Brazil. 1825.

— chr>/sof>/ii/'l!<i (golden-leaved). 1. July.

West Indies. 1824.

— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 1. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1838.

— falcu'ta (sickle-shaped). May. West Indies.

— hy'ltridu (hybrid). May. South America.

— Jnoa'nif'a (Javanese). 'May. Java.

— leptophii'lla (slender-leaved). 1. July. South

Europe. 181Q.

— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Brazil.

1824.

— ochra'cea (yellow). 1. Yellow. March.

Buenos Ayres.

— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). $. June. New

Spain. 1822.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. July. Peru. 1822.

— rtt'fa (red-huired). £. June. Jamaica.

1793.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). 1. July.

Jamaica. 1808.

— t'arta'rea (infernal). 1. August. West

Indies. 1817.

— tomento'sa (downy). Brazil. 1831.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 2k July. Jamaica.

18H):

GYM

C 407

GYP

O.vetti'ta (clothed). Yellow. May. West

Indies.
- villo'sa (shaggy). June. Brazil. 1836.

GYMNO'PSIS. (From yymnos naked,
and opsis, like; naked-looking grains.
Nat. ord., (Composites [ Asteraceae] .
Linn., IQ-Synycnesia X-Fmstranea.)

Same as Gymnolo'mia. Stove evergreen
shrubs with yellow flowers. Cuttings ot half
ripened shoots, in spring or summer, in sand,
under a bell glass, and in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 75°; winter, 50° to -55°.
jljueulutu is very pretty.

G. conna'ta (joined). 4. October. Brazil.
1821.

— macula' ta (spotted). 3. June. West

Indies. 1821.

— tripline'rvia (triple-nerved). 3. October.

New Spain. 1825.

GYXNO'PTERIS. (From yymnos, naked,
and pteris, a fern. Nat. ord., Polypods
[Polypodiaceee]. Linn., ^-i-Cryjitoyamia
l-Fllices.}

Stove ferns. Treatment similar to Oymno-
gramma.

G. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). Brown, yel-
low. July. 1831.

— axilla'ris (axillary-spored). Brown, yellow.

June. Isle of Luzon.

— nicotianifo'lia (Tobacco-leaved). . Brown.

July. West Indies. 1843.

— normu'lis (normal). Brown, yellow. June.

Samarcand.

— ophioglossoi'des (adder's-tongue). Brown.

July. West Indies.

— platyrhy'nchos (broad-tip). Brown. West

Indies.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). Brown. West

Indies. 1840.

— subrepu'nda (slightly-waved-teai'«f). Brown,

yellow. June. Isle of Luzon.

— taccfffo'lia (Yew-leaved). Brown, yellow.

June. East Indies.

— triloba'ta (three-lobed). Brown, yellow.

August. Isle of Luzon.

GYMNOSPHJE'KA. (From^mwos, naked,
nnd sphaira, a globe ; rei erring to the
spore cases. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly-
podiacepe], Linu., %-L~Cryptoy(imia 1-
Filices.)

Stove fern. Treatment similar to Gymno-
gramma.

G. squamula'ta (scaly). Brown, yellow. April.
Malacca.

GYMNOSTA'CHYS. (From yymnos,
naked, and stachys, a, spike. Nat. ord.,
Orontlads [Orontiaeese]. Linn., 4-7V-
Irandrla 1 • Monofl-ynia. Allied to Acorus.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Suckers
and divisions ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
55° to 75° ; winter, 40° to 50°.
«. a'nceps (two-edged), 1. June. New Hoi-
land. 1820.

GYNANDEO'PSIS. (From g-yne, female,
andros, a male, and opsis, like ; referring
to the appearance of the stamens as if
borne on the style. Nat. ord., Cappa-
rids [Capparidacese]. Linn., 15- 2V-
tradynamia. Allied to Cleome,)

Hardy annuals, seed in the open border in
April, or in a slight hotbed in March, and
transplanted ; Tender annual and biennial in
a hotbed, in March, potted and flowered in the
greenhouse ; rich sandy loamy soil.

STOVE.

G. pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 2. White. July.
East Indies. 1640. Annual.

— specio'sa (showy). 3. White. July. Car-

thagena. 1818. Biennial.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. eandela'brum (chandelier). 1. Red. July.
South America. 1824.

— pulche'lla (neat). 1. White. June. Ma-

ranhatta. 1825.

— smj7//?o'm (stalkless-flowered). 1. White.

July. West Indies. 1820.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 1. White. July.

West Indies. 181 6.

GYPSO'PHILA. (From gypsos^ chalk,
and phileo, to love ; in reference to the
soil most suitable for them. Nat. ord.,
Cloveworts [Caryophylacete]. Linn.,
10-Decandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Sa-
ponaria.)

Both annuals and perennials by seed, and the
latter also by division ; common garden soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

G. tene'lla (delicate). 1. White. July. Europe.
1816.

— visco'sa (clammy). l£. White. June

Levant. 1//3.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

G. e'legans (elegant). 1. White. July. Crimea.

1828.
—fastigia'ta (peaked). 1$. White. June.

Germany. 1/59,

— glau'ca (milky-green;. 1$, White. August.

Caucasus. 1822.

— glbmera'ta (crowded). 1. Pale red. July.

Tauria. 1818.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 1. White. August.

1831.

— perfolitt'ta (le&f-pierced) . 2. Flame, July.

Spain. 1732.

— prostra'ta (trailing). 1. Red. August.

Siberia. 1759.

— re'pens (creeping). $. Striped. August.

Siberia. 17/4.
j — ri'gida (stiff). 5. Pink. July. France.

1769. Trailer.
I —sabulo'sa (sandy). l£. White. July. Tauria.

1817.

— sali'gna (willowy). Pink. June. Europe.

1837.

— Saxi'fraga (Saxifrage). $. Pink. July,

Germany. 17/4. Trailer.

GYP

[ 458 ]

HAB

G. spino'sa (spiny). Pink. June. Persia. 183;.

— Steve'ni (Steven's). 2. White. July. Iberia.

1822.

— Stru'thium (Struthium). 2. White. July.

Spain. 1729.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved) . 1 . Red. July.

Caucasus. 1824.

GYPSUM, or Plaster of Paris, is a sul-
phate of lime, composed of — Sulphuric
acid, 43 ; lime, 33 ; water, 24. It has been
employed advantageously as a manure
to clover, the turnip, and potato, at the
rate of 3 cwt. per acre. Potato sets are
frequently rolled in it when pulverized.
It has been recommended to be sprinkled
in stables, and to be mixed with dung--
hills, " to fix the ammonia," as it is
popularly termed. All the ammonia
lost in fumes from a dunghill might be
more readily and as cheaply restored
to it by mixing with it, when dug into
the soil, a little of the ammoniacal
liquor from the gas works.

H.

HABENA'RTA. (From habena, a rein,
referring to the long strap-shaped spur.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn.,
2Q-Grynandria I-Monandria. Allied to
Gymnademia.)

Some will grow in peaty soil in the open
border, if kept a little protected, and somewhat
dry in winter; others are stove orchids, requir-
ing peat and loam, and treatment similar to a
Bletia. Divisions of the root. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; rest period, in winter, 50° ; and
when starting into flower, 70°.

HARDY.

H. bifo'lia (two-leaved). White. June. Bri-

tain.
— pro'cera (tall-stemmed). 2. Green. Au-

gust. North America. 1822.

H. ala1 to, (winged). £. Yellow. June. West
Indies. 1823.

— corda'ta (heart-shaped). Green. Madeira.

1830.

— • ca'ndida (white-flowered). 1. White. July.

Sierra Leone. 1844.

— fla'va (yellow). Yellow. July. Australia.

1823.

— gigante'a (gigantic). 4. Green, white.

July. Bombay. 1834.

— - Goodyeroi'des (Goodyera-like). 1. White.

December. Bombay. 1834.

— gra'eilis (slender). 1$. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1823.

— lepto'ceras (slender- horned). l£. Green,

yellow. October. 1824.

— Linde'nii (Linden's). White. August.

Caraccas.

H. longicau'da (long-tailed). Greenish white.
Demerara. 1830.

— macro' ceras (large-horned). 2. White.

June. West Indies. 1825.

— maculo'sa (small-spotted). White. Sep-

tember. Nerida.

— marginu'ta (bordered). £. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— membrana'cea ( skinny ). July. Sierra

Leone. 1826.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). £. Pale

yellow. June. New Holland. 1824.

There are several other species.

HABIT is the appearance or mode of
growth. Thus a Verbena may be of
straggling or shrubby compact habit.
This habit is much influenced by soil
and cultivation. Thus Buxus semper-
virens in a poor soil is dwarfish, but in
a rich soil becomes tree-like. The term
habit is applied to the power a plant
possesses of vegetating earlier or later,
when once accustomed to do so. Thus,
a vine once forced to break early will
retain the habit of doing so the follow-
ing year, though not forced.

HABITAT. The native place of a
plant.

HABRA'NTHUS. (From habros, deli-
cate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
AmaryUids [Amarylliclacese]. Linn., 0-
Hexandria l-Monoyynia, Allied to
Phycella and Zephyranthes.)

The Habranthi are natives of dry gravelly
places, and are half-hardy with us, but retain-
ing their leaves in winter ; if in an open border,
they require a glass covering ; they flower with-
out the leaves after a period of rest. Offsets,
and seeds which are produced often freely, and
which should be sown when gathered, or care-
fully saved until the following spring, and then
have the assistance of a hotbed ; sandy loam
and a little peat.

H. angu'stus (narrow). $. Red. August.
Brazil. 1822.

— Anderso'ni (Anderson's). 1. Yellow, red.

May. Mount Video. 1829.
au'reus (golden). Yellow. June.

South America. 1829.
cu'preus (coppery). Brown. June.

South America. 1829.
Texa'nus (Texian). 1. Yellow.

Texas. 1834.

— Bugno'ldi (Bagnold's). 1. Yellow. Octo-

ber. Chili. 1829.

— bi'fidus (two-cleft), j}. Pink. June. Buenos

Ayres. 1823.

— cn'ncolor (one-coloured-^oweraZ). Straw.

April. Mexico. 1844.

— gracilifo'lius (slender-leaved). £. White.

January. South America. 1821.

Boothia'nus (Booth's). £. Pink.

October. Buenos Ayres. 1836.

— Hespe'rius (western). Straw. June. South

America. 1807.

HAB

[ 459 ]

H. interme'dlus (intermediate). Red. February.
Brazil. 1827-

— kermesi'mus (crimson). Crimson. July.

Brazil.

— lorifo'lius (strap-leaved). £. Pink. July.

South America. 1821.

— minia'tus (red-flowered}, 1. Red. June.

Chili. 1832.

— no'bilis (noble). Crimson. October. Brazil.

1844.

— pa'llidus (pale-flowered'). 1. Pink. June.

Valparaiso. 1830.

— phycelloi'des (Phycella-like). 3- Scarlet.

September. Chili. 1805.

— prate'nsis (meadow). 1. Scarlet, yellow.

May. Chili. 1840.

quadriflo'rus (four - flowered). 1 .

Crimson, yellow. May. Chili. 1841.

— pu'milus (dwarf). £. Red. September.

Chili. 1831.

— robu'stus (robust). 1. Red. June. Buenos

Ayres. 1827-

— ro'seus (rosy). £. Rose. June. Chiloe. 1827.

— spatha'ceus (/«rg-e-spathed). £. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1825,

— versi1 'color (changeable-coloured). £. Pink.

September. South America. 1821.

HABROTHA'MNUS. (From habros, gay,
and thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacese]. Linn., b-Penlan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Cestrium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Mexico.
H. fasciculatus grown against a conservatory
wall, on an east or west aspect, is not surpassed
by any in the Mexican flora. The sun is too
powerful for the flowers on a south aspect ; it
flowers on last year's wood, and should not be
pruned till after the flowers fade. They may
be grown as specimens, or against pillars. Cut-
tings of firm side shoots, taken off when the
plant is growing, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and placed in a mild bottom-heat; loam and
peat, lightened with sand and charcoal. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

H. corymbo'sus (corymbed). 4. Rose. March.
Mexico. 1844.

— cya'neus (blue-flowered). 5. Violet blue.

March. Mexico. 1844.

— e'legans (elegant). 4. Carmine. January.

Mexico. 1844.

— fascicula'tus (cluster-flowered). 5. Crimson.
March. Mexico. 1843.

— purpu'reus (purple-flowered). Purple. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1844.

— tomento'sus (downy). 4. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1844.

HACQUE'TIA. (In honour of B.
Hacquct, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Umbellifers [Apiacese], Linn., b-Pen-
tandria l-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division ; peat
and loam. Does best in a pot among Alpines.
H. Epipa'ctis (Epipactis). £. Yellow. April,
Alps. 1823.

HJEMADI'CTYON. (From haima, blood,
and diktyon, a net ; referring to the

veins in the leaves. Nat. ord., Dog-
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to Prestonia.)
Yellow-flowered stove evergreen twiners from
the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat; loam and peat, both fibry and
sandy. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

H. subere'ctum (nearly-erect). July. 1759-
— veno'sum (red-veined). 20. July. 1821.

HJEMA'NTHTJS. Blood Flower. (From
haima, blood, and anthos, a flower ; re-
ferring to the colour of the spathe and
I filaments of some species. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese]. Linn.,
6 -Hexandrla 1 -Monogynia. )

Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. Chiefly valued for
their leaves, and the markings on the flower
scape. Except multiflorus they will all live in
I a border, with a glass covering in winter, pro-
tected from frost. Under such treatment they
rest in summer, and grow in winter. Offsets ;
sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little dried cow-
dung.

H. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). 1. White. June.
1791.

— amarylloi'des (Amaryllis-like). |. Pink. Au-

gust. 1825.

— ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). £. Pink. June.

1819-
i — carina'tus (keel-leaved). £. Pink. August.

1759.
I — coarcta'tus (straitened). 1. Pink. February.

1795.
j — cocci'neus (scarlet). 1. Red. September.

1629.
i — cra'sslpes (thick -leaf- stalked). 4. Red.

June. 1820.

; — hu'mills (low). <fc. Scarlet. September. 1825.
i — hyaloca'rpus (glass-fruited). 1. Red. July.

1822.
I — lancetzfo'lius (spear-head-leaved). 1. Red.

October. 1794.

j — macula'tus (spotted-leaved). 1. June. 1790.
I — magni'ficus (splendid). 1 j. Scarlet. July.

1838.

' — moscha'tus( musk-scented). 1. Red. Sep-
tember. 1816.
j — multiflo'rus (many-flowered). 1. Scarlet.

June. Sierra Leone. 1783. Warm

greenhouse.

— orbicula'ris (globe-shaped). J. White. July.

1820.

— pumi'lio (dwarf). £. Pink. August. 1789.
: —pube'scens (downy). 1. White. July. 1774.
i — puni'ceus (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. June. 1722.

— quadriva'lvis (four-valved). 1. Flame. Sep-

tember. 1790.

— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 1. Scarlet.

July. 1790.

i — sangui'neus (bloody) . 1. Crimson. Au-
gust. 1820.

! — tenuiflo'rus (slender-flowered). 1. Bright
red. April. Mozambique. 1839.

nus (t: "-j» * m

1790.

ILEM

[ 400

HAL

'xYLON. Logwood. (From
haima, blood, and xylon, wood. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece].
Linn., \0-Dcccuidria \-Monoyipiia.}

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a hell-glass,
in heat ; and seeds steeped before sowing, and
then placed in a hotbed in spring ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48°
to 55°.

H. Campechia'num (Campechy). 20, Yellow.
South America. 1/24.

H.I-'.MODO'EUM. Bloodroot. (From
tuii ma, blood, and doron, a gift ; refer-
ring to the roots being eaten by the
natives of Australia. Nat. ord,, mood-
Roots [Hsemodoraceas]. Linn,, :}-2Vi-
andrla '2-Diyynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants from Australia,
with orange flowers. Division of the roots, as
growth commences in spring ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 35° to 40°.
H. planifo'lium (flat-leaved). 1$. August 1810.

— teretifo'lium (round -leaved). 1. August.

1822.

HA-HA is a sunk fence, being placed
at the bottom of a deep and spreading
ditch, either to avoid any interruption
to, an expanse of surface, or to let in a
desired prospect. As all deceptions
are unsatisfactory to good taste, and as
when viewed lengthwise these fences
are formal and displeasing, they ought
never to be adopted except in extreme
cases. ijwoft !

HAUL See Animal Matters.

HA'KEA. (Named after Baron Hake,
a German patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
P rote ads [Proteaceae]. Linn., ±-Te-
trandria 1-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen New Holland shrubs,
all with white flowers, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots well
ripened, in sand over peat, and under a bell-
glass, kept cool until a callus is formed, and
then placed in a mild bottom-heat ; peat two
parts, and one of loam, with sufficiency of sand
and broken freestone and pieces of charcoal to
keep the compost open. Winter temp., 35° to
45°. A shady place out of doors in the very
height of summer.
H. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 3. June. 1/90.

— acarithophy'lla (prickly-leaved). 3. 1821.

— Ba! uteri (Baxter's). 1830.

— curutophy'lla (horn-leaved). 4, Brown.

June. 1824.

— cine'rea (grey-teawd). 5. June. 1803.

— cluca'ta (club-leaved). 5. July. 1824.

— cristu'ta (crested). 1837,

— cuqulivta (hooded). 4. June. 1824.

— dactyloi'des rDactylis-like). 7. July. 1/90.

— denticulafta (small-toothed). 183?.

HM echinu'ta (hedgehog). 3. June. 1S24.

— epiglo'ttis (windpipe-valved). 4. May. 181 9.

— fle'xilis (pliant). 4. 1824.

— flo'rida (flowery). 5. 1803.

— gibbo'sa (swollen-fruited). 7. May. 1790.

— glabe'lla (smoothish).

— Uicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). 4. August. 1803.

— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 4, 1825,

— lani'gera (woolly). 3£. June. 1820.

— latifo'liu (broad-leaved). 4. 1825.

— liueu'ris (narrow-teamZ). 4. May. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved), 3. 1825.

— marginu'ta (bordered). 4. July. 1824.

— mi'xtu (mixed).

— myricatfo'lia (Gale-leaved). 1833.

— ni'tida (glossy). 5. June. 1803.

— nodo'sa (knotted). 1824.

— obli'qua (unequal -flowered}. 6. May, 1803.

— oleifo'lia (Olive-leaved). 5. June. 1/Q4.

— pectina'ta (comb-like). 4. May. 1810.
—• pugionifo'rmis (dagger- formed). 6. 1/96.

— repa'nda (wavy-leaved). 4. June. 1824.

— ruscifo'lia (Ruscus-leaved). 4. July. 1824.

— sail' gnu (Willow-leaved). /. April. 1/91.

— suave' olens (sweet-smelling). 4. 1803.

-*- subuhi'ta, (awl- shaped -leaved). 4. May,
1824.

— sulca'ta (futravredi-leaved) . 4. May. 1820.

— trtfo'rmis (three-form).

— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 5. June. 1824.

— tubercula'ta (knotted). 1830.

— ulici'na (Furze-Hke). 4. 1824.

— undula'ta (wavy-leaved) . 3. June. 1803.

— vu'ria (Trariable). 3, July. 1825.

— Victo'ria; (Queen Victoria's). White, yellow.

HALU'SIA. Snowdrop Tree. (Named
after Dr. Hales author of Vegetable
Statics. Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Sty-
racaceae]. Linn., \l-Dodecandria 1-
Moiioyynia.}

Hardy deciduous shrubs ; by seed in spring,
by layers and cuttings of the roots in spring
and autumn ; require a deep, sandy, moist soil
to grow them to a large healthy size.
H. tetra'ptera (four-winged). White. 10. May.
Carolina. 1/56.

— parvijto'ra (small-flowered). White. 8. May.

North America. 1822.

— di'ptcra (two-winged). 6. White. April.

North America. 1/58.

HALK-HATIDY PLANTS are those which
require partial shelter, as in a cold pit
or frame, during the winter. Here
some attention is required to exclude
from them dampness and frost, but
especially the first.

HALIMODE'NDROX. Salt Tree. (From
halhnos, sea-coast, and dendron, a tree ;
referring to its native habitat. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 17-J)iadclphia ±-Dccandria. Al-
lied to Colutea.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, natives of Siberia.
Grafted standard high on the Laburnum it
forms one of the most graceful drooping trees

HAL

that can adorn a lawn. Seeds, cuttings, and
layers of the roots ; common soil, if sandy and
open all the better.

H. arge'nteum (silvery). 6. Pink. May. 1/79-
brachyse'ina .(short - standarded).

6. Pink. June.
• subvire'scens (pale-greenish). 6.

Pink. May.

HALLE 'RIA. (Named after Dr. Holler,
a botanist. Nat. ord., Fiyworts [Scro-
phulariacese] . Liun., \±~Di(lynamia '-2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Collinsia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass; rich sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 70°; winter, 35° to 45°,
with plenty of ventilation at both seasons.
H, eW'ptica (oval). 6. Scarlet. May. 1816.

— lu'cido, (shining-meowed). 6. Scarlet. May.

1/52.

HA'LTICA. See Black Flea.

HAMAME'LIS. Witch Hazel. (From
hama, together with, and mela, fruit ;
referring to the flowers and fruit being
on this tree at the same time. Nat.
ord., Witch Hazels [Hamamelidacese].
Linn., -i-Tetrandria 2-Digynia.}

Hardy deciduous shrubs from North America,
which produce their yellow flowers during the
winter, after the leaves have fallen. Cuttings
of the roots, layers, and seeds, the latter gene-
rally requiring two years to vegetate ; soil sandy
and moist ; male and female flowers generally
on separate plants ; the female flowers are the
most attractive.

H. mncrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. May. 1812.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. May. 1812.

HAMBURGH PARSLEY. (Petroseli' num
sat i' turn, var. lattfo'lium.)

Use. — This, known also by the name
broad-leaved and laryc-rooted Parsley,
is cultivated for its root, which attains
the size of a middling parsnip, boiling
exceedingly tender and palatable. It
is eaten both as a sauce to flesh meat,
and in soups, &c.

Sowing. — Sow at montbly intervals
from February until the middle of
June, thinly in drills nine inches apart.
The plants appear in about a month
after sowing, and require to be thinned
to nine inches asunder. Frequent
hoeing is the only cultivation required.
By the end of July, or during August,
the earliest sowings will have acquired
a sufficient size for occasional use ;
but the roots seldom attain their full
growth until Micheelmas ; and the
latest crops not until the following

I ] HAM

year. On the arrival of frost, some of
them must be taken up, and buried in
sand, in a dry situation under cover.

To save Seed. — Some plants must be
left where grown, and allowed to run in
May. Their produce will ripen in July
or August, then to be cut, dried, beat
out, and stored.

HAMF.'IJA. (Named after the cele-
brated botanist, Du Hami-I. Nat, ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacere]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.}

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in the beginning of summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. axilla' ris (axillary). 2. Yellow. August.
West Indies. 1822.

— chrysa'nthn (yellow-flowered). 8. Yellow.

November. Jamaica. 1822.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Scarlet. August.

Trinidad. 18ig.

— pa'tcns (spreading). 5. Yellow. July. His-

paniola. 1752.

— spJieeroca'rpa (round-fruited). 10. Orange.

July. Mexico. 1811.

— ventrico'sa. (much-swollen). 8. Yellow. Sep-

tember. West Indies. 1/78.

HAMILTO'XIA. (Named after Mr.
Hamilton, an American botanist. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacea^]. Linn.,
2'2-l)icccia 3-Triandria. Allied to Guet-
tarda.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with sweet-scented
flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
sand, under glass, and in a moist bottom-heat.
Summer temp., when growing, 60° to 80° ;
in winter, when at rest, 48° to 55° ; when in
bloom, 55°.

/f. mi'ira (scaly). Pale blue. January. Nepaul.
1823.

— suttve'olens (sweet-scented). White. Octo-

ber. East Indies. 1818.

HAMMATO'PHORA BUCE'PHALA. Buff-
tip Moth. This moth is from two to
three inches across the opened fore-
wings, which are silvery grey, with ft
slender black line across, and preceded
by a red one near the base of the
wings, several dusky bars in the middle,
and with a large oval cream-coloured
patch enclosing some small buft' spots ;
edged with a curved red line, preceded
by a black one ; the edges of the wings
varied, black, grey, and tawny red.
J Hind-wings whitish ; body bull', dark
1 brown at the sides, and behind. The
j caterpillars are yellow, with black legs,
I and several rows of interrupted black

HAM

HAR

stripes. Sometimes the green and
black most prevail, so that the yellow
seems to constitute the bands. They
are found whilst young, thirty or forty
together, on the leaves of the filbert
during August and September, but also
on the leaves of the elm, oak, &c. The
chrysalis is found in the earth ; it has
two small points at its tail.

HAMMERS for gardening purposes are
made with a clawed head, for drawing
as well as driving in nails. They are
made of five different sizes, No. 5
being the largest. Those are best with
a stud in the centre of the head, as
this acts as a fulcrum in drawing nails,
and prevents bruising any branch be-
neath the hammer during the opera-
tion.

HANBUEY. See Ambnry.

HAND-BARROW is best made of this
form : —

The cage below is useful for carrying
leaves and other litter ; and when the
close moveable cover is on, it serves as
a conveyance for plants in large pots
or tubs, which, when in flower or bear-
ing fruit, might be too violently shaken
in a wheelbarrow.

HAND-GLASS is a portable glass-case
used for sheltering cauliflowers and
Other plants in winter, and during
early spring, or to retain a regular
supply of moisture to cuttings or until
they are rooted. The most durable and
convenient are made with cast iron
framing of this form : —

They are sometimes made with move-
able tops as here represented, but the
only advantage it affords, is that

I several of the loAver portions may be

[ placed upon each other to protect any

j tall growing shrub in severe weather,

otherwise they are more troublesome

to move, and more liable to breakage

than if made entire.

HAND PLANT. Cheirostc'mon.
HAND-WEEDING might be banished
almost from the garden, if in the
kitchen department all crops were in-
serted in drills. This is most desirable ;
for the stirring of the surface con-
sequent to hoeing, is much more bene-
ficial to the crops, and cannot be re-
peated too frequently.

HANGING is when a plant is so badly
inserted by the dibble, that the lower
part of the roots are in an unfilled hole,
while the earth is pressed round their
collar, so as to keep them suspended
upright in their place.

HARDENBE'RGIA. (Named after the
Countess of Hardcnberg, in Germany,
sister to Baron Hugel. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous plants [Fabacesc], Linn., 17-
Diadclphia k-Decandria. Allied to Ken-
uedya. )

Greenhouse evergreen climbers from Aus-
tralia, with purple flowers, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of the young side
shoots, a little firm at their base, taken off in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed
in a close frame or pit without bottom-heat ;
peat two parts, loam one part, with sand, and a
little charcoal to keep the compost open. They
like a little shade in the middle of summer, and
a temperature of 40° to 48° in winter.
H, Comptonia'na (Compton's). 12. Purple,
lilac. March. 1803.

— rnrda'ta (heart- leaved}. April. 1820.

— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 10. April. 183p.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Scarlet.

April. 1835.

— monophy'lla (one-leaved). 10. April. 1/90.
longiracemo'sa (long-racemed).

10. April. 1828.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved}. 6. April. 1820.

HAKDENING-OFF. By this term gar-
deners intend the gradual preparation
of plants to endure exposure to a colder
and more airy situation. Thus, before
bedding-out geraniums, or ridging-out
cucumbers, in open beds, the plants
that have been nursed under glass are,
by degrees, exposed to more air and
less warmth, by opening the lights
widor, and for a greater length of time,
not only by day, but by night, until they
become inured to so low a temperature,

HAK

[ 463 ]

HAW

as to suffer no check by being placed
in the open ground.

HARDWI'CKIA. (Named after General
Hardwicke, of the East Indian Com-
pany. Nat. ord., Leguminous plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria I
Monogynia, Allied to Cynouietra.)

Stove evergreen trees, with yellow flowers,
from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots, in sandy soil, and in a brisk heat ; rich
sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; win-
ter, 50°.

H. bina'ta (twin-leaved). 40. March. 1820.
— pinna' ta (leafleted). 40. April. 1818.

HAEDY PLANTS are those which en-
dure uninjured our seasons without
protection.

HAREBELL. Campanula rotundifo'lia.

HARE sand BABBITS are deterred from
injuring trees and shrubs, by mixing
nightsoil and clay in water, and daubing
it over the stems, with a brush, in No-
vember ; and, if the winter proves very
wet, in February. The November dress-
ing is, however, generally sufficient.
This mixture has stopped their depre-
dations entirely, even when they had
commenced operations.

HARE'S-EAR. Buple'unnn.

HARE'S-FOOT. Ochro'ma lago'pus.

HARE'S-FEEN. Dava'llia canarie'nsis.

HARICOT. See Kidney Sean.

HARO'NGA. (From ronya, the name
in Madagascar. Nat. ord., Tutsans
[ Hypericaceas] . Linn., lX-Polyadelphia
2-Polyandria. Allied to Elodea.)

Evergreen stove shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots getting a little firm, in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, in heat; sandy loam and
peat. Summer temp., 6(1° to /0°; winter, 48°
to 55°.

H.Madagascarie'nsis (Madagascar). 10. Yellow.
July. Madagascar. 1825.

HARPA'LIUM. (From Harpalyce,

daughter of Lycurgus. Nat. ord.,

Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-

Syngenesia 3-Fruslmnea. Allied to
Helianthus.)

Hardy herbaceous plant. Division of the
plant in spring ; common soil.

H. ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. August. North
America.

HARRISO'NIA. (Named in honour of
Mrs. Harrison, of Liverpool, its intro-
ducer. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Ascle-
piadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Diyyuia.)

This is really a Baxteria. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings of the young shoots, a little
firm at their base, after fresh growth has com-
menced in spring, in sandy soil, under a glass,
in bottom-heat ; peat and sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. loniceroi'des (Lonicera-like). 6. Scarlet.
July. Brazil. 1825.

HARTO'GIA. (Named after J. Har-
loy, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Spindle Trees [Celastracese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Ela3odendron.)

Evergreen shrub from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of the ripe shoots, under a bell-glass,
or under a hand-light, and protected ; sandy
loam and peat. Usually grown in the green-
house, but will stand out of doors in elevated,
and yet sheltered places .
H. Cape'nsis (Cape). 6. July. 1800.

HART'S TONGUE. Scolope'ndrium.

HARTWE'GIA. (Named after M.
Hartweg, court gardener to the Em-
peror of Austria, once a botanical col-
lector for the Horticultural Society.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1 -Monandriu . )

Stove orchids. Division of the plant in
spring ; very fibry peat, potsherds, and char-
coal. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter 50°
to 55°.

H. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Purple. April.
Guatemala. 1840.

— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. August. Vera

Cruz. 1837.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1 .

Purple. June. Mexico. 1842.

HASSAGAY TREE. Curti'sia.

HATCHET-VETCH. Bise'rruta.

HAUTBOY or HAUTBOIS. See Straw-
berry.

HAWK-FLY. See Scee'va.

HAWKWEED. Hiera'chim.

HAWO'RTHIA. (Named in honour of
A. H. Haworth, Esq., a distinguished
English botanist.)

For culture, &c., see Aloe, of which it is a
section. They are all natives of the Cape of
Good Hope, and all have grey flowers.
H. a'lbicans (white-edged). 1. July. 1795.

— altili'nea (ridged-lined). £. August. 1824.

— angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). £. June.

1824.

— arachnoi'des (cobweb-like). 1. August. 1727-

— — mi'nor (smaller). 1. August.

1819.

— arista'ta (awned). 1. July. 1820.

— asperiu'scula (roughish). |. June. 1818.

— atrovi'rens (dark-green). 1. May. 1823.

— attenua'ta (attenuated). 1. July. 1/90.

— bre'vis (short). $. June. 1810.

— chloraca'ntha (green-spiued). £. August,

1820.

HAW

[404 ]

HEA

— ere'cta (erect-pearl}. 4. August.

— expa'nsa (expanded). 1. August.

— grana'ta (grained).

— hy'

H. claripe'rlu (clear-pearled). £. June. 1824.

— coarcta'ta (compressed), £. August. 1821.

— conci'nna (neat). £. August. 1823.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. June. 1817.

— cu'rta (short-twisted). £. July. 1816.

— cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). \. August.

1819-

— cymbifo'rmis (boat-formed). 3- June. 1795.

— denticula'ta (small-toothed). £. August.

1819.

1818.
pane). 1. ugust. 1795.

— fascia1 'tu (banded-pear/). $. August. 1818.

ma'^or (larger). £. July. 1820.

July. 1/35,
y'brida (hybrid). $. June. 1821.

— indura'tu (h&rd-branchy). £. June. 1820.

— lee'te-vi'rens (lively-green). $. August. 1819.

— ICE' vis (smooth-white-edged). $. August.

1820.

— li'tnpida (limpid). £. August. 1819.

— marguriti'fera (pearl-bearing). 1. July.

1739-

— mi' nor (lesser-pearl). 1. June.

— mira' bills (admirable. Cushion}, 2- July.

1795.

— multifa'ria (many-sided). $. July. 1824.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). $. July. 1820.

— mu'tica (blunt-cushion). £. July. 1820.

— ni'gricans (granulated-black}. £. August.

1822.

— ni'tida (shining). 1. July. 1825.

— obtu'sa (sjiiall-bliint). £. June. 1824.

— pa'llida (pale green} . $. June. 1820.

— planifo'lia (flat-leaved). £. April. 1824.

— papilto'sa (nippled). 1. June. 1820.

— semipupillo'sa (half-nippled). Ij.
June. 1820.

— pa'rva (small). £. May. 1821.

— pseu'do-tortuo'sa (slightly-twisted-£rmM#M-

lar}. 1. July. 1818.

— pu'mila (dwarf-cobweb). 1. May. 1752.

— ru'dula (file -surfaced -pearl). l£. May.

1805.

-- aspe'rior (rougher). 1. August. 1820.
-- la'vior (smoother). 1. August. 1825.

— • pluriperla'ta (many - pearled). 1.

August. 1820.

— rami'fera (branch - bearing). £. August.

1821.

— recu'rva (curled-back- leaved). 1. August.

1795.
•— Reinwu'rti (Reimvart's pearl). $. June.

1820.

• — reticula'ta (netted). £. June. 1794.
«— retu'sa (bent-back-etw/tion). 1. June. 1/20.

— sca'bra (rough). &. June. 1818.

— semimargariti'fera (half-pearl-bearing). 1.

April. 1819.

ma'jor (larger). 1. April,

1819.

April. 181Q.

multipcrla'ta
April. 1810.

(many

•mi'nor (smaller). 1. I

pearled). 1.

— scmiglabra'ta (half-smoothed). 3. June,

1811.

— -seta'ta (bristle-leaved). I. June. 1820.
-- ma'jor (larger). 1. July. 1820.
-- me1 din (mediate). 1. July. 1820.

- -- ni'gricans (blackish). 1. July. 1820.

— so'rdida (sordid). 4. July. 1820.

H. tessclla'ta (dark-checkered). $. June. 1823.

— torqua'ta (collared). 1. August. 1823.

— torte'lla (slightly- twisted). £. July. 1817-

— tortuo'sa (twisted). 1. July. 1/94.

— translu'cens (transparent). $• June. 1/95.

— tu'rgida (swollen-cushion). $. August. 1819.

— veno'sa (veiny). ^. June. 1820.

— vire'scens (greenish). 1. August. 1819-
mi'nor (smaller). £. August. 181Q.

— visco'sa (clammy). 1^. June. 1727.

HAWTHORN. Urata'yus.

HAWTHORN-BUTTERFLY. Pie' r is.

HAYLO'CKIA. (Named after Mr.
Haylock, gardener to Dr. Herbert. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacete]. Al-
lied to Cooperia.)

A small bulb, with very narrow leaves and
one flowered scape. Offsets ; sandy loam, with
a little peat and leaf-mould; requires the pro-
tection of a frame, or to be deep planted in a
dry place in winter.

H.pusi'lla (dwarf). £. Straw. September.
Buenos Ayres. 1829.

HAZEL. Co'ryliis aveUa'na.

HEADING, or, as it is also termed,
Cabbaging or Loaviny, is an inaptitude
to unfold the central leaves, character-
izing the various members of the Cab-
bage tribe. They have their centre or
bud composed of a larger number of
leaves than usual, and these, in some
instances, are so complexly combined
that the plant has not sufficient power
to force them open to permit the pro-
trusion of the seed-stem. The close-
ness of the heading is regulated by the
exposure to the light. In a shady
situation all the leaves are required to
elaborate the sap, on account of the
deficient light rendering each less
active ; therefore they open as they are-
formed. In a free exposure a few
leaves are able to effect the requisite,
decomposition ; and hence the reason
why cabbages always have " harder
hearts " in summer than in spring or
autumn, when the light is less intense.

HEADING-DOWN is cutting off entirely,
or to a considerable extent, the branches
of a tree or shrub — a process not rashly
to l)e resorted to, and adopted only to
reduce them when the plant seems
declining in vigour, or has attained an
undesirable size. .

HKABT'S-KASE. See Panxi/.

HKAT is the prime agent employed
by the Almighty Creator to call vege-
table life into existence, to develope

HEA

[4C5 ]

HEA

vegetable form, to effect all vegetable ; curred often, dry up as if burned. The
changes, and to ripen all vegetable I justly lamented Mr. Daniell has \velt
produce. All these effects are per- illustrated this by showing, that if the
formed most efficiently, in the case of j temperature of a hothouse be raised
every plant, at some different tempera- j only five degrees, viz. from 75° to 80°,
ture or degree of heat ; and he who

ascertains most correctly those heats, j
has taken a gigantic step towards ex- I
cellence as a gardener. An uncongenial •
heat is as pernicious to vegetables as
to animals. Every plant has a parti-
cular temperature without which its
functions cease ; but the majority of i
them luxuriate most in a climate of |
which the extreme temperatures do not ;
much exceed 32° and i)0°. No seed |
will vegetate — no sap will circulate — at ;
a temperature at or below the freezing j
point of water. No cultivation will i
render plants, natives of the torrid |
zone, capable of bearing the rigours of
our winters, although their offspring,
raised from seed, may be rendered
much more hardy than their parents.
Others are capable of resisting the
greatest known cold to which they can
be exposed; yet all have degrees of
temperature most congenial to them,
and if subjected to lower temperatures,
are less or more injured proportionately
to the intensity of that reduction. If
the reduction of temperature be only
slightly below that which is congenial,
it only causes the growth of the plant
to diminish and its colour to become
more pale; this effect being now pro-
duced by the plant's torpidity, or want
of excitement to perform the requisite
elaboration of the sap, as it is by over-
excitement when made to vegetate in
a temperature which is too elevated.

whilst the air within it retains the same
degree of moisture, a plant that in the
lower temperature exhaled fifty-seven
grains of moisture, Avould, in the higher
temperature, exhale one hundred and
twenty grains in the same space of
time.

Plants, however, like animals, can
bear a higher temperature in dry air
than they can in air charged with va-
pour. Animals are scalded in the latter
if the temperature is very elevated, and
plants die, under similar circumstances,
as if boiled. MM. Edwards and Colin
found kidney -beans sustained no injury,
when the air was dry, at a temperature
of 170° j but they died in a few minutes
if the air was moist. Other plants,
under similar circumstances, would
perish probably at a much lower tempe-
rature; and the fact affords a warning
to the gardener to have the atmosphere
in his stoves very dry whenever he
wishes to elevate their temperature
for the destruction of insects or other
purposes.

Certain plants flourish in hot-water
springs, of which the temperature varies
between the scalding heats of from
l.")0° to 180° of Fahrenheit's thermo-
meter ; and others have been found
growing freely on the edges of volca-
noes, in an atmosphere heated above
the boiling point of water. Indeed, it
is quite certain that most plants will
better bear, for a short time, an elevated

If blossoms are produced at all, they ' temperature, which, if long continued,
are unfertile, and the entire aspect of ; would destroy them, than they can a
the plant betrays that its secretions are ; low temperature. Thus a temperature
not healthy, and its functions are dead- !
ened. Mr. Knight says, "that melon
and cucumber plants, if grown in a
temperature too low, produce an excess
of female blossoms ; but if the tempe-
rature be too high, blossoms of the
opposite sex are by far too profuse."
The drier the air the greater is the
amount of moisture transpired ; and

much above the freezing point of water,
to orchidaceous and other tropical
plants, is generally fatal if endured by
them for only a few minutes; whereas a
considerable elevation above a salutary
tomporature is rarely injurious to plants.
But this is not universally the case ; for
the elegant Primula maryinata is so
impatient of heat, that, although just

this becomes so excessive, if it be also | about to bloom, it never opens a bud if
promoted by a high temperature, that } brought into u room in which there is
plants in hothouses, where it has oc- \ a fire.

30 2n

HEA

[ 460 ]

HEA

The temperature should always be
regulated, in our hothouses, with a due
regard to the light. At night it should
be so low as to put the circulation of
the sap into a comparative state of
rest ; and in dull days the temperature
should be full 10° lower than in those
of bright sunshine.

HEATHS. See Eri'ca.

Propagation : By Cuttings. — In order
to be successful in striking the hard-
wooded heaths, it is necessary to put a
plant of each kind in gentle heat, to
cause them to push forth young shoots.
Whilst they are growing, the materials
for the operation of propagation should
be prepared ; these are the requisite
number of clear hell-glasses. It will
be advantageous to have them of dif-
ferent sizes ; the smallest 3^ inches,
and the largest 6 inches diameter, with
two sizes between. Also prepare the
drainage, by breaking a quantity of pot-
sherds ; these should be in three sizes,
the largest about an inch across, the
next £ inch, and the smallest the size
of marrow-fat peas, with the dust sifted
out from amongst them. Next, have
the soil ready. The best is to be
had from some dry moorland where
the heather grows wild. Break the
turves into a fine state, and pass it
through a fine sieve, reserving the
rougher pieces to cover the drainage
with. The next thing to look after
are the pots. If new, they must be
placed in a tub of water for a few hours :
if old, they must be well scoured and
made perfectly clean. Lastly, procure
a sufficient quantity of pure silver sand,
a pair of propagating scissors, and a
small ivory-handled knife of the very
best material. All these being in readi-
ness, see that the cuttings are in fit
state to take off the plants. If they
have made fresh shoots an inch long,
they are ready for use. Then take a
small clean pot, invert it, and place it
over the hole at the bottom of the pot
for the cuttings, then fill in round a
few of the largest potsherds, and cover
them with some of the second size,
and then, lastly, with a considerable
quantity of the smallest size, cover
these with a layer of the rough siftings.
The whole of these should fill the pot

to within two and a half inches of the
rim of the pot. Upon that place an
inch and a half of the heath mould,
with a large admixture of the silver
sand, level this last layer with a circular
piece of wood with a nail driven into
the centre to form a handle. Finish
with a layer of the pure white sand
quite level with the rim of the pot.
Give a good watering with a fine rose
pot, to settle the same. Then take
off the cuttings with the scissors, and
dress them with the knife ; cut the
bottom of the cutting clean off with a
level cut, just at the part between the
new and the old wood ; then cut off
the leaves close to the stem, without
wounding its bark, about two-thirds of
its length from the bottom. As each
cutting is made, place it under the
bell-glass upon the sand, till a suffi-
cient number are made to fill the pot.
Make a mark in the sand to show the
size of the glass, and then proceed to
put in the cuttings in regular rows
across the pot, keeping the leaves just
clear out of the sand. When they are
all planted, give another gentle water-
ing to settle the sand firm ; allow
them to dry partially before the glass
is put on. Then place them in a
house where they can be shaded from
the sun, and keep up a gentle heat of
55°, as near as possible. Wipe the
glasses dry every morning, and as soon
as the cuttings are rooted, remove them
into a cooler house, and give a little air
by placing three short pieces of wood,
a quarter of an inch thick and two
inches long, so as to form a triangle,
and let the bell-glass rest upon them.
In this house it will still be necessary
to shade them from the blazing sun.
This is easily done by spreading some
sheets of paper over them, but remove
this shade instantly when the sun is
overclouded. When they have been in
this situation for a month, remove the
glasses entirely, and a month afterwards
commence potting them off in 3-inch
pots, four in a pot ; stopping them at
the same time to make them bushy.
Place them in a cold frame, upon a
layer of river-sand on coal-ashes; shade
again for a time, and give air mode-
rately. When they have made fresh

HEA

[

roots expose them occasionally to gentle
showers, but hy no means to heavy rain.
Give them due supplies of water in dry
weather, and keep them clear of weeds.
In these pots they must remain till the
spring following. During the winter
place them on a shelf, near the glass,
in a light airy greenhouse. About
March, pot them singly into the same-
sized pots, shading them again till fresh
roots are formed. They are then ready
for the usual routine of culture. Heaths,
with soft wood and free growth, are more
easy to propagate, and do not require
so much preparation, but in other re-
spects the management is the same.
. By Seed. — Several kinds of heaths
produce plenty of good seed ; even some
that are extremely difficult to propagate
any other way, such, for instance, as E.
elegans, E. odora rosea, E. halicacaba,
E. triumphans, and some others of
similar habit. Fill the pots in the same
way as for cuttings, only mix the top
layer of sand with as much heath-
mould ; make the surface smooth, and
sow the seed in spring on the surface,
covering it as slightly as possible ; water
with the finest syringe, so that it may
fall upon the seed like the finest dew ;
place the pots near the glass, shade
from bright sun, and keep the surface
just moist. The seedlings will soon
come up, and require great care, or they
will fog off. To prevent this give air
daily. As soon as they can be handled
transplant them into 5-incb pots rather
thickly, but standing clear of each other.
In this state they may remain for six or
eight months, and then pot them off
into 3-inch pots, four in a pot, and
manage them afterwards in the same
way as the cuttings.

Soil. — This has been already de-
scribed above, in writing of the soil
proper for the cuttings to root into, but
for larger plants it must not be sifted
so fine. For very large plants do not
sift it at all ; for such, if a few pieces
of sand-stone are mixed amongst the
mould, they will be useful to allow the
water to penetrate to the centre of the
ball.

Potting. — Heaths thrive best if the
mould is left below the rim of the pot
from half-an-inch for small plants in

tf ] HEB

6-inch pots, to two inches in large ones.
This space holds a supply of water
which gradually sinks through and
effectually moistens the ball to the
centre. Drain thoroughly with broken
potsherds, half an inch for small plants,
to three inches for very large ones.

Culture. — Cold pits or frames, in
spring and autumn, are the best protec-
tion to place heaths in during their
youth, and a good airy, light, span-
roofed greenhouse for them through
winter and spring, when they are too
large for the frames. In summer they
should be set out of doors upon a thick
bed of coal-ashes, behind a low wall or
hedge. Whilst in this position they
must have an abundant and constant
supply of water. If the ball ever be-
comes thoroughly dry, the plants will
certainly die ; therefore, attend to this
point of watering most rigidly and per-
severingly. In winter they do not
require so much ; but even in that
season they must be kept mode-
rately, but constantly and thoroughly
moistened.

Diseases. — Heaths are subject to go
off at the point where the stem ends
and the roots begin. This is caused
often by an irregular supply of water,
and cannot be cured when it once takes
place. The plant may appear green
and flourishing, and the roots fresh,
and the ends are lively even when
the stem is dead. Another fell dis-
ease is the mildew. This may be
sometimes cured by first damping the
plants infected, and then dusting them
over with flowers of sulphur. This dis-
ease is often brought on by a long
continued damp atmosphere ; and if
that is not dried by a little heat, with
abundance of air, the disease will
spread rapidly, and soon destroy the
plants. If only one or two are infected,
they had better be sulphured, and
placed by themselves till the mildew
fungus is killed.

Insects. — See Aphis, for cure, when
the Green Fly attacks them.

HEATH-MOULD. See Bog-earth.

HEATHER. Callu'na vidga'ris.

HEBENSTBEI'TIA. ( Named after Pro-
fessor Hebenstreit, of Leipsic. Nat. ord.,
Selayids [Selaginacese]. Linn., 14-

HEB

[4C8 ]

HED

Didyfiamia %-Angiosvemiia. Allied to

Selago.)

Most of the Cape Selagids are well adapted
for planting out in summer, in mixed borders.
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, except H. den-
tata, which is an annual ; all from the Cape of
Good Hope, and all white-flowered. Short
young shoots, in sandy peat, in spring, under a
bell-glass ; sandy fibry loam, and a little peat.
Hummer tenip., 50° to /5° ; winter, 38° to 45°.
Dentata by seed in early spring.
//, albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 1. July. 1822.

— cupita'tu (bended-flowered}. 1. June. 1823.

— chanuedrifo'lia (Germander-leaved). 2. 1822.

— cilia1 ta (hair-fringed). 1. June. 1815.

— corda'ta (heart- leaved"). 1. July. 1774.

— dcnta'tu (toothed). 1. July. 1739.

— erinoi'dcs (Erinus-like). 1. May. 1816.
— frutico'sa (shrubby). l£. August. 1816.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), l. May. 1/92.

— sca'bra (rough). 1. June. 1824.

HEDE'OMA. (From hcdeoma, the
Greek name of mint. Nat. ord., La-
Jiiates or Llpworts [Lamiacese]. Linn.,
2'Diandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Cu-
uila.)

Hardy annuals. Seed in early spring ; light
rich garden soil.

//. jndegioi'dvs (Pennyroyal-like). ^. Blue.
July. North America.

— thymoi'des (Thyme-like). 4. Red. July.

France.

HK'JDEKA. The Ivy. (Hcdra is the
Celtic word for cord, alluding to the
Ivy's stems. Nat. ord., Ivy worts [Ara-
liutvy.'.]. Linn., 5-Pcniandria l-Mono-

The common Ivy (H. helix] may be propa-
gated by seeds, but in all its varieties is quickest
propagated by slips, inserted in a north border,
in sandy soil, kept moist in the autumn. This
is a far better plan than inserting it at once
where it is intended to remain. Deep rich soil
suits the common ivy ; the tender kinds should
have lighter soil. "For clothing dead trees,
covering open fences, giving an air of antiquity,
security, and warmth, and dryness to buildings,
and even producing architectural effects, and
covering the ground in shady places with a
green carpet, where scarcely anything else
would grow, the ivy is invaluable.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. anilea'ta (prickly). White. Nepaul. 1816.

— fra'grans (fragrant). White. Nepaul. 1816.

— macropliy'lla. (large-leaved). White. New

Holland. 1831.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H. capita' ta (headed-flowered). Green. Au-
gust. West Indies. 1770.

— digita'tu (finger-/eai'erf). White. March.

East ladies. 1818.

— emargina'ta (end-notched). Green. 1848.

— ferrvgi'nea (rusty). White. West Indies.

1826.

H.pen'dula (weeping). Green. Jamaica. 1824.

— umbraculi'fera (umbrella-tea wd); White.

March. East Indies. 1818.

— Xatape'ns('s(Xalapan). White. Mexico. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREEN CUMBERS.

H, he' lix (common], 40. Green. September.

Britain.
arbor e'scetis (tree-like). 8. Green.

Britain.
Canarie'nsis (Canary. Irish). 20.

Green. October. Canaries.
> chrysoca'rpa (yellow-berried). 30.

Green. October. India.
digita'ta (finger-leaved). 20. Green

October. Britain. Shrub.
fo'liis arge'nteis (silver - striped -

leaved). 20. Green. October. Bri*

tain.
fo'liis au'reis (go\d-striped-lca\ed) .

20. Green. October. Britain.
Tau'rica (Taurian). Green. October.

Tauria. 1841.
vulga'ris (common). Green. Britain i

HEDGE, properly includes every land
of fence, but the present details apply
for the most part to growing fences.
Abercrombie says, that all outward
hedges designed as fences should have
a ditch on the outside, three or four
feet wide at top, three deep, sloping to
one wide at bottom, raising a low bank
on the inside on which to plant the
hedge. Having lined out the width of
the ditch, then along the inner edge
lay a row of square spit turves, grass side
downwards, to form the beginning of
the bank, backing it up^ Avith spits of
earth from the formation of the ditch,
and top it with a little of the tine
mould or crumbs ; and then upon this
proceed to lay the first row of plants :
tirst let the sets be headed to about iive
or six inches, and the roots trimmed,
then lay them upon the bed of turf
with their tops outward, in an upward
direction, about ten or twelve inches
asunder, covering their roots with
mould also out of the ditch ; and then
lay another row of turf along upon the
necks of the plants, and more mould
from the ditch upon, and behind, the
turf; and when the bank is thus raised
a foot above the row of sets, plant an-
other row in the same manner, placing
each set against the spaces of those
of the first row, so covering them with
more earth from the ditch to the depth
of three feet, sloping each side to one
foot width at bottom, and trim up all
remaining earth, throwing a sufficiency

HED

[ 409 ]

HED

behind the top of the hanking to hank
up the whole even. But in planting
for an outward fence, some form the
ditch and hank first as above, and plant
the sets in two rows along the top ;
that is, after having formed the ditch
and bank, then levelling the top form-
ing a foot of border all along a yard
wide; plant the sets along its middle
upright, in two rows a foot asunder,
and six inches distant in each row,
observing the same when intended
to raise a hedge at once from seed
sowed where you design the hedge to
be, sowing them along the top in drills
a foot asunder. Sometimes, when
hedges are designed for middle fences
to divide fields, a two-sided bank is
raised a yard high, and as broad at top,
having a slight ditch on each side ;
and each side of the bank is formed
with square spit turves from the adjoin-
ing ground, and the middle filled up
with mould from the ditches on each
side ; so that when finished, it forms a
yard- wide border all the way along the
top, and along the middle of which
plant two rows of hedge-sets or seed,
in drills, as before observed. But in
places where 110 ditch nor raised bank
is required, as may be the case for
middle hedges in the interior parts of
grounds, especially in gardens, then I
the place for the hedge being marked j
out on the level ground two or three j
feet broad, dig it along one good spade j
deep at least, and then plant your sets
of any sort in two rows, ranging along ]
the middle ; or if you design to sow !
seeds, &c., of any sort at once, where |
you intend to have the hedge, sow them
in two drills a foot asunder the whole j
length.

In respect to general culture of these :
sorts of hedges it must be remarked,
that all such as are exposed to cattle, ,
must, as soon as planted, be fenced, j
either with a stake and bush hedge, :
with hurdles, or with rails and open j
paling, for four or five years, till the \
hedge grows up, observing not to place j
the fence too close to the hedge to in- |
terrupt its growth. The hedge must, ;
also, be duly weeded while young, and :
this should be particularly attended to j
the first two rears.

Evergreen Hedge- shrubs are Holly;
Yew ; Laurel ; Laurustinus ; Phillyrea ;
Alaternus; Bay; Furze; and Evergreen
Oak: but the 'holly and yew form the
best hedges for general use.

Deciduous kinds. — Hawthorn ; Black-
thorn ; Crab ; Elder; Hornbeam ; Beech ;
Elm; Lime-tree, and Alder are all pro-
per either for middling or tall hedges,
as they may be trained up from about
six or eight to fifteen or twenty feet
high, and the elm to double that height
if required. Privet is also sometimes
used for moderately high hedges ; and
for low hedges, the Eose ; Sweet-briar ;
Syringa ; and Berberry.

All full trained hedges, in order to
preserve them in proper form, must be
clipped, both on the sides and top,
once or twice a year, but never less
than once; and the best time of the
year for this work is summer, from
about the middle or latter end of June
to the end of August, for then the
hedges will have made their summer
shoots, which should always, if pos-
sible, be clipped the same season
Avhile in leaf, and before the shoots
become hard, whereby you will be able
to perform the work more expeditiously
and with greater exactness, for regular
hedges should be cut as even as a wall
on the sides, and the top as straight as
a line; observing, after the hedge is
formed to its proper height and width,
always to cut each year's clipping
nearly to that of the former year, par-
ticularly on the sides ; for by no means
suffer them to grow above a foot or
two wide, nor suffer them to advance
upon you too much at top, where it is
designed or necessary to keep them to
a moderate height. But to keep hedges
in perfectly good order, they should be
clipped twice every summer ; the first
clipping to be about Midsummer, or
soon after, when they will have made
their summer shoots ; and as they will
shoot again, what may be called the
autumn shoot, the second clipping is
necessary towards the middle or latter
end of August, and they will not shoot
again that year. However, when it
does not suit to clip them but once in
the summer, the clipping should not be
performed until the beginning of Au-

HED

[ 470 ]

HED

gust, for if cut sooner they will shoot
again, and appear almost as rough the
remainder of the summer and all winter
as if they had not been clipped. Very
high hedges are hoth troublesome and
expensive to cut. The clipping is
sometimes performed by the assistance
of a high machine, scaffolding, or stage,
twenty or thirty feet high or more,
having platforms at different heights
for the men to stand upon, the whole
made to move along upon wheels ; it is
composed of four long poles for up-
rights, well framed together, eight or
ten feet wide at bottom, narrowing
gradually to four or five at top, having
a platform or stage at every seven or
eight feet high, and one at the top of
all ; and upon these the man stands to
work, each platform having a rail waist
high to keep the man from falling;
and a sort of ladder formed on one
side for the man to ascend, and at
bottom four low wheels to move it
along ; upon this machine a man may
be employed on each stage or platform,
trimming the hedge with shears, and
sometimes with a garden hedgft bill
fixed on a handle five or six feet long,
which is more expeditious, though it
will not make so neat work as cutting
with the shears.

A hedge is not only an imperfect
screen, but in other respects is worse
than useless, since nothing can be
trained to it, and its roots exhaust the
soil in their neighbourhood very consi-
derably ; as the south fence of a garden
it may be employed, and hawthorn, in
some respects, is the worst shrub that
could be made use of. It is the nur-
sery of the same aphides, beetles, and
caterpillars, that feed upon the foliage
of the apple and pear, from whence
they often spread to the whole garden.
Evergreen are better than deciduous
hedges, and more especially those of
the holly, which is not so slow a grower
as is generally imagined.

In a cloudy day in April or May, the
wind seems to be actually refrigerated
in passing through a thick hawthorn
hedge, and this may be accounted for
on the same principle that cool air is
obtained in the houses of India, by
sprinkling branches of trees with water

in their verandas. Holly, laurel, and
most evergreens, exhale but little
moisture from their leaves, except for
about a month in June, consequently
in April and May, when we most re-
quire warmth, and in September and
October, the leaves of these, when fully
exposed to the sun, become heated to
the touch to 85° or 90°. Added to
this, hoar frost, or a deposition of
moisture of any kind, never attaches
so readily, or remains for so long a
time, upon the foliage of evergreens as
upon the sprays of deciduous shrubs,
consequently the refrigeratory power is
greatly diminished. When the garden
is of considerable extent, three or four
acres and upwards, it admits of cross-
walls or fences for an increase of train-
ing surface and additional shelter.

Hedges should always be clipped
into a conical form, as the diminution
of the branches towards the top in-
creases their development at the bottom.

Furze makes one of the best and
handsomest of hedges, if kept regularly
clipped. Upon the formation of such
a hedge, we have the following remarks
by Mr. McL, of Hillsborough ;— The
most ancient, and perhaps the most
simple of all fences, are walls made of
turf. These walls, however, are much
injured by the atmosphere, and the
rubbing and butting of the cattle. To
guard against this they should be
planted or sown with the Ulex Eu-
ropceus or Furze. The roots of this
plant will soon penetrate the turf, and
tend to bind the wall. The plants not
only afford shelter as well as food for
the cattle, but add to the height of the
wall and give it a formidable appear-
ance. When walls are made for this,
the foundation should be three feet
wide, and tapering to fifteen inches at
top. As the plants advance in growth,
they should be regularly trimmed with
the shears ; by proper attention to this
they will be prevented from growing
too tall and thin at the bottom. If this
is annually repeated, the plants will be
longer preserved in a healthy and vi-
gorous state ; clipping has also a good
effect in checking the furze from
spreading over the field. A good and
substantial fence may thus be quickly

HED

[471 ]

HED

formed on a soil that will not produce
a biding fence of any other kind.

Sweet Briar (RosaRubiginosa) makes
a good hedge. Its heps may be sown
in the autumn, as soon as ripe, or,
which is better, in the month of March,
having kept them in the meantime
mixed with sand. But it is far more
convenient to buy young plants, and to
plant them a foot apart early in the
month of November. Let them grow
as they like for the first year, and cut
them down to the ground the second,
they will then spring up and require
no more care than occasionally trim-
ming with the pruning knife or shears
to keep the hedge in shape. When it
gets naked to the bottom, it must be
again cut down. — Gard. Chron.

HEDGE-HOG THISTLE. Cafctus (Echi-
noca'clus.)

HEDGE HYSSOP. Grati'ola.

HEDGE MUSTAED. Ery'simum.

HEDGE NETTLE Sta'chys.

HEDWI'GIA, of Swartz. (Named after
John JETedgwig, a botantist. Nat. ord.,
Amyrids [Amyridacese]. Linn., 8-0c-
tandria l-Monogynia.)

The Amarids are closely allied to the orange
tribe. Beaume a sucrier, a substitute for
Copaiva, is obtained from this Hedwigia.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sandy soil, and in a good heat ; sandy loam
and a little peat. Summer temp, 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

H, balsami'fera (balsam-yielding). 40. White.
August. West Indies. 1820.

HEDY'CHIUM. (From hedys, sweet,
and c/iion, snow, in reference to the
sweet-scented, snow-white flowers of
H. maximum and coronarium, the two
best garden plants of the genus. Nat.
ord., Ginyerworts [Zinziberacese] . Linn.,
\-Monandria l-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous plants. Division of the
plants before fresh potting them ; loam and
peat, with a portion of sand and dried cow-
dung. They must have plenty of water and
light when growing. It should be tried to
give them their rest period by keeping them
cooler and drier in winter, and, if well grown
before, the advancing heat in spring and sum-
mer will bring up the beautiful flowers. Sum-
mer temp., 60° tO 85°, with moist atmosphere
when growing, cooler and drier when flowering ;
winter, 50° to 55°.
H. acwnina'tum (long-pointed). 4. White.

July. East Indies. 1820.
— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 5. Scarlet.

August, East Indies, 1815,

H. auranti'acum (orange-coloured). 5. Orange.
July. East Indies. 1812.

— ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). 4. Pink. August.

East Indies. 1823.

— cocci'neum (scarlet). 6. Scarlet. July. East

Indies. 1815.

— coronn'rium (garland). 5. White. East

Indies. 1791.

— ela'tum (tall). 5. Pale red. East Indies. 1818.

— elli'pticum (oval). 5. White. August. East

Indies. 1804.

— ftave'scens (yellowish). 6. Yellow. June.

India. 1822.

—fla'vum (yellow). 3. Yellow. July. Nepaul.
1822.

— Gardneria'num (Gardner's). 7- Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1819-

— glau'cum (milky-green). 4$. White. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— gra'cile (slender). 3. White. June. Bengal.

1823.

— heteroma'llum (variable-haired). 3. Yellow.

July. Indies. 1822.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 6. Eed. June.

East Indies. 1819-

— ma'ximum (largest). 8. White. August. East

Indies. 1820.

— specio'sum (showy). 8. Pale yellow. August.

East Indies. 1823.

— spica'tum (spiked). 3. Yellow. June. India.

1810.

— stmope'talum (narrow-petaled). 7- White.

April. India. 1830.

— thyrsifo'rme (thyrse-formed). 4. White.

July. Nepaul. 1818.

— woj9%'«Mm (tailed-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au-

gust. India. 1828.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Cream. July. East

Indies. 1823.

HEDYSA'RUM. (Aplant'sname adopted
from Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4^-Decandria.)

Annuals and biennials in the open border in
spring ; perennials by division of the plant in
spring ; common soil. The dwarfer ones are
pretty for mantling knolls and rockworks.

HARDY ANNUAL.

H. carno'sum (fleshy). £. Purple. July. Bar-
bary. 1820.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

H. corona'rium (garland). 4. Scarlet. June.
Italy. 1596.

— pa'llidum (pale). 3. Pale red. June. North

Africa. 1820.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. Alpi'num (Alpine). 2. Purple. June. Siberia.

1798.
pedicela're (Jon^-flower-stalked).

Purple. June. Siberia.

— Alta'icum (Altain). $. Purple. July. Siberia.

1818.

— argophy'tlum (white-leaved). Purple. June.

Altaia. 1827-

— arge'nteum (silvery). Purple. June. Siberia.

1827.

— brachyse'mum (short-standarded). l£. Pur-

pie. July. Siberia. 1817.

HED

[ 472 ]

HEL

//. ca'ndidum (white). A. Purple, Mar. Tauria.

1824.
hu'mile (humble). £. Purple.

June. Tauria. 1817.

— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

— consungui'neum (closely allied). 1. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1820.

— creta'ceum (chalky). 1. Purple. July. Si-

beria. 1819.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). Purple. June.

Russia. 1823.

— frutico'sum (shrubby). 4. Purple. June.
Siberia. 1782.

— grandiflo' rum (large-flowered). 1^. Purple.

June. Tauria. 1821.

— Ibe'ricum (Iberian), i. Purple. July. Iberia.

1818.

— lasioca'rpum (hairy-podded). 1. Purple. Si-

beria.

— obscu'rum (obscure). £. Purple. July. Alps.

1640.

— polymo'rphum (many-formed). Hose. June.

Attaia. 1828.

— ro'seum (roseate). £. Pink. August. Cau-

casus. 1803.

— rutidoca1 rpum ( wrinkled-podded). £. Purple.

August. Siberia. 1826.

— sple'ndens (shining). £. Cream. July. Si-

beria. 1819.

— Tau'ricum (Taurian). £. Pale purple. July.

Tauria. 1804.

— va'rium (variable). 1. White. July. South

Europe. 1820.

— venu'stwn (lovely \ Purple. June. Attaia.

1828.

HEEL. When a cutting is taken off
with a small portion of the older wood
from which it sprang, that older portion
is called the heel.

HEI'MIA. (Named after Dr. Helm,
a German. Nat. orcl., Loosestrifes
[Lythracea^]. Linn., \\-Dodecandr\a
l-Monoyynia. Allied to Ly thrum.)

Heimia is the only Loosestrife with yellow
flowers. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs with
yellow flowers. Cuttings of short shoots, in
sandy soil, under a hand-light, in May ; sandy
loam and a little peat. They require the pro-
tection of a cold pit in winter, but would do
against a conservative wall, where they could
be protected from severe frost.
H. Unariafo'lia (Linaria-leaved). 5. South
America. 1829.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 5. South Ame-

rica. J826.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 5. August.

Mexico. 1821.

_ grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 5.

September.

HEI'NSIA. (Named after M. Hein-
siits. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cincho-
naceee]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Monan-
dria. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
brisk bottom-heat ; fibry peat and sandy loam,

with a little dried leaf- mould. Summer temp;,

; 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 53°. It would pro?

bably succeed grafted on Gardenia florida.

H.jnsminiflo'ra (Jasmine-flowered). 4. White,

March. Sierra Leone. 1824.

HEISTE'EIA. Bois Perdrix. (Named
after L. Heister, a Swedish hotanist.
Nat. ord., Olacads [Olacaceffi]. Linn.,
10-Decandria \-Monoyynia, Allied to
Olax.)

This is the source of the Partridge pea of
Martinique, but not of the Partridge wood, as
has been erroneously asserted. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings of firm young shoots, in a brisk
heat ; sandy loam and a dash of ncnt. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to*55°.
H, cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. West
Indies. 1822.

HE'LCIA. (From helcium, a horse-
collar, in reference to the curious form-
ation of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gy-
nandria \-Monoyynin. Allied to Tri-
chopilia.)

Stove orchid. Division of the plant ; shallow
basket, in fibry peat, sphagnum, charcoal, and
decayed wood. Summer temp, b'0° to 90° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

H. sanguinole'nta (bloody). Green, brown,
white. Guayaquil. 1843.

HELE'NIUM. (Named after the heau-
tiful Helena, cause of the Trojan Avar.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee].
Linn., IQ-Synyenesia 2 Supcijiua.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow
flowers. By division of the plant in spring ;
common garden soil. There are some annuaU
and biennials, but not deserving cultivation.
H. autumna'le (autumnal). 3. September.
North America. 1/29.

— canaliculn'tum (channelled). 3: August.

North America. 1800.

— Mexica'num (Mexican), 3, August. Mexico.

1825.

— pule'scens (downy). 3. August. North

America. 17/6.
—•pu'milum (dwarf). 1. August. 1818.

— undula'tum (vt&ved-leaveil), 3. September.

California. 1830.

HELIA'NTHEMUM. Sun Hose. (From
helios, the sun, anthemon, a flower. Nat.
ord., Mock-roses [Cistacere]. Linn., 1-1-
Polyandria \-Monoyynia.}

If gardeners would turn their attention to
these rock roses, and cross them judiciously,
i they might expect in time to produce a race
' which would rival the verbenas. Annuals by
I seeds in the open border in April. A few of
the best shrubby ones are rather tender, and
young plants might be saved in a cold-pit.
Shrubby evergreens, by inserting little pieces
of ripened and half-ripened shoots with the
leaves attached, in June, in sandy soil, in a

HEL

HEL

shady place, under a hand-light. Few things
can surpass the beauty of these plants when
trailing over stones, and banks, and rock- works,
in spring and summer. In such positions, the
tenderest merely require at times an evergreen
branch placed over them in winter ; sandy loam,
with a little peat, suits them well.

ANNUALS.
H. Mgypti'acum (Egyptian). jj. White. June.

Egypt. 1764.
T- eriocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). 2- Yellow.

Spain. 1817.

— gutta'tum (spotted-flowered). $. Yellow.

June. England.

— ledifo'lium (Ledum-leaved). £. Yellow.

June. England.

— Nilo'ticum (Nile). 4. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1817-

ma' jits (larger), 1. Yellow.

Europe. 1817.

— plantagl'neum (Plantain-like). $. Yellow.

June. South Europe. 1823.

— puncta'tum (dotted). £. Yellow. July.

South France. 1816.

— salicifo'lium (Willow-leaved). £. Yellow.

July. South Europe. 1759.

— sangui'neum (bloody-stemmed}. $, Yellow.

July. Spain. 1826.

— villo'sum (shaggy), i. Yellow. July. Spain.

1823.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. Yellow. June.
North America. 1799.

— Carolinia'num (Carolina). 1. Yellow. July.

Carolina. 1823.

— glob ularicefo' Hum (globular - leaved). £.

Yellow. June. Portugal. 1826.

— rosmarinifo'lium (Rosemary- leaved). 1. Pale

yellow. June. Canada. 1823.

— TM6e>-a'ria(Tuberaria). %. Yellow. June.

S outh E urope . 1752.

EVERfiREEN TRAILERS.

H. acumina' turn (long-pointed). £. Yellow.
June. Nice. 1820.

->- alpe'stre (rock). £. Yellow. June. Ger-
many. 1818.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). £. Yellow.

June. 1800.

— ca'num (hoary). #. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1772.

— confu'sum (confused). £. White. June.

South Europe.

— cro'ceum (copper-colotired). $. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1800.

— dicho'tomum (twin-branched). 1. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1826.

— grandijlo'rum (large-flowered). 1. Yellow.

June. Italy. 1800.

— hi'spidum (bristly). $. White. South Eu-

rope. 1816.

— hysaopifo'lium (Hyssop-leaved). £. Yellow.

May. Italy.
cu'preum (copper -coloured).

£. Copper. May. Naples.
multiplex (double -flowered).

£. Copper. May. Italy.
croca'tum (saifron- coloured],

$. Copper. June. Europe.

— Itn'lirum (Italian), 1. Yellow. August.

Italy, 1799-

H, Laga'sca (Lagasea's). £, Yellow, July,
Spain. 1826.

— leptophy'llum (fine- leaved), 1. Yellow.

Spain. 1818,

— lu'eidum (shining-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.

1820.

— macro/ nthum (large-flowered). 1. White,

yellow. July.

multiplex (double -flowere'd).

1. White, yellow. June. Europe.

— marifo'lium (Marum-leaved). £. Yellow.

May. South Europe.

— Mi'lleri (Miller's). £. Yellow. June. South

Europe.

— mitta'bile (changeable). $. Red, yellow.

July. Spain. 1829.

— nudicau'le (naked-stemmed). ^. Yellow.

June. Spain. 1826.

— nummula'rium (Money- wort -leaved). £.

,Yellow. July. Spain. 1752.

— obova'tum (reversed-egg-leaved). 1. Yellow.

Spain. 1826.

— (Ela'ndicum ((Eland), $. Yellow, July.

Germany. 1816.

— origanifo'lium (Marjorum-leaved). ^. Yel-

low. Spain. 1795.

— ova'tum (egg-leaved). %. Yellow. Geneva.

1318.

— penicilla'tum (pencilled), ^. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1817.

— pilo'sum (hairy). l£. White. July. South

France. 1831.

— poUfo'lium (Polium - leaved) . ^. White.

June. England.

— procu'mbens (lying- down). £. Yellow.

South Europe.

— pulche'llum (neat). |. Yellow. May.

South Europe. 1820.

— pulverule'ntum (powdered). £. White.

June. France.

— rhoda'nthum (red-flowered). £. Red. June.

Spain. 1800.

— ro'seum (roseate). ^. Pink. June. South

Europe. 1815.

multiplex (double - flowered). £.

Pink. June. 1815.

— atramfheum (straw -coloured}. $. Straw.

Europe.

mu'ltiplex (double - flowered) .

£. Striped. Europe.

— sulphu'reum (sulphur-co/owred). Pale yel-

low. Spain. 1795.

— Surreja'num( Surrey). 3. Yellow. August.

England.

— Tau'ricum (Taurian). 1. Yellow. June,

Tauria.

— tomento'sum (white-downed). |, Yellow.

July. Scotland.

— venu'stum (beautiful). £. Red. June.

South Europe. 1800.

fio're-ple'no (double-flowered). £.

Red. June. South Europe. 1800.

— mola'ceum ( violet -calyxed). 1. White.

Spain. 1826.

— vulga're (common - dwarf). J. Yellow.

June. Britain.

ple'num (double-lowered) . £. Yel-
low. June.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

H, Mgarve'nse (Algarve). 3. Yellow, July;
Portugal; 1800,

HEL

[ 474 ]

HEL

H. Apenni'num (Apennine). 4, White, June.
Italy. 1731.

— bar ba' turn (be&rded-stipuled). 1. Yellow.

June. South Europe. 1820.

— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 1. Yellow. July.

Italy. 1825.

— Canarie'nse (Canary). l£. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1790.

— candiduin (white-leaved). 3. Yellow. June.

Spain.

— cane'scens (hoary). 4- Red. June.

— cheiranthoi'des (Stock-leaved). 3. Yellow.

June. Portugal. 1818.

— cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 1. Red. June.

South Europe.

— cine'reum (grey). 1. Yellow. July. Spain.

— confe'rturn (close-flowered). 1. Yellow.

August. Teneriffe.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. Barbary. 1818.

— diversify' Hum (various-leaved). 4- Flame.

June. Europe.

— etti'pticum (o\&l- leaved). 3. Yellow. July.

Egypt.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 14. Yellow. June.

South Europe.

— farino'sum (mealy). White. June. Spain.

—formo'sum (beautiful). 4. Yellow. Por-
tugal. 1780.

— glau'cum (milky green-teowed). 2. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1815.

— glomera'tum (round-headed). 1. Yellow.

June. Mexico. 1823.

— glutino'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. July.

— halimifo'lium (Sea Purslane - leaved). 4.

Yellow. July. Spain. 1656.

— hi'rtum (hziry-calyxed). 1. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1759.

— involucra'tum (involucred). 3. Yellow.

Spain. 1826.

— juniperi'num (Juniper-like). 1. Yellow.

July. South Europe. 1800.

— Kahi'ricum (Kahirian). 1. Yellow. June.

Egypt. 1820.

— lee've (smooth). 1. Yellow. June. Spain. 1826.

— lasia'nthum (hairy-flowered). 3. Yellow.

June. Spain. 1826.

— lavandulaifo'lium (Lavender - leaved). 1.

Yellow. June. South France. 1817.

— libano'tis (Rosemary./eaued). 1. Yellow.

South Europe. 1752.

— ligno'sum (woody), 4. Yellow. June.

South Europe. 1806.

— linea're(n&rrow -leaved). 1. White. June.

South Europe. 1818.

— Li'ppii (Lippius's). 1. Yellow. Egypt.

1820.

— lunula'tum (crescent-/ea»ed). $. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1826.

— majoranifo'lium (Marjoram-leaved). $. Yel-

low, white. June.

— microphy'llum (small-leaved). 4. Yellow.

June. Europe. 1800.

— mo'«e(soft). 14. Yellow. July. Spain. 1817-

— mutu'bile ro'seum (rosy-changeable). 4.

Red. July. South Europe.

— ocymoi'des (Basil-like). 3. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1800.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 4. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1826.

— raccmo'sum (racemed). 1. White. July.

South Europe. 1820.

H. rugo'sum (wrinkled). 3. Yellow. June.
Portugal. 1800.

— scabro'sum (rough). 3. Yellow. Portugal.

1775.

— squama'tum (scaly). 1. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1815.

— stri'ctum (upright). 1. White. June.

Spain. 1820.

— thymifo'lium (Thyme-leaved). 14. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1658.

— umbella'tum (umbel -flowered). 2. White.

July. South Europe. 1731.
— ere'ctum (straight - stemmed) .

White. June. South Europe.
subdecu'mbens (leaning). White.

July. South Europe.

— versi1 color (party-coloured) . 1. Red, white.

July. South Europe. 1800.

— virga'tum (twiggy). 4- White. Barbary.

1818.

HELIA'NTHUS. Sunflower. (From
helios, the sun, and anthos, a flower, in
reference to the opinion that the flowers
turn round with the sun. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-
Synyenesia %-Superfa(a.}

Hardy herbaceous plants, all yellow-flow-
ered ; well fitted for the back of flower-borders
and the front of shrubberies, where such modes
of planting prevail. The annuals, such as the
common Sunflower, should be sown in a slight
hot-bed, and afterwards transplanted ; the pe-
rennials must be divided in the spring ; com-
mon good soil ; a few of the tenderest want a
little protection in very cold and wet winters.

ANNUALS.

H. a'nnuus (annual. Common}. 6. July. South
America. 1596.

— I'ndicus (dwarf- Indian). 3. July. Egypt.

1785.

— ova'tus (egg-leaved). 4. Mexico. 1829-

— petiola'ris (/on^-leaf-stalked). 3. Septem-

ber. Arkansas. 1826.

— specio'sus (showy). 5. August. Jorulla.

1833.

— tubaefo'rmis (tube-formed). 6. July. Mex-

ico. 1799-

PEEENNIALS.

H. angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 3. Sep-
tember. North America. 1789.

— altissi'mus (tallest). 8. August. North

America. 1731.

— atroru'bens (dark-red-eyed). 3. August.

North America. 1732.

— cornifo'lius (Cornus-leaved). 3. August.

Mexico. 1825.

— decupe' talus (ten-petaled). 6. September.

North America. 1759-

— diffu'sus (spreading). 3. North America.

1821.

— divarica'tus (straggling). 6. North Ame-

rica. 1759.

— exce'lsus (lofty). 8. Mexico. 1820.

— gigante'us (gigantic). 10. North Ame-

rica. 1714.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 3. September.

— latiflo'rus (lively- flowered). 3. August.

North America. 18 to.

HEL

[ 475 ]

HEL

H. lenticula'ris (pea-shaped). 1827-

— linea'ris (narrow-/ea»ed). 2. September.

Mexico. 1823.

— longifo'lius (long - leaved). 6. Georgia.

1812.

— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 6. North

America. 1800.

— missu'ricus (Missouri). 3. Missouri. 1821.

— mo' His (soft). 4. August. North America.

1805.

— multiflo'rus (many - flowered). 6. North

America. 1597-

ple'nus (double - flowered). 6.

North America. 1797.

— parviflo'rus (small - flowered). 3. July.

Mexico. 1826.

— pa1 tens (spreading). 3. August. North

America. 1829.

— pauciflo'rus (few - flowered). 2. August.

Louisiana. 1824.

— prostra'tus (prostrated). 2. August. North

America. 1800. Trailer.

— pube'scens (downy). 4. North America. 1759.
•— strumo'sus (swollen). 8. North America.

1710.

— trachelifo'lius (Trachelium-leaved). 6. Sep-

tember. North America. 1825.

— triloba'tus (three-lobed). 3. September.

Mexico. 1824.

— tubero'sus (tuberous. Jerusalem Artichoke).

8. September. Brazil. 1617.

— villo'sus (shaggy). 3. August. North

America. 1820.

See Jerusalem Artichoke and Sun-
flower.

HELICHRY'SUM. (From helios, the
sun, and chrysos, gold, referring to the
beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Synge-
nesia 2-Superflua. Allied to Aphelexis. )

Many may be raised from seed, others, such
as hardy and greenhouse herbaceous, by divi-
sion and cuttings, in spring, in sandy soil,
under a hand glass ; evergreen shrubs from the
Cape, if small side shoots are taken off when
getting firm at their base, will strike freely in
sandy, peaty soil, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam, three of the former to one of the latter.
Temp, for greenhouse kinds, winter, 40° to 45°.
Stcechas is the hardiest shrubby kind, flourish-
ing in a sheltered place in dry calcareous soil ;
Angustifolium, Congestium, and Fruticans, are
the next in point of hardiness, and probably
would do on a conservative wall.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. bi' color (two-coloured). 3. Yellow. July.
Van Dieman's Land. 1835.

— bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Pale yellow. Sep-

tember. New Holland. 1799.

involu'cro-a'tbido (whitish-involu-

cred). 3. Yellow. July. 1833.

— robu'stum (robust). White, yellow. July.

Swan River. 1839.

— specta'bile (showy). 2. Orange. June.

Swan River. 1840.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. arena'rium (sand). 1, Yellow^ August.
Europe, 1739.

H. candidi'srimum, (whitest). 2, Pale yellow.
June. Caspian. 1823.

— macra'nthum (large-flowered). Blush. Swan

River. 1837.

— ni'veum (snowy). 4. White, yellow. July,

Swan River. 1837-
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Naples. Half-hardy.

— co'nicum (conical). 2. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1824.

— rupe'stre (rock-inhabiting). Yellow. June.

Naples. 1830.

— Stoe'chas (common-shrub}. 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. Europe. 1629.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. apicula'tum (small-pointed). l£. Yellow.

Van Dieman's Land. 1804.

— arge'nteum (silvery). 2. White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

— cri' spurn (curled). 6. Pink. Cape of Good

Hope. 1809.

— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1780.

— cymo'sum (cymed). l£. Yellow. June.

Africa. 1731.

— dealba'tum (whitened). l£. White. Van

Dieman's Land. 1812.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Yel-

low. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1691.

— ruti'lans (shining-flowered). 1. Red, yellow.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— scorpioi'des (Scorpion-like). Yellow. New

Holland. 1838.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. acumina'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— affi'ne (related). 1$. Pale yellow. August.

Cape of Good Hope.

— arbo'reum (tree-like). 6. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1770.

— cephalo'tes (/arg'e-headed). 4. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1789.

— conge'stum (close-headed). 3. Purple. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1791.

— crassifo'liurn (thick-leaved). 1. Yellow.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— dasya'nthum (thick-flowered). 4. Yellow.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— diosmcEfo'lium (Diosma-leaved). 1 J. White.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— divarica'tum (spreading). 3. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). l£. Pink. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— fru'ticans (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1779.
—fu'lgidum (shining). 2. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.
i —helianthemifo'lium (Helianthemum-leaved).
1. White. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1774.

— lasiocau'lon (woolly-stemmed). 3. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— orienta'le (eastern). l£. Yellow. June.

Africa. 1629.

— panicula'tum (panicled). 2. White, July.

Cape of Good Hope, 1800.

HEL

HEL

H.pa'tuliim (spreading). 3, White. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1771.

— ri'gidum (stiff. leaved). 1$. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1801.

— vesti'tum (clothed). 2. White. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

HELICO'NIA. (From helicon, a hill,
consecrated to the Muses, in reference
to the affinity of this genus to Musa.
Nat. ord., Musads [Musacece]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1 -Monoyytua. )

The fleshy roots of H. psittacorum are eat-
able. Stove herbaceous perennials. Division
of the roots ; strong, rich, loamy soil. Summer
temp., 60° to 90°, with plenty of moisture ;
winter, 50° to 60°.

H. bl' color (two-coloured). 3. White, crimson.
Brazil. 1828.

— Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 8. Scarlet. August.

Brazil. 1820.

— dealba'ta (whited). 3.

— hirsu'ta (hairy-cowered). 5. Orange. South

America. 1800.

— I'ndica (Indian). 4. Madagascar. 1818.

— psittaco'rum (parrot-beaked). 4. Orange.

August. West Indies. 1/97-

— pulcerul&nta (dusted-teawed). 2. Greenish,

scarlet. July. South America. 1830.

— Sicartzia'na (Swartz's). 4. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1800.

HELIOCA'RPUS. (From helios, the sun,
and karpos, a fruit, in reference to the
fringes on the cells, or carpels, of the
fruit. Nat. ord., Lindenblooms [Tilia-
cese]. Linn., \\-Dodecandrla 1-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Sparmannia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

H. America'nus (American). 16. Purple. Vera
Cruz. 1/33.

HELIO'PHILA. (From helios, the sun,
and phileo, to love, referring to the
sunny aspect where they delight to
grow. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
caceaO. Linn., \b-Tetrandy wmia.)

All from the Cape of Good Hope. Annuals
by seed, in a warm, dry border, in April, or,
better still, in a slight hotbed, under a glass, in
March, and transplant in May. The under
shrubs require the greenhouse, or cold dry pit,
to winter them in, and are propagated by cut-
tings of young shoots, in sandy soil, under a
glass.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
H. cleomoi'des (Cleome-like). 1. Yellow. July.
1802.

— linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

1819.

— ptatysi'iiqua (broad-podded). 1. Purple.

July. 17/4.

— sropa'ria (Broom-like). 1. Red, June. 1802.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. White
purple. July. 1774.

— rt?-aio/'_de.v (Arabis-like). y. Brown. June,

1768.

— coronopifo'lia (Buckhorn-leaved). H. Violet,

July. 1778.

j — crithmifo'lia (Samphire-leaved), i. Violet.
July. 1816.

— diffu'sa (spreading^. §. White. June. 1818.

— digita'ta (finger-teamed), l. Brown. June.

1819.

— disse'cta (deeply-cut). 1. Blue. June. 1792.
pinna1 ta (leafleted). 1. White.

June. 1792.
—foRniculu'cea (Fennel-leaved). l£. Purple.

June. 1774.

i — pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. White. June.
1819-

— pe'ndula (weeping). l£. Yellow, white. July.

1792.
I —pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. 1768.

— stri'cta (erect). 3. Blue. June. 1823.

j — tri'fida (three-cut). jj. Purple. June. 1819.

HELIO'PSIS. (From helios, the sun,
and opsisy like ; the appearance of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Composites [Ast<>-
raceffi]. Linn., Iti-Syngenesia 2- Super-
flua. Allied to Zinnia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with yellow
flowers. By seed and division ; common soil ;
treatment similar to that for Helianthus.
H. cane'nsis (hoary). 2. August. Mexico. 1818.

— lee'vis (smooth). 6. August. North Ameriou.

1/14.

— sca'bra (rough). 5. August. North America.

1824.

HELIOTUO'PIUM. Turnsole. (From
helios, the sun, and trope, twining, in
reference to the curled or twining of
the flower-hranch. Nat, ord., Ehretiadx
[Khretiaceffi]. Linn., %-Tritmdria 1-
Monoyynia.}

Hardy annuals sown in open border in April ;
tender annuals and biennials in hotbed, and
transplanted ; biennials to be kept on by cut-
tings ; shrubs, by cuttings at any time, but
best in spring and autumn : at the first period
give a little bottom-heat, at the latter period
place them under glass, and shade ; rich light
soil.

STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

H. brevifo'lium (short - leaved). 1. White.
Nepaul. 1824. Biennial.

— Coromandeli'num (Coromandel). ;J. White.

East Indies. 1812.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. White.

August. West Indies. 1732. Bien-
nial

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. JEgyptVacum (Egyptian). White. June.
Egypt. 1842.

— Cape'nse{Csipc). $. White. Cape of Good

Hope. 1824.

HEL

HEM

H, commuta'tum (changed). £. White. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1800.

— Europce'iim (European). f. White. July.

South Europe. 1562.

— oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). £. White.

July. South Europe. 1824.

— obova'tum (reversed-egg-feared). £. Brown.

May. Nepaul. 1825.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREEN
SHRUBS.

//. corymbo'sum (corymbed). 4. Lilac. July.
Peru. 1800.'

— hu'mile (humble). 1. White. June. West

Indies. 1752. Stove.

— inca'num (hoary). 2. White. June. Peru.

1844.

— linifo'lium (Flax -leaved). 14. White. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1815.

— Marocca'num (Morocco). 1. White. June.

Morocco. 1823.

— undula'tum (waved - leaved). £. Lilac,

brown. July. North Africa. 1820.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS SHRUB.

tL Peruvla'num (Peruvian). 2. Lilac. July.
Peru. 1/57.

HELLE'BORUS. Hellebore. (From
hcleim, to kill, and lora, food, referring
to its poisonous quality. Nat. ord.,
Crowfoots [Kammculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria (J-Polyyynia. Allied to Eran-
this.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; by seeds, and
by division of the plant in spring; common
soil, in a shady place.

H. atroru'bens (dark-red). 1. Purple. March.
Hungary. 1820.

— cu'prcus (copper-coloured-^owered). Cop-

per. January. 1838.

— dumeto'rum (thicket), li. Green. March.

1817.

—fw'tidus (fetid. Bear* a -foot). l£. Green.
March. England.

— grave' olens (strong-scented). Yellow. Feb-

ruary. 1838.

— li'vidus (livid -three* leaved). 1. Purple.

March. Corsica. 1710.

integ-rilo'bus (entire-lobed). 1. Pur-
ple. February. Corsica. 1710.

— ni'ger (black. Christmas-Rose). 1. Pink.

Austria. 1596.

angustifo'lius (narrow - leaved). 1.

Pink. March. Austria. 15g6.

— odo'rus (sweet-scented). 1$. Green. March.

Hungary. 1817.

— Oly'mpicus (Olympian). 2. Green. Feb-

ruary. India. 1840.

— Orienta'lis (Eastern). 1. Dark. February.

India. 1839.

— pupura'sccns (purplish). 14. Purple, green.

March. Hungary. 1817.

— vcrna'lis (spring). £. White. March.

Austria. 1596.

HETXE'NIA. (Named after C. N.
Hdknius, professor at Abo. Nat. ord.,
Gingerworts [Zmziberacese], Linn.,

1-Monandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Alpinia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, with white
flowers; division, in spring; rich sandy loam
and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°. Treatment similar to Hedy-
chium.

H. abno'rmis (irregular). 10. June. China.
1824.

— ccem'lea (blue-Serried). 4. New Holland.

1820.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 3. China. 1825.

HELMET FLOWER. Corya'nthes.

HELO'NIAS. (A diminutive of helos,
a marsh; small marsh plants. Nat*
ord., Mclanths [Melanthacese]. Linn.j
6-Hexandria 3-Triyynia. Allied to Ye-
ratrum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America. By seeds and dividing the roots, in
spring ; sandy fibry loam and peat, and re-
quiring a moist, somewhat shaded situation.
H. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White.
May. 1823.

— bulla'ta (boss-garnished). 1. Purple. April.

1758.

— erythrospe'rma (red- seeded). £• White.

June. 1/70.

HEMEROCA'LLIS, Day Lily. (From
hemero, a clay, and hallos, beauty. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 0-
Hexandria \-Monogynia. )

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division irl
spring; common garden soil.

H. di'sticha (two-rowed). 2. Orange. May*
China. 1798.

— fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. Siberia;

1596.
— fu'lva (tawny). 4. Tawny. July. Levant.

1596.
flo're-pleno (double - flowered). 4.

Copper. July.
variega'ta (striped-leaved.) 4. CopJ

per. July.

— grami'nea (grassy-leaved). 1. Lilac, yellow.

June. Siberia. 1/59.

— Siebo'ldi (Siebold's). Pink. September;

Japan. 1833.

— specio'sa (showy). Yellow. July.

HEMIA'NDRA. (From hemi, half, and
aner, a man, in reference to the absence
of the two upper stamens, being half
their number. Nat. ord., Labiates or
LipicortSi [Lamiacea;]. l-i-Didynmnia
\-Gymnospermia. Allied to Prostan-
thera.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glaes, in April ; loam and peat,
lightened with sand and pieces of charcoal.
Summer temp., 55° to 75°; winter, 38° to 45°.
H, trevifo'lto (short-leaved), May, 1840.

HEM

HEP

H. emargina'ta (notch-ended). White, pink.
May. 1840.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). May.

— rupe'stris (rock). May. J837.

HEMICLI'DIA. (From hemi, half, and
kleio, to shut, referring to the appear-
ance of the flowers. Nat. ord., Pro-
teads [Proteaceae], Linn., ±-Tetrandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Dryandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
firm young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and when callused at the base, assisted with a
mild bottom-heat; a little fibry loam, but
chiefly peat, with a few chips of sandstone
and charcoal, and well drained. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.

H. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Yellow. June.
Lucky Bay. 1824.

HEMIDI'CTYON. (From hemi, half,
and diktyon, a net. Nat. ord., Polypods
[Polypo'diaceee]. Linn., 2±-Cryptoga-
mia 1-Filices.)

A stove fern. Division in spring ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 50°
to 55°.

H. margina'tum (bordered). Brown. South
America.

HEMIGE'NIA. (From hemi, half, and
yenea, to beget ; referring to the absence
of the two upper stamens ; being half
their number. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., \k-Didynamia 1-
Gymsospermia. Allied to Hemiandra.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
short young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45 ; re-
quires good drainage.

H. purpu'rea (purple-flowered}. Purple. April.
New South Wales. 1824.

HEMIGO'NIUM. (From hemi, half, and
gonu, angle. T$a.t.ord.., Polypods [Poly-
podiacess]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices.)

Herbaceous stove fern. Divisions in spring ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 45° to 55°.

H. cadu'cum (naked). Brown, yellow. May.
West Indies.

HEMI'MERIS. (From hemi, half, and
meris, a part; referring to the appear-
ance of the flowers as if in two halves.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacece].
Linn., 2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied
to Alonsoa.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sandy soil, and in bottom-
heat; sandy loam and a little peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. monta'na (mountain). £. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1816.

HEMIONI'TES. (From hemionos, a
mule, supposed to be barren. Nat. ord.,
Polypods [Polypodiaceae]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia l-Filices.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Dividing the
roots ; sandy loam and peat. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
H. corda'ta (heart-teawrf); Brown, yellow.
July. East Indies.

— palm'ata (hand-teawed). $. July, West

Indies. 1793.

— pinna' ta (leafleted). Brown, yellow. July.

East Indies.

HEMITE'LIA. (From hemi, half, and
mitella, a mitre ; shape of rootstock.
Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypodiacese].
Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)

A stove fern from Jamaica, requiring similar
treatment to Hermionites.
H. ho'rrida (horrid). 20. Brown, yellow.
1843.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Brown, yellow.

1824.

HEMLOCK. Coni'um.

HEMLOCK SPRUCE. Pi'nus canade'nsis.

HEMP AGRIMONY. Eupato'r'mm can-
nabi'niim.

HEN-AND-CHICKENS. See Daisy.

HENBANE. Hyoscy'amus.

HE'NFREYA. (Named after Arthur
Henfrey, Esq., a distinguished botanist.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynia. Allied
to Dicliptera.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small
side shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a
brisk bottom-heat ; turfy loam and fibry peat ;
keep a high moist temperature after shifting.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
H. sca'ndens (climbing). White. May. Sierra
Leone. 1845.

HENNA PLANT. Lawso'nia ine'rmis.

HEPA'TICA. (From hcpaticos, relating
to the liver; referring to the lobed
leaves. Nat. ord.j Crowfoots [Ranun-
culacecej. Linn., 13-Poiyandria G-Po-
lygynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials; seeds and
division of the plant, or roots, in spring ; sandy
loam, with the addition of a little peat or leaf
mould.

H. acutilo'ba (acute-lobed). $. Blue. March.
North America. 1818.

— America' 'na (common- American). |. Blue.

March. North America. 1800.
a'lba (white-flowered). £. White.

March. North America. 1835.
ru'bra (red-flowered). $. Red.

March. North America. 1835.

— angulo'sa (angled). $. Blue. March. North

America.

HEP

[ 479 ]

HER

H. trilo'ba (eomroon-three-lobed). $. Pink.
April. England.

Of Americana and triloba there are
many varieties.

HERACLE'UM. Cow Parsnip. (From
heracles, a plant consecrated to Her-
cules. Nat. ord., Umbcllifers [Apiacese].
Linn., o-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)

Strong coarse plants, adapted for rough
ground, banks of lakes, rivers, and waterfalls.
H. gigante'um is the best for these purposes.
All the species are hardy biennials or herbaceous
perennials, and white flowered.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS are those peren-
nials which lose their stems annually,
whilst the roots continue alive in the
earth.

HERBARY was a department of the
garden formerly much more cultivated
than at present, when the more potent
medicinal plants of hotter climates are
so easily procurable. The following is
a list of the tenants of the herhary, the
appropriate cultivation of which will be
found under their particular titles : —
Angelica, Balm, Basil, Blessed Thistle,
Borage, Burnet, Caraway, Chamomile,
Chervil, Coriander, Dill, Hyssop, La-
vender, Liquorice, Marigold, Marjoram,
Mint, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Pur-
slane, Eue, Sage, Savory, Scurvy Grass,
Tansey, Tarragon, Thyme, Wormwood.

HERBE'RTIA. (Named after Dr.
Herbert, Dean of Manchester, a distin-
guished investigator of bulbous plants.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacece]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia I-Triandria. Allied to
Cypella.)

Pretty little half-hardy bulbs. Seeds and
off-sets, in spring; sandy loam and a little
peat ; should be kept in a cold pit in winter, or
protected in a dry border.
H. cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. April. Texas.
1842.

— Drummondia'na (Drummond's). Violet.

April. Texas. 1842.

— pulche'lla (neat), f. Blue, purple. July.

Chili. 1827-

— pusi'lla (small). Yellow. June. Brazil.

1830.

HEEB-BENNET. Ge'um.

HERB-GRACE. See Rue.

HERB PARIS. Pa'ris.

HERB ROBERT. Gera'nium Robertia'-
num .

HERCULES' CLUB. Zantho'xylum da'va
He'rcuiis.

HERITIE'RA. Looking-glass plant.

(Named after L'Heritier, a French
botanist. Nat. ord., Sterculiads [Ster-
culiacese]. Linn., Sl-Afonceda 10-De-
candrla. Allied to Sterculia.)

Stove evergreen trees ; cuttings of ripe young
shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in brisk
bottom heat ; sandy rich loam and a little peat ;
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

H. littora'lis (shore). 20. Eed. East Indies.
1/80.

— mi'nor (smaller). 12. Mauritius. 1842.

HERMA'NNIA. (Named after Paul
Hermann, a botanist. Nat. ord., Byttne-
riads [Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Mona-
delphia 2-Pentandria. Allied to Ma-
hernia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope, with yellow flowers, except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, in spring, under a glass ;
sandy loam and a little fibry peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

H. alnifo'lia (Alder-leaved). 7. March. 1728.

— althceifo' Ha (Mallow-leaved), 2i. April.

1728.

— arge'ntea (silvery). 2. Orange. May. 1820.

— coronopifo'lia (Buckhorn-leaved). 2. June.

1823.

— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. August. 1791,

— decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. May. 1821.

— diosmaifn'lia (Diosma-leaved). April. 1794.

— fla'mmea (flame-cowered). 3. Orange.

December. 1794.

— fra1 grans (fragrant). 2. 1822.

— glandulo'sa (glandular). 2. June. 1822.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1791.

— hispi'dula (slightly-bristled). March. 1824.

— holoseri'cea (velvet- leaved). 2. June. 1792.

— hyssopifo'lia (Hyssop -leaved). 7. Straw.

May. 1725.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. June. 1816.

— infla'ta (swollen). 3. Tawny. September.

South America. 1829-

— involucra'ta (involucred). 2. May. 1794.

— lavandulafo'liu (Lavender - leaved); H.

June. 1732.

— mi'cans (glittering). 2. 7790.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 3. April. 1791.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. May. 1780.

— plica'ta (plaited- leaved}. 3. November.

1774.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). l£. May. 1792.

— pulverule'nta (powdered). 2. June. 1820.

— sca'bra (rough- leaved). 3. April. 1/89-

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 2. June.

— trifnlia'ta (three-leaved). 2. 1752.

— trifurca'ta (three-forked). 3. Purple. May.

1/89.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 2. June. 1819.

HERMI'NIUM. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat.ord.,0rc/«rfs [Orchidaceae].
Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Al-
lied to Gymnadenia.)

Terrestrial orchids inhabiting dry chalky
banks- Divisions of the roots; chalky loam

HEE

L 480 ]

HES

and fibry peat ; some hardy enough for a shady
border, and others requiring the greenhouse.

H. Alpi'num (Alpine). White. May. Swit-
zerland. 1824.

— corda'tum (heart-leaved). £. Yellowish

green. March. North West Africa.
1830.

— conge' stum (crowded -flower ed). Green.

November. Madeira.

— mono'rchis (one-bulbed). Green. June.

England.

HERNA'NDIA. Jack-in-a-box. (Named
after F. Hernandez, M.D,, a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thy-
melaceae]. Linn., 21-Monocda 3-Tri-
andria. Allied to Inocarpus.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in brisk
bottom-heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

H. Guiane'nsis (Guiana), 50. Guiana. 1820.

— oci'gera (egg-bearing). 50. East Indies.

— sono'ra (sounding). 50. East Indies. 1693.

HERON'S BILL. Ero'dium.

HERPE'STES. (From 1ierpestcst a creep-
ing thing, in reference to the creeping
stems. Nat. ovd.,Figworts [Scrophula-
riacene]. Linn., l±-Didynamia '2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Gratiola.)

Aquatic perennials. Seeds and divisions ; rich
loamy soil. H. cuneifolia is hardy, the other
two require pans or tubs of water in a stove.
H. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). £. Blue. August.
North America. 1812.

— Monnie'ria (Monnier's). £. Light blue.

August. South America. 1772.
-^•sti'i'cta (erect). 1. Blue. August. 1824.

HESPEEA'NTHA. Evening Flower.
(From hesperos, the evening, and an-
thos, a flower. Nat. ord., Irids [Iri-
daceae]. Linn., '3-Triandria l-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Ixia.)

Small bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope.
Offsets ; sandy loam and peat ; requiring the
protection of a cold pit in winter.
H. angu'sta (narrow-leaved). £. White. May.
1825.

— cinnamo'mea (Cinnamon). A. Violet. April.

1/87-
— falca'ta (sickle-leaved). $. Violet. May. 1/87.

— radia'ta (radiated). £. Violet. May. 1794.

HE'SPERIS. llocket. (From hesperos,
the evening star ; rockets being sweeter
towards the evening. Nat. ord., Cru-
cifers [Brassicaceoej. Linn., 15 Tetra-
dynamia.)

Annuals and biennials, sow in open border in
March and April ; perennials, division of the
root, and giving them fresh soil ; the best time
for this is after they have finished flowering and
fresh growth has commenced ; light rich soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.
H.pulche'lla (neat). 1. Red. July. Levant.
1827.

— pygmas'a (dwarf). Purple. June. Syria. 1828.

— ramosi'ssima (branchiest). $. Red. July.

. Algiers. 1819.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

H. ela'ta (tall). 4. Pink. June. Europe. 1824.

— fra' grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. May. Si-

beria. 1821.

— grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 4. White,

purple. July. 1820.

I — heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Red. May.
Italy. 1823.

— lacinin'ta (fringed). 1|. Purple. May. South

France. 1816.

— runcina'ta (irregular-lobed) . 1$. White,

purple. June. Hungary. 1804.

— — — — bitumino'sa (clammy). l£.

White, purple. June.

— tri'stis (sad). 1, Purple, May. Austria.

1629.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. a'prica (exposed). £. Purple. May. Siberia.
1822.

— exce'lsa (lofty). 3. White. May. 1828.

— matrona'lis (matronly). 4. Purple. June.

Europe. 1597.
albiflo'ra (white -flowered). 4.

White. June. Europe. 1/59.
a'lbo-ple'na (double-white-flower-

ed). 2. White. June. Europe. 1597-
foliiflo'ra (leaf - flowered). 2.

Green. June. Europe. 1597.
horte'nsis (garden). Purple. June.

Europe. 1759.
purpu'reo-ple'na (double-purple) .

Red. June. Europe. 1597.
Sib'iricu (Siberian). 3. Purple.

June. Siberia. 1800.
sylve'stris (wood). Pink. June.

Britain.
variega'ta (variegated - double -

flowered). 2. White, red. June.

Europe. 1507.

— repa'nda (wavy-edged). 2. Purple. June.

Spain. 1821.

— specio'sa (showy). &. Rose, purple. April.

Siberia. 1829.

HESPEROSCO'RDUM. (Literally the
onion of the west, from hcspuros, the
evening, and scordon, garlic. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., ii-Hex-
andria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Allium.)

Seeds or offsets in spring; sandy loam; re-
quire a little protection in winter.
H. hyaci'nthinum (Hyacinth-like). 1. Blue.
July. 1826.

— la'cteum (milk-white). 1$. White. July.

California. 1833.

HE'SSEA. (A genus of little Cape
bulbs, named after M. Hens, a mis-
sionary ; found in all our books, but the
living plants remain btill to be intro-
duced.)

HET

HE U

HETEKANTHE'RA. (From heteros, va-
riable, and finer, anther. Nat. ord.,
Pontederads [Pontederacesej. Linn.,
•3 - Triandrin 1 -Monoqyn ia. )

Water perennials allied to Lilies. Limosa
will thrive in a pond or stream ; the others re-
quire tubs in the greenhouse and stove ; divi-
sion ; rich loam.

H. acu'ta (acute). White. June. Virginia.
1812.

— limo'sa (bog). Blue. July. North Ame-

rica. 1822.

— renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved}. Blue. July.

South America. 1824.

HETEROCH.T/TA. (From heteros, va-
riable, and chaite, a bristle; referring
to the flower envelopes. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 10-
Syngenesia Z-Superflua. Allied to Eri-
geron.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant, in spring ; deep sandy loam.
H , pube'scens (downy). White. July. Mex-
ico. 1827.

HETEROMO'RPHA. (From heteros, va-
riable, and morpha, form; referring
to the leaves. Nat. ord., Umbel-lifers
[Apiacese]. Linn., o-Penlandria 2-
Digynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, under a bell-glass, in sand;
sandy loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
H. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Cape of Good Hope, 1810.

HETEBO'NOHA. (From heretos, vari-
able, and name, distribution; referring
to the leaves. Nat. ord., Mclastomads
[Melastomaceee], Linn., S-Octandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Ehexia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs from Mexico. Cut-
tings of young shoots, in spring, in sandy peat,
under a bell-glass, and then placed in bottom-
heat ; sandy peat, and pieces of charcoal, and
sandstone, with good drainage. Summer temp..
60° to 80° ; winter temp., 48° to 55°.

H. divers! fo' Hum (various-leaved). 2. Red.
June. 1830.

— subtripline'rvium (under - three * nerved).

White. June. 1824.

( HETERO'PTERYS. (From heteros, va-
rious, and pteron, a wing; referring to
the wings of the seed vessels being of
different forms. Nat. ord., Malplyhiads
[Malpighiaceoe]. Linn., iQ-Decandria
3-Triyyniu. Allied to Banisteria.)

Stove climbers, except nitida, which is a
shmb. Cuttings of firm young shoots, in silver
sand, over sandy peat, and plunged in bottom-
heat in April ; sandy peat and loam, with pieces
31

of charcoal, and thorough drainage. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. car u! lea (blue). 10. Blue. West Indies.
1823.

— clirysophy'lla (golden - leaved). Orange.

Brazil. 1793.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Blue. Mex-

ico. 1824.

— ni'tida (glossy). 10. Yellow. Brazil. 1809-

— undula'ta (wavy - leaved}. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1838.

HETEROSPE'RMUM. (From heteros,
variable, and sperma, seeds. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceag] . Linn., 10-
Syngenesia 2-SuperJlua.}

Hardy annual. Sow in the open border in
April, or in a slight hotbed in March ; seedlings
to be transplanted.

H. plnna'tum (leafleted). 2. Yellow. August.
New Spain. 1799-

HETEROTHE'CA. (From heteros^ va-
rious, and theca, a covering ; referring
to the flower envelopes. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteraceee] . Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 2-Superjlua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and
divisions of the plant, in spring; common
garden soil.

H, sca'bra (rough). Yellow. August. North
America.

HETERO'TRICHUBI. (From heteros,
various, and thrix, hair ; referring to
the disposition of the hairs on the
leaves, &c. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Me-
lastomacesej. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom-heat, in "spring ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 48°
to 55°.

H. ma'crodon (long-toothed). 7. White. Sep-
tember. South America. 1848.

— ni'veum (snowy). White. May. St. Do-

mingo. 1820.

— pa' tens (spreading). Blush. May. St.

Domingo. 1825.

HEU'CHERA. (Named after Professor
Heitcher, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragaceai]. Linn., 0-
Pcntandria 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials ; divisions of
the plant any time in spring ; common garden
soil.

H. America' na (American). 1. Purple. May.
North America. 1656.

— cylindra'cea (cylindric-panicled) . 2. Green.

May. North America. 1830.

— gla'bra (smooth). 1. Pink. May. North

America. 1827.

— h i'spida (bristly). 3, Purple. May. Virginia.

1826.

HEU

[ 482 ]

HIB

H. JI/ew^/e'siJCMenzies's). White. May. North |
America. 1812.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Pink, violet. June.

North America. 1812.

— Richardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. Green.

North America. 1827.

— villo'sa (shaggy). £. Violet. May. Canada.

1812.

HEWA'RDIA. (Named after Mr. Hew-
ard. Nat.orcl.,Po/^orfs [Polypodiacese] .
Linn., %±-Cryptoyamia 1-FUices.)

A stove fern; divisions in spring; peat and
sandy loam. Summer temp., 6w° to 80°; win-
ter, 48° to 55°.

H. adiantoi'des (Maiden-hair-like). Brown.
June. Guiana.

HEY'NEA. (Named after Dr.Heync,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Mellads
[Meliacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Trichilia.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees. Cut-
tings of well-ripened young shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy, rich
loam and a little peat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 55°.

H. quinque'juga (five-paired). 20. Java. 1816.

— tri'juga (three-paired). 20. September.

Nepaul. 1812.

HIBBE'RTIA. (Named by G.Hibbcrt, a
distinguished promoter of botany. Nat.
ord., Dilleniads [Billeniaceae]. Linn.,
IS-Polyandriu il-Trigynia. "Allied to
Candollea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow
flowers, from New Holland, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of half- ripened
shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°. Volubilis is an elegant
twiner, and grossularieKfolia makes either a
creeper or a trailer; it has a fine effect sus-
pended from a basket ; does beautifully for
hanging down the sides of a rockwork in sum-
mer.

H. cistifo'lia (Cistus-leaved). 1. June. 1826.

— Cunningha'mi (Cunningham's). 2. July

1832, Twiner.

— denta'ta (toothed). 6. 1814. Twiner.

— flexruo'sa (zigzag). 2. May. 1823.

— grossularicefo'liu, (Gooseberry- leaved). 6,

May. 1816. Trailer.

— linen' ris (narrow-teamed). 6. June. 1821.

— obtusifo'Ua (blunt-leaved). 2. Van Die-

man's Land. 1824.

— peduncula'ta (/o«#-leaf-stalked). 2. June.

1821.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-pierced). 3. May. 1842.

— sali'gna (Willow-teamed). 3. July. 1823.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 3. July. )S22.

— volu'bilis (twining). 8. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1/90. Twiner.

HIBI'SCUS. (Virgil's name for the
Marsh Mallow, Nat. ord., Mullotv-

worls [Malvaceae]. Linn., \(\-Mona-
delph'ui 8-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals sow in open border in the
beginning of April ; tender annuals sow in
hotbed — seedlings to have out-door or green-
house treatment ; hardy herbaceous require
dividing in spring, and a moist situation to
grow in ; hardy shrubs require an open situa-
tion fully exposed to the sun, by seeds, and
double ones by layers, by cuttings of ripe
shoots under a hand-light in autumn, and kept
on all the winter, and also by grafting. Green-
house and stove species are propagated by young
shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, the
stove kinds also requiring bottom-heat, and the
greenhouse kinds liking a little too, after they
have stood a week in the cutting pots ; peat
and loam; usual greenhouse and stove tem-
peratures.

HARDY ANNUALS.

H. Africa'nus (African). 2. White. June.
Africa. 1826.

— Huge' Hi (Baron Hugel's). May. Swan

River. 1841.

— Trio'num (Bladder Kctmia). 2. Yellow,

brown. July. Italy. 15Q0.

STOVE ANNUALS.

H. digita'tus (finger-leaved). 2. White, red'

August. Brazil. 1816.
--- Keria'nus (Ker's). 2. White,

red. August. Brazil. 1816.

— longiflo'rus (long-flowered). Pale yellow.

August. East Indies. 1817-

— radia'tus (rayed). 2. Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1700.

— tetraphy'llus (four- leaved). l£. Yellow.

July. Bengal. 1818. i

— liitifo'lins ( Vine-leaved). 2. Yellow. August.

East Indies. 1690.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. Flame.
July. Georgia. 1816. Half-hardy.

— inca'nns (hoary). 3. Yellow. September.

Carolina." 1806.

— milita'ris (military). 3. Purple. August.

North America. 1804.

— Moscheu'tos (Mallow Rose). 4. White,

pink. August. North America.

— palu'stris (marsh). 3. Pink. August. North

America. 1759.

— pentaca'rpus (five-fruited). 3. Lilac, red.

August. Venice. 1752.

— ro'seus (rose-coloured). 4. Pink. August.

France. 1827.

— sca'ber (rough). 2. Yellow. August.

Carolina. 1810.

— specio'sus (shewy). 2. Scarlet. July. North

America. 1804.

(Syrian). 8. Purple. August.
Syria. 1596. Deciduous shrub.

a'lbus (white-flowered). 8. AVhite.

a'lbus-ple'nns (double-white). 8.

White. August.

marginu'tus (bordered-leaved). 8.
Purple, white. August. Syria.

pwrmt'retts (purple -flowered}- 8.
Purple. August.

HIB

HIE

H. Syri'acuspurpu'reo-ple'mis (double-purple).

8. Purple. August.
-- ru'ber (red-lowered). 8. Red. Au-

gust.
-- variega'tus (variegated -flowered).

8. Striped. August.

— Virgi'nicus (Virginian). 2. Red. August.

Virginia. 1798.

— Wra'yce (Mrs. Wray's). 10. Purple, Octo-

ber. Swan River. 1839. Deciduous
shrub.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
H. gossypi'nus (Cotton- like). 4. Yellow. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— grossula'rite (Gooseberry-fea»ed). 4. Blush.

June. Swan River.

— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 6. White,

red. August. New South Wales. 1803.

— multi'fidus (many-parted-/ea»ed). 3. Azure.

September. New Holland. 1837. Deci-
duous.

— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). 3. Yellow.

August. New South Wales.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.
H. Abelmo'schus (Musk Akro). 3. Yellow.
August. India. 1640.

— JEthio'picus (Ethiopian). 15. Purple. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— bifurca'tus (two-forked). 2. Purple. June.

Brazil. 1825.

— Borbo'nicus (Bourbon). 10. Yellow. July.

Bourbon. 1820.

— Camera 'ni (Cameron's). 1. Rosy. July.

Madagascar. 1838.

fu'lgetis( brilliant). Red, August.

Madagascar. 1843.

— cancella'tus (latticed). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1817.

— colli' nus (bill-inhabiting). 4. Yellow, brown.

January. 1836.

— crini'tus (long-haired) . 3. Yellow, red.

September. Prome. 1828. Herbaceous
perennial.

— diversifo'lius (various-leaved). 6. Yellow.

June. East Indies. 1798.

—fe'rox (fierce- stinging). 5. Yellow. May.
New Grenada. 1844.

— ferrugi'neus (rusty). 15. Scarlet. Mada-
gascar. 1824.

— ficu'lneus (Fig^leaved). 4. Yellow, purple.
June. Ceylon. 1732.

— furca'tus (forked- ea^ed). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. East Indies. 1816. Herbaceous
perennial.

— Jerroldia'nus (Mr. Jerrold's).

July. Brazil. 1843.
perennial.

— la'mpas (lamp). 10. Pink.

1806.

— lila' tinus (Lilzc-flowered). 6. Lilac. New I —

Holland. 1836.

— liliiflo'rus (Lily-flowered). 10. Scarlet. I —

July. Mauritius. 1828.

— Li'ndlei (Lindley's). 3. Purple. December.

India. 1828.

— Maclenya'nus(Ma.cLea.y's). Yellow. August.

West Indies. 1827.

— Ma'niftot (Manihot). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1712. Herbaceous pe-
rennial.

6. Crimson.
Herbaceous

East Indies.

H. muta' bilis (changeable). 15. White. No-
vember. East Indies. 1690.

— peduncula'tus (/owg--leaf-stalked). 2. Red.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— pentaspe'rmus (five-seeded). 3. Yellow.

July. Jamaica. 1825.

— phoeni'ceus (purple-flowered). 8. Purple.

July. East Indies. 1796.

— pulche'llus (beautiful). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— rhombifo'lius (diamond-leaved). 4. Purple,

July. East Indies. 1823.

— ro'sa-Malaba'rica (Malabar- Rose). 2. Scar-

let. August. East Indies.

— ro'sa-Sine'nsis (Chinese-Rose). 10. Red.

July. East Indies. 1731.
-- ca'rnea-ple'na (double-flesh). 10. Flesh,

July. East Indies. 1731.
-- fla'va-ple'na (double-yellowish). 10.

Yellow. July. East Indies.
-- lu'tea (double-yellow). 10. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1823.
-- ru' bra-pie' na (double -red). 10. Red.

July. East Indies.
-- variega'ta-ple'na (double - variegated).

10. Striped. July. East Indies.

— sple'ndens (shining). 10. Rose. May.

New Holland. 1828.

— Telfai'ricE (Mrs. Telfair's). 2. Rose. July.

Mauritius. 1825.

— trilo'bus (three-lobed). 2. Yellow. July.

West Indies. 1818.

— tubulo'sus (tubular). 2. Yellow. August.

East Indies. 1796.

— veluti'nus (velvet). 6. White. July. Timor.

1818.

HICKORY. Cu'rya.

HIDE-BOUND. See Bark-bound.

HIERA'CIUM. Hawkweed. (A name
from Pliny for eye-salve; referring to
the ancient employment of the juice.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese],
Linn., IV-Synyenesia 1-sEqnulis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with one ex-
ception, and all yellow-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. The dwarf ones fitted for
the front of borders, rock-works, and alpine
grounds. Seeds and divisions of the plant in
spring; light, rich loam. Fruticosum is a
greenhouse shrub ; cuttings will strike in sandy
soil, either under a bell-glass, or a hand-light,
during the summer ; sandy loam suits it, with a
little peat. Winter temp., 35° to 40°.
H. alpe'stre (Alpine). £. July. Switzerland.
1822.

— alpi'num (mountain). £. July. Britain.

— amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). l£. July.

Pyrenees. 1739.

pulmonarioi'des (Lungwort-
like). l£. July. Switzerland. 1819.

— anchusafo'lium (Bugloss-leaved). 1. July.

Italy. 1816.

— angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). £. May.

Switzerland. 1823.

— (ruranti'acum (Orange). l£. Orange. June.

Scotland.

fla'vum (yellow). l.J. July,

Switzerland. 1819.
— auri'cula (wmde^-eared). l£, July. England.

HIE [ 4

H. lii'fidwn (twice-cut). lj. June, Hungary.

— bructeola'tum (bracted;. 14. August.

Europe. 1823.

— calca'reum (chalky). 4. July. Europe.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 2. July. Canada.

1800.

— ccrinthoi'des (Honey-wort- like). 14. August.

Scotland.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed) . 2. July. Crete.

1824.

— colli'num (hill). 2- July. Switzerland.

1819.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. July. 1817.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 4. July. Hun-

gary. 1820.

— cro'ceum ( Saffron). 1. June. Siberia. 1818.

— cydonicKfo'lium (Quince-leaved). 2. July.

France. 1816.

— cymo'sum (cymed). 1. May. Europe. 1739.

— denticula'tum (small- toothed). 1. July.

Scotland.

— ec/iioi'des (Viper's Bugloss-like). jf. July.

Hungary. 1802.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). 1. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— eriopho'rum (wool-bearing). 1. August.

South Europe. 1817.

— eriophy'llum (woolly-leaved). 14. June.
—fascicula'tum (bundled). 5. July. Canada.
—flagella're (twiggy). 1. May. 1816.

— Florenti'num (Florentine). 2. July. Ger-

many. 1791.

— folio'sum (leafy). 2. July. Hungary. 1805.

— frutico'sum (shrubby). 2. July. Madeira.

1/85. Greenhouse shrub.

— glabru'tnm (smooth). 4. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

tubulo'sum (tubulous). 4- July.

Switzerland. 1819.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 14. June. Siberia.

1798.

— Gochna'ti (Gochnati's). 1. June. Switzer-

land. 1819.

-~ Grono'vii (Gronovius's). 1. June. North
America. 1/98.

— Halle'ri (Haller's). 4. July. Britain.

— hetcrophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. Au-

gust. Woods.

— Hoppea'num (Hoppe's). 4. June. Switzer-

land. 18ig.

— hu'milt: (humble). \. July. Germany.

1804.

bracttia'tum (brachiate). 4« June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— inca'num (hoary). 2. July. Caucasus. 1817.

— incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). 14. Pink.

June. Carniola. 1815.

— inci'sum (cut-leaved). $. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— uwtoi'rfes(Inula-like). 4. August. Scotland.

— Ka'lmii (Kalm's). 14. August. Pensyl-

vania. 1794.

— lecviga'tum (smooth). 2. August. 1804.

— Lawso'ni (Lawson's). ^. June. Britain.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 14. July. 1821.

— macula' turn (spotted- Jeaued). 14- August.

Britain.

— mo' lie (soft-leaned). 1^. August. Scotland.

— ova' turn (egg-leaved). 4- July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— palle'scens (pale). 1. July, Hungary. 1818,

4 ] HIG

H. panicula'tum (panicled). 14, June. Canada.
1800.

— pi'ctum (painted). 14. July. Switzerland.

1819.

— piloce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. July.

1823.

— pilosellifo'rme (Mouse-ear-like). 4. June.

Switzerland. 1819-

— porrifo'thim (Leek-leaved). 1. July. Aus-

tria. 1640.

— preemo'rsum (bitten-lcaved). 1. June.

Switzerland. 1818.

— prenanthoi'des (Prenanthus-like). 2. July.

France. 1819-

— prunellaifo'lium (Self-heal-leaved). 4. July.

Switzerland. 1820.

— pulmonarioi'des (Lungwort-like). 1. July.

France. 1819.

— pulmona'rium (Lungwort). 14- July- Scot-

land.

— pusi'llum (small). $. July- Labrador. 1800.

— racemo'sum (racemed). 2. July. Hungary.

1816.

— ramo'sum (branchy). 2. August. Hungary.

1805.

— re'pens (creeping). 14. July. Switzerland.

1819.

— ri'gidum (stiff). 2. June. Britain.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved) . 2.

June. Britain.

•pi'ctum (painted). 2. June. Britain.

June. Switzerland.

— rotunda,' turn (round-leaved). 3. July. Hur

gary. 1817-

— rupe'stre (rock). 4.

1820.

— wtra'tffc (rock). 1. July. Austria. 1801.

— Schmi'dtil (Schmidt's). lA. June.

— .Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. July. Switzer-
land. 1819-

— spcciosi'ssimum (showiest). 14- August.

South Europe. 1821,

— specio'sum (showy) . 14- June. 1818.

— slaticifo'lium (Thrift-leaved). l.J. June.

Europe. 1804.

— Stcrnbe'rgii (Sternberg's). 4. July. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— sioloni'ferum (runner-growing). 1. May.

Switzerland. 1820.

— sucrisccfn' limn (lopped-leaved). 1. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— syli-a' tirum (wood). 14. August. Britain.

— tricoi-e'plinhnn (hairy-headed). 1. July.

1823.

— umbetta'tum (umbelled). 3. August. Britain.

— undula'tum (waved). 14. July. Spain.

17/8.

— veno'sum (veiny). 4- July. North America.

1790.

— verbascifo'lium (Mullein-leaved) . 1. May*

South Europe. 1732.

— verrucula'tum ( warted) . 1 . July . 1 82 1 .

— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. Scotland.

— virga' turn (twiggy). 2. July. North Ame-

rica. 1816.

IIifitu'NsiA. (Named _after Don
O'Hiyyins, a Spanisli-Americaii officer.
Nat. orcl., Cinchonads [Cinchonacesp].
Linn., o-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied
to Hcrnilia.)
A greeahouee evergreen shrub. Cuttings of

HTG

[ 480 ]

HIP

half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in spring ; peat and loam. Winter temp., 38°
to 45° ; will thrive out of doors in summer.

H.Mexica'na (Mexican). Yellow. June. Mex-

HI'LLIA. (Named after Sir John
Hill, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [CinchonaceiB]. Linn., li-
Hcxandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Cinchona.)

Stove evergreens with white flowers. Cuttings
in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter, 48° to 55°.

H . longiflo'ra (long - flowered) . l£. March.
West Indies. 1/89.

— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). l£. June. Ja-

maica. 1793.

HI'KDSIA. (Named after R. B. Hinds,
a promoter of botany. Nat, ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonaceoe]. Linn., b-Pen-
tandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Ron-
deletia. )

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Brazil.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in bottom-heat. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

H. longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Blue. Au-

gust. 1841.
a'lba (white -flowered}. 2. White.

May. 1845.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. May.

1844.

HIPPEA'STRUM. Equestrian Star.
(From hippeus, a knight, and astron, a
star ; referring to one of the species, !
equestrts. Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Araa- I
ryllidaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-Mo- \
noyynia. Allied to Habranthus.)

This genus of bulbs has no affinity with Ama-
ryllis, with which the species are often con-
founded. Offsets; sandy loam, peat, and
leaf-mould. Temp., 60° to 80° when growing ;
40° to 50° when at rest.

GREENHOUSE.

H. Banhsia'num (Banks's). Pink. October.
1840.

— Forbe'sii (Forbes'). 2. Purple, white. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.
purpu'reum (Forbes' purple). 2.

Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope.

1823.
— formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 1. Dark

red. July. North America. 1658.

— Jupo'nicum (Japan). Yellow. July. Japan.

— linea'tum (lined). £. April. South Ame-

rica. 1820.

•*-pudi'cuin (modest). 1. Pink. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1795.

— Slateria'nn (Slater's). Red. March. Cape '

Of Good Hope. 1844.

STOVE.

H. ambi'guum (ambiguous). White and red.

June. Peru.
longiflo'rum (long - flowered^.

Whitish and purple. June. Lima. 1836.

— ano'malum (anomalous). Crimson, green.

South America.

— au'Ucum (courtly). l£. Green, crimson.

May. Brazil. 1810.

glaucophy'llum (milky - green-
leaved). Crimson, green.

platype'tahim (broad-petaled). 2,

Crimson, green. August. Brazil. 1824.

— bar ba' turn (bearded-tfwAe). White, green.

Surinam.

— breviflo'ncm (short-flowered). 3. White,

red. April. Buenos Ayres. 1836.

— 5wJ6«/o'sw» (many-bulbed). Orange. Brazil.

1810.

qcwnina'tum (pointed-pet aled] .

Orange. Brazil.

• eroca'tum (saffron-coloured). 1.

April. Brazil. 1815.
--- fu'lgidum (shining). 1. Light

orange. April. Brazil. 1810.
--- igne'scens (fiery). Red, orange.

Brazil.
-- ru'tilum (refulgent). 1. Orange,

scarlet. April. Brazil.

— calyptru'tum (hooded). 1^. Green, red.

June. Brazil. 1816.

— eque'stre (equestrian). 1. Orange, green.

August. West Indies. 1/10.
--- ma'jor (larger). 2. Orange, green.

August. West Indies. 1/10.
--- semiple'nurn (half - double). 2.

Orange, green. August. Cuba. ISOp.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). Numerous cross breed

varieties.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Striped.

August. Brazil. 1821.

— kerrnesi'na (carmine). June. Brazil. 1833.

— minia'tum (vermilion). 1. Vermilion.

June. Peru. 1825.

— Organe'nse (Organ Mountain). Crimson,

white. Brazil. 1841.

-- • - compre'ssum (flattened). Red,
white. Brazil.

— psittaci'num (parrot). 2. Green, scarlet.

July. Brazil. 1816.

— regi'um (queen's. Mexican Lily], 2. Scar-

let. May. Mexico. 1725.

— reticula'tum (netted-veined). 1. Scarlet,

April. Brazil. 1777.

--- striat if o Hum (white-striped.'
leaved). 1. Purple. August. Brazil.
1815.

— retine'rvia (netted-nerved). 2. Scarlet. May.

West Indies. 1822.

— solundriflo'rum (Solander- flowered). 1^.

White, green. May. Guiana. 183p.
-- - --- ; - Htri

Green, white.

— ntylo'sum (tow#-styled). I. Red. April.

Maranham. 1821.

— varia'bilis (variable). 1. Red. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1821.

— vitta'tum (striped-flowered}. White, red.
-- latifo'lium (broad-leaved). White,

red, green-

HI'PPION. (From h'rppicc, the name

HIP

[48C ]

HOE

of a herb from Pliny, which, he said,
if put into a horse's mouth makes him
insensible to hunger or thirst. Nat.
ord., Gentiamrorts [Gentianaoete].
5- Pentandria \-Monogyn ia. )

Stove biennials ; sown in a hotbed, in spring,
or the end of summer, and carefully kept in
stove^ and greenhouses during the winter, they
will bloom early the following season.
H. hyssopifo'lium (Hyssop-leaved). 1. Tawny.
July. East Indies. 1825.

— verticilla'tum (whorled). 1$. White. July.

Trinidad. 1817-

— visco'sum (clammy). 2. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1781.

HIPPOBRO'MA. (From hippos, a horse,
and bromoSj poison. Nat. ord., Soap-
worts [Sapindacese]. Linn., 5 Pentan-
dria \-Monogynia.}

Stove herbaceous perennials, with white
flowers. Cuttings, suckers, and division of the
roots ; sandy loam, peat, and decayed, but dry,
cow- dung. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter,
48° to 55°. If forced on in spring, they will
bloom in the greenhouse. The plants are
poisonous even to the touch, and should, there-
fore, be carefully handled.
H. brevifio'rum (short-flowered). July. South
America.

— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). May. West

Indies. 1752.

HIPPOCRE'PIS. Horse-shoe Vetch.
(From hippos, a horse, and crepis, a
shoe ; referring to the form of the seed-
pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacece], Linn., Y! -Diadelphia -i-De-
candria.}

Hardy pea-blossomed yellow-flowered plants.
The annuals merely require sowing in the open
border, in March or April ; the herbaceous
trailers require dividing at a similar period :
bnlearica is the only shrub, it resembles and
requires similar treatment to the Coronilla,
needing a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter.
H. bnleu'rica (Balearic). 2. May. Minorca.
1776. Shrub.

— como'sa (tufted). $. April. England.

Perennial trailer.

— glau'ca (milky-green). $. May. Italy.

1819. Perennial trailer.

— helvetica (Swiss-tufted). $. May. Swit-

zerland. 1819- Perennial trailer.

— multisiliquo'sa (many-podded). 1. July.

South Europe. 1570. Annual.

HIPPO'PHAE. Sea Buckthorn. (From
hippos, a horse, and phao, to kill. Nat.
ord., Oleasters [Elaaagnaceee]. Linn.,
22-Ditecia ±-Tetrandria. Allied to Shep-
herdia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Layers, suckers,
cuttings of the roots, and seeds ; common soil.
These are first-rate shrubs for the sea coast, for
fixing sands along with core* and other grasses.

H. rhamnoi'des (Rhamnus-like). 12. May.
England.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved).

2. May. South England.
Sibi'nc* (Siberian).

Siberia.

— salicifo'lia (Willow -leaved). 8.
1822.

April.
Nepaul.

HIILE'A. (Named after De la Hire,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Mal-
pighiads [Malpighiaceffi]. Linn., 10-
Decandria S-

Stove climbers. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat ; sandy fibry loam, and fibry peat, with a
little freestone or charcoal. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

H. glance1 scens (milky-green). Yellow.
— l'ndica( Indian). 10. White. July.

East
July.

Indies. 1820.

— nu'tans (nodding). 10. White.

East Indies. 1820.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 8. Yellow. Guinea.

1823.

— redina'ta (leaning). 10. Yellow. July.

West Indies.

HOE. This is the implement which
should be most frequently in the gar-
dener's hand, for the surface of the
soil scarcely can be too frequently stir-
red. The handles should never be
made of heavy wood, for this wearies
the hand, and is altogether a useless
weight thrown upon the workman. It
is merely the level*, and every ounce
needlessly given to this, diminishes,
without any necessity, the available
moving power. The best woods for
handles are birch or deal.

1 For earthing up plants, broad blades
to hoes are very admissible, and they
may, without objection, have a breadth
of nine inches ; but for loosening the
soil and destroying weeds, they should
never extend to beyond a breadth of
six inches, and the work will be done
best by one two inches narrower. The
iron plate of which they are formed
should be well steeled, and not more
than one-sixteenth of an inch thick.
The weight necessary should be thrown
by the workman's arm and body upon
the handle, and the thicker the blade,
the greater is the pressure required to
make it penetrate the soil. It should
be set on the handle at an angle of (in0,
as this brings its edge at a good cutting
angle with the surface of the soil, and
the workman soon learns at what point

HOE

[ 487 ]

HOL

most effectively to throw his weight,
and holds the handle further from, or
nearer to the blade, accordingly as he
is a tall or short man. Mr. Barnes, of
Bicton Gardens, employs nine sized
hoes, the smallest having a blade not
more than one-fourth of an inch broad,
and the largest ten inches. The smallest
are used for potted plants and seed-
beds, and those from two inches and a
half to four inches wide are used for
thinning and hoeing among crops ge-
nerally. These have all handles vary-
ing in length from eight inches and a
half to eighteen inches, all the neck
or upper part formed of iron, for the
smaller sizes not thicker than a large
pencil, and that part Avhich has to be
grasped by the workman is only six
inches long, and formed either of wil-
low or some other soft light wood,
which is best to the feel of the hand.
Each labourer works with one in each
hand, to cut right and left. The blade
is made thin, and with a little foresight
and activity it is astonishing how much
ground can be got over in a short time.
Mr. Barnes has all his hoes made
with a crane neck, as in the accompany-
ing sketch No. 1. The blades broader
than four inches Mr. Barnes has made
like a Dutch hoe, No. !i.

No. 1. No. 2.

The crane neck allows the blade to
pass freely under the foliage of any
crop where the earth requires loosen-
ing; and the blade works itself clean,
allowing the earth to pass through, as
there is no place for it to lodge and
clog up as in the old-fashioned hoe, to
clean which, when used of a dewy
morning, causes the loss of much time.

The thrust, or Dutch hoe, consists
of a plate of iron attached somewhat
obliquely to the end of a handle by a
bow, used only for killing weeds or
loosening ground which is to be after-
wards raked. As a man can draw more
than he can push, most heavy work will
be easiest done by the draw-hoe.

In the island of Guernsey a very
effective weeding -prong is used, some-
thing in the shape of a hammer, the
head flattened into a chisel an inch
wide, and the fork the same. The
whole length of this prong is nine
inches, and it is attached to a statf five
feet long. Such an implement is light
and easy to use, it requires no stoop-
ing, and will tear up the deepest-rooted
weeds.

HOFFMANSE'GGIA (Named after J.
C.Hojfmansegg. Nat. or A., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1 -Monogynia. )

Stove, yellow, pea-blossomed, evergreens.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, in bottom-
heat ; also division of the plant in spring ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

H.falca'ria (sickle-leaved). 2. July. Chili.
1806.

— prostru'ta (trailing). July. Lima.

HOHENBE'EGIA. (Named after M.
Hohcnbery, a German botanist. Nat.
orA.,Bromelworts [Bromeliaceffi]. Linn.,
G-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Bilbergia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Suckers, and
dividing the plant ; peat and loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 85°, with plenty of moisture ;
winter, 50° to 55°, and rather dry. When heat
and moisture are applied in the spring, the
flower-stems will shortly appear, if the plant
was well exposed to the sun in summer, and
water gradually withheld in autumn.
H. strobila'cece (coned). Yellow. May. South
America. 1842.

HOI'TZIA. (From hoitzil, its Peruvian
name. Nat. ord., Phloxtvorts [Polemo-
niacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Ipomopsis.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Mexico.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a glass ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.
H. ceeru'lea (blue). 1. Blue. June. 1824.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. 1824.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. Pale red. June,

1825.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. Scarlet. 1824.

HOLARBHE'NA. (From holos, entii-e,
and arrhen, a male ; referring to the
anthers. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceee]. Linn., h-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Alstonia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots, as
fresh growth has commenced, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

HOL

[486 ]

HOL

H. villo'sa (shaggy), East Indies, 1820.

HOLBO'LLIA. (Named after JF. L.
Holboll, of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Copenhagen. Nat. ord., Lardizabalads
[Lardizabalacere]. Linn., %I-Moncecia
6-Hexandria. Allied to Akebia.)

Greenhouse climbers from Nepaul, valued
for the fragrance of their dull flowers. Their
fruit is eaten in India. Cuttings of half-
ripened young shoots, in sandy soil, under a
glass ; open sandy loam, with a little peat ; will
stand in a cool greenhouse in winter, and pro-
bably would twine up the wires of a conser-
vative wall in summer.

H. aeumina'ta (pointed-leqfleted). Purplish.
February. 1846.

— ungustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). Purple.

March.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Green. March.

1845.

HOG-NUT. Ca'ryaporci'na.

HOG-PLUM. Spo'ndias.

HOLLY. (I'lex aqnifo'llum.) Of this
hardy evergreen shrub there are eight
varieties : — 1, silver-edged ; 2, golden-
edged ; 3, thick-leaved ; 4, prickly ;
5, yellow-leaved ; C, variegated ; 7, spot-
ted ; 8, recurved.

The holly will not thrive in any poor,
light, sandy soil, or in a swampy situa-
tion, but likes a strong, deep, dry, loamy
soil. If grown as single ornamental
shrubs, they should not be over-sha-
dowed by other trees ; and if the land
is manured, so much the better. As to
pruning it, with a view to make it grow
fast, the less you do of that the better.
All that is necessary is to encourage
the leader, if necessary, by stopping any
laterals that try to interfere with it.

The most expeditious way of making
holly. hedges is to procure large plants
from some nursery ; but, with the
smallest expense and more time, the
following may be recommended: —
Gather a sufficient quantity of berries
when ripe; then dig a hole three or
four feet deep, and throw the berries
in, crushing and mixing them with
some fine soil at the same time ; close
the hole with the soil taken out, and
throw some litter, or other covering,
over the whole, to prevent the wet or
frost penetrating. Take them up and
sow them in March. They will make
nice little plants the first season ; and,
by transplanting the stronger ones, you

will have fine plants in about three
years.

Large hollies are best moved about
the thiixl week in August. With a small
cord tie up the lower branches, then
mark a circle two feet from the bole of
the tree, and another circle two feet
beyond the first; the space between
the two circles must have all the soil
dug deeply out of it ; whilst this is
going on, let another labourer be dig-
ging a hole larger than the ball of
the tree will require, making it rather
deeper ; fill in some of the best soil,
chopped line, and mix it with water
till it forms a puddle of the consistence
of thick paint. Gradually undermine
the ball below the roots till it stands
quite loose ; then wrap some garden
mats round, and tie the ball firmly to-
gether with a strong rope ; then wrap
the stem round as near the soil as pos-
sible with some old carpet or sacking ;
tie to the stem at that part a stout pole
eight or nine feet long ; then lower the
tree gently down, and let as many men
as are necessary to carry it take hold
of the pole and remove the tree to its
place, letting it down gently into the
hole amongst the puddle, taking care
that it is not below, but rather above
the general level ; fill in good soil round
the ball after the tree is set upright,
and the mats, ties, etc., removed. Mix
this soil with water till it is a puddle
like the bottom ; secure the tree with
I props to prevent the winds from shak-
ing it.

The best time for cutting hollies
is early in the spring, about the end
of February, before they have begun
to shoot. Never clip them with shears,
but cut them in with a sharp knife.

HOLLYHOCK. (Allha'a ro'sea.) J3y
Cuttings. These are made from the
', young shoots that rise from the base of
the strong flower stems. They may be
formed of the tops only, or, if the
young shoots are long, they may be cut
into lengths of two joints each, remov-
ing the lower leaf, and shortening in
! the upper one. To cause them to
i send forth roots, a gentle hotbed should
i be made, either of well-fermented dung,
tanner's old bark, or fresh fallen leaves.
1 As soon as the heat, is moderated, place

HOL

[ 480 ]

HOT,

the frame upon it, and a covering of
dry saw dust upon the bed within the
the frame to the depth of five inches.
Then prepare the cuttings, put them
round the edge of pots filled with moist
sandy loam, press the earth close to
the bottom of each cutting, and fill up
the holes with a little more soil. Then
plunge them nearly up to the rim in the
saw dust, but give no water because
they are very full of sap, and would
damp oif immediately. Shade closely,
and give no air excepting a little at the
back to let out the steam for an hour
in the morning. In six weeks they
will begin to show signs of growth, and
should tli en have a little water given
them without wetting the leaves. When
roots are formed, pot them off into
small pots, place them in a cold frame
kept close, and shaded for a week or
two. Then gradually inure them to
hear the full sun and give plenty of
air, and moderate but constant supplies
of water. They are then ready for
planting out. The best time to per-
form this is in early spring, but it may
be done also in August, so as to have
them rooted before the winter sets in.

By Division. — Large, strong plants,
with numerous shoots, may be taken
up as soon as they have done flowering,
and be divided with a strong knife. Care
must be taken that each division has a
good share of roots, and at least one
shoot to it. Plant these divisions in a
bed in a shady part of the garden, but
not under the drip of trees. They
may remain here till March, and then
are ready to plant out in the place
where they are to flower.

By Seed. — Save seed from the most
double and best coloured flowers.
Clean it from the husks, and keep it
in a dry drawer, or in a bag hung up
in a dry room. Sow early in March in
shallow wide pans, in a gentle heat.
When the seedlings are so large as to
be readily handled, transplant them
either into boxes three inches apart,
or prepare a bed of rich earth in a
frame without heat, and plant them
out in it at the same distance from
each other. As soon as the weather
will permit, make a sufficiently large
piece of ground very rich with well de-

composed hotbed dung, in a dry, open
part of the garden. Take the plants
up carefully with a garden trowel, keep-
ing as much earth as possible, to each.
Carry them, a few at a time, in a basket
to the prepared ground, and plant them
out in rows two feet apart, and one foot
between each plant. There they may
remain till they flower. Then mark
such as are well shaped and bright
coloured; cut them down and plant
them in the place where they are to
flower next season, giving a name to
each.

Write in a book kept for the purpose
a description of each, both of shape
and colour. Single and badly shaped
flowers throw away at once.

Soil. — They must have a dry, deep
soil, enriched with plenty of manure. If
the situation is damp, they will die off
in the winter, unless well drained, and
the bed elevated above the natural level.

Summer Culture. — When the plants
begin to grow in the spring, give them
a mulching about two inches thick,
with some light littery manure. This
will protect the roots from the drying
winds, and strengthen the flower shoots.
Place tall, strong stakes to them in
good time, and as they advance in
growth, tie the shoots separately to the
stakes regularly, but not too tightly,
and leave room for the stems to swell.
During dry weather, give, once a week,
a thorough good watering. If the flowers
are intended for exhibition in spikes,
cut off their extreme ends. This will
cause the flowers to form a fine pyramid
of bloom, and make them open more
equally and much larger.

Winter Culture. — Cut down the flower
stem as early as possible after the
bloom is over, and the seed is ripened.
Dig the ground between the plants,
leaving it moderately rough to mellow
with the weather, adding a dressing of
well-decomposed manure. Before the
severe frosts are likely to set in, give a
mulching of light half-decayed dung ;
closing it round the plants. This will
keep the roots warm through the frosty
weather, and will enrich the ground as
it decays.

Insects. — The yreen fly will, in dry
seasons, attack the leaves and young

HOL

C ±»0 J

HOR

shoots. — See Aphis. Slugs will also
attack the young shoots. They must
be diligently sought for and destroyed,
or, if very numerous, give the ground a
watering with clear lime water occa-
sionally. In new ground, a brown grub
is sometimes very destructive hy eating
off the young shoots just level with the
ground. Nothing will kill these except
hand-picking, the soil must be stirred
with the hand, and the insects found
and destroyed,

Diseases. — Sometimes they die off
suddenly, the consequence of a too
rich or too damp soil. Whenever a
plant is struck with this disease it
should he instantly removed. If it has
any young healthy shoots they may be
taken off and put in as cuttings. The
place must have the soil removed for a
foot square, fresh soil put in, and anew
healthy plant inserted.

HOLMSKIO'LDIA. (Named after T.
Holmskiold, a Danish botanist. Nat.
ord., Labiates or Lipwarts [Labiacea^].
Linn., 14:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.}

Stove evergreens, with scarlet flowers, from
the East Indies. Cuttings of young shoots just
getting firm at the base, in sandy soil, under
glass, and in heat ; sandy peat, and light fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90°; winter, 50°
to 60.

H. Sangui'nea (bloody). 4. 17Q6. Shrub.
— sca'ndens (climbing). May. 1824. Climber.

HOMALONE 'JIA. (From homalos, re-
gular, and nemo,, a filament ; in refer-
ence to the regularity of the numerous
stamens. Nat. ord., Arads [Araceee],
Linn., 21-Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Al-
lied to Eichardia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Offsets
from the roots, and dividing the plant ; rich
open loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H, corda'ta (heart- leaved). White. June.
China. 1820.

HONESTY. Luna'ria.

HONEY-BERRY. Melico'cca.

HONEY-DEW. See Extravasated Sap.

HONEY-FLOWER. Mella'nth us.

HONEY- GARLIC . Nectarosco'rditm.

HONEY-LOCUST. Gledi'tschia trica'n-
thos.

HONEYSUCKLE. Caprifo'lium.

HONEYWORT. Ceri'nthe.

HOOP-PETTICOAT. Narci'ssus bulboco'-
dium.

HOOP-ASH. Ce'ltis crassifo'lia.

HOP. Hu'mulus.
HOP-HORNBEAM. Phologo'phora.
HOREHOUND. Marru'bium.
HORKE'LIA. (Named after J. Horkel,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Hose-
', worts [Eosacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
\-Monoyynia, Allied to Potentilla.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial- Seeds and di-<
viding the plant in spring ; common garden
soil.

H. conge'sta (croviAed.flowered). 2. White.
August. California. 1826.

HORMI'NUH. (From Iwrmao, to ex-
cite ; its medicinal qualities. Nat. ord.,
Lip worts [Lamiaceee]. Linn., I±-Didy-
namia l-Gymnospermia. Allied to Mo-
narda.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant, and seeds in spring; requires a dry
situation, or a damp winter will injure it.

H. Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Blue. June.

Pyrenees. 1820.

HORN. See Animal Matters.
HORNBEAM. Carpi'nm.
HORN-OF-PLENTY. Fe'dia.
HORN-POPPY. Gla'-ucium.

HORSE-CHESNUT. JE'sCUlvS.

HORSE-RADISH. Cochlea' riu Armo-
ra'cia. Delights in a deep, rich soil,
banks of a ditch, &c. Should the ground
require manure, it should be dug in at
the depth at which the sets are intended
to be planted. It is propagated by
sets, provided by cutting the main root
and offsets into lengths of two inches.
The tops, or crowns of the roots, form
the best ; those taken from the centre
never becoming so soon lit for use, or
of so fine a growth. Each set should
have at least two eyes ; for without one
they refuse to vegetate at all For a
supply of the crowns, any inferior piece
of ground, planted with sets six inches
apart and six deep, will furnish from
one to five tops each, and may be col-
lected for several successive years with
little more trouble than keeping them
clear of weeds ; but the times for plant-
ing are in October and February.

Insert the sets in rows eighteen
inches apart each way. The ground
trenched between two and three feet
deep, the cuttings being placed along the
bottom of the trench, and the soil turned
i'rom the next one over them. The
earth ought to lie lightly over the sets ;

HOR

[ 401 ]

HOT

therefore treacling on the bads should
be carefully avoided. The shoots make
their appearance in. May or June, or
earlier if the sets were planted in
autumn.

Remove the leaves as they decay in
autumn; the ground being also hoed
and raked over at the same season,
which may be repeated in the following
spring.

In the succeeding autumn they
merely require to be hoed as before,
and may be taken up as wanted. By
having three beds devoted to this root,
one will always be lying fallow and im-
proving ; of which period advantage
should be taken to apply any requisite
manure.

Takiny up. — To take them up a
trench is dug along the outside row
down to the bottom of the roots, which,
when the bed is:continued in one place,
may be cut off level to the original
stool, and the earth from the next row
then turned over them to the requisite
depth ; and so in rotation to the end
of the plantation. By this mode a bed
will continue in perfection for five or
six years ; after which a fresh plantation
is usually necessary, But the best
practice is to take the crop up entirely,
and to form a plantation annually ; for
it not only causes the roots to be finer,
but also affords the opportunity of
changing the site. If this mode is fol-
lowed care must be taken to, raise every
lateral root; for almost the smallest
will vegetate if left in the ground.

HORSE-RADISH TREE. MorVnga.

HORSE-SHOE VETCH. Hippocre'pis.

HORSE-THISTLE. Ci'rsinm.

HOSA'CKIA. (Named after Dr. Ilo-
sack, an American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacere], Linn.,
17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Allied to
Ononis.)

Hardy plants, with yellow flowers except
where otherwise mentioned. Suitable for front
of borders and rockworks ; seeds and division
of the plants in spring ; cuttings of perennials
in summer, under a hand-light.

ANNUALS.

H. subpinna'ta (rather-leafleted) . June. Chili.

1836.
— Wrangelia'na (Wi angel' 's). June. California.

1836.

HEEBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
H. bi'color (two - coloured). £. Yellow and
white. August. North America. 1826.

— cmssifo'lia (thick-leaved). June. California.

1833.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). £. August. North

America. 1827.

— parviflo'ra (small - flowered), i- August.

North America. 1827.

— Purshia'na (Pursh's). £. July. North

America. 1824.

— stoloni'fera (creeping - rooted). 3. Red.

June. North America. 1830.

HosE-ix-HosE is a form of double
flowers when one corolla is inserted
within the other, as is frequently the
case with the primrose.

HO/STA. (Named after N. T. Host,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ver-
benes [Verbenacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Lantana.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with blue flowers,
from Mexico. Cuttings in sand, under a glass,
in bottom-heat, in spring; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. cceru'lea (sky-blue). 6. July. 1733.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. July. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 6. July. 1826.
HOTBED is a bed of earth, or other

material, usually covered by a glazed
frame, and heated artificially, and em-
ployed either for forcing certain vege-
tables, for raising seedlings, or for
striking cuttings. It is heated either
by dung, or leaves, or tan in a state of
fermentation, or by hot water.

Hotbed of Stable Duny : Preparation
of Dung. — We will commence with the
dung fresh at the stable door ; the
first thing is to throw it into a close
body to " sweat." Those amateurs who
have plenty, and to spare, will do well
to shake it over loosely, and reject a
portion of the mere droppings ; for
these take the most purifying, and,
moreover, engender an over-powerful,
and sometimes unmanageable heat,
which in unpractised hands is capable
of much mischief. The main bulk of
the material thus thrown together will,
in a week or so, become exceedingly
hot, and must then be turned com-
pletely inside out ; and, in so doing,
every lock or patch which adheres to-
gether must be divided. Water will
now be requisite, and must be regularly
applied as the work proceeds, rendering
every portion equally moist. After the
mass has lain for about four days.

HOT

[ 492 ]

HOT

longer, it is well to administer a liberal
amount of water on the top ; this will
wash out at the bottom of the heap
much of its gross impurities. In a j
few more days it must be again turned j
inside out, using water if dry in any |
portion, and after laying nearly a week i
it should be almost fit for use, but it is |
well to give it even another turn. If;
any tree leave-;, strawy materials, &c., |
or any simple vegetable matter is to be j
added to the mass, it may be added at
the last turning but one. The heap
ought now to be " sweet," and such
may be readily ascertained even by un-
practised persons, for a handful drawn
from the very interior, arid applied to
the nostrils, will not only be devoid of
impure smell, but actually possess a
somewhat agreeable scent, similar to
the smell of mushrooms.

Beds. — All things will now be in
readiness for building the bed, and one
necessary point is to select a spot per-
fectly dry beneath, or rendered so. It
must, moreover, be thoroughly ex-
posed to a whole day's sun ; but the
more it is sheltered sideways the
better, as starving winds, by operating
too suddenly in lowering the tempera-
ture, cause a great waste of material as
well as labour. The ground plan of
the bed, or ground surface, should be
nearly level; a good builder, however,
will be able to rear a substantial bed
on an incline, and such is not a bad
plan, so forming the slope as to have
the front or south side several inches
below the back; the front being with
the ground level, the back, raised above
it. By such means there will be as
great a depth of dung at front as back,
which is not the case when the base is
level ; for then, unluckily, through the
incline necessary for the surface of the
glass, the dung at back is generally
much deeper than the front, at which
latter point most heat is wanted. Good
gardeners not unfrequently use a por-
tion of weaker material at the back,
such as littery stuff, containing little
power as to heat. It is well, also, to
fill most of the interior of the bed,
after building it half a yard in height,
with any half-decayed materials, such
as half- worn linings, fresh leaves, &c. ;

this will, in general, secure it from the
danger of burning, whilst it will also
add to the permanency of the bed.

For winter forcing a bed should be
at least four feet high at the back — if
five feet, all the better ; and as soon as
built let some littery manure be placed
round the sides in order to prevent the
wind searching it. As soon as the
heat is well up, or in about four days
from the building of it, the whole bed
should have a thorough watering. It
is now well to close it until the heat is
well up again, when a second and
lighter watering may be applied ; and
now it will be ready for the hills of soil
any time.

In making the hills of soil for the
plants, in forcing melons or cucum-
bers, make a hollow in the centre of
each light, half the depth of the bed.
In the bottom of this place nearly a
barrowful of brickbats, on this some
half-rotten dung, and finally a flat
square of turf, on which the hillock is
placed. It is almost impossible for the
roots of the plants to " scorch " with
this precaution.

As the heat declines, linings, or as
they might be more properly called,
coatings, are made use of, which con-
sist of hot fermenting dung laid from
eighteen to twenty -four inches, in pro-
portion to the coldness of the season,
&c., all round the bed to the whole of
its height, and if founded in a trench,
one equally deep must be dug for the
coating, it being of importance to renew
the heat as much as possible through-
out its whole mass ; if, after a while,
the temperature again declines, the old
coating must be taken away, and a si-
milar one of hot dung applied in its
place. As the spring advances, the
warmth of the sun will compensate for
the decline of that of the bed ; but as
the nights are generally yet cold, either
a moderate coating, about nine or ten
inches thick is required, or the mow-
ings of grass, or even litter, may bo
laid round the sides with advantage.

Various structures have been sug-
gested, whereby the heat only of fer-
menting dung is employed, and its
steam is prevented from penetrating
within the frame. One of the best of

HOT [

these structures, is the following, pro-
posed by Mr. West —

••'••» io'4

D D, chamber in which the dung
is placed, three and a half feet deep,
surrounded by nine-inch brickwork.
One half of this is rilled longitudinally
with dung at the commencement, which,
if kept close shut up, will last twelve or
eighteen days, according to the quality
of the dung. As the heat declines, the
other side is filled, and the temperature
is further sustained by additions to the
top of both as the mass settles. "When
this united heat becomes insufficient,
the side first filled being cleared, the
old manure must be mixed with some
fresh, and replaced, this being repeated
alternately to either heap as often as
necessary. A A, are the doors, two
of which are on each side for the ad-
mission of the dung. They are two and
a half feet square, fitted into grooves
at the bottom, and fastened by means
of a pin and staple at the top. BB, are
small areas sunk in front, surrounded
by a curb of wood; a G G, are bars
passing longitudinally as a guide and
support in packing the dung ; c, repre-
sents a bar of cast-iron, two inches wide
and three-quarters of an inch thick,
placed on the edge of which there is a
row, a foot asunder, across the cham-
ber to support a layer of small Avood
branches and leaves, H, for the pur-
pose of sustaining the soil, K, in the
upper chamber ; E E, represents the
orifices, of which there are a series all
round the pit, communicating with the
flue v i' F, which surrounds the beds ;
the exterior wall of this flue is built
with bricks laid flat, the inner one of
bricks set on edge. The flue is two
inches wide, and, for the sake of
strength, bricks are passed occasionally

3 ] HOT

from side to side as ties. The top of
the flue, and the internal part of the
wall, which rises at the back and front
to the level the earth is meant to stand,
are covered with tiles, over the joints of
which slips of slate, bedded in mortar,
are laid to prevent the escape of the
steam of the dung ; i, represents one
of two plugs, which stop holes left to
regulate the heat and steam as may be
necessary. The outer wall supports
the lights. For the convenience of
fixing the dung, it is best to fill the
half of the chamber at the commence-
ment, before the branches, mould, &c. ,
are put in.

Hot Water Beds. — If hot water be
the source of heat, the following sketch
of the bed and frame employed by Mr.
Mitchell, at Worsley, is about the best
that can be employed. The objects
kept in view when it was constructed,
were — 1st. A circulation of air without
loss of heat. 2nd. A supply of moist-
ure at command, proportionable to the
temperature. 3rd. A desirable amount
of bottom-heat. 4th. A supply of ex-
ternal air (when necessary) without
producing a cold draught.

The method by which the first of
these is accomplished, will be under-
stood by referring to the section, in
which a is the flow-pipes, bb b the re-
turn-pipes in the chamber A. It is
evident that, as the air in the chamber
becomes heated, it will escape upwards
by the opening c, and the cold air from
the passage B will rush in to supply its
place; but the ascending current of
heated air coming in contact with the
glass, is cooled, descends, and entering
the passage B, passes into the chamber
A, where it is again heated ; and thus a

constant circulation is produced. In
order to obtain the second object, to

HOT

C

HOY

some extent are combined the tank
and pipe systems. The flow-pipe a is
put half its diameter into the channel
c, which, when tilled with water (or so
far as is necessary), gives off a vapour,
exactly proportionable to the heat of
the pipe and pit.

The third requisition is produced by
the surrounding atmosphere and heat-
ing materials. The fourth is accom-
plished simply by lowering the upper
sash ; the cold air thus entering at the
top only, falls directly into the passage
B, and passes through the hot chamber
before coming in contact with the
plants. When the heat in the chamber
is i)5°, in the open space over the bed
it is 71°; in the bottom of the passage
only 60° ; and in the mould in the bed
it is 80°. The amount of vapour is
regulated with the greatest facility, even
from the smallest quantity to the great-
est density. — Gard. Chron.

HOTHOUSE. See Stove.

HOTTENTOT BREAD. Diosco'rca.

HOTTENTOT CHEEKY. Cassi'ne mau-
roce'nia.

HOTTENTOT FIG, Mesembrya'ntke-
mttm cthi'/c.

HOTTO'NIA. Water Violet. (Named
after P. Hotton, a Dutch botanist.
Nat. ord., Primcworts [Primulaceffi].
Linn., §-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)

A hardy aquatic or marsh plant. Divisions
in spring ; ponds or ditches.

H. palu'stris (marsh). 1. Flesh. August.
England.

HOT WAIX is a hollow wall, the in-
terior air being so heated by flues or
hot water as to keep the bricks of
which its faces are composed so warm
as to promote the ripening of the wood
and fruit trained against them. See
Wall (Fined),

HOT WATER as a source of heat for
gardening purposes is preferable to any
other for large strucuires. In these it
is less expensive, and in all it is more
manageable and less troublesome than
any other. See Grcaikousi , Hotbed ', and
Stove,

HOUJ.LK'TI.Y. (Named after M.
Honllct, a French gardener. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Linn.,

nandria \-Monandria. Allied to Stan-
hopea.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; peat,
broken pots, charcoal, and rotten wood ; plants
elevated above the pot, or in a -shallow basket.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
H. Brocklehurstia'na (Mr. Brocklehurst's). 2.
Brown, yellow. June. Brazil. 1841.

— vitta'ta (striped). 1. Brown, yellow. June.

Brazil. 1841.

HOUND'S TONGUE. Cynoglo'ssum.

HOUSELEEK. Sempervi'vum.

HOUSTO'NIA. (Named in honour of
Dr. TV. Houston, an English botanist.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacece].
Linn., -i-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.')

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America, Division in spring ; sandy loam and
peat ; beautiful for small beds and rockworks.
This genus should be added to Bouvardia.
H. ulbiflo'ra (white-flowered). White. June.
1823.

— ceeru'lea (blue). £. Blue. June. 1/85.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). Whitish. July.

— longifo'lia (loner-leaved). $. Scarlet.

— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. July. 1800.

— serpyllifo'lia(\VM-thyms- leaved). $. White.

July. 1826.

— tene'lla (tender). Purple. May. 1812.

HOUTTUV'NIA. (Named after Dr.

Houttiiyn,. of Amsterdam. Nat. ord.,

Siiuninids [Saururacero], Linh., 3-
Triandria 3-Triqynia.')

Herbaceous greenhouse marsh plant from
Japan, with yellowish green flowers. Seeds, or
dividing the plant in spring ; peat and loam,
kept moist, and the plant a little shaded.
Winter temp., 40° to 50°. H. corda'ta is really
Polygonum cuspida'tum.
H.fte'tida (fetid). £. July. 1800.

HO'VEA. (Named after A. P. Hove,
a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Leyu-
ininoiis Phtiiis. Linn., \Q-MotK id elphla
6-Decandrla. Allied to Lalage.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land, with purple flowers except where other-
wise mentioned. Seeds, which should be sown
in a hotbed, and moistened in warm water
before sowing; cuttings of young side-shoots
in April or May, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and kept in a close frame ; sandy peat, with a
very little fibry loam, and pieces of charcoal,
and freestone, or small pieces of pounded
bricks. Winter temp., 40° to 48°, with plenty
of air ; in summer they should be a little shaded
from bright sunshine.
H. Ce'lsii (Cels's). 4. Blue. June. 1818.

— cri'spa (curled). 2. February. 183/.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 3. April. 1817.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). 3. April. 1844.

— lunceola'ta (spear-head-/eawrf). 3. May.

1805.

— lutifo'liu (broad-leaved). 3. June. 1820.

HOV

HUG

H. linea'ris (narrow-/ea«ed) . 3. July. 1796.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. July. 1805.

— Mangle 'sii (Captain Mangles's). 1. January.

1837.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 4. May. 1824.

— panno'sa (ragged). 3. May. 1824.

— pu'ngens (pungent). Blue. 1837.
. ma'jor (larger). Blue. May. 1841.

— purpu'rea (purple). 3. June. 1820.

— racemulo'su (spikeletted). 2. May. 1842.

— rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary-leaved). 3. Blue.

June. 1824.

— aple'ndens (shining). 2, Blue. March.

1843.

— trispe'rma (three-seeded). Vermilion. May,

— villosa (shaggy). 3. Lilac. April. 1829.

HOYE'NIA. (Named after D. Hoven,
a Dutch senator. Nat. ord., Hhamnads,
[Khamnacere], Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Alaternus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white
flowers. Cuttings of ripe young shoots, in
sand, under a glass ; sandy loam and a little
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. H. didcis has
stood against a wall in the Horticultural and
Kew Gardens, with a little protection.
H. du'lcis (sweet). 8. July. Japan. 1812.

— ineequa'lis (unequal). 10. Nepaul. 1820.

HOY'A. Honey Plant. (Named after
Mr. Hoy, once gardener at Sion-house.
Nat. ord.. Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria S-Diyynia.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings inserted
in almost any open soil, and plunged in a moist
heat, root quickly; even the leaves will root,
and soon produce a plant) peat and loam, with
a considerable portion of little pieces of pounded
bricks and lime rubbish. They flourish best in
the temperature of the stove, and full exposure
to the sun ; but in winter they should be kept
rather dry, and in the temperature of a warm
greenhouse — 45°, 50°, or even lower.
H. atropurpu'rea (dark -purple). Brownish
purple. September. Java. 1848.

— anstra'lis (southern). White. New Holland.

1820.

— be'lla (beautiful). l£. White, purple.

Taung Kola. 1847.

— campanula! to. (bell-fiouiered') . Green, yellow.

May. Java. 1845.

— carno'sa (fleshy-teamed). 10. Pinkish, white.

July. Asia. 1802.

-fo'liis - variega'tis ( variegated -

leaved). 10. Pink. July,

— Cinnamonifo' Ha (cinnamon-leaved). 10. Pale

green. July. Java. 1847.

— curia' cea (leathery). 2. White, yellow;

August. Manilla. 1838.

— crassifo'tia (thick-leaved). 10. China. 1817.

— fruticu'sa (shrubby). 1848.

— fu'sca (dark-brown). Brownish. Sylhet.
1837.

— imperia'lis (imperial). 20. Scarlet. June.

Borneo. 1847.

— pa'llida (pale). 6. White. July. East

Indies. 1815.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). Pinkish yellow.

' July. East Indies. 1840.

j H. parasi'tica (parasitical). Yellow. East In-
dies.

— Po'tsii (Pots's). 10. Yellow. East Indies.

1824.

— trine'rvis (three-nerved). 10. Yellow. July.

China. 1824.

The tAvo last are probably varieties
of H. carno'sa.

HTJDSO'NIA. (Named after W. Hud-
son, F. R. S., author of the Flora An-
glica. Nat. ord., Bock Roses [Cistacese].
Linn., ll-Dodecandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Heh'anthemum.)

Half-hardy evergreens from North America,
with yellow flowers. Generally by layers in
spring and autumn, and cuttings, in sand,
during summer, under a hand-light ; sandy
peat, and a moist situation. They require a
little protection in winter, and may be placed
in a pit. Unlike any other group of the order
the foliage more resembles a Heath than a
Cistus.
H. ericoi'des (Heath-like). 1. June. 1805.

— JVtt«a'«ti (Nuttall's). 1. July.

— tumento'sa (downy). 1. May. 1826.

HUE'RNIA. (Named after J. Hxcr-
nius, a collector of Cape plants. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [ Asclepiadaceee] . Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to
Stapelia.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings in spring, well
dried before inserting, or dividing the plant
after flowering ; sandy loam, and a little peat,
leaf-mould, and lime rubbish ; plenty of water
when growing and flowering, but dry, or nearly
so, during the winter. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 45° to 50°.

H. barba'ta (bearded). 4. White striped. Au-
gust. 1795.

— clavi'gera (club-bearing). £. Yellow striped.

September. 1/95.

— fri'spa (curled). $.

— hu1 milis (humble). ^. Yellow striped. Sep-

tember. 1795.

— lentigino'sa (freckled). A. Yellow striped.

1795.

— ocella'ta (eyed). }. Yellow striped. Sep-

tember.

— reticula'ta (netted). £. Pink striped. Au-

gust. 1793.

— venu'sta (graceful). £. Yellow striped.

June. 1/95.

HUGE'LIA. (Named after Baron
Huyel, of Vienna. Nat. ord., Phlox-
worts [Polemoniaceee]. Linn.j b-Pen-
tandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Gilia.)

Hardy annuals from California. Seeds sown
in open border, in March ; common garden soil.
H. densifio'ra (crowded-flowered). £. Blue.
June. 1833.

— elonga'ta (lengthened). J. Blue. June. 1833.

— lana'ta (woolly), f. Light blue. July.

1847.

Htici

[ UMJ ]

HL'S

H, tu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. 1833. |

— virga'ta (twiggy). £. Blue, June. 1833.1
HUMA'TA. (Probably from humatus,

interred ; the stems being deep in the j
earth. Nat. ord., Polypods [Polypo-
diacese]. Linn., 2-L-Cryptoyamia 1-
Fttices.)

Stove ferns, with brownish yellow spores.
Division ; peat and loam. See Ferns.
H. angusta'ta (narrow). April. Singapore.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). April. Sa-

maria.

— pectina'ta (comb-like). April. Isle of Luzon.
—pedu'ta (doubly-lobed). May. East Indies.

HUMBLE PLANT. Mimo'sa pu'dica.

HU'MEA. (Named after Lady Hume.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia I-^qualis.)

Greenhouse biennial. Sow in heat, in spring ;
prick out and grow under glass ; place out of
doors in the heat of the summer ; house in good
time in the! autumn ; shift into larger pots as
wanted, and transfer to its blooming pots in
April, or plant out in good rich soil in May.
Single plants in a sheltered corner have a fine
effect.

H. e'legans (elegant). 6. Red. July. New
South Wales. 1800.

HU'MULUS. The Hop. (From humus,
the ground ; creeping on the ground if
not supported. Nat. ord., Hempworts
[Cannabinaceae]. Linn., °22-Di(ccia 5-
Pcntandria.)

Hardy perennial twiner. Seeds and divisions
in spring ; deep loamy soil. It is useful for
summer shade, as it grows very quick.
H. lu'pulus (common. Hop). 15. Yellow.
July. Britain.

— — — variega'tus (striped- leaved}. 15.

Yellow. July. Britain.

HUMUS. When the putrefaction of
dead plants is completed, there re-
mains a soft black mass, known as
vegetable mould, or humus. One hun-
dred parts of the humus of wheat
straw have of extractive or apotheme,
rather more than twenty-six parts, and
the residue is lime, peroxide of iron,
phosphate of lime, and carbonaceous
matter. This apotheme is identical
with the humic acid of Liebig, the
ulmic acid of Braconnot, and the geic
acid of Berzelius. It contains— car-
bon, 46.6 ; hydrogen, 20.0 ; oxygen ;
33.4=. It was once believed, indeed, is
still believed by a few men of science, j
that this apotheme is the immediate
fertilizing component of organic ma-
nures, being soluble under some cir-

cumstances, and entering at once into
the roots of plants, dissolved in the
moisture of the soil. But every re
lative research of more modern che-
mistry is against this conclusion, and it
is now tolerably certain, that a chief
nutritive portion of vegetable manures
is their carbon converted into car-
bonic acid, absorbed either in solu-
tion with the earth's moisture, or in
gaseous form by the roots.

HUNGARIAN LOTUS. Nymphte'a thcr-
ma'lis.

HUNNEMA'NNIA. (Named after J.
ffunnemann, a botanical agent. Nat.
ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn.,
l-l-Polyandria, 1 -Monogynia.}

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Seeds in
spring ; rich soil ; will bloom the second year
in greenhouse treatment, or may be kept over
the winter in a dry, cold pit.
H./«»ianfz?/o7ta(Fumaria-leaved). 2. Yellow.
Mexico. 1827.

HUNTLE'YA. (Named after the Rev.
Mr. Hunlley^ a zealous collector of
plants. Nat. ord.. Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., '20-Gynandria l-Monan-
dria. Allied to Zygopetalum.)

Stove orchids. Slips of shoots, and dividing
the plant ; fibry peat, &c. ; grown in a high
moist temperature. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ;
winter, 65°to60°.

H. melea'gris (Guinea-hen). 1. Yellow, brown.
July. South America. 1836.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). Violet.

June. Guiana. 1835.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. June.

Guiana. 1837.

HU'RA. Sand-box-tree. (The native
name. Nat. ord., Spnrgeworts [Euphor-
biaceo1]. Linn., '2\-3foncecia 11-Mona-
delphia. Allied to Hippomane.)

Stove evergreen trees, with whitish yellow
flotrers. Seeds, and cuttings of ripe young
shoots, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, and in
heat; rich loam and peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 50° to 55°.
H. crepi'tans (rattling ; equal - toothed}. 12,
South America. 1/33.

— stre'pens (sounding ; unequal-toothed}, 12.

South America.

HURDLES of iron are the most eligible
modes of fencing, whether for perma-
nency or temporary purposes. They
are invisible at a short distance, elegant,
and durable. See Ha i liny.

HUSKY. The dung for a hotbed
when too dry is said to be husky.

HUT

C 497 ]

HYB

HUTCHI'NSIA. (Named after Miss
flutchins, an accomplished Irish cryp-
togamist. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
caceee]. Linn., lu-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Lepidium. )

Annuals by seeds in April, in dry situations.
Herbaceous perennials by seed and divisions, in
spring, and cuttings, under a hand light, in
summer ; sandy loam, with a little peat or leaf
mould, and dry situations, such as banks or
rock work.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

H. petrat'a (rock). £. White. April. England.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. White. May.

South Europe. 1823.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

H. Alpi'na (Alpine). $. White. May. South
Europe. 1775.

— brevi'styla (short-styled). White. May.

Syria. 1825.

— calyci'na (/«rge-calyxed). &. White. April.

Siberia. 1823.

— cepecefo'lia (Cepeae-leaved). ^. Pink. June.

Carinthia. 1824.

— pu'milu (dwarf). June. Caucasus. 1821.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). $. White,

purple. June. South Europe. 1759.

— stylo'sa (/o«#-styled. i. White, pink.

June. Caucasus. 1825.

HYACI'NTHUS. The Hyacinth. (In
mythology, a beautiful boy, who, after
being killed, was transformed into this
flower. Nat. ord.., Lily worts [Liliacece] .
Linn., Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia.)

Offsets from the bulbs, after the foliage has
died down in summer ; light rich sandy loam,
with a little leaf mould. A valuable bulb for
forcing. Best florists' kinds grown out of doors,
should be taken up after the foliage is withered,
kept in shelves and drawers until the end of
autumn, and then planted, and protected from
severe frost in winter, and frost and heavy
rains in spring, by an awning. For a brilliant
out-door display, where the kinds are not so
valuable, the roots may remain in the ground
many years if top-dressed, and the bulbs are
not too near each other. When grown in pots,
these should be deeper than usual in proportion
to the diameter — nine inches are not too much. .
The compost we have found most suitable for
them in pots, is a good loam, three-fourths, |
and decayed cow-dung, two years old, one- '
fourth. In October they ought to be potted, j
and immediately plunged in tan or ashes, quite |
overhead, at least two inches. In potting, '
make the soil very firm under the bulb, to j
prevent the roots going directly down too soon. !
In a month after potting and plunging, a few j
may be brought into heat, and forced to flower !
about Christmas, and others may be brought ;
in, month after month, to supply flowers till
May. To grow them in water, glasses with a i
hollow cup at the top, to hold the bulb, are !
used. It is not good to begin too soon with !
glasses. December is quite early enough. After
being kept for a few days in slightly damped
32

sand, they should be placed in their glasses.
At flrst the water should only just touch the
base of the bulbs, and the glasses should be
kept in a dark closet until the roots have at-
tained the length of an inch. Two drops of
spirit of hartshorn may be added to the water
in each glass, when the bulbs are growing, and
whenever the water is changed. Dark-coloured
glass is always to be preferred, as the absence
of light is natural to all roots. By keeping the
glasses in a dark closet, until the roots are full
an inch long, the hyacinths will not get top-
heavy, but the roots being in advance of the
leaves, will preserve the plant balanced erect.
The bloom will also be finer, as the roots will
be in a state to nourish the leaves before these
are prematurely advanced. A piece of charcoal
put into each glass feeds the plant, and pre-
vents putridity in the water.
H. amethy'stinus (amethyst-colour). £. Blue.
April. South Europe. 1759.

— bruma'lis (winter). f. Various. February.

— Orienta'lis (Oriental). |. Blue. March,

Levant. 15Q6.

a'lbus (white), j. White. March.

1596.

fla'vus (yellow). 2- Yellow. March.

1596.

multiplex (double). 2. Variegated.

April. 1596.

ru'ber (red). 2- Red. March. 1596.

semiple'nus (semi-double), g. Va-
riegated. March. 1596.

— spica'tus (farg'e-spiked). $. Blush. Feb-

ruary. Zante. 1826.

— vi'ridis (green). Green. August. Cape of

Good Hope. 1/74.

HYBANTHE'RA. (From hybos, a curve, -
and anthera, an anther, or pollen bag ;
referring to the curve in the gouty
anthers. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadacere]. Linn., b-Pcntandria '2~
Digynla. Allied to Pergularia.)

Stove herbaceous climber. Divisions of the
plant ; cuttings, when gowth commences ; sandy
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 55°.

H. cordifo'lia (heart-shaped-teatwvZ) . Green,
yellow. May. Brazil. 1840.

HYBRIDIZING, or CROSS - BREEDING,
though not quite identical, have with
the gardener similar objects, viz., either
improving the beauty of his flowers, or
the flavour and prolificacy of his fruits
and culinary products. Hybridizing,
strictly speaking, is obtaining a pro-
geny between two different species, by
fertilizing the stigma of one with the
pollen of another; and cross-breeding
is obtaining a progeny between varie-
ties of the same species. The progeny
of hybrids cannot produce seed; but
cross-breds are fertile. Our Own obser-
vations, and those of others, justify the

HYB

[ 498 ]

HYD

following statements, as affording some
guide to the raiser of varieties: —

1 . The seed-vessel is not altered in
appearance by impregnation from ano-
ther plant ; therefore, no hasty conclu-
sion of failure is justified by that want
of change.

2. The colour of the future seed, not
of that first hybridized, seems to be
most influenced by the male plant, if
its seeds and flowers are darker than
those of the female. Capt. Thurtell,
from his experimemts on the pelargo-
nium, found the colour and spot of the
petals to be more influenced by the
male than by the female parent. In-
deed, all experience proves that the
progeny usually, though not invariably,
most resembles in colour the male
parent.

3. Large stature and robustness are
transmitted to the offspring by either
parent, but Mr. Knight generally found
the most robust female parent pro-
duced the finest offspring.

4. Capt. Thurtell, from lengthened
observation and experiment, has ascer-
tained that the form of the petals fol-
lows most closely that of the female
parent.

5. Mr. Knight says that the largest
seed from the finest fruit that has
ripened earliest and most perfectly
should always be selected. In stone-
fruit, if two kernels are in one stone,
these give birth to inferior plants.

G. The most successful mode of ob-
taining good and very distinct varie-
ties, is to employ the pollen from a
male flower grown on another plant
than that bearing the female parent.
To avoid previous and undesired im-
pregnation, the anthers in the female
parent, if they are produced in the
same flower with the pistils, must be
removed by a sharp-pointed pair of
scissors, and the flower inclosed in a
gauze bag, to exclude insects, until the
desired pollen is ripe. Another effec-
tual mode of avoiding undesired im-
pregnation, is bringing the female
parent into flower a little earlier than
its congenors, and removing the an-
thers as above described; the stigma
will remain a long time vigorous if
unimpregnated.

7. When double flowers are desired,
if a double flower should chance to
have a fertile anther or two, these
should be employed for fertilization,
as their offspring are almost sure to be
very double.

HYDRA'NGEA. (From hydor, water,
and ayyeion, a vessel ; referring to the
cup form of the capsule or seed-vessel.
Nat. ord., Hydranyeads [Hydrangy-
aceee]. Linn., iQ-Decandria2-I)iyynia.)

Deciduous shrubs. Propagated by division
of the roots, cuttings of the ripened shoots, and
flourishing best in moist sheltered places. Hor-
tensis, the common garden Hydrangea, though
a little more tender, stands the winter well in
the southern parts of the island ; and though
cut down in most winters in the neighbourhood
of London, yet if a slight protection of mulch-
ing is thrown over the roots, the stems will rise
strongly, and bloom well after Midsummer, if
care be taken to remove all the weaker ones,
just as is done with a Fuchsia stool. This spe-
cies makes also fine ornaments in pots, and may
be propagated at almost any time ; the young
side shoots when two or three inches in length,
inserted in sandy soil and in heat, striking in a
few days, while the old stems will strike any-
where, but require their time. To grow it well
requires light, rich compost, well drained, and
abundance of water. The flower generally
appears first of a greenish colour, becoming of
a pale rose ; but in some districts the colour
becomes a beautiful blue. Notwithstanding all
the experiments that have been made, there is
still a little doubt as to the cause that produces
the change. When iron filings, and a solution
of alum are used, in some soils the blue colour
is produced, while the same means will not
produce it in others ; and other soils will almost
invariably produce this blue colour without any
peculiar matter whatever being added. The
loams at Kenwood, at Hampstead Heath, and
Stanmore Heath, and the peats at Wimbledon,
as well as some bogs near Edinburgh, are fa-
mous for producing this blue in the Hydrangea.
When trying artificially with iron filings and
alum water, we have had different colours on
the same plant. This variation is merely tem-
porary— it cannot be propagated like a variety :
a cutting from a blue plant will produce a rose
one, unless the peculiar treatment be continued.

GREENHOUSE.

H. Belzo'nii (Belzoni's). 3. Blue. Japan.

— Japo'nica (Japan). 3. Blue, white. July.

Japan. 1843.

— • ceeru'lea (blue-lowered). 3. Blue,

white. June. Isle of Nepau. 1844.

— stella' ta (starry -flowered). 3. Pink. July.

Japan.

H. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. White. July.

Virginia. 1736.
di 'scalar (two-coloured- leaved).

6. White, green, August. North

America.

HYD

[499]

HYG

H. corda'ta (heart- leaved). White. July, Ca-
rolina. 1806.

— heteroma'lla (various - surfaced - leaved] . 4.

White. Nepaul. 1821.

— horte'nsis (garden). 3. Pink. May. China.

1740.

— ni'vea (snow - white - leaved) . 5. White.

August. Carolina. 1786.

glabe"lla (smoothish - leaved.) 5.

White, green. July.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). 4. White. July.

Florida. 1803.

HYDEA'STIS. Yellow Eoot. (From
hydor, water ; referring to the marshy
places where it grows. Nat. ord., Crow-
foots [Ranunculaceee]. Linn., 13-Poly-
aiidria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Adonis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
root ; loam and peat ; moist situation.
H. Canade'nsis (Canadian). £. Green. May.
North America. 1759-

HYDRO 'LEA. (From hydor, water,
and elaia, oil ; referring to the marshy
habitat, and oily feel of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Hydrophyls [Hydrophylacesej.
Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-J)igynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous plants. Divisions,
cuttings, and seeds ; spinosa is a small aquatic,
growing best in peat and loam ; quadrivalvis
is also found in boggy places.
H. quudriva'lvis (four - divided) . Pale blue.
July. Carolina. 18U4.

— spino'sa (thorny). 1, Blue. South Ame-

rica. 1791-

HYDROME'STUS. (From hydor, water,
and mestos, half; referring to the plant
living in water during the rainy season.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese],
Linn., I±-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.}

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots, any time in spring and summer, in
sandy soil, and bottom heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
H. macula'tus (spotted). 2. Yellow. May.
Mexico. 1842.

HYDROPE'LTIS. (From hydor, water,
and pelle, a shield; referring to the
floating shield-like leaves. Nat. ord.,
Watershields [Cabombaceee], Linn.,
\3-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)

A very neat little hardy water plant, well
worth growing by the edges of an aquarium,
round a mass of water lilies, its nearest allies.
Division ; marshy soil ; should be protected in
winter.

H.purpu'rea (purple). Red. July. North
America. 1798.

HYDROPHY'LLUM. Water-leaf. (From
hydor, water, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat.
ord., Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllace$e].

Linn.. 5-Penlandria l-Monogt/nia. Allied
to Monophila.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America, Divisions and suckers ; rich loam
and peat ; in marshy situations.
H, appendicula'tum (appendaged-ea^ed). £•
Blue. May. 1812.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). £. White. May.

1759.

— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). £. Blue. June.

1739.

HYDROWE'NIA. (From hydor, water
tainia, a band, referring to a triangular
band in the flower, secreting a liquid.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceee]. Linn., 3-
Triandria I-Monogynia. Allied to Bea-
tonia.)

A pretty half-hardy bulb, with the aspect of a
tigridia, and flowers like a fritillaria. Seeds,
sown when ripe, or kept and given a little heat
in the spring ; division of the off-sets ; light
rich sandy loam ; taken up and kept after the
foliage is decayed, and planted out the follow-
ing spring. If left in the ground, and covered
to protect from rains and frosts, the plants will
be stronger than if the bulbs were kept dry all
the winter.

H. loba'ta (lobed-flotvered). !£, Yellow, pur-
ple. May. Lima. 1843.

'irwi "

— melea'gris (spotted) .
Mexico. 1837

Yellow. July.

HYGROMETER. — An instrument for
ascertaining the quantity of moisture
in the air. Everything that swells by
moisture, and contracts by dryness, is
capable of being formed into one.
Every gardener, who has taken a cool
bunch of grapes into a hothouse well-
supplied with moisture, would, in the
grapes almost instantly being covered
with dew, see the principle upon which
the hygrometer acts. The colder the
grapes, the warmer the house, the more
the vapour contained in it, the sooner
would the dew be formed, and the more
plentiful its depositure. Pouring cold
water into a glass tumbler in similar
circumstances will be attended with a
similar result, dew will be deposited on
the outside of the glass; because, in
either case, the cold body condenses
the vapour in its neighbourhood, and
this is whatis called the dew point, being
that temperature at which moisture is
deposited from the surrounding atmo-
sphere upon any object of that particular
temperature. The drip in frames,
greenhouses, &c., is similarly caused.
The thermometer is the best instrument

HYCr

I 500 ]

HYG

for shewing the temperature; and by ;
taking two similar ones, covering their j
bulbs with a fold of muslin or silk, j
keeping one dry and the other wet,
with a thread of lios-silk acting as a J
syphon from a vessel of water, the |
greater the difference of temperature
indicated by the moist and dry ther-
mometer; the greater the deficiency of
atmospheric moisture. The nearer the
temperature of the moist and dry bulb,
the nearer is the air to being saturated
with moisture. To obtain more perfect
details Daniel's Hygrometer is the best
instrument. It is represented in the
following figure. It consists of two
hollow glass
balls containing
ether, and com-
municating by
the glass tube
which rests on
the support. The
ball which f onus
the termination
of the longer leg
is of black glass,
in order that
the formation of
dew on its sur-
face may be the
more percepti-
ble. It includes the bulb of a deli-
cate thermometer dipping in the ether,
its scale being inclosed in the tube
above the ball ; and whatever change
takes place in the temperature of
the ether is indicated by this ther-
mometer. The other ball is covered
with muslin. In making an obser-
vation it is first necessary to note
down the temperature of the air ; next
turn the instrument, so that when the
muslin-covered ball is heldiii the hand,
the ether may escape into the blackened
ball ; and it should also be held till the
included thermometer rises a few de-
grees above the temperature of the air,
when it should be replaced on the
support. Then drop, or gently pour, a
little ether on the muslin. The evapo-
ration of this extremely volatile sub-
stance produces cold; and attention
must be instantly directed to the black
glass ball and included thermometer.
The latter will be seen falling rapidly ;

and at length a ring of dew will appear
at the line which runs across the black
ball — quickly, if the air is very moist,
slowly, if the air is dry. If the air is
very dry, no moisture will be thus de-
posited till the thermometer falls to
10°, 20°, or 30° below the temperature
of the air. But at whatever tempe-
rature the dew forms, that temperature
should be noted as the dew-point; and
the difference between it and the tem-
perature of the air, at the time, is the
degree of dryness according to the
indications of this hygrometer. Thus,
in a moderately dry day, let it be sup-
posed that the temperature of the air
is 05° in the shade, and that the muslin
requires to be kept moist, before dew
is formed, till the blackened ball con-
taining the ether has its temperature
reduced to 50°, as indicated by the
included thermometer, there are then
said to be 15° of dryness. Again, sup-
posing the temperature is 85°, and the
dew-point found, as before, to be 70°,
the degree of dryness is still expressed
by 15° : but the quantity of moisture
diffused in the air is, notwithstanding,
somewhat greater in the latter case
than in the former. If 1000° represent
complete saturation, the quantity of
moisture, when the temperature is 65°
and the dew-point 50°, will be 009;
but when the temperature is 85° and
the dew-point 70°, the moisture will be
represented by (i'23 ; these numbers
being ascertained by tables prepared
for the purpose. The difference, how-
ever, in such a case is so small it is not
worth taking into account in a horti-
cultural point of view. But as these
numbers can only be ascertained by
calculation, it is more convenient to
reckon by the degree of dryness, bear-
ing in mind that the dryness of the air
is indicated by the difference between
the temperature of the air and of tlui
dew-point. Thus, if the ring of dew is
formed as soon as ether is applied, and
only 1° difference is observable, the air
is nearly saturated ; if the difference is
5° to 10° the dryness is very moderate ;
while 15° to 20° of difference indicate
excessive dryness, and beyond tin's the
air is parching. — Gard. Chron.

(From Itygros, moist)

HYG

[ 801 ]

HTM

and pldlco, to love ; referring to the
habitat of the plant. Nat. ord., Acan-
thack [Acanthacesej. Linn., l±-Didy-
11 ami a 2-Angiospennia. Allied to Kuel-
lia.)

Stove evergreens from the East Indies. Cut-
tings of young shoots, in sandy soil, in heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80° ;
winter, 45° to 55°.

H. longifu'lia (long-leaved). Purple. June.
1821.

— ri'ngens (gaping). £. 1820.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). Violet. June.

1822.

HYLESI'NUS PINI'PERDA. A species of
beetle which preys upon the pith of
young shoots of sickly or recently felled
Scotch and spruce firs. It is not very
injurious in this country.

HYLOTO'NIA EO'S.E. A saw-fly which
injures rose-trees seriously, by punc-
turing in rows their young shoots, and
depositing in the holes its eggs. The
best remedy is spreading a cloth be-
neath the trees in the evening, and
killing the insects shaken down upon it.

HYMEN;<K'A. Locust Tree. (From
Hymen, the god of marriage ; referring
to the leaflets being joined. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceag]. Linn.,
W-Dccandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Bauhinia.)

Fine, close-grained, hard wood, and the
resins Anime and Copal are produced by these
stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in spring, inserted firmly in sand, co-
vered with a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ; peat
and rich loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85°;
winter 55° to 60°.

H. Candollia'na (Decandolle's). 30. White.
Acapulco. 1824.

— Cou'rbaril (Courbaril). 40. Yellow, purple.

West Indies. 1688.

— verruco'sa (warty-podded). 20. White. Ma-

dagascar. 1808.

HYMEXANTHE'KA. (From hymen, a
membrane, and anthem, an anther, or
pollen bag. Nat. ord., Violetworts
[Violacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1
Monogynia. Allied to Alsodeia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, getting a little firm, in spring,
in sand over peat, and well -drained, under a
bell-glass ; sandy peat, with a third of fibry
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
H. dcnta'ta (toothed-teat-ed) . 6. Yellow. May.
New Holland. 1824.

HYMKXOCA'LLIS (From hymen, a
membrane, and AYI/OS, beautiful ; refer-
ring to the membraneous cup inside

the flower. Nat, ord., AmaryU-ins
[Amaryllidacefe]. Linn., K-He.r«ndria
I -Monogynia. Allied to Tancratium.)

They have all white flowers, and much re-
semble Pancratiums. Their seeds differ m
being large and green, the seeds of Pancratium
having a black, brittle skin. Offsets; rich
sandy loam. See Amaryllis.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.
H. bistuba'ta (double-tubed). 1J. Aprfl. Mexi-
co. 1844.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 2. June. Caro-

lina. 1759-

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). June. South Ame-

rica. 1820.

— Paname'nsis ( Panama). May. Panama. 1844.

— Skinner in1 na (Skinner's). March. Guate-

mala. 1843.

STOVE BULBS.

H. adna'ta (adhering - leaved). May. South

America. 1758.
acutifo'lia (pointed - leaved) . May.

Mexico. 1824.
littora'lis (sea-shore). May. South

America. 1758.

— amas'na (handsome). 1. August. Guiana.

1790.

ova'ta (egg -leaved). 1. August.

West Indies.

— angu'sta (n&no\v -leaved). 1£. July. South

America.

— Cariba'a (Caribean). H. July. West Iri^

dies. 17:W.

— Caymane'mis (Cayman). August. Cayman,

1823.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1^. July. South

America.

— Drya'ndri (Dryander's). 2. May.

— e^a'nsa (expanded). 2. May. West In-

dies. 1818.
—fra' grans (fragrant). 1. July. West Indies.

— Guiune'nsis (Guiana). 2. August. Guiana.

1818.

— Harrisia'na ( Harris's). June. Mexico. 1838.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 1. August. Mexico.

1732.

— pa'tens (spreading). 2. July. West Indies.

1822.

— peda'lis (long-leaf -stalked). May. Brazil*

1815.

— pedia'le (long-flower-stvilkeA). 3 . August*

Brazil. 1820.

— rota'ta (wheel-crowned). 1. August. Mo-

bile. 1803.

— specio'sa (showy). 1$. July. West Indies.

1759.

— Staple' Aii (Staples's). June. Mexico. 1826.

— tenuiflo'ra (thin-flowered). August.

— undula'ta (wavti-leaved) . 1. July. South

America.

HYMENODI'CTYON. (From hymen, a
membrane, and diktyon, a net ; the
envelope of the seeds being a net-like
membrane. Nat, ord., Cinchomuls [Cin-
chouacea?.}. Linn., ')-Pe»fandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Luculia.)

HYM

[ 602]

Stove evergreen trees from the East Indies,
with greenish yellow flowers. For culture see
Cinchona.
H. exce'l&um (tall;. 30. July. 1820.

— thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 15. June.

1819.

HYMENOPHY'LLUM. Filmy-leaf Fern.
(From hymen, a membrane, and phyl-
Z0>*,aleaf. Nat. ord., Polypods [Poly-
podiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices.)

Ferns, all with brownish yellow spores, ex-
cept where otherwise mentioned. By spores,
and dividing the roots ; peat and loam ; should
be rather cramped for room. See Ferns

HARDY.

H. Tunbridge'nse (Tunbridge). $. Brown.
June. Britain.

— Wilso'ni (Wilson's). $. Brown. June.

Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

H. dilata'tum (swollen). August. New Zea-
land.
-^•flexuo'sum (zig-zag). April. New Zealand.

— ni'tens (shining). May. New Zealand.

— sanguinole'ntum (bloody). May. New Zea-

land.

STOVE.

H. biva'lve (two-valved). May. Isle of Luzon.
— fimbria'tum (fringed). April. Isle of Luzon.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). May. Trinidad. 1823.

— polya'nthum (many-flowered). West Indies.

1824.

HYOSCY'AMUS. Henbane. (From
hyos, a hog, and kyamos, a bean ; fruit
eaten by swine. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanacesej. Linn., &-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Datura.)

The annual by seed in the open dry border,
towards the end of March ; the shrubby kinds
by cuttings, under a bell-glass, in April ; or
under a hand-light in a shady place in summer.
Sandy fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould ; when
planted out of doors, young plants must be
reared for saving through the winter in a cold
pit or greenhouse. There are many other
species besides the following, but they are
mere weeds.

H. Camera'rii (Camerarius's). Yellow, purple.
July. South Europe. Hardy annual.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). l£. Yellow. De-

cember. Canaries. 1816. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— datu'ra (Datura-like). 14. Yellow. May.

Egypt. 182Q. Half-hardy evergreen.

HYPE'COUM. (From hypecheo, to
rattle ; referring to the seeds in the
pods. Nat. ord., Fumewol-ts [Fuma-
riacefe]. I,inn.,4:-Tetrandria2-Di(tynia.)

Hardy annuals with yellow flowers. Seeds,
in the open border, in March.

H. ere'ctum (erect). £. May. Siberia. 1759.

— pe'ndulum (hanging-down). £. June. South

France. 1640.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. July. South

Europe. 1596.

HYPE'EICTJM. St. John's Wort. (The
Yperikon of Dioscorides ; said to be
from yper, on account of, and ere ike,
heath ; from its growing in similar
places. Nat. ord., Tutsans [Hyperi-
cacesej. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia'2-Poly-
andria.}

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. The hardier ones flourish in
common and sandy loam, and the more tender
in loam and peat. Annuals sow in the open
border in March ; herbaceous sow, and divide
the plants in spring ; shrubs are easily divided,
as they stole freely, and also by seeds ; green-
house and frame kinds by divisions, but chiefly
by cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under
glass; most of them, if protected in winter,
would grow against a wall. For exposed places,
the following are the best shrubby ones — ela-
tior, hircinum, calycinum, Kalmianum, and
prolificum,

HARDY BIENNIAL.

H. si'mplex (simple). 1. July. North Ame-
rica. 1826.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.

H. JEgypti'acum (Egyptian). 2. June. Egypt.
1787-

— Mthio'picum (Ethiopian). 1. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1817-

— Balea'ricum (Balearic). l£. May. Majorca.

1774.

— Canarie'nse (Canary). 2. August. Canaries.

1699-

— Chine'nse (Chinese). 3. June. China. 1753.

— Co'chin-Chine'nse (Cochin-Chinese). 3. Bed.

July. China. 1821.

— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 2. Nepaul.

1825. Half-hardy.

— co'ris (Cons'leaved). 1. June. Levant.

1640. Half-hardy.

— empetrifo'lium (Empetrum-leaved). 1. July.

South Europe. J820. Half-hardy.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 1. June. Spain.

1821. Half-hardy.

— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 3. June.

Madeira. 1779. Deciduous.
—folio'sum (shining - leafy). 3. August.
Azores. 1778.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. June. Ma-

deira. 1777.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. July.

Teneriffe. 1718.

— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). 2. July.

Persia. 1812.

— oblongifo'lium (oblong-leaved). 1. June.

Nepaul. 1823.

HARDY DECIDUOUS AND EVERGREEN

SHRUBS.

H.ajnlla're (axillary -flowered). 2. July.
Georgia. Evergreen.

— calyci'num (large-called). 1, July. Ireland.

HYP

[ 503 ]

HYP

H. ela'tum (tall). 5. July.* North America.
1/62.

— fascicula'tum (fascicled). 1. July. Carolina.
1811.

— f rondo' sum (leafy). 5. July. North Ame-
rica. 1806.

— galioi'des (Ga\ium-\ike-leaved) . 2. August.

North America. Evergreen.

— Ge'bleri (Gebler's). July. Altai. 1829.

— glau'cum (milky-green). Ij. August. North

America. 1812.

— hirci'num (goat-scented}. 3. August. South

Europe. 1640.

mi'nus (smaller). 2. August. South

Europe.

— Kalmia'num (Kalm's). 2. June. North

America. 1759.

— nummula'rium ( Money -\vort-leaved), 1.

June. South Europe. 1823. Trailler.

— Oly'mpicum (Olympian). 4. August. Le-

vant. 1706. Evergreen.

— pa'tulum (spreading). 1. June. Nepaul.

1823. Evergreen.

— proli'ficum (prolific). 4. July. North Ame-

rica. 1758.

— puncta'tum (dotted). l£. June. North

America. 1823.

— rosmarinifo' Hum (Rosemary- leaved). 2.

July. Carolina. 1812.

— serpyllifo'lium (Thyme-leaved) . \. July.

Levant. 1688. Evergreen.

— ura'lum (Urala). 1. July. Nepaul. 1823.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

H. amaz'mim (pleasing). 4. July. Carolina.
1802.

— angulo'sum (angled- tooth -flowered], 2.

June. North America. 1812.

— a'scyron (St. Peter's wort). 2. June. Si-

beria. 1774.

— ascyroi'des (Ascyron-like). 2. June. North

America. 1812.

— attenua'tum (thin- leaved). l£. July. Da-

huria. 1822.

— barba'tum (bearded). 2. July. Scotland.
Cala'bricum (Calabrian). l£. Au-
gust. Calabria. 1816.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. August. North

America. 1770.

— cilia1 turn (hair-fringed-jtfoMwed). 2. July.

Levant. 1/3Q.

— cri'spum (curly-leaved). 1. July. Greece.

1688.

— denta'tum (toothed). 2. August. Medi-

teranean. 1820.

— dolalrifo1 rme (hatched-formed) . 2. June.

North America. 1821.

— e'legans (elegant). 1$. June. Siberia. 1822.

— fimbria't urn (fringed). 2. July. Pyrenees.

1821.

— hyssopifo'lium (Hyssop-leaved). 1= July.

South Europe. 1823.

— involu'tum (rolled - inward -flowered) . 1 .

July. New South Wales. 1822. Half-
hardy.

— Japo'nicum (Japanese). 1*. July. Nepaul.

1823.

— macroca'rpum (large - podded). August.

North America. 1828.

— monta'num (mountain). 14. July. Britain.

— myrtifo'lium (Myrtle- leaved). " 1. July.

North America, 1818.

H. Nepaule'nse (Nepaul). 14- September.
Nepaul. 1826.

— nudiflo'rum (naked - flowered) . 14. July.

North America. 1811.

— perfora'tum (perforated). 14- July. Britain.

— perfolia'tum(stem-pierceA-leaved). 1. July.

Italy. 1785.

angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved).

14. July. Britain.

— procu'mbens (lying- down). 4- August.

North America. 1822.

— pusi'llum (small). 4- July. New South

Wales. 1818. Half-hardy.
pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 2. July. Ca-
nada. 1759.

— quadra'ngulum (square-stataerf), 14- July.

Britain.

— quinquene'rvium (five-nerved). 1. July.

North America. 1759-

— foment o' sum (woolly). 1. August. South

Europe. 1648.

— tripline'rve (three-nerved). 14. July. North

America. 1821.

— virga'tum (twiggy). 14. July. North Ame-

rica. 1820.

— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 14- August.

North America. 1800.

HYPHJE'NE. (From hyphaino, to en-
twine; referring to the fibres of the
fruit. Nat. ord., Palms [PalmaceaB].
Linn., 22-Dioccia 6-Hexandria. Allied
to Latania.)

This is the Doom Palm, and the Gingerbread-
tree of Egypt, the bark having the appearance
of that cake. Stove palm. Seeds ; rich sandy
loam.
H. coria'cea (leather-leaved). 20. Egypt. 1824.

HYPOCALY'MNA. (From hypo, under,
and kalymma, a veil ; referring to the
calyx falling off like a veil or cape,
on account of the cohesion of the
points or apex. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms
[Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria, 1-
Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Australia.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; loam and peat, with a little silver sand,
and pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°,

H. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. White.
May. 1843.

— robu'stum (robust). 1. Rose. May. 1843.

— sua've (sweet-scented). Purple. May. 1844.

HYPOCALY'PTUS. (From hypo, under,
and kalypto, to veil ; referring to the
two bractlets under the flower. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
W-Monadelphia ^-Decandrla. Allied to
Loddigesia.)

A very old evergreen greenhouse plant, once
called a Crotolaria, and one of the best of that
section. Cuttings of young side shoots, in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

HYP

[ 504]

IBE

H. obcorda'tus (reversed-egg-/mved). 14. Pur-
pie. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

HYPODE'KRIS. (From hypo, under,
and derr'ts, a skin. Nat. ord., Polypods
[ 1 'olypodiacerc] . Linn., 24- Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)

A stove fern. See Ferns.
H.Bro'umii (Brown's). 2. Brown. May.
Trinidad.

HYPOE'STES. (From hypo, under,
and cstcs, covering ; referring to the
bracts covering the calyx. Nat. ord.,
Acanthads [Acanthaceae]. Linn., %-Di-
andria l-Monoyynia. Allied to IKclip-
tera.)

Stove plants. Cuttings of young shoots, in
sandy soil, under a glass, in heat; peat and
Joanu Summer temp., 6o°to 85°; winter, 48°

DECIDUOUS.

H. Co'chin-Chinen'sis (Cochin-China). White.
July. China. Climber.

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May. China.

1822. Herbaceous.

EVERGREEN.

H.fastuo'sa (sumptuous). 2. Red. June.
East Indies. 1818.

— {nvotucrtfta (involucred). l£. White. July.

East Indies. 1811.

<- se'rpens (creeping). £. July. Australia.
1820.

HYTOLE'PIS. From hypo, under, and
Ifpis, a scale. Nat. ord., Polypods
[Polypodiaceaj]. Linn., %±-Cryptoyamia
1-Filices.)

Ferns with brown spores. The two first re-
quire the stove, and the others a warm green-
house. See Ferns.

H. aculea'ta (sharp-pointed). August. Ja-
maica.

— re'pens (creeping). 6. August. West Indies.

1824.

— rugulo'sa (rather-rough). September. Van

Dieman's Land. 1844.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). June. New

South Wales. 1824.

Hvro'xis. (From hypo, beneath, and
oxys, sharp ; referring to the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Hypoxlds [Hypoxidaceze].
Linn., G-Hcxandria l-Monof/ynia.)

Very pretty little bulbs, with the bulb solid,
from the Cape of Good Hope, and with yellow
flowers, except where otherwise mentioned.
They are little known either to botanists or
gardeners. Division of the plant in spring, and
division of the roots ; peat and loam. Tempe-
rature, according as the species is hardy, or
requiring the greenhouse or stove.

HARDY.

//. era'cta (uptight), £, June, North America.
1752.

J. White, blue. May.

H. serra'ta (saw-leaved). 1. June. 1788.

— veratrifo'lia, (Veratrum-leaved). 2. June.

1778.

STOVE.
H. grn'cilis (slender). 4. July. Mexico. 182Q.

— SeUo'wii (Sellow's). June. Buenos Ayres.

1827.

GREENHOUSE.

H. Caroline' mis (Carolina). £. June. Carolina.
1822.

— e'legans (elegant).

1752.

— obtu'sa (blunt). $. June. 1816.

— obli'qua (odd-sided-teaued). £. July. 1795.

— prate'nsis (meadow). £. April. New Holland.

1824.

— ramo'sa (branchy-stemmed). $. June. 1828.

— soboli'fcra (shoot-bearing). £• August. 1774.

— stella'ta (star-flowered). 3. White, blue.

May. 1752.

— villo'sa (shaggy). |. June. 1774.

HYSSO'PUS. Hyssop. (Yssopus of
Dioscorides, but certainly not the same
plant. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiacere].
Linn., l±-Didynamia \-Gynospermla.}

Hardy, blue-flowered evergreens. Sow in
March or April ; propagate by dividing the
plant at the same time, or in September ; also
by stout cuttings at a similar period ; the varie-
ties are propagated by cuttings, and, if rare,
require a hand-light over them; dry light soil.
The plant is not only aromatic, but the flowers
are beautiful.
H. di'scolor (two-coloured). June. Siberia. 1818.

— officinaflis (common. Shop). 2. June. South

Europe. 1548.

— -- — angitstifo'lius (narrow-leaved).

July. Caucasus.
--- - cane'scens (hoary). June. Swit-

zerland. 181Q.
-- . - flo're~ru'bro (red-flowered). 2.

Red. July. Gardens.
--- variega'tus (variegated-/eao€rf).

l^. July. Gardens.

— scptcmcrena'tus (seven-scolloped). June.

Egypt. 182Q.

— septemfi'dus (seven-cleft). June. Egypt.

I.

IBE'RIS. Candy Tuft. (From Iberia^
the ancient name of Spain, where the
species abounds. Nat. ord., Criicifcrs
[Brassicacea1,]. Linn., 15-TctraJynaihia.
Allied to Thlaspi.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise
specified. Annuals and biennials by seeds in
March and April; most of the annuals, and
especially the itmbellata group, are very hardy,
and if sown in autumn will generally stand the
winter, and bloom in April and May in conse-
quence. The shrubby evergreen group by
seeds, but chiefly by cuttings after flowering,
under a handiight, in a shady corner, in sum-

IBE

[ 505 ]

ICE

mer. 7. semperuirens may be taken as a type '
of this group, and whether in a clump, by the
side of borders, or hanging over knolls and
rockworks, its masses of white flowers are really
beautiful.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

I. cilia'ta (hair-fringed-feawerf). 3- June. Pro- |
vence. 1802. Biennial.

— corona'ria (crown-cowering). 1. July. 1836. 1

— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. June. France, i

1823. Biennial.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. June. Crete, j

1806.

— Tau'rica (Taurian). %. May, Caucasus. 1802.

Biennial.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1596.

— mola'cea (violet). \. Purple. June. 1782.

— Virgi'nicn( Virginian). June. North America.

1836.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN.

I. Gibraltn'rica (Gibraltar). 1. Whitish pink.
May. Gibraltar* 1 732.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

1, confe'rta (crowded). £. June. Spain. 182/.
— - contra'cta (contracted). £. May. Spain. 1824.
•*- corifo'lia (Coris-leaved). £* June. South
Europe. 173Q.

— Garrea'ia'na (Garrex's). £. May. Piedmont.

1820.
-*- pube'scens (downy). £. Pale violet. June.

— pu'mila (dwarf). May. Sicily. 1828.

— saxa'tilis (rock). #. May. South Europe.

1739.

— semperflo'rens (ever- flowering). l£. May.

Sicily. 1679.

— semper vi'rens (evergreen), f. May, Candia.

1731.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

J. Tenorea'na (Tenore's). £. Pale purple. June.
Naples. 1802.

ICE. Mr. Beaton finds that the
cheapest and most effectual mode of
preserving this, is in what he terms an
Iceberg, and it is thus constructed : —
Choose a natural hollow for the site
of the iceberg, where the bank on one
side is steep; and let the outside of the
cone when it is finished be at six feet
from the bottom of the bank. Some
such space is necessary between the
bank and the ice, to get rid of any rain
or snow-water that may run down the
bank before it gets to the ice. At the
bottom of the bank, and half way up,
pots are to be let into the ground in
pairs, four feet apart, and braced to-
gether with a strong piece of timber
set across, as builders do their scaf-
folding ; let planks for wheeling on be
made into a long trough, inclining from

the top of the bank, and resting on
those cross pieces ; the bottom of the
trough being earned out to near the
intended centre of the cone, and far
above it ; and the ice should be broken
on a platform of boards at the top of
the bank, and poured down the inclined
trough. The broken ice should be
spread a little by some one as it falls
from the spout, care being taken that
the cone is brought up regularly ; and
when the ice reaches the height of the
bottom of the spout, the planks are to
be re-arranged so as to allow room for
throwing off the ice as fast as it comes
down ; and, finally, when the cone is
finished into a sharp point, the whole
must be left till t\\Q first frost after mild
or thawing weather; the outside of
the iceberg has then melted a little,
but on the first hard frosty night the
whole is frozen over again, and the
outside of the cone is then as if it were
one solid face of rugged ice, and now
is the time to thatch it entirely over
with good long straw, about the same
thickness as you would a wheat or bar-
ley stack, and no more, provided you
have cheaper materials to give it a
good thick covering afterwards. At
Shrubland Park they use large quan-
tities of leaves, and nothing1 else, over
the straw ; these are thrown on at
intervals, so that the leaves do not heat
by putting too many on at once. The
depth of covering over the straw is
sometimes twice as much as in other
seasons, according to the quantity of
leaves on hand, but two feet in thick-
ness does not preserve the ice better
than one foot. The ice is never unco-
vered by high winds blowing off the
leaves, though nothing is put upon
them to keep them clown.

Perfect exemption from wet or damp
is necessary for the bottom of an iceberg ;
and a few pieces of rough wood, placed
on such a place, and covered with brush-
wood about a foot, and that again
covered with six inches of straw is
sufficient. The brushwood and straw
are soon compressed into a few inches
by the weight of the ice ; and as the
ice melts, the water passes through,
without hindrance, into cross open
drains at -bottom. When ice is re-

ICE

[ 506 ]

ICE

quired, the thatch is opened at the
bottom, each time, the ice cut out with
a pickaxe, and the thatch replaced.

If an Ice-home is built, Mr. Cobbett's
plan, as follows, is the Fig. 1.
best:— Fig. 1 a is the .•'rat'.
centre of a circle, the ,** .u^ *•.<?
diameter of which is ten .* .* *\ \
feet, and at this centre '9 *• a •& ;
you put up a post to \ «^ »* •
stand fifteen feet above "% * f •*
the level of the ground, : ••••*«
which post ought to be about ten
inches through at the bottom, and
not much smaller at the top. Great
care must be taken that this post be
perfectly perpendicular, for if not,
the whole building will be awry ; b b b
are fifteen posts, nine feet high, and
six inches through at the bottom, with-
out much tapering towards the top.
These posts stand about two feet apart,
reckoning from centre of post to centre
of post, which leaves between each two
a space of eighteen inches ; c c c c are
fifty-four posts, five feet high, and five
inches through at the bottom, without
much tapering towards the top. These
posts stand about two feet apart from
centre of post to centre of post, which
leaves between each two a space of nine-
teen inches. The space between these
two rows of posts is about four feet in
width, and is to contain a wall of straw ;
e is a passage through this wall; d is the
outside door of the passage ; / is the
inside door, and the inner circle, of
which a is the centre, is the place in
which the ice is to be deposited. The
wall is to be made of straw, wheat straw,
or rye straw, with no rubbish in it, and
made very smooth by the hand as it is
put in. Lay it in very closely and very
smoothly, so that if the wall were cut
Fig. 2.

9 9

across, as at g <j in Fig. 2 (which Fig. 2
represents the whole building cut down

through the middle, omitting the centre
post), the ends of the straw would
present a compact wall. It requires
something to keep the straw from
buldging out between the posts ; little
stakes as big as your wrist will answer
this purpose. Drive them into the
ground, and fasten at the top to the
plates, which are pieces of wood that
go all round both the circles, and are
nailed upon the tops of the posts.
Their main business is to receive and
sustain the lower ends of the rafters,
as at m m and n n in Fig. 2. From s
to m there need be only about half as
many as from m to n. The roof is
forty-five degrees pitch, as the car-
penters call it. If it were even sharper
it would be none the worse. There
will be about thirty ends of rafters to
lodge on the plate as at m, and these
cannot all be fastened to the top of the
centre post rising up from a. The plate
which goes along on the tops of the
row of posts, b b b, must be put on in
a somewhat sloping form, otherwise
there would be a sort of hip formed by
the rafters. The best way to put on such
deep thatch is to have a strong man to
tie for the thatcher. The thatch is to

Fig. 3.

be of clean, sound, and well-prepared
wheat or rye straw, four feet thick, as
at h h in Fig. 2. The bed for the ice
is the circle of which a is the centre.
Begin by laying on the ground round
logs, eight inches through or there-
abouts, and placing them across the
area, leaving spaces between them of
about a foot. Then, crossways on these
poles about four inches through, placed
at six inches apart. Then, crossways
on them rods as thick as your finger,
placed at an inch apart. Then, again,
small, clean, dry, last winter-cut twigs,
to the thickness of about two inches,
or instead of these twigs, good, clean,

ICE

[ 507 ]

ILE

strong rushes, free from grass and
moss, and from rubbish of all sorts.
Upon this bed the ice is put, broken,
and beaten down together in the usual
manner. As we have seen, there is a
passage, e ; two feet wide is enough
for this passage, so that you may
have two doors, and the inner door
open. This inner door may be of hurdle
work and straw, and covered on one of
the sides with sheep skins with the
wool on, so as to keep out the external
air. The outer door, which must lock,
must be of wood, made to shut very
closely, and covered besides with skins
like the other. At times of great
danger from heat or from wet, the
whole of the passage may be filled with
straw. The door, Fig. 3, should face
the north, or between north and east ; —
as to the size of the ice-house, that
must of course depend upon the quan-
tity of ice that you may choose to have.
A cubic foot of ice will, when broken
up, fill much more than a Winchester
bushel.

ICE-PLANT. Mesembrya'nthemum cryS'
talli1 num.

ICHNOCA'EPUS. (From ichnos, a ves-
tige, and karpos, a fruit; in reference
to the slender seed-vessels. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Apocynum.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of small
side shoots, in April, in sand, and in heat.
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°; peat
and loam.

/. frute'sccns (shrubby) . 10.
East Indies. 1759.

Purple. July.

I'CICA. (The native name in Guiana.
Nat. ord., Amyrids [ Amyridacese] .
Linn., IQ-Dccandria 1-Monoyynia.) Al-
lied to Bursera.)

Stove evergreen balsam, producing trees with
white flowers, and all but one natives of Guiana.
Cuttings of ripened young shoots, in strong
heat, in sand, and under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50°
to 55°.

I. alti'ssima (highest). 100. 1822.

— deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 40. 1825.

— ennea'ndra (nine-stamened). 20. 1822.

— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 50. 1823.

— heterophy' lla (various-leaved). 50. 1826.

— Tacamaha'ca (Tacamahac). 30. Trinidad.

1819.

I'LEX. The Holly. (From the re-

semblance of the leaves to the Ilex
of Virgil, Quercus ilex. Nat. ord., Holly-
worts [Aquifoliacese]. Linn., 4^-Tetran-
dria 3-Tetragynia.)

All white-flowered but one. By seed, which
should be kept in the rot-heap for a twelve
month after gathering, frequently turned in the
mean time, to rot the pulp, and then sown in
beds. The varieties by grafting and budding —
the first in March, and the second in July ; by
cuttings of the ripened summer shoots in au-
tumn, on a north border, and covered with
hand-glasses; soil, sandy loam, in any place
free from stagnant water. See Holly.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

7. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. Ca-
rolina. 1806.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. July. China. 1814.

— Magella'nica ( Magellan). Magellan. 1838.

Half-hardy.

— Pera'do (Perado). 10. Pink. May. Ma-

deira. 1760.

— serra'ta (saw-edged-leaved). Japan. 1840.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

I. myrtifo'lla (Myrtle-leaved). 6. July, West
Indies. 1806.

— Paragu'ensis (Paraguay Tea}. 15. Paraguay.

— sa licifo 'lia( Willow-leaved), 5. May. Mau-

ritus. 1818.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

7. Aquifo'lium (prickly-leaved. Common). 20.

May. Britain.
-- a'lbo margina'tum (white-edged).

12. May. Britain.
-- a'lbo pi'ctum (white - painted.

Milkmaid}. 20. April. Britain.
-- altaclare'nse (High-Clere). 20.

April. Britain.
-- angustifo'lium (narrow - leaved).

20. May. Britain.
--- au'reo margina'tum (gold-edged).

12. May. Britain.

au'reo pi'ctum (gold - spotted -
leaved). 20. May. Britain.

cilia'tum (hair - fringed - leaved}.
20. May. Britain.

cilia'tum mi'nus (smaller-hair-
fringed-/eawe<Z). 20. May. Britain.

crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 20.
May. Britain.

cri 'spurn (curled - leaved), 20.
May. Britain.

fe'rox (fierce. Hedgehog}. 12.
May. Britain.

- fe'rox arge'nteum (silvery-fierce).
20. May. Britain.

fe'rox au'reum (golden -fierce).
May. Britain.

fla'vum (yellow). 15. May.
Britain.

• fru'ctu a'lbo (white-berried). 20.
May. Britain .

fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow - berried).
20. May. Britain.

fru'ctu ni'gro (black • berried).
20. May. Britain.

ILE

[ 308 ]

IMP

/. acquifo'liumheterophy'ttum (various-leaved).

20. May. Britain.
laiifo'linm (broad-leaved). 20.

May. Britain.
laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). 20.

May. Britain.
— . mar gina' turn (thick - margincd-

leaved). 20. May. Britain.
me'dio pi'ctum (middle-painted1) .

10. May. Britain.
plntyphy'llum (broad - leaved).

May. Europe. 1844.
recu'rvum (bent - back - leaved).

20. May. Britain.
sene'scens (aged - spineless}. 20.

May. Britain.
semz£(/0'/jw»i(saw-edged-leaved).

20. May. Britain.
— • Bale'arica (Balearic). 10. May. Minorca.

1815.
Canarie'nsis (Canary Island). 16. May.

Canaries. 1820.

— Cossi'ne(Cassine), 12. August. Carolina.

1700.

— Daho'on (Dahoon). 6. May. Carolina.

1726.

— dipyre'na (two-seeded). 12. May. North

India. 1840.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20. Japan. 1840.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 20. May. Ca-

rolina. 1811.

— opa'ca (opaque). 30. May. Carolina. 1744.

— recu'rva (bent-back). 6. May.

— vomito'ria (emetic). 10. July. Florida.

1/00.

ILLE'CEBRUM. Knot Grass. (From
illccebra, a charmer ; referring to the
pretty little annuals giving a charm to
waste places. Nat. ord., Knotioorts
[Illecebraceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)

All white-flowered, and all propagated by
seed ; common soil, though verticillatum likes
a little moist peat. The greenhouse and stove
perennials merely require the extra heat, and
may also be propagated by division in the
spring.

I. diffu'sum (spreading). 1. June. Trinidad.
1817« Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nial.

— glomera 'turn (clustered) . ^. June. Brazil.

1820. Stove herbaceous perennial.
•*- gomplirenoi'des (Gomphrena-like). 3. June.
Peru, 1810. Stove annual.

— verticilla'tum (whorled). £. July. England.

Hardy trailing annual.

ILLI'CIUM. Aniseed Tree. (From
illicio, to allure ; referring to the per-
fume. Nat. ord., Maj/nolluds [Magno-
liacene]. Linn., 13-Polyandria ti-Foly-
yyniu. Allied to Drimys.J

The fruit of Anlsutum has the flavour of
Anise, being used as a spice in Chinese cookery ;
and the seed of Religionum is burnt as incense
in their temples. Half-hardy evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of the young ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass, in summer ; by layers, from a

j stool in a cold pit, where they generally remain
I two years before being removed; sandy loam
! and peat ; require the protection of the cold

pit or greenhouse in winter, though Floridanunt
. has stood out in many places with but a slight
I protection in severe weather.

7. anisa'tum (Anise-scented). 6. Red. May.
Japan. 1/90.

— florida'num (red-Florida). 8. Red. May.

Florida. 1/66.

— parviflo'nim (small-flowered). 6. Yellow.

May. Florida. 1790.

— religio'sum (holy). 4. Yellow, green.

March. Japan. 1842.

ILLUPIE TREE. Ba'ssia.

IMBRICA'PJA. (From imbrico, to cover
like tiles on a roof ; referring to the
divisions of the calyx. Nat. ord., Sapo-
tads [Sapotacese]. Linn., S-Octandna
1-Monogynia. Allied to Mimusops.)

Stove trees, which produce fruit similar to an
orange. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under
a glass, in strong moist heat ; sandy loam and
peat.

7, Borbo'nlca (Bourbon). White. Isle of
Bourbon. 1820.

IMBRICATED. Leaves, sepals, &c.t are
said to be imbricated when one laps
over the next, and so in succession, like
the tiles of a house, as in the leaves of
the common Heath, or Ling, Erica
vitlgaris.

IMPA'TIENS. Balsam. (From mipa-
tiens; referring to the elasticity of the
valves of the seed-pod, which discharge
the seeds when ripe, or when touched.
Nat. ord., Balsams [Balsamacete].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)

Hardy annuals and biennials by seed, in the
open border, in April ; Scapiflora, a bulb, re-
quires stove heat, and to be kept almost dry in
winter ; greenhouse annuals and biennials
merely require to be sown in a hotbed in March,
and planted out as half-hardy and tender an-
nuals. All these may be kept over the winter,
by taking off cuttings in the beginning of au-
tumn, which would bloom in the house early in
the spring. See Balsams.

HARDY ANNUALS.

I.biflo'ra (two -flowered). Orange. June.
North America.

— crista'ta (crested). 2. Yellow. August.

China. 1827.

— di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. Yellow.

August. Nepaul. 1820.

—fu'lva (yellow). 3. Dark yellow. June.
North America. Aquatic.

— macrochi'la (long-lipped). 8. Pale purple.

August. India. 1839.

STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

1, cu'ndida (white). 6. White. May. Hima-
layas. 1839. Biennial.

[ 509 ]

IMP

I. cocci'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. August. I
East Indies. 1803.

— cornu'ta (horned). 2. Red. August. I

Ceylon. 1826.

— horte'nsis (common. Garden). 3. Bed. Sep-

tember. East Indies. 1596.

— latifo'lia (broad -leaved). 1. Pale red.

August. East Indies. 1818.

— longico'rnu (long - horned). May. East

Indies.

na'tans (floating). 2. Red. July.

East Indies. 1810.

— Mastersia'na (Mr. Masters's). 1. Purple.

July. Khoscea Hills. 1837.

— pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. June. East

Indies. 1837. Biennial.

— platype'talu (broad-petaled) . l£. Rose.

June. India. 1844.

— re'pens (creeping). l£. Yellow. June.

Ceylon. 1848.

— scapiflo'ra (scape-flowered). $. Lilac. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1835. Bulb.

— trico'rnis (three -horned). 6. Yellow spotted.

June. India. 1839.
GEEENHOUSE ANNUALS.

/. bi'fidu (two-cleft). £. Red. August. Japan.
1820.

— Capt'mis(Cx^G). £. Red. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1818.

— Chine'iisis (China). 1. Purple. August.

China. 1824.

— glanduli'gera (gland-bearing). 12. Purple.

August. India. 1839.

— Madagascarie'nsi s (Madagascar). £. Red.

August. Madagascar. 1820.

— mi'nor (smaller). £. Red. August. East

Indies. 1817.

— Mysore'nsis (Mysore). £. Red. August.

Mysore. 1820.

— ro'sea (rose-coloured). 6. Rose. July.

Himalayas. 1839.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale red.

August. Ceylon. 1818.

— tripe'tala (three-petaled). 1. Red. August.

Nepaul. 1825.

IMPATIENT. A plant is said to be
impatient of heat or cold, when it is
speedily injured by a slight excess of
either one or the other.

IMPREGNATION. No seed ever attains
the power of germinating, unless the
pollen from the stamens in the same,
or some nearly allied flower, has reached
and impregnated its pistils. In fa-
vourable seasons, when genial warmth
and gentle winds prevail, impregnation
is readily effected by the plant's own
provision. The pollen is never shed
from the anther of the stamen, until
the stigma of the pistil is fully deve-
loped, and this soon withers after the
contact.

Insects aid in effecting this impreg-
nation, and in frames, hothouses, &c.,
from whence they are almost totally

excluded, other artificial means might
be adopted with success to render
tiowers fertile that had hitherto failed
in producing seed. Thus the gardener
always finds the advantage of using the
camel hair pencil to apply pollen to the
stigmas of his forced melons, cherries,
and peaches. See Hybridizing.

INARCHING or Grafting by approach
differs from grafting only in having the
scion still attached to its parent stem
whilst the process of union with the
stock is proceeding. It is the most
certain mode of multiplying an indi-
vidual that roots or grafts with diffi-
culty, but is attended with the incon-
venience that both the stock and the
parent of the scion must be neighbours.

Having the stocks properly placed,
make the most convenient branches
approach the stock, and mark in the
body of the branches the parts where
they will most easily join to the stock,
and hi those parts of each branch, pare
away the bark and part of the wood
two or three inches in length, and in
the same manner pare the stock in the
proper place for the junction of the
graft, then make a slit upward in the
branch so as to form a sort of tongue,
and make a slit downward in the stock
to admit it ; let the parts be then joined,
slipping the tongue of the graft into
the slit of the stock, making the whole
join in. an exact manner, and tie them
closely together with bass, and after-
wards cover the whole with a due quan-
tity of clay, or wax. After this let a
stout stake be fixed for the support of
each graft, and so fastened as to pre-
vent its being disjoined from the stock
by the wind.

The operation being performed in
spring, let the grafts remain in that
position about four months, when they
will be united, and they may then be
separated from the mother- tree ; in
doing this be careful to perform it with
a steady hand, so as not to loosen or
break out the graft, sloping it off down-
wards close to the stock ; and the head
of the stock cut down close to the
graft, and all the old clay and bandage
cleared away and replaced with new,
to remain a few weeks longer. Ob-
serve, however^ that if the grafts are

IMP

[510]

IND

not firmly united with the stock, let
them remain another year till autumn,
before you separate the grafts from the
parent tree. Instead of approach
grafting in the usual manner, it is
sometimes convenient to detach shoots
of the kinds to be propagated from the
plants on which they grew, and inarch
them upon the single plant, leaving a
piece at the bottom of each shoot
sufficiently long to thrust into a phial,
which must be kept constantly supplied
with water.

INDIAN BAY. La'urus i'ndica.

INDIAN BLUE. Nymphce'a cy'anea.

INDIAN CEESS. Tropce'olum. See
Nasturtium.

INDIAN FIG. Opu'ntia.

INDIAN GRASS. Aru'ndo.

INDIAN HAWTHORN. Raphio'lepis.

INDIAN HEMP. Apo'cynum canna'-
linum.

INDIAN LOTUS. Nymphce'alo'tus.

INDIAN MULBERRY. Mori'nda.

INDIAN PHYSIO. Magno'lia auri-
cula'ta.

INDIAN SHOT. Ca'nna i'ndica.

INDIGENOUS. Native, or naturally
produced. Thus, the Crab Tree is
indigenous of England.

INDIGO 'FERA. (From indigo, a blue
dye, and/ero, to bear. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4^-Decandria.^

Annuals and biennials in hotbed in spring,
potted and treated as tender and half-hardy
annuals ; shrubby plants by cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in summer, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and a little bottom-heat, especially
the tropical species; sandy loam and peat,
equal parts. Red spider is their chief enemy.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

I. echina'ta (hedge-hog). Red. June. East
Indies. 1824. Stove.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Blood. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 4- Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1786.

STOVE ANNUALS.

I. diphy'lla (two-leaved). J. Purple. July,
Africa. 1816.

— enneaphy'lla (nine-leaved). 4. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1776. Trailer.

— gla'bra (smooth). 1. Red. July. East Indies.

1820. Trailer.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 1. Purple. July. East

Indies. 1820.

— lateri'tia (brick-coloured). 1. Purple. Gui-

nea. 1806. Trailer.

/. Lechenau'ltii (Lechenault's), 1, Purple.
July. East Indies. 1820. Greenhouse.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 1. Red. July. East

Indies. 1792. Trailer.

— trifolia'ta (tree-leaved). £. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1816.

— visco'sa (clammy). 1. Red. May. East Indies.

1806.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
I. bifto'ra (two-flowered). Purple. May. East
Indies. 1826.

— cceru'lea (sky-blue). Blue. June. East Indies.

1820.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved). Red. July. Bengal.

1820.

—fro. 'grans (fragrant). 1. Purple. July. East
Indies. 1816.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Dark purple. July. Gui-

nea. 1823.

— leptosta'chya (slender-spiked). 3. Purple.

June. East Indies. 1818.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). Red. July. Ja-

maica. 1824.

— pulche'lla (handsome). Red. July. East

Indies. 1823.

— tincto'ria (East Indian. Dyer's). 3. Pink.

July. East Indies. 1731.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 5. Pale rose.

June. East Indies. 1810.

— virga'ta (twiggy). l£. Purple. June. East

Indies. 1820.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

I. alopecuroi'des(AlopecuTu&-li\ae}, Rose. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— amoe'na (pleasing). l£. Purple. March. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Purple.

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— argente'a (silver-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

East Indies. 1776.

— utropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 3. Purple.

July. Nepaul. 181 6.

— austra'lis (southern). 4. Pink. April. New

South Wales. 1790.

— ca'ndicans (white-teaued). ij. Red. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— coria'cea (leathery-/eaued). 3. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). Rose. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1822.

— deco'ra (graceful). Pink. July. China. 1840.

— divarica'ta (straggling). 3. Red. July.
—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Purple. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.
—filifo'rmis (thread-like). 2. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1822.
—frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1822.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Pink. August. Cape of

Good Hope. 1812.

— lotoi'des (Lotus-like). 3. Red. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.

— macrosta'chya (large-spiked). Rose. May.

China. 1822.

— nu'da (naked). 1. Purple. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1820.

— ri'gida (stiff). 2. Red. July. East Indies.

1816.

— spino'sa (spiny). 1. Purple. June. Arabia.

1820.

IND

[511]

IOC

/. sylva'tica (wood), 8. Rosy, lilac, June. New
Holland. 1825.

I'NGA. (The name in South America.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 1-Moncecia.
Allied to Acacia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots
getting firm, in spring and summer, in sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter 45° to 55°. Pulcherrima has large clus-
ters of long crimson stamens. To succeed well
with it, and in a small plant, give it a fair heat
in summer, and plenty of moisture 5 but keep
it cool and rather dry for several months in
winter.

I. affi'nis (kindred). 20. Pink. Brazil, 1800.

— ano'mala (anomalous). 10. Bed. June.

Mexico. 1729.

— Burgo'ni (Bourgon's). 20. Pink. Guiana.

1752.

— como'sa (tufted). 30. Pink. Jamaica. 1818.

— Coromandelia'na (Coromandel). White.

East Indies. 1818.

— cycloca'rpa (circle - podded). 60. White.

Caraccas. 1820.

— du'lcis (sweet). 20. Pink. East Indies. 1800.
—fce'tida (fetid). 20. Pink. West Indies. 1816.
— fastuo'sa (splendid). Red. Caraccas. 1820.

— Feni7tet(Fenillee's). 8. White. Lima. 1824.

— Harri'sii (Harris's). Crimson. February.

Mexico. 1836,

— Housto'ni (Houston's). 10. Purple. July.

Mexico. 1729.

— hymenoi'des (Hymenia- like). 20. Pink.

Cayenne. 1823.

— Jiri'ngu (Jiringa). White. Malacca. 1828.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Purple. May.

West Indies. 1768.

— lauri'na (Laurel-Jeawed). 20. White. South

America. 1818.

— margina'ta (margined). 20. Pink. South

America. 1820.

— melli'fera (honeyed). White. Arabia. 1826.

— microphy'llu (small -leaved). 20. Pink.

Cumana. 1817.

— pulche'rrima (fairest). 20. Mexico. 1822.

— purpu'rea (purple. Soldier Wood). 6.

Purple. April. West Indies. 1733.

— Sa'man (Saman). 60. Jamaica. 1826.

— seti'fera (bristle-bearing). 20. Pink. Guiana.

1824.

— sple'ndens (shining). White. March. Ca-

raccas. 1825.

— stipula'ris (stipuled). Cayenne. 1831.

— terge'mina (three-paired). 20. Pink. West

Indies. 1820.

— veluti'na (velvety). 20. Para. 1820.

INOCA'EPUS. Otaheite Chesnut.
(From is, a fibre, and karpos, a fruit.
Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymelacese].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Hernandia.)

The kernels are roasted and eaten in the
islands as we use chesnuts. Stove evergreen
tree. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, in sand,
and in heat ; peat and loam.

I. e'dulis (eatable). 20. White. July, South
Sea Islands. 1793.

INOCULATION. Same as Budding.

INOCULATING GEASS. See Turf.

INTEEMEDIATE. A species is often
named intermediate, because possess-
ing the different characteristics of two
others A hothouse is intermediate
when kept at a temperature higher
than that usual in a greenhouse, and
lower than that usual in a stove.

I'NULA. (A word of doubtful origin,
said to be a corruption of helen'mm.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)

Inula helenium or Elecampane, furnishes the
Vin d'Aulne'e of the French. Hardy her-
baceous perennials with yellow flowers. The
annuals not being worth cultivating, are omitted.
Seeds or divisions of the roots ; common gar-
den soil. They are interesting though rather
rough looking.

I. calyci'na (tar#<?-calyxed). lj. July. Sicily.
1827.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 3- August. Aus-

tria. 1793.

— Germa'nica( German). 4. July. Germany.

1759.

— gla'bra (smooth). June. Caucasus. 1831.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. August. Georgia.

1804.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. July. Cau-

casus. 1810.

— hi'rta (hairy). 1. July. Austria. 1759.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. July. Podolia. 1813.

— Maria' na (Maryland). 1. July. North

America. 1742.

— mo' His (soft). 2. July.

— monta'na (mountain). l£. August. South

Europe. 1759.

— O'culus Christi (Christ's-eye). 14. July.

Austria. 1759.

— odo'ra (fragrant). l£. July. South Europe.

1821.

— quadridenta'ta (four- too theft-flowered). 1.

August. Spain. 1820.

— saxa' tills (rock), f. July. South Europe.

1816.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). l£. July. South

Europe. 1758.

— tri'loba (three-lobed). July. Sinai. 1837.

— Vailla'ntii (Vaillant's). 2. September.

France. 1739.

— verbascifo'lia (Mullein-leaved). 14. July.

Caucasus. 1819.

— visco'sa (clammy). l£. July. South Europe.

1596.

IO'CHEOMA. (From ion, violet, and
chroma, colour ; referring to the purple
colour of the flowers. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Habro-
thamnus.)

Greenhouse shrubs. Cuttings of young
a, in sandy soil, with

shoots getting a little firm, in

IOC

IPO

ft bell glass in summer ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

7. calyci'na (/arg-e-calyxed). Green, Guiana.

— grundifl'oru (large-flowered). Saragina.
~-tubulo'sa (tubular). Purple. August. Yan-

gana.

IONI'DIUM. (From ion, violet, and
eidos, resembling. Nat. orcl., Vlolet-
worts [Violaceoe]. Linn., b-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to our Violets.)

The South American species possess muck of
the qualities and are substituted for Ipecacu-
anha. Herbaceous plants flowering in June, by
division and seed 5 under shrubs by cuttings in
sand under a bell glass; peat and loam. All
the following require greenhouse culture, except
strictum, which is a stove plant.

J.,Cape'nse(C&pe). 1. White. Cape of Good
Hope. 1821.

— polygalcEfo'lium (Poly gala- leaved). 1.

Green, yellow. South America, 1/9/.

— Sprengelia'num (Sprcngel's). 1. White.

Pennsylvania. 1818.

— stri'ctum (upright). £. White. West Indies.

1824.

loNo'rsis. (From Ion, violet, and
opsis, like. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidaceffi]. IArm.,W-G>/nandria l-Mo-
nandrla. Allied to Burlingtonia.)

Stove orchids. For culture see Burling-
tonia.
7. pulche'lla (handsome). Violet. July. Mericla.

— utricularioi'des (\Jtric\ila.ria.-like). £. White,

purple. October. Trinidad. 1822.

TPEOACUA'NHA. Cephae'lis Ipecacuanha.

IPOM.K'A. (From ips, bindweed, and
homoios, similar. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Gonvolvulacece], Linn., 5-Pentatidria
1-Monogynia.)

Annuals by seed in a hotbed ; perennials by
seed and cuttings of the short side shoots, in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, and in a good
bottom-heat ; bulbnns and tuberous by division,
and by cuttings of the young shoots, as they
commence growing ; the bulbs and tuberous
ones, especially the hardier ones, are used for
herbaceous grafting, merely making a cleft, and
slipping the young shoot into the place, claying
over, and plunging in a hotbed ; stout short
stems with roots of Sellowii are frequently
used for grafting the more tender sorts ; peat
and loam. Temp, for stove kinds, b'0° to
85° in summer; 50° to 60° in winter. The
crimson Horsfallice, requires a good heat.

STOVE ANNUALS.

7. ccelesti'na (sky-blue). Blue. August. 1840.
Twiner.

— fiticau'lis (thread-stalked). Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1778.

— muricu'ta (point-covered). 8. Blue, purple.

August. East Indies. 1/77.

— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 10. Yellow.

July. East Indies. 1778.

HARDY TWINERS.

7. ca'ndicans (whitish). 15. White. July.
North America. 1776.

— lacuno'sa (pitted). 10. White. June,

North America. 1040. Deciduous.

— pandura'ta (fiddle-shaped). 12. White,

purple. June. North America. 1/32.
Deciduous.

— sagittifo'lia (arrow-head-leaved). 3. Rose,

July. Carolina. 1819. Deciduous.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 8. Flesh. July. Siberia,

1779. Deciduous.

— sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 6. White. July.

Florida. 1813. Evergreen.

GREENHOUSE TWINERS.
7. arma'ta (armed). 6. Purple. July. Mexico.
1824. Biennial.

— cra'ssipes (ihick-flower-stalked) . 3. Purple.

August. South Africa. 1842.

— macrorhi'xa (long-rooted). 10. White.

August. Georgia. 1815. Tuber.
rM'Ara(red). lied, purple. Au-
gust. Mexico. 1815.

— pe'ndula (hanging-down). 10. Pink. July.

New South Wales. 1805. Evergreen.

— quinu'ta (flve-leafleted). Violet. July.

Mexico.

— Sello'wii (Sellovt's). 10. 1831. Deciduous.

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
7. Aito'ni (Alton's). 10. Pale purple. June.

— batatoi'des (Batatas-like). 6. Purple, crim-

son. July. Mexico. 1840.

— campanula1 ta (bell-flowered). 8. Purple,

white. August. East Indies. 1800.

— Caroli'na (Carolina). 10. Purple. July.

Carolina. 1/32.

—ficifo'lia (Fig-leaved). 3. Purple. Novem-
ber. Buenos Ayres. 1840.

— ini'olucru'ta (involucred). 4. Red. July.

Guinea. 1823.

— leuca'nthu (white - flowered) . 6. White.

August. South America. 1823.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 5. White. July.

Mexico. 1838.

— multiflo'r.a (many-flowered). 6. Pink. June.

Jamaica.

— ochru'cea (yellowish). Yellow. August.

Guinea. 18^G.

— pes-ti'gridis (tiger's-foot). 6. Red. August.

East Indies. 1732.

— pilo'sa (long-haired). 4. Pink. August.

East Indies. 1815.

— rubro-ceeru'lea (reddish-blue). 8. Blue,

red. September. Mexico. 1833.

— Schiedia'na (Schiede's). Blue. October.

— seto'sa (bristly). 9. Purple. August. Brazil.

— sutanifo'lia (Nightshade-leaved). 8. Pink.

July. America. 1750.

— viola'cea (violet-flowered). 8. Purple. Au-

gust. South America. 1792.

STOVE EVERGREEN TWINERS.

7. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 6. Purple.
July. West Indies. 1818.

— ulbive'niu (white- veined). Yellow. Septem-

ber'. Algoa Bay. 1824.

— Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). Purple. Au-

gusL Buenos Ayres. 1826.

— Cdi'rica (Cairo), 8, Red. July, Egypt. 1680.

IPO

[ 513 ]

IKI

/. chrysei'des (golden). 4. Yellow. July.
China. 1817.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. White. July.

East Indies. 1823.

— fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 10. Purple. June.

West Indies. 181(5.

— grandiflo'ru (large-flowered). 8. White.

September. East Indies. 1802.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). White, red. August.

Mexico. 1830.

— Horsfu'lli* (Mrs. HorsfalPs). 20. Rose-

coloured. October. East Indies. 1833.
— jalu'pu (Jalap). 10. Red. August. Ame-
rica. 1/33. Tuber.

— Lea'rii (Mr. Lear's). 30. Dark red. Sep.

tember. Ceylon. 1839.

— mutu'bilis (changeable). 10. Blue. July.

South' America. 1812.

— pes-ca'prce (goat's-foot). Purple. June.

India. 1776. Creeper.

— polya 'nthes (Auricula-/?oM;eraf). 20. Yellow.

August. West Indies. 1/39.

— pudibu'nda (blushing). (5. Rose-coloured.

August. St. Vincent. 1822.

— pulche'lla. (pretty). 20. Purple. December.

Ceylon. 1845.

— pu'rga (purgative). Crimson. August.

Mexico.

— repa'ndu (wavy-edged). 10. Scarlet. July.

South America. 1793.

— re'ptuns (creeping), i. Purple. July. East

Indies. 18od. "Creeper.

— sepia'ria (hedge). 8. Red. July. East

Indies. 1817.

— Htipula'cca (stipuled). 6. Purple. September.

East Indies. 1805. Creeper.

— tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 10. Pale

yellow. August. West Indies. 1731.
Tuber.

uniflo'ra (one-flowered). August.

South America. 1731.

— Turpe'thum (Turbeth). 5. White. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1752.

— Tweedie'i (Mr. Tweedie's). 6. Reddish pur-

ple. July. Parana. 1838.

— tyria'nthinu (Purple). Purple. October.

Mexico.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). Scarlet. June.

South America. 173Q.

— vitifo'lia( Vine-leaved). 10. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1820.

IroMo'psis. (From ipo, to strike
forcibly, and opsis, sight. Nat. ord.,
Phloxworls [Polemoniaceae]. Linn.,
5 Pentandria \-Monoyyina. Allied to
Navarretia.)

A beautiful hardy plant, once known as Cilia
jtulchi.'llit. Must be treated as a biennial ; it is
most impatient of wet, and yet it must not be
allowed to get dry ; sow in beginning of August,
and it sown thinly round the edges of a pot, it
will be better than having to transplant the
seedlings, as they are touchy things to shift as
well as to water. For a six-inch pot, three or
tour plants may be left ; but it is best not to
thin too much until spring, for fear of winter
deaths. The greatest care is necessary during
winter to keep the plants in an airy situation in
a cool greenhouse, as the least ex'tra moisture,
Hither near the neck of the plant, or from drip,

88

, will send it off. Soil, fibry loam and turfy peat,
with pieces of charcoal and broken potsherds,
so as to make the soil open, covering it with
finer material on the top, to prevent drying too
rapidly. If thus attended to, the plants will
bloom at Midsummer, or earlier; but, gene-
rally, all the better if not till within ten months
of the seed being sown.

| /. fi'legans (elegant). Scarlet. July. North
America. 1820.

I'rsEA. (Not explained. Nat. ord.,
' Orchids [Orchidacea?]. Limi., 20-%-
I naiidria 1-Monandria. Allied to Pax-
| tonia.)

Stove orchid. Rough peat and a little fibry
loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90 ; winter, 55°.
I. speci'osa (showy). May. Ceylon. 1840.

IRESI'NE. (From eiros, wool; refer-

ring to the woolly aspect of the

branches. Nat. ord., Amaranths [Ama-

j ranthacene]. Linn., '2'2-Diceda h-Pcntan-

drm. Allied to Gromphrena. )

Half-hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, pe-
rennials. Division in spring, and by saving
and sowing the seeds in a gentle hotbed ; sandy
loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat. If saved
over, must be protected in a cold pit, or frame,
during the winter.

I. celosioi'des (Celosia-like). 1$. July. South
America. 1733.

— diffu'xa (straggling). l£. July. South

America. 1818.

— ela'tior (taller). 3. July. Antilles. 1820.

Annual.

— elongu'ta (long -leaned}. 2. July. South

America. 1822.

— flave'sccna (pale-yellow). 1. July. South

America. 1824.

THIS. (From iris, the eye ; referring
to the variety and beauty of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacea)]. Linn., 3-
Triandria 1 -Monoyyn la. )

A beautiful hardy family of summer flower-
ing plants, though most of the bulbous species
will, by forcing, flower early in spring. Her-
baceous species, by suckers from the root, and
division of their fleshy rhizomes. Bulbous ones,
by offsets ; and all by seeds. Rich loamy soil
suits the herbaceous, but the others should
have a good proportion of sand, leaf-mould,
and peat.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

I. rlnndesiti'na (secret). May. Brazil. 1829.

— cwlestinu (sky-blue). l£. Blue. June.

North America. 1824.

— crass! fo'lia (thick-leaved). £. Pale blue.

'June. Cape of Good Hope. 1630.

— dvfte'j'ri (bent -down). l£. Lilac. June.

Nepaul. 1833.

HARDY BULBS.

/. alu'ta (winged).
1801.

Blue. June, Algiers.

IRI

C

7. Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 2. Blue. April.
Portugal. 1796.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). £. Blue, yellow. May.

Persia. 1629.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). !£. Light blue.

May. Dauria. 1796.

— tnbero'sa (tuberous). 3. Green, blue. March.

Levant. 1597.

— Xi'phium (Xiphium). l£. Blue, yellow.

June. Spain. 1596.

— Xiphioi'des (Xiphium-like). l£. Blue, yel-

low. June. Spain. 1571.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS.

I. acu'ta (pointed-team?). 2. Blue. May.

— amcc'na (delicate). 1. Blue. May.

1821.

— arena'ria (sand). £. Yellow. June. Hun-

gary. 1802.

— au'rea (golden). 2. Yellow. June. Ger-

many. 1826.

— M color (two-coloured). 1. Yellow, purple.

May.

— biflo'ra (two-flowered). l£. Purple. June.

South Europe. 15Q6.

— biglu'mis (two-glumed). £. Blue. April.

Siberia. 1811.

— Blondo'vii (Blondow's). Blue. April. Altai.

1832.

-^ Bohe'mica (Bohemian). 1. Blue. May.
Bohemia. 1825.

— Boltonia'na (Bolton's). 2. Blue. May.

North America. 1825.

— brachycu'spis (short-pointed). 1$. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1819.

— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). £, Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1821.

— CMne'nsis (Chinese). 1. Pole blue. China.

1792.

— msta'ta (crested). £. Pale blue. June.

North America. 1756.

— cu'prea (copper -coloured). 2. Orange.

June. North America. 1812.

— curtope'tala (short-petaled). 1 J. Yellow,

blue. May. 1823,

— deserto'rum (desert). Ij. Blue. July.

Russia. 1811.

— dicho'toma (forked). 1. Light blue. Au-

gust. Dauria. 1784.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. Yellow. July. 1823.

— ensa'ta (sword-shaped-teawd). 1$. Blue,

purple. June. Austria. 1786.

— flave'scens (pale-yellow). 2. Yellow. May.

1818.

— flavi'sfsima (yellowest). §. Yellow. May.

Siberia. 1814.

— flemio'sa (zig-zag). 2. White. May. Ger-

many. 1810.

— Florenti'na (Florentine). 2. White. May.

South Europe. 1 596.
mi'nor (less). l£. Grey. May.

Gardens.
— foetidi'ssima(most-fetiA. Stinking Gladuyn) .

l£. Livid. June. Britain.
variega'ta (variegated -leaved).

lj. Livid. June. Britain.
—fra1 grans (sweet-scented). Blue, white,

purple. June. India. 1839.
—furca'ta (forked). £. Blue. March. Tau-

ria. 1822.

— Qerma'nica (German). 3. Blue. May.

Germany. 1573.

t ] IRI

I. Germa'nicafto're a'lbo (white-flowered). 3.
White. May. Gardens.

— grami'nea (Grass- leaved). J. Striped.

June. Austria. 1597.

— Guldensta'dtii (Guldenstadt's). 2. Yellow,

April. Siberia. 1757.

— halophi'la (salt-loving). 3. Blue. August.

Siberia. 1780.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 1$. Purple. May.

North America. 1826.

— Hu'mei (Sir A. Hume's). 2. Blue. April.

Nepaul. 1822.

— hu'milis (low). 1. Blue. April. Caucasus.

1812.

— Hunga'rica (Hungarian). 1. Violet. May.

Red. May. Iberia.

Hungary. 1815.

— Ibe'rica (Iberian). l£.

1820.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated- br acted). 2. Yellow.

May.

— leeviga'ta (smooth). Blue. May. Siberia.

1836.

— li'vida (livid). 1$. Livid. April. Levant.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. May. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). j{. Greenish.

April. Naples. 1829.

— longispa'tha (long - spathed). 3. Purple.

July. Siberia. 1823.

— lu'rlda (dingy). 2. Brown. April. South

Europe. 1758.

— lute'scens (clayey). £. Yellow. April. Ger-

many. 1748.

— Monnie'ri (Monnier's). £. Yellow. May.

Greece. 1820.

— negle'cta (neglected). 2. Pale blue. May.

— Nepaule'nsia (Nepaul). l£. Blue. April.

Nepaul. 1823.

— NertcMnskia (Nertchinsk). 3. Blue. May.

Siberia. 1831.

— no'tha (bastard). 1^. Blue. May. Italy. 18'20.

— nudicau'lis (naked - stemmed). 1. Blue.

May. 1820.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 4. Light

yellow. July. Levant. 1757.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Blue. June.

1821.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light blue. May.

China. 1/90.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2. Blue. May. Tar-

tary. 1820.

— 7?«7«rfa (pale). 3. Pale blue. May. Turkey.

1596.

— plica'ta (plaited). 2. White, blue. June.

1821.

— prismu'tica (prismatic) . 1. Purple. May.

North America. 1812.

— pseu'd-a'corus (Bastard Acorus). 3. Yellow.

June. Britain.
-- pa1 llida fta'va (pale-yellow). 3. Pale

yellow. June. North America. 1812.
-- variega'tus (variegated - leaved). 3.

Yellow. June. Britain.

— pu'milti ^dwarf). £. Purple. May. Austria.

1596.

-- a'lba (white -flowered). $. White.
May.
a'lba ceeru'lea (white and blue). 4.

White, blue. May.

— ..... - cam1 lea (])\\IK- flowered). &• Blue.

May.

— reticula'ta (netted). $. Blue. March.

Iberia, isai.

I El

{ 515 ]

ISM

/. Ruthe'nica (Russian). 1, Blue. May. Si-
beria. 1804.

— sambuci'na (Elder-scented). 3. Light blue.

June. South Europe. 1658.

— scario'sa. (membraneous). 1. Blue. May.

Russia. 1826.

— setn'sa (bristle-pointed). !£. Blue, purple.

May. Siberia. 1844.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. Light blue. May.

Siberia. 1596.

— • fto're a'lbo (white-flowering). 2£.

White. May. Siberia. 1596.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 3.

Purple. May. Gardens.

— so'rdida (dirty). 1*. White. May. 1819.

— spathul'ata (spa.thul&te-flowered). 1. Pale

blue. June. Germany. 1759.

— spu'ria (spurious), 1-J. Pale blue. May.

Siberia. 1759.

— squa'lens (daubed). 2. Striped. May.

South Europe. 1768.

— steno'gyne (narrow-stigmaed). l£. Yellow.

June. 1819.

— sty losa (large-styled). Blue. May. Corfu.

1844.

— sub-biflo'ra (sub-two-flowered). l£. Violet.

July. Portugal. 1596.

— Susia'na (Susian) 2. Striped. April. Le-

vant. 1596.

— Swe'rtii (Swert's). !£. White. May. 1819.

— Tange'rica (Tangier). Yellow. June. Tan-

giers. 1820.

— Tau'nca (Taurian). Yellow. June. Tau-

ria. 1827.

— te>nnx (tough). Purple. July. California.

1826.

— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). l£. Blue. May.

North America. 1820.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Blue. June.

Italy. 1821.

— variega'ta (variegated). 2. Striped. May.

Hungary. 1597.

— ventrico'sa (swollen). 1. Pale blue. June.

Dauria. 1800.

— ve'rna (spring). 1. Purple. April. Vir-

ginia. 1748.

— versi' 'color (various- coloured). 1. Varie-

gated. May. North America. 1732.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). £. Violet. May.

South Europe. 1800.

— vire'scens (greenish) . 1. Yellow. May. 1820.

— Virgi'nicu (Virginian). 1. Blue. June.

North America. 1758.

IRISH HEATH. Menzle'sia polifo'lia.
IRON- TREE. Siderode'ndrum.
IRONWOKT. Sideri'tis.

IRON WOOD. Sidero'xylon and Me-
troside'ros.

IRRIGATION. Experience shews that
there is in the kitchen garden scarcely
a crop that is not benefited by a much
more abundant supply of water than
can be obtained usually; and we can
bear testimony to the correctness of
Mr. Knight's conclusion, not limit-
ing, however, our approval of such
abundant watering to late crops of

peas, but to all, as well as beans,
spinach, and the entire cabbage tribe.
Kidney beans and potatoes are not be-
nefited by such an abundance of water.
"The quantity of water," says Mr.
Knight, " which may be given with
advantage to plants of almost every
kind, during warm and bright weather,
is, I believe, very much greater than
any gardener who has not seen the
result will be inclined to suppose pos-
sible ; and it is greater than I myself
could have believed upon any other
evidence than that of actual experience.
My garden, in common with many
others, is supplied with water by
springs, which rise in a more elevated
situation ; and this circumstance af-
forded me the means of making a small
pond, from which I can cause the water
to flow out over every part of every
other kind through every part of the
summer ; and I cause a stream to flow
down the rows of celery, and along the
rows of brocoli and other plants, which
are planted out in summer, with very
great advantage. But the most exten-
sive and beneficial use which I make
of the power to irrigate my garden by
the means above-mentioned, is in sup-
plying my late crops of peas abundantly
with water, by which the ill effects of
mildew are almost wholly prevented,
and my table is most abundantly sup-
plied with very excellent peas through
the month of October."

ISA'NTHUS. (From isos, equal, and
antkos, a flower ; referring to the regu-
larity of the flowers. Nat. ord., Llp-
ivorts [Lamiaceee]. Linn., I±-Didyna-
mia l-Gymnospei-mia. Allied to Mint.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in April, in a peaty
border, or in a little heat, in March, and trans-
planted.

I. ceeru'leus (blue). 1. Blue. July. North
America. 1818.

ISE'RTIA. (Named after P. E. Isert,
a German surgeon. Nat ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn., b-Hex-
andrla \-Moiioyynia. )

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings, in sandy
soil, in a hotbed, in spring or summer; peat
and loam, with a little charcoal and silver sand.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55°.
I. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. • ; July.
Guinea. 1820.

ISME'IJA. (Probably a commemo-

ISM

[ 810 ]

ISO

rative name. Nat. ord., Composites I
[Asteracete]. Linn., H)-8yngenesia 2- ;
Supcrf.ua.}

This should be united to Chrysanthemum. \
Half-hard}" evergreen shrub. Seeds, in spring, ;
in a gentle hotbed ; cuttings of firm side young
shoots in summer ; sandy loam. Winter temp.,
35° to 40°.

I. JHudere'nsis (Madeira). 2. Straw. May.
Madeira. 1834.

ISME'NE. Peruvian Daffodil. (After
Ismene, the daughter of <Edipus and
Jocasta. Nat. ord.r AmarylUds [Ama-
ryllidaceee] . Linn., ti-Ifvxandrial-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Choretis.)

" Absolute rest in winter is essential to this
genus." They should be planted out in a
border in April, and taken up when the frost
cuts the leaves ; deep sandy soil suits them best.
Offsets.

/. Ama'ncees (Amancaes). 2$. Yellow. June.
Peru. 1804.

— calathi'num (cup-flowered). 2j. White.

June. Brazil. 1800.

— defle'xa (turned-down). Yellow. June.

— Kni'ghtii (Knight's). 2. White, March.

Florida. 1836.

— Maclea'na (M'Lean's). 2, White. June.

Lima. 1837.

— nu1 tans (nodding). 2j. White June.

Brazil. 1800.

— proli'fera (proliferous). Yellow. June. Peru.

1836.

ISOCHT'LTTS. (From -isos, equal, and
chc'dus, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacece]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria \-Mo-
'iifindria. Allied to Cop.logyne.)

Stove orchids ; cultivated like the first section
of Ctelogyne.

I. cnrnoswflo'rus (fleshy-flowered). l£. Purple.
November. Honduras. 1841.

— fusifo'rmis (spindle-rooted). J. Yellow.

July. Trinidad.

— graminifo'lium (Grass-leaved). £. Green,

yellow. May. Jamaica. 1823.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). Peru. 1840.

ISOLO'MA. (From Isos, equal, and
Iowa, an edge ; referring to the edges
of the fronds. Nat. ord., I'oli/jinds
[ PolypodiaceiB]. Linn., &L-t'ryplii</<intiu
KRI&ifr.)

Stove Ferns. See Ferns.

I. dine'rgefu (wide-spread). Bro\vn, yellow.
July. Malacca.

— iunugino'sa (woolly). Brown. July. East

Indies.

Iso'aiEiiiK. (From isos, equal, and
mcris, a part; referring to the petals,
with the stamens and pistils, which are
of equal length. Nat. ord., (Jufijjftrids
[Capparida<V!ti]. Linn., {\-Jlt:r<tndrin
' >•> <'k-omf>.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings of the ripe
young shoots, in autumn ; sandy loam and a
little leaf-mould. The flowers are anything
but sweet.

I. arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. Yellow. May.
California. 1839.

ISOXA'XDRA. Gutta Percha Tree,
(From iso.s, equal, and under, the male
organ, or stamen ; referring to an equal
numher of fertile and barren stamens.
Nat. ord., Sujpotads [Sapotacea)]. Linn.,
^-Penliindria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Bumelia.)

An evergreen tree, supposed to be propagated
by cuttings, requiring stove treatment, and light
soil, consisting of sandy peat and fibry loam.
I. Gu'tta (Gutta Percha'). Borneo. 1847.

ISOPLE'XIS, (From isos, equal, and
pleco, to plait ; the upper plait or seg-
ment of the flower heing of equal
length with the lip. •Nat. ord., Fiywo-rts
[Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn., 1±-I)idyn<t-
miu 2-AiujUmpermla. Allied to the
Foxglove.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Seeds, and
cuttings of half-ripened short shoots, in spring,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and
rough leaf mould. Winter temp-, 40° to 45°.
Z. Canarie'nsis (Canary). 4, Yellow. June.
Canaries. 16Q8.

— sce'ptrum (sceptre). -2, Yellow, brown.

July. Madeira. 17/7-

ISOPO'GON. (From /.w.«, equal, and
pogon, a beard ; referring to the beard-
like fringes on all parts of the inflo
rescence. Nat. ord., Prof cads [Protea-
n .1 . Linn., -i-Ttirandria l-$£onogynia.
Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of ripe young shoots, with most
of the leaves left, inserted firmly in silver sand,
over sandy loam and peat, and covered with
a bell-glass, or hand-light, and kept in the
shade ; when the cuttings are callusing at the
bottom, they may be pushed on by giving them
a little mild bottom-heat, but not before ; fibry
loam three parts, fibry peat one part, charcoal,
broken freestone, and broken crocks one part ;
good drainage ; watering must be given with
great attention, as great dryness or much
moisture are alike ruinous. Summer temp., 50°
to /5° ; winter, 35° to 45°. In summer, it the
plants are out of doors, the sun should not
strike freely on the sides of the pot.
/. anemonifu'liiis (Anemone-leaved). 5. Yellow.
July. 1791.

— Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Hose. April. 1831.

— co'rnigcr (horned).

— dicaricn1 tns (spreading). 3. Pale. May.

)fc'.i4.

— formo'siis (handsome). 4. Hose. April. 1805.

— 'l(ingifo'/iits (long-leaved), it. Yellow. AprO.

ISO

C 017 ]

IXI

/. Loudo'ni (LoudonV. 4. Purple. June<
1830.

— ro'seun (rose-coloured). Rose. 1840.

— sca'ber (rnugh-lcaved). 3. Lilac. April.

1842.

— spat ula' ris (spatulate-Jeared). Purple.
linea' ris (narrow). 2. Purple.

September. 1830.

— SDtuzvqce'pJialun (round-headed). 4. Yellow.

March.

ISO'TOMA. We have not separated
this genus from LoWw.

ISO'TKOPIS. (From isox, equal, and
tropos, turned ; referring, probably, to
the distinctly forked veins in the flower.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., HlDcctiittirla \-Mono-
(jynla. Allied to Oxylobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
the young shoots when getting a little firm, in
sand, over sandy peat, and covered with a bell-
glass, in June ; sandy peat with a little fibry
loam, pieces of charcoal, and broken crocks ;
drainage and watering must be particularly
attended to. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer,
a shady place, or a cold-pit, where the plant
partly, and the pot wholly, are sheltered from
the sun's rays.

I. stria' ta (streaked-./fr/M.-ered). 1. Orange.
June. Swan River. 1838.

I'TEA. (The Greek name for the
Willow, applied to this genus on account
of its rapid growth in damp soil. Nat.
ord., JKscalloniads [Escalloniacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Escallonia.)

A hardy deciduous shrub. Seed and suckers
in spring ; layers in summer ; moist sandy peat.
I. Virgi'nica (Virginian). 6. White. July.
North America. 17/4'

T ^^ , i

IVY. He tlera.

I'xiA. (From ixla, bird-lime; in
reference to the clammy juice. Nat.
ord., Irhls [Iridaceie]. Linn., 3-Trhut-
ilria 1 -Monoyyn la. )

Half-hardy bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope. The true Ixias are known from Spariueis
by not having, like it, a jagged sheath ; from
Habiana, in having a dry seed-pod instead of a
berry; and from Tritoniu, by having the stamens
inserted at the bottom of the petals instead of
in the tube of the flower. They will all grow
in rough peat, the strong ones require very
little sand, and the smaller ones want one-third
sand in the compost. They succeed well in a
warm border, if sheltered from hard frosts, and
not allowed to get dry when they aje in growth.
By seeds sown in a little heat, in spring ; also
by offsets , sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf
mould. When done flowering, they may be
kept in or out of the pots, after the leaves get
withered, without any water, until fresh growth
commences. They will generally require to be
potted in October, ana should then oe placed

i in a cold-pit, and protected from frost, and cold

i heavy rains, und taken to the greenhouse or

| wind'ow, after roots are plentifully formed.

i Manv will do very well if planted in sandy soil

I and leaf mould, about four inches deep, in a dry

I raised border, and protected there from severe

j frost and heavy rains, by litter, and any material

i that will throw off the water.

! 7. amcR'na (delicate). 1. Red. April. 1822.

; — orate'f«(awned). 1. Pink. April. 1800.

— aii'lica (courtly). 2. Pink. April. 1774.

— capilla'ris (capillary), 14. Violet. April.

1774.

— capita'ta (headed). 2. White, blue. May.

1/80.

— columella'ris (pillar). £. Variegated. Au-

gust, 1790.

— co'nica (conical). 1. Orange. April. 1757«

— crateroi'des (crater-like). \. Dark yellow.

May. 1778.

— cri'spn (mtled-leaved), 1. Blue. April.

1787.

— du'bia (doubtful). 3. Red. April.

— cre'cta (upright). l£. White. June. 1/57.
— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh.

May. 1757.
lu'teu (yellow). 1. Yellow. May.

— flexuo'sa. (zig-zag-stalked). 2. Pink. April.

1757.
—furca'ta (forked). £. Pink. April. 1800.

— Jiy'b ridu (spurious). 1. White. June. 17">7-

— incurna'ta (flesh-coloured). $. Flesh. May.

— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 1$. White.

April. 1779.

— linea'r'm (r\a.rro\v -leaved). $. White. May.

1796.

— macula'ta (spotted). 1. Wliite, brown.

April. 1/80.

— • ochrolcu'ca (cream - coloured). 1.

Purple, yellow. May. 1/80.

— monade' Ipha (monadelphous). $. Blue.

May. 1792.

— — — — cu'rta (short), £. Orange.

April. 1792.

— ova'ta (egg-shaped). 1. Red. April. 1/80.

— pa'tens (spreading-,/foM;ered). 1. Purple.

April. 1779-

— retu'sa (abrupt). 1. Light yellow. April.

1793.

— scilla'ris (Squill- flowered). 1. Variegated*

January. 1787.

— viridi/io'ra (green*flowered). 1. Green. May.

1/80.

IXO'DIA. (From ixodes, viscid ; in
reference to the viscid secretions on
the plant. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracere]. Linn., 19 - Syngencsia I-
^Kq it alts. Allied to Ammobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
young shoots, getting hard at their base", in
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a
close frame or pit ; sandy peat, and a little
fibry loam. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
7. acliilleoi'des (Milfoil-like). 2. White. June.
New Holland. 1803.

IXIOLI'PJON. (From i.rm, and leirion,
a lily ; literally, Ixia-like Lily. Nat. ord.,

IXI

518 ]

JAC

Amarylltds [Amaryllidacese]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to
Bravoa. )

Extremely rare, pretty, hardy bulbs, Dr.
Herbert being the only person who recently
possessed them in this country. His own plant
of I. montanum was the first specimen he saw
in flower, and that in May, 1840, as he told us.
It had a spiked inflorescence, while that of I.
Tartaricum is terminal; both have sky blue
flowers. Montanum has been taken by some
to be the " lily of the field." Seeds, and offsets
of the bulbs, which are not at all particular as
to soil.

I.montu'num (mountain). I. Blue. June.
Syria. 1844.

— Tarta'ricum (Tartar). 1. Blue. Tartary.

IXO'RA. (Named after an Eastern
heathen god, Iswara, to which the
flowers are offered. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4-2V
trandria 1-Monogynia.}

Beautiful stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of the half-ripened shoots, in sand, over sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-
heat; sandy fibry loam, and fibry peat, with
pieces of charcoal, and broken bricks or pots.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
Most stove plants delight in bottom-heat, where
it can be given to them when growing and pre-
paring for blooming, but none more so than
this genus, as it is next to impossible to get it
in its most splendid condition without such
aids. Of all means of bottom-heat, this, like
the Cape Jasmines and others, delights in
that produced from sweet fermenting dung and
leaves ; and if so given, the insects that attack
it— the scale, the red-spider, and sometimes the
mealy bug — will be kept away. If this method
is not resorted to, the plants will require fre-
quent sponging with soap water.

I. arbo'rea (tree-like). 3. Scarlet. August.
East Indies. 1800.

— Bandhu'ka (Bandhooka). 3. Scarlet. July.

East Indies. 1815.

— barba'ta (bearded). 12. White. July. East

Indies. 1823.

— bla'nda (gentle). 4. White, August. East

Indies. i;68.

— cocci1 nea supe'rba (scarlet-superb). 4. Scar-

let. August. Java. 1848.

— croca'ta (saffron - coloured) . 3. Orange.

August. China. 1822.

— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved) . 3. White. June.

East Indies. 1822.
—fla'va (yellow). 3. Scarlet. July. East

Indies. 1825.
— fu'lgens (shining). 5. Orange. August.

East Indies. 1823.

— grundiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Red. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1814.

— Griffi'thii (Griffith's). 4. Red, yellow. July.

Singapore. 1845.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Purple. June.

Moluccas. 1822.

— Java'nicu (Javanese). 3. Orange. June.

Java. 1846.

/. lanceola'ria (spear-head-/eayerf). 6. Green-
ish white. April. East Indies. 1847-

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. Cream, rose.

May. Madagascar. 1844.

— obova'ta (reversed - egg - leaved) . Crimson.

May. East Indies. 1810.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). White. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1800.

— ro'sea (rosy). 4. Rose. July. Bengal. 181Q.

— salicifo'lia (Willow- leaved). Borneo. 1847.
- se'ssilis (stalkless -flowered), 4. White.

East Indies. 1828.

— stri'cta (upright). 3. Scarlet. July. Mo-

luccas. I6go.

— undula'ta (wavy- leaved). White. June.

East Indies. 1818.

J.

JAEORO'SA. (From Jaborose, the Ara-
bic for the Mandrake, an allied plant.
Nat. ord., Nightshade [Solanaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.~)

Herbaceous perennials. Division of the plant,
in spring ; seeds in spring ; and cuttings of the
young shoots, under a hand-light ; light sandy
loam.

J. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved), f . White. Au-
gust. Buenos Ayres. Hardy.

— r-uncina'ta (runcinate). £. Green, yellow.

Plata. 1831. Greenhouse.

JACAKA'NDA. (The Brazilian name.
Nat. ord., Blynoniads [Bignoniaceae].
Linn., H-Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia.)

Stove evergreeh trees. Cuttings of half-ri-
pened shoots, in the beginning of summer, in
sand, over sandy peat, and placed in bottom-
heat, well shaded, or covered with a bell-glass ;
sandy peat, fibry loam, with charcoal to keep
the soil open. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; win-
ter, 45° to 50°. In summer, give plenty of
water, but keep them cool and dryish in winter.
J. Bahame'nsis (Bahama). 10. Blue. July.
Bahamas. 1824.

— Brasilia'na (Brazilian). 20. Yellow. Brazil.

1820.

—filicifo'lia (Fern -leaved). 25. Blue. West
Indies. 1800.

— mimosifo'lia (Mimosa - leaved). 10. Blue.

April. Brazil. 1818.

— pube'scens (downy). 15. Blue. 1825.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 20. Purple. Brazil.

1824.

JACA or JACK TREE. Artoca'rpm in-
Irctjrifo'lia.

JACK-IN-A-BOX. fferna'ndia.

JACKSO'NIA. (Named after G. Jack-
son, librarian to A. B. Lambert. Nat.
ord., Layuminmts Plants [Fabacere].
Linn., 10-Dccandrin \-Moii»t]yn'ui. Al-
lied ID Burtonia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with one excep-
tion all from Australia, and all, but that one,
yellow - flowered. Cuttings of half • ripened

JAG

JAN

shoots, in sand, under a glass, in April ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Scoparia
might be tried against a wall.
J. densiflo'ra (crowded-flowered).

— floribu'nda (many-flowered).

— furcella'ta (fork- branched). 1824.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). April. 1838.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. April. 1825.

— ligustrifo'lia (Privet-leaved). White. May.

Nepaul. 1839.

— reticula'ta (netted). 2. June. 1820.

— scopa'ria (Broom-like). 2. July. 1803.

— spino'sa (spinous). 2. July. 1803.

— Sternbergia'na (Sternberg's). April. 1837.

— Thesioi'des (Thesium-like). April. 1820.

JACOBS 'A LILY. Hippea'strum formo-
si'ssimum.

JACOB'S LADDER. Polemo'nium ccern'-
leum.

JACQUEMO'NTIA. (Named after Victor
Jacqucmont, a natural historian. Nat.
ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoyy nia. Allied to
Ipomsea.)

Blue-flowered evergreen twiners ; canescens
requiring a moderately warm greenhouse, and
violacea a stove. Cuttings of small side shoots,
in April or May, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, and placed in a sweet bottom-heat ; peat
and loam.
J. cane'scens (hoary). August. Mexico. 1845.

— viola'cea (violet). August. East Indies.

1808.

JACQUI'NIA. (Named after the cele-
brated botanist, Jacqitin. Nat. ord.,
Ardlsiad-s [Myrsinacese]. Linn., b-Pe.n-
ftnidria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Theo-
phrasta.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds, in a hotbed; cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in summer, and in a
moist bottom-heat, in sand, covered with a bell-
glass ; sandy peat, with a very little fibry loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 58° to 65°.
They require a highish temperature at all times.
J. arbo'rea (tree-like). 10. White. July.
West Indies. 1 829-

— armilla'ris (bracelet). 6. White. June.

West Indies. 1768.

— auranti'aca (orange). 4. Orange. June.

Sandwich Islands. 1796.

— linea'ris (narrow-fmved). 1. Red. June.

West Indies. 1823.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Orange.

June. Mexico. 1825.

— ruscifo'lia (Ruscus- leaved). 3. White.

South America. 1729.

JALAP. Exocjo'nium pn'rya.

JAMAICA EBONY. Bry'a e'benus.

JAMAICA MILKWOOD. Bro'simum spu'-
rhun.

JAMAICA PEPPER. Pime'ntfi vntyd'ris.

JAM AH A REDWOOD. Gordo'nia hccma-
to'xylon.

JAMAICA EOSE. Meria'nia.

JAMB o ' SA . ( From schamber, the native
name. Nat. ord., MyrtleUooms [Myr-
tacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria I-Mono-
f/ynia. Allied to Eugenia.)

Stove evergreens from the East Indies, ex-
cept Australis, which is a greenhouse evergreen.
Cuttings of the shoots getting firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; peat and loam.
Summer temp., for stove shrubs, 60° to 85°;
winter, 50° to 55°.

/. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved}. Green. May.
1816.

— amplexicau'lis (stem- clasping). 10. White.

June. 1823.

— a'quea (watery). 20. White. 1820.

— austra' Us (southern). White. June. New

Holland. 1800.

— laurifo'lia (Bay-leaved). White. May. 1824.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. White.

May. 1822.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 10. White.

1820.

— Malacce'mis (Malay Apple-tree). 25. Scarlet.

July. 1768.

— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. 1768.

— ternifo'lia (three - leaved). White. May.

1822.

— veno'sa, (veined). White. May. Madagascar.

1824.

— vulga'ris (common). 25. Green, yellow.

April. 1768.

JAMESO'NIA. (Named after Dr. Jame-
son, professor of botany at Quito. Nat.
ord., Poly pods [PolypodiaceeeJ. Linn.,
24- Cryptoyamia 1-FUlces. )

A greenhouse Fern. See Ferns.
J. imbrica'ta (imbricated). Brown. May.

JAPAN CEDAR. Cryptome'ria.

JAPAN EARTH. Aca'cia cate'chu bark.

JAPAN VARNISH TREE. Rhu's vcrmi
ci'fera.

JAPANESE YEW. Cephalota' xus.

JANI'PHA. (Its Brazilian name is
Janipaba. Nat. ord., Spurycu-orfs [Eu-
pliorbiaceffi]. Linn., 21-3/b/uecia 1-
Monadelphia. )

Should be united to Manihot. Stove ever-
green shrubs with brown flowers. Seeds in a
sweet hotbed ; cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, in a strong bottom-heat, in sandy peat,
and covered with a beU-glass ; peat and loam,
sand, with a little charcoal. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
J. «soM^/o7Ja(Horsechesnut-leaved). 3. Spain.
1826.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Brazil.

1829.

— fa- 'tida (fetid). 3. Mexico. 1824.

— La-fli'ngii (Laefling's). 3. July. Cartha-

gena. 1 820.

— Ma'nAhot (Cassava). 3. July. SouthAme-

rica. 1739.

JAS

[ 020 ]

JAT

JASIO'NE. Sheep's Scabious. (An
ancient name used by Theopbrastus.
Nat. orcl., J1 ell worts [Campanulaceffi].
Linn., 'i-Pcntandriu \-Monoyynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except mon-
f'Ditt, and all with blue flowers. Seeds, di-
visions, and cuttings, under a hand-light, in
spring. They require a sheltered place in
winter, and like saudy soil, with a little peat or
leaf mould.

J.folin'sa (leafy). 1. June. Spain. I82fi.

— hn'ntilifi( dwarf). £. July. France. 1824. (

— miinta'na (mountain). 1. June. Britain. ,

Annual.

— pere'-nnis (perennial). 1. July. France.

JASMI'NUM. Jasmine. (From Ysmyn,
the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Jasniiii-
•iriH-fs [.] asminaceai] . Linn., 2-D'mn-
drla \-Monoyijniu,}

AH white-flowered, except where otherwise
stated. The stone and greenhouxu species by
cuttings, in sand, in a little peat ; the hardy
species by suckers, layers, and cuttings, under
a hand-light. A bud of the variegated plants
of oflicinulis will frequently communicate the
property to the whole of the plant ; peat and
loam for the house species ; good common soil
for the hardy ; rcvolutitm, and prolifcrum,
require a little protection in winter.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CUMBERS, &C.

J. qffi'ne ( related). June. Himalayas. 1843.
Shrub.

— fru'tii-anN (shrubby). 3. Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1570. Shrub-

— hclcrophy'llum (variable-leaved). 14. June.

Nepaul. 1820. Shrub.

— hu'inile (low). 3. Yellow. July. South

Europe. Ifis6. Deciduous.

— qfficina'le (Common. Shop). 15. July. East

Indies. 1548.

fi>'l>is nrffe'nteis (silver-leaved). 15.

July. East Indies.

— fo'llinnu'ruin (golden-leaved). 15.
July. East Indies.

— flo'rihuti jrtu'iiis (double-flowered).
15. July. East Indies.

J. lanceoln'riutn (spear-head-leavcd). Silhet.
1826.

— ligustrifo'lium (Privet-leaved). May. Ne-

paul. 1839. Shrub.

— nudifto'rum (naked-flowered). 3. Yellow.

December. China. 1844. Deciduous.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 3. June.

Madeira. 1656.

— subitla'twH. (awl-ahrtped-/t'«;;frf). Yellow.

September. China. 1842. Shrub.

— tortuo'Kum (twisted). 0. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.

JIAHDY KV

CIJM1JKTIS,

J. puln'gernm (down-bearing). 10. Yellow.

June. Nepaul. 1827. Evergreen.
— Ree'cesii (Reeves's). Yellow. September.

Shrub.

(iKKENHOUSE EVERGREEN

J. tumminn'tum (pointed-leaved), 10. June.
New Holland. 1820.

— Axo'rirnm (Azorian). 5. July. Madeira.

1/24.

— Cape'nse (Cape). 8. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 18l6. Shrub.

— glau'cnm (milky-green) . 3. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1774-

— gra'cile (slender). 3. Norfolk Island. i;<)l.

o'i urn (large-flowered). 15. July.
India. 1620.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

J. angnstifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 10. East
Indies. 1816.

— arbore'sceiis (tree-like). 12. East Indies.

1824. Shrub.

— bracteu'titm (/«r#e-bracted). 30. April.

East Indies. 1818.

— campanula' tiim (\w\\-Jlvwered). 4. 1812.

Shrub.

— cauda'tum(long-tM\c&}. 10. May. Silhet.

1838. Deciduous.

— diunthifo'linm (Dianthus - leaved). May.

Deciduous.

— fte'xile (flexible). 10. April. East Indies.

1825.

— Itirsu'tum (hairy). 3. June. East Indies.

1759. Shrub.

— latifo'lhim. (broad-leaved). 20. June. East

Indies. 1819. Twiner.

— lau-rifo'lium (Bay-leaved). 4. June. East

' Indies. 1819.

— muUiflo'rum (many-flowered). May. Shrub.

— panicula1 turn (panicled). 5. January. China.

1818.

— recolu'tum (rolled-back -flowered}. .12. Yel-

low. June. East Indies. 1812.

— Sa'mbni- (Zamback). 6. East Indies. 1665.

Twiner.
Jio'rc plc'nv (double-flowering). 6.

East Indies. 1700.
trifitlia'tum (three - leaved). 6.

East Indies. 1/30.

— sca'ndem (climbing). 10. August. East

Indies. 1820.

— simplirifo'livm (simple-leaved). 3, June.

South Seas. 1800.

— syringifo'lium (Liltie-lcaved). April. East

Indies. 1838.

— trinu'rw (three-nerved). 20. East Indies.

1804.

— undula'tnm (wavy). 5. January. China.

181».

jA'TKoniA. (From inlros, ])liy.>ician,
mid troche, food; referring to its medi-
cinal qualities. Xat! onl., Sjnt
[Knphorbinoea;]. Linn., Ul-J
1 0 - Mon a (h'lph ia.)

Cassava bread and tapioca are made from the
roots, although the juice is an acrid poison.
Stove evergreen shrubs, except herbacea. Sohic-
times by seed, in sandy peat, in a hotbed 5 cut-
tings of young firm shoots, in sandy soil, in a
brisk bottom heat; let the bottom of the cut-
ting be dried before inserting ; sandy peat and
fihry loam. Summer temp., (J0° to 85° ; winter,
55° to 60°.

JAT

[ 521 ]

JUL

./. cocci1 nm (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. Cuba. 1824.

— integefrrima, (most-entire, spicy-leaved}. 3.

Scarlet. June. Cuba. 1809.

— multi'fida (many-cleft). 3. Green. July.

South America. 1696.

— panduraefo'lia (fiddle-leaved). 4. Scarlet.

July. Cuba. 1800.

— poda'gricu (gouty-s£«//«'rf). l£. Orange, i

red. Santa Martha. 1817.

JEFFERSG'NIA. (Named in lionour j
of T. Je.ffin-son, president of the United j
States of North America. Nat. ord., !
Bcrberld's [Berberidaceai]. Linn., 8- >
Oclandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
J)iphylletja.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and divi-
sion of the plant in spring; common sandy
garden soil.

J. diphy'lla, (two-leaved"). 4. White. May.
North America. 1/92.

JERSEY THISTLE. Centattrela isnafrdi.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE, flcfin'nthus
lulHH'o'siis, flourishes most in a ricJi light
soil with an open exposure. Plant
middle-sized tubers, or cuttings of the
large ones, one or two eyes being pre-
served in each. Plant towards the end
of March, though it may be performed
in February, or even preferably in Oc-
tober.

Insert by the dibble in rows three
feet apart each way, and four inches
deep. The only attention necessary
is an occasional hoeing to loosen the
surface, a little of the earth being
drawn up about the steins. Farly in
August cut the stems off about their
middle, to admit more freely the air
and light, and in other respects to be
beneficial to the tubers.

They may be taken up as wanted
during September ; and in October, or,
as soon as the stems have withered
entirely, for preservation in sand for
winter's use. They should be raised
as completely as possible; for -the
smallest piece of tuber will vegetate
and appeal' in spring. It is for this
reason that they are often allotted
some remote corner of the garden ; but
their culinary merits certainly demand
a more favourable treatment.

JERUSALEM SAGE. Phh'mis

THORN. ParJtinso'nia
ctculea'ta.

.JET D'KAU. See Fountain.
JEW'S ABPLE. Sola' mini mehnye'iia,

JOB'S TEARS. Co'ix.

JOLLI'EIA AFIIICA'XA. See Tclfui'ria
pdta'ta.

JONE'SI.V. (Named after Sir' W.
Jones. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabace.xj]. 'Linn., 7-ffeptandna 1-
Monogynict. Allied to Amherstia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots
in sand, in a brisk heat ; peat and loam. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
J. Aso'ca (Asoca). 20. Orange. East Indies.
1796.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 20. Orange. East

Indies. 18-20.

JONQUILL. Narci'ssm jonqiti'll.t.

JOSSI'XIA. See

JOVE'S FRKJT.

JUAXULLO'A. (Named after .two Spa-
niards, Don G. Juan and Don I'llon.
Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanaceaj],
Allied to Lycium.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with orange Bowers.
Cuttings, in sand, under a glass, in bottom
heat ; rough peat ; and a moist high tempera-
ture in a stove. Parnsiticu is considered a
parasitical plant in its native country.
J. auranti'aca (orange). June. South America.
1840.

— parasi'tica (parasitic). 3. May. Peru. 1840.

JUDAS TREE. CVm'.s.

JU'OLAXS. Walnut. (From Jovis, the
heathen god, and ttlant,. a nutl Nat.
ord., Jit'jiands [Juglandaceu)]. Linn.,
2 1 -3 fon (Ccia 0 -&n n can dria. )

Hardy deciduous trees, all blossoming in
April. Nuts sown when gathered, or preserved
until the following spring, in order to keep
them from vermin ; also grafting and budding
the more rare species and varieties: in budding,
the small, almost inconspicuous buds at the
base of the year's shoot are to be chosen ; deep
loamy soil. In such soils the nut should be
inserted where the tree is to grow ; in all poor
soils it is better to be transplanted, so as to cut
the tap root, and cause the roots to feed more
among the good surface soil.

J. cine'rea (grey. II utter Nut). 30. North
America. Ifiofi.

— fraxinifu' lia (Ash-leaved). 40. North Ame-

rica.

— ni'gra (black). 30. North America. 1629.

— pteroca'rpn (winged-fruited). 40. North

America.

— re' gia (Common. Royal). 50. Persia. 1562.
-- lacinia 'ta (cut-leaved). 50. Persia.
-- ma'xhna (largest-fruited). 50. Persia.
-- • - pn'ndttla (weeping).

-- sero'tina (iMc-vvgetntinff'). 50. Persia.
te'nera (\hii\- shelled}. 5,0. Persia.

Jr.TT'HE. Zi' zyjihiis^ jii'ju l<i.
•Jrr/rs. 8naka millipede. J.
— Has about JiOO legs. Lead colour.

JUL

[ 522 ]

JUS

Scaly, like the woodlouse. Is said to
eat the roots of the pansey.

J. pulchcllus. — Ochrous colour, with
crimson spots down its sides. Legs,
about 170. Is said to attack roots
of beans, cabbages, peas, and scarlet
beans.

J. complanatns. — Lilac colour. Sixty
legs. Is said to eat potato tubers. Pul-
chellus is also found in the fruit of the
strawberry ; but in every instance we
doubt whether the plant in which the
millipede is found has not first been
injured by slugs, or some other cause,
so that decay has commenced.

JULY-FLOWEK. Proso'pis jiiliflo'ra.

JUNI'PERUS. Juniper. (From the
Celtic juniperus, rough. Nat. ord., Co-
nifers [Pinaceee]. Linn., %2-Dicecia
13-Hfonadelphia.~)

Seeds, which will retain their vitality for
years ; and when sown, seldom vegetate under
a twelvemonth, and sometimes nearer two
years ; cuttings in the end of summer, in a
shady border, in sandy firm soil, and covered
with hand-glasses; sandy loam. The berries
of the common juniper are used for flavouring
gin.

HALF- HARDY EVERGREENS.
J. Barbade'nsis (Barbadoes Cedar). 20. Florida.
1811.

— Bermudla'nu (Bermuda Cedar). 20. May.

Bermudas. 1683.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). May. Mexico. 1836.

— fla'ccida (weak). May. Mexico. 1836.

— Memca'na (Mexican). May. Mexico. 1846.

— tetrago'na (four- angled). May. Mexico.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

J. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 10. May, China.
1804.

— commu'nis (common). 6. May. Britain.
Canade'nsis (Canadian). 20. May.

Canada. 1820.

naina (dwarf). 2. May. Siberia.

oblo'nga (oblong- fruited). June.

oblo'nga pe'ndula (oblong- weep-
ing). 5. May. Britain.

sue'cica (Swedish). 12. May.

North Europe.

— Craco'via (Cracow). 4. May. Poland. 1820.

— Dau'rica (Daurian). 8. July. Dauria. 1791.

— drupa'cea (drupe-fruited). 4. May. Syria.

1820.

— erce'tea (tall). 20. Siberia. 1806,

— fflau'ca (milky-green). May. China. 1814.
- /irmispha'rica (half-globe-headed). May.

Mount Etna. 1844.

— Herma'nni (Hermann's). May.

— Ly'cia (Lycian). 10. May. South Europe.

1759.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). May. Greece.,

— neoborace'nsis (Naumburg\ May.

— odlo'nga (oblong). May. America. 1829

J. Oxyce'drus (Sharp Cedar). 15. May. Spain.
1739.

— Phceni'cea (Phoenician). 20. May. South

Europe. 1683.

— recu'rva (bent-back). 4. May. Nepaul.

1817-

— religio'sa (religious). May.

— Sabi'na( Common Savin). 4. May. South

Europe. 1548.

Alpi'na( Alpine). l£. May. Britain.

cupressifo' Ha (Cypress-leaved). 4.

May. South Europe. 1548.

— fo'liisvariega'tis (variegated-leaved) .
4. May. Europe.

prostra'ta', (prostrate). £. May.

North America.
tamariscifo'lia (Tamarisk-leaved).

4. May. South Europe. 1562.
variega'ta (variegated). 6. May.

South Europe.

— Smi'thii (Smith's). May. Nepaul.

— squama1 ta (scaly). 4. May. Nepaul. 1824.

— thuri'fera (incense - bearing). 10. May.

'Spain. 1572.

— uvi'feru (Grape-bearing). Cape Horn.

— Virginia'na (Virginian. Red Cedar). 30.

May. North America. 1664.
Carolinia'na (Carolina). May.

Carolina.
hu'milis (humble). 12. May.

North America. 1800.

JUPITER'S BEARD. Anthy'llis la'rba-
jo'vis.

JUPITER'S EYE and JUPITER'S BEARD.
Scnipervi'.vum tccto'rum.

JURI'NEA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracere].
Linn., l{.)-Syni/cin.'sia l-u&qualis. Allied
to Serratula.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials with purple
flowers. Seeds and division of the plant, in
spring ; common soil.

/. specta' bilis (shewy). June. Europe. 1837.

— subacau'lis (short-stemmed). June. Cau-

casus. 1837-

JUSSIE'UA. (Named after the cele-
brated botanical family ofJussieu. Nat.
ord., Onayrads [Onagracese]. Linn.,
10-Decandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Ludwigia.)

All stove aquatics, except grandiflora, which
belongs to the greenhouse, and frutescewt,
which is a shrub, and all yellow-flowered. Cut-
tings, divisions, and seeds ; loamy soil, in basins
of water.

J.frute'scens (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1824.
Evergreen shrub.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). l£. Yellow.

August. Carolina. 1812.

— octo'fida (eight-cleft). Yellow. July. Ca-

ribbas.

— ofitovu'lvis (eight-valved). Yellow. July.

South America.

— pilo'sn (downy). Yellow. July. Caraccas.

1829.

JUS

t 523 ]

J. re' pens (creeping). 1. Yellow. August.
West Indies. 1817.

— sea' bra (rough). 4. Yellow. July. South

America. 1816.

— suffrutico'sa (half-shrubby). l£. Yellow.

August. India. 1808.

— Swartxia'na (Swartz's). Yellow, July.

West Indies. 1826.

— villo'sa (shaggy). Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1823.

JUSTI'CIA. (Named after J. Justice,
a celebrated Scotch horticulturist. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn.,
^-Diandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Eranthemum.)

Annuals and biennials, by seed, in a hotbed,
and to be treated as tender and half-hardy an-
nuals ; many of them, and all the shrubs and
herbaceous species, are easily propagated by
cuttings, old shoots, and young side shoots,
striking very soon in sandy soil, under a glass,
in heat, most of the leaves being allowed to re-
main. As they are fast growers, where room is
at all valuable, young ones should be grown,
and the old ones thrown away every year ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
48° to 55°. The following are a few of the
best : — Coccinea, Cornea, Comata, Formosa,
Lucida, Salviteflora, and Speciosa.

STOVE ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

J. cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. White. July,
West Indies. 1780.

GEEENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
J. pa' tula (spreading). White. April. Cape
of Good Hope. 1824.

STOVE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
J. coma'ta (tufted). 2. Purple. July. Ja-
maica. 1795.

— echioi'des (Echium-like). 1. Red. April.

East Indies. 1820.

— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. Red. May.

East Indies. 1812.

— gutta'ta (large-spotted). l£. Yellow. April.

East Indies. 1828.

— nemoro'sa (grove). 2. Purple. May. West

Indies. 1795.

— pectora'lis (pectoral-6a7sam). 3. Purple.

May. West Indies. 1787.

— reflexiflo'ra (bent-back-flowered). 1. Purple.

June. West Indies. 1824.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

J. a'lba (white). 2. White. June. East
Indies. 1816.

— ama' bills (lovely). Red. South America.

— bracteola'ta (small-bracted). 6. Purple.

July. Caraccas. 1823.

— caly'tricha (beautiful-haired). 2. Yellow.

February. Brazil. 1824.

— Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 5. Violet. May.

Caraccas. 1822. Trailer.

— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 4. Flesh. August.

Rio Janeiro. 1827.

— Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). !£. Purple.

July. Carthagena. 1 792.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. February,

South America. 1/70.

J. cuspida'ta (spine-pointed). rl£. July. Ara-
bia. 1820.

— ecbo'lium (expelling). 3. Blue. June. East

Indies. 1759.

— formo'sa (beautiful). 2. Purple. May.

1818.

— furca'ta (forked). 5. Violet. April. Peru.

1795. Trailer.

— genicula'ta (jointed). 2. Purple. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teawed). 3. Red.

April. East Indies. 1818.

— lithospermifo'lia (Gromwell - leaved). 3.

Purple. April. Peru. 1796. Trailer.

— lu'cida (shining-teavefi!). 3. Scarlet. July.

West Indies. 1795.

— Macdone'llia: (Mrs. McDonell's). Yellow.

November.

— macula' ta (spotted). 2. Purple. June.

West Indies. 1823.

— nasu'ta (large-snouted). 2. White. June.

East Indies. 1790.

— nodo'sa (knotted). Red. August. Brazil.

1820.

— pi'cta (painted). 8. Crimson, July. East

Indies. 1780.

-• lu'rido sangui'nea (lurid-blood-Zeawed).

8. Crimson. July. East Indies. 1780.

— polystn' chya (many-spiked). 2. Pink. June.

Guiana. 1821.

— pu'mila (dwarf). £. April. South America.

1820.

— ramos'issima (most-branchy). 2. Purple.

June. East Indies. 1825.

— Roxburghia'na (Roxburgh's). 1. Pink.

August. East Indies. 1815,

— salviceflo'ra (Sage-flowered). 4. Scarlet.

July. Mexico. 1824.

— specio'sa (showy). 4. Purple. August.

East Indies. 1826.

— thyrsifto'ra (thyrse-flowered). 8. Scarlet.

April. East Indies. 1812.

— variega'ta (striped-ftoivered) . 2. Red. May.

Guiana. 1825.

— ventrico'sa (swollen). White, red. June.

China. 1826.

— vitelli'na (yolk-coloured). 1. Yellow. May.

East Indies. 1818.

K.

KADSU'BA. (The Japanese name.
Nat. ord., Kudsurads [Schizandracese].
Linn., 2%-Dicecia 12-Polyandria.)

A trailing half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of
half-ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in heat, in May ; peat and loam.
K. Japo'nica (Japan). White. June. Japan.
1846.

K^MPFE'RIA. Galangale. (Named
after Kampfer, a German naturalist.
Nat. ord., Ginycrworts [Zinziberacece].
Linn., \-Monandria \-Monoyynla. Al-
lied to Curcuma.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Division of the
plant as fresh growth commences ; sandy loam,
fibry peat, and leaf-mould. Temp., 45° to 55°
when at rest ; from 60° to 85 - when growing,

KffiM

KEN

K.e'lega-ns (elegant). 1. Purple. Pegu. 18-28.

— Gala'nga (Galanga). 1. White, purple.

July. East Indies. 1728.

— margina'ta (bordered). 1. Blue. July.

East Indies. 182-2.

— ocalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Malacca. 1822.

— rotu'nda (round- rooted}. \. Red, white.

July. East Indies. 1764.

KAGEXK'CKIA. (Named after Count
KfujfHcck, a patron of botany. Nat.
ord., Roneicorfs [Eosacete]. Linn., l'-2-
Icosrtn dria '2-Pentagyn ia. )

Half-hardy evergreen trees, from Chili, with
white flowers. Cuttings of rather ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; probably also by
grafting on some rosaceous plant, as the Haw-
thorn ; loam, with a little sandy peat. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°. Crateegoides has stood for
years against a conservative wall in the Chis-
wick Gardens, and produced fruit there in 1837.
The male flowers are in clusters ; the female
flowers are solitary.
A', cratagoi'des (Hawthorn-like). 6rt. 1831.

— oblo'nga (oblong-teaeerf). 30. June. 1830.

KAT.AXKO'K. (From the Chinese
name of one of the species. Nat, ord.,
[Crassulacea1]. Linn., S-

ia- Allied to

Stove succulent evergreens. Cuttings dried
at their base soon root in sandy loam, in a
little heat ; sandy loam. Summer temp., 60°
to 8(»°, and abundance of water when growing
apd flowering. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and
almost dry.

A', nrutiflo'ra (acute-flowered). 2. White.
August. East Indies. 1806.

— JKgypti'ucu (Egyptian). 2. Yellow. July.

Egypt. 1820.

— ceratophff'lta (horn-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. China. 1820.

— n-ena'tti (scolloped). 2. Yellow. August.

Sierra Leone. 1 793.

— lacinia'ta (cut-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1781.

— rotnndifo'Iia (round -leaved). 2. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— spatnlii'bi (spatulate). 2. Yellow. July.

China. 1820.

— va'rians (variable). Yellow. July. East

Indies.

and gradually inured to the open air ; sandy
peat soil is best, though they often thrive well
in sandy loam avid leaf mould ; good for forcing.
A*, ttitgiisfiffi'lin (narrow-leaved). 3. June.

173(3.

-- fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 2. June.

mi'nimu (least). 2. June.

nii'na (dwarf). 2. June.

ova'ta (egg-/tm<ed). 2. June.

pu'mila (dwarf). 2. June.

ro'sca (rosy). 3. June.

ri(' bra (red-flowered). 3. June.

— cunea'ta (wedge-ftocerf). 2. White, red.

June. 1820.

— glau'cal milky-green). 2. Purple. April.

1/67.

-- rosmarintfo'Ka (Rosemary-leaved). 2.
April. 1812.

— Jiirsu'ta (hairy). lj. August. 1/80.

— lutifo'liu (broad-leaved). 8. June. 1734.

KAI.OSA'NTHES. A synonyme of Ro-
che n, and now erroneously applied to
Crasiwla coccinca and its varieties. See
Rochea.

KAXOUIUJ A'INE. Ci'ssns (mto'rcticu*.

KAiiKu'iMA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Civmposilcs [Aste-
racere]. Linn., Ii)-Syn<jcnesia 2- Super -

/««.)

Hardy herbaceous. Divisions of the plant, in
the spring; common garden soil.
A". Ca'spia (Caspian). Purple. August. Caspia.

KAIT i r'ssiA. (Named after/''. Kaiil-
/'H.S-.S, M.D. Nat. ord., Corftposites [As-
teruccn1,]. Linn., iy-&>/iin<.'iu'xia 2-Sn-

KAT.K. See

KA'LUIA. (Named after Peter Knlm,
a Swedisli botanist. Nut. ord., Ilailh-
worfs [Ericacea']. Liun., l()-l)i'camlria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to A/alea.)

Hardy evergreens, all frorn North America,
and all red-flowered, except where specified.
Ky nuttings of young shoots, in sandy peat, in
a shady place, under hand-lights ; by layers }
made at the end of summer ; by seeds sown in I
shallow pans filled with sandy peat, and kept I
close in a frame until the seedlings are up, r
pricked ott when fingerable, kept close again, :

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the flower-border,
in April, or in a slight hotbed, in March, and
transplanted afterwards. The last method is
the best.
K.eesculifo'lin. (Chesnut - leaved). Brown,

yellow. June. Isle of Leytc.
— amelloi'des (Ainellus-like;. 1. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1819.

Kr,i, i' is the ash remaining after sea
Aveed is burnt, and has heeu vised with
great advantage as a manure to potatoes,
hroooli, and other species of cabbage
worts. It is composed of carbonate of
soda, and iodide and bromide of potas-
sium, carbon, sulphates of lime _and
magnesia, and other matters of trivial
importance. See Green Manure.

KKNN r/i >YA. ( N anic,d after Mr. Keu-
n<-<lt/,ui' the 1'mn of I -CM- and Kennedy,
imrseryinc-n. Xat. ord., L^mniiious
Plants [Fabaceoj]. Linn., ll-IHadtl-
j>hla ^.-Decnndi'ia.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners from New
Holland. Cuttings of short side shoots getting
firm, in April and May, in sand, over sandy

KEN

[ 525 ]

KID

peat, under a bell-glass, kept close for a fort-
night, and then put into a little extra heat;
peat and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to
48°, and most of them like a little shade in
summer. All the species, also, may be easily
propagated by seeds, which, after being soaked
in warm water for a few hours, may be sown in
sandy soil, and placed in a hotbed.
K.cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. June. 1803.

— Comptonia'ria (Compton's). 13. Blue.

April. 1803.

— heferojjJty'lla (variable-leaved). 4. 1824,

— inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. June.

1824.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 15. Purple.

1835.

— Marrya'ttai (Mrs. Marryatt's). 4. Scarlet.

April. 1834.

— monophy'lla (simple-leaved). 10. Purple.

May. 1790.

-. longiracemo'sa (long - racemed) .

3. Pink. 1828.

— ni' grit-ana (dark - corollaed). 3. Purple,

green. March. 1832.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. Purple. June. 1818.

— purviflo'ra (small-flowered). 4. 1824.

— prostru'ta (prostrate). 4. Scarlet. April.

1/90.

mi'nor (smaller). Red. June.

1836.

— rubicu'nda (red). 10. Dark red. June.

1/88.

— seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1824.

— Sterli'ngii (Stirling's). 3. Scarlet. May.

1834.

KENTROPHY'LIYUM. (From kentron, a
spine, and phyllon, a leaf; literally,
spine-leaved. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Synyenesia :5-
Frustranea.)

Hardy annuals, except arborescens, which is
a half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seed, in April,
but better still in a hotbed in March, and trans-
planted in May. Cuttings of the young snoots
of arborescenti, under a hand-light, in spring;
common garden soil.

H. iirbore'scens (shrubby). 6. Yellow. Au-
gust. Spain. 1/31.

— Cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White. June. Candia.

1/31.

— luwi'ta (woolly). 2. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 15Q6."

— Tau'rica (Taurian). 2. Yellow. June. Cau-

casus. 1818.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE. Gymno'-
.Wii.

KE'RRIA. (Named after M. Kurr,
once superintendent of the botanic
garden, Ceylon. Nat. ord., Roseirorts
[Rosacete]. Linn., l'2-Icosanciria 3-
Trii/ynia. Allied to Spiraea.)

Hardy deciduous shrub, with yellow flowers,
from Japan, formerly called Cm-chorus Jn-
•jionii'iis. Cuttings of the young shoots, under
a hand-light ; layers, and division of the plant ;
'fonTmtfrt Joan'".

K. Jupo'nica (Japanese). 3. Blooms through

summer. 1/00.
flu' re pie1 no (double-flowered). 6.

June. 1/00.

KIDNEY BEAN. Pluise'olus vulga'ris.

Varieties. — There are three kinds —
the Runners, or twining varieties ; the
Dwarfs ; and the Skinless, or Mange-
tout. ' These last, and the runners,, cure
those most commonly cultivated, being
eaten pod and seed together, whilst
of others only the seeds are eaten.

Runners* — Large Running White,
White Long Pod, Dutch Case Knife,
Long White, or La rye White Sugar. A
good bearer, and one of the best for
late use.

Sabre. Seeds white. This is perhaps
the best of all, being a good bearer,
and its pods of great length and size.
Tliis sort grows very high.

Prudhommc, or Prodommet. Seeds
greyish, oval, and small. There is a
yellow variety of this.

Prague, or Red Pea. Seeds round,
of a violet colour. A moderate bearer,
and late.

Prague Hicohr. Similar to the last,
seed a little larger. A good bearer,
but very late.

Sophie. Like the Prague, but Seeds
whiter and larger. A moderate bearer,
and late.

Small White French Runner. White

seeds, oblong, and very thin. It is a

good bearer, but is too tender to ripen

J its seeds in this country, except under

a wall in a very warm situation.

Lima. Seeds very large, thick, and
of a dirty white ; pods large, short,
slightly rough, and wrinkled. Prolific,
and the seeds are very mealy; but in
this climate a crop can only be obtained
by forwarding the plants in a hotbed,
and planting them out singly in May.
It is eaten both in a green state and
sht'llt'd. It grows high.

reiietian Sugar. Resembling Lima,
the principal difference consisting in
the seeds being flatter, larger, and
speckled with red. An abundant bearer,
but must be used young.

Pule Turkey, or Scarlet Runner. Of

this there are two varieties distinct

from the common Haricot, one with

I scarlet, the other with wlntfc flowers 5

KIP

[ 526 ]

KID

the latter is preferable for culinary
purposes on account of its greater
mealiness and thinner skin. There is
also a third variety with two-coloured
flowers, hut it is not superior to either
of the above. A good bearer, but not-
very earlv.

Dwarf.— Dwarf White Dutch, Dutch
Long Pod, or Early Dwarf Dutch. Pods
long, narrow, and excellent when green ;
seeds white, small, a little compressed.
Not very early in this country.

Early White, or Brewer's White.
Seeds white, narrow, rather long, and
cylindrical. It is very dwarf, early, good
for forcing, equally suited for eating
green, and when the seeds are ripe.

Dwarf White Sans-parchemin forms
thick bushy plants. Good whilst green ;
stringless till three parts grown, and
excellent when ripe.

Dwarf American White. — Pod short
of a strong and branching habit, some-
times climbing a little, but generally
dwarf, and not requiring support ; very
prolific ; its short, swollen pod a little
hooked, strongly coloured with reddish
brown, particularly at the two extremi-
ties ; this is not in the least stringy.

Of the Haricot Suisse there are
many varieties, of which the principal
are the white, the grey, and the red.

Dwarf Black Spotted. Grown parti-
cularly in the Maine. The Mohawk
from the United States.

Dwarf Red Speckled, Fulner's Spotted
Dwarf, and Long Spotted French. These
have peculiar characters, according to
the length and form of their seeds.
They are all excellent in a green state,
for which they are chielly used.

Dwarf Negro. Used in a green state ;
this rivals the Swiss varieties. This is
one of the best for general use, and an
abundant bearer.

Haricot Noir de Belyiqtie. Is perfectly
dwarf, and is the earliest which we are
yet acquainted with. Its pods, although
rather pale, are very good in a young
state.

Crimson Runner. Highly esteemed
for stewing when ripe ; seeds red, flat,
and small.

Flat Yellow Canada. The most
dwarf, and one of the earliest skinless,
and therefore either good when young

or when full grown ; seeds nearly
round, pale yellow, very good when
dried. A good bearer.

Polish Beans. A prolific sort, excel-
lent either fresh-shelled or dried ; seeds
rather large, roundish, and sulphur-
coloured. There is a sub -variety of it
with clear bronze-coloured seeds, which
also appears to be good. A good bearer
and early. — Gard. Chron.

Soil and Situation.. — A very light,
mellow, well-drained loam. For the
early and late crops, a sheltered border
must always be allotted, or in a single
row about a foot from a south fence,
otherwise the situation cannot be too
open.

Sowing commences with the year.
They may be sown towards the end of
January in pots, and placed upon the
flue of the hothouse, or in rows in the
mould of a hotbed, for production in
March, to be repeated once every three
weeks in similar situations during
February and March, for supplying the
table during April; a small sowing
may be made if fine open weather,
under a frame without heat, for re-
moval into a sheltered border early in
May. The chief requisites for success
in the hothouse is to have them near
the glass ; to keep them well watered ;
the air moist, and ventilated as much
as the season permits.

During May, and thence until the
first week in August, sowings may be
made once every three weeks. In
September, forcing recommences at
first merely under frames without bot-
tom heat ; October, and thence to the
close of the year, in hotbeds, <fcc. as in
January. Sowing, when a removal is
intended, should always be made in
pots, the plants being less retarded
as the roots are less injured, than
when the seed is inserted in patches or
rows in the earth of the bed. It is a
good practice, likewise, to repeat each
sowing in the frames without heat
after the lapse of a week, as the first
will often fail, when a second, although
after so short a lapse of time will per-
fectly succeed. In every instance the
seed is buried one and a half or two
inches deep. The rows of the main
crops to be two feet apart, the seed

KID

KIE

being inserted either in drills or by the
dibble, four inches apart, the plants,
however, to be thinned to twice that
distance. If a vacancy occurs, it may
always be filled by plants which have
been carefully removed by the trowel
from where they stood too thick. The
seed inserted during the hottest period
of summer, should be either soaked in
water for five or six hours, laid in damp
mould for a day or two, or the drills be
well watered previously to sowing.

The pods of both lands are always
to be gathered while young, by thus
doing, and care being had not to injure
the stems in detaching them, the plants
are rendered prolific and long lived.

Forcing. — The hotbed must be of
moderate size, and covered with earth
nine inches thick. When the heat has
become regular, the seed may be in-
serted in drills a foot apart, and the
plants allowed to stand six inches
asunder in the rows. Air must be ad-
mitted as freely as to the melon. The
same precautions are likewise neces-
sary as to keeping up the temperature,
taking the chill off the water, £c., as
for that plant. When the seed begins
to sprout, the mould should be kept
regularly moistened ; and when grown
up, water may be given moderately,
three times a week. The temperature
should never be less than 60°, nor
higher than 75°.

Those sown under frames in March
for transplanting into a border, when
two or three inches in height, must in
a like manner be hardened gradually
for the exposure, by the plentiful ad-
mission of air, and the total removal of
the glasses during fine days. If any
are raised in pots in the hothouse, they
must, in a like manner, be prepared for
the removal, by setting them outside
in fine days, and there watering them
with cold water.

If the season is too ungenial to re-
move them even to a warm border,
the plants are often inserted in patches,
to have the protection of frames or
hand-lights at night, or as the weather
demands.

Runners. — As these are more tender,
and the seed is more apt to decay,
than those of the dwarfs, no open

ground crop must be inserted before
early in May, to be continued at inter-
vals of four weeks through June and
July, which will insure a supply from
the middle of this last month until
October.

They are so prolific and such per-
manent bearers, that three open ground
sowings of a size proportionate to the
consumption, will, in almost every in-
stance, be sufficient.

They are inserted in drills, either
singly, three feet apart, or in pairs ten
or twelve inches asunder, and each pair
four feet distant from its neighbour.
The seed is buried two inches deep,
and four apart in the rows, the plants
being thinned to twice that distance.

If grown in single rows, a row of
poles must be set on the south side of
each, being fixed firmly in the ground,
they may be kept together by having a
light pole tied horizontally along their
tops, or a post being fixed at each end
of a row, united by a cross bar at their
tops : a string may be passed from this
to each of the plants. If the rows are
in pairs, a row of poles must be placed
on each side, so fixed in the ground
that their summits cross, and are tied
together.

If the runners are nipt off as fast as
they appear, the plants become bushy,
and are nearly as prolific as if allowed
to climb.

To obtain Seed.— Forty or fifty plants
of the dwarf kinds, or thirty of the
runners, will be sufficient for a mode-
rate sized family. They must be raised
purposely in May, or a like number
from the crop in that month left un-
gathered from ; for the first pods always
produce the finest seeds, and ripen
perfectly. In autumn, as soon as the
plants decay they must be pulled up,
thoroughly dried, and stored in the
pods.

KIELME'YERA. (Named after a Ger-
man patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Theads [Ternstroemiacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia.}

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; fibry sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 75° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
K. exce'lsa (tall). 60, White. July, Brazil,

KTR

[ -VJ* ] KNO

KIROANE'LTA. (Deriveil from the
Malabar name. Xat. ord.,
[Kuphorbiacerc]. Linn., '-M

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a strong,
moist bottom-heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to b'0°.
K. e'legans (elegant). 6. July. Mauritius.
1820.

KITCHEN GARDEN.

Situation.— A gentle declination to-
wards the south, with a point to the j
east, is the most favourable aspect ; to !
the north-east the least so : in short,
any point to the south is to be preferred
to one verging towards the north. A
high wall should inclose it to the north
and east, gradually lowering to the south
and west. If, however, a plantation or
building on the east side, at some dis-
tance, shelter it from the piercing winds
which blow from that quarter ; and yet
are at such a distance as not to inter-
cept the rays of the rising sun, it is
much to be preferred to heightening the
Avail. It is a still greater desideratum
to have a similar shelter, or that of a
hill on the south-west and north-west
points. The garden is best situated at
a moderate elevation ; the summit of a
hill or the bottom of a valley is equally
to be avoided. It is a fact not very
difficult of explanation, that low lying
ones are the most liable to suffer from
blights and severe frosts; those much
above the level of the sea are obviously
most exposed to inclement winds.

iy'izr. — To determine tho appropriate
sixe of a kitchen garden is impossible.
It ought to be proportionate to the si/e
of the family, their partiality for vege-
tables and the fertility of the soil.

It may serve as some criterion to
state, that themanagement of a kitchen
garden occupying the space of an acre,
atfords ample employment for a gar-
dener, who will also require an assistant
at the, busiest periods of the year. In
general, a family of four persons, ex-
clusive of servants, requires a full rood
of open kitchen garden.

KLEINHO'VIA. (Named after Mr.
Klt:inlt<>J)\ u I.Mitch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Ili/tlncrinils [ Uyttneriaceie.";. Linn.,
W-Mvnq'dclpiuQ '" r'-' • '"'" illi~1 '

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
peat and loam. Summer temp., uU° to 90°;
winter, 50° to tiO°.

A', ho'spita (stranger). 20. Pink. Constant.
Moluccas. 1800.

KNI'GHTIA. (Named after J. A.
KtiiijhJ, late President of the London
Horticultural Society. Xat. ord., Pro-
leads [Proteacea?}. IA.m\.,±-Tftran<lria
l-3foiioyi/>tia. Allied to Grevillea. )

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, with all the leaves on, except a few at
the base of the cutting, in sandy soil, under a
bell-glass, and removed in a few weeks into a
mild buttoni-heat ; peat, with a little sandy
loam, and a few broken potsherds. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°. In summer the pots should
be shaded.

K. exce'lsit (lofty). 10. Flesh. New Zealand.
1824.

KNIGHT'S STAR. Hlppe' cat-rum.

KNOL-KOHL, or KOHL-HUBI (Brassica
caulo-rapa), the Turnip-stemmed Cab-
bage. It is sometimes called, also, the
Cape Cabbage. The stem is thick, rises
about eight inches out of the ground, is
swollen into a globular form, very like
a large Swedish turnip growing above,
ground, and is crowned with leaves,
slightly scolloped on the edges, undu-
lated, and milky green, like those of
the turnip we have mentioned. There
are several varieties of it, but the green-
stemmed and the purple-stemmed (es-
pecially the latter) are to be preferred.

It is sweeter, more nutritious, and
more solid than either the Cabbage or
White turnip ; will produce a greater
weight per acre thau the turnip, and
prefers a heavier soil than that root;
is hardier and keeps better than any
other bulb; and imparts very little of
that flavour, either to milk or butter,
known as turnlpy. So .much relished
is it both by cows and sheep, that they
will leave either turnips or cabbages to
partake of it. Hares and rabbits are
so fond of it, that where they abound
Knol-kohlcan scarcely be grown. It is
excellent when boiled lor table. Sow
in tho first week of March, and plant
out in .lime in rows four feet apart, if
the soil is fertile, but only three fret if
the soil is less productive, and three
feet from plant to plant in the rows.
The plants must have the chief part
of thfir stems left 'uncovered by '!,<•

KNO

[ 501) ]

LAB

soil. Two pounds of seed produce !
enough plants for an acre. It is an
excellent crop for cleaning the soil, as
the width between the plants and rows
enables the hoe to be efficiently used,
and during a lengthened period. When
blanks occur, these may be filled up
from the seed-bed with fresh plants.
The produce is from eighteen to twenty
tons, and upwards, per acre ; the bulbs
maybe kept sound and nutritious until
very late in the spring, even much later
than the Swedish turnip.

KNO'XIA. (Named after R. Knox, a
traveller, long resident in Ceylon. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [CinchonaceffiJ. Linn.,
4- Tetnmdria 1-Monoyynia.}

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in April or May ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 00° to 85°; winter,
50° to 60°.

K. exse'rta (outside-stfamenerf). White. June.
Ceylon. 1823.

— ItE'vis (smooth). Pink. July. Bengal. 1818.

— Sutnaff&tisis (Sumatran). White. July.

East Indies. 1818.

— te'res (cylindrical-stemmed), White. July,

East Indies. 1820.

— Zeyla'nictt (Ceylon). £. White. July. Cey-

lon. 1826.

KOELREUTE'RIA. (Named after Koel-
rciiter, a celebrated German botanist,
the father of hybridizing plants. Nat.
ord., Soapworts [Sapindacese], Linn.,
X-O<:tandriu 1 -Monoyynia.)

Hardy deciduous tree. Cuttings of the root ;
cuttings of the young shoots, under a hand-
light ; seeds in spring ; layers in the end of
summer ; common soil, in a sheltered situation ;
beautiful in its leaves, flowers, fruit, and the
mode of growing, as it gets old.
A', panicula'ta (panicled). 10. Yellow. July.
China. 1?63.

KOHL-KADI or BUBI. See Knol-lsohl.

KO'NIUA. See Gly'cc.

KO'PSIA. (Named after Professor
Kops. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
naceii.'J. Linn., b-Pcntandria I- Mono-
yynia. Allied to Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the young
shoots, getting a little firm at their base, in
sand, over sandy soil, and in bottom-heat ;
peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
85° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

K. frutico'sa (shrubby). Red. May. Pegu.
1818.

KRAME'BIA. (Named after the two
Kramers, German botanists. Nat. ord.,
Milkn:orlis [I'olygalaceaa]. Linn., 14-
Didynawia '^-

This is the intensely astringent called Rhat-
any-roots in South America. Stove evergreen
shrub. Cuttings in sand, under a glass, in
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 48° to 60°.
K. pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 4. Red. Mexico.

1824.

KREYSI'GIA. (Named after Kreysty,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melantlm
[Melanthacese]. Linn., G-Hcxandria
1-Monoijynia. Allied to Uvularia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division
of the plant, in spring ; light sandy loam ; re-
quires the protection of a cold-pit, or a cool
greenhouse in winter.
K.tnultiflo'ra (many -flowered). 1. Rose,

June. New South Wales. 1823.

KU'HNIA. (Named after Adam Knhn,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [ Asterace.ee] . Linn., Ift-Synyc-
ncxia 1-jEqualis. Allied to Liatris.)

Herbaceous perennials. Divisions in spring ;
sandy loam ; pretty little plants, the tenderest
require a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter.

HARDY.

A'. Crito'nia (Critonia). 1$. White. July.
North America. 1816.

— eupatorioi'dcs (Eupatorium - like). l£.

White. July. North America. 1812.

GREENHOUSE.

A', linearifo'liu (narrow-leaved). Brazil. 1829.

— rosmari'nifo'lia (Rosemary-leaved). White.

July. Cuba. 1828.

IVI/NTHIA. (Named after C. S. A'nnt/t,
a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord., Palma
[Palmaceaj]. Linn., Sl-Moncecia (5*
Haxandria. Allied to Areca.)

Stove Palm. Seeds, in hotbed; rich loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
A", monta'nu (mountain). 10. Grenada. 1829.
IVY/DTA. (Named after Col. Kyd,
first director of the Calcutta Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord., Bytl-nerimls [Bytt-
neriacea;]. Linn., W-Monadelphia 7-
Dodccdndrifi. Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove evergreen trees with white flowers.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in heat } sandy peat and fibry
loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ;
winter, 50° to 60°.
K. edlyci'na (far#e-calyxed). 30. East Indies.

1818.

—frate'rtia (brotherly). 40. East Indies.
1823.

L.

LABEL. Many are the forms and
substances employed in making labels
for plants. For general use they should

2M

LAB

[ 530 ]

LAG

embrace among their good qualities
cheapness, durability, facility of being
written upon, and legibility. We have
before us specimens in zinc, porcelain,
and gutta percha, but most of them
are deficient in some one or more ;of
the desirable qualities. The least 'ob-
jectionable are those of zinc made by
Mr. S. Eooke, jun., 7, Whittall-street,
Birmingham, and may be had at prices
varying from 15s. to 40s. per 1000.
They are written upon with an ink of
which the recipe has been given in The
Cottage Gardener; but the letters are
indelible, so that when a label has
been written upon it cannot be em-
ployed for a second plant. This makes
us prefer a small piece of deal, planed
smooth, painted white, and written
upon with a lead pencil. If fastened

to the plant by a shred of thin lead
the label retains any desired position.
When required for a seed-bed, a small
stake is to be driven into the ground,
and from it the label to be suspended.
LABICH^'A. (Named after M. La-
lichc, a French officer. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceeej. Linn.,
IQ-Di'candria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Cassia. )

Yellow - blossomed greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from Swan River. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; peat and loam. Winter temp.. 38°
to 4b°.

L, bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 3. April. 1843.
— lanceola'ta (spear-head-towee/). 4. April.
1837.

LA'BLAB. (The Arabic name of the
convolvulus; referring to the t\vining
habit. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceae]. Linn., 17 -Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Dolichos.)

Greenhouse and stove deciduous climbers
and twiners. By cuttings of young shoots, in
spring, in sandy soil, and in a little heat ; peat
and loam. Temperature, what is usual for
greenhouse and stove.

I L. pere'nnans (lasting. White China). 8.
White. July. China. 1820. Greenhouse.

— vulga'ris (common). 8. Violet. July. East

Indies. 1794. Stove.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). White.

August. East Indies. 1800.
purpu'rea (purple). July. East

Indies. 1790-'

There are also several annuals.

LABRADOR TEA. Le'dum.

LABURNUM. Cy'tisus labu'rnum.

LABYRINTH is an' arrangement of
walks, inclosed by hedges or shrub-
beries, so intricate as to be very diffi-
cult to escape from. From the twelfth
century to the end of the seventeenth
j they were a very favourite portion of
j English pleasure ground, but they are
now more judiciously banished.

LACJE'NA. (One of the names of
Helen. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceffi]. Linn., 20-Gynandria \-Monan-
dria. Allied to Govenia.)

Divisions in spring, or after blooming ; turfy
peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, charcoal, and
broken crocks ; fixed to a block, and that built
above the surface of a pot, and packed with the
above material, or grown in a shallow, open
basket. Summer temp., 60° to 90°, and moist ;
winter, 55° to 60°, and dry.
L. bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Greenish yellow.
May. Guatemala. 1843.

LACE-BARK. La</c'tta.

LAGHENA'LIA. (Named after M. dr.
la Clienal, a botanical author. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacea?]. Linn.; 6-
Hcxandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Triteleja.)

All greenhouse bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope, except glauca. Offsets, at potting pe-
riod, and seeds, in a hot-bed, in spring ; sandy
peat, with a little fibry loam. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°, and dry, or the bulbs may be kept
in drawers or bags. They are very beautiful
little plants, and grow freely under the above
conditions, potting them whenever growth com-
mences, and watering so long as the leaves are
green, but no longer ; when the pots are full of
roots they stand gentle forcing. The small
species require sand round their bulbs, whether
in the border or pots.
L. angui'nea (serpent). 1. White. April. 1825'

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. White-

April. 1793.

— bifo'lia (two-leaved). £. Pink. April. 1813.

— contamina'ta (contaminated). £. Pink.

March. 17/4.

— jla'va (yellow). $. Yellow. May. 1790.

— fra'grans (sweet-scented). 1. White, red.

April. 1798.

— glauci'na (milkyish-green). 1. Green, white.

May. \79'>-

— glau'ca (milky- green). Purple, red. May.

Persia. 1825.

LAC

[ 531

LAC

1. Yel-
Blue. Novem-
£. Pink. June.
1. Green, white.

L. hyacinthoi'des (Hyacinth-like); £, White,
red. May. 1812.

— isope'tala (equal-petaled). f . White, purple.

May. 1804.

— lancafo'lia (spear-head-leaved), £. White,

green. May. 1818.

— liliiflo'ra (Lily-flowered), 4. \Vhite. May.

1825.

— lu'cida (glossy-leaved), %. Pink. April. 1/98.

— lute'ola (yellowish). 1. Yellow, red, March.

1774.

-- macula'ta (spotted-leaved)
low, red. March. 1774

— muta'bilis (changeable).

ber. 1825.

— nervo'sa (nerved-leaved) .

1810.

— orchioi'des (Orchis-like).

March. 1752.

— pa' llida (pale-flowered), i. Pale blue. Mav.

1782.
-- ceerule'scens (bluish). $. Bluish.

September. 1782.
-- mi1 nor (smaller), i. Pale blue.

1782.

— pa1 tula (spreading -flowered}. 2. White,

pink. April. 1795.

— pe'ndula (weeping). £, Red, yellow.

April. 1789.

-- macula'ta (spotted-teaved). £. Red,
yellow. April. 1739.

— puncta'ta (dotted). £. Purple. May. 1824.

— purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple. April. 1826.

— purpu'reo-caru'lea (purplish-blue). 1. Pur-

ple. April. 1789.

— pusi'lla (small). £. White. June. 1825.

— pustula'ta (blistered). 1. Purple, green.

February. 1790.

— quadri' color (four-coloured). 1. Scarlet,

yellow. March. 1774.
--- — colora'ta (coloured-/cawd). £.

Scarlet, yellow. April. 1774.
- racemo'sa (racemed), 14. White, green.

May. 1811.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. May. 1800.

— ru'bida (red-dotled-Jloivered). %. Red. Sep-

tember. 1803.

— Smyrna (late). $. Pink. August. 1820.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless- flowered). A. Red.

May. 1804.

— tri'colur (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow.

April. 1774.

— uni'color (one-coloured). £. Pink. May.

.

— uniflo'ra (one - flowered). White, blue.

March. 1795.
~ viola'cea (violet). 1. Violet. March. 1795.

LACHNA/A. (From lachne, down; re-
ferring to the downy clothing of the
flower -heads. Nat. ord., Daphnatln
[Thymelaceae]. Linn., H-Octandria 1-
Monofjynia. Allied to Gnidia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope, and all but one white-flowered.
Cuttings of short young shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in spring; sandy peat, with a
little fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°. In
summer, a sheltered, somewhat shady place.
L. buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 2. May. 1800.

— conglomera'ta (clustered). 2. June. 1773,

L. erioce'phala (woolly-headed). 2, June. t?93'

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. June. 1800.

— purpu'rea (purple -flowered). 2. Purple.

April. 1800,

LACHNA'NTHES. (From lacknc, down,
and anthos, a flower. Nat ord., Blood-
roots [Hsemodoracese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Anigo-
zanthos.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial, The red
colour found in the roots is used in dying in
North America. Division of the roots, in spring ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40°.
L. tincto'ria (dyer's). 14. Pink. July. North
America. 1812.

LACKEY MOTH. Clisioca'mpa.

LACTU'CA. Lettuce. (From Jac, milk;
referring to the milky juice. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-^qualis.)

Of the numerous species none need be men-
tioned but the common lettuce, which is a hardy
annual.
L. sati'va (cultivated). 4. Yellow. June. 1562.

Varieties. — There are the cos and
the cabbage. The first more grown in
summer than in winter ; the second at
all seasons, but more usually in winter,
on account of their superior hardihood.
The cicilias are of a nature interme-
diate the two. When young, the cab-
bage varieties are in general sweeter
than those of the cos at the same age ;
but of a full growth this is reversed ;
hence the latter are preferred for sa-
lads, and the former for soups. The
cabbage varieties succeed better in a
hotbed than the cos.

Vos Varieties. — Brighton, Silver,
Black-seeded Green, Spotted or Leo-
pard, Early Egyptian, Green and Brown
Cilicia, Green, Lop, White or Versailles,
White Paris Cove, the finest summer
kind ; Green Paris Cove, rather hard-
ier ; Bath Cos, and Brown Cos.

Cabbage Varieties. — Drumheaded,
Princes, Brown Dutch and Common
White Dutch, both good for winter ;
Tennis Ball or Button, good for win-
ter ; Large White, Hardy Green or
Capuchin, good for winter; Imperial
Grand Admirable, Prussian, Large
Roman, Malta, for summer; Neapoli-
tan, for summer.

Soil. — Lettuces thrive best in a light,
very rich soil, with a dry substratum*
For th« first and last crops of the year

LAC

t

532]

a warm sheltered situation is required;
but for the Midsummer ones a border
that is shaded during mid-day.

Sowhitj. — The first .sowing in a frame
on a warm border, or slender hotbed,
at the close of .lanuary, or early in
February ; at the close of this last
month a larger one in any open situa-
tion, and smaller repeated once every
tluee weeks, until the end of July, for
summer and autumn use, to be coii-
tinued at similar intervals until the
close of September, for winter and
early spring. Sow moderately thin,
each variety separate.

Prlckinif out. — When the plants are
about a month old, or two inches in
height, thin them to three or four
inches apart; and prick out: those re-
moved at similar distances. Those from
the sowings in January and February
in frames, and thence until August, in
any open situation. Those of the Au-
gust sowing must be divided into two
portions ; the largest being selected
and planted in an open compartment
for late autumn use, and the smaller
on a warm border for winter and early
spring.

I'lant out finally, in rows a, foot apart
each way. At the time of every re-
moval, whether of pricking out or plant-
ing, water must be given moderately,
and until the plants are rooted. It
may be remarked, that transplanted
lettuces never attain so fine a growth
as those left where sown, nor become
NO soon fit for use : those which are
planted out at once to remain being
better in these respects than 1 host-
pricked out previous to final planting.
The varying in their time of becoming
fit for use, however, is of advantage, as
by these means a more perfect suc-
cession is obtained. Those which are
planted to withstand the winter, which
they easily do if sheltered with hoops
and matting during severe weather,
and continue in a fit state for use, are
best planted on ridges, as a protection
from excessive wet, from which they
always suffer. In every stage of growth
they must be kept well watered, and the
earth around them frequently stirred,
for the extirpation of slugs and snails.
IS'o vegetable is more benefited than

the lettuce by the- application occasion-
ally of liquid manure. To check the,
cos plants running to seed before the
heart is perfectly blanched, it is a good
practice, at the. time of tying them up,
to cut out the centre bud of each with
a sharp knife.

Frame Crops. — The plants raised
from the September sowing may be
divided as directed for those of August,
but in addition, some of the cds varie-
ties may be planted on a warm border,
to have the shelter of frames and
hand-glasses. Some of the strongest
of .these may, in succession during
November, December, and January,
b6 planted in a moderate hotbed, being
removed with as little injury as possi-
ble to the roots, to bring them forward
for immediate ust?. "Whilst in frames
they require much attention. Being
watered and shaded until established,
they must afterwards have as much
light and air admitted as possible, as
well as a regular supply of moisture.

At night the additional shelter of
matting, and in severe weather an in-
creased covering must be aft'orded.
The day temperature should never ex-
ceed 80°, nor fall below (to0. The
plants may be, set in rows about six
inches apart; but of those which are
merely sheltering dining the winter,
on the return of mild weather at the
beginning of March or April, every
second1 one must be carefully removed,
and planted in a warm border, at the
usual open ground distance.

To obtain- Seed. — Some of the finest
and most perfect plants of each variety
that have survived the winter, or from
the forwardest sowing of the year,
should be selected. The seed from
any that have run up prematurely can-
not be depended upon. If two varieties
flower near each other, only mongrel
varieties will be obtained. Ekch stem
is to be tied to a stake as a support
against tempestuous weather. The
branches must be gathered as the
seed ripens upon them. It must be
thoroughly dried before it is stored.

LADY-BIRD. Coccine'lla.

LADY'S FERN. La&trtr'a Ihely'ptcris.

L \ uv's LACES. Aru'ndo.

LADY'S MANTLE. Alchemi'tta.

LAD

[ 533 ]

LAG

-

LADY'S SLIPPER. ^ Cynripe'dium.

LADY'S S:\IOCK. 'Cicraami'ne.

LADY'S Tiu:ssi:s. Nco'ttla splnilh
and Spira'niJies.

L.T/LIA. (La'lia was a Vestal Virgin ;
alluding to the delicacy of the flower.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaeerc]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Kpidendrum.)

Stove orchids. Divisions ; turfy peat, chopped
old moss, and charcoal, raised above the sur-
face of a pot, filled with drainage, or a block of
wood firmly laid across. Treatment similar to
Cattleyu.

L. acumina'ta (pointed-lipped). 2. Pinkish-
white. June. Mexico. 1840.

— a'lbida (whitish). Yellowish- white. Oaxaca.

1838.
-- viola'eea (violet - lipped}. White,

- a'nCeps°(fvo-cdg<>d-Scolloped). 1*. Rose,
purple. December. Mexico, i sM

-- Barkerla'na (Barker's). ]£. Purple.
December. Mexico. 1833.

— autumna'lis (autumnal). 3. Rosy. Sep-

tember. Mexico. 1836.

— ctKrule'scens (bluish). Costa Rica* 1838.

— ca'ndida (whiten/towered). White. June.

Bolanos. 1840.

— clniiulari'nia (scArlet-flowered) . 2. Reddish.

May. Brazil. 1836.
-— erythrobu'lbon (red-bulbed). Brazil. 1843.

— epidcndroi'des (Epidendrum-like). Purple,

crimson. July. Brazil. 1835-

— fla'va (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 1841.
—furfura'cea (scurfy -stalked). -1J. Rose.

November. Mexico. 1838.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Xalapa.

— Linde'nii (Linden's). Pale rose. June. Cuba.

— maja'liK (Maf-flowering). $. Pink, purple.

Mexico. 1838.

— peduncula'ris (long-flower-stalked). Violet.

Mexico. 1841.

— Pen-i'nii (Perrin's). Lilac. September.

Brazil. 1831.

— purpura'scens (purplish). Pink. September.

Brazil. 1838.

— rubc'scens (blushing). $. Cream, pink.

May. Mexico. 1840.

— rupes'tris (rocky). Violet. Brazil. 1840.

— supe'rbiens (gorgeous -flowered}. \. Pink,

crimson. November. Guatemala. 1840.

LAFOE'XSIA. (Named in honour
of the Duke of Lafoens, president of
the Lisbon Academy of Science. Nat.
ovd., Loosestrifes [Lythracete]-. Linn.,
]'l-Ico$andria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Lagerstromia.)

A stove shrub. Cuttings of rather ripe wood,
in autumn, in sand, and in bottom-heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter,
50° to 5">°, and kept rather dry. ' Prune freely
in winter.
L. microphy'lla (small-leaved). Brazil. 184;.

LAGA'SCA. (Named after 7). M. La-

yasca, professor of botany at Madrid.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceai]-.

Stove annual. Raised in a hotbed, several
times potted there, and bloomed in summer, in
a ereenaouse or plant stove.
L. mo'llis (soft). 2. White. July. South

America. 1815.

LAGEXA'IIIA. Bottle Gourd. (From
lagcna, a bottle ; referring to the shape
of the fruit of some speck's. Nat. ord.,
Cucurbits [GiU'urbitacea'j. Linn., "21-
JUonaiCJif, \0-Monadclfhla. Allied to
Cucumber.)

Hardy annuals from the East Indies, and
yellow-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
cified. Seeds in a hotbed, and either fruited
there, or hardened off and cultivated out of
doors, under hand-lights, against palings, and
other fences; -rich light soil. For culture see
Cucumber .
L. idola'trica (idol&trous-pear-friiited). White,

June.

— vitta'ta (banded). White. June.

— vulga'ris (common). JO. August. 1597«
clavu'ta (club-shaped). 10. Au-
gust. 1597-

depre'ssa (depressed). 10. Au-
gust. 1597.

CQiirgou'r&a (courgourde). 10. Au-
gust. 1597-

turblna'ta (top-shaped). 10. Au-
gust. 1597.

LAGENO'PHORA. (From laffenost a
bottle, and'p/iomvto bear ; referring to
the flower-heads. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceai]. Linn., Iti-Syngenwia
•\-Fnistmnea. Allied to Brachyeon^*)
Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. Division,
in spring ; light soil ; a cool greenhouse, or a
dry cold pit in winter.

L. Fo'rsteri (Forster's). Yellow and purple.
New Zealand. 1837.

LAGEESTIIO'MIA. (Named after M.
Lcujerstrann, a German. Nat. ord.,
Loosestrifes [LythraceaO- Linn., !•">-
Polyaudria 1-Monoyjjitia.)

Cuttings of small firm side shoots, in spring,
under a bell-glass, and cuttings of ripened
shoots, in autumn, in strong bottom-heat; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 00°, .with
plenty of moisture, both at the root, and also at
the top, except when in flower. Winter temp.,
55° to 60°, and dryish, after being pruned in au-
tumn. The greenhouse species require only
warm greenhouse temperatures.

GllEENHOl'SE EVERGUEEN SHRUBS.
L. Indica a'lfm (Indian-white). 12. White. Au-
gust. China. 181(3.

ro'sea (rosy). 12. Rose. August.

China. 1825.
— sjiecio'sa (sh,owy). Rose. August. China.

LAG

[ 534 ]

LAN

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

L. e'lfigans (elegant). 10. Rose, yellow. Au-
gust. East Indies. 1841.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) . 12. Red. July.

East Indies. 1818.

— I'ndica (Indian). 6. Flesh. July. East

Indies. 1759.

— parviflo'ra (small -flowered). 12. White.

East Indies. 1818.

— regi'ntc (queen's). 12. Red. East Indies.

1792.

LAGE'TTA. Lace Bark. (Its Indian
name. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thymela-
ceoe.] Linn., 8-Octandria \-Monoyynia.}

The inner bark of this stove evergreen is the
beautiful Lace Bark of the West Indies. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom-heat, in April or May ;
peat and fibry loam. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 45° to 55°,
L. lintea'ria (linen). 6. White. Jamaica. 1/93.

LAGUNA'RIA. (From its resemblance
to Layun<ea, an allied genus. Nat. ord.,
Mallowworts [Malvaceae], linn., 10-
Monadelphia S-Polyandriu. )

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. By cuttings
of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass,
and in heat, in May ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

L. cuneifo'rmis (wedge-leaved). 15. Red. June.
Australia.

— lilaci'na (lilac). Lilac. June. Swan River.

1832.

— Pnterso'nii (Paterson's). 20. Pale-red.

June. Norfolk Island. 1792.
LA'LAGE. (Named after Lalage, a
gay, witty dame immortalised by Horace.
Nat. ord., Letjwnunow Plants [Faba-
cesej Linn., W-Monadelphia G-Decan-
dfia. Allied to Platylobium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of the young shoots, when they
are getting firm ; seeds in a slight, sweet hotbed,
and seedlings gradually hardened ; sandy peat,
with a little fibry loam, broken crocks, and
charcoal, and extra draining; in summer, a
very airy greenhouse. Winter temp., not below

L. hovecefo'lia ( Ho vea- leaved). 2. Yellow,
orange. March . 1841.

— orna'ta (gay). 2. Yellow, purple. April.

1830.

LAMBE'RTIA. (Named after the late
Mr. Lambert, a distinguished patron of
botany. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea-
ceae]. Linn., k-Tctrandria l-Monoyynia.
Allied to Hakea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of the ripened shoots, before
fresh growth commences, in the spring, in sand,
over sandy peat, in pots nearly filled with drain-
age, and covered with a bell-glass, and kept
close and cool, until the base of the cutting

| swells, when a little bottom-heat may be ap«
1 plied ; sandy loam and fibry peat, well-drained,
I and mixed with rough pieces of charcoal. Win-
j ter temp., 38° to 45°.
I L. echina'ta (hedgehog). 3. July. 1824.

— formo'sa (handsome). 4. Red. July. 1788.

— longifo'lia (long -leaved). 4. Red. Julv.

1826.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Orange.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1836.

— propi'nqua (related). 1830.

LAMB'S LETTUCE. See Corn-sailed.

LAMOUROU'XIA. (Named after J. V.
F. Lamouronx, a naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Figworts [Scrophulariaceas]. Linn.,
14^-Didynamia S-Angiospermia. Allied
to Bartsia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, scarlet-
flowered, from Mexico. For culture, see Ange-
Ionia.

L. corda'ta (heart-shaped-team*).
— multi'fida (m&ny -cleft-leaved},

1$. 1846.
l£. 1846.

LAMPWICK. Phlo'mis tychni'tk.

LANCE -WOOD. Guatte'ria.

LAND-DITCHING. See Draining.

LANDRA. Rapha'nus la'ndra.

LANDSCAPE GARDENING, as its name
intimates, is the composition of beauti-
ful scenery, so that all artifice is con-
cealed by the blending of trees, shrubs,
ground, and water ; thus forming vistas
gratifying as those which occur na-
turally. Admiration for such scenery
is an innate quality of the human
mind ; and successfully to imitate such
scenery requires judgment as well as
taste* It is not possible, without a
heavy outlay, to introduce any desired
species of landscape beauty upon a
given plot of ground. There is the
beauty of the level surface, quite un-
attainable without such outlay, upon
a surface which is abrupt and broken.
The beauty of the clay districts is not
otherwise to be secured upon those of
the chalk; neither on light uplands
can be arranged the dense beauties of
well watered alluvial vales. " Consult
the genius of the place" is an axiom
which has been derided, but which is
dictated by the soundest sense.

Under this general head we have not
space to enter fully into details ; but
some of these will be found, under
their appropriate titles, in other pages,
and chiefly borrowed from Mr. Whate-
ley, who has published more correct
views upow the art of tastefully arrang-

LAN

[535]

LAS

ing grounds than most men who have
written upon the subject.

LANKESTE'RIA. (Named after Dr. E.
Lankcster, a distinguished botanist.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese].
Linn., 14^-Didynamia ^-Angio&permla,
Allied to Eranthemum.)

Stove evergreen shrubs from Sierra Leone.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sandy soil, in heat,
in spring ; peat and loam, well drained. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 48° to 58°.
L. longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Yellow. April.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Yellow. April.
1844.

LANTA'NA. An ancient name for Vi-
burnum. Nat. ord., Verlencs [Ver-
benaceae]. Linn., l^-Didynamia 2-

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the
short side shoots, two inches in length, taken
off close to the old wood, when fresh growth
commences in spring; fibry loam and a little
peat ; Se.lloviana requires sandy peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 45° to 55°.
L. acttlea'ta (prickly). 10. Red. June. West
Indies. 1693.

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 3. White. June.

Brazil. 1823.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. June.

South America. 1824.

— cro'cea (copper-coloured). 4. Copper. June.

Jamaica. 1818.

— hi'spida (bristly). 3. Purple. July. Mexico.

1924.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 3. Bed. June. Mexico.

1824.

— involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Pink. July.

West Indies. 1690.

— la vandula'cea (Lavender- like). 3. Red.

July. South America. 1820.

— melisaifo'lia (Balm - leaved). 2. Yellow.

August. West Indies. 1732.

— mo'llls (soft). 4. Red, white. July. Mexico*

1828.

— .multi' flora (many-flowered). 1834.

— ni'veu mutu'bilis (snowy - changeable -

coloured). 5. Yellow, rose. May.

— odora'ta (scented). 2. White. May. West

Indies. 1758.

— pilo'sa (downy). 3. Purple. July. Cuba.

1823.

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. South

America. 1820.

— ra'dula (rough-leaved). 3. Purple. West

Indies. 1803.

— Salviafo'lia (Sage-leaved). 3. Red, June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— Sellovia'na (Sellow's). 1. Rose. April.

Monte Video. 1828.
• — lanceola'ta (spear -head -

Deep rose. July. Montevideo. 1838.

— stri'cta (erect). 3. Pale purple. Jamaica.

1733.

— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

West Indies. 1/33.

— viola'cea (violet). 3. Violet, July. South

America. 1818.

LAPAGE'RIA. (Probably a commemo-
rative name. Nat. ord., Philesiads
[Philesiacess]. Linn, 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}

A fine hardy herbaceous twiner, like a Smilax,
with large rosy flowers like Bomaria.
L. ro'sea (rose-flowered). Patagonia. 1847 or
1848.

LAPLA'CEA. (Named after Laplace,
the distinguished philosopher. Nat.
ord., Thaads [Ternstromiaceee]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Bonnetia.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, in heat, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well drained.
Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. semiserra'ta (half- saw - edged - leaved}. 2.
White. September. Brazil. 1842.

LAEIX. The Larch. See Pi' mis.

LARKSPUR. Delphi' mum.

LA'RREA. (Named after a Spaniard
of that name. Nat. ord., Sean-capi-ra
[ZygophyllacecQ]. Linn., 10-Dccandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Zygophyllum.)
Greenhouse evergreens from South America,
with yellow flowers. Cuttings of young half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
summer; peat, and fibry loam, with silver sand,
and pieces of broken pot, and charcoal, to keep
the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; sum-
mer, in a shaded position.
L. divurica'ta (straggling). 2. July. 1829.

— ni'tida (shining-leaved). 2. June. 1829.

LARVA. The name by which an in-
sect is described when in the state
between the egg and the chrysalis form.
The larva of a butterfly or moth is
commonly known as a caterpillar; of a
fly or bettle as a maggot or grub.

LASER-WORT. Tha'psla laserpe'tii.

LASIA'NDRA. (From lasios, woolly,
and aner, an anther ; woolly stamened.
Nat. oxd..,Melastomads [Melastomaceee].
Linn., 10-Dccandria 1-Monoyynia, Al-
lied to Osbeckia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with purple flowers.
Cuttings of young half-ripened shoots, in sum-
mer, in sand, in heat, under a bell-glass; lunif
rough compost, consisting of sandy peat, fi"
loam, silver sand, broken pots, and charc<
Summer temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. arge'ntea (silvery - leaved). 5. July. Rio
Janeiro. 1816.

— Fontanesia'naCDesfontains). 6. Rio Janeiro.

— petiola'ta (long- leaf -stalked). 5. June.

Brazil. 1836.

LASIOPE'TALUM. (From lasios, woolly,
and petalon, a petal, or ilover-leaf, Nat,

LAS

LAT

oi\}.)Jl>/ttiieriti<k [Byttneriaeea?.]. Linn., ! L. oreo'pteris (mountain - fern). 3. July

'

5-Penfctn8.rw \-i

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of half- ripened shoots, in sand,
under a glass, in April or May ; sandy peat and
ribry loam, well drained, and carefully watered ;
either stagnant moisture, or a sour soil, destroys
them. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. ferrugi'neum (rusty). 4. White. June.
1/91.

— macrophy1 Hum (large-leaved). 5. Pale green.

LASIOSPF/KMT-M. (From hisios, woolly,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., lQ-Syngt>ncsia
fo'JEquaKs. Allied to Santolina.)

Half-hardy evergreen trailing plants, with
yellow flowers. Division in spring, and cut-
tings, under a hand-light, in a shady place, in
summer; common garden soil. Most of them
require the protection of a cold pit in winter.
The Italian species are most hardy.
L. anthemoi'des (Anthemis-like). £. August.
Italy. 1729.

— crithmifd'lium (Samphire-leaved). 4. Au-

gust. Macedonia. 1817.

— eriospe'rmum (woolly-seeded). 1. August.

Italy. 1816.

— peduncvln're (long. flower-stalked), 'i. July.

Italy. 1/98.

— ri'gidum (stiff). £. August. Greece. 1816.

LASTHE'NIA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-

flua.)

Hardy annuals, with yellow flowers. Seeds
in October, and plants protected by boughs of
evergreens during the winter ; or sow in March
and April in the open border.
L. Calif o'rnica (Californian). 1. May. Cali-
fornia. 1834.

'—glabru'ta (smooth). l£. May. California.
1834.

— obtusifo'Ka (blunt-leaved). 1. May. Chili.

1833.

LAsTR.tt'A. (Derivation unexplained.
Nat. ord,, .Ferns [ Polypodiaceae]. Linn.,
ii4- Cryptoyam in 1 -FUices. )

For culture sec Ferns. Thoy have all yel-
lowish spores.

HAIiDY.

L. uculea'ta (common - prickly). 3. June.
Britain.

— crista'ta (/Miw-crested). tj. July. Britain.

— dilatn'tu (enlarged - crested). ''2. June.

Britain.

— Fi'lix-mus (male-fern). 3. Britain.

— Uoldia'na (Goldin's). July. North America.

interme'dia (intermediate). June. North

America. 1837.

— margina1 Us (border-spared). 2. June. North

America. 1772.

— Novebnrace'tutis (New York). 1$, July.

North America. 1822,

Britain.

— recu'rva (bent-back). July. Britain.

— spinulo'sa (crested - prickly). 1. June.

Britain.

— Thely'pteris (Lady-fern). 1. July, Britain.

GHEENHOUSE.

L. decompo'sitn (decomposed). A, July,
Holland. 1825.

— decu'rrens (running-down). June.

1840.

STOVE.
L. uppendicula'ta (appendaged). July. East

Indies.

| — asce'ndens (rising). August.
'; — atra'ta (blackish). June. East Indies.
i — attenua'ta (thin). June. Isle of Samaria.

1839.

| — chrysolo'ba (golden-lobcd). July. Brazil.
1840.

— conte'rmina (bordering). West Indies. 1835.

— ebu'rnea (ivory). July. Nepaul. 1841.

— elonga'ta (lengthened). 2. July. Madeira.

1799-

— erioca'rpu (woolly-spored). June. East

Indies.

— exl'gua (little). July. Isle of Luzon.

— falcicula'ta (sickle - like). July. South

America.

— indivi'sa (undivided). July. West Indies.

1840.

— invi'sa (unseen). 2. Julv. Jamaica. 1830.
1 — In'ta (broad). June. Isle of Luzon. 1834.

— ligulu'ta (strap - leaved). June. Isle of

Luzon. 1839.

— macroca'rpa (large-spored). August. East

Indies. 1827-

— • membranifo'lia (membrane-fronded). June.
Isle of Luzon. 1844.

— multiju'gu (many - paired). July. East

Indies. 1839.

— pa' tens (spreading). 2. July. West Indies.

1784.

— patenti' ssima (very - spreading). August.

East Indies. 1825.

— polyphy'lla (manv-fronded). August. India.

— Preslia'nn (Presl's). June. India.

— propi'nqua (allied). July. Isle of Luzon.

— pube'ucenx (downy). July.

— semicorda'ta (half-heart-shape). June. West

Indies. 1822.

— se'rra (saw-like). 2. July. West Indies.

1819.

— si'milis (like). July. Malacca.

— specta'bilis (showy). June. Isle of Luzon.

— Sprenge'lii (Sprengel's). August. India.
•~-venu'stu (handsome). August. India. 1825.

— verruco'su (warty). June. East Indies. 1840.
— vesti't-a (clothed). July. Brazil. 1844.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. July. Jamaica. 1844.

— visco'sa (clammy). July. Malacca. 1839.

LATA'MA. Bourbon Palm. (The
Bourbon name is iMtuniar. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmate^]. Linn., •>'>-J)i(rcid
1 'i -Monadclplt la.)

Stove palms with greenish - white flowers.
Seeds in a hotbed; rich loamy soil. Summer
temp., 6oft to 90°; winter, 55° to 60°.

LAT

[ 537 ]

LAU

L. Borbo'nica (<?o»mnoffi-Bourbon). 20. Bour-
bon. 1816.

— glaucophy' lla (milky - green - leaved). 15.

East Indies. 1823.

— ru'bra (red). 15. Mauritius. 1/88.

LATERALS, or side shoots, are those
which spring from the sides of the
main brandies, and are thus described
in contradistinction to the terminal or
leading shoots of the branches. The
laterals on the lower branches, like
those branches themselves, are usually
longer as they approach the base of
the tree, because they extend to obtain
the benefit of the light kept from them
by the branches above. If unable thus
to extend, as in the case of inner trees
of those planted in clumps, the laterals
die, and occasion the nakedness of
their trunks. If the terminal shoot of
a branch be cut away, the laterals in-
crease more in length, not only because
more sap is thus afforded them, but
because an extra effort is made to
advance into the desired degree of
light.

LA'TIIYRUS. (From /a, to add to,
and thouros, an irritant; to increase
excitement, the supposed qualities of
the seeds. Nat. orcl., Leguminous Plants
[Fabac'eoe]. Linn., I7-Diadclphla 4-
Decandrla.}

Seeds of annuals, in common soil, in spring ;
perennials by division at the same time, or
cuttings of the young shoots, under a bell-
glass ; common garden soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. amphica'rpus (double-fruited). 1$. Pink.
June. Levant. 1680.

— angula'ttis (angular-seeded). 1, Red. June.

South Europe. lf»83.

— leptophy'llus (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June.

Caucasus 1818.

— setifo'lius (bristle-leaved). I, Red. June.

South Europe. 173Q.

— splice' ricus (round-seeded). 1. Crimson.

June. South Europe. 1801.
HARDY CLIMBING 'ANNUALS.

L. nla'tus (winged). 3. Purple. July. Italy.
1823.

— a'nnuus (annual). 4. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1621.

— auricula1 tus (eared). 4. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1800.

— Ci'cera (flat - podded). 2. Red. South

Europe. 1633.

— cornu'tus (hortied). 3. Purple. July. 1818.

— hirsu'tua(}\Si\Tv-podded). 4. Purple. July.

England.

— Itu'lifiU8'( Italian). 3. Pink. August. Italy.
— - Lmiitu'nirtis (Portugese). 8. July. Spain.

1827.

L. odom'tus (fragrant. Sweet Pea}: 4. Va-
riegated. July. Sicily. 1700.

— purpu'reus (purple). 3. Purple. July. Crete.

— satl'aus (cultivated. Chickling Vetch], 3.

White. South Europe. 1640.

— tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved). 3. Blue. July.

North Africa. 1820.

— Tingita'nus (Tangier). 4. Dark purple,

July. Barbary. luSO.

— tu'midus (swollen). 1. Red. July. Pied-

mont. 1817.

HARDY DECIDUOUS CLIMBKRS, &C.

L. Alta'icus (Altaic). Altai. 1832. Herbaceous
perennial.

— Armitagea'nus (Armitage's). 10. Purple,

blue. May. Brazil. 1824. Shrub.

— Calif o'rnicus (Californian). 4. Purple.

June. California. 1826.

— decaphy'llus (ten - leaved). 4. Red, lilac.

June. North America. 1827.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 4. Rose.

July. South Europe. 1814.

— heterophy'llus (various-leaved). 4. Flesh.

August. Europe. 1731.

— incu'rvus (curved-podded). 2. Blue. July.

Russia. 1808.

— interme'dius (intermediate). 4. Red. Au-

gust. North Europe. 1820.

— latifo'lius (broad -leaved. Everlasting Siueet-

Pea}. Pink. August. England.

— -Macron (Mac Rae's). 3. Purple, white.
October. Chili. 1824.

— MageUa'nicus (Magellan's). 3. Purple,

blue. May. Cape Horn. 1744.

— muta'biKs (changeable). 4. Purple, red.

July. Siberia. 1825.

— myrtifo'lius (Myrtle-leaved). 3. Red. May.

Philadelphia. 1822.

— nervo'sus (nerved). 3. Blue. June. Monte

Video. 1843. Greenhouse evergreen
shrub.

— palu'stris (marsh). 4. Pale purple. June.

Britain.
-* pisifo'rmis (Pea-formed). 3. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1795.
~ polymo'rph'us (multiform). 3. Pale purple.

July. Missouri. 1824,

— prate'nuis (meadow). 3. Yellow. Britain.

— pube'scens (downy). 3. Purple, blue. May.

Buenos Ay res. 1843. Greenhouse
evergreen shrub.

— purpu'reo ccerule'scens (purplish-blue). 10.

Purple, blue. August. Brazil. 1836.
Twiner.

— ro'seus (rosy). 2. Red. July. Iberia. 1822.

— rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). l£. Rose.

July. Tauria. 1822.

— stipula'ceus (/ar^e-stipuled). 3. Purple.

July. New York. 181 6.

— sylve'stris (wood. Enerl.a&ting Pea}. 3.

Purple. July. Britain.

— tomento'sus (woolly). 3. Lilac. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1839.

— tubero'sus (tuberous). 2. Red. July.

Holland. 1596.

— veno'sus (veiny). 4. White, red. June.

Pennsylvania,

LAUREL. La'urus
. LAUREL CHERRY. Ce'rasus, hi'uro-

LAU

[ 538 ]

LAU

LATJSESTINUS. Vibu'rnwm

LAU'RUS. Laurel. (From the Celtic
blaur, or laur, green. Nat. ord., Laurels
[Lauraeeae]. Linn., 9-JEnneandria 1-
Monoqyma.}

The ' Bay (Laurus nobilis) represents this
large order. They are all more or less aromatic,
and produce camphor, cinnamon, nutmegs,
cassia, and other fruits and products in com-
merce. Few of the best of these, even nobilis,
the Sweet Bay, will flourish in the north of the
Island, without protection. It and its allies,
the Sassafras, Benzoin, &c., are propagated by
cuttings, under hand-lights, in the end of sum-
mer; by layers, by pieces of the roots, and by
seeds, which generally require to be in the rot-
heap a season before vegetating ; common soil,
if good and dry, suits them. The stove and
greenhouse species by cuttings, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and potted off in sandy peat and
fibry loam, and the usual temperature of these
compartments. Many, however, would do better
planted against a conservative wall, heated and
protected in winter.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

L. astiva'lis (summer). 6. Yellow. April.
North. America. 1/75.

— a'lbida (whitish-leaved). 10. Yellow. Caro-

lina. 1824.

— Be'nzoin (Benzoin). 8. Yellow, green.

April. North America. 1683.

— Caroline1 'nais (Carolina). 15. Yellow, green.

May. North America. 1806.

- --- gla'bra (smooth). Yellow,

green. May. North America. 1806.

- -- : -- obtu'sa (blunt - leaved}. 15.

Yellow, green. April. Carolina. 1806.

-- : - pube'scens (downy). 15. Yel-

low, green. April. North America.

a (Catesby's). 10. White. Caro-
lina. 1820.

— Diospy'rus (Jove's fruit). 6. Green, yellow.

April. North America. 1810.

— genicula'ta( jointed). 6. Yellow. April.

North America. 1759-
GEEENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
L. aggrega'ta (crowded-flowered). 3. Green,
yellow. China. 1821.

— bulla'ta (blistered. African OoA-)« Green.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 10. Yellow, green.

Canaries. 1815.

— fa'tens (strong-smelling). 20. Green, yel-

low. Madeira. 1760.

— I'ndica (Indian Bay). 20. Green, yellow.

July. Madeira. 1765.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

L. chloro'xylon (Green-wood. Cogwood-tree}.
60. Green, white. West Indies. 1778.

— coria'cea (leather-teamed). 50. White. West

Indies. 1810.

— crassifo'lia (thick - leaved). 40. White.

Cayenne. 1800.

— exalta'ta (lofty). 6g. White, yellow. Ja-

maica. 1800.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 40. Yellow,

green, West Indies, 1800,-

L . ni'vea (snow-white) . 1 820.

— pa' tens (spreading). 15. White, yellow.

West Indies. 1824.

— pe'ndula (weeping). 40. Jamaica. 1800.

— salicifo'lia (Willow- leaved). 20. Yellow,

green. April. West Indies. 1826.

— sple'ndens (shining). 40, Yellow, green.

East Indies. 1800.

— thrysiflo'ra (thryse-flowered). 30. Yellow,

green. Madagascar. 1810.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. no'bilis (noble. Bay'}. 15. Yellow, white.

April. South Europe. Io6l.
cri'spa (curled -leaved). 20. Yellow,

white. May.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 20.

Yellow, white. May.
latifo'lia. (broad- leaved). Yellow,

white. May. Asia. Half-hardy.
salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 6. Yel-
low, white. April.
undula'ta (\vwy-leaved). 4. Yellow,

white. April.
variega'ta (variegated-feawed) . 20.

Yellow^ white. May.

— rega'lis (royal). California. 184/.
LAVA'NDULA. Lavender. (From lavo,

to wash ; referring to lavender water.
Nat. ord., Llpworts^ or Labiates [Lami-
acese]. Linn., l±-Didynumia 1-Gym-
nospermia,)

Cuttings of large pieces, in spring and au-
tumn, firmly inserted in the ground ; but small,
young shoots, in spring, under a hand light,
make the neatest plants; sandy loam suits
them best. Those that require the protection
of a pit, or cool greenhouse, are propagated in a
similar manner, and require the same soil. The
flowers of the common lavender (L. spicu) are
ready for drying or distilling at the end of June.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
L. latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Lilac. August.
South Europe. 1568.

— spi'ca (common-lavender-spike) . 2. Lilac.

August. South Europe. 15GS.

— steWms (Stajchas). if, Lilac. June. South

Europe. 1568.

— ve'ra (true). Blue. July. South Europe.

1568.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. abrotanoi'des (Southernwood - like). l£.

Lilac. July. Canaries. 1699.

— denta'ta (tooth-leaved). If. Lilac. August.

South Europe. 1597.

— mtilti'fida (many-cleft). 1$. Lilac. August.

South Europe. 1597- Biennial.

— pinna'tii (leafleted). If. Lilac. June.

Madeira. 1777-

; — pube'scens (downy). Lilac. June.

1816.

— vi'ridti (green). If. Purple. June. Ma-

deira. 1777-

LAVA'TERA. (Named after the two
Lavaters, Swiss naturalists. Nat. ord.,
Mallotowort* [Malvacese]. Linn,, 16
Monadelphia 8-polyandria.)

LAU

[ 539 ]

LAY

Annuals and biennials in common garden
soil, by seed in spring ; herbaceotis, by divi-
sion, and cuttings at the same time ; shrubby,
by cuttings, under a hand light, in sandy soil ;
light sandy loam suits them all. The frame
and cool greenhouse species merely require the
protection of these departments in winter.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

L. acerifo'lia (Maple -leaved). 5. Pink. July.
Teneriffe. 1820.

— Africa'na (African). 5. Pink. June. Spain.

1820.

— hi'spida (bristly). 6. Pink. June. Algiers.

• 1804.

— lusita'nica (Portuguese). 3. Purple. Au-

gust. Portugal. 1748.

— mari'tima (sen-side). 2. White. May.

South Europe. 1597.

— mi'cans (glittering), 3. Purple. June.

Spain. 1796.

— O'lbia (Olbia). 3. Red, purple. August.

Provence. 15/0.

— phceni'cea (/we -red). 5. Pink. June.

Canaries. 1816.

— Pseu'do-o'lbia (Bastard-Olbia). 5. Red.

June. 1817.

— trilo'ba (three-lobed). 3. Light purple.

June. Spain. 1/59.

— unguicula'ta (clawed). 6. Lilac. August.

Samos. 1807.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

L. Neapolita'na (Neapolitan). 6. Purple. June.
Naples. 1818. Hardy.

— ple'beia (vulgar). 2. Pale. September.

New Holland. 1820. Greenhouse.

— Thuringi'aca (Thuringian). 4. Light blue.

August. Germany. 1731. Hardy.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

L. ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple. August.
Naples. 1824.

— arbo'rea (tree-»waWow>). 6. Purple. August.

Britain. Biennial.

— nustra'lis (southern). 2. Purple. August.

South Europe. 1820.

— bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Red. August.

Caucasus. 1819- Biennial.

— Cre'Uca (Cretan). 4. Light-blue. July.

Candia. 1723.

— ftafva (yellow). 4. Yellow. July. Sicily.

1818.

— lunceola'ta (spear-head-teawerf). 2. Purple.

August. Europe. 1817.

— puncta'ta (dotteti-stalked) . 2. Pale. August.

Italy. 1800.

— saMtelle'nsls (Salvitella). 6. Pink. July.

1831. Biennial.

— sylne'stris (wood). 2. Purple. August.

Portugal. 1817.

— trime'stris (three-monthly). 2. Flesh. June.

Spain. 1633.

LAVENDER. Lava'ndula.

LAVENDER COTTON. Santoli'na.

LAVRA'DIA. (Namedafter the Marquis
ofLavradio. Nat.ord.,/S'auva<7m</s [Sau-
vagesiacece]. Lian., SPentandria 1-
Monogynia.)

Sauvagesia, Lavradia, and Luxemburgia
compose this small order, which is intermediate
between Violetsworts and Frankeniads. Stove
evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and
fibry loam, well drained. Summer temp., 60°
to 80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.
L. monta'na (mountain). 1 . Purple. Brazil.
1826.

LAWN is a surface of turf in the
vicinity of the house, requiring to he
kept smooth hy the regular application
of the roller and scythe. When first
constructed, after the ground has been
dug over as level as may be, it must be
rolled, the hollows filled up, and this
repeated until a level surface of earth
is obtained. It must then be slightly
pointed over with a fork, and the turf
laid, or the grass seed sown. For di-
rections to lay the turf, see Turfing, and
for the proper grasses, if seed is em-
ployed, see Grasses.

In very dry weather all lawns should
be watered, and if a little guano and
muriate of lime be dissolved in the
water it will keep the surface! gently
moist, and the turf green, even in dry
weather.

LAWSO'NIA. (Named after Isaac
Law&on, M.D., author of A Voyage to
Carolina. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Ly-
thracese]. Linn., 8-Octandria l-Mono-
ijynia. Allied to Grislea.)

Stove trees from the East Indies. Cuttings
of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in strong heat; sandy peat and turfy loam.
Summer temp., 60°to85°; winter, 50° to 55°.
L. a'lba (white). White. 1752.

— purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple. 1820.
LAXMA'NNIA. (Named after E. Lax-

mann, a Siberian traveller. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., fi-Hexan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Aphyl-
lanthes.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials from New
Holland, Divisions ; loam and peat ; require a
cold pit, or cool greenhouse during winter.
L. gra'cills (slender). £. Purple, white. June.
1824.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, brown.
LAYER. The following excellent com-
bination of practice and science is from
Dr. Lindley's Theory of Horticulture : —
A layer is a branch bent into the earth,
and half cut through at the bend,
the free portion of the wound being
called ' a tongue.' It is, in fact, a cutting

i only partially separated from its parent,

LAY

LEA

The object of the gardener is to induce
the layer to emit roots into the earth at
the tongue. With this view he twists
the shoot half round, so as to injure
the wood-vessels ; lie heads it back, so
that only a hud or two appears above
ground, and when much nicety is re-
quisite, he places a handful of silver
sand round the tongued part; then
pressing the earth down with his foot,
so as to secure the layer, he leaves it
without farther care. The intention of
both tongueing and tAvisting is to pre-
vent the return of sap from the layer
into the main stein, while a small
quantity is allowed to rise out of the
latter into the former; the effect of this
being to compel the returning sap to
organize itself externally as roots, in-
stead of passing downwards below the
bark as wood. The bending back is to
assist in this object by preventing the
expenditure of sap in the formation or
rather completion of leaves, and the
silver sand is to secure the drainage so
necessary to cuttings.

Tn most cases this is sufficient ; but
it must be obvious, that the exact man-
ner in which the layering is effected is
unimportant, and that it may be varied
according to circumstances. Thus, Mr.
•Tames Mimro describes a successful
method of layering brittle - branched
plants by simply slitting the .shoot at
the bend, and inserting a stone at that
place ; ( Gardener's Magazine, ix. 3Q'2 ; )
and Mr. Knight found that, in cases of
difficult rooting, the process is facili-
tated by ringing the shoot just below
tin' tongue about midsummer, when the
leaves upon the layers
nad acquired their full
growth; (Hort. Trans, i.
x>50 ;) by which means he
prevented the passage of
the returning sap further
downwards than the point
intended for the emission
of roots. It will sometimes
happen that a branch of a
plant cannot be conve-
niently bent downwards
into the earth ; in such
cases, the earth may be
elevated to the brand) by various con-
. as is commonly done by the

Chinese. When this is done, no other
care is necessary than that required for
layers, except to keep the earth sur-
rounding the branch steadily moist.
See the figure below.

XAYIXG-IN is a gardener's term for
training the branches of espaliers and
wall -trees. iMying-w-by^he-fi&ils is his
mode of describing a plant's having its
roots roughly buried in the soil for
some temporary purpose.

LAZY-BEDS are beds dug for the
growth of potatoes, the sets being then
placed in rows on the surface, and
covered by the soil dug -out of narrow
deep alleys between the beds.

LEADWOKT. Pluwba'yo.

LEAF-MOULD. This is formed of
leaves kept moist and in a heap fre-
quently turned over, until completely
decayed, and reduced to a dark brown
moist powder. It usually takes two
years to complete this process. ,sAn
excess of water delays the decaying,
and either lime or gas ammoniacal
liquor, promotes it, but then few potted
plants are benefited by any such excess
of either of these additions.

LEATHERWOOD. Di'rca.

LEAVES are highly vascular organs,
in which are performed some of the
most important functions of a plant.
They are very general, but not abso-
lutely necessary organs, since the
branches sometimes perform their
offices. Such plants, however, as, na-
turally possess them, are destroyed or
greatly injured by being deprived of
them.

Tlfie duration of a leaf is in general for
a year only, though in some plants they
survive for twice or thrice that period.
These organs are generally of a green
colour. Light seems to have a power-
ful influence in causing this, since if
kept in the dark they become of a pale
yellow, or even white hue, unless un-
combined hydrogen is present, in which
case they retain their verdure though
light be absent. Hence their blanching
would seem to arise from their being
unable to obtain this gas under ordinary
circumstances, except when light is
present. Now the only source from
which they can obtain hydrogen, Jw by
decomposing water ; and how light us

LEA

[ 341 ]

LED

sists in the decomposition, may, per- ,
haps, be explained by the dis-oxygen- ;
i/ing power with which it is gifted. The
violet rays of the spectrum, and those i
just beyond them, have this power in !
the greatest degree ; and Sennebier ;
has ascertained by experiment, that
those rays have the greatest influence |
in producing the green colour of plants.

When leaves are of any other hue
than green they are said to be coloured.
This variegation is often considered to :
be a symptom either of tenderness or j
debility; and it is certain, when the :
leaves of a plant become generally j
white, that that individual is seldom i
long-lived. Mr. Knight, however, has i
demonstrated that variegation is not a i
certain indication of a deficiency of
hardihood.

The function of the leaves appear to
be a combination of those of the lungs
and stomach of animals ; they not only
modify the food brought to them from
the roots, so as to fit it for increasing
the sr/e of the parent plant, but they
also absorb nourishment from the at-
mosphere. The sap, after elaboration
in these organs, differs in every plant,
though, as far as experiments have i
been tried, it appears to be nearly the |
.same in all vegetables when it first }
reaches them. The power of a leaf
to generate sap is in proportion to its
area of surface, exposure to the light,
and congenial situation.

The transpiration of plants decreases
with that of the temperature to which
they are exposed, as well as with the
period of their growth. This explains
why the gardener finds that his plants
do not require so much water in cold
weather, nor during the time that
elapses between the fall of their blos-
soms and the ripening of their seed.
During1 this period they do not tran-
spire more than one half so much as
during the period preceding and at-
tending upon their blooming.

The transpiration takes place from
the upper surface of the leaves. Hence
arises the benefit which plants derive
in rooms, greenhouses, and other con-
fined inclosures, by keeping these
surfaces cleaiised with the sponge and
syringe. Some plants are particularly

sensitive to injury from any check to
their transpiration, among which are the
tea-scented roses ; and it thence arises
that they cannot now be cultivated in
nursery gardens near London, where
they once flourished when that metro-
polis was less extensive. It must be
remembered, however, in using the
sponge and syringe, that the under side
of leaves is also an absorbing surface,
benefited by being kept clean, and by
the application; of moisture.

During the day leaves also absorb
carbonic acid gas, which, they decom-
pose, retaining its carbon and emitting
the greater part of the oxygen that
enters into its composition. In the
night this operation is in a certain
measure reversed, a small quantity of
oxygen being absorbed from the atmo-
sphere, and a yet smaller proportion of
carbonic acid emitted.

Carbonic acid gas in small propor-
tions is essential to the existence of
leaves, yet it only benefits them when
present in quantities not exceeding
one- twelfth of the bulk of the atmo-
sphere in which they are vegetating,
though • one-twenty-fifth is a still more
favourable proportion ; and as hotbeds,
heated by fermenting matters, have
rapidly the air within their frames con-
taminated to a much greater extent
than the proportions above named,
thence arises the injury to the plants
they contain from a too long neglected
ventilation. The leaves turn yellow
from the excess of acid, which, they
are unable to digest, and which con-
sequently effects that change of colour
which also occurs in autumn.

LECANO'PTERIS. (From Jckane, a
basin, and jrtcris, a fern. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacea?]. Linn., 2±-Cryp~
toyamia l-Filiccs.)

A fine stove fern. Se« Ferns.
L. carno'sa (fleshy-leaved). Yellow. May. Java.

LECIIEXA'ULTIA. See Lcschvna'iiltia.

LEDEBOT;'KIA. (Named after M.
^Lcdcbonr, a botanical writer. Nat. ord.,
Lilyicorts [Liliacece]. Linn., ti-Hcxan-
dri'a 1-Monoyynia. ' Allied to Bessera.)

Greenhouse bulb, not to be confounded with
Ledeburia, a name given to an umbel-bearing
genus. Offsets; sandy loam, with a little peat ;
bulbs protected from cold and wet in winter.

LED

[542 ]

LEM

L. hyaci'nthina, (Hyacinth-like). £. Greenish
white. East Indies. 1832.

LEDON GUM. Ci'stus le'don.

LEDOCA'RPUM. (From ledon, the
Cistus, and karpos, a fruit ; fruit like
that of the Cistus. Nat. ord., Oxnlids
[Oxalidacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 5-
fvhiagytiia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings, in sandy
loam, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

L. peduncula'ris (/ow^-flower-stalked). 1, Yel-
low. August. Chili. 1825.

LE'DUJI. Labrador Tea. (From
ledon, the Greek name of Cistus. Nat.
ord., Heathworts (Ericaeeas]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
the Rhododendron.)

Hardy, evergreen, white - flowered shrubs.
Layers ; peat, with a little sand. Very pretty
for bordering Rhododendrons.
L. Canade'nse (Canadian), li. April. Canada.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. April. North

America. 1763.

— palu'stre (marsh). 2. April. Europe. 1762.
decu'mbens (lying-down). ^. April.

Hudson's Bay. 1?62.

LEE-GHEE. Ncphe'lium litchV.

LEEK. A'llium po'rrum. The leek is
a hardy biennial, for although it attains
perfection in size and for culinary pur-
poses the first year, it does not run to
seed until the second, the perfecting of
which it often survives. The whole
plant is eaten, being employed in
soups, &c., and boiled and eaten with
meat.

Varieties. — The Musselburyh, and the
large London Leek, which are by far
the best ; the Scotch or Flay, which is
larger and hardier ; and the Flanders.

Sowing. — Sow first in the end of
February, a small crop for transplant-
ing in June and July, as well as in
part to remain where sown ; again for
the main crop in the course of March
or early in April ; and lastly, towards
the close of April or beginning of May,
for late transplanting. Sow in drills,
some to remain after thinning ; the
leek, however, is much benefited by
transplanting.

Cultivation. — When the plants are
three or four inches in height, hoe
and thin, to two or three inches apart ;
water also, in dry weather, Avill |
strengthen and forward them for

transplanting, when six or eight inches
high. They must be taken away re-
gularly from the seed bed ; the ground
being well watered previously, if not
soft and easily yielding. When thinned
out they may be left to remain in the
seed bed six inches asunder, as they
do not grow so large as the trans-
planted ones, which must be set by the
dibble in rows ten inches apart each
way, nearly down to the leaves, that
the neck, by being covered with the
earth, may be blanched; water in
abundance at the time of planting,
and shorten the long weak leaves, but
leave the roots as uninjured as possi-
ble. By this treatment, and by cutting
off the tops of the leaves about once a
month, as new ones are produced, the
neck swells to a much larger size.
The several sowings above directed
will yield a supply from August until
the following May, when they advance
to seed. A portion should be always
taken up and laid in sand previous to
the ground being locked up by con-
tinued frost, but they will not keep
many days in this situation.

LEIA'NTHUS. (From Icios, smooth,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Gen-
tlanworts [ Gentianaceas] . Linn., o-
Pcntandria 1-Monogynia]. Allied to
Lisianthus.)

Stove plants. Seeds, sown carefully in a pot,
placed in a hotbed; cuttings of young shoots,
in sandy soil, under a glass, in heat ; sandy
peat and fibry loam ; a good heat when grow-
ing, cool and airy when blooming. General
temperature from 55° to 80°.

L. longifo'lius (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-
gust. Jamaica. 1844. Evergreen shrub.

— nigre'scens (bl&ck-flowered') . l£. Blackish.

August. Guatemala. 1842. Biennial.

— umbella'tus (uinbel-flow&red), 20. Green,

yellow. May, Jamaica. 1843. Ever-
green tree.

LEIOPHY'LLUM. (From leios, smooth,
and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord., Healh-
worts [Ericaceae], Linn., W-Decandria
l-M'onoyynia. Allied to Ledum.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings and layers 5
peaty soil. See Ammyrsine.

L. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). White, April. Carolina.
1812.

LEMON. See C'-itrns.
LEMO'NIA. (Named after Sir C.
Lemon, M.P. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Poi-

LEM

[ 543 ]

LEP

taeeae]. Linn., 5-Pciilaiidria}-Mo>io-
yytiia. Allied to Monnieria.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 83° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. specta' bills (beautiful). Deep rose, Sep-
tember. Cuba. 1839.

LENNE'A. (Named after M. Lennc\
a foreign landscape gardener. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese],
Linn., YI -Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al-
lied to Eobinia.)

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Young shoots
in spring, or ripened shoots towards autumn,
under a hand-light. Must have similar pro-
tection and treatment to the Genista canariensis.
L, robinoi'des (Robinia-like). Crimson. April.
Mexico, )843.

LEOCHI'LUS. (From leios, smooth,
and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceas]. Linn., SQ-Gynandria
l-Monandria. Allied to Oncidium.)

Stove orchids. Division, in spring ; fibry
peat, sphagnum, and crocks, and cultivated in
shallow baskets, suspended from the roof of a
moist orchid house. Winter temp., 65° to 60° ;
summer 60° to 0.0°.
L. carina'tus (keeled). Orange. Xalapa. 1842.

— cochlea' ris (spoon-lipped). Yellow. Domi-

nica. 1842.

— sanguinole'ntus (bloody). Crimson. La

Guayra. 1842.

LEONO'TIS. Lion's Ear. (From Icon,
a lion, and ous, an ear; some resem-
blance in the flower. Nat. ord., Labi-
ates [Lamiaceaj]. Linn., 1-i-Didynamia
I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Phlomis.)

Annuals by seed, in hot bed, and young

Elants then treated as tender annuals ; shrubs
y cuttings, in sand, under a bell glass, in peat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Common green-
house and plant stove treatment. Herbaceous
species by seeds, and division of the plant.
L. cardi'aca (cordial). 3. Red. June. Britain.

cri'spus (curled-Zrayed). 2. Red.

July. Siberia. 1658.

villo'sus (shaggy). 3. Purple. July.

Tauria. 1820.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 3. Orange.

September. Cape of Good Hope. 1822.

— la'cerus (torn). 3. Pink. June. Nepaul. 1824.

— lana'lus (woolly) . 2. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1752.

— leonu'rus (Lion's-tail). 3. Scarlet. No-

vember. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— nepeteefo'lia (Catmint-leaved). 3~. Orange.

September. East Indies. 1778.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved), l£. Orange. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1813.

— Sibi'ricus (Siberian). 2. Red. July. Siberia.

1759.

LEONTOPO'DITJN. Lion's Foot. (From

lean, a lion, and poiu, a foot; resem-
blance of the flower-heads. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 14-
Syngenesia 2-SuperJJua. Allied to An-
tennaria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. 5Seeds and
division of the roots in spring ; common soil.
L. Helve'ticum (Swiss). £. Yellow. June.
Austria. 1/76.

LEONU'BUS. See Leono'tis.

LEOPAED'S BANE. Doro'nicum.

LEOPOLDI'NIA. (Named after the
late Empress of Brazil. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmaceoe]. Linn., 21-Moncecia
G-Hexandria.)

Stove palm. Seeds ; rich loamy soil. Sum-
mer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. pu'lchra (beautiful). 60r Brazil. 1825.

LEPECHI'NIA. [(Named after Lepe-
chin, a Russian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Labiates, or Lipivorts [Lamiacea3].
Linn., l-i-Didynamia 1- Gymnospermia.
Allied to Sphacele.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the plant in spring, and cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, under a hand-light, in
spring and summer ; loam and a little peat.
Spicata requires a little protection in winter.
L. chenopodifo'lia (Chenopodium-leaved). 4,

Red. July. Siberia. 1818.
-- spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pale yellow. July.

Mexico. 1800.

LEPLDA'GATHIS. (From lepis, a scale,
and ayatliis, a ball; referring to the
bracts. Nat. ord., Acantlutds [Acan-
thacees]. Linn., \±-Didy)iamia 2-An-
giospermia. Allied to Geissomeria.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
getting a little firm, in May, in sandy soil, in
bottom-heat ; fibry sandy loam, and a little peat
and leaf mould. Summer temp., 60° to 80°;
winter, 45° to 58°,
L. crista'ta (crested), 2, East Indies. 1820.

LEPI'DIUM. See Cress and Mustard.

LEPI'SMIUM. (From lepis, a scale ;
referring to the small scales at the
crenatures. Nat;, ord., Indian Figs
[Cactacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria 1-
Mono(jynia. Allied to Ptipsalis.)

Greenhouse fleshy-leaved plants. For culture
see Ce'reus.

4.

L. commu'ne (common),
tember. 1836.

— myosu'rus (Mouse-tail-like).

white. July. 183/.

— parado'xum (paradoxical). 3. 1846.

LEPTA'NDEA, See Vero'nica.

Rose, white. Sop-
Yellow,

LEPIA'NIHUS. (From leptos, slender,

LEP

LEP

and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord., Pon-
tederads [PontederaceseJ. Linn., 3-
Triandria 1 -Mbnogynla. )

A hardy perennial marsh plant. Offsets ;
properly an aquatic, but will flourish in a moist
place, and boggy soil.

L, grami'neus (grassy). I. Yellow. July,
North America. 1823.

LEPTOCA'LLIS. See Ipomte'a.

LEPTO'CERAS. (From leplot, slender,
and kcras, a horn ; referring to the
form and substance of the column.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Limodorum.)

Greenhouse terrestrial orchids from Swan
River. Division, in spring ; fibry peat, well
drained, with a little leaf-mould and sand.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°.

L. fimbria'ta (fringed). Yellow. May.

— oblo'nga (oblong). Yellow. May.

— pectina'ta (comb-like). Yellow. May.

LEPTODE'RMIS. (From leptos, slender,
and derma, the skin; referring to the
thin bark. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
ch onaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1
Monoyynia. Allied to Hamiltoiiia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened young shoots, in April, in sand,
under a hell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 45°
to 48°.

L. lanceola'ta (spear-head-/e«oe<f). 3. Yellow.
June. Nepaul. 1842.

LEPTOGRA'MMA. (From leptos, slen-
der, and yramma, writing ; referring to
the form of the spore or seed-cases.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe]. Linn.,
~-i-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)

Stove ferns, with brownish - yellow spores.
See Ferns.

L. asplcnioi'des (Asplenium-like). June. Ja-
maica.

— gra'cile (slender). June. Brazil.

— polypodioi'dcs (Poly podium- like). June.

Brazil.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 2. July. Brazil. 1836.

LEPTOME'KIA. (From leptos, slender,
and meris, a part ; referring to the
slender and almost leafless shoots.
Nat. ord., Sandal irorts [SantalacecBJ.
Linn., 5-Pcntandria l-Monoyynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white blossoms,
from New Holland. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
L. a'cida (acid). 1. 1823.

— Billardie'ri (Labillardiere's). 1. 1823.

LEPTO 'SIPHON. (From leptos, slender,
and siphon, a tube ; alluding to the tube
of the flower. Nat. ord., Phloxworts
[Polemoniacene]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1 - Mo nog y nia.}

Hardy annuals from California. Sown in the
borders, at the end of March ; sandy loam suits
them, but they will do better still if assisted
with leaf-mould, or peat soil.

L. Androsa'ceus (Androsace-like). 1. Blue,
white. August. 1833.

— densifln'rus (clustered-flowered). 3- Purple.

June. 1833.

coro'lla a'lba (white-corallaed).

$. White. June. 1833.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 1J. Blue,

yellow. September. 1833.

— lu'teus (yellow). 14. Deep yellow. Sep-

tember. 1833.

pa'llidus (pale). 1$. Pale yellow.

September. 1833.

— parvijio'rus (small-flowered). 1$. Yellow.

September. 1833.

LEPTOSPE'RMUM. (From leptos, slen-
der, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceee]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Metrosideros.)

New Holland greenhouse evergreen plants,
with white flowers. Seeds in a hotbed, in
March ; cuttings of young shoots getting firm,
in May, in well drained pots, in sand, under a
glass ; loam two parts, peat one part, sand and
charcoal half-a-part. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
Some, such as lanigerum and grandiflorum,
would do well on conservative walls.

L. arachnoi'deum (cobwcbbed). 3. June. 1/95.

— attenua'tum (thin). 5. June. 1/95.

— baccu'tum (berry-fruited). 3. June. 1790.

— emarginu'tum (notch-leaved). 5. June. 1818.

— fluve'st-ens (yellowish). 5. June. 1787-

— flexmt'sum (zig-zag). 10. June. 1823.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 5. June.

1810.

— juniperi'num ( Juniper-/e«mf) . 2. June.
1790.

— Inni'genim (woolly). 5. June. 1774.

— multicau'le (many-stemmed). 4. June.

1824.

— obli'quum (twisted-/eai?ed). June. 1800.

— jie'ndulum (weeping). 4. July.

— seri'ceum (silky). 5. June. New South

Wales. 1818.

— squarro'sum (spreading). 4. July.

— thymifo'lium (Thyme - leaved). 6. June.

1824.

— trilocula're (three-celled). 2. June. 1800.

LEPTOSTE'LMA. See Eri'yeron ma'x-
hnum.

LEPTO'TES. (From leptos, slender;
referring to the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-fcri/-
nandria, l-Monandria. Allied to Bras-
savola.)

LEP

Stove orchids. Divisions in spring ; fihry
peat, potsherds and old moss chopped, with the
pot nearly filled with drainage. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. bi1 color (two-coloured). \. White, red.

April. Brazil. 1831.
-_ — . — . giaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved) •

White, purple. February. Organ

Mountains. 1838,

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). White. February.

Brazil. 1838.

LESCHENA'ULTIA. (Named after M.
Lesc/ieiiault, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Goodeniads [Groodeniacese]. Linn.,
b-Pentandrla \-Monngynla. )

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of the points of young shoots, in sand,
under a bell glass, and as soon as struck, potted
and grown in an open compost of turfy peat,
fibry loam, silver sand, and pieces of broken
pots and charcoal ; the pots being well drained.
Winter temp., 38° to 45°, with plenty of air
when possible. A shady position in summer.
L. arcuu'ta (bowed- branched}. 1. Yellow.
August. 1844.

— bilo'bu (two-lobed). 1. Blue. June. 1940.
— formo'sa (handsome). 1. Scarlet. June. 1824.

— obla'ta (flattened-round-/06e<Z). 1. Orange.

June. 1824.

— sple'ndens (shining), li. Scarlet. June.

1844.

LE SPEDE 'HA. (Named after Lcspidez,
once governor of Florida, Nat. ord.,
Lcijinnlnous Plants [Fabacece]. Linn.,
17-Diarielphia ±-Z>ecandria. Allied to
Desmbdmm.)

North American plants, except where other-
wise specified. Annuals, by seed, in a sandy,
peaty border ; perennials, by the same means,
iu spring, and division of the roots ; shrubs,
cuttings either of young or ripened wood, in
sand, under a bell-glass; sandy fibry peat.
Eriocarpa requires the greenhouse, and gloine-
ratamust be used as a tender annual.

ANNUALS.

L. glomera'ta (crowded). 3. Purple. July.
East Indies. 1819. Stove.

— Stu'vei (Stuve's). l£. Purple. July. 1824.

Hardy
.00' J

SHRUBS.

L. erioca'rpa (woolly-fruited). 1. Violet. July.
Nepaul. 18)9. Greenhouse evergreen.
—frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Purple. July.
1739. Deciduous shrub.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale pur-
ple. June. 1800.

— polysta'chya (many -spiked). 3. White

July. 1/89-

— pi'ostra'ta (prostrate). £. Purple. July.

1810. Trailer.

— viUo'sa (shaggy). White. July. 1819.

— viola'cea (Violet). 2. Violet. July. .1739.
- dive' r gens (diverging), 2. Violet.

July. 1800.
35

L. viola'cea, reticu'lata (netted). 2. Purple.

1816.
sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered) . 3 .

Purple. July. 1800.

LESSE'RTIA. (Named after the
French botanist, Baron Dele&scrt. Nat.
ord., Lef/iiminoiis Plants [Fabacefe],
Linn., I7-Diadelphia &-Decandria. Al-
lied to Swainsonia.)

All natives of the Cape of Good Hope.
ShnMy kinds by seed, in spring, and cuttings
of young shoots, in sand, under a glass ; loam
and peat; annuals by seeds, and perennials
by seeds and division, in spring ; the seedlings
should be potted off, when a few inches in
height, into light sandy loam. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
L. tomcnto'sa (downy). £. Purple. June, 1822.

— vesica'ria (bladder- podded). Purple. June.

1825.

— virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. 1828.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L.pere'nnans (lasting), l. Red. August. 1/76.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). Purple, June.

1763.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. brachysta'chya (short-spiked), l. Purple.

July. 1826.
— falcifo'rmis (sickle-formed). 1. Purple. July.

1828.
— frutioo'sa (shrubby). 1. Purple. July. 1826.

— pu'lchra (pretty). l£. Red. May. 1817.

LETTSO'MIA. (Named after .7. C.
Leitsom, a British physician and natu-
ralist. Nat. ord., Theads [Ternstromi-
ace'sB]. Linn., IS-Polyandria I-Montt-
gynia. Allied to Freziera.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm, in April or May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and a sweet bottom-heat ;
sandy fibry loam, and sandy turfy peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
L. tomento'sa (woolly). 4. White. Peru. 1823.

LETTUCE. Lactu'ca.

LEUCADE'NDRON. (From kukos, white,
and dcndron, a tree; the white-leaved
Silver trees of the Cape colonists. Nat,
ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 22-
Dicccia -i-Tctrcmdria.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with yellow
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of the ripened shoots, in summer, in sand,
under a glass, and kept cool until the base of
the cutting has callused, when extra heat may
be applied ; fibry loam, and sandy peat, with a
few rough pieces of charcoal to keep the com-
post open. Winter temp., 33° to 45°.
L. ce'mulum (rival). 3. July. 1789.
-i- angusta'tum (narrowed). 3. June. 1820.

— arge'nteum (Silver- tree). 15. August. 1693.

— caudu'tum (tailed). 3. May. 1800.

2N

LEU

[546]

LEU

L. cine>reum (grey). 3. July. 1774.

— como'sum (tufted). 3. May. 1818.

— conci'nnum (neat). 3. 1800.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. May. 1774.

— corymbo'sum (coryrabed). 3. April. 1790.

— deco'rum (decorous). 3. 1790.

— flo'ridum (florid). 3. April. 1795.

— gla'brum (smooth). 3. May. 1810.

— grandiflo'rum (large - flowered) . 3. April,

1789.

— imbrica'tum (imbricated). 4, 1790.

— infle'xum (bent-in). 3. April. 1800.

— Levisa'nus( Lewis's). 4. April. 1774.

— linifo'lium (Flax-leaved). 4. May.

— margina'tum (bordered). 3. May. 1800.

— ova'le (oval-leaved). 3. May. 1818.

— plumo'sum (te&ther-flowered). 4. July. 1774.

— retu'sum (bent-back). 3. May. 1810.

— sali'gnum (Willow -leaved). 3. May. 1774.

— seri'ceum (silky). 3. May. 1817.'

— spatula'tum (spatulate) . 3. May. 1818.

— squarro'sum (spreading) . 3. 1824.

— stri'ctum (upright). 3. June. 1765.

— veno'sum (veiny). 3. May. 1816.

LEUCHTENBE'RGIA. (Named after
Prince Leuchtenbery. Nat. ord., Indian
Figs [Cactaeefe], Linn., 12-Icosandria
l-Monoyynia.)

Greenhouse. For culture see Cactus—Echi*
nocactus.

L. pri'ncipis (noble). 1. Yellow. June. Mexico.
1.847-

LEUCOCA'KPUS. (From leukos, white,
and carpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Figworts
[ScroplmlacetB]. Linn., ll-Didynamia
2-Angiosperniia.)

Half-hardy annual. Seed in autumn ; di-
vision and cuttings in spring ; requires a little
protection in winter; loam, leaf-mould, peat,
and a little sand.

L. ala'tuK (\vinged-stalked}. 2. Yellow. Vera
Cruz. 1830.

(From kukos, white,
and kory-nc, a club ; referring to the
sterile anthers. Nat. ord., Lily worts
[Liliacece]. Linn., 3-Triaudria 1-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Brodicea.)

Beautiful little half-hardy bulbs from Chili,
requiring the same treatment as Ixias.

L. allia'cea (Garlic-scented). 1. White. 1825.

— ixioi'des (Ixia-like). Lilac. October. 1821.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. White. August.

1826.

LEUCO'JUM. Snowflake. (From
leukos, white, and ion, a violet; refer-
ring to the colour and fragrance of the
flowers. Nat. ord., AmarylHds [Ama-
ryllidaceee] . Linn . , 0 -Hexan drta l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Gnlanthus.)

Hardy bulb*. Offsets in spring ; sandy loam.
See Erinosma,

L. Mti'wm (summer), ij. White, May.
England.

— jwfcAeWim (neat). 1*. White. April.

LEUCOPO'GON. (From Icukos, white,
and pogon, a beard ; referring to the
hairs on the flowers. Nat. ord., Epac-
rids [Epaeridacece]. Linn., 6-Pentan-
ilria l-Monogynia. Allied to Lissanthe.)

This is "the native currant" of settlers in
New Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland,
white-flowering, evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
the points of shoots getting a little firm in May,
in sand, under a bell-glass; peat and loam,
both fibry, with silver sand, and nodules of
charcoal to keep the compost open ; drainage
and watering must be carefully attended to.
Winter temp., 38° to 45.
L. amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 3. 1815.

— colli'nus (hill). 3. May. 1824.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 6. 1815.

— juniper oi'de* (Juniper - leaved). 3. May.

1804.

— lanceola'tus (spear *he&d-leaved). 12. May.

1790.

— obova'tus (reverse-egg-teawed). 1. June.

1824.

— polysta'chys (many -spiked). 2. June. 1826.

— Ri'chei (Riche's). 6. June. 1822.

— seti'gera (bristly). 2. 1824.

— stria'tus (channeled). 3. June. 1823.

— verticilla'tus (whorled ) . 1 837-

— virga'tus (twiggy). 2. June. 1824.

LEUCOSPE'JIMUM. ( From Icnkos, white,
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteacece]. Linn., k-Tetrandria l-
Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs with yellow
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of ripe young shoots, with the leaves left on,
except those close to the base of the cutting,
firmly in sand, and covered with a bell-glass,
kept cool, and care taken to prevent damping ;
light, sandy, flbry loam, with a little peat, no-
dules of charcoal, freestone, and brick. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°.
L. attenua'tum (thin). 3. June. 1820.

— ca'ndicaiis (whitish). 2. August. 1790.

— formo'siim (handsome). 4. July. 1"84.

— grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). 4. June.

1800.

— linea're (narrow -leaved). 4. July. 1774.

— me'dium (middle-sized). 3. July. 1/9*-

— pa1 file (matched). 2. August. 1789-

— pa'tulum (spreading). 2. August. 1823.

— spatula'tum (spatulate). 2. June. 1825.

— tomento'sum (cottony). 2. June. 1789.

LEUCOSTE'MMA. Synonjinn of Eli-
chry'sHm.

LEUCO'THOE. Synonymii of Andro'-
meda.

LEU'ZEA. (Named after De Leuzc.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracesn].
Linn., IQ-Synycncsiq, X-Frvstranea. Al-
lied to gerratula.)

LEU

[ 547

LIA

Hardy herbaceous perennials with purple
flowers. Seeds and divisions of the plant, in
spring; common garden soil.
L. Alta'ica (Altain). g. August. Siberia,
1822.

— Austra'lis (southern). 1. August. Ne

Holland. 1821.

— curthumoi'des (Carthamus-like). 2. August.

Siberia. 1816.

— coni'feru (cone-bearing), g. July. South

Europe. 1683.

— sali'na (salt). 1. June. Siberia. 1817.

LEVI'STICU:JI. (From levo, to as-
suage ; said to relieve flatulency. Nat.
orcl., Umbellifers [Apiaeeas]. Linn., o-
J\'iitandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Angelica.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and di-
vision of the plant, in spring; common soil.
L. officina'le (shop). 6. Pale yellow. June,
Italy. 1596.

LEWJ'SIA. (Named after Captain
Lewis, the traveller. Nat. ord., Ficuhls
[Mesembryaceoe]. Linn., \-\-Polyan-
dria 1-Monoyynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and di-
viding the roots, in spring ; light sandy loam,
with brick rubbish.

//. raftoi'w (revived). $, Rose. North Ame-
rica. 1820.

LEYSSF/HA. (Named after T, W.
Leysser, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., W-8yn-

Greenhouse evergreens, orange-flowered, and
from the Cape of Good Hope, except capillifolia.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, over
sandy peat, in summer ; peat arid loam, both
rough and sandy.

L. capillifo'liu (hair-leaved). £. Yellow. June.
Barbary. 1822.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). l£. August, 1816.

— gnuphaloi'des (Gnaphalium - like). 2. Au-

gust. 1/74.

— polifo'liu (Pojium - leaved). 1J. August.

1820.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. August. 1815.

LEYOESTE'RIA. (Named after W.
Lcyccster, once chief justice at Bengal.
Nut. ord., C ap r if oils [Caprifoliaeeee],
Linn., 5-Pentanaria l-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Symphoricarpus.)

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Seeds in spring ;
cuttings of young short shoots, in spring, under
a glass, and older shoots, in autumn under a
hand-light ; light sandy soil ; will require a
few evergreen boughs over it in a very hard
winter.

L.formo'sa (handsome). 4. White, purple.
August. Nepaul. 1824.

LHO'TSKYA. (Named after Dr. John
Lhoisky, a German botanist. Nat, ord.,

Frinye Myrtles [Chamaelauciacese].
Linn., 1'2-Icnsanrh-ia I-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Calytrix.)

Greenhouse evergreens from Swan River.
Cuttings of young shoots, when the base is a
little firm, in sand, and under a glass ; loam
and a little peat, and sand. Winter temp, 38°
to 45°.
L, acutifo'lia (sharp - leaved) . Pale yellow,

June.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. June.
1843.

LI'ABUM. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceffi].
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-8npt>rfltia. Al-
lied to Andromacliia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Division in
spring ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and a little
peat. Summer temp.. 60° to 80°; winter, 43°
to 55°.

L. Bi'o'wnei (Brown's). Yellow. June. Ja-
maica. 1/68.

LIA'TKIS. (Derivation not known.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?].
Linn., l{,)-8ynyenesia l-JEqualh.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America. Division, in spring ; sandy loam and
peat ; those from Carolina require protection in
winter.

L. bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). 2. Pink. Au-
gust.

— bofeu'lis (northern). !£• Pink. August.

— curymbo'sa (eorymbed). 3 Purple. Sep-

tember. Carolina. 1825.

— cylfndrlou (cy\mAric-flowered). 4. Pink.

September. 1811.

— a'legans (elegant). '4. Purple. September.

1787-

— • gPtt'eftis (slender). \$. Purple. September.
Carolina. 1818.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 3. Pink. Au-

gust.

— heterophy' lla (various-leaved). 3. Purple.

July. 1790.

— i.nt('.rnit>' din (intermediate). 2. Purple. Sep-

tember. 1823.

— odoraii'ssimum (sweetest-scenterl). 3. Pur-

pie. September. Carolina. 178f>.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August.

Carolina. 1826.

— pilo'su (hairy- leaved). Ij. Purple. Sep-

tember, 1783.

— propi'nqua (related). 2. Purple. August.

1838.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 1, Purple. September.

— pycnosta 'chya (dense-spiked). 3. Purple.

September. 1/32.

— scario'sa (membranous"!. 4. Purple. July.

1739.

— spltcerm'deu (globular-ct^/jed). 3. Purple.

September. 1817-

— squarro'sa (spreading). 3. Purple. July.

1732.

— spica'ta (/o«g--spiked). 6. Purple. Sep-

tember. 1732.

^-tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1$. Purple. SepT
tember, Carolina. 1820,

LIA

[ 548 ]

LIG

L. turbina'ta (top-form). 2. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1823.

LIBE'ETIA. (Named after M. A. Li-
bert, a Belgian lady and botanist. Nat.
ord., Irlds [Iridaceae], Linn., l(J-Mo-
nadelphia 1 Monogynia. Allied to the
Peacock Iris.)

Half-hardy bulbs, with white flowers, thriving
well in a front outside border, if light soil.
Division of the roots, and sowing the seed, in
spring ; loam and peat.

L.formo'sa (handsome). Ij. May. Chili.
1831.

— grandiflo'ra (large -flowered). 1$. April.

New Zealand. 1822.

— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. April. New

Holland. 1823.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 1. April. New; Hoi-

land. 1823.

LTBOCE'DRUS. See Thu'ja.

LICHTENSTEI'NIA. (Named after Von
Lichten stein, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Umbellifers [Apiaceoe]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1 - Monogynia. )

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, with blue
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds,
and division of the plant, in spring; sandy loam,
with a little leaf-mould ; require a cold pit in
winter.
L. IcEviga'ta (smoothed). 1. 1824.

— undula'ta ( waved- Jeawed). 1. July. 1814.

LICUA'LA. (From the native name.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceee]. Linn.,
G-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Corypha.)

Stove palms from the East Indies. Seeds, in
strong hotbed ; rich sandy loam. Summer
temp., 60° to 80°; winter, 60°.
L.pelta'ta (shield-leafed). 6. White, yellow.
1825.

— spino'sa (spiny). 6. White, green. 1802.
LIDBE'CKIA. (Named after E. G.

Lidbeck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synyenesia 2-SupcrJlua. Allied to Las-
thenia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs with yellow
flowers, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cut-
tings of half-ripened short shoots, in April, in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass ; peat, with a
little fibry loam, and a few pieces of charcoal
and silver sand. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
L. loba'ta (lobed). 2. May. 1800.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. May. 1744.

LIEBI'GIA. (Named after Liebig, the
celebrated German chemist. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceoe]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia Z-Angiospermia. Allied to
^Eschynanthus.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the her-
baceous-like shoots, in sandy soil, in heat, in

spring and summer ; sandy peat and fibry loam,
with a little dried dung. Summer temp., 60Q
to 80° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

L, specio'sa (showy). 1$. White, purple. Sep-
tember. Java. 1845.

LIFTING is sometimes used as mean-
ing the same as transplanting, and at
others merely to passing the spade
under a plant, and, by raising it up,
disturbing its roots to check its luxu-
riance.

LIGATURES, twisted very tightly round
the small branches of trees, and the
stems of plants, to check the return of
their sap, and thus promote their fruit-
fulness, and the size of the fruit, are
much to be preferred to ringing, or
other removals of the bark, which
cause wounds and canker. Ligatures
should be removed as soon as the fruit
is ripened.

LIGHT has a most powerful influence
over the health and life of a plant,
from the moment its leaves pierce
through the surface of the soil. If
absent, they become yellow, or even
white, unless uncombined hydrogen be
present, in which case they retain their
verdure. It deserves notice, that it has
been proved by the experiments of Dr.
Hope and others, that light from artifi-
cial sources may be concentrated so as
to enable plants to absorb oxygen, and
perfect those elaborations on which
their green colour depends; and the
light of the moon has a similar influence.
A similar concentrated light will make
the Pimpernel and other flowers, which
close until sunrise, open their petals,
and rouse from their rest ; a fact which
gives another reason why plants in
rooms frequented at night become weak
and exhausted sooner than those which
remain, as nature dictates, unexcited by
light. A deficiency of light decreases the
decomposing power of the leaves. For
this reason the best glass should always
be employed in the sashes of the hot-
house, conservatory, and other struc-
tures of the forcing department. But
the benefit sought for is frustrated,
if that glass be not constantly Avell
cleansed. The best glass, if dirty, allows
fewer rays of light to pass through
than inferior glass if kept bright.
Solar light is essential to the ripen-

LIG

[ 549 ]

LIL

ing of all fruit : it will not ripen in the
dark; and the greater the light's in-
tensity, and the longer its daily endur-
ance, the sweeter and the higher is the
fruit's flavour. No fruits are so luscious
as those grown within the tropics, and
the fruits of the temperate zone are
excellent in proportion to the "bright-
ness of its seasons. That light is
essential in causing the colour of the
leaves and other parts of plants has
been noticed already; and it aids the
ripening process of fruit in a similar
manner, to convert their acid and mu-
cilaginous constituents into sugar. How
light operates in promoting this and
other decompositions which are effected
by the vegetable organs is at present a
mystery; but so it is; and the gar-
dener promotes its access as much as
lies within his power, by removing
overshadowing leaves, by employing
the best glass in his hothouses, and by
having their interior whitened ; for
white sui-faces reflect all the rays of
light back upon the object those sur-
faces inclose.

LIGHTFOO'TIA. (Named after the
Ecv. J. Liyhffoot, a Scotch botanist.
Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanulacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Canarina.)

Greenhouse blue-flowered evergreens from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand containing a little peat, under
a glass ; fibry loam and sandy peat ; pots well
drained. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.

L. Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). 2- July. 1822.

— oxycaccoi'des (Oxycoccos-like). £. July.

1787.

— subula'ta (wl-leaved). £. August. 1/87.

LIGULA'RIA. (From lifjula, a strap;
referring to the florets. Nat. ord., Com-
2>ositcs [ Asteraceoe] . Linn., \V-Synyc-
nesi.a 2-Sitpcrjliia. Allied to Arnica.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials with yellow
flowers, and blooming in June. Seeds, divisions,
and cuttings of the young shoots, under a hand-
light, in a shady corner; sandy loam, with a
little leaf mould.

L. Alta'ica (Altain). Altaia. 183".

— Caucu'sica (Caucasian). Caucasus. 1820.

— Sibe'rica (Siberian). Siberia. 1/84.

— specio'sa (shewy). Siberia, 1818.

— thyrsoi'dea (thyrse-flowered). Altaia. 1837.

LIGU'STRUM. Privet. (From ligularc,
to tie ; referring to the use made of
the flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Olive-

L. Jar

ivorts [Oleacese]. Linn., %-Diandria
l-Monogynia.)

Shrubs, all with white flowers. Generally by
cuttings of the young shoots in sandy loam ;
seeds may also be sown, either when ripe, or
placed in a rot-heap for a number of months
previously. The common kinds are useful for
fences, and will grow under trees where scarcely
any thing else would live ; lucidum and its
variety, and vestitum, require a little protection
in exposed places.

HARDY EVERGREEN.

Japo'nicum (Japanese). June. Japan. 1845.
lu'cidum (shining). 8. June. China. 1794-

floribu'ndum (profuse-flowered). 8.

July. China. 17Q4.

— vesti'tum (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1840.

— vulga're chloroca'rpum (common - green j

berried). 8. June. Britain.

sempervi'rens (evergreen). 8. June.

Italy.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

L, spica'tum (spike-flowered). 8. June. Nepaul.
1823.

— vulga're (common). 10. June. Britain.
angustifo'lium (narrow -leaved). 8.

June. Britain.
leucoca'rpum (white - berried). 8.

June. Britain.
variega'tum (variegated) . 8. June.

Britain.
• xanthoca'rpum (yellow - berried). 8.

August. Italy.

LI'LIUM. The Lily. (From the Celtic
II, white. Nat. ord., L'dyworts [Lilia-
ceae]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)

Offsets from the bulbs ; also seeds, and, in
some cases, small stem bulbs ; in general, light,
rich, sandy loam, some, however, as those from
America and Japan, like the addition of some
fibry peat, and the latter are generally the better
for a cold pit treatment in winter, though they
will do in a bed well-drained.

GREENHOUSE BULBS.

L, atrosangui'neum (dark-blood-coloured). 2.
Dark red. July. Japan. 1835.

— ' macula' turn (spotted) <

Orange, red. August. Japan.

— coru'scans (glittering). 2. Scarlet. August.

— exi'mium (splendid). 4. White. July.

Japan. 1834.

— lancifo'lium (spear-leaved) . White. June;

Nepaul. 1824.

ro'seum (rosy). White, pink.

June. Nepaul.

— specio'sum (showy). 2. Orange. August.

Japan. 1833.
a'lbum (\\hite-flowered). 3.

White. July. Japan. 1833.
— KcB'mpferi(Kxmpfer's). 3. Rose,

purple. July. Japan. 1833.

— ' puncta'tum (spotted -flowered).

3, White, spotted. July. Japan. 1835.

ru'drum (red-lowered). 3. Rose.

July. Japan. 1833.

tit,

[ 550

LIL

L. testu'ceum (light-brown). 3. Pale orange,
red-spotted. June. Japan. 1841.

— Thompsonia'num (Dr. Thompson's). 3.

Ruse. April. Nussoorec. 1843.

— Thunbergia'num (Thunberg's). l£. Orange,

scarlet. July. Japan. 1835.

— volu'bilc (twining). Crimson. July. 1830.

HARDY BULBS.

L. Andi'num (Andes). 4. Scarlet. July. North
America. 1819-

— auranti'acum (light-orange). Orange. July.

Japan. 1835.

— auran'tium (orange). 3. Dark orange. June.

Italy. 1835.
flo're ple'no (double - flowered) .

3. Dark orange. June.
mi'nus (smaller). 2. Orange.

June.
• variega'tum (variegated-Jea»erf).

2, Dark orange. June.

— Buschia'nttm (Busch's). 1. Orange. June.

Siberia. 1829.

— Canude'nse (Canadian). 4. Lieht orange.

July. North America. 1829.

ru'brum (red -flowered). 4.

Orange. July. North America. 1629.

— cu'ndidum (white). 3. White. June. Le-

vant. 1596.
~ puncta'tum (spotted- flowered).

4. White, purple. June. Nepaul. 1835.
spica'tum (spiked). 4. White.

June.
stria' htm (channeled -flowered).

4. White. June.
variega'tum (variegated). 4.

White. June.

— Carolinia'num (Carolina). 2. Orange. July.

North America. 1819.

— Cutesba:'i (Catesby's). 1. Scarlet. July.

China. 1806.

— Chalcedo'nicttm (Chalcedonian). 4. Scarlet.

July. Levant. 1796.

— ro'ncnlor (one-coloured). 2. Red. July.

China. 1806.

— cro'veum (saffron). 3. Yellow. July. 1596.

— erce'lsum (tall). Striped. July. Japan.

— trla'bn/m (smooth). 4. Orange. June.

1596.

— Japo'nicum (Japan). 2. White. July.

China. 1804.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved, bnlbiferotts). 2.

Orange. July. Europe. 1820.
- longifo'Uum (long-leaved). White. May.
China. 1820.

— Ma'rtagon (Martagon). 3. Purple. July.

Germany. 1 SQfl.

— . a'lbo-ple'-no (double- white). 3.

White. July. Germany.

dorsipuncta' turn (spotted-
backed). 3. Purple. June.

~ ela'tum (tall). 3. Purple. June.

__ ^— ocella're (eyed). 3. Lilac. June.

• pa'llidum (pale). 3. Lilac. June.

• perpttrpu' revm (deep - pttrpre).

3. Dark purple. June.
petiola're (pctioled). 3. Purple.

June.
. pube'xcen.1 (downy). 3. Orange.

June. Germany. ?"><(('•
purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple.

June.

L. Ma'rtaffon sepa'lis-a'lbis (white-sepaled).
2$. White. July. Germany.

• sepa'lis-plu'rimis (double-flow-
ered). 3. Purple. July. Gardens.

— monade'lphum (monadelphous). 2. Yellow.

June. Caucasus. 1820.

— Nepaule'nse (Nepaulese). 3. White. July.

Nepaul. 1825.

— penduliflo'rnm (pendulous - flowered). 1.

Copper coloured. June. North Ame-
rica. 1820.

— peregri'num (straggling). 4. White. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

— Philadeflphicum (Philadelphian). 5. Scarlet.

July. North America. 1/57.

— pompo'nium (Scarlet Pompone). 2. Red.

May. Siberia. 165Q.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

a. Red. June.

— pulche'llum (pretty). Scarlet. Dahuria.

1829.

— pic'milum (dwarf). 1. Scarlet. July. Dau-

ria. 1816.

— Pyrena'icwn (Pyrenean) . 2. Dark orange.

July. Pyrenees. 1596.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

2. Yellow. July.

— sangui'neum (blood-coloured). Orange, red.

July.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Yellow. July.

Siberia.

— specta'bile (showy). 2. Light orange. June.

Dauria. 1754.

— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 2. Scarlet. June.

Siberia. 1820.

— tigri'nnm (tiger-spotted). 6. Orange. July.

China. 1804.

Li'uuai CA'NDIDUM. Common White
Lily.

Pritpeuftotitfn. — By offsets. When the
old bulbs have several small ones
formed around them, take them up in
September, divide them into single
bulbs, replant the large flowering-bulbs
immediately into fresh rich earth, where
they are to flower. The small bulbs
plant in a bed of the same kind of soil,
in some corner by themselves; let
them remain here for two years, tbt-n
take them up, select the large bulbs,
and plant them where they are to
flower, taking care to enrich the earth
with well -decomposed manure. The
small ones may be replanted again till
they are the same si/e, and should
then be taken up and planted in the
borders to bloom.

The Soil should be well drained, and
fresh maiden loam, made rich with a
good coating of manure, mid dug over
i\vo or three times previously to th<>
planting season.

Winl'T Cuftin-r. — ^N iirn (be stools of
bulbs have become large, they will

LIL

[551]

LIL

have exhausted the soil, and it will be
advisable to take them up, divide them,
then dig holes, taking away the old ex-
hausted soil, and put at the bottom of
each hole a shovelful of rotten dung ;
till up with fresh earth, and plant im-
mediately three strong bulbs in each
hole, covering them about three inches
deep. The best time to do this is in
September, and the reason for planting
immediately, is because these bulbs
will not bear exposure to the air with-
out injury. By this treatment they
will llower well the next season, but
much finer the second.

Insects. — The most troublesome are
the wireworm, and the common garden
slay. (Which see.) Whenever a leaf
is observed to droop, the grub will be
found to be the cause. Gently remove
the earth near the drooping leaf, and
the enemy will be discovered at work.

Diseases. — The canker sometimes
attacks the bulbs. This disease arises
from too much moisture in the soil.
This must be corrected by draining.
All cankered bulbs should be taken up
and thrown away, to prevent the con-
tagion from becoming general.

LI'LIUM MA'HTAGON. Martagon or
Turk's-cap Lily. The propagation of
all the varieties of this species is the
same as described above for L. candl-
<hnn. The soil, however, should be
liberally mixed with sand. Some
species, such as L. cancolor, and L.
siiperbnm, require a considerable quan-
tity of sandy peat mixing amongst the
soil.

LI'LIUM TIGM'NUM, Tiger Lily ; and
L. LULBI'FEKUM or AURA/XTITJM, the
Orange Lily, produce at the axils of the
leaves of the tlower- stern a considerable
number of small embryo bulbs. These
afford a ready way of propagating them.
Gather the bulbs as soon as they part
readily from the stem ; prepare a bed
for them, by digging it over, and ad-
ding some well rotted dung. Plant
them in rows across the bed at three
inches apart in the row, and nine indies
from row to row. Let them remain in
this bed for two or three years, then
take them up, sort the bulbs into two
si/ey, plant the largest in a bed of rich
earth, six inches apart in the row, and

a foot between each row. Several of
them will flower weakly the first year,
but stronger the second, and will then
be large enough to take their place
amongst the old strong bulbs. The
smaller sized bulbs should be planted
again rather thickly, and will afford a
second crop of flowering bulbs the
second year. The other points of sum-
mer and winter culture are similar to
those required by L. candid-urn, ex-
cepting in one particular. As the
flower-stems advance in growth, they
put forth a number of young roots
from the stem above the bulb ; when
that is perceived, place round each
stem some rough hard pieces of dung
for these roots to strike into ; this
will encourage the flower-stems to
grow strongly, and flower finely, be-
sides increasing very much the size of
the bulbs below.

LI'LIUM LANCIFO'TJUM and its varieties,
pnnctatum and specioswn. This is the
finest of all the genus. The petals
turn back like those of thei. martayon.
It throws out roots above the bulbs,
like L. tif/rimim, but does not produce
incipient bulbs in the axils of the
leaves, like the latter species, and must,
therefore, be propagated like L. can-
diditm, by offsets. This fine species, in
the southern parts of Britain, is hardy
enough to bear cultivating in the
open air, like the rest of the genus ;
but it is worthy of being cultivated in
pots to bloom in the greenhouse, every-
where in this country, flowering in
.Tune and July, when the generality of
the usual inhabitants are enjoying the
open air. To cultivate it for that pur-
pose, pot the larger bulbs in eleven-
inch pots. If bulbs are plentiful, put
three in each pot. Do this early in
March, and use a rich sandy compost.
Place them in a pit or frame sheltered
from frost, by covering with mats,
giving plenty of air in mild weather,
but very little water. Grow /hem ax
slowly as possible, so that they may
have a large strength of roots to cause
a strong growth. When the frosts are
over, plunge them in a bed of old tan
till the greenhouse is thinned of its
plants, and then bring them into their
place ; put pans under the pots, and a

LIL

[ 552 ]

LIM

mulching of dung on the surface of
the soil. Water freely, and give plenty
of air. The culture in the air is the
same as is required by L. candid urn,
with the addition of a covering of dry
ashes over the bulbs in winter.

LILY. Li' Hum.

LILY-HYACINTH. Sci'lla Li'lia-hya-
ci'nthus.

LILY-OF-THE -VALLEY. Convalla'rlama-
ja'lis. We know a garden where no
one can flower the lily-of-the- valley
well, and we also know places where it
flowers in the greatest abundance with-
out any care whatever. We have seen
it growing naturally, by the acre, in a
shady wood, the soil being mere sand,
enriched by the fallen leaves ; we have
dug it out in that wood, and found all
the roots within three inches of the
surface. We have also seen it flower
abundantly on a south border, in a rich
kitchen-garden soil. Where it refuses
to succeed we would make a bed for it
on the north side of a Avail ; dig out
the natural soil a foot deep, and drain
the bottom ; then fill up the bed with
a compost of light sandy earth and
rotten leaves, half of each; press it
down gently when within two inches of
the top ; then lay the roots regularly,
four inches apart, all over this surface,
and then cover them two inches deep,
and give them a good watering with a
rose -pot ; and, after that, we would
cover the whole with an inch of quite
rotten leaves, and water them once a
week the following summer. February,
or early in March, is the best time to
plant them ; and the third season they
are in full perfection, and will last for
ten or a dozen years.

Forcing. — Pot them in thirty-two-
sized pots, filled to within three and a
half inches of the rim with rich loam,
upon which the roots are closely placed,
and then covered about two inches in
thickness with equal parts of leaf-mould
and sand ; they are then well watered,
so as to settle the mould about the
roots ; place them on a shelf near the
glass, in a moist stove or forcing-house,
the temperature of which may range
from 65° to 75°, and take care that the
soil does not become dry. When they
are so far advanced that the plants

show their heads of flowers, remove
them into a warm greenhouse, still
placing them near the glass, until as
they advance in growth they are with-
drawn by degrees into a shaded part of
the house, from whence they are re-
moved to the drawing-room as required,
their places to be immediately filled
with others, which are similarly treated,
and thus an ample succession will be
kept up. Care and attention are re-
quisite in lifting and selecting the
plants for forcing ; they require a mi-
nute examination to distinguish those
that will flower from those that will
not, the only difference being that the
buds of the former are more round
and short than those of the latter. —
Florist's Jo urn.

LILY-PINK. Aphylla'nthes.

LILY-THOEN. Catesla'a.

LIME. C Virus lime'tta.

LIME is valuable as a manure, for
some one or more of its salts enter
into the composition of every vegetable.
But it is not the lime of every district
that is suitable for the purpose. Some
specimens contain a very large propor-
tion of magnesia, which, absorbing car-
bonic acid very slowly, remains in a
caustic state, to the injury of the roots
of the plants, and the diminution of
benefit from the carbonic acid evolved
by the decomposing constituents of the
soil. Neither can the gardener apply
it to all his soils with advantage. Thus,
peat and bog earth are beneficial to
the plants grown upon them by their
containing Gallic and other acids which
lime removes. To garden soil of the
usual staple about fifty bushels of lime
per acre is a sufficient quantity. If the
soil be clayey the quantity may be
doubled. A very excellent manure is
formed by mixing one bushel of salt
with every two bushels of lime. Lime
cannot be applied to the soil too fresh
from the kiln ; for if allowed to absorb
carbonic acid from the air, it is rapidly
converted into chalk.

When crops are devastated by the slug,
dress them some evening so as to render
the surface of the soil quite white, with
caustic lime, during the promise of a
few days' dry weather. It is instant
destruction to every slug it falls upon ;

LIM

[ 553 ]

LIN

and those that it misses are destroyed
by their coming in contact with it when
moving in search of food.

Lime rubbish is the old mortar and
plaister obtained when brick -buildings
are pulled down. It is an excellent
manure, abounding with the salts of
potash and lime. It should be reduced
to powder before spreading and digging
in.

LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Ti'lia.

LIME-LOOPER MOTH. Gcomc'tra.

LIME WATER. To forty gallons of
clean water, half an hour before using,
put one peck of fresh-slaked lime. As
soon as it is clear it is fit for use.

A watering-pot containing four gallons
will water a bed of four feet by thirty
feet, or rows of cauliflowers, cabbages,
&c., of double the length.

LIMNA'NTHES. (From limne, a marsh,
and anthos, a flower. Nat ord., Indian
Cresses [Tropseolacese]. Linn., IQ-De-
candria I-Monoyynia.)

Hardy trailing annuals from California.
Seeds, in April, in a moist and shady situation.
L. a'lba (white). £. White. July. 1843.

— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 1. Yellow. July.

1833.

— ro'sea (rosy). £. Pink. July. 1833.
LIMNO'CHARIS. (From limne, a marsh,

and chairo, to delight in ; water plants.
Nat. ord., Butoniads [Butoniaceae] .
Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-Monogynia.}

Stove, perennial, yellow-flowered aquatics,
from Brazil. Divisions, runners, and seeds ;
tubs or cisterns, in a stove, or the shallow part
of an aquarium. Summer temp., 60° to 90°;
winter, 55° to 60°.

L. Humbo!ldtii(Hv,mboldt'*). 1$. May. 1831.

— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). l£. July. 1822.

LIMO'NIA. (From limoun, the Arabic
name of the citron. Nat. ord., Citron-
worts [ Aurantiacese] . Linn., 10-Decan-
dria 1-Monogynia.)

Evergreens with white flowers. Seeds in a
hotbed, and seedlings grafted the same season,
with the most desired varieties ; cuttings of any
shoots, young or ripened, in spring or summer,
in sandy soil, under glass, and in a few weeks
plunged in bottom-heat; peat, loam, dried cow-
dung, and a few pieces of charcoal. For crc-
nulata, winter temp., 35° to 45°; summer, 60°
to 80° ; the others will succeed against a wall,
in the south of England, protected in winter ;
and in other districts they require a greenhouse.
L. austra'lis (southern). 25. New Holland.
1830.

— citrifo'lia (Orange-leaved). 4. China. 1800.

— crenula'ta (scolloped-teaved). 4. East In-

dies. 1808.

L. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 6. China.

— sca'nduns (climbing). 6. China. 1800.

Climber.

LIMOSE'LLA. Mudwort. (From limns,
mud ; where it grows. Nat. ord., Fig-
ivorts [Scrophulariacese], Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Anyiospermia. Allied to
Sibthorpia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds in a marsh, or near a
pond, or rivulet.

L. aqua'tica (water). \. Flesh. August. Bri-
tain.

LINA'NTHUS. (From linon, flax, and
anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Phlox worts
[Polemoniacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria
}.-Monogynia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds, in the open border,
in spring.

L. dicho'tomus (forked- branched}. l£. Pink*
California. 1838.

LINA'RIA. Toadflax. (From linon,
flax ; referring to the resemblance of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro-
phulariacese] . Linn., l±-Didynamia 2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Antirrhinum.)

All by seed, at the end of March, and the
perennials also by division, and cuttings of the
young shoots, under a hand-light, in sandy
soil; light sandy loam suits them all. A few
like a cold pit in winter ; they are good rock-
work plants.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.

L. Alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Blue. July. Austria.
)750.

— bipa'rtita (two-parted). £. Purple. Au-

gust. Barbary. 1815.

— circina'ta (curled-leaved}. §. Yellow. June.

North Africa. 1833. Evergreen.

— Dalma'tica (Dalmatian). 1$. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1731. Evergreen.

— fru'ticam (sprouting) . 1. Yellow. June*

Cape of Good Hope. 1822, Evergreen.

— origanifo'lia (Marjoram-leaved). 1. Blue*

August. South Europe. 1785.

— reticula'ta (net-flowered). l£. Purple. June*

Algiers. 1788.

•— scopa'ria (broom). 1. Yellow. June. Tene-
riife. 1816. Evergreen.

— triornitho'phora (three - birds -bearing). 1 .

Purple. August. Portugal. 1710.

— vilto'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. Spain.

1786.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

Au-

L. acuti'loba (acute-lobed). ?. Purple.
gust. Siberia. 1825.

— cEquitri'loba (equal-threc-lobed). £. Purple.

June. Sardinia. 1829.

— Cymbala'ria (Cymbalaria). 4> Violet. May.

England.

--- a'lba (white). ?. White. June.
Gardens.

variega'ta (variegated-leaved),
Violet. June. Gardens.

t

Lttf

L. pilo'su (hilly-leaved). $. Purple. August.
Pyrenees. 1800.

— pube'scens (downy). £. Pale. August.

Naples. 1820.

— saxa'tilis (rock). $. Yellow. August.

Spain. 1819-

HAKDY HERBACEOUS.

L. galioi'des (Galium-like). 2. Blue. July.
South Europe.

— genistatfo'lia (Broom-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Austria. 1704.

— heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). l£. Yellow,

brown. July. North Africa. 1825.

— hi'ans (gaping). 1. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1818.

— linifo'lin (Flax-leaved). 1. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1820.

— macrou'ra (long-tailed). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Crimea. 1822.

— margina'ta (margined). Yellowish. August.

Barbary. 1820.

— Monspessula'na (Montpelier). 3. Blue.

July. France.

a'lba (white). 3. White.

July.

— pro'ceru (tall). 4. Pale blue. July.

— purpu'rea, (purple). 1. Purple. August.

South Europe. 1648.

— silenifo'lia (Silene - leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. Armenia. 1819-

— tri'stis (dark). 1. Brown. July. Spain.

1/2/.

Mtea (yellow). 1. Yellow. August.

Gardens.

— veno'sa (veined). Yellow, brown. May.

India. 1839.

— vulga'ris pelo'ria (common Peloria). 1. Yel-

low. August. Britain.

HABDY ANNUALS.

L. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1$. Yellow, purple.
July. Egypt. 1771.

— alsinifo'tia (Alsine-leaved). £. Blue. June.

Corsica. 1824.

— am etWstina (amethystine). 1. Blue, yel-

low. July. Spain. 1/28.

— arena' ria (sand), $. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 182».

— arve'nxis (corn). 1. Purple. Blue. July.

South Europe.

— bipuncta'ta (two-dotted). 1. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1749'

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Violet. July.

North America. 1812.

— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). £. Yellow. July.

Caucasus. 1818.

— Chalepe'nsis (Aleppo). 1. White. June.

Levant. 1080.

— cirrho'sa (tendrilled). \. Pale blue. July.

Egypt. 1771.

— crcta'cca (chalky). 1. July. Siberia. 1827-

— dealba'ta (whited). ^. Yellow. August.

Portugal. 1820.

— delphinioi'de* (Larkspur -like). l£. Blue.

August. Russia. 1838.

— diffu'sa (spreading), $. July. Spam. 1820.
- e/««»oi'rfiw(Elatiiic-like.i. i- Yellow. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1821.

— flu'wi (yellow). £. Yellow. July. North

Africa. 1820.

L. tftondM/i'/eratsmall-glanded). Purple. May.
1839.

— ki'rta (hairy-leaved). 1. Purple. August.

Spain. 1759.

— lani'gera (woolly). ^. Yellow. July. Por-

tugal. 1818.

— Lose'lii (Losel's). 1. Blue. July. Tauria.

1823.

— multicuu'lis (many- stalked). l£. White.

June. Levant. 1728.

— Pclisseria'na (Pelisser's). 1. Violet. Au-

gust. South Europe. 1640.

— purpura'scens (purplish). l£. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1829- Biennial.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. June.

Pyrenees. 1821.

— rubrifo'lia (.red-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

South France. 1826.

— si'mplex (simple). 1. Purple. July. South

Europe. 1816.

— spa'rtea (Broom-like). 1. Yellow. August.

Spain. 1772.

— thymlfo'lia (Thyme-leaved). 4. Blue. June.

South Europe. 1818.

— £n/%'#a (three-leaved). 1. Yellow, purple.

August. Sicily. 1596.

— versi' color (various-coloured). 1. Purple,

yellow. August. France. 1777-

— mrga'ta (twiggy). £. Blue. June. North

Africa. 181?.

— visco'sa (clammy). 1. Brown. July. Spain,

1786.

LINCO'NIA. (A commemorative name.
N at. ord. , Brttn iads [Bruniacecc] . Linn . ^
b-Pcntandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Brariia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white
flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. For culture
sec Diosmu.

L. alopecuroi'dea. (Fox-tall-like). 2. May.
1816.

— cuspida'ta (pointed4caved). 2. May. 1825.

— tliymifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). 2. May. 1825.

LINDLE'YA. (Named after Professor
Llndley. Nat. ord., Rose-worts [Rosa-
cem]. Linn., l'2-Icos«ndri(t ^ Pent a
!/i/iiift. Allied to Quillaja.

Stove evergreen shrub. By seeds ; ripe cut-
tings under a glass, in bottom heat ; and graft-
ing on the Hawthorn. The same generic
name is applied to very different plants, among
the Theads and Samyds.

L, mespiloi'des (medlar-like). 12. White. July.
Oxaca. 1848.

LIXDS^.'A. (Named after M. Lind-
say, an English botanist. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacew]. Linn., 24-
Cryptorjam la 1 -Filiccs. )

Ferns with brown spores. For culture sec
Ferns.

KTOVK.

L. ttdianioi'tlfx (Maidcn-hair-like). July. Isle

of Luzon. 1840.
— conci'nna (neat). July. Isle of Luzon. 1842.

LIN

LIN

L. cultra'tn (knife-shaped). July. Isle of
Luzon. 1810.

— decompo'sita (decomposed). July. Malacca.

— c' lagans (elegant). July. East Indies. 1840.

— falca'tn (sickle-shaped). J. May. Trinidad.

1819.

— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). May. Guiana. 1845.

— oblongifo'lia (oblong -leaved). July. East

Indies.

— rcnifo'rmis (kidney-shaped-Jeaued). July.

Trinidad. 1820.

— ri'gidu (stiff). 1. July. Malacca, 183Q.

— stri'cta (upright). July. Malacca. 1839.

— te'nera (tender). Malacca.

— trtipezaefo'rmis (diamond-shaped) 1. May.

South America. 181Q.

GREENHOUSE.

L. linea'ris (narrow - leaved) $. May, New
Holland. 1820.

— me'dia (intermediate). 1. May. New

Holland. 1823.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). ^. May. New

Holland. 1820.

LING, or Ling- heather. Callu'na
rulga'ris.

LININGS, or, as they might be more
properly called, coulinys, are applications
of fermenting clung to renew the heat
in hotbeds made of dung. See Hotbed,
page ±m.

LINN/E'A. (Named after Linmrus.
Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Caprifoliacesc].
Linn., l-i-Didynamia %-Anyiospernua.
Allied to Abelia.)

Hardy trailer. Plants are easily obtained
i'rom it's trailing-rooted stems. It should,
whether in the front of a border, or in a good
sized pot, be grown solely in peat, or heath
soil, kept shady and moist.
L, borea'lis (northern). $. Flesh. June.
Scotland.

LTNO'SYRIS. (Derivation not given.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracea?].
Li mi., ](.)-8ynycnesia Z-AnQiospermia.
Allied to Chrysocoma. )

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of
the plant in spring ; common soil.
L. dirarica'ta (spreading). Yellow. July.
Australia.

LI'NT-M. Flax. (From //wow, flax.
Nat. ord., Flaxworts [Linacero]. Linn.,
b-Pcntandrla 5-Pcnlnyyn la. )

Annuals and biennials by seed in the open
border in April ; perennials by seed, but prin-
cipally by divisions in Spring, and cuttings of
young shoots, under a hand-light ; hardy
khntbS by cuttings in sandy soil, under a hand-
light in sumnier ; greenhouse shrubs, cuttings
in sand, under a bell-glass ; for the latter, peat
and loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Many,
however, such as arbornum, salxoloides, tauri-
cum, &c., will thrive in the border, in the
climate of London, with but little protection.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. Mthio'picum (JEthiopean). Yellow, June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1771-

— Africa' num( African). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1771.

— arbo'reum (tree). 2. Yellow. May. Candia.

1788.

— Cumi'ngi (Cuming's). 3- White. July.

Chili. 1830.

— quadrifo'lium (four-leaved). 2. Yellow.

May. Cape of Good Hope. 1787-

— suffrutico'sum (sub-shrubby). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. Spain. 1759.

— tri'gynum (three-styled). 2. Yellow. June.

East Indies. 1799.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.
L. au'reum (golden). £. Yellow. June. Hun-
gary. 1820.

— Berendie'ri (Berendier's). 2. Yellow, orange.

September. Bijar. 1835. Half-hardy.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 1$. Yellow, blue.

June. Morocco. 1820.

— ri'gidum (stiff-leaved). 1. Pale yellow.

July. Missouri. 1807.

— stri'ctum (erect). 1. Yellow. June. South

Europe. 1759. Biennial.

— usitati'ssimum (most -.common. Common

Flax). l£. Blue. June. Britain.

1IAKDY EVERGREENS.

L. aafco/oi'des(Salsola-like). 1. Pink. June.
South Europe. 1810.

— Tau'ricum (Taurian). lj. Yellow. June.

Tauria. 1818.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L, agrc'sfe (field). 2. Lilac. Portugal. 1836.

— Alpi'num (Alpine). £. Blue. July. Aus-

tria. 1739.

a'lbum (white). White. July.

Gardens.

— Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. Blue. July. Altai.

1829-

— A'nglicum (English). 2. Blue. June.

England.

a'lbum (white - flowered). 2.

White. June. Gardens.

— angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple,

July. England.

— ascyrifo'lium (Ascyrum-leaved). 1. White.

June. Portugal. 1800.

— Austri'acum (Austrian). 1. Blue. June.

Austria. 1775.

— campanula1 turn (bell-flowered). £. Yellow.

July. Europe. 1795.

— capita' turn (round-headed). 1. Yellow.

June. Austria. 1816.

— Dahu'ricvm (Dahurian). 1. Yellow. June.

Dahuria. 1816.

— decti'mbens (lying-down). l£. Red. June.

North Africa. 1817.

— diffu'sum (spreading). 4 Blue. June. 1823.

— fla'vum (yellow), f. Yellow. July. Aus-

tria. 1/93.

— grandifio'rum (large-flowered). 1. Blue.

June. South Europe. 1820.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). 14. Blue. July. Aus-

tria. 1759.

— hypericifo'lium (St. John's-wort-leaved). l£.

Purple. June. Caucasus, rsi>7.

LIN

[ 556 ]

LIQ

L. Lewi'sii (Lewis's). 3. Blue. June. North
America. 1820.

— margina'tum (w/ttfe-margined). l£. Blue.

June. 1810.

— mari'tfmtun (sea), 2. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1596.

— Mexica'num (Mexican). June. Mexico.

1838. Half-hardy.

— mono' gynum (united- styled). 2. White.

July. New Zealand. 1832.

— monta'num (mountain). 1. Blue. June.

Switzerland. 1817.

— Narbone'nse (Narbonne). 2. Blue. May.

South France. 1759. Half-hardy.

— nervo'sum (nerved). l|. Blue. June.

Hungary. 1822.

— nodiflo'rum (knotted-flowered). £. White.

May. Italy. 1759.

— palle'scens (palish). 1. Lilac. January.

Siberia. 1831.

•^-refle'xum (bent-back-/eawed). l£. Blue.
July. South Europe. 1777.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. Blue, June.

Siberia. 1775.

— squamulo'sum (scaly). l£. Blue. July.

Tauria. 1819.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 14. Pink.

June. Europe. 1759.

— visco'sum (clammy). 2. Purple. July.

1818.

— Virginia! num (Virginian). 1. Yellow. July.

North America. 1807.

LION'S EAR. Lcono'tis.

LION'S FOOT. Leontopo' dlum.

LION'S TAIL. Lcono'tis leonu'rus.

LIPA'RIA. (From liparos, unctuous ;
referring to the shining leaves Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacefe].
Linn., 17 -Diadelphia ^-Dccandria, Al-
lied to Priestleya.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with orange flowers,
from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, but care
taken to prevent damping; fibry loam, and
turfy peat, with sand, and a little charcoal;
watering and draining carefully attended to.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

L. pa'rva (small). 2. March. 1843.

— sphcK'rica (globe-flowered). 4. July. 1/94.

LI'PARIS. (From liparos, unctuous ;
referring to the leaves. Nat. ord., Or-
chid* [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Fibry peat, sphagnum, char-
coal, and broken pots, in shallow, open baskets.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.
There are some hardy terrestrial species not
worth cultivating.

L.a'nceps (two-edged). Yellowish green.!
China. 1837.

— di'scolor (two - coloured). Green, brown. \

May. Demerara. 1836.

— e'lcgans (elegant). East Indies.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty-lipped). Green. January.

Penang. 1848.
— flave'scens (yellowish), Yellow. Bourbon.

L.folio'sa (leafy). £. Green. September.
Mauritius. 1823.

— prio'chilm (saw - lipped). Orange. July.

China. 1830.

— purpura'scens (purplish). Purple. Bourbon.

— Walke'ria: (Mrs. Walker's). 4. Purple.

Ceylon.

LIPO'STOMA. (From leipo, to fall off,
and stoma, mouth ; referring to the lid
of the capsule. Nat. ord., Cinclionads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., h-Pentandria
\-Monoyynia. Allied to Pentas.)

Stove evergreen trailer. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, hi heat ;
turfy loam and fibry peat. Summer temp., 60°
to 80°; winter, 50° to 55°.
L. campanuliflo'ra (bell-flowered), £. Blue.
July. Brazil. 1825.

LIQUIDA'MBAR. (From liquidus,
liquid, and ambar, amber ; referring to
the gum called liquid storax produced
by some species. Nat. ord., Liquid-
ambars [Altingiacese]. Linn., 21 -Mo-
ncccia Q-Pofydndria.}

Hardy deciduous trees. Cuttings, but layers
chiefly ; also by imported seeds, which should
not be taken out of the catkins until they are
to be sown ; if exposed to sun or fire-heat, the
catkins crack, and the seeds easily shake out.
They often require a year to send up their seed-
lings ; moist loamy soil.

L, imbe'rbe (beardless. Oriental}. 6. March.
Levant. 1759.

— styraci'fluu (Storax-flowing. Sweet Gum).

60. March. North America. 1683.

LIQUID MANURE is the most advan-
tageous form in which fertilizers can
be applied by the gardener to his crops.
It is the most economical, most prompt,
and most efficient mode. The manure
is presented to the roots in one of the
only forms in which the roots can
imbibe food, and the manure is spread
regularly through the texture of the
soil. If, instead of digging-in stable-
manure, each crop was watered occa-
sionally with liquid manure, the pro-
duce would be finer and more abundant.

"I have often employed with decided
effect, in my own garden, for vines,
peach, and standard apple trees, liquid
manure, prepared either by mixing one
part by weight of cow-dung with four
parts of water, or the collected drainage
of the stable and cowhouse. It has
been found advantageous to plants cul-
tivated in stoves to apply even a liquid
manure, composed of six quarts of soot
to a hogshead of water ; and although

LIQ

[ 55T ]

this is a very unchemical mixture, yet
it lias been found by Mr. Kobertson to
be peculiarly grateful and nourishing
to pines, causing them to assume an
unusually deep healthy green ; and, for
stoved mulberry, vine, peach, and other
plants, the late Mr. Knight, of Down-
ton, employed a liquid manure, com-
posed of one part of the dung of do-
mestic poultry and four to ten parts of
water, with the most excellent result."
— Johnson on Fertilizers.

Guano Liquid Manure. — Ten gallons
of water will readily dissolve, or keep
suspended in a state of minute division,
about 50 Ibs. weight of guano. When
applied to plants, not more than five
ounces should be added to that quan-
tity of water. If it be made stronger,
it injures or kills the plants to which it
is applied.

Sheep' s-dung, if employed for making
liquid manure, should be a peck to
thirty gallons.

When cow-dung is used, boiling water
should be first poured upon it, as it is
apt to be full of destructive larva?.

Sulphate of ammonia, and any other
salt of ammonia, must not be used
more than a quarter of an ounce to
each gallon.

The rule applicable to all these
liquid manures is — Give it tveak and
often.

LIQUORICE. Glycyrrld'za.

LIRIODE'NDRON. Tulip Tree. (From
lirion, a lily, and dendron, a tree; Nat.
OTtLtMagnoliad8 [Magnoliacese]. Linn.,
\'-\-Polyandria 6-Polygynia. )

Hardy deciduous tree, with yellow and red
flowers, from North America. Generally by
seeds, which, if sown in the autumn, usually
come up the succeeding spring, but if sown in
spring, generally remain a year in the ground ;
varieties by layers, grafting, and budding ; deep,
rich loamy soil.
L. tulipi'fera (tulip-bearing). 60. June. 1663,

obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 60.

June. 1663.

LISIA'NTHUS. See Lisya'nthus.

LISSA'NTHE. (From lissos, smooth,
and anthos a flower. Nat. ord., Epacrids
[Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria
\-Monotjynia. Allied to Leucopogon.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, with white
flowers, except verticillata, and all from New
Holland. Cuttings of the points of shoots, in

April and May, in sand, under a bell-glass;
chiefly sandy fibry peat. Temp., 40° to 45°,
when'resting and flowering ; a higher tempera-
ture and a closer atmosphere, when making
their wood, after flowering and pruning.

cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 3. June. 1825.

— daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 3. June. 1818.

— sa'pida (savoury). 4. June. 1824.

— Stella' ta (starry). April. 1836.

— strigo'sa (bristly). 3. June. 1824.

— subula'ta (awl-shaped). 2. May. 1823.

— verticilla'ta (whorled). Purple. April.

LISSOCHI'LUS. (From lissos, smooth,
and cheilos, a lip. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 0,0-Gynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Cyrtopera.)

Stove orchids. Division, in spring, when
fresh growth commences, and potting takes
place ; fibry peat, a little fibry loam, dried leaf
mould, and plenty of drainage. Summer temp.,
60° to 90° ; winter, 55° to 60°.

L. lu'teus (yellow). l£. Yellow. May, Cape
of Good Hope. 1822.

— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). 1. Pale red.

December. Algoa Bay. 1822.

— ro'seus (rosy). Rose. February. Sierra

Leone. 1841.

— specio'sus (showy). 2. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1818.

— streptope' talus (twisted-petaled). Yellow.

December. Cape of Good Hope. 1826.

LISTS, for fastening trees against
walls, are usually merely shreds of
woollen cloth cut into lengths, varying
from two to four inches. Strips of very
thin sheet-lead are preferable, as not
harbouring insects. Wires and twine
have been recommended to tie the
branches to the walls, but the process
is tedious, and cuts are inflicted, in-
ducing gum and canker. Shreds of a
black, blue, or red colour look best,
harmonizing with that of the leaves.
If old lists are re-employed, they should
be previously boiled, to destroy the
larvse of insects.

LISYA'NTHUS. (From lysis, the ter-
mination of a disease, and anthos, a
flower; referring to its intense bitter-
ness. Nat. ord., Genlianworts [Gen-
tianacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mo-
noyynia.}

Seeds, in spring, in a hotbed, and cuttings of
shrubby kinds in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and peat. Summer temp., 00° to
80°; winter, 50° to 55°. Russellianus, if not
propagated by cuttings, may be considered a
biennial ; young plants raised in heat one year,
and safely kept over the winter in a cool stove,
or a warm greenhouse, and potted in spring,
will bloom beautifully in summer.

[ 558 ]

LTV

STOVE ANNUALS.

L. acuta'ngulus (acute-angled). 6. Yellow.
July. Peru. 1820. Biennial.

— ala'tus (winged). 1$. White. July. Mexico.

1824.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered), a. Yellow.

June. Trinidad. 1818. Biennial.

— Ku'nthii (Kunth's}. Green. May. South

America.

— RitsselUa'nus (Duke of Bedford's}. 3. Pur-

ple. July. Mexico. 1835. Biennial.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
L. glaucifo'lius (milky-green-leaved). 2. Pur-

— lutlfo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Yellow. Au-

gust. Jamaica. 1821.

— sple'ndens (shining). Red. June. New

Grenada. 1846. Trailer.

— umbella'tus (umbelled). 6. Yellow. July.

Jamaica. 1822.

LITHOSPE'RMUM. Gromwell. (From
litlios, a stone, and sperma, a seed.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacere].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-j\fonoyynia. Al-
lied to Eehimn.)

Annuals and biennials '"by seed, in common
garden soil, in April ; perennials by division,
seed, and cuttings of young shoots ; shrubby
species by cuttings, and by seeds, indeed, all
of them will soon multiply themselves by seeds,
in suitable places ; scabrum and distichum will
require protection in winter, and a little heath
soil joined to the loam.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
L. dispe'rmum (two-seeded). £. Blue. June.
Siberia. 1799-

— linea'tum (lined). 1. Purple. July. Greece.

1826. Biennial.

— tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered), A. Blue.

May. Egypt. 1796.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

L. graminifo'lium (Grass-leaved). 84. Blue.
May. Italy. 1825.

— prostra'tum (lying-flat). 1. Blue. June.

France. 1825. Trailer.

— rosmurinifo'lium (Rosemary-leaved). l£.

Blue. September. Italy. 1833.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L. cane'scens (hoary). |. Orange. May.
North America. 1847.

— di'tstichum (two-rowed). lj, Yellow, white.

May. Cuba. 1806. Half-hardy.
—frutico'ftuiu (shrubby). 2. Blue. May.
South Europe. 1683.

— officina'le (shop). 2. Yellow. June.

Britain.

latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 2, Yel-
low. June. North America. 1825.

— orienta'le (eastern). 2. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1713.

— purpu'reo - casru'leum (purplish - blue) . J .

Purple. May. England.

— sca'brum (rough). 1|. White. September.

Cape of Good Hope. J822, Half-

L. strigo'sum (bristly). 1. Blue. July. Tauria.
1820.

— tincto'rium (dyer's). 1J. Blue. Juljr.

South Europe. 1596.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. South

France. 1817.

LITHRF/A. (From lythron, black
blood ; referring to the juice staining
black. Nat. ord., Anacards, or Tere-
binths [Anacardiacero]. Linn., 5-JVw-
tandria ;l-Triyynia. Allied to Rhus.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. See Rhm for
cultivation.

L. cau'stica (caustic). 40. Pale yellow. Chili.
1832.

LITQBRO'CKIA. (A commemorative
name. Nat. ord., Ferns [PolypodiacesB].
Linn., 2-L-Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.)

Stove ferns. See Ferns.

L, aculea'ta (prickly -stemmed), 10. Brown,
August. West Indies. 1793.

— a'mpla (large). Brown, pale yellow. May,

West Indies.

— auri'ta (eared). Brown, yellow. July.

Isle of Luzon.

— dawaW«o«"rfes(Dayallia-like). Yellow. May,

— decu'rrens (running-down). Brown, yellow.

July. Brazil.

— denticula'ta (toothed). 2, Brown. July.

Brazil. 1824.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. Brown.

August. West Indies. 1/93.

— Hamkeea'na (Haenck's). Brown, yellow,

June.

— Jtirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Brown. June. West

Indies. 1793.

— interme'dia (intermediate). Brown, yellow.

June. Isle of Luzon.

— leptophy'lla (slender-leaved). 2. Brown.

July. Bra7.il. 1824.

— macro'pteru (large-winged). Brown, yellow.

June. West Indies.

— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 1. Brown. June.

Jamaica. 1/93.

— podophy'iltt (duck's-foot). Brown, yellow.

June. West Indies.

— poli'ta (polished). 6. Brown, yellow. May.

Jamaica. 1841.

— splnulo'sa (spiny). Brown, pale yellow.

West Indies .

— sple'ndens (shining). Brown, pale yellow.

June. West Indies.

— vespertilio'nin (hat-winged}. 3. Brown.

May. New Holland. 1823.

LTTTJK'A. (Named after Duke of
Li/tu, near Milan. Nat. ord., AmaryUlds
[Amaryllidacese] . Linn., ft-Hexandria
I-Monoyynia. Allied to Agave.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers ; sandy loam
and leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

L. geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). 15. Green.
July. America. 1810.

LIVERY. Soil that is dug or moved
about >vhilst wet is liable to set close

LIV

[ 559 ]

LOB

together like mortar ; and is said to be
livery, or like liver.

LIVTSTO'NIA. (Named after P. Mur-
ray, of Livingston, near Edinburgh.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn.,
(t-Hexandria 3~Trigynia. Allied to
Corypha.)

Greenhouse palms from New Holland. Seeds
in a hotbed ; rich sandy loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 80° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. hu'milis (humble). 6. 1824.
— ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. 1824.

LLOY'DIA., (Named after Mr. Lhyd,
an English botanist, Nat. ord., Lily-
ivotis [Liliacese], Linn., 6-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Calochortus.)

Hardy biennial. Division of the bulbs in
spring ; a dry sandy loam, in front of a border

of flowers.
L. stria' ta (streaked). Wbjte striped
Siberia. 1789.

May.

LOAM is a very indefinite term, al-
most every cultivator of the soil asso-
ciating it with a different explanation.
In some parts of England clay is so
called, and in others it is employed to
designate brick-earth .' As usually em-
ployed, it really is only synonymous
with the word soil ; for it has to be
qualified by the terms turfy, sandy,
clayey, and chalky, just as turf, sand,
clay, or chalk predominate. Hazel loam
is a rich friable soil, having a dark
brown or hazel colour, owing to the
predominance of decaying vegetable
matters.

In this work we use the term ham
to describe a soil that is easily worked
at any season, being sufficiently reten-
tive, yet not too retentive, of water.
Maiden, loam is used often among gar-
deners to describe the fat earth form-
ing the top spit of pasture ground, and j
used by them for composts — that with
a yellowish-brown colour is most pre-
ferred. Sandy loams are the easiest
worked, and yield the earliest produce ;
chalky loams, if the chalk does not
abound too much, are early and fertile ;
in fact, no soil will continue fertile,
without calcareous matter ; and clayey
loams are bad to work, either in wet or
dry weather, being wet and sticky
the one case, and hard and cracking in
the other. Fine late crops, however,
are produced from such soils, especially

ley

n

when the surface is moved to prevent
cracking in hot weather.

LOA'SA. (Meaning unknown ; pro-
bably a commemorative name. Nat.
ord., Loasads [Loasaceoe]. Linn., lfc<-
Po ly adelp h i a 2 -Po lyan dria . )

Curious flowers, that would be very interesting
were it not for the poisonous stinging property
possessed by the leaves. The annoyance and
danger combined have limited their culture.
They will all fare the better by being raised in
a gentle hotbed in April, though most of them
will flower freely if sown in a warm place the
end of that month ; but in a cold autumn they
would be cut down in their prime ; light soil.
ANNUALS.

L. a'lba (white). 1. White. July. Chili. 1831.

— grandifto'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.

Peru. 1825.

— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Yellow. July. Lima.

1830.

— ni'tida (shining). 2. Yellow. July. Chili.

1822.

— pa1 tula (spreading). 1. Yellow, July.

Chili. 1827.

— Pla'cei (Place's). 4. Yellow. July. Chili.

1822.

— volu'bilis (twining), ij. Yellow. June.

Chili. 1824.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.
L. lateri'tia (red). 20. Red. May. Tucuman.

1835.

— Pentla'ndii (Mr. Pentland's). 4. Orange.

August. Peru. 1840,

GREENHOUSE EVERGBEENS.

L. inca'na (hoary). 2£. White. October.
Peru, 1820.

— lu'cidu (bright-leaved). White. June.

LOAVING. See Heading,

LOBE'LIA. (Named after M. Lolcl,
a botanist, physician to James the 1st.
Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lobeliaceee].
Linn., b-Pentandria I-Monogynia.)

Seeds of hardy kinds in open border, in
April ; greenhouse annuals and biennials by
seed, in hotbed, in April; herbaceous kinds,
whether hardy or requiring protection, by di-
viding the roots, or suckers, in spring, after
growth has commenced ; shrubby kinds by
small cuttings of the young shoots, indeed, all
of them may be so propagated ; sandy loam,
leaf-mould, and a little peat suit the tcnderest
kinds, and for the strong-growing herbaceous
sorts, such as splendens, and cardinalis, it is
scarcely possible to make the soil too rich by
top-dressings of rotten dung ; the soil itself
should be light. The finest of the species must
be kept in a cold pit or greenhouse during the
winter ; lacustris has been grown in peat and
gravel, in a pot, plunged in a cistern, or slowly-
running stream.

HARDY ANNUALS.

Li a'nceps (two-edged), i- Blue. June, Cape
of Good Hope. 1818.

LOB

[ 500 ]

LOB

L. campanula 'ta (hell -flowered). £, Blue. I L.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1821.

— Cli/ortia'na (Clifford's), !£. Pink. July. , —

North America.

^-fenestra'lis (windowed). £. Blue. July, i —
Mexico. 1824.

— serrula'ta (saw-edged). £. Blue. June.

Spain. 1820.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

L. bi'color (two-coloured), f. Pale blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/95.
"-gra'cilis (slender). 1. Dark blue. July.

New South Wales. 1801.

— Laure'ntia (Laurentian). £. Blue. July.

Italy. 1/78.

— si' mplex (simple-stalked). £. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1794. Biennial.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

L. ala'ta (winged-stalked), ij. Blue. June.
New Holland. 1804.

— argu'ta (sharp-notched). 2. Blue, Sep-

tember. Chili. 1824.

— bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). £. Blue. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— Bridge'sii (Mr. Bridges's). 4. Pink. June.

Chili. 1836.

— c&ru'lea (blue). 14. Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— campanula? des (Campanula-like). £. White.

June. China. 1820.

— Cardina'lis (Cardinal-jtfouw). 3. Scarlet.

July. Virginia. 1629.

— Cavanillesia'na (Cavanilles's). 3. Red.

June. Spain. 1825.

— coronopifo'lia (Coronopus-leaved). §. Blue.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1752.

— crena'ta (scolloped-teawd). £. Blue. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1794.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). §. Blue. Oc-

tober. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— denta'ta (toothed). 1. Blue. June. New

Holland. 1824.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). Blue. August.

Swan River. 1818.

— Eri'nus (Erinus). £. Blue. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1752.

compa'cta (compact). ^. Blue.

June. Gardens.

— — — — . compa'cta a'lba (white-compact).

£. White. June. Gardens. 1847.

— . • grandiflo'ra (large -flowered). £.

Blue. June. Gardens. 1841.
lu'cida (shining). Blue, white.

June. Gardens.
—fu'lgens (shining). 3. Scarlet. July.

Mexico. 1809.

— . Marrya'ttce (Mrs. Marryat'a). 3.

Crimson, purple. May. 1847.

multiflo'ra (many - flowered). 4.

Scarlet. May. 184/.

• pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Scar-

let. May. 1847.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 2. Blue.

September. Van Diemen's Land. 1837.

ma'jor (larger). 3. Blue.

June. Swan River. 1840.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). $. Blue. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1759-

— ig'nea (fiery). 4. Flame, June. Chili.

1838.

ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). £. Pink, June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1815.
Krau'ssii (Krauss's). 1$. Blue. January.

Dominica. 1828.
mi'nima (least). l-12th. White. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1800.
—mo' His (soft). Purple. June. Dominica. 1828.

— mucrona'ta (spine - pointed - leaved). 3.

Bright crimson. August. Chili. 1831.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). Purple. June.

Swan River. 1838.

— pedunmtla'ta (long- flower-stalked). 1. Blue.

October. New South Wales. 1819.

— persicifo'lia (Peach-leaved). 1. Purple.

June. West Indies. 1824. Stove.

— pube'scens (downy). £. Blue. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1780.

— purpura'scens (purplish). 1. Blue. July.

New South Wales. 1809.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Blue. Sep-

tember. Nepaul. 1822.

— rugulo'sa (wrinkled). 2. Blue. June.

New Zealand. 1826.

— senecioi'des (Senecio-like). 1. Blue. July.

New Holland. 1824.

— seta'cea (short-bristled). £. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— Si'msii (Sims's). 1. Blue. October. Cape

of Good Hope. 1819-

— sple'ndens (shining). 3. Scarlet. June.

Mexico. 1814.

— Texe'nsis (Texian). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1845.

— thapsoi'dea (Mullein-like). 6. Rosy, purple.

Organ Mountains. 1843.

— Thunber'gii (Thunberg's). 1. Blue. Au-

gust. Cape of Good Hope. 1822.

— trique'tra (triangular). 1. Blue. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 17/4.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Blue. June.

1818.

— Zey'lanica (Ceylon). 1. Blue. June.

East Indies. 1821.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. assu'rgens (rising). 3. Scarlet. August.
West Indies. 1787.

— begonicefo'lia (Begonia -leaved). £. Pale

blue. June. Nepaul. 182".

— decu'rrens (running-down). 3. Purple.

July. Chili. 1826.

— gigante'a (gigantic). 14. Orange. August.

South America. 1828.

— heteroma'lla (diversely-haired). Blue. 1829.

— linea'ris (narrow-teamed). £. Blue. Cape

of Good Hope. 1/91.

— macula'ta (spotted). £. White. May. New

Zealand. 1829.

— odora'ta (fragrant). J. White. September.

Buenos Ayres. 1832.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved). 1$. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1782.

— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June.

Valparaiso. 1825. Stove.

— robu'sta (robust). 3. Blue. August. Hayti.

1830. Stove.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

L, amoe'na (pleasing). 3. Blue. July. North
America. 1812.

— Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. Blue, June.

North America, 1&24,

LOB

J

L. cvle'stris (heavenly). 2. Blue. July. North
America. 1831.

— colora'ta (coloured - leaved] . 5. Orange.

August. North America. 1832.

— ori'spa (curled). 2. Blue. June. North

America. 1825.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2£. Blue. Septem-

ber. New Carolina. 1840.

— Ka'lmii (Kalm's). l. Blue. July. Caro-

lina. 1820.

— lacu'stris (lake). Pale blue. July. Britain.

— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). 1. Blue. July. North

America. 1824.

— paludo'sa (marsh). Pale blue. July. North

America.

— polyphy'lla (many- leaved). 4:$. Purple.

August. Valparaiso. 1829-

— puhe'rula (mossy). 1. Pale blue. June.

North America. 1800.

glabe'lla (smoothish). £. Purple,

blue. July. Lousiana. 1832,

— ramo'sa (branching). 2. Dark blue. Au-

gust. Swan River. 1838.

— syphili'tica (syphilitic). 2. Light blue.

September. Virginia. 166/5.
«76« (white). 3. White. Au-
gust.

— tene'lla (delicate), j. Purple, violet. May.

Sicily. 1821.

LOBLOLLY-BAY. Gordo'nia lasla'nthus.

LOCUST-TREE. Hymena'a.

LODDIGE'SIA. (Named after Conrad
Loddiyes, the founder of the well-known
nursery at Hackney. Nat. ord., Leyu-
minous Plants [Fftbft06»], Linn., 16-
dfonadflphw C)-Decandria. Allied to
Hypocalyptus.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the
plants of the shoots, in April, in sandy soil,
under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and a little
loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; a cool place
in summer.

L. oxalidifo'lia (Oxalis-leaved). 14. Pale pur-
ple. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1802.

LODOI'CEA. (Named after Laodice,
the daughter of Priam and Hecuba.
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacere]. Linn.,
%'l-Dicecia 1%-Polyandria.)

Stove palm. Seeds in a strong moist heat ;
loam and peat. Summer temp., 60° to 90°,
with much moisture in the atmosphere ; win-
ter, 58° to 60°.

L. sechella'rum (Seychelles). 80. Seychelles
Islands.

LOGA'XIA. (Named after J. Logan,
a distinguished botanist. Nat. ord.,
Loyamads [Loganiaceai], Linn., f>-
Pcntandria l-Mono;/ynia. Allied to
Fagrsea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, with white flowers

from New Holland. Stiff side shoots, getting

well ripened at the base, in sandy soil, under a

bell-glass, in summer ; sandy loam and fibry

30

peat, kept more open still, by pieces of charcoal.
I Winter temp., 38° to 45°. In summer the pots
I protected from strong sunshine.
i L.fioribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 2. April.

1797-
; — • latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. 1816.

— reeofo'Za (rolled-back-teatferf). 2. 1826.

LCESE'LIA. See HoVtzla.

LOGWOOD. Hat-mato'xylon.

LOMAGRA'MMA. (From lonut, an edge,
and yramma, writing ; referring to the
appearance and position of the spore
or seed-cases on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiaceoi], Linn., 5i4-
Cryptogamia I-Fillces.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns.

L. pterioi'des (Brake-like). Brown. May.
Isle of Luzon. 1840.

LOMA'RIA. (From loma, an edge,
| referring to the position of the spore
i or seed cases on the leaves. Nat. ord.,
; Ferns [Polypodiacere]. Linn., 4>M-
Cryptogamia 1-Filiccs. )
All brown spored. See Ferns.

HARDY.

L. spi'cant (spiked). 1. June. Britain.
GREENHOUSE.

i L. Alpi'na (Alpine). Falkland Isles. 1843.

— Antarctica (Antarctic). Magellan. 1843.

— uttenua'ta (thin). 1. August. 1838.

j — fulca'ta (sickle-shaped). 2. July. Van
Dieman's Land. 1823.

— Fraze'ri (Fraser's). New Zealand. 1843.

— lanceolu'ta (spear-head-s/i«/>i?cZ). ^. Sep-

tember. New Holland. 1830.

— Magella'nicu (Magellan). Falkland Isles.

1843.

— nu'da (naked). 2. June. Van Dieman's

Land. 1822.

— Paterso'ni (Paterson's), £. September.

New Holland. 1830.

— pro'cera (tall). 3. July. New Zealand.

1822.

STOVE.

L. Boryu'na (Bory's).

— Chile'nsis (Chilian). Chili.

— di1 scalar (two-coloured). Brazil.

— fluviu' tills (floating).

— Gillie'sii (Gillies's). Brazil. 1841.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. West

Indies. 1810.

— onocleoi'dcs (Onoclea-like). July. Jamaica.

1824.

< — sorbifo'liu (Sorb-leaved). August. West
i Indies. 1/Q3.

— ve'stita (clothed). Isle of Luzon.

LOMA'TIA. (From loma, an edge ;

referring to the winged edge of the

seeds. Nat. ord., Protead* [Proteacere],

Linn., ±-'J't!traiidria \-Monoyynia. Al-

1 lied to Telopea.)

2 o

LOM C 5

%

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of firm
young shoots, early in spring, or late in summer,
in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat, with a
little loam. Winter Temp. 38° to 40°.

L. denta'ta (toothed). 3. Chili. 1824.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved), 3. July. New

Holland. 1824.

— silaifo'lia (Silaum-leaved). 2. Orange.

July. New South Wales. 1792.

— tincWria (dyer's). 2. New Holland. 1822.

LONCHI'TIS. (From louche, a knee ;
the shape of the leaves or fronds.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacece] . Linn.,
24- Cryptogamia 1 - Filiccs. )

Stove ferns, with brown spores, from the
West Indies. Some species are now joined to
Litobrockia. See Ferns.

L. auri'ta (eared). July.

— gla'bra (smooth). July.

— pube'scens (downy). July.

LONCHOCA'RPUS. (From lonche, a
lance, and carpos, a fruit; shape of
seed-pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceffi]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen trees, with purple flowers,
except where specified otherwise. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a sweet bottom-heat, in May; turfy
loam and fibry peat, with sand and charcoal to
keep it open, though pressed firmly together.
Summer temp. 60° to 85° ; winter 55b to 60°.

l<. Dominge'nsis (St. Domingo). 20. Red.
St. Domingo. 1820.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 20. West In-

dies. 1808.

— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). 40. South

America. 1818.
~- pube'scens (downy). 25. Purple. Caraccas.

1824.
•— pyxida'rius (box). 20. Cuba. 1820.

— ro'seus (rosy). 16. Red. South America.

1/00.

— se'piuTO (hedge). 30. South America. 1820.

— seri'ceus (silky). 20. West Indies. 1826.

— viola'ceus (violet). 12. Carthage. 1759-

LONDON PRIDE. Saxi'fraga itmbro'sa.

LONI'CEEA. (Named after Adam
Lonicer, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Capn foils [Caprifoliaceoe]. Linn., ;")-
Pfntandrla 1-Monogi/nia. Allied to
Caprifolium.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. By cuttings and
layers, in the autumn ; with all the succulent,
pithy-stemmed kinds, the latter mode is tho
best, as cuttings are apt to rot ; when planted
they should have a shady, sheltered situation ;
good loamy soil.

L.Alpi'gena (Alpine). 6. Yellow. April.

South Europe. 1596.
_ , Sibi'rica (Siberian). 5, Yellow.

April. Siberia, )8lQ,

I ] LOP

L. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. Pale
yellow. April. North India. 1847.

— ceeru'lea (blue-6m-i>d). 4. Yellow. May.

Switzerland. 1629.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). Yellow. May.

Canada. 1812.

— cane'scetis (hoary). 10. April. Europe.

— cilia'ta (hair- fringed). 4. White, red.

April. North America. 1824.

a'lba (wbite-iem'ed). 4. White, red.

April. North America. 1824.

— di'scoiour (two-coloured). 4. Yellow, crim-

son. June. East Indies. 1844.

— diver&ifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. Yellow.

May. Himalaya. 1843.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 15. Orange. July.

Japan. 1806.

— Jbe'rica (Iberian). 6. Orange. April.

Iberia. 1824.

— involucra'ta (involucred). 3. Yellow.

April. Hudson's Bay. 1824.

— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 3. Yellow, red.

June. California. 1833.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 4. Siberia.

1818.

— ni'gra (black). 4. Pale yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1597.

campaniflo'ra (bell-flowered). 4.

Yellow. May. North America.

— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 3. White.

April. North America. 1823.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 16. Yellow. June.

Iberia. 1825.

— puni'ceus (crimson). Crimson. May.

North America. 1822.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4. White. Py-

renees. 1739.

— Tarta'rica (Tartarian). 10. Pink. April.

Russia. 1752.
albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 10.

White. May. Pyrenees. 1739-
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. pink.

April.
lu'tea (yellovf 'flowered). 10.

Yellow. April.
rubriflo'ra (red- flowered). 10.

Red. April. Russia. 1752.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 4. Yellow. April,

Canada. 1820.

— xylo'steum (Fly), 8. Yellow, June.

England.
leucoca'rpum (white-berried).

8. Yellow. June. Britain.
melanoca'rpwn (black-berried).

8. Yellow. June. Britain.
xanthoca'rpum (yellow-berried).

8. Yellow. June. Britain.

LOOKING-GLASS PLANT. Heritie'ra.

LOOSE-STEIFE. Lysima'chia.

LOPE'ZIA. (Named after J. Lopez, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Onayrads
| [Onagraceee]. Linn., 1-Monandria 1-
I Monogynia. Allied to Circoea.)

Annuals from Mexico ; all of which thrive
the better if sown on a light hot-bed in the
middle of March, and are transplanted in the
middle of May; light soil.
It, cordu'tn (heartrteaued), JJ. Purple, August,
1821,

LOP

[ 563

LOR

L. curonn'ta (coroneted). 1A. Eed. August.
1805.

— hirsn'ta (hairy). l$. Red. August. 1796.

— linea'ta (streaked-/ra?>«?). 3. Rose. Feb-

ruary. 1839.

— pu'mila (dwarf). $. Red. August. 1824.

— rticemo'sa (racemed). l£. Red. August.

1792.

LOPHA'NTHUS. (From lopfos, a crest,
and nnlhon, a flower; referring to the
middle lobe of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Labiates, or Lipworts. Linn., l/i-Didy-
namia 1 Gymnospermia. Allied to
Mentha.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials from North
America. Seeds sown in April ; cuttings of
the young shoots at the same time, in a shady
place, in sandy soil, under a hand light ; divi-
sion of the plant in spring ; good garden soil.

L. anisa'tus (Anise-scented). 3. Blue. July.
1826.

— nepetoi'des (Nepete-like). 5. Yellow, white.

July. 1692.

— sci-ophula>'ioi'des(Fig\iiort-libe). 5. Pink.

July. 1800.

— urticeefo'lium, (nettle-leaved), 2. Blue.

July. 1826.

LOPHI'OLA. (A diminutive of hphos,
a crest ; referring to the crested sepals,
or flower-leaves. Nat. ord., Lllyivorts
[Liliacese]. Linn., (J-Hexandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Wachendorfia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
roots in autumn or spring ; peaty soil in a damp
shady situation.

L- au'rea (golden-flowered). l£. Yellow. June.
North America. 1811.

LOPHI'RA. (From lophos, a crest ;
referring to two of the sepals finally
expanding into crested wings. Nat.
ord., Lophlrads [Lophiraceae]. Linn.,
V~-Ico$andrici 1 -Monoqynia.}

This is the Scrubby Oak of Sierra Leone, a
handsome tree with panioled yellow flowers.
Endlicher founded the order on it because it is
"allied to nothing yet known." A tropical
evergreen shrub ; cuttings of firm young wood,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bot-
tom heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Summer
temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.

L. Africa'nn (African). 10. Yellow. June.
Sierra Leone. 1822.

LQPHOSPE'RMUM:. (From lophos, a
crest, and sperma, a seed; the seeds
are furnished with a crested wing.
Nat. ord., Figworts [ScrophulariaceiB].
Linn., \-L-Didynamia l-Gymiiospe-rmia,')

Beautiful evergreen climbers, requiring the
greenhouse, or cold frame, in winter, growing
against pole*, fences, &c, during

j propagated by preserving the fleshy roots, in
i dry earth, in winter ; by seed sown in a hot-
I bed in March and April, and cuttings of young
j shoots taken in August, inserted in sandy soil,
and placed in a cool frame, or under a hand-
light and shaded ; rich sandy loam.

L. atrosangui'neum (dark-bloody). 10. Dark
purple. June. Mexico. 1833.

— erube'scena (blushing). 10. Rosy. August,

Jalapa. 1830.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Purple, violet,

Mexico. 1834.

LOQUAT, or Japan Quince (Erio-
lo'trya japo'nica). It ripens its fruit
with a moderate amount of heat in
this country. Some varieties are said
to succeed on the open Avail ; but it
must be in such mild localities as the
warmer parts of Devon or Cornwall.
The temperature of the peach-house —
or what is sometimes called the inter-
mediate house — will, however, suit it ;
and as to wintering, it requires little
more than the exclusion of frost. As
the growth of this for dessert purposes
has never been, as far as we are aware,
systemized in this country, we can only
offer a few general hints as to its cul-
ture. It has been affirmed that it
succeeds best grafted on the quince,
and it is very probable ; for it belongs
to the same natural order, Appleworts,
in addition to which, individuals from
the genera Pyrus, Amelanchier, Mcspi-
liiSj and even the Photinia serrulata,
being itself an evergreen, present most
likely stocks.

Grafting is recommended, in order
to check its excessively robust cha-
racter ; for. in its natural growth it
would be too coarse for ordinary hot-
houses. Grafting, therefore, or any of
the expedients resorted to in pear cul-
ture, may be had recourse to. It may
be readily propagated from seed, and
doubtless by cuttings, and will grow in
any ordinary soil. We would, however,
use no manurial matters, but simply
peat and strong loam, the latter pre-
dominating.

LORD ANSON'S TEA. La'thyrus ma-
gella'nicm.

LORE'YA. (Named after M. Lorey,
a botanist, author of the Flora of Bur-
gundy. Nat* ord., Melastomads [Me-
lastomaceee]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-
Allied to Miconift.)

LOK

[ 504]

LOV

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of young
shoots, in April, in sand, over sandy peat, and
that extra well drained ; sandy peat, a little
libry loam, and pieces of charcoal and broken
freestone. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter,
50° to 55°.

/>. arbore'scem (tree-like). 30. White. July.
Guiana. 1822.

LOTK. Ztzyphns lo'tus.

LO'TUS. Bircl's-foot Trefoil. (From
the lotus of Theophrastus, which is
7/tzypkus Intm. Nat. orcl., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaeero]. Linn., 17-Diadet-
pkia ±-Decandria. Allied to Trifolium.)

Annuals, by seed, at the beginning of April ;
a very few require the assistance of a gentle
hotbed, and transplanting afterwards; herba-
ceous and semi-shnibby low trailing plants, by
division, and cuttings in summer, under a
hand-light, in a shady place. These are very
useful for banks and rockworks. Greenhouse
and frame kinds by cuttings of young shoots,
in sandy soil, under a hand-light or frame ;
light sandy soil for all.

STOVE ANNUAL.

L. 1'ndicus (Indian). 1. July. East Indies.
1793.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
L. arge'nteus (silvery). £. June. 1827.

angtistifo'lius (narrow - leaved).

£. July. 1827.

— Austra'Hs (southern). Pink. July. New

Holland. 1800.

— glau'cus (milky-green). 1. June. Madeira.

1777-

— sassilifo'lius (stalkless-leaved). 1, July.

Teneriffe. 1820.

GREEXHOUSE EVERGREENS.

L. unthylloi'des (Anthyllis-like). J. Dark

purple. June. Cape of Good Hope.
1812.

— atropurpu'reus (dark-purple). 1, Dark

brown. Teneriffe. 1820.

— Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1*. June. Levant.

1680.

— Gebe'lia (mountain). 1. May. Aleppo. 181(5.

— Jaoobce'us (St. James's Island). 2. Dark

brown. July. Cape de Verd Islands.
1714.

lu'teus (yellow -flowered}. 2.

July.

— wcta'biiis (shewy). 2. Teneriffe.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. angusti'ssimus (narrowest-podded). 1. May.
Britain.

— Ara'bicus( Arabian). £. Pink. July. Ara-

bia. 1773.

— arena'rius (sand), i. April. Teneriffe, 1831.

— cilia'tus (hair-fringed). $. July. Sicily.

1812.

— Coimbrice'nsis (Coimbra). i. White, red.

June. Portugal. 1800.

— cytisoi'des (Cytwus-like). 1. June. South

Europe. 17^2,

1 L. dem'mbena (lying-down). $. July. Europe.
1816.

— Diosco'ridis (Dioseoridea's), I.June. Nirc.

165S.

— edu'lis (eatable), i- July. Italy. 1759.
! — glabe'rrimus (very-smooth). $. White.

July. South Europe. 1816.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 1812.

— odoru'tus (sweet-scented), l£. June, Bar-

-pertgrSs (Reading). $. July. .,

Europe. 1713.
-pusi'Uw (small). 4. July. South Europe.

1816.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

L.cornicula'hts (small-horned). l£. June.
Britain.

— -Alpi'nus (Alpine). $. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered).

August.
Hungary.

\. July. Gardens.
•— crassifo'lius (thick-leuved). £
South Europe. 1812,

— depre'ssus (depressed). July.

1919-

— flexuo'sus (zig-zag). ^. July. Europe. 1816.

— Forste'ri (Fprster's). ^. July. Britain.

— ma'jor (greater). 1^. June. Britain.
-- uillo'sus (shaggy). ^. June. Switz-

erland. 1817.

— pahi'stris (marsh). £. June. Crete. 1821.

— peduncula'tus (tong'-flower-stalked). I.July.

Spain. 1814.

— Portosancta'nus (Porto Santo). July.

Porto Santo. 1789. Evergreen shrub.

— auave'olens (sweet-scented). £. July. South

France. 1816.

— temiifo'lins (slender-leaved). July. Europe.

1837.

— te'nuis (slender). 1. July. Hungary. 181G.

— vligino'sus (bog). June. Europe. 1636.

LOUSE. See .4 '?;/</'s.

LOUSEWORT. Pcdicnla'rls.

LOVE-APPLE, or Tomato. Lycop<-'r
sicon escule'ndun.

Varieties. — Of the Red — the Common
Large, Small, Pear-shaped, (Jhern-
shaped. Of the Yellow — the Large
Yellow, Small or Cherry Yellow.

Soil, rich, light, and on a dry sub-
soil; sea-weed may be applied with
advantage to the border on which it is
grown, as may kelp, or common salt in
small quantities. The situation must
be sheltered.

Sowiny. — Sow at the close of March
or early in April in a hotbed or stove.
The hotbed must be of a moderate
durability, earthed about six inches
deep. In a hothouse, sow in pots or
boxes set on the Hues or round tho
edges of the pits.

In whatever situation, sow thin* and

C 505 ]

LI C

not buried more than a quarter of an
inch. The plants, when two or three
inches high, must be thinned to three
inches apart, and those removed pricked
at the same distances, in a similar hed
to that from which they were removed ;
shade and water freely in every stage
of their growth; for if, from the want
of this, a due exposure to the light, or
any other cause, they become weak,
they seldom are productive. Plant out
iu the open air early in June ; prepare
them for this, until at length they can
endure the temperature of the green-
house, where they may he kept until
finally moved. But before that time
arrives another thinning will be requi-
site ; those in the hotbed to six inches
apart, and those in the stove, each
plant separate into tolerable-si/ed pots.
They are to be finally planted five feet
apart beneath a south paling or wall,
to -which their branches must be
trained ; for if allowed to trail on the
ground the fruit scarcely ever ripens,
and never is in perfection. Water and
shade during midday must be afforded
until they are established; and if the
nights are cold during the first week or
two, the shelter of a hand-glass, or
even of a garden-pot, is advantageous.

The training may commence as soon
as the branches are a foot long, and
continued throughout their growth.
In case of a want of space of wall or
paling, they may be trained with stakes
as espaliers. Throughout the summer
clear away all lateral shoots, its well as
lliiri the leaves, so as to expose the
fruit to the full influence of the sun.

The berries begin to ripen about the
middle of August, and continue to do
so until October, or the arrival of the
first frosts which always destroy the
plants.

To obtain Seed. — Somn of the for-
wardest berries must be left until
perfectly ripe. It must be separated
from the pulp by washing as directed
for the " Cucumber."

LOVE - LIES - BLEEPING. Amara'nthus
caiida'tus.

LOVE TREE. Ca'rcis siliqtia' strum.

LOWE 'A. (Named after Rev. Mr.
Lowe, travelling Bachelor of the Uni-

versity of Cambridge. Nat. ord., llosc-
worts [liosacea^.]. Linn., IZ-Icosandriu
: :}-Tri(jyni(<; Allied to the Rose.')

Half-hardy deciduous plant, very shy and
difficult to manage ; a little protection in severe
winters : seeds, and cuttings of the half-ripened
wood ; fibry peat and open sandy loam.

L. berberifn'lia (Berberry-leaved). lj. Yellow,
purple. June. Persia. 1/90.

LOXOGKA'MMA. (From loxos, slanting,
and gramma, writing ; referring; to the
spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacere]. Linn., %±-Crypto(/amia
l-Filices.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns.

L. lanceoln'ta (spear-head-fcai'ed). Yellow.
May. East Indies.

LOZOT.-K'NIA rosa'ria is a small moth,
of which the caterpillar feeds upon the,
leaves of the rose-tree. Mr. Curtis
says, that "the eggs are laid in the
summer or autumn, and hatch with
the opening leaves ; and the little
caterpillar begins at once to form a
residence by drawing two or more leaf-
lets together, on which it feeds. This
operation soon points out where the
caterpillar is ; and the best method
which we know of getting rid of it is
hand-picking, which should be practised
as soon as the operation of the cater-
pillar becomes visible."

LUBI'NIA. ( Named after M. St. Lubin,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Prime-
worts [Prinmlaceoe]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Trientalis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Cuttings
under a hand-light in May, and seeds sown in a
slight hotbed; loam and peat, with sand to
keep it open ; requires the protection of a cold
pit in winter.

L. utropurpu'ren (dark-purple). 2. Purple.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

LUCU'LIA. (From, hiculi .s»;a, the
native name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., o-Pcntandria
\-Mono<ji/nia. Allied to Hymenodic*
tyoii.)

Greenhouse evergreens from Nepaul. Cut-
tings of the young shoots getting a little firm,
about Midsummer, in sand, over sandy peatj
well-drained, and covered with a bell-glass, set
in a close pit or frame, and in a fortnight sup-
plied with a little bottom-heat ; peat and loam
both fibry, with sand and pieces of charcoal to
keep it open. As soon as established as a little
plant, which it will be by the following spring,
to be transferred at once to a good large pot }

LUC

[ 560 ]

LUP

a conservatory bed, however, is the place where
it flourishes aiid shows off to the best advantage,
blooming in the autumn, winter, and spring
months. It should, also, be tried against a
conservative wall.
L. grati'ssima (most- welcome). 9- Bed. 1823.

— Pincia'na (Pince's). 5. White. 1843.

LUCU'MA. (The Peruvian name, j
Nat. ord., Sapotads [Sapotacete]. Linn.,
•i-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Sapota.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers.
Cuttings of the ripe shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in heat ; rich fibry sandy loam.
Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter, 60° to 55°.
L. Bonpla'ndia (Bonpland's). 40. Cuba. 1822.

— mammo'sa (nippled). 60. South America.

1739.

— obova'ta (revefsed-egg-Jeaoerf). 40. Peru.

1822.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved); 40, Mexico.

1823.

LU'DIA. (From /wrfo, to sport; re-
ferring to the various forms of leaf of
L. lieterophylla. Nat. ord., Bixads.
[Bixacete]. Linn., 19-Polyandri-a 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Prockia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with yellow flowers,
from Mauritius. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
Irt saiid, Under a bell-glass, in bottom heat ;
fibry loam, with a little peat, and dried cow
dung. Summer temp., 60° to 85°; winter,
50° to 55°.
L. heterophy'lla (various -leaved). 4. July. 1823.

— sessilijlo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 4. July.

1820.

LI-HE 'A. (Named after Luhe, a Ger-
man botanist. Nat. ord., Liiulcnllooms
[Tiliaceo-,]. Linn., 1%-Potyadelphia 2-
Polyandriu. Allied to Sparmannia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, two inches in length, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and plunged in bottom heat ; fibry
peat and sandy loam. Summer temp., 60° to
80° ; winter, 48° to 55°.

L. Caraccasa'na (Caraccasian). Caraccas. 1847*
Shrub.

— panicula'tu. (panicled). 10. Rosy. April.

Brazil. 1828. Climber.

LUI'SIA. (Name not explained. Nat.
ord., Orchids [OrchidaceeeJ. Linn.,
20-Gynandria 1-Monandria. Allied to
Vaiida.)

Stove orchid. Detaching the side »hoots ; a
block of wood covered with moss, or elevated
above a pot, with sphagnum, peat, crocks, &c.
Temperature, 60° to 90°, when growing in
summer, with a moist atmosphere ; 50° to 60°
in winter, and djy ; 60° to 90° in spring, and
rather dry to start the flower buds, kept cooler
afterwards, and excited again when the flower-
ing is over.

L. Alpi'na (Alpine). Green, purple. April.
Sylhet. 1837.

LUMNI'TZERA. (Named after Lum-
nitzcr, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Myrobalans [Combretacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Gymnospcrmia. Allied to
Poivrea.)

Stove annual, and herbaceous plants. One
of the latter is well-worth «ultivating ; seed,
division of the plant, and by cuttings of the
young shoots in spring : requires a warm green-
bouse, a cool stove ; sandy loam.

L. tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 1. Pale
purple. July. East Indies. 1/03.

LUNA'BIA. Moonwort, or Honesty.
(From /?w«, the moon ; referring to
the shape of the seed-vessels. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacere] . Linn.,
Ib-Tetradynamia. Allied to Alyssurn.)

Hardy plants, natives of Germany, and flower-
ing in May; seeds and divisions in spring.
Common garden soil.

L. biefnnis (biennial). 4. Light purple. 1570.

Biennial.
albifio'ra (white -flowered). 3.

White. 1570.
— redivi'va (revived). 3. Light purple. 1596.

Herbaceous perennial.

LTJNGWOBT. Pulmona'ria.

LUPI'NUS. Lupine. (From lupus, a
wolf; devastates land as the wolf does
the fold; literally, destroyer. Nat. ord.,
Lc</iiminoHs Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn.,
IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decanrlria.}

They are generally arranged into annuals, pe-
rennials, and frame evergreen shrubs, but they
all produce seed so freely, that it is easiest to
propagate them by that means, only the ever-
greens, instead of being sown in theopen ground,
should have the assistance of a gentle hotbed
to rear them before planting them out. If such
kinds as Mutabilis and Cruikshankii are sown
in August, and kept in pots all the winter in a
pit, they make splendid specimens on a lawn
the following summer.

HALF-HABDY EVEEGEEENS.

L. a'lbifrons (white -countenanced herbage"
hoary). |. Blue. September. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

— urbn'reus (tree). 6. Yellow. July. 1793.

— arbu'stus (shrub). 1$. Pale purple. July.

California. 1826. Herbaceous.

— arve'nsis (field). 1*. Lilac. April. Peru.

1843. Biennial.

— bimacula'tus (twin-spotted). Blue. Sep-

tember. Texas. 1835. Herbaceous.

— cunulicula'tus (channelled). 4. Blue.

July. Buenos Ayres. 1828.

— Cruiksha'nkn (Cruikshank's). 5. Varie-

gated. July. Peru. 1829

— inca'nus (\\oxry~herbuged). Pale lilac.

July. Buenos Ayres. 1830.

[567]

LYd

L.

L. Mexico. 'nus (Mexican). 2. Blue. February,
Mexico. 1819. Biennial.

— muttiflo'rus (many -flowered). 4. Blue.

July. Montevideo. 1810.

— muta'bilis (changeable). 5. Blue, yellow.

July. Bogota. 1819.

— pulche'llus (pretty). 3. Blue, purple. July.

Mexico. 1828.

— tomento'sus (thick-downed). 6. Pink, white.

July. Peru. 1825.

— versi'color (party-coloured). 2. Pink, blue.

July. Mexico. 1825.

HARDY ANNUALS.

uffi'nis (related). |. Deep blue. June.

California. 1848.
a'lbus (white). 3. White. July. Levant.

1596.
angustifo1 lius (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue.

July. Spain. 1686.
Ba'rkeri (Mr. Barker's). 3. Blue, pink.

July. Mexico. 1830.
bi'color (two-coloured). 5. Pale blue. July.

North America. 1826.
bracteola'ris (bracted). 1$. Blue. July.

Monte Video. 1820.
densiflo'rus (dense-flowered). £. White,

pink. July. California. 1833.
Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 3. Blue.

June. Mexico. 1843. Biennial.
e'legans (elegant). 2. Violet, roae. June.

Mexico. 1831.
exalta'tus (tall). 1832.
Hartwe'gii (Mr. Hartweg's). 3. Blue,

pink. July. Mexico. 1838.
hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. Blue. July. South

Europe. 1629.
hirmti'ssimus (most hairy). £. Red. July.

California. 1838.
leptoea'rpus (slender-fruited). 3. Purple.

June. Mexico. 1839. Biennial.
leptophijllus (slender-leaved). 2. Blue,

lilac. July. California. 1833.
linifo'lius (Flax-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

Monte Video. 1799.
In'teus (yellow). 2. Yellow. July. Sicily.

1596.
micro! nthus (small-flowered). A. Purple,

blue. May. North America. 1826.
microca'rpus (small-podded). 1$. Blue.

April. Chili. 1821.

na'nus (dwarf.) l. Blue. July. Cali-
fornia. 1833.
pilo'sus (shaggy). 3. Flesh. July. South

Europe. 1710.
pubc'sccns (downy). 2. Violet, blue. June.

Quito. 1844. Biennial.
pusi'lhu (little). $. Pale blue. July.

North America. 1817.
ramosissi'mus (much-branched). 3. Crim-
son, blue. Chimborazo.
Texe'nsis (Texan). l£. Blue. June.

Santa Fe.
The'rmis (Thermis). 3. White. June.

Egypt. 1802.
va'rius (variable). 3. Blue, white. July.

South Europe. 1596.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

arge'itteus (silvery). White. June, North
America. 1826,

L.

L. a'ridus (dry). 1. Purple, blue. August.
North America. 1827.

— grandifo'lius (large-leaved). 4. Purple.

July. North America.

— laxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Blue, pink.

Columbia. 1826.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4£. Blue. July.

California. 1834.

— le'pidus (pretty). £. Blue, pink. August.

Columbia. 1826.

— leucophy'llus (white-leaved). 2. Pink.

July. North America. 1826.

— littora'lis (shore). 1. Blue, pink. July.

Columbia. 1826.

— lu'cidus (shining-leaped). 2. Purple. July.

North America.

— macropliy'llus (large-leaved). 4. Blue.

July. California. 1834.

— 2VooM:a*e'MS(s (Nootka-Sound). 2. Purple.

July. Nootka Sound. 1794.

— orna'tus (ornamented). 2. Blue, pink.

May, Columbia. 1826,

— pere'nnib (smooth - perennial). 2. Blue,

June. North America. 1658.

— plumo'sus (feathery). 3. Blue. June.

California. 1820.

— polyphy'llus (many^leaved). 4. Blue. June.

Columbia. 1826.

ulbiflo'rus (white - flowered). 4.

White. July. Columbia. 1826.

— rivula'ris (river-side). 3. White, purple,

April. California. 1831.

— Sabinia'nus (Sabine's). 3. Yellow. North

America. 1827-

— scri'ceus (silky). 1. Purple. May. North

America. 1826.

— subcamo'sus (fleshyish-leaved). 1. Blue>

white. July. Texas. 1835.

— tri'stls (sa.d-colored). 4. Pale brown. July.

North America.

— villo'sus (shaggy) . £. Pink. July. Caro-

lina. 1787-

LUXEMBE'KGIA. (Named after the
Duke of Luxembery. Nat. ord., Sau-
vaynads [Sauvagesiacea1]. Linn., 10-
Monadelpliia $-folyandria.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, yellow-flowered,
from Brazil. Cuttings of half -ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a gentle
bottom heat; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° ; winter, 48° to 55°. They require a
constant liberal supply of moisture.
L.cilio'sa (hair-fringed- feat-ed). 4. June. 1841.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. May.

LYCA'STE. (Named after a beautiful
woman of Sicily. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant, as
growth is commencing; open baskets, in
sphagnum, fibry peat and pieces of charcoal.
Summer temp., 60° to 90° ; winter, 50° to 60°.
L. aroma' tica (aromatic). Orange. May.

Mexico. 1828.
retu'sa (bent - back - lipped), 1 .

Yellow. May. Brazil.

— Barringto'nia:. (Barrington's). Yellow,

brown. April. Jamaica. 1790.

LYC

C

LYC

L. cilia' t-ti (hair-fringed). July. Brazil. 1838.

— Colle't/i (Colley's). Brown. July. Deme-

rara. 183fi.

— coxta'ta (ribbed). Peru. 1842.

— criiu'ta (hairy). 1. Yellow, brown. March.

Guatemala. 1840.

— cnt'enta (bloody), l. Orange, crimson.

March. Guatemala. 1841.

— De'ppii (Deppe's). 1. Yellow, brown.

June. Xalapa. 182S.

— fulce'scens (tawny). 2. Brown, orange.
Columbia.

— gigante'a (gigantic). 2. Greenish. August.

Guayaquil. 1848.

— Hnrnso'niac (Mrs. Harrison's). l£. Cream,

purple. Brazil. 1838.

• a'lba (white). 1^. White. Au-
gust. Brazil. 1840.

— la'nipcs (woolly - flower - stalked). Purple,

green. Guayaquil. 1848.

— plu'na (fat-floivered). Greenish. October.

Bolivia. 1841.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved; . Green, brown,

white. December. Mexico. 1837.

— Ski'nneri (Skinner's). 1. White, crimson.

October. Guatemala. 1842.

aUbn (white). White. October.

Guatemala. 1841.

— tetrago'na (four-angled). 3. Greenish.

Brazil. 1842.

— tyrianthi'na (bright- violet). Bright violet.

July. Brazil. 1830.

LY'CHNIS. (From lychnos, a lamp ;
referring to the brilliancy of the flowers.
Xat. ord., Clot-cu-orts [Caryophylacege].
Linn., \0-Decandria 4t-Pi.'tttaijyni((.')

The hardy herbaceous are chiefly cultivated ;
seed, division, and cuttings under a hand-light
of the young shoots, as growth commences in
spring. Small side shoots may be obtained
from flowering stems, but they do not answer
so well ; rich sandy loam. They require di-
viding often in spring, and fresh soil to grow
in. Grandiflora requires protection in a cold
pit in winter ; double flowers require more
attention in changing the soil than single ones.

TENDER KINDS.

L. grandijlo'm (large-flowered). 1$. Red.
July. China. 1774. Greenhouse
herbaceous.

— 'inutu'bilis (changeable). Pink. June.

Andes. 1841. Stove evergreen.

HARDY ANNUALS.

L. Cae'li Ro'sa (Rose of Heaven). 1. Flesh.
July. Levant. 1713.

— Xicaee'nsis (Nicean). 3. White, red. June.

Nice. 1796-

HARDY HER13ACKOUS.

L. Alpi'na (Alpine). $. Pink. April. Scotland.

— apc'tnla (petal-less). l|. U'hite. June.

Lapland. 1310.

L. Chalcedo'tiitM a'lba (white;. 2. White.
June. Russia.

— ' - flo'rc-a'lbo-plc'no (double • white!.
2. White. June. Gardens.

flo're - ple'no (double - flowered; .

Scarlet. June. Russia.

— corona.' ria (crowned). 3. Red. July.

Italy. 1596.

— u'lbu (white). 3. White. July.

ple'na (double). B. Red. July.

-ru'bra(r<x\). Red." July.

— Co'rsica (Corsican). £. Red. June. Corsica.

1818.

— diu'rna (day- flowering). 2. Purple. June.

Britain.

(double). 1. Purple. June.

aiicijio'ra ^few-flowered). White,
June. Siberia. 1817.

-- Chalcodo'nica (Chalcedoniiin;. 2. Scarlet.
June. Russia. 159t).

Britain.

— Flo's- jo' vis (Flower -of -Jove). 1$. Red,

July. Germany. 1726.

— Flo's-cu'culi (Cuckoo-flower). l£. Pink.

July. Britain.
— nlbiflo'ra (white - flowered) . li.

White.' July. Britain.
ple'na (double). 1. Pink. July.

— fu'lgetts (shining). ]£. Scarlet. June.

Siberia. 1822.

— Helvetica (Swiss- Alpine). $, Red. July.

Switzerland. 1814.

— lec'ta (joyful). ^. Flesh. Portugal. 17/8.

— negle'cta (neglected). $. White. June.

— I'yrena'icq (Pyrenean) ^. ^rhite. June.

Pyrenees. 1819.

— Sibi'ric'a (Siberian). £. White. June.

Siberia. 1817.

— vesperti'na (evening-flowering). 2. White.

June. Britain.

mu'ltiplex (double). White. June.

ro'sca (rosy). White, red. June.

Britain.

— visca'ria {clammy). 1. Pink. May. Britain.
j ple'ita (double). 1. Red. May.

Britain.

LY'CIUM. Box Thorn. (Xxomlychton,

an ancient name of no meaning. Nat.

1 ord., Ni(/hfsliti(?cis [Solanacea?]. Linn.,

j 5-Pentaucfria \-j\Iono(jynla. Allied to

j Juannuloa.)

Cuttings of ripened shoots, in autumn or
spring, under a hand-light; common sandy
loam. The tender kinds require protection.
They are mostly of a free, rambling, half-
climbing character, and Europcewn, and its
congeners, are thus well-fitted for covering
arbours, unsightly walls, £c. ; Afrum does well
on a conservative wall, and its fruit is pretty,
and it blooms very freely.

KYERORKKNS.

L. Carolinia'num (Carolina). 4. Blue. July,
Carolina. 1806. Hardy shrub.

I —cine' ream (ash-coloured). 5. Violet. June.

j Cape of Good Hope. 1818. Green-

house shrub.

— ho'rridum (horrid. Very prickly). 3. White.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/91.
Greenhouse shrub.

¥ — te'nue (slender). 4. Violet, June. Cape
of Good Hope. 181". Greenhouse
shrub.

LYG

LYO

DECIDUOUS CLIJIBEH*.

L. A'frum (African). 10. Violet. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1712. Tree.

— Ba'rbanim (Barbary). 12. Violet. June.

Barbary. -1696.

— Chine1 nse (Chinese;. 6. Purple. July.

China.

— Eiirupte'wm (European). 12. Pink. June.

South Europe. 1/30.
fhrysuca'rpum (yellow - fruited).

12. May.
spheeroca'rpum (round - fruited).

12. May.
—/Me/is<oj'rfes (Fuchsia-like). 5, Scarlet, j'el-

low. June. Azoques. 1843.

— lanceolu'tum (spear-head-feam*). 12. Pink.

June. South Europe.

— microphy'llttm (small-leaved). 4. Violet.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/9 5.

— ri'gidum (stiff). 4. Violet, April. Cape

of Good Hope. 17P5. Shrub.

— Ruthc'nicnm (Russian). 6. White. Siberia.

1804.

r • Ca'spicum (Caspian). July.

Caspian Sea.

— Sha'tuii (Shaw's). 8. Pink. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1700. Greenhouse
climber.

— tetm'ndnim (four-stamened). 4. Violet.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1810.

— Trewia'num (Trew's). 15. Purple. June.

China. 1818.

— t iirbina'tuin (top -shaped). 12, Violet.

June. China. l/OQ.

LYCOPE'BSICON. Love Apple, or To-
mata. (From lykos, a wolf, undpcrsicon,
a peacli. Nat. orcl., Niyhtsliades [So-
lauaceaM. Linn., Sj-Pentandria 1-Mo-
noyynia.y See Love-apple.

All annuals, except Peruvianum, and natives
of South America. Seeds in a hotbed, in
March, potted once or twice, and planted out
in May ; esculent inn, generally against walls or
palings, in order that the fruit may be ripened
lor sauce and soups; rich soil; the plant
must be well thinned and stopped above the
fruit. To have the fruit is the object.
L. cerasifij'rme (cherry-shaped). 3. Green.

July. 18(10.
hi' t cum (yellow -fruited], 3.

Green. July. 1596.

rcummutu'twn (changed). 3. Yellow. July.
1818.

— escule'ntum (eatable). 3. Green. July.

1596.
chrysoca'rpum (yellow - fruited).

3. Green. July. 1596.
erythroca'rpum (red- fruited). 3.

Green. July. 1596.
lettcoe'a'rpum (white-fruited). 3.

Green. July. 1.596.

— Hutntw'ldtii (Humboldt's). 3. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1822.

— 1'eruviu'num (Peruvian). 3. Yellow. May.

1823. Stove herbaceous.

— procu'mbens (lying-down), l. Cream. July.

1/00.

"i~ ]>yrifo'nne (pear-shaped). 3. Yellow. Au-
gust. 1823.

LYCO'BIS. (The name of a woman
in lloman history. Nat. ord., Amaryl-
lids [Amaryllidaceie]. Linn., 6-.He.r-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Valotta.)

Hardy bulbs from China. Aurea is a pretty
bulb, with greyish leaves, requiring a deep
sandy soiled border, but as it grows all the win-
ter, it is best kept in a pot. Radiuta is a sly
bloomer. For culture see Amaryllis.

L. au'rca (golden). 1. Yellow. August. 1777-

— rridia'ta (rayed). 1$. Pink. June. 1758.

— strami'nea (straw- coloured - flowered},

Striped. June. 1847-

LYGO'DIUM. Snake's Tongue. (From
lyr/odes, Hexible; referring to the twin-
ing habit. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diaceffi]. Linn., ^-Cryptogamia 1-
Filices.)

Stove climbing Fern*. See Ferns.
L. urtieula'tum (jointed). Brown, yellow. May.
New Zealand. 1844.

— circina'tum (curled). 6. Brown. August.

East Indies. 1823.

— flexuolsum (zig-zag)^ Brown, yellow. May.
East Indies. 1834.

— hasta'tiim (halbert-shaped). 6. Brown.

August. Maranhatta. 1820.

— Japo'nicum (Japanese). Brown, yellow.

May. Japan. 1830.

- MMnum (Mexican). Brown. Mexico.
1 83 1 1

— palma'tum (hand- shaped). 6. Brown.

August. North America.

— polymo'rphum (many-form). 6. Urown.

August. South America. 1820.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. Brown. May.

East Indies. 1/93.

— venu'stum (pleasing). Brown, yellow. May.

South America. 1845.

— coM bible (twining). 6. Brown. August.

West Indies. 1810.

LYO'NIA. (Named, by Nuttal, after
J. Lyon,- an American collector of
plants. Nat, ord., Hcathworts [Erica-
cere]. Linn., W-Decandria l-Mono-
yynla. Allied to Andromeda.)

Hardy, white-flowered evergreens from North
America. Chiefly by layers, in a damp peat
border ; also by seeds in sandy peat, best under
hand-lights, and sparingly covered ; sandy
peat, and cool situation. Several species of
Andromeda should be moved to this genus.

L, capreafo'lia (tendril-leaved). 3. July. 1812.
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. June. 1734.

— frundo'sa (leafy). 3. May. 1806.

— multiflo'ra. (many-flowered). 2. July.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 3. May. 17~48.

— ri'gida (stiff). 20. July. 1774.

LYO'NSIA. (Named after J.-Lyoiix,
who first taught botany to Sir Joseph
Banks. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
iiaceui]. Linn., ^-Pentandria, l-Mono-
yynla. Allied to Parsonsia.)

LYO

[ 570]

LYT

Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of
the young shoots, in sand, under a glass, and
in a close frame, in April, sandy peat, with a
little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

L, strami'nea (straw-coloured). 6. Striped.
June. New Holland. 1820.

LYPE'RIA. (From lyperos, sad ; from
the dullness of some of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Fiyu-orts [Scrophulariacea?].
Linn., I-L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Manulea.)

Greenhouse evergreens from Cape of Good
Hope. By seed in a slight hotbed in March
and April, and cuttings of young shoots in
spring and autumn, in sandy soil, under a
hand-glass ; sandy loam ; the protection of a
cold pit, or greenhouse in winter. Erinus
Lychnidea and tristis should be added to this
genus.

L. arge'ntea (silvery). l£. White. August.

1801. Annual.
— fra'grans (fragant). £. White, purple.

June. 17/6.

— peduncula'ta (long - flower - stalked). 1 £.

White. August. 1790.

— pinnati'fida (leaflet-like-teawed). £. Purple.

July. 1840.

— viola'cca, (violet). 2. Violet. July. 1816.

LYSIMA'CHIA. Loose-strife. (From
lysis concluding, and machc, strife ; sup-
posed soothing (Dualities. Nat. ord.,
Primeworts [PrimulaceiE]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monoyynia.}

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Division, in spring, and cuttings
of the young shoots, under a hand-light, in
sandy loam, in a shady corner. There are a
few annuals and biennials not worth culture.

GREENHOUSE.

L.atropurpu'rea (dark - purple). 1. Dark
purple. August. Levant. 1820. Her-
baceous.

~ ca'ndida (white). 1. White. June. China.
1846. Herbaceous.

— macula'ta (spotted). 3. June. New Hol-

land. 1822. Evergreen trailer.

HARDY HEBBACEOUS.

L. affi'nis (related). 2£. July.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1^. July.

North America. 1803.

— Aso'rica (Azorean). &. June. Azores. 1831.

— capita'ta (headed). 1. June. North America.

1813.

— cilia1 ta (hair-fringed). 2. July. North

America. 1732.

— Ephe'merum (transient). 2. White. Au-

gust. Spain. 1730.

— hy'brida (hybrid). l£. July. North Ame-

rica. 1806.

— lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). 1. White. July.

North of India. 1840.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. July. North

America. 1798.

L. nummula'ria (Moneywort-like). ^. June.
Britain. Evergreen.

— puncta'ia (dotted). 14. July. New Hol-

land. 1658.

— quadrifo'lia (four-leaved). 2. July. North

America. 1/94.

— stri'cta (erect). 1$. July. North America.

1781.

— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). l£. June.

England. Aquatic.

— verticilla'ta (whorled). 1. July. Crimea.

1820.

LYSINE'MA. (From lysis, freeing, and
nema, a filament. The stamens not
adhering to the sides of the corolla, as
is usual in this Nat. ord., Epacrids
[Epacridaceas] . Linn., 5 - Pentandria
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Epacris.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of the young shoots, getting
firm at the base ; short shoots, a couple of
inches in length, are the best ; in sand, under a
bell-glass, in the beginning of summer; rough
sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal, broken
bricks, and freestone, and well-drained. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°.

L. attenua' turn (thin). 2. White. February.
1812.

— cons/; i'cuum (conspicuous). 3. March. 1824.

— lasia'nthum (hairy -flowered). 2. Pink.

March. 1820.

— pentape'talum (five- petaled). 2. Pink.

March. 1823.

— plt'ngens (pungent). 2. White. March.

1804.

rubrum (red). 2. Red. March.

1804.

LYSIONO'TUS. (From lysis, freeing,
and notos, the hack; seed-vessel open-
ing from the back. Nat. ord., Gesiier-
worts [Gesneracea?]. Linn., 14-Z>if///-
namia I - Gi/rnnospcrmia. Allied to
Agalmyla. )

Stove herbaceous. Seeds, in light sandy soil,
in a hotbed, in spring ; division of the plant, at
the same time ; peat and loam. Summer temp.,
60° to 75° : winter, 45° to 50°.

L, longiflo'rus (long-flowered). Crimson. No-
vember. Java.

LY 'THRUM. (From lylhron^ black-
hlood ; the prevailing purple colour of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Loosestrifes
[ Ly thracea? ] . Linn . , 1 1 - Dmicca n dria
\-Monogynia. )

All purple-flowered, except lineare. Seeds
of annuals, in the common border, in spring ;
perennials, by division, at the same time ;
ulatum is an old resident of the greenhouse,
propagated by division, and cuttings of the
young shoots, or the points of old ones, and
forms a fair bed of purple for the flower-garden
in summer, requiring the greenhouse or cold
frame in winter, The following are all hardy

LYT

C

MAC

herbaceous, except ala'tum, just mentioned,
and Greefferl, which is a hardy annual.
L. ala'tum (wing-stalked). 3. July. Ame-
rica. 1812.

— Grce'fferi (Grseffer's). lj. July. Italy. 1800.

— lanceola' turn (spear - head - leaved). July.

Carolina. 1800.

— linea're (narrow-fcuwed). l£. White. July.

North America. 1812.

— myrtifo'lium (Myrtle- leaved). 2. July.

North America. 1820.

— Salica'ria (Willow-tike). 4. July. Britain.

— tomento'sum (woolly). 2. July. Caucasus.

1828.

— virga'tum (twiggy), 3. July. Austria. 1//6.

M.

MA'BA. (From the native name.
Nat. ord., Ebcnads [Ebenacese]. Linn.,
22-Z>ifecia 6-Hexandria. Allied to Dios-
pyros.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in May, under a glass, in sand,
over fibry peat, and a very slight bottom-heat ;
peat and loam.

L. buxifo'tia (Box-leaved). J$. Yellow. East

Indies. 1810. Stove.
— luuri'na (Laurel-like). 3. July. New

Holland. 1824.

MACBBI'DEA. (Named after Dr.
Macbride, of S. Carolina. Nat. ord.
Labiates or Lipivorts [Laruiaceee] .
Linn., 1-i-Didynamia 1-Gymnospermia.
Allied to Melittis.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting firm at their base, in May ; loam
and a little sandy peat, well-drained.

L.pu'lchra (pretty). Red striped. July. Ca-
rolina. 1804.

MACLEA'NIA. (Named after John
Maclean, Esq., of Lima, a British mer-
chant, and a distinguished patron of
botany. Nat. ord., Cranberries [Yacci-
niacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Mono-
yynla. Allied to Thibaudia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings, under a
hand-light or belUglass, of the points of the
shoots, when getting firm at their base, in sand,
and kept close in a cold pit, a little air left
under the glass, if placed in a slight hotbed ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.

L. angula'ta (angled). 3. Red, yellow. June.
Peru. 1842.

— corda'ta (heart-teoued). Orange. Mexico.

1848.

— longiflo'ra (.long-flowered). 5. Red. May.

Peru. 1844.

MACLEA'YA. (Named after A. Mac-

leay, a British naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Poppy worts [Papaveracese]. Linn.,
\\-Dodccandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Boccoiiia.)

Hardy herbaceous. By seeds, and dividing
the roots in spring ; rich soil.
M. corda'ta (heart- Jeaued). 6. Red, yellow.
June. China. 1795.

MACLU'RA. (Named after W. Mac-
lure, a North American geologist. Nat.
ord., Morads [Moraceee]. Linn., 21-
Moucecia •i-Tctrandria. Allied to Brous-
sonetia.)

Cuttings of ripe shoots, under a glass, in
heat ; aurantiaca by cuttings of the root and
layers ; soil, peat and loam. Although auran-
tiaca is hardy, it requires a warm situation.

M. auranti'aca (Osage-orange). 20. North
America. 1818. Hardy deciduous.

— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 20. West Indies.

1804. Stove evergreen.

— tincto'ria (dyer's). 20. West Indies. 1739.

Stove evergreen.

MACRADE'NIA. (From makros, long,
and aden, a gland ; referring to the long
process of the pollen masses. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceoe]. Linn.,
2Q-Gynandrta 1-Monandria. Allied to
Notylia.)

Stove orchid. Division when growth is com-
mencing ; fibry peat, charcoal and broken pots
and sphagnum ; the plants raised above the
pot requiring a strong moist heat in the orchid
house, when growth is proceeding, and cooler
and drier when resting.

M, lute'scens (clay-coloured) . 4. Olive. Novem-
ber. Trinidad. 1821.

MACRA'NTHUS. (From makros, long,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., 17-
JJiadelphia ^-Decandria. Allied to
Abrus. )

The seed pods are used in Cochin China as a
vegetable, cooked like kidney beans. Hardy
climbing annual ; by seeds, in a hotbed, har-
dened off, and then grown out of doors, or in a
greenhouse ; rich loam, and a little peat.

M. Cochinchine'nsis (Cochin-China). White.
June. Cochin China. 1826.

MACROCNE'MUM. (From materos, long,

I and knemc, a leg ; referring to the

i flower-stalks. Nat. ord., Cinchonads

[Ginchonacea?]. Linn., b-Pentandria

1-Monogynia. Allied to Portlandia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell glass, and in a
brisk bottom heat ; peat and fibry loam, well
drained. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,

60° to 85°.

MAC

M. Jamaice'me (Jamaica). 14. White. Ja-
maica. 1806.

— tincto'rium (dyeing). 30. Red. September.
Trinidad. 1820.

MACROMEDIA. (From makros, long,
and mem, a part ; referring to the un-
usual length of the stamens. Xat. ord.,
Borageivorts [Boraginacete]. Linn., 5-
Pcntandria \-Monogyn ia. )

Half-hardy evergreen shrub; requiring the
protection of a cold pit in winter ; seeds and
divisions in spring ; sandy loam and fibrypeat.

M. exse'rta (projecting-s^amened). 3. Yellow.
September. Mexico. 1846.

MACRO'STYJJS. (From .makros, long,
and sty Us, a style, or female organ.
Nat. ord, Eueworts [Rutacere]. Linn.,
^-Penlandria \-M<mo<jynia. Allied to
Agathosma.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots getting
firm, in April or Way, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and kept in a close place, but without
bottom-heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam, but
most of the former. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

saliva. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceffi]. Linn., W-Synyenesia Z-Super-
Jlua. Allied to Sphenogyne.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in a slight hotbed, in
March or April, and afterwards transplanted, or
sown in the middle of May, on a warm border,
where they are to bloom ; any garden soil, if
not fully exposed to the midday sun, for then
there will be no danger of a rusty appearance.

M. (:arymb(>'sa(corymbe<l). White. September.
California. 1947.

— e'leguns (elegant). 1$. Yellow. August.

North West America. 1831.

— sati'i'u (cultivated). Yellow. July. Chili.

1794.

MAD-WORT. Ahj'ssnm.

M^K'S'A. (From maas, the Arabic
name of one of the species. Nat. ord.,
Anlisiiufs [Myrsinaceae]. Linn., f>-
Poilamlria 1-Monoyyn-la. Allied to
Ardisia. )

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white blossoms,
from the East Indies. By seeds, which are ;i
considerable time in vegetating ; by cuttings of
the half-ripened shoots, in sand, over sandy
peat, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
M.farbn'ta (bearded). 2. White, May. 1810. peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;

— barbi'gera (beard-bearing). Lilac. April, j summer, 60° to 85°.

— crn-da'ta~(he*rt.leaved). Lilac. April. 1823. ' M-arge'ritea (silvery). 5. April. 1818.

— obtu'sa (blunt- leaved}. 2. Purple. May.

1/74.

lanceola'ta (spear-head-te«t't'rf). 2.

Purple. May. 1774.

— oblo'nga (oblong-feamf ) . 2. Pur-
ple. May. 1774.

• ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. ' Purple.

May. 1774.

— snuarro'sa (spreading). Lilac. April. 1821.

MACRO'TROPIS. (From makros, long,
and t rop?'s, a keel : referring to the

— I'ndica (Indian). 5. November. 1817.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 12. June. 1818.

— nemora'Ks (wood). 5. March. 1830,

— pube'scens (downy). 4. June. 1824.

MAGNO'LIA. (Named after Professor
M(u/iwl, of Montpelier. Nat. ord.,
Mai/noliads [Magnoliaceaj]. Linn., L'l-
Polyandria tt-Polyyynia.)

length and name of the lower part of
u pea flower. Xat. ord., Lcffuminmm
Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., 10-Decandria
l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from China.
Cuttings of small side shoots taken on" in
spring, in sand, under a bell-glass ; seeds sown
in a slight hotbed, and potted off when up ;
peat and loam, in equal divisions. Wiuter
temp., 40° to 48°.

M.fv'tida (fetid). 6. Yellow. April. 1820.
— inodo'ra (scentless). White. April. 1821.

MADAUSCAR NUTMEG. slya(ho]>/iy'l-
Inm.

MADAGASCAR POTATO. • Sola'num an-

MA.D- APPLE, finlii'mnn insn'nmn.

MAJ.JU;K. Ru'l>i«..

MA'DIA. (The Chilian ••name of M.

A noble genus, all white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Propagated by
seeds, layers, grafting, and budding, and each
of these modes best suit different kinds. Seeds
of most of the American kinds are easily pro-
cured thence, and from France, where in their
clearer sky the trees thrive better, and ripc7i
their seeds, which they seldom do with us.
The seeds should be sown in a hotbed, in spring,
and a little patience should be exercised until
the seedlings make their appearance, when they
must be successively potted, and kept several
years in a cold pit in winter. Though the most
vigorous plants are thus raised, yet as they are
long in blooming, preference is usually given to
plants raised from layers of all the stronger
growing kinds. These are generally laid down
in the autumn, and the best part of two years
generally elapses before they are fit to be moved,
when they should be potted, and kept in a pit
\ until well established. No one should purchase
a young plant, except in a pot, as the few, but
large fleshy-roots are easily injured. Some of
the more succulent- stemmed kinds, with large
pith, can neither be easily layered or grafted —
f such as Tripetata and Macrophylln. For these
I seedlings are the best, and the seed ripens

MAG

MAI

freely in different parts of France. Most of
the varieties, and the weaker species, may be
budded, and grafted, and inarched, on the
stronger growing more easily reared kinds.
Obovuta and accuminata are "much used for
this purpose. In most cases it requires a con-
siderable time to effect the union. In many
cases, where inarching is resorted to, two years
must elapse before the separation can be
effected safely. The tenderer Chinese and
Asiatic species require, in general, protection in
winter ; the former a cold pit or greenhouse, the
latter a wall, &c. They are propagated by
layers, and also by cuttings, as well as seeds.
The cuttings should be of ripe shoots, and in-
serted in sand under a glass. Many kinds,
however, will propagate by the herbaceous-
like young shoots, but more attention to shad-
ing, £c., is required. All delight, when planted
out, in a deep sandy soil, quite dry, and en-
riched with peat, and a little leaf mould.
Glaucu, however, generally thrives best in a
peaty soil rather retentive of moisture.

HALF-HARDY DECIDUOUS.

M. conspi'eua (conspicuous). 30. March.
China. 1J8Q.

— obova'tu (reversed-egg-Zeaw«d). 6. Purple.

July. China. 1/90.

-- — dia'color (two-coloured). 6. Purple,
white. May. 1790.

HALF-HAEDY EVERGEEENS.

M. fuscu'ta (bro\\n-stalkad) . 3. Brown. April.

China. 1789.
•• -- anonesfo'lia (Anona - leaved). 3.

Red. June. China. 1/8Q.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 10. July.

Java. 1829. Stove.

HAEDY EVERGREENS.

grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 20. August.

Carolina. 1734.
-- nngustifo'lia (narrow - leaved).

20. July. Paris. 1825.
-- -—/>•<>« (curled). 20. June.

North America.
-- • elli'ptica (oval). 20. August.

Carolina. 1734.
-- Exonie'nsis (Exeter). 20. Au-

gust. North America.
-- -.ferrugVnea (rusty). 20. Au-

gust. North America.
-- • lanceola'ta (spear-head-/eaued) .

20. August. Carolina. 1734.

• obova'ta (reversed-egg-Jeawed).

20. August. Carolina. 1734.

- pree'cox (early). 20. August.

North America.

-rotundlfo'lia (round-leaved). 20.

August. North America.
Ko'lus (Kobus). Purple, white. July.

Japan. 1804.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

Hcumina'ta (pointed-tenoed). 6q. Yellow,
green. June. North America. 1/36.
Cundo'llii (De Candolle's), 60.
June. North America. 1736.

'" ma'xima (largest-teai'«J). 60.
June. North America. 1736.

jl/. auricula' ta (mt-leaved}. 40, April. Ca«
rolina. 1786.

— curda'ta (heart-feaird). 40. June. North

America. 1801.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 20. July. North

America. 1688.
Burchellia'na (Burchell's - dowi/e),

20. June.
. Gordonia'na (Gordon's-do«6/<0- 20.

June, 1750.

— gru'cilis (slender). Purple. April. Japan.

— macrophy'lla (large-,leaved) . 30. July,

North America. 1800.

— purpn'rea (purple). Purple. April. Japan,

1790.

— pyramida! ta (pyramidal). 20. May. Ca-

rolina. 1811.

— Mpe'tala (three-petaled). 30. May. North

America. 1/52.

MAGPIE MOTH. See Aiii'axas.

MAHE'RNIA. (An anagram of Her-
man-ilia, an allied genus. Nat. ord.,
Byttncriads [By ttneriacerc] . Linn., l(i-
Monatlclphia '2-Penlandfla, )

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, about two feet
high, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of young shoots, an inch or two in length, in
sandy soil, under a glass any time in summer ;
tibry loam and sandy peat, with lumps of char-
coal and broken pots, intermixed when grown
in pots. In summer they will do in the flower
garden, and did the flowers look up a little
more, they would be very interesting; from
their habit they are seen to best advantage in
a pot.

M.glabm'ta, (smooth). Yellow. June. 1789.

— g'ranSiflo'fa (large-flowered). Red. June.

1812.

— heterophy'lla (various - leaved). Yellow.

May. 1/31.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). Yellow, white. July.

1/92.

— o.mlidifo'lia (Oxalis-leaved). Yellow. June.

1817.

— pulche'lla (neat). Reddish. July. 1/92.

— vernica'ta (varnished). Vermilion. July.

1816.

; — verticilla'ta (whorled). Yellow. July. 1820.
' — vesica'ria (bladdery) . Yellow. June. 1818.

MAHOGANY TREE. Swiele'nla.

MAHO'XIA. A synonyme of Berber is.

MAHU'REA. (The native name.
Nat. orcl., Theafls [Ternstromiacero].
Linn., IG-Monadelphia ft-Polyandrta.
Allied to Stuartia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a moderate bottom heat, any time in sum-
mer ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 00° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M.palu'stris (marsh). 15. Purple. May.
Trinidad. 1820.

MAIDEN HAIR. Pnssijlo'ra adia'ntum,
and Adia'ntum capi'Uus vt'ncris, &c»

MAI

MAL

MAIDEN HAIR TREE. SaUabn'ria
adiantifoTia.

MAIDEN PLUM. Comoda'dia.

MAIDEN TEEE is a seedling tree
which has not heen grafted.

The time which elapses before seed-
lings attain a bearing age is very va-
rious. The pear requires from twelve
to eighteen years ; the apple five to
thirteen ; plum and cherry four to five ;
vine three to four ; raspberry two ; and
the strawberry one.

MAI'RIA. (Derivation not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] .
Linn., IQ-Syngencsia \-JEqualis. Allied
to Aster.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants from Cape of
Good Hope ; seeds, and division in spring ;
requiring the protection of a dry cold pit in
winter ; sandy loam and a little peat.
M. crena'ta (scolloped-Jeawerf). Lilac. April.
1820.

— ten/o'/icK Yew -leaved). Yellow. July. 1816.

MAJE'TA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Mdastomads [Melastomacea?].
Linn., W-Decandria l-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Medinilla.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, getting a little firm, in sandy soil, and
in bottom-heat, in April or May ; peat and loam,
with a little charcoal, and brick rubbish. Win-
ter temp., 5d° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°.

M. Guiane'nsis (Guianan). 2. White. Guiana.

1824.

MAJORA'NA. See Ori'yanum.

MALABAB LEAF. Cinnwno'mwn Ma-
laba'trum.

MALABAR NIGHTSHADE. Base'lla.

MALABAR ROSE. Hili'scm Ro'sa Ma-
laba'rica.

MALOCHODE'NDRON. See Stua'rtia.

MALA'XIS. (Fromwiotem, delicate;
referring to the whole plant. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 20-
Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to
Calypso.)

Terrestrial orchids, growing in sandy peat,
and in moist places ; division of the roots.
M. paludo'sa (marsh). *. Yellow, green.
July. England. Hardy.

— Partho'ni (Parthon's). Green. June. Brazil.

1838. Stove.

MALAY APPLE. Jambo'sa Malacce'nsis.

MALCO'MIA. (Named after W. Mai-

com, mentioned by Bay. Nat, ord.,

Crucifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., 15-
Telmdynamia. Allied to Hesperis.)

Hardy annuals, blooming in June, if sown
early in April, but a succession may be kept up
by sowing in the three following months ; com-
mon garden soil. Arenaria, Chia, incrassatu,
and maritima, are the handsomest.

M. Africa'na (African). 3. Purple. Africa.
1744.

— arena'ria (sand). Violet. Algiers. 1804.

— Cfti'a(Chian. Dwarf -branching) . 1. Purple.

Chio. 1732.

— ero'sa (gnawed-tea»ed). £. Portugal. 1818.

— incrassa'ta (thick -leaf- stalked). Purple.

Tenedos. 1820.

— interme'dia (intermediate). Purple. Ca-

raccas. 1837.

— la' cera (torn-leaved). White, yellow. South

Europe. 1780.

— la'xa (loose). 2. Purple. Siberia. 1820.

— littore'a (shore). 1. White, yellow. South

Europe. 1683.

— lyra'ta (lyre-shaped), fc. Purple. Cyprus.

1820.

— mari'tima (sea-side). |. Violet. South

Europe. 1713.

— parviflo'ra (small -flowered). £. Lilac.

South Europe. 1823.

— runcina'ta (runcinate). Purple. Caraccas.

1837.

— taraxacifo'lia (Dandelion-leaved). 4. Purple.

Siberia. 17Q5.

MALE-FERN. Aspi'dium fi'lix-ma's.

MALESHE'RBIA. Named after a
French patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Crownworts [Malesherbiacese]. Linn.,
f) - Pentandria 1 -Mon oyynia. )

Greenhouse annuals from Chili. Seeds sown
in a hotbed, in March, seedlings pricked off,
potted, and flowered in the greenhouse ; sandy
peat and fibry loam, with a little very reduced
leaf-mould.

M.fascicula'ta (fascicled). White. July. 1832.

— hu'milis (humble). £. White. 1831.

— linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l£. Purple,

blue. September. 1831.

— thyrsiflo'ra (thyrse-flowered). Yellow. July,

1832.

MALFORMATION. See Deformity.

MALLOW. Mallva.

MALLOW HOSE. Hibi'scus moschen'-
tos.

MA'LOPE. (From waJos, soft or
tender; referring to the texture of
the leaves. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., IG-Monadelphia
S -Polyandria. )

Hardy annuals, with purple flowers, from
Barbary. Seeds sown under glass, in March,
or in the open border towards the end of April ;
earlier, if the ground is sandy and early.
M. malaeoi'des (M»Uow*like). 1. June, 1710.

MAL

[ 575 ]

MAL

M. malacoi'des s'mua'ta (wavy-cd£ed), July*
1710.

— tri'fida (three-cleft). 2. July. 1808.

MALPI'GHIA. Barbadoes Cherry.
(Named after Professor Malpiyhi, of
Pisa. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal-
pighiacefe]. Linn., W-JDecandria •}-
Trigynia. Allied to Galphimia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young
shoots almost ripe, but with leaves attached,
except at the joint cut through, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and In bottom heat, in summer ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. aquifo'lium (Holly - leaved). 7. Pink.
August. South America. 1759.

— biflo'-ra (two-flowered). 10. Pale red. July.

South America. 1810.

— cocci' f era (berry-bearing). 2. Pink. South

America. 1733,

— gla'bra (smooth- leaved). 16. Rose. May.

West Indies. 1755.

— inca'na (hoary). Rose. Campeacby. 1742.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Red, pink.

July. Brazil. 1820.

— ni'tida (glossy-leaved). 6. Pink. May.

West Indies. 1733.

-~ punicifo'lia (Pomegranate-leaved). 12. Rose.
West Indies. 1690.

MA'LVA. Mallow. (From malacho,
to soften ; referring to their emollient
qualities. Nat. ord., Mallowworts
[Malvaceae]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia
S-Polyandria.)

Hardy annuals, by seeds in the open border
in April ; perennial herbaceous, such as Mon-
roana, &c., by seeds under a handlight, by
division in spring, and by cuttings of the young
shoots under a handlight ; stove and green-
house species, by cuttings generally inserted in
sandy soil under a handlight ; these last are
best grown in rich fibry loam and peat, and re-
quire merely the common treatment suitable to
greenhouse and stove.

GEEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

M. angula'ta (angled). 1. Purple. July.
1830.

— campanuloi'des (Campanula-like) . £. Blush.

October. North America. 1825.

— purpura'ta (purpled). l£. Pale red. July.

Chili. 1825.

GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.

M. amos'na (pleasing). 3. Purple. April.
Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— aspe'rrima (roughest). 3. Red. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1796.

— balsa' mica (balsamic). 4. Pink. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

'fo'lia (Bryony-leaved). 4. Purple.

Fiily. Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

— campanula1 ta (bell -flowered). 1. Pink,

lilac. July. Chili. 1839-
-!- Cape'nsis (Cape). 10. Red, white. June
Cape of Qood Hope. 171 3,

M. capita'ta (headed). 2. Red. April. Peru.
1798-

— fra1 grans (fragrant). 3. Scarlet. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1759.

— la'ctea (milk-coloured). 4. White. Janu-

ary. Mexico. 1780.

— minia'ta (red). 4. Red- veins. June.

South America. 1698.

— retu'sa (bent-back-teat>ed). 4. Pink. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1803.

— stri'cta (erect). 3. White. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1805.

— tridactyli'tes (three-fingered). 3. Pink.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1791-

STOVE HEEBACEOUS.

M. Dominge'nsis (Domingo). 2. Yellow.
July. St. Domingo. 1824.

— tricuspida'ta (three-spmed). 1 . Yellow.

July. West Indies. 1726. Biennial.

STOVE EVEEGEEENS.

M. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 4. Yellow. July.
Mauritus. 1816.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Lilac. July. South

America. 1835.

— conci'nna (neat). 5. Lilac. May. South

America. 1835.

— sca'bra (rough-stemmed). 4. Yellow. June.

Peru. 1798.

— scopa'ria (Broom-like). 6. Yellow. April.

Peru. 1782.

— spica'ta (szwpte-spiked). 2. Orange. July.

Jamaica. 1726.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Yellow. July.

East Indies. 1820.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

M. cri'spa (curled). 5. White. June. Sy-
ria. 1573.

— lu'cida (shining). Pink. June.

— Mawitia'na (Mauritanian). 6. Pink. July.

South Europe. 1768.

— Mulle'rii (Multer's). Sardinia. 1832. Bi-

ennial.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

M.Henni'ngii (Henning's). 3. White, red.
June, Russia. 1820.

— Ita'lica (Italian), 3. Purple. August.

Italy. 1829-

— lateri'tia (brick-coloured). £. Red. Sep-

tember. Buenos Ayres. 1840.

— Monroa'na (Monro's), 2. Scarlet, Au-

gust. Columbia. 1828.

— More'nii (Moreni's). 3. Red. July. Italy.

1820.

— moscha'ta (musk). 2. Flesh. June.

Britain.

undula'ta (waved). 2. White.

July. j

MALVAVI'SCUS. (From malva, the
Mallow, and viscus, glue; referring to
the mucilage with which it ahounds.
Nat. ord., Mallounvorts [Malvaceae].
Linn., IG-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of the some-
what stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat, but the bell-glass must kg

MAL

[ 570 ]

MAX

elevated at night to prevent damping; fibry
peat, and sandy lumpy loam. Winter temp.,
50° ; summer, 00° to 85°.

M. arbo'reus (tree). 12. Scarlet. West Indies.
1714.

— mo'llis (soft), 12. Scarlet. August. Mexico.

1780.

— pilo'sus (shaggy). 12. Red. October. Ja-

maica. 1780.

MAMME'A. Mammee -Tree. (The !
native name. Nat. ord., Gitttifers
[Clusiaceee]. Linn., IB-Polyemdria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Marcinia.)

Cultivated in the West Indies and South
America for its fruit, called the Mammee Apple,
or Wild Apricot, said to rival the Mangosteen.
Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers. Cut-
tings of the half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; fibry sandv
loam, and a little dried leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
M' Africa'na (African). 60. July. Africa. 1823.

— America' na (American). 60. South Ame-

rica. 1730.

MAMMILLA'RIA. A section of the
Ca'ctus, which see.

Dwarf plants, composed of an assem-
blage of tubercles, somewhat resem- I
bling the teats of animals ; these are |
generally terminated with bunches of
hairy bristles, and between them the
flowers appear. To grow them suc-
cessfully, they should be fresh dressed,
or repotted, in sandy loam and peat,
with a fair portion of brick rubbish,
and cow-dung, old and dried, in April
or May; afterwards kept in a tempera-
ture of from 75° to 90°, with plenty of j
atmospheric moisture, but little or no
water given to the roots until they are
rooting freely; then water may be
given, and the stimulus to growth con- <
tinued for two or three months, when
moisture must be gradually withdrawn, '
even when the sun heat is allowed to •
remain in as great a degree to consoli-
date the tissues ; and in the end of i
autumn the atmosphere must be
gradually cooled, to enable the plants
to stand dry, and in a dry atmosphere,
and a temperature of from 45° to f)0°
during the winter. No shade will be
required, unless just after potting,
before fresh growth is made. Those
who try them in windows may easily
give them the above treatment by j
placing them in a close box or pit for
two months in summer. Easily pro-
pagated by offsets and protuberance?.

! Their greatest enemy is the red spider;
j plenty of syringing when growing in
i summer, and steaming with sulphur
j from a hot-water plate at other times,
| is the best remedy. Water somewhat
liberally in summer, when in flower
i and growing; little or none must be
given at other times.

MANDARIN ORANGE. C Virus nn'bilis.
MAXDEYI'LLA. (Named after H.
J. Mandevllle, Esq., our minister at
Buenos Ayres. Nat. ord., Dot/lanes
[Apocynacece]. Linn., b-Pentaudria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Echites.)

Half-hardy evergreen climber. Generally by
cuttings of the small stiif side shoots, when about
three inches in length, taken off close to the
old wood, and inserted in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in a mild bottom heat ; peat and
loam. Winter temp. 40° to 48° ; does little
good as a pot plant, but is splendid when
planted out and allowed room in a greenhouse
or conservatory, where fine climbers are prized.

M, suave' olens (sweet-scented). 20. White.
June. Buenos Ayres. 183/.

MANE'TTIA. (Named after X. Mn-
netti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Cincltonads [Cmchonacere]. Linn., A.
Tetrandria \-Monogynia, Allied to
Bouvardia.)

Stove evergreens, climbers. In a cool green-
house they thrive only in summer ; cuttings of
the young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell
glass ; such kinds as Coccinea, also by division
of the fleshy, tubercled-like roots as growth,
if commencing; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 45° to 50° ; Summer, 60° to 85°.

M. bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Scarlet, yellow.
March. Rio Janeiro. 1843.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. June.

Guiana. 1806.

— gla'bra (smooth-surfaced). li. Scarlet. Au-

gust. Buenos Ayres.

— Lygi'stum (Lygistum). 20. Pink. March.

Cuba. 1822.

— sple'ndens (splendid). Crimson. May.

Caraccas. 1840.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 3. Rose. No-

vember. St. Martha. 1844.

MANGI'FEBA. Mango-Tree. (From
manyo, the Hindoo name of the fruit,
and fcro, to bear. Nat. ord., Anacants
[Anacardiacece]. Linn., W-

The Mango is the most esteemed fruit in
India, having a grateful perfumed flavour. Stove
evergreen trees from the East Indies. Cuttings
of the nearly ripe shoots, in sand, under a
glass, and in heat; peat and rich loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°.

M.fte'tida (fetid). 80V Eed, 1824.

MAN

[ 577 ]

MAN

M. 1'ndica (Indian). 20, White, July. 1690.
— oppositifo'lin (opposite - leaved). Yellow.
June. 1823.

MAME'STRA. The larva of the Bright-
line-brown-eye, or Pot-herb Moth (Ma-
me'stra olera'cea), may be found early in
December, beneath the surface of the
earth, undergoing its transformations.
This caterpillar is one of the most de-
structive of our garden enemies, feed-
ing on the stem, just under the suri'ace,
of cabbages, but more especially brocoli,
lettuces, and some other garden pro-
duce during the autumn. It is of a
livid yellowish-brown colour, darkly
striped on the back and sides, and with
a white stripe nearly over the feet,
which are light brown. It has black
dots between the dark stripes. When
young, and sometimes even when fully
grown, it has a green ground colour.
The moth comes forth in the summer.
It measures one-and-a-half inch across
the fore-wings, which are nearly of a
uniform cbesmit colour, but slightly

clouded, and with a .whitish irregular
line near the outer edge, with an orange-
coloured kidney-shaped spot near it,
and a roundish dark spot near the
centre. The under wings are dusky
white, with the veins and a crescent-
shaped spot in the centre all dusky.

Mame'stra Bra'ssica. — During the
latter part of the evenings of May and
June, a middle-sixed brown moth may
be seen very often Hying in our gardens,
and visiting our beds of cabbages and
lettuces, of which its caterpillars are
most destructive. This is the Cabbage
Moth (Mamestra brassica*, and Noctua
brassier of some naturalists). It mea-
sures about one inch and three-quarters
across the opened fore-wings, which are
dusky brown, clouded with darker
shades, and marked with pairs of dark
spots on their front edge; from these
37

! spots proceed the streaks which mark
| the wings across; there are various
i spots on the wings, some yellowish,
i and those in the middle surrounded
with white, the kidney -shaped one with
a whitish grey crescent round it and
blackish beyond ; the wings have a
grey, yellowish-striped fringe, and near
this, at the point farthest from the
body, they have a row of black triangu-
lar marks; the hind-wings are light
brownish grey, with dark veins ; the
body and head are of various shades of
blackish grey, with a darker stripe of
the same colour down the centre of the
back. During the day this moth rests
on the shady sides of the stems 'of
trees, or the branches of hedge-row-
bushes, and even by the side of clods
on the soil.

The caterpillar is green, variously
marked with grey or black, with a dark
stripe down the back, and a dirty yel-
low one down each side ; the spiracles
(breathing-holes) are white, surrounded
with black, and close above the yellow
stripe. The caterpillar is found in July,
August, and September, feeding upon
the hearts of cabbages and lettuces.
The only remedies are destroying the
moths whenever seen, and hand-pick-
ing the caterpillars. The latter bury
themselves in the ground, and remain
in the pupa or chrysalis state all the
winter. — The Cottage Gardener.

MANGLE'SIA. (Named after Captain
Mangles, and his brother, Robert Man-
yles,Esq,, of Sunning Hill, distinguished
patrons of botany. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteacece]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Grevillea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Swan
River. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under
a glass, and in heat, after the base of the cut-
ting- begins to swell ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
M. fflabra'ta (smooth). 5. White. May. 1838.

— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. May. 183Q.

— vesti'ta (clothed). Purple. May.

MANICA'RIA. (From man lea, a glove ;
referring to the spathe, or rolling leaf
which surrounds the flower-stern. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacere]. Linn., 21-
Monceda (J-£nneandria.)

Stove Palm. Seeds in a strong heat, in a
hotbed ; rich sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°
to 65° ; summer, 65° to 00°.

MAN

[578]

MAN

30. East j

M. sacci'fera (sugary. Wine-palm).
Indies. 1823.

MA'NIHOT. (The Brazilian name of
the root. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Eu-
phorbiacese] . Linn., Sl-Moncecia 7-
Heptandria. Allied to Jatropha.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, except digitata, I
which only requires a greenhouse; all the !
species placed under Janipha should be re- |
stored to this genus. For culture, see Janipha
and Jatropha.

M. digita'ta (finger-leaved). Blue, green. July, j
Australia. 1820.

— graci'lis (slender). Brown, green. July.

Brazil. 1822.

— sinua'ta (wavy-edged). Brown. July.

Brazil. 1824.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). Blue, brown.

June. Brazil. 1822.

MANTI'SIA. Opera Girls. (Named
after an insect, Mantis, to which the |
flowers have been compared. Nat. ord., j
Gingenvorts [Zingiberaceee]. Linn., 1- |
Monandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Ginger.)

Stove herbaceous evergreens, from the East
Indies. Division of the roots, as growth com-
mences ; sandy peat and fibry loam, well
drained. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer,
60° to 85°.

M. saltato'ria (dancing). 1. Purple. July.
1808.

— spatula'ta (spatulate). 1. Blue. June. 1823.

MANGO GINGER. Curcu'ma ama'da.

MANGOSTEEN. Garci'nia.

MANGO TREE. See MangVfera.

MANGROVE. Rhizo'phora.

MANNA. AUia'gi.

MANNA ASH. O'rnus rotund'ifo'lia.

MANU'LEA. (From manus, the hand ;
from a faint resemblance in the divi-
sions of the flower. Nat. ord., Figirorts
[Scrophulariacece]. Linn., \±-Didy-
namia 2-Angiospei-mia. Allied to Chce-
nostoma.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Several species are taken from
this genus and added to Lype'ria. Seeds, sown
in spring, in a slight hotbed ; cuttings of the
young shoots, firm at their base, in sand, under
a bell-glass, but without bottom-heat ; sandy
loam, and peat, and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.

M. cheiru'nthus (Wall- flower). 1. Orange.
August. 1795.

— corda'ta (newt-leaved). $. Red. July. 1816.

— ru'bra (red). 1$. Red. June. 1790.

— visco'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. September.

1774.

MANURES are either animal, vege-
table, or mineral. They directly assist
the growth of plants, by entering into

their composition, by absorbing and re-
taining moisture from the atmosphere,
by absorbing the gases of the atmo-
sphere, and by stimulating the vascular
system of the plants. Manures indi-
rectly assist vegetation, by lulling pre-
datory vermin and weeds, by promoting
the decomposition of stubborn organic
remains in the soil, and by protecting
plants from violent changes of tem-
perature.

All these properties seldom, if ever,
occur in one species of manure, but
each is usually particularized by pos-
sessing one or more in a superior
degree. That is the most generally
applicable manure which is composed
of matters essential to the growth of
plants ; the chief of these are carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, therefore all
animal and vegetable substances are
excellent manures. It would evidently
be of great benefit, if every plant could
be manured with the decaying parts of
its own species. This rule might be
so far followed, as that the stems of
potatoes, peas, &c., could be dug re-
spectively into the compartments where
those crops are intended to be grown
in the following year; but such manure
requires the addition of ammoniacal
salts.

Some manures ameliorate a soil by
absorbing moisture from the atmo-
sphere. This property is at least as
beneficial to ground that is aluminous
as to that which is siliceous ; for it is
equally useless to either during periods
of plentiful rain; but in the drought
of summer, when moisture is much
wanting to plants, it is beneficial to
both ; in very dry seasons it is even of
> greater importance to clayey than to
i light soils ; for vegetation on the former
suffers more from long - continued
1 drought than on the latter, the surface
of the clayey soil becoming caked and
impervious to air, the only grand source
of compensatory moisture that is avail-
able to the languishing plants, and
which is more open to those which
grow on light, and, consequently, more
pervious soils.

The foUowing table of the compara-
tive absorbent powers of many manures
is extracted chiefly from An Essay on

MAN

[ 579 ]

MAN

the Use of Salt in Agriculture, by Mr.
Cuthbert Johnson.

Horse-dung evaporated previously to
dryness, at a temperature of 100°, ab-
sorbed during an exposure of three
hours to air saturated with moisture
at 62°, 145 parts ; putrefied tanners'
bark, under similar circumstances (66° ),
14") parts ; unputrefied tanners' bark,
115 parts; cow-dung, 130 parts; pig-
dung, 120; sheep-dung, 81; pigeon-
dung, 50; refuse marine salt (GO)0,
49£; soot (08°), 36; burnt clay, 29;
the richest soil (in one hour), 23 ; coal
ashes, 14; lime (part carbonate), 11;
crushed rock salt, 10 ; gypsum, 9 ;
chalk, 4.

The absorbing power of a manure is
much influenced by the state in which
it is presented to the atmosphere. In
a finely divided state mere capillary
attraction assists it ; hence the im-
portance of keeping the soil frequently
stirred by hoeing, &c. But a mere
mass of cotton, by means of capillary
attraction, will absorb moisture from
the air, yet it parts with it at a very
slight elevation of temperature ; it is
of importance, therefore, to ascertain
which are the manures that not only
absorb but retain moisture powerfully.
The following results of our experi-
ments throw some light on this point :

Pig-dung evaporated to dryness at a
temperature of 106°, and then moist-
ened with six parts of water, required
for being reduced to dryness again, at
the above temperature, 135 minutes;
horse - dung under similar circum-
stances, 90; common salt, 75; soot,
75 ; rich soil, 32 ; chalk, 29 ; poor soil
(siliceous), 23; gypsum, 18.

These experiments point out a cri-
terion by which we easily ascertain the
comparative richness of any two given
soils or manures : the most fertile will
be most absorbent and retentive.

Some manures increase the growth
and vigour of plants by stimulating
their absorbent and assimilating organs.
The stimulating powers of excrementi-
tious manures arise from the salts of
ammonia they contain.

Sir H. Davy found vegetation assisted
by solutions of muriate of ammonia
(sal-ammoniac), carbonate of ammonia

(volatile salt), and acetate of ammonia.
Night soil, one of the most beneficial
of manures, surpasses all others in the
abundance of its ammoniacal consti-
tuents in the proportion of three to
one. It may be observed, that the
nearer any animal approaches to man
in the nature of its food, the more fertili-
zing is the manure it affords. We have
no doubt that a languishing plant — one,
for example, that has been kept very
long with its roots out of the earth, as
an orange-tree recently imported from
Italy — might be most rapidly recovered,
if its stem and branches were steeped
in a tepid weak solution of carbonate
of ammonia ; and when planted, an
uncorked phial of the solution were
suspended to one of the branches, to
impregnate the atmosphere slightly
with its stimulating fumes.

Manures are also of benefit to plants
by affording some of the gases of the
atmosphere to their roots in a concen-
trated form. A soil, when first turned
up by the spade or plough, has gene-
rally a red tint, of various intensity,
which by a few hours' exposure to the
air subsides into a grey or black hue.
The first colour appears to arise from
the oxide of iron which all soils con-
tain, being in the state of the red or
protoxide ; by absorbing more oxygen
during the exposure, it is converted
into the black or peroxide. Hence one
of the benefits of frequently stirring
soils ; the roots of incumbent plants
abstract the extra dose of oxygen, and
reconvert it to the protoxide. Coal
ashes, in common with all carbona-
ceous matters, have the power of
strongly attracting oxygen. Every
gardener may have observed how ra-
pidly a blight spade of iron left foul
with coal ashes becomes covered with
rust, or red oxide.

Manures assist plants by destroying
predatory vermin and weeds. This is
not a property of animal and vegetable
manures — they foster both those ene-
mies of our crops. Salt and lime are
very efficient destroyers of slugs, snails,
grubs, &c.

Stable manure, and all decomposing
animal and vegetable substances, have
a tendency to promote the decay of

MAN

[ ftfiO ]

.MAI!

stubborn organic remains in the soil,
on the principle that putrescent sub-
stances hasten the process of putre-
faction in other organic bodies with
which they come in contact. Salt, in
a small proportion, has been demon-
strated by Sir J. Pringle to be gifted
with a similar septic property, and
that lime rapidly breaks down the tex-
ture of organized matters is well known.

There is no doubt that rich soils, or
those abounding in animal and vege-
table remains, are less liable to change
in temperature with that of the incum-
bent atmosphere than those of a poorer
constitution. This partly arises from
the colour of the soils. Some manures,
as salt, protect plants from suffering by
sudden reductions of temperature, by
entering into their system ; stimulating
and rendering them more vigorous,
impregnating their sap, and, conse-
quently, rendering it less liable to be
congealed.

MAPLE. A'cer.

MARANHAO NUTS. Sertholle'tia.

MARA'NTA. Arrow Hoot. (Named
after B. Maranti, an Italian botanist.
Nat.ord., Marants [Marantaceo?]. Linn.,
1 -Monandria 1-Monof/ynia. Allied to
Canna.)

A kind of arrow-root is obtained from the
rhizome, or fleshy roots of some of the species.
Stove evergreens ; division of the roots, in
spring ; rich sandy loam, with nodules of peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 8.1°.
M. angustlfo'lia (narrow- leaved). 2. Red.
July. West Indies. 1820.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 3. White. July.

Brazil. 1823.

mi'nor (smaller). £. White. April.

South America. 1828.

— linea'ta (white-lined.-leawed'). 1. 1848,
ro'sea (loay-lined-leaved}. 1. 1848.

• — Malacce'nsis (Malacca). 2. Green, white.
December. East Indies. 1820.

— obli'qua (twisted- leaved). 2. Red. July.

Guiana. 1803.

— Ton' chat (Touchat). 8. Red. July. East

Indies. 1819.

— variega'ta (variegated), 1. July. South !

America. 1825.

MARA'TTIA. (Named after J. F. \
Maratti, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., j
Danaaworts [Danseacese]. Linn., 2±- j
Cryptoaamia l-FUiccs. Allied to Ferns. )
Stove evergreens. Division, in spring, or by
spore-like seeds; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M, ala'ta (winged).

Jamaica. 1708.

Brown, August.

M, cicutafo'lia (Cicuta-leaved). Brown, yellow.
Brazil. 1843.

— e'legans (elegant). 8. Brown, yellow.

Norfolk Island.

— Ice'vis (smooth). 2. Brown, yellow. Ja-

maica. 1793.

MARGINS of streams and other waters
must always accord with the pleasure-
grounds in which they are placed. Art,
therefore, must imitate each in its
proper place, not always by a studious
picturesque arrangement of the mar-
ginal accompaniments in each case,
but by excavating the groundwork,
planting the trees and shrubs, and
leaving the rest to the motion of the
waves of the water. After the effects
of one winter, stones or gravel may be
deposited in spots suitable for stony or
gravelly shores.

MARGYRIOA'RPUS. (From margaron,
a pearl, and karpos, a seed-vessel ; re-
ferring to the pearly succulent fruit.
Nat. ord., Sanguisorbs [Sanguisorba-
cese]. Linn., %-Diandrla \-Monogynta.
Allied to Cliffortia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in April or May, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy peat,
with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to
53° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. seto'sus (bristly). 2. Green. Peru. 1829,

MARIA 'LIA. See Tovo'mita.

MARIA'NTHUS. (From Marian, Mary,
and anthos, a flower; dedicated to the
Virgin Mary. Nat. ord., Plttospornds
[Pittosporacece]. Linn., 5-Pentuiulri«
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Sollya.)

Greenhouse deciduous climbers. Cuttings of
young side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, with potsherds
and charcoal, to keep the soil rather open.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
M. cceru'leo-puncta'tus (Ojvmg'e-blue-spotted).
4. Blue. April. Swan River. 1840.

— frutico'sus (shrubby). Swan River. 1841.

MA'RICA. (From mamino, to flag ;
referring to the ephemeral nature of
the flowers, which last hardly a day.
Nat. ord., Irlds [Iridacece]. Linn., <\-
Trlandrla \-Monoqynia. Allied to Iris.)

Marica has been long known, therefore we
retain it, but the true name is Cipura. Her-
baceous evergreens. By seed, sown in a slight
hotbed, in spring; by offsets, in abundance,
though seed ripens very freely; sandy loam,
peat and leaf-mould ; they require the protec-
tion of a greenhouse or a cold pit in winter.
M, ceeru'lea (blue), 2. Blue. May, Brazil.
1818.

MAR

L 581 ]

MAR

J/. ccelc'stis (sky . blue). 3, Blue, Brazil.
182Q.

— gru'cilis (slender). 2. Yellow, blue. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1830.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). Striped. August.

Brazil. 1830.

— Martinice'nsis (Martinico). 2. Yellow.

Martinico. 1/82.

— Northia'na (North's). 4. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1789.

— paludo'sa (marsh). 1. White. July. Guiana.

1/92.

— Sabi'ni (Captain Sabine's). 2. Yellow.

August. St. Thomas. 1822.

MARIGOLD. Calc'ndula officina'Hs.
T'arieties. — Single, Common double,
Largest very double, Double lemon-
coloured, Great Childing, Small Child-
ing. The single-flowered, and those
which have the darkest orange colour,
possess the most flavour.

Soil. — Light, dry, poor, and unshaded.
In rich ground they grow larger, but
lose much of their flavour.

Sow any time from the close of
February until June ; or in autumn,
during September. If left to them-
selves, they multiply from the self-sown
seed. Sow in drills, ten inches apart ;
the plants to be left where raised, being
thinned to ten or twelve inches asun-
der ; but when the seedlings are two or
three inches in height, they may be re-
moved into rows at similar distances as
above. Water must be given mode-
rately every other day in dry weather
Until established.

Gatheriny. — The flowers, which the
spring-raised plants will produce in the
June of the same year, but those of
autumn not until that of the following
one, will be fit to gather for keeping in
July, when they are fully expanded, as
well as for use when required. Before
storing, they must be dried perfectly.

MARIGOLD (GREAT CAPE). Calc'n-
dula hy'brida.

MAKI'LA. (From marilc, live embers,
or sparks ; referring to pellucid dots
on the leaves, or a yellow fringe round
the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Theads [Tern-
stromiaceaj]. Linn., 13-Polyandria o-
Pentayynia. Allied to Mahurea.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of shoots,
when short, and getting firm at their base ;
sandy peat and loam, well-drained, and open.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M, racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Yellow, green,
August. West ladies. 182/.

MARJORAM. (Oriyanum.) O. Major*
a'na. Sweet or Summer Marjoram. O.
kernel co' ticum. Winter Marjoram. O.
oni'tes. Common or Pot Marjoram.

Soil. — Light, dry, and moderately fer-
tile. The situation cannot be too open.

Propagation. — The sweet marjoram
is propagated solely by seeds ; the
others by seed, as well as by parting
their roots, and slips of their branches.
Sow from the end of February, if open
weather, to the commencement of
June ; but the early part of April is
best. Portions of the rooted plants,
slips, &c., may be planted from Fe-
bruary until May, and during Septem-
ber and October.

Sow in drills, six inches apart, the
seed being buried not more than a
quarter of an inch deep. When the
seedlings are two or three inches high,
thin to six inches, and those removed
may be pricked in rows at a similar
distance. Those of the annual species
( O. majorana) are to remain ; but those
of the perennials, to be finally removed
during September; water being given
at every removal, and until the plants
are established.

Plant slips, &c., in rows ten or twelve
inches apart, where they are to remain ;
they must be watered moderately every
evening, and shaded during the day,
until they have taken root. In Octo-
ber the decayed parts of the perennials
are cut away, and some soil from the
alleys scattered over the bed about half-
an-inch in depth, the surface of the
earth between the stools being pre-
viously stirred gently. The tops and
leaves of all the species are gathered
when green, in summer and autumn,
for use, in soups, &c. ; and a store of
the branches are cut and dried in July
or August, just before the flowers open
for winter's supply.

Seed. — If a plant or two are left un-
gathered from of the Pot-marjoram,
the seed ripens in the course of the au-
tumn. But the others seldom ripen
their seed in this country; consequently
it is usually obtained from the south of
France or Italy.

Forcing. — When the green tops are
much in request, a small quantity of
seed of the summer raaijoraia is sown

MAB

[ 582 ]

MAS

in January or February, in a moderate \
hotbed.

MARKET-GARDENER, one who grows
garden produce for sale.

MARL is a compound of chalk (car-
bonate of lime) with either siliceous
sand or alumina. In the first instance
it is a siliceous marl, best applied to
heavy soils ; and in the latter a clayey
marl, adapted for light lands. Slaty
and shell-marls are varieties of the sili-
ceous. The relative proportions of the
constituents vary indefinitely, the chalk
amounting from 15 to 75 per cent. The
quantity applied per acre must also
vary greatly, according to the object to
be attained. To render a light soil
more tenacious, 100 tons per acre of
clayey marl are not too much ; neither
is the same quantity of siliceous marl
an excess, if applied to a heavy soil to
render it more friable.

MARKING FRUIT. Anaca'rdium.

MA'RLEA. (From marlija, the Indian
name. Nat. ord., Alangiads [Alangia-
cese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Monoqynia.
Allied to Nyssa.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
shoots, or, rather, short, stubby side-shoots,
taken off with a heel, in sand, under glass ; peat
and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. begoniafo'lia (Begonia-leaved). 4. Yellow.
China.

MARRU'BIUM. Horehound. (From
the Hebrew marrob, bitter juice. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacesej. Linn., 14-
Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the roots in spring ; by slips, in a shady place,
or shaded for a time, and by seeds; common
garden soil.

M, Aly'ssum (Alyssum). l£. Purple. July.
Spain. 1597.

— candidi'ssimum (whitest). 2. White. July.

Levant. 1732.

— catariafo'Kum (Catmint-leaved). l£. Purple.

July. Levant. 1819.

— leonuroi'des (Leonurus-like). 1$. Purple.

July. Caucasus. 1819.

— propi'nquum (related). White. June. 1836.

— vulga're (common). 2. White. July.

Britain.

lana'tum (woolly). White. Au-
gust. Britain.

MARSDE'NIA. (Named after W.
Marsden, author of a History of Su-
matra. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadacenr>]. Lirm., b-Pnilandrln \-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Pergularia. )

Stove evergreen shrubs ; flavescens is a pretty
climber. Cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April or May, and a very slight bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, with a little leaf-mould or peat.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
M. ere'cta (upright). 2. White. July. Syria.

1597.
—flave'scens (yellowish). 20. Yellowish. Au-

gust. New Holland. 1830.

— macula'ta (spotted - leaved). 20. Green,

purple. June. New Grenada. 18H4.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented). 2. White.

July. New Holland. 1816.

— '

tenaci'ssima (toughest).
East Indies. 1806.

Yellow. June.

MARSCHA'LLIA. (Named after H.
Marschall, a botanical author. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IV-Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous plants, with purplish
flowers, from Carolina. Division of the plants,
in spring, or slips of the shoots, in sandy soil,
under a hand-light, in April and May; common
sandy loam ; tmgvttifoha likes the addition of
peat ; they require a dry elevated place in win-
ter, and the protection of an evergreen bough,
or a cold dry pit, with plenty of air.
M. angustifo'li a (narrow -leaved). 2. July.
1800.

— ccespito'sa (tufted). 1. Purple, white. July.

Texas. 1837-

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaued). l£. June.

1812.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l£. June. 1806.

MARSH CINQUEFOIL. Coma'nnn.

MARSH MALLOW. Althac'a.

MARSH MARIGOLD. Ca'ltha.

MARTAGON. Li' Hum ma'rtugon.

MARTY'NIA. (Named after Dr. Martyn,
once professor of Botany at Cambridge.
Nat. ord., Pedahads [Pedaliaceae].
Linn., 1-L-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Pedalium.)

Greenhouse annuals. Seeds, sown in a strong
but sweet bottom - heat, in March ; plants
pricked off as soon as they can be handled,
kept close and warm, and when increasing in
size, shifted and hardened off by degrees, to
enable them to bloom in a cool stove, or a
warm greenhouse.

M. Craniola'ria (Craniolarian). White, spotted.
July. South America. 1830.

— dia'ndra (two-anthered). l£. Red. July.

New Spain. 1731.

— fra' grans (fragrant). 2. Crimson. June.

Mexico. 1840.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Pale purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1781.

— tu'tea (yellow). 14. Yellow. July. Brazil.

1825.

— probosci'dea (proboscis-like), f. Light blue.

July. America. 1738.

MARVEL OF PERU. Mira'bilis.
MASDEVA'LLIA. (Named after J.
Masdevall, a Spanish botanist. Nat.

MAS

[ 583 ]

MAU

ord., Orchids [Orchidacejfi]* Linn., 20-
Gynandria l-Monandria. Allied to Oc-
tomeria.)

Stove orchids. Division, in spri:
sphagnum, rotten wood, and charco
elevated above the pots or baskets. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°.

M. cocci' nea (scarlet). Scarlet. April. Pam-
plona.

— fenestra'ta (windowed). £. Brownish red.

May. Brazil. 1838.

— floribu'nda (many-flowered). £. Brownish

yellow. November. Brazil. 1843.

— infra/eta (broken). Whitish yellow. April.

Brazil. 1835.

— triangula'ris (three-angled). Yellow, purple.

June. Merida.

— tubulo'sa (pipe-like). White. July. Merida.

MASSO'NIA. (Named after F. Mas-
son, a botanical traveller in South Africa.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacees]. Linn.,
fi-Hexandria 1-Monof/ynia. Allied to
Lachenalia.)

Very small bulbs, with white flowers, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds or offsets, in
spring ; sandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-
mould ; grown in a pit, or in a warm border,
the bulbs being taken up when ripened, and
kept in bags or drawers ; if in pots, kept dry
until vegetation commences.

If. ca'ndida (white). £. April.

echina'ta (prickly-/eao<;rf). £. May. 1790.
'

October.

.

-^grandifto'ra (large-flowered).
1725.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. March. 1775.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). £. March.

— sca'bra (rough). 4. February. 1790.

— undula'tu (wavy-leaved), £. April. 1791,

— viola'cea (violet). 4. May. 1800.

MAT. See -Bass.

MATHI'OLA. Stock Gillifiower. (Named
after P. Mathioli, an Italian botanist.
Nat. ord., Cmclfers [Bras sic ace JP].
Linn., 15 -Tetrad 'ynamia.)

The annuals, such as the Ten-week Stocks,
may be sown from March to May for summer
decoration, and in August and September to
stand over the winter for spring early-flowering.
For the latter purpose, none beats the interme-
diate, Queens, Bromptons, and other biennials.
Sow in June, plant in sheltered places, and in
pots, to be kept in cold pits, and turned out
early in spring. Seeds are recommended to be
saved from the neighbourhood of double flowers,
which we consider of no importance ; the only
true theory to get double flowers, is to leave
few seeds on a plant, and give it very high cul-
tivation, and as much sunshine as possible.
For fine flowering, all these prefer rich, light
soil. The best of them may be successfully
preserved by cuttings, under a hand-light, and
then kept in a cold pit in winter. The shrubby
greenhouse kinds are easily propagated by cut-
tings, and delight in a rich sandy soil.

HABDY ANNUALS.

M . acau'lis (stemless). £. Red. June. Egypt.
1823.

— a'nnua (annual. Ten-week-stock}, 2. Va-

rious. August. South Europe. 1731.
a'lba (white). l£. White. July.

South Europe.
flo'reple'no (double). l£. Red. July.

— Gree'ca (Grecian. Wall-flower-leaved). 2.

White. August. South Europe.

— li'vida (livid). Livid, purple. July. Egypt.

1820.

— longipe'tala (long-petaled). 1. Red, yellow.

June. Bagdad. 1818.

•— parviflo'ra (small -flowered). £. Purple.
July. Morocco. 1799-

— tricuspida'ta (three- pointed -leaved), £.

Purple. July. Barbary. 1739.

HAEDY BIENNIALS.

M. coronopifo'lia (Buckhorn-leaved). 1. Pur-
ple. June. Sicily. 1819.

— fenestra'lis (window). 1. Purple. July.
Crete. 1759.

— Sicu'la (Sicilian). l£. Lilac. July. Sicily.

1835.

— simplicicau' Us (single-stemmed). 2. Purple.

July.

a'lba (white). 2. White.

July.

— sinua'ta (scollop-leaved). 1. Dingy red.

July. England.

— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 1. Red, yellow.

July. Tartary. 1820.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
M. glabra'ta (smooth). 2. White. August.

flo'reple'no (double). 2. White,

purple. August.

purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple.

August.

— inca'na (hoary. Queen's Stock). 1. Purple.

August. England.

a'lba (white-branching). 1. August.

— cocci1 nea (scarlet. Brompton Stock).

1. Scarlet. August. England.
multiplex (double). 1. Variegated.

August. England.

— Madere'nsis (Madeira). Violet. May.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 2. Livid.

June. Persia. 1/95.

fr a' grans (fragrant). 2. Livid.

June. Crimea. 1823.

— tortuo'sa (twisted). Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816'.

— tri'stis (dark-flowered). l£. Livid. June.

South Europe. 1768.

MATO'NIA. (Named after the late
Dr. Maton. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diaceeej. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Fi-
lices.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns.

M. pectina'ta(com\3-like-frond). Yellow. May.
Mount Ophir. 1839.

MAURA'NDYA. (Named after Pro-
fessor Mauruiidy, of Carthagena. Nat.
ord., Fiyworts [Scrophulariaceiw] . Linn.,
H-Didynamia %-Anyiosptirinia. )

MAU

[584]

MAX

Greenhouse evergreen twiners from Mexico. ,
Seeds sown in a slight hotbed, in spring ; and :
Cuttings of shoots, in sandy soil, in spring or '
autumn ; rich sandy loam, with a little peat or '
leaf-mould ; will flourish in a cool greenhouse,
and in summer on wires, and fences, and pillars
in the open air.

AT. untirrhiniflo'ra (Snapdragon-flowered). 10. !
Purple. July. 1844.

— Barclaya'na (Barclay's). 10. Blue, white.

July. 1825.

• a'lba (white - floivcred). 10.:

White. Year. 1842.

— scmpcrflo'rens (ever-flowering). 10. Purple.

July. 1796.

MAU'EIA. (Named after A. Mauri, I
an Italian botanist. Nat. ord., Anacards \
or Terebintlis [Anacardiacese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 7-Octandria. Allied to
Duvaua.)

Stove evergreen trees with pinkish flowers,
from Peru. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in heat,
under a hand-glass ; common loam and a little
peat ; usual stove treatment.
M. heteropfiy'lla (variously-leaved). 20. 1822.

— simplicifo'liu (plain-leaved). 20. 1822.

MAUEI'TIA. (Named after Prince
Maurice, of Nassau. Nat. ord., Palms
[Pahnacece], Linn., 22-Dicccia ti-Hex-
andria.')

Stove Palms. Seeds in a hotbed, in spring;
rich fibry sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°;
summer, 60° to 90°.

M. arma'ta (armed). 40. Brazil. 1824.
—flexuo'sa (zig-zag-spiked). 40. White, green.

Surinam. 1816.
^vini'fera (wine-bearing). 40. Maranhatn.

MAXILLA'KIA. (From maxilla, the
jaws of an insect; referring to a re-
semblance of the columns and labellum.
Nat. ord., Orchids [OrchidaceroJ. Linn.,
20-Gynandria l-Monandria.)

Stove orchids. Divisions of the plant, in
spring ; fastened on wood covered with sphag-
num, or raised in baskets filled with sphagnum,
old wood, turfy peat, and charcoal. Winter
temp., 56° to 65° ; summer, 60° to 90°. Dry in
winter ; moist when growing.
31. a'lba (white). White. West Indies.

— aroma! tica (aromatic). 1. Yellow. May.

Mexico. 1825.

— atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). 1. Dark pur-

ple. July. Mexico. 1828.

— atroru'bens (dark-red). Dark red. July.

— au'reo-fu'lva (golden-brown), i. Golden

brown. June. South America. 1836'.

— barba'ta (bearded). Yellow. May, Mexico.

1839.

— Bamng'to'nj'd; (Harrington's). l£. Yellow, j

brown. April. Jamaica. 17QO.

— ca'ndida (whitened). White. April. Brazil.

1840.

— citri'na (citron-coloured). Yellow- May.

Mexico, 1840*

M. cotica'va (concave), June, Guatemala.

1844.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Brazil. 1836.

— crista'ta (crested-lipped). $. White, pur-

ple. July. Trinidad.

— cro'cea (saffron). £. Saffron. 'Rio Janeiro.

— cunea'ta (wedge - shaped). White, pink.

1844.

— De'ppii (Deppe's). Yellow, green. June.

Xalapa. 1828.

— galea'ta (helmeted). Orange. September.

Xalapa. 1828.

— grami'nea (Grass - leaved). Yellow, red.

Demerara.

— grandi flo'ra (large - flowered). White, yel-

low. August. Merida.

— Harriso'nia; (Mrs. Harrison's). l£. Yellow,

red. Brazil.

I ailba (white). White. April,

Brazil. 1843.

grandiflo'ra (large - flowered),
April. Rio Janeiro.

—jugo'sa (ridged). Crimson, yellow. Brazil,
1842.

— luteo-a'lba (yellowish-white). Yellow, white.

June. Merida.

— Lyo'nii (Mr. Lyon's). Purple, brown.

Mexico. 1845.

— Maclea'ii (Mac Leay's). White, maroon.

Mexico. 1839.

— margina'ta (bordered). Dark yellow. June.

Merida.

— meleu'gris (Guinea-fowl). Yellow, brown.

May. South America.

Yellowish.

May. South America.

— ockrolcu'ca (pale-yellow). $. Yellowish.

July. Rio Janeiro.

— ornithoglo'ssa (bird's - tongue). White.

Mexico. 1842.

— pallidiflo'ra (pale-flowered). 1. Yellow.

St. Vincent. 1826.

— palmifo'lia (palm-leaved). White. Jamaica.

— Parke'ri (Parker's). 2. Buff, white. Aprih

Demerara. 1826.

— pi'ct a (painted). £. Orange, red. De-

cember. Brazil.

ma'jor (larger). Yellow, white. De-
cember. Brazil. 1837.

— platanthe'ra (flat-anthered). Green, white.

July. Brazil. 1835.

— psittaci'na (parrot-like). 1. Red, yellow.

October. Mexico. 1835.

— puncta'ta (spotted). £. White, spotted.

October.
a'lba (white). White, spotted,

October. Brazil. 1838.
purpu'rea (purple). Purple, spotted,

October. Brazil. 1839.

— racemo'sa (racemed). jj. Buff, yellow.

June. Rio Janeiro. 1826.

— Rollisso'nii (Rollison's). £. Yellow. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1836.

— stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). $. Orange.

June. Brazil. 1837.

— Stee'lii( Steel's). 2. Yellow, spotted. July.

Demerara. 1836.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Purple,

yellow. June. Vera Cruz. 1837.

— tetrago'na (four - angled). Purple, green,

white. July. Brazil. 1827.

— triangula'ris (three-angled). Brown, crim-

son. Guatemala.

— ci'ridis (green). £. Green, May, Brazil,

MAX

[ 585 ]

MEA

SI. in7e//e'«a(yolk-of-egg-coloured). $. Orange. \
June. Brazil. 1837.

— Warrea'na (Warre's). 2. White, purple.

August. Brazil. 1829.

— xu'nthinu (yellow). Yellow. Organ Moun- '

tains.

MAXIMILIA'NA. (Named after Prince
Maximilian. Nat. ord., Palms [Palma-
ceffij. Linn., 23-Polyyamial-Moncecia.
Allied to Cocos.)

Stove Palms. Seeds, in a hotbed ; rich sandy
loam. Winter temp., 55° to fiO° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.
M. re'gia (royal), 60. Brazil. 1825.

MAY. Cratic'yns oxyca'ntha.

MAY-APPLE. Podophy'llum pclta'tnm.

MAYTE'NUS. (From maitcn, the Chi-
lian name. Nat. ord., Spindlctrees [Ce-
lastracece]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 2-
Dicccia. Allied to Celastrus.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in
May; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 35° to 45°.

M. boa'ria (Boaria). 10. White. Chili. 1822.

— Chile'nsis (Chilian). 12. Green, yellow.

May. Chili. 182Q.

— octago'nus (eight- an g\e-stemmed) . 6. White.

October. Peru. 1/86.

— vei'ticilla'tus (whorled). 6. White. Octo-

ber. Peru. 1823.

MAZE. See Labyrinth.

MA'ZUS. (From mazos, a teat; re-
ferring to the tubercles in the opening
or mouth of the flower. Nat. ord.,
Fig worts [ S cr ophulariace re ] . Linn . ,
1-i-Didynamia %-Angiospermia. Allied
to Dodartia.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in hotbed, in March,
seedlings hardened off, and transferred to the
open ground in May.

M. pumi'lio (dwarf). ^. Pale purple. June.
Van Dieman's Land. 1823.

— rugo'sus (wrinkly). £. Yellow. July. China.

1780.

MEADOW-HUE. ThalVctrum.
MEADOW-SAFFRON. Co'lchicum.
MEADOW-SWEET. Spirw'a ulma'ria.

MEASUEES.

CORN MEASURE.

4 Gills .
2 Pints .
4 Quarts
'2 Gallons
4 Pecks

4 Bushels
8 Bushels

5 Quarters

34| Cubic Indie's,

1 Pint . containing .

1 Quart 69§ „ „

1 Gallon 277| „ „

1 Peck 554i „

1 Bushel 2218* „

1 Sack 5| Cubic Feet

1 Quarter 10£ „ „

1 Load 5U

TIMBER MEASURE.

A load of timber, unhewn, is 40 cub. ft. A load of 2^-inch plank 240 square feef.
squared, 50 „ 3

1 inch plank GOO sq. ft. tf£ „
1* „ 400 „ 4

2 300

200
170
150

LAND MEASURE.

The English statute aero contains
4840 square yards; the Scotch, 5760;

tenantry, 3630. The French arpent is
an English acre and three-fourths of a

the Irish, 7840; the Devonshire, cus- j rood. The Strasbury acre is nearly
ternary, 4000 ; the Cornish, 5700 ; the half an English acre ; the Prussian
Lancashire, 7840 ; the Cheshire and j morgen is not quite three-fourths of an
Staffordshire, 10,240 ; the Wiltshire \ acre.

LONG MEASURE.

12 Inches

3 Feet .

0 Feet .

0 Yards

1 Foot.
1 Yard.
1 Fathom.
1 Pole.

40 Poles .
8 Furlongs
3 Miles .

0!Ji Miles .

1 Furlong.
1 Mile.
1 League.
1 Degree.

MEA

Inches.

144

1,206

39,204

1,568,160

6,272,640

L [ 586 ]

MEA

SQUARE MEASURE.

Feet.

1

Yards.

Poles,Rods,

9

1

or Perches.

273*

30£

1

Roods.

10,890

1210

40

1

43,560

4840

IW

4

30 Acres are 1 Yard of Land.

100 .... 1 Hide of Land.

640 .... 1 Square Mile.

Acre.
1

CUBIC MEASURE.

1728 Cubic Inches make ....

H

27

40

50

108

128

Feet

of Rough Timber
of Hewn do. .

HEAPED MEASURES.

Cubic Foot.
Yard.

1 Load.

1 Stack of Wood.
1 Cord.

Our market-gardeners, and retailers
of fruit, potatoes, &c., generally vend
their commodities as if the Act of Par-
liament, 5 and 6 Will. IV. c. 63, did
not exist. By this statute selling by
heaped measure is forbidden under a
penalty of not more than 40s. for every
such sale. Section 8 provides that, as
some articles heretofore sold by heaped
measure are incapable of being strick-
en, and may not inconveniently be sold
by weight, it is enacted, that all such
articles may henceforth be sold by a
bushel-measure, corresponding in shape
with the bushel prescribed by the 5

Geo. IV. c. 74, for the sale of heaped
measure, or by any multiple or aliquot
part thereof, filled in all parts as nearly
to the level of the brim as the size and
shape of the articles will admit; but
nothing herein shall prevent the said
by weight of any article heretofore sold
by heaped measure. The 5 Geo. IV.
c. 74, thus referred to, enacts, by sec-
tion 7, that for potatoes, fruit, etc., the
bushel shall be made round, with a
plain and even bottom, and being nine-
teen inches and a half from outside to
outside, and capable of containing 80 Ib.
weight of water.

WOOD FUEL.

English Measure. — Wood-fuel is
assized into shids, billets, faggots, fall-
wood, and cord-wood. A shid is of
fall-wood and cord-wood.

A shid is to be four feet long, and,
according as they are marked and
notched, their proportion must be in
the girth — viz., if they have but one
notch they must be sixteen inches in
the girth ; if two notches, twenty-three
inches ; if three notches, twenty-eight
inches ; if four notches, thirty-three
inches ; and if five notches, thirty-eight
inches about.

Billets are to be three feet long, of
which there should be three sorts—-
namely, a single cask, and a cask of

twOi The first is seven inches, the
second ten inches, and the third four-
teen inches about. They are sold by
the hundred of five score.

Fagyots are to be three feet long,
and, at the band, of twenty-four inches
about, besides the knot ; of such fag-
gots fifty go to the load.

Bavins and Spray -wood are sold by
the hundred, which are accounted a
load; Cord-wdod is the bigger sort of
fire-wood ; and it is measured by a cord
or line, whereof there ate two measures
— that of fourteen feet in length, three
1«-»'t in breadth, and three feet in height;
the other is eight feet in length, four
feet in height, and four feet in breadth.

MEA

[ 887]

MED

MEASUKE OF WOOD.

1000 Billets of Wood
10 Cwt. of Wood
1 Cord of Wood
100 Lbs. of Wood

MECOXO'PSIS. (From mekon, the
poppy, and opsis, like. Nat. ord., Pop-
pyworts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria \-Monoyynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions of
the plant, in spring, and seeds (which ripen
freely), at the same time ; rich sandy soil.
M. Ca'mbrica (Welsh). 1. Yellow. June.
England.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Orange, red.

California. 1833.

— heterophy' lla (various-leaved). 1. Orange,

red. California. 1833.

MEDE'OLA. (Named after Medea,
the sorceress. Nat. ord., Parids [Tril-
liacese]. IAi\n.,Q-Hexandria 3-Triyynia.
Allied to Trillium.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division of the plant, in
spring ; rich sandy soil.

M. Virgi'nica (Virginian). J. Yellow. June.
Virginia. 1759.

MEDIAN APPLE, or Citron. Ci'trus
mc'dica.

MEDICA'OO. Medick. (From medikc,
a name from Dioscorides. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
17 -Diadelphia <i-l)ccandria. Allied to
Trifolium.)

Hardy, and all yellow-flowered, except where
otherwise mentioned. Annuals, by seeds, in
open border, in April; perennials, by seeds,
division of the plant, and slips, under a hand-
light; shrubs, by cuttings of young shoots,
under a hand-light.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUB.
M. arbo'rea (tree. Moon-trefoil). 8. May.
1596.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
M. Carstie'nsis (Carst). 1. July. Carinthia.
1789.

— creta'cea (chalky). 4. July. Tauxia. 1805.
— falca'ta (sickle-podded). 2. July. England.

— glomera'ta (clustered). 1. June. Italy. 1817.

— glutino'sci (sticky). 1. June. Caucasus.

1817-

— mari'na (sea). 1. July. South Europe.

1596.

— proctt'mbens (trailing). 1. June. South

Europe. 1818.

— prostra'ta (lying-down), f. June. Hun-

gary. 1/9J.

— satl'va (cultivated). 2. Violet. June. Eng-

land.
-"• verti'color (various- coloured). 2.

Yellow, blue. June. Britain.
- - suffrutico'sa (sub - shrubby). 2. Violet,

yellow. June. Pyrenees. 1820.

= 1 Cord.

= 1 Cord.

= \ Chaldron of Coals.

= 1 Quintal of Wood.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. aculea'ta (prickly). 1. July. 1802.

— brachyca'rpa (short -podded). £. June.

Trifliz. 1823.

— cancella'ta (latticed). 1. July. Caucasus.

1818.

— Catalo'nica (Catalonian) . £. July. Cata-

lonia. 1820.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. July. South

Europe. 1686.

— corona' ta (crowned). 1. June. South

Europe, i860.

— discifo'rmis (disc-formed). £. July. South

France. 1822.

— echi'nus (hedgehog). £. July. South

France. 1818.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). £. July. Italy. 1819-
— • Oera'rdi (Gerard's). 1. July. South Eu-
rope. 1816.

i — Hornemannia'na (Hornemann's). £. June.
Morocco. 1818.

— interte'xta (interwoven). 1. July. South

Europe. 1629.

— lacinia'ta (jagged-/eawerf). £. July. South

Europe. 1683.

— lee'vis (smooth), i. July. South Europe.

1816.

— lappa'cea (Burdock-like). 4. July. Mont-

pelier. 1810.

— lupuli'na (Hop-like). 1. June. Britain.
polysta'chya (many-spined). Switz-
erland.

Willdeno'vii (Willdenow's). *.

Europe.

— macula' ta (spotted). l£. May. England.

— marginal to, (bordered). 1. July. South

Europe. 1816.

— mnioca'rpa (Moss-fruited). £. July. Switz*

erland. 18l6.

— molli'ssima (softest). £. July. Spain. 1818.

— murica'ta (point-covered). 1. June. Eng«

land.

— orbicula'ris (round-podded). 1. July. South

Europe. 1688.

— pr&'cox (early). £. July. Provence. 1820.

— re' eta (upright). 1. July. Barbary, 1810.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. June. Tauria. 1820.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia.

1817.

— spheeroca'rpa (round-fruited). £. July.

Italy. 1818.

— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 4- July- South

France. 1820.

— stria' ta (channeled). 4. July. South Francei

1820.

; — Tcnorea'na (Grenada). |. July. Italy. 1820.
I — tcntacula'ta (tentaculated). 1. June. South

Europe. 1800.

— turbina'ta (top-shaped). 1. July. South

Europe. l6ao.

MEDINT'LLA. (Named after J. de
Mcdlnilla y Pineda, governor of the
Marianne Islands. Nat. ord., Melas-

MED

MEL

tomads [Melastomacere].' Liim., 10-
Dccandria l-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs with rosy flowers.
Cuttings of stumpy side shoots root the safest,
though cuttings of the young shoots root freely
when damping is avoided ; in sand, with a
little peat, under a bell-glass, and in a bottom-
heat; peat and loam, fibry and sandy. Win-
ter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M, erythrophy'lla (red - leaved) . 2. August.

Khooseea. 1837.
— spccio'sa (showy). 4. July. Java. J845.

MEDLAE. (Mc'spihts germa'nica}.

Varieties. — Blake's Large ; Dutch,
largest fruit; Nottingham, small, but
best flavoured ; Stoneless, inferior, but
keeps longer than others.

Propagation by Seed. — This is a
tedious mode, the seed usually lying
two years before it germinates. Sow
immediately the fruit containing the
seed decays, in common light soil.
Water the seedlings frequently in dry
weather ; thin them to two feet apart ;
and when four or five years old they
will be fit for final planting.

By Layers. — This may be done in
February and March, making use of
shoots of the previous year. They will
have rooted by the autumn.

Grafting and Budding may be done
on the White Thorn, but the Pear is a
better stock for the medlar.

Soil. — A well-drained, but retentive
loam suits it best.

Planting, Pruning, &c. — See the
directions given for the Pear.

Storing. — The fruit ought not to be
gathered until November, for if the ga-
thering is made before the fruit is fully
matured, it shrivels without ripening
in its decay. Spread them singly upon
sand, the calyx, or open side down-
wards, and dipping the stalk end in a
strong brine of common salt and water,
which is said to check the occurrence
of mouldiness.

MEDUSA'S-HEAD. Eitpho'rlia ca'pttt-
medu'sa.

MEGACLI'NIUM. (From mcgas, large,
dud kline> a bed ; referring to the axis,
or rachis, on which the flowers are
borne. Nat. ord., Orchids [Qrchi-
daceaj]. Linn., '20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Cirrhopetalum.)

StoVe orchids from Sierra Leone. Division of
the plant iii spring { shallow baskets in sphag-

1 nu«i, rotten wood, charcoal, and fibry peat.

Winter temp., 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
j M.falca'tum (sickle-shaped). I. Yellow, red.

March. 1824.
j ma' jus (larger). Yellow, red. March.

1833.

I — ma'ximum (largest) . 1. Yellow, green; 1836.
j — veluti'num (velvety). Purple, yellow. 1845.

MELALEU'CA. (From melas, black,

and leiikos, white ; referring to the

I colours of the old and young bark.

j Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [Myrtacege].

j Linn., IS-Polyadclphia %-Polyandria.)

Evergreen shrubs from New Holland, except

! where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the

; shoots in May, as they are getting firm at their

i baseband not more than three inches in length,

j in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and loam,

most of the latter, with a fair portion of sand,

and nodules of charcoal. Winter temp., 38°

to 45°. Many are about as hardy as a myrtle,

and will stand against a conservative wall, with

a little protection,

STOVE EVERGREENS.

M. Leucade'ndron (White Cajeput Tree). 15.
White. East Indies. 1796.

— mi' nor (smaller Cajeput}. White. East

Indies. 1800.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. acero'sa (sharp-pointed). Purple. June.

— c«/tarfe/Ho'nea(beautiful-stamened). Purple,

rose. June.

— calyci'na (Z«rge-calyxed). 3. Purple. July.

North America. 1803.

— decussa'ta (decussate -leaved] . 4. Lilac.

August. 1803.

— de'nsa (thickly-teawed). 2. Purple. 1803.

— rf('osm«/o7ia(Diosma-leaved). 4. Reddish.

June. 1/94.

— dumo'sa (bushy). 2.

— erube'scens (blushing • stamened'). Yellow.

June.

— fu'tgcm (splendid). 6. Scarlet. August.

1803.

— genistifo'lia (Broom-leaved). 4. Red. 1793.

— gra'ndis (grand). 4.

— Huge'lii (Hugel's). 1832.

— /lypericifo'lia (St. John's- Wort-leaved). 3.

Scarlet. July. 1/92.

— inca'na (hoary). 3. Yellow. July. 1817-

— juniperoi'deh (Juniper-like). 3. Striped.

June. 1830.

— lanccola'ta (spear-head-/e«uc£/). 4. July*

1817.

— paludo'sa (marsh). 6. Red. August. 1803.

— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Purple. July. 1303.

— ra'dula (file-like). Pink. May.

— sca'bra (rough-/e«uerf) . 3. Purple. May.

1803.

— seria'ta (row-ranged). Rose. June.

— spino'sa (spiny). Yellow. June.

— stjua'inea (sc&ly-cali/xed) . 4. Lilac. June.

1805.

-cnlyxed}.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. White. 1794'

— stria' ta (channeled - leaved). 4. Purple.

June. 1803.

— etyphelai'de* (Styphelia-fctftY'd). 4. White.

June. 1793.

MEL

[ 580 ]

MEL

M. tetrugo'na (four-angled), 4. 1820,

— thymifo'lia (Thyme -leaved). 2. Purple.

August. 1/92.

— tnchophy'lla (hair-leaved). Pink. May.

— trine'rvia (three-nerved). 3. 1816.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. 1818.

MELANOBRELE'A. (From mclos, black,
and rhco, to flow; referring to the
juice becoming black varnish. Nat.
ord., Anacards [Anacardiacece], Linn.,
23-Polyyamia 2-D'uecia.)

The black poisonous varnish of Martaban, is
the produce of this tree, the Theet-see, or Kheu
of India. Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of
ripe shoots, with the leaves on, in sand, under
a glass, and in peat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, u'0° to 85°.
M.usitu'ta (common. Black Varnish Tree}.
100. Hed. East Indies. 1829.

MELA'NTHIUM. (From melas, black,
and anthos, a flower; referring to the
dusky blossoms. Nat, ord,, Mclanths
[Melanthacece]. Linn., U-Hexandria
3-Trigynia. Allied to Veratum.)

The Melanths are all more or less poisonous.
Halt-hardy bulbs requiring the greenhouse or
cold-pit in winter, or the bulbs to be kept dry
and at rest ; propagated by offsets and seeds ;
sandy loam and peat.

M.Cape'nse(Capc). J. Yellow. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1/68.

— cilia1 ta (hair-fringed). £. Pale yellow.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1810.

— grami'neum (grassy). I. White. May.

Madagore. 1823.

— ju'nceum (Rush-teamed). $. Pink. Sep-

tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1780.

— phalangioi' des (Phalangium-like). 1. White.

June. Carolina. 1810.

— secu'ndum (side -flowering). 1. White.

September. Cape of Good Hope. 1810.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 1. Siberia. 1823.

— trique'trum (three-sided). White, purple.

April. North America. 1847.

— uniflo'rum (one.flowered). $. White, yel-

low. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/87-

MELA'STOMA. (From mclas, black,
and stoma, a mouth ; the eatable berries
stain the mouth a dark purple. Nat.
ord., Melastomads [Melastomacea?].
Linn., IQ-Dccandrta \-Monogynia, Al-
lied to Osbeckia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the shoots, in
sandy peat, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat
and loam, sandy and lumpy. Winter temp.,
45° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
Jl/. affi'nis (related). 4. Purple. East Indies.
1810.

— Afzelia'na (Afzelius's). 1$. Red. Sierra

Leone. 1824.

— a'spera (rough). 6. Purple. June. East

Indies. 1815.

- Ba'nkaii (Sir J, Bank's). 1*. White, Sep-
teraber, New Holland, 1824,

M. ca'ndida (white). 4. Purple. China. 1824.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 2. Purple. June.

Sierra Leone. 1792.

— cymo'sa (cymed). 2. Purple. June.

South America. 1792.
! — ecosta'ta (ribless). 4. Purple. July.

Jamaica. 1793.
! — elonga'ta (elongated). 1. Purple. May.

Sierra Leone. 1823.
1 — maci-oca'rpa (large-fruited). 6. Purple.

June. China. 1793.

— Malaba'thrica (Malabar). 6. Purple. June.

East Indies. 1793.

— pulverule'ntum (powdered). Red. March.

Sumatra. 1823.

— sangu'inea (bloody). 6. Purple. September.

China. 1818.

MELHA'NIA. (After Mount JMelhan,
in Arabia Felix, where the first of them
was discovered. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[Byttneriacese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphiu
Z-Pentandria. Allied to Astrapsea.)

Stove evergreen trees with white flowers.
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, in sandy
peat, in a little bottom-heat, and under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and a little loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Burche'llii (Burchell's). 15. Cape of Good
Hope. 1818.

— erythro'xylon (Red- wood). 15. July. St.

Helena. 1772.

— melano' xylon (Blackwood) . 30. July. St.

Helena.

ME'LIA. Bead Tree. (Melia, the
Manna Ash ; referring to the resem-
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Me-
liads [Meliacffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
1-Monogynia.)

Seeds and cuttings of the ripe shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Azedarach,
and Australia will stand against a wall in the
south of the island. The Monks formerly
strung the fruit as beads.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. Austra'lis (southern). Lilac. New Hol-
land. 1810.

— Azeda'ruch (Azedarach). 45. Blue. July.

Syria. lSa6.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

M. Azadira'chta (Azadirachta). 60. White.
July. East Indies. 175Q.

— compo'sita (compound-leaved), 20. White,

red. July. East Indies. 1810.

— exce'lsa (lofty). 40. White. July. East

Indies. 1819-

— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 30. White, red.

July. Guinea. 1824.

— robu'sta (robust), 30. White, red. July.

East Indies. 1820.

— supe'rba (superb). 20. White, red. East

Indies. 1810.

MELIA'NTHUS. Honey Flower. (From
wie/, honey, and anthos, a flower ; the

MEL

[ 590 ]

MEL

tubes contain a copious supply oJ
honey- like juice. Nat. ord., Beancapen
[Zygophyllacere]. Linn., JL-Tetrandria
I-Monogynta.)

The natives obtain honey for food by shaking
the branches of Melianthus major, when in
blossom. Evergreens from the Cape of Good
Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, in sandy
soil, under a hand-light ; rich sandy soil ; re-
quire the protection of a greenhouse, cold pit,
or a conservative wall, in winter.

M. como'sus (tufted). 3. Yellow. 1820.

— ma'jor (greater). 10. Brown. June. 1688.

— mi'nor (smaller). 2. Brown. June. 1696.

MELI'CHRUS. (Frommelichros, honey-
coloured ; referring to glands on the
flowers. Nat. ord., Epacrlds [Epacri-
dacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Styphelia.)

Greenhouse, scarlet-flowered evergreens from
New Holland. Cuttings of the shoots, when
two inches long, and a little hard at their base ;
side cuttings after pruning down, are the best ;
sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M. me'dius (middle). 2. May. 1824.

— rota'ta (wheel-shaped). l£. June. 1824.

MELICO'CCA. Honey-berry. (From
met, honey, and coccos, a berry ; re-
ferring to the sweetness of the fruit.
Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapindacese].
Linn., 8-Octandria I-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Pierardia.j

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 80°.

M. bi'juga (two-paired). 16. Yellow. Antilles.
1778-

— olivafo'rmis (Olive-shaped). 20. Yellow.

Grenada. 1824.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 20. St. Domingo.

1820.

— tri'juga (three-paired). 20. Ceylon. 1820.

MELI'COPE. (From met, honey, and
kope, an incision ; referring to the
nectary of notched glands. Nat. ord.,
Rneworts [Kutaceffi]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria \-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of small
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ;
sandy loam, with a little peat and leaf mould.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. terna'ta (three-leafleted). 6. White. New
Zealand. 1822.

MELI'CYTUS. (From meli, honey,
and cytos, a cavity ; referring to the
cavity at the bottom of the stamens.
Nat. ord., Bixads [Flacourtiacese].
Linn., '22-Dicecia Q-Hexandria. Allied
to Flacourtia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
shoots getting firm, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in May ; sandy peat, and a little loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.

M. ramiflo'rus (branch-flowered). 6. White.
New Zealand. 1822.

MELILO'TUS. Melilot. (From meli,
honey, and lotus, the honey lotus. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \l~Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al-
lied to Trifolium.)

Seed, in common soil ; arborea, by seed and
by cuttings, does best in a sheltered place, and
is deserving of more cultivation.
37. arbo'rea (tree). 15. White. July. Turkey.
1826.

— leuca'ntha (white - flowered). 4. White.

July. Europe.

— suave'olents (sweet -smelling). 3. Yellow.

July. Dahuria, 1824.

MELI'SSA. Balm. (From melissa, a
bee ; literally, a bee-flower. Nat. ord.,
Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., l±-Didy -
namia I-Gymnospermia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Dividing the
roots, in spring ; common garden soil. See
Bairn,

M. Cre'tica (Cretan). White, purple. June.
Candia. 1596.

— officina'lis (shop). 1. White. July. South

Europe. 1573.
variega'ta (striped - leaned). 1.

White. June. Gardens.
villa'. ia (shaggy). White. August.

Italy. 1573.

— microphy'lla (small - leaved). £. Purple.

June. Corsica. 1829.

— polya'nthos (many - flowered). 1. White.

July. 1820.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. White, purple.

July. Pyrenees. 1800.

MELI'TTIS. Bastard Balm. (The
same derivation as Melissa. Nat. ord.,
Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., l&-Didy-
namia \-Gymnospermia.}

Same culture as Balm.

M. melissophy'llum (Balm-leaved). 1. Flesh.
May. England.

' Alpi'na (Alpine). ^. Flesh.

May. Switzerland.

grandiflo'ra (large-flowered).

1. White, yellow. May. England.

MELOCA'CTUS, or Melon - shaped
Cactus, a sectional genus of Cactus,
differing from Echinocactus, in having
the flowers produced on a head covered
with dense, woolly, and bristly hairs,
called a tomentum, while those of
Echinocactus issue from the bare ribs
or angles. Treatment similar to
hat for Mamillaria ; suckers and
offsets; loam, peat, and lime rubbish.

MEL

[ 591 ]

MEL

Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and dry;
summer, 00° to 90°, and moist when
growing, but dry when ripening or har-
dening off. See Cactus and Mamillaria.

MELODI'NUS. (From melon, an apple,
and dlneo, to turn round ; referring to
the shape of the fruit. Nat. ord., Dog-
lanes [Apocynacese] . Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Carissa.)

The fruit of this and some other allied genera
are eatable, but not of much merit. Stove ever-
green twiners, with white flowers, blooming in
July. Cuttings of half-ripened side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in heat; peat and
loam, with a little sand. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 68° to 85°.
M. mono'gynus fone-pistiled). 10, East Indies.
1820.

— parvifo'lius (small - leaved). East Indies.

1775.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 15. New Caledonia.

1775.

— undula'ta (waved-teawed). East Indies.

MELOLO'NTHA. Every one knows
the common May-hug or Cockchafer
(Mclolo'ntha vulga'ris) ; a drawing and
description of its grub is given at page
15, vol. v., of The Cottage Gardener.
This grub very closely resembles that
of another species, M. horti'cola, Gar-
den Beetle, or Brackenclock, Phylloper-
tka of some entomologists. The latter
beetle (Ibid, ii., 171,) is found in June
and July, among the petals of white
roses. It is nearly half an inch long,
and rather less than a quarter of an
inch broad. Its wing-cases are reddish
brown, shining, and shorter than the
body; the body and head are dark
green, and the antennse reddish, having
at their ends a dark green club. It
also feeds on the leaves of apples,
pears, and roses, gnawing them full of
small holes, and even transferring its
attacks to the young fruit of the apple.
During the latter part of July the
female retires into the earth for the
purpose of there depositing her eggs,
from which the grubs speedily are pro-
duced, and feed upon the roots of
plants, especially of grass. The only
mode of reducing the number of these
beetles is by searching for them during
the evening, when, if detected, they
stiffen their outstretched legs, and
feign death ; but in the day they fly
about swiftly, and are captured with
great difficulty. It is said that when

grass suffers from the grubs of either
of these beetles, that they may be ex-
tirpated by watering with the ammo-
niacal liquor from gas works.

ME 'LON. ( Cu'cumis mc'lo, )

Varieties. — These are so numerous,

j that we must be very severe in our

| selection, confining ourselves to such

as are most generally useful in Britain;

and these we must classify according

to their habits.

Cantaloups, the Eocks, the Green-
fleshed, the Valentia, or Winter, and the
Persians, with their various hybrids.
Amongst the Cantaloups, we have both
round and oblong, plain and netted,
the Orange, the Montagues, &c. In
the Rocks, we have the Small scarlet-
fleshed, the Black, the Large, and the
Early, &c. In the Green- flesh class,
we may point to the Beech-wood, which
may almost be considered the type of
this section, the Small Green-fleshed
Egyptian, of exquisite flavour, and
thin rind ; these, with the various va-
rieties known by the name of Snow's,
Terry's, the Kew-green-flesh, &c. These
are the most generally useful melons,
being hardy, free-setters, and not liable
to rot or canker.

Next we may advert to the Winter
Melons, a class which will keep a long
time after they are cut; and the Va-
lentia may be placed amongst this divi-
sion. Lastly, are the Persians, with
their useful hybrids. The types of
these Persian hybrids are, principally,
the Ispahan, the Dampsha, the Q-er-
mek, and the Hoosainee.

Propagation : by Seed. — Most prac-
tical men prefer old seed to new, as
running less to bine. A bottom-heat
of from 75° to 85° is essential ; and
when the seedlings are up, and just
before the second set of leaves begin
to appear, the young plants may be
potted into five-inch pots, two in a pot,
in a soil of three parts strong loam,
enriched with manure. A temperature
of 70° to 80° must be secured to them,
and the pots should be plunged. As
soon as the central shoot begins to
sprout from between the seed-leaves
it may be pinched off; and this, if
other points be right, will cause the
protrusion of a pair, or more, of shoots,

MEL

[ 59-2 ]

MEL

more fruitful in character, and these
are enough as " leaders." In about a
fortnight afterwards they will be fit for
the fruiting bed.

By Cuttings. — This mode of culture
has been recommended by some as
serving to restrict that excessive luxu-
riance which is frequently inimical to
fertile blossoming. Under proper cul-
ture the plan answers ; but, on the
whole, the seedling plan is the better.
It is, however, a certain mode of per-
petuating choice kinds, and as such
should not be lost sight of. Healthy,
free-growing, yet short-jointed shoots,
should be selected, and the usual bot-
tom-heat and atmospheric temperature
must be secured ; in addition to this,
there must be a liberal amount of at-
mospheric moisture, and the close
treatment, with shading, incidental to
the growth of cuttings. When esta-
blished, the plants will need no
" stopping ; " and they require a more
generous soil when finally planted.

Subsequent Culture. — The melon is
fruited by a variety of modes, but in
all a certain amount of bottom-heat, as
well as atmospheric, is absolutely ne-
cessary. The bottom-heat should never
descend below 70°, nor range above
90°, whilst an atmosphere not below
65°, nor above 80°, will be most suit-
able; permitting, however, a rise of
eight or ten degrees from sunshine.
In no situation can the melon endure
shade.

Culture in the Dunq-bed. (For pre-
paration of this see Hot-bed.} — The ear-
liest melons are generally sown about
the middle of January, in a seed-bed
specially prepared. Great caution is
necessary ; and Avhen the plants are up,
and the two seed-leaves fully developed,
they may be planted out singly in iive-
inch pots, in rich soil. About this time
the ridging-out bed must be got up for
their reception, and this must be com-
posed of materials perfectly sweet. Re-
gular ventilation, and frequent water-
ings, will soon render the air within
perfectly sweet ; and then the hills of
soil may be introduced ; in doing which
it is good practice to form hollows two-
thirds the depth of the bed, and to fill
them to the ordinary surface with brick-

bats or rubble, laying a turf with the
grass downwards on the top, and on this
the hillocks may be placed. The young
plants will, by this time, have produced
three or four shoots each, and it is
good practice to retain two of the best
on each. They may now be ridged out,
and must afterwards be occasionally
watered when dry ; watering, according
to the weather, also the sides of the
frame and the uncovered clung, almost
daily. Henceforth, regular linings
must be supplied, and those often
turned and watered ; maintaining stea-
dily the temperatures, and taking
care that the bottom-heat in no part
of the interior exceeds 90°. As strong
linings will be requisite at this early
period, much water will be necessary
twice or thrice a-week, round the in-
sides of the frames, and next to the
linings, to prevent burning. As soon
as the plants begin to spread, the re-
maining soil must be added ; each
light requiring, in the whole, from two
to three barrowsful. The surface of
the bed must be formed convex, the
plants occupying the highest point.
Two plants are enough for each light,
and a shoot may be led to each angle
of the light, and then the main shoots
taking the whole light, will form the
letter X, the centre of the letter in-
dicating the ridging-out point. As soon
as each of these shoots reach to within
from six to nine inches of the frame
side, they must be pinched, and the la-
terals forced out by this pinching will
produce blossoms, some males, others
females ; the former generally prepon-
derating.

The female blossoms must be care-
fully "set" or impregnated daily, chos-
ing about two o'clock, p.m., for the
operation, when the farina will be dry.
As soon as from three to four fruit are
secured on each plant, and these are as
large as a pigeon's egg, all the blossoms
must be kept cut away, male and
female, as they appear. Each axillary
shoot with a fruit must be pinched or
stopped three or four eyes beyond the
fruit ; and frequent stopping practised
with all the other portions, removing at
all times coarse shoots which threaten
to overpower the bearing portions, The

MEL

[ 593 ]

MEL

chief object should be, to expose as much
healthy foliage as possible, and that
connected with bearing portions, to the
light, not suffering late- formed leaves
to over-shadow the older healthy leaves.
Still, the sides of the frame must be
occasionally watered; and when the
fruit is as large as a hen's egg, a liberal
watering of liquid -manure may be
given, avoiding, however, wetting the
collars of the plants at all times. Ven-
tilation must be daily had, but much
caution is necessary ; good linings
must be maintained, in order to sup-
port the necessary temperature with
ventilation. By these means, fine, ripe
Cantaloups or Eeechwoods may be cut
by the middle of May. We may add
that the root-watering may require to
be repeated, but water must be entirely
withheld a week or two before they
commence ripening, and an extra
amount of ventilation used during the
ripening period.

The main features of their culture
in houses or pits, or on trellises, are
precisely the same, except that having
a greater depth of soil, and more room
to ramble, a much greater length of
main shoot may be allowed before
stopping. In whatever situation, about
80° of bottom-heat, and an average of
75° atmospheric, will be found to suit
them best, except that in proportion as
the sun-light increases they will readily
bear an increase of from 5° to 10°,
both to the roots and branches.

Bed. — Although a common hotbed is
generally used for this plant, yet a pit is
more economical of heat, and by enabling
a more regular temperature to be sus-
tained, renders the fruit in greater per-
fection. The pit is a rectangular frame
or bin, built of nine-inch brickwork,
and enclosed by a glass case of the
necessary dimensions. Mr. Smith,
gardener to A. Keith, Esq., of Eavel-
stone, N. B., has suggested a mode of
building a pit which renders the re-
newal of the heat in it easy ; and as
the committee appointed to examine it
report, is the means of considerable
saving compared with the common
mode of forming an open bed. But
the facility with which linings may be
applied is its best feature,
38

The accompanying sketch will at
once show the form of the pit, and Mr.
Smith's mode of applying the linings.
A is the pit the side of which a a in-
stead of being a continuous piece of
brickwork are merely rows of pillars

six feet apart; and the brickwork of
the frame, b 6, is supported by bars of
iron reaching from pillar to pillar. An
outer wall, c c, is constructed at two-
and-a-half feet distance from the pillars
on each side ; thus two bins are formed
in which the linings are inserted, as is
found necessary, and are kept close
covered with thick boards ; d represents
the lights, which thus are formed with-
out any wooden frames. For other
modes of construction, see Hotbed,
Pits, &c. If a common hotbed is em-
ployed, fifteen barrow loads of dung
is the usual allowance to each light,
which make it about six inches higher
than is allowed for the cucumber bed
of largest dimensions.

If a melon-house be employed, the
following is the form and mode adopted
by Mr. Fleming.

" The house is twenty-eight feet long,
and fifteen wide, and is heated by means
of a saddle boiler, with four-inch pipes
passing round the outside of the pit,
which pipes are fitted with cast-iron
troughs for holding water to regulate
the moisture of the atmosphere. Be-
neath the pit is an arched chamber,
a, along the front of which runs the
flue, t, imparting a slight degree of
heat to the soil above, and also serving
to heat a series of arches, c, which run
along beneath the path, and are eu-
teredt from a bouse in front, d, and
20

MEL

[ 594 ]

MEN

which are used for forcing rhubarb, &c.,
in the winter." — Gardeners' Chronicle.

Culture of the Persian kinds. — These
are much more tender than the ordi-
nary green-fleshed melons ; they will
not endure so low a temperature, and
neither will they thrive in so moist an
atmosphere. A high authority, speak-
ing of the Persian melons, has thus
observed : — " They are found to require
a very high temperature, a dry atmo-
sphere, and an extremely humid soil,
Avliile they are at the same time im-
patient of an undue supply of moisture,
which causes spottings and decay long
before the fruit is ripe."

We are informed that in Persia,
where the melon grows in the open
fields, that the ground where they are j
cultivated is crossed in various ways by j
streams, between which the melons |
are placed on raised beds highly ma- j
mired. It would seem, therefore, that ;
in order to excel in their culture, the
following may be taken as maxims : — <
1 st. The brightest of glass is i*equisite, '.
to admit every ray possible of the sun-
light. '2nd. A very high atmospheric
temperature must be sustained, and
especially in order that the cultivator i
may be enabled to ventilate freely, to j
prevent the accumulation of damp, j
.')rd. A rich soil, dry in its upper sur-
face, but rather moist beneath. It is
urged by those who have been success-
ful iii their culture, that they should be
trained on trellises ; and there is no
doubt the opinion is correct. They
may, however, be trained against the
back walls of stoves, or grown in large
pots, to which in due time a dish of
water may be affixed, and the shoots
trained on portable trellises.

We will conclude with a few general
remarks. The foliage of melons, of
whatever kind, should never be ruffled
or disturbed; training and stopping,
therefore, must be attended to in due
time. Melons should not be encou-
raged to become luxuriant until a crop
of fruit commences swelling; after
this, it is almost impossible to encou-
rage them too much. Again, they
should never be watered indiscrimi-
nately overhead, after the manner of
cucumbers, unless it be some of the

ordinary green-flesh kinds, during
periods of continued heat and a dry
atmosphere.

Diseases. — These are few properly
so called except the gum and canker,
and those are mostly engendered by
wounds or braises on gross subjects,
producing a sort of vegetable gan-
grene. When such occurs, it is a good
plan to place a slate, tile, or piece of
glass, beneath the affected part, and to
pile a mixture of quick lime three
parts, and charcoal dust one part, in a
hillock around and above the wound,
changing the same when it becomes
damp.

Insects. — See Acatus, Aphis, and
Thrips.

MELON PUMPKIN. Curcu'bita vnelo-
p'cpo.

MELON THISTLE. Meloca'ctns.

MELON TUEK'S CAP. Meloca'ctu scorn -
mu'nis.

MEME'CYLON. (Dioscorides name
for the fruit of the Arbutus. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomacere]. Linn.,
S-Octandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Mouriria.)

The berries of M. edttle are eatable, but not
very good. Stove evergreens. Cuttings of shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam and peat,
with a good portion of sand, and pieces of char-
coal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

M. angula'tum (angled). 3. Purple. May.
Mauritius. 1826.

— capitella'tum (small-headed;. 4. July. East

Indies. 1796.

— gra'nde (large). Blue. May. East Indies.

1824.

— edu'le (eatable). 10. Purple. Ceylon. 1820.

MENASTE'LMA. (From nienc, the
inoon, and stelmrt, a crown ; referring
to the shape of the heads of flowers,
Nat. ord., Asdcpiads [Asclepiadaoere].
Linn., b-Pcntandria %-Jtigynia.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of the
younpr shoots when three inches long, taken off
close to the stem, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom heat ; peat and loam. Winter tern]).,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

M. parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 6. Green,
white. West Indies.

MENIO'CUS. (From mene, the moon,
and okkos, the eye ; referring to llu-
shape of the seed-pod. Nat. ord., Cru-
cifers [Brassicacepe]. . Linn., lf)-7V/>v/-
dynamia. Allied to Anbretin.. )

MEN

MEN

A hardy annual. Seed in April, in common
soil.

jlf. linifo'Kus (Flax-leaved\ A. White. June.
Caucasus. 181P.

MEXI'SCIUJH. (From meniskos, a
crescent ; referring to the shape of the
spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
fTolypodiacen?]. Linn., 2-i-Cryptoyamia
l-FUices.)

Stove Ferns with brown spores. See Ferns.
M. cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed). May. Isle
of Luzon.

— palu'stre (marsh) . 4. May. West Indies.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). May. East Indies.

1820.

— retieula'tum (netted). f . May. Mar-

tinique. 1793.

— sorbifo'lium (Sorb-leaved). 1. Brazil. 1823.

— Mphy'llum (three-leaved). 1. June. East

Indies. 1828.

MENISPE'RMUM. Moonseed. (From
mene, the moon, and sperma, a seed.
Nat. ord., Menispermads [Menisperma-
ee83]. Linn., 22-Dicecia IQ-Decandria.
Allied to Cocculus.)

Chiefly hardy deciduous twining plants. Di-
vision of the roots ; cuttings in spring, under a
hand-light, and by seeds sown at the same
rime ; common garden soil.
M. amari'ssimum (most-bitter). Yellow. East
Indies. 1804. Stove evergreen climber.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 10. Green, yellow, i

June. North America. 1691.

. loba'tum (\obe-leaved). Green, :

yellow. June. North America. 1/32. ;

— Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 10. Purple. June. North

America. 1823.

MENONVI'LLEA. (Named after T. de
Menonville, a French naturalist. Nat.
ord., Crucifors [Brassicacese] . Linn.,
1 5. Tt'tradynamia. )

Hardy annual. Seeds ; common garden
soil.

M.fiUfo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. Greenish l
white. August. Chili. 1836.

ME'NTHA. Mint. (Mentha is the
Latin name of the herb. Nat. ord., j
Labiates, or Lipworts [Lamiaceae]. I
Linn., l±-Didynamia 1 Grymnospermia.) \

Hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-flowered i
except where otherwise mentioned. Division
of the plant or roots, in spring and autumn —
the first period is the best m stiff clayey soils ; '
common garden soil.
M. arve'nsis (field), f . August. Britain.

— balsa'mea (Balsam-scented). lj. July. Italy, i

1804.

— bla'nda (mild). 2. White. September. !

Nepaul. 1824.

— Ca nade'nsis (Canadian). 1. August. North;

America. 1800.

— glabra'ta (smoothed). 1, July.!

North America, 1800.

M. cltra'ta (citron-scented). July. Britain.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. East

Indies. 1823.

— dental ta (toothed). 1. July. Germany.

1816.

— glabra'ta (smoothed). 1. July. Egypt. 1802.

— inca'na (hoary). l£. July. Greece. 1/90.

— lavanditia'cea (Lavender- Jmoed). 1. July.

Spain. 1823.

— piperi'ta (Pepper). 2. August. England.

— pule'gi um (Pennyroyal). £. August. Britain.

— J2eg-M/e'/ii(Requien's). ?. Lilac. August.

Corsica. 1829-

— salici'na (Willow-teawed). Cape of Good

Hope.

— sua'uis (sweet). Red. July. France.

— vi'ridis (green. Spear}. 2. August. Britain.
cri'spa (curled). 2. July. 1807.

MENTZE'LIA. (Named after C.Ment-
zel, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Loasads [Loasacese]. Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Bartonia.)

Easily raised from seed ; and stipitatu from
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy
loam and peat.

M. a'spera (rough). 2. Yellow. July. America.
1733. Hardy annual.

— stipita'ta (ataiked-flowered). 2. Yellow.

October. Mexico. 1835. Hardy
herbaceous perennial.

MENYA'NTHES. Buck Bean. (From
men, a month, and anthos, a flower ; the
time of duration. Nat. ord., Gentian-
•worts [Gentianaceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
drla 1-Monogynia. Allied to Yillarsia.)

Hardy perennial aquatics. Division of the
plant, and by seed in spring ; moist situation.
M. trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 1. White. July.
Britain.

America'na (American). 1 . Pale

red. July. North America. 1818.

MENZIE'SIA. (Named after A. Men-
zies, surgeon and naturalist to the ex-
pedition under Vancouver. Nat. ord.,
Heathworts [Ericaceas], Linn., S-Oc-
tinidria \-Monogynia. Allied to An-
dromeda.)

Chiefly by layers early in autumn, and by
cuttings under a hand-light ; sandy peat, with
a little loam.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

Brown. May.
Brown.

M.ferrugi'nea (rusty).
North America.

1811.

— globula'ris (g\o\)\ila.r-flowere.d) .

May. North America. 0.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

M. ernpetri'formis (Empetrum-like). Purple.
June. North America. 1810.

— polifo'lia (Polium-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

Ireland.

— .. a'tro-purpu'ren (dark-purple\ 2,

Dark purple.

MEE

[ 606 ]

MES

M. polifo'liaflo're-a'lbo( white-flowered). White.

June. Ireland.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Purple.

July.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple.

July.
na'na (dwarf). £. Purple. July.

Ireland.
pa' llida (pale-flowering). 2. Purple.

July. Britain.
toxifoli'a (Yew-leaved). Purple.

June. Scotland.

MERCURY (Chenopo'dium lo'mts Hen
ri'cus). This perennial plant is known
by the various names of Angular-leaved
Goosefoot, English Mercury or Allgood,
Good Henry, Good King Henry, and
Wild Spinach. In many parts of Lin-
colnshire, as about Boston, it is culti-
vated to use as spinach ; the young
shoots are also peeled, boiled, and
eaten as asparagus. Sow the seed in
March — but in October is better — in a
well-manured bed, prepared as for as-
paragus ; in the middle of September
plant the seedlings, during rainy
weather, in a similar bed in rows, a
foot apart each way. Hoe .frequently,
and use the shoots or tops as required.
Dress the beds with manure the same
as for asparagus ; they will continue in
production many years.

This must not be mistaken for Mer-
ciirialis, or Mercury, one of our common
hedge weeds, for this is poisonous. Mer-
curlalis is a Dioecious plant, and belongs
to the Nat. ord., Spurgeworts ; but the
Chenopodium belongs to the Nat. ord.
Chenopods, and to the Linneean class
and order Pentandria Monogynia.
MEKENDE'BA.

This should have been added to Bulbocodium.
M. Caucn'sica (Caucasian). £. Purple. Au-
gust. Caucasus. 1823.

MERODON NARCISSI. Narcissus Fly.
The bulbs of the daffodil and of other
species of the narcissus frequently re-
fuse to vegetate ; and the usual cause
is, that their interiors have been eaten
by the grub of this two-winged fly.
This disappointment may be avoided
if these bulbs are examined before
being planted.

In the month of November, says Mr.
Curtis, one or two large roundish holes
are sometimes found on the outsides of
the bulbs of the daffodil and narcissus.
The bulbs are more or less decayed

within, where a maggot will generally
be found, which by feeding in the
heart during the summer and autumn
months, has been the sole author of
the mischief. This larva is somewhat
like the flesh-maggot, and not unlike a
bot, only that it is not jagged with
spines, and instead of being whitish,
its natural colour, is changed to brown
by its living amongst the slimy matter
which has been discharged from its
own body, causing the gradual rotting
of the bulb. Towards the end of No-
vember the maggot is transformed into
a pupa, to accomplish which it eats its
way out of the bulb near the roots, and
buries itself in the surrounding earth.
The pupse are dull brown, egg-shaped,
rough, and strongly wrinkled. In this
state they remain until the following
spring, when the flies issue from them.
Their eggs are then deposited, but
upon what part of the plant they are
laid, has not been observed, but pro-
bably upon the bulb near the base of
the leaves. April seems to be the
month when most of the flies hatch ;
and they have been compared to small
humble-bees, from the disposition of
the colours, which are, for the most
part, yellow, orange, and black, but
they certainly bear a greater resem-
blance to some of the bot-flies ; from
bees they are readily distinguished by
having only two wings, the horns and
proboscis are totally different, and they
have no stings.

MESEMBRYA'NTHEMUM. Fig-Marigold.
(From mesembria, mid-day, and anthe-
mon, a flower ; referring to the flowers
opening better on sunny days. Nat.
ord., Ficoids [Mesembryaceee]. Linn.,
1 2-Iscosandria Q-Di-pentagynia.)

Greenhouse succulent plants, from the Cape
of Good Hope, except when otherwise men-
tioned. All by seeds, and most of them by
cuttings, dried at the base, before inserting
them m sandy soil, peat, loam, lime-rubbish,
and old cow-dung, well drained. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°. Well suited for window plants,
and rough rockwork, out-of-doors, in summer.
Seeds should be sown in a hotbed, and plants
gradually hardened off before planting out.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.'
M. cadu'cum (deciduous). 1. Pink. July. 1774.
— calendula1 ceum (Marigold-^owercrf). 4- Yel-
low. August. 1819-
-T Cajifo'rmcvm ( Calif ornian). Purple. Sep-

tenber. California, 1847.

MES

[ 507 ]

MES

M. crystalti'num (crystalline. Ice Plant). White.
July. Greece. 17/5.

— genicutiflo'rum (joint-flowering). 1. White.

August. 1/27.

— gla'bra (smooth). £• Yellow. August. 1/87-

— helianthoi'des (Sunflower-like). $. Yellow.

September. 17/4.

— pilo'sum (shaggy), j. Yellow. July. 1800.

— pinnati'fidum (leaf-cleft). 1. Yellow. July.

1774.

— pomeridia'num (afternoon). 1. Yellow.

July. 1774.

--- Andre' wsii (Andrew's). 1.
Yellow. July.

— pube'rulum (rather-downy). White. 1829.

Biennial.

— pyro'pceum (flame-coloured). Rose, white.

June.

--- ro'seum (rosy). Rose, white.
June.

— Tripo'lium (Aster-leaved). £. Pak yellow.

August. 1700. Biennial.

GREENHOUSE EVEEGREEN TRAILERS.

M. abbrevia'tum (short-jointed). <|. New Hol-
land. 1825.

— ttcinacifo'rme (scimitar-formed). £. Pink.

1714.

-- lo'ngum (long). £. Pink.
August.

— eequilatera'le (equal-sided), f . Pink. June.

New Holland. 1791.

— attenua'tum (thin). £. White. July. 1821.

— Austra'le (southern). 4> Yellow. July.

New Zealand. 1733.

— barba'tum (bearded). §. Pink. July. 1705.

— calyci'num (fcm#-calyxed). 3« White. July.

181Q.

— ca'ndens (glittering). £. White. June. 1820.
-- viri'dius (greener^. White. Sep-

tember.

— clavella'tum (smri]l-clvh-lcaved). 4. Pink.

June. New Holland. 1803.

— — — — — — aggrega'tum (crowded-leaved) .

i. Pink. June. NBAV Holland. 1803.

(jagged). *.
» (polished).

Pink. July. 1811.
3. Pink. June.

mi'nus (smaller).
Holland. 1810.

July. 17/4.
Pink. May.

M. la'cerum

— laciga'tum

1802.

— re'ptans (creeping). -\. Pink.

— rigidicau'le (stifF-stemmed). &

1819.

— Ro'ssi (Ross's). 3. Pink. Van Dieman's

Land. 1820.

— rubricau'le (red-stalked). £. Pale purple.

June. 1802.
-- de'nsius (denser). £. Pink. 1818.

— -- subvi'rens (greenish). £• Pink.

1818.

— rubroci'nctum (red - bordered) . £. Pink.

1811.
--- compre'ssum (compressed). £.

Pink. August.
_^ - te'nerum (tender). 4. Pink.

August.

— sarmento'sum (twiggy). 1^. Red. April.

1805.

— Scho'ltti (Scholl's). 1. Pink. May.

— serrula'tum (saw-leaved). 4. Pink.

vember. 1795.

--- viri'dius (greener). £.
November.

— si'mile (similar). 1. Pink. 1819-

— stria'tum (channeled- bristly). |.

July. 1727.

' liens (pale). £. White.

|

1810.
No-

Pink.

Pink. New
Pink. June.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved),

1727.

— de'At'fc (weak). $. 1824.

— de'nsum (dense-bearded). $. Pink. June.

1732.

— edu'le (eatable. Hottentot Fie). A. Pink.

July. 1690.

—Jilamento'sum (thready), i. Pink. May.
1732.

— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). £. Pink.

July. 1704.

—furfu'reum (brsinny-twigged). J. Blush.
1830.

— gemina'tum (twin), j. Pink. 1/92.

— glauce'scens (milky- greenish). £. Pink.

July. 1804.

— hirte'llum (dwarf-bristly). £. Pink. Au-

gust. 1792.

— hi'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. July. 1704.
-- platype'talum (broad-petaled). £.

Purple. July. 1820.

— hispifo'lium (bristly - leaved). £. White.

July. 1821.

--- ro'seum (rosy), i. Pink. July.
1818.

Pink.

July.

~ subhi'spidum (slightly-bristly). 2- Purple.
July. 1704.

— subula'tum (a.\v\-leaved Daisy-flowered). 4.

Pink. 1768.

— torqua'tum (torqued). 3. Pink. August.

1820.

— va'Kdvm (strong). 4. Pink. May. 1824.

— virga'tum (twiggy). 3. Pink. March. 1793.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

M. acumina' turn (pointed-leaved). 2. White.
August. 1820.

— acuta'ngulum (acute-angled). l£. White.

1821.

— acu'tum (great-&cute-leaved). %. Red. July.

1793.

— adace'ndens ( ascending- tongue). J. Yellow.

September. 1805.

— adu'ncum (hook- leaved). 1. Pink. Feb-

ruary. 1/95.

— agni'num (lamp). £. Yellow. June. 1824.
-- erectiw'sculum (more-erect- leaved).

i. Yellow. May. 1824.
-- mi'nus (less). £. Yellow. May.
1824.

— albicau'le (white-stemmed). 1. White. Au-

gust. 1824.

— a'lbidum (whitish). $. Yellow. July. 1714.

— albino' turn (white - marked). 4- Yellow.

September. 1823.

— albipuncta'tum (white-dotted), i- Septem-

ber.

— aloi'des (Aloe-like). }. YeUow. 1819.

— anato'micum (skeleton-leaved), if. White.

September. 1803.

--- fra'gile (brittle), f. White,
1803.

— a'nceps (two-edged). 1$. Pink. June. 1811.
-- pa'llidum (pale). l£. Pale pink.

June. 1819-

— angu'stum (nxrrovf'tongued). 4. Yellow.

July. 1790.

MBS

[ 598 ]

MES

M. angu'stum heterophy'llum (various-leaved). |

4- Yellow. July. 1790.
pa'llidum (pale). £. Yellow.

July. 1790.

— a'sperum (rough). l£. 1818.
casrule' scens (bluish). l£. 1820.

— aura'ntium (orange). l£. Orange. July.

1793.

— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. June. 1750.

— bellidiflo'rum (Daisy -flowered). ^. Red,

white. July. 1717-
• . subula'tum (awl - shaped -

leaved). $. Red. July. 1717«
— » vi'ride (pea-green). £. Red.

July. 1717-

— bibractea'tum (double-bracted). J. Yellow.

July. 1803.

— bicolo'rum (two-coloured). 1A. Orange.

July. 1732.
mi'mts (smaller). £. Orange.

July.
pa'tulum (spreading). 1. Orange.

July.

— bidenta'htm (two - toothed). 1. Yellow.

August. 1818.

ma'jus (larger). 1$. Yellow.

August. 1818.

— bi'fidum (two-cleft). £. Yellow. November.

— bigibbera'tum (two-bunched). \. Yellow.

August. 1820.

— bla'ndum (mild). 14. White. June. 1810.

— bra'chiatum (forked), li. Yellow. July.

1774.

— bractea'tum (bracted). 1$. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1774.

— brevicau'le (short-stemmed). 4. Pale yellow.

August. 1820.

— brevifo'lium (short- leaved). 1. Pale yellow.

August. 1777-

— bulbo'sum (bulbous-rooted). *. Pink. Au-

gust. 1820.

— calamifo'rme (Reed - shaped). 1. White.

August. 1717.

— canalicula' turn (small-channel-Jraoed). 2.

Pink. August. 1/94.

— cani'num (dog). 4. Yellow. September.

1717.

— ca'nvm (hoary), i- Yellow. 1795.

— capita' f urn (headed). 1. Pale yellow. Au-

gust. 1717.

rami'gernm (branchy). 1. Pale

yellow. August. 181 6.

— cari'nans (keeling). £. 1818.

— caule'scens (stemmed - delta - leaved). lj.

Pink. June. 1731.

— clandesti'num (clandestine). £. White.

June. 1822.

— cocci'neum (scarlet). l£. Scarlet. July.

1696.

acu'tius (acuter • calyxed] . i £ .

Scarlet. July.

— mi'tms (smaller). 14. Scarlet.
July.

— compa'ctum (compact) . £. Yellow. No-

vember. 1780.

— compre'ssum (compressed). \\. Red. Au-

gust. 1792.

— confc'rtum (crowded -leaved], 1^. Pink.

September. 1805.

— conapi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Red. Sep-

tember. 1806.

M. comlli'num (coral). 1. Pink. May. 1820.

— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). $. Pink. July.

1774.

— cornicula'tum (small - horned) . 1. Pale

yellow. April. 1732.

isophy'llum (equal-leaved). 1 .

Pale yellow. April. 1732.

— coru'scaiis (glittering), 1. Pale yellow.

August. 1812.

— crassicau'le (thick-stemmed), i. Pale yel-

low. July. 1815.

— crassuloi'des (Crassula-like). 4. Pink. July.

1819.

— crucia'tum (cross-leaved). $. Yellow. May.

1792.

— cultra'tum (pruning-knife-tea«ed). ^. Yel-

low. September. 1820.

— cur'tum (short-sheathed). 1^. White.

— ma'jus (larger). l£. White.

— mi'mts (smaller). 1$. White.

— poli1 turn (polished). 1$. White.

— cttrvifo'littm (curved-leaved). 1. Pink. Oc-

tober. 1/92.

— curviflo'rum (curved-flowered). 2. White.

June. 1818.

— cyli'ndricum (cylindrical). 4. Red. May.

1792.

— cymbifo'lium (boat - leaved) . 1. Yellow.

1822.

— cymbifo'rme (boat- shaped). l£. Yellow.

1792.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale red.

July. 1759-

— deci'piens (deceiving). 1. Pale yellow.

August. 1820.

— defle'xum (bent-down). 1. Pink. August.

1774.

— defolia'tum (leafless). 2. July. 1820.

— deltoi'deum (delta -leaved). l£. Pink. May.

1731.

— denticula'tum (small-toothed). $. Yellow.

April. 1793.

candidi'ssimum (whitest). 4-

Yellow. April.

glau'cum (milky -green). 4.

;}. Yellow.
|. Yellow.

Yellow. April.

— depre'ssum (depressed

October. 1795.

li'vidum (livid).

October. 1819.

— di/o'rme (irregular). §. Yellow. August.

1732.

— dilata'tum (dilated). 3. White. July.

1820.

— diminu'tum (diminished), i. Red. April.

1789-

~ caulicula'tum (small-stemmed,.

i. Red. April. 1789-

— dioersifo'littm (various-leaved). 1. Pale

yellow. June. J726.

— a'tro-vi'rens (dark-green). 1.

Pale yellow. August.

brevifo'lium (short-leaved). I.

Pale yellow. August.

glau'cum (milky-green).

Pale yellow. August. 1/2(5.

• te'te-vi'rens (bright-green).

Yellow.

Pale yellow. August.

— dolabrifo'rme (hatchet-formed).

June. 1705.

— du'bium (doubtful). 1. Pale yellow. Au-

gust. 1800.

.MES

[ 60!) ]

31. echina'tum (hedgehog). 1. Yellow. Au- f M. horixonta'le (horizontal-tertitfd). 2. Straw.

gust. 17/4. July. 179''-
a'lbum (white). 5. White. Au- — hy'bridum (hybrid). $. Yellow.

gust. J774. | — i'mbricans (imbricating). 2. Pink. July.

— elonga'tuut (elongated-tuberous). 1. Pale i 1818.

yellow. May. 1/93. — imbrwa'tum (imbricated). 3. White. July.
• fusifo'rme (fusiform). 1. Pale ; 1792.

yellow. May. 1793. j me'dium (intermediate). 3.

mi'nus' (smaller). 1. Pale yel- j White. July.

low. May. 1793. ! vi'ride (green). 3. White. July.

— emargina'tum (notch-y/owered). 2. Pink. ! — incequa'le (unequal-ea^ared). 1. Orange.

July. 1732. July. 1716.

— ermi'num (ermine), &. Yellow. May. 1824. — inco'mptum (un trimmed). £. White. July.

— expa'nsum (expanded-leaved) . %. Pale yel- j 1819.

low. July. 1705. ! — inclau'dens (encompassed). I.J. Pink. June.

— falca'tum (sickle-feawd). 1. Pink. July, j 1805.

1727. — inconspi'cuum (inconspicuous). £. Red.

— falcifo'rme (sickle-shaped). l£. Pink. July. July. 1823.

1805. I — incu'rvum (curled-in). l£. Pink. July. 1802.

densifo'lium (dense-leaved). l£.

—fastigia'tum (peaked). l£. White. August.

1794.
refle'xum (bent-back). l£. White.

August. 1792.

— fell' num (cat). ^. Yellow. September.

1730.

— fibulifo'rme (button-shaped). $. 1795.
—ficifo'rme (Fig-like). \. July. 1819.
—filicuu'le (thread-stalked).

tember. 1800.

Pink. June.
dila'tans (spreading-Aee/ed), 1^.

Pink. June.
pa'llidus (paler). l£. Pink.

June.

ro'seum (rosy). l£. Pink. June.

—fi'ssum (cleft-/eat>ed). $. 1776-

— flu'vum (yellow). i« Yellow. August.

1820.

— fie'xile (pliant). 14. Pink. August. 1820.

— fiexlfo'lium (pliant-leaved). 1^, Pink. Oc-

tober. 1820.

• — lae'te-vi'rens (lively- green). !£.

Pink. October. 1818.

— Jtexuo'mm (zig-zag). U. White. July.

1795.

—folio' sum (leafy). 3. Pink. September.
1802.

— forfica'tum (scissor -leaved). l£. Pink.
September. 1758.

~formo'sum (beautiful). 1. Crimson. Au-
gust. 1820.

—fra'gruns (fragrant). £. Yellow.

—fu'lvum (tawny). 2. Tawny. July. 1820.
Red. February.

— infle'xum (bent-in). 1. Pink. June. 1819-
". Pink. Sep- i —insti'tium (grafted). 1. Purple. Septem-
ber. 1/90.

Ha'vo-cro'ceum (yellow and saffron) .
1. Yellow. September. 1816.
mi'nus (smaller), 'i. Yellow. Sep-
tember.

— into'nsum (unshaved).

Pink. July.

1824.
a'lbum (white). $. Pink. July. 1824.

— ju'nceum (Rush-/ea«ed). 1. Pink. Sep-

tember. 1800.

— la've (smooth-white-wooded). l£. August.

1774.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head- teamed). 2- White.

August. 1/95.
ro'seum (rosy). ^. Pink. May.

1813.
— la' turn (bro&d-tongued).

1620.
bre've (short). •

1802.

— gibbo'sitm (swollen).

1780.

— gladia'tum (;»<r^e-swordcd). 2. Pink. jg \g

J,ul.v- 17.92. I _ Kneola'twm (small-lined).

— glauci'num (milky-green). 1^. Pink. July, i 18ig.

cra'ssum (thick - leaved}.

Yellow. July.
Yellow. July.

— Icpta'lcon (slender), li. Pink. August,
Pink. August.

Pink. July.
— glau'cum (milky-green-tertfefZ).
June. 1696.

Orange.
Pink. July.

— glomera'tum (clustered) .

1/32.

— gra'cile (slender). l£. Red. September. ! —

1794.

graci'lius (slenderer). 1. Red. 1 —

September.

— grandiflo'nun (large-flowered;, ^. Yellow.

July. 1824.

— granifo'rme (grain - shaped), i. Yellow. —

September. 172/.

1819.

lau've (smooth). 4. July. 1819.
mi'nus (smaller), i. July. 1819.
ni'tens (shining). 4. August.

— lingiitffo'rme (tongue-shaped;. \. Yellow.
July. 1732.

assu'rgens (rising). \* Yellow.

July. 1819.

prostra'tum (lying -flat). 4.

Yellow. July.

• rufe'scens (reddish). ^. Yellow.

July. 1732.

^. Yellow. 1820.

— Hatvo'rthii (Haworth's). 1. Brown. March. — longispi'milum (long - spined). 1. Pale

1793. yellow. September. 1820.

— heterope'talum (various-petaled). 2. Pink, j — lo'ngum (long-tongued). $• Yellow. Sep-

June. 1/94. tember. 1725.

— licterophy' Hum (various-leavcd). $.• Yellow, i — .. . angu'stius (narrower). -^. Yellow.

1795. September.

MKS

[ 600 ]

MES

;»/. lo'ngum atto'llens (elevating).
September. 1819.

Yellow.

decli've (sloping). |. Yellow. Sep-
tember.

depre'ssum (depressed). J. Yellow.

September.

purpura'scens (purplish). J. Yel-
low. September. 18 19.

•unco! turn (hooked). f. Yellow.

September. 1819-

— lora'tum (strap-shaped).

1819-

— lo'reum (strap-stalked).

September. 1732.

conge' stum (crowded),
iber. 1805.

J. White. July.
1. Pale yellow.

Pale
yellow. Septeml

— lu'cidum (shining). £. Yellow. September.

1732.

— luna'tum (crescent- leaved). 1. Pink. July.

1812.

— lupi'num (wolf). 4. Yellow.

— lute'olum (yellowish). £. Pale yellow. June-

1820.

— lu'teum (yellow). 1 J. Pale yellow. June.

1824.

— macula' turn (spotted-stalked). l£. Scarlet.

1732.

— magnipuncta'tum (large -dotted). ?. Yel-

low. 1822.

— • uncia'le (inch-flowered). $.

Yellow. 1822.

— mar gina' turn (wAiYe-edged). 1. White.

May. 1793.

— mu'ximum (largest-moon-teawed). l£. Pink.

September. 1737.

— me'dium (intermediate). ^. Yellow. June.

— mi'cans (glittering). 1$. Scarlet. 1704.

— microphy'llum (small-leaved). ^. Pink.

May. 1795.

— mi'nimum (smallest). |. Pale yellow. Oc-

tober. 1796.

— minu'tum (minute). ;£; Pink. October.

1795.

Pink. October.

White.
Pink.

Yellow.

— mo'lle (soft-leaved),

1774.

— monilifo'rme (bracelet-shaped). J.

— mucrona'tum (spine - pointed) . *

1794.

— mucronifo'rme (sword-shaped). 1.

July. 1821.

— multiflo'rum (many -flowered). 3. White.

August. 1792.

mi'nus (smaller). 3. White.

August.

• ni'tens (shining). 3.
•pa'tens (spreading). 3. White.

August. 1820.

• ru'brum (red).

Bed. Au-

gust.

— murica'tum (point-coveted-delta-leaved), 14.

Pink. May. 1731.
mi'nus (less). lj. Pink. May.

— muri'num (mouse). £. Yellow. September.

1790.

— musculi'num (little - mouse). &. Yellow.

June. 1820.

— mustelli'num (weasel), i. Yellow. June.

1820.

— muta'bile (changeable). l£. Pink. August.

1/92.

— ni'tidum (bright). 2. Yellow. August. 1790.

M. no'bile (noble). -J. Yellow. July. 1822.
— noctiflo'rum (night-flowering). 2. White.
July. 1714.

ela'tum (tall). 3. Scarlet.
July. 1714.

strami'neum (straw-coloured).

2. Straw. July. 1732.

— nodiflo'rum (knot-flowered). 1. September.

1739.

— nucifo'rme (nut-shaped). !£. 1790.

— obcone'llum (small- conical). &. White.

June. 1786.

— obcorde'llum (small-reversed-egg-shaped). £.

White. June. 1776.

— obll'quum (twisted). 1. Purple. August.

1819-

— obsubula'tum (small-awl-shaped). 1. White.

1796.

— obtu'sum (blunt-cZ<n>e»). 3- Pale red.

March. 1792.

— octophy'llum (eight-leaved). i. Yellow.

November. 1819.

longiu'sculum (rather - longer -

leaved). $. Yellow. November. 1774.

ro'seum (rosy). §. Red. No-
vember. 1774.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 3. Purple.

August. 1800.

— parvifo'lium (small-leaved). £. White.

August. 1820.

— pa'tulum (spreading) . l£. Pink. October.

1811.

— perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Purple.

July. 1714.

— monaca 'nthum (one - spined}.
1 . Purple. July.

— pervi'ride (very-green). £. Red. February.

1792.
- pisifo'rme (Pea-shaped). £. White. 1796.

— potya'nthon (many-flowered). 1. Pink.

August. 1803.

— polypJiy'llum (many - leaved) . 2. Pink.
June. 1819.

— pratpi'ngue (very-fat). £. Yellow. Sep-

tember. 1792.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). 1. Pale yellow.

April. 1820.

— produ'ctum (prolonged - calyxed) . 1 . Rose .

May. 1822.

— pube'scens (downy). J. Red. February.

1792.

— pugionifo'rme (dagger -formed). 1. Pale

yellow. August. 1714.

bie'nne (biennial). 1. Pale

yellow. August. 1714.
— — — — ca'rneum (flesh - coloured).

1. Pink. August. 1714.
purpu'reum (purple). 1.

April.

Purple. August. 1714

— pulche'llum (pretty). *. Pink.

1793.

revolu'tum (rolled - back). ^.

Pink. April.

— pulverule'ntum (powdery). £. Pink. May.

1792.

— puncta'tum (dotted- aw l-leaved), $. Red.

July. 1793.

— purpu'reo-a'lbum (purplish- white). ^. White.

August. 1824.

— pustula'tum (blistered). 3. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1818.
— pygmtE'ttm (pygmy). 4-

18°5-

MES

L

. quadri'fidum (four-cleft), £. Yellow. No-
vember. 1795.
radio,' turn (rayed). £. Red. September.

1732.
ramulo'sum (branchy). J. Yellow. June.

1791.

re'ctum (straight), f . White. July. 1819.
relaxa'tum (relaxed). 1. Pink. July. 1815.
retrofle'xum (bent-back). 4. Pink. July.

1724.
ri'gidum (stiff). l£. White. August.

1793.

robu'stum (robust), £. Yellow. 1795-
ro'seum (rosy), f . Pink. July. 1795.

a'lbum (white- flowering). j}. White.

July. 1819-
linea're(nartovr-leaved), 2. White.

July. 1819.
roste'llum (little-beaked). £, White, pink.

June. 1820.
rostra' turn (beaked). £. Yellow. April.

1732.

Sa'lmii (Salm's). f . Yellow. October. 1818.
angustifo'lium (narrow - leaved). 1.

Yellow. October. 1823.

• semicrucia'tum (half - crossed). 1.

Yellow. October. 1818.

— salma'nium (salmon-coloured). 3. White.

September. 1819-

— sca'brum (rough). 1$. Pink. July. 1731.
purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple.

July. 1731.

— scalpra'tum (#raz£-knife-shaped). 4- Yel- j —

low. September. 1714.

— scapi'gerum (scape-bearing). 4- Yellow.

August. 1723.

— semicyli'ndricum (half-cylindric). f . Yel-

low. June. 1732.

— serra'tum (saw-keeled). 2. Pink. June.

1707.

— specio'sum (shewy). 14. Scarlet. July.

1793.

— specta'bile (striking). 1. Crimson. June.

1787-

— spinifo'rme (thorn-shaped). 1. Pink. Sep-

tember. 1793.

— • subadu'ncum (rather - hooked). 1 .
Pink. September.

— spino'sum (thorny). 14. Pink. July. 1714.

— spinuli'ferum (spinule-bearing). 1. Pale

yellow. August. 1794.

— sple'ndens (shining). 1A. White. July.

1716.

— stella' turn (st&Tty-bearded). £. Pink. Sep-

tember. 1716.

— stelli'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pink. Sep-

tember. 1793.

— stipula'ceum (stipuled). 14. Pink. May.

1723.

— stri'ctum (erect). 3. Yellow. 1795.

— subcompre'ssum (sub - compressed). 14.

Purple. July. 1823.

mi'nus (smaller). 1. Pur-
ple, July. 1823.

— subglobo'sum (sub-globular). 1. Red. Au-

gust. 1795.

— sulca'tum (furrowed). 3. White. August.

1819.

— surre'ctum (very-erect). 1. Yellow. October.

1819-

brevifo'lium (short - leaved). j|.

Yellow. October. 1819-

M. taun'num (bull's- Aorw). $. Yellow. Oc-
tober. 1/95.

— tene'llum (dRlicate-perfoliate). l£. White.

August. 1792.

— te'nue (slender). 1. 18ig.

— tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 2. Pink.

September. 1820.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). 1. Scarlet.

July. 1700.

ere'ctum (erect). 14. Scarlet.

July.

— teretifo'lium (round-leaved). 4. Pink. June.

1794.

j — teretiu'sculum (rather-rounder). 4- Pink.
1794.

— testa'ceum (tile- coloured). 3. Orange. Au-

gust. 1820.
I — testicula're (testicular). i. White. October.

1774.

| — tigri'num (tiger). \. Yellow. October. 1790.
j —tricolo'rum (three-coloured). 1. Yellow,

red. October. 1794.
| — tortuo'sum (twisted-leaved). 4. Pale yellow.

August. 1705.
i — truncate' Hum |(small- truncated) . 4. Pale

yellow. July. 1795.

— tubero'sum (tuberous-rooted). 3. Orange.

April. 1714.

mi'nus (smaller). 14. Orange.

August. 1714.

— tumi'dulum (rather - swollen.) 3. Pink.

March. 1802.

— mi'nus (smaller). 3. Pink.

March. 1820.

j — umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. White. July.
1727.
• ano'malum (anomalous). 3.

White. July.

— umbelliflo'rum (umbel-flowered). 1$. Au-

gust. 1820.

— vagina'tum (sheathed). i£. White. July.

1802.

parmflo'rum (small-flowered). l£.

White. July.

— uaria'bile (variable). 1^. Yellow. July. 1/96.
laEvi'us (smoother). 14. Yellow.

July. 1796.

— va'rians (varying). 14. Pale yellow. July.

1706.

— verrucula'tum (small- warted). !£. Yellow.

May. 1731.

Cando'llii (De CandoUe's). 1^.

YeUow. May.

— versi' color (changeable - coloured). Pink.

June. 1795.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July. 1759-

— viola'ceum (violet). 2. Purple. July. 1820.
j — vi'rens (upright-green) . A. Pink. June.

1821.

| — vi'ride (green-perfoliate), 1. Pale purple.
July. 1792.

— vulpi'num (fox). 5. Yellow. September.

1795.

ME'SPILUS. Medlar. (From mesos,
half, and pilos, a ball ; referring to the
shape of the medlar fruit. Nat. ord.,
Appleworts [Pomace*]. Linn., 1'2-Ico-
sandria 2-JDi-pentaf/ynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, with white flowers.
By seeds, which germinate the second season,

[ 002 ]

MIC

after being sown when the fruit is ripe; by
layers, and uncertainly by cuttings, but chiefly
by grafting or budding on the Hawthorn, &c. ;
good rich loamy soil. See Medlar.

J/. Germa'nica (German. Common]. 12. June.

England.
-- diffu'sa (spreading). 12. June.

Europe.
--- stri'cta (upright). 12. June.

Europe. Evergreen.

-- sylve'stris (wood). Europe.
— loba'ta (lobed-tertfed). 15. May.

ME'SUA. (Named after Mcsue, an
Arabian botanist. Nat. ord., Guttifers
[Clusiacese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia
ri -Dodccandrla. Allied to Calophyllum.)

The sweet-scented flowers of Mesua ferrea
are sold in all the Indian bazaars, by the name
of Nagksur, and are as much esteemed as orange
flowers are with us. Stove evergreen tree.
Seeds in a hotbed in March ; cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
May, and with a little bottom-heat ; loam and
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

M.fe'rrea (Iron-wooded}. 40. White. July.
East Indies. 1837.

METALA'SIA. (From meta, a change,
and lasios, hairy; referring to the older
leaves losing their downy covering.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese] . Linn.,
W-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Allied to
Gnaphalium.)

Greenhouse evergreens from Cape of Good
Hope, and with white flowers, except where
otherwise stated. Cuttings in spring, in sandy
peat ; sandy peat, loam, and charcoal nodules,
to keep the soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
Jf. au'rea (golden). Yellow. June. 1816.

— dive'rgens (widely-parted). 2. July. 1816.

— fastigia'ta (peaked). 3. June. 1812.

— mucrona'ta (pointed). 2. June. 1824.

— murica't a (point-covered). 2. June. 1824.

— phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). June. 1816.

— pu'ngens (stinging). June. 1815.

— seriphioi'des (Seriphium-like). 3. Yellow.

1825.

METROSIDE'ROS. (From tnetra, heart-
wood, and sideros, iron ; referring to
the hardness of the wood. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtacesc]. Linn., 1^-
Icosandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to Cal-
listemon.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of small
young side shoots, in April, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in a close pit or frame, but without
heat ; peat and loam, equal proportions, with a
little white sand and sifted broken crocks.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°. Most of them should
be tried on a conservative wall.
M. angustifo'lius (narrow -leaved). 20. Yellow.
Cape of Good Hope. 1787-

— a'sperut (rough). Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

M. capita1 tus (headed). 5. Pink. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.

— corifo'iius (Cons-leaved;. 4. White. New

Holland.

— gloinuli'ferm (hezped-Jiowered). 15. Yel-

low, green. May. New South Wales.
1805.
: — robu'sta (robust). 80. Scarlet. June. New

Zealand. 1845.
i — ve'rus (true. Iron wood). 20. Yellow,

green. April. East Indies. 1819.
MEXICAN LILY. Hippea'strum re'gium.
MEXICAN POPPY. Argcmo'nc.
MEXICAN TEA. Psora'ka Mexica'na.
MEXICAN THISTLE. Erythrohe'na.
MEXICAN TIGER FLOWER. Tiyri'dia
pavo'nia.

MICE. Various plans have been sug-
gested to preserve peas and beans
I when sown from the ravages of mice.
| We believe we have tided them all.
; Dipping the seeds in oil, and then roll-
i ing them in powdered resin ; putting
i small pieces of furze in the drills and
; over the rows after the seed has been
; sown, but before covering with the
I earth — were both partially successful,
i but the mode attended with the most
' complete safety, has always been that
of covering the surface of the soil over
the rows, to the depth of full an inch,
and six inches Avide, with finely sifted
coal-ashes. The mice will not scratch
; through this, and it has the additional
advantage, by its black colour absorb-
1 ing the solar heat, of promoting the
! early vegetation of the crop.

MEZX'R&OK. Da'phne Mcze' rcuni.
MICHAELMAS DAISY. A'stcr.
MICIIAU'XIA. (Named after A. Mi
j chaux, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
i Bcllwurts [Campanulacea'l. Linn., 8-
; Octandrial-Monor/ynia. Allied to Cam*
| panula.)

Hardy biennials. Seeds in the open border ;
in damp situations they arc apt to fog off in
winter ; a dry elevated situation is the best
remedy, even there, in very severe weather, an
evergreen branch stuck beside them will be an
advantage.

M. campanuloi1 des (Campanula-like). 4. Pale
red. July. Levant. 178/.

— deru'ndra (ten-stamened). ;i. Light blue.

July. Persia. 1829.

— leemga'ta (smooth-slammed}. 3. White.

July. Persia. 1827.

MIC^E'LIA. (Named after J\ -/. Afi-
chefi, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Maijnoliads [Magnoliacea}]. Linn., 13-
Polyandna (5~Polyf/ynia.)

MIC

[ CON ]

MIC

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in summer, in sand, under a
•lass, and in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.

Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.

.V. Ckampa'ca (Champaca). 20. Yellow. East
Indies. 1779.

MICO'NIA. (Named after D. Micon, \
a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Mclas- '
tomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 10- ;
Decandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Blakea.)

Stove evergreens, with white flowers, unless
otherwise specified. Cuttings of half-ripened j
shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and in
heat ; sandy peat and loam, with a few bits of !
cow-dung and charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to l
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. Acinode'ndron (Acinodendron). 6. Purple.
Jamaica. 1804.

— ungusta'ta (narrow). 5. Trinidad. 1820.
~- grundifo'lia (large-leaved). 20. Trinidad.

1820.

— impetiola'ris (stalkless-leaved). 4. West

Indies. 1822.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth). 6. West Indies. 1815.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Guiana. 1817.

— purpura'scens (purplish-iem'ed). 4. Guiana.

1817.

— nibe'scens (ruddy). 6. South America. 1818.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 6. South America.

1818.

— tetra'ndfa (four - stamened) . 2. Jamaica.
1815.

— trine' rvia (three-nerved). 4. July. Ja-

maica. 1795.

MICKA'NTHEMUM. ( From mikros,
small, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
F'ujivorts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 2-
Diandria IMonogynia.)

Evergreen perennial. Cuttings under a hand-
light ; division of the plant in spring ; sandy
peat, and a little loam ; requires a pit, or a dry
sheltered place in winter.

M. orbicula'tum (round-leaved). |. White.
May. Carolina. 1826.

MICEOLE'PIA. (From mikros, small,
and lepls, a scale ; the appearance of
the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese], Linn., 24- dryp-
toijamia 1-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See Ferns, j
Jl/. ala'ta (winged). April. Jamaica.

— crista'ta (crested). April. Isle of Luzon.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). May. Isle of Luzon.

— rhornboi'dea (diamond- shaped). April. New I

Holland. 1836.

— tricho' strica (hairy-spiked). April. Samaria. ,

MICKOLI'CIA. (From mikros, small, j
and alikia, stature ; dAvarf plants. Nat. j
ord., Mdastomads [Melastomacese].
Linn., lQ-f)ccandria l-Monogynia. Al- !
lied to Khexia.)

Stove plants, with purple flowers, in June.
Seeds, divisions in spring, and cuttings of small
young shoots of recurva, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; sandy peat, with pieces of charcoal, and
a few nbry lumps of loam. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. biva'lis (two-valved). £. Trinidad. 1822.
Annual.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Guiana. 1825.

Annual.

— recu'rva (curled-back). 1. Trinidad. 1820.

Herbaceous. *

MICROLO'MA. (From, mikros, small,
and loma, a fringe ; flowers fringed.
Xat. ord., Asclepiads [ Asclepiadacese] .
Linn., "i-Pentandria. \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Asclepias.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Stiff little shoots, but young,
as cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a,
close pit, in May; sandy loam, a little fibry
peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 50°.

M. linea're (narrow-leaved). 3

1823.
— sagitta' turn (arrow-/eawerf).

July. 1775.

White. July.
Green, purple.

MICKOME'EIA. (From mikros, . small,
and mem, a part ; referring to the
flowers. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia-
cere] . Linn., l±-Didynamia l-Gymno-
spcnnin. Allied to Melissa.)

Evergreen shrubs, with purple blossoms, ex-
cept where otherwise specified. Cuttings, under
hand-lights, in sandy soil, in a shady place, in
May ; common garden light soil, a high shel-
tered position, or the protection of a cold pit in
winter.

M. approximu'tu (close- leaved). June. Medi-
teranean. 1822.

— Auxtra'lis (southern). New South Wales.

— Grte'ca (Grecian), jj. June. Greece. 1/59.
densiflo'ra (thickly-flowered), June.

South Europe. 1822.

— Julia'na (St. Julian's). £. Pale red. July.

Mediteranean. 1596.

— >— hirsu'ta (hairy). June. Sicily.

1822.

— marifo'lia, (Cat-Thyme-leaved). 1. Blue.

Spain. 1800.

— oboiia'ta (reversed - egg - leaved) . 2. July.

Jamaica. 1/83.

— Tcneri'ffa (Teneriffe). 1. May. TenerifFe.

— va'ria (various). July. Canaries. 1806.

MICROPE'RA. (From mikros, small,
and pera, a pouch ; the pouch-like la-
bellum or lip. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynaiidria \-Mo-
namlna. Allied to Saccolabium. )

Stove orchids. The ground species requiring
to be grown in loose open soil in a pot, the
others in a shallow basket, or on a moss-
covered block of wpod. Winter temp., 55°
summer, 60° to 85°,

MIC

[ 004 ]

MlCI

TKRRESTIAL OR GROUND.

M. Ba'nksii (Banks's). New Zealand.

— me'dia (middle-sixed) . 2. Pale green, white.

King George's Sound. 1823.

— parvifto'ra (small-flowered). 1. Pale green,

white. September. PortJackson. 1828.

EPIPHYTAL.
3/. pa'llida (pale). Pale yellow. Sylket.

MIONONETTE. Resc'da odora'ta.

Soil. — Light loam, well drained, and
manured with leaf-mould.

Sowiny in the open ground from the
end of April to the beginning of July,
will produce a sure succession of
blooms through the year. If allowed
to seed and the soil suits it, mignonette
will continue to propagate itself. If not
allowed to ripen its seed, the same
plants will bloom for two or more sea-
sons, being a perennial in its native
country.

For Pot- Culture and the production
of flowers to succeed those of the open
ground plants, and to bloom in winter,
sow once in August, and again in Sep-
tember. The soil as above, well
drained, and pressed into five - inch
pots ; cover the seed a fourth of an
inch. Thin the seedlings to three in
a pot. Water sparingly. When mig-
nonette is deficient of perfume, it is
because the temperature is too low.

Tree Mignonette. — About the end of
April is the best time to sow seeds for
this purpose ; and as the little tree of
mignonette will be expected to last in
good health for half a dozen years at
least, lay a good foundation to begin
with. A good rich compost of rich
mellow loam and one-third very rotten
cow-dung, with a little sand ; and to
keep this from getting too close, a
handful of dry lime mortar added to
each pot of six -inch diameter, and so
in proportion for larger or smaller
pots ; the mortar to be in lumps of the
size of peas. Bones, charcoal, or even
powdered crocks, would answer the
same purpose, only the mignonette is
so much sweeter from the lime rubbish
or dry mortar. Cow-dung being very
liable to turn sour, the mortar is a bet-
ter corrector of this than even the
charcoal. Take as many :i-inch pots
as you want plants ; drain them with
pieces of mortar, and over that a little

! of the roughest of your compost; till
: up nearly level with the top of the pot,
and place three seeds in the very mid
1 die of each pot, and nine or ten seeds
; all over the surface ; if you just cover
i them with earth it is enough, and
press them down very tight. Water
them, and put them up in the window,
or greenhouse, and if the seeds are
good they will be up in less than ten
days ; give them abundance of air, and
no forcing. When the day is at all fine,
put them outside the window from ten
to three in the afternoon. They will
not stand much water ; a gentle shower
with a rose would suit them very well,
and the best time to give it them is in
the morning when you turn them out
side, as they will have time to drain
and dry properly before you take them
in for the night. If the three seeds in
the centre come up, the weakest of the
three must be pulled out as soon as
you can get hold of it; the rest to
be thinned one-half. The reason
for sowing so many seeds in one pot,
and for thus thinning them out after-
wards, is to make sure of one good
plant ; if the middle one turns out to
be so, that must be selected ; but if not,
you must choose the strongest and
most promising from among the rest ;
yet be in no great hurry to pull them
all out but one ; as long as three or
four have room, leave them. When
you have fixed on the one that is to
form the future tree, place a neat little
stick down by the side of it, a foot long,
and pushed down to the bottom of the
pot. Wlien the plant is two inches
long, tie it loosely to this stick with a
piece of worsted thread. Keep tying it
as regularly as it grows, and when it
reaches the top of the stick give it a
longer one, that is, if you wish a long
stein. Some people grow them up to
three, or even four, feet and more-
Suppose we say only a foot high for a
couple of them, as they must all go in
pairs ; eighteen inches for the next
couple, and two feet for a third lot ;
you would then be better able to judge
which size would suit your window
best ; and as soon and as often as side
branches issue forth from the stem of
your tree, you must stop them at the

MIG

[ 605 ]

MIL

second joint. Some people, who do
not know the value of leaves, cut off
the side shoots close to the stem at
once ; but the substance of the stems
and trunks of all trees, and mignonette
trees among the rest, is first formed by
the leaves. In the second year you
will cut off more than the half of these
side spurs, beginning at the bottom,
and only taking off a pair at a time,
and in ten days or a fortnight another
couple, and so on progressively.

There must be no flowers the first
season, at least as long as there are
some out in the borders. After the
middle of October you may let your
trees bloom all the winter, but before
that nip them off as fast as they ap-
pear. When the first little pots are
full of roots, say about Midsummer,
shift the plants into 5-inch pots, which
is the next largest size ; and if they
have done well they may want another
shift by the end of July, but never
shift them after the middle of August,
because, if we should have a cold au-
tumn they would not fill the pots with
strong healthy roots.

MIKA'NIA. (Named after J. MHran,
professor of botany at Prague. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia I- JE quails. Allied to
Eupatorium.)

Stove evergreen twiners, with white flowers,
blooming in August, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat; rich
sandy loam. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.
M. ama'ra (bitter). 6. Guiana. 1813.

— Gua'cu (Guaco). 6. Pale blue. South

America. 1823.

— opi'fera (Opium-bearing). 6. Brazil. 1823.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 6. North America.

1714.

— suave' olens (sweet - scented). 6. South

America. 1823.

MILDEW, whether on the stems of
the wheat, or on the leaves of the chry-
santhemum, pea, rose, or peach, ap-
pears in the form of minute fungi, the
roots of which penetrate the pores of
the epidermis, rob the plant of its
juices, and interrupt its respiration.
There seems to be every reason to be-
lieve that the fungus is communicated
to the plants from the soil. Every
specimen of these fungi emits annually

myriads of rnftmte seeds, and these are
wafted over the soil by every wind, ve-
getating and reproducing seed, if they
have happened to be deposited in a
favourable place, or remaining until
the following spring without germinat-
ing. These fungi have the power of
spreading also by stooling or throwing
out offsets. They are never absent
from a soil, and at some period of its
growth are annually to be found upon
the plants liable to their inroads. They
are more observed in cold, damp,
muggy seasons, because such seasons
are peculiarly favourable to the growth
of all fungi. The best of all cures is
afforded by the application of flowers
of sulphur in some form to the parts
affected, either by dusting the sulphur
over the parts affected, or a sulphur
paint, for which a recipe is given at
page 260; merely clay, water, and
ilowers of sulphur, however, are suffi-
cient, and not so injurious to leaves.
Vre'do ro'sce, Pucci'nia ro'sce, and Ola-
dospo'rium herb a? rum, are the mildew
fungi of the rose-tree ; Oi'dium crysi-
phoi'des of the peach-tree ; Oi'dium
Tucke'ri of the vine ; Glceospo'rium con-
centri'cum of the cabbage ; and Ery'siphc
commu'nis of the pea. Of course there
are many others.

The most important point for sub-
duing the mildew fungus, is to apply
the sulphur immediately it appears.
To prevent its occurrence, nothing is
so effectual as keeping the roots and
the leaves equally active by a due
amount of warmth and moisture.

MILFOIL. Achille'a.

MILK-VETCH. Astra'gahts.

MiLK-WooD. Bro'simum spu'rium.

MiLK-WoRT. Poly 'gala.

MI'LLA. (Named after J. Milla, a
gardener to the Spanish court. Nat.
ord., Lilyivorts [Laliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hcxandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Caloscordium.)

Half-hardy little bulbs, with white flowers,
which succeed in a deep front border of light
soil ; offsets when in a dormant state.

May. Mexico.

M. biflo'ra (two-flowered).
1826.

February.

— uniflo'ra (one - flowered).
Buenos Ayres. 1832.

MILLINGTO'NIA. (Named after Sir
T, Mittinglan, professoy of botany at

MIL

C

MIM

Oxford. Nat. ord., Btgnon'uuh [Big-
noniacere]. Linn., ~\±-Didynumi<t 2-An-
giospermia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved). 20. Yellow.
East Indies. 1828.

MILLIPEDE. See Ju'lus.

MILTO'XIA. (Named after the Earl
Fitzwilllam. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
cliidaceos]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Brassia.)

Stove orchids from Brazil, except where other-
wise mentioned. Divisions in spring ; shallow
baskets in moss, sphagnum, &c., or fixed to a
block of wood, and then this block fastened
across the top, inside of a pot. Winter temp.,
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. bi'color (two-coloured). White, red. 183p.

— ca'ndida (white - lipped), 2. Yellow and

brown. March. 1830.
« flave'scens (yellowish*ftp/)e<Z). 2.

White, yellow. June. 1837-
grandiflo'ra, (large - flowered). 2.

Brown, white. December. 1837.

— Clowe'sii (Rev. J. Clowes's). 1. Yellow,

brown. 1840.

•* <—- — pa'llida (pale). Yellow, brown.

183Q.

— cunea'ta (•wedge-lipped). 1. Yellow, purple.

March. 1843.

•^-fla'va (yellow - flowered) . Yellow. July.
1848.

— Karwi'nskii (Karwinski's). 3. Yellow,

brown. August. Mexico. 183p.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1843.

— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Brown,

lilac. December. Rio Janeiro. 1835.

— stella'ta (sizr-flowered) . White. February.

183Q.
-— specta'bilis (showy). 1. \Vhite, violet.

July. 1835.
colora'ta (high-coloured). Rose.

1838.

— • atropurpu'rea (dark - purple).

Rio Janeiro.

MTME'TES. (From mimos, a mimic ;
referring to its resemblance to allied
genera. Nat. ord., Proteads [Protea-
ceee] . Linn., -i-Tctrandria l-Monoyynia.
Allied to Leucospermum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots, towards autumn, or in the spring,
before fresh growth commences, in sand, under
a glass, but without bottom-heat, at least until
a swelling takes place at their base ; peat and
a little loam. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
M, capitula'ta (small - headed). Red. June.
1822.

— cuculla'tu (hooded-leaved) . 2. Purple. 1/89.
— - di varica'ta (spreading). 2j. White • July.

1/96,

M. Harto'gii (Hartoge's). 5. July. 1824.

— hi'rta (hairy). 3£. Red. July. 1774.

— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Purple. July. 1802.

— pauciflo'ra (few-rtowered). 3$. Red. July.

1818.

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. November.

1/89.

— • vacciniifo'lia (Whortleberry - leaved). 3.
1800.

MIMO'SA. (From mimos, a mimic ;
referring to the irritability of the
leaves, as if imitating animal sensi-
bility. Nat. ord., Lequminom Plant*
[Fabacese], Linn., %$-Polygamia 1-
Moneecia.}

Stove evergreens, except pudica, commonly
called the Sensitive Plant, which is an annual,
and viva, which is herbaceous. Seeds sown in
a hotbed, in the spring; cuttings, also, of young-
shoots, getting rather firm at the base, in sandy
soil, and in heat ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and
a little peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85P. The foliage of most is beau-
tifully leafleted, and many species more or less
sensitive to the touch; most of them furnish
fine examples of what is termed sleep in plants,
as the leaflets fold together at night.

M. angula'ta (angled-branched) . White. June.

Brazil. 1826.
— * Barclay a' 'na (Barclay's). 1. Madagascar,

1824.

— ca'sta (chaste). 2. Pale yellow. July. South

America. 1741.

— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). White. June. Brazil.

1824.

—ferrugi'nea (rusty). 1. East Indies. 1818.
— florlbu'nda (bundle -flowered). 1. Pink,

June. Cumana. 1824.

— inttrmc'dia (intermediate). Rose. April,

Caraccas. 1825.

— latlspino'sa (broad -spined). 3. White,

September. Madagascar. 1823.

— marglnu't a (bordered) . Pink. Mexico.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 3. Red. June.

Brazil. 1816.

— poli/da1 ctyla (many-fingered). 1^. Purple,

June. Guiana. 1822.

— pudibu'nda (blushing). 2. Pale red. Balm

1818.

— pudi'ca (chaste. Humble plant). 1. White*

June. Brazil. 1638.

— rubricau'lis (red-stalked). 3. Pale yellow.

June. East Indies. 1799-

— sensiti'va (sensitive). 1^. Pink. June.

Brazil. 1648.

— strigo'sa (bristled). 1. Purple. June. South

America. 1818.

— Urague'nsis (Uruguay). 2. Red. June.

Buenos Ayres. 1840.

— vi'scida (clammy). 2. Red. Brazil. 1825.

— vl'va (lively), l^. Purple. August. Ja-

maica. 17:19.

MI'MULUS. Monkey Flower. (From
mimo, an ape ; in reference to the
ringent or gaping mouth of the flower.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacea> j.
Linn.. 14-Didynamia S-

M1M

[ 60? ]

MIS

Common soil, provided it be moist ; divisions,
cuttings, and seeds. A few, like roseus, re-
quire the protection of a pit in winter ; but
where that is not available, seeds of them, sown
in March or April, will bloom in summer and
autumn .

HARDY ANNUALS.

M.floribu'ndua (bundle-flowered). J. Yellow.

August. North America. 1826.

— parviflo'rus (small - flowered), i. Yellow.

Chili. 1824.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. lana'tus (woolly). l£. Yellow. June.
North America. 1826.

— ro'seus (rosy). 1. Rose. August. Cali-

fornia. 1831.

— tri'color (three-coloured). Pink, crimson.

June. California. 1848.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. ula'tus (winged). 1. Light blue. July.
North America. 1/83.

— cardina'lis (cardinal-like). 2. Scarlet. June.

California. 1835.

— glabra'tus (smoothed). Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1827.

— gutta'tvs (spotted-flowered) . l^- Yellow.

July. North America. 1812.
-r- Lewi'sii (Lewis's). ^. Pale purple. Au-
gust. Missouri. 1824.

— lu'teus (yellow). 3. Yellow. July. Chili.

-- rivula'ris (rivulet). ^. Yellow. July.

Chili. 1826,
-- Younga'nus (Mr. Young's), $. Yel-

low spotted. July. Chili. 1833.

— moscha'tus (Musk-/>/«n>). ^. Yellow. Au-

gust. Columbia. 1826.

— propi'nquus (related). £. Yellow. April.

North America. 182".

— ri'ngens (gaping), l. Light blue. July.

North America. 1759.

— variega'tus (variegated). 1. White, rosy.

June. Chili. 1831.

MIMU'SOPS. (From wm/w, an ape,
and ops, a face ; fancied resemblance of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Su-potads [Sa-
potacese]. Linn., S-Octnndria l-Mono-
tjynia. Allied to Bassia.)

Mimusops Elengi is an Indian fruit tree;
and the sweetish gum of the M. Kaki is eaten
by the natives. Stove, white-flowered, ever-
green trees, from the East Indies. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass,
and in heat ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
M. Elc'ngi (Elengi). 15. 1/96.

— hexa'ndra (six-stamened). 10. 1804.

— Ka'ki (Kaki). 10. 1/96.

MI'NA. (Named after F. X. Mlna,
a 'Mexican minister. Nat. ord., Bind-
weeds [Convolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
1 an (I ria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Ipo-

Greenhouse annual. Seeds sown in a hotbed,
in spring, potted, and re-potted, and hardened-

off for flowering in the greenhouse ; sandy
loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
M. lo'bata (lobed). 6. Red, yellow. June.
Mexico. 1841.

MINT. See Me'nfha.

MIRA'BILIS. Marvel of Peru. (From
mlraUlls, wonderful, as everything was
at first considered that came from
America. Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagy-
nacea?]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mono-
yynia.}

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. By seeds
sown in a hotbed, in spring, and plants
hardened-off by degrees to stand in the open
border ; by their fusiform (carrot-shaped) roots
taken up and preserved in sand or dry moss
during the winter ; rich sandy loam. May be
managed similarly to a Dahlia.
M. dicho'toma (forked). 2. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1640.

— hy'brida, (hybrid). 2. White. July. 1813.
—jala'pa (Jalap). 2. Red. July. West

Indies. 1596.
a'lba (white). 2. White. July.

West Indies. 1596.
fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. July.

West Indies. 1596.
ru'bro-a'lba (red and white). 2. Red,

white. July. West Indies, 1596,
ru'bro-flava (red and yellow). 2. Red,

yellow. July. West Indies. 1596.

— longiflo'ra (long - flowered). 2. White.

July. Mexico. 1759.
ca'rnea (flesh - coloured). 2.

Pink. August. Germany.
— viola' cea (violet - coloured). 2.

Pink. August. Germany.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). l£. White.

July. Mexico. 1824.

MIRBE'LIA. (Named after C. F. B.
Mirbel, a physiological botanist of Paris.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacece] .
Linn., \0-Decandria l-Monoyynia, Al-
lied to Pultenoea.)

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, in May,
under a bell-glass, and in sand, over well-
drained sandy peat; sandy peat, with a few
nodules of fibry loam and charcoal. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
M. Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 2. Yellow. 1825.

— dilata'ta (wide-leaved"). 3. Yellow. July.

1803.

— floribu'nda (many- flowered). 2. Purple.

March. 1838.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Yellow.

June. 1825,

— Meisne'ri (Meisner's). 2. Reddish purple.

May.

— pu'ngens (stinging). 2. Yellow. June.

1824.

— reticula'ta (netted). 3. Yellow. June.

1792.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. June. 1824.

MISTLETOE. (Jri'scum a'lbimi). Name
derived from the Saxoii for the same

MIS

[ 008 ]

MIX

plant, Misdta. The best months for
sowing it are February and March.
Make two cuts, in the shape of the
letter V, on the under-side of the branch
of an apple-tree. Make the cuts quite
down to the wood of the branch ; raise
the tongue of bark made by the cuts,
but not so as to break it, and put un-
derneath one or two seeds freshly
squeezed from the Mistletoe berry.
Let the tongue back into its place, and
the process is completed. If the seed
is good, the seedlings, not unlike cu-
cumber plants, soon appear. They
remain attached to the branch, and do
not seem to injure the tree.

Open the bark underneath the branch
to receive the seed, because it is thus
preserved from an accumulation of rain
water, and is shaded from the sun.

The Mistletoe may also be propa-
gated by grafts, and it is said that it
will succeed upon any tree. It is cer-
tainly found upon the pine in Ger-
many, but we question very much whe-
ther it would live upon the walnut. It
will grow, yet with difficulty, upon the
oak, but it readily takes upon the apple,
pear, poplar, and willow. Mr. Beaton
says (Gard. Mag. iii. 207, N. S.) the
first weeks of May are best for grafting
the Mistletoe, and it should never be
inserted less than five nor more than
ten feet from the ground. Make an
incision in the bark of the tree, and in-
sert into it a thin slice of Mistletoe,
having a bud and one leaf at the end.
Grafts larger than half-an-inch in dia-
meter require a notch to be cut out of
the branch, the incision to receive the
scion being made below this notch, and
a shoulder left on the scion to rest on
the notch, as in crown- grafting. Bud
ding the Mistletoe may also be prac-
tised in the middle of May. Mr. Bea-
ton says it is only a modification of
grafting, a heel of Avood being retained
below the bud for insertion.

MITCHE'LLA. (Named after Dr.
Mitchell, of Virginia. Nat. ord., Cm-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 4-7V-
trandria \-Monogynia.}

Hardy herbaceous creeper. Division, cut-
tings under a hand-light, and layering the
running stems; sandy fibry peat, either in a
sheltered American border, or in a pot protected
lilse tbe generality of Alpine plants.

M. re'pens (creeping). £. White. June.
North America. 1731.

MITE'LLA. (The diminutive of mitra,
a mitre ; referring to the shape of the
seed-pods. Nat. ord., Saxifrages [Saxi-
fragacese] . Linn., IQ-Decandria 2-Digy-
nia. Allied to Heucheria.)

Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials
from North America. Division of the roots, in
spring; common garden soil. Pretty for
border or rockwork.
M. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). £. May. 1812.

— diphy'lla (two-leaved). £. April. 1/31.

— nu'da (naked-stemmed). 4> July. 1/58.

— penta'ndra (five - stamened) . 3 . Yellow.

June. 1827.

— prostra'ta (lying-down). £. May. 1818.

— tri'fida (three-cleft-petaled). £. May. 182;.

MITRA'RIA. (From mitra, a mitre ;
referring to the seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [GesneraceseJ. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-An(/iospermia. Allied to
Columnea.)

Evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
summer ; better ripened shoots under a hand-
light, in a shady place. A beautiful spring
Klant for the greenhouse, and supposed to be
ardy enough for all sheltered places out of
doors ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
M. cocci'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July.
San Carlo de Chiles. 1848.

MITRACA'RPUM. (From mitra, a mitre,
and karpos, a fruit. Nat. ord., Cincho-
nads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., \-Tetran-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Kicbard-
sonia.)

Stove annuals, with white flowers. Seeds,
in a hotbed, in March, potted and hardened off
to bloom in the stove and greenhouse during
the summer.

M. Fische'ri (Fischer's). 1. July. Jamaica.
1821.

— hi'rtum (hairy). £. July. Jamaica. 1818.

— stylo'sum (long-styled). 1. August. Ma-

nilla. 1819.

— villo'sum (shaggy). £. July. Jamaica. 1816.

MIXTURE OF SOILS is one of the most
ready and cheapest modes of improving
their staple, and thus rendering them
more fertile ; and upon the subject we
have nothing to add to the following
excellent remarks of Mr. Cuthbert
Johnson : —

" I have witnessed even in soils to
all appearance similar in composition,
some very extraordinary results from
their mere mixture. Thus in the gra-
velly soils of Spring Pai'k, near Croy-
don, the ground is often excavated to a

MIX

[ 000 ]

MOD

depth of many feet, through strata of
barren gravel and red sand, for the
purpose of obtaining the white or silver
sand, which exists beneath them.
When this fine sand is removed, the
gravel and red sand is thrown .back
into the pit, the ground merely levelled,
and then either let to cottagers for gar-
dens, or planted with forest trees ; in
either case the effect is remarkable ;
all kinds of either fir or deciduous
trees will now vegetate with remarkable
luxuriance; and in the cottage-gardens
thus formed, several species of vege-
tables, such as beans and potatoes, will
produce very excellent crops, in the
very soils in which they would have
perished previous to their mixture, j
The permanent advantage of mixing j
soils, too, is not confined to merely
those entirely of an earthy composi-
tion;— earths which contain inert or-
ganic matter, such as peat or moss
earth, are highly valuable additions to
some soils. Thus, peat earth was suc-
cessfully added to the sandy soils of i
Merionethshire, by Sir Kobert Yaughan. j
The Cheshire farmers add a mixture
of moss and calcareous earth to their
tight-bound earths, the effect of which
they describe as having ' a loosening
operation ; ' that is, it renders the soil
of their strong clays less tenacious, and, I
consequently, promotes the ready ac- j
cess of the moisture and gases of the |
atmosphere to the roots. The culti-
vator sometimes deludes himself Avith
the conclusion that applying sand, or
marl, or clay, to a poor soil, merely
serves to freshen it for a time, and that
the effects of such applications are
apparent for only a limited period.
Some comparative experiments, how-
ever, which were made sixteen years
since, on some poor hungry heath land
in Norfolk, have up to this time served
to demonstrate the error of such a
conclusion. In these experiments the
ground was marled with twenty cubic
yards only per acre, and the same com-
post ; it was then planted with a proper
mixture of forest trees, and by the side
of it a portion of the heath, in a state
of nature, was also planted with the
same mixture of deciduous and fir-
trees.

39

Sixteen years have annually served
to demonstrate, by the luxuriance of
the marled wood, the permanent effect
produced by a mixture of soils. The
growth of the trees lias been there
rapid and permanent ; but on the ad-
joining soil the trees have been stunted
in their growth, miserable in appear-
ance, and profitless to their owner.

Another, but the least commonly
practised mode of improving the staple
of a soil by earthy addition, is claying ;
a system of fertilising, the good eifects
of which are much less immediately
apparent than chalking, and hence one
of the chief causes of its disuse. It
requires some little time to elapse, and
some stirring of the soil, before the
clay is so well mixed with a sandy
soil as to produce that general in-
creased attraction and retentive power
for the atmospheric moisture, which
ever constitutes the chief good result
of claying poor soils. Clay must be,
moreover, applied in rather larger pro-
portions to the soil than chalk; for not
only is its application rarely required
as a direct food for plants for the mere
alumina which it contains, since this
earth enters into the composition of
plants in very small proportion, but
there is also another reason for a more
liberal addition of clay being required,
which is the impure state in which the
alumina exists in what are commonly
called clay soils. — Farm Encyc.

MODE'CCA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Papayads [Papayacese], Linn.,
%'2-Dicecia 5 - Pentandria. Allied to
Cai'ica.)

Stove evergreen climbing plants, resembling
Passion-flowers, from the East Indies. Cuttings
of young shoots, in May, in sandy soil, under a
bell-glasg, and in heat; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to 75°.

i M. triloba'ta (three-lobed). 10. August. 1818.
j — tubern'sa (tuberous). 10. August. 1822.

MODI'OLA. (From modiolits, the nave
1 of a wheel ; referring to the formation
I of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Mallow -
\ worts [Malvaceae], Lirin., \ft-Mona-
\ delphla 8-Polyyynia. Allied to the
i Mallow.)

Seeds, in spring j division of the two herba-
ceous kinds, at the same time, and by cuttings
of the young shoots under a hand-light ; com-
mon sandy loam. The herbaceous require ft

MOD

C 610]

MON

dry, sheltered place, or the protection of a cold
pit during the winter.

M. Carolinia'na (Carolina). Red. June. North
America. 1723. Hardy annual.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). Red. June. South

America. 1815. Half-hardy herba-
ceous.

—prostra'ta (lying-flat). Scarlet. May. Brazil.
1806. Half-hardy herbaceous.

MOERHI'NGIA. (Named after P.
Moerhing, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Cloveworts [ Caryophyllacese ] .
Linn., S-Octandria 2-Digynia. Allied
to Arenaria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, from south of
Europe. Division of the plant, in spring ;
common sandy soil, and dry elevated positions ;
suited for steep rockworks .
M. musco'sa (mossy). £. Purple. June. 1775.

— sedifo'lia (Sedum-leaved). $. White, red.

June. 1823.

MO'HRIA. (Named after M. Mohr,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceae] . Linn., ^-Cryptogamia
l-Filices.)

Greenhouse Fern. See Ferns.
M. thruri'fraga (frankincense). Brown, yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1842.

MOIST STOVE. A stove -with a moist
atmosphere. See Stove.

MOLDAVIAN PALM. Dracoce'phalum
molda' vicum.

MOLDENHAU'ERA (Named after I J.
Moldenliauer, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee].
Linn., IQ-Decandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Swartzia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat; rich
sandy loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 75°.

M.floribu'nda (many-flowered). YelloWi May.
Brazil. 1828.

MO'LTKIA. (Named after Count
Moltke, a Danish noble. Nat. ord.,
Borageworls [Boraginaceee]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Echium.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant, in spring ; rich sandy loam.
M. c#rw'/ea(blue). 1. Blue. April. Persia.
1829.

MOLUCCE'LLA. Molucca Balm. (From
Molucca, where the plants were sup-
posed to be natives. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiaceee], Linn., \±-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Phlomis.)

Hardy plants with purple flowers, flowering
in July. Tuberosa, by dividing the tubers in

spring and autumn. This, and also the others,

in
to
sandy

loam.

M. lee'vis (smooth). l£. Syria. 1570.

— Marrubia1 strum (Marrubiastrum). 1. Syria.

1820.

— tubero'sa (tuberous-roofed). 2. Tartary.

1796.

MOLY. A'llium mo'ly.

MONA'BDA. (Named after N. Mo-
nardez, a physician of Seville. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacete]. Linn.,
2-Diandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Salvia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, all, but aris-
tata, natives of North America. Division of
the plant, in spring ; common soil.
M. amplexica'ulis (stem-embraced). 2. White,
pink. June. 1850.

— arista' ta (awned). 2. Yellow. August.

South America . 1825.

— Bradburia'na (Bradbury's). Pale red. June.

— clinopo'dia (Basil-leaved). 2. Purple, white.

July. 1771.

— di'dyma (twin. Oswego tea). 3. Scarlet.

July. 1752.
—fistulo'sa (hollow-staged). 3. Purple. July.

1656.
flo 're-macula 'to (spotted-flowered) .

3. Rose, spotted. June. 1832.
mo'llis (soft). 2. Lilac. July.

1656.

— gra'cilin (slender). 1$. Purple. July. 1820.

— puncta't a (dotted). 2. Yellow, brown. Au-

gust. 1714.

— Russellia'na (Russell's). 2. White. Sep.

tember. 1823.

MONAEDE'LLA. (A diminutive of
Monarda. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lip-
worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Didy-
namia I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Ori-
ganum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant, in spring ; common sandy soil, with a
little peat or leaf mould.
M.undula'ta(vf&vy). f. Violet. June. Cali-
fornia, 1848.

MONE'TIA. (Named after Monet dc
la March, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Hollyworts [Aquifoliacese]. Linn.,
±-Tetrandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Pilnoa.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a mild bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and a little
fibry peat. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.

M. barlerioi'des (Barleria - like). 3. Green.
July. East Indies. 1758.

MONEYWORT. Lysima'chia,
la'ria,

MON

[ 611 ]

MON

MONKEY-BREAD. Adanso'nia.

MONKEY-FLOWEK. Mi'multu.

MONK'S HOOD. Aconi'tum.

MONNI'NA. (Named after Monnino
Count de Flora Blanca, a Spanisl
patron of botany. Nat. ord., Milkwort
[Polygalacese]. Linn., ll-Diadelphi
3-Octandria. Allied to Muraltia.)

The bark of the root is used in Peru for soap
and the Peruvian ladies ascribe the beauty o
their hair to the use of it. Greenhouse ever
green shrubs. Seeds in March, in a gentle hot
bed ; cuttings of young side shoots, in April
under a bell-glass, and kept close, but damp
prevented ; sandy peat and fibry loam, Wintei
temp., 40° to 45°.

M. m>te/«™H'<te»(Crotalaria-like). 2. Purple
August. 1840.

(blunt-leaved). 12. Violet and
white. June. Peru. 1830.

MONOCHI'LUS. (From monos, one,
and cheilos, a lip ; the formation of the
flower. Nat. ord., Verbenes [Verbena-
ceae]. Linn., l±-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Verbena.)

Stove tuber. Division of the tuberg when
in a dormant state ; sandy loam, a little fibry
peat, and leaf-mould. Temperature, when
growing, 55° to 75°.

M. glozinifo'lius (Gloxinia-leaved). 1838.

MONOGEA'MMA. (From monos, one,
and gramma, writing ; referring to the
spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptoqamia
l-FUices.)

Stove Ferns from the West Indies, with
brownish-yellow spores. See Ferns.
M.furca'ta (forked-teaweef). June. 1825.

— grami'nea (Grass-leaved). June. 1830.

— trichoi'dea (hair-like). June.

MONOLO'PIA. (From monolopns, one
covering ; referring to the flower cover-
ing. Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracece] .
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Al-
lied to Chrysanthemum.)

A pretty hardy annual, once called Helenium
Douglassii. Seeds, in mellow soil, in April.
M. ma'jor (greater). 3. Yellow. July. Cali-
fornia. 1834.

MONOME'EIA. (From monos, one,
and meris, a part. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandrla
l-Monandria. Allied to Bulbophyllum.)

Stove orchids. Division, in spring or autumn ;
fibry peat, broken pots, and sphagnum. Win-
ter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
M. barba'ta (bearded). Spotted. India. 1841.

— ni'tida (shining). Mexico. 1841.

MONO'PSIS. (From monos, one, and

opsis, a face; the flowers being more
regular than is usual in the Nat. ord.,
Lobeliads [Lobelliaceee]. Linn., b-Pen-
tandria 1-Monogynia.)

A pretty little annual, once called Lobelia
speculum. Seeds, in a hotbed, in March j.
plants pricked off, hardened off, and transferred
to the open border at the end of May.
M. conspi'cua (conspicuous). £. Blue. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

MONO'TOCA. (From monos, one, and
tokos, a birth ; the fruit, which is eat-
able, having only one seed. Nat. ord.,
Epacrlds [Epacridace®]. Linn., b-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Leuco-
pogon.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
New South Wales. Cuttings of the points of
young shoots, in sand, over sandy soil, and
covered with a bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat,
and a little fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to
48°.

M. a'lba (white). 6. June. 1824.

— elli'ptica (ov&l-leaoed). 8. June. 1802.
linea'ta (lined-/eawed). 6. June. 1804.

— scopa'ria (Broom). 5. June. 1825.

MONSO'NIA. (Named after Lady A.
Monson. Nat. ord., Cranesbills [Gera-
niacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 7-
Dodecandria. Allied to Geranium.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials, except
ovata, which is biennial. All from the Cape of

ood Hope. Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in
spring, and transplanted ; cuttings, in spring
and autumn, under a hand-light ; division and
cuttings of the roots, in summer and autumn ;
sandy loam, and a little peat and leaf-mould ;
a cold pit or greenhouse in winter.

M. loba'ta (lobed-teawed). 1. Purple. May.
1774.

— ova'ta (egg -leaved). 1. White. August.

1774.

pilo'sa (long-haired). 1. White. July. 1778.
Co'llce (Colla's). 1. Pale red. July.

1820.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. Red. May. 1774.
pa'llida (pale). 1. Pale red. May.

MONTBEE'TTIA. (In honour of M.
Montbret. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia l-Triandria.)

A little Ixia-looking bulb, with yellow flow-
rs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets;
andy loam, with a little peat or leaf-mould ;
'. not protected on a warm border, should be
ept during winter in a cold pit.
/. flexuo'sa (zig-zag) . May. 1803.

— virga'ta (twiggy). May. 1825.

MONTEZU'MA. ( Named after a king
f Mexico. Nat. ord Sterculiads [Ster-
uliacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 7-
~>Qdecwndria. Allied to Cheiroetemon. )

MON

C 018 ]

MOB

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of shoots i
getting firm, in land, under a glass, and in !
bottom- heat ; sandy loam and lumpy peat, j
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
jl/. speciosi'ssima (showiest). 30. Red. Mexico.
1827.

MOON-SEED. Afcnispe'iinum.

MOON-TREFOIL. Mcdica'f/o arlo'rea.

MooN-WoRT. Botry'chlnm.

MORJE'A. (Named after E. Moore,
an English botanist. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacere]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mo-
noi/ynia. Allied to Iris.)

These pretty bulbs, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, except where otherwise mentioned, re-
quire the same treatment as J>ia, which see.
M. angu'sta (narrow -leaved). $. Lilac. May.
1790.

— barbi'gera (bearded). $. Purple. May.

1587-

— bi 'color (two-coloured). 2. Yellow, dark.

June.

— bitumino'sa (bituminous). 1. Yellow. May.

1787.

— catenula'ta (chain-dotted). 1. White, blue.

May. Mauritius. 1826.

— cilia' ta (hair-leaved), $. Yellow. September.

1587.

— colli'na (hill). 2. Purple. May. 1/68.

— cri'spa (curled). £. Blue. May. 1803.

— edu'lis (eatable). 4. Fulvous. May. 1/92.

— e'leguns (elegant). lj. Vermilion. May.

1825.

— exalta'ta (tall). 3. Vermilion. May. 1768.
— fta'ccida (limp). l£. Vermilion. May. 1810.

— flexuo'sa (ziz~z&g). l. Yellow. May. 1803.

— iridioi'des (Iris-like). £. White, brown.

July. 1758.

— linea'ta (lined-/eai>ed). 1. Vermilion. May.

1825.

— longifo'lia (long- leaved). 3. Yellow. May.

1808.

— Inngiflo'ra (long-flowered). ^. Yellow. May.

1801.

— minia'ta (vermilion). 2. Vermilion. May.

1799.

— minu'tu (small). J. Blue. June. 1825.

— odo'ra (sweet-scented). 2. Lilac. May.

1792.

— papillona'cea (butterfly). 4* Variegated.

May. 1795.

— pluma'ria (feathered). 1. Yellow. May.

1825.

— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 1. Yellow.

June. 1825.

— porrifo'lia (Leek-leaved). 2. Vermilion.

May. 1825.

— ramo'sa (branched). 3. Yellow. May. 1789.

— seta'cea (bristly). $. Yellow. June. 1825.

— Sisyri'nchium (Sisyrinchium). £. Blue.

May. South Europe. 1597. Hardy.

— spica'ta (spiked). 14. Yellow. May. 1785.

— Tenoria'na (Tenor«'s). 1. Purple. May.

Naples. 1824. Hardy.

— tri'stis (dull - coloured). J. Blue. June.

1768.
-rvirga'ta (twiggy). 1. Purple. May. 1825.

— viscu'ria (clammy). 1. Lilac. May. 1800.

MORICA'NDIA. (Named after S. M»-
ricand, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacero], Linn., lf>-
Tetr adynamia,}

Simple-looking hardy plants, but useful for
cut flowers in winter. Seed sown in the open
border in April.

M. arve'nsis (Field. Cabbage -flowered). 1$.
Violet. July. Europe. 1739. Biennial.

— hesperidiflo'ra (Hesperis-flowered). 1. Pur-

ple. June. Egypt. 1837. Annual.

MORI'NA. (Named after L. Morin, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Teuzelworts
[Dipsacese], Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo~
noyynia.)

Strong, half-hardy, herbaceous plants, suited
for borders in summer. Seed, in a slight
hotbed, in April, and hardened off to suit a cool
greenhouse or sheltered borders ; also by divi-
sions, if the plant is saved over the winter.
M. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. Purple. July.
East Indies. 1839.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). 3. Red, white. July.

Persia. 1740.

MORI' NBA. (From a corruption of
Moms Indicus, Indian Mulberry, in
reference to its fruit. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonaceai]. Linn., 5-Pe»-
tandria l.-Mono(jynlu. Allied to Guet-
tarda.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers.
Cuttings of shoots nearly stopped growing, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and in a
nice bottom-heat ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-*
mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer,
70° to 80°.

M . angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 6. May.
East Indies. 1U16.

— bractea'ta (braeted). C. May. East Indies.

1810.

— citrifo'lia (Citron-leaved). 8. East Indies.

1793.

— jasminoi'des (Jasmine -like). Pale buff.

April. Point Jackson. 1823.

— Royo'c (Royoc). 10. August. West Indies.

1793.

— tincto'ria (dyers). June. Otaheitc. 1820.

— umbella'ta (umbeled). June. East Indies.

1822.

MORI'NTGA. Horseradish-Tree. (From
morlngo, the Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Morlnyads [Moringaceffi]. Linn., 10-
Decandrla \-Monoyynia.}

The roots are used in India for horse-radish.
Stove evergreen yellow-flowered trees from the
East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat, in
I April or May ; sandy loam, and a little peat
! and leaf-mould. Winter temp,, 50° to 55°;
i summer, 60° to 85°.
M. a'ptera (wingless). 15. May. 1838.

— polygo'na (many-angle-//-w7erf). 15. April.

1822. :"

— pterygospe'-rma (winged-seeded). 20. 1759-

MOH

MOB

MORI'SIA. (Named after Professor
Moris. Nat. orcl., Crncifers [Brassica-
cese]. Linn., Ib-Tetradynamia.)

Seed sown where it is to remain ; cuttings,
under a hand-light, in summer, and division in
spring ; a pretty little thing for a knoll, or for
rockwork.

V.hypoga'a (fruit -burying). £. Yellow. j
May. Sardinia. 1833.

MORISO'NIA. (Named after Professor
Morison, of Oxford. Nat. ord., Cajjpa-
rids [Capparidaceae]. Linn., IG-Mona-
dclphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to Cra-
tpeva.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the ripened
shoots, early in spring, under a glass, in sandy
soil and bottom-heat. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. America'na (American). 15. White. West
Indies. 1824.

MORMO'DES. (From mormo, a goblin ;
referring to the strange appearance of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
ehidaceee]. Linn., 2Q-Gy)iandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Catasetum.)

Stove orchids. Division, and pieces cut off ;
rough pent, moss, and crocks, in shallow
baskets, or raised well above a pot. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
j\I. aroma' ticum (aromatic). $. Pink. July.
Mexico. 1838.

— atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). 2- Purple,

red. October. S. Main. 1834.

— buccinator (trumpet). Yellowish - green.

April. La Guayra. 1835.

— Carto'ni (Carton's). 1. Straw. July.

Santa Martha.

— citri'num (yellow). Yellow. Mexico. 183/.

— linea'tnm (streaked). 1. Yellow, crimson.

March. Guatemala. 1836.

— luxa'tum (dislocated). 1. Straw. August.

Mexico. 1842.

— pardl'num (panther). Yellow, red. July.

Oxaca. 1837.

uni'color (one-coloured). Yellow.

September. Mexico. 1843.

— ro'sco-a'lbum (rose and white). White, rose.

— llusscllia'num (Duke of Bedford). Green.

August. Guatemala. 1838.

Mo'ux.Y. (Named after Morna, one
of Ossian's heroines. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracece]. Linn., ID-Synye-
nesia 1-sEqitalis. Allied to Podolopsis.)

Greenhouse plants, with yellow flowers, from
Swan River. Nitida, an evergreen, may be
propagated by cuttings, under a bell-glass, and
both are easily raised from seed, sown either in
September or March, but in both cases the
plants must be kept in light soil, and well
drained, or they will damp off. The autumn-
sown ones will bloom in the greenhouse early
in spring and summer ; the spring-sown ones
late in summer, and the beginning of autumn.
If it is desirable to try them out of doors, they

should not be planted out far north of London,

until the middle of June.

M. ni'tida (beautiful). 2. February. 1835.

— ni'vea (snowy). 1|. July. 1836.

MORONO'DEA. From moronobo, the
native name. Nat. ord., Gtittifers
[ Clusiacese] . Linn., 1 8 Poly add phia
%-Polyandria.}

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of the
ripened shoots, with all the leaves except those
at the lower joint, in sand, in heat, and under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam and lumpy dried leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer,
60° to 85°.

M. cocci'nea (scarlet -powered). 40. Guiana.
1825.

MORTON-BAY CHESNUT. Castano-
spe'rmum.

MO'KUS. Mulberry. (From wor, the
Celtic for black ; referring to the colour
of the fruit. Nat. ord., Morads [Mo-
raceae]. Linn., %1-Moncecia 4-7Wra/j-
tfito.)

Seeds, layers, cuttings, and truncheons ; in
fact you can scarcely fail to propagate the"
mulberry, as pieces of the roots, branches, and
even the stem, if stuck into the ground in a de-
ciduous state, will grow more easily than a
gooseberry cutting ; deep sandy, or calcareous
loam. Of the hardy kinds, Niffra is the hardiest,
grown chiefly for its fruit. Alba is more tender,
grown chiefly for its leaves for feeding the silk-
worm.

STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.

M. I'ndica (Indian). 20. East Indies. 1820.

— Mauritia'nu (Mauritian). 20. Mauritius.

1823.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES, etc.

M. a'lba (white). 30. June. China. 1596.

Columba'ssa, (Columba).

Ita'lic((( Italian). 20. June. Italy*

1817.

macrophy'lld (large - leaved). 30.

June. China.

— — — — membrana'cca (membranous).

Morettia'na (Moretti's). June.

multicuu'lis (many-stemmed). June.

China.

nervo'sa (nerved). June. China.

pu'mila (d\Varf). 10. June. China.

-^— fioma'na (Roman).

ra'sea (Rose-like). 20. June. China;

Sine'nsis (Chinese). 20.

— ca'lcur-ga'lli (cock-spur). New South Wales.

1830. Evergreen.

— ConAtantinopolita'na (Constantinople). 15;

June. Turkey. 1818.

— ni'gra (common-black). 20. June. Italy.

1548.
— lacinia' (a (cut -leaved). 30. June;

— ru'bra (red). 10. June. North America.

1629.

— sea1 bra (rough). 20. Juno. North America.

1817.

MOB

MOS

AT. Tata'rica (Tartarian). 20. June. Tartary.
1/84.

Mulberry (M. nigra*) Culture.

Propagation : By Cuttings. — In for-
mer days this operation was much cir-
cumscribed, heing limited to the cut-
tings of the young shoots, as in currants.
Truncheons of considerable size may,
and, indeed, ought to be used. These
strike with facility by ordinary means,
especially in the deciduous state; and
put in the soil in the autumn, leaving
only a bud or two exposed.

If Truncheons of some size are used,
let them be taken from the tree in the
beginning of February ; and being in-
serted a foot deep, in a situation where
neither direct sunshine nor wind can
freely penetrate, envelope their stems
above the ground-level with moss, all
but the upper pair of buds, in order to
prevent evaporation.

By Layers. — The shoots of the pre-
vious year are generally selected for
this purpose ; and may be either slit,
or ringed, although they will root with-
out. This being performed in Novem-
ber, or in February, the young plants will
be ready to be removed from the parent
plant in twelvemonths, when they may
be placed in the nursery for two years,
by which time they will be fit for
their permanent situations : care being
taken to train them carefully to stems,
as ordinary standard fruit-trees.

By Grafting. — Ordinary grafting, as
in the apple, is not a very safe mode ;
but inarching, or grafting by approach,
is quite eligible. This is performed
exactly as in other trees, and will pro-
duce strong plants in a short time.

By Seeds. — This practice is seldom
resorted to, but may prove interesting
to some. The seed being washed from
the pulp as soon as ripe, and dried,
may be preserved through the winter
in dry sand, and sowed in the succeed-
ing February. A slight bottom-heat
will facilitate the progress of the seed-
lings, but they may be safely reared
without, by aifording a regular but not
excessive supply of moisture, with a
partial deprivation of light for awhile.
They will need the ordinary routine of
transplanting, &c., afterwards.

Culture during the grouting period. —

In the standard state little or nothing
can be done; but those trained on walls
or fences must have some assistance.
It must be kept in view, that the mul-
berry produces fruit both on short-
jointed young wood and on spurs ; and
that fruit must not be looked for from
luxuriant shoots. The summer's dress-
ing must consist in thinning-out and
stopping the grosser shoots in crowded
situations, observing a regularity in
their distances for the admission of
sunlight. We would advise much stop-
ping in preference to much disbudding,
as such parts may form a nucleus for
future spurs ; and if they turn out
barren, it will be easy to remove them
totally in the succeeding year. The
mulberry, when trained, will extend a
great way ; and regular training, as the
shoots extend, must be practised.

Culture during the rest period. — Some
pruning is occasionally of benefit, even
to standard trees, but it can be merely
thinning-out cross- shoots on those
parts of the tree which are too crowded.
The shady side of the tree, too, may
be kept thinner than the sunny side ;
and watery spray springing from the
branches in the interior may be re-
moved. Those trained, must have
superfluous shoots and barren snags
or spurs removed, but no shortening
back is necessary.

Soil. — Any ordinary garden or field
soil will do for them, if not too clayey ;
for they rather prefer an upland or
mellow soil, which should be of a gene-
rous character, but riot enriched with
manures until they get rather old and
cease producing luxuriant wood, when
a rich mellow compost, as top-dressing
occasionally, will much benefit them.

Forcing. — The mulberry bears forc-
ing excellently, and Avill ripen its fruit
early in June. It will bear a very high
temperature. It may also be grown of
a dwarf size in pots, and be thus forced.
MOSCHA'EIA. (From moschos, musk;
a musk -smelling plant. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracene]. Linn., 15) -
Synyenesia l-&qualis.}

Hardy annual. Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in
April ; seedlings harden off and transplant in
open borders in May.

M, pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut-teaverf). £. July.
Chili. 1823.

MOS

C 615 ]

MOW

MOSCHO'SMA. (From moschos, musk,
and osme, smell. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l-i-Didynamia l-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Ocymum.)

Tender annual. Seeds, in a hotbed, in be-
ginning of April ; seedlings potted and grown
in greenhouse in summer, or placed in the open
border in June, in a sheltered place ; light, rich,
sandy soil.

M. ocymoi'des (Ocymum -like). !£. White.
August. 1823.

Moss is useful to the gardener for
packing round the roots of plants; and
even some bulbous roots and orchids
are cultivated in it ; but when it infests
the trunks of trees, or our lawns, it is
one of the gardener's pests.

Mossy lawns are on a soil which is
unable to support a greensward of
grass. When soil is exhausted, grasses
begin to die off, and their place is taken
by moss. The obvious mode, then, of
proceeding, is to give the lawn a good
top-dressing in winter, either of malt-
dust, or nitrate of soda, or soot, or any
manure containing an abundance of
alkali. The gardener finds the growth
of moss arrested by frequent raking in
wet weather, or by the application of
pounded oyster-shells ; but these are
mere palliatives, and not remedies.
Make your grass healthy, and it will
soon smother the moss.

The most effectual, most salutary,
and least disagreeable remedy for moss
on trees is of trivial expense, and which
a gardener need but try upon one in-
dividual to insure its adoption. It is
with a hard scrubbing-brush, dipped in
a strong brine of common salt, as often
as necessary to insure each portion of
the bark being moistened with it, to
scrub the trunks and branches of his
trees, at least, every second year. It
most effectually destroys insects of all
kinds, and moss ; and the stimulating
influence of the application, and the
friction, are productive of the most
beneficial effects. The expense is not
so much as that of dressing the trunks
with a solution of lime, which, however
efficient in the destruction of moss, is
not so in the removal of insects, and is
highly injurious to the trees, by filling
up the respiratory pores of the epi-
dermis, and is decidedly a promoter of
canker.

On gravel tvalks, a strong solution of
sulphate of copper (blue vitriol) has
been found the most effectual destroyer
of moss.

MOTH. Vcrba'scum blatta'ria.

MOTHEEWOET. Leono'tis.

MOTHS, of most kinds, are the pa-
rents of caterpillars preying upon some
plant under the gardener's care, and
should be destroyed whenever dis
covered.

MOTTLED UMBEE MOTH. Geome'tra.

MOULDINESS is the common term
applied to that crop of fungi which
appears on moist putrescent vegetable
matters. These fungi are Mucores, and
are effectually destroyed whenever com-
mon salt or sulphur can be applied.

MOUNTAIN ASH. Py'rus aucupa'ria.

MOUNTAIN EBONY. Bauhi'nia.

MOUSE-EAR. Hiera'cium stoloni'fe-
rum.

MOUSE THOEN. Centa'urca myaca'n-
tha.

MOWING is, next to digging, the most
laborious of the gardener's employ-
ments ; and requires much practice, as
well as an extremely sharp scythe, be-
fore he can attain to the art of shaving
the lawn or grass-plot smoothly and
equally. A mowing machine has been
invented by Mr. Budding and others,
and is represented in this outline. It
cuts, collects, and rolls the grass at the
same time, and is better than the scythe
for mossy lawns.

Mowing is most easily performed
whilst the blades of grass are wet, as
they then cling to the scythe, and are
consequently erect against its cutting
edge. The operation, therefore, should
be performed early in the morning, be-
fore the dew has evaporated, or whilst
the grass is wet from rain or artificial
watering. See Scythe.

MUC

[ 016 ]

MUR

MUCU'XA. Cow-itch. (The Brazilian
name. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[FabaceajJ. Linn., il-Diadclph'ia 4-
Dccandria. Allied to Erythrina.)

The hairs on the seed-pods of M. pruriens
is the Cow-itch. Stove climbers, with purple
flowers, which open in July. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sandy soil, under glass, in
heat; rich sandy loam. Winter temp., 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
M. alti'ssima (tallest). 50. Martinico, 1779.

— utropurpu'rca (dark -purple). 10. East

Indies. 1820.

— ])m'ric}is (common - stinging). 12. East

Indies. 1680.

MUDAR PLANT. Calo'lropis yiya'ntca.

MUDDING, or Puddling, is dipping
the roots of trees, shrubs, and seed-
lings in a thin mud or puddle, and
retaining them there until again planted,
whenever they are removed. It is one
of the best aids to success, and should
be universally adopted ; for it is a rule
without exception, that the less the
roots of a plant are injured, and the
moister they are kept during its re-
moval, the less does it suffer by the
transplanting. The best of all muds
for the purpose is formed of three
pounds of garden soil, one ounce of
salt, eight ounces of soot, and one
gallon of water.

MULBERRY. Mo'rus.

MULCHING is placing mulch, or long
moist stable litter, upon the surface
of the soil over the roots of newly-
planted trees and shrubs. The best
mode is to form a trench about six
inches deep, to put in the mulch, and
cover it with the earth. This prevents
the mulch being dried or scattered by
the winds, and is more neat than ex-
posing it on the surface. Mulching
keeps the moisture from evaporating,
and prevents frost penetrating to the
roots, straw being one of the worst
conductors of heat. When rapid growth
is desirable, the mulch should be kept
on the surface, and removed at times
in bright sunshine, that the soil may
be heated ; for, if deeply mulched, the
leaves may be enjoying the climate of
India, and the roots be nearly as cold
as if in Siberia.

MULE, or Hybrid, is a plant raised (
from seed generated by parents of dis-
tinct species, and consequently unfer- |
tile. See ITybridiziny.

MULGE'DIUM. (Derivation not known.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae]. Linn.,
W-Synyencsia %-S-uperjlua. Allied to
Hieracium.)

A hardy herbaceous, and a good rock plant.
Seeds and divisions in spring ; dry sandy soil.
M. macrorhi'zvm (large - rooted). ^. Blue.
September. Cashmere. 1844.

MULLEIN. Verba'scum.

MU'LLERA. (Named after 0. F.
Mutter, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacesc]. Linn.,
\ti-Momtdclphia (j-Decandria. Allied to
Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

M, monilifo'rmis (necklace-formed-pocMerf). 6.
Yellow. Guiana. 1792.

MU'NDIA. (From mundm, neat ; the
appearance of the plants. Nat. ord.,
Milktvorfs [Polygalacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadclphia 3-Octandria. Allied to Mu-
ral tia.)

The fruit is eatable. Greenhouse evergreen
shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of stiff young side-shoots, in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a close cold pit or
frame ; sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
M. spino'sa (spiny). 3. White. March. 1780.

— • • angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3.

Purple. March. 1800.

latifo'lia (broad- leaved). 3. Lilac.

February. 1800.

MUNTI'NGIA. ( Named after A . Mtin -
tiny, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Lindenblooms [Tiliaceai]. Linn., 1'3~
Polyandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Aristotelia.)

Stove evergreen shrub, known as the Cala-'
burn in South America. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy fibry loam and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M. Calabti'ra (Calabura). 3. White. June.
Jamaica. 1690.

MURA'LTIA. (Named after J. V.
Miiralt, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord.,
Milkworts [Polygalacese]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 3 - Octandria. Allied to
Poly gala.)

Greenhouse evergreens, all but one purple-
flowered, and all from the Cape of Good Hope.
Cuttings of short young shoots, in sandy peat,
under a glass ; chiefly peat earth, with a good
portion of sand. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. alopecuroi'dcfi ( Foxtail-like). 3. June. 1800.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed-teawd). 3. May. 1824.
~ diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1800.

MUR

MUS

M.filif<t'rmis(threa.d-hrm-brunchcd). l£. Au-
gust. 1812.

— Heistc'ria (Heistcr's). 6. January. 1/87.

— hu'milis (humble). 1. June. 1818.

— junipcrifo'lia (Juniper-leaved). 3. June.

1810.

— linophy'lla (Flax-leaved). 3. June. 1816.

— macro'ceras (large-horned). 3. 1812.

— micra'ntha (small-flowered). l£. 1800.

— mi' xta (mixed). 3. 1/91.

— squarru'sa (spreading). 3. May. 1820.

— stipulu'cca (stipuled). 3. Red. June. 1801.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 3. 1812.

Mu'iucE. See Byrso'nima.

MUKRA'YA. (Named after Professor
Murray, editor of Linnajus's works.
Nat. ord., Citron-worts [ Aurantiaceee] .
Linn., 10-Dccandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Cookia.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees, from
the East Indies. Cuttings of shoots, getting
firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a bottom-heat of about 90°. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. exo'tica (exotic). 10. August. 1/71.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 20. July. 1823.

MURUCU'YA. (The native name. Nat.
ord., Passiontvorts [Passitioracero].
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 2-Pcntandria.)

For all practical purposes they may be con-
sidered as Passion - flowers. Stove evergreen
climbers from the West Indies. Cuttings of
the young shoots, in spring, in sand, and then
placing them in a sweet hotbed ; peat one part,
loam, fibry and sandy, one part, with a little
leaf-mould, and broken crocks. Winter temp.,
50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

M. ocella'ta (small-eyed). 12. Scarlet. July.
1/30.

— pcrfolia'ta (leaf-stem-picrced). 15. Purple.

July, 1816.

MU'SA. Plantain-Tree. (From maitz,
the Egyptian name. Nat. ord., M-usatls
[Musaceoe]. Linn., Q-Pcntandria 1-
Monoyynia,)

The fruit of the Musacls is called Bananas
and Plantains. Stove evergreens. Chiefly by
suckers ; rich loamy soil, with abundance of
water when growing freely. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60 to 90°, with plenty of
atmospheric moisture. Cavendishii, from fruit-
ing at a small size, is the most valuable.

M. Cavcndi'shii (Cavendish's). 4. Scarlet.
China. 1829.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. July. China.

1792.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 10. Pink. East

Indies. 1824.

— Macula' ta (spotted). 10. Pink. Mauritius.

1818.

— iVe/;«?<fc'7wis(Nepaul). 6. Yellow, February.

Nepaul. 1823.

~ orna'ta (ornamented). 5. Orange, July.
East Indies. 1823.

M. Paradisi'aca (Paradise. Plaintain). 20.
Pink. November. Tropics. 1690.

— rosa'cea(rosy). 15. Pink. March. Mau-

ritius. 1805.

— sapie'ntum (wise-men's. Panama). 20.

Piuk. June. Tropic. 1729-

— supe'rba (superb). 14. Purple. July. East

Indies. 1820.

— xebri'na (zebra). 10. Purple. East Indies.

1820.

Banana and Plantain Culture.

Propagation. Mr. Paxton lias sug-
gested, that immediately the fruit is
cut from the old plants, these be taken
out of their tubs, partially disrooted,
and placed in pots to produce suckers,
which they will do readily, especially if
plunged in a bottom-heat of about 85°.
These suckers are removed into smaller
pots, and cultivated from pot to pot,
and thence to the tub, in which they
are fruited.

Soil. — The soil must be exceedingly
rich, and by no means adhesive; rather
of a light character, and well- drained,
in order that copious supplies of water
may be given.

Culture.— A lively heat is the great
essential, with a liberal amount of at-
mospheric moisture. A thermometer
ranging from 70° to 00° during the
bright part of the year ; and from 00°
to 70° during the duller portion will be
requisite.

Suckers will produce fruit within the
year ; and if one be approaching too
close on the heels of another in ripen-
ing, the whole spadix of fruit of the
one may be cut off, with a portion of
the stem, just where, the upper tier of
fruit is ripening ; and suspended in a
dry and airy room, after the manner of
late grapes. Mr. Paxton observes, that
" he has had capital fruit from a
spadix, two months after it was cut."
The produce of one plant will weigh
from 15 to 80 pounds.

MUSCA'RI. Grape Hyacinth. (From
muschosy musk ; the smell of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceroj. Linn.,
Q-Hcxandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to
Hyacinthus.)

Hardy bulbs. For culture see Hyacinthus.
M. botryoi'des (Botry's-like). £. Blue. April.
Italy. 1596.

a'lbum (white). $. White. April.

Italy. 1596.

pa'Wdum (pale). £, Pale blue,

April. Italy. 1596.

MUS

[ 818 ]

MUS

M. cilia'tum (hair-fringed). 1. Brown, purple.
May. Crimea. 1822.

— commuta'tum (dark - purple). £. Blue.

Italy. 1836.

— como'sum (tufted). \. Blue. April. South

Europe. 1596.

— monstro'sum (monstrous). £. Pale
blue. April. South Europe. 1596.

— glau'cum (milky-green), f. Purple, green.

May. Persia. 1825.

— macroca'rpum (large-fruited). 3. Green,

yellow. April. Levant. 1596.

— moscha'tum (musky). f . Blue, yellow.

April. Levant. 1596.

— pa'llens (pallid). 4. Pale blue. May.

Crimea. 1822.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Blue. April.

Sicily. 1827-

— peduncula're (long - flower - stalked). £.

Blue. April.

— racemo'sum (racemed). $. Blue. April.

Europe. 1780.

mi'nus (smaller). $. Blue.

April. Europe. 1780.

MUSHROOM (Aya'ricus campe'stris}.

Mushroom beds, for winter produc-
tion, should be formed in August, and
once in two months after, of dry mate-
rials, such as four or five barrowsful of
horse droppings, which have been
saved for the purpose, four or five bar-
rowsful of road sweepings, and four or
five barrowsful of dry husky dung from
the stable dung-heap. Let these be
all well turned over three or four times
to sweeten in some dry place. If the
mixture should be found too dry to fer-
ment sufficiently, then sprinkle it with
a little water at the time of its being
turned over. Shake it and mix it well
together. The quantity of materials
depends on the size of the beds re-
quired. The place where the beds are
to be made should be dry at bottom.
The materials being in good condition
proceed to make up your bed as solid
and firm as it can be beat together
with the fork, whether in ridges or half
ridges, or whatever shape may be
thought most convenient. Let the
outside be beaten smooth and well with
a shovel or spade. Then insert a stick
to prove the temperature of the bed by.
In about ten days after the bed has
been made it will be fit for spawning, if
all has gone on well, and the heat be
found about that of cows' milk, but if
the heat be too great defer it for an-
other week, and shake open the bed a
little to let off the rank heat. If too ,
cold, add a little fresh materials, and

work it up well together. Before put-
ting in the spawn make the beds firm,
smooth, and even; then open holes
with the hand about an inch below the
surface, and eight inches apart every
way. Place in each hole a moderate
sized lump or handful of bits of spawn,
and cover it over again with the same
dry materials of the bed. If there is
no fear of the bed being too hot, it may
be covered over at the same time about
aninch-and-a-half thick, with good turfy
loam, rather dry and run through a
sieve first. When all is regularly co-
vered over, sprinkle the whole with
water from a fine rose waterpot, and
pat the whole surface down level, leav-
ing it as smooth as a fresh plastered
wall. Let it remain to dry oft*, giving
plenty of air to dry it off the quicker.
After this, the bed should have a cover-
ing of anything like mouldy hay, such
as tops and bottoms from the hay-rick,
or hay-bands untwisted, or the like.
Cover up according to the heat of the
beds. If you have any doubt whether
it is too hot, let the covering be light ;
and at all times the short mulch, when
gathering the mushrooms, should be
cleared off from the bed's surface, or it
will exhaust the bed, by the encourage-
ment it gives to the spawn to run out.
A little additional litter may be added
as required, so as to keep the beds in
regular and uniform bearing, and gen-
tle applications of tepid liquid manure
will be found of great benefit to those
beds that have been well gathered
from. Where the convenience of hot
water-pipes, or other artificial means,
can be commanded for mushroom cul-
ture, so that the right temperature can
be at all times maintained, no kind of
litter-covering need be applied. Mush-
room beds are always best made under
cover, and even a cart-shed can be very
easily converted into an excellent
mushroom house. Warm and gentle
moisture have much to do with the
growth of the mushrooms ; therefore,
if the shed is covered in witli slate or
tiles, the space between the rafters
inside should be well stuffed with straw
of any kind, which can be fastened up
by nailing cross strips of boards from
rafter to rafter. Then, after the bed

MUS

[ 019 ]

MUS

is made, spawned, and finished, the
front of the shed may be stopped up
with thick and well-thatched hurdles,
which would be warmer and better j
than any other thin permanent enclo-
sure. These hurdles can be readily
opened whenever light is wanting,
either to examine the beds, or to cover,
or to uncover, or to collect, the mush-
rooms. It is also convenient to be
able to open the house opposite where
you wish, either to get in fresh mate-
rials to make a new bed with, or to
take out an old one. If the length of
the shed be from 21 to 30 feet, it
should give a large supply of mush-
rooms during the winter and spring
months. The beds should be made
along the back of the house.

Previously to making up the beds, a
board about nine inches high should
be placed as a frontage-board, from
three to four feet distant from the wall,
which is a good width for the bottom
of the bed. This front board may be
supported upright by driving three or
four short stakes into the floor. The
bed may be from two to three feet high
at the back, sloping down to nine inches
in front, which will give a very conve-
nient width to reach over for all neces-
sary purposes. Have the materials
ready to make the first bed about the
last week in August. Let this occupy
one-third of the length of the shed.
Make up another of the same size
about the last week in October, and
the remaining third about the first
of January

In four or five weeks after spawning,
in spring and autumn, the bed should
begin to produce, but not until much
later in summer and winter ; and if
kept dry and warm, it will continue to
do so for several months.

A gathering may take place two or
three times a week, according to the
productiveness of the bed. It some-
times happens, that beds will not come
into production for five or six months,
they should not, therefore, be impa-
tiently destroyed.

Watering. — In autumn, the bed will
not require water until the first crop is
gathered, but it is then to be repeated
after every gathering ; a sprinkling only

is necessary. In spring and summer,
during dry weather, the same course is
to be pursued. As excessive or unequal
moisture is studiously to be avoided,
the best mode of applying the water is
to pour it through a rose-pan on to a
thin layer of hay, which has previously
been spread over the bed, and thus
allow it to percolate by degrees. In
winter, waterings are not allowable ; to
keep the mould moist, hot fermenting
mulch may be put on outside the
covering. If the bed is in the open
ground, on a warm day succeeding to
wet weather, it may be left uncovered
for not more than two or three hours.
During excessive rains, the additional
covering of mats, &c., must be afforded ;
and, on the other hand, if a moderate
warm shower occurs during summer,
after excessive droughts, it may be
fully admitted, by taking off the cover-
ing.

Mode of Gathering. — In gathering,
the covering being carefully turned off,
only such are to be taken as are half-
an-inch or more in diameter before
they become flat, but are compact and
firm. Old mushrooms, especially,
should be rejected for the table, as it
is found that some which are innoxious
when young, become dangerous \vhen
tending to decay ; they also then lose
much of their flavour.

Each mushroom is detached by a
gentle twist completely to the root ; a
knife must never be employed, for the
stiimps left in the ground decay, and
become the nursery of maggots, which
are liable to infect the succeeding crop.

Other Modes of Cultivation. — Some
gardeners merely vary from the pre-
ceding by building entirely of dung,
without any layers of earth. Many
gardeners grow mushrooms in the same
bed with their melons and cucumbers.
The spawn is inserted in the mould,
and on the hills of the beds, as soon as
the burning heat is passed. In Sep-
tember or October, when the bines of
the plants decay, the bed is care-
fully cleaned, the glasses put on and
kept close, and when the earth becomes
dry, water is frequently but moderately
given, as well as every gentle shower
admitted when necessary. A gentle

MUS

[ 020 ]

MUS

heat is thus caused, and the produce is
often extraordinarily abundant, fre-
quently two bushels, from a frame ten
feet by six, and mushrooms have been
produced two pounds in weight.

Hampers or boxes containing about
four inches depth of fresh, dry stable-
dung, 01% in preference, of a mixture of
three barrow-loads of horse -dung, and
one perfectly dry cow-dung, well pressed
in, may be set in some situation, where
neither damp nor frost can enter. After
two or three days, or as soon as heat is
generated, the spawn may be inserted,
a mushroom brick is to be broken into
three equal parts, and each fragment
to be laid four inches asunder, on the
surface of the dung ; after six days, an
inch-and-a-half depth of fresh dung to
be beaten down as before. In the
course of a fortnight, or as soon as it
is found that the spawn has run nearly
through the whole of the dung, fine
earth must be applied two inches-and-
a-half thick, and the surface made level.
In five or six weeks the mushrooms
will begin to come up, and if the mould
appear dry, may then be gently watered ;
the water being slightly heated. Each
box will continue in production six or
eight weeks.

Mr. J. Oldaker, late gardener to the
Emperor of Russia, introduced a house

purposely constructed for the growth
of the mushroom. The house is found
of great use in storing brocoli during

the winter. It is usually built against
the back wall of a forcing-house, as in
the annexed plan, but if built uncon-
nected with another building, the only
necessary alteration, is to have a hipped
instead of a lean-to roof. The outside
wall, G H., should be eight feet-and-a-
half high for four heights, the width
ten feet within the Avails, which is most
convenient, as it admit shelves three
feet-and-a-half wide on each side, and
a space up the middle three feet wide,
for a double flue, and wall upon it.

When the outside of the house is
finished, a floor or ceiling is made over
it, as high as the top of the outside
walls, of boards one inch thick, and
plastered on the upper side, e c, with
road sand, well wrought together, an
inch thick ; square trunks,/, being left
in the ceiling, nine inches in diameter,
up the middle of the house, at six feet
apart, with slides, s, to ventilate with
when necessary.

Two single brick walls, v r, each
five bricks high, are then to be erected
at three feet-and-a-half from the out-
side walls, to hold up the sides of the
floor beds, a a, and form at the same time
one side of the air flues. Upon these
walls, v v, are to be laid planks four
inches-and-a-half wide, and three inches
thick, in which are to be mortised the
standards, I /r, which support the shelves.
These standards to be three inches-and-
a-half square, and four feet-and-a-hnlf
asunder, fastened at the top, k /.-, into
the ceiling. The cross bearers, i i, i i,
which support the shelves, o o, must be
mortised into the bearers and into the
walls ; the first set of bearers being
two feet from the floor, and each suc-
ceeding one to be at the same distance
from the one below it. The shelves,
o o, are to be of boards one inch and a
half thick ; each shelf having a ledge
in front, of boards one inch thick and
eight inches deep, to support the front
of the beds, fastened outside the stand-
ards. The flue to commence at the
end of the house next the door, and
running the whole length, to return
back parallel, and communicate with
the chimney ; the walls of the insides to
be the height of four bricks laid flat,
and six inches wide ; this will allow a

MUS

[ C21 ]

MUS

cavity, /, on each side betwixt the flues,
two inches wide, to admit the heat
from their sides into the house. The
middle cavity, x y, should be covered
with tiles, leaving a space of one inch
betwixt each. The top of the flue, in-
cluding the covering, should not be
higher than the walls that form the
fronts of the floor beds. The wall itself
is covered with three rows of tiles, the
centre one covering the cavity, x y, as
before mentioned ; the outside cavities,
t /, are left uncovered.

As the compost, the formation of the
beds, &c., are very different from the
common practice, we will give Mr.
Oldaker's directions. The compost
employed is fresh horse-dung, which
has been subject neither to wet nor
fermentation, cleared of the long straw,
but one-fourth of the short litter allowed
to remain, with one-fourth of dry turf-
mould, or other fresh earth.

The beds are to be made by placing
a layer of the above compost, three
inches thick, on the shelves and floor,
which must be beaten as close as possible
with a flat mallet, fresh layers being
added and consolidated until the bed
is seven inches thick, and its surface as
level as possible. If the beds are
thicker, the fermentation caused will be
too poAverful ; or if much less, the heat
will be insufficient for the nourishment
of the spawn. As soon as the beds
intimate a warmth of 80° or 00°, they
are to be beaten a second time, to render
them still more solid, and holes made
with a dibble, three inches in diameter
and nine apart, through the compost,
in every part of the beds ; these prevent
too great a degree of heat arising and
causing rottenness.

If the beds do not attain a proper
heat in four or five days after being
put together, another layer, two inches
thick, must be added. If this does
not increase the heat, part of the beds
must be removed, and fresh horse-
droppings mixed with the remainder.
The spawn is to be inserted in three or
four days after making the holes, when
the thermometer indicates the desired
degree of beat, tbe insides of the holes
are dry ; and while the heat is on the
decline, every hole is to be filled, either

with lumps or fragments of spawn, well
beaten in, and the surface made level.

In a fortnight, if the spawn is vege-
tating freely, and the beds are required
for immediate production, they may be
earthed over ; but those for succession
left unearthed, three or four weeks in
summer, and four or five in winter. If
the spawn is introduced in hot weather,
air must be admitted as freely as
possible until the spawn has spread
itself through the beds.

The soil employed should be maiden
earth, with turf well reduced ; neither
too dry nor too wet, otherwise it will
not be capable of being beaten solid. It
must be laid regularly over the beds
two inches thick. From the time of
earthing, the room is to be kept at a
temperature of 50° or 55°. If higher,
it will weaken or destroy the spawn ;
if lower it will vegetate slowly, and if
watered in that state, numbers of mush-
rooms will be prevented attaining per-
fection. Water must be applied with
extreme caution, being nearly as warm
as new milk, and sprinkled over the
beds with a syringe or small watering-
pot. Cold water destroys both the crop
' and the beds. If suffered to become
dry, it is better to give several light
than one heavy watering.

Beds thus managed will bear for
several months ; and a constant supply
kept up by earthing one bed or more
every two or three months.

If, when in full production, the
mushrooms become long-stemmed and
weak, the temperature is certainly too
high, and air must be proportionately
admitted. As the beds decline, to re-
novate them, the earth must be taken
off clean, and if the dung is decayed
they must be re-formed, any good spawn
being preserved that may appear; but
if the beds are dry, solid, and full of
good spawn, a fresh layer of compost,
three or four inches thick, must be
added, mixed a little with the old, and
beaten solid as before.

Mushrooms may be grown in a

cellar, or other vaulted place, with

equal success, and not unfrequently

j with a greater advantage, the same

I rules being adopted ; but no fire is

I necessary, and less water.

MUS

[ 622 ]

MUS

Spawn, where to be found. — Spawn is
constituted of masses of white fibre
arising from the seeds of mushroom?
that have fallen into situations suitabl
for their germination, from which it is
to he obtained : such places axe stable
dung-hills, dungy horse-rides in stable
yards, horse mill-tracks, dry spongy
composts : the droppings of hard-fee
horses also produce it in greater abun
dance than the dung of any other ani
mal ; and more sparingly under sheds
where horses, oxen, or sheep have been
kept. The dung of the two latter affords
it in greater perfection than that oJ
grass-fed horses. It has also been
found in pigeons' dung ; but the most
certain mode of obtaining it is to open
the ground about mushrooms growing
in pastures, though it is said not to be
so productive.

Time of Collecting. — July, August,
and September ; it being reckoned in
the greatest perfection in this last
month. It may be found, however,
and should be collected, when it ap-
pears in the spring. It generally occurs
spread through the texture of cakes, or
lumps of dry rotted dung. Put it in a
heap under a dry shed ; and a current
of air, passing through the shed, is of
great utility. If kept dry, spawn may
be preserved three or four years ; if
damp, it will either vegetate before
being planted, or putrefy.

Spawn must not be so far advanced
in vegetation as to appear in threads
or fibres ; for, when in this state, it is
no longer applicable to a mushroom-
bed; it may produce a mushroom if
left to itself, but otherwise is useless.
Spawn proper for inserting in a bed
should have the appearance of indis-
tinct white mould.

May be raised. — Spawn is capable of
being raised artificially. The following
is the manner : — Two barrow-loads of
cow-dung, not grass-fed, one load of
sheep's-dung, and one of horses', well-
dried and broken so small as to pass
through a coarse sieve, are well mixed,
and laid in a conical heap during
March, in a dry shed, being well trod,
as it is formed, to check its heating
excessively. This heap is covered with
Jiot dung, four inches thick, or only

with mats if the shed is warm ; for
here, as in all the stages of growth, the
heat should only range between 55°
and 60°. In about a month the heap
is examined ; and if the spawn has not
begun to run, which is shown by indis-
tinct white fibres pervading its texture,
another covering of equal thickness to
the first, is applied over the old one ; in
another month it will indubitably make
its appearance. The time varies from
three to ten weeks.

May be increased. — If a small quan-
tity of spawn only can be collected, it
may be increased in the following me-
thods, the first of which is chiefly re-
commendable on account of its sim-
plicity and facility of adoption : —

Small pieces of the spawn may be
planted a foot asunder, just beneath
the surface of the mould of a cucum-
ber-bed constructed in the spring. In
about two months the surface of the
spawn will assume a mouldy appear-
ance ; it may then be taken up, with
the earth adhering to it, and when dried
stored as before directed.

The second mode is variously prac-
tised. In the course of May a heap of
the droppings of cow, sheep, and
horses, or any one or two of them,
without the admixture of any unde-
composed straw, is to be collected, and
and one-fifth of road-scraping with one-
twentieth of coal-ashes added, the
whole being mixed together with as
much of the drainings from a dunghill
as will make it of the consistency of
mortar. Being well incorporated, it is
then to be spread in a dry, sheltered,
airy place, on a smooth surface, and
beaten flat with a spade. When become
of the consistency of clay, it is to be
cut into slabs about eight inches square,
a hole punched half through the mid-
dle of each, and piled to dry, an open-
ng being left between every two bricks.
tVhen perfectly dry, a fragment of the
ipawn is to be buried in the hole pre-
riously made: it will shortly spread
hrough the whole texture of the slabs,
f kept in a warm dry place, when each
may be broken into four pieces, and
hen quite dry laid on shelves —
eparate, and not in heaps, otherwise a
)ed will be formed for the spawn to

MUS

[ 623 ]

MUS

run in. Mr. Wales recommends the
composition to consist of three-parts
horse-dung without litter, two of rotten
tree-leaves, two of cow-dung, one of
rotten tanners' bark, and one of sheep's
dung, mixed to the consistency of mor-
tar, and moulded in small frames like
those used by brick-makers, six inches
long, four broad, and three deep. Three
holes to be made half through the
bricks, an inch apart, with a blunt
dibble, for the reception of the spawn.
They should be put on boards for the
convenience of moving abroad during
fine days, as they must be made per-
fectly dry, which they often appear
to be on the ^outside when they are
far otherwise internally. Before they
are perfectly dry they require great
care in handling and turning, from
their aptitude to break ; but in about
three weeks, if dry weather, when
perfectly dried, they become quite firm.
To pervade them with the spawn,
a layer of fresh horse-litter, which has
laid in a heap to sweeten, as for a hot-
bed, must be formed, six inches thick,
in a dry shed. On this a course of the
bricks is to be laid, and their holes
completely filled with spawn; and, as
the bricks are laid in rows upon each
other, the upper side of each is to be
scattered over with some of the same.
The bricks are not placed so as to
touch, so that the heat and steam of
the dung may circulate equally and
freely. The heap is to terminate with
a single brick, and when completed,
covered with a layer, six inches thick,
of hot dung, to be reinforced with an
additional three inches after a lapse of
two weeks. The spawn will generally
have thoroughly run through the bricks
after another fortnight. If, however,
upon examination, this is not found
to be the case, they must remain for ten
days longer. The bricks being allowed
to dry for a few days before they are
stored, will then keep for many years.

Mr. Oldaker recommends the bricks
to be made of fresh horse-droppings,
mixed with short litter, to which must
be added one-thind of cow-dung, and a
small portion of earth, to cement them
together. The spawn to be inserted
when they are half dry.

Quantity required. — One bushel of
spawn is required for a bed five feet by
ten ; two bushels for one double that
length ; and so on in proportion.

MusK-FLOWEK. Mi'mulus moscha'tiis.

MUSK-ACRO. HibVscus Abelmo'scus.

MUSSJE'NDA. (The Cingalese name
of M. frondosa. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings, in sandy soil, in
heat, under a glass, in May ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 50°; summer, 60°to 85°.

M. cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Red. August.
Trinidad. 1825.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). Orange. May.

East Indies. 1827.

— frondo'sa (leafy). 8. Yellow. August.

East Indies. 1814.

— gla'bra (smooth). 6. Orange. July. East

Indies. 1820.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 8. Orange.

May. Nepaul. 1827.

— specio'sa (showy). 6. Red. August. Tri-

nidad. 1820.

MUSTAED (Sina'psis a'lba) succeeds
best in a fine, rich, mouldy loam. In
early spring, and late in autumn, the
situation should be sheltered; and,
during the height of summer, shaded
from the meridian sun.

Smviny, for salading, may be through-
out the year. From the beginning of
November to the same period of March,
in a gentle hotbed, or in the corner of
a stove. From the close of February
to the close of April, it may be sown in
the open ground, on a warm, sheltered
border, and from thence to the middle
of September in a shady one. For
salading, sow in flat-bottomed drills,
about a quarter-of-an-inch deep and
six inches apart. The seed cannot
well be sown too thick. The earth
which covers the seed should be very
fine. Water must be given in dry wea-
ther, as a due supply of moisture is
the chief inducement to a quick vege-
tation. The sowings are to be per-
formed once or twice in a fortnight,
according to the demand. Cress (Le-
pi'dium sati'vum) is the most constant
accompaniment of this salad-herb ; and
as the mode of cultivation for each is
the same, it is only necessary to re-
mark that, as cress is rather slower in
vegetating than mustard, it is neces-
sary, for the obtaining them in perfec?

MUS

MYO

tion at the same time, to sow it five or
six days earlier. Cut for use whilst
young, and hefore the rough leaves
appear.

To obtain Seed, sow thin. When the
seedlings have attained fqur leaves,
thin them to eight or nine inches apart.
If dry weather occurs at the time of
flowering, water may he applied with
great advantage to their roots. The
plants flower in June, and are fit for
cutting when their pods are brown.
They must he thoroughly dried hefore
threshing and storing.

Forcing. — For forcing, sow in boxes
or pans, even if a hotbed is appropriated i
to the purpose. Pans of rotten tan are
to be preferred to pots or boxes of
mould ; but whichever is employed,
the seed must be sown thick, and other
directions attended to, as for the open-
ground crops. The hotbed need only
be moderate.

MUTI'SIA. (Named after G. Mutis,
a South American botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., ]0-
Syngenesia % Superflw. Allied to Bar-
nadesia.)

Stove climbers. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a gentle bottom-heat. Common stove temp.
M. latifolia should be tried against a wall.

M. aruchnoi'dea (cobweb-like). 6. Red. July.
Brazil. 1823.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly- leaved). 10. South America.

1832.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 10. Pink, yellow.

September. Valparaiso. 1832.

MY'AGIIUM. (From myia, a fly, and
agra, capture ; referring to the clammi-
ness of the plant. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicaceffi]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.
Allied to Isatis.)

Hardy annual. Seeds, in open border, in
April.

M. perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierccd). ^. Pale
yellow. June. France. 1648.

MYA'NTHUS. Flywort. (From myiat
a fly, and anthos, a flower ; its appear-
ance when dried. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
J\fon<indria.) Flowers of M. larlatus
and Monachanthus viridis have been
produced on a spike of Calusctnm,
showing the uncertainty of the laws on
which genera and species are founded
in Orchids. Catasetum being the older

name, Monachanthus and Myanlhns have
been united to it. See Catase'tum.

MYCARA'NTHES. An orchid allied to
Eria ; same derivation as Myunthm*.
For culture see Catase'tum.

M. obli'qua (twisted-leaved). White. Singapore.
1840.

MYGI'NDA. (Named after C. Mygind,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Spindle-
trees [Celastraceae] . Linn., -i-Tctrandria
3-Telragynia. Allied to Elreodendron.)

Evergreen shrubs, all white-flowered but one.
M. myrtifolia is hardy ; propagated by cuttings
of the ripened shoots, in sand, under a hand-
light, in autumn ; the others require stove
treatment, and are propagated by ripe shoots
in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; loam and
peat, sandy and fibry.

M. integrifo'llu (whole-leaved). 4. Marti-
nique. 1826.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. April. W. Indies.

I7W*

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 4. June. N.

America. 1818.

— lM«co'jwa(Rhacoma). 4. Jamaica. 1/98.

— urago'ga (diuretic). 4. Purple. August.

S. America. 1/90.

MYLOCA'KYUM. Buckwheat - Tree.
(From my It; a mill, and karyon, a nut ;
having four-winged seeds. Nat. ord.,
Cy rill-ads [Cyrillacere]. Linn., 10-De-
candria 1- Monogyn ia. )

Half-hardy evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass ;
sandy loam and dried leaf-mould ; sheltered ,
dry, warm border, or the protection of a cold
pit in winter.

M. ligustri'num (Privet-Me). 8. White. May.
Georgia.

MYO'POIUTM. (From myo, to shut,
and poros, a pore, or opening ; referring
to the transparent dots on the leaves.
Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myoporacea?].
Linn., l^L-Didynamia Q-Amjiospciinia.')

Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs,
from New South Wales. Cuttings of the points
of shoots getting firm at their base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April ; loam and peat,
fibry and sandy, with pieces of charcoal inter-
mixed. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. M. purvi-
folium and others would, no doubt, succeed
against a wall, where protection could be given
in winter.
M. acumina' turn (pointed-leaved). 3. 1812.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1^. New Zea-

land. 1822.

— diffu'sum (spreading). 3. April.

— cili'ptimim (oval-leaved). 2. February. 1/89.

— insula're (island). 3. February. 1800.

— montu'num (mountain). 2. 1823.

— oppositifo'lium (opposite-leaved). 3. 1803.

— parvifo'lium (small-leaved). 1803.

I «'W J

MYR

M. serra'tum (s&w-leaved). 6. White, purple.
May.

— tubercula'tum (tubercled). 3. 1803.

MYOSO'TIS. Forget-me-not. (From
mys, a mouse, and otis, an ear ; resem-
blance of the leaves. Nat. ord., Boraye-
worts [Boraginaoee], Linn., 5-Pen-
tnndria \-Monogynia.}

Seed for annuals, and also for the perennial
herbaceous species, most of the latter freely, by
dividing the root in spring ; the scarcer ones by
cuttings in a shady place, in summer, under a
hand-light ; moist places by the side of ditches
and ponds suit the most of them. M . palustris
is the true " Forget-me-not." It, as well as
others, may be treated like Alpine plants in
winter, and have a saucer of water below the
pot in summer, when they will bloom long and
well.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

M. Alpe'stris (Alpine). £. Blue. July. Swit-
zerland. 1818.

— Azo'rica (Azorean). 1. Dark blue. Au-

gust. Azores. IS-ifi.

— azu'rea (light-blue). Blue. June. Corvo. I

1842.

— ctespito'sa (tufted), f. Blue. June. Britain.
macroca'lyx (large-calyxed). jj.

Blue. June. Britain.

— intermedia (intermediate). £. Blue. April.

Britain.

— nn'na (dwarf). £. Blue. July. Europe.

1800.

— palu'stris (marsh). 1. Blue, yellow. July.

Britain.

— re'pens (creeping). 1. Pale blue. June.

Britain.

— rubi'cola (rock). Blue. Scotland.

— sparsiflo'ra (scattered-flowered). 1$. Blue.

May. South France. 1822.

HARDY ANNUALS.

M. arve'nsis a'lba( white-corn-field). $. White.
June. Britain.

— Austra'lis (southern). Blue. June. New

South Wales. 1824.

— Calif o'rnica (Californian). 14. White.

August. California. 1837.

— claoa'ta (club-leaved). Blue. June. Siberia.

1829.

— colli'na (hill). £. Blue. May. Britain.

— commvtafta (changed). Blue. June. Europe.

Biennial.

— littora'lis (sea-shore). Blue, yellow. April.

Caspian Sea. 1836.

- peduncula'ris (long - flower - stalked). U.
Blue. June. Astracan. 1824.

— ungula'ta (clawed). Blue. June. Siberia.

1822.

MYR'CIA. (A name of Venus. Nat.
ord., MyrtleUooms [Myrtaceae], Linn.,
1%-Icosandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Jlfyrtus.)

Stove white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of stubby young shoots, getting a little tirm
at their base, in sand, under a bell-class, and
40

in a mild bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat and
iibry loam, with charcoal nodules to keep it.
open. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60°

M. a'cris (sharp-flavoured). 20. June. West
Indies. 1759.

— bracteu'ta (bracted). 4. May. Brazil. 1824.

— coria'cea (leathery- leaved). 4. Carribean

Isles. 1759.

— crassine'rvia (thick-nerved). May. Guiana.

1780.

— plmentoi'des( Allspice-like). 20. May. West

Indies.

— pseu'do-mi'ni (false-Mini). May. Brazil.

1822.

— soro'ria (sister). 5. May. Trinidad. 1822.

— sple'ndens (shining). 12. May. Hispaniola.

1822.

MYRIA'CTIS. (From myrios, a myriad,
and aktin, a sunbeam ; referring to the
florets. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese] . Linn., 19-Syngenesia Z-Snperflua.
Allied to Bellis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous. Seeds, in spring, in
a gentle heat ; division of the plant as growth
commences ; sandy loam ; the protection of a
cold pit will generally be necessary in winter.

M. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). White. June. Persia.
1836.

MYRIADE 'NUS. ( From myrios, myriad ,
and aden, a gland ; the leaves are
thickly beset with glands. Nat, ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria,}

Stove biennial. Seeds sown at the end of
August, in a hotbed ; seedlings potted off and
kept over the winter in a medium temperature
of 50°, and rather dry, and potted again in
spring, will flower in the beginning of summer ;
sown in spring in a hotbed, and similarly treated,
they will bloom towards autumn ; light, rich,
sandy soil.

M. tetraphy'llus (four- leaved). 1. Yellow.
July. Jamaica. 1818.

MYRI'CA. Candleberry Myrtle. (From
myrio, to flow, inhabiting the banks of
rivers. Nat. ord., Galeworts [Myrica-
cefle]. Linn., 22-Dicecia -i-Tetrandria.)

The berries of M . cerifera yield a large pro-
portion of wax, of which candles are made—
hence the name. Greenhouse kinds by cuttings,
under glass, in a shady place, in autumn and
spring, but without bottom-heat; peat, moist
and sandy. Hardy kinds by seeds sown as soon
as ripe, by layers, by cuttings, and by suckers
and division. The Gale is one of our hardiest
plants, and is used for many purposes, such as
placing its leafy dried twigs among clothes to
give them an agreeable scent, and keep away
moths, and to banish vermin from beds. The
berries put into beer render it as intoxicating
as those of the Cocc-ulus indicvs, and when dis-
tilled, while they are fresh, they yield an essen-
tial oil. All like rather moist sandy peat.

2s

MYR

[ 6-20 ]

MYR

HARDY SHRUBS.
M. ceri'fera (wax-bearing). 8. May. North

America. 1699. Deciduous.
lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. May.

North America. 1730. Evergreen.

— Ga'le (Sweet. Gale). 4. May. Britain.

Deciduous.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
M. escule'nta (eatable -berried}. 20. May.
Nepaul. 1817.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). June. Cape of Good Hope.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 8. February. Mexico.

1823.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). 3. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1752.

MYRICA'RIA. (From myrike, the
Greek name of the Tamarisk. Nat.
ord., Tamarisks [Tamaricacese]. Linn.,
IG-Monadelphia 5-Octandria.)

Hardy, pink-flowered, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of young-shoots, in spring or autumn,
in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, or if under a
hand-light, all the better ; sandy loam and leaf
mould, and all the better for a little peat.
M. Dahu'rim (Dahurian). 6. Dahuria. 1816.

— Germa'nica (German). 8. July. Germany.

1582.

MYRIOPHY'LLUM. Water Milfoil.
(From myrios, a myriad, and phyllon,
a leaf. Nat. ord., Hippurids [Halora-
gacejfi]. Linn., 21-Moncecia Q-Polyan-
dria. Allied to Hippuris.)

Hardy perennial British water plants, suitable
for the margins of lakes, ponds, &c. Chiefly
by division, ; ponds and ditches ; interesting
little aquatics.
M. altermflo'rum (alternate-^owwed), 1 . July.

— pectina'tum (comb-leaved). Rose. July.

— spica'tum (spiked). 1. Red. July.

— verticilla'tum (whorled). 1. Green. July.

MYRI'STICA. Nutmeg. (From my-

risticos, sweet smelling. Nat. ord.,

Nutmegs [Myristacese]. Linn., 22-
Dieecia 13-Monadelphia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bot-
tom heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M.fa'tua (tasteless). 30. Green, white. Suri-
nam. 1812.

— moscha'ta (musky. True nutmeg}. 30.

Pale yellow. East Indies. 1795.

— sebi'fera (wax-bearing). 10. Velio w, green.

Guiana.

MYRO'DIA. (From myron, fragrant
balsam, and odme, smell. Nat. ord.,
Sterculiads [Sterculiaceffi]. Linn., 10-
Monadelphia 8-Polyandria. Allied to
Helicteres.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in heat;

rich sandy loam,
°

Winter temp., 55°; summer,

60° to 85°

M. turbina'ta (top-shaped-ea/^erf). 6. White.
West Indies. 1793.

M YRO SPE'RMUM. (From myrow, myrrh ,
or aromatic balsam, and sperma, a seed ;
the seeds yield a strong- smelling resin.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi].
Linn., 10-Decandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Sophora.)

This is the genus which produces the balsam
of Tolu and balsam of Peru, used in perfumery
and in the preparation of lozenges. Stove
evergreen trees. Cuttings of half -ripened
shoots, in sand, in summer, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom heat ; loam and peat, with an
addition of silver sand and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
M.frute'scens (shrubby). 10. Rose. May.
Caraccas. 1824.

— perui'ferum (Peru - balsam - bearing). 40.

White. Peru. 1824.

— pube'scens (downy) = 40. White. Cartha-

gena. 1820.

— tolui'ferum (Tolu -bearing). 40. Cream.

South America. 1733.

MY'RRHIS. Myrrh. (From myrrah,
myrrh, or perfumed balsam. Nat. ord.,
Umbellifers [Apiacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Scandix.)

This is the British Myrrh, formerly used in
various ways. Hardy herbaceous. Seeds,
dividing at the root, and slips inserted early in
spring, in a shady place ; common garden soil.
M. odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2£. White. May.
Britain.

MY'RSINE. (The ancient name of
myrrh. Nat. ord., Arisiads [Myrsina-
cese]. Linn., 2%~Polyyamia 2-J)icecia.
Allied to Ardisia.)

Greenhouse evergreens. Cuttings of stubby
shoots before they are quite ripe, in sand, under
a glass, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.

M. Africa'na (African). 4. Brown. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1691.
-- retu'sa (bent, back -leaved). 2.

White, green. June. Cape of Good

Hope. 1788.

— bifa'ria (two-rowed-/mwed). 20. White,

pink. January. Nepaul. 1822.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary -Island). 30. Whitish.

Tenerifl'e. 1820.

— capitella'ta (small-headed). 30. Green.

January. Nepaul. 1822.

— coria'cea (leathery). 8. December. Ja-

maica. 1770.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). 1826.

— melano'phleos (black-paper). 3. White,

green. Cape of Good Hope. 1783.

— mi'tis (mild). 6. White. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1692.

— Saifia'ra (Samara). 3. White, green, Cape

of Good Hope, 1770,

MYE

[ 627 ]

NAI

M. semiserrn'ta (half-saw-edged). 30. .Pink.
January. Nepaul. 1822.

— subspino'sa (slightly-spined). 20. Nepaul.

1823.

— varia'bilis (variable). 3. July. New South

Wales. 1824.

MYESIPHY'LLUM. (From myrsine,
myrrh, and phyllon, a leaf; aromatic
leaves. Nat. ord., the asparagus section
of Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hex-
andria 1-Monoyynia.)

Greenhouse deciduous twiners, with greenish
white flowers, from Cape of Good Hope. Divi-
sion of the root, in spring ; sandy loam and
dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
M. angustifo' Hum (narrow-leaved). 6. July.
1752.

— asparagoi'des (Asparagus-like). 6. June.

1702.

MY'RTUS. The Myrtle. (~Frommyron,
signifying perfume. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtaceae], Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria \-Monogynia.)

The French perfume called Eau d'Ange, is
obtained from the distilled water of myrtle
flowers ; and myrtle berries and flower-buds are
eaten in Italy for pepper. Evergreens, and all
white-flowered but two. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass ;
sandy loam and a little peat or leaf-mould, or
very old, rather dry cow-dung. Winter temp.,
38°" to 45°. The stove kinds merely require a
higher temperature. The varieties of communis
are propagated by cuttings, or by grafting and
budding on the commoner kinds. In the South
of England the myrtle flourishes against a wall,
but north of London, in such a position, it re-
quires protection in winter.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

M. biflo'ra (two-flowered). 10. May. Jamaica.
1759.

— buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 6. Isle of Burbon.

1826.

— dumo'sa (bushy). 3. June. West Indies.

1793.

— Gre'gii ( Greg's). 6. Dominica. 1776.

— mespiloi'des (Medlar-like). 50. Isle of Bur-

bon. 1826.

— obscu'ra (doubtful). 6. July. Maranham.

1823.

— orbicula'ta (round-leaved). 6. Mauritius.

1823.

— virgulto'sa (twiggy). 6. July. Jamaica.

1787.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

M. affi'nis (kindred). 6. Purple, June. China.
1823.

— commu'nis (common) . 6. June. South

Europe. 1597.
bce'tica (Baetic). 6. July. South

Europe. 1597.
be>lgica (broad-leaved- Dutch). 6.

July. South Europe. 1597.

— " flo're-ple'no (double - flowered).

6, July. South Europe. ^597,

M. commu'nis lta'lica( Italian). 6. July. South

Europe. 1597.
Lusita'nica (Portuguese). 6.

July. South Europe. 1597,
macula'ta (spotted). 6, July.

South Europe. 159/.
muerona'ta (pointed./eaued). 2.

July. South Europe. 1507-
Roma'na (Roman). 6. July.

South Europe. 1597-
Tarenti'na (Tarentine). 6. July.

South Europe. 1597.

variega'ta (variegated). 6. July,

South Europe. 1597.

— melastomoi'des (Melastoma-like). 15. More-

ton Bay.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). a. New Holland,

1824.

— tomento'sa (woolly -leaved). 6. Purple,

June. China. 1776.

— trine1 r vis (three-nerved). 5. New Holland,

1824.

N.

NAGE'LIA. (Named after Nayeli, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Appteworts
[Pomacese]. Linn., 12-Icosundria 2-
Di-pentagynia. Allied to Cotoneaster.j
A genus founded on Cotoneaster denti-
culata, which see.

NAILS for training wall trees are best
made of cast iron, being the cheapest,
stoutest, and most enduring. Before
using they should be heated almost to
redness, and then be thrown into cold
linseed oil. When dry, they have a
varnish upon them which preserves
them from rusting, and prevents the
mortar of the wall sticking to them so
corrosively as it does if they are un-
oiled. In drawing old nails from walls,
the mortar is not so much disturbed if
the nails are driven in a little further
before they are extracted. Old nails
may be renovated by being heated to
redness, and then thrown into water :
this removes from them the mortar,
and then they may be again heated
and put into oil as before directed.
The cast iron nails used by gardeners
are known to the ironmonger as wall
nails, and are described as 2|, 3,4, and
ofib. wall nails, accordingly as 1,000 of
them are of those weights. Nails in
most cases require to be driven only
a very little way into the mortar, and
walls then do not become defaced by
them for many years. In all summer
nailing of peach trees, roses, &c., the
point only requires to be driven in, SQ

NAI

[ 0*8 ]

that the nail may he easily withdrawn j
hy the fingers.

NA'MA. (From nama, a stream of j
water ; the natural place of growth, j
Nat. ord., Hydrophyte [Hydrophylla-
cere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria %-Diyynia.
Allied to Hydrolea.)

Seeds sown in a hotbed in March and April,
and bloomed in the greenhouse, after being i
hardened; divisions and cuttings of the plant in
spring ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with sand
and charcoal to keep it open. Common stove
and greenhouse temperature.
N. Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). White, blue. June.

Jamaica. 1812. Store annual.
— undula'ta (\vaved-leaved). 1. Violet. June.

Mexico. 1826. Greenhouse herbaceous.

NANDI'NA. (From nandin, the Ja-
panese name. Nat. ord., Berberids
[Berberidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
2-Digynia. Allied to Leontice.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots, in sand, under a hand-light,
and not hurried; loam and sandy peat; a
sheltered place, a cold pit, or a greenhouse, in
winter. An interesting plant with white petals,
yellow anthers, and red fruit.
N. dome'stica (domestic). 6. White. July.
China. 1804.

NAPOLEO'NA. (Named after Napoleon
Buonaparte. Nat. ord., Napoleonworts
[Belvisiaceffi]. Affinity a disputed point
among botanists : Dr. Lindley has it
in the Myrtle alliance, next to the
Mangroves. See its history in The
Cottage Gardener.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, two to four inches long, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a mild bottom-heat,
giving air at night, to prevent damping ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 90°, and moist.
N. imperia'lis (Imperial). 6. Apricot-crimson.
May. Sierra Leone. 1844.

NAPOLEON'S WEEPING WILLOW. Sa'llx
Napoleo'na.

NARAVE'UA. (From narawtel, its
Cingalese name. Nat. ord., Crowfoots
[Ranunculacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria
G-Polygynia. Allied to Atragene.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N, xeyla'nica (Ceylon). 12. Yellow. Ceylon.

1/96.

NARCI'SSUS. (Name of a youth said
to have been changed into this flower.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceffi].
Linn., 6-Hexandria I-Monoyytiia',)

This genus of hardy bulbs, like the Rhodo-
dendron, has so multiplied from seeds, that it
is utterly impossible to make out what are, and
what are not, true species. Salisbury and
Haworth gave generic names to the different
groups, but their definitions have broken down.
For all practical purposes, the whole may be
included under the old name Narcissus. Seeds,
but chiefly by oifsets from the bulbs, which, in
most kinds, are freely produced ; rich sandy
loam, with a little leaf-mould. Those to be
forced early, should be removed out of the
ground as soon as the leaves decay, and be kept
dry and cool until potting time in autumn.
N. A'jax (Ajax). 1. Yellow. March.

— a'lbicans (whitening). J. Pale yellow.

March. 1789.

— a'lbus (white). 1. White, yellow. April.
ple'nus (double-orange. Phoenix). 1.

Sulphur. April.

— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White.

May. South Europe. 1570.

— aperticoro'na (open - crowned). Yellow,

orange. April. North Africa.

— aura'ntius (orange). 1. Yellow. March.

1629.

ple'nus lu'teus (double-yellow and

orange). 1. Yellow. March. 1629.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. White, yellow.

April. Spain. 1629.

— biflo'rus (two-flowered). 1. White. March.

Britain.

— bi'frons (two-faced). 1. Yellow. March.

South Europe.

— Bulboco'dium (bulbous. Hoop-petaled). $.

Yellow. April. Portugal. 1629.

— ca'pax (capacious). £. Pale yellow. May.

— neri'nus (wax-coloured). 1. White. April.

— ce'rnuus (pale-drooping). \. Crimson,

white. March. Spain.

coro'na ple'na (full-crowned). 1.

Crimson, white. March. Spain.

— citri'nus (Citron-coloured). 1. White, yel-

low. April.

— compre'ssus (fi&t-stalked} . 1. Lilac, yellow.

March. Spain.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). £. Sulphur. April.

1820.

— conspi'cuus (conspicuous). £. Yellow. May.

— crenula'tus (scolloped-petaled). 1. White.

April. Spain.

— Cy'pri (Cyprian). 1. White, yellow. March.

Cyprus.

coro'na ple'na (full - crowned). 1.

White, yellow. March.

— defi'ciens (deficient). White. South Eu-

rope.

— Diome'des (Diomede's).

— du'bius (doubtful). White. April. France.
— fistula' sus (hollow-stalked}. 2. White, yel-
low. April.

— floribu'ndus (many-flowered). l£. White,

yellow. March. Spain.

— galanthifo'lius (Snow - drop - leaved). J.

White. May.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1*. Yellow. April.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 1. White,

yellow. April.

— Hawo'rthia (Haworth's). 1. Yellow. April.

1700.

, ple'nus sulphureus (double-sul-
phur^, 1. Sulphur. April. 1629.

NAU

[ IKi!) ]

XAH

N. heminu'lis (lesser-curled-cup}. 1. Yellow.
March.

— incompara' bilis (incomparable). 1. Yellow.

April. Portugal. 1629.

— infla'tus (swollen). £. Yellow. March.
mi' nor (lesser) . £. Pale sulphur.

March. Spain. 1696.

— infundibula'ris (funnel-flowered). £. Yellow.

March.

— interje'ctus (interjected). 1. Yellow. April.

1810.

— interme'dius (intermediate). l£. Pale yel-

low. March. Pyrenees.

— Ita'licus (Italian). 1. Pale yellow. March.

South Europe.
ple'nus (double). 1. Cream.

March. Italy.
semiple'nus (semi - double). 1.

Cream. Italy.

— Jonqui'lla (Jonquil). £• Pale yellow. April.

Spain. 1596.
flo'reple'no (double). 1. Yellow.

April. Spain. 1596.
— juncifu'lius (Rush-leaved). Yellow. South

Europe.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved-or«w#e). 1. Yellow.

April.

— lobula'tus (small-lobed). £. Yellow. March.

— lorifo'lius (strap-leaved, two-coloured). 1.

Yellow. March.

a'nceps (two-edged, two-coloured).

1. Yellow. March. 1800.

bre'viflos (short - flowered, two-
coloured). 1. Yellow. April.

— Lu'na (Moon). 1. White. April.

— Macle'aii (MacLeay's). £. Cream. March.

Smyrna. 1815.

— ma'jor (larger). 1. Yellow. March. Spain.

1629.

— ma'ximus (largest). 1. Yellow. April.

— mi1 nor (smaller). £. Yellow. March. Spain.

1629.

— monta'nus (mountain). 1. White. April.

Portugal.

— moscha'tus (musky). 1. White. April.

England.

••— mwW//?o'rtts(£aM many-flowered). 1. Yellow.
April.

— » au'reus (golden many -flowered}.

1. Yellow. April.

— negle'ctus (neglected). White, yellow. April.

Naples. 1830.

— ni'veus (snowy). 1. White. May. South

Europe.

— no'bilis (noble). 1. Yellow. April.

— nu'tuns (nodding). 1. Yellow. April.

South Europe. 1780.

— obsci'ssus (cut-off). 1. Yellow. May.

Spain.

— obsole'tus (obsolete). 1. White. August.

Spain. 1819.

— obuulla'ris (trenched-round). 1. Yellow.

March. Spain.

— odo'rus (sweet-scented). 1. Yellow. May.

South Europe. 1629.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. White. April.

Levant.

— papyra'ceus (paper). 1. White. March.
jasmi'neus (Jasmine -like). 1.

White. April.

— patdla'ris (basin-flowered). 1. White. May.

England,

N. patella'ris exse'rtus (drawn-out). 1. White.

May. England.
ple'nus (double). 1. White.

May. England.

— pa'tulus (spreading. White Musk}. 1.

White. March. Spain.

a'lbeus (whitish. Norfolk). 1.

White. March. Spain.

— poe'ticus (Poet's). 1. White. May. South

Europe.

— primuli'nus (Cowslip-capped). 1. Yellow.

March.

— propi'nquus (allied). 1. Yellow. March.

Spain. 1629.

— Pseu'do - Narci'ssus (Bastard Narcissus.

Daffodil). 1. Pale yellow. March.
England.

— • pleni'ssimus (most-double).

1. Yellow. March.

•ple'nus (double). 1. Yel-

low. March. France.

Sco'ticus (Scotch). 1. Yel-

low. May. Scotland.

— pulche'llus(piettj). 1. Yellow. April. Spain.

— pu'milus (dwarfish). £. Yellow. March.

Spain.

flo 're-pie 'no (double - flowered). £.

Yellow. March. Gardens.

— pusi'llus (smallJonquil). $. Yellow. April.

1818.

ple'nus (double. Queen Anne's Jon"

quil). 4. Yellow. April. 1810.

— Que'ltia (Queltian).

— recu'nms (curled-back-teaved). 1. White.

May. South Europe.

— rugulo'sus (wrinkled-c«»). 1. Yellow. April.

1818.

— Sabi'ni (Sabine's). 1. Yellow. April.

— semiparti'tus (cloven-cupped). 1. Sulphur.

March.

— serra'tus (saw-edged). |. Pale yellow.

March. South Europe.

sua'vis (sweet). 1. Pale yellow.

March. South Europe.

— s i'milis (similar. Jonquil). £. Yellow. April.

— spu'rius (bastard). 1. Yellow. March.

England.

— stella' ris (stzrry-sepaled). 1. White, crim-

son. May. 1629.

— stria'tulus (small-channelled), i. Yellow.

April.

— Taz'etta (Tazetta. Polyanthus}. 1. White.

March. Spain. 1759.

— Telamo'nius (Telamon's). 1. Yellow. April.
grandiple'nus (large-double). 1.

Yellow. April.

ple'nus (double -Daffodil). I.

Yellow. April.

— tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Lilac, white. May.

1/89-

— tereticau'lis (round-stalked). l£. Pale yel-

low. March. Spain.

— tortuo'sus (twisted-petaled). l£. White.

April. Spain. 1629.

— Trewia'nus (Trew's). 14. White, yellow.

March. Spain.

j — tria'ndrus (three-stamened). $. White.
April. Portugal. 1629.

I — #rt7o6us(three-lobcd-.r««7?/(7). I. Yellow.
April. South Europe. 1629.

| — tubiflo 'rus (tube-flowered). 1. White, yel-
low. March.

NAR

[ 630 ]

NEL

N. viridiflo' rus (green - flowered). £. Green.
September. Barbary. 1629.

NARCISSUS FLY. Me'rodon Narci'ssi.

NAIITHE'CIUM. (From narlliex, a, rod;
referring to the flower-stems. Nat.
ord., Hushes [Juncacese]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monogynia.')

Hardy herbaceous, Iris-like rushes, adapted
for mixed borders of herbaceous plants. Divi-
sions of the plant in spring ; a cool border, and
supplied with sandy peat, or sand and leaf-
mould.

N. America1 num (American). £. Yellow.
July. North America. 1811.

— ossi'frugum (bone-breaking). }. Yellow.

July. Britain.

NASTUR'TIUM. (From nasiis, the nose,
and tortus, tormented ; referring to the
hot, acrid smell. Nat. ord., Crucifers
[Brassicaceee]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.
Allied to the Wall-flower.)

Simple-looking plants of no great beauty.
We introduce the genus to correct the common
error of calling the Indian Cress (Tropceolum)
Nasturtiums. Hardy aquatics, with yellow
flowers; seeds and division of the plant in
common soil ; but none are worth growing for
their beauty.

N. a'nceps (two-edged- pod). 1, July. Britain.

— ere'ctum (upright). June. Siberia. 1837.

— na'tans (floating). 4. July. Siberia. 1827.

NATIVE OAK. Casuari'na.

NA'UCLEA. (From nans, a ship, and
klcio, to inclose ; the half capsule, or
seed-pod, in the form of a ship's hull.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Cinchona.)

Stove evergreens from the East Indies ; cut-
tings of half-ripe shoots, in sandy loam, under
a glass, in heat ; loam, sand, and peat. Usual
stove temperatures.

N.A'dina (Adina). White. July. China.
1804.

— Cada'mba (Cadatnba). 20. Orange.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 40. Yellow.

— macropliy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. 1820.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 30. Yellow.

— purpu'rea (purple). 10. Purple.

— undula'ta (waved-teawed). 20. Yellow.

1820.

NAVARRE'TTIA. (Named after a
Spaniard. Nat. ord., Phloxwofts [Pole-
moniaceae]. Linn., %-Pentandria 1-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Ipomopsis.)

Hardy annuals from California, blue-flowered,
dnd blooming in June, except where otherwise
mentioned ; sow in March in open border.
N. cotulcefo'lia (Cotula-leaved). $. White.
1833.

— eryngioi'des (Eryngium-like). Chili, 1833.

— intertex'ta (interwoven). l£ 1833.

N. pube'scens (downy). £. 1833.

— pu'ngens (prickly-leaved). l£. 1826.

— squarrn'sa (spreading). 1. August. Santa

Cruz. 1847-

NAVELWORT. Coty'ledon.

NAVET, or NAVEW. Bra'ssicet na'pus,
the Colesat, or Rape.

NEAPOLITAN VIOLET. Vi'ola odora'ta
pa'llida ple'na.

NECTARINE. Pe'rsica l&'vis. The
following are the hest varieties, and all
require a south-aspect wall. We add
the months in which the fruit ripens.
Hardwick Seedllny, August ; Elruge,
August ; Violet hativc, August, Septem-
ber ; Late Newington, September, Octo-
ber ; Pitmaston Oranyc, September.
For culture, see Peach.

NECTAROSOCO'RDUM. Honey Garlic.
(From nectar, honey, and skorodon,
garlic ; referring to honey pores in the
flower of this onion-like flower. Nat.
ord., AmaryUids [ Amaryllidaceas ] .
Linn., 6-Hexandria l-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Allium.)

A very curious hardy bulb growing in shady
woods in Sicily, with a flower scape three to
four feet long, bearing pendulous flowers. Off-
sets from the bulbs ; common sandy soil.
N. Si'culum (Sicilian). Purple, green, white.
June. Sicily. 1832.

NEGRO FLY. Atfia'lia.

NEGU'NDO. Box Elder. (Derivation
is not known. Nat ord., Maples [Accra -
cere]. Linn., 22-Dicccia Sj-Pentandria.
Allied to the Maple.)

Hardy deciduous trees, with green flowers,
frotn North America. Layers and seeds, which
should be sown in autumn as soon as gathered j
deep, moist, "sandy loam. A short-lived tree,
suitable for shrubberies and lawns,
AT. fraxinifo'lium (Ash-leaved-nia/>te). 40.
May. 1688.

cri'spum (curled-leaved). 30.

May. 1688.

viola' ceum (purple).

May.

30.

NE 'JA. (Probably the Mexican name.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee].
Linn., IQ-atynyenesia %-Superjlna. )

A half-hardy herbaceous Asterwort, flowering
in a bed or border from May to October. Seeds,
divisions ; common soil ; protection in a pit in
winter.

N.gra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. Mexico.
1828.

NKLI'TRIR. (From ne, not, and ely-
tron, a seed-case ; referring to the berry
having no partitions. Nat. ord., Myrtle-

NEL

C 631 ]

NEM

blooms [Myrtacese]. Linn., 12-Icosan-
dria l-Monogynia. Allied to the Pome-
granate.)

Stove white-flowered, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a gentle heat, in
April or May ; fibry loam, leaf-mould, peat and
sand, and little charcoal to keep all open. Win-
ter temp. 45° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. Jamiose'#a(Jambosella). 10. Society 1. 1810.

— panicula'ta(pa.nicled). May. Moluccas. 1820.

NELU'MBIUM. Water Bean. (From
nelumbo, the Indian name. Nat. ord.,
Water-beans [Nelumbiacere]. Linn.,
I3-Polyandria 6-Polygynia. )

These handsome plants are natives of still
waters. The nuts of all the species are eatable
and wholesome ; and the North American In-
dians eat the rootstocks of luteum, which are
not unlike the sweet potato. Division of the
root, either just before, but better just after,
growth has commenced, and better still by seeds ;
fresh, warm water must often be supplied when
the plants are growing, removing some out of
the tub, and placing more in ; when at rest,
the soil, rich loam, may be allowed to get quite
dry. Temp, when at rest, 48° to 55°; when
growing, and approaching flowering, 70° to 95°.
N. Ca'spicum (Caspian). Pink. Caspian Sea.
1822.

— flave'scens (yellowish). Yellowish. June.

Egypt. 1847.

— Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). Pale-blue. Jamaica.

1824.

— lu'teum (yellow) . Yellow. Carolina. 1810.

— specio'sum (showy). Pink. July. India.

1787-

— ro'seum (rose-coloured-flowered).

3. Rose. June. India.

— Tama'ra (Tatnara). Pink. Malabar. 1818.

NEMATAN'THUS. (From nema, a
thread, and antlvos, a flower ; the flowers
of longipes hanging down from long
thread-like foot-stalks. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [G-esneracere]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia '£-Anyiospermia. Allied to
(jesnera.)

Stove evergreen climber, of considerable
beauty, easily managed, still easier to increase,
and offering strong inducements to the cross-
breeder. Cuttings in sandy soil kept rather
dry ; leaves also will strike ; sandy peat and
turfy loam, with charcoal and dried cow-dung.
Winter temp. 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
N. chlorone'ma (green- filamented). l£. Scarlet.
July. Organ Mountains. 1841.

— lone' ma (violet-stemmed). Deep crimson.

Tropical America. 1848.

— lo'ngipes (long-flower-stalked). 2. Scarlet.

December. Brazil. 1841.

NEME'SIA. (Name of a plant in
Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Figworls [Scro-
plmlariaceee]. Linn., H-Didynamia
Z-Angiospei'tnia. Allied to Hemimeris.)

I Natives of the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds

sown in a slight hotbed, in spring, and trans-
I planted in May or June, or sown in May ;
! the perennials also by divisions, in spring,

and by cuttings under a hand-light, in summer ;

sandy loam ; a cold pit, and dry in winter.
ANNUALS.

N.bico'rnis (two-horned). 2. Purple. July.

— floribu'nda (many - flowered). 1. White,

yellow. July.

— linea'ris (n&now -leaved*). 1. Rose. April.

1822.

HERBACEOUS.

N.chamcedrifo'lia (Chamsedry's -leaved). 2.
Purple. June. l/87«

— fae'tens (stinking). 2. Purple. June. 1798.

— frute'scen* (shrubby). 2. Yellow. May.

1816. Evergreen.

NEMOPA'NTHES. (From nemos, a
grove, and anthos, a flower ; it heing
generally found in groves. Nat. ord.,
Holly worts [Aquifolincese]. Linn., 2'3-
Polygamia 2-Dicecia. Allied to Prinos.)

An ornamental hardy deciduous upright-
growing shrub, very little known in England,
but very desirable. It was called Ilex Cuna-
densis, and Prinos lucida. The flowers are
small and white, but the berries arc large, beau-
tiful crimson, and very ornamental. Layers
in autumn ; seeds then, and in spring ; com-
mon shrubbery soil, but it will do better with
an addition of sandy peat or leaf -mould.
IV. Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. May. N. Ame-
rica. 1812.

NEMO'PHILA. (From nemos, a grove,
and phileo, to love ; from an erroneous
idea of their place of growth. Nat.
ord., Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese],
Linn., ii-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)

Like all the Californian annuals, well adapted
to be sown in September ; the seedlings to stand
over the winter, and be protected at times with
evergreen boughs, to flower where sown, or to
be raised in patches, and thus transplanted in
spring ; sown thickly in March on a rough, rich
soil, consisting of leaf-mould, rotten dung, and
coarse loam, laid on a hard bottom, protected
by glass or mats, and transferred to the flower-
garden in April and May. Sown in April and
May in the open border they will flower most of
the summer. A few grown in pots will orna-
ment a house or window in winter and spring.
A rich light soil suits them best, and a moist
shady situation. In watering, avoid wetting
the collar of the plant.

ANNUALS.

N. atoma'ria (speckled). £. White, purple*
August. California. 1836.

— auri'ta (ear-leaved). l£. Purple. June.

California. 1831.

— insi'gnis (showy). l£. Blue. August. Cali-

fornia. 1833.

— macula' to, (blotcbed-Jiowered). £. White,

purple, June. California. 1848.

NEM

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

A', discoida'lis (disk-shaped). Purple. June. ;
North America. 1843.

— panicula'ta (panicled). $. Pale blue. May.

North America. 1813.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Blue. North

America. 1826.

— Phacelioi'des (Phacelia-like). 1. Blue. July.

North America. 1822.

NEO'TTIA. (From neoltia, a bird's-
nest ; referring to the interlacing of
the numerous roots. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceoe], Linn., 2Q-Gynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Listera.)

Ground orchids. Even the hardy kinds are
interesting ; division in spring ; sandy peat,
loam, and charcoal. Temperature for stove
kinds, winter, 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

HARDY.

N. eestiva'lis (summer). £. White. September.
North America. 1822.

— atttumna'lis (autumnal). 4- White. Sep-

tember. Europe. 1800.

— ce'rnua (drooping-flowered). 1. White.

July. North America. 1796.

— ni'dus a'vis (bird's-nest). 1. Brown. May.

Britain.

GREENHOUSE.

N. Austra'lis (southern). |. Ked. New Hol-
land. 1823.

— plantagi'nea (Plantain-feawed). 1. Red.

June. Nepaul. 1824.

STOVE.

N. aphy'lla (leafless). 1. Red. Pink. June.
Trinidad. 1826.

— bi' color (two-coloured). 1. White. Feb-

ruary. Trinidad. 1823.

— ela'ta (tall). 2. Green. July. West Indies.

1790.

— glandulo'sa(g\a.nd.ed). Green, white. Jan-

uary. West Indies.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, green.

April. Saint Vincent. 1829.

— macra'ntha (long-flowered). White. March.

West Indies. 1827.

— orchioi'des (Orchis-like). Rose. November.

Jamaica. 1826.

— pi'cta (painted). 2. Green. April. Trinidad.

1805.

— pudi'ca (modest). £. Pink. November.

China. 18l[).

NEOTTO'PTERIS* (From neottia, a
bird's-nest, and ptcris, a fern ; founded
on the Bird's-nest or Spleenwort fern,
jkat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe]. Linn.,
%±-Cryptogami(i l-Filices.)

Ferns, with brown spores, requiring rather
shaded situations. See Ferns.

GREENHOUSE.
N. stipila'ta (/onr-stalked). May. New South

Wales.
-^ vulga'ris (common). June. New Holland.

1822.

STOVE.
N. Grevi'llei (Greville's). May. East Indies.

— mustefo'lia (Musa-leaved). May. East

Indies.

— Philli'tidis (Hart's tongue). May. East

Indies.

NEPE'NTHES. Pitcher Plant. (From
nepenthes, grief-assuaging ; its supposed
medicinal quality. Nat. ord., Nepenths
[Nepenthacese]. Linn., 22-Dteefa 13-
Monadclphia.')

Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds when they
can be obtained, which require a strong moist
heat to vegetate them in ; but chiefly by little
offsets, which come from near the base of the
shoots ; very fibry peat, old sphagnum, char-
coal, and broken potsherds, particularly well
drained. The pot to be then plunged in moss,
and at all times supplied less or more with
bottom heat and abundance of moisture. Where
there are tanks or beds heated by hot water,
one chief element to successful culture is ob-
tained. Even in winter the bottom heat should
not be lower than 75°. Winter temp., 60° to
65° ; summer, 60° to 90°.

N. a'lbo margina'ta (white-margined). Singa-
pore. 1848.

— ampulla' cea (bottle-like). Green. June.

Manilla. 1840.

— distillato'ria (distilling. Chinese). 6. Green,

yellow. China. 1789.

— Hookeria'na (Sir W. J. Hooker's). 20.

Sarawak. 1847.

— lee'vls (smooth). Java. 1848.

— Lindleya'na (Dr. Lindley's). 8. Purple.

Borneo. 1847.

— Loddige'sii (Loddiges's). Borneo. 1847.

— Phylla'mphora (Pitcher-leaved). 6. Green,

yellow. July. China. 1820.

— Rajflefiia'na(SirStamfordRaif&es'a). Yellow,

brown. September. Singapore. 1845.

NEPE'TA. Cat Mint. (Named from
Nepet, a town in Tuscany. Nat. ord.,
Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., l±-Didi/-
namia 1-Gymnospermia. Allied to Dra-
cocephalum.)

A genus of hardy herbaceous plants, compre-
hending a few ornamental, with a large number
of weeds ; the latter we have omitted. The
ground ivy, Nepeta Glechoma, is still held in
high estimation as pectoral medicine in some
parts of the country, and also several others of
this order. Seeds sown in spring, but chiefly
by dividing the plants in the spring as growth
commences ; also in rare kinds by cuttings in
summer, under a hand-light ; light sanely soil ;
some of the more trailing kinds do well for rock
work.

N. amethy'stina (amethystine). l£. Blue.
July. South Europe. 1816.

— caru'lea (blue). 1$. Blue. May. 1777-

— Croa'tica (Croatian). l£. White. July.

Hungary. 1821.

— di/u'sa (spreading). l£. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1824.

— grundifio'ru (large-flowered), 6. Blue.

July. Caucasus. 1817-

[ 0:33 ]

NEP

1683.
£. Blue.

2V. graue'olens (heavyMsmelling). 1^. Purple.
July. South Europe. 1804.

— hedera'cea (Ivy-like. Common'). 1. Blue.

May. Britain.
-- ro'sea (rosy), 3. Rose. May.

England.
-- variega'ta ( variegated-tea wrf). 3.

Blue. May. England.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. May. Hungary,

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 2. Blue. July,

Spain. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Purple. July.

Pyrenees. 1816.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Violet. July.

Persia. 1802.

— macron 'ra (long-tailed). 4. White, purple.

July. Siberia. 1820.

— marifo'lia (Marum-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Spain. 1800.

— marrubioi'des (Horehound-like). l£. Red.

July.

— multibractea'ta (many-bracted). 3. Purple.

July. Algiers. 1817.

— Mussi'ni (Mussin's). 2. Violet.

Siberia. 1804.

— Nepete'lla (small Nepete). 1. Red.

South Europe. 1758.

— panno'nicu (Hungarian). 4. Red.

tember. Hungary.

— Scordo'tis (Scordotis).

North Africa. 1817

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1.

Siberia. 1804.

— suave1 olens (sweet - scented). 1$

July. 1817-

— teucriifo'lia (Teucrium-leaved). l£.

July. Armenia. 1816.

— tubero'sa (tuberous - rooted). 2.

July. Spain. 1683.

— viola'cea (violet). 2. Blue. August. Spain.

1723.

NEPHE'LIUM. (An ancient name for
Burdock; applied in reference to the
similarity of the heads of the flowers
and seeds. Nat. ord., Soai^vorts [Sa-
pindacese]. Linn., H-Octandrla 1-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Cupania.)

Stove evergreen fruit-trees. Seed sown in a
hotbed in spring ; layers and cuttings of half-
ripened shoots in sandy soil, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and dried leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.

N. Litchi (Lee Chee). 15. White. May.
China. 1786.

— Longa'na (Longan). 20. White. May.

China. 1786.

— • verticilla'ta (whorled). 6. White, red.

May. East Indies. 1820.

NEPHEO'DIUM. (From nephros, a
kidney ; the shape of the spore-cases.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceoe]. Linn.,
2-i-Cryptogamia l-Filices.)

See Ferns.

HAEDY.

N, aculea'tum (common-prickly), 2, Brown.
June. Britain.

July.
July.
Sep-
July.
Purple. July.
Blue.
Purple.
Violet.

N. acrostichoi'des (Acrostichum-like). l£.
Brown. July. North America^

— angula're (angular). £. Brown. July.

Hungary. 1819.

— Baro'mez (Baromez). Yellow. Tartary.

1824.

— crista'tum (/mer-crested). l£. Brown.

June. England.

— Fi'lix-ma's (Male Fern). 3. Brown. June.

Britain.

— fra'gruns (fragrant). £. Brown. July.
Siberia. 1820.

— Goldia'num (Goldie's). 2. Brown. August.

North America.

— interme'dium (intermediate). 2. Brown.

June. North America. 1825.

— Lancastrie'nse (Lancaster). Yellow. July.

North America. 1825.

— loba'tum (lobed). 2. Brown. June.

England.

— Lonchi'tis (Lonchitis). f. Brown. May.

Britain.

aspe'rrima (very rough). 1.

Brown. July. North America.

— margina'le (marginal-sjoored) . 2. Brown.

June. North America. 1772.

— noveborace'nse (New York). 1^. Brown.

July. North America. 1812.

— obtu'sum (\A\mt-fronded). Yellow. June.

North America. 1827.

j — Oreo'pteris (Oreopteris). 3. Brown. July.
Britain.

— spinulo'sum (crested-prickly') . 1. Brown.

June. Britain.

— T/telt/'pteris (Lady Fern). 1. Brown. July.

Britain.

GREENHOUSE,

I N. cor ia'ceum (leathery).] 1. Brown. June.
Van Dieman's Land. 1821.

— Cunningha'mii (Cunningham's). l£. Brown.

July. New Zealand.

— decompo'situm (decomposed). $. Brown.

June. New Holland. 1820.

i — drepa'num (sickle-like). 2. Brown. July.

Madeira. 1837.

; — elonga'tum (elongated). 2. Brown. July.

Madeira. 1779-

— lastevi'rens (lively-green). 3. Brown.

Madeira.

I — lu'cens (shining). 1. Brown. August.
( Mauritius. 1831,

— ri'gidum (stiff). 4. Brown. July. South

Europe. 1816.

— uni'tum (joined). 2. Brown. August.

New Holland. 1793.

STOVE.

N. abru'ptum (abrupt). Yellow. July. Isle
of Luzon.

— auge'scens (increasing). Yellow. June.

Cuba. 1841 .

— auricula' turn (eared). £. Brown. Julyj

East Indies. 1793.

— Blu'mei (Blume's). Yellow. July. East

Indies. 1840.

— cane'scens (hoary). Brown, yellow. May.

Isle of Luzon.

— citudicula' turn (tailed). Yellow. July. Isle

of Luzon.

— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 1. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1824.

NEP

NER

N. crini'tum (haired). 1. Brown. August.
Mauritius. 1831.

— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). 3. Yellow. Febru-

ary. Malacca. 1 839.

— edu'le (eatable-rooted). Yellow. July.

Nepaul. 1826.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). Yellow. July.

Isle of Luzon. 1840.

— hippocre'pis (horse-shoe). 2. Brown.

May. Jamaica.

— hirsu'tum (hairy). . Brown, yellow. May.

Isle of Luzon. 1842.

— mo' lie (soft). 2. Yellow. July. South

America. 1820.

— mucrona'tum (sharp-pointed). 2. Brown.

July. Jamaica. 1820.

— parasi'ticum (parasitical). 1. Brown. June.

East Indies. 1824.

— penni'gerum (winged). 6. Yellow. Janu-

ary. West Indies.

— platyphy'llum (flat-leaved). Yellow. June.

South America. 1826.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Brown.

Brazil.

— propi'nquum (related). 2. Brown. August.

East Indies. 1/93.

— pube'sceiis (downy). Brown. July. Jamaica.

1817.

— pu'ngens (stinging). 1. Yellow. January.

West Indies.

— se'rra (saw-like). 2. Brown. July.

Jamaica. 1819.

— simplicifu'lium (simple-leaved). Yellow.

East Indies. 1840.

— te'rminans (ending). Yellow, Brown. July.

East Indies.

— tubero'sum (tuberous). l£. Yellow. Janu-

ary. West Indies.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Brown. July.

West Indies. 1793.

NEPHRO'LEPIS. (From nephros, a
kidney, and kpis, a scale ; referring to
the covering of the seed or spore-cases.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceee], Linn.,
24:-Cryptogamia l-FUiccs.}

Stove Ferns, with yellow spores. See Ferns.
N. acumina'ta (pointed). June. West Indies.

— biserra'ta (double-saw-edged). June. Isle

of Luzon.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). June. India.

— hirsu'tula (small-haired.) June. Malacca,

— oblitera'ta (obliterated). June. New Hol-

land. 1839.

— pe'ndula (drooping). June. West Indies.

— pimctula'ta (small-dotted). June. West

Indies.

— sple'ndens (shining). June. West Indies.

— trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). June.

Isle of Luzon.

— tubero'sa (tuberous-rooted). 2. September.

Jamaica. 1841.

— volu'bilis (twining). June. West Indies.

NEPTU'NIA. (After Neptune, the
mythological deity of the sea ; a water
plant. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., ZZ-Polygamia 1-
Moneecia. Allied to Desmanthus.)

Stove water plant, with pinnated sensitive

leaves like a Mimosa; seeds in strong heat ;
cuttings and divisions. Winter temp, 50° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.

N. ple'na (full). White, yellow. August.
Mexico. 1733.

NERI'NE. (The daughter of Nerius.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].

| Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Brunsvigia.)

Greenhouse bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope, except when otherwise mentioned. The
Guernsey lily is a Nerine, and, like it, all the
species flower in the autumn, some before the
growth of the leaves, and others with the leaves
coming up. Like the Amaryllis, they grow
from September to May, and delight in strong,
yellow loam ; a vigorous growth of the leaves is
requisite to cause them to flower the following
autumn. Many attempts have been made to
cross them with Amaryllis, and other allied
families, without success ; but they produce
fine crosses among themselves. Seeds sown in
heat, in spring or as soon as ripe, but chiefly by
offsets from the bulbs ; rich sandy loam with a
little peat ; deep planted, and a dry situation in

' winter ; or protected in a cold pit or greenhouse,
and kept dry until vegetation commences.
2V. coru'sca (glittering). 1. Scarlet. July.
1809.

— curvifo'lia (curve-leaved). 1. Purple. July.

J777-

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 1. Pink. September.

1795.

— hu'milis (low). 2. Red. June. 1795.

— pnlche'lla (pretty). 2. Pink. July. 1820.

— ro'sea (rosy), jj. Pink. July. 1818.

— sarnie')isis (Guernsey Lily). 1. Red. Sep-

tember. Japan. 1659.

— undula'ta (waveA-flowered) . f. Pink. May.

China. 1767.

— venu'sta (beautiful). 1. Scarlet. June.

1806.

NE'RIUM. Oleander. (From neros,
moist ; referring to their native places
of growth. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacete]. Linn., b-Pentandriu 1-Mo-
nogynia.)

Notwithstanding the beauty of the Oleander,
it is one of the most virulent of vegetable
poisons. Beautiful greenhouse plants, but
which require a higher temperature to start
them in the spring. Cuttings of shoots getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, and kept
warm ; cuttings a little older do well in phials
of water, also kept warm ; peat and loam, en-
riched with cow-dung and leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 35° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. The
shoots made this season should bloom the next,
if well ripened.
IV. odo'rum (sweet - scented). 6. Pale red.

July. East Indies. 1683.
'ca'rneum (fleshy). 6. Pink. July.

East Indies. 1683.

ple'num (double-flowered). 5. Pale

j red. July. East Indies. 1683.

' — Olea'nder (Oleander). 8. Red. August.

South Europe. 1596.

NER

635 ]

NEW

M Olea'nderu'lbum (white-lowered). 8. White.
August. South Europe. 1596.

sple'ndens (shining). 7- Red. Au-
gust. South Europe. 1814.

— . ' variega'tum (variegated). 8.
Striped. August. South Europe.

— thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered). 5. Pink.

July, Nepaul. 1830.

NES^E'A. (The name of a sea nymph.
Nat. ord., Loosestrifes [Lythracete].
Linn., 11 - Dodecandria 1 - Monogynia.
Allied to Heimia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Divisions in
spring, as fresh growth commences ; cuttings
of young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
N, triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. Blue. August.
Mauritius. 1802.

NETO 'UXIA. (Named after M. Netoux,
a German author. Nat. ord., Night-
shades [Solanacese]. lAnn.^o-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Nicotiana.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in
spring ; cuttings of shoots, under a hand-light
in summer ; rich sandy loam.
N. formo'sa (handsome) . J. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1826.

NETTING is employed to prevent the
radiation of heat from walls, and the
rude access of wind to trees grown upon
them, as well as to prevent the ravages
of birds.

Netting is a very effectual preventive
of cooling, for reasons which will be
stated when considering Screens gene-
rally ; and in connection with that, it
may be observed that it is not altogether
immaterial of what substance netting is
formed. Worsted is to be preferred,
not only because it is the most durable,
but because it is the best preventive of
a wall's cooling. We have found the
thermometer under a hemp net sink
during the night, from 2° to 4° lower
than that under a net of worsted, the
meshes being small and of equal size
in both nets. This can only be because
worsted is known to be a worse con-
ductor of heat than hemp ; and, not
absorbing moisture so easily, is not so
liable to the cold always produced by its
drying. Netting will also exclude flies
and other winged insects from the fruit
against walls, although the meshes are
more than large enough to permit their
passage. Why this is the case is not
very apparent, but the netting is equally

efficient in keeping similar insects from
intruding into rooms if there are no
cross lights. If there are windows on
different sides of the room, and it is to
be presumed, therefore, also in a green
or hothouse, nets would not be so effi-
cient.

One hundred square yards of netting,
according to some merchants' mode of
measuring, will not cover more than fifty
square yards of wall, for they stretch the
net first longitudinally and then late-
rally, when making their measurement,
and not in both directions at once, as the
gardener must when covering his trees.
Disappointment, therefore, should be
avoided, when ordering new nets, by
stating the size of the surface which
has to be covered. This may be done
without any fear of imposition.

Mr. Richardson, net-maker, New
Road; London, informs us, that one
cwt. of old mackarel net, weighed when
quite dry, will cover eight hundred
square yards; and one cwt. of old
herring net (smaller meshes) will cover
six hundred square yards. Mr. Hulme,
of Knutsford, has sent us various speci-
mens of his nets and open canvass for
inspection — some made of woollen and
others of hemp : the last does not
shrink after being wetted like the
woollen. Mr. J. Haythorn, of Notting-
ham, has also sent us specimens of
his excellent hexagonal netting.

NETTLE TREE. Ce'liis.

NEW JERSEY TEA. Ceano'thm ame-
rica'mis.

NEW ZEALAND SPINACH, Tetrago'nia
cxpa'nsa, is much admired as a sub-
stitute for summer spinach, being of
more delicate flavour, and continues
available the whole summer.

Sow in the seed-vessel as gathered
in the preceding autumn, at the latter
end of March in a pot, and placed in a
melon frame. The seedlings to be
pricked while small singly into pots,
to be kept under a frame without
bottom heat, until the third week in
May, or until the danger of frost is past.
Plant in rows in a rich, light soil, at
three or four feet apart each way.
Twenty plants will afford an abundant
supply daily for a large family.

In five or six weeks after planting,

NEW

NIG

the young shoots may be gathered,
these being pinched off. They are
productive until a late period of the
year, as they survive the frosts that
kill nasturtiums and potatoes.

To obtain Seed. — A plantation must
be made on a poorer soil, or kept
stunted and dry in pots, as ice plants
are when seed is required of them.

NICKER TREE. Gmlandi'na.

NICOTIA'NA. Tobacco. (Named after
Nlcot, a French ambassador in Portu-
gal who first obtained seeds from a
Dutch merchant. Nat. ord., Nightshades
[Solanacese], Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia.-.')

Tobacco was first introduced either from
Tobago in the West Indies, or Tobasco in
Mexico — hence the name. Shrubby and pe-
rennial kinds require the warm greenhouse in
winter, and may be propagated by divisions and
cuttings, and also freely by seeds ; all the an-
nuals are raised by seed sown in a hotbed, in
March or April ; seedlings pricked oif, potted,
and transplanted in rich soil towards the end of
May, when the ornamental ones will adorn the
flower-border, and the useful ones, such as
Tabacum and Macrophylla, will yield their
large leaves for fumigating purposes ; Glauca
makes a fine appearance against a wall.

N. ala'ta (winged). 2. Pink. September.
North America. 1829.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. Pink.

August. Chili. 1819.

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 4. Rose. July.

Brazil. 1825.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 6. Pink. August.

China. 1819-

— dilata'ta (spread). 3. Pink. August. 1820.
•*- glutino'sa (clammy). 4. Scarlet. August.

Peru. 1759.

— longiflo'ra (long-toAerf-flowered). 3. White.

August. Buenos Ayres. 1832.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 6. Pink. July.

America.

— micra'ntha (small - flowered). 1. Green,

white. July.

— multiva'lvis (many- valved). 2. White.

July. Columbia. 1826.

— na'na (dwarf). $. White. July. North

America. 1823.

— Nepaule'nsis (Nepaul). 4. Rose. July.

Nepaul. 1829.

— noctiflo'ra (night-flowering) . 2. Pink. Au-

gust. Chili. 1820.

— petiola'ta (long - leaf - stalked). 4. Rose.

July. South America. 1829.

— plumbaginifo'lia (Plumbago - leaved). 2.

White. May. America. 1816.

— quudriva'lvis (four-valved). 1. White. July.

North America. 1811.

— rotundifo'tia (round-leaved). 2. White.

August. Swan River. 1837.

— sangui'nea (crimson). 4. Crimson. July.

South Brazil. 1829.

2V. Tuba' cum (Tobacco). 4. Pink. July.

America. 15/fl.
a'lipes (wing-stalked). 4. Pink.

July. South America. 1570.
attenua'ta(thin'). 4. Pink. July.

South America. 1570.
graci'lipes (slender-stalked). 4.

Pink. July. South America. 1570.
li'ngua (tongue-leaved). 4. Pink.

July. South America. 1750.
macrophy'lla (large - leaved). 7.

Pink. July. South America. 15/0.
pallt'scens (pale). 4. Pink. July.

South America. 15/0.
sero'tina (late). 4. Pink. July.

South America. 1570.
Ve'rdan (Verdan). 4. Pink. July.

South America. 1570.

— visco'sa (clammy). 3. Pink. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1824.

— Ybarre'nsis (Ybarra). 2. Pink. August,

South America. 1823.
PERENNIALS.

N.frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. Pink. July.
China. 1699. Evergreen.

— gla'uca (milky-green). 20. Yellow. August.

Buenos Ayres. 1827. Evergreen.

— undula'ta (\v&\e- leaved). 2. White. July.

New South Wales. 1800.

— vinceeflo'ra (Vinca - flowered). 2. White.

August. South America. 1820.
NIEREMBE'RGIA. (Named after J. E.
Nieremberg, a Spanish Jesuit. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Petunia.)

Pretty half-hardy plants for flower-beds.
Cuttings root freely under a hand-light in
summer, if kept shaded ; and very freely in
deep pits in autumn, without shading, if the
glass is from eighteen to twenty-four inches
from the cuttings ; and most freely in a slight
hotbed in spring, from plants commencing to
grow after being kept rather cool over the
winter. Sandy loam and a little peat, and,
when quick growth is wanted, alittle cow-dung ;
kept in a cool greenhouse, or a dry, cold pit, in
winter where frost can be excluded ; the soil in
winter should be poor, and kept rather dry }
propagated, also, easily by sowing in a slight
hotbed in March and April, potting and turning
out the seedlings into the flower-garden in the
middle of May.
N. arisia'tafavrned-leaved). £. White, purple.

July. Panama. 1832. Annual.

— calyci'na (large-czlyxed) . $. White. July.

tfraguay. 1834. Herbaceous.
-^filicau'lis (thread-stemmed). 1. Lilac. May.
Buenos Ayres. 1832. Herbaceous.

— gra'cilis (slender). White, purple. July.

Uraguay. 1831. Herbaceous.

— /inarte/o'/ta (Toadflax-leaved). $. Whitish.

July. Uraguay. 1831. Evergreen.
NIGE'LLA. Fennel Flower. (From
ww/er, black ; the colour of the seeds.
Nat. ord., Crowfoot* [Kanunculacete].
Linn., 13-Polyandria b-Pentayynia. Al-
lied to Aquilegia.)

[

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the Open ground
any time after the middle of March.
N. arista'tu (awned), 2, Blue. August.
Athens.

— cilia'ris (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. July.

Levant.

— CQrnimlu'tti (small-horned). 1. Yellow.

July. 1820.

— damasce'na (damask). l£. Lilac, blue.

July. South Europe. 15/0.

— . flo're ple'no (double-flowered).

14. Lilac, blue. July. South Europe.
15/0.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). l£. Brown, white.

July. Spain. 1629.

— orienta'lls (eastern). l£. Yellow. July.

Syria. 1699.

— aati'va (cultivated). lj. Yellow. July.

Egypt. 1548.
citri'nu (citron -coloured-seerfed). 1$.

Pale blue. July. South Europe.
Cre'tica (Cretan). l£. Pale blue.

July. Crete.
I'ndica (Indian). 1. Pale blue.

July. East Indies.

NIGHTSHADE. Sola'mtm.
NIGHT-SOIL. See Dung.
NIGHT TEMPERATURE in hothouses,
greenhouses, and frames, should always
average from 10° to 20° lower than the
temperature in which the plants are
grown during the day. It is in the
night that the individual functions are
renovated by a temporary repose, and
if left to the dictates of healthy nature,
the sap, like the blood, rises at night
with a much diminished velocity.

That plants do become exhausted by
too unremitting excitement, is proved
to every gardener who has peach-
houses under his rule; for if the
greatest care be not taken to ripen the
wood by exposure to the air and light
during the summer, no peach tree will
be fruitful if forced during a second
successive winter, but will require a
much more increased temperature than
at first to excite it even to any advance
in vegetation.

The experiments of Harting and
Munter upon vines growing in the
open air, and those of Dr. Lindley
upon vines in a hothouse, coincide in
testifying that this tree grows most
during the less light and cooler hours
of the twenty-four. But the hours of
total darkness were the period when
the vine grew slowest. This, observes
Dr. Lindley, seems to show the danger
of employing a high night temperature,
which forces such plants into growing

7 ] NIP

fast at a time when nature bids them
repose.

That the elevation of temperature at
night does hurtfully excite plants is
proved by the fact, that the branch of
a vine kept at that period of the day in
temperature not higher than 50°, in-
hales from one-sixteenth to one-tenth
less oxygen that a similar branch of
the same vein during the same night
in a temperature of 75°. The exhala-
tion of moisture and carbonic acid, is
also proportionably increased by the
higher temperature.

NI'PA. (The Molucean name. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 21-
Monceda 10-Monadelphlu.)

Stove palm. Seeds in a strong moist heat,
not giving too much moisture to the seed at
first ; rich loam. Winter temp., 60° to 65° ;
summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
N.fru'ticans (shrubby). 10. White. East
Indies. 1822.

NIPH^'A. (From nipfios, snow ; snow-
white flowers. Nat. ord., Gesnerworts
[Gesneraceee]. Linn., l±-Didynamia
2-Ang-iospermia. Allied to Achimenes.)

Stove herbaceous, white-flowered perennials.
Divisions of the roots as growth commences in
the spring ; sandy loam and peat, enriched with
leaf-mould or rotten cow-dung. Temp., when
at rest, 40° to 45° ; when starting and potted,
55° to 70° ; when growing, 60° to 75° ; when
flowering, rather less ; until after flowering they
are allowed to become nearly dry, when a low
temperature suits them.

N. a'lbo-linea'ta (white-lined-teaoed). £ . Sep-
tember. New Grenada. 1844.

— oblo'nga (oblong). £. September. Guate-

mala. 1841.

— ru'bra (red-haired). $. November. 1846.

NIPHO'BOLUS. ( From niphobolus,
covered with snow ; referring to the
white covering of the spore-cases. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceee]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with brown spores. See Ferns.
N. ucrostichoi'des (Acrostichum-like). Septem-
ber. Isle of Luzon.

— adna'scens (stem-leaf-pressed), i. May.

East Indies. 1824.

— a'lbicans (whitish). 1. July. Ceylon.

— bi' color (two-coloured). August. Malacca.

— co'nfluens (running -together). £. May.

New Holland. 1820.

— costa'tus (ribbed-teaued). July. Ceylon.

1824.

— flocculo'sus (woolly- tufted). August. Manilla.

1841.

— gla'ber (smooth). July. Malacca.

— Kneu're ^narrow -leaved). £. May. Japan.

1852.

NIP

[ 638 ]

NOT

N. li'ngua (tongue-like), i. May. Japan.
1817.

— nummularifo'lius (Moon-wort-leaved). May.

Isle of Luzon.

— pertu'sus (bored), i. May. China. 1821.

— rupe'stris (rock). |. May. New Holland.

1824.

— Sine'nsis (Chinese). $. September. China.

— sple'ndens (shining). July. East Indies.

— spheeroce'phalus (round - headed). July.

Malacca.

— va'rius (variable). July. Malacca. 1845.

NISSO'LIA. (Named after W.Nissole,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 17-
Dladelphia 4 - Decandria. Allied to
Amicia.)

Cuttings of short, stubby, half-ripened
shoots, in spring and summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in bottom heat; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
2V. glabra'ta (polished). 6. White. 1823.

— micro'ptera (small- winged). 10. White.

July. Teneriffe. 1820.

— robinicefo'lia (Robinia-leaved). 6. Saint

Vincent. 1824.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

2V. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Rio Janeiro. 1824.

— frutico'sa (shrubby). 15. Yellow. August.

South America. ] 766.

— racemo'sa (racemed). J5. White. July.

West Indie*. 1800.

— retu'sa (abrupt-ended-te^/fefetf). 6. South

America. 181 9.

NITRATES. See Salts.

NITTA TREE. Pa'rkla,

NIVE'NIA. (Named after J. Niven, a
botanical collector. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope, bearing, in July, purple flowers.
Seeds when obtainable ; cuttings of young,
stiff, half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May, and without bottom-heat ; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
IV. Lago'pus (Hare's-foot). 4. 1810.

— sce'ptrum (sceptre-like). 2. 1/90.

— spathulu'ta (spathulate- /cawed). 2£. 1790.

— spica' ta (spiked). 2£. 1786.

NOHL-KOHL. See Knohl-kohl.

NOISE 'TTIA. (Named after L. C.
Noisette, a French nurseryman. Nat.
ord., Violetworts [Violacese], Linn.,
6-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Viola.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
in April, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; rich
sandy loam,
to 85°.

2V. longifo'lia (long-leaved), 1, Cream.
Cayenne. 1824.

Winter temp., 55°; summer, 60°

NOLA'NA. (From no/a, a little bell ;
the form of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Nolanads [Nolanacese]. Linn., n-Pen-
tandria 1-Monoyynia.}

Hardy trailing annuals, all blue-flowered but
one. Seeds in a gentle hotbed, in spring, seed-
lings transplanted in May; or sown in May
where they are to grow. A border where the soil
is rather stiff answers well for sowing all such
plants in March, provided you can cover with a
little finer soil, and lay a glass frame over
them, until they are fairly up, when they may
be protected with a few branches, and then be
removed in large patches.
IV. a*n>ft«/o7Ja(Atriplex-leaved). J. White,
yellow. July. Peru. 1834

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). £. July.

Chili. 1829-

— parado'xa (paradoxical). l£. August.

Chili. 1825.

— prostra'ta (trailing). £. August. Peru.

1761.

— tene'lla (slender). £. August. Chili. 1824.

NOLI'NA. (Named after P. O. Nolan,
an American botanist. Nat. ord., Lilt/-
worts [Liliacese]. Linn., ti-Hexandria
3-Trigynia. Allied to Albuca.)

An interesting hardy peat-border bulb. Off-
sets, and cuttings ; sandy moist peat.
IV. Georgia'na (Georgian). 2$. White. July.
Georgia. 1812.

NONATE'LIA. (From the South Ame-
rican name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonaceee], Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Guettardia.)

Stove evergreens, with white flowers, except
lutea. Cuttings of fi«n shoots, in summer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist sweet
bottom heat; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer 70° to 90°.
N. lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. June. Guiana.
1823.

— officina'lis (shop). 4. June. Cayenne. 1827.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 3. June. Guiana.

1818.

— viola'cea (violet-berried). 4. June. Guiana.

1824.

NORA'NTEA. (From its Guianan
name. Nat. ord., Margraviads [Mar-
graviacese]. Linn., I3-Polyandria 1-
Monogynla. )

Handsome stove evergreen shrubs, remark-
able for their singular bracts. Culture same as
for Nonatelia.
N. Brasilie'nsis (Brazil). 4. Brazil. 1820.

— Guiane'nsis( Guiana). 4. Violet. Guiana. 1818.

— Tndlca (Indian). White Mauritius. 1822.

NORMANDY CRESS. See American
Cress.

NORWAY SPRUCE. Pi'nvs exce'lsa.

NOTEUE'A. (From notes, south, and
e/aia, the olive j literally, the Australian

NOT

[ 039 3

NYC

Olive. Nat. ord., Oliveworts [Oleacese].
Linn., '2-Diandria 1-Hfonoyynia.)

AH the species in this order will graft on each
other, as the Lilac on the Ash, the olive on the
Privet and Phillerea, and so forth. Greenhouse,
white-flowered, evergreen shrubs from Aus-
tralia. Cuttings of firm, side, stubby shoots in
April, in sand, under a bell-glass, without
bottom heat ; peat and loam, with a little sand
and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.
N. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3. April. 1790.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. June. 1824.

— puncta'ta (dotted-leaved). 3. June. 1826.

NOTHOCUE'NA. (From nothus, spu-
rious, and chlaina, a cloak ; some of
the species appearing to have an in-
volucre. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 2^-Cryptof/amia l-Filices.}

Stove Perns, all but one with brown spores.
See Ferns.

N. argyrosti' gma (silver-dotted). July. East
Indies.

— de'nsa (dense). July. Isle of Luzon. 1840.

— di'stans( distant), $. July. New Holland.

1823.

— Ecklonia'na (Ecklon's). £. August. 1838.

— lanugino'sa (woolly), £. August. Madeira.

1778.

— lenti'gera (pea-scored). May. South

America. 1822.

— Mara'ntce (Maranta's). §. July. New

Holland. 1820.

— ni'vea (snowy). £. White. July. Mexico.

— pilosellai'des (Pilosella-like). $. July.

East Indies. 1822.

— pu'mila (dwarf). £. August. New Holland.

— ru'fa (reddish). May. S. America. 1841.

— sinua'ta (wavy-edged). Peru. 1831.

— te'nera (tender-textured}. 3. Mendoza.

— tomento'sa (downy). May. Mexico. 1841.

— trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). June.

Jamaica. 1844.

— vest? to. (clothed). July. North America.

1812.

NOTY'LIA. (From notos, the back,
and tylos, a hump ; referring to a sin-
gular lump on the column. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceee], Linn., 20-%-
nandria I-Monandria. Allied to Cirr-
haea.)

Stove orchids. For culture see Cirrheea.
N. Barke'ri (Barker's). Straw. Mexico. 1837.

— incu'rva (curled-in). Pale straw. Trinidad.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). £. Pale yellow.

Para. 183Q.

— micra'ntha (small - flowered). Pale green.

Demerara.

— puncta'ta (dotted). £. Yellow, green. Tri-

nidad. 1822.

— te'nuis (slender). Pale straw. Demerara.

1836.

NU'PHAR. (From neufar, the Arabic
for water-lily. Nat. ord., Water-lilies
[Nymphaeacese]. Linn.. 13-Polyandi*ia

~

A beautiful family of hardy, yellow-flowered,
water plants. Seeds merely thrown in the pond
where it is desired to grow them ; and divisions
of the roots.

2V. a'dvena (stranger). July. North America.
1/72.

— Kalmia'na(Ka\m's). July. Canada. 1807.

— lu'tea (common-yellow). June. Britain.

— pu'mila (dwarf -yellow). July. Scotland.

— sagittcefo'lia (arrow-leaved). July. North

America. 1824.

NURSERY, or Reserve Garden, is a
garden, or portion of a garden, devoted
to the rearing of trees, shrubs, and
hardy plants, during their early stages
of growth, before they are desired for
the fruit or pleasure-grounds.

NURSERYMAN is one who raises fruit
and ornamental trees andj plants for
sale.

NUTMEG. Myri'stica.

NUTTA'LTA. (Named in honour of
Professor Nuttall, of Cambridge. It is
a true Mallow, and should be united to
Malva.)

The species are handsome peat-border plants,
requiring a slight protection from frost and
damp in winter. Seeds, in spring ; cuttings in
summer, of some ; division of the fusiform
roots in spring, of others ; sandy loam and peat.

N. cerasifo'rmis ( Bird-cherry-like). 2. Greenish
white. February. California. 1848.

— corda'ta (heart - leaved). Pink. August.

North America. 1835.

— digit a' ta (finger -leaved). 3. Purple. Au-

gust. North America. 1824.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). 1. Pink.

August.

— malvceflo'ra (Mallow-flowered). 1^, Purple.

August, Texas. 1838.

— papavera'cea (Poppy - flowered). 3. Red,

purple. August. Louisiana. 1833.

— peda'ta (doubly-lobed) . 3. Purple. August.

North America. 1824.

NUT-TREE. (Jo'rylus.

NUY'TSIA. Fire-Tree. (Called after
T. Nuyts, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord.,
Loranths [Loranthaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria \-Monoyynia.~)

Very handsome shrubs, from Swan River,
with such abundance of bright orange-coloured
blossoms, that the colonists at King George's
Sound compare it to a tree on fire, and it is also
singular as being the only plant in this order of
parasites which grows on the ground. Seeds ;
cuttings of firm side shoots, in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold frame ;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 40°

N.floribu'nda (many-flowered). 15. Orange.

1837.
•— ligustri'na ( Privet- like). Orange. 1837.

NYCTA'NTHES. (From nyctos, night,
and anthos, % flower ; the flowers open

NYC

[ 040 ]

OCH

in the evening. Nat. ord., Jasmine-worts
[Jasminaceae]. Linn., 3,-Diandrla 1-
Monof/ynia. Allied to Jasminum.)

This is the Hursingar of India, whose blos-
soms perfume the air at night, and cover the
ground in the morning, when they are gathered
and worn as necklaces, or in the hair of the
native women. Stove evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, in May, in sand,
under a bell-glass, arid in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat, kept open by sand and
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
70° to 90°. A moist atmosphere when growing.
N. a'rbor tri'stris (tree-of-sadness). 15. White.
East Indies. 1781.

NYMPH/E'A. Water -Lily. (From j
nt/mphe, a water nymph. Nat. ord., I
Water-lilies [Nymphseaeeoe]. Linn., j
1 3 -Polyandria 1 -Monogyn la. )

All most beautiful water plants; all like a j
rich loamy soil, and plenty of water above it.
Propagated by seeds, dividing the roots in some,
and separating the tuber-like bottoms of others.
The stove kinds should be kept cooler and drier
in winter, and receive fresh soil before starting
them in spring. They much delight in a sup-
ply of fresh-heated water when growing, and
then the atmosphere can be scarcely too hot
and moist. Temp, for stove kinds, winter, 48°
to 55° ; summer, 70° to 90°.
HARDY.

N. a'lba (white). White. June. Britain.

Canade'nsis (Canadian). White. June.

Canada. 1820.

— ni'tida (shining-cup-flowered). White. July.

Siberia. 1809.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). White. July.

North America, 1/86.

-~-pygmee'a (pygmy). White. July. China.
1805.

GREENHOUSE.

N. biradia'ta (two-rayed). July. 1846.

— renifo'rmis (kidney-shaped). White. July.

Carolina. 1823.

STOVE.

N. a'mpla (large-leaved). White. July. Ja-
maica. 1801.

— bla'nda (charming). White. July. Trini-

dad. 1820.

— cceru'lea (blue). Blue. July. Egypt. 1792.

— cya'nea (/ndian-blue). Blue. July. East

Indies. 1809.

— denta'ta (toothed- leaved). White. Sep-

tember. Sierra Leone. 1845.

— e'dulis (eatable). White. July. East Indies.

— Lo'tus (Egyptian Lotus). Pink. July.

Egypt. 1802.

— mi'nor (smaller). White. July. North

America. 1812.

— pube'scens (downy. Indian Lotus] . White.

June. East Indies. 1803.

— ru'bra (red). Bed. July. East Indies. 1803.
ro'sea (rosy). Pink. July. East

Indies. 1803.

— scutifo'Ka (shield-leaved). Blue. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1:9*,

N. stella' ta( starred-cowered). Blue. July.
East Indies. 1803.

— therma'lis (warm-bath. Hungarian Latm\

White. July. Hungary. 1800.

— versi'color (various-coloured). Pink, white,

August. Bengal. 1807.

NY'SSA. Tupelo-Tree. (From Nyssa,
a water nymph so called. Nat. ord.,
Alangiads [Alangiacere]. Linn., 23-
Poiygumla %-Dicecia.)

All the kinds described are referable to three
species, biflora, candicans, and villosa. They
are deciduous, green-flowered, natives of the
southern states of North America, where they
attain the size of large trees, growing in watery
places. They succeed best in peat swamps, and
are highly deserving of cultivation on account
of their leaves dying off of an intensely deep
scarlet; they are propagated from American
seeds, also rather freely by layers ; low damp
moist situations suit them best. We are not
aware that any seeds have been produced in
England, as the male varieties only have
bloomed, so far as we know.
Ar. biflo'ra (two - flowered. Mountain), 6.
May. 1739-

— ca'ndicans (whitish. Ogechee Lime). 20.

1806.

— grandidenta'ta (large-toothed) . May. 1735.

— villo'sa (shaggy. Sour gum). 10. May.

1824.

OAK. Quc'rcus.

OBERO'NIA. Indian and African or-
chids, only interesting to botanists.

O'CHNA. (From ochne, the wild pear
tree ; resemblance of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Ochnads [Oclmaceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreens, all but one yellow- flowered.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in summer,
under a bell-glass, in sand, and in bottom heat;
sandy peat and fibry loam, with pieces of broken
charcoal and crocks to keep the soil open.
Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
O. arbo'rea (tree). 20. Cape of Good Hope.
1832.

— atropurpu'rea (dark purple). 4. Purple.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— lu'cida (bright). 6. East Indies. 1819-

— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). 8. Mauritius.

1822.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 8. Sierra

Leone. 1820.

— ni'tida (shining). 6. Cape of Good Hope.

1815.

— obtusa'ta (blunted). 4. East Indies.

1790.

OCHRA'XTHE. (From ochros, pale
yellow, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Cimomwls. [Cuuoniacett]. Linn., 8-
Pcntandrla 3-Trigynia.)

OCH

[ 041 1

0DO

Greenhouse evergreen. Suckers ; cuttings of !
ripened shoots, under a hand-light, in sandy ;
soil ; sandy fibry loam. A cool greenhouse, or
a cold pit in winter.

O. argil' ta (Argutan). Yellow. March. China.
1820.

OCHRO'MA. (From ochros, pale ; re-
ferring to the flowers. Nat ord., Ster-
cnliads [Sterculiaceae]. Linn., IQ-Mo-
nadclphla 2 - Pentagynia, Allied to
Cheirostemon.)

The wood of 0. Lago'pus is so light that it is
used in the West Indies for corks. Stove,
white-flowered, evergreen trees. Cuttings of
stubby side half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; rich sandy loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85".
0. Lago'pus (Hare's-foot). 40. Jamaica. 1804.

— tomento'sa (woolly -leaved). 20. South

America. 1816.

OCHRO'SIA. (From ochros, pale yel-
low. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna-
cese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria I-Monogynia.
Allied to Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots; treatment similar to Ochroma.
0. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 10. Cream. Bour-
bon. 1823.

O'CYMUM. Basil. (From 020, smell ;
the powerful odour of the plant. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacere]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 1 - Gymnospermia. )

All but one are white-flowered ; and most of j

them require to be treated as tender and half- I

hardy annuals. To be sown in a slight hotbed, j

and transplanted afterwards ; the border kinds j

sown where they are to grow, in warm places |
and light rich soil late in May. See Basil.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS, &C.
0. Boje'ri (Bojer's). 2. Madagascar. 1825.

Herbaceous.
—filamento'sum (thready). 2. September.

Africa. 1802.

— grati'ssimtim (most agreeable). 2. July.

East Indies. 1751.

— menthoi'des (Mint-like). 1. Annual.

— monta'num (mountain). 3. May. W. Indies,

1825. Annual.

— sa'nctum (holy). 1. Purple. E.Indies.

1768. Annual.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
0. basi'licum (common- Basil). 1. August.

East Indies. 1548.
glabra'tum (smooth). July.

East Indies. 1817.

pilo'sum (soft-haired). 1. July.

thyrsiflo'rum (thyrse-flowered).

— bi1 color (two-coloured). 2. October.

Abyssinia. 1842. Deciduous shrub.

— mi'nimum (least). £. July. Chili. 15/3.

ODONTOGLO'SSUM. (From odom, a
tooth, and ylossa, a tongue ; tooth-like
41

processes on the lip or labellum. Nat.
ord., Orchids [OrchidaceiP]. Linn.,
IQ-Gynandria \-Monandrla. Allied to
Oncidium.)

Stove orchids. Division of pseudo-bulbs ;
fastened to a block of wood, and then the block
fastened across the mouth of a pot, with fibry
peat, sphagnum, and potsherds placed round it.
Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°.
0. angusta'tum (narrow - leaved}. White, pur-
ple. Merida.

— bi'color (two - coloured). Violet, yellow.

Peru.

— Bicton'ense (Bicton). Lilac, green. April.

Guatemala. 1837.

a'lbum (white - lipped). Brown,

white. April. Guatemala. 1843.

— • ru'brum (red - lipped). Brown,

red. April. Oaxaca. 1843.

— brevifo'lium (short-leaved). Purple. Loxa.

— ca'ndidum (white). Guatemala. 1840.

— Cervante'sii (Cervantes's). 3. White, yellow.

June. Oaxaca. 1845.

— citro'smum (Lemon-scented). 1. White,

rose. March. Guatemala. 1840.

— C/owe'sw(Clowes's). Yellow, brown. May.

Brazil. 1840.

— ccerule'scens (bluish). White, blue. May.

Mexico.

— constri'ctum (constrained). Yellow, brown,

green. January. La Guayra. 1841.

ma' jus (larger). Yellow, brown.

May. La Guayra. 1843.

— corda'tum (heart-lipped). 1. Greenish yel-

low, brown. January. Mexico. 1837.

— cri'spum (curled). Yellow, purple. May.

Colombia. 1844.

— crista'tum (crested). Brown, spotted. Peru,

— cuspiduta' turn (sharp - pointed - leaved) .

Green, brown. May.

— densiflo'rum (thickly-flowered). Yellow, red.

March. Tanja.

— Egerto'ni (Egerton's). White. April. Gua-

temala. 1840.

— Ehrenbe'rgii (Ebrenberg's). Guatemala.

1842.

— cpidendroi'des (Epidendrum-like). Yellow,

purple. November. New Grenada.

— Galeottia'num (Galeotti's). White. April.

Mexico. 1843.

— Ghiesbreghtia'num (Ghiesbreght's). Mexico.

— gra'nde (magnificent). 1. Cream, brown.

March. Mexico. 1839.

labe'llo-a'lbum (white-lipped). 1.

Yellow, white. December. Guatemala.

— Ha'llii (Hall's). Yellow, purple. November.

Peru.

— hasta'tum (halbert - like). Green, red.

Mexico.

— hastila'bium (halbert - lipped). 1 . White,

yellow, brown. August. Guatemala.
1848.

— Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Brown, yellow, orange.

July. Mexico. 1840.

— Ite've (smooth-lipped). White, yellow, brown.

June. Guatemala. 1841.

— la'cerum (torne). Yellow, brown. Peru.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). Peru.

— lu'teo-purpu'reum (yellow- purple). Yellow,

purple. February. Qumdia.
2 t

ODO

C 042 ]

rENO

0. mantla'tum (spotted). 2. Yellow, brown.
May. Mexico. 1838.

— maxilla're (jaw-bone). Flesh, red, yellow.

September. Mexico. 1846.

— tnembrana' ceum (membrane- sheathed). §•

White, brown. May. Mexico. 1843.

— mya'nthum (fly-flowered). Peru.

— nebulo'sum (clouded). Mexico.

— odora'tum (sweet - scented). Yellow, red.

July. Sierra Nivada.

— pardi'num (panther - like) . Yellow, brown .

Peru.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). Dark purple,

white. August. Mexico.

— pulche'llum (pretty). 1. White, yellow.

June. Guatemala. 1839-

— retu'sum (bent-back). Deep yellow. March.

Peru,

— ri'gidum (stiff). Yellow. Peru.

— Ro'llia; (Lady Rolle's), July. Guatemala.

1841.

— ro'seum (rosy). Rose. Peru.

— Ro'ssii (Ross's). Yellow, brown, white.

March. Mexico. 1839.

— atella'tum (starry-flowered). White, green.

April. Mexico. 1839-

— Warne'ri( Warner's). £. Yellow, crimson.

April. Mexico. 1844.

— purpura'tum (purplish). $. Pur-
ple, yellow. May. Mexico. 1845.

ODONTOLO'MA. (From odous, a tooth,
and loma, an edge ; fronds or leaves
tooth-notched. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceee]. Linn., %4:-Cryptoyamia I
Filices.)

Stove Ferns with brownish yellow spores. See
Ferns.
0. Borya'num (Bory's). May. Isle of Luzon.

— pulche' Hum (neat). May. Isle of Luzon.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). May. East

Indies.

(EcEo'cLADES. (From oikeo, to in-
habit, and klados, a branch. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gfy-
nandria l-Monandria, Allied to An-
greecum.)

Stove orchid. Divisions by separating a
newly-formed shoot ; block of wood, or shallow
baskets in sphagnum and fibry turf, and sus-
pended from the roof of a house. Winter temp.,
50° to 60°, and dryish atmosphere ; summer,
70° to 90°, dry before flowering, moist after-
wards.
(E.falca'ta (sickle-shaped). £. White. April.

China. 1815.

(ENOCA'RPUS. (From oinos, wine, and
karpos, a fruit; yields palm wine and
oil. Nat. ord., Palms [Palmacere].
Linn., 2l-Monceda Q-Hexandria. Allied
to Areca.)

Stove Palm. Seeds, but generally suckers ;
rich loamy soil. Winter temp., 6«° ; summer,
60° to 90°. ...^

(E. Bata'na (Batana). '40,,' sSoMth America.
1820.

(ENOTHE'RA. Evening Primrose.
(From oinos, wine, and them, imbibing ;
the roots of biennls supposed to be an
incentive to drinking wine. Nat. ord.,
Onagrads [Onagracese]. Linn., S-Octan-
dria \-Monogynia.~)

Annuals and biennials by seed, in the open
border, in April ; also in the autumn to stand
over the winter, and bloom early ; perennials
by seeds also, by divisions of the plants in
spring, and the more rare and tender by cut-
tings of the young shoots, under a hand-light,
in early summer. See Godetia for some species
sometimes included in this genus.

HALF-HARDY.

(E. (wa'ulis (stemless). £. White. July. Chili.
1821. Herbaceous.

— cheiranthifo'lia (Wall-flower-leaved). 1|.

Yellow. July. Chili. 1823. Evergreen.

— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). $. Yellow.

August. Texas. 1833. Herbaceous.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Peru.

1783. Herbaceous.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
(E. aniso'loba (unequal - lobed). 2. White.
June. Chiloe. 1828,

— oeespito'sa (tufted). 1. White. June, North

America. 1811.

— Frase'ri (Fraser's). Ij. Yellow. June.

North America. 1811.
variega'ta (variegated-teawed). 1.

Yellow. July. Gardens.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). 3. Yellow. August.

North America. 1737.
ambi'gua (ambiguous). 1. Yellow.

July. North America. 1813.

. Jlnnftiftft ( Tll/llOYlV ll. "Vf

I'ndica (Indian).

Yellow.

July. India.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Yellow. June.

North America. 1812.

-- variega'ta (variegated - leaved}. 2.
Yellow. July.

— ffra'cilis (slender). 1. Yellow. 1833.

— hy' b rida (hybrid). 1. Yellow. July. North

America. 1813.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). J-. Yellow.

June. North America. 1811.

— Missoure'nsis (Missouri). 1. Yellow. June.

North America. 1818.

— nervo'sa (tor^e-nerved).,. 2. Yellow. July.

1827.

— Nutta'llii (Nuttall's). White. June. North

America. 1811.

— pa'llida (p&le). l£. White, red. June.

America. 1826.

— pu'mila (dwarf). $. Yellow. July. North

America. 1757.

— pusi'lla (small). $. Yellow. July. North

America. 1817-

— Sello'wii (Sellow's). Montevideo. 1831.

— scrrula'ta (small- toothed). 1. Yellow. June.

North America. 1824.

— sero'tina (late-flowering). lj. Yellow. Sep-

tember. North America. 1820.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. White. June. North

America. 1821.

_, - , - ma'jor (larger). 6, White. July,
North America.

OSNO

[ 043 ]

OLE

(E. taraxacifo'lia( Dandelion-leaved). £. White.
June. Peru. 1825.

— tetraga'na (four-angled-^orfrfer/). l£. Yel-

low. July. North America. 1820.

HABDY BIENNIALS.

(E. a'lbicans (whitish). 2. Whitish. June.
Peru. 1823.

— albicait'lis (white-stalked). £. White. June.

North America. 1811.

— bie'nnis (biennial). 4. Yellow. July.

North America. 1629.

— bi'frons (two-faced). l£. Purple. August.

Texas. 1835.

— cruciu'ta (cross-flowered). 3. Yellow. July.

North America. 1 824 .

— ero'sa (jagged). 2. Citron-coloured. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1828.

— globula'ris (globular). 3. Yellow. July.

1824.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. Yellow. July. North

America. 1820.

— longiflo'ra (long - flowered). 3. Yellow.

August. Buenos Ayres. 1776'

— me'dia (intermediate). 2. Yellow. July.

North America. 1823.

— noctu'rna (night-smelling). 2. Yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow. June.

South America. 17QO.

— pube'&cens (downy). 1 . White. July. South

America. 1825.

— salicifo'lia (Willow - leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. 1824.

— Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Yellow. July.

Mexico. 1816.

— stria' ta (streaked). Yellow. July. 1822.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1791.

HARDY ANNUALS.

(E. amae'na (pleasing). 1. Purple. July.
North America. 1825.

— clava'ta (club-leaved). 1. White, July.

Mexico. 1827.

— decu'mbens (lying- down). l£. Purple.

August. California. 1827.

— demiflo'ra (close-flowered). 3. Purple.

August. California. 1830.

— Lindle'yii (Lindley's). l£. Purple. August.

North America. 1826.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved), li. Yellow. June.

North America. 1822'.

— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. North

America. 1811.

— quadrivu' 'Inera (four- wounded). l£. Pink.

September. North America. 1826.

— sinua'ta (scolloped - leaved). 3. Yellow.

July. North America. 1770.

mi'nima (smallest). ^. Yellow. July.

North America. 1825.

— stri'cta (erect). l£. Yellow- June. 1822.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). l£. Purple. Au-

gust. Chili. 1828.

— trilo'ba (three-lobed). £. Yellow. June.

North America. 1822.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. Purple. July. Cali-

fornia. 1826.

— virga'ta (rod-shaped). 1$. Purple, white.

July. Peru. 1823.

OFFSETS are side bulbs produced by
s.ome bulbous roots, and by which the

species can be propagated. Whatever
checks the upward growth of the parent
plant, as an early breaking down
of the stern, compels the sap to find
other organs for its reception, and,
consequently, promotes the production
of offsets. " The practice," says Dr.
Lindley, "of scarring the centre of
bulbs, the heads of ecbino cacti, and
such plants, and the crown of the stem
of species like Littsea geminiflora, in
all which cases suckers are the result,
is explicable on the foregoing prin-
ciple."

OGECHEE LIME. Ny'ssa ca'ndicans.

OIL NUT. Hamilto'nia.

OIL PALM. Ela'is.

O'LAX. (From olax, furrowed ; flowers
partially furrowed or imbricated. Nat.
ord., Olive worts [Olseacese]. Linn., 3-
Triandria 1-Mo-noqynia.)

Stove, white - flowered, evergreen climbers,
from the East Indies. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
sandy peat, fibry loam, and a little dried leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
0. imbrica'ta (imbricated). 8. December. 1820.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 8. December. 1820.

OLDENLA'NDIA. (Named after H. B.
Oldenland, a Danish plant collector.
Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceee].
Linn., ^-Tetrandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Hedyotis.)

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots of Deppiana,
in April, in sand, under a glass, in bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 85°. The annuals sow in a
gentle hotbed, in March ; prick out the seed-
lings in the bed, and move them to the open
border, after gradually hardening them, at the
end of May.

O. Cape'nsis (Cape). White. July. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824. Annual.

— carymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June.

Jamaica. i"3(). Annual.

— Deppia'na (Depp's). 1. White. June.

Mexico. 1835. Stove evergreen.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). £. White. July.

East Indies. 1792.

OLD -MAN'S BEARD. Geropo'gon.

O'LEA. Olive. (From daia, the
olive. Nat. ord., Oliveworls [Oleacese].
Linn., 2-Diandria \-Monogynia.')

The Olive will graft on the Privet, Phillyrea,
Ash, Lilac, and others of the order. Evergreens,
all white-flowered, except 0. fragruns. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in spring, in sand;
under a hand-light, in a close frame or pit, also,
when procurable, by seeds ; and grafting ; loam
and peat of an open fibry character. Winter

OLE

[ 044]

OM?

temp., 38° to 48°. O. satlva has stood for
years against south walls near London. The
scent of fragrans is sufficient to perfume a
large conservatory ; where only one of the
genus can be grown, this should be fixed upon.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

O. Amenca'na (American). 6. June. North
America. 1758.

— arbo'rea (tree). 20. August. 1825.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 5. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1730.

— • - undula'ta (wave-leaved), 6. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1730.

— exce'lsa (tall). 15. May. Madeira.
—fra'grans (fragrant). 4. Yellow.

China. 1771.

— Olea'ster (Oleaster. Wild Olive). 5.

Portugal. 1821.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 10. July.

Holland. 1825.

— sati'va (cultivated). August. South Europe.

1570.

— bumfo'lia (Box-leaved). 15. July. South

Europe.

—ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved) . 15. July. Cape
of Good Hope.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved).

Europe.

— longifo'lia( long-leaved).

Europe.

— obli' qua (twisted-leaved).

Europe.

— venttco'sa (warted). 6.

Good Hope. 1814.

1784.
July.

July.
New

15.

15.

July. South
July. South
15. July. South
April. Cape of

STOVE EVERGREENS.

0. dioi'ca (dioecious). 30. March. East Indies.
1818.

— la'ncea (spear-head-tea«ed). 20. August.

Isle of France. 181Q.

— robu'sta (robust). June. Sylhet. 1624.

— Roxburghia'na( Dr. Roxburgh's). 15. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1820.

OLEANDER. Ne'rium.

OLEA'NDRA. The genus is founded
on Neriiformis, or Oleander-like. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2-i-Cryplof/amia 1-Filices.)

Stove Ferns with yellow spores. See Ferns.
0. articula'ta (jointed). June. India. 1837.

— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). June. Isle of Luzon.

— neriifo'rmis (Oleander-like). May. E. Indies.

— nodo'sa (knotty). May. East Indies. 1840.

— Walli'chii(Wa.llich's). May. Nepaul.

OLEASTER, or Wild Olive. Elaa'gnus.

OLFE'RSIA. (Named after Olfcrs, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceas], Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
1-Filiccs.)

Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brown spores.
See Ferns.

O. a'podum (stemless). June. West Indies,
1824.

— Blumea'num (Blume's). April. I. of Luzon.

— c«//«?/o7iM7rt(Calla-leaved). August. Java.

1840.

O, oervi'<na (st&g-fiorned). May. \V. Indies.
1840.

— confo'rme (conformed). August. Cape of

Good Hope. 1841.

— Corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). May. Brazil.

1837.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 1. W.Indies.

1841.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt - leaved). June. Isle

of Luzon.

— scolopendrifo'lium (Scolopendrium - leaved).

August. Brazil. 1841.

— si'mplex (simple). 1. July. Jamaica. 17Q3-

— squamo'sum (scaly). July. West Indies.

— visco'sum (clammy). August. West Indies.

1826.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 1. July, Jamaica. 1843.
OLIBANUM. Boswc'Uia.

OLIVE. O'lca.

OLIVE-BARK TREE. JBu'dda.

OiJVE-WooD. Elccode'ndron.

OLIALAN'THUS. (From homalos, smooth,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Spimjc-
worts [Euphorbiaceae]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
ncecia IQ-Decandria. Allied to Hippo-
mane.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm

shoots, in sand, in heat ; loam and peat.

Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.

0. populifo'liu (Poplar -leaved). 6. White.

August. New Holland. 1825.

OMIME PLANT. Plecta'nthrus.

OMPHALO'BIUM. (From omphalos, the
navel, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord.,
Conarads [Conaraceffi]. Linn., 10-De-
candria \-Monoyynia.}

The beautiful zebra-wood of the cabinet
makers, is that of 0. Africanum. Stove ever-
green shrubs, with pale red flowers. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-plass,
arid in bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60°to 85°.
0. Africa'num (African). 8. Guinea. 1822.

— I'ndicum (Indian). 8. Ceylon.
OMPHALO'DES. Venus's Navelwort.

(From omphalcs, the navel, and eidos,
like ; referring to the seed. Nat. ord.,
Borageworts [Boraginaceffi]. Linn., 5-
Pcntan dria 1 -Monoyyn ia. )

Seeds of annuals in open border, in March,
and once or twice more during the summer ;
the perennials by division ; 0. verna is a beau-
tiful plant, in the recesses of rock-works, in
shady corners, thriving as well in shade as the
interesting Periwinkles.

HARDY ANNUALS.

0. interme'dia (intermediate). Blue. April.
Arabia. 1836. Biennial.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 1. White. July.

Portugal. 1748.

— littora'lis (shore). 1. White. July. France.

1826.

— scorpioi'des (Scorpion-like). 1. Blue. July.

Bohemia. 1825.

OMP

[ C45 ]

ONC

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

0. amplcxicau' lis (stem-clasping). 1. White.
July. Spain. 1823.

— myosotoi'des (Mouse-ear-like). l£. Brush.

September. Russia. 1838.

— ni'tidum (shining). 2. White. May. Por-

tugal. 1812.

— sempervi' rens (evergreen). 2£. Blue. June.

Britain.

— vc'rna (spring). £. Blue. March. South

Europe. 1633.

ONCI'DIUM. (From ogkos, a tumour ;
referring to excrescences on the base
of the lip orlabellum. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidaceffi]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Odontoglossum.)

Stove orchids. Divisions as growth is com-
mencing in spring ; very shallow baskets suit
all the largest-leaved kinds, or they may be
fastened to a block of wood, that fastened
across the mouth of a pot, the pot filled loosely
with pieces of wood and charcoal, to ensure
perfect drainage, and then rotten wood, sphag-
num, and fibry peat, laid round the lower part
of the plants, provided the base of the leaves is
not covered. Hardy kinds, as Flexuosum, re-
quire more packing ; small tender kinds must
be carefully treated to prevent damping, espe-
cially when not growing. Winter temp., 58° to
65° ; summer, 60° to 90°.

0. alti'ssimum (tallest). 4. Yellow, brown.
March. Panama. 1793.

— ami'ctum (frilled). 1. Yellow, brown,

blotched. April. Brazil. 1846.

— amplia'tum (broad - lipped}. 2. Yellow,

brown. March. America. 1832.
ma'jor (larger-lowered). £. Yel-
low. March. Guatemala. 1840.

— asce'ndcns (ascending). Yellow. April.

Guatemala. 183/.

— barba'tum (bearded). l£. Yellow. April.

Brazil. 1818.

— Barke'ri (Barker's). 1. Yellow. April.

Mexico. 1840.

— Batemania'num (Bateman's). Yellow. April.

Mexico. 1838.

— Baue'ri (Bauer's). Yellow, brown. April.

— bicallo'sum (two-warted). 1. Orange, brown.

July. Panama. 1842.

— bi'cnlor (two-coloured-/?oKwed). $, Yellow.

September. Mexico. 1841.

— bicornu'tum (two -horned). 1. Yellow,

spotted. June. Rio Janeiro. 1830.

— bifo'lium (two-leaved). $. Yellow, purple.

July, Montevideo. 1811.

pa'llidum (pale-yellow), g. Pale

yellow. July. Monte Video. 1832.

— bruchyphy'llum (short - leaved). Yellow,

brown. July. Mexico. 1836.

— ca'ndidum( white). White, yellow. March.

Mexico. 1843.

— carina'tum (keeled). Brown, yellow. Au-

gust. Xalappa. 1838.

— Carthagine'nse (Carthaginian). 4. Olive. | —

May. Carthage. 1791.

— Cebolle'ti (Cebollet's). 1. Yellow. April.

West Indies. 1825.

— cilia' turn (fringed- lipped). £. Yellow, red.

January, Brazil, 1818.

O.citri'num (lemon-coloured). 5. Yellow. Au-
gust. Trinidad.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured). §. Lemon. May.

Organ Mountains. 1839.

— confrago'sum (uneven). Straw. July. Mexico.

1835.

— corni'gerum (horn-bearing). J. Yellow.

July. Brazil. 1829-

— cri1 spurn (cmled-petaled). 3. Orange. June.
lu'teum (yellow). Yellow. May.

Organ Mountains. 1838.

— cuculla'tum (hooded). Red, purple. Feb-

ruary. Quindia.

— cu'rtum (curtailed). Brown, yellow. 1846.

— deltoi'deum ( triangular- Ji^joed). 1. Yellow.

October. Luna. 1836.

— Devonia'num (Duke of Devonshire's). 2.

Yellow, brown. January. Guatemala.
1836.

— divarica'tum (spreading). l£. Yellow,

orange, brown. December. Brazil.
1826.

— cu'preum (copper-coloured). 14- Yellow,

copper. December. Brazil. 1836.

— excava'tum (hollowed). Yellow. May. Gua-

temala. 1840.

— /ata>e7«ftt»i(sickle-petaled). Brown. Au-
gust. Merida.

— fimbriu! turn (iringed - flowered} . Yellow.
Brazil.

— flabelli'ferum (fan-bearing). Brown, purple.
July. Brazil. 1843.

—flexuo'sum (zig-zag). l£. Yellow, brown,
June. Brazil. 1818.

ma'jor (larger - flowered}. l£.

Yellow. June. Brazil. 1839.

— Forbe'sii (Forbes's). 1. Scarlet, yellow.

September. Organ Mountains. 183/.

— Forke'lii (Forkel's). Yellow, crimson. June.

Mexico. 1844.

— gutta'tum (spotted). Yellow, brown. April.

Jamaica. 1838.

fu'lgens (brilliant). Jamaica. 1838.

ma! jus (larger). Jamaica. 183S-

— Harrisonia'num (Harrison's). 1. Yellow,

spotted. October. Brazil. 1830.

— hasta'tum (halbert-ft#ped). Brown, yellow.

August. Mexico. 1840.

— Henchma'nni (Henchman's). Pale rose.

May. Mexico. 1839.

— hi'ans (gaping-flowered). Brown, yellow.

May. Brazil. 1837-

— Huntia'mim (Hunt's). Yellow, red. Sep-

tember. Brazil.

— incu'rvum (curled-back). Bluish white.

July. Mexico. 1839-

— Inslea'yi (Insleay's). Yellow, brown. July,

Mexico. 1840.

— intermedium (intermediate). 2. Orange*

March. Cuba.

— iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). $. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1835.

— la'cemm (cut-lipped). l£. Yellow. April;

Panama. 1844.

— Lancea'num (Lance's). l£. Yellow, purple.

August. Surinam. 1834.

ma' jus (larger). Green, purple^

August. Guiana. 1836.

— Lcmonia'num (Sir C. Lemon's). 3- Yellow,

spotted). March. Havannah. 1836.

— teuchocM'lum (white-lipped). 1. Yellow,

brown. August. Guatemala. 1835.

ONC

[ 046 ]

ONE

—-pachyphy',

0. Linde'nii (Linden's). May. Guatemala. 1840.

— linguifo'rme (tongue-shaped). Yellow, rose.

— longifo' Hum (long -leaved). 3. Yellow,

brown. March. Mexico. 1840.

— luna'tum (crescent - lipped). 1. Orange.

June. Demarara. 1836.

— lu'ridum (lurid). 2. Olive, brown. March.

Jamaica. 1822.
— gutta'tum (speckled). 2. Yellow,

red. July. Jamaica. 1837.
purpura'tum (purple-stained). 2.

Crimson, purple, speckled. September.

— macranthe'rum (large-anthered). £. Green,

purple. March. Mexico. 1840.

— microchi'lum (small-lipped). Yellow, crim-

son. September. Guatemala. 1838.

— mono'ceras (one-horned). 2. Yellow. Jan-

uary. Rio Janeiro. 1839.

— na'num (dwarf). White. La Guayra. 1842.

— nebula' sum (cloudy), Yellow, brown. Gua-

temala.

— nu'dum (naked). Fellow, crimson. July.

Caraccas. 1834.

— oblonga'tum (oblong-leaved). Yellow. July.

Guatemala. 1844.

— onu'stum (loaded). 2. Yellow. October.

Peru. 1848.

— ornithorhy'nchon (bird's-bill). 2. Pink,

white. July. Mexico. 1826.

pa'llidum (pale-flowered).

2. Pale purple. December. Guate-
mala. 1833.

ihy'llum (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow,
January. Mexico. 1839.

— papi'lio (Butterfly Plant). 1J. Yellow,

purple. June. Trinidad. 1823.

limba'tum (bordered). l£. Crimson,

brown, yellow. October. Trinidad.
1823.

— pectora'le (breast-plate). Brown, crimson.

April. Brazil. 1842.

— pelica'num (Pelican-beaked). Yellow. Octo-

ber. Mexico. 1839.

— pe'ndulum (drooping -flowered). Brown,

yellow. September. Guatemala. 1840.

— pergame'neum (parchment). Yellow. Au-

gust. Guatemala. 1839.

— phymatochi'lum (long-lipped). 2. White,

yellow. April. Brazil.1 1844.

— Pinellia'num (Pinelli's). Brown, red. Brazil.

1841.

— pu'bes (downy). 1. Green, red. April.

Brazil. 1824.-

flave'scens (yellowish). 1. Red,

yellow. October. Brazil. 1839.

— pulche'llum (neat). £. White, spotted. May.

Jamaica.

— pulvina'tum (cushion - like). 8. Yellow,

brown. June. Brazil. 1836.

— pu'milum (dwarf). £. Yellow. May.

Brazil. 1824.

pa'llidum (pale). £. Pale yellow.

May. Brazil. 1840.

— rani'fcrum (frog -bearing). 1. Yellow.

August. Brazil. 1838.

'• ma' jits (larger -flowered). 1.

Yellow. August. Brazil.

— refle'xum (bent-back). Yellow. October.

Mexico. 1836.

— ro'seum (rosy)i Rose, July, Mexico.

1838,

O. ro'seum ma'jus (larger). Rose. March. Hon-
duras. 1830.

pa'llidum (pale). Pale rose. March.

Honduras. 1830.

— Russcllia'num (Russell's). 1. Purple, green.

Rio Janeiro. 1835.

— sangu'intum (crimson-blotched). Crimson,

red. La Guayra.

— sphacela'tum (scorched). 2. Yellow, brown.

February. Mexico. 1838.

grandiflo'rum (large-flowered).

Yellow, brown. February. Mexico.
1840.

— spilo'ptcrum (spotted-winged), j}. Brown,

yellow. February. Brazil. 1844.

— strami'neum (straw-coloured). Straw, crim-

son. Vera Cruz. 1837.

— sua've (sweet-scented). Yellow. April.

Mexico. 1835.

— Sutto'ni (Sutton's). Brown, yellow. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1842.

— Taylcu'rii (Tayleur's). 2. Brown. August.

Mexico. 1837.

— tc'nue (slender). J. Yellow, brown, spotted.

August. Guatemala. 1841.

— tetrape'talum (four-petaled). 1. Yellow,

brown. Jamaica.

— tri'color (three-colored-flowercd). l£. Yel-

low, white. April. Jamaica. 1843.

— trique'trum (triangular-leaved). %, White,

purple. September. Jamaica. 1793.

— trulli'ferum (trowel-lipped). Brown, yellow.

September. Brazil. 1838.

— unguicula1 turn (nail-bearing). 3. Yellow.

October. Mexico. 1846.

— unico'rne (one-horned). Pale yellow. June.

Rio Janeiro.

— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). ^. Brown, yel-

low. November. Organ Mountains.
1841.

— variega'tum (variegated). 2. Yellow. July.

West Indies. 1824.

— viperi'num (poisonous). Pale yellow. July.

Brazil. 1836.

— volu'bile (twining). Yellow, brown. De-

cember. Brazil.

— Wentworthia'num (Earl Fitzwilliam's).

Yellow, crimson. March. Mexico. 1839.

— Wra'yce (Mrs. Wray's) . 2. Yellow, brown.

Guatemala. 1838.

ONE-SHIFT SYSTEM OF POTTING is
giving a plant in a pot one large shift,
instead of frequent small ones. Thus,
instead of moving a plant successively
from a three to a five-inch pot, thence to
a seven or an eight, and thence again to
a ten or a twelve, allowing the roots to
become matted at the sides of the pot,
or merely to reach there, according as
flowering or growing are the objects
aimed at, the plant is moved at once
from a three, four, or five-inch pot,
into one of eight, twelve, or sixteen
inches in diameter. It is seldom that
a cutting, or a seedling, or a very
small plant, is at once moved into a
large one, as during its very small

ONE

C 047 ]

ONE

state it can be more safely, easily, and
economically attended to in a small
pot. The one-shift system requires
room for its adoption. Striking indivi-
dual, rather than mere general results,
are its characteristics ; and, therefore,
where a constant show of bloom, and
considerable variety in a small space
are chiefly desired, it should only be
sparingly adopted. The chief object
aimed at is rapidity of growth, and thus
obtaining a beautiful specimen in a
much shorter period than could easily
be realized by the succession-shift
system. By the one-shift system we
obtain a vigorous growth, but yet, from
being in a pot, luxuriance may be so
controlled as not to interfere with the
flowering. In fact, with the extra care
and trouble involved, we obtain the
advantage without the disadvantages of
the planting-out system. For the one-
shift system, as well as in every other
case, where a fine specimen is desired,
a young plant must be commenced
with that has never had its roots matted
round the pot. Such a plant will soon
overtake one four times its size, but
which has several times densely rilled
its pot with roots.

The freely-growing plants, and whose
existence is short, are the best to com-
mence with. Many of them are best
managed upon this system. Wherever
rapidity and strength of growth is an
object, annuals intended to flower in
pots, after being once pricked off into
small pots or preparatory beds, and
thus established, can scarcely be too
soon afterwards transferred to their
blooming pots. Where double flowers,
as in the balsam, or swelling-off part
of the ilower, as the receptacle in the
case of the cockscomb, are wished for, j
then different methods may be adopted
to secure a desired end. With such
hard-wooded plants as Heaths and
Epacrises, the most striking results
are obtained by the one shift system ;
but as greater care is necessary to
success with such plants, we would
advise young beginners to try some of
the above soft-wooded plants in the
first place, and to keep in view for all
the cases they may try, whether the
plants are soft-wooded or hard.

In common with other modes of
potting, the pots should be sound,
fairly burned, dry, and either new, or
thoroughly clean, outside and inside.
Secondly, yood drainage — always essen-
tial— must here form a chief element
of success. In all plants intended to
remain in the same pot for years, it
cannot be too particularly attended to.
Green moss, or chopped wheat straw,
strewed over the drainage, is a good
thing for preventing the earthy parti-
cles above being washed into and
choking it up. Broken charcoal, from
whence the dust has been extracted, is
also very useful for this purpose. In-
deed, larger pieces of charcoal may
constitute the chief part of the drain-
age, which will be lighter than most
things that could be used — a matter of
considerable importance. On this
account, alone it is valuable for mixing
with the compost, to keep it open,
independently of any chemical proper-
ties it may possess. Thirdly, soil.
Tliis, whatever maybe its constituents,
should be rough and lumpy : the bulk,
in general cases, consisting of pieces
from the size of peas up to that of
beans and walnuts; and in cases of
larger pots, a few pieces may be as
large as hen's eggs. In such compost
the plants will grow rapidly ; and even
in the case of heaths, &c., they will
maintain a healthy appearance for
years. Should much of the compost
be in larger pieces, the plant will not at
all be greatly injured for the first sea-
son, or more, nor yet as long as the
roots are contented to crawl around the
surface of the lumps ; but when they
have reached the side of the pot, and
necessity leads them to penetrate the
large pieces, a declining appearance is
apt to present itself. Hence the com-
plaints against the system, that though
plants grow vigorously at first, they
were short-lived. Such large shifts in
the fine sifted soil of old could not
succeed, unless in potted specimens
! that received more care than can in
! general be given to plants. Using
huge lumps of loam, or peat, would
tend to produce a similar evil, though
from causes apparently different. The
! middle course is the safe one, but with

OXK

[ 648 ]

ONI

rough soil, it is necessary to surface
with a little that is finer, that the air
may not enter too freely. Fourthly.
A plant never thrives well when the
surface of the hall is sunk several
inches below the rim of the pot ; and
there is something uncouth in observ-
ing the centre of the ball sticking up
in the centre of the pot, like a mole-
hill. In all cases, therefore, but espe-
cially where it is intended for a plant
to continue for years, the compost
should be pressed firmly before the
young plant is set in the centre of the
pot ; and as, nevertheless, it will gra-
dually sink a little, the surface of the
old soil may just be a little below the
rim of the pot. If the roots are the
least matted, they should now be
gently disentangled, and packed care-
fully with the hand, in layers, putting
the finest of the rough soil over the
young rootlets, and the coarser towards
the outside next the side of the pot ;
and squeezing all rather firmly toge-
ther with the hand, taking care, how-
ever, that the soil is in that happy
medium that may be termed neither
dry nor wet, and yet sufficiently heated
to occasion no immediate check by
cold. Fifthly. Watering is the most
important of all points, and, where it
cannot be properly attended to, the
one-shift system should not be at-
tempted. For some time you must
merely water as far as the roots ex-
tend— the unappropriated soil must
not be soaked, or it will become sour
and unhealthy for the roots even before
they get to it. No regular routine dash
or dribble from the water-pot will do
with the one-shift system. Sixthly.
Temperature. On this system, for some
time after potting, the plants should
have from o° to 10° more heat than
they otherwise would require; and a
close atmosphere until fresh growth is
proceeding freely. A dash from the
syringe frequently in hot days will be
of great importance. Every incitement
to growth must thus be given ; and
when that has been accomplished, then
air must be freely imparted, and a drier
atmosphere maintained, that the fresh
wood ,so freely made may be thoroughly |
matured. Seventhly. Time of Potting. '

Upon this system, in the case of all
lasting plants intended to be our com-
panions for years, this should take
place in spring and early summer, in
order, first, that growth may be quickly
made, and then maturation of the wood
be effected before the dark days come,
when, in the generality of cases, the
low temperature of winter will give
them the rest they require, before
breaking and flowering vigorously and
profusely the following season.

ONION. A' Ilium ce'pa.

Soil rich, open and well drained, in
a situation entirely free from trees ; if
the soil be poor, abundance of dung
should be applied in the preceding
autumn or winter. Sea-sand, particu-
larly if the ground is at all tenacious, is
advantageously employed ; coal ashes,
and especially soot, are applied with
particular benefit. In digging over
the ground, small spits only should be
turned over at a time, that the texture
may be well broken and pulverized.

Varieties : — 1, Silver-skinned onion,
hardiest; 2, Early Silver-skinned; 3,
True Portugal ; 4, Spanish ; 5, Stras-
burg; 0, Deptford (largest in Eng-
land); 7, Globe (white or red), best;
8, James's Keeping Onion; 9, Pale
Bed; 10, Yellow ; 11, Blood red; 12,
Tripoli; 13, Two-bladed; 14, Lisbon.

Sow for the main crop during
March. Main crops may even be in-
serted as late as the beginning of
April ; and at its close a small sowing,
to draw young in summer, and for
small bulbs to pickle; again in July
and early in August, for salads in
autumn, and finally in the last week
of August or early in September, to
stand the winter, for spring and be-
ginning of summer. Sow thinly in
drills, eight inches apart. An ounce
of seed is sufficient for a rood of
ground, especially for the main crops,
as they should never be allowed to
grow to a size fit for salads, without
thinning. The beds should be about
four feet wide, for the convenience of
cultivation.

Cultivation. — In about six weeks after
sowing, the plants will be of sufficient
size to allow the first thinning and
small hoeing, by which they are to be

0X1

[ (U9 J

ONT

set out about t,wo inches apart; if this
is performed in dry weather it will keep
the beds free from weeds for six weeks
longer, when they must be hoed a
second time, and thinned to four inches
apart ; and now, where they have failed,
the vacancies may be filled up by trans-
planting there some of those thinned
out. The best time for doing this is j
in the evening, and water must be given
for several successive nights. In trans-
planting, the root only is to be inserted,
and no part of the stem buried. No
plant is more benefited by liquid manure
being given twice a week. After the
lapse of another month they must be
thoroughly gone over for the last time,
and the plants thinned to six inches
asunder. After this they require only
occasionally the stirring of the surface,
which the hoe effects. In order to
prevent their running too much to
blade, it is a good practice, in July,
before the tips change to a yellow hue,
to bend the stems down fiat upon the
bed, which not only prevents it, but
causes the bulbs to become much
larger than they otherwise would. The
bend should be made about two inches
up the neck.

Storing. — About the close of August
the onions will have arrived at their
full growth, which may be known by
the withering of the foliage, by the
shrinking of the necks, and by the ease
with which they may be pulled up.
As soon as these symptoms appear,
they must be taken up, the bed being
frequently looked over ; for if the whole
crop is waited for, the forwardest, es-
pecially in moist situations, or seasons,
are apt again to strike root.

Spread on mats in the sun, frequently
turn, and remove under shelter at
night. In two or three weeks, when
the roots and blades are perfectly
withered, and the bulbs become firm,
they are fit for storing, being housed
in dry weather, and carefully preserved
from bruising ; previously to doing
this, all soil and refuse must be re-
moved from them; for these are apt
to induce decay : to prevent this as
much us possible, all faulty ones should
bo rejected. In the store-house they
must be laid as thin at> may be, or

hung up in ropes, and looked over at
least once a month. To preserve some
from sprouting, for late use, it is useful
to sear the roots and the summits
with a hot iron, care being taken not to
scorch the bulb.

Additional Modes of Cultivation. — For
the winter standing crop the only addi-
tional directions necessary are to tread
in the seed regularly before raking, if
the soil, as it ought to be, is dry and
light. They must be kept constantly
clear of weeds, as well as of the fallen
leaves of trees, but they need not be
thinned. Early in spring they are to
be transplanted for bulbing. Sow in
May. Cultivate the plants as in the
other crops ; and in October the bulbs,
being of the size of nuts, are to be
taken up, dried, and housed, as directed
for the full-grown bulbs. About the
middle of the following March they
must be planted out in rows, six inches
apart each way, and cultivated the
same as the other crops. If sown
earlier than May they run to seed
when transplanted. Another mode,
nearly as efficacious, is to sow in the
latter part of August, to stand the
winter, and in March, early or late,
according to the forward growth of the
seedlings, to be planted out in rows at
the before-directed distance, and culti-
vated as usual.

In Portugal, they sow in a moderate
hotbed during November or December,
in a warm situation, with a few inches
of mould upon it ; and the plants are
protected from frost by hoops and
mats : in April or May, of the size of
a swan's quill, they are transplanted
into a light rich loam, well manured
with old rotten dung, to bulb. Trans-
planting alone is of great benefit.

To save Seed, some old onions must
be planted early in March. The finest
and firmest bulbs being selected and
planted in rows ten inches apart each
way, either in drills or by a blunt-ended
dibble, the soil to be rather poorer, if
it differs at all from that in which they
are cultivated for bulbing. They must
be buried so deep that the mould just
covers the crown. If grown in large
quantities, a path must be left two feet
wide between every .three or four rows

ONI

[060]

ONO

to allow the necessary cultivation.
They must he kept thoroughly clear
from weeds, and when in flower have
stakes driven at intervals of five or six
feet on each side of every two rows, to
which a string is to be fastened
throughout the whole length, a few
inches below the heads, to serve as a
support and prevent their being broken
down. The seeds are ripe in August,
which is intimated by the husks be-
coming brownish ; the heads must then
be immediately cut, otherwise the
receptacles will open and shed their
contents. Being spread on cloths in
the sun, they soon become perfectly
dry, when the seed may be rubbed out,
cleaned of the chaff, and, after remain-
ing another day or two, finally stored.
It is of the utmost consequence to
employ seed of not more than one year
old, otherwise not more than one in
fifty will vegetate. The goodness of
seed may be easily discovered by forcing
a little of it in a hotbed or warm water
a day before it is employed ; a small
white point will soon protrude if it is
fertile.

ONION-FLY. See Anthomy'ia and
Eii'merus.

ONI'SCUS. 0. ase'lhis, 0. armadillo.
Woodlice. The first is most easily dis-
tinguished from the second by its not
rolling up in a globular form when at rest.
They are found in old dry dunghills,
cucumber frames, &c., and they are in-
jurious to many plants, fruits, &c., by
gnawing off the outer skin. Gas lime
will expel them from their haunts, and
two boards or tiles kept one-eighth of
an inch apart form an excellent trap.

ONOBRO'MA. (From onos, the ass,
and broma, food. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., W-Synyencsia 1-
JEqualis. Allied to Carthamus.)

Cuttings, and divisions, and seeds of peren-
nials ; annuals by seed ; common soil ; Arbo-
rcscens requires the protection of a cool green-
house in winter.

0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 0. Yellow. July.
Spain. 1731. Evergreen.

— ceeru'lcum (blue). 1. Blue. June. Spain.

1640. Herbaceous.

— cynaroi'des (Cynara-like). 2. White. June.

Caucasus. 1820. Herbaceous.
~~- glau'cum (milky-green). l£. Purple. July.
Tauria. 1817. Annual,

0. Icucoca'ulon (white-stemmed). 1. White.
June. Greece. 1800. Herbaceous.

ONOBRY'CHIS. Saintfoin. (From
onos, the ass, and brycho, to gnaw ; fa-
vourite food of the ass. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee], Linn.,
17-Diadelphia ^-Decaiidria, Allied to
Hedysarum.)

Best by seeds in spring, where they are to
remain and bloom ; as all move badly. Sandy
deep loam.

HARDY ANNUAL.

O. ca'put-ga'lli (cock's -head). l£. Flesh.
July. France. 1731.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

0. arena'ria (sand). 1. Red. July. Siberia.
1818.

— Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. Purple. July.

Carpathia. 1818.

— confe'rta (crowded). 1. Purple. July.

Iberia. 1817.

— cornu'ta (horned). 1. Red. July. Cau-

casus. 1816. Evergreen.

— crina'ta (haired). Lilac. June. Levant.

1837.

— echina'ta (hedge-hog). Flesh. June. Ca-

labria. 1831.

— Fontanc'sii (Fontaine's). Red. July. Tu-

nis. 1820.

— gla'bra (smooth). 1. Purple. July. Tau-

ria. 1816.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Pale red, July.

Podolia. 1820.

— Michau'xii (Michaux's). Pale red, July.

Levant. 1820.

— monta'na (mountain), £. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1817.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 1. Pale yellow. Ibe-

ria. 1820.

— pctrai'a (rock). 1. White, red. Caucasus.

1818.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Purple, July,

Iberia. 181 9.

— Ptolemai'ca (Ptolemais). 1. Yellow. Egypt.

1816.

— radia'ta (rayed). l£. Pale yellow. Iberia.

1818.

— saxa1 tilis (rock). 1. Lilac, yellow. South

Europe. 1790.

— supi'na (supine). £. Pale red. Switzer-

land. 1819.

— Tanai'tica (Tanais). 1. Purple. July.

Caucasus. 1817.

ONOCLE'A. ( Onodcia was the Greek
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., Z±~Cryptoyamia
1-Filiccs.)

Hardy Ferns. See Ferns.
0. obtusilobu'ta (blunt - lobed). 1. Browu.
July. North America. 1812.

— scnsi'ltilis (sensitive). l£. Brown. August,

Virginia. 1/og,

ONO'NIS. Kesth arrow. (From onos,
an ass, and onemit to delight ; the ass

ONO

[ 651 ]

ONO

delights to browse on the herbage.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., 16 - Monadclphia 0 - Decandrla.
Allied to Anthyllis.)

Annuals by seeds in April, in sandy deep soil ;
perennials and creeping shrubs by division in
spring, and cuttings under a hand-light, in
sand, in summer ; deep sandy loam for most of
them. Hardy under-shrub kinds, if of a creeping
nature, answer well for rockworks. The tenderer
species require a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse
in winter, and most of these like a little peat
added to the sandy loam.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. Red. June.
Barbary. 1826.

— arewa'na(sand). £. Yellow. July. France.

1819.

— Arragone'nsis (Arragonese). l£, Yellow.

July. Spain. 1816.

— capita' ta (round-headed). \. Yellow. Au-

gust. Spain. 1820.

— fruticu'sa (shrubby). 2. Pink. May. South

Europe. 1680.

• microphy'lla (small-leafleted). 4.

Purple, red. June. Arragon.

— procu'rrens (procurrent). 1. Purple. July.

Europe. 1820.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 2. Pink. May.

Pyrenees. 1570.

.arista'ta (bearded). 2. Pink.

June.

— tribractea'ta (three - bracted). l£. Pink.

June. South Europe. 1800.

— tridenta'ta (three - toothed). l£. Purple.

June. Spain. 1752.

TENDER PERENNIALS.

0. Angusti1 ssima (narrowest-leaved) . $. Pink.
June. Spain. 1825.

— cuspida'ta (pointed. -leaved). l£. Yellow.

June. Algiers. 1818.

— emargina'ta (notched - leaved). Mauritius.

1825.

— falca'ta (sickle-podded). l£. Yellow. July.

South Europe.

— gla'bra (smooth). £. Yellow. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). l£. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1799-

— lii'spida (bristly). 1;J. July. Barbary. 1818.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Yellow. July.

Teneriffe. 181 6.

— peduncula'ris (long - flower - stalked1*. 1.

White, rose. April. Teneriffe. 1829.

— pi'cta (painted). 1. Purple, yellow. Barbary.

1820.

— ramosi' ssima (branchiest). J. Yellow* July.

Sicily. 1819.

ANNUALS.

0. A'lba (white). 1. White. July. Barbary.
1823.

— A'pula (Apuliari), 1. Yellow. September.

Naples. 1834. Biennial.

— biflo'ra (two-flowered). \. Yellow, purple.

July. Barbary. 1818.

— brachyca'rpa (short-podded), $. Yellow.

June, Spain, 1823.

0. breviflo'ra (short - flowered). £. Yellow.
August. South Europe. 1800.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). $. Purple. Cape of

Good Hope. 1800.

— Denha'rdtii (Denhardt's). 1. Yellow. Au-

gust. Naples. 1832. Biennial.

— diffu'sa (spreading). £. Purple. July.

Italy. 1820.

— foe'tida (fetid). £. Pink. June. Morocco.

1818.

— geminiflo'ra (twin - flowered). £. Purple.

July. Spain. 1817.

— minuti'ssima (smallest). £, Yellow. June.

France. 1818. Biennial.

— oligophy'lla(few-\ea.veA). l£. White , July.

Naples. 1823.

— pe'ndula (drooping). l£. Purple, July.

South Europe. 1818.

ONOPO'RDON. Cotton Thistle. (From
onosj an ass, and perdo, to consume;
eaten by the animal. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceoe]. Linn., 1^-Synge-
ncsia I-2Equalis. Allied to the Thistle.)
Hardy biennials, the seeds of which merely
require sowing in the commonest soil, either in
the autumn or early spring.
0. acau'lon (stemless). £. White. July. Pyre-
nees. 1739.

— Ara'bicum (Arabian). 8. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1686.

— cynaroi'des (Artichoke-like). 10. White.

June. Caucasus. 1823.

— ela'tum (tall). 7. Purple. July. Greece.

1816.

— Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 6. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1640.

— tnacraca'nthum (long-spined). 6. Purple.

July. Barbary. 1798. Annual.

— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). £. White. August.

Pyrenees. 1820.

— uniflo'rum (one-flowered), £. White. July.

Spain. 1826.

— visco'sum (clammy). 7. Purple. July.

South Europe. 1818.

ONO'SMA. (From onos, an ass, and
osme, smell ; said to be grateful to the
animal. Nat. ord., Borageworts [Bo-
raginacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Echium.)

Herbaceous perennials, yellow-flowered, ex-
cept where otherwise mentioned. Small, pretty
plants for mounds, rockwork, and old walls,
where, if once established, they will maintain
themselves by seeds ; seeds and divisions ;
sandy loam and sandy peat, and thin layers of
decomposed vegetable matter ; a few tender
kinds require a cold frame, and trinervium a
warm greenhouse in the winter.

HALF-HARDY*
0. ri'gidtim (stiff). 1. July. Tauria. 1826.

— rupe'stre (rock). £. May. Iberia. 1819-

— trine' roium (three-nerved). 1. South Ame-

rica. 1824.

HARDY.

0, divarica'tum (spreading), 1, May. Cau*
casus. 1818.

ONO

OPH

0. echioi'des (Echium-like). 1, White. May.
South Europe. 1683.

arena'rium (sand). 1. June. Hun-
gary. 1804.

— giga'nteum (giant). 3. April. Tauria. 1818.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 1. Striped. June. Altai.

182Q.

— monta'num (mountain). March. Levant.

1827.

— orient a'le (eastern). £. May. Levant. 1752.

— polyphy'llum (many - leaved). 1. July.

Tauria. 1829.

— seri'ceum (silky -leaved). $. June. Iberia.

1752.

— simplici'ssimum (simplest). 1. April. Siberia.

1768.

— stellula'tum (small-starred). $. April. Hun-

gary. 181Q.

ONOSMO'DITJM. (From onosma, the
last genus, and eidos, like. Nat. ord.,
Borageworts [Boraginacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Echium.)

Hardy herbaceous North American peren-
nials, flowering in June; thriving in sandy
loam, and propagated by seeds and division.
0. hi'spidum (bristly). 1. Yellow. 1759.

— mo' lie (soft). $, White. 1812.

ONY'CHIUM. (From onyx, a claw;
shape of the lobes of the fronds. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)

Stove Ferns, with yellowish-brow
See Ferns.

n spores.

O. aura' turn (golden). July. New South
Wales.

— Cape'nse (Cape). July. Cape of Good Hope.

— lu'cidum (shining). July. Nepaul. 1844.

OPEKA GIKLS. Manli'sia.

OPERCULA'EIA. (From operculum, a
lid; shape of calyx. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., b-Pen-
tandria 1-Moiwgynia. Allied to Pomax.)

Greenhouse herbaceous, white-flowered pe-
rennials. Seeds in spring, in a mild hot-bed ;
division of some of the plants as growth com-
mences ; cuttings of the young shoots, best
when several inches long; sandy loam and
a little fibry peat, and dried pieces of leaf
mould, and a few pieces of charcoal ; a dry, cold
pit or greenhouse in winter.
O. a! spent (rough-seederf). l. June. New
Holland. 1/90.

— hi'spida (bristly). 1. July. N.Holland, 1790.

— Ocymifo'lia (Basil-leaved). £. July. East

Indies. 1824.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). £. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1824.

OPHE'LIA. (From opheleia, service-
able ; medicinal. Nat. ord., Gentian-
ivorls [Gentianaceoe]. Linn., b-Pen-
landria 2-Diyynia. Allied to the
Grentian.)

A pretty little annual, with starry pink
flowers. Seeds sown under a glass frame, in
the beginning of April, and planted out in the
open border at the beginning of May.
0. purpura'scens (purplish). £. May. East
Indies. 1836.

OPHIOPO'GON. (From ophis, a ser-
pent, and pogon, a beard. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., Q-Hexan-
dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Conval-
laria.)

Herbaceous, white-flowered perennials, ex-
cept where otherwise mentioned. Division of
the plant at the roots, in spring, as vegetation is
commencing ; also by seed ; sandy loam and a
little peat ; requires the protection of a cold
pit, or a very dry sheltered place in winter.

0. interme' dius (intermediate). August. Ne-
paul. 1824.

— Jabu'ran (Jaburan). 1. July. Japan. 1830.

— Jupo'nicus (Japan). l£. Lilac, yellow. June.

Japan. 1/84.

— pro'lifer (proliferous). l£. July. Penang.

1844.

— spica'tus (spiked). 1. Violet. October.

Nepaul. 1821.

OPHIO'XYLON. (From ophis, a serpent,
and xylon, wood ; referring to its twisted
roots. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocyna-
ceffi]. Linn., 23-Polyyamia 2 Dixcia.
Allied to Carissa.)

Stove evergreen. Division of the creeping
stems; rich sandy loam. Winter temp., 50°
to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
0. serpenti'num (serpentine). 3. White. May.
East Indies, lb'90.

O'PHEYS. (From ophrys, eyebrows ;
referring to the fringe of the inner
sepals. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cere]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan*
dria.)

Elegant little ground orchids, chiefly natives
of England, but difficult to keep alive under
cultivation. Division of the tuberous-like roots;
also, most of the hardy ones by seeds, which
should be sown as soon as ripe, or permitted to
sow itself by falling on loose, damp moss,
whence it may be moved and finally planted
after growth has taken place. Apiferu prefers
rich, heavy soil; most of the others, sandy-
chalky loam, and a little peat. Considering their
interesting appearance, they well deserve a
frame or cold pit from amateurs, so that they
might receive similar attention to small Alpines,

HALF-HAEDY.

0. arani'fera-limba' tit (bordered-spider-bcar-
ing). 1. Brown. April. Rome. 1626.

— atra'ta (dark). j£- Green, brown. May.

Gibraltar. 1825.

— fc'rrum-equi'num (horse-shoe). 3> Brown,
rose. April. Corfu.

— fuvifio'ra (drone - flowered). i!. Green,

brown, pink. Zuntc.

OPU

L «M

CPU

O.fu'son (brown \ ?t. Brown. June. Gibraltar.
1825.

— lu' tea (yellowi. 3. Yellow. April. Spain.

1818.

— sco'lopujc (woodcock). £. Purple. May.

Italy. 1825.

— tenthredini'fera (saw-fly-bearing). $. Yel-

low, brown. April. Barbary. 1815.

- -- . .. mi' nor (smaller). £. Yel-

low, brown. April. North Africa.

1824.

HARDY.

0. api'fera (bee-bearing). 3- Purple. June.
England.

— arachni'tes (cobweb), 3- Brown. June.

England.

— arachnoi'dea (spider -like). Brown, rose.

April. Italy. 1805.

— arani'fera (spider-bearing). %. Green. May.

England.

— cili'atu (hair-fringed). Brown, white. April.

Italy. 1826.

— cornu'ta (horned). 3- White, purple. June.

Crimea. 1844.

— exalta'ta (lofty). Rose, brown. April. Italy.

1825.

— fuci'fera (drone-bearing) . 3- Purple, green.

June. England.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red, yellow, j

April. Italy. 1828.

— muci'fera (fly-bearing). 3. Purple. May.

England.

— spe'culum (looking-glass). Brown, black.

April. South Europe. 1818.

-— tabani'fera (dun-fly-bearing). £. Choco-

late, rose. April. Clarentia.

OPORAN'THUS. (FrcntOlopora, autumn,
and antkos, a flower. Nat. ord., Ama-
rylllds [Amaryllidacese] . Linn., 6-Hex-
andria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Stern-
bergia.)

A hardy, free-flowering bulb, very useful for
mixed borders, flowering close to the ground in
the autumn. For culture see Amaryllis.
0. lu'teus (yellow) and lu'teus angustifo' lia
(narrow-leaved). £. Yellow. Sep-
tember. South Europe. 1596.

OPU'NTIA. Indian Fig. (A Latin
name, of which the derivation is not
applicable to the species now placed
under it. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cac-
tacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria l-Mono-
yynia.}

Greenhouse evergreen succulents ; with yel-
low flowers when not otherwise mentioned.
Cuttings, by taking pieces oif at the joints, and
drying them a little before inserting them in
sandy loam, and giving them a brisk bottom
heat. The great point is to give them a high
temperature and a moist atmosphere when
growing in summer, say from 65° to 85° or 90° ;
to reduce the moisture gradually as autumn
approaches, but not the temperature, until
autumn is on the wane, and then to keep them
in a low temperature (40° or 50°), and dry
•luring the winter ; sandy loam, fibry peat, each

one part, lime rubbish,' cow dung, and char-i
coal, one-third part each. Vulgar is has stood
in dry situations out of doors near London,
and has been unhurt when planted at the foot
of a wall, and wet excluded during winter. All
species of which we know nothing but the
names have been omitted.
0. a'lbicans (whitish-s/nned) . Mexico. 1835.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). Chili. 1836.

— America'na (American). S. America. J835.

— Amyclea'a (Amyclean). Naples. 1825.

— articula'ta (jointed). June. 1836.

— auranti'aca (orange-flowered). 3. Orange,

yellow. Chili. 1824.

— Bonpla'ndi (Bonpland's). July, Brazil.

1816.

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). 25. July. Brazil.

1816.

— cochinilli'fera (Cochineal-bearing). 5. Red.

August. South America. 1688.

— corruga'ta (wrinkled). Chili. 1824.

— cra'ssa (thick-defied). 2. Mexico. 1817-

— Cwrassa'vica (Curassoa). 6. June. Cu-

rassoa. 1600.

elonga'ta (elongated) . 3.

lo'nga (long). 6. June. Cu-
rassoa. 1690.

— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 3. Scarlet. Peru.

1799-

— deci'piens (deceiving). Scarlet. June. Mexico.

1830.

— decuma'na (great-oblong). 10. South Ame-

rica. 1768.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). $. June. Mex-

ico. 1835.

— deje'cta (dejected). Havannah. 1836.

— dicho'toma (two-rowed). Buenos Ayres.

1836.

— Dille'nii (Dillenius's). 5. September. 1810.

— ela'tior (tafter-black-spined), 6. July. South

America. 1731.

— exte'nsa (outspread). Lilac, yellow. 1824.

— exuvia'ta, (cast- forth). June. Mexico. 1830.

— fe'rox (fierce). 3. South America. 1817.

— Fi'cus 1'ndica (Indian Fig). 2. June. South

America. 1731.
— folio' sa (leafy). South America. 1805.

— fra'gilis (brittle). 2. North America. 1814.

— glomera'ta (round-heaped). Brazil. 1829.

— Hernande'xii (Hernandez's). Variegated.

Mexico. 1827.

— ho'rrida (horrid). July. South America.

1795.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). 3. 1820.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). July. South America.

1796.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-shaped). 2. July.

South America. 1796.

— leucaca'ntha (white-flowered). White. South

America. 1825.

i — leuco'triche (white-haired). 4. White. Ger-
many. 1836.

— longispi'na (long-spined). Brazil. 182Q.

j — ma'xima (largest). 10. South America. 1820.

i — me'dia (middle-mawy-sptned). North Ame-
rica. 1827.

j — megaca'ntha (large-spined). Mexico. 1835.

i — Mexica'na (Mexican). Mexico. 1835.

j — Missourie'nsis (Missouri). June. North
America. 1814.

' — monaca'nthu (single - spined). 1, South
America. 1816.

O.PU

C 654 ]

DBA

0. wjynam'nMa(myriad-spined). Mexico. 1830.

— ni'gricans (blackish-sained). 3. Pink. Au-

gust. South America. 1795.

— Nopali1 llo (small Nopal). Mexico. 1838.

— Otto'nis (Otto's). June. Brazil. 1830.

— pa'rvula (least). Chili. 1825.

— platyaca'ntha (broad-spined). ]814.

— polya'ntha (many - flowered). 3. South

America. 1811.

— polyaca'ntha (many - spined). 1. North

America. 1814.

— Pseu'do-Tu'na (False-Tuna). 1811.

— pube'scens (downy). June. Mexico. 1836.

— pulvinu'ta (powdered). June. Mexico. 1836.

— pusi'lla (small). £. South America. 1805.

— ramuli'fera (branched). June. Mexico. 1836.

— re'ptans (creeping). Mexico. 1838.

— ro'sea (rosy). Rose. June. Mexico. 1830.

— rube'scens (red-stemmed). Brazil. 1828.

— seni'lis (old-man). 1837.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Chili. 1827.

— splnau'rea (golden-spined). Mexico. 1838.

— spinosi'ssima (spiniest). 20. July. Jamaica.

1732.

— spinuli'fera (small-spine-bearing) . Mexico.

1836.

— stape'liee(Sta.pe\ia-like). June. Mexico. 1830.
•r- subine'rmis (few-spined). 2. 181Q.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur -coloured). 2. Chili.

182;.

— tomento'sa (shaggy). 2. South America.

1820.

— triaca'ntha (three-spined). 2. South Ame-

rica.

— tubercula'ta (warted). 1. America. 1818.

— Tu'na (Tuna). 3. July. South America.

1731.

— vulga'ris (common). 2. July. South Europe.

1596.

ORACH. A' triplex horte'nsis. — This
is cooked and eaten in the same
manner as spinach, to which it is much
preferred hy many persons, although it
belongs to a tribe whose wholesomeness
is very suspicious.

Soil, — It flourishes best in a rich,
moist soil, and in an open compartment.

Sow about the end of September, and
again in the spring for succession, in
drills six inches apart. When the
seedlings are about an inch high, thin
to six inches asunder, and those re-
moved may be planted out at the same
distance in a similar situation, and
watered -occasionally until established.
For early production sow in a moderate
hotbed at the .same time as those in
the natural ground. The leaves must
be gathered for use whilst young,
otherwise they become stringy and
worthless.

To save Seed. — Some plants of the
spring sowing must be left ungathered
from, and thinned to about eight inches

apart. The seeds ripen about the end
of August, when the plants must be
pulled up, and when perfectly dry, the
seed rubbed out for use.

ORANGE. Ci'trus aura'ntium. See
Citrus.

ORANGE THORN. CiMoba'tm.
ORCHARD is an enclosure devoted to
the cultivation of hardy fruit trees.
With respect to the situation and aspect
for an orchard, avoid very low, damp
situations as much as the nature of the
place will admit : for in very wet soils
no fruit trees will prosper, nor the fruit
be fine ; but a moderately low situation,
free from copious wet, may be more
eligible than an elevated ground, as
being less exposed to tempestuous
winds ; though a situation having a
small declivity is very desirable, espe-
cially if its aspect incline towards the
east, south-east, or south, which are
rather more eligible than a westerly
aspect ; but a north aspect is the worst
of all for an orchard, unless particularly
compensated by the peculiar tempera-
ment or good quality of the soil. Any
common field or pasture that produces
good crops of corn, grass, or kitchen
garden vegetables, is suitable for an
orchard ; if it should prove of a loamy
nature, it will be a particular advantage ;
any soil, however, of a good quality,
not too light and dry, nor too heavy,
stubborn, or wet, but of a medium
nature, friable and open, with not less
than one spade deep of good staple,
will be proper.

Drain thoroughly, and trench before
planting. Plant in October, or at the
latest in November. Trees will succeed
if planted later, but those are the best
months. Plant on stations (See Sta-
tions) and the following is a good se-
lection. Of Apples, plant for Kitchen
use Keswick Codling, Mank's Codling,
Blenheim Pippin, Dunclow's Seedling,
Minshall Crab, Bedfordshire Found-
ling, Norfolk Beaufin, Hawthomden,
Herefordshire Pearmain, King of Pip-
pins and John Apple. For Dessert :
Early Harvest, Early Red Margaret,
Kerry Pippin, Early Nonpareil, Pit-
maston, Pearson's Plate, Ribston Pip-
pin, Ross Nonpareil, Old Nonpareil,
Lamb-Abbey Pearmain, Stunner Pip'

OEA

[ 055 ]

ORG

pin , and Court pendu plat. Of Cherries :
Early purple Griotte, Early May Duke,
Black Eagle, Elton, Bigarreau, Flo-
rence, Late Duke, Morello, and Butt-
ner's October Morello. Of Pluyns :
Precox de Tours, Morocco, Orleans,
Drap d'or, Greengage, Koyal Hative,
Reine Claude Violette, Coe's Golden
Drop, St. Martin's Quetsche, Wash-
ington, Jefferson, Wiiiesour, Magnum
Bonura, St. Catherine, and Ixworth
Imperatrice. In the preceding lists we
have named the varieties in their order
of ripening, but in this of Pears the
months named are those in which the
fruit is ripe. July, Doyenne d'ete.
August, Benoist. Sept., Williams' Bon
Chretien, Beurre d'Amanlis, Jalousie
de Fontenay Vender. Oct., Duchess
d'Orleans, Marie Louise, Fondante
d'Automne. Nov., Beurre Bosc, Thomp-
son's, Doyenne gris, Urbaniste. Dec.,
Hacon's Incomparable, Triomphe de
Jodoigne. Jan., Beurre Langelier,
Knight's Monarch. Feb., Incomme
Van Mons, Susette de Bavay, Duchesse
de Mars. March, Beurre Bretonneau.
April, Fortunee Parmentier, Berga-
mottee d'Esperen.

ORCHIDS are divisible into two classes,
the Epiphytes, or those growing upon
trees, and Terrestrial, or ground or-
chids, which grow upon the earth. The
two classes require some difference as
to the mode in which they are grown,
a difference pointed out in this work
under each genus in its alphabetical
order ; at present we shall confine our-
selves to such general directions as are
applicable to the general cultivation
of both classes of Orchids requiring
Stove treatment.

House for Orchids. — As they re-
quire great light, the house ought to
be so placed as to catch all the rays of
light from the sun. A span-roofed one
will do so, or, to the greatest degree ;
and so low in the angle, that the plants,
whether in pots or baskets, or on logs
of wood, will all be near to the glass.
We find the best aspect is for the roof
to fall due east and west; then the
lengthway of the house will, of course,
be north and south. By this means
the heat and light of the sun are more
equalised. In the cold mornings of

early spring the sun will sooner give
light and heat on the east side, and
will be at noon in such a position that
his beams will be slanting to the angle
of the roof, whilst in the afternoon his
power to give light and heat will be
considerably prolonged. Every plant
in this house will thus have its due
share of light and heat. During the
hot months of May, June, July, and
August, the shade or blind can be let
down on the morning side of the house,
drawn up at noon, and let down on the
afternoon side just as the sun shines ;
thus giving the plants all the light
possible, and at the same time pro-
tecting them from the burning rays of
the sun. There need not be any up-
right glass at the sides or ends of the
house. The walls ought to rise high
enough to allow a comfortable walk and
head room. The rafters and lights
ought to be fixed, and to give air a few
openings may be easily contrived in the
highest part of the house, and a few
sliding panels near the floor in the
walls. This cold air ought to flow in
over the hot pipes, and to become
heated before it cornea in contact with
the plants. In summer, when there
is no heat in the pipes, the external air
is naturally so warm that no injury
will accrue to the plants by admitting
it into the house without being artifi-
cially heated. It is almost absolutely
necessary to have more than one house.
However small the collection may be,
there will be some that require more
heat than the others. The orchids of
South America will flourish far better
in a house of moderate temperature
than in a house highly heated. This
house we would distinguish by the
name of "the Mexican house." The
orchids, natives of Java, Borneo, Singa-
pore, the Phillipine Islands, and the
hot jungles of Hindostan, require, on
the other hand, a much higher tem-
perature and close moist atmosphere.
The house for these plants we would
designate "The East Indian house."
By having two houses a considerable
number of advantages will be secured.
The Indian tribes, as soon as they
have made their growth for the year,
where there are two houses, may be

one

{ 050

ORC

removed into the cooler or Mexican i
house,'nnd that removal or change of \
temperature will harden their psnedo- j
bulbs, and concentrate the sap, causing j
them thereby to become more healthy, j
robust, and free to flower. Should any
of the South American species require
a little more heat, they could be con-
veniently removed into the Indian
house to make their growth. The
cooler house will also be useful to
place any of the Indian species in when
in flower, which change will consider-
ably prolong their season of blooming.
The two houses may join each other,
divided by a partition either of brick or
glass. We should prefer glass, as being
neater and showing off the plants in
both houses to greater advantage.

Heating. — As these plants require
during the seasons of growth a larger
amount of moisture than most other
plants, the plan to effect this is to heat
the houses with hot-water-pipes, laid
in tanks. The water in these tanks
should be deep enough to cover the
pipes about an inch with water. The
tanks need not be more than ten inches
wide, inside measure. The diameter
of the pipes should be three inches-and-
a-half. At some convenient place there
ought to be a tap to let off the water j
out of the tanks. This ought to be '
done frequently, in order to obtain a j
sweet moisture. If the water be allowed
to remain in the tanks for a length of
time it becomes foul, and then when
heated sends forth a disagreeable smell,
which is very unhealthy both to plants
and persons. In winter, when the
plants are, or ought to be, mostly at
rest, they require a drier atmosphere.
In order to induce this, the tanks
ought to be emptied during the winter
months from the middle of October to
the middle of February. Should the
plants appear to shrivel too much, the
pipes may be occasionally syringed
early in the mornings of fine days.
The number of pipes and tanks re-
quired depends, of course, upon the
size ff the houses. The large house
at Messrs. Henderson's, of Pine-Apple
Place, has four tanks in it ; the width
of the house is eighteen feet. Two of
those tanks are open, that is, have no

cover, and arc placed under a platform
formed with large thick slates, spaces
i being left between each to alloAv tho
j moisture to ascend amongst the plants.
The other tanks have covers to them,
j with holes to let out the moisture.
| These holes have brass lids to them,
j so that the moisture can be confined
as circumstances require. Now, this
answers the purpose well during the
months of spring, but we have too
much moisture during winter, so that
the plants grow more than they flower.
Supposing, then, a house eighteen feet
wide requires four tanks ; a house four-
teen feet will require three ; nine feet,
two ; and less than that only one. The
return pipes may run under the tanks
to the boiler, or if the tanks are placed
so near the floor that the return pipes
cannot be placed under, they may be
arranged to run on one side. The best
kind of boiler we know is one formed
of several round pipes, connected at
each end by a square one. From this
square pipe the hot water rises into the
tanks, and the return pipes bring the
water back to it to be reheated. Mr.
Taylor, the hothouse builder, at Ken-
sail New Town, is in the habit of put-
ting up these boilers, and they answer
admirably.

Shelves. — In any convenient part of
the house where a shelf can be put so
near the glass as to allow plants in
pots to be placed upon it, it is desir-
able to have them. We have always
found small plants, in pots, that have
made a good start do well in such a
situation. The plants, however, should
not be too near the glass. The ex-
tremity of the leaves should be at least
nine inches from it. The shelves, also,
should not be placed where the water
that overflows or runs through the pots
will drop upon any plants.

Stages. — The arrangement of these
will depend upon the width of the
house. If the house is wide enough
to allow a walk all round it, and a
walk in the centre, there will be two
stages. The centre walk should be
elevated as high as possible, to allow
head room for the manager and visitors
to walk comfortably. This elevated
walk is of considerable use, affording

OKC

[ 057 ]

ORC

a good opportunity to watch the pro-
gress and state of the plants, and to
observe when they require watering,
repotting, and cleaning from insects.
An example of this arrangement may
be seen in the orchid-house at Kew.

Shelves of the Staije. — Every shelf
ought to be a shallow cistern to hold
water. Blue slate is the best material
to form each shelf on the stage. The
upright slate forming the sides of each
ought to be elevated at least two
inches, and made water-tight. These
cistern-shelves may either be tilled with
small pebbly gravel, all the sand or
other binding material being washed
out of it, to prevent it setting hard, or
they may be left empty, and shallow
pots turned upside down, just high
enough to allow the plants to stand
clear of the water ; for it is intended
that these cistern-shelves should be
during summer kept full of water.
These shelves of the stage must be as
near the glass as the size of the plant
will allow. Several advantages to the
health of the orchids accrue from this
arrangement. The most important is
a constant supply of moisture to the air,
at a time when the heat of summer
renders the application of heat to the
tanks unadvisable. Another advantage
is the prevention of the attacks of in-
sects, such as woodlice, and slugs ;
these destructives cannot travel through
water ; and as the plants stand, as it
were, upon a number of little islands,
they are protected both day and night
from these devouring enemies. Care,
however, must be taken that the citadel
itself does not harbour them. The
cockroach and woodlouse often secrete
themselves during the day amongst the
rough pieces of turf and broken pots
used as drainage. If there is any sus-
picion that these enemies are in these
secret places, they must be diligently
sought for, by visiting the houses with
a bull's-eye lantern by night, and
catching them at their depredations.
Pursue them with all your diligence.
Should the tender roots, or flower-
shoots, still appear to be eaten occa-
sionally, take the severe measure of
turning the plants out of the pots, and
search for the vermin amongst the peat
42

1 and potsherds, and when they are once

; entii-ely got rid of, take care to place

! the plants so that their leaves do not

come in contact with any thing that will

form a bridge for the insects to travel

on.

Hanging i(p Plants on LOIJS or in
Baskets. — Large - headed nails, or
hooks, may be driven into the rafters,
or strong iron rods, well painted, may
be suspended along the roof over the
walks, and strong iron hooks, shaped
like the letter S, placed at proper dis-
tances to hang up the various kinds of
plants that require such situations.
We recommend the situation for these
to be over the walks, to prevent the
water, when applied upon the plants,
falling on the stages or shelves. Where
these plants are numerous, it is ad-
visable to devote a part of the house to
them. Underneath would be a con-
venient situation for a cistern to con-
tain the rain-water that falls upon the
roof, the best of all water for watering
purposes.

Cistern. — This is almost indispen-
sable. The one in the orchid-house at
Messrs. Henderson's, is formed with
slate one inch thick. The great use is
the heating the water for syringing and
watering purposes. Another use, and
an important one too, is for dipping
the blocks Avith the plants on them ;
also to dip the Stanhopeas, Gonyoras,
| and other plants in baskets. When
those plants begin to grow in the spring
they require a good steeping, and the
cistern offers a proper place for that
purpose. Two or three hours will not
be too much to steep them. The peat
during the time of rest becomes dry
and hard, and requires this wetting to
soften it, especially if the plants are to
be shifted into new baskets.

As orchids require frequent syringing,
sometimes twice or thrice a day, we
have made use of pots — garden-pot?,
in fact, without holes. These are placed
round the house near the hot-water
pipes, at a small distance, about six or
nine feet apart. Our readers, that are
in the habit of syringing, will imiae-
diately perceive the great saving of
time and labour by having these pots
so handy. Instead of having the water

DEC

OEC

to carry in garden watering-pans, these
pots being kept constantly full of warm
water are always ready.

Syringing in Winter. — During the j
dark days of winter, the operation of j
syringing requires considerable judg- |
ment. A large number of orchids will |
be at rest, requiring but little water,
especially those in pots. Others, on
logs, must be syringed on such morn-
ings as the sun is likely to shine.
There are, however, a few plants, even
in pots, that are much benefited by the
free use of the syringe at all seasons
of the year. Hnntleya violacea and H.
meleagris are two plants much improved
by this mode of treatment; and the
reason they are so improved is evident
enough, when we consider the situation
in which they grow naturally. Dr.
Schomburgh found them growing on
moist rocks, near to a cataract, on a
river (Essequibo, we believe) in British
Guiana.

All the Indian tribes that have no
pseudo-bulbs require more syringing
in winter than those that have such
reservoirs of vegetable life to sustain
them. The generic or family names
of such as we mean are — Aerides, An-
graecnm, Phaltenopsis, Rcnanthera, Sac-
colabium, Sarcanthus, and Vanda. All
these have a simple stem, clothed with
leaves. If exposed to a high dry heat,
the leaves and stems will shrivel much
more than is beneficial to their health ;
therefore, whenever a shrivelling is
perceived, let them have a gentle sy-
ringing, thoroughly wetting the whole
plant. This will revive them, and keep
them fresh and healthy.

Syringing in Spring and Summer. — It
is during these two growing seasons
that the syringe is most beneficial, and
then they should be deluged almost
with showers from the syringe, taking
the precaution to allow them to become
dry once a day. They are sure to
become dry enough during the night.
Let the water from the syringe be
milk-warm rain water, and let it fall
gently upon the plants ; thus imitating
natural showers of rain as much as
possible. We have found the plants
much refreshed in summer by .a gentle
syringing, when it was actually raining

out of doors. In truth, if such a thing
could be managed, we should be glad
to expose them, during the gentle warm
showers of April, to the rain that falls
from the clouds. We are quite sure it
would do them good. It is, however,
the plants on logs that benefit most
by the use of the syringe, both in
winter and summer. Of course, they
require the most when they are making
fresh roots and growths ; but even
when at rest they must be syringed
occasionally, to prevent the roots and
pseudo-bulbs from shrinking too much.
In that state, the finest- rosed syringe
must be used, to prevent so much water
falling upon the plants (if any) below.
During the seasons when the syringe
is used most freely, should any of the
plants have perfected their growth, and
consequently require less water, place
such in a corner of the house by them-
selves, and syringe them less fre-
quently. Towards the end of summer
the whole of the plants ought to be
perfecting their growths, excepting the
Indian ones above-mentioned, and the
Huntleyns. These grow, more or less,
all the year, but others must have an
entire rest ; therefore, cease syringing
so much as soon as you think there
is a fulness and ripeness about the
pseudo-bulbs, showing that they have
made the growth for the year. If you
continue syringing as much as ever,
there is danger of starting them again
into growing prematurely, and then you
will have weak, puny shoots, and injure
both the flowering and growth for the
ensuing season. It is impossible to
give any particular time when to cease
syringing, or watering at the root witli
a garden pot : experience and observa-
tion must guide the cultivator. In
general, we may say the quantity of
water, whether applied with the garden
pot or syringe, ought to be considerably
lessened towards the end of summer —
that is, about the end of August. The
pseudo-bulbs ought to be then fully
formed ; and, whenever that is the
case, they require much less water.
By the middle of October, the water
ought to be entirely withheld, excepting
just enough to prevent the plants from
shrivelling.

OBC

[ 030 ].

OEC

Shading. — We use a kind of canvass
called " bunting." It is thin and open
in the mesh, yet just close enough to
prevent the rays of the sun striking
through the glass, and injuring the
flowers and leaves. We shall try to
describe how it is applied. First, a
pole about Jtwo inches in diameter, of
the length of the house, or rather
longer, is made of deal, and quite
round. At one end a kind of wheel
is fixed, of larger diameter than the
pole (about one -third). On each side
of this wheel a round board is nailed,
projecting beyond it about three inches.
These boards are about three-quarters
of an inch thick, and are bevelled off
from the inside. When this is done, it
forms a groove. This is intended to
receive the cord, it being nailed to the
wheel. The canvass is then nailed to
the long pole, it having first been sown
together of the size of the house. The
pole, with the canvass attached to it, is
then laid upon the house, a flat piece
of wood 2-| inches wide, and a quarter-
of-an-inch thick, is nailed to the highest
point of the house, and the canvass is
tightly stretched and nailed to the flat
piece of wood, using some narrow
woollen lists stretched along it pre-
viously to driving in the tacks. This
prevents, in a great measure, the can-
vass from tearing off with the winds.
Then taking hold of the cord now
wrapped round the wheel and pulling
at it, the wheel turns round, and, of
course, the pole also; the canvass wraps
round it, and, at last, is rolled up at the
top; the cord is then fastened to a
long kind of button, and there remains
till shade is required. The cord is then
unfolded, and the pole let gradually
down to the bottom, where some pieces
of wood stop it from going off the
house, or tearing away the canvass
from the top. It may be made to last
longer, by having weather boards fixed
on the top of the house to receive the
canvass when rolled up under it, thus
sheltering it from the rain, which is
the great cause of its decay. Care must
be taken when it is rolled up, that it is
perfectly dry. During the dark short
days of winter, when the sun has not
power to injure the plants, the blind

| may be stored away in some dry shed
I or room till the days lengthen, and the
[ sunshine becomes dangerous to the
well-being of the plants.

The proper amount of Heat, Moisture,
and Air the Plants require at all times of
the year. — The power of heating should
be more than is required in ordinary
winters in order to be prepared for
those very severe ones that sometimes
occur. It is always easy enough to give
less heat in moderate weather by having
less fire applied under the boiler. The
degrees of heat required, we shall now
give for all the year.

FAHRENHEIT.

Spring ; 75

i Summer i 85 or !

j Autumn i 79

| Winter | 65

MEXICAN i
HOUSE.

Spring I 70

Summer | 75

Autumn 60

Winter 55

65 | 60

65 j 60

55 | 50

50 ! 50

Our readers will perceive that the
lowest temperature at all seasons is in
the morning ; that is, before the fires
are stirred. The heat in the mornings
in summer will depend upon the heat
of the atmosphere out of doors ; the
rest of the day may be regulated by
giving air. The principle of having a
j lower temperature during the night is
perfectly natural. The variations even
in tropical countries in that respect is
great.

Watering ivith the Garden -pot. — As a
general rule, let it be laid down never
to water an orchid except it requires it ;
therefore, in commencing to water,
observe each plant well, but quickly,
and water accordingly. An orchid re-
quires watering when it is growing and
dry. The quantity to be given depends,
again, upon the stage of its growth.
If the young shoots and new roots are
just beginning only to make their ap-
pearance, they require a very mode-
rate quantity ; but, as then, the plant
ought to be repotted, and the new

ORC

[ 060 ]

one

fresh compost is, or should be, moist of
itself, the water must be withheld until
the surface, at least, feels quite dry to
the touch. Again, the water should
be applied at a small distance from the
young shoots, which ought never to be
saturated, or even wetted, especially
either in the dark cloudy days of
winter or of early spring. In summer,
when the heat is increased, the sun
shining, and air given, the operator
need not be so nice, as the extra water
will soon evaporate, and dry up even
from the young and tender shoots.
When the young shoots begin to form
pseudo-bulbs, the quantity of water
may be increased, care being taken
that it does not lodge in the leafy
sheaths which surround the green or
young bulbs, especially of Cattleyas.
We have often seen a year's groAvth
destroyed by allowing the water to
lodge in those tender parts. The way
to remedy this is with a sharp knife, or
a small pair of scissors, to slit open to
the bottom the sheaths that hold the
water, but this is an operation that
must be done very carefully, without
injuring the young pseudo-bulb, or the
cure will be as bad as the disease ; for,
if you wound a pseudo-bulb, ten to one
it will perish. As soon as these sheaths
turn yellow, and not before, they may
be entirely removed safely. When in
that state they will easily part from the
bulb without injuring it, if carefully
pulled off. When the growths are young,
whether the water is applied with the
rose or spout alone, it will generally
be quite sufficient to wet the earth,
or compost, only round near the edge
of each pot. If the water is poured
indiscriminately all over the surface of
the compost, especially in the early
season of the year, the consequence
will be to endanger the young shoots.
At that season, and in that state, if the
water is slushed upon the plants, it
will cause several, if not all, of the
tender young growths to perish; but
as those growths begin to approach
their usual size, and the warm, long,
sunshiny days prevail, that is the criti-
cal or very time orchids require an
abundance of water.

Giving Air. — The method we recom-

mend to give air by, is with wooden
shutters, let into the wall at intervals
of four feet between each, on each side
of the house. The wooden shutters, or
doors, should be 2^ feet long by If)
inches broad. A frame of wood ought
to be fitted into the opening in the wall,
to hang the shutters on. These should
i swing on the centre with two iron pins,
so that when they open they will be
horizontal, and let the air into the
house plentifully. When less air is
required, every other aperture need
only be opened, or the shutters may
be propped only half open. When
they are opened, the fresh air will rush
in, and meeting with the pipes in its
progress, will be partially heated and
softened before it comes in contact with
the plants — a point worth attending to.
For nine months in the year this way
of giving air to the Indian house will
be found all that is wanted. During
the three hot months of summer, it
will be necessary to give some air at
the highest part of the roof. The
ridge of the house should be made flat,
about nine inches broad, and pails of
it made moveable to lift up with an iron
rod, whenever the heat of the internal
air exceeds the proper degree. This
is the guide on all occasions, and all
seasons. When the heat is too much,
give air.

It will be found, that the Mexican
house requires more frequently to have
air given to it than the other, because
the plants in it do not require so much
heat. To know, at all times, when to
give air, have a copy of the table of
heat for the orchid-house copied, and
hung up in a convenient place to
refer to.

Resting. — To know when the bulbs
are in a proper state to go to rest, may
be, to our readers, of some consequence.
They ought to be strong, and, if ex-
pected to flower, at least three feet
high, stout and firm, quite to the apex.
All the leaves ought to turn yellow,
and drop off in the same manner as any
other annually leaf-shedding plant;
and all this ought to take place early in
autumn. As soon as it does so, re-
move the plant, or plants, into a drier
and cooler house, and keep them there

one

[ 001 ]

ORG

until the buds at the bottom of each
psuedo-bulb begin to appear.

Cleansing the Leaves. — Take down the
plant from its high position; if the moss,
or peat, whichever it may happen to be
growing in, is dry, give it a good soaking
in the cistern, the water of which is at
a temperature of 70°. Whilst it is
soaking, all dead leaves are to be care-
fully removed, and every part of the
plant thoroughly washed with a sponge.
If the leaves are thick and leathery,
the sponge is to be rubbed over them
several times with a heavy hand. In
fact, it might be called a good scrub-
bing ; being careful, of course, not to
injure it. For more tender leaves, we
have, very lately, used something else.
We observed that the sponge, though
used ever so lightly on these tender
thin leaves, injured them slightly.
Happening to observe a piece of thick
leather, such as soldiers' belts are
made of, it was taken and wrapt round
the end of a small stick, fastening it
firmly to it with some small copper
wire, leaving half-an-inch of it project-
ing beyond the stick ; it had then the
appearance of a brush made of leather.
With this instrument the leaves were
washed, and it was so soft and pliable
that it did not injure the youngest or
tenderest leaf, yet effectually washed
the dust and dirt off from the leaves.
This washing not only clears off the
parasites, and any other obstruction,
but also destroys insects, particularly
the red spider and black thrip, two of
the most pernicious enemies to orchids.
Let every part of the plants be well
cleansed — leaves, stems, and psuedo-
bulbs. Not only will the plants look
better, but they will be greatly benefited
in their health.

Potting. — Generally speaking the
months of January, February, and
March, are the proper times, but as
there is no rule without exceptions,
some orchids require potting at all
seasons of the year. The beginner
may know when to pot his plants by
this observation : — Whenever they are
determined to grow, they must be
potted. The only precaution neces-
sary to observe, in the dark seasons,
will be to use the stuff you pot them

in (for it can hardly be called soil) in
a moderately dry state, and give no
water excepting a sprinkling to settle
the compost.

In the first place, have ready a
quantity of broken pots or potsherds
of several sizes; next, procure some
good turfy peat, knock it into pieces
with a heavy hammer, crushing the
finer soil entirely out of it ; then pass
it through a fine sieve, and what re-
mains in the sieve is the best stuff for
orchids ; it is light, open, and porous.
Next, have some charcoal at hand
broken into pieces no larger than a
hen's egg, nor smaller than a hazel
nut. Another article, and you will
have all you need for pots and baskets :
this is white bog moss or sphagnum,
which should be partially chopped with
a sharp hatchet, and the dust also
sifted out of it. Wre have a great ab-
horrence for anything close or fine
about orchids, excepting terrestrial
ones.

Having all in readiness, take your
plant, turn it out of the pot carefully,
be mindful of the roots, and bruise or
injure them as little as possible. Per-
haps some roots Avillbe found adhering
very firmly to the sides of the pot ; to
part them from which we have used a
long thin-bladed knife, thrusting it
carefully down between the root and
the pot. In very bad cases we have
found it necessary to break the pot, but
this must be done very gently, or the
very act of breaking may destroy the
roots. The plant being cleared from
the pot, shake away all the old compost ;
then examine the roots closely, and cut
off all the dead ones. This is a conve-
nient opportunity, also, to look after
insects, especially the white scale, the
most pernicious of all vermin to orchids
(excepting, perhaps, the black thrip).
With a brush clean them all off, and
wash the whole plant with strong soap
water. Your plant is now ready for
potting. Choose a pot of the proper
size; generally speaking, orchids, to
grow them well, take larger pots in
proportion to their size than any other
class of plants. Let your pots be per-
fectly clean both inside and out. Lay
a large piece of potsherd over the hole

OEC

[ 06:2 ]

at the bottom of tlie pot ; then place
some rather smaller pieces of the same,
and over these the smallest ones.
Altogether the pot ought to be three
parts filled with this drainage. This
point is of the utmost importance, for
if the plants are not superlatively well-
drained they will not thrive long or
satisfactorily. Over this drainage place
a thin layer of charcoal, and then a
layer of the turfy peat, mixing with it
some broken pots and charcoal. Intro-
duce the plant now, and spread the
roots, if many, all over the surface of
the compost, working it amongst them,
gradually filling it in till the pot is full,
and keeping the body of the plant \vell
up ; raise the compost up about two or
three inches above the level of the edge
of the pot in proportion to its width.
A small pot need not have the plant
above one incli raised, a middling plant
two inches, and for the largest sized
plant three inches will be sufficient.
The whole of the plant, psuedo-bulbs
and all, excepting the roots, ought to
stand clear up above the compost. It
will be loose and ready to tumble over
if of such kinds as Cattleyas or Dendro-
biums; to prevent which, thrust into the
compost some stout sticks, and tie
each psuedo-bulb to each stick firmly.
These will secure the plant, and give it
a neat, tidy appearance.

Orchids in Baskets. — A considerable
number of species require baskets, be-
cause the flower-stems are pendant,
and, consequently, naturally require a
position to allow the flowers to grow
down. In fact, some send the flower-
sterns perpendicularly down through
the soil or compost. Now, if these
are grown in pots, the flower-stems run
down into the soil, and there perish.
It is true they have been grown in
pots on a hillock built up six inches or
a foot above the rim of the pot, and
then part of the flower- stems manage
to find their way to the outside of the
little mound j but a considerable num-
ber descend straight downwards, and
soon rot for want of air and light. By
growing them in baskets this evil is
prevented, and every raceme (bunch)
of flowers arrives at perfection.

The baskets should bu of u biiie suit-

able for small plants — small ones re-
quiring only small baskets, middling
ones the middle-sized, and large ones
in proportion. The way to basket the
plants is this : — Have the peat or com-
post prepared exactly as for potting
above-mentioned ; cover the bottom of
the basket with a thin layer of moss —
green would do, though we prefer white,
or sphagnum. This moss is to prevent
the peat from dropping through the
openings between the rods forming the
bottom. Then place a portion of peat
upon the moss. In the next place,
prepare the plant by taking it out of
the old basket or pot, or perhaps on"
from a log. Do this as carefully as
possible without injuring the living
roots. If the old peat, in which it
has been growing, perhaps, for years,
is very hard, and the living roots are
so firmly attached to it that they cannot
be detached without breaking them,
take the plant and put it into the
cistern, and let it remain there till the
peat is thoroughly soaked. Take it
out, and set it in some convenient
place to drain off the water. If this is
done a full week before you intend to
re- basket the plant, it will be all the
easier to do ; the object being to soften
the peat so as to be able to pick away,
with a small-pointed stick, as much of
the old peat as possible. Examine, also,
the pseudo-bulbs and leaves, and clean
them thoroughly from dirt and insects.
Prune away all dead roots, and then
the plant will be ready to be put in its
new habitation. Place it in the middle
of the basket, and fill in all round it
with the new compost. Set the basket
then on the floor, and, with the syringe
held pretty close to the peat, give it a
good watering, forcing the water out of
the syringe pretty strongly : this will
be found to make the compost firm,
so that future waterings will not wash
it off the basket on to the floor, or
plants underneath. One thing we
would especially guard our readers
against, and that is, having the baskets
made deep. Some may have an idea
that if the plants have a large lot of
stuff to grow in they will thrive better
and produce more flowers, but this is
u mistaken notion. The roots of orchids

ORC

.[ 663 ]

ORC

of this class run on the surface, or, at
least, very closely beneath it ; in truth,
if the air is properly surcharged with
moisture, the roots will prefer running
out of the* compost. Frequently the
long roots of Stanhopeas, that push
strongly, and run along the surface of
the compost, send forth fibres, not into
the compost, but, strange to say, up-
wards into the congenial air, gathering,
as it were, aerial food to support and
feed the plant they belong to. This
proves satisfactorily enough that deep
baskets are 110 advantage even to the
growth of the plant, but to the flower-
stems of some kinds of Stanhopeas
they are certainly injurious. We say
some kinds, such as Slanhopea insignia
and its varieties, S. tigrina and its va-
rieties, and all that have, like these,
short and few-flowered racemes. Such
lands as S. oculata, Wardii, and quad-
ricornis, which have long flower-stems,
may find their way through a deep
basket, but would do so easier and safer
through a shallow one.

Pots. — The kind we use and prefer
may be described as a shallow, Avide
pot, the proportions of which are as :
two, three, and five : that is, two inches
wide at the bottom, three inches deep,
and five inches wide at the top, all in-
side measure. Larger pots to be in
the same proportions. Small ones need
only have one hole at the bottom, but it
should be larger than those generally
made. For the two-inch-wide pots at
the bottom, the hole ought to be three-
quarters-of-an-inch in diameter, the
great object being to allow the escape
of water quickly. Larger pots must
have three holes;, each of the same
diameter. Hard -burnt ones must be
avoided for these plants, as well as for
any other. The reason why we prefer
these wide, shallow pots is, that the
roots of orchids are, generally speaking,
either on the surface or very near it ;
besides, a large proportionate surface is
exposed to the benefit Of air and mois-
ture, both of which are beneficial to
the roots of an epiphyte. Terrestrial
orchids, whose roots descend deeper,
will be better in the ordinary-shaped
pot.

Baskets. — Various materials and

forms have been used hi this necessary
article. The first probably was made
of common iron-wire, painted green,
and the form round, deep, and with a
flat bottom. This material is almost
entirely disused, for, although the paint
for a time prevented them from rusting,
the great moisture and heat soon de-
composed the paint, and then the wire
became oxydized or rusty, and is then
very injurious to the roots, as well as
being unsightly. Those made with
copper wire are much better, lasting
longer, and are not so injurious to the
plants. The only objection we know
of is the expense. Where that is no
consideration, we should have no great
objection to their adoption. Baskets
have also been made of earthenware;
but, if there was no other objection,
their great weight would be sufficient
to set them aside as bad. We have tried
all these, and have come to the conclu-
sion that baskets made of wooden rods
are the best for this purpose. We men-
tioned before, that the most ornamental
are made of the corrugated or rough-
barked maple rods ; but, as these are
not always to be met with, hazel rods
may be used, and make excellent
baskets. The way we make them is
simple enough. First, the rods are
sawn into proper lengths. The smallest
we use are about the thickness of a
man's middle finger. With this size,
the smallest baskets are made. These
are seven inches wide, and three
rods deep. In this size, small Stan-
hopeas, and small plants of Aerides^
Saccolabiums, Vandas, Gongoras, &c.
are grown. For larger plants, larger
baskets are made, and thicker rods
used. The largest we ever had oc-
casion to make was for a fine plant
of Acrides odorata. This plant is four
feet high, and two - and - a - half feet
through. The rods used for it are
nearly as thick as a moderate-sized
man's wrist. The basket is two feet
square, which is the shape we prefer,
as being the most simple and easiest
made. When the rods are sawn into
lengths, the ends are pared smooth
with a knife ; then small holes are
bored through each, one at each end,
as nearit as possible without splitting.

ORC

[ 664]

ORC

The instrument used to bore the holes
with is a very small steel rod, about six
inches long, with a wooden handle ; it
is filed to a point at the end intended
to bore the hole with. We find it con-
venient to have two or three, for a
reason we shall state presently. After
a certain number of rods are cut and
smoothened, they are taken to a place
where there is a small, clear, red fire ;
the sharp end of one of the borers is
put into it about one inch. As soon as
that is red hot, the other is put in, the
heated one drawn and thrust into the
rod very near the end, and held there
as long as it continues to burn its way
without much pressure. If too much
force is used, the wood will be apt to
split. As soon, therefore, as the in-
strument ceases to burn its way through,
it is replaced in the fire. The other by
this time will be red also; this is then
taken out of the fire, and applied to
the hole. This operation is thus per-
formed with each bore alternately till
the hole is made through the rod. The
description of this operation takes up
considerably more time than the opera-
tion itself. It is quickly and easily
done, as any of our readers may prove
on trial. After as many rods are
bored as may be wanted at one time,
the next thing is to put them together.
The articles necessary for this are some
copper wire and a few flat-headed cop-
per nails. Each basket will require
four lengths of wire, the length of
each to be in proportion to the size of
the basket they are intended for. They
should be long enough to meet at least
eight inches above the top of the
smaller-sized baskets, and from a foot
to eighteen inches above the larger
ones. At the end of each piece of wire
make a loop so large that it will not
draw through the holes; then lay the
first two rods, and upon them, for the
smallest basket, lay three others ; nail
these three to the two outside rods,
thus forming a sort of raft, to use a
nautical term for want of a better ; turn
this over, and underneath it put two
other rods, to form the other two sides
of the basket; then draw the four
pieces of wire through the holes at each
corner, the looped end being under-

neath. Continue to lay a pair of rods
alternately, drawing the wire through
each till the basket is of the required
depth. The smallest size, three rods
deep ; the two next, four deep, and so
on. When that is done, make four
small pointed pegs, and drive them into
each hole at the four corners. This
will fasten the rods in their places, and
prevent them from ever starting up-
wards ; then draw the wires together
at the top, twisting each pair over each
other, and fasten them with a piece of
fine wire. Your basket is now complete
and ready for use.

Logs. — None are so good as the wood
of the Acacia, commonly so-called, but
which really is the Robinia Pseudo-
Acacia. Its wood is firm, and does not
soon decay. The next best is the oak.
In all cases we strongly recommend the
removal of the bark; our objection to
retaining it being, that it only serves as
a hiding place for wood-lice, small
snails, and other destructive insects,
besides retaining in winter too great a
quantity of moisture. The wood should
be procured a year before it is used,
and then the bark will come off very
easily. We except cork wood, which
we think very good when it can be
procured readily for this purpose ; and
the bark of cork suits the orchids well,
and, unlike the others, does not rot so
soon, and consequently has not the
objection to its use of being a receptacle
for vermin. The best wood for baskets
is the rough-barked common maple ;
the branches of this tree make the
handsomest baskets, but as it is not so
plentiful as the hazel, the latter is the
sort we recommend. Some object to
baskets of this description on account
of their soon perishing. This we con-
sider no objection at all, but rather an
advantage ; for as soon as the basket
is decayed the plant lias grown so
large that it requires a new one, and
the rotten sticks of which the old basket
is made are more easily broken and
removed than sounder ones.

O'RCHIS. (From orchis, testiculate ;
referring to the two oblong bulb-like
roots of many of the species. Nat.
ord., Orchids [OrchidaceajJ. Linn., !iO-
Gynandria 1-Mouundria.)

OEG

[ G65 ]

OBN

Chiefly an European genus of ground orchids.
Seeds, as in Ophrys, when obtainable ; division
of the tuberous roots, though they do not relish
transplanting well ; it should be done when the
plants are in a dormant state. The British
species are chiefly found on chalky hills, and in
pastures where calcareous matter abounds.
The exotic kinds like an addition of fibry peat.
The tender ones, in fact all, when cultivated,
should be treated as Alpines ; those found in
rich pastures require a moister situation.

O. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered). 1. Purple.
May. Barbary. 1815.

— corio'phora (bug-bearing). 1. Brown. June.

Switzerland. 1825.

— folio' sa (leafy -spiked). 1. Purple, May.

Madeira.

—fusce'sens (drying-brown). £. Yellowish.

June. Pennsylvania. 1831.

— globo'sa (round-spiked). %. Purple. June.

Austria. 1792.

— Ibe'rica (Iberian). White. June. Caucasus.

1819.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Pink. June.

Britain.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered), f . Purple. June.

Europe. 1820.

— longibractea'ta (long-bracted). l£. Purple.

May. Sicily. 1818.

— longico'rnis (long-horned), g. Purple. May.

Barbary. 1815.

— ma'cra (lean). Pale purple. May. Britain.

— macula'ta (spotted). 14. Flesh. June.

Britain.

— ma'scula (male-curly). 1. Purple. May.

Britain.

— militu'ris (military). 1. Purple. May.

Switzerland. 1825.

we'ra(true). Purple. May. Switzer-
land. 1825.

— rno'rio (buffoon). |. Purple. May. Britain.

— papiliona'cea (butterfly). 14. Purple. April.

Rome. 1"88.

— Provincia'lis (Province). |- Purple, yellow.

June. Switzerland. 1825.

pauciflo'ra (few-flowered), f.

Purple. July. Italy. 1825.

— pseu'do-sambu'cina (false - Elder - smelling).

$. Purple. April. Italy. 1828.

lute'scens (pale-yellow).

§. Yellow. June. Italy. 1828.

— quadripuncta'ta (four-spotted). 3. Purple.

April. Italy. 1828.

— sacca'tu (pouched). £. Purple. April.

Sicily. 1828.

— sambu'cina (Elder -scented}. $. Yellow.

April. Switzerland. 1825.

— specta'bilis (showy). Pink. June. North

America. 1801.

— tei)hrosa'nthos ( Ash-coloured-flowered). l£.

Purple. April. England.

densiflo'rum (crowded-spiked) .

1. Purple, white. May. Europe.

— undula'ta (wavy). 1. Pale purple. Decem-

ber. Sicily. 1818.

— undulatifo'lia (wavy-leaved). Pale purple.

May. Britain.

— ustula'ta (scorched). $. Purple. May.

England.

— variega'ta (variegated). £. Pale purple.

May. South Europe. 1818.

ORI'GANUM. Marjoram. (From oros,
mountain, and <janos, joy ; referring to
the natural places of growth. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia \-Gymnospermia. )

The following are all hardy herbaceous pe-
rennials. Seeds ; division of the roots and
cuttings ; sandy soil. See Marjoram.
0. JEgypti'acum (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July.
Egypt. 1731.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). Purplish. June.

Levant.

— Dicta'mnus (Dittany of Crete). 1. Pink.

July. Candia. 1551.

— heracleo'ticum (bastard- Winter-sweet). 1.

White. August. South Europe. 1640.

— horte'nsis (garden). Purplish. June. North

Africa. 1573.

— ma'ru (mastic). 1. Pink. June.

— nervo'sa (large-nerved). Pink. June. Egypt.

1823.

— norma'le (normal). 1. Blue. June. Nepaul.

1819.

— Oni'tes (Onites). 1. Whitish. August,

Mediterranean. 1759.

— sipy'leum (Mount Sipylus). 1. Pink. August.

Levant. 1699.

— stoloni'ferum (runner-bearing). 1. Pink.

June. Pedolia. 1828.

— Tournefo'rte (Tournfort's). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. Arnogos. 1788.

— vulga're (common). 2. Pink. August.

Britain.
flo're-a'lbo (white - flowered). 1.

White. June. Britain.
hu'mile (dwarf). 1. Purple. June.

Asia. 1818.
prisma'ticum (prism - shaped).

White. July. Mediterranean.
m'rens (green). ]. Purple. June.

Portugal,

OKMO'SIA. Bead-Tree. (From ormo^
a necklace; referring to the seeds of
O. coccinca, which are scarlet with a
dark spot, which are strung for neck-
laces. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese], Linn., 10-Dccandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Stove evergreen trees, blue-flowered. Cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy
fibry peat, and a little loam. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. cocci' nea (scarlet-seeded). 10. July. Guiana.
1823.

— dasyca'rpa (thick-fruited). 10. June. West

Indies. 1793.

ORNITHO'GALUM. Star of Bethlehem.
(From ornis, a bird, and yala, milk.
Nat. ord., Lilyivorts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
G-Hcxandria 1 - M on ogynia . )

Pretty bulbous plants, white-flowered where
not otherwise specified. Offsets; sandy loam
and a little leaf-mould for the hardy kinds;
a little peat added for those that require a cold

ORN

[ 006 ]

OKN

pit in winter. If the latter are planted out in
dry border, the border must be protected from
wet and frost during winter, or the bulbs taken
.up and kept in drawers or bags where no fros
will reach them.

HAEDY BULBS.

0. bulbi'ferum (bulb-bearing). £. April
Russia. 1821.

— como'sum (tufted). £. July. Austria. 1596

— divarica'tum (spreading). 2. July. Cali-

fornia. 1841.

— e'xscapum (stemless). £. May. Italy. 1824
— fimbria'tum (fringed). £. February. Cri-
mea. 1820.

— margina'tum (w/uYe-edged). $. Greenish

white. March. Asia. 1843.

— monta'num (mountain), i. May. Italy.

1824.

— Nurbone'nse (Narbonne). 1A_. July. South

Europe. 1810.

— nu'tans (nodding). £. June. Britain.

— pyramida'le (pyramidal) . 2. June. Spain.

1752.

— Pyrena'icum (Pyrenean). 2. Green. June.

England.

— stachyoi'des (Stachys-like). 24. Lilac,

yellow. May. South Europe. 1771.

— umbella'tum (umbelled). 1. May. England.

TENDER BULBS.

0. attia'ceum (Onion-like). £. September.
Chili. 1821.

— Ara'bicum (Arabian). 1*.. May. Egypt. 1629.

— au'reum (golden). $. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— barba'tum (bearded), l. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1795.

— Bc'rgii (Bergius). White, green. March.

1816.

— biflo'rum (twiii«flowered). 1A. April. Peru,

1832.

— bifo'lium (two-leaved), j. August. Chili.

1831.

— brachy'stachys (short-spiked). March.

Dahuria. 1821.

— cauda'tum (tailed). 3. White, green. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— chloroleu'cum (greenish- white). 1. July.

Valpariaso. 1834.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). £. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1819.

— coar eta' turn (compressed-flowered). 1$.

White, green. June. Cape of Good
Hope. 1804.

— conci'nnum (neat). £•. May. Portugal. 1797.

— co'nicum (conical). 1. White, green. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). l£. White,

green. May. Chili. 1823.

— crenula'tum (scolloped). £. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— ela'tum (tall). 3. March. Egypt. 1804.

— flavi'ssimum (yellowest). 1. Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1804.
— fuscu'tum (dull). 4. Grey. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.

— geminiflo'rum (twin-flowered). 1. Greenish,

white. Luna.

— hi'spidum (bristly). £. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.
— -moi'des (Uia-hke). &. May. California, 1796,

O.juncifo'lium (Rush-leaved). 3. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1794.

— la'cteum (milk-white). 1. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1796.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). l*. June.

Egypt. 1629.

— longibractea'tum (long-bracted). £. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 181 /.

— macula1 'turn (spotted). 4. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1823.

— minia'tum (red-stained). Yellow. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/90.

— na'num (dwarf). $. Greenish- white.

March. Berbeck. 1843.

— ni'veum (snowy). A.. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1774.

— nota'tum (ftroMW-marked). July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1825.

— odor a1 turn (sweet-scented). 14. Pale yel-

low. May. Cape of Good Hope. 17Q5.

— ova' turn (egg-shaped). 1. May. Cape of

Good Hope. 1824.

— pilo'sum (shaggy). 1. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1826.

— poly phy1 Hum, (many-leaved). £. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— rupe'stre (rock). £. May. Cape of Good

Hope. 1795.

— sccu'ndum (side - flowering] . A. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1826^

— Squi'lla (Squill-like). 3. May. South Eu-

rope. 1829.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented). A,. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1826.

— tene'llum (delicate). &. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1818.

— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. April. Cape

of Good Hope. 1819.

thyrsoi'des (thyrse-like). l£. Yellow. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1/57.

flave'scens (yellowish). 1^. Yel-
low. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— tri'gynum (three - styled). White, green.

June. 1825.

unifo'lium (one-leaved). £. Green. June.
Gibraltar. 1805.

ORNITHI'DIUM. One of the many
weeds among air plants.

OENITHO'PUS. Bird's-foot. (From
amis, a bird, and pom, a foot; referring
to the claw-like seed-pods. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
17 -Diadelphia k-Decandrla.)

Low-growing, yellow, pea-blossomed, hardy
annuals. Seed, sown in the garden border in
March.
0. du'rum (hard). 4. July, Spain. 1816.

— ebractca'tum (bractless)'. 4. July. South

Europe. 1700.

— perpusi'lhw-nodo'sus (very - small - knotted).

4. White, red. May. France.

— rcpa'ndum (wavy-leaved). 4- July. Bar-

bary. 1805.

— scorpioi'des (Scorpion-like). 4' July. South

Europe. 1506.

O'UNUS. Flowering Ash. (From
reinos, ancient name of the Ash, ap-
>lied on account of tlit reaeinblarice

OHN

CRT

and affinity. Nat. ord., Oliveworts
[Oleacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Fraxinus.)

Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous trees.
Seeds, gathered in October, placed in the rot-
heap mixed with earth, turned in winter, and
sown in March ; budding and grafting on the
common ash. From the juice, distilled from
some species , the manna of commerce is pro-
duced.

O. America'na (American). 30. May. North
America. 1820.

— Europe'a (European). 20. May. Italy. 1/30.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 30. Nepaul.

1822.

— rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 16. May.

Italy. 1697.

— stria'ta (channelled). 30. April. North

America. 1818.

O'KOBUS. Bitter Vetch. (From oro,
to excite, and bous, an ox ; nourishing
food. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., 11 - Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Vicia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, except saxatilis.
Seeds; division of the plant in spring; sandy
deep loam.

0. a'lbus (white-flowered). 1. White. April.
Austria. 1794.

— alpe'stris (rock). 2. Purple. June. Hun-

gary. 1817.

— America'nus (American). Pale purple. Ja-

maica. 1731.

— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White.

April. Siberia. 1766.

— atropurpu'reus (dark-purple). 1. Purple.

May. Algiers. 1826.

— aura'ntius (orange). l£. Yellow. June.

Iberia. 1818.

— cane'scens (hoary). l£. White, blue. May.

France. 1816.

— cocci' neus (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. April.

Vera Cruz.

• uni'jugus (paired). 1. Scarlet.

April. North America.

— divarica'tus (spreading). §. Purple. June.

Pyrenees. 1816.

— ere'ctus (erect). 1. Yellow, red. July.
^Fische'ri (Fischer's). Purple. April. Siberia.
—formo'sus (beautiful), f . Purple. June.

Caucasus. 1818.

— hirsu'tus (hairy). 1. Red, May. Thrace.

1822.

— hu'milis (humble). £. Purple. July.

Dahuria. 1825.

— Jorda'ni (Jordan's). Blue. June. Lucania.

1830.

— la'cteus (milk-white). l£. White. April,

Caucasus. 1820.

— laviga'tus (smooth). i£. Yellow. June.

Hungary. 1820.

— Uithyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). 2. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1758.

— luxiflo'rus (loose-flowered). 1. Violet. June.

Candia. 1820.

— longifo'litis (long - leaved). Lilac, June,

Missouri. 182/.

0. lu'teus (yellow). l£. Lilac, yellow. June.
Siberia. 1759.

— multijio'rus (many-flowered). 2. Pale red.

July. Italy. 1820.

— ni'ger (black). 3. Purple. June. Britain.

— ochrole'ucus (yellowish- white). 2. Yellow,

white. June. Hungary. 1816.

— palle'scens (palish). 1. White. April.

Tauria. 1823.

— pauciflo'rus (few - flowered). 1. Purple.

June. 1820.

— pisifo'rmis (Pea-formed). 1. Purple. May.

South Europe. 1822.

— Pyrena'icus(Pyrene&n). 2. Purple. May.

Pyrenees. 1699.

— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Purple. July* France.

1820. Annual.

— sessilifo1 lius (stalkless - leaved). 1 . Purple.

May. Tauria. 1823.

— stipula'ceus (stipuled). 6. Purple. May.

North America.

— sylva'ticus (wood). 2. Crimson, purple.

June. Britain.

— tenuifo'lius (fine-leaved) . £. Purple. June.

Europe. 1810.

— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). l£. Yellow,

purple. June. Hungary. 1821.

— tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. Purple. June.

Britain.

— variega'tus (variegated). 1. Purple. July.

Italy. 1821.

— va'rius (various). l£. Yellow, red. April.

Italy. 1759.

— Vene'tus (Venetian). 1. Purple. April.

Germany.

— veno'sw( veiny). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.

1820.

— ve'rnus (spring). 1. Purple. March. Europe.

1629.

ca'rneus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh.

March.

— vicioi'des (Vetch-like). 1. Yellow. June.

Hungary. 1819.

ORTHO'SIPHON. (From ortlu>st straight,
and siphon, a tube ; referring to the
tube of the flower. Nat. ord., Labiates
[Lamiaceso]. Linn., l<L-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia. Allied to Ocymum.)

Division of herbaceous, or cuttings of the
young shoots, when growth is commencing;
cuttings of half-ripened shoots of the ever-
greens; sandy loam and fibry peat; common
stove and greenhouse treatment.

0. a'sperus (rough). White. May. E.Indies.
1827. Stove herbaceous.

— mcM'nras(bent-in). 1. Pale scarlet. May.

E. Indies. 1839- Stove evergreen.

— vubicu'ndus (ruddy). Purple. June. Nepaul.

1826. Greenhouse evergreen.

— virga'tus (twiggy). Blue. June. Nepaul.

1826. Greenhouse evergreen.

OETHKOSA'NTHUS. (From orthros,
morning, and anthos, a flower; flowers
expand early in the day. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacere]. Linn., \ii-Monadel-
phia '\-Tr\nndrln. Allied to Sisyrin-
chium.)

ORT

[ 6G8 ]

OST

Greenhouse herbaceous periennial. Seeds,
and division of the plant in spring ; sandy loam
and leaf- mould : a cold pit in winter, to exclude
the frost.

0. multiflo'rus (many- flowered). 1. Blue.
June. New Holland. 1820.

OSAGE APPLE. Maclu'ra.

OSBE'CKIA. (Named after P. Osbecfc,
a Swedish naturalist. Nat. ord., Me-
lastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn., 8-
Octandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Me-
lastoma.)

Cuttings of side, firm, stubby shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ; sandy
loam, fibry peat, a little dried cow-dung, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

STOVE DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

0. cane'scens (hoary). 1838.

— glomera'ta (crowded). 1. Pink. July.

Trinidad. 1818.

— Nepaule'nsis albiflo'ra. (Nepaul - white -

flowered). l£. White. August. Ne-
paul. 182Q.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

0. angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 2. Rose.
May. Nepaul. 1826.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. Purple. July.

China. 1818.

— glomera'ta albiflo'ra (crowded-white-flow-

ered). 14. White. January. Brazil.
1821.

— Nepaule'nsis (Nepaul). l£. Purple. June.

Nepaul. 1821.

— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 1. Rose. April.

Ceylon. 1815.

— stella'ta (starred). 1. Pink. July. Nepaul.

1820.

— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 3. Lilac. May.

Nepaul. 1825.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 2. Yellow. August.

Ceylon. 1799-

OSIER. Sa'lix vimina'lis.

OSMI'TES. (From osme, perfume ;
smells like camphor. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracete]. Linn., IQ-Syngc-
nesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to Relhania.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May, and without bottom-heat. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 45°.
0. bellidia' strum (BelMi&strum). 1. June. 1816.

— camphori'na (camphor-scented). l£. May.

1/94.

— denta'ta (toothed). l£. May. 1820.

OSMU'NDA. (The name of a Celtic
deity. Nat. ord., Ferns [rolypodiacese].
Linn., X-i-Cryptogamia l-Filiccs.}

Hardy brown spored ferns, except Prcsliuna.
See Ferns.

0. cinnamo'mea (cinnamon). 2. June. N.
America. 1772.

O. Claytonia'na (Clayton's). 2. August. N.
America. 1772.

— sra'cilis (slender). 1. June. 1827.

— hw 'mills (humble). June. N.America. 1823.

— inteiru'pta (interrupted). 2. June. N. Ame-

rica.

— palu'stris (marsh). 2^. 1831.

— Preslia'na (Presl's). June. I. of Luzon. Stove.

— rega'lis (royal). 2. July. Britain.

— spectu'bilis (showy). 2. July. N.America.

1811.

OSSA:'A. (Named after Ossa, curator
of the Havannah Botanic Garden.
Nat. ord., Melastomads [Melastoma-
ceas]. Linn., S-Octandrial-Monogynia.
Allied to Miconia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
side stubby snoots, or the points of main ones,
when a little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell-
glass, and in heat ; sandy peat and loam ; com-
mon plant stove treatment.
O.purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Purple. March.

Jamaica. 1822.

OSTEO'MELES. (From osteon, bone
and melon, apple; the fruit. Nat. ord.,
Apphworts [Pomacese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 2-Di-pentayynia. Allied to
Mespilus.)

Hardy evergreen tree. Forculture, see Medlar.
0. ferrugi'nea (rusty). July. 1847.

OSTEOSPE'RMUM. (From osteon, a
bone, and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synyencsia 4^-Nccessaria. Allied to Ca-
lendula.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of small
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April or May ; sandy loam and a little fibry
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
0. caeru'leum (blue-flowered). 3. Blue. July.
1/74.

— calendula1 'ceum (Marigold-like). 2. July.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 3. August. 1822.

— ilicifo'Kum (Holly-leaved). 4. July. 1816.

— Inca'nu m (hoary). 3. August. 1815.

— monili'ferum (necklace-bearing). 3. July.

1714.

O'STRYA. Hop-Hornbeam. (From
ostryos, a scale ; scaly catkins. Nat.
ord., Masttvorls [Corylacese]. Linn.,
'21-Moncetia V-Polyandria. Allied to
the Hornbeam.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which, if
sown in the spring, the season after being
gathered in the autumn, and kept in a rot-heap
during winter, will make their appearance the
year following ; layers ; cuttings, and grafting
on the common hornbeam ; good, deep, moist
soil.

0. virgi'nica (Virginian). 20. April. North
America. 1622.

— vulgu'ris (common). 20. May. Italy. 1724.

osw

OXA

OSWEGO TEA. Mona'rda di'dyma.

OSY'RIS. Poet's Cassia. (From ozos,
a branch ; referring to the numerous
pliant branches. Nat. ord., Sandalworts
[Santalacere]. Linn., 22-J)icrcia 3-Tri-
andria. Allied to Santalium).

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots, under a hand-light, in spring ;
sandy loam ; requires the protection of a cold
pit in winter, or a conservative wall.
O. a'lba (white). 3. White. South Europe.
1/39.

OTAHEITE CHESNUT. Inoca'rpm
i'du'lis.

OTAHEITE MYRTLE. Securine'ya ni'-
tida.

OTHO'NNA. Ragwort. (From othonc,
linen ; referring to the soft, downy
clothing of the leaves. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn., l$~8jfnge-
nt'sia ±-Necessaria.)

Greenhouse yellow-flowered plants from the
Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds, in a mild hotbed, in spring ;
annuals may be hardened off afterwards ;
perennials by division of the plant ; tuberous
rooted by dividing them ; shrubs by cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in
May ; sandy loam, and a little fibry peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

ANNUAL.
0. Tage'tes (Marigold leaved). 1. May. 1823.

HERBACEOUS.
0. linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 2. July. 1824.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 3. May. 1759.

— pinnati'fida (leaflet-like). 1. July. 1823.

TUBEROUS ROOTED.

O. bulbo'sa (bulbous). 2. May. 1774.
—fillcau'lis (thread-stemmed). 1^. April. 1791.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). August. 1842.

EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

0. abrotanifo'lia (Southernwood-leaved). 3.
May. 1692.

— arbore'scens (tree-like). 2. July. 1723.

— Athana'sieK (Athanasia-like). 3. January.

1795.

— cheirifo'lia (Wallflower-leaved), ij. May.

Barbary. 1752.

— coronopifo'lia (Buckhorn-leaved. 2. August.

1731.

— denticula'ta. (tooth-leaved). 2. June. 1774.

— digita'ta (finger-/eawed). l£. July. 1824.

— heterophy 'lla (various-leaved). 2. May.

1812.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). l£. June.

1789-

— tenui'ssima (finest-leaved). l£. May. 1759.

— virgi'nea (virgin-like). 3. October. Africa.

1821.

OTO'PTERA. (From o?/s, an ear, and
pteron, a wing ; referring to an ear-like
process on the wing petals. Nat. ord.,

w/« Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
Yi-Diadelphia ±-Decai\dria. Allied to
Dolichos. )

Greenhouse evergreen climber; cuttings of
half- ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy fibry loam and lumpy peat, with nodules
of charcoal intermixed.

0. Burche'llii (Burchell's). Purple. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1816.

O'XALIS. Wood Sorrel. (From oxys,
acid ; the acid taste of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Oxalids [Oxalidacere]. Linn., 10-
Decandria ^-Pentat/ynia. )

Natives of Cape of Good Hope, except where
otherwise stated. Hardy annuals, seed, in
open border, in April, in a shady place ; peren-
nials, by division and by seeds ; tuberous and
bulbous ones by offsets, the tender ones succeed
in a cool temperature in winter, if dry and frost
excluded ; shrubby species, by seeds and cut-
tings, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
grown in sandy loam and fibry peat; all the
bulbous kinds the least tender should be kept
dry in winter, and the shrubby have the green-
house.

HARDY ANNUALS.

0. cornicula'ta (small-horned). 5. Yellow. Au-
gust. Britain.

— Dille'nii (Dillenns's). 2. Copper. America.

1798.

i fio'rida (florid). 2. Yellow. Ame-
rica. 1798.

— leeviga'ta (smooth), &. Purple. June. 1818.
j — microphy'lla (small-leaved). $. Pale red.

New South Wales.

— sensiti'va (sensitive). $. Yellow. July. China.

1844. Stove.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

0. Lyo'nii (Lyon's). 1. Yellow. August. North

America. 1816.

i —stri'cta (upright). 1$. Yellow. July. North
America. 1658.

HARDY BULBS.

0. a'lba (white-flowered). £. White. May.
America. 1836.

— America'na (American). £. White. April.

North America.

— viola' cea (violet-coloured). ^. Violet. May.

North America. 1772.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

0. Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). J. Golden. Sep-
tember. Chili. 1831.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). Violet, crimson.
I July. Mexico. 1844.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). l£. Red. July.

South America. 1827.

— lasia'ndra (downy-stamened). l£. Pink.

May. Mexico. 1840.

— Martia'na (Martins's). Yellow. July. Brazil.

1829. Stove.

— na'tans (floating) . £. White. October. 1795.

Aquatic.

— Otto'nis (Otto's). Yellow. May. Chili. 1840.

— palu'stris (marsh). Lilac. May. Brazil. 1828.

Stove,

OXA

OXA

0. pere'nnans (perennial). 2, Yellow. July.
New South Wales.

— re'pens (creeping-stalked). 1. Yellow. May.

1/93.

— ro'sea (rosy). ^. Rose. March. Chili. 1826.

— ru'bro-ci'nfita (red-edged). 1. Yellow. Sep-

tember. Guatemala. 1841.

— Si'msii (Sims's). £. Crimson. April. Chili.

1822.

— u'rbica(city). White. August. Brazil. 1828.

GEEENHOUSE BULBS.

— ambi'gua (ambiguous). £. White. October.

1290.

— arcua'ta (bowed). £. Violet. September.

1795.

— asini'na (ass's-earecZ). ^. Yellow. Novem-

ber. 1792.

— bi'fida (cloven-leaved). $. Violet. September.

1791.

— bipuncta'ta (two-spotted). J. Lilac. May.

Brazil. 1825.

— Bo'wiei (Bowie's). $. Crimson. October.

1823.

— Brasilie'nsis (Brazilian). $. Rose. October.

Brazil. 1829.

— Burma'nni (Burmann's). £. Purple. June.

1820.

— cane'scens (hoary). 1. Purple. March. 1821.

— capri'na (soat's-foot). $. Flesh. August.

1757.

— curno'sa (fleshy). $. Yellow. October.

Chili. 1826.

— ce'rnua (drooping). %. Yellow. March. 1757-

— cilia'ns (hair-fringed-/e«mZ). £. Purple.

October. 1793.

— Commerso'nii (Commerson's). $. Yellow.

October. Brazil.

— compre'ssa (compressed). £. Yellow. De-

cember. 1794.

— conne'xula (small-convex). £. Pink. June.

1789.

— crena'ta (scolloyed-petaled). 3. Yellow.

September. Lima. 1829.
—.cri'spa (curled). *. White. October. 1793.

— cruenta'ta (bloodied). £. Purple. October.

1826.

— cunea'ta(\vedge-petaled). £. Yellow, white.

July. 1822.

— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). £. White. April.

1793.

— cu'prea (copper-coloured). £. Copper. May.

1822.

— Dartvallia'na (Darwall's). J. Pale crimson.

July.

— denta'ta (toothed). $. Flesh. October. 1793.

— De'ppei (Deppe's). 4, Red. March. Mexico.

1827.

— di'sticha (two-rowed). $. Pale yellow. May.

1818.

— dive'rgens (wide-spaced). 4. White. July.

Mexico. 1829.

— elonga'ta (elongated). £. White. June. 1791.
. amce'na (fine - red). £. Copper.

September. 1810.

— fabeefo'lia (Bean-leaved). $. Red. October.

1794.

—fa'llax (deceptive). £. Yellow. September.
1825.

— ferrugina'ta (rusty). $. Yellow. June. 1820.
— filica'ulis (thread-stemmed). -J. Violet. Sep.

tember. J815,

I O.filifo'lia (thread-leaved), $. Pink. June.

1822.
I — ftabellifo'lia (fan-leaved). ^. Yellow, red.

August. 1789.
! —fla'ccida (feeble). ^. White, red. September.

1812.

— fla'va (yellow). 4. Yellow. March. 1775.
I -flo're-ple'no (double -flowered). 4.

Yellow. March.

i —fu'lgida (fulgid). ^. Crimson. October. 1820.
I —furca'ta (forli-leaved) . |. Red. September.

1823.

— fusca'ta (biown-spotted) . $. Yellow. May.

1795.

— genicula'ta (kneed). £. Yellow. October.

— gin1 bra (smooth). \. Purple. May. 179ii.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). ^. White. October.

1822.

— hi'rta (h&iry-stalked). 3. Lilac. October.

1787-

— hirte'lla (small-hairy). ^. Red. March. 1823.

— incarna'ta (flesh). £. Flesh. May. 1739.

— laburnifo'lia ( Laburnum- leaved). ^. Yel-

low. September. 1793.

— lana'ta (woolly-leaved). $. White. October.

1791.

— laneeafo'l in (spear-head-leavecl) . $. Yellow,

October. 1795.

— lasiope'tala (downy-petaled). ^. Pink. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1841.

— laterifla'ra (lateral - flowered). |. Purple.

March. 1824.

— la'xula (loose). £. White. Novemlier. 1820.

— le'pida (pretty). 5. White. May. 1823.

— lepori'na (hare's-eared). ^. White. October.

1795.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). ^. Violet. October.

1785.

— K'vida (livid). ^. Flesh. October. 1793.

— loba'ta (lobed). }. Yellow. October. 1823.

— lupinifo'lia (Lupine - leaved). $. Yellow.

September. 1791.

— luteo'la (yellowish). £. Yellow. May. 1823.

— macrophy'lla (large - leaved). -4. Yellow.

June. 1820.

— macro'stylis (large-styled). ^. Purple. Oc-

tober. 1793.

— margina'ta (green-edged). ^. White. No-

vember. 1812.

— Mauritia'na (Mauritian). ^. Pale rose.

September. Isle of France. 1810.

— minia'ta (vermilion). 4. Vermilion. May.

1819.

— monophy'lla (one-leaved). 4. Yellow. Oc-

tober. 1774.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). $. Lilac. Fe-

bruary. 1789.

— obtu'sa (blunt-leaved). $. White. Sep-

tember. 1812.

— papiliona'cea (butterfly). £. Variegated.

Brazil. 1819.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved), %, Yellow. Oc-

tober. 1790.

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). £. Pink. June.

1800.

— Pio'ttee (Piotta's). ^. Orange. June. 1816.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). £. Pale purple.

May. 1791.

— pulche'lla (pretty). $. White. October. 1795.

— puncta'ta (dotted). ^. Purple. May.

— pnrpuru'ta (purplish). £. Pale purple.

October. 1823.

OXA

[ 671

OXY

$.

0. purpu'rea (purple). $. Purple, October.
1812.

— reclina'ta (reclining). £. Pink. October. 1795.

— repta'trix (creeping- rooted"). 4> Flesh. No-

vember. 1795.

— rigi'dula (stiffish). £. White. September.

1822.

— rosa'cea (rosyish). £. Pink. October. 1/93.

— rostra' to, (beaked). $. Purple, violet. Oc-

tober. 1/95.

— rube'lla (brancMng-sm&ll-red) . £. Pink.

October. 17Q1.

— ru'bro-fla'va (red and yellow). -4. Red,

yellow. June. 1823.

— sangui'nea (bloody-leaved). $. Yellow. No-

vember. 1795.

— secu'nda (side •flowering'). £. Lilac. October.

1790.

— seri'cea (silky). $. Yellow. May. 1/94.

— specio'sa (showy). \. Purple. October. 16QO.

— strumo'sa (swollen -styled). £. White. De-

cember. 1821.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur- coloured). 4> Pale

yellow. October. 1795.

— sylve'stris (wood). White. February.

— tene'lla (delicate). £. Lilac. May. 1793.

— te'nera (tender). -4. Yellow. May. Brazil.

1826.

— tetraphy'lla (four-leaved).

Mexico. 1823.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved).

October. 1790.

— tri' color (three-coloured).

November. 1794.

— tubifio'ra (tube-flowered).

vember. 1790.
-^undula'ta(vra,ve-leaved).
1795.

— varia'bilis (variable).

vember. 1/95.
-- grandiflo'ra (large - flowered) . $.

White. November. 1790.
-- . - Si'msii (Sims's). $. White. No-

vember. 1790.

— veno'sa (veiny), i. Violet, yellow. October.

1823.

— versi'color (various-coloured). ^. Crimson.

February. 1774.

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS.
O. Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). l£. Pale red. Sep-
tember. Caraccas. 1824. Stove.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). $. Yellow. August.

China.

—frutico'sa (shrubby). 1. Yellow. December.
Rio Janeiro. 1817. Stove.

— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 2. Yellow. South

America. 1823. Stove.
OXALIS DEPPII CULTURE. — Plant bulbs
of this in pots at the beginning of
March, and shelter in a cold pit or
greenhouse. When all fear of frost
is passed, plant them in a light soil,
and in a southern aspect, about twelve
inches apart each way; or the bulbs
may be kept out of the ground alto-
gether until the middle of April, and
then be planted at once in the open
soil. It should be trenched, and a

Purple. June.
White, red.
3. White, red.
1. Pink. No-
£. Lilac. October.
White, red. No-

little manure turned in with the bot-
tom spit, as for other tap- rooted crops.
The scaly bulbs, from which it is pro-
pagated, grow in a cluster round the
crown of the root. The only cultiva-
tion required is to keep the crop free
from weeds, and to water plentifully in
dry weather; otherwise, if the roots
are allowed to become dry, they split
upon the occurrence of moist weather.
Protect from early frosts,, in October or
November, by a mat covering.

About ten roots are enough for a
dish. They are very useful as a vege-
table from early in October to the end
of December. An inferior kind has
often been substituted for it, viz., the
Oxalis Jacqtiiniana ; but this is distin-
guished by having pink flowers. In
Belgium, the leaves being gratefully
acid, are used for the same purposes as
sorrel, and the flowers are mixed with
other salad herbs.

As it is not a very common vegetable,
it may be useful to state, as an im-
proved mode of cooking, that after
peeling the tubers, and cleaning out
their hollow centres, they must be well
boiled in rich stock (gravy), skimming
off the fat, and then be served up hot,
with a sauce made of a little butter
heated until brown, with a spoonful of
flower, and a little of the stock.

OX-EYE. Buptha'lmum.

OX-EYE DAISY. Chrysanthemum leu-
ca'nthemum.

Ox-UP. Pri'mula ela'tior.

OXYA'NTHUS. (From oxys, sharp,
and anthos, a flower ; referring to the
sharp-toothed calyx and corolla. Nat,
ord..,Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
5 Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Gardenia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreen shrubs from
Sierra Leone. Cuttings of young shoots, a
little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bot-
tom heat, in May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and
a little dried cow-dung. Winter temp., 45° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

O.hirsu'tus (hairy). 2. July. 1812.

— specio'sus (showy). 3. July. 1789.

— tubiflo'rus (tube-flowered). 3. July.

— versi'color (various-colored). July. Cuba,

1839.

OXY'BAPHUS. Umbrella-wort. (From
oxys, acid, and baphe, dyer's colour;
referring to the coloured juice of the

OXY

[ 673 ]

OXY

roots. Nat. ord., Nyctagox [Nyctagi-
nacese]. Linn., S-Triandria l-Mono
pynia. Allied to the Marvel of Peru.)
All purple-flowered, except where otherwise
stated. Seeds in May, in the open border, but
better in mild hotbed in March, and planted
out in the end of April ; also, by division of the
plant in spring ; sandy loam ; they all require
dry places, and protection from severe frost in
winter.

0. aggrega'tus (aggregate). 1. Pink. New
Spain. 1811.

— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved) . 1 . August .

Louisiana. 1812.

— Cm-ante'sutCervantes's). 2. June. Mexico.

1823,

— Chile1 nsis (Chilian). 1. Lilac. September.

Chili. 1832.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). 2. August. Mis-

souri. 1818.

— expa'nsus (expanded). 2. July. Peru. 181 9.

— glabrifo'lius (smooth -leaved). 3. July. New

Spain. 1811.

— Mrm'tus (hairy). 1. August. Louisiana.

1812.

— nyctagi'neus (nocturnal). 1. August. Mis-

souri. 1823.

— ova'tus (egg-leaved). 2. August. Peru. 1820.

— pilo'sus (shaggy). 1. August. Missouri. 1812.

— visco'sus (clammy). 6. July. Peru. 1793.

OXYCO'CCUS. Cranberry. (From oxys,
acid, and kokkos, a berry. Nat. ord.,
Cranberries [Vacciniacece]. Linn., 8-
Octandria l-Monogynia.)

Hardy, pink -flowered evergreens. Seeds,
but generally by dividing the plants, by layering \
the shoots, by merely placing sandy peat around
them, and by cutting off the points of shoots
and inserting in sandy peat, under a hand-light,
in summer. Marshy, peaty soil, such as a bed
surrounded with water. The cranberry, how-
ever, has been grown successfully in a bed on a
north border, without any water round it, and
the produce was good and plentiful. Macro-
carpa produces the largest fruit. See American
Cranberry.

0. ere'ctus (upright). May. North America.
1806.

— macroca'rpus (large-fruited). £. May. North

America. 1760.

. variega'tus (variegated- Jeaved).

3. May.

— palu'stris (marsh), i- May. Britain.

OXYGO'NIUM. (From oxys, sharp, and
gonu, an angle ; referring to the divi-
sions of the leaf or frond. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Oryptogamia I-Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns, from the East
Indies. See Ferns.
O. alismenfo'lium (Alisma-leaved). April.

— e'legans (elegant). June. 1842.

— ova'tum (egg-shaped). May. 1842.
~ vittcEfo'rme (band- like). June. 1840.

OXYLO'BIUM. (From oxys, sharp,

and lulos, a pod ; the seed-pods ending
in a sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., W-Dccnndria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Fodolobium.)

Greenhouse yellow-flowered evergreen shrubs
from New Hollasd. Seeds sown in a mild hot-
bed, in April, after being soaked in warm water ;
cuttings of young shoots, not too firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy peat,
a few bits of a fibry loam, a greater quantity of
charcoal, broken crocks, £c., and abundant
drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
0. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. May. 1805,

— capita' turn (round-headed).

— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 3. June. 1807.

— dilata'tum (spread). 1840.

— elli'pticum (o\a.l-leaved). 3. July. 1805.

— ferrugi'neum (rusty). 2. May. 1820.

— Huge'lii (Baron Hugel's). 1845.

— o6oL'a'£wm(reversed-egg-shaped). 2. March.

1840.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 2. Scarlet.

May. 1824.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered. 1840.

— Pultence'cE (Pulteney's). 2. Dark orange.

March. 1824.

— retu'sum (jagged-leaved). 2. Orange. May.

1823.

— spino'sum (spiny). 2. May. 1825.

OXYPE'TAIATM. (From oxys, sharp,
and petalon, a petal; petals sharp-
pointed. Nat. ord., Asdepiads [Ascle-
piadacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria 2-Di-
gynia. Allied to Asclepias.)

Stove, evergreen climbers, from Brazil. Cut-
tings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom
heat; sandy loam, and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
0. appendicula'tum (appendaged). 6. Yellow.
1823.

— Ba'nksii (Banks's). Cream. June. 1826.

— solanoi'des (Solanum-like). 3. Purplish-

scarlet. 1847.

OXYRA'MPHIS. (From oxys, sharp,
and ramphos, a beak; shape of the seed-
pod. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacete]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Desmodium.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; and
seeds sown in spring ; sandy fibry loam, and a
little peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 50°.

0. macro'styla (long-styled). 4. Purple, crim-
son. October. Saharanpoor. 1837.

OXY'SPORA. (From oxys, sharp, and
spora, a seed, which is here awned at
both ends. Nat. ord., Melftstomads
[Melastomacea^]. Linn., %-Octandria
\.Monoyynia. Allied to Ehexia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass, in bottom-
heat, in April ; sandy peat, fibry loam, and

OXY

[ 670 ]

PAC

nodules of charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

O.panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Red. June.
Nepaul. 1826.

OXYSTE'LMA. (From oxys, sharp,
and stelma, a crown ; referring to the
acute little leaves accompanying the
flower-head or crown. Nat. ord., Ascle-
piads [Asclepiaclacese]. Linn., 5-Pe-n-
tandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Eustegia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
riperied shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat, in May ; sandy peat and fibry
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

0. escule'ntum (eatable). 4. Yellow. East
Indies. 1816.

OXY'TKOPIS. (From oxys, sharp, and
tropis, a keel ; the keel petal ends in a
sharp point. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacece]. Linn., I7-Diadel-
phia k-Decan dria. Allied to Astragalus. )

Hardy herbaceous perennials from Siberia,
except where otherwise stated. Chiefly by
seeds, sown where the plants are intended to
remain, as they do not transplant well ; though
also by dividing the plants in spring, and by
cuttings of young shoots, under a hand-light,
in a shady place, in summer ; dry sandy loam.
0. umbi'gua (ambiguous). £. Purple. June.
1817.

— urge'ntea (silvery). Pale. June. 1827.

— argyrophy'llus (silvery - leaved). Purple.

1831.

— breviro'stris (short-beaked). £. Blue. Au-

gust. 1802.

— cceru'lea (blue). Blue. June. 1827.

— cumpe'stris (field). £. Pale yellow. June.

Scotland.

— ca'ndicans (whitish). Pale. June. 1827.

— cya'nea (azure Caucasian}. £. Blue. July.

Caucasus. 1818.

— dealba'ta (whited). £. Purple. July. Cau-

casus. 1803.

— defle'xci (bent-down). £. Purple. June.

1800.

— dicho'ptera (doubly - winged). £. Blue.

June. 1815.

— Fische'ri (Fischer's). £. Blue. July. Altai.

1817-

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Purple. May.
1827.

— fa'tida (fetid). £. Pale yellow. July.

Switzerland. 181Q.

— gla'bra (smooth). £. Purple. July.

Dahuria. 1823.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). £. Red.

June. 1820.

— lepto'ptera (narrow-winged) . £.

Blue. June. 1818.

— Lambe'rti (Lambert's). 1. Purple. August.

Missouri. 1811.

— leptophy'lla (fine-leaved). £. Red. July.

1818.

— tongicu'spis (long-pointed). Purple. June.

1827.

s-beaked). $, Purple* 182D.
43

0. microphy'lla (small-leaved). $. Pale yel-
low. July. 181Q.

— monta'na (mountain). $. Purple. Yellow.

Austria. 1581.

— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved), £. Purple,

white. July. 1818.

— oxyphy'lla (sharp-leaved). £. Purple. July.

1816.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). £. Pale yellow. July.

1818.

— pilo'sa (long-haired). £. Pale yellow. July.

1732.

— prostra'ta (prostrate). $. Blue, white,

July. 1820.

— seto'sa (bristly). Purple. June. 1828.

— songa'rica (Songarian). £. Violet. June.

Altai. 1824.

— sulphu'rea (sulphury). £. Cream. July.

1820.

— sylva'tica (wood). Purple. May. 1820.

— tene'lla (tender). Blue. June. 1828.

— unca'ta (hooked). £. White. July. Aleppo.

1768.

— urale'nsis (Uralian). \. Purple. July. 1800.

— verticilla'ris (whorl- leaved). $. Blue,

white. July. 181Q.

— visco'sa (clammy). White. July. Switzer-

land. 1817-

OXYTJ'RA. A synonyme of a low,
yellow-flowering, composite, hardy an-
nual from California, first named by
Endlicher, Tollatla. Sow in April in
common soil.

OYED^E'A. ( From the Peruvian name.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceee].
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 3-Fntstranea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub ; same culture
as for Bupthalmium.

0. bupthalmoi'des (Ox-eye-like). Yellow. Sep-
tember. Peru. 1848.

OYSTEE PLANT. Pulmona'ria mari-
ti'ma.

OZOTHA'MNUS. (From ozos, a branch,
and thamnos, a shrub. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracea3]. Linn., IQ-Synge-
nesia 1-JE quails. Allied to Helichry-
sum.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
Van Diemen's Land. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, with a little peat in it, under a bell-
glass, in spring or summer ; loam and peat.
Require the greenhouse in winter.
0. cine'reus (grey). 1. July. 1820.

— ferrugi'neus (rusty). 1. July. 1822.

— rosmurinifo'lius (Rosemary-leaved). I.July.

1822.

P.

PACHYPHY'LLUM. (From pachys, thick,
and phylhn, a leaf. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynan(lria 1-
Monandrla. Allied to Brassia and
Maxillaria.)

sx

PAG

674 ]

P.EO

Cuttings of the young shoots any time during I servat
spring and summer, drying them at the base, I high i
and inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam,
a little brick- rubbish, and dried cow-dung ;
little water and plenty of light is required in
winter. See Orchids.

P. procu'mbens (lying- down). Green, blue.
May. Mexico. 1836.

PACHYPO'DIUM. (From pachys, thick, j '
and jjodion, a foot; referring to the I —
stalks of the flowers. Nat. ord., Dog- i
banes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentan- \
dria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Nerium.) j —

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope, with white and red flowers. Cuttings of
young shoots, in spring, base dried before in-
serting in dryish sandy soil; sandy loam, a
little brick-rubbish and peat, but little water in
winter. Winter temp., 40° to 45°. Propagated
also by a division of the fleshy tuber-like roots.
P. succule'ntum (succulent). 1. May. 1823.

— tubero'sum (tuberous). 1. August. 1813.

PACHYSA'NDRA. (From pachys, thick,
and aner, a stamen. Nat. ord., Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiaceffi]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
iiceda k-Tetrandria. Allied to Buxns.)

Division snd suckers ; common sandy loam.
The stove undershrub by cuttings, in a little
heat, but otherwise requiring no particular
treatment. The herbaceous by division, in
spring; sandy loam and peat.

P. coria'cea (leathery-Jeaued), 4. White. June.
Nepaul. 1822. Stove evergreen.

— procu'mbens (trailing). $. White. April.

North America. 1800. Hardy herba-
ceous.

P^EDE'RIA. (From ptederos, opal ;
referring to its transparent herries.
Nat. ord., Ginchonads [Cinchonaceas].
Linn., 5-Penlandria I-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings, in sand, in
summer, in a little bottom-heat, under a glass ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. fae'tida (stinking) . 6. Purple. China. 1S06.

P^EO'NIA. Pseony. (Named after Paon,
a physician, \vho first used it medi-
cinally. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Raiiun-
culacese]. Linn., 13- Poly 'an dria 2-
Dlgynia.)

Seeds for raising varieties, sown in Septem-
ber, in a cold pit, will appear some the first and
others the second spring. Herbaceous kinds
by division of the roots. Tree, or Moutan, by
division ; by grafting on the herbaceous roots ;
by cuttings of the young shoots, in spring,
under a glass, and in a little heat ; by layers
and suckers ; by layering young shoots, after
ringing round each bud, so that each bud forms
a plant; deep good loam. The Moutans re-
quire a little protection in spring ; do well for
forcing, and for the border? of large .cool cop-

ervatories, where the temperature is not kept
in winter.

HARDY SHRUBS.

3. Purple.

May.

P. Mou'tan (Chinese-tree}

China. 178Q.
-- a'lbida ple'na (double-white). 2.

White. May. China.

-- - Anne'slei (Annesley's). 3. Pink.
May. China.

— atropurpu'rea (dark -purple -flow-
ered}. 4. Purple. April. China. 1846.

Ba'nksii (Banks's). 3. Purple.
May. China. 1/94.

ca'rnea ple'na (double - flesh - co -
loured). 2. Flesh. May. China.

globo'sa (globular -flowered). 3.
White, purple. April. Shanghae. 1845.

Hla'cina (lilac -coloured). 3. Lilac.
April. China. 1845.

Hu'mei (Sir Abercrombie HumeV.
2. Purple. May. China. 1817.

papavera'cea (Poppy - like). 3.
White. May. China. 178Q.

parviflo'ra (small -flowered). 3.
Pale rose. April. Shanghae. 1845.

pi' eta (painted). 3. Pale and deep-
rose-striped. April. Canton. 1845.

Rawf.'sii(Ra,vfes'a). 2. Pale pink.
May. China. 1820.

ro'sea (rosy). 3. Pink. May. China.

ro'sea ple'na (double-rose). 2. Red.
May. China. 1804.

ro'sea semi-pie 'na (semi - double -
rose). 2. lied. May. China. 1/94.

salmo'nea (salmon-coloured). 3.
Pale salmon. April. China. 1846.

specio'sa (showy). 2. Pink. May.

China. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. albiflo'ra (white-flowered). 2. White. May.
Siberia. 1548.

ca'ndida (white). 2. Flesh. May.

Siberia.

•fe'sta (pleasant).

2. White, pink.

June.
fr a1 grans (fragrant). 2. Red. May.

China. 1805.
Hu'mei (Hume's double-crimson}.

2. Red. May. China. 1808.
Po'ttsii (Potts's). 3. Crimson.

June. China. 1822.
: Reeve'trii (Reeves's - double). 2.

Pink. June. China. 1822.
rube'scens (ruddy) . 2. Pink. May.

Siberia.
Sibi'rica (Siberian). 2. White.

May. Siberia.
Tartu1 rica (Tartarian). 2. Flesh.

May. Siberia.
uniflo'ra (single-flowered). 2. Pink.

May. Siberia.
vesta' Us (virgin). 2. White. May.

Siberia.
— Whitle'ji (Whitley's double-white).

2. Blush. May. China. 180S.

— ano'inalii (anomalous). 1^. Crimson. May-

Siberia. 1788.

— arieti'na (ram). 2. Purple. Levant.

__ ™_w_— Andersq'nii (Anderson's), Rose,

P.EO

[ 075 ]

PAN

P. arie'tina Oxonie'nsis (Oxford). 2. Pale, j
blush. June.

— Bro'wnii (Brown's). Red. May. North

America. 1826.

— coralli'na (coralline). 3. Crimson. May. !

England.

— Co'rsica (Corsican). Purple. June. Corsica. I

— Cre'tica (Cretan). 2. White. May. Crete, j

— deco'ra (comely). 2. Purple. May. Turkey.
ela'tior (taller). 2. Purple. May. '•

Crimea.

PaUa'sii (Pallas's). 2. Purple. May. >

Crimea.

— hu' mil-is (dwarf). 2. Purple. May. Spain, j

1633.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Red. May. Siberia. !

— loba'ta (lobed). 2. Purple. May. Spain, j

1821.

— mo' His (soft). l£. Purple. May. Siberia, j

— officinal lis (shop). 3. Red. May. Europe.

1548.
a'lbicans (whitening). 3. White.

May.
anemonifto'ra (Anemone-flowered).

3. Pink. May. 1830.
Ba'xteri (Baxter's). 3. Crimson.

Oxford.

bla'nda (bland). 3. White. May.

carne'scens (hoary). 3. White.

May.
multipe'tala (many-petaled). 3.

Crimson. May.

ro' sea (rosy). 3. Red. May.

ru'bra (double-red."). 3. Red. May.

variega'ta (variegated-teaced). 3.

Crimson. June.

— parado'xa (paradoxical). 2. Purple. May.

Levant.
compa'cta (compact). 2. Purple.

May.
— fimbria'ta (double - fringed). 2.

Purple. May.
Grevi'llii (Greville's). 2. Purple.

May.

•'ppregri'na (straggling). 2. Dark

purple. May.

— pu'bens (downy) . 2. Red. May.

— Reevesia'na(Reeve$'s). 3. Crimson. May.

China.

— Ru'ssi (Russ's). 2. Crimson. May. Sicily.

— aimpliciflo'ra (simple-flowered). Red. May.

Levant.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). l£. Red. May.

Siberia. 1765.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered). l£.

Red. May. Russia. 1831.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Crim-
son. June.

— triterna'ta (thrice-three-leafleted). 3. Pur-

ple. May. Siberia. 1790.

— villa' sa (shaggy). 2. Red. May. South

Europe 1816.

— FP#ma»2tia'n« (WitmannU). 2. Greenish,

yellow. May. Abcharia. 1842.

PAINTED CUP. Castille'ja.

PAINTED GRASS. Aru'-ndo.

PALAFO'XIA. (Named after Palafox,
a Spanish general. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [ Asterace»] . Linn., IQ-Synyenesia
1-JSqwlis, Allied to Stem)

Herbaceous perennials, with white flowers.
Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of the young
shoots, in spring ; sandy loam. A cool green-
house or cold pit in winter for linearis.
P.fastigia'ta (tapering). August. North Ame-
rica. 1823. Hardy.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved'). 2. June. Mexico.

1821. Greenhouse.

PALE-BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. Geo-
tnc'trn.

PALICOU'REA. (Named after Le Pa
lico-ur, of Guiana. Nat. ord., Cinchonaih
[Cinchonace®]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Pscycotria.)

Some of the species are used for killing rats
and mice, in Brazil. Stove evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings, in spring, in sand, under a glass, in
gentle hotbed ; sandy loam and peat.
P.apica'ta (crowned - fruited] . 4. Yellow.
July. Caraccas. 1824.

— cro'cea (saffron-coloured). 4. Orange, July.

West Indies. 1823.

— Pave'tta (Pavetta-like). 2. White. August.

West Indies. 1823.

— ri'gida (stiff). 3. Yellow. August. Caraccas.

1820.

PALIU'RUS. Christ's Thorn. (Name
of a plant used by Dioscorides. Nat.
ord., Rhamnads [Bhamnacea?]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Zizyphus.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, with greenish-
yellow flowers. Suckers, which come freely ;
layers, and cuttings, and seeds. Virgatus is an
elegant shrub. The other, from its abundance
in Judea, is supposed to be the plant from,
which our Saviour's crown of thorns was made ;
common garden soil.

P. aculea'tus (sharp-thorned). 4. June. S.
Europe. 159(5.

— virga'tus (twiggy). 0. August. Nepaul. 1817.

PALMA CHRISTI. Rid' mis,

PALM OIL. Ela'is.

PANJE'TIA fu'lva. A very pretty yel-
low-iiowered annual, which we believe
has never been introduced, described
from dry specimens by Dr. Lindley, in
his pamphlet on Swan Eiver plants.
Seeds, in moderate hotbed, in March,
planted out in May ; sandy rich soil.

PA'NAX. (From pan, all, and akos,
remedy ; referring to the stimulant
drug, Ginseng, to which miraculous
virtue is ascribed by the Chinese. Nat.
ord., Ivyworts [Araliaceee]. Linn., 23-
Polygamia S-Dicecia.)

Cuttings of young shoots, under a hand-light,
in spring and summer ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Of all the species the following are most
worth notice.
P, wnchifo'lium (shell -leaved). 10. Yellow.

PAN

PAN

P. Jio'rridum (horrid). White. North America.
1829. Hardy deciduous.

— quinquefo'lium (Ginseng. Five-leaved). 1;J.

Light yellow. June. North America.
1740. Hardy herbaceous.

PANCRA'TIUM. (From pan, all, and
kratys, potent ; supposed medicinal
qualities. Nat. ord., Amaryttids [Ama-
ryllidaceae] . Linn., Q-Hexandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Hymenocallis.)

Handsome bulbs, and white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for new
varieties, as well as for perpetuating the older ;
chiefly by offset-bulbs ; sandy loam, fibry peat,
and rotten cow-dung. Temp, for stove kinds,
winter, 50°; summer, 60° to 90°. Even the
hardy require a little protection in severe wea-
ther.

HARDY.

P. Carolinia'num (Carolina). 2. June. Caro.
Una. 1759.

— Illy'ricum (Illyrian). 1*. May. S. Europe.

1615.

— mari'timum (sea). 2. June. S. Europe. 1597.

— rota'tum (wheel-crowned). 1. August. Ca-

rolina. 1803.

STOVE.

P. acutifo'lium (sharp- leaved). 2. June.
Mexico. 1824.

— America'num (American). 2. June. Ja-

maica. 1820.

— amag'num (.handsome). 2. June. Guiana.

1790.

— angu'stum (narrow -leaved). l£. June.

— biflo'rum (two-flowered). 1. June. East

Indies. 1820.

— Canarie'nse (Canary). l£. June. Canaries.

1815.

— Caribes'um (Caribean). l£. June. West

Indies. 1730.

— orassifo'lium (thick- leaved). l£. June.

South America.

— declina'tum (leaning). 2. June. West

Indies. 1825.

— di'stichum (two-ranked). 1^. June. South

America.

— expa'nsum (expanded). 2. June. West

Indies. 1820.

—fro! grans (fragrant). 1. May. West Indies.
1819.

— Guiane'nse (Guiana). 2. November. Guiana.

1815.

— hu'mile (humble). Yellow.

— littora'le (sea-side). 2. June. S. America.

1758.

— longiflo'rum (long - flowered). 2. June.

East Indies. 1810.

— Mexica'num (Mexican). 1. August. Mexico.

1732.

— ova'tum (egg-leaved). 1. June. West Indies.

— plica'tum (plaited). July. Macao. 1827.

— specio'sum (showy). l£. July. W. Indies.

1/59.

— undula'tum (w&ve-leaved). 1. June. South

America.

— vcrccu'ndum (ruddy). l£. July. East

Indies. 17/6.
•*- Zeyla'mcum (Ceylon). *. June. Ceylon, 1752.

| PANDA'NUS. Screw Pine. (From
pandany, tlie Malay name. Nat. ord.,
Screivpines [Pandanaceae], Linn., ~,)-
Dicecia l-Monandria.)

Stove evergreen trees, with white flowers.
Chiefly by suckers ; sandy loam. Wintop
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85Q.

P. amury'llifo'lius (Amaryllis-leaved). 20. E.
Indies. 1820.

— candela'brum (candlestick). 60. Guinea.

1826.

— edu'lis (eatable). Madagascar. 1824:

— e'legans (elegant). I. of France. 1826.

— fascicula'ris (fascicled). 20. E. Indies. 1822.
—furca'tus (forked). E. Indies. 1824.

— hu'milis (dwarf). 8. Mauritius.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). E.Indies. 1818.

— integrifo'lius (entire - leaved). E. Indies.

1823.
' — lee' vis (smooth). China. 1823.

— latifo'Uus (broad-leaved). E. Indies. 1820.

— longifo'lius (long-leaved). E.Indies. 1829.

— margina'tus (margined), E.Indies. 1823.

— murica'tus (point - covered). Madagascar.

1826.

— odorati'ssimus (sweetest-scented). 20. E.

Indies. 1771-

— refle'xus (bent-back). E. Indies. 1818.

— se'ssilis (stalkless). E. Indies. 1820.

— spira'lis (spiral). 20. N.S.Wales. 1805.

— u'tilis (useful, red-spined). 20. I. of Bourbon.

PANICLE is a loose bunch of flowers,
as in the Oat (Ave'na) and London
Pride (Saxi'fraga).

PANNING is forming a pan or basin
in the soil round the stem of a tree or
shrub, in which to pour water.

PANSEY. Vio'la tri' color. The native
situation of the wild Pansey is generally
in fields of growing corn, where it is
partially shaded from the wind and
the heat of the midday sun. To grow
the Pansey for the purpose of exhi-
bition, the situation for the plants
should also be one sheltered from all
cutting winds, as these are very de-
structive, often injuring, and even
killing, the plants close to the soil, by
twisting them about. The situation
should be open to the free circulation
of the air, and exposed to the morning
sun, but protected from the full in-
fluence of the midday sun, which in-
jures the colour of the blooms. The
plants should be placed together in
beds made for the purpose. The situa-
tion should be cool and moist, but
thoroughly drained, for although the
Pansey requires considerable moisture
during the blooming season, and
through the summer months, yet it is

PAN

C

PAP

very impatient of superabundant mois- :
ture, and the plants will be found
never to do well when the soil becomes
in any degree sodden.

The Soil should be rich, and tolerably
light. Decayed cucumber-bed dung is
the best manure, and the soil a light
hazel loam, with a good portion of de-
cayed turf from pasture land, thoroughly
intermixed, by frequent stirring and
digging, and to three barrow-leads of
this soil add one of the cucumber-bed
manure two years old. Manure-water,
particularly guano-water, applied during
the blooming season, is very beneficial.

The Plants should be carefully se-
lected for the purpose of producing
blooms for exhibition, as it will be
always found that when they have
flowered well through one season, they
never produce so fine blooms the
second. Those who intend to grow the
Pansey for exhibition, should select
young plants well established from cut-
tings for the purpose. For the spring
exhibitions in May and June, select
plants struck the previous autumn, in
August and September ; and for the j
autumn exhibitions in September, select |
plants struck early in the spring ; and I
after these have produced their blooms,
save them for store plants, to produce
cuttings, always having *a constant suc-
cession of young plants for the pur- I
pose of blooming.

Propagation. — The young side shoots
are to be preferred for cuttings, as the
old hollow stems seldom strike freely,
and do not grow so strong for spring
blooming. Take off a sufficient quan-
tity of these side shoots in August, or
the beginning of September, and for
autumn -blooming in April and May;
these insert either under hand-glasses,
or in pots placed in a cool-frame in
some good light compost, mixed with a
good quantity of silver sand, taking
care to keep them moderately moist,
and shading them from hot suns.

The Disease to which the Pansey is
most subject, is a withering away sud-
denly, as if struck by something at the
root. This disease has received various
names, as root-rot, decline, &c., but both
cause and remedy are unknown. Old
plants are much more subject to it than t

young ones, and it appears to be most
prevalent during hot and dry seasons.
When a plant is thus struck, which is
indicated by a withering of the foliage,
if it be a rare and choice kind, imme-
diately take all the cuttings you can
get, and strike them, as almost in-
variably the old plants die. Strong
stimulating manures are productive of
this disease. As a preventive keep the
surface of the soil frequently stirred.

Insects. — The worst foes of the
Pansey are the slug and the snail. To
destroy and keep away these vermin,
water the bed late of an evening in
moist weather with lime-water, and
sprinkle the surface pretty thickly with
fresh wood ashes. See Agromyza.

Box for exhibiting Blooms. — Dr.
Lindley says, that the best constructed
box for exhibiting twenty -four Hearts-
ease is made of deal, of the following
dimensions — twenty inches long, one
wide, and five inches deep; the lid
made to unhinge ; a sheet of zinc fitted
inside, resting upon a rim ; four rows
of six holes each cut in the zinc at
three inches apart; under each hole a
zinc tube soldered to the plate, and in-
tended to contain the water. The aper-
tures to admit the flower made in the
form of a keyhole, as it will admit part
of the calyx, and keep the flower in a
flat position ; the outside may be painted
green, but the zinc plate should be
painted of a dead white.

PANSEY FLY. Agromy'za,

PANTILES. See Bricks.

PAPA'VER. Poppy. (From papa, pap,
or thick milk ; referring to the juice.
Nat. ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese],
Linn., 13-Polyandria \-Monoyynia.)

Seeds in March and April, where the plants
are to remain ; division of the roots of the peren-
nial ones ; light, rich, sandy soil.

HARDY PERENNIALS.

P. Alpi'num( Alpine). 2. White. Julv. Austria*
1759-

— bractea'tum (bracted). 4. Bed. May. Si-;

beria. 1817.

— cro'ceum (Saffron - coloured). 1. Saffron.

May. Altai. 182Q.

— nudicau'le (naked -stalked). l£. Yellow.

July. Siberia. 1730.

glabra'tum (smooth), zj. Yellow

July. Siberia. 1800.

i— . _*-. lu'teum (yellovf- flowered). U.

Yellow, July. Siberia. 1/30.

PAP

[ 678 ]

PAE

P. nudicau'le radica'tum (rooted). £. Yellow.
July. Norway. 1800.

— orienta'le (eastern). 3. Red. May. Ar-

menia. 1714.

co'ncolor (one-coloured). 3. Scar-
let. June. South Europe. 1714.

macula' turn (spotted). 3. Scarlet.

June. South Europe. 1714.

— Pe'rsicum (Persian). l£. Brick. June.

Persia. 1830.

— P yrena'icum (Pyrenean). 1. Yellow. July.

Pyrenees.

puni'ceum (red). 1. Red.

June. Switzerland.

— ru'bro-auranti'acum (red-orange). |. Red.

July. Dahuria. 1822.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. amas'num (lovely). l£. Vermilion. North
India. 1830.

— arena'rium (sand). 1. Red. June. Cau-

casus. 1828.

— Argemo'ne (Argemone). l£. Scarlet. June.

Britain.

— Armeni'acum (Armenian). l£. Yellow. Au-

gust. Armenia. 1815.

— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). l£. Red. June.

Caucasus. 1813.

— commuta'tum (changeable). 1. Scarlet.

July. Siberia. 1839-

— du'bium (doubtful). 2. Scarlet. June. Bri-

tain.

flo'rea'lbo (white-flowered). White.

June. Tauria.

— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered)- Ij. Scarlet.

June. Levant. 1815. Biennial.
— fu'gax (short-lived). Pale carmine. June.
Persia. 1827.

— lio'rridum (horrid). 2. Red. July. New

Holland. 1825.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). !£. Scarlet. June.

England.

— liBviga'tum (smooth-leaved). l£. Red. June.

Caucasus. 1823.

— Roubiee'i (Roubieus's). 1. Red. June.

Montpelier. 1823.

— seti'gemm ( bristly). 2. White. July. South

Europe. 1823.

— snmni'ferum (sleep- causing). 4. White.

July. England.

a'lbo ple'num (double - white-
seeded). 5. Variegated. July. Britain.

a'lbum ( white -seeded). 5.

White. July. Britain.

fimbria'tum (fringed). 4. Va-
riegated. July. Britain.

ni'grum (black -seeded). 4.

Purple. July. Britain.

rubro-plt'num (double - red) .

5. Variegated. July. Britain.
variega'tum (variegated). 4.

Variegated. July. Britain.
— trilo'bum (three-lobed). 2. Red. June.

Holland. 18)8.

PAPAW-TREE. Ca'rica.

PAPER LIGHTS were never much em-
ployed, and, since the introduction of
\Yhitney 's and Other compositions for
rendering cloth semi-transparent, are
still less likely to he employed. Car-

i tridge paper is the hest for the purpose.

I It should he damped hefore it is nailed
upon the frame, because when dry it
hecomes taut. It may then be painted
over with boiled linseed oil, in which a

I little white lead has been incorporated.

| In nailing on the paper, a strip of tape

; should be placed between the heads of

the tacks and the paper, to check the

tearing to which the paper is so subject.

PAPER-MULBERRY. JBroussone'tia pa-

pyra'cea.

PAPHI'NIA. (Paphia, a surname of
Venus. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria \-Monan-
dria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids. Division, and cuttings of
shoots ; fibry peat, sphagnum, rotten wood, in
shallow baskets. See Orchids.
P. crista'ta (crested). White, purple. July.
Trinidad. 1843.

PAPY'RUS. (From laleer, pronounced
papeer, Syrian ; hence papyrus, paper
of the Egyptians. Nat. ord., Sedges
[Cyperacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-
Monogynia.)

Stove aquatic peremrials. Seeds and divisions ;
rich heavy loam, in a tub of water, and in a
high stove temperature.

P. antiquo'rum (ancient). 10. August. Egypt.
1803.

— e'legans (elegant). 7- July. W. Indies. 1820.

— laxiflo'rus (loos^-flowered). 7. July. Mada-

gascar. 1822.

— odora'tus (sweet-scented). 10. July. W.

Indies. 181Q.

PARAGUAY TEA. I' lex parague'nsis.

PARASITIC PLANTS are such as derive
their nourishment from other living
plants by rooting into their sap-vessels.
Examples are — the Mistletoe and Dod-
der, which attach themselves to the
stems and branches of some plants ;
the Hypocistus, and the Orobanche or
Broom Rape, affix themselves to the
roots of others. The minute fungi
which constitute the mildew are also
parasites. There is some doubt whether
the Ivy is at all parasitical ; but whether
it derives nourishment or not from
trees, it certainly checks the respiration,
and prevents the free access of light
and air to tbose upon which it attaches.
The orchidaceous plants, Avhich grow
upon dead wood as readily as upon
living timber, are not parasites.

PARASTRA'NTHUS. (From parastrepho,

PAE

[ 679 ]

PAR

to invert, and awtlws, a flower ; referring
to the inverted position of the flowers.
Nat.ord.,Zo6eZiads [Lobeliaceoe]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
the Lobelia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds and cuttings of the
young shoots, in spring and autumn ; sandy
loam and leaf-mould. A cool greenhouse or
cold-pit in winter ; the flower border in sum-
mer.

P. si'mplex (simple-stalked). 4- Yellow. June.
1774.

— unidenta'ta (one-toothed). $. Blue. July.

1/94.

— variifo'lia (various-leaved). 1. Yellow. June.

1812.

PAKDA'NTHUS. (From pardos, a leo-
pard, and anthos, a flower; referring to
the spotted flowers. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Aristea.)

Hardy, herbaceous, orange-flowered peren-
nials. Seeds; or divisions in spiing ; rich
sandy loam ; a sheltered border in winter.

P. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 2. June. China. 1759-

— Ncpauie'nsis (Nepaulese). 2. June. Nepaul.

1823.

PAREIRA BRAVA BOOT. Cissa'mpelos.

PARINA'RIUM. (From parinari, the
Guianan name. Nat. ord., Chrysobalans
[Chrysobalanacees]. Linn., 7-Heptan-
dria \-Monoijynia.}

The rough-skinned, or grey plum, is the pro-
duce of P. excelsum. Stove evergreens. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots, in spring, in sand, under a
glass, in bottom-heat; sandy loam and dried
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
P. campe'stre (field). 6. Yellow. Guiana. 1824.

— exce'lsum (tall). 60. White. Sierra Leone.

1822.

— macrophy1 Hum (large-leaved). 3. White.

Sierra Leone. 1822.

PARING AND BURNING is never to be
practised by the gardener, except for
the purpose of charring the turf, and
rendering porous the soil cut from the
banks of clayey ditches. When this is
carefully done, a serviceable dressing
is obtained. But paring and burning,
as a general practice, is extremely
wasteful ; and, though it may give a
good crop immediately afterwards,
never fails, by speedy exhaustion, to
demonstrate how great has been the
dispersion of carbonaceous matter.

PARIVO'A. (The name in Guiana.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-

cese]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia k-Decandria.
Allied to Amherstia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, in spring, in
a hotbed ; loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. grandifio'ra (large-flowered). 30. Purple.
Guiana. 1821.

PARK, in the modern acceptation of
the word, is an extensive adorned in-
closure surrounding the house and
gardens, and affording pasturage either
to deer or cattle. But a park, strictly
and legally, is a large extent of a man's
own ground inclosed and privileged
for wild beasts of chase by prescription
or by royal grant.

PARKE'RIA. (Named after C. 8.
Parker, its discoverer. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacere]. Linn., 2±-Crypto-
yamia 1-Filices.)

Stove ferns. See Ferns.

P. acrostichoi'des (Acrostichum - like). Pale
yellow. July. North America. 1827.

— Lockhn'rti (Lockhart's). Browa. May.

Trinidad. 1834.

— pteroi'des (Pieris-like). £. Brown. August.

Essequibo. 1825.

PA'RKIA. Nitta Tree. (Named after
Munyo Park, the African traveller.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceas] .
Linn., 16 -Monadelphia 6 - JDecandrld.
Allied to Mimosa.)

Stove evergreen trees, with crimson flowers,
from Sierra Leone. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in saml, in heat, under a bell-glass, in
May; sandy peat and loam. Winter temp.,
48° to 50°'; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. Africa'na (African). 30. March. 1822.

— unigiooo'sa (one - globed -flowered). 30.

March. 1822.

PARKINSO'NIA. (Named after J. Par-
kinson, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn.,
10-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Gymnocladus.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Seeds, when obtain-
able ; cuttings of half-ripened shoots, treated
like ParJfiai

P. aculea'ta (prickly). 12. Yellow. W. Indies.
1739.

PARNA'SSIA. Grass of Parnassus.
(Named after Mount Parnassus, where,
from the elegance of these plants, they
were fabulously said to have tirst sprung.
Nat. ord., Tutsans [ Hypericacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria '3-Tetrayynia.}

P. pahtstris is one of our prettiest British
marsh plants. Hardy, herbaceous, white-

PAR

[ CBO ]

PAR

flowered, perennials. Seeds and divisions, in
spring ; shady marshy places.
/*. ^5ari/o7f«(Asarum-leaved). £. July. N.
America. 1812.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). A. May. N. Ame-

rica. 1802.

— palu'stris (marsh). £. July, Britain.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). £. June. N.

America. 1820.

— specio'sa (showy). £. July. N. America.

PARO'CHETUS. (From para, near, and
ochetos, a brook ; its habitat. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn.,
\7-Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. Allied to
Goodia.)

Half-hardy, evergreen, Nepaulese creepers.
Division, in spring; cuttings, under a hand-
light, in summer ; loam and leaf-mould. The
protection of a cold-pit in winter.
P. commu'nis (common). Purple. July. 1820.

— ma'jor (larger). Lilac. June. 1827.

PARKOT-BEAK PLANT. Clia'nthw.

PARRO 'TIA. (Named after M . Parrot.
Nat. ord.. Witch-hazels [Hamamelida-
cese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 2-Diyynia.
Allied to Fothergilla.)

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots getting firm, in sand, under
a glass, in spring; peat and loam. Should
be tried in a greenhouse of a medium tem-
perature.
P. Pe'rsica (Persian). 10. Persia. 1848.

PA 'RRYA. ( Named after Captain Parry,
the arctic navigator. Nat. ord., Cruci-
fers [Brassicaceae]. Linn., lo-Tetrady-
namia. Allied to Arabis.)

Require a greenhouse in winter. Seeds ;
common garden soil.

P. a'rctica (arctic). $. Purple. Melville Island.
1820. Annual.

— intege'mma (very-entire-teaved). £. Rose,

purple. April, Siberia. 1829. Ever-
green.

PARSLEY. Pctroseli'num sati'vum. —
There are two varieties, the common i
plain-leaved and the curly-leaved.

Sow annually, once in February and j
again in the end of June. Sow mode- !
rately thick, in narrow drills barely a j
quarter-of-an-inch deep,, twelve inches ]
apart if in a bed by itself, or in a single j
one round the edge of a bed ; the soil j
being raked level, and the stones im-
mediately over the seed gathered off.
The plants make their appearance in !
from two to six weeks. When two or
three inches high, they may be gathered i
from as required. In early June, when j
they make a show for seed, the stems !

should be cut down close to the bottom,
and again in September, if they have
acquired a straggling rank growth ; this
will cause them to shoot afresh, and
acquire a strong growth before the
arrival of severe weather. On the ap-
proach of frost, if protection is atforded
to the plants by means of haulm or
reed pamiels, so supported as not to
touch them ; it will preserve them in
a much better state for use in winter
and spring. But a still more effectual
plan is to take up some of the strongest
and best curled plants in September,
and plant them in pots, two or three
plants in each, using a rich soil. If
these be placed in a pit or greenhouse,
and abundance of liquid-manure given,
they will be very superiorly productive
throughout the winter.

To obtain Seed. — Allow some of the
plants to run up in June ; they should
not, however, be allowed to stand nearer
than eighteen inches to each other.
The seed ripens in early autumn, and
when perfectly dry, may be beaten out
and stored. Soot is an excellent ma-
nure for parsley, and preserves it from
root-canker, the only disease affect-
ing it,

PARSNIP. Pastina'ca sati'va. The
two varieties, Hollow-crowned and
Guernsey, are nearly alike.

Soil. — A rich, dry, sandy loam, and
the deeper the better. The most
inimical to it are gravel or clay. Trench
the ground two spades deep, a little
manure being turned in with the
bottom spit. In the Isle of Guernsey,
which has long been celebrated for the
fineness of its parsnips, sea-weed is
the manure chiefly employed. Of
dung, that of pigeons is the best.
Decayed leaves are also very favourable
to its growth. The situation cannot
be too open.

Sow from the end of February to the
beginning of April, but the earlier
the better. It has been recommended
in field cultivation to sow them in
September ; in the garden, when sown
at this season, they also obtain a
finer size, but many of them run to
seed. In the Isle of Guernsey they
regulate their time of sowing according
to the soil; in the most favourable

PAK

[ 081 ]

PAS

soils they sow in January, or if the soil
is wet or stifl', they do not insert the
seed until the latter end of March.

Sow in drills ten inches apart, and
half-an-inch deep. The compartment
being laid out in beds not more than
four feet wide, for the convenience of
weeding, &c. When the seedlings are
two or three inches high, thin to ten
inches apart, and the weeds both by
hand, and small hoeing. The beds
require to be frequently looked over, to
remove all seedlings that may spring
up afresh, as well as to be frequently
hoed until the plants so cover the j
ground as to render it impracticable.

The roots may be taken up as wanted j
in September, but they do not attain '
maturity till October, which is intimated
by the decay of the leaves.

In November, part of the crop may
be taken up, and the tops being cut
close off, layed in alternate layers with
sand, for use in frosty weather. The
remainder may be left in the ground,
and taken up as required, as they are
never injured by the most intense frost,
but, on the contrary, are rendered
sweeter. In February or March, how-
ever, any remaining must be taken up,
otherwise they will vegetate. Being
preserved in sand, they continue good
until the end of April or May.

To obtain Seed. — Some of the finest
roots are best allowed to remain where
grown; or else, being taken up in
February, planted in a situation open,
but sheltered from violent winds. If
of necessity some of those are employed
which have been preserved in sand,
such should be selected as have not
had their tops cut off very close.

In dry weather water plentifully twice
a week. At the end of August the seed
is usually ripe ; the umbels may then
be cut, and when thoroughly dried on
cloths, the seed beaten out and stored.

Seed should never be employed that
is more than a twelvemonth old.

PARTERRE is synonymous with our
English name Flower Garden.

PARTING the roots is a mode of pro-
pagation available with some plants,
and where a large increase of an indi-
vidual specimen by this mode is desired,
its flower stems should be removed as

fast as they are produced. This makes
the plant stool, for whatever prevents
the formation of seed, promotes the
development of root.

PARTRIDGE PEA. Heiste'ria.

PASCA'LIA. (Named after Dr. Pascal,
professor at Parma. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteraceffi]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia
2-Superflua. Allied to Heliopsis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division, in spring ;
cuttings, under a hand-light, in summer ;
should have a dry, warm spot, or the protection
of a frame, in winter.

P. glau'ca (milky-green). l£. Yellow. July.
Chili. 1799-

PASQUE FLOWER. Ane'mone pulsa-
ti'lla.

PASSERI'NA. Sparrow-wort. (From
passer, a sparrow ; referring to the
beaked seeds. Nat. ord., Dapknads
[Thymelacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Dais.)

Greenhouse evergreens, white-flowered, and
from the Cape of Good Hope, except where
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of the young
shoots, half-ripe, in sand, under a glass, in
April or May ; sandy peat, with a few nodules
of fibry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; sum-
mer, a rather shady place after the wood is ripe.
P. filiformis might be tried against a conserva-
tive wall.
P. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 2. May. 1818.

— empetrifo'lia (Empetrum-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1834.

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 3. May. 1810.
—Jilifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 1. July. 1752.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. May. 1789.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). l£. July. South Europe.

1759.

— la'xa (loose). §. June. 1804.

— linearifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. May. 1820.

— ri'gida (stiff). 2. May. 1817-

— spica'ta (spiked). 1. May. 1787-

— Sfetfe'ri (Steller's). June. Siberia. 1817-

— tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). f. July.

— Thunbe'rgii (Thunberg's). 3. May. 1817.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). £, May. 1759-

PASSIFLO'RA. Passion-Flower. (From
passio, suffering, and flos, a flower ; re-
ferring to the filaments or rays, and
other parts, being likened to the cir-
cumstances of Christ's crucifixion. Nat.,
ord., Passiomvorts [ Passifl oracese ] .
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria.)

Cuttings of young wood, in almost any stage,
during summer, in sand, under a bell-glass or
hand-light ; peat and loam. Carulea and its
varieties are the hardiest. It not only flowers
freely, but ripens fruit against a wall round
London. Incarnata is a pretty thing, of semi-
herbaceous habit, which has also in a few cases
been tried against a wall. The shoots of the
ccerulea group might easily be wrapped toge-

PAS

[ 68-2 ]

PAT

ther, and defended in winter by a mat. The
fruit of many is very pleasant and refreshing to
most palates. The edulis fruits very freely in
a stove, but the flower has no great beauty ; it
fruited a number of years with us in a cool con-
servatory, but it died at last. We found it
hardier than the newest one, Billnttii. The
quadrungularis, to be fruited, must be grown
in a good light situation, in a warm stove, and
be artificially impregnated. See Granadilla.

HALF-HARDY CLIMBERS.

P. ceeru'lca (common-blue). 30. White, blue.
August. Brazil. 1699.

glaucophy'lla (milky-green-leaved).

20. Blue. August. Brazil.

— incarna'ta (fiesh- coloured). 30. Pink. June.

South America. 1629.

STOVE CLIMBERS.

P. acti'nia (Sea-anemone-like). 10. Whitish.
November. Organ Mountains. 1842.

— ala'ta (winged-stalked). 20. Green, blue,

red. June. West Indies. 1772.

— a'lba (white). White. August. Brazil.

1830.

— ama'bilis (lovely). 10. Scarlet, white. May.

— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Striped. August.

Saint Lucia. 1823.

— Billo'ttii (Billotti's). White, pink. July.

1848.

— Buonapa'rtea (Buonaparte's). Red, blue,

white. June.

— Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 15. Pink. June.

Caraccas. 1821.

— CatfantV/e'siitCavanille's). Copper. August.

West Indies. 1822.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White, blue.

August. China. Greenhouse.

— cilia' ta (hair -fringed). 6". Pink. August.

Jamaica. 1783.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September.

Guiana. 1820.

— cunea'ta (wedged). 10. July. Caraccas. 1816.

— cu'prea (copper-coloured). 20. Orange.

July. Bahama Islands. 1724.

— diffo'rmis (deformed). Green, black. Sep-

tember. Santa Martha. 1844.

— digita'ta (finger-leaved). 12. Blue. Trinidad.

1820.

— edu'lis (eatable). 30. White. July. West

Indies.

—filamenWsa (thready). 20. White, blue.
August. America. 1817.

— gra'cilis (slender). 6. White. August. 1823.

— heterophy' 'lla (various-leaved). 15. Yellowish.

Saint Domingo. 1817.

— hispi'dula (bristly). Yellow, white. June.

Mexico. 1846.

— kermesi'na (crimson). 20. Crimson, July.

1831.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 20. Red, violet.

August. West Indies. 1690.

— ligula'ris (strap-shaped). 20. Green, purple.

September. Peru. 1819.

— Loudo'ni (Loudon's). 20. Purple. 1838.

— hi' tea (yellow). 4. Yellow. May. America.

1714.

— malifo'rmis (Apple-formed). 20. Green,

red. September. West Indies. 1731.
--- — - Medu'sos (Medusa). Yellow,
orange. Guatemala. 1850.

P. Middletonia'na (Middleton's). 6. Rose,
blue. June. South America. 183/.

— Moorea'na (Mr. Moore's). 20. Whitish.

July. Buenos Ayres. 183".

— w{#eW./?o'ra(Nigella-flowered). 10. White,

green. September. Buenos Ayres. 1835.

— oblonga'ta (oblong). 10. Apetal. July.

Jamaica. 1816.

— ony'china (Lieutenant Sulivan's). 10. Pur-

plish. November. Buenos Ayres. 1827.

— pa'llida (pale). 20. Yellow, green. Au-

gust. Saint Domingo.

— palma'ta (hand-shaped). 12. White. Brazil.

1817.

— perfolia'ta (leaf -stem- pierced). Crimson.

July. Jamaica. 1800.

— phceni'cea (crimson). 20. Crimson. Sep-

tember. 1831.

— pictura'ta (painted). 15. Red. September.

Brazil. 1820.

— quadrangula'ris(sc(\uae-stalked). 20. Green,

blue. August. Jamaica. 1763.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 20. Scarlet. June.

Brazil. 1815.

— rotundifo' lia (round - leaved) . 8. White.

June. Antilles. 1779.

— ru' bra (red-fruited). 15. Red. June. West

Indies. 1831.

— stipula'ta (stipuled). White. August.

Cayenne. 1779-

— tilieefo'lia (Lime-tree-leaved). 10. Green,

red, blue. July. Peru. 1823.

— Tucumane'nsis (Tucuman). 10. White,

green. July. Chili. 1836.

PASTINA'CA. Parsnip. (From pastl-
num, a dibble; referring to the shape
of the root. Nat. ord., Umbellifers
[Apiaceae]. Linn., ^-Pentandria 2
Digynia.) See Parsnip, the only cul-
tivated species.

PATAGO'NULA. (From Patagonia, its
native country. Nat. ord., Vcrbenes
[Verbenacesej. Linn., v-Pentandria
\-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings, in sand,
under a glass, in May ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. America'na (American). 20. White. July.
S. America. 1732.

PATERSO'NIA. (Named after Col. W.
Paterson, a botanist. Nat. ord., Trids
[Iridacese], Linn., \G-Monadelphia 1-
Triandria. Allied to Watsonia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials from New
South Wales, and blue flowered except where
otherwise mentioned. For culture, see Iris.
P. glabra'ta (smooth). l£. Purple. June. 1814.

— glau'ca (milky green). 1. June. 1820.

— luna'ta (woolly). 1. June. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 1. June. 1818.

— Inngisca'pa (long-stalked), 14. June,

— me'dia (intermediate). 1. Purple. June.

1816.

— occidenta'lis (western). 1. June. 1824.

— pygma'a (dwarf) . May .

PAT

[ 083 ]

PEA

P. sapphiri'na (sapphire). 1. May. 183/.

— seri'cea (silky). l£. June. 1803.

PATRI'NIA. (Named after M. Patrhi,
a Siberian traveller. Nat. ord., Valc-
rianworts [Valerianacese]. Liun., 4-
Tctranclria \-Monoqynia.}

Hardy biennials, except heterophylla, and all
yellow flowered. Seed in March, in light soil.

P. Jieterophy'lla (various-leaved). May. China.
1837. Hardy herbaceous.

— intermedia (intermediate). 1. June. Siberia.

1820.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. May. Siberia. 1801.

— scabioscefo'lia (Scabious-leaved). 1. June.

Dahuria. 1817.

— Sibe'rica (Siberian). 1. June. Siberia. 1751.

PAULLI'NIA. (Named after S. Paulli,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts
[Sapiudaceae]. Linn., 8-Octandria 3-
Trif/ynia. Allied to Sapinda.)

Stove evergreen, white - flowered twiners, j
Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell- i
glass, and in bottom heat ; loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.

P. bipinna'ta (doubly -leafleted). 20. Brazil.
1816.

— Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 16. Cartha-

gena. 1818.

— cauliflo'ra (stem-flowering). 18. Caraccas.

1822.

— Cupa'nia (Cupani's). 20. Trinidad. 1818.

— hi'spida (bristly). 20. Trinidad. 1825.

— pube'scens (downy). 16. South America.

1820.

— Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 16. Guinea. 1822.

— tetrago'na (square-stemmed). 20. Cayenne.

1825.

— vesperti'llio (bat). 20. St. Christopher. 1823.

PAULO'WNIA. (Named after the he-
reditary princess of the Netherlands,
daughter to the Emperor of Eussia.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariacese].
Linn., lA-Didynamia S-Angiospermia.)

Cuttings of young shoots, when a little firm,
under a hand-light. It is a deciduous tree,
with beautiful foliage, and quick growing,
somewhat resembling a Catalpa, and said to be
hardy, and has not only stood the winter, but
flowered in England, though with us it has been
killed nearly to the ground every season ; deep
good loam ; might stand better if starved in
summer.

P. imperia'lis (imperial). 30. Lilac. June.
Japan. 1840.

PAVE'TTA. (The East Indian name.
Nat. ord., Cincfwnads [Cinchonacese].
Linn., -i-Tctrandria l-Monogynia. Allied
to Ixora.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in spring; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 45° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°.

P. areno'sa (sandy-teawed). 3. June. China,
1799.

— Ca'/ra (Caffrarian). 3. August. C. of G.

Hope. 1823.

— I'ndica (Indian). 3. Sept. E.Indies. 1791.

— tomento'sa (woolly). August. E.Indies. 1824.
PA'VIA. (Named after P. Paw, a

Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Soapworts
[Sapindacese]. Linn., 7-Hcptandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to JEsculus.)

Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs, very like
the Horse Chesnut. Seeds, layers, and grafting
on the Horse Chesnut. The weeping one and
others look interesting when grafted at a good
height ; deep sandy loam.
P. Calif o' mica (Californian). 30. White, Ca-
lifornia. 1838.

— ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 16. Red. 1820.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 4. Red, yellow.

June. North America. 1812.

— fla'va (yellow). 20. Yellow. May. North

America. 1764.

— I'ndica (Indian). North of India. 1844.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 20. Red, yellow.

May. 1826.

— macrosta'chya (large - spiked). 6. White.

June. North America. 1820.

— negle'cta (neglected). 20. Pale yellow. May,

1823.

— ru'bra (red-lowered). 6. Scarlet. May.

North America. 1711.
argu'ta (short-notched). 4. Red.

Europe. 1820.
hu'milis (dwarf). 3. Red. May.

North America.
hu'milis pe'ndula (weeping - dwarf).

Red.
sublacinia'ta (slightly-cut-teauerf) . 6.

Red. May. North America. 1823.

PAVO'NIA. (Named after J. Pavon, a
Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Mallow -
ivorts [Malvaceee]. Linn., 16-Monadel-
phia 8-Polyandria. Allied to the
Mallow.)

Stove evergreens;. Cuttings, in sand, under
a glass, in heat j sandy loam. Stove tempera-
ture. The following are the only two worth
culture.

P. cocci 'nea (scarlet). 2. Scarlet. Saint Do-
mingo. 1816.

— malacophy'lla (soft-leaved). 3. Red. Au-

gusi. Bahia. 1823.

PAXTO'NIA. (Named after Mr. Pax-
ton, the celebrated gardener to the
Duke of Devonshire. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandfia 1-
Monandria. Allied to Spathoglottis.)

Stove orchid. Division in spring ; turfy
peat and fibry loam, with a little charcoal and
silver sand. See Orchids.
P. ro'sea (rosy). J. Pink. July. Philippines.
1837-

PEA. Pi' sum sati'vum. There are
many varieties, but a great sameness

PEA [ Gt

about many of the early kinds ; one ;
good variety is all that is required in a I
small garden, and for one combining !
all the good qualities of a pea the Early \
Conqueror, 3 feet high, is the best. The \
Early Warwick, Prince Albert, Dane- \
croft Rival, Shilling's Grotto, &c., are |
also all good, well-known peas, where
variety is required. The best varieties j
to succeed are the Blue Scimitar, 2% to >
3 feet high ; Champion of England, a j
first-rate pea, 4 to 5 feet high ; Re- \
liance Marrow, 0 to 7 feet high ; British \
Queen, 6 to 7 feet high ; Bishop's new j
Long-pod Dwarf; all of which are first- j
rate peas to succeed each other from '
May till November. There are many i
other good varieties, such as the Au-
vcrgne, 4 to 5 feet high ; Spanish Dwarf,
1 to 2 feet high ; Banksian Blue, 2 to*3
feet high; Ringwood Marrow, 4 to 5 j
feet high ; Blue Imperial, 3 feet high ;
Blue Surprise, 4 to 5 feet high ; Wood-
ford Marrow, 3 feet high ; Knight's Tall
Marrow, 7 to 8 feet high ; Knight's
Dwarf Green, 3 feet high ; Tall Green,
6 to 7 feet high ; Mammoth Tall Green
Marrow, G to 7 feet high ; Dwarf Green
Marrow, 3 feet high, and Hair's Dwarf
Green Mammoth, 4 feet.

One quart of an early variety of pea
is quite sufficient for sowing a row 100
feet in length ; half-a-pint less sown in
the same distance of the blue varieties;
and one pint of the large and tall kinds
are sufficient where the soil is rich,
well pulverized, and pretty free from
slugs, &c.

Soil. — A soil moderately rich and
open is best ; rather inclining to strong
for the lofty growers and main crops,
but for the early and late ones, light
and dry. Dwarf varieties will grow on
poorer and lighter soils than the others.

Early Peas. — The best mode of ob-
taining these is according to the follow-
ing plan, suggested by Mr. Bishop,
gardener to C. Baldwin, Esq., of Cam-
berwell : —

In the last week of January, cut some i
turf in strips of three inches in width, i
the length depending on the width of j
the hotbed in which they are to be
placed. Lay the pieces of turf in the
frame grass downwards, close together,
then make in the centre of each piece

(4 ] I'KA

of turf, by pressing it with the edge oi"
a board, a drill, in which sow the peas,
which soon come up, and then take
the lights entirely off in the daytime
unless very cold, and shut them down
at night. Keep them close till the
beginning of March. When the peas
are to be planted in the border, lift the
box entirely off, and the strips of turf
in which the peas be well rooted,
and place them on a hand-barrow, and
take them to the border for planting,
which do in a drill cut so deep that
they shall be about an inch lower than
they were in the box. It may be neces-
sary to protect them from frost and
cool winds at first, and this may be
done by putting some short sticks
along the rows, and laying some long
litter or cuttings of evergreens over
them. — Gard. Chron.

Solving. — In January they may be
sown in sheltered borders, and larger
supplies in an open compartment, and
thence continued throughout February
and until the end of May, once every
two or three Aveeks.

For the first production in the follow-
ing year, a small sowing may be made
at the close of October, and repeated
about the middle of November and
December, though it often happens
that these are scarcely a week forwarder
than those inserted in the following
February.

Sow in drills, or by the dibble in
rows, at a distance proportionate to the
height to which the variety grows, as
well as according to the season. Dwarfs
at two feet, for the early and late crops,
but three feet for the main ones. Mar-
rowfats at three-and-a-half or four-and-
a-half; Knight's Marrowfats and other
gigantic varieties at six or eight. Peas
not intended to be supported, require
the least room. At the early and late
sowings, the seed should be buried an
inch deep, but for the main crops an
inch- and-a-half. With respect to the
distances it may be inserted in the row,
of the Dwarfs, two in an inch ; Blues
and other middle-sized varieties for the
main crops, three in two inches ; the
tall and Knight's Marrowfat, as well as
others of similar stature, full an inch
apart. The best mode is to sow in

PEA

[ 085 ]

TEA

single rows, ranging north and south,
and the sticks alternately on each side
of the row. If the rows range east and
west, put the sticks on the south side.

When the summer sowings are made,
if dry weather is prevalent, the seed
should he soaked in water for two or
three hours previous, and the drills
well watered,

When the plants have advanced to a
height of two or three inches, they are
to he hoed, and earth drawn around
their stems. This should he done
twice or three times gradually as they
ascend, previous to the sticks heing
placed. It should be performed in dry
weather ; for the winter-standing crops
it should be especially attended to, as
it protects them greatly from frost.

Sticking is not required until the
plants show their tendrils. If during the
time of blossoming or swelling of the
fruit, continued drought should occur,
water may very beneficially be applied, it
being poured between the rows, if they
are in pairs, or otherwise in a shallow
trench, on one side of each. Watering
the leaves is rather injurious. Failures
in the rows of the earliest crops may
be rectified by transplanting. This is
best performed in March : the plants
thus removed must be watered until
they have taken root, and also shaded
if the weather is hot. It is a good
practice to nip off the top of the lead-
ing shoots of the early and late crops
as soon as they are in blossom, as it
greatly accelerates the setting and ma-
turity of the fruit. Too much care
cannot be taken, when the pods are
gathered, not to injure the stems. We
know, from lengthened experience, that
if the pods are cut off with scissars, the
plants produce one-fourth more than
when roughly gathered from.

The more regularly the plants are
gathered from, the longer they con-
tinue in production, as the later pods
never attain maturity if the earlier ones
are allowed to grow old before they are
gathered. In very severe weather, the
winter-standing crops require the shel-
ter of litter or other light covering,
supported as much as possible from the
plants by means of branches ; ropes or
twisted straw -bands are good for this

purpose, to be fixed along each side of
the rows with wooden pins driven into
the ground. Whichever mode of shelter
is adopted, it must be always removed
in mild weather, otherwise the plants
will be spindled and rendered weaker.

To obtain Seed, leave some rows that
are in production during July, or sow
purposely in March. Care must be
taken, however, that no two varieties
are in blossom near each other at the
same time. The plants intended for
seed ought never to be gathered from.
When in blossom, all plants which do
not appear to belong to the variety
among which they are growing should
be removed. They are fit for har-
vesting as soon as the pods become
brownish and dry. When perfectly free
from moisture, they should be beaten
out, otherwise if hot showery weather
occurs, they will open and shed their
seed.

Forcing commences in December, in
the early part of which month they
may be sown in a hotbed to remain, or
thick to transplant, during the succeed-
ing month, into others for production.
These may be repeated in January,
and the transplanting takes place in
February. It is also a common prac-
tice to sow in a warm border during
October, and the plants being cultivated
as a natural ground crop, are removed
into a hotbed during January.

The hotbed must be moderate, and
earthed equally over the depth of six
or eight inches, with light fresh mould
not particularly rich. The seed must
be buried one inch-and-a-half deep.
The frame, which is required to be two
feet- and- a-half high behind, and one-
and-a-half in front, ought to be put on
three or four days before the crop is
sown, that the steam and heat may
abate. Seed may likewise be sown at
the above times in pots or pans, and
placed round the bins of the stove.
At the close of September, also, some
peas may be sown in pots and sunk in
the earth of any open compartment ;
when the frost commences, to be re-
moved into the greenhouse. A border
of fresh earth being made in the front
of it early in December, the plants are
removed into it, in rows two feet asun-

PEA

[ 686 ]

PEA

deiy or still better in pairs, with ten
inches interval, and two feet and a half
hetween each pair. These will come
into production about the middle of
March.

In every instance, as stated above,
the rows should be two feet, the seed
or plants being set an inch asunder.
The plants are ready for moving when
an inch or two high. They must be
shaded and gently watered until they
have taken root. As much earth should
be preserved about their roots at the
time of removal as possible.

Transplanted peas are most produc-
tive, and run the least to straw in the
forcing frames. Air must be admitted
as freely as circumstances permit, the
same precautions being necessary as
for cucumbers. Water must be given
at first spaiingly, otherwise decay or
super-luxuriance will be occasioned ;
but when they are in blossom, and
during the succeeding stages of growth,
it may be applied often er and more
abundantly, as it is necessary for the
setting and swelling of the fruit.

The shading during hot days, and
covering at night, must also be particu-
larly attended to. From three to five
months elapse between the times of
sowing and production, according to
the fineness of the season, length of
the days, &c.

The temperature may be uniformly
kept up throughout their growth, hav-
ing 50° for the minimum at night, and
70° for their maximum by day.

PEACH. Pe'rsica vulga'ris.

Select varieties in the order of their
ripening. Those in italics are good
forcing peaches. Acton Scot, Pourpre
Hative, Grosse Mignonne, Eed Mag-
dalen, Royal George, Noblesse, Belle-
garde, or (ralande, Late Admirable,
Walburton Admirable.

Propagation : Budding. — This is per-
formed during July (see Budding}.
Some persons plant the stock against
the wall in its permanent situation,
and bud it there ; but Peaches are
principally budded in the nursery.
The bud is introduced at about six
inches from the ground. It remains
dormant until the succeeding spring,
the head of the stock is cut off

close above the bud, and the wound
pared off particularly neat, in order
that the returning sap may heal and
skin it over. It is good practice to
apply some white lead, or a similar
material, in order to exclude the air
and moisture. During this summer
the young bud will produce a shoot of
some two or three feet in length, and
this is headed back in the succeeding
spring to about five or six eyes ; thus
leaving about five or six inches of the
base of the shoot. The bud generally
produces laterals during the first sum-
mer, especially towards the upper end ;
and the point where these commence
branching generally dictates the point
to which they are cut back. In the
summer following they will produce
four or five shoots, which must be care-
fully trained, and kept totally free from
insects, and in the succeeding autumn
the tree is fit for removal to a wall.
Plants with one shoot, or of the season
next after the budding, are termed by
our nurserymen Maidens, but in the
succeeding summer they are termed
trained trees. There is no better stock
for general peach-budding than the
Plum ; a kind called the Muscle being
very generally used. Some persons ad-
vocate the use of either Almond Stocks,
or Peaches raised from the stone ; but
it is scarcely safe to recommend the
practice. The Americans, to be sure,
raise many of their orchards from the
stone, but they have a very different
climate to deal with ; and we hear,
moreover, many complaints of the
short-lived character of their trees.
The peach stones may either be sown
on heat to expedite them, or otherwise.
They should be cleansed and dried at
the ripening period, and may be sown
late in the autumn, care being taken to
preserve them from the mice. The
seedlings must be carefully trans-
planted like other shrubs ; those raised
on heat in pots, and those in the open
ground, to the nursery immediately
after one summer's growth, unless
sowed to remain. Their pruning must
be performed as other stocks, and their
subsequent culture is similar.

Soils, &c. — The selection of a proper
soil, and the securing a sound and dry

PEA

[68? ]

PEA

subsoil, are of as mucli importance with
the peach as with the ^.7ine. Three-
fourths of the trees in this kingdom
have been ruined by borders too deep,
too damp, and too rich. Unless proper
means be taken to ripen the wood, all
other labours are vain. The first step
in root culture is to examine the sub-
soil ; if this is not sound and dry, it
must at once be thoroughly drained.
As to depth of soil, we do not exceed
two feet, and nobody has had greater
success for many years. How much, I
however, that depth is above the ground '
level must depend on the character of
the locality : if a low and damp dis-
trict, we would have nearly half the
volume of the soil above the front
walk ; if a very dry and elevated spot,
not more than a third. The latitude
of the place should also have an in-
fluence ; and in many parts of Scotland
and the north of Ireland we should
raise nearly the whole border above
the ordinary level. No soil is fitter
than a good sound hazel loam ; but,
whatever be the colour, it is absolutely
essential that it be of a texture slightly
adhesive. We introduce no manure
with such a soil, but generally mix
with it about one-third of ordinary
dark, light, garden soil, adding about
one- sixth of ordinary tree or shrub
leaves with the whole. We generally
make an artificial subsoil, planting on
what we term " prepared stations."
The site being drained, and the exca-
vations formed, brick-bats, or any im-
perishable rubbish, is strewed over the
bottom, and then covered with cinders ;
the latter have a couple of barrows of
half- decayed leaves spread over them, j
This comprises the whole of our pre-
parations ; as for manures, we top-dress '
systematically every year in May : this |
forms an essential accompaniment of \
the shallow border system.

Culture during the growing period. — j
Protection to the blossoms is the first j
thing in early spring (See Protection), i
The next point is disbudding. Healthy i
trees are sure to produce a host of little
shoots, which must not be retained.
Disbudding is best performed by de- ;
grees, and about three periods, two or
three weeks apart suffice. At the first, |

which should be when the young shoots
are from two to three inches in length ;
those shoots only need be removed
which project nearly at right angles
from the wall ; as also those which
shoot between the wall and the branch.
Nothing can justify the reservation of
any of these but bare spaces of walling ;
such should be covered, even if by
shoots of inferior character. At the
second disbudding, a sort of " singling
out " may be practised. At the third
thinning a clever selection should be
made, and in doing so we would direct
especial attention to the preservation
of the lowest-placed young shoots nil
over the tree, for on these mainly de-
pends the supply of successional wood.
By the fan mode of training, which is
at least equal to any other mode, acute
angles of course are formed by every
two branches, when they meet. The
lowest shoot in this angle then must be
carefully preserved, and if overtopping
the next shoot a-head, it may at once
be pinched. Our practice is to turn
next to all the extreme points, and to
set the leading shoot free. It is of no
use suffering any side shoots to com-
pete with the leading ones, therefore,
all within four or five inches may be
stripped away, or, if doubtful, pinched.
And now a regular thinning or dis-
budding must be carried out between
the bole and the extremities of the
branches, and the only requisite is not
to suffer, if possible, two young shoots
to proceed side by side, from any given
point. Thus, training from any young
shoot at the base, we would not reserve
another nearer than four or five inches
up any given line, and so on, all over
the tree. One thing may be observed ;
if the operator is at any time doubtful
about a young shoot, let him merely
pinch the point instead of totally re-
moving it; at the finishing disbud-
ding he will perceive whether it may
be entirely stripped away. Disbudding
should be completed a little before
midsummer. During this period, the
fruit must be thinned, if too thick, and
this may be done at three different
periods. The first, when the fruit
is as large as a marble, when all
malformations, and those crowded be.

PEA

PEA

hind the shoots, may be taken away.
The remaining, if too thick, must he
singled out, leaving none in pairs or
touching each other. At this period,
they may average three inches apart
all over the tree. In about three weeks,
another slight thinning may be made,
talcing away a few where crowded ; and
now the remainder may be reserved
until the stoning is nearly completed,
which will be in the course of July,
when all not wanted may be plucked
away. It is difficult to give any set
rule as to distance, so much depends
on the powers of the trees ; from six
to eight inches apart finally, may be
considered a fair crop. Water should
be liberally supplied during their swell-
ing, if the weather is dry. All gross
shoots, or robbers, should be pinched
when about six inches in length,
throughout all the growing season.

Culture during the rest period. — Do
not brush off the foliage of peaches in
the autumn; the practice is not only
unscientific, but really absurd. If the
summer's management has been right,
the pruning will be but a small affair.
It consists of thinning-out the shoots
which had escaped notice in summer,
and shortening back as much of the
point of each shoot as appears imma-
ture,— this is readily told by its colour
and general character. These things
done, the trees must be neatly trained,
and such should be completed by the
beginning of February, about which
time we cover ours to retard the blos-
som-bud. Before covering them, we
apply a sulphur-paint, as a preventive
of the red spider. This is simply sul-
phur beat up in soap-water, — four
ounces of soft soap to a gallon, adding
nearly as much sulphur as it will carry,
and plenty of clay to give it a body.
This is applied in all directions, be-
tween the shoots, with a painter's
brush. In order to soften the colour,
it is well to add plenty of soot to the
mixture.

Diseases. — The G-um is the principal,
and as a gumming habit is readily in-
duced by wounds, especially if the tree
be growing in a deep and rich soil,
great care must be exercised at all
times not to wound them. Rich soils,

also, must be avoided, and mammal
matters applied for the most part on
the surface. The Mildew is a great
annoyance to some cultivators; sulphur
is the best remedy, and an avoidance
of extremes of wet and dry at the root
the best preventive. Blistered leaves
are said to be caused by cold at the
germinating period, but this we much
doubt. It probably arises from imper-
fect ripening of the wood in the pre-
ceding season, caused, by ungenial
soil and ill-training; indeed, it would
not be difficult to trace three-fourths of
the evils to which the peach is liable
to ill-conditioned wood.

Insects. — See Aphis and Acarus.

Forcing : Form of House. — The best
form for a Peach-house, is that thus
described by the late T. E. Knight, Esq.

As the lights to be moved to the re-
quired extent with facility must neces-
sarily be short, the back wall of the
house must scarcely extend nine feet
in height, and this height raises the
rafters sufficiently high to permit the
tallest person to walk with perfect con-
venience under them. The lights are
divided in the middle at the point A,
and the lower are made to slide down
to the D, and the upper to the point A.
The flue, or hot-water pipe enters on
the east or west end, as most conve-
nient, and passes within six inches of
the east and west wall, but not within
less than two feet of the low front wall,
and it returns in a parallel line through
the middle of the house, in the direc-
tion either east or west, and goes out
at the point at which it entered. The
house takes two rows of peach or nec-
tai-ine trees, one of which is trained on
trellises, with intervals between for the
gardener to pass, parallel with the
dotted line'c. These trees must be
planted betAveen the flue and the front

PEA [ OS!) J

wall, and the other row near the back
wall, against which they are to be
trained.

Tf early varieties be planted in the
front, and the earliest where the flue
first enters, these being trained imme-
diately over the flue, and at a small dis-
tance above it, will ripen first ; and if
the lower lights be drawn down in fine
weather to the point B, every part of
the fruit on the trees which are trained
nearly horizontally along the dotted
line c, will receive the full influence of
the sun. The upper lights must be
moved as usual by cords and pulleys,
and if these be let down to the point A,
after the fruit in the front tree is
gathered, every part of the trees on the
back wall will be fully exposed to the
sun, at any period of the spring and
summer, after the middle of April,
without the intervention of the glass.
A single fireplace will be sufficient
for a house fifty feet long, and the
foregoing plan and dimensions will be
found to combine more advantage than
can ever be obtained in a higher or
wider house. Both the walls and the flue
must stand on arches, to permit the
roots of the trees to extend themselves
in every direction beyond the limits of
the walls, for whatever be the more re-
mote causes of mildew, the immediate
cause generally appears to be want of
moisture beneath the soil, combined
with excess of moisture or dampness
above it. A bar of wood must extend
from B to D, opposite the middle of
each lower light, to support it when
drawn down. — Knight's Select Papers.

The soil, culture, and pruning are
the same as required for those trees
grown on walls.

Forcing in Pots is a very excellent
mode, and enables the Peach to be thus
grown in establishments where there is
no regular Peach-house. Pot a three-
years'-old tree in a twelve-inch pot, cut-
ting it back to four buds; and shift
every year until it has attained an
eighteen-inch pot, a size which need
never be exceeded. Let the soil be
turfy, and mixed with decaying wood
from the bottom of an old wood stock.

Commencing forcing and temperature.
—The best and most successful direc-
U

I'KA

tions on these points are the following,
given by Mr. W. PIntchinson, gardener
; at Eating ton Park. He says — "Bring
the trees into the house in mild wea-
ther during November, a little earlier
or later according to the state of the
weather; do not start them all, how-
ever, at once ; the last lot need not be
put in until the first of January. Any
later than this would not answer, as the
weather, if clear, is then hot through
the day : — commence forcing them at 55°
at night, allowing the thermometer to
fall to 50° in the morning, if cold; but
if the weather is mild, never to fall
below 55°, and from that to 60°, is the
j usual temperature kept up throughout
j the period of forcing during the night ;
i during the day I make up for low night
' temperature, when I have -the chance,
by sun heat. Do not be fastidious
about a few degrees : to get it high
enough is the main point, say from 70°
to 85° and 90°, until the fruit is stoned,
then keep them very hot during the
clay, viz., from 95° to 105°, and some-
times even as high as 110°. Of course
a great deal of moisture is required
with this high temperature; syringe
over head twice a day, and sometimes
oftener when the air is diy, and you
will scarcely ever be troubled with
either green fly or red spider. Watering
at the root must be carefully attended
to ; very little is wanted until the trees
get covered with leaves, but after the
fruit is stoned they should be watered
plentifully. Of course the watering
must be gradually withdrawn as the
fruit approaches maturity, in order to
increase their flavour." — Gard. Chron.

"When the blossoms are well opened,
impregnation should be aided by ap-
plying the pollen with a camel's-hair
pencil.

One essential for securing vigorous
production in the peach-house is to
have the roots of the trees well nou-
rished. If these are not duly supplied
with moisture and food during the time
the fruit is setting and swelling, a fail-
ure of the crop is inevitable. To secure
such a supply, it is a most effectual
| treatment to give the border a top-
f dressing, at the close of February, of
i charred turf. Liquid manure and water,

PEA

[ 690 ]

PEA

of course, must be given also, as the
dryness of the soil and appearance of
the trees indicate is necessary.

Standards. — In Essex we have grown
the peach successfully, both as a stand-
ard and as an espalier, in a garden
sloping to the south, and well protected
from the east and strong westerly winds.
PEAR. (Py'rus commu'nis.)
Superior dessert kinds, arranged in
tJie order of ripening. — 1, Citron des
Carmes ; 2, Jargonelle ; 3, Delice d'
Hardenpont; 4, Dunmore ; 5, Marie
Louise ; 6, Louis Bonne of Jersey ;

7, Fondante d'Automne ; 8, Beurre
d'Amalis; 0, Beurre Diel; 10, Al-
thorpe Crassanne ; 11, Winter Nelis ;
12, Passe Colmar ; ] 3, Hacon's Incom-
parable ; 14, Thompson's ; 15, Knight's
Monarch; 16, Glout Morceau; 17,
Beurre d'Aremberg ; 18, Easter Beurre;
19, Soldat Laboureur; 20, Josephine
de M alines ; 21, Ne plus Meuris; 22,
Beurre Kance.

Kitchen Pears in the order of their
ripening. — 1, Bezi d'Heri ; 2, Summer
Compote ; 3, Catillac ; 4, Bellissime
d'Hiver ; 5, Uvedale's St. Germain.

Useful and profitable orchard Pears. —
1, Beurre d'Capiaumont ; 2, Beurre
Diel ; 3, Louis Bonne of Jersey, Wil-
liams's Bon" Chretien ; 4, Jargonelle ;
5,Swan's-egg; 6, Moorfowl's-egg. Those
living north and south of the centre of
England must make allowance accord-
ingly.

Of dessert Pears, Nos. 1, 2, 8, 4, 6,

8, 9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, will succeed
well, if necessary, as espaliers, pyra-
mids, &c. — that is to say, they will do
very well without a wall. Of course, the
orchard pears may be added to this
section, if necessary. Nos. ft, 11, 12,
16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, should have a
wall, if possible. Nos, 11, 12, 17, 21,
deserve a south aspect.

Propagation. — Grafting is the usual
mode, and for this purpose two distinct
kinds of stocks are used — the one
called the free stock, or wild seedlings,
the other the quince. The first is the
most proper for the orchard pear, as
this produces much larger trees : the
latter is best adapted, in general, for
espaliers, walls, and pyramidal trees in

Budding is done precisely as for
other fruits, and for the same pur-
poses as grafting. By this course,
however, one year, or nearly so, may be
considered as lost, in point of time.

See d is resorted to, either to produce
stocks, or to raise new kinds. The
seeds should be washed from the pulp
when the fruit is fully ripe, — dried and
preserved as other seeds, and sown in
the February following. Care must be
taken to preserve the seed from mice
whilst germinating. Those who wish
to expedite the process, for the sake of
gaining time, with fancy seedlings, may
sow and rear the young plants in a
moderate bottom-warmth, sowing in
January or February, potting off the
plants when up, and hardening them
off by the beginning of June, when
they may be planted out in a warm
spot. The best way to prove such
seedlings is to graft them on a good
bearing old tree, on a quince stock, if
possible ; they will thus fruit in half
the time. Our nurserymen, who rear
immense quantities for stocks, bury the
pears in a pit in autumn, and take
them up in the February following to
sow, mixing abundance of sand with
the mass, to separate the seeds from
the pulp ; the whole is then sown to-
gether.

Soil. — The pear delights in a sound
loam, rather inclining to clayey than
sandy. It will, however, grow freely in
sandy loams, but the fruit is very apt
to crack, or become otherwise disfi-
gured, through their impatience of
drought. Any ordinary soil of a sound
texture will do for their culture; and
if what is termed "in good heart," no
manures are necessary. For standard
trees in orchards, the soil should be at
least two feet deep ; but for espaliers,
walls, pyramids, &c., half a yard may
suffice, if sound. A dry subsoil is
particularly necessary, especially for
garden pears.

Culture during the growing period. —
The chief point is to keep down watery
spray, which is generally produced in
abundance. Caution must be exer-
cised in not doing this too early, or the
embryo blossom-buds may be driven
into growth. Our practice is to com-

PEA

3

FED

mence by disbudding ; this is generally
in tbe beginning of May. All gross/w?-
right shoots :i.w stripped away, and seve-
ral of the more luxuriant shoots, where
too thick. In a few weeks the shoots
begin to lengthen considerably, and
their character, as to fraitfulness, is
in some degree determinable. Very
few of our pears bear on wood of the
previous year, but a great many shoots
plainly show betimes that their tenden-
cies are towards fructification ; such
should, by all means, be encouraged.
About Midsummer, a selection may
be made ; most of those which look
browner than the rest, and are shorter
jointed, must be reserved; and much
of the paler, longer jointed, and more
succulent-looking spray may be cut or
pinched back, leaving about four inches
at the base. Those reserved, we tie
down to the older branches, sometimes
in a reverse position — indeed, just as
they happen to lay. In about a month
or so from this operation we pinch the
points from all growing shoots, or
nearly so ; this is generally done about
the middle of August, and has a tend-
ency to cause the wood to become
highly solidified, and thus induces
fraitfulness. After this period, the
only point is to pinch the points of all
succulent spray which may arise.

Culture during the rest period. — When
the summer culture of the pear is pro-
perly attended to, but little is left for
the winter pruner. Nevertheless, there
is still something to do. Some shoots
will have escaped the summer dresser,
and many "snags" must be cut en-
tirely away. Most of those which had
been pinched back to three inches at
Midsummer, or after, must be pruned
entirely away. No stump or spur must
be left, unless a blank space occur ; as
these, by what used to be termed spur-
ring back, only produced their like
again. These snags removed, the
young shoots tied or nailed down must
be examined, and all considered super-
fluous cut away. Those reserved, must
be tied down on the old stems, or nailed
between them, and little more is neces-
sary until the growing period returns.

Storing. — The conditions requisite
for keeping pears, are a rather cool

room, and one that is dry. It is well
known, however, that several of our
superior pears require a certain amount
of warmth when near the period of use,
to give them their proper flavour. We,
therefore, in advising a somewhat cool
room, refer to one of the most import-
ant objects connected with the dessert-
table, — the providing a long and con-
tinuous succession. Still it has been
generally found, that in proportion as
any given kind has been kept past its
natural period, it has, in like proportion,
lost flavour, as, also, that buttery tex-
ture for which a ripe pear is so much
esteemed. What is the best tempera-
ture is not quite certain ; it, probably,
differs somewhat in different kinds.
We should say from 55° to 60°, not
more than the latter. Probably, a con-
dition of air similar to a fine, mild,
October day.

Diseases. — See Canker. They are, also,
liable to decay at the points of the
shoots in some soils ; which, we think,
generally arises from the roots entering
improper subsoils.

Insects. — See Acarus and Aspidiotus.

PEAT EARTH. See Bog Earth.

PEAT PLANTS. See American Plants.

PEDICULA'RIS. Lousewort. (From
pedicHhts, a louse ; supposed effect on
sheep eating it. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariaceas]. Linn., l±-Didyna-
mia 2-Angiospcrmia. Allied to Melam-
pyrum.)

Seeds and cuttings. Loam and peat ; the
great proportion require the cold pit in winter.
Sceptrum carolinum is a giant among them,
and one of the most beautiful.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. adsce'ndens (ascending). £. Red. July.
Switzerland. 1819.

— atroru'bens (dark-red). 1. Dark red. July.

Switzerland. 181Q.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). J. Yellow. July.

North America. 1780.

— como'sa (tufted). 1. Yellow. July. Italy.

1775.

— compa' eta (close-headed}. 1. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1815.

~ e'legans (elegant). Purple. June. Siberia.
1827.

— incarna'ta (flesh- coloured}. £. Pink. June.

Austria. 17Q6.

— Oe'deri (Oeder). Yellow. July. North

Kurope. 1827.

— pa'llida (pale). Yellow. July. North Ame-

rica. 1826.
-~ galu'stris (marsh). 2. Purple. June. Britain..

PKD

[ (i'.IM ]

PEL

P. prolosri'dea (nosed). Purple, June. Si-
beria. 182".

— ro'sea (rosy). Rose. July. S. Europe. 1825.

— ru'lens (ruddy). Red. May. Daluria. 1827.

Annual.

— specio'sti (shewy). Purple. June. Siberia.

182J.

— utria'ta (channelled). Yellow, crimson. June.

Dahuria. 1826.

— sylva'tica(v?oo(l). 1. Pink. August. Britain.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. euphrasioi'des (Eyebright-like). ij. Purple.
Siberia. 1816.

— fla'mmea (flame). 1. Yellow, scarlet. July.

Switzerland. 1775.

— folio'sa (leafy). 1. Cream. July. Austria.

1/86.

-— gyrofle'xa (circular). ^. Purple. July.
Switzerland. 1819-

— myriophy'lla (myriad-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. Dauria. 1816.

— recu'tita (circumcised). £. Purple. June.

Austria. 1/87.

— resupina'ta (lying-back). 1. Purple, July.

Siberia. 1816.

— rostra1 ta (beaked). 4. Purple. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— Sce'ptrum Caroli'num (Charles's-sceptre). 5.

Yellow. July. Sweden. 1793.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 1, Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1799.

— uncina'ta (hook-flowered). 1. Yellow. July.

Siberia. 1815.

— versi'color (party-coloured). 1. Yellow.

May. Switzerland. 1819.

— vertici'llata (whorled). 1. Rose. July.

Austria. 1790.

PELARGO'NIUM. Stork's-bill. (From
pelarpos, a stork ; referring to the beak-
like formation of the ripe seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Cranesbills [Gerauiaceae].
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 4^-Heptandria.)

All natives of the Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS.

P. anemonifo'lium (Anemone - leaved). U.
Pink. July.

— Canarie'nse (Canary). l£. White, red.

August, Canaries. 1802.

— caucalifo'lium (Caucalis-leaved). g. Pink.

July. 1812.

— coriandrifo'lium (Coriander - leaved). 1.

White, red. June. 1724.

— humifu'sum (trailing). $. Red. June.

1801. Annual.

— senecioi' des (Groundsel - like), jj. White.

June. 1775. Annual.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

P. alchemilloi'des (Alchemilla-like). $. Pink.
June. 1693.

— altheeoi'des (Marsh-mallow-like). £. White.

May. 1724.

— Andre'wsii (Andrews's). Blush. June. 1802.

— blalndum (soft). Blush. 1801.

— chamcedrifo'lium (Chameedrys - leaved\ i. '

White. May. 1812.

P, colwnli'num (dove's»/ooO« 3« Purple. Au-
gust. 1795.

— heracleifo'liurn (Cow -parsnip -leaved). J.

Grey. July. 1800.

— la'cerum (torn-leaved). l£, Pink. July. 1/31.

— lu'ridum (lurid) . Straw. August. 1811.

— multicau'le (many-stalked) . %. Pale viol e*

July. 1802.

— aenothe'rte (CEnothera.like) . 1. Rose. April.

1812.

— ova'le (oval). 1$. Purple. June. 17/4.

— parviflo'nim (small- flowered). Purple, red.

June. 1800.

— petroseli'mim (Parsley»like). Blush. July.

1802.

— procu'mbens (lying-down), $. Purple. April.

1801.

— pulverule'ntum (powdery). 1. Grey, blood.

July. 1822.

— recurva'tum (curled-back). White. July.

1790.

' — sangui'neum (bloody). 1. Scarlet. July.
\ — tabula're (tabular) . $. Pale yellow. June,

1775-

GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS-ROOTED.

| P. affi'ne (kindred). ^. Purple. June. 1800.
, — apiifo'lium (Parsley-leaved). &. White, red.
June. 1800.

— arista'tum (awned). £. White, red. June.

1800.

— asarifo'lium (Asarum - leaved) . £. Dark

purple. December. 1821.

— a'trum (dark-firown). £. Dark brown. June.

1793.

— auricula' turn (e&r-leaved). %. Pale red.

May.

— barba'tum (bearded). ^. Flesh. July. 1/90.

— bubonifo'lium (Bubon-leaved). $. White,

purple. May. 1800.

— ca'rneum (fresh-coloured), J. Pink. May.

1812.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). £. Flesh. May.

1795.

— conge'stum (crowded). £. Lilac. June. 1824.

— conspi'cuum (conspicuous). 1. Crimson.

July. Africa. 1810.

— coronillcefo'lium (Coronilla-leaved) . ^. Brown.

June. 1795.

— corydaliflo'rum (Corydalis-flowered). £. Pale

yellow. May. 1821.

— crassicau'le (thick-stalked). |. White. July.

Africa. 1786.

— depre'&sum (depressed). £. Cream. May.

1812.

— dioi'cum (diceceous). ^. Dark brown, June.

1795.

— dipe'talum (two-petaled). ^. Pale purple.

May. 1795.

— echina'tum (prickly-stewed). 1. White, red.

June. 1789.
—filipendulifo'lium (Dropwort - leaved). £.

Green, brown. July. 1812.
—fissifo'lium (cloven-leaved). £. White, red.

June. 1/95.

— fla'vum (yellow. Carrot-leaved). %• Yellow,

brown. August. 1724.

— floribu'ndum (bundle-flowered). £. White.

April. 1800.

— folio1 sum (leafy). 4. Yellow, red. May. 1800.

— 'heterophy'Uum (various-leaved). £. White,

red. May. J800.

PEL

[ 693 ]

PEL

P. hirsu'tum (shaggy). $. Pink. March, 1788.

— incrassa' turn (thickened). £. Pale rose. May.

1801.

— lacinia'tum (jagged-leaved). A. Pink. May.

1800.

— Leea'num (Lee's). £. White. May. 1823.

— linea're (\\yrro\\-petaled). %. Yellow. June.

1800.

— loba'tum (lobed. Cow-parsnip-leaved), 1.

Yellow, brown. July. 1710.

— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). £. Yellow.

May. 1812.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). £. Pink. May.

1812.

— lu'teum (yellow). $. Yellow. May. 1802.

— melana'nthum (black-flowered). £. Dark

brown. May. 1790.

— millefolia'tum (Milfoil-leaved). £. Yellow,

brown. July.

— multiradia'tum (many-rayed). 1. Dark brown.

May. 1820.

— nervifo'lium (nerved-leaved). £. Variegated.

June. 1812.

— ni'veum (snowy). $. White. June. 1821.

— nummularifo'lium (Money-wort-leaved). £.

Yellow. June. 1801.

— nu'tans (nodding). £. Yellow. May. 1/88.

— orobifo'lium (Orobus-leaved). £. Blood.

June. 1824.

— ovuUfo'lium (oval-leaved). 4. White. May.

1820.

— oxalidifo'lium ( Wood-sorrel -leaved}. g. Yel-

low. June. 1801.

— pa'llens (pale-flowered). £. Pale yellow.

May. 1800.

— pelta'tum (shield-leaved). 2. Purple. July.

1701.

variega't um (variegated). 2. Purple,

July. 1701.

— pennifo'rme (wing- formed). £. Yellow.

May. 1800.

— pi'ctum (painted). £. White, red. April.

1800.

— pilo'sum (long-haired). $. Pink. June. 1801.

— pulche'llum (neat). |. White. April. 1795.

— puncta'tum (dotted-flowercd). £• Cream.

May. 1794.

— purptira'scens (purplish) . g. Purple. May.

1800.

— radica'tum (large-rooted). £. Yellow, June.

1802.

— ra'dula (Raspberry-leaved), 3. Yellow. June.

1774.

— rapa'ceum (Rape. Fumitory-flowered). £.

Purple. May. 1788.

— refle'xum (bent-back- Jeuoed). $. White.

June. 1800.

— reticula'tum (netted), g. Pink. May. 1820.

— retu'sum (bitten). £. Dark crimson. June.

1824.

— rcvolu'tum (rolled-back). $. Purple. July.

1800.

— ro'seum (rosy). £. Rose. April. 1792.

— rumicifo'lium (Dock-leaved), i. Yellow.

June. 1823.

— schixope'talum (cut-petaled). 1. Yellow,

brown. June. 1821.

— seto>sum (bristly), £. Rose. May. 1821.

— spatula' turn (Spatula-leaved). £. Yellow.

May. 1805.

affi'nc (kindred), g. Yellow.

April. 1791.

P. tene'llum (slender), i. Yellow. June. 1802.

— tripky'llum (three-leaved). £. Flesh. May.

1812.

— tri'ste (M&. Night-smelling). 1. Green,

yellow. July. 1632.

— undula'tum (wavy-leaved). %. White. June.

1795.

— undulceflo'rum (wavy-flowered) . A. Black.

June. 1821.

— vicitefo'Kum (Vetch-leaved). |. Pale rose.

May. 1779.

— violeeflo'rum (Violet-flowered). £. White.

May. 1810.

— virgi'neum (virgin). £. White, red. June.

1795.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

i P. abrotanifo'lium (Southernwood-leaved). 3.

Red. May. 1791.
i — acerifo'lium (Maple-leaved). 3. Pale purple.

April. 1784.
; — aceto'sum (Sonel-leaned). 3. Pink. July.

1710.
j — acugna'ticum (Acunna). 3. Red. June. 1818.

— adulteri'num (counterfeit). 3. Purple. May.

1785.
! — alnifo'Kum (Alder-leaved). 2. Pink-veined.

May.
; —alte'rnans (alternate. Parsley-leaved^. 1.

White, purple. June. 1791-
\ — ampli'ssimum (largest). 2. Purple. May.
r — a'nceps (two-edged). $. Pink. June. 1788.

Trailer.

- angulo'sum (angled). 3. Purple. August.

1724.

- a'rdens (burning). Red. June. 1807-

— arma'tum (armed), Purple. May. 1789-

- artemisioRfo'lium (Wormwood - leaved).

White. June. 1817-

- a'sperum (rough). 3. Pink. August. 1/95.

— astragalifo'lium (Astragalus- leaved). &*

White, purple. July. 1788.

— austra'le (southern). $. Rose. June. New

Holland. 1/92.

— balsa'meum (balsamic). 3. Pink. August.

1790.

— Barringto'nii (Barrington's). 3. Purple.

May.

— Beaufortia'num (Beaufort's). 3. Lilac. June.
-Be«a'rdJi(Bellard's). White. June.

— Bentinckia'num (Bentinck's). 2. Scarlet.

May.

— betuli'num (Eirch-leaved). 3. White, red.

July. 1759.

— bi'color (two-coloured) . !£• Purple, white.

July. 1778.

— blatta'rium (Moth Mulcyne). l£. Violet/

July. 1720.

— bulla'tum (blistered). 1. Pink. June.

— cane'scens (hoary). White. July.

— ca'num (hoary). Ig. Pale purple. August.

1820.

— capita' turn (round-headed. Rose-scented').

3. Purple. June. 1690.

— carduifo'lium (Thistle -leaved). 3. Pale

purple. July. 1816.

— carina'tum (keeled). ^. \Vhite, purple.

July. 1820.

— carno'sum (fleshy -stalked). 1. Purple,

white. May. 1724.

— ccrutop/iy'llum (horn-leaved). 1, White.

June. Africa. 1786.

PEL

[ 694 ]

PEL

P. citriodo'rum (Citron-scented). 3. White.
July. 1800.

— cochlea'tum (twisted-shell-feaved). 3. Pur-

ple. May.

— conduplica! turn (double. Heart-leaved). 3,

Purple, white. May. 1774.

— consangui'neum (kindred). 2. Pink. June.

— corda'tum (heart-leaved). 3, Purple, white.

May. 1774.

— coronopifo' Hum (Buckhorn - leaved). l£t

Pale red. August. 1791.

— cortuscefo1 Hum (Cortusa-leaved). 2. Pink.

July. Africa. 1786.

— Cotyle'donis (Navel wort- leaved). |. White.

June. Saint Helena. 1765.

— crena'tum(scoHoped.-leaved). 2. July. 1800.

— cri'spum (curl-leaved). 3. Purple. Septem-

ber. 1774.

— crithmifo'lium (Samphire-leaved). 1. White,

purple. May. 1790.

— cuculla'tum (hoofed-leaved). 3. Purple.

May. 1690.
grandiflo'rum (large - flowered).

4. Purple. May. 1818.
ma'jor (greater. Royal George).

4. Purple. May. 1812.

— striatiflo'rum (streaked - flower-
ed). 4. Purple. May. 18rO.

— cuspida'tum (sharp-pointed). 3. White,

red. July.

— cynosbatifo' Hum (Eglantine - leaved). lj.

Dark red. June.

— dasy-cau'lon (thick-stemmed). 1. White,

purple. September. 1795.

— deco'rum (comely). Lilac. July. 1825.

— delphinifo'lium (Larkspur-leaved). 3. Pink.

June.

— denticula'tum(tooih-leaved). 3. Pink. June.

1789.

— di'scipes (disk-stalked). 3. Africa. 1808.

— diversifo'lium (different-leaved). 3. White,

red. July. 1794.

— ela'tum (tall). 2. White, purple. August.

1795.

— ele'ctum (select). White. July.

— e'legans (elegant). 3. White, red. April.

1795.
ma' jus (larger-lowered). 3. White,

red. June. 1795.
mi' niis (smaller -flowered). 3.

White, red. June. 1/95.

— erioste'mon (Woolly-stemmed). l£. White.

April. 1794.

— effstipula'tum (unstipuled). 3. Violet. July.

1779-

— formosi'ssimum (handsomest). 2. White,
red. July. 1759.

— Fothergi'lii (Fothergill's). 2. Scarlet. Au-

gust.
. purpu'reum (purple). 3. Purple.

August. 1810.
— fra'grans (fragant. Nutmeg). 2. Variegated.

July.

— fu'leidum (shining. Celandine-leaved). l£.

Scarlet. May. 17^3.

— fusca'tum (clouded). 3. Purple, red. May.

1812.

— gibbo'sum (swollen). lj. Green, yellow.

June. 1712.

— glau'cum (milky-greeiWeauctf). 3. White,

red. July. 1775.
_ glomera'tum (heaped). £. White. July.

P. glutino'sum (sticky). 3. Pale rose. May.
1777.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 3. White,

red. May. 179*.

— gra'tum (grateful. Citron-scented). 2. Pink.

June.

— grave' olens (strong-smelling. Rose-scented).

3. Purple. May. 1774.
variega'tum (variegated-feaued).

3. Purple. May.
-*- grossularioi'des (Gooseberry-like). 2. Pink.

June. 1731.

— hepaticifo'lium (Hepatica- leaved). Hose.

July. 1791.

— Hermannifo'lium (Hermannia-leaved). 3.

Pink, May.

— hctero'gamum (dissimilar). 2. Pink. July.

1786.

— hi'rtum (hairy). Rose. July. 1768.

— hi'spidum (bristly). 3. Purple. June. 1790-

— holoscri'ceum (velvety). l|. Dark purple.

April. 1820.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). 2. Lilac. July. 1732.

— irnbrica'tum (imbricated). 3. Lilac, purple.

June. 1800.

— inci'sum (cut-leaved). 3, White, red. June.

1791.

— inodo'rum (scentless). £. Pale purple. July.

New Holland. 1796. Trailer.

— i'nquinans (dyed -flowei'ed). 2. Scarlet.

July. 1714.

— Iteviga'tum (smooth. Three-leafleted). 3.

White, red. June.

— laiiceola'tum (spear-head- Jeawed). White,

purple. July. 1775.

— late'ripes (side-stalked. Ivy -leaved). 2.

Pale purple. July. 1787.

— • albo margina'tum (white - mar-

gined). 2. Pale red. August. 1787-
— ' ro'seum (rose-coloured). 2. Red.

August. 1787-

zona'tum (zoned). 2. Pale purple.

August. 1787.

— lateri'tium (brick-coloured). 1^. Red. July.

1800.

— la'x-um (loose-panicled). 1. White. May.

1821.

— leptope'talum (slender-petaled). 2. Red.

June. 1800.

— Kttmra'le (shore). Swan River. 1837-

— longicau'le (long-stemmed). 1. Pale rose.

June. Trailer.

— macula'tum (spotted). Blush. July. 1/96.

— malvafo'lium (Mallow - leaved). 2. Pale

red. July. 1812.

— micra'nt/ium (small- flowered). Scarlet. Sep-

tember.

— mo'nstrum (monstrous). 2. Red. July.

1784.

— myrrhifo'lium (Myrrh-leaved). l£. White,

red. June. 1696.

— nigre'scens (dark). 4. Purple. May. 1777-

— no'thum (spurious). 2. Pink. May.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt -leaved). 3. Purple.

June.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. Pink.

July. 1724.

— oxyphy'llum (sharp-leaved). 2. White. Au-

gust. 1800.

— pa' llidum (pale-flowered). 3. Pink. June.

— papiliona'ceum (butterfly). 3. Pale white.

June. 1724.

PEL

[ 695 ]

PEL

P, patenti'ssimum (most-spreading). 3. Lilac,
white. June. 1820.

— pa'tulum (spreading). 3. Pale blood. June.

1821.

— pedicella'tum (long -flower -stalked). 1.

Green, brown. July. 1822.

— pc'ndulum (weeping). £. Ked. May. Trailer.

— pcnicilla'tum (pencilled). 3. White, red.

July. 1794.

— primuli'num (Primrose-flowered). l£. Violet.

July.

— principi'ssa; (princess's). 3. jDark pink,

August. 1820.

— pw'mihim (dwarf). 14. Pink. June. 1800.

— pustulo'sum (pimply). 3. White. Pink.

June. 1820.

— quercifo'Kum( Oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May.

1/74.

bipinnati'Jidum (doubly - leaf-

leted). 4. Purple. May. 1774.

— quina'tum (five-fingered). 1. Pale yellow.

May. 1793.

— quinquelo'bum (five-lobed). 3. Red. July.

1820.

— quinquevu'lnerum (five-spotted), 1$. Dark

purple. July. 1796.

— radia'tum (ray-leaved). %. Dark purple.

July. 1790.

— renifo'rme (kidney-shaped). 2. Purple.

July. 1791.

— rubifo'lium (Currant-leaved). 3. White.

May. 1798.

— ri'gidum (stiff). Whitish. July.

— ru'bens (red-flowered). 3. Purple. June.

— rubroci'nctum (red -edged). 3. Purple,

white. May. 1774.

— rugo'sum (wrinkly). 3. Pink, lilac. July.

1800.

— suniculoBfo'lium (Sanicle-leaved). 3. Pale

red. July. 1806.

— sea' brum (rough-wedge-leaved). 3. White,

red. June. 1775.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 3. Rose. July. 1800.

— scuta'tum (shield). White. August. 1701.

— semitriloba'tum (half-three-lobed). 3. Pur-

ple. May. 1800.

— soro'rium (sister). 3. White, red. May.

— specio'sum (showy). 3. Purple. May. 1794.

— spino'sum (thorny). 3. Pink. May. 1795.

— spu'rium (spurious). 2. Violet. May.

— staphisagrioi'des (Staves - acre -like). 1|.

Purple. July. 1825.

— stenope'talum (narrow-petaled). l£. Scarlet.

June. 1800.

— Synno'tii (Synnot's). £. Lilac. August. 1825.

— tenuifo' 'Hum (fine-leaved). 3. Purple. June.

1768.

— terna'tum (three-leafleted). 3. Pink. June.

1789-

— tetrago'num (square-sta/fced). 2. Pink. July.

1774.

variega'tum (variegated). 2. Pink.

July. 1774.

— tomento'sum (downy). 3. White. June. 1790.

— tri'color (three-coloured). l£. White, purple.

July. 1791.

— tricuspida'tum (three-pointed). 3. White,

purple. June. 1780.

— tripa'rtitum (three-lobed-teawerf). 3. Pale

yellow. June. 1/89.

— unicolo'rum (one- coloured), 2. Crimson.

June.

P. uniflo'rum (one -flowered). 3. June. 1800.

— variega'tum (variegated-cowered). 3. White,

red. June. 1812.

— verbasciflo'rum (Verbascum-flowered). 1$.

Lilac. July. 1811.

— viscosi'ssimum (clammiest). 3. Lilac, white.

June. 1820.

— mtifo'lium( Vine-leaved). 3. Purple. July

1724.

— Watso'nii (Watson's). 3. Purple. May.

— Willdeno'vii (Wildenow's). 2. White veiny.

June.

— zona'le (girdle). 2. Scarlet. August. 1710.
cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Au-
gust. 1710.

crystalli'num (crystalline). 3. Scarlet.

August. 1710.
margina1 turn (wAife-margined). 2.

Scarlet. August.

PELARGONIUM CULTURE.

Propagation. By Seed is the only way
to raise superior varieties. The first and
most important of their qualities is form,
the next is substance, the next size, and
the last colour. To these may be added
habit and truss. Save seed only from
such as possess akeady these points ap-
proaching to perfection. In all attempts
to hybridize, let the one to bear I fie
seed possess the property of form. In
order to obtain the other properties
wanting, cut off the anthers of the well-
formed variety before the pollen-cases
shed their contents; and the moment
the hybridizing is performed, cover the
flowers with a close-fitting cap of fine
muslin net, to prevent insects from
carrying strange pollen to the stigma
dusted with pollen from such varieties
as have the desirable properties. When
the seed is ripe, gather it carefully, and
divest it of its arils, or feather-like
appendages, wrap it up in paper, and
keep it in a dry drawer, in a cool room,
till spring. Sow it early in March, and
place it in a gentle heat ; a hotbed that
has been at work for a few weeks will
answer admirably. Sow in wide shal-
low pots, well-drained, in a light rich
compost, press the seed down gently,
and cover it about a quarter-of-an-inch.
If the seed is good, it will quickly ger-
minate, and should then be removed
from the hotbed, and placed upon a
shelf in the greenhouse near to the
glass. Water very moderately, or the
plants will be apt to damp off. As soon
as the seedlings have made their second
leaf, pot them off singly into twa-inch
pots, in a compost of loam and leaf-

PEL

mould, in equal parts, with a liberal
addition of river-sand, finely sifted. Re-
place them on the shelf, and shade for
a time from hot sunshine. The seed-
lings will soon fill these small pots with
roots. They must then be re-potted
into a size larger pot, and may then be
treated in the same way as such as have
been propagated by cuttings. Keep
them close to the glass, and give abun-
dance of air on all favourable occasions.
As soon as the weather will permit,
place them out-of-doors, upon a bed of
ashes of sufficient thickness to prevent
worms from entering the pots. The
situation should be an open one, the
grand object being to ripen the wood,
and induce a stocky or bushy habit, so
as to insure them flowering the follow-
ing season. The size of pots to flower
them in need not be more than four-
and-a-half inches. When there is a
fear of autumnal frosts, remove them
into the greenhouse, and place them on
a shelf, at such a distance from the
glass as will serve to keep them dwarf
and bushy. There is no need to top
them in the manner recommended
hereafter for plants raised from cut-
tings, the object being not to make fine
specimens, but to get them to flower as
quickly as possible the spring following.

By Cuttings. — Cuttings may be put
in and struck from March to August ;
the general time, however, is when the
plants have done flowering, and require
cutting down to make bushy plants for
the next season. This generally hap-
pens from the end of June to the be-
ginning of August.

The best place to strike the cuttings
in, is a well-constructed propagating-
house ; but as every one has not such
a convenience, they may be very suc-
cessfully propagated in a frame set
upon a spent hotbed, first removing the
soil, and replacing it upon a thick coat
of coal-ashes to keep out the worms.
Upon this coat place another of dry
sawdust, to plunge the cutting-pots.
This dry sawdust will serve to absorb
the moisture from the earth in the
pots, and the necessary waterings. The
best soil is pure loam, mixed with silver
sand. The size of the pots should
neither be too large nor too small —

3 ] PEL

five inches wide at the top is the most
proper. Some use small pots, and only
place one cutting in each. This, where
the cuttings are few, and the conveni-
ence small, will be suitable enough.
It has this advantage, also, that the cut-
tings are, after being rooted, more con-
veniently repotted, without in the least
injuring the young and tender roots,
but where the quantity to be increased
is large, the former method of putting
in several cuttings in five-inch pots
will be more convenient, and, with
care, equally as successful. Whichever
method is adopted, the pots must be
well drained with broken potsherds,
the larger pieces at the bottom, and
smaller at the top. Fill them to the
top with the prepared loam, which
should be put through a rather coarse
sieve to take out the stones, roots of
grain, and other extraneous matter. It
should not be pressed down too hard,
but made firm enough to hold the cut-
tings fast. Another point is to use it
in a state neither wet nor dry. The
side-shoots which have not flowered,
and are not more than two inches long,
make the best cuttings. These should
be cut off close to the stem from whence
they spring with a sharp knife. Cut
off the bottom leaves close to the stem,
leaving only two of the uppermost.
Place the cuttings after they are made
in a shady place, upon a dry board or
slate, to dry up the wound. This will
take an hour on a dry day, or two hours
on a dull cloudy one. Then put them
in the prepared pots round the edge,
inclining the leaves inwards, so that
they may not touch the leaves of those
in the contiguous pots when they arc
placed in the frames, or set upon the
heated material in the propagating-
house. When a pot is filled, give it a
gentle watering, and set it on one side
to dry up the moisture on the leaves
and surface of the soil. Then plunge
them in the frame, and shade them
carefully and effectually from the sun,
or even from the light. Reduce the
shade gradually, using it only during
bright sunshine. A little air may also
be given every day, by tilting up the
lights behind, if in a frame. The pro-
pagating house will only require air

PEL

[ U07 ]

TEL

when the heat is too great, to reduce
the temperature to 55° or 60°. The
cuttings must be frequently examined,
to see if roots are formed ; and as soon
as they are an inch long, pot them off
immediately into the smallest 60-pots,
which are generally about two inches
diameter. A small addition of well-
decomposed leaf-mould may be mixed
amongst the loam with advantage.
When they are finished potting off,
give another gentle watering, and re-
place them in the frame or propagat-
ing house until fresh roots are formed ;
renew the shading, but disuse it as soon
as it is safe to do so, and then give
plenty of air, to prevent them being
drawn up and spindly. To cause them
to become bushy plants furnished with
branches close to the pot, nip off the
top bud ; the lower side buds will then
break and push forth, and these must
be again stopped as soon as they have
made three leaves. The plants will
then be ready to receive a second pot-
ting, and should be removed into the
open air.

The above remarks and directions,
so far as the cuttings are concerned,
relate only to the as-they- are- called,
show varieties. There is another class
of pelargoniums which are denominated
fancy varieties. These are more diffi-
cult to increase by cuttings. Place the
cuttings in shallow pans, one-and-a-
half-inch only deep, with a hole in the
centre, in the usual loam and sand,
placing them on a shelf in the propa-
gating-house, or in the frame, close to
the glass, upon topsy-turned pots. The
cuttings are made very short, with a
portion of the old wood at the bottom
of each. Very little water is given till
the callosities are formed, when it is
given more freely, and then roots make
their appearance, when they are imme-
diately potted oft', and the usual treat-
ment followed.

By Buds. — Make a shallow pan ready
for them, by first putting in a portion
of pure loam and sand, then a cover-
ing of pure sand alone, give a gentle
watering to settle it, and then prepare
the buds. Take a shoot of moderate

the two lowest buds, leaving about a
quarter-of-an-inch of wood below each
bud. After that, split the shoot con-
taining the two buds down the centre.
If the two buds are not exactly oppo-
site, but one a little below the other,
the upper one must be shortened below
the bud to the proper length. The
upper cut should be very nearly close
to the bud. Make a sufficient nvmber
ready at once to fill the pan or pot, and
plant them, using a short blunt stick a
degree thicker than the bud-cutting.
Insert them, so as only to leave the
bud just above the sand. Plant them
close to, and round the edge of the pan,
placing the cut side close against the
pot, which will, of course, place the
bud side inwards. Then fill up the
holes with a little dry sand, and water
gently again. Place them either in a
propagating-house, a shady part of a
stove near the glass roof, or in^a frame.
Shade from bright sunshine in what-
ever situation they are placed, and
water as required. The buds will soon
break, and show leaves shortly to be
followed by a shoot.

By Roots. — Some kinds of Fancy Pe-
largoniums, and most of the Cape original
species, are difficult to increase by any
of the above methods. In such cases
there is left the mode of increase by
cuttings of the roots. This is almost
certain of success. Take an old plant,
shake off carefully all the soil, and cut
the roots into short pieces, retaining as
many fibres as possible to each. Put
each root-cutting singly into as small
pots as they can be got into, leaving
the top just visible. Place them in the
house, or frame, appropriated to propa-
gation ; give a gentle watering, and
shade effectually. New roots will soon
push forth, and then shoots will appear,
generally in clusters. When that takes
place, reduce the shade, to give colour
to the leaves and strength to the shoots.
As these advance in growth, thin them
gradually, by slipping one or two off at
a time, till finally they are reduced to
one which is to form the future plant.
As soon as this shoot attains the height
of two or three inches, nip off the top

strength, cut off the leaves, but not i to cause side shoots to grow, and so
quite close to the stem, then cut off ' form a neat bushy plant.

PEL

[ 698 ]

PEL

General Culture : The ffousc.~-'Pel&x-
goniums, like all other large families of
plants, require a house to themselves,
and one peculiarly adapted to pro-
duce tine specimens. The span-roofed
form is the best ; and for this satisfac-
tory reason, that the plants in such a
house grow on all sides alike. The
sides of the house should be of glass,
the side windows should move up and
down to allow a large circulation of
air, and the top lights should also be
moveable, to let out the upper stratum
of heated air. The plants should be
placed upon stages near to the glass.
These stages ought to be broad enough
to allow large specimens to stand clear
of each other upon them. The size of
the house will depend upon the means
of cultivation, and the number in-
tended to be grown. To exhibit collec-
tions of ten or twelve in number, three
or four times during the season, the
house should be at least fifty feet long,
and twenty feet wide. This will allow
a stage in the centre ten feet wide,
walks round it two-and-a-half feet wide,
and a platform all round two-and-a-half
feet broad. This will leave the stage
ten feet wide, and forty feet long, which
will be ample space for three rows of
twelve plants in each, full- sized and
well-grown specimens. On the plat-
forms next the front light, smaller-
sized plants may be placed to succeed
the other when they become unsightly
through the bloom being over.

The only heat wanted is just enough
to keep out the frost, and the best mode
of obtaining that heat is by hot water
circulating in cast-iron pipes. (See
Greenhouse.)

Compost. — Procure from an old pas-
ture, where the grass is of a fine tex-
ture, as much turf, three or four inches
thick, as will serve to pot the collection
for one year ; cast it into the compost-
yard, and have it immediately chopped
up into small pieces, and, as it is done,
lay it up in a long ridge, facing east
and west, so that the sun can shine
upon each side morning and evening.
The ridge or bank should not exceed
two feet high, on a base of three feet
wide. The grassy surface and green
roots will soon begin to ferment during

the process of decomposition, and the
gases arising will penetrate to every
particle of soil, and moderately enrich
it, quite sufficient to grow geraniums.
Let it be turned over every three
months for a year, and then it will be
fit for use. Unless it be very heavy, or
of a close texture, it will not require
any addition. If too heavy, add sand
to render it of an open texture.

Culture of Established Plants. — Cut
them down in July, leave them in
a cold pit, and in eight or ten days
after being cut down, and receiving
moisture about the tops rather than
among the roots, the pots may receive
a fair watering, — as much as will reach
every good root. When the buds break,
gradually give air. When one inch in
length or so, take the plants to the
potting-bench, shake the soil from the
roots, examine and prune the roots a
little, re-shift into similar, or, what in
general will answer better, smaller-
sized pots ; place them again in the
cold pit, and keep close until the fresh
roots are running in the new soil, then
give air gradually until at length you
expose them entirely to the atmosphere ;
steering clear, however, of cold rains
and anything like frost. Plants cut
down in June and July, if transferred
to small pots, will require to be placed
in blooming pots in the end of October.
Those cut down in the end of July or
during August, Avill not want repotting
until the new year has brought length-
ened sunshine; and from these dif-
ferent successions of bloom may be ex-
pected. To have it fine, cleanliness,
air, light, room, and a temperature sel-
dom below 40°, must be leading consi-
derations. During winter, unless dur-
ing sunshine, the temperature should
never be higher. After a sunny day it
may be from five to eight degrees lower
at night with impunity. In the case of
large plants, little stopping will be re-
quired after repotting. Thinning in-
stead will often be necessary. Hence,
old plants generally produce the earliest
bloom, as every general stopping of the
shoots as well as every shift given re-
tard the blooming period.

PELLITOKY OF SPAIN. A'nthemispyre'-
thrum.

PEL

[ 609 ]

PEN

PELTA'RIA. (From pchc, a little
buckler ; referring to the shape of the
seed-pod. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
cacese]. Linn., Tetradynamia. Allied
to Draba.)

Seeds ; division of the roots of alliacea.
Common soil.

P. allia'cea (Garlic-scented). 1. White. June.
Austria. 1601. Hardy herbaceous.

— giant if o'lia(Woad- leaved). 1. White. June.

Syria, 1823. Hardy annual.

PENJE'A. (Named after P. Pena, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Sarcoco-
lads [Penaeacese]. Linn., 4.-Tetrandria
1-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of Good
Hope, and red-flowered, except where other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of stubby side-shoots,
in summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
peat, and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 40°
to 45°.
P.fruticulo'sa (small- shrubby). 1. June. 1822.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). Pink. June. 1824.

— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 1. June. 1825.

— margina'ta (bordered). l£. June. 1816.

— muerona'ta (pointed-leaved). 2. Yellow.

June. 1787-

— myrtoi'des (Myrtle-like). 2. June. 1816.

— sarcoco'lla (thick-necked). 1. June. 1825.

— squamo'sa (scalyl. 1. June. 1787-

PENNYROYAL. Me'ntha pnle'yium.

PENTADE'SMA. (From pente, five, and
desma, a bundle ; referring to the dis-
position of the stamens. Nat. ord.,
Gnilifers [Clusiacese]. Linn., IS Poly -
adelphia %-Polyandria. Allied to Gar-
cinia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 60°;
summer, b'0° to 90°.

P. butyra'cea (b\itter-and-tallow-tree). 30.
November. Sierra Leone. 1822.

PENTA'PETES. (From pente, five, and
petalon, a petal ; five petals in the flower.
Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriaceee],
Linn,, IQ-Monadelphia 7 -Dodecandria.
Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove scarlet-flowered plants, flowering in
July. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand,
under a glass, in moist heat ; also by seeds in a
hotbed in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Stove temperatures.
P. ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2, New Spain. 1805.

— phaeni'cea (scarlet). 2. India. 1690.

PE'NTAS. (From pente, five ; refer-
ring to the number of petals and
stamens. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mo-
nogynia.)

Stove evergreens from South Africa, with
pink flowers. Cuttings of young shoots, in
sandy soil, in a hotbed ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 45° to 58°; summer, 60°
to 75°. Propagated in spring, in a hotbed, the
plants so raised will bloom freely in the green-
house during the summer.
P. ca'rnea (fash-coloured). l£. May. 1842.
— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. May.

PENTLA'NDIA. (Named after J. P.
Pentland, Esq., Consul-general in Peru.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [ Arnaryllidacese] .
Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-Monoyynia.}

Half-hardy Peruvian bulbs; offsets ;, sandy
loam, peat, and leaf-mould ; require protection,
or lifting out of the ground in winter.
P. minia'ta (red-lead-coloured). 1. Red. Sep-
tember. 1836.

lacuno'sa (pitted). 1. Red. Sep-
tember. 1836.

Suliva'nica (Sulivan's). 1. Orange.

March. 1839.

PENTSTE'MON. (From pente, five, and
stemon, a stamen ; four fertile and one
abortive stamen. Nat. ord., Figworts
[Scrophulariaceeej. Linn., 1-i-Didy-
namia %-Angiospermia. Allied to Che-
lone.)

Seeds sown in a hotbed, in spring, the plants
will bloom in the flower-garden the same sum-
mer ; division of the plant, in spring, as growth
commences ; cuttings of the young shoots, any
time in spring, summer, or autumn, under a
hand-light, in sandy soil; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Gentianoides, and its varieties coc-
cinea and alba, require a little protection in
winter, when north of London ; a few fir boughs
and some moss among the plants will generally
be sufficient ; but to make sure, a few cuttings
should be kept over the winter in a cold pit.

HALT-HARD Y HERBACEOUS.

P. atropttrpu'reum (dark-purple), 1$. Dark

purple. July. Mexico. 1827-

— azu'reum (blue-lowered). £. Blue. June.

Mexico. 1848.

— campanula' turn (bell -flowered"). l£. Lilac.

purple. June. Mexico. 1794.

— Cobce'a (Cobcea- flowered). 2£. Pale purple,

Texas. 1835.

— gentianoi'des (Gentian-like). 4. Purplish

blue. July. Mexico. 1846.

— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 24. Double purple.

June. Mexico. 1825.

dia'phanum (transparent). 2£.

Rose. Scarlet. July. Mexico. 1843.

— Ku'nthii (Kunth's). 1$. Purple. Mexico.

1825.

— minia'tw (vermilion). 1. Vermilion, rose.

July. Mexico. 1846.

— pulche'llum (pretty). l£. Lilac. June.

Mexico. 1827.

— ro'seum (rosy). l£. Rose. Mexico. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. acumina'tum(pomte<\.-leaved). Purple. July.
North America, 1827.

PEN

[ TOO]

PER

P. a'lbidum (whitish). J. White. July. Mis-
souri. 1823.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). l£. Lilac,

purple. August. Louisiana. 1811.

— argu'tum (neat). 3. Blue. Columbia. 1825.

— attenua'tum (wasted). Cream. July. North

America. 1827.

— breviflo'rum (short-flowered). 2. White,

pink. September. California.

— confe'rtum (crowded- flowered). 2. Pale

yellow. July. North America. 1827.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

North America.

— deu'stum (blasted). 1. Cream. North Ame-

rica. 1827.

— diffu'sum (spreading). 1J. Purple. Sep-

tember. North America. 1826.

— digita'lis (Fox-glove-like). 1$. White. Au-

gust. Arkansas. 1824.

— erianthe'rum (woolly-anthered). £. Purple.

August. Louisiana. 1811.
-*- gla'brum (smooth). l£. Dark purple. Au-
gust. Louisiana. 18)1.

— glabe'rrimum (smoothest). 2. Blue. Co-

lombia. 1835.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). 2. Pale blue. June.

North America. 182/.

— glau'cum (milky- green). 1. Pale lilac. July.

North America. 1827.

— Oordo'ni (Gordon's). ]£. Sky blue. June.

Rocky Mountains. 1845.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Blue. August. North

America. 1824.

— grandiflo'rum (large -flowered). Purple.

July. North America. 1811.

— heterophy'llum (various-leaved). l£. Red.

July. California. 1834.

— tiirsu'tum (narrow-leaved~lia.iry). 1, Pale

purple. August. North America. 1758.

— leeviga'tum (smooth). 2. Lilac. August.

North America. 1776.

— Mackaya'num (Sir W. Mackay's). 1. Pur-

ple, yellow. August. Ohio. 1834.

— Alurraya'num (Murray's scarlet) . 3. Scarlet.

August. S. Felipe. 1835.

— uva'tum (egg-leaved). 4. Blue. July. North

America. 1826.

— proce'rum (tall). 1. Purple. July. North

America. 1827.

— pruinn'sum (frosted). I. Blue. June. North

America. 1827.

— pube'scens (broad-leaved-downy). 1^. Pale

purple. August. North America. 1/58.

— Richardso'nii (Richardson's). l£. Dark

purple. July. Columbia. 1825.

— Scou'leri (Scouler's). 3. Purple. May.

North America. 1827.

— specio'sum (showy). 3. Blue. August.

North America. 1827.

— statictefo'lium (Statice-leaved). 1^. Lilac.

June. California. 1833.

— triphy'llum (three-leaved). l£. Pale red.

July. California. 1827-

— ocnu'stum (graceful). 2. Purple. June.

North America. 1827.

PEPPER. Pi' per.
PEPPERMINT. Me 'ntha pipcri'la.
PEPPER VINE. Ampclo'psis bipiit-
na'ta.

PEFFEBWOBX. Lcpi'dlum.

PERENNIAL. A plant of any kind that
lives for more than two years.

PERE'SKIA. Barbadoes Gooseberry.
(Named after Pieresk, a French patron
of botany. Nat. ord., Indian Figs [Cac-
tacese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria 1-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Cactus.)

Stove succulents. Cuttings, in sandy loam,
in heat, at almost any time ; sandy loam, lime
rubbish, and a little peat and old cow-dung.
Winter temp., 40° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
P. acule'uta (prickly). 5. White. October.
W. Indies. 1696.

— Ble'o (Bleo). 5. Pale red. November.

Mexico. 182".

— crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). Mexico. 1838.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. Mexico.

1838.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 3. Brazil. 1818.

— grandispi'na (large-spined). Mexico. 1818.

— longispi'na (low-spined). 4. S.America.

1808.

— Petita'che (Petitache). Mexico. 1838.

— j0or£tttec«>/o'fta(Portulaca-leaved). 8. Pur-

ple. W. Indies. 1820.

PERGULA'RIA. (From pergitla, trellis
work ; referring to its quick climbing
growth. Nat, ord., Asckpiads [Ascle-
piadaceaej. Linn., 5-Pentandria2-JDi(jy-
nia. Allied to Stephanotis.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of firm
side shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in
bottom heat; fibry loam, sandy peat, leaf
[ mould, and dry cow dung. Winter temp., 55°
[ to 65°: summer, 60° to 85°.
j P. mi'nor (smaller). 8. Yellow, green. June.
East Indies. 1790.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 15. Green.

June. East Indies. 1784.

— sanguinole'nta (bloody). 6. Green, yellow.

July. Sierra Leone. 1822.

PERILO'MIA. (Fronijjm, around, and
Zowm, a margin ; referring to the mem-
branous border of the fruit. Nat.
ord., Labiates [Lamiaceae]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Scutellaria.)

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sand, under a glass, in April ;
sandy peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. ocymoi'des (Basil-like). 3. Purple. August.
Peru. 1829.

PERI'PLOGA. (Tvomperiploke, an in-
tertwining ; referring to the habit of
the plant. Nat. ord., Asckpiads [As-
clepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-Pcntandria X-
Dif/ynia. )

Hardy deciduous twiners. Layers, and cut-
tings, under a glass, during summer anrl
autumn. Any good soil will do. drawi will
soon cover an arbour or wall. The tender
species arc not worth culture.

PEE

[ 701 ]

PER

P. angustifn'lia (narrow-leaved). C, Purplish.
South Europe. 1800.

— Gr&'ca (Grecian). 10. Brown. July.

Syria. 159/.

PERISTE'EIA. Dove Flower. (From
perislem, a clove ; dove-like appearance
of the column. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., %Q-G-ynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Acineta.)

Stove orchids. Division, or separating the
pseudo-bulbs, as growth commences. See
Orchids.
P. Ba'rkeri (Barker's). 2. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1837.

— - ceri'na (waxen). 1. Yellow. June. Spa-
nish Main. 1835.

— ela'ta (lofty. Dove-plant). 4. White. 'July.

Panama. 1826.

•—• expa'nsa (broad). White. July. Panama.
1839.

— fu'lva (tawny). 2. Tawny, brown spots.

June. Venezuela. 1842.

— gutta'ta (spotted). £. Yellow, purple.

August. South America. 1837.

— Humbo'ldti (Baron Humboldt's). 2. Red.

March. Peru. 1841.

— lentigino'su (speckled). Yellow. May.

Guiana. 1837.

•—pe'ndula (weeping). 1. White, spotted.
September. Panama.

— stapelioi' des (Stapelia-like). Yellow, brown.

May. Spanish Main. 1839.

PEBI'TOMA. See Cleo'me.

PERIWINKLE. Vi'nca.

PERNE'TTYA. (Named after Don Per-
netty, author of a voyage to the Falk-
land Islands. Nat. ord., Healhworts
[Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to G-aultheria.)

Hardy evergreen, white-flowered shrubs.
Seeds and layers, in spring ; peat border ;
requires similar treatment to the tenderer Aza-
leas and Rhododendrons.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. June.
Valdivia. 1834.

— Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). May. Mexico.

— mucrona'ta (pointed-/eawed). 6. May. Ma-

gellan. 1828.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 4. June. Magellan. 1825.

— pilo'sa (downy). April. Mexico. 183Q.
— prostra'ta (prostrate). May.

PE'RSEA. Avocado or Alligator Pear.
(Name of a tree from Theophrastus.
Nat. ord., Laurels [Lauraceee]. Lirm.,
Q'Enneondna \-Monogynla. )

Stove evergreen tree. Layers of ripened
shoots, in autumn ; cuttings of firm shoots in
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom
heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 66° to 90°.
P. grati'ssima (most- grateful). 40. Green,
West Indies. 173Q.

PERSIAN SUN'S EYE. Tu'lipa o'ciilus
to'Jis.

PE'RSICA. Peach. (From Persia, it*
supposed native place. Nat. ord., Al-
mond-worts [Amygdalacese]. Linn., 19-
Icosandrla \-Monocfynia.}

Should be united to Amygdahis. See Necta-
rine and Peach. All bloom in April.
P. lee'vis (smooth. Nectarine). 15. Red.
Persia. 1562.

— mtlga'ris (common. Peach}. 15. Red. Persia.

1562,

, - a'lba (white). 14. White. Persia.

compre'ssa (fat-fruited). 15. Red.

flo're pie1 no (double-flowered). 1 5 .

Red. Persia.

fo'liis vanega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 15. Persia.
fruc'tu ple'no (double-fruited). 15.

Red. China. 1845.
Hispa'nica (Spanish). White.

Spain. 1847.

pe'ndula (drooping). White. 1842.

sangui'nea ple'na (double-red).

15. Red. China. 1845.
PERU BALSAM-TREE. Myrospe'rrmcm.
PERUVIAN BARK. Cincho'na.
PERUVIAN DAFFODIL. Isme'ne.
PERUVIAN MASTIC. Schi'nus.
PESOME'RLA.. (From pipto-pesl, to fall,
and meros, a part ; the sepals fall off
soon after expansion. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese], Linn., %Q-Gynandria
1-Monandria. Allied to Bletia.)

Stove orchid. Division in spring ; sandy
fibry peat and a little fibry loam ; well-drained
in pots ; or in baskets, surrounded by the above,
with an addition of sphagnum moss. See
Orchids.
P. tetrago'nia (four-cornered-stem). 2. Brown.

December. Mauritius. 1837.

PETALA'CTE. (From petalon, a petal,
and acte, a ray. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteraceee]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia 2-
Superjlua. Allied to Antennaria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young side-shoots,
getting firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with
pieces of charcoal, and well -drained pots.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. bi' color (two-coloured). Purple, white. May.
1816.

— corona'ta (crowned). White. May. 1816.
PERSOO'NIA. (Named after C. H,

Persoon, a distinguished botanist. Nat.
ord., Proteads [Proteaceee]. Linn., 4-
Telrandria 1-Monoyynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New South
Wales, yellow-flowered except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of ripened shoots, in
sand, under a bell glass, in spring, and kept in
a temperate pit until roots are formed; fibry
loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 38° to
45° ; summer, 60° ; a little shaded,

PER

[ 702 ]

PET

P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1840.

— chama'pitys (Ground-pine). 4. June. 1824
— ferrugi'nea (rusty). 3. Yellow, red. June

1823.
— fiexifo'lia (bent-leaved). 2. June. 1824.

— Frase'ri ( Eraser's) .

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). Swan River

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. June. 1800.

— juniperi'na (Juniper-like). 4. June. 1826.

— lanceolu'ta (spear- hezd.-leaved). 4. June.

1791-

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. June. 1795.

— linea'ris (narrow-teaved). 5. July. 1794.

— lu'cida (shining). June. 1824.
-- mo'llis (soft). 3. July. 1826.

— myrtilloi'des (Myrtillus-like). White. 1837.

— nu'tans (nodding). £. 1824.

— pa'llida (pale). Orange. July. 1824.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved). 4. June. 1822.

— pruino'sa (frosty). 3. June. 1824.

— salici'na (Willow-leaved). 7. Pink. July.

1795.

— sca'bra (scurfy). 4. June. 1824.

— spatula' ta (spatulate-teawed). June. 1824.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). June. 1822.

PERYME'NTUM. (Meaning not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. Linn., 19-Synyenesia 2-8uper-
fina.}

Cuttings, taken from the points of shoots, or
the firm side-shoots ; sandy loam and a little
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. Barclaya'num (Barclay's). Copper. July.
Mexico. 1830.

PETALI'DIUM. (~Frompelalon, a petal ;
referring to the conspicuous flowers.
Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acanthaceae].
Linn., l±-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.
Allied to Ruellia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of shoots
in April or May, in sandy loam, in a hotbed ;
sandy, fibry loam, and a little peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 00° to 80°.
P. barlerioi'des (Barleria-like). 4. White.
June. India.

PETALOSTE'MON. (From petalon, a
petal, and stemon, a stamen ; stamens
joined to the bottom of the petals.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., 16-Monadelphia 2-Pen-
tandria. Allied to Psoralia.)

Hardy North American herbaceous peren-
nials. Division in spring ; sandy loam, and a
little peat, or leaf-mould.
P. ca'ndidum (white). 1. White. July. 1811.

— ca'rneum (flesh-coloured). £. Flesh. July.

1811.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 1$. White.

August. 1811.

— villo'sum (shaggy). Red. July. 1826.

— viola'ceum (violet). 1. Violet. August.

1811.

PETIVE'EIA. (Named after J. Petivcr,
an English naturalist. Nat. ord., Peti-

veriads [Petiveriaceoe]. Linn., 7-Hep-
/nu-dria 1 -Mouogynln.}

Stove evergreen, West Indian, white-flowered
shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
May, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a sweet
bottom-heat; peat and sandy loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. allia'cea (Garlic-scented). 2. June. 175Q.

— octa'ndra (eight-stamened). 2. June. 1737.
PETBJE'A. (Named after Lord Prire.

Nat. ord., Verbenes [Verbenacece].
Linn., 1-i-Didynamia %-Anyiospennia.
Allied to Duranta.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of short,
firm, side-shoots, in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in bottom heat; rich sandy
loam. Winter temp., 60° ; summer 60° to 90°.
P. ere'cta (erect). 10. Blue. South America.
1823.

— rugo'sa (wrinkly). 10. Blue. Caraccas.

1824.

— Stape'lia (Sta.pelia.-flowered). 20. Lilac.

June. South America. Twiner,

— volu'bilis (twisting). 20. Purple. July.

Vera Cruz. 1733. Twiner.

PETROCA'LLIS. (From petros, a rock,
and kalos, beautiful ; pretty rock plant.
Nat. ord., Crucifcrs [Brassicacese] .
Linn., ] 5 - Tetradynamia. Allied to
Draba.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Division in
spring, cuttings of shoots, under a hand-light,
in summer, sandy loam ; protect with an ever-
green branch in severe weather.
P.Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). $. Pink. May.
Pyrenees. 1759.

PETRO'PHILA. (From ^c/ros, a rock,
or stone, and phileo, to love ; referring
to their natural habitation. Nat. ord.,
Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., k-Tetran-
dria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Protea.)

Greenhouse, evergreen, white-flowered, New
Holland shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in
spring, under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold
'rame ; fibry, rather tenacious loam, and a little
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. brevifo'lia (short-leaved).
— fastigia'ta (pyramidal). 5. July. 1820.

— filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 5. June. 1824.

— glanduli'gera (gland-bearing).

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved).
— juncifo'lia (Rush-leaved).

— peduneula'ta (frmg-flower-stalked). 4. July.

1824.
pulche'lla (neat). 5. July. 1/90.

— ri'gida (stiff). 5. June. 1823.

— teretifo'lia (round-leaved). 4. July. 1824.

— M'fida (three-cleft). 4. July. 1820.

PETTY- WHIN. Geni'sta a'nglica.

PETU'NGA. (Its Indian name. Nat.
ord.,Cinchonads [Cinclionacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia,)

PET

[ 703 ]

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a slight bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 00°
to 80°.

P. Roxbttrghia'na (Dr. Roxburgh's). 3. White.
May. East Indies. 1818.

PETU'NIA. (From petun, Brazilian
name for tobacco, to which Petunia is
allied. Nat. orcl., Nightshades [Sola-
naceffi]. Linn., 5-Penlandria l-Mono-
(jynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds,
sown in a hotbed, in March ; seedlings pricked
out, and finally transplanted into the borders in
May ; cuttings of the points of shoots, or small
side-shoots, in spring, in heat, and in summer
and autumn without heat, except being covered
with glass; scarcely any of them will stand
frost. Tt is best to keep the plants in a cold,
dry pit during the winter ; for growing, light,
rich, sandy loam. Temp., not below 38° in
winter.

P. acumina'ta (pointed -leaved}. 2. White.
July. Chili. 1827.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. Yellow,

purple. August. Buenos Ayres. 1832.
«— nyctaginiflo'ra (Marvel-of- Peru-flowered).

4. White. August. South America.

1823.
-~phceni'cea (purple-flowered}. 2£. Crimson,

purple. June. Buenos Ayres. 1831.

— viola'cea (violet -coloured). Rose, purple.

August. Buenos Ayres. 1831.

PEU'MUS. Same as Salpia'nthusfra'-
(jrans.

PEYROU'SIA, properly Ovieda. (Named
after La Peyrouse, the French naviga-
tor. Nat. ord., Irids [Iridaceee]. Linn.,
3-Triandria 1-flfonoyynia.)

Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope,
and blue-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
cified. For culture see Ixia.
P. aculea'ta (prickly). $. Blue, yellow. June.
1825.

— a'nceps (two-edged). £. September. 1824.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). £. May. 1791.

— Fabri'cU (Fabricius's). £. May. 1825.
— falca'ta (sickle-leaved). %. May. 1825.
—fascicula'ta (fascicled). £. May. 1825.
—fissifo'lia (cleft-leaved). |. Violet. August.

1809.

— silenoi'des (Catchfly-like). £. Violet. June.

1822.

PHA'CA. (Name of a plant men-
tioned by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia 4,-Decandria. Allied to As-
tragalus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, sown
in a little heat, in April, and seedlings planted
out, will bloom the same season ; many will do
so if sown in good places in the open air ; divi-
sion of the roots in spring ; cuttings, under a

hand-light, in summer; sandy loam. Cancscens

require protection from frost in winter.

P. Alpi'na (Alpine). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Austria. 1759.
Dahu'rica (Dahurian). Pale yellow.

Dahuria. 1820.

— arena'ria (sand). &. Cream. July. Siberia.

1796.

— Astraga'lina (Astragalus-like). 1. White,

blue. July. Scotland.

— austra'lis (southern). £. Pale purple. May.

South Europe. 1779-

— boe'tica (Beetle). 4. White. May. Spain.

1640.

— cane'scens (hoary). 1. Pale rose. July.

Valparaiso. 1831.

— densifo'lia (crowded-leaved). 1. Red. July.

California. 1822.

— exalta'ta (tall). 1. Yellow. July. Altai. 1828.
— fri'gida (cold). 1. Cream. July. Austria.

1795.

— gla'bra (smooth). 1. White. July. France.

1818.

— Lappo'nica (Lapland). £. Purple. July.

N. Europe. 1816.

— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. July. Siberia.

1827.

— oroboi'des (Orobus-like). 1. Purple. July.

Norway. 1820.

— triangula'ris (three-cornered). 1. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1824.

PHACE'LIA. (From phakelos, a bundle ;
the disposition of the flowers. Nat.
ord., Hydrophyls [ Hydrophyllacerc ] .
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.~) Al-
lied to Eutoca.)

Annuals, by seeds ; perennials, by seed and
division in April ; sandy, common garden soil.

HARDY ANNUALS.
P. conge'sta (crowded-racemed). l£. Purple,

blue. June. Texas. 1835.
—fimbria'ta (fringed). Lilac, white. North

America.

— tanacetifo1 Ha (Tansy-leaved). 2. Blue. June.

California. 1832.

— Vinifo'lia (Vine-leaved). l£. Light blue.

September. Texas. 1834.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. A'ldea (Aldea). 14. Pink. June. Peru.
1824.

— biplnnati'fida (doubly-leafleted). 2. Blue.

June. North America. 1824.

— circina'ta (rounded). l£. Pink. June.

Magellan. 1817.

PHEDRANA'SSA. (From phaidros, gay,
and anassa, queen. Nat. ord., Amaryllids
[Amaryllidacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Coburgia.)

Peruvian bulbs, requiring the protection of a
greenhouse, and succeed best in a strong yellow
loam, like Coburgia ; they rest in winter, or may
be made to rest in summer. For culture see
Coburgia.

P. chlora'cra (greenish-yellow). 1. Crimson,
green. December. 1844.

— obtu'sa (blunt). December. 1844.

PHA

PH^NO'COMA. (From phainos, bloody,
and home, hair ; colour of involucrum.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., ll)-Syngenesia %-Superfliia. Al-
lied to Helichrysum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
young side-shoots getting firm at the base, in
sand, over peat, in pots three parts filled with
drainage, under a bell-glass, and kept near the
glass of a house or pit, in summer ; sandy peat
and a little fibry loam. Winter temp.. 40°
to 48°.

P.proli'fera (proliferous). 4. Crimson. Sep-
tember. Cape of Good Hope. 1789.

PHA'IUS. (From phaios, shining ;
referring to the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacete]. Linn., 20-%-
nandria 1-Monandria, Allied to Bletia.)

Stove orchids. Division of the pseudo-bulb-
like shoots, as growth commences in spring ;
grown in pots. See Orchids,

P. a'lbus (white). 2. White. July. Sylhet.

1836.
— - angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). Green.

July. Trinidad. 1821.

— bi'color (two-coloured). ^2- Maroon, white.

July. Ceylon.

— callo'sus (thick - lipped] . Reddish brown •

March. Java. 1848.
—fla'vus (yellow). Yellow. India. 1837.

— grandifo'lius (large-leaved). White, brown.

April. China. 1778.

— interme'dius (intermediate). India. 1839.

— macula' tus (spotted-heaved). 2. Yellow.

June. Nepaul. 1823.

— Walli'chii (Dr. Wallich's). 2. Orange,

yellow. April. Khoosea. 1837.

PHALJENO'PSIS. Butterfly Plant.
(From phalaina, a moth, and opsis,
like ; the appearance of these hand-
some flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidaceee]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.}

Stove orchids, grown in baskets or on blocks.
Pieces of offset shoots, kept dry at the base, for
a day or two, before setting them growing.
See Orchids.

P. ama' bills (lovely). l£. White, pink. June.

Manilla. 1836.
longifo'lia (long-leaved). White.

Year. Manilla. 1842.
rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). White.

Year. Manilla. 1837.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White, pink.

September. Java. 1847.

— ro'sea (rosy). l£. Deep vermilion. Ma-

nilla. 1848.

PHA'LAEIS. Canary Grass. (From
phalaros, shining ; referring to the
shining seeds. Nat. ord., Grasses
[Graminaceee]. Linn., 3-Triandria 2-'
Di(jynla>)

P. cnnuriensis produces the Canary seeds of
commerce. Seeds ; common soil.
P. appendicula'tu (appendaged). 1. June.
Egypt. 1820.

— canarie'nsis (Canary). 2. July. Britain.

— commuta'ta (changed), 1. June. Italy. 1823.

PHALEROCA'RPUS.

This hardy evergreen creeper should have
been added to Gaultheria.
P. serpyllifo'lia (Wild-Thyme-leaved). White.
April. North America. 1815.

PHALOCA'LLIS. (From phaios, a cone,
hallos, beautiful ; beautifully cone-
crested. Nat. ord., Irids [Indaceffi],
Linn., S-Triandrla 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Phycella.)

Half-hardy Mexican bulb. The flower lasts
only a few hours in the morning. Seeds and
offsets, in spring ; requires a little protection
from wet and cold in winter ; sandy loam and a
little leaf-mould.

P. plu'mbea (lead- coloured). l£. Lead-co-
loured. July. Mexico. 1837-

PHAKBI'TIS. (From pharbe, colour ;
deep and varied colours of the flowers.
Nat. ord., Bindweeds [Convolvulacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Al-
lied to IponiEea.)
For culture. See Ipomcea.

HARDY TWINING ANNUALS.
P. barba'ta (bearded). September. Virginia.
1729.

— barbi'gcra (beard-bearing). Blue. Septem-

ber. North America.

— hedera'cea (Ivy-leaved). Blue. August.

North America. 1729.

GEEENHOUSE TWINING ANNUALS.
P. cuspida'ta (sharp-pointed). Purple. July.
Peru. 1732.

— Dille'nii (Dillenius's). Blue. June. JEthi-

opia. *

— diversifo'lia (various -leaved-). 5. Blue.

June. Mexico. 1836.

— ni'l (Nil). Blue. August. America. 1597.

— puncta'ta (dotted). Purple, violet. August.

India.

STOVE TWINING ANNUALS.
P. hi'spida (bristly). White, purple. August.
East Indies. 1629.

— sca'bra (scurfy). White. September. 1823.

EVERGREEN TWINERS.

P. catha'rtica (purgative). Blue, purple. Sep-
tember. Mexico. 1848. Stove.

— ccerule'scens (blue). Pale blue. July. East

Indies. 1820. Hardy.

— Lea'rii (Lear's). Blue. June. Buenos

Ayres. 1835. Stove deciduous.

— ostri'na (purple). 20. Purple. July. Cuba.

1840. Stove.

— tyriantlu'na ('purple). Purple. October.

Mexico. 1838. Stove deciduous.
— • va'ria (variable;. Blue, violet. September.
1816. Stove.

PHA

[ TOO ]

PHI

PHASE'OLUS. Kidney Bean. (From
phaselus, a little boat; fancied resem-
blance of the pods. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., 17-
Diadelphia -i-Decandria. )

For culture of annuals, see Kidney Beans;
perennials by division and cuttings, and usual
greenhouse or stove culture.

STOVE DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
P. Caraca'lla (Caracalla). l.|. Lilac. August.
India. 1690.

— loba'tus (lobed-leaved). 6. Yellow. Septem-

ber. Buenos Ayres. 1843. Evergreen.

— spemo'sus (showy). 6. Scarlet. July. Ori-

noco. 1820.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS TWINER.
P. sylve'sMs(vfood). 6. Scarlet. July. Mexico.
1825.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TWINERS.
P. muUiflo'nis (many-flowered). 12. Scarlet.

July. South America. 1633.
albiflo'rus (white-flowering). 12.

White. August. South America. 1633.

— pere'nnis (perennial). 3. Dark purple. July.

Carolina. 1824.

— vulga'ris (common). 1. White. July. India.

1597-
fascia' tus (banded- seeded). White.

July. India. 1597.
variegu'tus (variegated - seeded}.

White. July. India. 1597.

TWINING ANNUALS.

P. aconitifo'lius (Aconite-leaved). 2. Pink.
July. East Indies. 1731.

— amae'nus (pleasing). 4. Red. July. Society

Islands. 1820.

— chrysa'nthos (golden-flowered). 3. Yellow.

July.

— gonospe'rmus (angled- seeded). 4. Pale

violet, white. July.

— heterophy' llus (variable-leaved). 4. Red.

June. Mexico. 1820.

— lathyroi'des (Lathyrus-like). 2. Scarlet.

July. Jamaica. 1786.

— microspe'rmus (small - seeded). 1. Dark

purple. June. Cuba. 1825.

— semiere'ctus (half-erect). 2. Red. July.

West Indies. 1781.

— toro'sus (uneven). 4. Violet. July. Nepaul.

1818.

— viola' ceus (violet). 3. Violet. July. Africa.

1800.

— Xuare'fiii (Xuares's). 4. Red. July. South

America. 1818.

PHEASANT'S EYE ADONIS. Ado'nis
aiitumnu'lis.

PHEBA'LIUM. (From phibale, a myr-
tle ; the appearance of the plants. Nat,
ord., Rucivorts [llutacere]. Linn., 10-
J)ecandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Crowea.)

Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered, New
Holland shrubs. Cuttings ot half-ripened shoots,
or short stumpy side-shoots, in sand, under a
40

bell-glass, in May ; sandy peat, with a third
portion of fibry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
P. au'reum (golden). 6. May. 1823.

— ela'tum (tall). 10. May. 1825.

— lachnoi'des (Lachneea-like). 3. May. 1824.

— linea're (u&rro\v-leaved) . 3. June. 1825.

— salicifo'lium (Willow-leaved). 3. June. 1825.

— squnmulo1 sum (scaly). 2£. May. 1824.

PHILADE'LPHUS. Syringa or Mock
Orange. (Athenian name for a shrub.
Nat. ord., Syrlnyas [Philadelphiacese].
Linn., 12 - Icosandria \-Monogynia.
Allied to Deutsia.)

Hardy deciduous, white-flowered sbrubs.

Layers and suckers, and dividing the plant, in

spring; common soil, deep loam is best. Many

of the species would present a beautiful appear-

ance if grown as single dwarf specimen trees,

with a clean stem.

P. corona1 Tins (garland). 8. May. S. Europe,
1596.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 8.

May. S. Europe.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 8. May. S. Europe.

na'nus (dwarf). 2. May.

vulga'ris (common). 8. May.

— floribu'ndus (bundle-flowered). 6. June.

N. America.

— Gordonia'mis (Gordon's). 10. July. N.

America.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 6. June.

Carolina. 1811.

— hirsu'tus (hairy). 3. June. N. America. 1820.

— inodo'r-us (scentless). 4. June. Carolina. 1/38.

— lutifo'lhts (broad-leaved). 4. June. N.

America.

— la'xus (loose-growing}. 4. June. N. Ame-

rica. 1830.

— Le«nvsii"(Lewis's). 6. June. N.America. 173Q.

— Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. June. Mexico.

1839.

— specio'sus (showy). 10. June. N.America.

— tomento'sus (downy). 3. June. Nepaul. 1822.

— trifio'rus (three-flowered). 4. Himalaya.

— t'en-wco'sMs(warted). 4. June. N.America.

— Zeyhe'ri (Zeyher's). 3. June. N.America.

PHILIBE'RTIA. (Named of J. C. Phi-
libert, a botanical author. Nat. ord.,
Asclepiads [Asclepiadacese] . Linn., 5-

I Penfandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Per-

! gularia.)

Stove, yellowish-white-flowered, evergreen
twiners from Buenos Ayres. Cuttings of firm

,' side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May,

I and kept in a cold pit until struck ; sandy loam
and fibry peat well drained. Winter temp.,

j 40° to 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°
P. gra'cilis (slender). 6. June. 1836.

!— grundifio'ra (large-flowered). June. 1836.

PHILLY'REA. (From phyllon, a leaf;
! literally, a leafy plant, the Sowers being
I inconspicuous. Nat. ord., Oliveworts
1 [Oleaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria, l-Mono-
I rjynia.}

PHI

[ 706 ]

PHL

Of all our hardy evergreens the Phillyrea is I
the best adapted for growing as dwarf standards.
All white-flowered, and natives of South of
Europe. Layers in autumn ; cuttings under a I
hand-light ; seeds, after being mixed with soil j
in the rot heap ; good common garden soil.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 8. May. 1597-

brachia'ta (forked). 8. May.

1597-

rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary-

leaved). 8. May. 1597.

— Ice'via (smooth- leaved}. 15. May. 1597-

— lanccola'ta (spear-head-Jeat>ed). 8. June.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 15. May. 1597-

— ligustrifo'lia (Privet-leaved). 15. May. 1506.

— me'dia (mediate). 15. May. 1597-
buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 15. May.

1797-

— obli' qua (twisted-leaved). 15. May. 1597-

— olecefo'lia (Olive-leaved). 15. May. 1597-

— pe'ndula (drooping). 15. May. 1597-

— spino'sa (spiny). June. 1597.
PHILODE'NDRON. (From phileo, to

love, and dendron, a tree ; referring to
habit of the plants growing on trees.
Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 3-Triandria. Allied to Cala-
dium.)

Stove rambling evergreens. Division of the
roots ; cuttings of short stubby side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in peat ; rich sandy
loam and fibry pieces of peat. Winter temp.,
55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85.
P. arbore'scens (tree-like). June. West Indies.
1759.

— crossing rvium (thick-ribbed). 20. Green,

white. December. Brazil. 1835.

— fragranti1 ssimum (most-fragrant). 4. Red,

white. March. Demerara. 1834.

— grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. White.

March. Caraccas. 1803.

— tripa'rtitum (three-parted). White. Caraccas.

1816.

PHILOTHE'CA. (From philos, smooth,
and theke, a sheath; smooth tube of
stamens. Nat. ord., Rueworts [Kuta-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Monadelphia Q-Decan-
dria. Allied to Orowea.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
short young shoots, a little firm at the base, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in a cold
frame in May ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45.
P. austra'lis (southern). 2. Pale red. April.

New South Wales. 1822.

PHI'LYDEUM. (From phileo, to love,
and hydor, water. Nat. ord., Water-
worts [Philydracese]. Linn., l-Monan-
dria I-Monogynia.')

Greenhouse biennial. Seeds, in spring, in a
warm place, and moved to a colder when up 5
sandy loam and peat ; does best in the green-
house.

P. lanugino'sum (woolly). 3. Yellow. June.
China. 1801.

PHLEBO'DIUM. (From phhls, a vein.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacere]. Linn.,
%±-Cryptogamia l-Filices.}

Stove ferns. See Ferns.
P. areola'tum (areolate). 1. Yellow. May.
Brazil.

— au'reum (golden). 3. Yellow. March. West

Indies. 1742.

— decuma'num (tall). 5. Yellow. May.

Brazil. 1818.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). Brown. May.

West Indies. 1843.

— lycopodioi'des (Club-moss-like). $. Brown,

yellow. March. Jamaica. 1822.

— ni'tidum (shining). Brown, yellow. May.

Honduras. 1844.

— percu'ssum (struck). Brown, yellow. May.

Brazil. 1841.

— pulvina'tum (cushioned). Brown, yellow.

May. Brazil. 1841.

— sporodoca'rpum (spore- fruited) . 3. Brown,

yellow. May. Mexico. 1842.

— squamulo'sum (scaly). Brown, yellow. May.

Brazil. 1842.

PHLOGACA'NTHUS. (From phlox, a
flame, and akanthus, the type of this
Nat. ord. of Acanthads [Acanthacese],
the flowers being flame-coloured. Linn.,
2-Diandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Justicia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. For culture, see
Justicia.

P. curviflo'rus (curved -flowered). 6. Red,
yellow. June. Sylhet. 1839-

— gutta'tus (spotted). l£. Yellow spotted.

April. East Indies. 1828.

— thyrsi flo'rus (thyrse- flowered). Orange.

May. East Indies. 1812.

PHLO'MIS. (From phlogmos, a flame ;
down used for wicks. Nat. ord., Lip-
worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 1-L-Didyna-
mia \-Gymnospermia. Allied to Leo-
notis.)

Perennials, seeds, divisions, and slips planted
in spring and autumn ; shrubs, by cuttings and
slips, placed in the open air, in a shady place,
or under a hand-light ; shrubs requiring pro-
tection in winter, by cuttings, under hand-
lights, in summer; all good, mellow, well-
drained soil.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Cream. July.
Levant. 1596. Evergreen.

— crini'ta (hair-6roe/<?rf). 2. Pale brown. June.

Spain. 1820.

— flocco'sa (flocky). 2. Yellow. August.

Egypt. 1828. Evergreen.

— Nisso'lii (Nissole's). 2. Yellow. June.

Levant. 1757-

— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. Pale brown. July.

South Europe. 1820.
HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
P. bi1 color (two -coloured). Yellow, purple.
June, Lybia. 1714.

PHL

C ror ]

PHCE

P.ferntgi'nea(r\isty), 2. Yellow, brown • June.

Naples. 1823.
Cre'tica (Cretan). 3. Yellow.

June. Crete. J820.

— frutico'sa (shrubby. Jerusalem Sage}. 3.

Yellow. June. Spain. 1596.

— Ita'lica (Italian). 2. Purple. July. Italy.

1661.

— lana'ta (woolly). 1A. Yellow. June. Candia.

1696. '

— Lychni'tes (Lychnitis). 2. Yellow, brown.

July. South Europe. 1658.

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. July. South

Europe. 1661.

— visco'sa (clammy). Yellow. June. Levant.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. agra'ria (field). Purplish. July. Siberia.
1830.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). 1. Purple. July. Siberia.

1802.

— Armeni'aca (Armenian). 1. Yellow. July.

Armenia. 1834.

— Cushmeria'na (Cashmere). 2. Pale lilac.

July. Cashmere.

— he'rba-ve'nti (wind-herb). 2. Red. August.

South Europe. 1596.

— lacinia'ta (jagged-/eawerf). 3. Purple. July.

Levant. 1731.

— lunarifo'lia (Honesty-leaved). 3. Yellow.

June. Levant. 1818.

— pu'ngens (stinging). 3. Brown. July.

Armenia. 1820.

— Russelli'ana (Russell's). 3. Brown. June.

Levant. 1821.

— Sa'mia (Samian). 3. Purple. June. North

Africa. 1714.

— si'mplex (simple). Purple. May. Himalayas.

1838.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. Purple. August.

Siberia. 1759.

PHLO'X. (From phlox, flame; bril-
liancy of the flowers. Nat. ord., Phlox-
ivorts [Polymoniacece]. Linn., 5-Penl-
andria 1-ltfonogynia.')

Herbaceous perennials, natives of North
America, except where otherwise mentioned.
Divisions ; and cuttings, under a hand-light,
in a shady place, in summer ; sandy loam and
leaf-mould ; the low trailing ones are beautiful
on knolls and rockworks. Drummondi by seed
sown the first week in April, in gentle heat.

HALF-HARDY.

P. arista' t a (awned). J. White. April. Ca-
rolina. 1828.

— Florida'na (Florida). 1. Rose. April. 1834.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. Flesh. Columbia,

1826.

HARDY.

P. acumina'ta (pointed-/eawed). 4. Pale pur-
ple. July. 1812.

— acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. Purple. Au-

gust. 1825.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. Blue. April.

1825.

— ca'rnea (fleshy). 1. Pink. August. 1816.

— Caroli'na (Carolina). 1. Pale purple, Au-

gust. Carolina. 1728.

Pale purple. Caro-
April.

P. corda'ta (heart-leaped).
lina. 1827.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. Rose.

1825.

— di'stichu (two-rowed). 5. Red. August. 1826.

— divarica'ta (spreading). 1. Light blue.

March. 1746.

— Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 1. Purple.

July. Texas. 1835. Annual.

— ela'ta (tall). 6. Lilac. September. 1828.

— exce'lsa (tall), 4. Purple. August. 1824.

— glabe'rrima (smoothest). 3. Red. July. 1725.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Purple. July.

— involucra'ta (involucred). 1. Lilac. June.

1830.

— la'ta (charming). 3$, White. August.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

Carolina. 1812.

— macula'ta (spotted -stalked'). 4. Purple.

July. 1740.

— ni'tida (shining). 2. Purple. July. 1800.

— niva'lis (snowy). £. White. April. 1820.

— odora'ta (scented). Lilac. August.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). l£. Purple. June. 1759-
-- Listonia'na (Lady Listen's). 1.

Purple. July. 181 6.

— panicula'ta (pauicled). 3. Pink. August.

1732.

--- a'lba (white). 3. White. August.
1813.

— penduliflo'rn (drooping). 3£. Rose, pur-

ple. October. 1823.

— pilo'sa (hairy-feayerf). 1. Purple. May.

1759.

-- amce'na (pleasing). £. Pink. June.
1809.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). Flesh. May. 1827.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal). 4. Flesh. July.

1800.
--- a'lba (white-flowered). 4. White.

June.
--- corymbo'sa (corymbed). 4. Pur-

ple. July.

— -- penduliflo'ra (drooping-flower-

ed). 4. Purple. July.

— re'ptans (creeping). £. Blue, purple. July.

1800.

-- crassifo'lia (thick-leaved) . 3. Pur-
ple. July. 1825.

— sca'bra (rough). Lilac. August.

— seta'cea (bristly). £. Flesh. April. 1786.

— Sickma'nni (Sickman's). White. August.

1826.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. White. July.

1766.

--- variega'ta (variegated). 1. White.
July. 1766.

— subtila'ta (awl-leaved). £. Dark purple.

May. 1786.

— suffrutico'sa (shrubby). l£. Dark purple.

August. 1790.

— tardiflo'ra (late-flowered). 2. White. Sep-

tember. 1825.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 1. Pale lilac.

August. Carolina. 181(5.

— undula'ta (waved-leaved) . 3. Purple. July.

1759.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July.

Virginia. 1812.

PHCE'NIX. Date Palm. (The Greek
name of the tree. Nat. ord., Palms

PHCE

PHY

[Palmacete]. Linn., W-Ditvcia 8-7V»-
andria.)

Dactylifera requires a greenhouse, but all
the others a stove. Seeds in a hotbed, in
spring, or when procurable ; rich, rather stiff
loam, or good fibry loam, with a fourth part of
old cow-dung.

P, aca'ulis (stemless). 6. White, green. E.
Indies. 1816.

— daftyli'fera (Common. Date-bearing). 40.

White, green. Levant. 1597-

— farini'fera (mealy). 28. White, green. E.
Indies. 1800.

— Leone'nsis (Sierra Leone). 30. Sierra

Leone. 1823.

— paludo'sa (marsh). 20. E.Indies. 1820. j

— pygmce'a (pygmy). 6. Mauritius. 1823.

— reclina'ta (leaning). 10. White, green, i

C. of G.Hope. 1792.

— sylve'stris (wood). 14. Green. May. E.

Indies. 1763.

PHOLIDO'TA. Battle -snake Orchid, i
(From pf tolls, a scale, and otis (otis), an
ear; flowers arranged like an ear of
wheat, with scaly bracts, as the tail of
that snake. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi- I
rtacese]. Linn., 20-Cfynandria l-Monan-
dria. Allied to Coelogyne.)

Stove orchids. Division of the plant ; in a
pot. See Orchids.

P artifiula'ta (jointed). White, yellow. April.
Khoosea. 1837.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). £. Whitish. May.

China. 1844.

— conchoi'dea (shell-like). Yellow. February.

Manilla. 1840.

— undnla'ta ( waved-teamed) • Pale red. April.

E. Indies. 1828.

PHO'RMIUM. Flax Lily, or New Zea-
land Flax. (From phormos, a basket;
one of the uses made of the fibre. Nat.
ord., Lily worts [Liliacese] . Linn., 6-
Hexandria l-Monoqyma.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Divisions of
the root ; rich mellow loam.
P. te'nax (tough). 6. Green, white. August.
N. Zealand. 1798.

PHOTI'NIA. (From pholeinos, shining;
appearance of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Appleworts [Pomacere]. Linn., 12-
Tcosandrin %-Di-pentn(/ynia. Allied to
Kriobotrya.)

Half-hardy white-flowered evergreens. Seeds
when procurable, treated as the haws of the
Hawthorn ; generally by budding on the Haw-
thorn, as a stock ; rather tender for the open
air north of London, but deserve a wall owing
to their beautiful foliage; and where, also,
when established, they would generally flower
freely.

P arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). 10. July.
'California. 1796.

— du'bin (doubtful). 10. Nepaul. 1821.

P. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved \ 10. 'Nepaul.
1820.

— serrula'ta (saw-edge-/erti'*d\ 10. May.

China. 1804.

PHRY'NIUM. (From phrynos, a frog ;
because inhabiting marshes. Nat. ord.,
Mar ants [Marantaceaa]. Linn., \-Mo~
nandria l-Monogynia. Allied to Canna.)

Stove herbaceous perennials ; yellow-flowered
where not otherwise specified. Seeds in a hot-
bed in spring, or division of the roots as fresh
growth commences ; rich loam and a little peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, CO0 to 85°.
P. capitatum (headed). 5. White, purple.
July. E. Indies. 1807.

— colora'tum (coloured) . 2. Orange. May.

Brazil. 1828.

— como'sum (tufted). 3. July. Surinam. 1828.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1. July.

Brazil. 1823.

— Myro'sma (Myrrh- scented). 2. White. July.

S. America. 1820.

— olU'quum (twisted). l£. June. E. Indies.

1824.

— Parke'ri (Parker's). 2. July. Grenada. 1823.

— purvlflo'rum (small-flowered). 4. July.

E. Indies. 1820.

— scto'sum (bristly). 2. Purple. June. Rio

Janeiro. 1824.

' — spica'tum (spiked). 1. July. E.Indies. 1825.

, — villo'sum (shaggy). March. Demerara. 1842.
PHYCE'LLA. (A diminutive of phycos,
Red Alkanet ; alluding to the colour of
the flowers. Nat. ord., AmaryUids
[Amaryllidacere]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Habranthus.)

Half-hardy beautiful bulbs, whose old roots,
like those of the tulip and hyacinths, die yearly ;
and, therefore, may, like them, be taken up to
dry as soon as the leaves die. They flower in
summer after the leaves are fully grown ; die, or
should die, in August, and remain dormant
until February ; peat earth is poison to them,
strong loam suits them best, and a very dry
bottom. There is a magnificent Phycella in
Valparaiso not yet introduced ; red flowers, and
golden tubes or bottoms. Seeds, and offset
bulbs ; warm border, protected from wet and
cold during winter, or sheltered from frost in
cold pit or frame.
P. biflo'ra (two-flowered).
Chili.

— brevitu'ba (short-tubed).

1836.

— chlora'cra (yellow-green).

Mexico. 1844.

— corii'sca, (glittering). 1.

tember. Coquimbo. 1825.

— cyrtanthoi'des (Cyrtanthus-like). f. Crim-

son. June. Chili. 1824.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. Red. June.

Valparaiso. 1824.

— Herbertiu'na (Herbert's). 1. Red, yellow.

June. Andes. 1825.

— i'gnea (fiery). 1. Scarlet. April. Chili. 1824.
pu'lchra (pretty). l£. Red. October.

Valparaiso.

— obtu'sn (blunt). Peru. 1844.

Scarlet. April.
1. Scarlet. July.
Green, crimson.
Sep-

Scarlet.

PHY

C "509 ]

PHY

PHY 'LIC A. (From phyUikos, leafy;
abundance of evergreen leaves. Nat.
ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnaceoe]. Linn.,
b-Pcntandria \-Monoyynia..')

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope, and all white-flowered, unless
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in spring, and kept cool
and shaded from sunshine, until they have
struck ; sandy fibry peat, with nodules of free-
stone and charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
P. bi'color (two-colored). 2. June. 1817-

— capita' ta (headed). 1. June. 1800.

— cyli'ndrica (cylindrical). 2. Yellow, green.

June,

— ericoi'des (Heath-like). 3. June. 1731.

— globo'sa (globose). 3. June. 1800.

— 'imbrica'ta (imbricated). 1. October. 1801.

— ni'tida (shining). November. 1/74.
eriopho'ra (woolly). 3. November.

1/74.

— papillo'sa (nippled) . 3. Pale yellow. June.

1820.

— jufnea (Pine-like). November. 1//4.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved). 2. July. 1789.

— plumo'sa (feathered). 2. April. 1/59.

— rosmarinifo'lia (Rosemary-leaved). 3. 1815.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. September. 1800.

PHYLLA'NTHUS. (From phyllon, a
leaf, and anthos, a flower; flowers pro-
duced on the edges of the leaves. Nat.
ord., Spurgcworts [Euphorbiacece].
Linn., 21-Moncccia \Q-Monadclphia.}

Annuals and biennials by seed, in a hotbed,
in spring, and then flowered in stove and green-
house during the summer. Shrubby species,
by cuttings of the hard shoots, in sandy soil, in
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with a little
broken bricks, charcoal, and dried cow-dung.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

P. gra'cilis (slender). 1. Green, yellow. Au-
gust. E. Indies. 1818. Biennial.

— Niru'ri (Niruri). £. Green. July. E.

Indies. 1692.

— obova'tus (reversed-egg-£e«ye«Z). 3- July.

N. America. 1803. Hardy.

— urina'ria (urinary). £. Green, yellow. Au-

gust. E.Indies. 1819.
STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

P.fruxinifo'Hus (Ash-leaved). 4. Green. Au-
gust. E. Indies. 1819-

— gi-andifo'lius (large-leaved). 5. America.

1771-

— juglandifo' liits (Wdbtxat-leanedf, 2. Green,

yellow. August. 1818.

— lanceola'ttis (spear-head-fcaued). 3. Green,

yellow. Isle of Bourbon. 1822.

— lu'cens (shining). 2. Green, yellow. Au-

gust. China. 1820. Greenhouse.

— mimosoi'dcs (Mimosa - like). 10. Green.

August. Caribbees. 1817-

— tin' tans (nodding). 1$. Green, yellow.

August. Jamaica. 1820.

— polyptiy'ltus (many - leaved). 3. Green.

August. E. Indies. 1805.

P. reticula'tus (netted). 3. Red. August.
E. Indies.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow.

August. E. Indies. 1822. Climber.

— turbina'tus (top-shaped). 2. Green. July.

China.

PHYLLA'RTHRON. (From phyllon, a
! leaf, and arthros, a joint; leaflets as if
j jointed to the footstalks. Nat. ord.,
' Crcscentiads [Crescentiaceas]. Linn.,
i 1-1-Didynamia 1-Gymnospe-rmia. Alli-
ance, a small ordermext to Bignoniads.)
Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of stubby
side-shoots, or pieces of the ripe young wood,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-heat ;
sandy loam and fibry peat, and a little leaf-
mould and charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55 ;
summer, 60° to 90°.

P. Bojeria'na (Bojer's). 3. Rose. July. Mauri-
tius. 1844.

PHYLLO'CLADUS. (From phyllon, a
leaf, and klados, a branch ; branch-like
leafleted leaves. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxacece]. Linn., 21-Moncccia 10-
Monadelphia. Allied to Podocarpus.)

Greenhouse, cone-bearing trees, from Van
Diemen's Land. Cuttings of the ripe shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in spring, and no arti-
ficial bottom-heat until the cuttings swell at
their base; strong loam. At Belfast, Rhom-
boidalis (Celery-topped, or Adventure Bay Pine)
bears the winter without protection ; Tricho-
munoides would be equally hardy in the south
of Ireland and south-west of England. Winter
temp., 40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 7o°«
P. rhomboida'lis (diamond-teamed). 40. 1825.

— trichomanoi'dus (Maiden - hair - like). 60.

Yellow. July. 1840.

PHYLLO'TA. (From phyllon, a leaf,
and ous (otis), an ear; shape of leaves.
I Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae] .
! Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
| lied to Aotus.)

Greenhouse evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs,
; introduced from New South Wales in 1824.
Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, the little
stubby side-shoots are best, in spring and sum-
! mer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; fibry sandy
peat, and a few nodules of fibry loam, to keep
j the plants stubby. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

P. a'spera (rough) ; como'sa (tufted) ; phyli-
\ coi'dcs (Phylica-like) ; suuarro'sa (spreading).
PHYSIC NUT. Jy'tropha.
PHYSIA'NTHUS. (From physos, a
bladder, and anthos, a flower ; alluding
to its shape. Nat. ord., Asdepiads
[Asclepiadacese]. Linn., 5 Pentandria
2-Diyynia.}

Stove evergreen climber. Seed, sown in a
hotbed, in spring; cuttings of firm, stubby,
side-shoots in summer, in sandy soil, under a
glass, in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat, with

PHY

[ 710 ]

PIC

plenty of drainage. Winter temp., 48° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 85°. Does well in a stove, but
we have had it flowering beautifully, and pro-
ducing its singular fruit in a conservatory of
medium temperature. A variety named albicans
•undulatus, from South America, lived for several
years against a wall in the Fulham nursery.
P. a'lbens (\\hitish-leaved). 20. White. August.
Buenos Ayres. 1830.

PHYSOSTE'GIA. (From phy set, a blad-
der, and steye, a covering; formation
of the calyx. Nat. ord., Lipworts [La-
miacens. Linn., 1-i-Didynamia l-Gym-
nospermia. Allied to Melittis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in a
little heat, early, and then most of the plants
when turned out in May will bloom the same
season ; divisions of the plants in spring ; and
cuttings, or young shoots, under a hand-light,
in sandy soil, in summer ; sandy loam and a
little leaf-mould.

P. corda'ta (heart- leaved) , Purple. July. N.
America. 1824.

— denticula'ta (toothed-leaved). Striped.

August. Carolina. 1787.

— imbricu'ta (imbricated-^owered). 3. Pale

purple. September. Texas. 1833.

— speciu'sa (shewy). Pink. July. Siberia. 1822.

— trunca'ta (blunt- ealyxed). l£. Pale pink.

St. Felipe. 1834.

— variega'ta (variegated). Purple, August,

Carolina. 1812.

— Virginia'na (Virginian). l£. Red. August.

N. America. 1683.
u'lba (white). 3. White. August.

PHYSU'RUS. (From physa, a bladder,
and our a, a tail. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gynandna
1-Monandria. Allied to Ansectochilus.)

P. pict-us rivals the far-famed Aneetochilus in
the richness of its foliage. Stove orchids ; in
pots. Division in spring. See Orchids.
P. arge'ntens (silvery-leaved). $. White. June.
Ceylon.

— Lobbia'nus (Lobb's). £. Java. 1847.

— pi'ctus (painted). £. White. June. Brazil.

1844.

— Pre'slei (Presley's). Yellow. February.

Maraquita.

— rariflo'rus (few-flowered). Yellow. March.

Caraccas.

PHTTEU'MA. Rampion. (An ancient
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[Campanulaceae.J Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Campanula.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, with two ex-
ceptions. Seeds and divisions in spring ; com-
mon light garden soil. Pretty little things for
rockworks and the front of borders.
P. betonicifo'lium (Betony-leaved). 2. Pale

blue. June. South Europe. 1818.

— campanuloi'des (Campanula-like). 1. Blue.

July. Caucasus. 1804.

Sibthorpia'num(Sil>tliorp's).

July. Mount Olympus, 1804.

P. cane'scens (hoary). 2. Lilac. July. Hun-
gary. 1804.

— Charme'lii (Charmeli's). 1. Blue. June.

Pyrenees. 1823.

— como'sum (tufted). $. Blue. June. Aus-

tria. 1/52. Biennial.

— globular if o' Hum (Globularia- leaved). |.

Blue. June. South of France. 1820.

— Halle'n (Haller's). £. Violet. May. South

of France. 1822.

— hemisphcE'ricum (half-globed). 1. Blue.

July. Switzerland. 1752.

— hi'spidum (bristly). 1. Blue, June. Switzer-

land. 1825.

— hu' milis (humble). 5. Blue. June. Switzer-

land. 1825.

— incequa'tum (levelled). 1. Blue. June.

Austria. 1820.

— lanceola'tum (spear - head - leaved], $,

White. June. Armenia. 1826.

— limoniifo'lium (Limonium-leaved). Switzer-

land. 1832. Evergreen.

— Miche'lii (Michelli's). £. Red. June.

Switzerland. 1822.

— ni'grum (black). £. Red. July. Bohemia.

1820.

— orbicula're (round-headed). 1. Violet. July.

England.
deci'piens (deceiving). Blue.

July. Switzerland. 181Q.
giga'nteum (gigantic). Blue.

July. France. 1817.

— pauciflo'rum (few-flowered). £. Blue. May.

Switzerland. 1823.

— pulche'llum (pretty). 1836.

— Schenchze'ri (Schenchzer's). £. Blue. May.

Switzerland. 1813.

— scorzonerifo'lium (Scorzonera-leaved). 1.

Blue. July. Alps. 181Q.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 1. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1817.

— Siebe'ri (Sieber's). 1. Blue. June. Py-

renees. 1826.

— spica'tum (spiked). 2. Blue. May. Europe.

1597-

PHYTOLA'CCA. (From phyton, a plant,
and lacca, lac ; the crimson colour of
the fruit. Nat. ord., Phytolaccads [Phy-
tolacaceee]. Linn., 10-Dccandria 5-
Decagynia.}

There are many tender species, but the fol-
lowing hardy herbaceous ones are all that are
deserving notice. Seeds and divisions, in
spring; light sandy soil, and leaf- mould.
P. acino'sa (kernel-like). North India. 1844.

— deca'ndra (ten-stamened. Virginian Poke}.

5. White, green. August. S. America.

PICK-AXE, should have a handle three
feet-and-a-half long, made of ash ; and

the points or edges of the head should

PIC

C

be of well-steeled iron. There are three
varieties : — 1. The pick with two points,
for loosening hard surfaces. 2. The
pick- axe, for cutting through roots of
trees when felling. 3. The mattock,
with one pointed and one flat edge, for
loosening surfaces, and grubbing up
roots.

PICOTEE. See Carnation and Pink.

PIAEA'NTHUS. (From piar, fatness,
and anlhos, a flower ; the flowers being
succulent, as in Stapelia. Nat. ord.,
Asclepiads [Asclepiadacete]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Digynia.}

A true genus, but for practical gardening may
be considered as a Stapelia. Greenhouse
evergreens from the Cape of Good Hope. Cut-
tings, dried some days at their base before
inserting them in sandy loam ; sandy loam,
lime rubbish, leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-
dung. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 90°; dry in winter.
P. a'ridus (dry). £. Pale yellow, August. 1795.

— Gussonea'nus (Gussone's). £. Yellow,

brown. June. 1832.

— incarna'tus (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh. June.

1793.

— mammilla'ris(nipp\e&). Brown. June. 1774.
— parviflo'rus (small-flowered). £. Yellow.

August. 1795.

— pu'llus (dark), k- Dark purple. August.

1774.

— puncta'tus (dotted). £. Dark purple. Au-

gust. 1795.

PI'CEA. The Silver Fir, a true genus,
but by recent authors considered only
as a section of the Spruce tribe. See
Pinus.

PICTE'TIA. (Named after A. Pictet,
a physician. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., Yl-Diadel-
phia ^-Decandria. Allied to Hedy-
sarum.)

Stove evergreen, yellow-flowered shrubs from
the West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in bottom heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 90°.
P. arista'ta (awned). 4. June. 1816.

— squama'ta (scaled). 4. 1824.

PIERA'KDIA. (Named after Mr.
Pierard, of Kew. Nat. ord., Soapworts
[Sapindaceee]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Melicocca.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of half-ripe
shoots, in sandy soil, in heat, in spring ; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55° j summer,
60° to 80°.
P. dulcis (sweet). 20. Yellow. Sumatra. 1820.

PIE'RIS Crat-cefyi. Hawthorn, or
Black-veined Butterfly. Is white, with

1 ] PIM

black ribs or veins on the wings. It
is very much like Po'nlia Bra'ssicce.
The caterpillar is dirty yellow, hairy,
black-headed, and a brown stripe down
its sides. The caterpillars moult several
times, and they are usually found on
the apple-tree, where both the yellow
eggs and caterpillars may be found
in June. The caterpillars draw two or
three leaves together with a web.
These should be sedulously sought for
and destroyed.

PIGEON PEA. Caja'nus.

PILEA'NTHUS. (From pilos, a cap,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Fringe
Myrtles [Chamselasiceacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Calytrix.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
short young shoots, in sand, under a glass, in
May, and placed in a shady place in a cold pit ;
sandy loam and a little peat. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.

P. Lima'cis (Limax-like). 2. April. White.
N. Holland. 1824.

PiLEWOET. Fica'ria.

PILU'MNA. (From pilos or pileos, a
cap ; shape of flowers. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceffl]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Tricho-
pilia.)

Stove orchids. Division of plant, or taking
off of a shoot 5 in pots. See Orchids.
P.fra'grans (sweet-scented). White, yellow.
May. Popayan. 1843.

— la'xa, (loose-flowered}, g. Purple, white,

green. October. Popayan. 1844.

PIMELE'A. (From pimele, fat; refer-
ring to the viscid matter on the leaves
of some species. Nat. ord., Daphnads
[Thymelacese.] Linn., 2-Diandria 1-
Monogynia.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New
Holland. Seeds sown in a gentle hotbed, in
spring ; cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; sandy fibry peat, with a third of
fibry loam, and pieces of charcoal, freestone and
broken pots, to keep the soil open, in addition
to good drainage. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

P. affi'nis (related). White. May.

decussa'ta (cross-branched). 2. Red. May.
1824.

— diosmcefn'lia (Diosma-leaved). 1. Rose.

July. 1826.

— graciliflo'ra (slender-c«^.mf). 3. White.

June. 1830.

— Hcnderso'ni (Henderson's). 2. Rose. July.

1837.

— fti'spida (bristty-flotvered) , 2. Blush. Mar.

1830.

TIM

PIN

P. intermedia (intermediate). 2. White, May.
1825.

— linifo'lia (Flax-leaved). 2. White. May.

1793.

— linoi'des (Flax-like). 2. White. July. 1826.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. White.

June. 1831.

— na'na (dwarf). $. White. June. 1839-

— ni'vea (snov/y-herbaged). 6. White. 1833.

— paludo'sa (marsh). White. April. 1826.

— ro'sea (rosy). 2. Red. June. 1800.

— specta'bilis (showy). 3. White, pink. May.

1840.

— spica'ta (spiked). 2. White. June. 1824.

— sylve'stris (wood). 2. Blush. June. 1830.

PIME'NTA. Allspice Tree. (From
pimento, the Spanish name. Nat. ord.,
Myrtleblooms [Myrtaceae]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Myrtus.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bot-
tom heat, in spring; rich sandy fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
I1, vulga'ris (common. Allspice}. 30. White.
June. W. Indies. 1723.

PIMPERNEL. Anaga'llis.

PINASTER. Pi'nus Plna'ster.

PINCHING is a term applied to crush-
ing, between the finger and thumb, the
leading bud of a shoot, so as to prevent
its increasing in length, and to force
more sap to the other buds.

PINCKNE'YA. (Named after Mr.
Pinckney, an American botanist. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonaceffi]. Linn.,
5-Penlandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Bouvarrlia.)

Half-hardy evergreen tree. Seeds ; and cut-
tings of ripened shoots, under a hand-light, in
sandy peat. It hardly deserves the greenhouse,
and is rather tender for exposure, but would,
probably, flourish against a south wall, in a
shallow border of loam and peat.
P. pu'bens (downy). 20. Red. June. Georgia.
1786.

PINE APPLE (Anana'ssa).

Varieties. — Queen : a free grower and
an excellent fruiter ; fit for the earliest
summer fruit, and excellent during Sep-
tember and October. Ripky Queen :
a very fine fruit, and by many preferred
to the first. St. Vincent, or Green
Olive : an excellent winter fruit. Slack
Jamaica : the best winter pine ; it is
too often confounded with the Mont-
serrat. Slack Anliyua : a noble pyra-
midal fruit, with large pips ; should
be cut a little before it is quite ripe.
Brown Sugar -loaf : large and showy, ;
with a very juicy ilesh ; it is said by '

some to swell tolerably well in winter.
White Providence : one of the largest
and noblest of pines ; flavour rather
inferior. Trinidad: large and of pyra-
midal shape ; flavour not first-rate. En-
ville : noble looking fruit ; flavour se-
cond-rate.

Culture. — This usually commenc is in
February. Have the upper thirty in dies
of the pit, in which the pots are lo be
plunged, filled with fresh tan. He -pot
your plants, using any turfy soil, even
from a road-side, well chopped to

Sieces ivhen dry, but by no means rid-
led. Nevertheless, it is very good
practice to have a richer and mellower
compost in a more decomposed state
on the potting bench, such as the sur-
face of an old cucumber-bed — chop-
ped, when dry, dung, rotten leaves,
and loam altogether (but most of the
loam), and then passed through a
very coarse riddle ; afterwards adding
one- sixth of charred sticks, or rubbish,
such as will pass readily through a rid-
dle of an inch mesh.

Use pots which would require but
one more shift : the size of the pot for
the final shift will determine this ; and
pots of about thirteen inches diameter
will be sufficiently large for any begin-
ner to fruit in. In potting, first place
three or four large crocks in such a
way, as that at least three bold aper-
tures be formed, both for the escape
of water and the admission of gaseous
matter from below. Over this strew
broken crocks and charcoal lumps,
large as horsebeans, until the large
crocks at the bottom are just concealed.
Then strew a layer of the turfy lumps,
out of which the loose soil has been
ejected by shaking in a riddlo. This
done, the ball may at once be inserted,
first suffering such crocks as are loose
to dislodge themselves from the old ball.
Next, throw in another layer of the turfy
lumps all round the ball, and on these
strew a couple of inches of the mixed
compost in a mellow state ; then, with
a blunt stick, give the whole a slight
pressure all round the ball, add another
layer of the turfy lumps, strewing a
little of the compost over them ; again
press with the stick ; and now place a
filial coating of the compost, nearly

PIN

PIN

two inches in depth, all over, and level j
with the rim of the pot. Let there be j
no tapping or thumping the bottom of |
the pot on the bench. If the balls of
the pines about to be shifted are dry, j
Avater them, at least three days before j
they are to be shifted, with tepid ma-
nure Avater, in order to allow the I
moisture to equalise itself, and the
surplus to pass away. Thus there will
be no occasion for any root-Avatering
for nearly a month after shifting. The
plants may be plunged immediately
they are shifted ; but let them by 110
means be more than half their depth
in the tan. If any disrooting has
become really necessary, and the sun
shines bright, a little canvass shad-
ing Avill be a benefit for a couple
of hours each day; not, hoAvever, to
obstruct light, but rather to prevent
the too rapid dispersion of atmospheric
moisture.

Stove. — For the construction of this,
see Hothouse and Pit.

Table of Temperature as to Artificial
Heat only.

Day. Night. R{se n

January

Febru

Marcl

April

May

June

July

August

Septem

Octobei

Noveml

Deceml

Tables of this kind must not be
ah1 owed to guide the thermometer en-
tirely. A good cultivator Avill take
notice of the condition of his plants,
and shape his course accordingly. If
they appear "drawn," he should at
once lower his night heat, as also that
on dull days.

For bottom heat, by adding o° to every
one of the above artificial day tempera-
tures, Ave shall be as correct as by any
tedious detail. Thus July and August
should have a bottom, heat of 85°, which
ought never to be exceeded in pine
culture. If bottom heat is supplied by
a tank or pipes heated by hot water,
the directions about renewing the tan
are not needed.

T
ary
i

JJUI

64 d
66 ,
70

8

78
80
80

76
73
70
64

'• wig
e%. . 60 d
, ..60
, ..62
..64
..65
..66
..68
..68
..63
..62
..62
..60

' Sunsfi
eg.. 6 de
. . 6
.. 6
.. 8
.. 10
.. 10
.. 10
.. 10
.. 10
.. 8
.. 8
.. 6

ne.
g.

it
tnber
er
nber
aber

Monthly Culture. — The plants being-
all plunged in the new pit, trial sticks
must be put in, and a bottom heat
thermometer by all means employed.
The bottom heat here given is meant
to apply to the heat at the bottom of
the pot. Whilst practitioners are driven
to capricious fermenting materials as a
source of bottom heat, an excess of
heat will sometimes become necessary
inside the bed, in order to provide some-
what against sudden declines. Let,
then, the operator secure the bottom
heat as per table at the bottom of the
pot, and all will be right.

If the heat rises above the desired
point, let water be instantly employed
as a cooler betAveen the pots ; and if
this does not immediately check it suf-
ficiently, let the pots forth with be rocked
to and fro in the bed, until a fair cavity
is obtained between the tan and the
pot side ; and when the heat has de-
clined to the desired pitch the cavity
may be filled up again.

Let atmospheric moisture be liberally
employed, especially from three o'clock
1 in the afternoon until eight or nine the
i next morning. A slight syringing may
i be applied on every afternoon about
i closing time, taking care that at tins
! time (February} it is dispersed on the
i following morning by a liberal heat
; and a free ventilation. Air must be
j given daily, if only for an hour ; during
j all moderate weather a little may be
1 given at 8 A.M. ; increased, if necessary,
about 11 A.M. ; and taken entirely away
', about .'3 P.M.

March. — The sun will now be gain-
; ing much power, and the amount of
perspiration from the foliage will be
much increased; let, therefore, a cor-
responding increase take place in the
amount of atmospheric moisture. Shad-
ing may be employed for a couple of
j hours or so in the middle of very
i sunny days with some benefit. Syring-
| ing the surface of the tan is an excel-
j lent plan. If the wind is very cutting,
be very cautious in the admission of
! air; the front sashes may be kept
j closed, and, if sunny, the shade applied,
j merely letting a little of the surplus
heat escape at back.

April. — In proportion to rapidity of

PIN

C 714= ]

PIN

growth must be the admission of air.
With a little freedom in growth, accom-
panied by a free perspiration, the
plants will begin to require occasional
waterings ; indeed, the Queen section
will have required it before March was
out. With regard to such as the Black
Jamaica, the case is widely different ;
it is astonishing how long these pines
will not only subsist, but thrive Avithout
water. Queens, Envilles, Providences,
&c., will require it thrice to their once
— especially the Queens.

May. — Atmospheric moisture must
continue to increase with increasing
heat and light. The syringe may now
be plied two or three times a week,
always choosing bright afternoons for
its application. The closing up, or
reducing the air, must now be deferred
until four o'clock P.M., and the giving
of air must take place proportionately
sooner; indeed, such ought to be in
April. If the pines are vigorous, and
plenty of atmospheric moisture can be
commanded, discontinue shading at
the end of April or beginning of May,
unless the roof be of an exceedingly
bright character, and the squares of
glass very large. Rather let atmos-
pheric moisture more abound, accom-
panied by a freer ventilation still.

June. — If the pines have done well,
their pots will be filled with fine roots
by the end of June, and shifting into
the fruiting pots will become necessary.
We will, however, pass on to the next
month.

July. — At whatever period the last
shifting occurs, the same routine of
potting may be observed ; we have
nothing new to say, except that as the
size of the pot increases, so may in
proportion the size of the lumps of
turf, &c. The plunging medium, if
necessary, may be renewed, but much
caution must be exercised at this
period, when the solar heat produces
so much excitement. However, we
advise that a foot or so of new tan be
trenched into the bottom of the bed,
and a little mixed with surface tan —
and this merely to promote durability
through the ensuing winter. Watch
daily their bottom-heat thermometer.
As before observed— if the plants re-

quire a watering, let it be three days
before the operation of shifting.

An (just. — After the plants have been
shifted a fortnight or so, they will
again require the water-pot. Until the
plants are beginning to root in the new
soil, however, they may be kept moist
enough by copious syringings, clamp-
ing also the surface of the tan daily.
All that is further necessary, is a most
liberal ventilation from eight A.M. until
past four P.M., applying all the atmo-
spheric moisture possible the moment
the house is closed, and syringing just
previous to closing.

September. — The August advice will
do perfectly well for this month, except
that ventilation may even be more libe-
ral still, when the weather is fine, to
put a check on too rampant growth ;
for in order to have fine " shows," the
tissue of the plant must become highly
solidified.

October. — The light will now begin
to decrease considerably, and both arti-
ficial heat and atmospheric moisture
must give way in a proportionate de-
gree. Still, however, persist in permit-
ing a considerable increase of heat
when the weather is bright. We need
hardly say beware of burning at the
root. The advice applies to every month
alike ; but it requires a double amount
of watchfulness for three weeks after
disturbing the fermenting material.

November. — In proportion to the dul-
ness of this month, the heat and mois-
ture must decline. The tan-bed will
require some renewal in the early part
of this month, in order to go well
through the winter ; and if the tan is
mellow, or somewhat dry, let it be well
watered with tepid water, and then
stirred deeply with a pointed stake, as
deep as the stake can go. The whole
may then be cased over up to, and
rather above, the rim of the pot, pro-
vided the bottom-heat has declined
sufficiently to bear it. This renewal
must be watched, and water applied to
the tan if necessary.

December and January require a very
similar course of practice ; much fire-
heat will at times be necessary, and all
possible means must be taken to coun-
teract dryness in the atmosphere. Sy-

PIN

[ 715 ]

PIN

ringing can seldom be permitted in
these two months, hut sprinklings on
the surface of the tan, and once a
week it may be stirred up with a stake.
Besides this, the floor may be kept
moist, evaporating pans kept in con-
tinual requisition, and even the walks
sprinkled, if necessary. If the weather
become unusually severe, rather give up
five degrees on the thermometer than
continue a roasting fire for several
days. In emergencies of this kind, the
pines will take no harm at 55°, but
not a degree below this should be per-
mitted.

February. — The temperature will
now begin to rise again slightly ;
growth recommences, and repotting
succession pines, and the renewal of
bottom heat is needed ; this brings us
to the point from which we commenced.

Insects. See Acarus and Coccus.

PINE-TREE. Pl'nus.

PINE ASTER BEETLE. Bostri'chus.

PINGUI'CULA. Butter-wort. (From
pinguis, fat ; the greasiness of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Butterworts [Lenti-
bulacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria \-Mono-
gynia.)

Seeds and divisions ; chiefly requiring marshy,
boggy soil. North American species are the
most tender, requiring the treatment generally
given to Alpines, with the addition of keeping
water in the saucer below the pot in which they
are grown.

P.ede'ntula (toothless). £. Yellow. April.
North America. 1823.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). -\. Blue.

April. Britain.

— lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. Caro-

lina. 1816.

— orchidoi'des (Orchis -like). $. Purple.

October. Mexico. 1845.

— vulga'ris (common). £. Violet. May.

Britain.

PINK. So little do the Pink, Picotee,
and Carnation, differ in their botanical
characteristics, that they are all con-
sidered varieties of the Clove Pink
(Dianthus caryophyllus} . Some think
that the B,ed Pinks only are derived
from this, but that the Pheasant's- eye
Pinks are the offspring of the Feathered
Pink {Dianthus plumarius}. As florists'
flowers they are very distinct. The
Carnation marks in flakes, or ribbons,
of colour, from centre to edge, and
through the edge ; and the more dense
these ribbons, or stripes, or flakes of

olour are, and the more distinct the
white ground between them, the better,
and the more equally divided, as to
quantity, they are, the better. As the
petals are broader as they approach
the outer edge, so also is, or should bo,
both the colour and the white. They
are divided into classes, called Bizarre*
and Flakes; the former having two
colours of stripe besides the white, the
latter only one colour. These Bizarres
and Flakes are subdivided — there being
purple flakes, rose flakes, and scarlet
flakes; and there being among the
bizarres, scarlet bizarres, which have
scarlet stripes, and a second colour,
which is considered better for a rich
contrast of black, and approaches to it ;
then purple bizarres, which have
purple stripes, with a light pink, or
rose, or some other colour, forming a
contrast. The Picotee has the colour
only on the edge, and broad, or narrow,
as the case may be, but ramifying to-
wards the centre; any mark or spirt
of colour that does not touch the edge,
is a blemish. Some, therefore, are
only marked round the edge very dis-
tinctly, but as narrow as possible;
others have a sort of feathering, narrow
or deep, as the case maybe, but feather-
ing inwards from the edge ; the outer
edge solid, and the inner edge rough,
or feathery. The Pink is distinct from
both these. The lacing, as it were, of
a pink is rough outside and inside, with
a portion of white outside the lacing,
as if a band of colour had been laid
on ; besides this, there is colour at the
base of every petal, and, perhaps, one-
third of the distance along the petal,
so that it forms an eye, or centre, of
colour, which is peculiar to itself, and
which never occurs in the Carnation or
Picotee. A Pink, without its lacing all
round each petal, and its narrow strip
of white outside it, would be worthless
as a show flower. The more distinct
this lacing is, the better ; it should look
like an even piece of embroidery, just
fairly within the outer edge of the white.
The Pink may be propagated and
cultivated in every respect similarly to
the Carnation. Pipings of it are best
made at the end of May, or early in
June.

PIN

[ 710 ]

PIN

Growing in Beds. — By the middle of
August Pinks are all gone out of flower.
The old plants are of little use to the
florist, as they seldom produce the
second year first-rate bloom, hut for
ornamenting the border they are valu-
able. Remove them out of the bed ;
trim off all dead flower- stems ; and
plant them in the borders of the garden
rather deeper than they have been
before. They will make fresh roots
higher up the stems, and form close
compact bushes, producing the next
season abundance of flowers. If it is
intended to grow Pinks again in the
same bed, the soil ought to be taken
out a foot deep and renewed with fresh
loam, and very rotten stable dung, in
the proportion of three of the first to
one of the latter, turning it over fre-
quently to thoroughly mix. and sweeten
it. This should be done by the third
week of August. Eaise the bed six
inches above the soil around, and
formed like a
pitched roof,
thus. The com-
post should be at least a foot deep.
Plant in rows, the first week in Sep-
tember, and twelve inches apart each
way. Sheltering in winter, frequent
stirring of the soil in spring, and mulch-
ing with short, well-decayed stable
manure early in June, are the chief
points of after-culture. See Carnation
for other points requiring attention.

PIN PILLAE. Opu'ntia carmsa'vica.

PINNATE. A leaf is pinnate when
several leaflets grow from the sides of
one foot- stalk, as in the Pea, Aca-
cia, <fec.

PINNATIFID, is when a leaf is cut
across(from the edge towards the centre
nerve into several oblong parallel seg-
ments, as in Ipomo'psis, &c.

PI'NUS. Pine-Tree. (A name from
Theophrastus. Nat. ord., Conifers
[Pinacea?]. Linn., 'Zl-Moncccia 'lO-
Mon adelphia. )

Hardy evergreens, except where otherwise
mentioned. Chiefly by seeds ; scarce ones, by
cuttings, layers, inarching, and grafting ; deep
rich loam yields the quickest and finest tim-
ber for bulk ; a more mountainous situation,
where the soil is neither so rich nor ?o deep, is
supposed to yield the most lasting timber.

TIES (A'bics).
All hardy evergreens.

P. ajone'sis (Ajona], Large tree. Siberia.

— a'lba (white. Spruce). 50. May. North

America. 1/00.
na'na (dwarf). May.

— ama'bilis (lovely). 180. April. New Cali-

fornia. 1831.

— aroma' tica (aromatic). 100. Oregon.

— balsa'mea CB&lmof Gilead). 45. May. N.

America. 1696.

— bractea'tn (bracted). 120. California.

— Bmnonia'na (Brown's). J5. Nepaul.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian. Hemlock-spruce').

85. May. N. America. 1736.

— Cephalo'nica (Cephalonian). 60. May. Ce-

phalonia. 1824.

— co'ncolor (one-colored). Mountains of

Mexico.

— Dougla'sii (Douglas's). 1/0. May. N.

America. 1826.

— exce'lsa (lofty). 150. May, N. of Europe.

Carpatica, Clunbrasiliana, giganteu, mon-
strosa, mucronata, nana, tenuifolia, va-
riegata, and viminalis, are all varieties
of excelsa.
. — falca'ta (sickle-heaved). 35. Oregon.

— fi'rma (solid). Mountains of Japan.

— Fra'seri (Fraser's). 30. May. Pennsyl-

vania. 1811.
na'na (dwarf).

— gru'ndis (great). 170. May. New Cali-

fornia. 1831.

— lieterophy'lla (various-leaved). 180. Oregon.

— homo'lepis (equal-scaled). 25. Mountains

of Japan.

— Jezoe'nsis (Jezo. Spruce-Fir}. 55. Japan.

— Khu'trow (Khutrow). 50. Himalayas.

— lasioca'rpa (woolly - coned). North-west

America.

— Slenzie'sii (Menzies). 60. May. North-

west America. 1831.

— Mertensia'nci (Merten's). Island of Sitcha.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved) . 180. Oregon.

— Mori'nda (Morinda). 40. North India.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 180. Oregon.

— ni'gra (black. Spruce). 60. May. North

America. 1/00.

— no1 bills (noble). 65. North America. 1831.

— Nordmannia'na (Nordmann's). 80. Crimea.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg-foned). Siberia.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 30. May. Levant. 1825.

— pl'cea (pitchy). 160. May. Germany. 1603.

Apolli'nis (Apollini). Greece.

leiocla'da (smooth-branched). Levant.

— pi'chta (pitch). 50. May. Siberia. 1820.

— Pi'ndrow (Pindrow). 100. May. Himalayas.

1837-

— Pinsa'po (Pinsapo). 65. Spain. 1838.

— poli'ta (neat). 50. Mountains of Japan.

— religio'sa (sacred). 150. Mexico.

— ru'bra (red. Spruce). 50. May. North

America. 1755.

viola 'ecu (violet).

a'rcticu (arctic).

— Schrenkia'na (Schrenk's). Siberia.

— Sitche'nsis (Sitchan). Island of Sitcha,

— trogo'na (three-angled). 300. Oregon.
— • Tsu'ga (Tsugan). North of Japan.

— • na'na (dwarf).

— Webbia'na (Webb's). 90, Himalayas. 1822.

PIN [ 7.

LARCHES (Larix).
All hardy and deciduous.
P. Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). Northern Siberia,

— Griffithia'na (Griffith's). 50. Nepaul.

— Kamtcha1 tika (Kamtchatka).

— La'rlv (Larch). 100. Alps.

re1 pens (creeping) .

pe'ndula (drooping).

— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's).

— lepto'lepis (slender-scaled). North of Japan.

— microca'rpa (small - coned) . 100. North

America.

— pe'ndula (drooping). North America.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). Siberia.

PINES (Pinus).

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

P. upulce'nsis (Apulco). 60. Mexico. 1839.

— Ai/acahni'te (Ayacahnite). 100. Mexico.

1840.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 40. Canaries. 1815.

— cembroi'des (Cemb fa-like). 30. Mexico.

1845.

— Devonia'na (Duke of Devonshire's). 80.

Mexico. 1839.

—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 60. Guatemala.
1839.

— Gerardia'na (Gerard's). 50. Himalayas.

— Gordonia'na (Gordon's). 80. Mexico. 1846.

— Grenvi'llea; (Lady Grenville's). 80. Mexico.

1846.

— Hartive'gii (Hartweg's). 40. Mexico. 1839.

— leinphy'lla (smooth -leaved). 80. Mexico.

1800.

— Lindleya'na (Lindley's). Mexico.

— Inngifn'lia (long - leaved). 60. Nepaul.

1801.

— macrnphy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1839.

— Montezu'ma (Montezuma's). 40. Mexico.

— occidenta'lis (western). 80. St. Domingo.

— ooca'rpa (egg-s/iff/jed-coned). 40. Mexico.

1839.

— oocarpoi'des (Oocarpa - like). Guatemala.

1839.

— Orixa'lee (Motmt-OrizAla.). 30. Orizala.

1845,

— pn'tiila (spreading - leaved}. 65. Mexico.

1826.

stri'cta (straight).

macroca'rpa (large-coned).

— pseudostro'bus (false-coned). /O. Mexico.

1839.

— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's}. Mexico.

1839-

— Sine'nsis (Chinese). 40. China. 1825.

— Teoco'te (Teocote-htvsted). 100. Mexico.

1826.

— Winresteria'na (Marquis of Winchester's).

80. Mexico. 1846.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

P. Ara'bica (Arabian). Palestine.

— austra'lis (southern). 70. Florida. 1730.

— Austri'aca (Austrian-black}. June. Austria.

1835.

— Banksia'na (Banks's - scrub}. 40. May.

North America. 1785.

— Benthdmia'na (Bentham's). 200. California.

1847.

] PIN

, Bru'lia (Calabrian). Calabria.

- Bungea'na (Bunge's). North of China.

- Ce'mbra (Cembra. Siberian}. 25. May.

Siberia. 1746.
pu'mila (dwarf). Siberia.

- Chilmalma'na (Chilmalm's). 40. North of

Mexico.

- commu'nis (common).

ru'bra (red). Scotland.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved).

- e'dulis (eatable-seeded). North Mexico.

- Ehrenbe'rgii (Ehrenberg's). 100. Mexico.

- exce'lsa (tall). 100. Nepaul. 1823.

- Finlaysnnia'na (Finlayson's). Cochin China.
-fle>xilis (pliant). New Mexico.

- Fremontia'na (Capt. Fremont's). 20. Cali-

fornia. 1848.

- Iialepe'nsis (Aleppo). 40. June. Levant.

1683.
mari'tima (maritime), 40. May.

South of Greece.
-i'nops (Jersey. Poor). 30. May. North

America. 1/39.

- insi'gnis (remarkable), 60. California. 1833.

- insula'ris (island). Philippines.

- Koraie'nsis (Corean). 10. Corea.

- Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 200. North

America. 1827.
brevifo'lia (short-leaved).

- Lari'cio (Corsican. Larch). 80. May. Cor-

sica. 1814.

- Llavea'na (La Llave's). 25. Mexico. 1830.

- macroca'rpa (large-coned). 120. California.

- Merku'sii (Merkus's). 100. Sumatra.

- mi'tis (soft-leaved). 50. May. North Ame.

rica. 1739.

— monti'cola (mountain-top). California. 1831,

— Mu'gho (Mugho). May. Austria.

hu'milis (lowly).

obli'qua (twisted).

— murica'ta (prickly-coned}. 40. California.

1848.

— ost eospe'rma (scaly-seeded). New Mexico.

— Pallasia'na (Pallas's). 40. May. Siberia,

1820.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). Japan. 1846.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). South of Persia.

— Pen'ce (Pencean). Mountains of Rumelia.

— Pina'ster (Cluster. Pinaster), 60. June.

S. Europe. 1596.

Escare'na (Escaren's).

Lemonia'na (Sir C. Lemon's). 30.

May.
mi'nor (le«s - coned). 60, May.

France.
variega'ta (variegated - leaved}.

May.

— Pi'nea (Stone Pine). 60. June. South

Europe. 1548.
Cre'tica (Cretan). May. Crete.

•.'gilis (thin-shelled}. 60. May.
th Europe.

— pondero'sa ( weigh ty-wooded). 50. North

America. 1828.

— pumi'lio (dwarf). 20. May. Europe.

— pu'ngens (stinging). 40. May. North

America. 1804.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 50. May. Pyrenees.

1834.

— radia'ta(ra.di&ted-scaled). 100. California,.

— resino'sa (resinous)-. 80. May. North

America. 1756.

fra'

Sout

PIN

[ 718 ]

PIP

P. rt'gida (stiff). 80. May. North America.
1759.

— ru'dis (rude). Mexico.

— Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 120. March. Cali-

fornia. 1832.

— sero'tina (late). 40. May. North America.

1713.

— strobifo'rmis (cone-shaped). 120. Mexico.

— stro'bus (large - coned. Weymouth), 200.

April. North America. 1705.

a'lba (white). 100. May.

brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 100. April.

— sylve'stris (wood. Scotch). 80. May. Scot-

land.

— Tee'd a (Frankincense). 80. May. Florida.

1713.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 80. Guatemala.

— tubercula'ta (warted). 100. California.

— varia'bilis (va.riable-two~and-three-leaved).

40. May. North America. 1739.

PIP, in floriculture, is a single corolla
or flower, where several grow upon a
common stem, as in the Polyanthus
and Auricula. The pips thus growing
together are described as a Truss.

PI'PEE. Pepper. (From pepto, to
digest; referring to the stimulating-
power. Nat. ord., Peppenvorts [Pipera-
ceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria 3-Triandria.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
wood, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil, in heat ;
also by suckers from the bottom of the plant.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°.
The genus contains the pepper plant, and the
Betle, of which the leaf is chewed in India as
much as tobacco is in the west.

P. Be'tle (Betle). 6. E.Indies. 1804.

— di' 'scalar (two-coloured). 4. July. W,

Indies. 1821.

— • genicula'tum (swollen-jointed). 2. Jamaica.
1823.

— gla'brum (smooth). 10. Campeachy. 1768.

— glauce'scens (milky-green). 3. Peru. 1822.

— laurifo' Hum (Laurel-leaved). 10. July. W.

Indies. 1768.

— lo'ngum (long). 6. June. E. Indies. 1788.

— ni'grum (black). 6. E.Indies. 1790.

— tomento'sum (downy). 14. August. W.

Indies. 1768.

— trioi'cum (tricecious). 6. East Indies. 1818.

— tubercula'tum (pimpled). 6. South Ame-

rica. 181 tf.

— umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. June. West

Indies. 1748.

PIPEEIDGE, the Barberry.

PIPES for heating horticultural struc-
tures are preferably made of cast iron,
painted black. Earthenware has been
recommended for the purpose, but they
are so much more liable to breakage
and leakage, as to outweigh any original
saving in the cost. For draining, earthen
pipes with a bore an inch in diameter
are the best.

TABLE of the quantity of pipe, four inches
diameter, which will heat one thousand cubic

feet of air per minute, any required number
of degrees ; the temperature of the pipe
being 200° Fahrenheit.

external Temperature at which the room is
a;r- | required to be kept.

Fahr. |
Scale. 45

50°

55°

60°

65C

70°

75°

8"°

85°

90°

10° 1 126 150
12 |H9 142

1/4

166

200
192

229
220

259
251

292328
283318

367
357

409
399

14
16

18
20

112 135
105|l27
98 120
9M12

159 184
151 176
143,168
135 160

212
204
195

187

242
233
225
216

274

265

256

247

309

300
21)0
281

347
337

328
318

3 S3
378

m

358

22

83 105

128

152

179

207

238

2/1

308

347

24

th 26

76| 97

69 90

120 144 170il99
112136162190

229
220

262
253

29&
288

337
327

o 28

61

82

104

1281154

181

211

243 279

317

& 30

54 75

97

120 145

173

202

234

269

«/

g> V-32

47! 67

89

112 137

164

193

225

259

296

•1 34

40| 60

81

104 129

155

184

215

249

2S6

3 36

32

52

73

96 120

147

175 206 239

276

£ ) 38

25

45

66

88 112

138

166 196230

266

40

18

37

58

80 104

129

157

187 220

255

42

10

30

50

72

95

121

148

178210

245

44

3

22

42

64

87

112

139

168200

235

46

15

34

56

79

103

130

159 190

225

48

7

27

48

70

95

121

150

181

214

50

19

40 62

86

112

140171

204

52

11

32 54

77

103

131

161

194

To ascertain by the above Table the
quantity of pipe which will heat one
thousand cubic feet of air per minute,
find, in the first column, the tempera-
ture corresponding to that of the ex-
ternal air, and in one of the other
columns find the temperature of the
room ; then, in this latter column, and
on the line which corresponds with the
external temperature, the required
number of feet of pipe will be found.

PIPEWOET. Erioca'ulon.

PIPING, a mode of propagating the
Carnation, Picotee, and Pink, is only
another word for a cutting. Some
persons pull off the pipings from the
plant, and stick them in without more
ado, but this is a slovenly way ; besides,
in pulling off the pipings, the main
stem of the plant is materially injured,
and often destroyed. The more correct
way is, with a sharp knife, to cut off
the side-shoot close to the stem, without
injuring it, leaving a sufficient number
of shoots to preserve the health of the
plant. Take off one kind at once,
making the proper number or tally at

PIP

[ 710 ]

PIS

the same time ; then dress the pipings
by cutting off the lower leaves, leaving
about four at the top. These four leaves
should not be mutilated or shortened,
as they are the organs to send down
sap to form the roots. Put the pipings
in pots filled with light earth, and a
covering of sand upon it. Place them
in a frame with a little bottom-heat,
watering gently when dry, and shading
from the sun until they are ripened.
See Carnation.

PIPTA'NTHUS. (From pipto, to fall,
and anthos, a flower ; short duration of
the flowers. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacece]. Linn., 10-Decandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Anagyris. )

Hardy deciduous shrub. Seeds, which ripen
freely ; cuttings of ripe shoots, under a hand-
light ; layers, cuttings also of roots ; rich sandy
loam ; should have the protection of a wall in
exposed cold places, far north of London.
P. Nepaule'nsis (Nepaulese). 10. Yellow.
May. Nepaul. 1821.

PIQUE 'RIA. (Named after A. Pique-
ria, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, but
chiefly division in spring ; common soil.
P. trine'rvia (three-nerved). 2. White. July.
Mexico. 1798.

PISCI'DIA. Jamaica Dogwood. (From
jnscis, a fish, and ccedo, to kill ; the
leaves, twigs, and bark, are used to
stupify fish. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 16 - Mona-
delphia 6-Decandria. Allied to Andira.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered trees from the
West Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy fibry
loam. Winter temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. Carthagine'nsis (Carthagena). 30. 1690.
— Erythri'na (red). 25. 1690.

PISTA'CIA. Pistachia Tree. (Altered
from its Arabic name Foustag. Nat.
ord., Terebinths [Anacardiacete]. Linn.,
%%-J)i(ecia 5-Pentandria. Allied to
Schinus.)

P. Atlantica and lentiscus yield the useful
resiu called mastich. Seed nuts ; layers and
cuttings; rich deep sandy loam. Those from
Barbary and the South of Europe require the
protection of a greenhouse, or a cold pit in
winter; and even the hardiest kinds, though
they have stood out at Fulham, and the Horti-
cultural Society's Gardens, will generally do
be&t against a wall, when north of London,

unless the place is both sheltered from the cold,
and exposed to the sun.

EVERGREEN TREES.
P. lenti'scus (mastich-tree) . 15. May. S.

Europe. 1654.
angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 10.

May. S. Europe. 1667.
Chi' a (Chian). May. Scio.

DECIDUOUS TREES.

P. Atla'ntica (Atlantic). 12. Barbary. 1790.

— mu'tica (beardless). Russia. 1844.

— Terebi'nthus (Turpentine-tree). 20. June.

S. Europe. 1656.

. sphceroca'rpa (round-fruited) .

May. Evergreen.

— ve'ra (true). 20. May. Syria. 1770.
Narbone'nsis (Narbonne). 20. April.

Narbonne. 1/52.

trifo'lia (three -leafleted). 20. May.

Syria.

PI'STIA. (From pistillum, the female
organ ; signifying the appearance of
the spathe inflorescence. Nat. ord.,
Duckweeds [Pistiaceee] . Linn., 22-
Dicecia l-Monandria.)

Beautiful stove aquatic. Seeds and divisions ;
rich strong loam ; a tub or tank in the plant
stove or aquarium.

P. stratio'tes ( Water-soldier. Water Lettuce) .
J. Greenish. Jamaica. 1843.

PISTORI'NIA. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Cras-
sulaceas]. Linn., \Q-Decandria §-De-
cagynia. Allied to Cotyledon.)

Hardy biennials. Seeds in any dry soil, in an
exposed place, or a rock-work, in April.
P. Hispa'nica (Spanish). £. Red. June. Spain.
1796.

PI'SUH. The Pea. (From pis, the
Celtic name. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 17-Diadel-

Perennials, seeds and divisions ; annuals,
seeds sown according to the time the produce
is wanted; rich deep soil, where they will
neither suifer from damp nor drought. See Pea.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. America'num (American). 1. Purple. S.
America. 1800.

— mari'timum (sea). l£. Purple. England.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. arve'nse (field). 3. Red. South Europe.

— ela'tum (tall). 6. Dark blue. Iberia. 1820.

— Joma'rdi (Jomardi's). 3. White. Egypt.

1820.

— sati'vum (common-cultivated). 3. White.

South Europe.

hu'mile (humble). 1. White.

macroca'rpum (large-podded). 4.

White.
quadra' turn (squared). 3. White.

PIS

PLA

P. suti'»um sacchara'tum (sugared). 4. White.
• umbella'tum (umbelled). 4. Purple.

— Theba'icum (Theban). 3. 1825.

PIT in the Stove is the excavation, or
brick enclosure, in which is the tan,
or other material for plunging the pots;
and for Forcing, it is a structure having
a glass roof, and differing from a hot-
Led and frame only in being large, and
with sides fixed to the soil. See Hot-
bed and Melon for examples of various
kinds of Pit. A Cold Pit is one where
no artificial heat is used, the pro-
tection the plants receive being given
solely by coverings. During summer
and spring, these pits, when not covered,
are still a great protection to plants by
their walls. Either a Melon or Cu-
cumber Pit unheated, or an enclosure
made with turf walls, and covered with
the glass lights of a hotbed frame, an-
swer admirably as cold pits.

PITCAI'RNIA. (Named after Dr.
Pit cairn. Nat. ord., Sromet worts
[Bromeliacete]. Linn., 8-Octandria ]-
Monogynla. Allied to Tillandsia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Division, and
by suckers, in spring, or when they can best be
obtained ; sandy fibry peat, and good mellow
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. a'lbiflos (white-flowered). 3. White. Sep.
teniber. Brazil. 1824.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Scarlet.

Santa Cruz. 1777.

—bractea'ta (large-red-br&cted). 2. Scarlet.
April. West Indies. 1799.

— bromeliafo'lia (Pine - Apple - leaved). 2.

Scarlet. June. Jamaica. 178!.

— Chile'nsis (Chili). 1. Scarlet. July. Chili.

1820.

— fla'mmea (flame- coloured}. 2. Flame. No-

vember. Rio Janeiro. 1825.

— furfura'cea (scurfy). 2. Red. July. South

America. 1816.

— hu'milis (low), i. Scarlet. July. South

America. 1820.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 2. Red. August.

West Indies. 1800.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 2. Scarlet.

July. South America. 1820.

— iridiflo'ra (Iris-flowered). 2. Scarlet. July.

South America. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 2. Scarlet. August.

West Indies. 1785.

— ri'ngens (gaping). Crimson. Demarara.

— stumi'nea (long- stamened). 2. Scarlet.

January. South America. 1823.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 2. Yellow.

July. Brazil. 1824.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-flowered). 2. Yellow.

August. West Indies. 1797.

— undula'ta (wavy). Scarlet. July. Brazil.

1843.

P. undiilatifo'lia (waved-leaved), 1$. White.

May. Brazil.
gigante'a (gigantic). 5. White.

February.

PITCHER-LEAF. Nepe'nthes phyUa'm-
phora.

PITCHER-PLANT. Nepe'nthes dhtllla-
to'ria.

PITTOSPO'RUM. (From pltte, to tar
or pitch, and sporos, seed ; seeds
covered with resinous pulp. Nat. ord.,
Pittosporads [Pittosporacere]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1 -Monogynla.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April,
and kept in a close frame, without bottom-heat ;
sandy fibry loam and a few nodules of fibry peat.
Winter temp., 38° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
Tobira and undulatum have delightfully scented
flowers, and both have stood against walls in
the climate of London, with a little protection.
P. Anderso'nii (Anderson's). 4. Yellow. May.
New Holland. 1820.

— angustlfo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.

June. New South Wales. 1830.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Chocolate. Van

Diemen's Land. 1842.

— bracteolu'tum (small-bracted). Norfolk

Island. 1837.

— Cape'nse (Cape). May. 1820.

— coria'ceum (leathery-leaved). 8. Blue.

May. Madeira. 1/83.

— cornifo'lium (Cornus-leaved). 3. Brown.

May. New Zealand. 1827.

— ferrugi'neum (rusty-leaved). 6. Yellow.

March. Guinea. 1787-

— fu'lvum (tawny-leaved). 3. Yellow. April.

New Holland. 1820.

— glabra'tum (smooth). !£. Bright yellow.

May. Hong-kong. 1845.

— hi'rtum (h&iry-branched). 4. Yellow.

May. Canaries. 1822.

— ligustrifo' Hum (Privet-leaved). 6. Sep-

tember. New Holland. 1823.

— Mauritia'num (Mauritius). 8. Yellow.

May. Mauritius. 1825.

— Ma'yii (May's). 3. 1845.

— oleifo'lium (Olive-leaved). New Holland.

1823.

— revolu'tum (curled-back-teai'ed). 6. Yellow.

March. New Holland. 1795.

— tenuifo'lium (thin-leaved). 4. May. New

Holland. 1820.

— Tobi'ra (TobiraX 12. White. May.

Japan. 180-1.

— tomento'su'n (-woolly-leaved). 6. Yellow.

July. New Holland. 1824.

— undula'tum (waved-teatied). 10. White,

green. April. New South Wales.

1789.
variega'tum (variegated -leaved).

5. White, yellow. April. Gardens.
PLAGIOLO'BIUM. (From playios,
transverse, and lobos, a pod. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacece]. Linn.,
17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Allied to
Hovea.)

PLA

TLA

Greenhouse evergreen, purple - flowered
shrubs from New Holland. Cuttings of the
points of young shoots, or the small side-shoots,
when two inches in length, taken off close to
the stem ; sandy fibry peat, with a few pieces
of broken pots, charcoal, and dried leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 40° to 48 ; summer, 60° to 75°.
P . chorozemeefo'lium, (Chorozema-leaved). 2.
March. 1824.

— illicifo'lium (Holly-leaved). 2. March. 1824.

PLA'NKKA. (Named after J. Planer,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Elm-
•irorts [Ulmacese], Linn., ±-Te,trandrla
'>>-Tetra<jynicti Allied to the Elm.)

Hardy herbaceous trees. Layers and graft-
ing on the elm ; common rich loam.
P. curpinifo'lia (Hornbeam - leaved). Green.
April. Siberia.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 12. Brown. April.

North America. 1816.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Green. April.

Caucasus.

— Richa'rdi (Richard's). 12. Brown. April.

North America, 1/60.

PLANE TEEE. Pla'tamis.

PLANK PLANT. Bossicc'a scolope'n-
drium.

PLANTAIN. Mu'sa.

PLA'NTIA. (Named by Dr. Herbert,
after Mr. Plant, nurseryman at Chea-
dle, in commemoration of his success
in cross-breeding. Nat. ord., Trids
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandrla l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Sisyrinchium.)

Greenhouse bulb. Seeds, in spring, in a
slight hotbed ; offsets ; light rich sandy loam ;
bulbs requiring to be taken up, or protected in
a frame during winter.

P.fla'va (yellow). Yellow. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1842.

PLANTING. — The end of October is
the best time in the whole year to plant
all kinds of trees and bushes which
cast their leaves in winter, whether
fruit-bearing or ornamental; but all
the evergreen American plants, as the
Rhododendron, may be planted in Octo-
ber, as well as in July, August, or Sep-
tember— the right months for getting
in most evergreens. For directions as
to planting Fruit-trees, the reader is
referred to the article Stations ,but much
of the following directions relative to
planting ornamental trees and shrubs
is generally applicable. Wherever they
are to be placed, if the soil is at all dry
at the bottom, no matter how poor it
may be, it should be stirred or trenched
three feet deep. lu the case of single
plants, where a pit or hole only is
4(3

i required, the narrowest diameter ought
to be four feet, and if the bottom soil
is poor it should be removed and some
good added instead; but loose soil oi'
this description will subside in time,
and if the plants are tied to stakes, as
many need be to keep them firm the
first year or two, the sinking of the soil
from under the roots may cause them
to strain, or otherwise injure them, by
cracking and letting in the dry winds
to them. Another evil is, that when
trees thus planted sink down gradually,
additional soil is placed over the roots
to make the surface level, and this is
equivalent to planting too deep in the
first instance, and deep planting is
always to be avoided. Therefore the
loose or new soil beneath the roots
ought to be gently pressed down, and
the pit filled up to near the surface of
the ground, or to within three or four
inches of it, so that, when the tree or
bush is planted, the surface of the pit
will appear a little mound, several
inches above the surrounding surface.
Plant fruit-trees shallow and on hard
bottoms, to prevent their getting too
luxuriant; but in gardening for orna-
mental plants, the more healthy and
vigorous we can grow them the more

i ornamental they will be ; unless, indeed,

j they are rather tender for our climate,
in that case shallow planting on a solid
or unloosed bottom suits them best, as
they cannot grow too strong, and the
wood will therefore ripen better. The
shrub being taken up with long, bare
roots, and a host of small fibres, and
a considerable ball of soil attached
close up to the bole or bottom of the
plant, place this ball in the middle of
the prepared pit, and fill in the loose
soil under the strong roots, so that they
may lie in their natural position, and
in doing it if the small fibres are pressed
down too much, loosen them back
again, and fill in any cavities under the
bole or main roots. When the roots,
great and small, each of them branch-
ing out in straight lines, are as regular
as they can be placed, some of the
lower ones will be out of sight, but the

! majority are still in view ; over these
put a little better soil thus : take a

; spadeful, and thro>v it past the stem of

0 A

PLA

C 723 ]

TLA

the plant on the roots on the opposite -•
side to you, so that the soil runs along
in the same direction as the roots. If
you throw it on the roots next to you,
it will run against their direction and
turn back their small points, which
would be nearly as bad as the old way
of shaking the plant up and down at
this stage. When all the roots are
covered an inch or two, the watering-
pot must come, with a large rose to it,
and you must water all over the surface
heartily, even if it is a rainy day. This
watering is to do the business of the
old shaking — settle the finer particles
of the soil about the roots : the rest of
the soil, to the depth of four or five
inches, may be thrown on any-how, if
the lumps are broken small, so that
the surface is pretty smooth, and formed
into a shallow basin to hold the future
waterings. A stout stake, or stakes,
according to the size of the plant,
should be driven down before the eartli
is put over the roots, to keep the plant
from wind-waving. When large, bushy
evergreens are to be removed, their
branches must be tied up towards the
stem by passing a rope or strong cord
round them before commencing at the
roots.

PLASHING is a mode of repairing or
modifying a hedge by bending down a
portion of the shoots, cutting them half
through near the ground to render
them more pliable, and twisting them
among the upright stems, so as to
render the whole more effective as a
fence, and at the same time preserve
all the branches alive. For this pur-
pose, the branches to be plashed, or
bent down, must not be cut more than
half through, in order that a sufficient
portion of sap may rise up from the
root to keep alive the upper part of the
branches. Where hedges are properly
formed and kept, they can very seldom
require to be thus maimed.

PLASTEE OF PARIS. See Gypsum.

PLATANTHE'RA. (From platys, broad,
and anthem, an anther. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 2Q-Gy-
nandrla l-Monandria.)

Chiefly hardy orchids. Seeds, chiefly sown
as soon as ripe, in loose, mossy, peaty soil ;
peat and loam, with a little chalk j hardy ones,

kept as Alpines, in a frame, defended from
heavy rains and from severe frosts, and the
atmosphere round them moist, by watering the
ground or moss on which they stand. Several
require the protection of a warm greenhouse.
Habenaria bifoliu and /am have been added to
this genus.

P. cilia' ris (hair-fringed). Yellow. June. North
America. 1796.

— crista'ta (crested). Yellow. September.

North America. 1806.

— dilata'ta (spread). 1$. White. September.

Canada. 1823.

—fimbria'ta (fringed). Purple. June. Canada.
1789-

— herbi'ola (small-herb). Green. June. North

America. 1789.

— holope'tala (all - petaled). White. May.

Canada. 1820.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). Green. June. North

America. 1822.

— hyperbo'rea (northern). Green. June. North

America. 1805.

— mci'so (cut). Pale yellow. June. North

America. 1826.

— psycho'des (Butterfly-like). Yellow. June.

North America. 1826.

— Susa'nnee (Susanna). Green, white. East

Indies. 1834. Stove.

PLA'TANUS. Plane -Tree. (From
pluti/s, broad ; the wide-spreading head
of the trees. Nat. ord., Planes [Pla-
tanacese]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia (J-Poly-
andria.)

Hardy deciduous, trees, flowering in April.
Seeds, in the autumn, and preserved until spring ;
cuttings also in spring and autumn, but chiefly
and most quickly by layers, in autumn and
spring ; deep mellow loam.

P. occidenta'lis (western). 70. North America.

1636.
-- au'rea variega'ta (golden-varie-

gated- /eat-erf). 70. 1846.
--- integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 70.

1845.
-- - heterophy'lla (various - leaved) .

America. 1842.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 50. Levant. 1548.
-- acerifo'lia (Maple-leaved). 70. Le-

vant.

— ' • cunea'ta (wedge-/ea»ed). 20. Le-
vant. 1739.

-- • Hispa'nica (Spanish). 70. Spain.
-- lacinia'ta (cut-team*). 70. 1845.
-- monstro'sa (monstrous) . /O. 1845.

PLATYCE'RIUM. (From platys, broad,
and keras, a horn ; form of the fertile

ceaa]. Linn., 2±-Crypto</amia

Stove Ferns. See Ferns.

P. alcico'rne (Elk's-horn). £. Brown. August.
New South Wales. 1808.

— bifo'rme (two-shaped). 4. Brown. April.

East Indies. 1842.

— gra'nde (grand). Brown. July. Moreton.

Bay. 1B28.

TLA

PLK

P. stemma'ria (Stemmaria), 1, Brown, May.
Guinea. 1822.

P, rotundifo'lia (round - leaved).
New Zealand. 1824.

July.

This should be added to Gompholo'bium.
P. Celsia'num (Cels's). 3. Yellow. New
Holland. 1820.

PLATYCO'DON. (From platys, broad,
and kodon, a bell ; form of flower. Nat.
ord., Belhvorts [Campanulacese], Linn.,
5-Pcntandria l-Monogynia. )

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and
divisions in spring; and cuttings of young
shoots in summer, under a hand-light ; sandy
mellow loam.

P. grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). 1. Blue.
June. Dahuria. 1782.

a'lba (white). 1. White. June.

North of China. 1845.

a'lba semiple'na (semi-double-
white). 1. White. June. China. 1845.

PLATYLO'BIUM. Flat Pea. (From
platysj broad, and lobos, a pod. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacere],
Linn., \Q~Monadelphia (}-Decandria. Al-
lied to Hovea.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from New Holland,
and orange-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds, in spring, in a slight hot-
bed, after placing them several hours in water,
at a temperature of 130°; also by cuttings of
the half-ripened short shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April; fibry sandy peat chiefly,
with a very little fibry loam, charcoal, and
broken potsherds, with pots extra-well drained.
Stagnant water, especially in winter, destroys
them. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P.formo'sum (beautiful). 4. July. 1790.

— Murraya'num (Murray's). 1. Yellow, red.

May. 1832.

— obtusa'ngulum (obtuse-angled). 1. Yellow,

red. May. 1832.

— ovn'tum (egg-leaved). 4. July. 1792.

— parviflo'rum (small - flowered). 4. July.

1/92.

— triangula're (triangular-teased). 4. July.

1805.

PLATYLO'MA. (From platys, broad,
and loma, an edge. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceee]. Linn.. Z±-Cryptoqamia
l.FUices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
P. Andromedatfo'lia (Andtomefa-leaved). May.
1840.

— atropurpu'rea (dark-purple). £. May. N.

America. 1770.

— Bro'wnii (Brown's). May. Australia.

— cnlome'lanos (beautiful-dark). May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1843.

— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 3. June. Mexico.

1842.

— falca't a (sickle - shaped). 1. May. New

Holland. 1823.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). May. Peru. 1838.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 2. September.

W, Indies. 1793.

! — sagitta'ta (arrow - shaped). 3. June. S,

America. 1826.

— ternifo'lia (three - leafleted). l£. Mexicoi
1840.

PLATYLO'PHUS. (From platys, broad,

| and lophos, a crest ; seed-pod com-

I pressed so as to seem winged. Nat.

ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniaceffi]. Linn.,

10-J)ecandria 2-Dlgynia. Allied to

Weinman nia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe

shoots, in sand, under a glass, in May or April ;

loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

P. trifolia'ta (three-leafleted. White Ash).

White. June. C. of Good Hope. 1820.

PLATYPE'TALUM. (From platys, broad,
and pctahim, a petal. Nat. ord., Crtici-
fers [Brassicacese] . ~Lmn.,15-Tetrady-
namia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and
divisions in spring ; sandy peat, in a very
sheltered border, but better still treated as an
Alpine herbaceous plant, by giving it rather a
shady place in summer, and protecting it from
wet and cold in winter.

P.purpura'scens (purplish). £. Purplish. May.
Melville Island, 1827.

PLATYSTE'MON. (From platys, broad,
and stemon, a stamen. Nat. ord., Pop-
pyworts [Papaveraceae]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 1-Monogynia.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, annuals. Seeds, in
April ; common, rich, light soil.
P. Calif o'rnicus (Californian). 1. August. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

— leioca'rpus (smooth - fruited). 1.
Siberia. 1837.

July.

PLATYSTI'GHA. (From platys, broad,
and stigma, the female organ. Nat.
ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracete]. Linn.,
13-Polyandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Platystemon.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and
divisions, in spring ; common light soil ; requires
a little protection in winter.
P. linea're (narrow-leaved). $. Yellow. Cali-
fornia. 1833.

PLEASUEE - OEOUND is a collective
name for that combination of parterres,
lawns, shrubberies, waters, arbours, &c.,
which are noticed individually in these
pages. One observation may be applied
to all — let congruity preside over the
whole. It is a great fault to have any
one of those portions of the pleasure-
ground in excess ; and let the whole
be proportioned to the residence. It

PLE

PLE

is quite as objectionable to be over- ;
gardened as to be over-housed.

PLECTRA'NTTTTJS. (From plektron^ a \
cock's spur, and anl-hos, a flower. Nat. j
ord., Labiates [Lamiacete]. Linn., 14- j
D idy n am ml- Gym n osperm la . )

Herbaceous by seeds and divisions ; shrubs at
times by seeds, but chiefly by cuttings, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; rich, sandy soil will suit
them all. Temperature that of the greenhouse
and stove. There are many more species beside
the following :

P. inca'nns (hoary). 3. Blue. July. 1822.
Greenhouse herbaceous.

— terna'tus (three-leafleted. Opime plant). 3-

Purple. August. Madagascar. 1821.
Stove herbaceous.

— ternifo'lius (three-leaved). 2. Blue. August.

Nepaul. 1820. Greenhouse herbaceous.

— vlscn'sus (clammy). 1$. Blue. August. East

Indies. 1826. Stove evergreen.

PLECTRI'TIS. (From plektron, a cock's
spur ; the flower being swollen in front.
Nat. ord., Valerianworls [ Valerianaceoe] .
Linn., n-Triandria \-Monoyynia.~)

Hardy, North American annuals. Seeds, in
April, in common garden soil.
P. brachyste'mon (short- stamened). White.
June. 1836.

— conge'sta (crowded-lowered). 1. Rose. Julv.

1826.

mi'nor (smaller-lowered). 1. Rose.

July. 1826.

PLECTRO'NIA. (From plektron, a
cock's spur ; the tree armed with large
spines. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
ch onacese]. Linn., ft-Pentandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Chiococca.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May, and placed in a cold
frame ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 20. White, green.
Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

PLEOPE'LTIS. (From pkos, full, and
pelte, a shield ; referring to the covering
of the spore or seed-cases. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia l-FUices.}

Stove Ferns, chiefly with brown spores. See
Ferns.

P. elonga'ta (elongated). Yellow. May. S.
America. 1843.

— ensifo'lia (sword- leaved). £. May. S.

America. 1823.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head). 1. August. W.

Indies. 1812.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. May. S juth

America. 1823.

— nu'da (naked). £. May. Nepaul.

— percu'ssa (stricken). Yellow. Brazil. 1842.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). Yellow. August.

Brazil.

P. se'rpens (creeping).
1816'.

May. W. Indies.

PLERO'MA. ( From pleroma, fullness ;
the cells of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn.,
"LQ-Dcctmdria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Osbeckia.)

Stove, Brazilian, evergreen shrubs, chiefly
with purple flowers. Cuttings of half-ripened,
or rather the short stubby side-shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in summer, and plunged in
a little bottom-heat, lifting the edge of the
bell-glass at night, to prevent damping ; sandy
fibry peat, with a few nodules of fibry loam,
and pieces of broken pots and charcoal, to keep
the soil open, and particularly well drained.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, o'0° to 85°.
Elegans and several others do best in an inter-
mediate house, not so hot as a stove. It does
better in the greenhouse than in the stove.
P. Benthamia'num (Bentham's). 6. August.
1841.

— e'legans (elegant). 5. June. Organ Moun-

tains. 1844.

— heteroma'lla (one- woolly-sided). 4. July.

1819.

— Kunthia'num (Kunth's). Palish-red. July.

1847.

— villo'sa (shagey). 3. White. July. 1820.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 6. July. 1821.

PLEURA'NDRA. (From plenron, a side,
and aner, an anther ; the stamens
arranged on one side of the pistil,
giving the centre of the flower a one-
sided appearance. Nat. ord., Ditteniads
[Dilleniacese], Linn., lA-Polyandria
2-Digynia. Allied to Candollea.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, New Holland,
evergreen shrubs ; all about two feet high, and
blooming in May. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in May ;
sandy fibry loam and fibry peat, with pieces of
charcoal mixed with the compost, with good
drainage and careful watering. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°.

P. acicula'ris (needle-leaved). 1822. P. brae-
tea' ta (torge-bracted). 1823. P. calyci'na
(/ar#e-calyxed). 1826. P. Cneo'rum (Gar-
land-flower). June. 1824. P. ericeefo'lia
(Heath-leaved). 1824. P. ni'tida (shining).
1823. P. sea' bra (rough). 1824. P. stri'cta
(erect). 1826.

PLEUROGRA'MMA. (From plemon, a
side, and gramma, writing ; disposition
: of the spore or seed- cases. Nat. ord.,
j Ferns [ Potypodiaceae ] . Linn., J24-
! Cryptoyamia 1-Filices.)
Stove Fern. See Ferns.
P. linea'ris (narrow - leaved"). Brown. June.
Jamaica. 1823.

PLEURO'CTYNE. (From plcitroii, a side,
and gyne, the female organ ; this issuing
from the side of the seed-vessel. Nat.

PLE

[ 725 ]

PLU

ord., Gentianworts. [ Gentianaceaj ].
Linn., 5-Pentandria %-Digynia. Allied
to Gentian.)

Hardy annual. Seeds, in April ; chalky loam,
and a small portion of peat.

P. rota'ta (wheel-shaped-./?oM>ered). £• Blue. 1
August. Siberia. 1827.

PLL:UKOTHA'LLIS. (From jjleuron, a ,
side, and ihallo, to bloom. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaeese]. Linn., 20-Cty-
iiandria \-Monoijijnia.}

Stove orchids. Not possessing much beauty,
but are interesting, curious little plants. They j
tlirive best upon blocks of wood with a small !
portion of moss tied to the block. The best ;
form of the block is a round one, with the top '
cut sloping at an angle of 45 degrees, the j
plant to be fixed on the sloping part. These !
blocks can then be placed on the lower end, |
which should be cut horizontally, to allow them I
to stand firmly in that position.

P. aphtho'sa (wingless). Yellow. January.
Mexico. 1839.

— bicarina'ta (two-keeled).

— circumple'xa (bound-round). Green. Feb- :

ruary. Mexico. 1837.

— e'legans (elegant). Violet. New Grenada. \

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). Purple. September, i

Peru.

— fralgilis (brittle). Orange, yellow. May. !

Rio Janeiro. 1341.

— ge'lida (cold). Yellowish. May. Jamaica.

1841.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Peru. 1842.

— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). Pale yellow.

Mexico.

— ll'ngua (tongue- leaved}. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1842.

— lute' ola (yellowish-cowered). Yellow. Au-

gust. Brazil. 183Q.

— margina'tu (margined). Purple. April.

Guatemala. 1836.

— muscoi'dea (Moss-like). Pale yellow. June.

Brazil. 1837.

— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved), lied. Jamaica. |

— obova'ta (reversed- egg-/e««ed). Pale yellow. ;

May. Brazil. 1834.

— occu'lta (hidden-lowered). Brown. January. ;

Brazil. 1837.

— oc/irea'ta (reddish - yellow). Red, yellow. ,

September. Brazil. 1839.

— ophioce'phala (snake's-head) . Yellow. April.

Mexico. 1837-

— pachyglo'ssa (thick-tongued). Purple. March.

Mexico. 1837.

— jtuiuluri'fera (fiddle-formed). Yellow. Brazil. >

— pectina'ta (comb-like). Green, purple. July, i

Brazil. 1837.

— plantagi'nea (Plantain-like). Jamaica.

— plumo'sa (featheiy-petalcd). Green, purple.

Trinidad. 1840.

— pulche'lla (neat). Purple. Peru.

— puncta'ta (dotted). Yellow, purple. April. !

Brazil. 1842.

— rcen'rua (curled - back - spiked). Purple,

January. Brazil. 1841.

— rcstrepiol' dcs ( llestrepium - like). Purple,

green. Peru.

P. roseo puncta'ta (rosy-dotted). White, rose.
August. Sierra Nevada.

— seria'ta (rowed). Yellow, green. May.

Brazil. 1842.

— sertularioi'des (Sertularia - like). White.

Jamaica.

— sica'ria (dagger - shaped). Green, yellow.

May. Trinidad. 1841.

— Smithia'na (Smith's). Green, purple. May.

Rio Janeiro. 1842.

— stenope'tala (narrow-petaled). Brown, yel-

low. July. Brazil. 1837.

— strupifo'lia (strap - leaved). Purple, white.

Year. Brazil. 1837-

— te'res (round-stemmed) . Cinnamon. August.

Brazil. 1842.

— tigri'na (tiger - spotted). Yellow, purple.

August. Mexico. 1838.

— tricarina'ta (three-keeled). Orange. Peru.

— villo'sa (shaggy). Purple. May. Mexico.

1838.

— vitta'ta (branded). Purple. April. Mexico.

1837.

PLOUGHMAN'S SPIKENAIU). Ba'cchari*.

PLUM. Pru'nus domc'stica or insili'tin.

Superior kinds. — 1. Smith's Orleans ;
'2. Greengage ; '3. Precoii de Tours ;
4. Washington ; o. White Magnum
Bonum; 0. Imperatrice ; 7. Denistoun's
Superb ; 8. Golden Drop; 1). Early Fa-
vourite ; 10. Ickworth Imperatrice ; 11.
Cox's, late Ked; 12. Jefferson's ; lo.
Heine Claude-Violette ; 14. Koyal Hative ;
15. Wine Sour. Of these, Nos. 1, :'.,
and 9, are remarkable for their earliness
as table fruit. Nos. 0, 7, 10, 11, 13, lo,
for lateness as table fruit. Nos. 4, 7,
13, lo, are adapted for the kitchen.

Propagation. By Grafting. — The
grafting of the Plum is performed in
precisely the same manner as the Pear
or the Apple, and at a similar period.
The Brussels stock is principally used
by our nurserymen ; but for such gross
sorts as the Washington, the Magnum
Bonum, etc., it is a question whether
the Muscle stock would not be litter.
We need not enlarge here 011 the pro-
cess, which will be found in detail under
the head Grafting.

Budding. — The same may be said of
this process. See Budding.

Seed. — This is resorted to in order to
procure new varieties ; and to accomplish
this, of course seed from choice varieties
is obtained. The mode of sowing,
rearing, ifcc., will be found detailed in
the articles Peach and Pear.

Culture dining the Groicing Period. —
As with the Peach, the Nectarine, Pear,
&c., so with the Plum. The lirst pro-

PLU

PLU

eeeding of the season is disbudding.
About the beginning of May the trees
burst forth into a great amount of spra}r,
and much of this will be ill-placed;
and, indeed, if well-placed, much too
crowded. We are, of course, speaking
of wall or espalier trees, for there the
most attention is requisite. A pro-
gressive disbudding is best, the first
consisting in merely removing the fore-
right and back shoots, unless, as ob-
served with regard to the other stone
fruits, vacant spaces occur, when an
ill-placed shoot is better than none.
Shortly after this period, if the trees be
strong, gross shoots or robbers will
show themselves, which, when about
six inches long, should have the points
pinched off. In a few weeks more,
another disbudding will be expedient,
and by this time shoots of a proper
character for final reservation, may
be determined on. The latter may
be carefully tied or trained as soon
as convenient, and every shoot of a
doubtful character, in the thinning
out, may have the point pinched off.
The rest of the proceedings, indeed,
are so similar to the Peach, that it is
scarcely necessary to repeat them.

Culture durimj the Rest Period. — The
trees will require some pruning, and
this consists principally in thinning out,
and reducing the snags or stumps of
shoots, pinched back in the summer
previous. Our practice is to tie down
on the old wood, or otherwise train in,
as much of the shoot-jointed wood as
possible, without cramming it too thick ;
for most of this wood will become stud-
ded with blossom-spurs in the succeed-
ing summer. All that is not needed
may be cut clear away, as in the
Pear ; and all useless stumps also.
Where wood is wanting to furnish
blanks, some of the leading shoots may
be shortened back a little ; and, indeed,
any points may be shortened which
appear spongy and immature. The
trees may now be carefully trained or
nailed in, and, if necessary, receive any
dressing requisite for the insects.

Diseases and Insects. See Peach.

PLUMBA'GO. Leadwort. (From j>lum-
l>um, lead, or a disease of the eye so
called, to which a species of Plumbayo

was applied. Nat. ord., Leadwvrls
[Plumbaginacezje]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-MoHOfjynia.)

Division of hardy herbaceous perennials, and
also seeds and cuttings ; cuttings of the tender
kinds, the side stubby shoots do best, but shoots
at almost every age and size will strike freely,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in summer, and
cither kept cool, or with a little bottom-heat,
according as the species. The tender species
require the greenhouse or the stove. Sandy
loam, and a little fibry peat and dried leaf-
mould.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
P. Cape'nsis (Cape). l£. Blue. November. C.
of Good Hope. 1818.

— tri'stis (dark-lowered). 1$. Brown. May.

C. of Good Hope. 1792.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

P. Mexica'na (Mexican). White. July. Mexico.
1829.

— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). £. Blue.

September. S. America. 1826. Annual.

— ro'sea(rosy). l£. Red. May. E. Indies. 1777-

— sca'ndens (climbing). 3. White. July. W.

Indies. "1699. Climber.

— Zeyla'nica (Cingalese). 2. White. June.

E. Indies. 1/31.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
P, Europe?' a (European). 3. Blue. September.
S. Europe. 1596.

te (Lad*/ Larpent's). 2. Blue. July.
China. 1845. Sir W, Hooker says
this ought to be known as Valoradia
Plumbaginoides.

PLUMIE'RIA. (Named after Phtmier,
a celebrated French botanist. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Cerbera.)

Stove evergreen trees and shrubs. Cuttings
of ripe shoots in spring, in sand, under a hand-
light, and in bottom-heat ; sandy loam and a
little fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°, and
rather dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, with moist
roots and atmosphere.

P. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved'). 20. Red, yel-
low. July. E. Indies. 1790.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 25. White, yellow.

August. S. America. 1815.

— Blandfordia'na (Blandford's). 10. July.

S. America. 1825.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 20. Flesh. July.

Peru. 1820.

— Ke'rii (Ker's). 15. Yellow. August. Mexico.

1815.

— Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. White. July.

Mexico. 1819.

— leuca'ntha (white -flowered). 10. White.

July. S.America. 1825.

— macrophy'lla (large - leaved) . 10. White.

July. S.America. 1825.

— Mille'ri (Miller's). 6. Flesh. July. West

Indies.

— Northia'nu (North's). 7. July. S. America.

1820.

PLU

[ 727 3

POD

P. oltu'sa (\A\mt-leaved~). 10, White. July.
W. Indies. 1733.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). White. July.

W. Indies. 1813.

— pu'dica (chaste-cowered). 5. Yellow. July.

S. America.

— purpu'rea (purple). 20. Purple. July.

Peru. 1820.

— ru'bra (red). 15. Red. July. Jamaica. 1690.

— tubercula'ta (warted-sfewiwied). 6. White.

August. Saint Domingo. 1812.

PODALY'RIA. (A classical name.
Podalirius was the son of ^Esculapius.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
ceae] . Linn., \0-Decandrla \-Monoyynia.
Allied to Callistachys.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. The following, with two excep-
tions, are purple-flowered. Seeds, in a hotbed,
in spring ; cuttings of stubby side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May; sandy
loam and fibry peat, well-drained. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

P. arge'ntea (silvery). 6. White, red. April.
1789.

— buxifo'lia (Box-leaved). 2. Blue. June. 1/90.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 6. June. 1810.

— myrtillifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 6. June. 1795.

— oleefo'lia (Olive-leaved).

4.
June.

May.
1778.

1804.

— seri'cea (silky). 6.

PODOCA'EPUS. (From pous, a foot,
and karpos, a fruit ; long footstalks.
Nat. ord., Taxads [Taxaceeej. Linn.,
%I-Moncccia IQ-Monadelphia. Allied to
the Yew.)

Evergreen cone-bearers. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; loam and
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. Macrophyllu,
latifolia, spinulosa, and nucifera, have stood
some time against walls, in the climate of Lon-
don. They are all good things for a winter
garden.
P. Chili'na (Chilian). 40. Chili.

— ferrugi'nea (rusty - coloured}. 40. New i

Zealand.

— latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 200. March, i

Pandua. 1828.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved).

Japan. 1804.

— Nage'ia (Nageia). 40. Japan.

— nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20. Japan. 1822.

— spinulo'sa (rather-spiny). 20. New Holland.

1820.

— taxifo'lia (Yew-leaved). 40. Peru. 1820.

— Tota'rra (Totarra). 80. New Zealand.

— Ya'cca (Yacca). 50. West Indies. 1818.

POD-FERN. Elloboca'rpus.

PODOLE'PIS. (From pous, a foot, and
lepis, a scale ; flower- stalks scaly. Nat.
ord., Composites [ Asteraceffi] . Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia Q-Supcrflua. Allied to
Helichrysurn.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, in
a little heat, in spring ; division, in spring, as
growth commences; sandy loam, and a little

4o. July.

leaf-mould or peat ; the protection of a cold-
pit in winter . There are several species besides
the following.

P. gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pink. August. New
South Wales. 1826.

PODOLO'BITJM. (From pous, a foot,
and lobos, a pod ; the seed-pod on a
foot-stalk within the calyx. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. linn.,
10-Decandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Grompholobium. )

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, evergreens,
from New Holland. Seeds, after being immersed
for a day in warm water, in a hotbed, in spring ;
cuttings of the points of shoots, or small
stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April or May ; sandy peat and fibry loam,
with a little charcoal and broken freestone.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. berberifo'lium (Berberry - leaved). April.
1839.

— heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). 3. June.

1824.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 3. April. 1824.
humifu'sum (trailing). 1. April.

1824.

— staurophy' Hum (cross-leaved). 2. April. 1822.

— triloba'tum (three-lobed). 2. April. 1791.
PODOPHY'LLUM. Duck's-foot. (Con-
tracted from Anapodophyllum, or duck's-
foot-leaved. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ea-
nunculaceae]. Linn., 13-Polyandriu 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Actea.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division at
the root; moist marshy peat, and a shady
situation .
P. Emo'di (Emodi). May. California. 1845.

— pelta'tum (shield-leaved. May Apple). £.

White. May. N.America. 1664.

PODO'PTERUS. (From pous, a^foot,
and pteris, a wing ; the mode of growth.
Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Polygonaceee].
Linn., Q-Hexandria 3-Trigynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, under a glass, in sandy loam, in
April; sandy fibry loam, and a little peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

P. Mexica'nus (Mexican). 2. July. Mexico.
1825.

PODOSPE'RMUM. (From pous, a foofy
and sperma, a seed. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia
1-jEqualis. Allied to Scorxonera.)

Hardy yellow-flowered plants, blooming in
June. Biennials and annuals by seeds, in the
open border, in April ; perennials by similar
mode, and also by division of the roots in spring.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

P. angustifo'lium (narrow - leaved). South
Europe. 1828.

— lacinia'tuin (jagged-feauerf). 2. South Eu-

rope. 1640.

POD

[ 728 ]

POI

P. octangulu're (eight-sided). 1. South Eu-
rope. 1818.

— pu'milum (dwarf), l. Spain. 1816. Annual.

— resedifo'lium (Mignonette-leaved). l£. South

Europe. 1818.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. calcitrapifo'lium (Caltrop-leaved). 1. Levant.
1820.

— ca'num (hoary). Russia. 1838.

— coronopifo'liumCBuckhottL-lewed}. 1. North

Africa. 1818.

— interme'dium (intermediate). Persia.

— taraxacifo'lium (Dandelion-leaved). 1. Bo-

hemia. 1820.

P<EDi'scA anr/ustiora'na. Apricot Moth.
As soon in May as one of the leaves of
a Peach, Nectarine, or Apricot, is seen
rolled up, destroy the little caterpillar
within the roll, and watch for others,
because the eggs of the moth from
which that caterpillar came continue to
hatch for several weeks. The moth is
the Narrow-winged Eed Bar, Ptedisca
anymtiorana. The caterpillars appear
during May and June : they are about
half-an-inch long, are pale yellowish-
green, and with the head brownish-
yellow. A few bristles are scattered
over the body. It is a very active cater-
pillar, wriggling about in most varied con-
tortions when disturbed, crawling with
equal facility backwards and forwards,
and letting itself down by a single thread
from its mouth. It passes into the state
of a brown shining chrysalis, rolled up
in the same leaves, and from this the
moth comes forth in July. The moth
is very small, not longer than a fourth-
of-an-inch. The fore- wings are reddish-
brown, in bands of various degrees of
darkness. The hind-wings are dusky.
.It deposits its eggs, probably, upon the
branches, where they remain all the
winter, and the caterpillars are most
frequently found upon the Apricot.

POET'S CASSIA. Osy'ris.

POGO'GYNE. (From pogon, a beard,
and gync, the female organ ; fringe on
the style. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia-
ceaj]. Linn., 1-i-Didynamia l-Gym-
nospermia. Allied to Melissa.)

Hardy annual. Cultivated like Poduspcrmum.
P. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). £. Pale lilac.
August. California. 183d.

POJXCJA'NA. Flower Fence. (Named
after Pn'nu-.l, onco governor of the An ;
tillcs. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants

[Fabacesej. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monocjynia. Allied to Cassalpinia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Seeds, in a brisk
bottom heat, in spring; cuttings of stubby
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; rich sandy fibry loam. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. ela'ta (tall). 15. Yellow. E. Indies. 17/8.

— Gillie'sii (Gillies's). 4. Yellow. July.

Mendoza. 1829.

— insi'gnis (noble). 15. Copper. S.America.

1823.

I — pulche'rrima (very fair). 10. Red, yellow.

July. E. Indies. 1691.

I —re'giu (royal). Crimson. Madagascar. 1828.

POINSE'TTIA. (Named after its dis-
coverer, M. Poinsette. Nat. ord., Spurge-
worts [Euphorbiaeeee]. Linn., 2l-Mo-
ncecia \-Monandria. Allied to the
Euphorbia.)

Stove Mexican evergreen shrubs. Cuttings

taken off in spring, or when the old plant has

done flowering ; dried at the base after cutting

to a joint, and after several days inserted in

sandy loam, in a gentle hotbed ; sandy loam

and a little peat and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,

50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. When done

i flowering, they may be kept dry, in a tempera-

! ture of from 40° to 45°, if not above a period of

! two or three months.

j P. pulche'rrima (fairest). 4. Scarlet. March.

1834.
I — . a'lbida (white - braeted). 4.

White. December. 1834.

POINTING- IN is mixing manure with
the top inch or two of the soil by
means of the point of a spade or fork.
This is done when roots, which ought
not to be disturbed, are near the sur-
face.

POIEE'TIA.

A stove evergreen climber, really a Hoveu.
P. sca'ndens (climbing) . 6. March. Caraccas.
1823.

PoisoN-BuLB. Brunsvi'ijia cora'nica
and toxica'ria, and Cri'num asia'ticum.

PoisoN-NuT. Stry'chnos nux-vo'mica.

PoisON-OAK. Ithu's loxicodc'ndron.

POISON - SUMACH, or Poison - wood.
Rkn's vcnena'ta.

POISONOUS PLANTS. Gardeners should
be much more careful than they usually
are in handling the plants they culti-
vate, for many of them have deadly
qualities. M. Neumann, chief gardener
of the Paris Jardin des Plantes, says
that pruning knives and hnnds washed
in a tank after they have been employed
upon some of (he exotics, will destroy
the iish it contains. MtypdmanQ bi-

POI

[ 729 ]

POL

ylandulosa, the Manchineel, the Tanyhin, \
Sapium laurocerasus, and Camodadia \
dentata, are equally deleterious to man.
Gardeners who have merely rubbed the i
leaves of the latter between their '
lingers, have had swollen bodies and
temporary blindness. Wounds from
pruning knives smeared with the juices '
of such plants are like those from |
poisoned arrows.

POISONS. Soils containing obnoxious ;
ingredients are certain introducers of '
disease and premature death. An \
excess of oxide of iron, as when the |
roots of the apple and pear get into an j
irony-red gravelly subsoil, always causes i
canker. In the neighbourhood of cop-
per-smelting furnaces, not only are j
cattle subjected to swollen joints and ;
other unusual diseases, causing decre- \
pitude and death, but the plants also i
around are subject to sudden visitations,
to irregular growths, and to unwarned
destruction ; and a crop once vigorous
Avill suddenly wither as if swept over
by a blast. There is no doubt of this
arising from the salts of copper, which
impregnate the soil irregularly, as the
winds may have borne them sublimed
from the furnaces, and the experiments
of Sennebier have shown that of all
salts those of copper are the most fatal
to plants. That they can be poisoned,
and by many of those substances, nar-
cotic as well as corrosive, which are
fatal to animals, has been shown by
the experiments of M. F. Marcet and
others.

The metallic poisons being absorbed,
are conveyed to the different parts of
the plant, and alter or destroy its tissue.
The vegetable poisons, such as opium,
strychnia, prussic acid, belladonna,
alcohol, and oxalic acid, which act
fatally upon the nervous system of
animals, also cause the death of plants.

The poisonous substance is absorbed
into the plant's system, and proves
injurious when merely applied to its
branches or stem, almost as much as
if placed in contact with the roots.
Ulcerations and canker are exasperated
if limo be put upon the wounds, and
\vheii Dr. Hales niudo a Golden Jlennet
Apple absorb a quart of camphorated
spirits ol' \vinc through one of its

branches, one-half of the tree was
destroyed.

POI'VKEA. (Named after N. Poivre,
a Frenchman. Nat. ord., Myroboldns
[Combretacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria
i-Monogynia. Allied to Combretum.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Cuttings of short
stubby side-shoots, as fresh growth commences,
in spring, in sand, under a bell-glass, and with
a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam andfibry peat,
with pieces of charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Afxe'lii (Afzelius's). 10. Scarlet. April.
Sierra Leone. 1826.

— barba'ta (bearded-petated) . 10. White.

Maranha. 1820.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 20. Scarlet. September,

Madagascar. 1818.

— como'sa (tufted). 20. Purple. Sierra Leone,

1822.

— deca'ndra (ten-stamened). 20. White. April.

East Indies. 1826.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 15. Scarlet.

April. Sierra Leone. 1823.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Scarlet. April.

Isle of Bourbon. 1838.

POLANI'SIA. (From polys, many, and
anisos, unequal ; many stamens of un-
equal lengths. Nat. ord., Capparids
[Capparidaceas], Linn., ll-Dodecandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Cleome.)

Hardy annuals, flowering in June. Seeds, in
| a slight hotbed, under a glass frame, in March
| and April, and pricked out and finally placed
j in the open ground in the beginning of June.
P. Chelado'nii (Chelandon's). l£. Hose. East
Indies. 1792.

— dodtca'ndra (twelve-anthered). 1$. White.

East Indies. 1795.
I — grave'olens (strong-smelling). l£. Pinkish.

Canada.
j — uniglandulo'sa (single-glanded). 1. White,

red. Mexico. 1823.
1 — visco'sa (clammy). 2. Yellow. East Indies.

1730.
• -- icosa'ndra (twenty - anthered). l£.

Yellow. Ceylon. 1730.

POLEMO'NIUM. Greek Valerian. (From

I polemos, war ; according to Pliny, a

dispute about its discovery led to war-

fare. Nat. ord., Phloxworts [Polemo-

niaceae]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mono-

I

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds; but
generally division of the plant ; common garden
soil.

P. casru'lcum (blue). 2. Blue. June. Britain.
--- a'lbum (white). 2. White. June.

Britain.
--- grandiflo'rum (large - flowered;.

Brown. June. India. Biennial.
--- macula' turn (spotted). 2. Striped.

June. Britain.
--- pili'ferum (hairy). Blue. June.

North America,

POL

POL

P. caeru'leum variega'tum (variegated 'leaved),
1. Blue. June. Britain.

— gra'cile (slender). l£. Blue. June. Dahuria.

1818.

— hu'mile (lowly). Blue. August. North Ame-

rica. 1826.

— la'cteum (milky -flowered). White. May.

1829.

— Mexico, 'num (Mexican). 1. Blue. April.

Mexico. 1817-

— moscha'turn (musky). Black. June. North

America. 1827.

— pulche'rrimum (prettiest). $. Blue. July.

North America. 1827.

— re'ptans (creeping). £. Lilac, blue. April.

North America. 1758.

ma'jus (larger). 1. Dark blue.

April.

— Richardso'ni (Richardson's). Pale blue.

September. North America. 1826.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 2. White. June.

Siberia. 1800.

— villo'sum (shaggy). Pale blue. August.

Siberia. 1826.

POLIA'NTHES. Tuberose. (From
polls, a city, and anthos, a flower ; refer-
ring to its general use in city decoration.
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn.,
G -Hexandria 1-Monoyynia. )

Greenhouse bulbs. Offset bulbs; old bulbs
are generally obtained from Italy every year,
and are planted in rich sandy loam ; and when
growth has fairly commenced, they get the
advantage of a slight hotbed to forward them
(but the bulb and not the top should be kept
warm), before getting them ready for rooms or
greenhouses.
P. gra'cilis (slender). 3. Pale yellow. August.

Brazil. 1822.

• ' — tubero'sa (tuberous). 3. White. August.
East Indies. 1629,

V flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 3.

White. August.

POLY, or Germander. Teu'crium.
t POLYACHY'EUS. (From polys, many,
and achuron, chaff. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., \9-8yngcnesia
1-JEqualis.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennial. Division
and cuttings of the young shoots, in spring, in
sandy soil; the protection of a cold frame, or
some analogous place, in winter.
P. Poppi'gii (Poppig's), Blue. June. Chili.
1830.

POLYANTHUS. This is a variety, but
a very permanent one, of the common
Primrose (Pri'mula vutya'ris). There
are many varieties, and their excellence j
as florists' flowers may be determined j
by the following rules : —

Tiie Pip. — 1. This should be perfectly
flat and round, slightly scolloped on the
edge, and three-quarters of an inch in |
diameter.

2. It should be divided in (five or)
six places, apparently forming (five or)
six flower-leaves, each indented in the
centre to make it a kind of heart-shaped
end ; but the indentations must not
reach the yellow eye.

3. The indenture in the centre of the
apparent flower-leaves should be exactly
the same depth as the indenture formed
by the join of these flower-leaves, so
that it should not be known, by the
form of the flower, which is the actual
division and which is the indenture ; in
other words, which is the side and
which the centre of the flower-leaf ; and
all the indentures should be as slight
as possible to preserve the character.

4. The flower should be divided thus :
the yellow tube in the centre being
measured, the yellow eye, round the
tube, should be the same width as its
diameter ; and the (/round colour of the
flower should be the same width : or
draw with the compasses, opened to
a sixteenth-of-an inch apart, a circle for
the tube or centre ; open them to three-
sixteenths, and draw another circle for
the eye, then open them further to five-
sixteenths, and draw a third circle for
the ground or dark colour. Beyond
these circles there is a yellow laciny,
which should reach round every flower-
leaf to the yellow eye, and down the
centre of every petal to the eye, and so
much like the edging that the flower
should appear to have (ten or) twelve
similar petals. The ends of these
(ten or) twelve should be blunted, and
rounded like so many semicircles, so
that the outline of the circle should be
interrupted as little as possible.

5. The tube (one-fifth the width of
the whole flower) should be nearly
filled up with the six anthers, which
are technically called the thrum (have
an elevated edge rendering it trumpet-
eyed), and the flower should not exhibit
the pistil.

0. The edginy round and down the
centre of the petals formed by tbe
divisions, should be of even width all
the way, and uniformly of the same
shade of sulphur, lemon, or yellow us
the eye, and there must not be two
shades of yellow in the eye.

7. The ground colour may be just

POL

[ 731 ]

POL

what anybody lilies best, but clear, well- |
defined, perfectly smooth at the edges in-
side next the eye, so as to form a circle ;
and outside, next the lacing : a black
or a crimson ground, being scarce, is
desirable ; but the quality of the colour
as to clearness, rather than the colour
itself, constitutes the property.

The Plant. — 1. The stem should be
strong, straight, elastic, and from four
to six inches in length.

2. The footstalks of the flower should
be of such length as to bring all the
flowers well together.

3. The truss should (rise from the
centre of the foliage) comprise seven
or more flowers, and be neatly arranged
to be seen all at once.

4. The foliage should be (dark green)
short, broad, thick, and cover the pot
well (but erect and clustering round,
though lower than the truss).

The Pair, or Collection. — The pair, or
pan of more, should comprise flowers
of different and distinct colours, either
the ground colour or the yellow of each
being sufficiently different from the
rest to be well distinguished. The
whole should be so near of a height as
to range the heads of bloom well toge-
ther. The great fault of the Polyanthus
now, even among the best sorts, is that
the divisions between the petals are so
wide as to make the flower look starry,
whereas there should be no more gap
where the division is than is in the in-
dentation of the petal itself. — Glenny's
Properties of Flowers, &c.

Culture. — The Polyanthus may be
cultivated exactly as the Auricula.

POLYBO'TRYA. (From polys, many,
and bolrys, a raceme ; the appearance of
the fertile or seed-bearing frond. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceee]. Linn.,
2i-Cryptogamia I-FUices.)

Stove, brown- spored Ferns. See Ferns*
P. acumina'ta (pointed-teaued). July, West
Indies. 1831.

— apiifo'lia (Parsley-leaved). July. I. of Luzon.

— appendicula' ta (appendaged). July. West

Indies.

— articula! ta (jointed). July. Isle of Luzon.

— ccrvi'na (Hart's-tongue). |. April. Jamaica.

1823.

— Corcovade'nsis (Corcovado). July. Brazil.

1837.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). July. West Indies.

— intermedia (intermediate). April. Isle of

Luzon.

P. oswzwmfo'eea(Osmunda-Hke). July. Mexico.

— serrula'ta (saw-edged). July. Isle of Luzon.

— specio'sa (showy). July. West Indies.

— vivi'para, (viviparous). $. June. W. Indies.

1823.

POLY'GALA. Milkwort. (From polys,
much, and gala, milk ; abundance of
milky juice. Nat. ord , Milkworts [Poly-
galaceas]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia 3-
Octandria.}

Annuals, by seed, in a peaty border ; herba-
ceous perennials, seeds and divisions, in similar
soil, or sandy loam and leaf-mould; hardy
shrubs, and under-shrubs, as Cham&buxis, by
cuttings and suckers, and which species, in par-
ticular, likes a little chalk with the peat and
leaf-mould ; tender shrubs, by cuttings of the
side-shoots, when 2$ inches long, taken off close
to the stem, and inserted in sand, under a bell-
glass ; for all these, peat three-parts, and loam
one-part ; many of them, from their beauty
and comparative hardiness, should be tried
against conservative walls, such as latifolia,
myrtifolia grandlflora, speciosa, &c.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. fastigia'ta (peaked). £. Red. June. North
America. 1824.

— jtfoiwpeK'oea (Montpelier). i- Blue. June.

Mediterranean.

— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. June. North

America. 1/39-

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 1. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. Stove.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS.

P. a'lba (white). White. June. Louisiana,
1827-

— Alpe'stris (Alpine). Blue. June. Switzerland.

— ama'ra (bitter). £. Blue. June. Europe.

1775.

— Austri'aca (Austrian). Purple. June. Ger-

many.

— Chamcebu'xis (Bastard Box). J. Yellow,

May. Austria. 1658. Evergreen.

— graminifo'lia (Grass - leaved). £. Lilac,

yellow. June. Carolina. 1824.

— ma! jar (larger - Austrian). 1. Red. July.

Austria. 1739.

— rube'lla (reddish). *. Pale red. June. North

America. 1828.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

P. attenua'ta (thin). 3. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1820.

— 6or6om"«/o'/£a (Borbonia- leaved). 3. Purple,

Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

— bracteola'ta (small - bracted). 6. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1713.

— Burma1 nni (Bunnann's). 3. Purple. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 3. Purple. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1791-

— Garci'nii (Garcin's). 3, Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope.

— genistoi'des (Broom-like). 3. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— gra'cilis (slender). Blue. May. New Zealand.

— intermedia (intermediate). 3. Purple. June.

Cape of Good Hope,

POL

[ 732 ]

POL

P. lanccolu'ta (spearhead-leaved). 3. Purple.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). l£. Purple. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— ligula'ris (strap-leaved). l£. Purple. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— liliifo'lia (Lily-leaved). 4. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 3. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1707.

grandlflo'ra (large-flowered). 4.

Purple. July. Cape of Good Hope.
1818.

— nummula'ria(M.oney-wort-leaved'). 3. Pur-

ple. Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 2. Purple, j

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1790.

ma'jor (larger). 3. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved) . 3. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— si'mplex (simple - stemmed). 4. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

— specio'sa (showy). 6. Purple. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1814.

— teretifu'lia (cylindrical-leaved). 3. Purple. i

August. Cape of Good Hope. 1791. j

— tetrago'na (four- angled). 2. Purple. Cape '

of Good Hope. 1820.

POLYGONA'TUM. Solomon's Seal, j
(From polys, many, and gonu, a joint, j
or knee ; numerous joints of the stem, i
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., j
ti-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Convallaria.)

Hardy, white - flowered, herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds and divisions, in spring; rich
light soil. Leptophyllum and oppositifolium
require protection in winter.
P. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 1. May.

N. America. 1824.

— brachia'tum (bracted). 1|. July. Swit- J

zerland. 1827.

— canalicula'tum (channelled). 1. June. N. ;

America. 1812.

— hi'rtum (hairy). 1. May. N.America. 1819. i

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 3. May. Ger-

many. 1802.

— leptophy'llum (fine-leaved). 2. June. Ne- j

paul. 1816.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. May. N. j

America. 1800.

— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 2. June.

Britain.

— oppositifo' Hum (opposite-leaved). 1. April.

Nepaul. 1822.

— polya'nthemum (many-flowered). 1. May.

Caucasus. 1820.

— pubc'scens (downy). 1. May. N.America.

1812.

— verticilla' turn (whorled - leaved) . 1. May. •

Scotland.

— vulga'rc (common). 2. May. England.
flo're ple'no (double-flowered). 2. •

June. England.

mi'iior (smaller). 1. June.

(From

many

roLYoo NUM. (iTom poty*i many,
and •jomi, a knee; numerous joints of \

the stem. Nat. ord., Buckwheats [Poly-
gonacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 3-Tri-
gynia.)

Annuals, seeds in the open border, in March
and April ; herbaceous perennials, also by seeds
as for annuals, and division of the roots ; tender
annuals require the assistance of a hotbed
before transplanting in May ; greenhouse
shrubs, by cuttings, in sandy soil, under a
glass, and grown in fibry loam, with a little
peat ; several of them, such as adpressum,
which sends out very long shoots, should be
tried against a wall. The fruit "of several, such
as tataricum an&fagopyrum, are used for tarts.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS AND

HERBACEOUS.

P. adpre'ssum (compressed). 2. Red. July.
New Holland. 1822.

— Bruno' nis (Brown's). £. Pink. August.

North of India. 1845.

— deci'piens (deceiving). 2. Red. July. New

Holland. 1822. Herbaceous.

— gra'cile (slender). 1. Red. July. New

Holland. 1822. Herbaceous.

— herniarioi'des (Herniaria-like). £. July.

Egypt. 1827.

— tincto'rium (dyer's). 2. Red. July. China.

1776. Biennial.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. qffi'ne (kindred). i!. Red. June. Nepaul.
1822.

— Alpi'num (Alpine). 2. White. July. Swit-

zerland. 1816.

— amphi'bium (amphibious). 1. Pink. July.

Britain. Aquatic.

hlrsu'tum (hairy). 1. Red. July.

Britain.

— amplexicau'le (stem-clasping). Red. July.

India. 1837-

— barba'tum (bearded). 2. White. July.

China. 1819. Trailer.

— cocci' neum (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July.

North America. 1819.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. White, green. June.

Nepaul. 1824. Trailer.

— elli'pticum (oval-tecwerf). 2. Pink. June.

Siberia. 1807.

— glau'cum (milky- green). 1. N. America.

— Laxma'nni (Laxmann's). 1. White. June.

Dahuria. 1800.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). l£. Purple.

June. Nepaul. 1820.

— seri'ceum (silky). £. White. July. Siberia.

1820.

— seto'sum (bristly). 1. White. July. Asia

Minor. 1817.

— vacciniifo'lium (Whortleberry-leaved). Pink.

July. N. of India. *1845. Trailing
evergreen.

— Virginia'num (Virginian). 3. White. Au-

gust. N. America. 1(540.

— volca'niciim (volcanic). Mexico. 1831.

Trailing evergreen.

HARDY AXNL'ALS.

P. arena' rium (sand). 1. Purple. June. Hun-
gary. 1807. Trailer.

— Fugopy'rum (Buckwheat). 2. Pink. July.

England.

POL

POL

Pink.
June.

P.ftorilu'ndum (bundle-flowered). 2. Red. j P
July. Siberia. 1818.

— mi'te (mild. Water -pepper). 1. Red. July.

N. Americn. 1800. Aquatic. -

— orient a'le (eastern). 6. Red. August. E. <

Indies. 1707- ' —

— . a'lbicm (white). 4. White. August. ;

K. Indies. 1781.

— Pennsyli'ii'nicum (Pennsylvania!!). 1. Red.;

July. N. America. 1800.

— Persicarioi'des (Persicaria-like). 14

July. Mexico. 1816.

— salsugi'neum, (briny). 1. Pink.

Caucasus. 1817. Aquatic.

— Senegale'nsis (Senegal). 1&. Red. July. '

Guinea. 1825. Aquatic.

POI.YPO'DIUM. Polypody. (From ;
polys, many, and pom, a foot ; numerous j
feet-like divisions of the creeping stems, j
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., j
*,>4:-Cryptoyamia l-Filices.)

Brown spored Ferns. See Ferns.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. Alpe'stre (Alpine). 4. July. 18'20.

— calca'reum (spur-branched). ij. July. Bri- j

tain.

— conne'ctile (connected). 1. June. Canada. |

1823.

— hexagono'pterum (six-angled-winged). 1. ;

July. North America. 1811.

— Phego'pteris (Sun-fern), g. June. Britain.

— pustula'tum (pimpled). 1. June. New j

Zealand. 1820. Greenhouse.
~ Virginia'num (Virginian). 1. July. North
America.

— vulga're (common). 1. July. Britain.
Ca'mbricum (Welsh). 1. July.

Britain.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

P. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). $. May.
West Indies. 1820.

— areola'tum (areolated). 1. Brazil. 1824. ;

— aspe'rulum (roughish). August. Isle of ;

Luzon. 1842.

— asplenifo'lium (Spleen- wort -leaved). 2. j

July. Martmico. 1790.

— attenua'tum (thin). £. May. New Holland.

1823.

— au'reum (golden). 3. March. W. Indies. I

1742.

— auricula'tum (eared). 2. July. Brazil. 1824. \

— Billardie'ri (La Billardiere's). 1. May. i

Van Diemens Land. 1823.

— Cathari'nce (St. Catherine's). I.Brazil. 1824.

— conti'guum (adjoining). April. Isle of

Luzon. 1842.

— crena't urn (scolloped). 14. August. Ja-

maica. 1823.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 3. August.

West Indies. 1823.

— curva'tum (curved). 1. August. Jamaica.

1823.

— decuma'num(ta\\). 5. August. Brazil. 1818.

— defle'xum (bent-down). 2. July. 1830.

— dissi'mile (unlike). 2. July. Brazil. 1820.

— dive'rgens (spreading). June. W. Indies.

1841.

— di-epa'num (sickle). 1. Madeira,

Dryo'pteris (Dryopteris). 1, July. Britain.

e/n'gum (spread'ing^. 3. November. Ja-
maica. 1/69-

fraxinifo'lium (Ash-leaved). 2. August.
Caraccas. 1817.

hasta'tum (halbert-shaped). 2. July. Ja-
maica. 1820.

heterophy'llum (variable -leaved). $. July.
West Indies. 1820.

- inca'num (hoary). 4. August. South Ame-

rica. 1811.

- inci'sum (cut). 1. July. W.Indies. 1810.

- iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). l£. September.

- Jumaice'nse (Jamaica). 1$. June. Jamaica.

1820.

- juglandifo'lium (Walnut-leaved). l£. July.

South America. 1822.

- lachnopo' dlum (downy-footed). 4. June.

Jamaica. 1843.

- lanceola'tum (spear- head). 1. August.

West Indies. 1812.
-la'tipes (broad-stalked). 14. October. Brazil.

- longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Brazil.

1819.

- lycopodioi'des (Club -moss-like). 4. July.

West Indies. 1793.

- menisciifo' Hum (Meniscium-leaved). July.

Brazil. 1837.

-neriifo'lium (Nerium-leaved). July. Brazil.
1837.

- nu'tans (nodding). July. Malacca.

- obliqua'tum (twisted). July. Isle of Luzon.

1841.
-oliva'cetim (Olive-like). 1. South America.

- Oti'tes(Otitea). 4. October. Brazil. 1834.

- Owarie'nse (Owarian). £. Sierra Leone.

- papillo'sum (nippled). April. Isle of Luzon.

- Paradi'sai (Paradise). May. Brazil. 1841.
-pectina'tum (comb'leaned). 14. July. West

Indies. 1/93.

- Phylli'tidis (Hart's-tongue). 2. July. West

Indies. 1793.

-phymato'des (warted). 4. July. East Indies.
1823.

-piloselloi'des (Mouse-ear-like). £. August.
West Indies. 1793.

- pluntagi'neum (Plantain-like). 1. July.
West Indies. 1817.

-plu'mula (feathered). 1. July. South Ame-
rica. 1824.

'-flowered). Brazil. 1824.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). 1. Madeira.

— pruina'tum (frosted-leaved). 2. September.

Jamaica. 1793.

— quercifo'lium (Oak-leaved), ij. September.

East Indies. 1821.

— rece'dens (receding). June. Isle of Luzon.

— refra'ctum (broken). July. Brazil. 1837.

— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 1.^. August. Ja-

maica. 1820.

— re1 pens (creeping). 2. May. West Indies.

1810.

•— salicifo'lium (Willow-leaved). 4. August.
Brazil.

— su'nctum (holy). 14. July. West Indies.

1820.

— Schu'krii (Schukrr's). 1. July. Brazil. 1824.

— scolopendrioi'defi (Scolopendrium-like). li,

May. West Indies. 1820.

— se'rpens (creeping). 4. West Indie*. 1816.

— aerrccfo'rme (saw-shaped). July. Isle of

Luzon. 18il.

POL

[ 734 ]

PON

P. sertularioi'des (Sertularia - like). April.
Malacca.

— si'mile (similar). 2.

— stigmo'sum (stigma-like). 1. May. East

Indies. 1823.

— subfalca'tum (slightly-sickled). July. Isle

of Luzon. 183Q.

— subpetiola'tum (short - stalked). 2. May.

Mexico. 1845.

— teenio'sum (banded). 2. August. South

America. 1815.

— tene'llum (slender). !£. New Holland. 1823.

— tetrago'num (four-angled). June. Brazil.

1827-

— tricho'des (hair-like). July. Isle of Luzon.

1840.

— trichomanoi'des (Trichomanes-like). 1. Au-

gust. West Indies. 1822.

— trif urea' turn (three-forked). £. July. West

Indies. 1820.
— 'tubero'sum (tuberose). 2. All. West Indies.

— vacciniifo'lium (Whortleberrry-leaved). £.

September. West Indies.

POLYSPO'EA. (From polys, many,
and spora, seed ; many-seeded capsules.
Nat. ord., Teaworts [Ternstrcemiacese].
Linn., \Q-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.
Allied to Camellia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, also
by grafting, or budding, on the Camellia Ja-
ponica ; sandy nbry loam, and a little peat and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.

P. axilla'ris (axillary -flowered}. 3. White.
March. E. Indies. 1818.

POLY'STICHUM. (From polys, many,
and stichus, a row ; numerous rows of
spore-cases. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceae]. Liun., Z±-Cryptoyamia 1-
Filices.)

Stove, yellow-spored, Ferns. See Ferns.
P. arista'tum (awned). 1. July. Norfolk Island.

— auricula'tum (eared). July. E.Indies. 1793.

— Cape'nse (Cape). June. C. of Good Hope.

1823.

— coniifo' Hum (Hemlock-leaved). l£. June.

E. Indies. 1841.

— denticula'tum (toothed). July. Jamaica.

— discre'tum (parted). May. Nepaul.

— drepa'num (sickle-/ronded). June. Madeira.

1822.
—falcine'llum (small-sickle). May. W. Indies.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). June.

— hi'spidum (bristly). July. New Zealand.

1845.

— mucrona'tum (sharp - pointed). Jamaica.

1838.

— muni'tum (armed). May. Jamaica. 1839.

— obtu'sum (blunt). June. I. of Luzon.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). July. Brazil. 1842.

— pu'ngens (stinging). May. C. of Good Hope.

1823.

• — rhomboi'deum (diamond-leaved). April. E.
Indies.

— specio'sum (showy). July. Nepaul.

— vesti'tum (clothed). June. Van Dieraens

Land, 1842.

POMADE 'RUTS. (From poma, a lid,
j and derris, a skin ; the membraneous
i covering of the seed-vessel. Nat. ord.,

Rhamnads [Rhamnacese]. Linn., o-
i Pentandria \-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs ;
. yellow-flowered, except where otherwise stated.
i Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, cut to a joint,
j dried at the base, and inserted in sand, under a
i glass ; peat and sandy loam. Winter temp.,

38° to 45°. Elliptica, with the exception of
i having creamy-like flowers, resembles the Cea-
j nothus azureus, and no doubt would prove

almost as hardy against a wall.

P. acumina'tu (pointed-leaved). 80. June. 1816.

— Andromedcufo1 Ha (Andromeda - leaved). 5.

June. 1824.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 5. Whitish. April.

1814.

— globulo'sa (globulose). 6. July, 1803.

— lani'gera (woolly). 3. April. 1806.

— ledifo'lia (Ledum-leaved). 2. April, 1824.

— ligustri'na (Privet-like). White. June. 1826.

— viridiru'fa (greenish-brown). April. 1821.

— Wendlandia'na (Wendland's). 6. April.

1810.

POMA'RIA. (Named after Pomar, a
Spanish physician. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceae]. Linn., lO-Df-
candria \-Monoyynia. Allied to Caosal-
pinia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Seeds, in a
hotbed, in spring ; cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
sandy loam and fibry peat, Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.

P. glandulo'sa (glanded). 6. Yellow. May.
New Spain. 1826.

PO'MAX. (From poma, a lid; the
operculum or covering of the seed-
vessel. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 4:-Tetrandria \-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Opercularia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. See Opercularia.
P. hi'rta (hairy). 1. White, green. July.1 New
Holland. 1826.

POMEGRANATE. Pu'nica.

POMPION. Cucu'rUta.

PONCELE'TIA. ( Named after M.Pon-
celet, author of a treatise on wheat.
Nat. ord., Epacrlds [Epacridacese].
Linn., ^-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Al-
Ued to Epacris.)

Greenhouse evergreen. For culture see Epu-
cris.

P. sprengelioi'des (Sprengelia-like). 1. May.
New South Wales. 1826.

PONDS, are reservoirs of water dug
out of the soil, and made retentive by
puddling with clay their bottoms and

PON

[ 735 ]

PON

sides. Puddling is necessary in almost
all instances, and the mode of proceed-
ing is thus detailed by Mr. Marnock, in
the United Gardeners' Journal. "When
the excavation is formed, or partially
so, the hottom puddle near the outer
edge is formed, and upon this is raised
the upright or side puddle ; and as
this proceeds the ordinary clay or earth
is raised at the same time, hy which
means the upright puddle is retained in
its place ; and ultimately the sides, being
formed in a sloping direction, admit of
being covered with gravel or sand, and
may be walked upon, or stakes may be
driven to a considerable depth without
reaching the puddle or in any way in-
juring it ; this can never be the case if
the puddle, as is sometimes done, be
laid upon the sloping side of the pond.
The sides may slope rapidly, or the
reverse. If the slope be considerable,
sand or gravel, to give a clean appear-
ance, will be more likely to be retained
upon the facing; plants can be more
easily fixed and cultivated ; gold-fish,
also, find in these shallow gravelly parts
under the leaves of the plants suitable
places to deposit their spawn, and with-
out this they are seldom found to breed.
Ponds made in this way may be of any
convenient size, from a couple of yards
upwards to as many acres. The follow-
ing is the section of a pond thus formed :

a indicates the surface of the ground at
the edge of the water ; b, the puddle ;
r, the facing to preserve the puddle
from injury ; d, the water ; e, the sur-
face of the latter; and/, the ordinary
bottom. When a small pond of this
kind is to be made, and the extent of
the surface is determined upon and
marked out, it will then be necessary to
form a second or outer mark, indicating
the space required for the wall or side
puddle, and about three feet is the
proper space to allow for this — the
puddle requiring about two feet, and

the facing which requires to be laid
upon the puddle ought to be about a
foot more, making together three feet.
Ponds may be made very ornamental.

PONGA'MIA. (Pongam, its Malabar
name. Nat. ord., Leyuminous Plant K
[Fabacese]. Linn., 17 -DiadelpMa 4-
Decandria. Allied to Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs and climbers 5 all but
one white-flowered, and from the East Indies.
For culture see Dalbergia.

P. gla'bra (smooth-teawedl. 5. 1699.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. 1818.

— margina'ta (bordered). 3. Yellow. May.

1824. Twiner.

— Pisci'dia (Piscidia-KAre). 1818.

— uligino'na (marsh). W.Indies. 1824. Twiner.

PONTIA. A genus of butterflies, of
which the following one is most ob-
noxious to the gardener : —

P. brassicce. Large White Cabbage
Butterfly. The wings are white ; the
upper with broad black tips, and the
female has two black spots on the
middle. The under side of the under
wings is light yellow. Breadth, when
expanded, two inches. It appears
from May to October. The caterpillar
is bluish-green, thinly haired, and
sprinkled with black dots, having a
yellow stripe on the back, and the same
on the sides. These caterpillars are
found, throughout the summer and
autumn, on all the cabbage-worts, on
horse-radish, radishes, mustard, and
similar plants, as well as on water-
cresses. The pupae are yellowish-green,
with black dots, with a point on the
head, and five on the back. The best
way to destroy them is picking off and
killing the caterpillars, as well as the
pupae, as far as it is possible ; the latter
are found attached to adjacent trees,
hedges, and walls. But care must be
taken not to destroy those pupa? which
have a brown appearance ; because they
are full of the larvae of ichneumons,
and other allied parasites, which are
the great scourge of these caterpillars.

P. rap<e. Small White Cabbage But-
j terfly. This butterfly resembles the
; foregoing, but is one-half smaller ; and
I the black tinge at the points of the
! upper wings is fainter, and not visible
j on the outer edge. The time of appear-
i ance is the same as of the former. The
| caterpillar is of a dull green, with fine

PON [ \

white minute hair*, a yellow stripo on
the back, and yellow spots on the sides,
on a pale ground. In some years it is
very injurious to the cabbage and turnip
plants; it also infests Mignonette, which
it strips entirely of its leaves. It is
very difficult to be discovered, from its
colour. The pupa is yellowish or
greenish-gray, with three yellow stripes.
—KoUar.

POPLAR. Po'pulm.

POPPY. Papa'ver.

PONTEDE 'EIA. ( Named after .7. Pon -
tedera, professor of botany at Padua.
Nat. ord., Pontederiads [Pontederia-
cere]. Linn., C)-Hexandrial-Mono(/i/)ii«, )

Blue-flowered aquatics. Divisions of the
roots; rich, strong, loamy soil, in a tub of
water, or an aquarium.

HAEDY AQUATICS.

P, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. N.
America. 1806.

— coeru'lea (light-blue). 2. July. N. America.

1830.

— corda'ta (heart-teawd) . 2. July. N.America.

1759.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head). 2. July. N. Ame-

rica. 1815.

STOYE AQUATICS.
P. axu'rea (sky-blue). §. July. Jamaica. 1824.

— cra'ssipes (thick -leaf- stalked). f. May.

Guiana. 1825.

— dilata'ta (spreading). 2. July. E. Indies.

PO'PULUS. Poplar. (From arbor- \
populi of the Romans, or the tree of !
the public ; the Turin poplar much ;
planted in their cities. Nat. ord., Wil-
loivworts [Salicacea?]. Linn., 22-Dicecia ;
7 -Octandria.)

Hardy deciduous trees. Seeds, which should I
be sown in moist soil, slightly covered, but
shaded, as soon as the seeds drop from the
trees ; by cuttings of the ripened shoots ; also
by layers and suckers; a deep, moist, loamy
soil suits them the best, but they do not thrive }
well either in a very dry place, or in places
where there is stagnant water.
P. a'lba (white. Abeletree}. 40. March. Britain, i

— angula'ta (angular. Carolina}, 80. March.

Carolina. 1738.

— balsami'fera (balsamic). 70. April. North i

America. 1792.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated- I

leaved). April.
interme'dia (intermediate). April.

— " — latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 40.

April.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). 70.

April. Russia. 1825.

„{ mina'lis (twiggy). 40. April.!

Altai, 1826.

'M ] POK

P. bet ul!f,t' Hit. (Birch-leaved. Bla

40. March. N. America.
' — Canark'n.iis (Canadian). March, Cana.in.

— ca'ndicans (whitish, heart - te«ned). so.

March. N. America. 1772.

— cane'scens (hoary). 40. March. England.
\ ~~ arerifo'lia (Maple-leaved).

! JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.

; : • Arembe'rgioa (Aremberg). 1835.

, Be'lgtca (Belgian;. S. Europe.

1835.

• — fiy'brida (hybrid). 40. April. Cau-
casus. 1816.

i : • — ni'vea (snow-white).

I • pe'ndula (drooping-branched}.

— fastigiu'ta (pyramidal. Lombardy}. 70.

March. Italy. 1758.
! fus'mina (female). March. Italy.

1838,
: — Grce'ca (Greek. Athenian). 40. March.

Archipelago. 1779.

— grandidenta'ta (large-toothed). 70. March.

N. America. 1772.

pe'ndula (drooping). 40.

March. N. America. -1820.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 70. March.

N. America. 1765.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). April.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). April. America.

1843.

— monili'fera (necklace-bearing). 70. May.

Canada. 1772.
JAndleya'na (Lindley's waved -

leaved}. April. Canada. 17/2.
variegu'ta (variegated - leaved).

May.

— ni'gra (black). 30. March. Britain.
salicifo'lia (Willow -leaved). April.

Floetbeck. 1834.
vi'ridis (green-leaved). April. Britain.

— pse'udo - balsami'fera (bastard - balsamic).

April. America. 1843.

— tre'mula (trembling. Aspen}. 50. March.

Britain.
leeviga'ta (smooth). 80. March.

N. America. 1760.

pe'ndula (drooping). April.

supi'na (lying-down). March. N.

America. 1824.

— tre'pida (trembling. American}. 30. North

America. 1812.

— tri'stis (sad). April. N.America. 1843.
POEA'NA. (From poreno, to travel ;

the twining stems extending far and
wide. Nat. ord., Bindiveeds [Convol-
vulaceee]. Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Mo-
nogynia. Allied to Convolvulus.)

Stove evergreen, East Indian, white-flowered
twiners. Seeds, in a hotbed, and side, stubby,
short shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass,
in heat; peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. panicula'ta (panicled). October. 1823.

— volu'bilis (twining). 50. July. 1820.
POEANTHE'EA. (From poros, a pore

or opening, and anthera, an anther or
pollen bag ; anthers opening by pores.
Nat. ord., Spurynuorts [Euphorbiaceftj],
Linn,, 5-Pcnta'ndria 3-ZVtyynifl.)

POR

[ 737 ]

POT

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, set in a
close frame, and shaded in May; peaf and
sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. ericifo'lia (Heath-leaved). 1. White. July.
New Holland. 1824.

PORLIE'RA. (Named after P. A.
Porlicr, a Spaniard. - Nat. ord., Bean-
capers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandrla \-Monoyynia. Allied to Melian-
thus.)

Stove evergreen shrub, with leaves which
close before rain; hence called hygrometrica.
Cuttings of firm shoots, in spring, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a brisk bottom-heat.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; Summer, 60° to 80°.
P. hygrome'trica (hygrometric). 6. Peru. 1820.

PO'RPAX. (From porpax, a button;
shape of pseudo-bulbs. Nat. ord., Or-
chids [Orchidaceso]. Linn., 20-Gynan-
dria 1-Monandria. Allied to Ixias.)

Stove orchid. Divisions, in spring, in pots.
See Orchids.
P. reticula'ta (netted). Purple, red. E.Indies.

PORPHYRO'COMA. (From porphyra,
purple, and koma, a head ; flower-heads
purple. Nat. ord., Acanthads [Acan-
thacese]. Linn., 14-Didynomia %-Angio-
spermia. Allied to Aphelandra.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, in a hotbed; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. lanceola'ta(spe&r-hea.di-leaved'). 1, Violet.
April. 1845,

POETLA'NDIA. (Named after the
Duchess of Portland. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonaceee]. Linn.,5-Pew-
tandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to Ron-
deletia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, from Jamaica, Cut-
tings of rather firm shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a brisk sv.-eet bottom-heat ;
sandy loam, peat, and a little leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 45° to 60°; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. cocci'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. 1812.
— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), 12. White.
1775.

PORTUGAL LAUREL. Ce'rasw lusi-
la'nica.

PORTULA'CA. Purslane. (Fromporto,
to cany, and lac, milk; milky juice.
Nat. ord., Purslanes [ Portulacese ] .
Linn., \\-Dodecandrla 1 • Monogynia.
Allied to Talinum.)

Hardy annuals, by seeds, in the open border,
at the end of April ; tender annuals, by seed, in
hotbed, in spring, and afterwards flowering
them in the greenhouse, as they require a very
sheltered sunny spot to do much good in the
47

open air; tuberous and sJmiMif greenhouse
kinds, by cuttings, and division of the roots ;
rich sandy loam and peat, the loam being en-
riched with old leaf-mould, or cow-dung.

GREENHOUSE TUBEROUS EVERGREENS.
P. Gittte'flu(Gilliei's). 4- Red, pink. Mendoza.

1827

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow, purple.

June. Chili. 1827.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 2. Purple. May.

Peru. 1820. Stove herbaceous.

— sple'ndens (shining). Crimson, purple. May.

Chili. 1839. Herbaceous perennial.

— Thelluso'nii (Thelluson's). 1. Scarlet. July.

South Europe. 1839.

lu'tea (yellow). 1, Yellow. June.

1847.

sple'ndens (shining). 1. Kedish

purple. June.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
P. fialimoi'des (Halimus - like). 4- Yellow.
June. Jamaica. 1823.

— meridia'na (noonday). $. Yellow. May.

East Indies. 1791.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 4- Yellow. June.

Jamaica. 1799.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). 4- Pink. June. South

America. 1690.

— pwsi'Wo (weak). *. Yellow. June. Trinidad.

1824.

— quadri'fida (four-cleft). J. Yellow. August.

East Indies. 1773.

HARDY ANNUALS.
Pfolia'sa (leafy). 4- Yellow. June, Guinea,

1822

— grandiflo'ra lu'tea (large-yellow-flowered).

Yellow. June. Chili. 1827.

— Guine'nsis (Guinea). 4- Yellow. June.

Guinea. 1823.

— involucra'ta (involucrated). 4. Pink. June.

1820.

— mucrona'ta (sharp-pointed). 4- Yellow,

June. 1822.

— olera'cea (eatable). 2- Yellow. July. Europe.

1582.

— sati'va (cultivated). 14. Yellow. August.

South America. 1652.

au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. August.

South America. 1652.
POSOQUE'RIA. (Posoqueri, the Gui-
anan name of longiflora. Nat ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Gardenia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs. Cut •
tings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in heat, in April or May; sandy
loam, leaf-mould, and a little peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. gra'cilis (slender). 5. Guiana. 1825.
1 —latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. September.

Guiana. 1826.

! — longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 5. Guiana. 1822.
I — verai'color (changeable - coloured) . Pinky

white. September. Cuba. 1839.
POTATO. Sola'num tubero'sum^
3fi

POT

c ™

POT

Soil.— A. dry, friable, fresh, and mo-
derately rich soil, is the best for every
variety of the potato.

The black-skinned and rough-red,
thrive better than any other in moist,
strong, cold soils. If manure is abso-
lutely necessary, whatever may be the
one employed, it is better spread regu-
larly over the surface previous to dig-
ging, than put into the holes with the
sets, or spread in the trench when they
are so planted. But, if possible, avoid
manuring. Leaf-mould, or very de-
cayed stable-dung, is the best of all
manures ; sea-Aveed is a very beneficial
addition to the soil; and so is salt.
Coal-ashes and sea-sand are applied
with great benefit to retentive soils.
The situation must always be open.

Propagation. — It is propagated in
general by the tubers, though the
shoots arising from thence, and layers
of the stalks, may be employed. New
varieties are raised from seed.

Planting in the open ground is best
done in October and November, and
may thence be continued until the end
of March. This last month is the latest
in which any considerable plantation
should be made. They will succeed if
planted in May, or even June, yet it
ought always to be kept in mind that
the earliest planted, especially in dry
soils, produce the finest, healthiest,
and most abundant crops.

Sets. — The next point for considera-
tion is the preparation of the sets.
Some gardeners recommend the largest
potatoes to be planted whole ; others,
that they be sliced into pieces contain-
ing two or three eyes ; a third set, to
cut the large tubers directly in half ; a
fourth, the employment of the shoots
only, which are thrown out if potatoes
are kept in a warm damp situation ; and
a fifth, that merely the parings be em-
ployed. Cuttings of the stalks, five or
six inches in length, or rooted suckers,
will be productive if planted, dining
showery weather, in May or June ; and
during this last month, or early in July,
the potato may be propagated by layers,
which are formed by pegging clown the
young stalks when about twelve inches
long, they being covered three inches
thick with mould at a joint. For the

main crops, moderate sized whole pota-
toes are the best.

To obtain early crops, where tubers
are rapidly formed, large sets must bo
employed. In these one or two eyos
at most should be allowed to remain.
If the sets are placed with their leading
buds upwards, few and very strong
early stems will be produced; but, if
the position is reversed, many weak
and later shoots will arise, and not
only the earliness but the quality of
the produce be depreciated. For the
earliest crops there are likewise several
modes of assisting the forward vege-
tation of the sets. These should be
prepared by removing every eye but
one or two ; and being placed in a
layer in a warm room, where air and
light can be freely admitted, with a
covering of straw, chaff, or sand, they
soon emit shoots, which must be
strengthened by exposure to the air
and light as much as possible, by
taking off the cover without injuring
them. During cold weather, and at
night, it must always be removed : the
leaves soon become green and tolerably
hardy. In early spring they are planted
out, the leaves being left just above
the surface, and a covering of litter
afforded every night until the danger of
frost is passed.

Planting. — Insert them with the dib-
ble, in rows ; for the early crops twelve
inches apart each way, and for the
main ones eighteen inches. The sets
six inches beneath the surface. The
potato-dibble is the best instrument
that can be employed ; the earth being
afterwards raked or struck in with the
spade, and the soil not trampled upon,
but planted as sufficient is dug for
receiving a row ; for the looser the soil
the less does frost penetrate, and the
more readily does superfluous moisture
escape.

The compartment may be laid out
level and undivided if the soil is light ;
but if heavy soil is necessarily employed,
it is best disposed in beds six or eight
feet wide. If the staple of the soil be
good throughout, the alleys may be
two feet wide and dug deep, otherwise
they must be made broader, and only
one spit taken out, the earth removed

POT

[ 730 ]

POT

being employed to raise the beds,
which should be in four parallel ridges,
and the sets inserted along their
summits.

Hoclntj. — As soon as the plants are
well to be distinguished, they should
be perfectly freed from weeds ; and of
the early crops the earth drawn round
each plant, so as to form a cup as a
shelter from the cold winds, which are
their chief enemy at that season. But
the main crops should not be earthed
up, for earthing up diminishes the crop
one-fourth. Throughout their growth
they should be kept perfectly clear of
weeds.

It is very injurious to mow off the
tops of the plants. The foliage ought
to be kept as uninjured as possible,
unless, as sometimes occurs on fresh
ground, the plants are of gigantic luxu-
riance, and even then the stems should
be only moderately shortened. It is,
however, of considerable advantage to
remove the fruit stalks and immature
flowers as soon as they appear, unless
the stems are very luxuriant. A potato
plant continues to form tubers until
the flowers appear, after which it is
employed in ripening those already
formed.

The very earliest crops will be in
production in June, or perhaps towards
the end of May, and may thence be
taken up as wanted until October, at
the close of which month, or during
November, they may be entirely dug
up and stored. In storing, the best
mode is to place them in layers, alter-
nately with dry coal-ashes, earth, or
sand, in a shed. The best instrument
with which they can be dug up is a
three-flat-pronged fork, each row being
cleared regularly away.

The tubers should be sorted at the
time of taking them up ; for, as the
largest keep the best, they alone should
be stored, whilst the smaller ones are
first made use of.

Potatoes should not be stored until
perfectly dry, and must also be free from
earth, refuse, and wounded tubers.

To raise Varieties. — A variety of the
potato is generally considered to con-
tinue about fourteen years in perfection,
after which period it gradually loses

its good qualities, becoming of inferior
flavour and unproductive ; fresh va-
rieties must, therefore, be occasionally
raised from seed. The berries, or
apples, of the old stock, having hung
in a warm room throughout the winter,
the seed must be obtained from them
by washing away the pulp during Feb-
ruary. The seed is then thoroughly
dried and kept until April, when it is
sown in drills about a quarter-of-an-inch
deep and six inches apart, in a rich light
soil. The plants are weeded, and earth
drawn tip to their stems, when an inch
in height : and as soon as the height
has increased to three inches they are
moved into a similar soil, in rows,
sixteen inches apart each way. Being
finally taken up, in the course of Octo-
ber, they must be preserved until the
following spring, to be then replanted
and treated as for store crops.

The tubers of every seedling should
be kept separate, as scarcely two will
be of a similar habit and quality, whilst
many will be comparatively worthless,
and but few of particular excellence.
If the seed is obtained from a red
potato that flowered in the neighbour-
hood of a white tubered variety, the
seedlings, in all probability, will in part
resemble both their parents ; but sel-
dom or never does a seedling resemble
exactly the original stock. At all events,
only such should be preserved as are
recommended by their superior earli-
ness, size, flavour, or fertility.

The early varieties — if planted on
little heaps of earth, with a stake in
the middle, and when the plants are
about four inches high, being secured
to the stakes with shreds and nails,
and the earth washed away from the
bases of the stems by means of a strong
current of water, so that the fibrous
roots only enter the soil — will blossom
and perfect seed.

Forcing. — The season of forcing is
from the close of December to the
middle of February, in a hotbed, and
at the close of this last month on a
warm border, with the temporary shelter
of a frame. The hotbed is only required
to produce a moderate heat. The earth
should be six inches deep, and the sets
planted in rows six or eight inches

POT

[ 740 ]

POT

apart, as the tubers are not required to
be large. The temperature ought never
to sink below 65°, nor rise above 80°.

The rank steam arising from fer-
menting dung is undoubtedly injurious
to the roots of potatoes ; and to obviate
this they may be planted in narrow
beds, and the dung applied in trenches
on each side ; or all the earth from an
old cucumber or other hotbed being
removed, and an inch in depth of fresh
being added, put on the sets, and cover
them with four inches of mould. At
the end of five days the sides of the old
dung may be cut away in an inward
slanting direction, about fifteen inches
from the perpendicular, and strong
linings of hot dung applied.

If the tubers are desired to be brought
to maturity as speedily as possible, in-
stead of being planted in the earth of
the bed, each set should be placed in
a pot about six inches in diameter ;
though the produce in pots is smaller.
But young potatoes may be obtained in
the winter, according to the following
plan, without forcing : —

Plant some late kinds, unsprouted,
in a dry, rich border, in July, and again
in August, in rows two feet apart. They
will produce new potatoes in October,
and in succession until April, if covered
with leaves or straw to exclude frost.
If old potatoes are placed in dry earth,
in a shed, during August, they will
emit young tubers in December.

Preparation of Sets for Forcing. —
They should be of the early varieties.
To assist their forward vegetation,
plant a single potato in each of the
pots intended for forcing, during Janu-
ary. Then place in the ground, and
protect with litter from the frost. This
renders them very excitable by heat ;
and, consequently, when plunged in a
hotbed, they vegetate rapidly and gene-
rate tubers. The seed potatoes are
equally assisted, and with less trouble,
if placed in a cellar just in contact with
each other, and as soon as the germs
are four inches long, they are removed
to the hotbed.

Management. — More than one stem
should never be allowed, otherwise
the tubers are small, and not more
numerous.

Water must be given whenever the
soil appears dry, and in quantity pro-
portionate to the temperature of the
air. Linings must be applied as the
temperature declines ; and air admitted
as freely as the temperature of the at-
mosphere will allow. Coverings must
be afforded with the same regard to
temperature.

From six to seven weeks usually
elapses between the time of planting
and the fitness of the tubers for use.

Potato Murrain. — By the above name
was distinguished a moist gangrene
which first attacked, very generally, the
crop of England late in the summer of
the year 1845. July and August were
unusually wet and cold, and early in
August there were sharp morning
frosts. Immediately after, the stems
began to decay ; but the weather con-
tinuing wet, instead of their decay being
dry, and attended with the usual phe-
nomena of their reduction to mere
: woody fibre, the putrefaction was moist,
j and the smell attendant upon it pre-
j cisely that evolved during the decay of
I dead potato haulm partly under water.
I The stem decayed whilst the fibres
I connecting the tubers with them were
! fresh and juicy — the putrefaction spread
along these, the diseased sap being
absorbed by their still immature and
unusually juicy tubers, imparted to
them the gangrene ; the infection first
being apparent at the end nearest the
connecting fibre, spreading gradually
throughout the bark of the tuber, ren-
dering it brown like a decayed apple,
and lastly causing the decay of its
interior portion. Previously to the
final decay, the increased specific gra-
vity of the potato was remarkable,
amounting to one-third more than that
of a healthy tuber — an increase caused
by its greater amount of water. When
boiled the potato became black; but
when submitted to a dry heat of about
200°, it rapidly lost moisture, and the
progress of the ulceration was retarded,
if not entirely stopped.

The disease seems to be the result
of an excessive degree of wet and
cold, at that period of closing growth
when all bulbs and tubers require
an increased degree of dryness and

POT

warmth. If the hyacinth, or tulip, or
dahlia are submitted to similar unpro-
pitious contingencies, their bulbs or
tubers similarly decay. It is not a new
disease, for to a less extent it has been
noticed before.

The best rules to obtain and preserve
sound potatoes, and a good crop, are —
1. Grow none but those which ripen by j
August. 2. Plant whole, middle-sized j
potatoes, o. Plant on moderately light
soil manured some months previously.
4. Apply no manure at the time of
planting. f>. Plant in November in light
dry soils, but not until February in wet
soils. 6. Preserve your seed potatoes
between layers of earth until required.
7. Plant as you dig ; that is, dig enough
for one row, and then plant it with the
dibble so as to avoid trampling on the
ground. 8. Let the tops of the sets be
six inches below the surface. !). Do
not earth up the stems. 10. Do not
cut down the stems. 11. Take up the
crop as soon as the leaves begin to look
yellow in July or early August. 12. Store
in a dry shed between layers of earth,
sand, or coal-ashes.

POTATO, or UNDER-GROUND ONION.
A' Hi um agyr -ega 'turn. Produces a clus-
ter of bulbs or offsets, in number from
two to twelve, and even more, uniformly
beneath the surface of the soil. From
being first introduced to public notice
in Scotland by Captain Burns of Edin-
burgh, it is there also known as the
Burn Onion.

Varieties. — There evidently appear
to be two varieties of this vegetable, one
of which bears bulbs on the summit of
its stems, like the Tree-onion, and the {
other never throwing up flower-stems j
at all. One variety is much larger than |
the other, and this vegetates again as j
soon as ripe.

Both varieties are best propagated j
by offsets of the root of moderate size, i
for if those are employed which the one j
variety produces on the summit of its
stems, they seldom do more than in-
crease in size the first year, but are j
prolific the next ; this also occurs if very j
small offsets of the root are employed.

Planting. — They may be planted
during October or November, or as
early iu the spring as the season will

[ 741 ] POT

allow, but not later than April. lii
the west of England, assisted by their
genial climate, they plant on the short-
est, and take up on the longest day.
They are either to be inserted in drills,
or by a blunt dibble, eight inches apart
each way, not buried entirely, but the
top of the offset just level with the
surface. Mr. Maher, gardener at Arun-
del Castle, merely places the sets on
the surface, covering them with leaf-
mould, rotten dung, or other light
compost. The beds they are grown in
are better, not more than four feet
wide, for the convenience of cultivation.

The practice of earthing over them,
when the stems have grown up,
is unnatural ; and by so doing the
bulbs are blanched, and prevented ri-
pening perfectly, on which so much
depends their keeping. So far from
following this plan, Mr. Wedgewood,
of Betley, recommends the earth always
to be cleared away down to the ring
from whence the fibres spring, as soon
as the leaves have attained their full
size, and begin to be brown at the top ;
so that a kind of basin is formed round
the bulb. As soon as they vegetate,
they intimate the number of offsets
that will be produced, by showing a
shoot for each.

They attain their full growth towards
the end of July, and become completely
ripe early in September ; for immediate
use, they may be taken up as they
ripen, but for keeping, a little before
they attain perfect maturity.

POTENTI'LLA. Cinquefoil. (From
potens, powerful; supposed medicinal
quality. Nat. ord., Roseivorts [Kosacese] .
Linn., I2-Icosandria 3-Trif/ynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Candicans
and lineariloba require protection in the winter ;
seeds and division of the plant, in spring ;
shrubs by cuttings of ripe wood in the autumn,
or by cuttings, in summer, under a hand-light ;
good deep sandy loam. All yellow-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned.
I\ adsce'ndens (ascending). 1. June. Hungary.
1806.

— agrimonioi'des ( Agrimony - like). $. July.

Caucasus. 1817.

— a'lba (white). £. White. May. Wales.

— uljic'stris (mountain). £. Orange. July.

Britain.

— angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). £. June.

Siberia. IS'24.

— Anscri'na (Goose Tansy). £. July. Britain.

POT

1'OT

P. Apenni'na (Apennine). $. White. May.
Apennines. 1821.

— arge'ntea (silvery-leaved). 1. June. Britain.

— Astraca'nica (Astracan). 1. July. Siberia.

1/87.

— atrosangui'nea, (dark-bloody). l£. Purple.

July. Nepaul. 1822.

— bi' color (two - coloured). 1. Yellow, red.

March. Nepaul. 1843.

— bijlo'ra (two-flowered). £. June. Siberia.

1820.

— bifu'rca (forked-leaved). £. June. Siberia.

1773.

Kubseri'cea (rather-silky). <£. June.

Astracan. 1 827.

— Bocco'ni (Boccon's). £. White. July.

Apennines. 1823.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 1. June. North

America. 1 800.

— ca'ndicans (whitish - leaved], £. May.

Mexico. 1820.

— caule'scens (stemmed). 1. White. July.

Austria. 1759.

— chrysa'ntha (golden -flowered). 1. Golden.

June. Siberia. 1827.

— Clusia'na (Clusius's). £. White, yellow.

June. Austria. 1806.

— colli'na (hill). 1. June. South Europe. 1816.

— confe'rta (crowded -flowered). £. June.

Altai. 1831.

— cro'cea (saffron). 1. Copper. August.

Switzerland. 1816.

— dealbu'ta (whitened). 1. July. Altai.

— deserto'rum (desert). 1. June. Altai. 1830.

— di/u'sa (spreading). 1. July. 1817.

— effu'sa (loose-flowered). 1. August. North

America. 1826.

— Ege'dii (Eged's). *. May. Denmark. 1820.
—filipe'ndula (Dropwort - like). 1. June.

Dahuria. 1823.

— flagella'ris (rod). £. June. Siberia. 1820.
— formo'sa, (beautiful). l£. Purple. June.

Nepaul. 1822.
—fraga'ria (Strawberry). £. \Vhite. May.

Britain.
— fragifo'rmis (Strawberry-formed). 1. June.

South Europe. 1800.

—frut'wo'sa, (shrubby). 3. July. England.
Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 2. August.

Dahuria. 1824.
tenui'loba (narrow - lobed). l£.

August. North America. 1811.

— gariepe'njiis (Gariep). White. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1837.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 1. August. Cali-

fornia. 1830.

'inci'sa (cut - leaved). 2. July.

California. 1835.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. North America.

1826.

— grandiflo'ra (large -flowered). 1. June.

Siberia. 1640.

— Gunthe'ri (Gunther's). I. June. Europe.

1818.

— Hippia'na (Hippiani's). 1|. July. North

America. 1826.

— hirsii'ta (hairy). 1. June. N.America. 1820.

— hy'bridu (hybrid). $. White. June. Ger-

many. 1820.

— insi'gnis (showy). 4. July. Nepaul. 1840.

— lineari'loba (narrow-lobed), £. July. Mexico,

1824.

j P. Loddige'nii (Loddige's). 1. June. Siberia.

— macro' ntha (large - flowered). £. May.

Siberia. 1820.

— Missou'rica (Missouri). 1. June. N.Ame-

rica. 1827.

— molli'ssima (softest - leaved). 1A. July.

Europe. 1832.

— Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). $. April.

France. 1680.

— multi'fida (many-clef t-leaved). £. July.

Siberia. 1759.

angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). £.

June. Siberia.

— ni'tida (shining). \. White, red. June.

Switzerland. 1816.

— ni'vea (snowy-leaved) . £. July. Siberia,

1816.

' macrophy'lla (large-leaved). £ . June.

N. America. 1827.

— pa' tula (spreading). £. June. Hungary.

1818.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). l£. July. N.

America. 1826.

— peda'ta (doubly-lobed). 1. June. Europe.

1819-

— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 1. July.

N. America. 1725.

— pimpinelloi'des (Burnet-like). £. May.

Levant. 1758.

— pulche'rrima (very fair). <|. May. N.Ame-

rica. 1837.

— re' eta (upright). 1. June. S. Europe. 1648.

— re'ptans (creeping). £. May. Britain.
flo're ple'no (double-flowered). £.

July. Britain>

variega'ta (variegated-Zeawed). £.

July. Britain.

— Richardso'nii (Richardson's). 1. July. N.

America. 1826.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. White. June. England.

— ruthe'nica (Russian). l£. July. Siberia.

1/99;

— scri'cea (silky-leaved). £. July. Siberia.

1780.

— Sieversia'na (Siever's). June. Nepaul. 1822.

— speclo'sa (showy). 1. June. Crete. 1821.

— stipula'ris (stipuled). 1. July. Siberia. 1727.

— Thoma'sii (Thomas's). £. June. Italy. 1822.

— tridenta'ta(three-tootlied-leaved). %, White.

June. Scotland.

— umbro'sa (shady). ^. White. May. Tauria.

1818.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). ^. May. Dahuria.

1819-

— ve'rna (spring). ^. June. Britain.

— verticilla'ris (\\lwr\ed-leaved). %. June.

Siberia. 1818.

— villo'sa (shaggy). ^. June. N.America.

1820.

— visco'sa (clammy). I. July. Dahuria. 1797«

POT-HERB MOTH. Mame'stra.

POT-HERBS. See Hcrbary.

PO'THOS. (The Cingalese name for
one species. Nat. ord., Oronli«</s
f Orontiaceo3]. Linn., -l-Tetramlria
l-Monoyynia. Allied to Anthuriiuu.)

The following arc stove epiphytes, but there
are many more, and some evergreen trailers,
not worth notice. Dividing the roots, in spring ;

POT

POT

iibry peat, fibry loam, rotten wood, and charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
P. angusta'ta (narrow). £. May. Trinidad.
1823.

— crassine'rvis (thick - nerved). 2£. South

America. 1/96.

— macrophy'llu (large-leaved). 3. May. West

Indies. 1794.

— ntbrine'rvia (red-nerved). 2. South America.

1820.

POT- MAKIGOLD. Cale'ndula ofcina'lis.

POTTING. In perfonning this opera-
tion the Pots are the first consideration,
and for information relative to these,
see Flower-pots.

Time of Potting. — This, when neces-
sary, should generally he done after
pruning, and when fresh growth has
taken place. The reason for this is,
that it is advisable never to give more
checks to a plant at once than cannot
be avoided. The cutting down is a
check, the repotting or shifting is an-
other. Therefore, in both cases, we
apply an extra stimulus for a short
time immediately after, by keeping the
plants closer and warmer.

State of the Soil. — It should neither
be dry nor wet. If very dry, it will not
pack so well in the pot ; the water, if it
passes freely at all, Avill find chinks and
crannies for itself, and it will be long
before the general mass becomes suf-
ficiently moist to support a healthy
vegetation. On the other hand, if wet
soil is used, it is apt to pack too close ;
frequent waterings are apt to puddle it ;
the very closeness, even when the drain-
age is all right, prevents the air from
penetrating. To know the proper dry-
ness, take a handful ; if by tightly squeez-
ing it just holds together slightly, it will
do ; if it forms a compact mass, so that
it might be laid on the potting-board
without any risk of tumbling to pieces,
it is too wet. It is not necessary that
the whole of the material should be in
a uniform state of moisture ; for in-
stance, we want some rough stuff to
place over the drainage, that may be
drier. The soil is rather fine ; and to
improve its mechanical texture we in-
sert little nodules of fibry loam or peat;
little or big, in proportion to the size
of the pot, and the smallness and large-
ness of the shift given. These nodules,
if not too numerous, may be drier. So
in the case of a manure, which we may

wish to act both as a mechanical agent,
| and to give out its nourishment not at
', once, but for a long period. It should
be old ; but it should be hard and dried.
When rapid action from manure is
required, it should be finely divided,
and regularly mixed with the soil, or
used largely as a mulching or top-
dressing.

The soil should be rough and open. —
Exceptions there are, such as a cover-
ing for small seeds, which must be
fine ; in fact, if just pressed into the
appropriate soil, a dusting of silver-sand
scattered over, and then a square of
glass put over the pot, it will answer
better than the finest sifted soil. We
would not use a sieve at all, unless a
very fine one to get rid of the mere
dusty portion ; and this should always
be done before adding sand as a light-
ening agent. The rule to follow, for
general purposes, is to use rough and
lumpy fibry soil, in opposition to that
which is fine and sifted; but let that
roughness consist in numbers of small
rather than a few of larger pieces, and
when the latter are used, let them be
in proportion to the size of the pot>
and the size of the shift given. For
instance, for a 4-inch pot, the largest
pieces may range from the size of peas
to horse-beans ; for an 8-inch pot, the
largest pieces may be like walnuts, but
not many of that size ; and for a 16-inch
pot, a few pieces may be large as eggs,
with every other size downwards, and
well packed with the finer soil from
which the mere dust has been extracted.
Securing and Preparing suitable Soil. —
Heath soi/, so necessary for hair-like
rooted plants, can only be procured
from upland commons where the heath
naturally grows. Loam of almost every
quality can be procured by taking the
surface turf from pasture, and the sides
of roads, and building it in narrow
ridges when dry, and using it after
being so built up for six or twelve
months. Failing these sources, for all
plants not requiring peat earth, suitable
soil may be obtained from the sides of
highways, and by skimming off the
flaky material from the tops of ridges
that have been trenched up for some
time in the kitchen- garden. In using

POT

the latter, however, you must in general
be content with small shifts, as you
will not be able to get the soil rough
enough for large ones. The plants,
notwithstanding, will thrive beautifully,
and size for size will often yield more
bloom than if you had used large shifts
and larger pots. If the latter is your
wish, you may use pieces of charcoal,
or, what will answer extremely well, get
a few fibry sods taken off quite thin,
dry them over a furnace, or, what is
better, char the grassy sides by putting
them on an old spade or other iron,
and then place them over a fire ; allow
the sods to be exposed for a few days
to sweeten, and then, if broken into
small pieces, they will not only be
useful for placing over the drainage,
but also for mixing with any, but chiefly
fine soil to keep it open. Where rough
soil is wanted for large shifts, it is best
to pile the turf, when dry, in narrow
stacks, through which the air may cir-
culate, and yet the wet be excluded.
In using such a heap, after the time
specified, there is little occasion to turn
it frequently afterwards, which would
be necessary in the case of other fresh
soil not so exposed; for we must not
forget that every turning we give, while
it renders the soil more aerated and
sweet, renders it also more fine and
dense, from the decomposition of its
fibre. Charcoal, owing to its lightness,
not to speak of its chemical properties,
is the best assistant for rendering the
soil porous; and enough of this may
be got from every garden by charring
the rubbish. Failing that, however,
broken brick, broken pots, and lime-
rubbish may be used with advantage,
if there is nothing in the peculiar plant
to render one or all unsuitable.

Draining. — A plant badly drained
will never show fine cultivation. "Where
Avorms are likely to intrude, the convex
side of the potsherd should be placed
over the hole; but for amateurs, no-
thing is better than small caps of tin
or /inc to cover over the hole com-
pletely ; and in either case, plenty of
drainage placed over them, the mate-
rials being smaller as it ascends. For
anything requiring nicety, there ought
to bo at least uiie-incli drainage in a

t 744 ] POT

five-inch pot, and so in proportion.
The best covering for the drainage is a
sprinkling of green moss, to separate
the drainage from the soil; over that
some of the rougher materials should
be placed, and then some of the finer,
on which the base of the ball should
rest.

Potting or Shifting. — The pots should
be new or thoroughly clean. No man
deserves to have a nice plant who would
place it in a dirty pot, and rarely will
he be rewarded with one. When he
attempts to shift again, it serves him
right to find that roots and soil alike
are so sticking to the sides of the pot,
that he must break the pot, or lacerate
the roots. Before commencing opera-
tions, see that the ball of the plant is
moist from the centre to the circumfer-
ence. If not, you can never moisten it
afterwards without labour, which may
as well be spared. 2. If you wish to
rattle your plants on until a certain
period, upon the successive shift system,
never allow the roots to mat round the
sides of the pot ; but reshift as soon as
they get there. 3. If the roots should
be a little matted, gently disentangle
them, even though in doing so you get
rid of a good quantity of the old soil,
and spread these roots out into layers,
packing them as you proceed with soil
of various degrees of fineness. 4. The
soil in general should be as high in
temperature, or nearly so, as the plant
enjoyed previously. Cold soil has in-
jured many a fine plant. We have
said nothing of cutting roots, because
that chiefly applies to particular times
! and instances. Generally, when after
i a period of rest, fresh growth is to be
induced.

Immediately - after - treatment. — What-
ever system of potting has been adopted,
a greater excitement to growth than
usual should be given. If well watered
previously to potting, and a largish shift
given, little water will be wanted at the
root for a time ; but that should be
several degrees warmer than usual ;
i and frequent syringings in bright
! weather should be imparted, accom-
j panied with shading, if necessary. If
'? u small shift was given, water will be
wanted more freely at the rout; and

POT [ K

here, as well as in the other case, a
higher temperature should for a time
be maintained until fresh growth has
freely commenced, when air and ex-
posure may be more freely given.

See One-shift System.

POTTING- OFF is the term applied to
moving into pots, singly, seedlings or
cuttings from where they have been
grown numerously together.

POTTLE. See Basket.

POUPA'ETIA. (Called Bois de Poupart
in the Isle of Bourbon. Nat. ord.,
Terebinths [Anacardiaceee]. Linn.,
10-Decandria 4t-Pentayyma. Allied to
Spondias.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; peat and
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. Borbo'nica (Bourbon). 40. Purple. Bour-
bon. 1825.

— du'lcis (sweet. Otaheite-apple). 30. Yellow-

ish. Society Islands. 1793.

— mangi'fera (Mango-bearing). 30. White.

E. Indies. 1820.

POUEEE'TIA. (Named after A. Pour-
ret, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bromelworts [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6-
Hcxandria l-Monoyynia. Allied to
Dyckia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, except magnis-
patha, which is a stove epiphyte. Seeds, in a
hotbed, but chiefly by suckers ; sandy loam and
peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

P. Altenste'mii (Altenstem's). White. Colom-
bia. 1836.

giga'ntea (gigantic). Carmine,

white. April. Brazil. 1845.

— casru'lea (blue). Blue. June. Chili. 1827-

Greenhouse.

— conrcta'ta (compressed). 1. Yellow. May.

Chili. 1822.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Pink.

May. Mexico. 1838.

— magnispa'tha (large-spathed). 3- Green,

white. May. S.America. 1820.

— pyramlda'ta (pyramidal). 1. Yellow. June.

Peru. 1822.

— recurva't a (curled-back). 1. White. April.

Brazil. 1843.

— rubricau'lis (red - stemmed). Blue, red.

June. Chili. 182?.

PRA'TIA. (Named after M. Prat, a
French officer. Nat ord., Lobeliads
[Lobeliacese]. Linn., b-Pcnlandria 1-
Moiwyynia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials. Seeds,
in a slight hotbed, in spring ; dividing the
plants ; cuttings of the young shoots, in sandy
soil, any time, but best in autumn and spring ;
bandy loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould ;

PRI

require a greenhouse, or cold pit, in winter.
Lobelia begoni&folia belongs to this genus.
P. corymbo'sa (corymbed). White. June. C.

of Good Hope. 1824. Trailer.
— ere'cta (upright). 1. Blue. June. New

Holland. 1819-

PEEFU'SA. (Trom prepousa, comely;
the beauty of the flowers. Nat. ord.,
Gentianworls [Gentianaceee]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia. Allied to
Leianthus.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds, in hot-
bed, in spring ; division of the plant at the
same time. Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.

P. Hookeria'na (Hooker's). 1. White, crim-
son. March. Brazil. 1839.

PEESTO'NIA. (Named after C. Pres-
ton, M.D. Nat, ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
nacesej. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
yynia. Allied to Rynchospermum.)

Stove evergreen, white-flowered, twiners from
Brazil. Cuttings of half-ripened, stubby, side-
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat;
sandy loam, and a little fibry peat, or dried
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 48° to 58°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
P. glabra'ta (smoothed). 8. July. 1823.

— tomento'sa (downy). 8. July. 1820.

PRICKLY CEDAR. Cyatho'des oxyce'-
drus.

PRICKING-OUT is transplanting seed-
lings from their seed-bed more thinly,
that they may acquire more fibrous
roots and strength previously to their
being finally planted out.

PRICK-WOOD, or Timber. Euo'nymits
Europ&'us and Co' mm sangui'nea.

PRIESTLE'YA. (Named after Dr.
Priestley. Nat, ord.. Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceee]. Linn., \l-Diadelphia 4-
Dccandria. Allied to Liparia.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreen shrubs
from New Holland, all about three feet high.
Cuttings of half-ripened short shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat,
and thorougly well-drained, to assist which
charcoal, and pieces of broken brick or sand-
stone, may be mixed with the compost. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°. Such species as Vestita should
be tried against a wall.
P. axilla' ris (axillary-Cowered). June. 1822.

— capita1 ta (headed-Cowered). July. 1812.

— cUi'ptica (oval-leaved). 1825.

— ericeefo'lia (Heath-leaved). June. 1812.

l — graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). June. 1800.
j — hirsu'ta (hairy -stemmed). August. 1792.
'— Iceviga'ta (smooth-tailed). July. 1820.
! — myrtlifo'liu (Myrtle-leaved). June. 1823.
! — seri'cea (silky-ta/ued). June. 1794.
'? — tc'res (round-stemmed), June. 18lti.

— tomento'sa (downy). July. 1812.

PBI [ 7

P. umbelli'fera (umbelliferous). July. 1826.

— vesti'ta (clothed). May. 1800.

— villo'sa (woolly). June. 1//4.
PBI'MULA. Primrose. (From pri-
mus, the first; early flowering. Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulaceae]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria l-Monogynia.)

Seeds in April, in light sandy border ; divi-
sions of the plant in March and April, or when
the plants have done flowering, or in the au-
tumn. Preenitens, or sinensis, and its varie-
ties, generally by seed in a slight hotbed, in
spring or the beginning of autumn, according
as the plants are wanted to bloom early in
winter or the following spring. The Chinese
double varieties (so useful for nosegays in
winter), by cuttings after flowering, in April or
May ; and by repotting the small plants of last
year; sandy loam and peat, enriched with a
little decayed cow- dung, and kept open with
small nodules of charcoal. These should sel-
dom be below 40° in winter, and the nearer
they range from 45° at night, and 50° and 55°
during the day, the better they will bloom.

GEEENHOUSE HEEBACEOUS.

P. pra'nitens (very glossy. Chinese). £. Pink.

May. China. 1820.
fimbria'ta a'lba (fringed- white).

2. White. June. 1833.
— fimbria'ta ro'sea (fringed-rosy).

1. Rose. June. 1833.
. — , flo're a'lbo (white-flowered). f.

White. May. China.
-_- — , ple'na a'lba (double - white).

White. March. China.
ple'na ro'sea (double-rosy). Rose.

March. China.

— verticilla'ta (whorled). Yellow. March.

Egypt. 1826.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

P. Allio'ni (Alliom'a). *. Red. April. France.
1818.

— Altofica( Altaian). $. Red. April. Altai. 1819.

— amae'na (pleasing). $. Purple. April.

Caucasus. 1823.

— auri'cula (Auricula). |. Yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1596.

calyca'ntha (coloured-calyxed). $.

Yellow. April. Switzerland. 1596.

horte'nsis (garden). £. Variegated.

April. Europe. 1596.

intege'rrima (most-entire). £. Va-
riegated. April. Switzerland. 1596.

lu'tea (yellow), j. Yellow. May.

Switzerland. 1596.

lu'tea ple'na (double-yellow), i.

Yellow. April. Gardens.

— Balbi'sii (Balbis's). £. Yellow. April.

South Europe. 1823.

— brevi'styla (short-styled). \, Yellow. June.

France. 1818.

versi'color (party-coloured). £.

Yellow, red. June. France. 1818.

— capita'ta (round-headed-meaty), f. Purple.

October. Himalayah. 1850.

— Carnio'lica (Carniolan). £. Purple. March.

Carnipla. 1826.

— cilia'ta (hair-fringed. Swiss). $. Red.

April. Switzerland. 1700.

'! ] PR!

P. corttt-sui'des (Cortusa-like). 1. Red. June.
Siberia. 1794.

— davu'rica (Davurian). $. Red. May. Siberia.

— deco'ra (comely). $. Pink. April. South

Europe. 1800.

— denticula'ta (toothed-tea^). 1. Purple.

May.

— dentiflo'ra (toothed-flowered). 1. Red.

June. Siberia. 1806.

— ela'tior (taller. Oxlip). 1. Yellow. May.

Britain.

calyca'ntha (coloured - calyxed).
Variegated. April. Britain.

flo're-ple'no (double - flowered).
Brown, crimson. April. Britain.

rown, crmson. Apr. Britain.
polya'ntha (many-flowered). $. Va-
riegated. April. Britain.
—farino'sa (mealy), $. Red. June. Britain.

— Anma'rcAtca(Finmarck). *. Violet. May.

Norway. 1798.

— giga'ntea (giant). }. Red. June. Siberia,

1820.

— glauce'scens (milky- green). Pink. June.

Switzerland. 1826.

— glutino'sa (clammy). \. Red. June. South

Europe. 1824.

— Helve1 tica (Helvetian), l. Red. June.

Switzerland.
-- a'lba (white). £. White. May.

— injla'ta (inflated). 4. Yellow. May. Hun-

gary. 1825.
— interifo'li

Pyrenees. 17

.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 4. Pink. June.

— involucra'ta (ruffed). £. White. April. N.

India. 1845.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). \. Red. April.

Pyrenees. 1820.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). £. Red. June.

Europe. 1825.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved), j. Red. April.

Levant. 1790.

— longisca'pa (long -flower -stalked). Lilac.

April. Altai. 1837.

— mar gina'ta (silver-edged). $. Pink, April.

Switzerland. 1777.
-- ma'jor (larger). Pink. April.

— microcu'lyx (small-calyxed). Red. May.

Altai. 1838.

— mi'nima (least). 4. Bed. April. S. Europe.

1819.

— • Mistassl'nica (Lake Mistassins). £. Red.

June. N.America. 1818.

— Munro'i (Capt. Munro's). f . White. May.

N. India. 1845.

— niva'lis (snowy), ^. Purple. April. Dahuria.

1790.

— ni'vea (snow-white). £. White. April.

Siberia.

— Palinu'ri (Palinur's). 4. Yellow. April.

Naples. 1816.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 4. Yellow. June. Altai.

1823.

— Perrinia'na (Perreip's). 4. Yellow. June.

Spain.

— Piedmonta'na (Piedmont). %, Pink. May.

Piedmont. 1826.

— pube'scens (downy). .}. Red. April. S.

Europe. 1800.

— pvsi'lla (weak). ^. Purple. June. N.Ame-

rica. 1822.

— • Sco'tica (Scotch)/ ^. Red. June, Scotland.

PIU

[ 747 ]

PRO

P. Sibi'rica (Siberian). £, Red. May. Siberia.

1818.
intcge'rrima (very-entire). $. Rose,

lilac. April. Altai. 1833. Half-hardy.

— Sikkime'nsis (Sikkim). 1. Yellow. May.

Himalayah. 1850.

— Si'msii (Sims's). £. White. April. Switz-

erland. 1768.

— stri'cta (erect). ?. Pink. April. Denmark.

1822.

— Stua'rtii (Stuart's). J. Yellow. June.

Nepaul. 1845.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. Yellow.

April. Italy. 1824.

— trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-teaued). £. Purple.

April. South Europe.

— venu'sta (neat). 4> Purple. April. Hun-

gary. 1833.

— ve'ris (spring. Cowslip). £. Yellow. May.

Britain.
ru'bra (red). £. Red. May. Britain.

— villo'sa (shaggy -leaved). $. Purple. April.

Switzerland. 1768.

— visco'sa (clammy). £. Purple. April.

Piedmont. 1792.

— wtlga'ris (common. Primrose). $. Yellow.

June. Britain.

a'lba (single-white). $. White.

April. Britain.

a'lba (double-white). \.
White. April. Britain.
ple'na atropurpu'rea (double-dark-
purple). £. Purple. April. Britain.

ple'na ca'rnea (double-flesh-co-

loured). $. Flesh. April. Britain.

ple'na cu'prea (double-copper). ^.

Copper. April. Britain.

ple'na ru'bra (double-red) . $ . Red.

April. Britain.

ple'na sulphu'rea (double-brim-
stone). $. Pale yellow. April.
Britain.

ple'na viola1 cea (double-violet).

i. Violet. April. Britain.

•polya'ntka (many-flowered. Poly-

anthus),

PRI'NOS. Winter Berry. (The an-
cient name of the Holly, which some of
the species resemhle. Nat- ord., Holly-
icorts [Aquifoliacese]. Linn., Q-Hcx-
andiia l-Monogynia.)

All hardy and deciduous, except lucidus,
which is a hardy evergreen, and montanus,
which is a stove evergreen. All white-flowered.
Hardy kinds, seeds and layers ; stove kind by
cuttings of firm shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy loam and peat.

P. ambi'guus (ambiguous). 4. Carolina. 1812.

— atoma'rius (atomed). 2. July. N. America.

1822.

— coria'ceus (leather-tea y erf). 3. June. N.

America. 1820.

— deci'duus (deciduous). 4. June. Virginia.

1736.

— du'bius (doubtful). 12. July. N.America.

1736.

— gla'ber (smooth). l£. July. Canada. 1759.

— leeviga'tus (smooth). 4. June. N. America.

1812.

P. ianceola'tus (spear-head-teauerf). 4. July.

Carolina. 1811.
j — lu'cidus (shining). 3. June. N. America.

1778.

; — monta'nus (mountain). 3. W. Indies. 1820.
| — verticilla'tus (whorled). 6. N. America.

1736.

PRIVET. Li-guf strum.

PRO'CKIA. (Probably a commemo-
rative name. Nat. ord., Bixads [Fla-
courtiacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 1-
Monogynia. )

Stove yellow-flowered evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a glass, in heat ; sandy fibry loam, and a little
fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
P. Cnt'efc(St.Cnu). 4. July. W.Indies. 1822.

— serra'ta (saw-leaved). 6. July. Montserrat.

1823.

— thecefo'rmis (Tea-shaped). 6. July. Bour-

bon. 1820.

PROLIFEROUS. See Double- Flower.
The term is also applied to plants pro-
ducing many suckers.

PROMEN^'A. (Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., %Q-Gynandria l-
Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria.)

Stove orchids from Brazil, cultivated in
baskets. See Orchids.

P. citri'na (citron-flowered). Yellow. May.
1838.

— lentigino'sa (freckled). Green, purple. July.

1843.

— floWisao'nu(Rollisson's). Pale yellow. Au-

gust. 1843.

— stapelioi'des (Stapelia-like). Green> yellow.

June. 1828.
• ni'gra (black). Green, black.

June. 1835.
— ru'bra (red). Green, red.

June. 183Q.

— xanthi'na (yellow-flowered). Yellow. Au-

gust. 1843.

PRONA'YA. (Named after M. Pronay,
a French naturalist. Nat. ord., Pltto-
sporads [Pittosporacese], Linn., 5-Pent-
andria l-Monoyynia. Allied to Sollya.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiner. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sand, under a glass ; sandy
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. e'legans (elegant). 4. Blue. August. New
Holland. 1837.

PROPS are the supports required by
plants to sustain them in a desired
position. They must vary in height
and strength accordantly with the plant
to which they are applied, and should
always be as slight as is consistent
with efficiency. Nothing looks worse
than a disproportioned prop ; indeed,
i it should be concealed as much as

PRO

PRO

possible. The props for peas should
be of the branches of the hazel, or of
frames and strings, which we prefer ;
for runner kidney beans, rods of ash.
For flowers, stout iron-wire painted
brown, or dark green, are to be prefer-
red. Whenever wooden props are used,
the end thrust into the ground should
be previously charred ; if this precau-
tion be taken, and when no longer re-
quired they are stored in a dry shed,
they will last for several seasons. Props
should be placed on the south sides of
the plants, as they incline in that di-
rection, as being most light.

The fewest possible number of props
is one of the evidences of good cultiva- j
tion, and good taste.

PKOSO'PIS. (A name of a plant em- j
ployed by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Le-
guminous Plants [Fabaceas]. Linn.,
10-Decandria I-Monoyynia, Allied to
Desmanthus.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of young
shoots, when a little firm, taken off close to the
older stems, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
a little bottom-heat ; sandy loam, and sandy
fibry peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and rather
dry ; summer, 60° to 85°, and plenty of mois-
ture at root and top. Siliyuastrum stood several
years against a wall, in the Horticultural So-
ciety's Gardens.

P. Cumane'nsis (Cumana). 20. White, green. !
Cumana. 1822.

— Dominge'nsis (Saint Domingo). 30. Yellow, |

green. St. Domingo. 1818.

— du'lcis (sweet). 20. White, green. New i

Spain. 1818.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 30. Yellow. Jamaica. 1800.

— Juliflo'ra (July-flower). 30. White. South

America. 1826.

— siligua'strum (Silique-podded). 30. White.1

Chili. 1827.

PROSTANTHE'EA. (From prostheke, \
appendage, and anthera, anther; con- j
nections of the anthers are spurred. ;
Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamiaceaa]. Linn., •
1-i-Didynamia '2l-Anyiospermia.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from New Hoi- i
land. Frequently by seeds, in a slight hotbed, ,
in April ; generally by cuttings of the young !
shoots, in sandy soil ; sandy peat, with plenty >
of fibre in it, and a portion of broken pots, and ;
charcoal nodules mixed with it, and good drain- j
age. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. Lnsianthos I
stood some years against a wall in the gardens ;
of the Horticultural Society.
P. ccsru'lea (blue-flowered). 3. Blue. May. '
1824.

— denticula'ta (toothed). 4. July. 1824.

— tusia'ntfios (woolly-flowered). 3. Purple,

lilac. June. IbOb.

P. prunellioi'dts( Prunella-like). Purple. April.
1826.

— viola'cea (violet). 5. Violet. June. 1820.
PRO'TEA. (From Proiem, a sea-god,

who could transform himself into any
shape ; referring to the diversity of the
species. Nat. ord., Protvads [Protea-
ceae] . Linn., 4^-Tetrandria l-Monoyyn la. )
Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened young
shoots, cut close to a joint, and the leaf there,
and perhaps the one above, removed, the rest
allowed to remain, inserted firmly in sand, over
a little sandy loam, the pots being three-parts
filled with drainage ; the pots with their cut-
tings may then be set in a cold pit, and at such
a distance from the glass, that shading will be
little required ; the glasses should also be fre-
quently wedged up at night, to prevent damp-
ing ; fibry loam, with a good portion of sand,
and about a fourth part consisting of a mixture
of charcoal, freestone, broken pots, and a little
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°. These have
not been tried against a wall, as they should
be, with moveable lights, or reed coverings, to
be taken away in summer.
P. acau'lis (stemless). 1£. Purple. July. 1802.

— acumina'ta (sharp -pointed). 3. Purple.

May. 1809.

— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). l£. Purple.

February. 1802.

— angusta'ta (narrow- leaved}. 1. Purple.

June. 1820.

— canalicula'ta (channel-leaved). 3. Pink.

July. 1800.

— cocci 'nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet. June. 1824.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). J£. Purple. April.

1/90.

— cynaroi'des (Artichoke-like). l£. Purple.

August. 1774.

— elonga'ta (lengthened), 4£. Purple. July.

1820.

— formo'sa (handsome). 6. Red. May. 1789.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). 8. White.

May. 1787-

margina'ta (bordered). 6. White.

June. 1795.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4. Pale. June. 1819-

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7. Purple. August.

1806.

cocci' nea (scarlet). 5. Scarlet.

August. 1806.

— i .i.. viridiflo'ra (green - flowered). /•

Green. August. 1806.

— Icpidoca'rpon (scaly - fruited). 6. Purple.

May. 1806.

— liguleefo'Ha (strap-leaved). 7. Purple. April.

1798.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. Purple. May.

1798.

— macrophy'lla (large • leaved). 8. White.

May. 1824.

— tnagni'fica (magnificent). 6. White. April.

1789-

— mclaleu'ca (black and white). 6. Purple.

May. 1786.

— mclli'fcra (honey-bearing). 6. Pale yellow.

September. 17/4.

f " tt'lbu (white). 0'. White. Sejrttinber.

1795.

PRO

C 749 ]

PRU

3. White.

P. nntcronifo'Ha (pointed-leaved'
September. 1803.

— na'na (dwarf). 2. Pink. May. 178".

— neriifo'lia (Oleander - leaved). 6. White.

March. 1806.

— ohtu'sa (blunt-/eaued). 10. Red. March. 1786.

— milche'lla (neat). 3. Red. June. 1795.
cilia'ta (hair - fringed). 3. Red.

June. 1/95.
gla'bra (smooth). 3. Red. June.

specio'sa (showy). 3. Red. June.

1795.

— i-ewo/w'to (curled-back-/eamf). 14. Purple.

May. 1824.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. April. 1/86.

— turbiniflo'ra (top-shaped-flowered). 4. Pink.

April. 1803.

— rilU'fera (hair-bearing). 7- Purple. August.

1800.

PROTECTION. See Screens.

PRUNE'LLA. Self -Heal. (Altered
from the German Die breaune, a disease
of the jaws ; supposed medicinal quali-
ties. Nat. ord., Labiates, or Lipworts
[Lamiacese]. Linn., l±-Didynamia 1-
Gymnospermia.)

All hardy herbaceous perennials, except ovata,
which is annual. Seeds, and divisions of the
plant, in spring; ornamental for rockworks,
and the front of flower-borders.
P. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Blue. Au-
gust. Austria. 1596.

— Marry a1 Has (Mrs. Marryatt's). 14. Purple.

July.

— ova'ta (egg-/eared). 4- Purple, July.

America.

— vulga'ris (common). 4- Pink. July. Britain.
elonga'ta (lengthened). Violet. |

July. North Amenca.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 4.

Pink. July. Britain.
his'pida (bristly). Pale purple.

July. Europe.
"pinnati'fida (deep - cut - leaved}.

Purple. July. South Europe.
ru'bra (red). 4- Red. July. Britain.

— Webbia'na (Webb's). 1. Lilac. August.
PRUNING, as practised in the garden,

has for its object the regulation of the
hranches to secure the due production
of blossom and maturity of fruit. If
carried to too great an extent that
object is not attained, for every tree
requires a certain amount of leaf-sur-
face for the elaboration of its sap ; and,
therefore, if this be reduced too much,
blossom-buds are produced less abun-
dantly, for leaves are more necessary
for the health of the plant, and by a
wise provision the parts less requisite
for individual vigour are superseded by
the parts more needed. On the other
hand, if the branches are left too thick,

they overshadow those boneath them,
and so exclude the light, as to prevent
that elaboration of the sap, without
which no blossom-buds are formed, but
an excessive production of leaves, in
the vain effort to attain, by an enlarged
surface, that elaboration which a smaller
surface would effect in a more intense
light. The appropriate pruning is given
Avhen considering each species of fruit
trees, and here we must confine our-
selves to a few general remarks. The
season for pruning must be regulated
in some degree by the strength of the
tree ; for although, as a general rule,
the operation should not take place
until the fall of the leaf indicates that
vegetation has ceased, yet if the tree
be weak, it may be often performed
with advantage a little earlier ; but still
so late in the autumn as to prevent the
protrusion of fresh shoots. This re-
duction of the branches before the tree
has finished vegetating, directs a greater
supply of sap to those remaining, and
stores up in them the supply for in-
creased growth next season. If the
production of spurs be the object of
pruning a branch, it should be pruned
so as to leave a stump ; because as the
sap supplied to the branch will be con-
centrated upon those buds remaining
at its extremity, these will be pro-
ductive of shoots, though otherwise
they would have remained dormant, it
being the general habit of plants first to
develope and mature those parts that are
farthest from the roots. It is thus that
the filbert is induced to put forth an
abundance of young bearing wood, fcr
its fruit is borne on the annual shoots,
and similar treatment to a less severe
extent is practised upon wall-fruit.

The chief guide in pruning consists
in being well acquainted with the mode
of the bearing of the different sorts of
trees, and forming an early judgment
i of the future events of shoots and
branches, and many other circum-
stances, for which some principal rules
may be given ; but there are particular
instances which cannot be judged of
but upon the spot, and depend chiefly
upon practice and observation. Peaches,
nectarines, and apricots, all produce
their fruit principally upon the young

PRTJ

PRU

wood of a year old ; that is, the shoots
produced this year hear the year follow-
ing ; so that in all these trees, a gene-
ral supply of the hest shoots of each
year must be everywhere preserved at
regular distances, from the very bottom
to the extremity of the tree on every
side ; but in winter- pruning, or general
shortening, less or more, according to
the strength of the different shoots, is
necessary, in order to promote their
throwing out, more effectually, a supply
of young wood the ensuing summer, in
proper place for training in for the suc-
ceeding year's bearing.

Vines produce their fruit always
upon the young wood-shoots of the
same year, arising from the eyes of the
last year's wood only ; and must, there-
fore, have a general supply of the best
regular shoots of each year trained
in, which, in winter pruning, must be
shortened to a few eyes, in order to
force out shoots from their lower parts,
only properly situated to lay in for bear-
ing the following year.

Figs bear also only upon the young |
wood of a year old, and a general sup-
ply of it is, therefore, necessary every
year ; but these shoots must at no time
be shortened, unless the ends are dead,
because they always bear principally
towards the extreme part of the shoots,
which, if shortened, would take the
bearing or fruitful parts away; besides,
they naturally throw out a sufficient
supply of shoots every year for future
bearing, without the precaution of
shortening.

Apple, pear, plum, and cherry trees
bear principally on spin's, arising in the
wood of from two or three, to ten or
twenty years old, the same branches
and spurs continuing to bear a great
number of years ; so that, having once
procured a proper set of branches to
form a spreading head, no farther sup-
ply of wood is wanted than some occa-
sional shoots now and then to supply
the place of any worn out or dead
branch. The above-mentioned spurs
or fruit-buds are short robust shoots of
from about half-an-inch to one or two
inches long, arising naturally, first to-
wards the extreme parts of the branches
of two or three years old, and as the

bran oil increases in length, the num-
ber of fruit-buds increase accordingly.

In pruning, always cut quite close,
both in the summer and winter-prun-
ing : In the summer-pinning, if at-
tended to early, while the shoots are
quite young and tender, they may be
readily rubbed off quite close with the
thumb ; but when the shoots become
older and woody, as they will not readily
break, it must be done with a knife,
cutting them as close as possible ; and
all winter-pruning must always be per-
formed with a knife.

Summer-pruning is a most necessary
operation. Young shoots require thin-
ning to preserve the beauty of the trees,
and encourage the fruit; and the sooner
it is performed the better. It is, there-
fore, advisable to begin this work in
May, or early in June, removing all
superfluous growths, and ill-placed
shoots, which may be done with con-
siderably more expedition and exact-
ness than when the trees have shot
a considerable length. Where, how-
ever, a tree is inclined to luxuriancy,
it is proper to retain as many of
the regular shoots as can be commo-
diously trained in with any regularity,
in order to divide and exhaust the
too abundant sap. It will be neces-
sary to review the trees occasionally,
in order to reform such branches or
shoots as may have started from their
places, or taken a wrong direction ; and
according as any fresh irregular shoots
produced after the general dressing
may be displaced ; or as the already
trained ones advance in length, or
project from the wall or espalier, they
should be trained in close.

In the winter-pruning, a general re-
gulation must be observed, both of the
mother branches, and the supply of
young wood laid in the preceding sum-
mer ; and the proper time for this work
is any time in open weather, from the
fall of the leaf in November, until
March ; but the sooner the better. In
performing this work, it is proper to
un-nail or loosen a chief part of the
branches, particularly of peaches, nec-
tarines, apricots, vines, and other trees
requiring an annual supply of young
wood.

PRU [ 7

PKU'NUS. Plum. (From prune, a
plum. Nat. ord., Ahruntdn-orts [Dru-
pacese]. Linn., 12-Icosandria l-M<»to-
gj/nia.)

Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered, and
blooming in April. Seeds for varieties and
stocks, suckers for grafting and budding ; deep
loamy soil, if calcareous all the better. For
the cultivated Plum, the Muscle and St. Julian
stocks are generally used. When dwarfs are
desired, the Myrobalan Plum is preferred. To
obtain stocks in great plenty, the long shoots
from the stools of last year's growth are laid
down in the spring their full length, and co-
vered with soil ; almost every bud sends up a
shoot, and roots are formed nearly cotempora-
neously. In autumn, the shoot laid down is
cut off, and then cut into as many pieces as
there are young shoots and roots. See Plum.
P. ca'ndicans (whitish), 15. 1820.

— Coccomi'lla (Coccomilla). 20. Calabria. 1824.

— divarica'ta (spreading). 10. Caucasus. 1820.

— dome'stica (domestic. Plum}. 20. England.
armenioi'des (Apricot-like. Drap

d'or). 20.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered) . 20.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 20.

heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). 20.

1846.

Myroba'lana (Myrobalan) . 20.

pe'ndula (drooping). 1838.

Turone'nsis (Turin. Premier Siviss) .

20. Turin.

— insiti'tia (grafted). 20. Britain.

flo're ple'no (double-flowered), 20.

fru'ctu lu' tea a'lba (yellowish-
white-fruited). 20.

fru'ctu ni'gro (black-fruited) . 20.

•fru'ctu ru'bro (red-fruited). "

— mari'tima (sea). 4. North America. 1800.

— Mu'me (Mume). 2. Japan. 1841.

— pube'scens (downy). 8. 1818.

— spino'sa (spiny. Sloe tree). 15. Britain.
flo're ple'no (double-flowered) . 10.

Tarascon.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 10. Britain.

. macroca'rpa (large - fruited). 10.

Britain.

microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10.

Britain.
— ova'ta (egg-fruited). 10. Britain.

PSEUDO-BULB. By this term is
described the fleshy stem of the or-
chids; and the term is applicable as
it resembles a bulb more than a
stem.

PSI'DIUM. Guava. (The Greek name
once applied to the Pomegranate. Nat
ord., MyrtleUooms [Myrtacese]. Linn.,
1'2-Icosandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Myrtus.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreens. Cuttings
of young shoots, getting a little firm at their
base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom
heat ; sandy fibry loam and peat, with the ad-

PSO

lition of leaf-mould, and a little dried cow-dung,

rovided the drainage is good and plentiful.
Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer, 6()° to 85°.
But several, such as Cattleyanum, will not only

ive, but produce their fruit in a greenhouse.
The best Guanas we have seen were produced
on the back of a vinery, from which the frost
was little more than excluded in winter. See

Huava.

. ^m'm(Araca). 4. May. Brazil. 1820.

— aroma1 ticum (aromatic). 5. Guiana. 1779-

— Cattleya'num (Catley's). 10. May. S.Ame-

rica. 1818.

— Chine'nse (Chinese). May. China. 1828.

— I'ndicum (Indian). 12. June. E. Indies.

1824.

— monta'num (mountain). 60. Jamaica. 1779.

— myrtifo'lium (Myrtle-leaved). 6. April.

1820.

— ni'grum (black-fruited). May. China.

— oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). 10. 1817-

— potyca'rpon (many-fruited). 3. May.

Trinidad. 1810.

— pomi'ferum (apple-bearing). 10. June,

W. Indies. 1692.

— sapidi' ssimum (most- savoury).

10. June. 1824.

— p'umilum (dwarf). 2. May. E.Indies. 1824.

— pyri'ferum (pear-bearing). 10. June. W.

Indies. 1656.

— ru'brum (red-fruited). May. China. 1820.

PSI'LA. See Carrot Maggot.

PSOEA'LEA. (From psoraleos, warted ;
the appearance of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fa-
bacese]. Linn., \l-Diadclphia 4-Zte-
candria. Allied to Amorpha.)

Herbaceous by division, as fresh growth
commences ; shrubs, by cuttings of the half-
ripened shoots, in April or May, in sand, under
a glass ; sandy peat, and sandy fibry loam.
Winter temp, for these, 40° to 48°. Glandulosa
has stood in the open air for a number of years,
near London. There are some annuals and
biennials, but not worth cultivating.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

P. Lupine'lla (Small Lupin). 2. Purple. June.
Carolina. 1812.

— macrosta'chya (long-spiked). 3. Purple.

July. California. 1 833.

— Onobry'chis (Saintfoin - like). 3. Purple.

August. North America. 1818.

— orbicula'ris (round - leaved). $. Purple.

June. California. 1835.

GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEEN SHEUBS.

P. aphy'lla (leafless). 2. Blue. June. Cape
of Good Hope. 1790.

— arbo'rea (tree). 6. Bluish. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1814.

— Muti'sii (Mutis's). Purple. July. Mexico.

1828.

— odorati'ssima (most-fragrant). 6. Pale blue.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1725.

— Palesti'na (Palestine). 2. Violet. June.

Levant. 1771' Herbaceous.
— • pinna' ta (leafleted). 6. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1690.

PSO

[ 752 ]

PSY

P. pule' wens (downy \ 2. Pale blue. August.
Lima. 1825.

— re'pens (creeping). l£. Blue. July, Cape of

Good Hope. 17/4.

— seri'cea (silky). 3. Violet. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1815.

— sptca'ta (long - spiked). 4. Blue. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— Sta'chydis (St&cYiys - leaved) . 3. Brown.

April. Cape of Good Hope. 1793,

— stria' ta (channeled). 3. Blue. May. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. White, blue.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1/93.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 3. Blue. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1820.

— verruco'sa (warted). 3. Blue. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1774.

interme'dia (intermediate). 3.

Blue. June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

PSY'LLA. The Chermes, is allied to
the Aphis. P. pyri, Pear cheriues,
appears in May, not unlike a large
aphis, crimson-coloured, shaded with
black. Mr. Kollar says, when pairing
is over, the female lays her eggs in
great numbers near each other, on the
young leaves and blossoms, or on the
newly formed fruit and shoots. They
are of a longish shape, and yellow ;
and, without a magnifying glass, they
resemble the pollen of flowers. They
are called either nymphs or larvae in
this state (according to the extent of
their development) ; and, like their
parents, have their mouth in the
breast. After a few days, they change
their skins, and become darker, and
somewhat reddish on the breast, and
rather resemble bugs than plant-lice,
having the extreme point of the body
somewhat broad, and beset with bris-
tles. After changing their skins, they
leave the leaves, blossoms, and fruit,
and proceed more downwards to the
bearing wood and the shoots of last
year, on which they fix themselves se-
curely, one after the other, in rows,
and remain there till their last trans-
formation.

When the nymphs have moulted for
the last time, and have attained their
full size, the body swells out by de-
grees, and becomes cylindrical. They
then leave their associates, and before
they lay aside their nymph -like cover-
ing, they search out a leaf to which
they fasten themselves firmly, and ap-
pear as if they were lifeless. After a
"few minutes, the skin splits on the

upper part of the covering, anil a
insect proceeds from it. It is of a
pleasant green colour, with red eyes,
and snow-white wings. It very much
resembles its parents in spring, even
in the colour. After a few days, this
chermes has assumed the colours of
the perfect insect ; the head, collar,
and thorax, are of an orange colour,
and only the abdomen retains its green
hue. It now flies away from the place
of its birth to enjoy the open air.

P. mail. Apple Chermes. This, ac-
cording to the same author, appears in
June. In September, they pair, and
lay their eggs, which are white, and
pointed at both ends, a line-and-a-half
long, and the fourth-of-a-line thick,
and become yellow before the young-
escapes. The apple chermes lays its
eggs in different places of the twigs of
an apple-tree ; usually, however, in the
furrows of the knots, and sometimes in
a very regular manner. The larvce
are scarcely escaped from the egg, in
the open air, when they hasten to
the nearest bud, and begin to gnaw its
scales. On the second day after their
birth, they cast their first skin, after
which they appear nearly of their
former shape and colour. The second
; changing of the skin can sometimes be
] scarcely seen at all, because the larva
not only puts out a thicker string with
' the tubercle, but also an immense num-
ber of very fine entangled threads or
small hairs, which it turns upwards
over its back, a'Ad with them entirely
covers its body and head. In sunshine,
these strings look transparent, as if
they were made of glass, and become
of a greenish variable colour. Under
this screen the chermes are secured
from every attack of other insects ; for
no ants, mites, or bugs, can disturb
them in their fortification, or consume
them as their prey. After changing the
second skin, the young assume a dif-
ferent colour and fonn ; they now be-
come light green all over, the abdomen
much broader than the thorax, and
on the side of the latter, rudiments
of the wings are distinctly seen. The
third time of changing the skin comes
on in about eight days, sometimes
sooner and sometimes later, according

PSY [ ",

to the weather. After this skin, the wing
rudiments very distinctly make their
appearance, and become larger and
whiter the nearer the insect approaches
to the perfect state. The body is also
of a light green, and the larvae have
black eyes, and blackish antennas. At
last the time arrives when the insect
assumes the perfect state ; it then re-
tires to a part of the leaf which it had
selected, and after having firmly fixed
itself there, the back splits open, and
the beautiful winged chermes appears
from the nymph. The back of the
thorax is of a light green, the abdo-
men is marked with yellow rings, and
the membranous wings with strongly
marked snow-white veins.

P. cratcegi infests the camellia.

P.ficus and P. rasce, are respectively
on the fig and rose-trees. All the
species are destroyed by syringing with
tobacco-water, until the insects are
dead, and then syringing with water
only. See Aphis.

PTE'LEA. Shrubby Trefoil. (From
plao, to fly; winged fruit. Nat. ord.,
Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylacese], Linn.,
•i-Tctrandria 1-Monogynia.)

Pinnata requires a greenhouse); cuttings of
ripe shoots, in sand, under a hand -glass ; sandy
loam and peat. Trifuliata and its variety are
hardy ; seed in April, and by layers in autumn ;
any common light soil.

P. pinna' ta (leafleted), 20, White, May.
Norfolk Island, 1829-

— trifotia'ta (three-leaved). 12. Green. June.

North America. 1704.

— — • — — — variega'ta (variegated.-feau«f), 12.

Green. June. 1840.

PTELI'DIUM. (So named from its
resemblance to Ptelea. Nat. ord.,
Spindlelrees [Celastracea?]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria \-Monogynia.')

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; sandy
peat and fibry loam, with pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. ova1 turn (egg-leaved). 6. Greenish white.
Madagascar. 1818.

PTE'RIS. Brake. (From pteron, &
wing; the shape of the fronds or
leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diaceae]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia 1-
Fiticcs.)
All brown spored. See Ferns.

HARDY.

P, AquUi'na (eagle-like), 3, July, Britain,
48

PTE

P. arge'ntea (silvery), £. July. Siberia. 1816.

— atropurpu'rea (purple). i- August. J>.

America. 1770.

— cauda'ta (tailed). 2. October. N.America.

— »eda'/a (double-lobed). £. July. Virginia.

GREENHOUSE.

P. argu'ta (sharp-notched). 1. August. Ma-
deira. 1/78.

— Cre'tica (Cretan). ,*1. July. Catrdia. 1820.

— escule'nta (eatable). 3. August. N. b.

Wales. 1815.

—falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 1. June. New
Holland. 1820.

— intra-margina'lis (within -margined). 1.

September. Mexico. 1828.

— Kingia'na (King's). June. Norfolk Island.

1831.

— latizo'na (broad-zoned). l£. June. More-

ton Bay. 1831.

— subverticilla'ta (slightly - whorled). I*

Mexico. 1831.

— tre'mula (trembling). 3. July. N. Hol-

land. 1820.

— umbro'sa (shady). 3. July. N. Holland.

1823.

STOVE.

P. Alloso'rus (Allosorus-like). 1.

— a'mpla (large). 6. July.

- calome'lanos (neat-dark). 3- September.

C. of G.Hope. 1830.

— Cervante'sii (Cervantes's). 1. July. Mexico.

1824

— C7ime'«szV(Chinese). 2. July. China. 1824.

— colli'na (hill). *. August. Brazil.

— corda'ta (heart-shaped). 3. June. Mexico.

1820.

— crenula'ta (scolloped). 2. July. 1827-

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 3. August. Brazil.

1825.

— edu'lis Datable). 3. New Zealand. 1837.

— e'legans (elegant). 3, August. East Indies.

1824.
—felosi'na (heavy-smelling), 15. July, Jamaica.

1822.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 1831.

— heterophy'lla (various - leaved). 4. July.

Jamaica. 1820.

— la'ctea (milky). 1. November.

— lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. July. Bourbon.

1819.

— la'ta (broad). 3£. June. Brazil, 1841.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. August. W.

Indies. 1770.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). October. Peru.

1830.

— Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 2. July. S.America.

1818.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). l£. July. N.

Zealand. 1824.

— sagitta'ta (arrow-shaped). 8. June. S.

America. 1826.

— sermla'ta (saw-edged). lj. August. India.

1/70.

— spinulo'sa (small-spined). 1*. September.

1834.

— sulca'ta (furrowed), fi. June. Jamaica,

1841.

- tcrnifo'lia (three-lcared), 1.. June. 1838,

PTE

[ 754 ]

PUG

PTEROCA'RPUS. ( From pteron, awing, |
and karpos, a fruit ; seed pods with
wing-like appendage. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 7-Dodecandria. Allied to
Dalbergia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a
glass, and in bottom heat; rich fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° 5 summer, 60° to 85°.
P. Bro'wnei (Brown's). 10. White, red. W.
Indies. 1733.

— Dalbergioi'des (Dalbergia-like). 10. Yellow.

E. Indies. 1817.

— dra'co (dragon). 40. White. W.Indies.

1820.

— fla'vus (yellow). Yellow. April. China. 1826.

— I'ndicus( Indian). 30; White. E.Indies.

1813.

— marsu'pium (pouched). 40. White. E.

Indies. 1811.

— Plumie'ri (Plunder's). 10. White. S.

America. 1820.

— Ro'hrii (Rohr's). 20. Guiana. 1816.

— santalinoi'des (Sandal- wood-like). SO. Yel-

low. Sierra Leone. 1/93.

— santali'nus (red. Saunder's-wood). 60. Yel-

low. E. Indies. 1800.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 15. Yellow. Caraccas.

1817. Climber.

— Siebe'ri (Sieber's). 10. White, red. Guinea.

1824.

PTEROCA'RYA. (From pteron, a wing,
and caryon, a nut ; winged fruit. Nat.
ord., Juglands [Juglandacese]. Linn.,
21-Moncecia 9-Enneandria. Allied to
Juglans.)

Hardy deciduous tree ; by layers of the young
shoots ; also by grafting on the Walnut ; deep
moist soil in warm places, in cold situations
shallow poor soil will be best, that the wood
may not be stronger than the sun will ripen.
P. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 40. April. N.
America.

PTERODI'SCUS. (From pteron, a wing,
and discus, a disk. Nat. ord., Pedaliads
[Pedaliaceee]. Linn., \k-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia. Allied to Martynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Seeds in spring
and autumn ; division of the plant and cuttings
of young shoots, under a bell-glass, in the be-
ginning of spring and in the middle of autumn ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
40° to 48°; summer, 60° to 75°.
P specio'sus (showy-flowered). 2. Lilac,
purple. May. Africa. 1844.

PTERONEU'RON. (From pteron, a
wing, and neuron, a nerve ; winged
seed cord. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Bras-
sicacese]. Linn., 15-Tetmdynamia.
Allied to Cardamine.;

Both species by seeds, and carnosum by divi-
sions, and cuttings in spring ; light sandy soil,

P. carno'swn (fleshy-teamed)- 1. White. June.
Hungary. 1824. Hardy herbaceous.

— Gree'cum (Grecian). J. White. June. S.

Europe. 1710. Hardy annual.

PTEROSPE'RMUM. (From pteron, a
wing, and sperma, a seed; winged seeds.
Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriaceee] .
Linn., 16-Monadelphia 7-Dodecandria.
Allied to Astrapaea.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees, from
the East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened,
stubby side-shoots, cut close to the stem, in
sand, (and in bottom heat ; sandy fibry loam
and lumpy peat, with good drainage. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
P. acerifo'lium (Maple-leaved). 10. August.
1/90.

— platanifo'lium (Plane-leaved). 15. 1820.

— semisagitta'tum (half - arrow - leaved) . 10.

1820.

PTILO'TRICHUM. (From ptilon, a
feather, and thrix, a hair. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15- 2V
tradynamia. Allied to Alyssum.)

Hardy, white-flowered, deciduous shrubs.
Cuttings, in spring and summer ; light sandy
soil ; knolls and rockworks.
P. cane'scens (hoary). April. Siberia. 1828.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). April. Altai. 1836.

PTERO'NIA. (From pteron, a wing ;
feathery scales on the flower-receptacle.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., I9-Syngenesia 1-JEgualis. Allied
to Chrysocoma.)

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, evergreen
shrubs, from the Cape of Good Hope. Cut-
tings of young shoots, in sandy soil, under a
hand-light ; also by seeds, in a slight hotbed,
in spring, or in the greenhouse in summer;
fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.

P. camphora'ta (camphor-scented). 3. June.
1774.

— echina'ta (hedgehog-like). 2. July. 1818.
—fascicula'ta (bundle-flowered). 2. June.

1818.
— flexicau'lis (bending-stalked). 3. July. 1812.

— glomera'ta (crowded). 2. June. 1817.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). £. July.

1774.

— pa'llens (pale). 2. June. J816.

— scario'sa (membranous). 2. July. 1815.

— stn'cta (upright). 3. May. 1774.

PTERO'PSIS. (From pteron, a wing ;
and opsis, like ; shape of the fronds
or leaves. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacese]. Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia 1-F't-
liccs.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns.
P. furca'ta (forked). Brown. June. Trinidad.
1824.

PUCCOON. Sanguina'ria.

PUD

[ 755 ]

PUN

PUDDLING. See Muddiny.

PUERA'RIA. ( Named after M. Puerari,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabaceee]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia Q-Decandrla. Allied to
(,'litoria.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered, evergreen climb-
ers, from Nepaul. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass ; sandy peat and
libry loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
P. tubero'sa (tuberose). 3. 1806.

— TFaWc/m(Wallich's). 3. 1826.

PULMONA'RIA. Lungwort. (From
pithnonarius, diseased lungs ; referring
to its supposed efficacy in those dis-
eases. Nat. ord., Sorageworts [Bora-
ginacese]. Linn., 5-PentandriaI-Mono-
ijijnia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Divisions, in
spring ; common garden soil.
P. angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved), f . Violet.

April. Britain.
oblonga'ta (oblong). 1. Pink.

May. Germany.

— asu'ren (light - blue). l£. Blue. April.

Poland. 1823.

— Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 1. Blue. May.

Dahuria. 1812.

— denticula'ta (small-toothed), f . Blue. June.

North America. I860.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). 1. Pink.

May. France. 1819-

— margina'ta (bordered - leaved}. 1. Blue.

June. Louisiana. 1813.

— mari'tima (sea-side). Blue. July. Britain.

— mo' His (soft). 2- Blue. June. N.America.

1805.

— ojficina'lis (shop). 1. Pink. April. England.
a' u,a( white-lowered). 1. White.

June. England.

— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. Blue. June.

Hudson's Bay. 1778.

— parviflo'ra (small - flowered). Blue. July.

Canada. 1827.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Purple. May.

Russia. 1821.

— sacchara'ta (sugared). 1. Pink. June.

Europe. 1817-

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 1. Blue. June. Siberia.

1801.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). §. Pink. May. Hun-

gary. 1824.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). l£. Blue. April.

N. America. 1/99.

PULTEIOS'A. (Named after Dr. Pul-
tany. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Gastrolobium.)

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, evergreen
shrubs from New Holland. Cuttings of the
points of shoots as growth is nearly finished,
or, better still, small side-shoots, when from
two to three inches long, in sand, in April,
under a bell-glass ; two parts of sandy nbry
peat to one part of nbry loam, with a little

charcoal, and good drainage. Winter temp.,
40° to 48° ; summer, 60° to 75°. Plenty of air,
and screened from the full sun during the
hottest period of the year.
P arge'ntea (silvery). 1. April. 1824.

— arista'ta (awned). 1^. May. 1824.

— a'spera (rough). l£. June. 1824.

— bilo'ba (two-lobed). 2. April. 1817-

— brachy'tropis (short-keeled). lj. Purple,

orange. April. 1838.

— cane'scens (hoary). 1. April. 1822.

— como'sa (tufted). l£. May. 1822.

— corda'ta (sharp-hearted-leaved). May. 1832.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. May. 1824.

— cunea'ta (wedge-Zeawed). 1. June. 1824.

— Daphnoi'des (Daphne-like). 2. April. 1792.

— denta'tattooth-bracted). 2. June. 1820.

— echi'nula (small-prickled). l£. April. 1823.

— fle'xilis (yielding). l£. May. 1801.

— hypola'mpra (brightish). 1. May. 1824.

— incurva'ta (bent-in). 2. May. 1823.

— Juniperi'na (Juniper-/tA-e). 1^. June. 1824.

— linophy'lla (Flax-leaved). 2. April. 1789.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. May. 1810.

— mucrona'ta (pointed-Jeawed). 2. May. 1826.

— nbcorda'ta (reversed-egg-Jeawd). 2. June.

1808.

— oxalidifo'lia (Oxalis-leaved). 2. April. 1826.

— peduncula'ta (/owg--flower-stalked). May.

1820.

— plumo'sa (feathery). !£. April. 1824.

— 7;o«/b'/ia (Polium-leaved). 2. May. 1824.

— polygalifo'lia (Polygala- leaved). 2. May.

1817.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. April. 1823.

— racemulo'sa (small-racemed). 2. April.

1820.

— retu'sa (abrupt-ended). 1. April. 1789.

— rosmarinifo'li't (Rosemary-leaved). 2. May.

1824.

— rupe'stris (rock-inhabiting) . 1. 1845.

— scu'bra (rough-teaoed). 1^. April. 1803.

— squtirro'sa (spreading). 2. June. 1825.

— stipula'ris (stipuled). 2. April. 1792.

— stri'cta (upright). 2. June. 1803.

— subumbella'ta (slightly-umbelled). 1. April.

1831.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). 1^. April. 1817.

— thymifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). 1. May. 1810.

— vesti'ta (clothed). 3. April. 1803.

— mlli'fera (hair-bearing). 2. May. 1824.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. May. 1790.

PU'NICA. Pomegranate. (From pu-
niceus, scarlet; the colour of the flowers.
Nat. ord., MyrtleUooms [Myrtaceee].
Linn., 12-Icosandria \-Monogynia.}

Deciduous trees, all blooming in August.
Cuttings of the shoots and roots ; layers and
grafting ; any light rich soil. It flourishes
against a wall, but in such places the twigs
must be encouraged to grow, or there will be
few flowers. The double kinds grafted on the
single, and grown in rich loam, become nice
flowering plants, as the plants do not grow so
vigorous as on their own roots, but flower much
longer. Nana requires the stove.
P. gr ana' turn (common -grained). 18. Red.
S. Europe. 1548.

— — albe'scens (whitish). 1.0. Whitish.

China.

PUN

C 760 ]

PYft

P. grana'tum albe'scens flo're-ple'no (double- I
whitish). 10. Whitish.

fla'vum (yellow). 10. Yellow.

ru'brum flo're-ple'no (double-red-
flowered). 10. Red. S. Europe.

— na'na (dwarf). 5. Red. E. Indies. 1/23.

PUNNET. See Basket.

PU'ESHIA. (Named after F. Pursh,
writer on American plants. Nat. ord.,
JRoseu-orts [Eosaceffi]. Linn., 12-Icos-
andria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Agri-
monia.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a hand-light, in early
summer ; also by seeds, treated as rose seeds ;
sandy poor soil.

P. tridenta'ta (three-tooth- leaved}. 2. Yellow.
N. America. 1826.

PURSLANE. Portula'ca. P. oleracea.
Green, or Garden Purslane. P. sativa.
Golden Purslane.

A light rich soil they thrive in most,
and they must have a warm situation,
as a south border. Sow in February
and early in March, in a moderate
hotbed, to remain where sown ; and at
the close of March, and once monthly,
during April, May, and the summer
months until the end of August, in the
open ground.

Sow in drills six inches apart, very
thin, and not more than a quarter -of-
an-inch deep. Keep the seedlings j
clear of weeds, and thin to six or eight i
inches asunder, In dry weather, water ;
moderately two or three times a-week.

In general, they are ready for ga
thering from in six weeks after sowing, ;
the young shoots being made use of ;
from two to five inches in length, and
the plants branch out again.

The hotbed crops require the air to
be admitted as freely as the weather
permits, the temperature ranging be-
tween 50° and 75°.

To obtain Seed. — A few of the earliest
border-raised plants must be left un-
gathered from ; the strongest and
largest leaved being selected. They
must be cut immediately the seed is
ripe, laid on a cloth, and when perfectly
dry, thrashed, and the refuse is best
separated by means of a very fine sieve.

PURSLANE-TREE. Portiilaca'ria.

FUSCHKI'NIA. (Named after M. \
Pouschkin, a Eussian botanist. Nat. >
ord., Lily worts [Liliaceee], Linn., 0- i

Hexandr'ia l-Monogynia. Allied to
Hyacinth.)

Half-hardy bulb. Offset bulbs ; deep sandy
loam ; requires a little protection, or to be
taken up in winter.

P. scitfoi'cfe* (Scilla-like). £. Pale blue. May.
Siberia. 1819.

PUTTY is a compound of boiled lin-
seed oil and whiting, but as it may be
bought in London at half-a-guinea per
cwt., it is scarcely worth while to make
it. One hundred weight is enough for
puttying about three hundred square
feet of glass.

Old putty may be softened by apply-
ing to it rags dipped in a saturated
solution of caustic potash, leaving them
on for twelve hours ; or by rubbing a
hot iron along the putty.

If the gardener does make putty, the
whiting should be well dried, and then
pounded and sifted till it becomes a
fine powder, and is quite free from grit.
The whiting, a little warm, should be
gradually added to the oil, and well-
mixed by means of a piece of stick, or
a spatula. When it is sufficiently stiff,
it should be well worked with the hand
on a table, and afterwards beaten on a
stone with a wooden mallet, till it be-
comes a soft, smooth, tenacious mass.
A ball of putty when left some days
becomes somewhat hard, but may be
easily softened by beating.

PYCNO'STACHYS. (Frompyknos, dense,
and stachys, a spike ; dense flower-
spikes. Nat. ord., Labiates [Lamia-
cese]. Linn., l-i-Didynamia l-Gymno-
spcrmia.)

Stove annual ; for culture see O'cymum ,

P. cceru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. August. Mada-
gascar. 1825.

PYRE'THRUM. Feverfew. (Frompyr,
fire ; alluding to its acrid roots. Nat,
ord., Composites [Asteracea?] . Linn.,
19-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Hardy kinds, divisions, and seeds,
and common garden soil ; greenhouse kinds, by
cuttings under a hand-light, in sandy light soil ;
sandy fibry loam, and leaf-mould ; half-shrubby
kinds, such as foeniculatitrn, will not only do
well in cold greenhouses, but will probably
answer for the bottom of conservative walls.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

P. Broitssone'ti (Broussonet's), 2, July. Ca-
naries, 1817.

TOR

[757 ]

PYR

P. coronopifo'lium (Buckhorn -leaved). 2. Ca-
naries.

— diversifo'lium (variable-leaved). £. July.

New Holland. 1823. Herbaceous.

— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Canaries. 1699.;

— grandiflo'ruin (large-flowered). 3. Canaries. ;

1815.

— specio'sum (showy). 3. Canaries. 1815.

HARDY ANNUALS.

P. breviradia'tum (short-rayed). £. Yellow, j
July. 1818.

— c'lcgans (elegant). 1. July. Mount Baldo.

1816. Biennial.

— I'ndicum (Indian). £• Yellow. July. East i

Indies. 1810.

— inodo'rum (scentless). 1. August. Britain, j

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2J. July, j

1820.

— pree'cox (early). 1. June. Caucasus. 1818. j

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

P. achillefo'lium (Milfoil-leaved). 2. Yellow.
August. Caucasus. 1823.

— Alpi'num (Alpine). £. July. Switzerland.

1/59.

pube'scens (downy). $. July. Switz-
erland. 1819.

— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). £. July. South

Europe. 1820.

— bipinna'tum (doubly-leafleted). 3- Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1796,

— Bocco'ni (Bocconi's). 1. Yellow. July.

Spain. 1823.

— Caucu'sicum (Caucasian). £. July. Cau-

casus. 1804.

— ceratophylloi' des (Hornwort-like). 1. June.

Piedmont. 181 9.

— cinerariaifo'lium (Cineraria-leaved). 2. July.

Dalmatia. 1826.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 1. July. Ger-

many. 15Q6.

— Halle'ri (Haller's). 1. June. Switzerland.

1819.

— latifo'tium (broad-leaved). 2. June. Py-

renees. 1820.1

— leptophy' Hum (fine-leaved). 1. August.

Caucasus. 1821.

— macrophy'llum (large-leaved). 3. July.

Hungary. 1803.

— Mundia'num (Mundiana). l£. July. France.

1816.

— mari'timum (sea). 1. August. Britain.

— ma'ximum (largest). 1. July. South Eu-

rope, 1818.

— millef olia1 turn (thousand-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Siberia. 1/31.

— palu'stre (marsh). 1. June. Armenia. 1820.

— Parthenifo'lium (Parthenium- leaved). 2.

July. Caucasus. 1804.

— Parthe'nium (cowwio?i-Pellitory). 2. July.

Britain.

flo're-ple'no (double -flowered).

2. July.

— pinnati'fidum (deeply-cut-/ea«ed). 2. July.

1823,

— uligino'swn (marsh). l.J. August. Hun-

gary. 1816.

LVjROLA. "Winter-green. (From pyrus,
a pear-tree ; resemblance of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Wintcrgreens [Pyrolacece].

Linn., W-Decandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Galax.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and
divisions, in a shady sandy peat border.
P. Asarifo'lla (Asarium-leaved) £. Green,
yellow. N. America. 1822. "

— chlora'ntha (greenish-yellow-flowered). Yel-

low. N. America. 1822.

— convolu'ta (rolled-together). ^. Green,

white. N. America. 1818.

— denta'ta (toothed-teaued) . Yellow. North

America. 1827.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved). £. White. N.Ame-

rica. 1818.

— me'dia (intermediate). £. White, red.

England.

— mi1 nor (smaller). J. Red. Britain.

— occidenta'lis (western). Yellow. N. Ame-

rica. 1827.

— rotundifo'lia (round - leaved), i. White.

Britain.

— secu'nda (sifa-Jiowering). $. White. Bri-

tain.

— uniflo'ra (single-flowered). J. White. Britain.

PYEOLI'EION. Flame Lily. (From
pyr, fire, and lirion, a lily. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceje] . Linn.,
Q-Hcxandria \-Monogynla. Allied to
Habranthus.)

Very rare greenhouse bulbs, flowering about
Midsummer, before the leaves are full-grown,
and require rest from December to April.
Offset bulbs ; sandy loam and leaf-mould ; a
greenhouse or a cold pit.

P. au'reum (golden). 1. Gold. June. Peru.
1833.

— fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. Peru.

PY'HUS. Pear-Tree. (From peren,
the Celtic name of the pear. Nat. ord.j
Applevjorts [Pomaceae]. Linn., 12-Jco-
sandria \-Monogynla.}

Hardy deciduous trees, white-flowered except
where otherwise mentioned. Seeds for stocks
and new varieties : as also in the case of the
timber-trees for the continuance of the species ;
but for all particular sorts by budding and
grafting upon wild pears, apples, quinces, and
thorns, according to the future effects required ;
also by suckers ; good garden soil, and deep
loamy soil for the wild varieties. — See Pear,
Apple, and Quince.
P. ace'rba (sour). 20. April. Europe.

— America'na (American). 15. May. Ca-

nada. 1782.

— amygdalifo'rmis (Almond-shaped). 16. May.

S. Europe. 1810.

— angustifo'liu (narrow-leaved). 20. Pink.

May. N.America. 1750.

— Arbutifo'lia (Arbutus-leaved). 4. May. N.

America. 1700.

interme'dia (intermediate). May.

-pu'mila (dwarf). 1|. May.

— sero'tina (late). 4. June.

— A'ria (white Beam-tree). 40. May. Britain.
acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved). 40. May.

Europe.

PYK

[ 758 ]

QUA

P. A'riabuUa'ta(b\istKte&-leaved). 30. May, S. ;

Europe.

Cre'tica (Cretan). 30. May. Crete, j

— obtusifo'lia (blunt- leaved). 40. May. |

Europe.
= — rugo'sa (wrinkled-teawed). 30. May.

S. Europe.
. — < undula'ta (wavy -leaved). 30. May.

S. Europe.

— Astraca'nica (Astracan apple). 20. June.

Astracan. 1810.

— aucupa'ria (fowler's, Mountain Ash). 30.

May. Britain.

• fastigia'ta (tapering). May.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 30. May. Britain.

• fru'ctu lu'teo (yellow-fruited). 30.

May. Britain.

— auricula1 ta (eared). 20. May. Egypt. 1800.

— bacca'ta (berried). 15. Pink. April. Siberia.

1784.

— Chameeme'spilus (Bastard Quince). 8. May.

Pyrenees. 1683.

— commu'nis (common Pear). 20. April.

England.

— ' A'chras (Achras entire-leaved), 20.

April.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered) . 20 .

April.

fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 20. April.

— ' ' • fru'ctu variega'to (variegated-

fruited). 20. April.

jaspi'dea (striped-bark). 20. April.

Pyra'ster (Pyraster, saw-leaved).

20. April.

sanguinole'nta (bloody). 20. April.

sati/va (cultivated). 20. April.

— corona'ria (crown. Sweet-scented crab). 20.

Pink. May. Virginia. 1724.

— crena'ta (scolloped). 15. May. Nepaul. 1820.

— depre'ssa (depressed). May.

— dioi'ca (dioecious). 10. April. 1818.

— edu'lis (eatable). 10. April. France. 1816.

— El&agnifo'lia (Elaeagnus-leaved). 20. April.

Siberia. 1806.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 8. April.

China. 1818.

— grandifo'lia (large-leaved). 5. April. N.

America.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 40. May. Swe-

den. 1789-
. angustifo'lia (narrow- leaved). 10.

May.
latifo'lia (broad - leaved). 40.

May. Denmark. 178Q.

— lana'ta (woolly). 15. April. Nepaul. 1818.

— lanugino'sa (woollyish). 25. April. Hungary.
-— Ma'lus (Apple-tree). 20. April. Britain.

— melanoca'rpa (black-fruited) . 4. May. N.

America. 1700.

subpube'scens (slightly-downy).

4. May.

— microca'rpa (small- fruited). 10. April.

North America.

— niva'lis (snowy -leaved). 6. April. Austria.

— pinnati'fida (deeply-cut-leaved). 40. May.

England.
arbu'scula (little-tree). May.

Germany.
. ^ lanugino'sa (woollyish - leaved).

40. May. England.

P.

pinnuti'Jida pe'ndula (drooping). May.
England.

— Pollve'ria (Polver's). 15. Mav. Germany.

1786.

— pree'cox (early. Paradise). 10. Blush. April.

Russia. 1784.

— prunifo'lia (Plum-leaved. Siberian-crab). 20 .

Pink. May. Siberia. 1758.

— pu'bens (downy). 5. May.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 20. May.

Russia. 1780.

— salvifo'lia (Sage-leaved. Aurelian). 15. May.

France. 1806.

— Sinai'ca (Mount Sinai Medlar). 20. May.

Levant. 1820.

— sine'mis (Chinese). May. China.

— so'rbus (tfme-Service). 30. May. England.

malifo'rmis (Apple- shaped). 30. May.

pyrifo'rtnis (Pear-shaped). 30. May.

— specta'bilis (showy. Chinese-apjjle). 20.

May. China. 1780.

— spu'ria (spurious). 20. May. 1800.

pe'ndula (drooping). May.

sambucifo1 lia (Elder-leaved). 20.

May. 1818.

— tomento'sa (downy). 20. May. Europe. 1810.

— tormina'lis (griping. Wild-service), 50.

May. England.

— triloba'ta (three-lobed). 20. May. S.

Europe. 1810.

— variola1 sa (variable-feared)- 50. May.

Nepaul. 1825.

— vesti'ta (clothed). April. Nepaul. 1820.

Q.

QUAKING G-KASS. Brl'za.

QUA 'LEA. (The name in Guiana.
Nat.ord,, Vochyads [Vochyacese]. Linn.,
1-Monandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Vochysia.)

Stove evergreen tree. By seeds, in a hotbed,
and cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 85°.
Q. viola'cea (violet). Violet. Brazil. 1824.

QUAMO'CLIT. (From kyamos, a kid-
ney-bean, and Iditos, dwarf; resem-
blance of habit. Nat. ord., Bindweeds
[Coirvolvulacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
I-Monoyynia, Allied to Iponicea.)

Seeds in a hotbed, and cuttings of the points
and side-shoots from growing stems ; the former
plan being adopted chiefly with annuals, and
the latter with perennials ; the annnuals being
generally grown out-of-doors, after the end of
May, and the perennials in the plant stove.

STOVE PERENNIAL TWINEKS.

Q. globo'sa (globular). 6. Scarlet. Mexico.
1827. Evergreen.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Scarlet.

Mexico. 1826. Evergreen.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 6. White. June.

Cuba. J803. Herbaceous.

QUA

[ 759 ]

QUE

Q. pit' tula (spreading). 6. Scarlet. Mexico.
1826. Evergreen.

— sangui'nea (bloody). 10. Crimson. July.

Santa Cruz. 1812. Evergreen,

STOVE ANNUAL TWINEKS.

Q. cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Scarlet. August.
S. America. 1818.

— digita'ta (hand-team*)- 10. Purple. Sep.

tember. W. Indies.

— hederifo'lia (Ivy-leaved). 10. Violet. July.

W. Indies. 1773.

— lutc'ola (yellowish). 10. Orange, yellow.

August. Guatemala. 1759-

— phaeni'cea (crimson). Crimson. June. E.

Indies. 1806.

— sero'tinu (la.te-blooming) . Orange. July.

Mexico. 1824.

— tri'loba (three-lobed). 10. Violet. July.

S. America. 1752.

— vulga'ris (common). Scarlet. September.

E. Indies. 1629.

albifto'ra (white-flowered). White.

September. E. Indies. 1629.

QUA'SSIA. (From the name of a
slave [Quassi] who first used the bark
as a febrifuge. Nat. ord., Quassiads
[Simarubaceee]. Linn., W-Decandria
l-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen tree, the source of the well-
known Quassia chips, used for poisoning flies ;
the bitter has also been substituted for hops.
Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat ; sandy rich loam, and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°.

Q, ama'ra (bitter). 20. Red. June. Gui-
ana. 1/90.

QUENOUILLE is a fruit tree, with a
central stem, and its branches trained
in horizontal tiers, the lowest being the
longest, and the others gradually les-
sening in length as they do in age ; so
that the tree, like a spruce fir, acquires
a pyramidal form.

QUEECITEON. Que'rcw tincto'ria.

QUE 'ECUS. The Oak. (From the
Celtic quer, fine, and cuez, a tree. Nat.
ord,, Mastworts [Corylaceae]. Linn.,
21-Monoscia Q-Polyandria.)

By acorns, sown as they drop from the tree ;
or collected, dried, and kept packed in sand, in
a dry place, until the following March, when
they may be sown in rows, and covered half-an-
inch deep ; deep loamy soil they like best. Par-
ticular varieties are kept up by grafting.

Q. M'gilops(2Es&ovs. Velonia). 20. Levant
1731.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved).

pe'ndula (drooping).

— agrifo'lia (scabby-leaved). May. Mexico.

1837.

— a'lba (white). 60. May. N.America. 1724

— — — pinnati'fida (deeply-cuWeaued). 60

May. W. America. 1724.

Q. a'lba repa'nda (wavy./eawed). 60. May. N.
America.

— ambi'gua (ambiguous). 60. May. N. Ame-

rica. 1800.

— Apenni'na (Apennine). 40. May. South

Europe.

— aqua' tica man' tima (sea.). 40. N.America.

— na'na (dwarf). 12. May. N.
America. 1738.

— austra'lis (southern). May. Portugal. 1835.

— Ballo'tta (Ballotta. Barbary). 60. May.

Barbary.

— twyci'na (/ar?e-calyxed). May. Europe.

— castaneeefo' lia (Chestnut-leaved). 60, Cri-

mea, 1846.
Castell'ana (Castile), May. Europe.

— Catesba'i (Catesby's). 15. May. N.Ame-

rica. 1823.

— Ce'rris (Bitter Oak). 50. May. S.Europe.

1735.

-Austri'aca (Austrian). 40. May.

Austria. 1824.

- ca'na ma'jor (larger-hoary-teoved) .
May. S. Europe.

- ca'na mi'nor (lesser - hoary - leaved) .
May. S.Europe.

- Fulhame'nsis (Fulham). 80. May.
Fulham.

-pe'ndula (drooping). 50. May. S.

Europe.

-Ra'gnal (Ragnal). 50. May. Ragnal.

- variega'ta (variegated-teaued). 50.
May. S. Europe.

-vulga'ris (common). 50. May. 8.
Europe. 1735.

— cocci'fera (Hermes-bearing). 10. May.

S. Europe. 1683.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 50. May. N.America.

1691.

— Coo'kii (Captain Cook's). Gibraltar. 1835.

— crena'ta (scalloped). May. Portugal.

— dealba'ta (whitened). May. Nepaul. 1828.

— digita'ta (hunti-leaved). April. Europe.

— e'sculus (eatable. Italian). 40. May. S.

Europe. 1739*

— expa'nsa (spreading). May. S.Europe.
—fagi'nea (Beech-like). S. Europe. 1824.
-falca'ta (sickle-shaped). 80. May. N.

America. 1763.

— glau'ca (milky- green). Japan. 1822,

— Gramu'ntia (Grammont). 40. June.

France. 1736.

— haliphle'os (sea-side). April. France.

— hemisphe'ricu (half-globe). May. Mexico.

1816.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 40. May.

N. America.

— 1'lex (Holly. Evergreen). 60.

France. 1581.
cri'.tpa (cMtleA'leaved) . 60,

France.
fagifo'lia (Beech-leaved).

S.France. 1781.
integrifo'lia (entire-leaved).

S. France. 1581.
«~ latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60.

S.France. 1781.

_ -longifo'lia (long- leaved).

— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 60.

S. France. 1781.
— - variega'ta (variegated-/eaM).

;Holly.leaYed).6. N. America. 1800.

May.
, May. S.
60. May.
60. May.
May.

May.

QUE

[ TOO ]

QUI

Q. imbrica'ta, (tiled). 40. June. N.America.
1/86.

— infecto'riu (dying). Levant. 1812.

— insi'gnis (remarkable). 60. Mexico. 1846.

— lana'ta (woolly-leaved). Nepaul. 1818.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 60. May. N.

America. 1786.
hy'brida (hybrid). 60. May.

N. America. 1786.
•— lau'rina (Laurel-like). 30. Mexico. 1837.

— Lezermia'na (Lezermi's). May. S. Europe.

— lusita'nica (Portugese). 40. June. For-

tugal. 1824.

— lu'tea (yellow). 20. May. Mexico. 1825.

— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 15. May. N. Ame-

rica. 1786.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 40. N.Ame-

rica.

— mari'tima (sea). May. N. America. 1811.

— monta'na (mountain-chestnut), 15. May.

N. America. 1800.

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved).

— ni'gra (black). 20. May. N.America. 173Q.

— oftfari'/ota (blunt-lobed). 60. May. N.

America. 18 19.

— olivafo'rmis (Olive- shaped -fruited). 60.

May. N. America. 1811.

— palu'stris (marsh). 60. May. N.America.

1800.

— peduncula'ta (common, towg--flower-stalked).

May. Britain.

fastigia'ta (tapering). 4. May.

S. Europe. 1820.

-fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-

leaved). 40. May. Britain.

heterophy'lla (various-leaved).

May. Britain.

-Hodgi'nsii (Hodgin's). May.

Britain.

pe'ndula (drooping). 70. May.

Britain.

pube'scens (downy). 60. May.

Britain.

purpu'rea (purple). May. Bri-
tain.

- Phe'llos (Willow. Cork-tree). N.America.
1723.

cine'rea (ash-coloured). 10. May.

N. America. 1789.

hu'milis (dwarf). 20. May. N. Ame-
rica.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 60. May.

N. America.

mari'tima (sea). 6. May. Virginia.

'• seri'cea (silky. Running). 2. May.

N. America. 1724.

sylva'tica (wood). 60. May. N.

America. 1723.

— prasi'na (light-green). May. Spain. 1824.

— Pri'nus (Prinus. Chestnut). 60. June. N.

America. 1730.

acumina'ta (pointed - leaved). 80.

May. N. America. 1822.

• monti'cola (mountain). 60. May.

N. America. 1730.

• palu'stris (marsh). 90. N.America.

1720.

' pu'mila (dwarf). 4. May. N.Ame-
rica. 1823. <

tnmento'sn (downy-leaved). /O. N.

America. 1800.

— f*ctt.' do-cocci* f era, (false-kermes.bcaring).

Q. pseu'do'su'ber (false-Cork- tree). 60. May.

S. America. 1824.
Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 30. May.

Calabria.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. May. S.Europe.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4, May. Pyrenees.

1824.

— Quexi'go (Quexigo). Spain. 1845.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). June. Spain.

1818.

— ru'bra (red. Champion). 40. May. North

America. 1739.

— sessiliflo'ra (stalkless-flowered). 60. May.

Britain.
austra'lis (southern). April.

Portugal. 1835.
Falkenberge'nsis (Falkenberg) .

Hanover. 1837-
. macroca'rpa (large-fruited). 60.

May. Britain.
pube'scens (downy). 40. May.

Britain.

— Ski'nneri(Mr. Skinner's). 60. Mexico. 1843.

— Su'ber (Cork-tree). 20. May. Spain. 1581.
angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 30.

June.

denta' turn (toothed-leaved), 50. June.

lutifo'lium (broad-leaved) . 40. June.

— tincto'ria (dyer's). 70. May. N. America.
angulo'sa (angular-/o6ed). 70. May.

N. America.

sinuo'sa (wayy-edged-/eam£). 70.

May. N. America.

— Turne'ri (Turner's). Levant. 1812.

— vi'rens (green). 40. May. N. America.

1/39.

QUICKSET, the same as the Haw-
thorn, or Whitethorn, Cratce'gus oxy-
aca'ntha. See Hedge.

QUINCE. Cydo'nia vulga'ris.

Varieties. — Common, Apple-shaped,

Pear-shaped, and Portugal. The last

is the best, and very distinct from the

others. C. sinensis, the Chinese Quince,

has been fruited in this country, but it

requires a wall. The fruit is very

different from that of either the com-

| mon or Portugal Quinces ; it is cylin-

| drical, about six inches in length, and

exceedingly gritty.

Culture. — The trees may be raised
from seed sown in autumn, but there
is no certainty of having the same, or
any good fruit from the seedlings. The
several varieties may be propagated
by cuttings and layers ; also by suckers
from such trees as grow upon their
own roots, and by grafting and budding
upon their own or pear stocks.

Cuttings, layers, and suckers, may be
planted in autumn, winter, or early
spring. Choose young wood for the
cuttings and layers. They will be

QUI

C

rooted by nest autumn; tlieu trans-
plant into nursery rows two feet asun-
der ; plant the suckers also at the
same distance, and train the whole for
the purposes intended ; if for standards
with a stem, to any desired height,
from three to six feet ; then encourage
them to branch out at top, to form a
head; and those designed as dwarfs
must be headed near the ground, and
trained accordingly, for espaliers or
dwarf standards.

When they have formed tolerable
heads, plant them out finally. Standard
quinces, designed as fruit-trees, may
be stationed in the garden or orchard,
and some by the sides of any water in
bye places, sufieriug the whole to take
their own natural growth. And as es-
paliers, they may be arranged Avith
other moderate-growing trees, about
fifteen feet apart. For other particu-
lars of culture, see Pear.

QUILLA'JA. (From quillai, the Chilian
name. Nat. ord., Roseworts [Rosaces;].
Linn., IQ-Decandria ±-Pentayynia. Al-
lied to Kageneckia.)

Hardy evergreen shrub, the bark of which is
used instead of soap. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sandy loam, under a handlight, and
very likely by layers ; sandy deep loam, and a
sheltered place.

Q. sapona'ria (soap). White. April. Chili.
1832.

QUINA, QUINQUINA, or QUINO. Cin-
rho'na.

QUINCUNX is the form resulting from
planting in rows, with one plant oppo-
site the centre of each vacancy between
two plants in the row on each side of
it, as in this diagram —

QUISQUA'LIS. (From quis, who, and
qualis, what kind; when first named it
was doubtful to which class and order
to refer it. Nat. ord., Myrobalans
[Combretaceas]. Linn., W-Dccandria
\-Monofjynia. Allied to Combretum.)

Stove climbers. Cuttings of the young shoots
when several inches in length, after the plant
has been stumped in after-flowering, taking the
cuttings off with a heel, and inserting them in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottoin-hcat ;

il ] RAD

peat and loam, but most of the latter. Winter
temp., 43° to 50°; summer, 60° to 88°.
1 Q. gla'bra (smooth). 20. Java. 1815.
j — I'ndica (Indian). 20. Orange, red. June.

Java. 1815.

: —pube'scens (downy). 20. Orange, red. Guinea.
; — sine'nsis (Chinese). 10. Rose. July. Can-
ton. 1841.
i — villo'sa (shaggy). Pegu. 1818.

QUIVI'SIA. (Bois de Quivi, of the
! Isle of France. Nat. ord., Meliads
'' [Meliaceaa]. Linn., IQ-Dccandria 1-
| Monogynia. Allied to Melia.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass, and in a brisk
bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Win-
j ter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 605 to 85°.
! Q. hetevophy'lla (various-leaved). 16. White.
Isle of France. 1822.

R.

RACEME, a cluster. This is formed
of numerous, rather distant flowers,
each on its own stalk, but growing out
of one central stalk, as in a bunch of
currants.

RADISH. Rapha'nus sati'vus.
Spring Varieties. Long-rooted : — Long
White ; called also the White Transpa-
rent, White Italian, and Naples Radish.
White Russian. Twisted Radish of
( Mons; Semi-long Scarlet; Rose-co-
i loured Semi-long. Scarlet, or Salmon,
! or Scarlet-transparent Radish. Purple,
formerly called exclusively the Short-
topped. Red-necked White.

Turnip-rooted: — White Turnip. Early
White Turnip. Pink, Rose-coloured,
Scarlet and Crimson Turnip. Purple
Turnip. Yellow Turnip. New Yellow-
short-topped.

Autumn and Winter Varieties. — These

• are all of the turnip-rooted kind, arid

! are in the order they follow in coming

I into use: — Yellow Turnip. Round

Brown, White Spanish. Oblong Brown.

Black Spanish. Large Purple, Winter

I or Purple Spanish.

The soil, a light loam, and moderately

fertile, should be dug a full spade deep,

and well pulverized. Manures should

not be applied at the time of sowing.

The situation should always be open,

j but for early and late crops warm and

! sheltered.

t Sowing. — For the earliest produc-
tions, during December, January, and

BAD

EAD

February, in a hotbed; and in the open
ground once a month during winter,
and every fortnight during the other
seasons of the year.

In the open ground the seed is gene-
rally sown broadcast, and well raked j
in, but in drills is much the most pre- j
ferable mode; in either case it must I
be inserted thin, and buried a quarter- \
of-an-inch deep ; thick sowing causes
the tops to be large, and the roots
sticky.

If broadcast, the beds should be laid
out four or five feet wide, divided by
alleys a foot in width, the earth from
which may be thrown out to raise the
beds. If drills are employed for the
long-rooted, they are required to be
three inches asunder, for the turnip-
rooted four or five, and for the Spanish,
&c., six or eight.

When the seedlings are well up, and
advanced to five or six leaves, they are
ready for thinning ; the spindle-rooted
to three inches apart, the turnip -rooted
to four, and the larger varieties to six.
The spaces, however, require to be
rather increased in moist warm wea-
ther. In dry weather, they ought to
be watered regularly every night. The
early and late crops that have to with-
stand the attacks of frost, &c., should be
kept constantly covered with dry straw or
fern, to the depth of about two inches,
or with matting, supported by hooping,
until the plants make their appearance,
when the covering must be removed
every mild day, but renewed towards
evening, and constantly during frosty
or tempestuous weather.

The bed should have a good water-
ing the morning before that on which
they are taken up, but none afterwards
until subsequent to the drawing.

To draw for Salads whilst with their
seed leaves, sowings must be made
once a week. The management is pre-
cisely that required for rape, mustard,
&c.

To obtain Seed, leave in April, or early
May, some of the most perfect plants
of a main crop. When in full vigour,
they must be taken up with as little
injury as possible to the roots and
leaves, and planted in rows, three feet
asunder each way, being inserted by

the dibble completely down to the
leaves. Water must be applied until
they have taken root, and occasionally
throughout their growth, especially
when in flower. If practicable, it is
best to leave some plants where raised.

To obtain seeds of the Black Spanish,
some seeds must be sown in March, or
some of the winter-standing crop left
or transplanted during that month.
The pods must be cut as soon as they
become of a brown hue, and well dried.

Two varieties must never be raised
near each other, and seed of the pre-
vious year's raising should always be
employed.

The seeds of the different varieties
are easily distinguished by an expe-
rienced seedsman. Those of the long
white radish are small, flat, and pale ;
of the scarlet and purple long-rooted,
large ; and of the first very light-co-
loured, compared with those of the
latter; of the white turnip, small round,
and brown ; scarlet turnip, rather larger,
and somewhat darker; purple turnip,
larger and brown, being similar to the
long-rooted purple, except in size.

Forcing. — A moderate hotbed is re-
quired for this crop, of a length accord-
ing with that of the frame to be em-
ployed; the earth about eight inches
deep, on the surface of Avhich the seed
is to be sown as soon as the violent heat
is abated, and an additional fourth-of-
an-inch sifted over it.

The seedlings are in general up in
less than a week, and in six they will
be ready to draw. Throughout their
growth air must be admitted as freely
as is allowable. The glasses, however,
must be closed on the approach of even-
ing, and mats or other covering put on
in proportion to the severity of the
season. When the earth appears at all
dry, a light watering must be given at
noon.

The plants must not stand nearer
than two inches to each other. The
temperature required is from 50° to
70° ; and it must be kept to this heat
by moderate linings as required.

If there be a deficiency of frames,
hoops and mats may be employed, a
frame of boards being formed round
the bed, lig-ht and air being admitted as

BAD

KAM

freely and as often as possible. If seed i
is sown within a frame without any j
bottom-heat, the plants will be two or
three weeks forwarder than if sown in
the open ground.

KA'FNIA. (Named after C. Rafn, a
Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., l(i-Monadel~
phia 6-Decandria. Allied to Hovea.)

Greenhouse yellow-flowered evergreens from
the Cape of Good Hope, except where otherwise
mentioned. Seeds in a hotbed in spring ; cut-
tings of firm side-shoots, at the beginning of
summer, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy peat
and fibry loam, kept rough by pieces of char-
coal and broken pots, and drainage well attended
to. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
jR. angu la'ta (angular-branched) . 2. May. 1816.
— corda'ta (heart- leaved}. 2. May. 1821.

R. cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 2. Yellow, pur-
ple. June. 1816.

— clli'ptica (oval-leaved). 2. June. 181Q.

— filifo'lia (thread-leaved). 1. May. 1816.

— ta'wcea (spear-head- Jeaoed). 2. June. 1823.

— oppo'sita (opposite-leaved). 2. June. 1824.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 3. June. 1784.

Biennial.

BAGGED EOBIN. Ly'chnis Flo 's-cii'culi.

BAGS. See Veyetdble Manures.

EAGWOET. Otho'nna.

BAILING is of various forms, but all,
if made of wood, are soon decayed if
slight, and are clumsy and inelegant if
strong. Iron railing is at once light,
neat, and enduring, and like the fol-
lowing, may be erected for about 2s.
peryard.

BAKE. This implement is now much
less in use than formerly, when broad-
cast sowing was prevalent. Now the
broad hoe is quite as efficient in cover-
ing drill-sown seed. The head of the
rake is best made of wood, and of this
ash is most desirable. If the head be
of iron, the teeth are continually be-
coming loose. Bakes, with heads about
six inches long, are required for dress-
ing flower-borders, but for open ground-
work the length may be fifteen inches.
The hoe and the rake are sometimes
attached to one handle, but it is a
form liable to constant entanglement
in the flower-garden, for which it is
designed.

BAMO'NDIA. (Named after L. Ra-
mond, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Gesnenvorts [Gresneraceee], Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Streptocarpus.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds and di-
visions in spring ; sandy loam and a little peat ;
a sheltered place, or kept in a pit, in winter, as
an Alpine.

R, Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean).
Pyrenees. 1731.

Purple. May.

BAMOON-TEEE. Tro'phis.

BAMPION. Phyteu'ma, and Cy'phia
Phyteu'ma.

BAMPION. Campa'nula rapu'nculus.

The soil ought to be moderately
moist, but it must be light. A shady
rich border is most favourable.

Sow during March, April, and May,
in drills six inches apart; the plants
from sowings in the two first months
soon run up to seed. The plants are
to remain where sown ; though, in
case of any deficiency, those which are
taken away in thinning the crops may
be transplanted successfully, if removed
to a border similar to the seed-bed, and
inserted with the roots perpendicular,
and without pressing the mould too
close about them. The best time for
the removal is of an evening.

They are fit for thinning when about
two inches in height, and they must be
set at a distance of six inches apart.
The plants of the sowings doiring the

RAM

C

two first-mentioned months will Le tit
for use at the close of August, or early
in September, and continue through
the autumn. Those of the last one
will continue good throughout the
winter, and until the following April.
The soil throughout their growth must
he kept moist by giving frequent water-
ings.

The root for which it is cultivated,
either to he sliced together Avith its
leaves in salads, or eaten as the radish,
as well as to he hoiled like asparagus,
is most palatahle when drawn young,
and eaten fresh from the ground.

To obtain Seed, leave a few of the
winter-standing plants. These flower
in July and August, and ripen ahun-
dance of seed in early autumn. Gather
it before it begins to scatter, and dry
on a cloth before thrashing.

RA'NDIA. (Named after J. Rand, a
London botanist. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacezs]. Linn., o-Pentandrla
\-Monogynia. Allied to Gardenia.)

Stove, evergreen shrubs, and white-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings
of the young shoots, in spring and swmmer, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in a hotbed. Sandy
fibry loam and fibry peat, with a few nodules of
charcoal. Temp., when at rest in winter, 45° to
50°; when growing in spring or summer, 60°

R. arma'ta (armed). 7. May. W. Indies. 1813.

— Bowiea'na (Bowie's). Pale yellow. Brazil.

1815.
— fascicula'ta (fascicled). 4. July. E. Indies.

1824.
-a floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. July.

E. Indies. 1825.

— Jio'rrida (horrid). 8. May. China. 1825.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 7- ffuly. W.

Indies. 1733.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 4. August. E.

Indies. 1818.

— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 6. Cream-

coloured). August. Sierra Leone. 15Q6.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg-/eat>ed). 6. May.

New Grenada. 1818.

— oxype'tala (sharp-petaled). Yellowish. May.

Saharanpoor. 1843.

< — parviflo'ra (small-flowered)* 4. August, i
W. Indies. 1818.

— pube'scens (downy). 5. July. Peru. 1820.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved). 6. July. Peru.

1820.

— sine'nsis (Chirieae). 5. July. China. 1818.

RANTRY, the Mountain Ash, Py'rus
rtucupa'ria.

RANU'NGULUS. Crowfoot. (Yiomrana,
a frog ; some of the species inhabiting
marshy places. Nat. ord., Crowfoots

[Ranunculacero]. Linn., 13-PoIyandria
6-Polygynia.)

All yellow-flowered, except where otherwise
specified. Annuals, seeds, in common soil, in
March and April, though few are worth the
trouble, unless in a corner devoted to small
native and Alpine plants. Perennials, by divi-
sion of the plant in spring. Aquatics, mostly
natives, by division, and giving them any soil
in shallow ponds or ditches ; tuberous rooted,
by division of the roots in spring. Asiaticus,
the florists' Ranunculus, and its many varieties,
may be planted in stiff" rich loam, either in
October or March ; if the former, the beds will
require to be protected a little from heavy rains
and from sharp frosts. See treatment as a
florists' flower.

HARDY ANNUALS.

R. chi'us (Scio). &. June. Archipelago. 1827.

— Philono'tis (moisture- loving). <J. July.

S. Europe. 1800.

— sessiliflo'rus (stalkless-flowered). $. June.

N. Holland.

— tri'lobus (three-lobed). 4. June. Greece.

1818.

— tubercula' tus (pimpled). 1. June. Tauria.

1817.

— uligino'sus (marsh). £. June. Teneriffe.

1826.

— ventrico'sus (swollen). ?. July, Brazil.

HARDY AQUATICS.

R. obtusifo'lius (blunt-leaved). 1. White. June.
England.

— pa'ntothrix (all-hairy). White. June. Bri-

tain.

fluvia'tilis (long-leaved River).

White. June. Britain.

— polyphy'llus (many-leaved). $. April. Hun-

gary. 1810,. Annual.

— tripa'rtitus (three-parted). White. June.

Europe.
GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

R. gei-anioi'des (Geranium-like). May. Mexico.
1836.

— luppa'ceus (Burdock-like). 1. June. N.

Holland. 1822.

— plebe'ius (common). 1. June. N.Holland.

1820.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

R.filifo'rmis (thread-formed). 1. June. N.
America. 1823. Creeper.

— Lappo'nicus (Lapland). %. May. Lap-

land. 1827.

HARDY TUBEROUS-ROOTED.
R, ungula'tus (zngleA-stemmed). 1. Naples.
1832.

— Asia'ticus (Asiatic. Common-garden'}. $.

Variegated. May. Levant. 159(5.
sangui'neus (blood-coloured). 4.

Scarlet. May. Syria.
tenuifo'lius (tine-leaved). £'.

White. May. Greece.

— bractea'tus(large-bra.cted). May. Pyrenees.
flo're-ple'no (double-flowered).

May.

— — . ochrolcu'cus (whitish-yellow;.

Pale yellow. August, England.

RAN

RAN

R. Irevlfo'lius (short-leaved;). |. June. Naples.
1824.

— lulla'tus flo're-ple'no (blistered- ieaved-

double-flowered). 1. May. S.Europe.
1640.

grandiflo'rus (large-

floweredl. 1. May. S. Europe. 1640.

— c?i atrophy' Hits (Chervil-leaved), l. May.

Portugal.

— cicuta'rius (Cicuta-like). 1. May. Siberia..

1818.

— cortuscefo'lius (Cortusa-leaved). 1, May.

Teneriffe. 1826.

— Cre'ticus (Cretan). 1. May. Candia. 1658.
macrophy'lhis (large -leaved). 2.

May. Teneriffe. 1658.

— fumaricefo'lhis (Fumitory-leaved). 1. May.

— garga'nicus (Garganian) . £. August. Na-

ples. 1832.

— gra'cilis (slender). £. May. Archipelago.

1818.

— grega'rius (flocking) . 1. May. Italy. 1817-

— hy'bridus (hybrid). ?. May. Austria. 1820.

— Illy'ricus (Illyrian). 1$. May. S. Europe.

1596.

— millefolia'tiis (thousand-leaved). May.

Sicily. 1820.

grandiflo'rus (large-flowered).

g. April. Naples. 1833.

— monspeli' acus (Montpelier). 1. May. S.

France.
cunea'tus (wedge-?e«t'ed). 1.

May. S. Europe.
rotundifo'lius (round-leaved).

I. May. S. Europe.

— oxyspe'rmus (sharp -seeded). 1. Pale yellow.

May. Caucasus. 1822.

— peda'tus (doubly-lobed). 1. May. Hun-

gary. 1805.

— scuta' tus (shield-leaved}, jj. May. Hun-

gary. 1817.

— Tho'ra (Thora-kidney-leaved). J. May.

Austria. 1710.

— tubero'sus (tuberous). J. June, Pyrenees.

1820.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

JR. aconitifo'lius (Aconite-leaved). I. White.
May. Alps. Europe. 1596.

crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed).
1. White. May. Europe.

hu'milis (lowly). £. White.
May. Europe.

— a'cris-ple'nus (double-flowered). 2. June.

Britain.

— Alpes'tris (Alpine). $. White. July. Scot-

land.

— amplexicau'lis (stem-clasping). 1. White.

May. Pyrenees. 1633.

— angustifo'lius (narrow-leaved). 1. White.

May. Grenada. 1822.

— apiifo'lius (Apium-leaved). 2. White, red.

June. Bonaria. 1815.

— a'rticus (northern). July. N.America. 1827.

— uuri'comus (golden-haired). 1$. May. Bri-

tain.

— Bonarie'nsis (Buenos Ayres). £. June.

North America. 1817.

— brevicuu'lis (short-stalked). May. North

America. 1827.

— Breynia'nus (Breynius's), June. Switzer-

land. 1818,

. Bru'this (Brutian). 14. May. Italy. 1823.
bupleuroi'des (Hare's-ear-/<?ai>erf). 1. May.

Portugal. 1826.
cnrdiophy'llus (heart-leaved). May. Canada,

182Q.
Cussu'bicus (Cassubian). 2. June. Siberia.

1/94.

Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). 1$. June. Cau-
casus. 1820.
crassicau'lis (thick-stemmed). 1. June.

Europe. 1827.
wena'tus (scolloped). £. White. June.

Hungary. 1818.
Cymbala'ria (boat-shaped). ^. June. Siberia.

1824.
disse'ctus (cut-leaved'). £. June. Caucasus.

1818.
Eschscho'ltzii (Eschscholtz's). May. N.

America. 182/.

fascicula'ris (bundled). 1. June. N.Ame-
rica.
fri'gidus (cold). 3- Pale yellow. May.

S. Europe. 1827.

glabe'rrimus (smoothest). May. N. Ame-
rica. 1827.
glacia'lis (icy). £. White. July, Lapland.

1775.

aconitoi'des (Aconitum-leaved). $.

White. July. Switzerland. 1819-
Goua'ni (Gouan's). 1. June. Pyrenees.

1818.
grami'neus (grassy). 1. May. Wales.

flo 're - pie' no (double-flowering) .

1. May.

phoenicifo'lius (Phcene - leaved) .

1 . May. Europe.
grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). J. May,

Cappadocia.

hi'rtus (hairy). 1. June. N. Zealand. 1820.
hi'spidus (bristly). 1$, June. N.America.

1810.
hyperbo'reus (northern). $. June. North

Europe. 1820.
isopyroi'des (Isopyrum-like). $, White.

June, Siberia. 1818.
la'cerus (torn), g. White. May. South

France. 1821,
lanugino'sus (woolly 'leaved], 1. June,

South Europe. 1683.

li'ngua (tongue-/eatJ0rf), 2. July. Britain.
monta'nus (mountain). A. June. Lapland,

1775.
napellifo'lius (Napellus-leaved). 1. July.

Turkey. 1822.
nemoro'stis (grove). 1. June. Switzerland.

1810.

pauciflo'ms (few-flowered). 1,

June. Switzerland. 181 9.
niva'lis (snowy). $. July. Lapland. 1775.
Parnassifo'lius (Parnassian - leaved). J.

White. June. S. Europe. 1769.
pedati'fidus (doubly-lobe-cut). 1. April.

Siberia. 1837.
plantagi'neus (Plantain-leaved). 1, White.

May. Piedmont. 181Q,
platunifo'lius (Plane-tree-leaved). 3. White.

June. Germany. 1769.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered).

1. White. May. Alps. 1596.
Pu'rsJiii (Pursh's). July. N.America. 1827.
•pygmee'us (pygmy). $. April. Lapland,

1810.

BAN

[ 766 ]

BAN

R. Pyrendtu (Pyrenean). 1. White. May.

Pyrenees. 1807.
- bupleurifo'lius (Bupleurum-

leaved). i. White. June. Pyrenees.

1818.

— recurva'tus (curled-back-seedecZ). June.

N.America. 1827.

— re'pens flo're - ple'nn (creeping . double-

flowered). |. July.

— rhomboi'deus (diamond-feared). April. N.

America. 1825.

— ru'fulus (reddish-haired). July. Portugal.

1825.

— rutvfo'lius (Rue-leaved). £. White. June,

Austria. 1759.

— Sabi'ni (Sabine's). July. N.America. 1827.

— salsugino'sus (salt). 1. April. Siberia. 1822.

— Seguie'ri (Seguier's). £. White. June.

Piedmont. 1819.

— Steve'nii (Steven's). !£. June. Volhima.

1819.

— tomento'sus (woolly). 1. June. N.America.

1820.

— Villa'rsii (Villars's). 1. June. S.Europe.

1819.

BANUNCULUS (R. Asid'ticus} AS A
FLORIST'S FLOWER.

Varieties. — These are very numerous
and annually increased.

Soil.— This should be of a fine tex-
ture, easily broken and moderately light.
It should feel soft to the hand, and
have a little — but a little — sand amongst
it» The best is generally found near
to rivers. Let it be laid on a long heap,
not too thick, and turned over once a
month for a year. It will then be in
good condition for use. Bemove the
old soil away from the bed you intend
for ranunculuses to the depth, if the
situation is dry, of fifteen inches ; if
wet, ten inches will do. Put in a layer
of very rotten cowdung, two inches
thick ; then bring the soil, put in a
layer of four inches, upon that put a
layer of rotten hotbed dung one inch
thick, and so proceed till the bed is full
and raised two or three inches above
the surface. Let the bed be edged
with boards or slates. Hoop it over to
protect it from heavy rain, snows, and
hailstones. Turn it over, mixing the
materials together well, only take care
not to disturb the layer of cowdung at
the bottom. Let this turning opera-
tion be performed two or three times,
at the intervals of three or four weeks
between ; finishing the last about the
end of January, so as to allow the
bed to settle by the planting time in
February,.

j Planting. — The best time for doing
| this is between the 8th and 20th of
I February. The soil of the bed ought
j to be neither wet nor dry. To prove
its state, take up a handful, gently
i squeeze it, and let it fall about half-a-
1 yard : if it is in a right condition, it
will fall in pieces. "With a rake level
! the soil ; then, with a triangular-shaped
i and rather small hoe, or with the corner
j of a common hand hoe, draw a drill
i across the bed, two inches deep ; draw
I the next five inches distant from the
I first, and so on till the whole bed is
I finished. Commence this some fine
morning, when there is a prospect of
the day continuing fine. When the
drills are all finished, sprinkle, at the
bottom of each drill, some fine sand ;
then bring out your ranunculus roots,
with a numbered label, made either of
lead, with the number stamped upon it,
or of wood, with each number written
upon it with a black-lead-pencil, upon a
coating of white-lead. Begin then to
plant the variety written in your book
opposite No. 1 : take each root between
your finger and thumb, and place it at
the bottom of the drill, very gently
pressing it down in the sand to about
half the length of the claws of each root.
Having placed the first to your mind,
put the next at four inches distance
from it, and so proceed till you have
planted all the first kind ; then thrust
in the numbered label, either with the
number facing the kind, or with its
back to it. Both ways are practised by
florists, but we prefer the number to
face the variety it belongs to. If our
plan is followed the number should
be always put in first, the whole of
the variety planted, and then the
second number put in, and the
second kind planted. Follow on in this
manner till the bed is filled. As soon
as that is completed, cover the roots
just over the crowns with some more of
the fine sand : this sand prevents the
roots from getting too wet, or moulding.
Then, with a rake carefully level down
the soil into the drills. If your bed is
not edged with boards or slates (as re-
commended before), stretch a line on
one side of the bed, about four inches
from the roots, and with the back of

KAN

[ 767 ]

BAP

the spade pat the soil on the side of
the bed gently, to make it firm ; then
chop down the edge of the bed nearly
perpendicularly.

After-culture. — It is essential to
the success of this flower that the soil
about them should be close and firm,
almost approaching to hardness. If
the bed has been rightly prepared, and
the flower planted according to the in-
structions given, all will be well. When
the tops begin to push through the soil,
it will be of the greatest importance to
tread the soil down very firm between
the rows, and if any symptoms of crack-
ing in the soil appear, the surface
should be stirred to prevent it. Pro-
tection from sharp late frosts should
be given, by covering whenever such
weather is likely to take place, and it is
equally beneficial to protect from heavy
rains. Both are best excluded by hoops
extended across the bed to support a
covering of tarpaulin or oil-cloth.
During April and May, should dry
weather prevail, water may be cau-
tiously administered at intervals in an
evening, but only just so much as will
prevent the soil of the bed from crack-
ing ; or a little moss, or old spent
tanner's bark, etc., may be neatly placed
between the rows, which will retain the
moisture in the soil. The over abun-
dant application of water is a very com-
mon error, and one of the greatest
evils.

The dying of leaves, in some in-
stances, evidently depends on a want of
vigour, or partial rot in the root ; and,
in some few cases, it would appear to
be caused by large earthworms, forming
their wide tracks amid the roots of the
plants, nearly undermining them; but
in the great majority of cases, it is
produced by injudicious watering.

During the expansion of the flower-
buds, and when they are fully blown, an
awning should be erected over the bed,
as in the case of tulips, that rain and
hot sun may be excluded ; and gentle
watering every second or third evening
may be given, which will keep the bed
cool and moist, and promote the size
of the flower. As much air should be
admitted as possible, that the flower-
stems be not drawn and weakened.

Raising tfmZ/wu/s.— -Save seed only
from varieties distinguished for excel-
lence of form and colour. Sow in Fe-
bruary, and place the. boxes in a cool
greenhouse or frame. Sow in boxes
eighteen inches by eleven inches, and
four inches deep, full of loamy earth,
and the surface level. Sow the seeds
about an eighth-of-an-inch apart ; cover
them as thinly as possible, and water
with a fine rose ; but place the boxes
under glass, without heat. The plants
usually make their appearance in about
a month. Give air day and night, ex-
cept in severe frost; then cover up
with straw mats. With such protection,
the young plants will endure the se-
verest seasons. Put the boxes in the
open ground up to the second week in
May, and water daily until the leaves
begin to wither ; then suffer the boxes
to become quite dry ; and in the middle
of July take them up, and preserve the
roots in bags until February, and then
plant them as the general stock. In
the following June they flower.

Takiny-up. — The roots, in wet sea-
sons, should be taken up as soon as
the leaves turn yellow, as they are apt
to sprout; but in dry seasons they
may remain until the leaves are brown.
Take them up as dry as the season will
permit ; complete the drying in a warm
room, rather than in the sun, and store
them in a dry cool place.

Forcing. — Select tubers which have
been kept three or four months, or
even a year, over the season of plant-
ing, these being more easily excited
than those which have been only the
usual time out of the soil ; plant them
in pots about the beginning of August ;
and, by bringing these into the green-
house at different periods, a bloom is
kept up from October to February.

KAPE, on COLESEED. Bra'ssica na'pus.
Like mustard and other small salading,
it may be sown at any period of the
year, when in request, being allowed a
separate bed. It is cultivated as Mus-
tard, which see.

To obtain Seed. — Some plants of a
sowing made about the middle of July
must be thinned to eighteen inches
apart : they will survive the winter, and
flower in the May and June of the next

HAP

RAS

.year. The seed, which is produced in
great abundance, ripens in July and
August, and must be cut as it does so,
and laid upon cloths to dry.

RAPE (EDIBLE-ROOTED). This name
may be applied to a variety of the rape
mentioned by Mr. Dickson, one of the
vice-presidents of the Horticultural
Society. Its root is white and carrot-
shaped, about the size of the middle-
finger. It is much more delicate in
flavour than the turnip, like which root
it is cooked, only that it is not peeled,
but scraped, its skin being remarkably
thin.

Sowing. — For the main crop, sow
from the middle of July to the end of
August, or even later. These will sup -
ply the table until April ; and if wanted
throughout the year, a little may be
sown in the latter end of October, the
plants from which will be n't for use
during April and May : the last crop to
be sown from the middle of January to
the middle of February, which will
come in at the end of May and during
June. On a north border, and if the
soil is sandy and moist, it is possible to
have them sweet and tender during
the whole summer, to effect which sow
at the close of March and May.

Cultivation. — Thin and hoe as tur-
nips. In dry weather the beds must
be watered regularly.

Soil — One great advantage attending
the cultivation of this vegetable is, that
it requires no manure. Any soil that
is poor and light, especially if sandy, is
suitable to it. In rich 'manured soil it
grows much larger, but not so sweet
and good.

To obtain Seed in February or March,
some of the finest roots are trans-
planted to two feet asunder; but it
would, perhaps, be a better practice to
leave them where grown. The seed
must be cut as soon as ripe, and treated
as directed for turnips, &o.

RAPHA'NUS. Radish. (From ra,
quickly, and^/iflmomai,to appear; rapid
germination of the seeds. Nat. ord.,
Crucifers [Brassicacece]. Linn., 15-
Tetr adynamia.}

Hardy annuals. Seeds; rich sandy soil, but
for standing the winter it should be dry and
poor, See Radish,

X. cauda'tus (tailed). l$. White, purple.
July. Java. 1815.

— La'ndra (Landra). 3. Yellow. June. Italy.

1820. Biennial.

— sati'vus (cultivated). 3. White, purple.

May. China. 1548.
RAPHIO'LEPIS. Indian Hawthorn.

(From raphis, a needle, and lepis, a

scale ; formation of the bracts. Nat.

ord., Appleworts [Pomacese]. Linn.,

12-Icosandria 2-Di-pcntayynia. Allied

to Cratsegus.)

Half-hardy, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs

from China. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
i in sandy loam, in a sheltered place, under a
j hand-light ; sandy loam and peat ; a sheltered
I place against a wall, or protected in very cold
j places by a cold pit ; most of them have stood
I at least several seasons protected by a wall in
I the vicinity of London.

R. I'ndica (Indian). June. 1806.

— pheeoste'mon (brown-stamened). 4. June.

1818.

— ni'bra (red). 15. Reddish. June. 1806.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 3. June. 1820.

RASPA'ILIA. (Named after M. Ras-
pail, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Bruniads [Bruniaceee] . Linn., 5-Pent-
andria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to Brunia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
stubby shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a cold frame; sandy fibry peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

R.microphy'lla (small-leaved). 1. White.
July. Cape of Good Hope. 1804.

RASPBERRY. JRu'bus idee' us. *
Varieties. — The most useful are as
follows:—!. Red Antwerp; 2. Yellow
Antwerp; 3. Fastolff or Filby; 4.
Double-bearing. Of these, Nos. 1 and
2 have been for many years highly
esteemed, but 3 has of late, in a great
degree, superseded them, being larger
and of at least equal flavour ; a great
bearer, and possessing that desirable
property in the summer Raspberries, of
producing, occasionally, fine autumnal
fruit, which is superior to that of the
double - bearing kinds. No. 4 is a
decided autumn Raspberry. Mr.
Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, has a new
variety of this from America, which
is said to be very superior. Another
variety is a hybrid between the Rasp-
berry and Blackberry; this Mr. Rivers
calls "the Black," and states is good
for preserving.

Propagation : By Suckers. — Those
• who desire to make a new plantation of
i Raspberries, will do well to obtain their

RAS

RAS

suckers from a healthy stock. We have
known new plantations made in cases
of emergency from a stock which had
stood too long in the ground, and of
course were lean, if not diseased. This
leanness was evidently transmitted to
their progeny, and, despite high ma-
nuring, a year or two was lost before
they could recover. Suckers, then,
may be planted any time between
October and the middle of February,
and they are drawn away from the old
plants by hand ; a slight pull will soon
show which are those disposed to colo-
nise. Deeply-dug ground is requisite,
and it should have a liberal amount of
half -rotten manure. Strong suckers
(drawn with a ball of soil, if possible,)
may -be planted three in a group, at
the end of September, four feet apart
from centre to centre ; and the rows,
if side by side, six feet apart. As soon
as the leaf drops,— say the beginning
of November, — we would prune one
strong cane to three feet, a second to
two feet, and a third to within a couple
or three inches of the soil. By these
means a nice little crop may be taken
the rirst year, and good shoots reserved
for the next.

From Seed. — This is practiced chiefly
with a view of raising new kinds; and
the seed collected from superior berries,
when thoroughly ripe, is washed from
the pulp and dried, then packed in
papers until spring. In the beginning
of February it must be sown, and a
gentle hotbed would hurry the process
much. The seedlings must be pricked
out when three inches high, and gene-
rous treatment must be continued ; and
towards the middle of May, having
been hardened off, they may be planted
at once in their final destination. All
that is requisite now is careful training,
the keeping down suckers and watery
spray; and when the shoots are five
feet long, the top may be pinched, to
consolidate the wood.

Soil. — When wild, being an inhabit-
ant of woods, a damp soil, somewhat
retentive of moisture, is found to suit
it best. We have generally known it
most successful in a darkish soil of an
alluvium character; any of our loams,
however, of sound texture, will grow it
49

in perfection, but the soil should be
tolerably deep. A hot and loose sand,
short of depth, is the least suitable.
To meet the increased amount of per-
spiration from the leaf to which the
cultivated plant is liable in sunny situa-
tions, extra provision in the way of top-
dressing and mulching are highly to be
commended.

Culture during the growing period. —
Soon after the canes begin to shoot
in spring, a slight thinning-out is very
beneficial ; this may take place about
the beginning of May. In a few weeks'
time a thinning of the suckers may
take place, for in general they produce
a profusion, and such draw on the re-
sources of the plant, and exhaust the
soil. About four or five may be left on
each stool ; if they are very gross,
the moderate ones may be left ; if
weak, the strongest.

If they have not been mulched, it
should be done immediately. As soon
as the last fruit is gathered, the old-
bearing shoots may be cut clean away,
and the young canes drawn a little
closer together. When over five feet
in height, the tops may be pinched ;
this, however, should not be done be-
fore the end of August.

Culture during the Rest Period. — As
soon as the leaves have all fallen,
pruning may take place, and our prac-
tice is to leave four canes. These we
cut at different heights, — the tallest
about four feet, the next about nine
inches lower, and so on with the rest.
By these means, the young spray is
nicely divided, and the plants fruit
from bottom to top. The canes
are now neatly fastened, and a top-
dressing completes the rest period.
All useless suckers or canes are drawn
away.

Training. — The
earliest and finest
are obtained from
canes planted be-
neath a south wall,
and trained against
it in this form.
But in the open
ground the best
mode of training
is round small

3D

HAS

[ 7TO]

REN

Itoops, thus. The worst form is plait-
ing the canes toge-
ther; and training
in arches or other
compact forms, ex-
cluding the light
and warmth of the
sun, is little hetter.
Forcing. — 11 asp -
berries may be
forced, growing
either in pots or in
— the borders of the
house. They may
be also planted on the outside of a pit,
the bearing canes being introduced
withinside and trained to a trellis,
whilst the present year's shoots are left
outside.

BATTLE SNAKE FERN. Sotry'chium
mrgi'nicum.

EAUWO'LFIA. (Named after L. Rau-
wolf, M.D., a botanical traveller. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn.,
ft-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Carissa.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, or stubby side-shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in the beginning of summer,
and in bottom-heat ; sandy fibry loam, fibry
peat, a little dried leaf-mould, and pieces of i
charcoal. Winter temp,. 50° to 60° ; summer:
60° to 88°,

R. cane'sccns (hoary). 7. Pink. Jamaica. 1759.

— ni'tida (shining). 12. White. August.

Spain, 1752.

— spino'sa (thorny), Yellow, June, Peru.

1827.

— ternifo'lia (three-leaved). 3. White, May.

W.Indies, 1823.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 3. White. July. W.

Indies. 1823.

REAUMU'RIA. (Named after A. Reau-
mur, the French entomologist. Nat.
ord., Reaitmuriads [Keaumuriaceoe].
Linn., 13-Polyandria 5-Pentayynia.)

Half-hardy evergreens. Cuttings from young
shoots, in sand, under a glass ; sandy fibry
loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould ; dry soil in
sheltered places ; but generally requires a cold
pit in winter.

li.Jtypericoi'des (St. John's Wort-like). 2.
Purple. August. Syria. 1800.

— vermicula'ta (worm-like-leaved). i. Pink.

June. Sicily. 1828.

RED BAY. La'urus Caroline' mis.
RED CEDAR. Jitni'perits.yiryinia'na.
..RED GUM-TEEE. Eucuhj'ptus rcsi-
ni'fera*

RED NIGHT SHADE. Eri'ca Hali-
caca'Jxt.

RED SPIDER. See A' cants.

REEVE'SIA. (Named after J. Reeves,
Esq., of Canton. Nat. ord., Slercultads
[Sterculiaccfc]. Linn., Itt-Monadelphia
8-Polyandria. Allied to Helicteres.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
fibry loam, and a little sandy peat. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

R. thyrsoi'deu (thyrse-like-^ow^reeZ). 4. White.
January. China. 1826.

RELHA'NIA. (Named after R. Relhan,
a botanical author. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese], Linn., l(J-Syngenesia
%-Sitperflua.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
firm young side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in a cool frame, in June ; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48. There
are several species beside the following.
R, squarro'sa (spreading). 1^. Yellow. May.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

RENANTHE'RA. (From r<?n, a kidney,
and anthera, a pollen bag, or anther ;
shape of anthers. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacea?]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
\-Monogynia.}

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.
R. arachni'tes (spider-like). 1. Brown, purple.
Japan. 1793.

— cocci'nea (scarlet. Chinese-air-planf). 8.

Scarlet, orange. August, Cochin-
China. ISlfi.

— matu'tina (morning). I, Brownish, De-

cember. Java, 1846.

RENDLE'S TANK SYSTEM of heating
was first suggested, we believe, by Mr.
Rendle, nurseryman, of Plymouth. A
tank of iron or wood, twenty feet long,
five feet broad, and six inches deep, is
constructed in the centre of the house,
and surrounded by a walk, except at
the end, where the boiler is fixed for
heating it. The top of tbettank is co-
vered with large slabs of slate, cemented
together, to prevent the excessive es-
cape of steam. Around this is a frame
sufficiently high to retain the bark, in
which the pots are plunged. The boiler
and tank are filled with water, and this
circulates, when the fire is lighted un-
der the former, by means of two pipes,
one from the top of the boiler, and the
other returning nearer to its bottom.
The expense of pipes, and the danger of
their freezing, is avoided; the fire only

REN

[ 771 ]

REN

requires to be kept lighted for two
hours at night, and again for the same
period in the morning ; the water, when
once heated, retaining its temperature
for a long time. In a small house, the
apparatus can he constructed for £5,
and in all, for less than half the cost of
hot-water pipes. The saving in tan
and lahour is also very great ; in some
places tan costs 19s. per cart-load, and
where it is cheaper, the trouble and
litter incident to its employment, and
the dangers of loss from fungi and in-
sects, of which it is the peculiarly fer-
tile foster-parent, render it objection-
able as a source of heat ; and when-
ever the tan has to be renewed, the
trouble and destruction of plants is
always great.

"In my new propagating house,"
says Mr. Rendle, " the tank or cistern
is placed in the centre, with a walk
surrounding it, so as to enable the pro-
pagator with greater ease to attend to
the plants, £c.

" On the outside of the house is a
fire-shed, in which the boiler is fixed.
The tank, made of wood, one-and-a-
half or two inches thick, which I find
the cheapest material (it also prevents
the water cooling so fast as it does
either in stone or iron), may be lined
with lead or zinc. Exactly in the cen-
tre of the tank is a partition, serving
the double purpose of causing the
water to circulate, as well as to sup-
port the edges of the slates, an aper-
ture being left in the partition, of about
two inches in breadth, to allow the
water a free passage. The flow-pipe
enters near the appendage of the tank,
at the mouth of which pipe a piece of
perforated copper is placed, as also at
the return-pipe, to prevent dirt and
sediment from finding its way into the
boiler. After everything is properly
fixed, the tank is filled with water,
which, of course, at the same time fills

the boiler The tank is about four

inches deep. Across it, and resting on
its sides, are placed slate stones about
an inch-and-a-half thick, cut square at
the edges. These are fastened to each
other by Roman cement, or Aberthaw
lime, to prevent a superfluity of steam
(torn escaping into the houses, »»>..

Around the edges of the slates a piece
of inch-board, about nine inches deep,
should be placed to enclose the saw-
dust, sand, moss, or other plunging
material."

In the following sketch, for which, as
well as for the next, we are indebted
to Mr. Rendle, A is a transverse sec-
tion of Roger's conical boiler ; B is the
fireplace ; g, the tank ; c, the flow-pipe ;
(I, the pipe by which the water returns
to the boiler ; c, is the hole for the
smoke, which, joined to a flue, /, can
be made either to ascend the chimney
at once, or to pass round the house.

The next sketch is a Pinery, fitted
up with Mr. Rendle's tank.

It is described as " a very useful and
most desirable structure for the growth
of the Pine Apple, with a hollow wall,
recommended by all garden architects
in preference to a solid wall — the heat
or cold being not so readily conducted
as through a solid mass of masonry."
Mr. Rendle might have added, that
hollow walls are also much drier.—
Rendle's Treatise on the Tank System.
See Stove and Hotbed.

RENEA'LMIA. The following should
be added to Alpi'nia, instead of forming
this genus.

R, grandMa'ra (large.flowered), 1$, White,
New Zealand, (823,

REN

[ 772]

RET

It. panicula'ta (panicled). l£. White. June.
New Holland. 1823.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 1. White, June, New

Holland. 1823.

REQUIE'NIA. (Named after M. Re-
quien, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffi]. Linn.,
\Q-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to
Psoralia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs with yellow flowers.
Cuttings of half- ripened stubby shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loam, fibry
peat, and dried leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-teawed). 1, July.
Senegal. 1825.

— sphasrospe'rma (round-seeded). 1. April.

Cape of Good Hope. 1816.

RESE'DA. Mignonette. (From resedo,
to calm ; supposed virtue for external
bruises. Nat. ord., Weldworts [Reseda-
cese]. Jjinn., \\~Dodecandria 3-Tri-
yynia.}

All by seeds ; the half-shrubby kinds also by
cuttings; seeds must be sown at different
times, according as the bloom is wanted. The
beginning and middle of May is early enough
to sow in the open border. Though treated as
annuals, most of the mignonettes may be treated
as under-shrubs, or perennials, if they are pre-
vented seeding freely, and kept from frost in
winter. We have seen the common mignonette
that had been kept in a pot about eight years,
and flowered freely every season. See Migno-
nette.

R. Chine'nsis (China). 2. Yellow, green. June.
China. 1819-

— odora'ta (scented-Mignonette'). 1. Green,

red. August. Italy. 1752.

— tfrute'scens (shrubby). 2. August.
Egypt. 1752.

— trunca'ta (abrupt-ended- Jeaved). l£. Yel-

low. June. Natolia. 1836.

RESERVE GARDEN. See Nursery.

REST. That period when a plant is
not growing.

REST-HARROW. Ono'nis.

RESURRECTION PLANT. Anasta'tica.

RETANI'LLA. (The Peruvian name.
Nat. ord., JRhamnads [Rhamnacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Al-
lied to Colletia.)

Evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in summer ; sandy loam
and fibry peat. The species from Peru requires
a warm greenhouse, and that from Chili the
protection of a cold pit in winter, or a very shel-
tered situation out-of-doors, or against a wall.
R. Ephe'dra (Ephedra-like). 3. Cream. Chili.
1823.

— obcorda'ta (reversed-heart-leaved). 2. Yel-

low. Peru. 1822.

RETARDING requires as much skill as

forcing, for as the latter requires the
application of all that is suitable to the
promotion of a plant's rapid healthy
growth, so retarding requires the with-
holding from it of those contingencies.
Thus to retard growth, the lowest tem-
perature, and the least degree of light
compatible with healthy growth, must
be secured ; and to this end plants for
succession are often placed on the
north side of a wall. See Screens.

Then again, as in the case of rasp-
berries and strawberries, plants are
often cut down in the spring, compel-
ling them to form fresh foliage and
stems, and thus be productive in the
autumn instead of the summer.

The vegetation of many bulbs may
be prevented by merely keeping them
dry, and, indeed, the withholding the
usual supply of Avater, giving it only in
diminished quantities, is necessary in
all retarding treatment. To secure the
entire resting of bulbs, and of such
plants as will bear so low a tempera-
ture, the atmosphere of the ice-house
is effectual ; and to this end it should
have a few shelves for the support of
boxes or flower-pots. Banks of earth
ranging east and Avest, and facing the
north at a very acute angle, are very
useful in retarding the early advance
to seed in hot weather, of spinach, let-
tuces, &c. Espaliers ranging similarly,
and shaded during the Avhole of March
and the two following months, will
blossom later and more unfailingly
than trees more exposed to the sun in
spring. Similar exclusion of heat and
light retards the ripening of picked
fruit, and if the air be excluded from
them, or its oxygen withdrawn, fruit
Avill remain unripened for weeks. To
effect this, put a paste formed of lime,
sulphate of iron, and Avater, at the bot-
tom of a Avide-mouthed glass-bottle,
then a layer of large pebbles to keep
the fruit from the paste, then fill the
bottle with peaches, apricots, or plums,
gathered a few days before they are
ripe, cork the bottle tight, and cover
the cork Avith melted resin. They have
been thus kept for a month, and sum-
mer apples and pears for three months.
They ripen when again exposed to the
air.

RET

[ 773 ]

RHA

RETINITHY'LLUM. (From retine, re-
sin, and pkyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord.,
Clnchonads [Cinchonaceffi]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Hamiltonia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a sweet, moist bottom heat ; sandy loam and
fibry peat, with pieces of charcoal. Winter
temp., 55° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. secundiflo'rum (side-flowering). 10. White.
S. America. 183Q.

RHA'MNUS. Buckthorn. (From rham,
a Celtic word, signifying a tuft of
branches. Nat. ord., Rhamnads [Rham-
naceso]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia.)

Greenhouse and stove species, by cuttings, in
sand, under a glass, in summer, and in a cold,
or close warm pit, respectively ; sandy loam
and leaf-mould. Hardy species, by seeds,
layers, and cuttings, and more especially the
latter mode with all the evergreens, which
should be taken off in the autumn, and inserted
in sandy soil, in a shady border, with hand-
lights over them ; good garden soil.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

R. amygda'linus (Almond - like). 3. Yellow.
June. North Africa.

— celtifo'lius (Celtis-leaved). 20. Green, yel-

low. May. Cape of Good Hope.

— crenula'tus (scolloped). 8. Green, yellow.

April. " Teneriffe. 1778.

— integrifo'lius (entire - leaved). 3. Green.

Teneriffe. 1822.

— prinoi'des (Winter-berry-like). 10. Yellow.

June. Cape of Good Hope. 1778.

— tetrago'nus (four-angled). 6. Green. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— Thee'zans (Theezan-tfea). 2. Green. May.

China.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 1. Green, yellow.
Surinam. 1820.

— wmbella'tw (umbelled). 6. Redi»h. Mexico.

183Q.

HARDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

R. ulnifo'lius (Alder-leaved). 4. Green. May.
North America. 1778.

— Alpi'nus (Alpine). 3. Green. May. Switzer-

land. 1572.

— Carolinia'nus (Carolina). 4. Green. May.

North America. 1819.

— catha'rticus (purging). 12. Green, yellow.

May. England.

' hydrie'nsis(njdria.n'). 12. Green,

yellow. June. Cape of Good Hope.

— Dahu'ricus (Dahurian). 10. Green, yellow.

May. Dahuria. 1817.

— cry thro1 'a-y Ion (Red - wood). 6. Yellow,

green. July. Siberia. 1823.
• angusti'ssimum (narrowest*

leaved). Caucasus.
—fra'ngula (Breaking - Alder). 10. White.

May. Britain.

R . fra'ngula angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . 10.

White. May. Britain.
~-franguloi'des (Frangula - like). 4. Green.

May. North America. 1810.

— hy'bridus (hybrid). 12. Green.

— infecto'rius (dyer's). 6. Green, yellow.

June. South Europe. 1683.

— lanceola'tus (spear-head-leaved). 12. Green.

May. North America. 1812.

— latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 4. Green. July.

Azores. 1778.

macula'tus (spotted). 6. Green.

July. 1845.

— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 6. Green. 1823.

— lycioi'des (Boxthorn-like). 6. Green, yellow.

November. Spain. 1752.

— • • arragone'nsis (Arragon). 6. Green,

yellow. October. Arragon. 1752.

— oleoi'des (Olive-like). 4. Green, yellow.

June. Spain. 1752.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). Russia. 1838.

— pu'milus (dwarf). 2. Green, yellow. July.

Carniola. 1752.

— Purshia'nus (Pursh's). 6. Green. May.

North America. 1826.

— pu'sillus (weak). 1. May. Naples. 1823.

— rupe'stris(rock). 2. Green. May. South

Europe. 1752.

— saxa1 tills (rock). 1. Green, yellow. May*

Europe. 1752.

— spattdeefo1 lius (spatula - leaved). Russia.

1838.

— tinctn'rius (dyer's). 5. Green, yellow. May.

Hungary. 1820.

— Valenti'nus (Valentia). 2. Green. May.

South Europe. 1816.

— virga'tus (twiggy). 8. Green. June. -Nepaul

1820.

— Wulfe'nii (Wulfen's). 2. Green. Ju\y

South Europe. 1758.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

R. alate'rnus (bastard-leaved- Alzternns} , 20.
Green. May. South Europe. 1629.

angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20.

Green. May. South Europe. 1629.

balea'rica (Balearic). 20. Green-
May. South Europe.

fo'liis - arge'nteis (silver - edged -

leaved). 20. Green. May. 8. Europe.

fo'liis . au'reis (golden - edged -

leaved). 20. Green. May. S. Europe.

fo'liis - macula'tus (spotted-
leaved). 20. Green. May. S. Europe.

— i Hispu'nica (Spanish) ..20. Green.

May. South Europe.

— buxifo'lius (Box-leaved). 3. Green, yellow.

May. Numidia. 1820.

— cardioca'rpus (heart-podded). 1832.

— pube'scens (downy). 4. Pale yellow. May.

France. 1817.

— Wi'cklius (Wickle's). 6. 1839-

RHAPIDOSPO'RA. (From rhapis, a

needle, and sporos, a seed. Nat. ord.,

Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn., 2-
Diandria \-Monogynia.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, from the East
Indies. For culture, see Justicia.
R. gla'bra (smooth). Rose, yellow. June. 1824;

— vesti'ta (clothed). Violet. June. 1827.

RHA

[ 774]

EHI

RHA'PIS. (From rhapis, a needle ;
the sharp-pointed leaves. Nat. orcl..
Palms [Palmacere]. Linn., 23-PoIy-
yamia L-Moncecia. Allied to Chamae-
rops.)

Greenhouse Palms. Suckers generally, and
by division at the roots ; rich sandy loam ; most
require the protection of the greenhouse, but
some will probably succeed in warm situations
out of doors.

R. arundina'cca (reed - leaved}. 6. Green,
September. Carolina. 1/65.

— a' spent (rough). Green. May. South

France.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved), Green. May. South

France.

— ftabellifo'rmis (fan-shaped). 6. Green. Au-

gust. China. 1774.

RHAPO'NTICUM. (From rha, rhubarb,
and Ponticus, Pontus. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceae]. Linn., 19-Synge-
nesiaS-Frustranea. Allied to Serratula.)

Hardy purple-flowered herbaceous peren-
nials ; seeds, and divisions of the plant, in
spring ; common garden soil.
R. Palla'sii (Pallas's). 2i. July. Switzerland.
1818.

— pu'lchrum (pretty). Caucasus. 1837.

— scario'sum (membranous). 2£. July. Switz-

erland. 1640.

lyra'tum (lyre-leaved). 2. July.

Switzerland. 181 9.

— uniflo'rum (one-flowered). l£. July. Si-

beria. 1/96.

RHEE'DIA. (Named after JRheede,
author of the Hortus Malabaricus.
Nat. ord., GhUtifers [Clusiacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria 3-Polyyynia.}

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of shoots rather
ripe, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist
bottom-heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. Java'nica (Javanese). Java. 1826.

RHE'UM. Rhubarb. (From Rha, the
Russian name of the river Wolga, near
which the rhubarb was found. Nat.
ord., Buckwheats [Polygonaceae]. Linn.,
0-Enneandria 2-Triyynia.')

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds in
spring, and division of the plant then, just as
the buds begin to swell ; deep, rich, loamy
soil. See Rhubarb.

R. austra'le (southern). 8. Purple. Nepaul.
1823.

— Austri'acurn (Austrian). 5. White. May.

Austria. 1800.

*— Ca'spicum (Caspian). 6. White. May.
Russia. 1817.

— compa'ctum (compact). 3. White, green.

May. Tartary. 1/58.

— cri' spurn (curled). 5. White. May. 1800.

— fenestru'tum (windowed). 6. White. May.

)/S<h

R. hy'bridum (hybrid). 5. White, green. May.
Asia. 17/8.

— leucorhi'zum (white-rooted). Striped. May.

Siberia. 1827.

— nit' tans (nod&m%-Jtou.'ered). 8. White.

May. Siberia. 1SOO.

— palma'tum (hand-leaved). 5. White, green.

June. Bucharia. 1763.

— r/iopo'rafa'cM?n(Rhapontic). 4. White, green.

May. Asia. 1573.

— ri'bes (Currant- leaved). 2. White, green.

May. Levant. 1724.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 6. White. May.

Siberia. 1800.

— Tata'ricum (Tartarian). 3. White, green.

May. Tartary. 1793.

— undula'tum (wave-meowed). 4. White, green.

May. China. 1734.

RHE'XIA. (From rfiexis, a rupture ;
supposed cure for ruptures. Nat. ord.,
Melastomads [Melastomacese]. Linn.,
8 - Octandria 1 - M o n oyyn ia.)

Hardy herbaceous North American plants,
blooming in July. Division, and cuttings,
under a hand-light ; peat and loam. Most of
the perennials will succeed in a peat border.

R. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). ^. White*
1812.

— cilio'sa (hair-fringed). 1. Purple. 1812.

— maria'na (Mary-land). 3. Purple. 1759-
rube'lla (redish). 3. Pink. 1823.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). §. Purple. 1759.

RHINOPE'TALUM. (From rhin, a nose,
and petalon, a petal ; base of the upper
sepal. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese].
Linn., G-Hexandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Fritillaria and Lilium.)

Hardy bulb. Division, in spring ; sandy
rich loam.

R. Kareli'ni (Karelinc's). £. Pale pink spotted.
January. Ural. 1834.

RHIPIDO'PTERIS. (From rhipis, a fan,
and pteris, a fern ; formation of the
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
ceee]. Linn., tt^-Crypiogamia l-FUices.)

Stove, brownish-yellow spored, Ferns. See
Ferns.

R. bifurca'ta (two-forked). March. W. Indies.
— fcenicula'cea (Fennel-towed). March. W.
Indies.

— pelta'ta (shield-leaved). March. S.America.

— triparti'ta (three-parted). March. Brazil.

RHI'PSALIS. (From rhips, a willow-
branch ; referring to the flexible
branches. Nat. ord., Indian Fic/s [Cac-
taccce]. Linn., 1'2-Icosandria \~Mono-
(jynia.}

Greenhouse succulents. Cuttings, dried at
the base for a few days before inserting in rough
gravel, or brick-rubbish; sandy loam, brick-
rubbish, and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 40°
to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.

RHI

E 775 ]

RHO

R. brachia'ta (forked). £• Greenish-yellow.
March. Buenos Ayres. 1843.

— Cassy'tha (Cassutha). 1. Yellow. Septem-

ber. \V. Indies. 1758.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). I. White.

July. S.America. 1818.

— Hookcria'na (Hooker's). 1. White. August.

W. Indies.

— Mesembryanthoi'des (Mesembryanthemum-

like). £. White. S. America. 1817-

— parasi'tica (parasitic). 1. Yellow. S.Ame-

rica. 1800.

— spat hula' ta (spathulate). Yellow. July.

Brazil. 1836.

RHIZO'PHOEA. Mangrove. (From
rhlza, a root, and phorco, to bear ; the
branches send down roots like the
Banyan-tree. Nat. ord., Mangroves
[Ehizophoracese]. Linn., ll-Dodccan-
dria l-Monogynia.)

Not likely to be much cultivated until we ob-
tain salt-water aquariums in our large tropical
houses. The Mangrove flourishes in rich
loamy soil, in thickets, by the side of the ocean,
in tropical latitudes ; and possesses the striking
feature that the seeds vegetate while attached
to the plant, and send out a long radicle, which
generally reaches the soft mud, while the top
puts out leaves ; numbers of plants are thus
joined together, something in the same way as
the Banyan tree.

11. ma'ngle (mangle). 10. Pale yellow. E.
Indies. 1820.

RHODA'NTHE. (From rhodon, a rose,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Synycnesia

Greenhouse annual. Seeds, sown, in Sep-
tember, in a hotbed ; and also in March, for
plants to bloom in spring and summer ; sandy
loam, and leaf-mould, and fibry peat, to sow
and prick off in ; as the plants are put in their
flowering pots, use dried rotten cow-dung, and
silver sand freely. After the first potting, an
airy place in the greenhouse.
R. Mangle' sii (Captain Mangle's). 1$. Rose,
yellow. June. Swan River. 183'.}.

RHODDON, or RODDON-TREE. Py'rtts
uucnpa'ria.

EHODODE'NDRON. (From rJwdon, a
rose, and dendron, a tree. Nat. ord.,
Heathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn., 10-Dc-
candria \-Monogynia.~)

Seeds, in spring, in shallow pans, in sandy
peat, and kept in a close, cool frame until the
seedlings are fit to be handled, when they
should be pricked oif into similar soil, and gra-
dually exposed to sun and air ; layers, either
in spring or autumn ; cuttings of young
shoots when the base close to the older wood is
getting firm, inserted in silver sand, arid placed
at first in a cold frame, and afterwards in a
little bottom-heat ; sandy peat is the best ;
sandy fibry loam and clayey loam the next;
kitchen-garden soil, and soil of any kind con-

taining or resting upon calcareous matter the
worst. The varieties of the arboreum, campa-
nulatum, &c., require a little protection to
have them in their beauty.

STOVE EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. Brookea'num (Rajah Brooke's). Redish-
salmon. November. Borneo. 1848.

— gra'cile (slender). 6. Bright red. Borneo.

1848.

— Java'nicum (Javanese). 4. Orange-red.

All season. Java. 184/.

— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 8. Crimson.

Borneo. 1848.

— Nilagi'rivum (Neilgherry). Rose, white.

May. Nepaul. 1840.

— verticilla'tum (whorl-leaved). Redish. Bor-

neo. 1848.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.
R. anthopo'gon (bearded-cowered). 2. Purple.
May. Nepaul. 1820.

— arbo'reum(tre^. 20. Scarlet. May. Nepaul.

1820.
barba'tum (bearded). Red.

April. Nepaul. 1837-
cinnamo'nicum (Cinnamon).

20. Purple. June. Nepaul. 1820.
ni'veum (snowy - white}. 20.

White. March. Nepaul. 1817-
Paxto'nii (Mr. Paxton's). Crim-
son. May. Khoseea. 1837.
Rolliso'nii (Mr. llollisson's).

Crimson. May. Nepaul. 1837.
ro'seum (rosy). 20. Rose. April.

Nepaul.
sangui'neum (blood - coloured).

20. Scarlet. April. Nepaul. 1817-

— campanula' turn (bell -flowered). 4. Pale

pink. May. Nepaul. 1825.

— Gibso'nii (Gibson's). 5. White. May.

Khoseea. 1837. Deciduous.

— Lappo'nicum (Lapland). £. Crimson.

April. Lapland. 1825.

— lepido'tum (scaly). 3- Rose. Nepaul. 1829.

— Metier ni'chii (Metternich's). Purple. May.

Japan.

— scto'sum (bristly). 1. Purple. Nepaul. 1825.

HARDY EVERGREEN SHRUBS.

R. albiflo'rum (white - flowered). 2. White.
June. North America. 1835.

— barba'tum (bearded-/>e«o/ed). 3. Nepaul.

1829.

— camtcha'ticum (Kamtchatka). Purple.

Kamtchatka. 1802.

— Catawbie'nse (Catawba). 4. Purple. July.

North America. 1809.

— Catesba'i (Catesby's). 4. Purple. May;

North America. 1810.

— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. Caucasus. 1803.

strami'neum (straw-coloured).

2. Straw. April.

— chamcEci'stus (Ground Cistus). £. Pale

purple. May. Austria. 1786.

— chrysa'nthum (yellow-flowered). £. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1796.

— Dau'ricum (Daurian). 3. Purple. March.

Siberia. 1780.

atrovi'rens (dark - green) . 3.

Purple. March. Siberia.

RHO

C 776 ]

EHU

-R. Fu'rrcrtK (Mrs. Farrer's). 3. Lilac. March.
China. 1829.

— ferrugi'neum (rusty- leaved}. l£. Scarlet.

June. Switzerland. 1752.

a'lbum (white). 1. White.

June. Pyrenees. 1830.

— hy'bridum (Herbert's-hybrid). Pink. July.

— hirsu'tum (hairy-leaved). l£. Scarlet. June.

Switzerland. 1656.
• variega'tum (variegated-teawed).

1. Scarlet. June. 1800.
fta'vum (yellow). Yellowish.

All season. Java. 1847.

— ma'zimum (largest). 20. Pink. July. North

America. 1756.
a'lbum (white). 15. White. July.

— po'nticum (Pontic). 12. Purple. May.

Gibraltar. 1763.
myrtifo'lium (Myrtle - leaved) .

12. Purple. May. Gibraltar. 1/63.
~" obtu'sum (blunt - leaved), 4.

Purple. May. Armenia.
odora'tum (sweet - scented). 3.

Pink. July. 1820.

— puncta'tum (dotteA-leaved). 4. Pink. July.

North America. 1786.

— ~ ma'jus (larger). 6. Pink. July.

— purpu'reum (purple). 25. Purple. July.

North America.

— Pu'rshii (Pursh's). White. July. Jersey.

1811.

— rhodo'ra (red-flowered). Red, purple. May.

North America. 1767.

RHODOSTO'MA. (From rhodon, arose,
and stoma, a mouth ; the opening of
the tube of corolla. Nat. ord., (7m-
clwnads [Cinchonacesej. Linn., 5-Pcnt-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Gar-
denia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry loam, and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 48° to 60° ; summer, 6o'°
to 85°.

R. gardenoi'des (Gardenia-like). White. April.
1845.

EHOPA'LA. See Ropa'la.

RHUBARB, Rhe'um rhapo'nticum, R.
hy'bridum, R. imdula'tum, and R. pal-
ma'tum.

Varieties. — There are several varie-
ties, of which the most preferable are
the Tobolsk, Gigantic, Victoria (best),
and Bucks or Elford.

The soil best suited to it is light, rich,
deep, unshaded, and moderately moist.

Sowing. — It may be propagated by
cuttings, but usually by seed. Sow
soon after it is ripe, in September or
October, in drills three feet apart, and
an inch deep, the plants to remain
where raised; for although they will
bear removing, yet it always checks and
somewhat lessens their growth. When

they make thoir appearance in the
spring, thin to six or eight inches asun-
der, and let the surface of the ground
about them be loosened with the hoe.
At the close of summer, when it can be
determined which are the strongest
plants, finally thin to four feet, or the.
Gigantic and Victoria to six. Break
clown the flower-stems as often as they
are produced. In autumn remove the
decayed leaves, and point in a little
well -putrefied stable-dung, and earth -
up the stools. In the spring, hoe the
bed, and as the stalks when blanched
are much more delicate in taste, require
less sugar to be rendered palatable,
and are greatly improved in appear-
ance, dig a trench between the rows,
and the earth from it place about a foot
thick over the stool. This covering
must be removed when the cutting
ceases, and the plants allowed to grow
at liberty. As the earth in wet seasons
is apt to induce decay, the covering
may be advantageously formed of coal-
ashes or drift-sand. Chimney-pots and
butter-firkins make good coverings for
blanching.

To obtain Seed. — Two-year-old plants
often produce seed, but in their third
year always. It must be gathered as
soon as ripe, and great care taken that
none is scattered over the beds, for tin-
plants thence produced often spring
up, and greatly injure the old plants
by growing unobserved amongst them.

Forcing. — Plant a single row three
feet apart in ground that has been
trenched two spades deep, and dressed
with well-putrefied dung at the time.
The forcing may commence in Decem-
ber ; first cover either with sea-kale or
common garden-pots (twelves), but
chimney-pots are still better, the leaf-
stalks becoming much longer and finer,
and envelope them with fermenting
dung. A frame is much less objection-
able, formed by driving stakes into the
ground on each side of the bed, alter-
nating with the plants. These are to
be three feet high above ground, and
the space between the two rows of
stakes two feet at the bottom, but ap-
proaching each other, and fastened by
cross pieces, so as to be only fifteen
inches apart at top. To the sides and

RHU

[ 77*

top stout laths are fixed, as in the ac-
companying sketch, to prevent the
dung falling upon the plants.

The dung may be either fresh, or
that which has already undergone fer-
mentation, placed all round the frame
eighteen inches thick, and the top
covered with long litter. The tempe-
rature in the interior should have a
range from 55° to 00°. If it rises
higher, two or three large holes made
through the top soon corrects it.

Rhubarb may he forced without either
pots or frame, by merely covering the
plants six inches deep with light Utter,
care being taken that the plants are
not injured.

Mr. Knight's mode of forcing is to
place in the winter as many plants as
necessary in large deep pots, each pot
receiving as many as it can contain,
and the insterstices entirely rilled up
by fine sandy loam, washed in. The
tops of the roots are placed on a level
with each other, and about an inch
below the surface. These being co-
vered with inverted pots of the same
size, may be placed in a vinery or hot
bed, and on the approach of spring,
any time after January, any room or
cellar will be sufficiently warm. If co-
piously supplied with water, the plants
vegetate rapidly and vigorously, and
each pot will produce three succes-
sional cuttings, the first two being the
most plentiful. As soon as the third
is gathered, the roots may be changed,
and those removed replanted in the
ground, Avhen they will attain sufficient
strength to be forced again in a year's
time. If not, it is of little consequence,
for year-old roots raised from cuttings,
or even seed sown in autumn, are suffi-
ciently strong for use.

Propagation by Division. — Mr. Rogers,
a successful cultivator, says — that when
the rhubarb is propagated by the root,
care must be taken to retain a bud on
the crown of each offset, together with

i small portion of the root itself, with,
f possible, some fibres attached to it.
These offsets may be taken from roots
of three or four years old, without in-
ury to the plant. They may be planted
where they are intended to remain, at
the same distance and in the same
manner as advised for the seedlings.

RHU'S. Sumach. (From rhudd, red ;
colour of the fruit. Nat. ord., Anacards
[Anacardiacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
3-Trigynia.)

Hardy deciduous trees and shrubs. By seeds,
layers, and cuttings of roots and shoots ; light
fibry loam. We have omitted all the green-
house and stove species except javanica, which
requires a greenhouse.
R. ame'la (Amela). 40. Nepaul. 1823.

— uroma'tica (aromatic). 8. Yellow. May.

N. America. 1773.
copalli'na (Gum-copal). 6. Green, yellow.

August. N. America. 1688.
leuca'ntha (white - flowered). 4.

Whitish. August. N.America.

— coria'ria(Coriaria.-leaved). 10. Green, yellow.

July. S. America. 1640.

— co'tinus (Wild Olive). 6. Pale purple. June.

S. Europe. 1656.

— diversifo'lia (various - leaved). Greenish-

white. June. California,

— diversi'loba (various-lobed). 6. White. June.

California. 1843.

— e'legans (elegant). 10. Red. July, North

America. 1726.

— gla'bra (smooth). 8. Green, yellow. August.

N. America. 1726.
cocci'nea (scarlet). 10. Red. June.

N. America.
dioi'ca (dioecious). 8. Greenish. July.

N. America.

— Java'nica (Javanese). 10. White. August.

Java. 1799.

— oxyaca'ntha (Hawthorn -like). 6. Green,

yellow. Barbary. 1823.

— pu'mila (dwarf-poisonotts). 1. Green, yellow.

July. N. America. 1806

— ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Green, yellow. June.

N. America. Creeper.
microca'rpa (small - fruited). 2.

Green, yellow. June. N. America.

Climber.
volu1 bills (twining). 2. Green,

yellow. June. N. America. Climber.
vulga'ris (common). Green, yellow.

June. N. America. Creeper.

— suave'olens (sweet-smelling). 6. Greenish.

yellow. May. N. America.

— typhi'na (fever). 20. Green, yellow. July.

N. America. 1629.
arbore'scens (tree-like). 25. Green,

yellow. July.
-frute'scens (shrubby). 6. Green,

yellow. July.

— undula'ta (waved - leaved}. 5. Whitish-

yellow. C. of Good Hope. 1816.

— ve'rnix (varnish). 15. Green, yellow. July.

N. America. 1713.

EHU

[ 778 ]

RIB

JR. vernici'fera (varnish-bearing). 10. Green,
yellow. Nepaul. 1823.

RHYNCOGLO'SSUM. (From rhynchos,
a beak, and ylossa, a tongue; form of
the lip of the flower. Nat. ord., Gcs-
nerworts [Gesneraceas]. Linn., 2-Di-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Didy-
mocarpus.)

Greenhouse biennial. Seeds, in hotbed, in
spring, and, after being potted off, flowered in
the plant stove or greenhouse ; peat and loam,
with a little silver sand and leaf-mould.
R. Zeyla'nicum (Ceylon). 1. Blue. July.
Ceylon. 1844.

RHYNCOSPE'KMUM. (From rhynchos,
a beak, and spcrma, a seed. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese], Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
Apocynum.)

An evergreen climber requiring hothouse
treatment, to be grown in loam and peat, and
to be propagated by cuttings, under a bell-
glass in sand.

R.jasminoi'des (Jasmine-like). 3. White. July.
Shanghai. 1846.

RHYTIDOPHY'LLUM. (From rhylis, a
wrinkle, and phyllon, a leaf. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneraceo?]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Gloxinia.)

For culture see Gesnera.

R, auricula' turn (cared). Red, yellow. August.
Brazil. 1834.

RIBBON GKASS. Aru'ndo.

RI'BES. Currant. (From the Arabic
name of a plant. Nat. ord., Currant-
worts [Grossulariacete]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs, except punctutum,
which requires shelter. Nearly all bloom in
April. Seeds, chiefly, for fresh varieties ; cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in spring or autumn, in
the open ground ; good garden soil. See Cur-
rant and Gooseberry.
R.acicula're(nee3[e-spined). White. Siberia.

— acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 5. Greenish-

yellow. Nepaul. 183J.

— albine'roium (white - nerved). 4. Green.

North America.

— Alpi'num (Alpine). 3. Green. Britain.
.*. . bacci'ferum (berry-bearing). 3.

Green. Britain.

_ fo'liis - variega'tis (variegated -

leaved). 4. Green. May. Britain.

— — . pu'milum (dwarf). 2. Green.

~ — - ste'rile (barren). 3. Green.

Britain.

— atropurpu'reum (dark-purple). 4. Purple.

Siberia. 1826.

— au'rcum (golden). 8. Yellow. May, Missouri. j

R. au'reum pra'cox (early). 8. Yellow. North
America. 1812.

sero'tinum (late). 8. Yellow. June.

North America. 1812.

villo'sum (shaggy-leaved). 8. Yel-
low. North America. 1812.

— Carpa'thicum (Carpathian). 4. Green.

Carpathia. 1818.

— ce'reum (waxy-leaved). 2. WThite. North

America. 1827.

— cyno'sbati (Dog-bramble). 4. Green. Canada.

1759.
fruc'tu-nculea'to (prickly- fruited).

4. Purplish. Lake Huron.
fru'ctu-glabro (smooth-fruited). 4.

Whitish. Hudson's Bay.

— diaca'ntha (twin-prickled). 4. Green, yel-

low. May. Siberia. 1/81.

— divarica'tum (straggling). 7> White, red.

North America. 1826.

— fla'vum (yellow). 6. Yellow. North America.

1812.

— jio'ridum (florid). 4. Yellow. North Ame-

rica. 1729.

grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 4.

Yellow. North America.

— — — ^— parviflo'rum (small - flowered). 4.

North America.

— glacia'le (frozen). 4. Yellow. Nepaul. 1823.

— glandulo'sum (glanded). 8. Green, yellow.

Peru. J820.

— Gordo'ni (Gordon's). 6. Yellow, red.

— gra'cile (slender). 4. Green, white. North

America. 1812.

— grossula'ria (rowg7t-Gooseberry). 4. Green.

England.
Besseria'na (Besser's). 4.

White. Cracow.
— bractea'ta (bracted). 4. Green,

white.
Himalaya' na (Himalayan). 4.

Green, white. March. Himalayas.

1838.
macroca'rpa (large-berried). 4.

Green, white.
reclina'ta (reclined). 4. Green,

white. Germany. 1781.
spinosi'ssima (most-spiny). 4;

Green, white. Britain.
subine'rmis (few-prickled). 4<

Green, white.
u'va-cri'bpa (smooth-berried}.

4. Green, white. Britain.

— hetero' trichum (variable-haired). 2. Purple.

Altai. 1837.

— Hudsonia'num (Hudson's Bay}. 4. White.

Hudson's Bay.

— lacu'stre (lake). 4. Yellow, green. North

America. 1812.

echina'tum (hedge -hog). l£.

Greenish-yellow.

— macroca'nthum (large-spincd). 4. Green.

May.

— Menzic'sii (Menzies's). 5. Red. May. Ca-

lifornia. 1830.

— microphy'llum (small- leaved). 5. Red.

Mexico.

— multiflo'rum (many-flowered). 5. Green.

Hungary. 1822.

— ni'grum (black). 5. Green. Britain.

— — — — ba'cca-vi'i'idc (green -berried). 5.

Russia.

RIB

[ 779 ]

RIG

5. White. N. America.

5. Britain.

— ni'veum (snowy).

182(5.

— opulifo'lium (Guelder-rose-leaved). Russia.

— orienta'le (eastern). 4. Green, yellow.

May. Syria. 1824.

— oxyacanthoi'des (Hawthorn -like). 3. Green,

white. North America. 1763.

— petree'um (rock). 4. Red. May. England.

— procu'mbens (trailing). £. Purple. May.

Dahuria. 1804.

— prostra'tum (prostrate). l£. Yellow. May.

North America. 1812.

--- luxiflo'rum (loose-flowered). 4.
Green, yellow. North America. 1812.

— puncta'tum (dotted- leaved}. 3. Green,

yellow. Chili. 1826. Half-hardy.

— resino'sum (resinous). 3. Yellow, green.

North America. 1800.

— ri'gens (stiff). 6. Green. N.America. 1812.

— ru'brum (red). 4. Green. Britain.
-- a'lbum (white). 4. Green. Britain.
-- ca'rneum (flesh-coloured-ic-merf).

4. Green. Britain.

-- fo'liis-a'lbo (leaves-white). 4. Green.
-- fo'liis - lu'teo (leaves - yellow). 4.

Green.

horte'nse (garden).

4. Green.

Britain.

. Sibi'ricum (Siberian. Russian-cur-
rant). 6. Greenish-yellow. Russia.

sylve'strc (wood). 4. Green. Bri-
tain.

— variega'tum (striped-iem'erf). 4.

Green. Austria.

— sungui'neum (bloody). 6. Blood. North

America. 1826.

utroru'bens (dark-red). 6.
Dark-red. North America.

glutino'sum (clammy). 6.
Pale pink. North America.

malva'ceum (Mallow-like). 6.

Dark-pink. North America.

— saxa'tile (rock). 4. Green. May. Siberia.

181Q.

— scto'sum (bristly). 4. Green, white. North

America. 1810.

— specio's'itm (showy). 4. Crimson. May.

California. 1829.

— spica'tum (spiked -flowered). 4. Green.

England.
~- tenuiflo'rum (slender-flowered). 6. Yellow.

North America. 1812.
fru'ctu-lu'tco (yellow - berried) .

6. Yellow.
fru'ctu-nigro (blackish-berried).

6. Yellow.

— tri'Jidum( three-clef t-calyxed). Quebec. 1824.

— tri'ste (s&d-coloured-flowered). 3. Siberia.

1820.

— viscosi'ssimum (very-clammy). 4. Yellow.

North America. 1820.

RICE PAPEK is prepared from JEschy-
no'mene a'spera.

UICHA'BDIA. (Named after L. C.
Richard, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Arads [Aradacese]. Linn., 7-Ifcptan-
dria I-Monoyynia.)

Better known as> Calla jEthiopica, or the

Arum plant. Greenhouse herbaceous peren-
nial. Suckers, and division of the plant, in
spring; rich fibry loam. Winter temp., 35°
to 48° ; should be kept dryish for a time before
growing, so as to get it to throw up its flowers.
Thrives well in a cistern in a greenhouse where
is abundance of light ; and in a stream of
water during the summer, the pots being
plunged within it.

R. JElhio'picu, (Ethiopian). 3. Creamy. March.
Cape of Good Hope. 1731.

RICHARD so 'NIA. (Named after R.
Richardson, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Cinclwnads [ Cinch onacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of young shoots,
in sandy soil, and in a moist bottom-heat ; fibry
loam and peat, and a little sand and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
R. sca'bra (rough). 2. White. September.
Brazil. 1814.

RICHIE'A. (Named after Mr. Richie,
an African traveller. Nat. ord., Epac-
rids [Epacridacese]. Linn., I'3-Poly-
andria I-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in a mild, sweet bottom-heat ; sandy, fibry peat,
with a few nodules of fibry loam and charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
R.fra'grans (fragrant). 6. White. June.
Sierra Leone. 1795.

RI'CINUS. Palma Christi. ^From
ricimis, a tick ; resemblance in the
seeds. Nat. ord., Spurgcivorts [Eu-
phorbiacese]. Linn., 2l-Moncecia 1-
Monandria.)

Annuals, by seeds, in a hotbed ; shrubs, by
cuttings, in hotbed; light, rich soil. The
shrubby kinds should have the addition of a
little peat. They are all too tender to do much
good out-of-doors. The following are all half-
hardy annuals, except lividus and rutilans.
R. commu'nis (common. Castor-oil Plant). 6.
Green. July. East Indies. 1548»

— ine'rmis (unarmed-c«/;s«/erf). 6. Purple.

India. 1758.

— Kra'ppa (Krappa). White. August. 1827.

— leucoca'rpus (white-capsuled). White. Au-

gust. 1827.

— li'vidus (livid- leaved). 8. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1795. Green-
house evergreen.

— macrophy'llus (large-leaved). White, red*

August. 1827.

— ru'tilans (red - stalked). Rcdish- white.

August. 1827. Half-hardy biennial.

— undula'tus (wavy-leaved). Red, white. Au-

gust. 1827.

RICO'TIA. (Probably a commemo-
! rative name. Nat. ord., Crudfers
[Brassieacetu]. Liun., lo -Tetrad y-
namia.}

BIG

[ 780 ]

RIP

Hardy annual. Seeds; light sandy soil.
Good for belts, knolls, or rock works.
R. luna'ria (Moonwort-like). Lilac, purple.
June. Egypt. 1757.

RIDDLING, another name for sifting.

RIDGING is digging tlie soil into

parallel ridges in this form — so as to

A A A exPose *t thoroughly to the ac-

**•»•* tion either of the atmosphere

or of frost.

RIDGING-OUT. Planting out Cucum-
bers and Pumpkins in the open-ground
beds. Eidging, however, should not be
confined to the winter, for in summer
the extra exposure to the air and heat is
highly promotive of vegetation — it im-
pregnates the soil with oxygen, pro-
motes the decay of stubborn vegetable
remains, and disturbs predatory vermin.
Mr. Barnes says, " I keep all ground,
as soon as a crop is done with, well
trenched, burying all the refuse T pos-
sibly can in a green state, casting the
earth into rough ridges, tumbling those
ridges over with a strong fork on frosty
mornings in winter and spring, and
during hot sunny days in summer, con-
tinually changing the crops. Keeping
the hoe at work at all seasons in suit-
able weather, forking up all odd cor-
ners and spare ground without loss of
time. By this management, I find the
ground is always in good condition and
never tired by cropping, some judg-
ment only being exercised in applying
such properties again to the soil that
have been taken from it, or that are
likely to be required by the succeeding
crop."

The most effectual mode of ridging
is thus described by Mr. Parkins : —

Let a, 6, c, rf, represent a section of
the ground to be trenched two feet
deep. In the first place the ground is
measured out in longitudinal beds four
feet wide ; this done, the top spit of the
bed c, is laid on the bed g, and the
second spit of the bed c, is laid on h.
The first or top spit of the bed/, is
then laid on h, so that the top soil and
subsoil are kept on separate and alter-

nate beds, and may be. mixed, reversed,
or returned as taken out, at the will of
the operator. By this method the ad-
vantages are — much greater exposure
of surface to the action of the weather;
the opportunity of incorporating with
the soil any desirable or obtainable ma-
nures, and at any desired depth; a
thorough blending of the soil to the
depth of two or three feet ; and it also
facilitates the operation of draining
where necessary. It is needless to add,
that when the first thrown-out beds are
sufficiently pulverised, they are levelled
down, and others thrown out in the
same manner; g, h, ?", represent the
ridges thrown out and left as rough as
possible.

RIGIDE'LLA. (From rigidus, stiff;
the stiffness of the flower-stalk. Nat.
ord., Irlds [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
dria I-Monogynia. Allied to Tigridia.)

Half -hardy bulbs. Offsets in spring; also by
seeds, in a hotbed ; rich sandy loam and peat ;
bulbs require to be kept from frost and damp
during the winter.

R.fla'mmea (flame-coloured). 5. France. May.
Mexico. 1839.

— immacula'ta (unspotted). 1. Crimson. June.

Guatemala. 183Q.

— ortha'ntha (straight-flowered) . ]$. Crimson.

June. Mexico. 1846.

RINGING is cutting away a belt of
bark quite down to the wood, entirely
round a branch. This checks the
return of the sap, and aids to make
that branch more fruitful, and the fruit
on it finer. We have seen it done with
the best effect upon the pear and grape
vine. It should be done just previously
to the blossoms opening. When first
suggested it was called the Ring of
Pomona. See Ligatures.

RIPENING WOOD is one of the princi-
pal objects to be aimed at for the
production of either flowers or fruit
the following year. To effect this, at
the end of August, or early in Sep-
tember, superfluous branches should
be removed, and shoots stopped, to
concentrate the sap and expose those
retained to the full influence of the
sun.

RIPO'GONUM. (From ripos, flexible,
and gonos, a shoot. Nat. ord., Sarsa-
parillas [Smilacacete], Linn., G-Hcx-
andria I-Monogynia.)

RIP

C 781]

ROC

Greenhouse, white - flowered, evergreen
climbers, from New Holland. Cuttings of side-
shoots, when three inches in length, taken off
close to the stem, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in May; fibry loam, a little peat, sand, and
charcoal, and well-drained. Winter temp., 40°
to 48°.
JR. a'lbum (white). 3. June. 1820.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. June. 1820.

RI'VEA. (Named after A. de la Rive,
a Geneva botanist. Nat. ord., Bind-
weeds [Convolvulaceee]. Linn., Q-Pen-
tandria \-Monoqynia. Allied to Ipo-
moea.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of side-
shoots, and of the young shoots, several inches
in length, as they ri'se from the roots in spring ;
or grafting on a free-growing Ipomeu; fibry
loam and rough sandy peat. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
R. tiliatfo'tia (Lime-leaved). White. June. E.
Indies. 1812.

RIVI'NA. (Named after A. Q. Rivi-
nus, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Phytolaccads [Phytolaccacese]. Linn.,
4- Tetrandria 1-Monoyyuia. )

Called rouge plants in the West Indies,
where the fruit is used as a cosmetic. Stove
evergreens. Seeds and cuttings. The flowers
are of little beauty, but the racemes of ripe
and ripening fruit are very interesting ; light
soil. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer 60°
to 80°.

R. Brazilie'nsls (Brazilian). 2. Green. June.
Brazil. 1790.

— hu'milis (lowly). 2. White. June. West

Indies. 1699.
cane'scens (hoary). 2. White.

June. West Indies. 1804.
lee1 vis (smooth). 2. Pink. May.

West Indies. 1/33.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teaw«Z). 3. June.

Brazil. 1815.

— lutifo'lia (broad -leaved). Purple. July.

Madagascar. 1826.

— octa'ndra (eight - stamened) . 2. White

May. West Indies. 1752.

— purpura1 scens (purplish). 2. Pink. June.

West Indies. 1815.

— tincto'ria (dying). 4. White. May. Ca-

raccas. 1830.

ROAN TREE. Py'rus aucupa'ria.

ROBE'RGUA.

Should be added to Connarus, which see.
R. frute'scens (shrubby). 6. White. Guiana.
1823,

ROBI'NIA. (Named after J. Robin, a
French botanist. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 17-Diadel-
phia -1-Decandria. Gobbet's Locust-tree
is Robenia pseudo-acacia.}

Deciduous, white-flowered trees, from North
America, where not otherwise stated. For
tender kinds, cuttings of young wood, in sand,

under a glass. The Locust-tree, in all its
varieties, by seed sown in autumn, or preserved
in the pods and sown in the spring ; by cut-
tings of the shoots ; by cuttings of the roots ;
by suckers and layers. The finer varieties are
generally grafted. The Hispida rosea, or Rose-
acacia, is a fine object grafted on the Pseudo-
acacia standard, high in a sheltered place, not
much north of London. The finer varieties of
Hispida rosea, in cold situations, deserve a
place on a conservative wall, and would make
a nrce companion to the Glycine sinensis, &c.
JR. Davu'rica (Dahurian). 30. May. Davuria.
1820.

— du'bia (doubtful). 30. White, red. May.

— Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 6. Guinea. 1822.

Stove evergreen.

— hi'spida (bristly. Rose Acacia). 10. Pink,

July. 1743.

macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 10.

Red. May.

— - na'na (dwarf). 1. Pink. June.
Carolina.

ro'sea (upright-rose'). 10. Red.

July.

— pseu'do-aca'cia (common. Bastard Acacia).

40. May. 1640.
amorphcefo'lia (Amorpha-leaved). 3.

White, red. May.

cri'spa (curled). 40. June.

flo're-lu'teo (yellow -flowered). 40,

Yellow. May.

• ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. May.

latisi'liquia (broad-podded). 30. May.

macrophy'lla (large-leafleted). 30.

May.
microphy'lla (small - leafleted). 30.

May.
monstro'sa (monstrous) . 30. White,

red. May.

pe'ndula (drooping). 30. Pink. May.

proce'ra (tall). 30. White, red. May.

sophorcefo'lia (Sophora-leaved). 30.

White, red. May.
specta'bilis (showy). 30. May.

France.
stri'cta (upright). 30. White, red.

May.

tortuo'sa (twisted). 40. May.

umbraculi'fera (umbrella-bearing).

40. May.

— purpu'rea (purple), 15. Purple. July. 1810.

Stove evergreen.

— visco'sa (clammy). 30. Purple. July. 1797.
ROCAMBOLE. A' Ilium Scorodo'prasum.

Sometimes called Spanish Garlic, has
its bulbs or cloves growing in a cluster.
The stem bears many bulbs at its sum-
mit, which, as well as those of the root,
are much milder than Garlic.

It is hest propagated by the root
bulbs, those of the stem being slower
in production. Plant either in February,
March, or early in April, as well as
throughout the autumn, in drills, or by
the dibble, in rows six inches apart
each way, and usually two inches within
the ground ; though the plants would

ROC [

thrive better if grown on the surface as
recommended for the Eschallot. In
other respects they are cultivated as
directed for Garlic. A very small bed
is sufficient for the supply of the
largest family.

RO'CIIEA. (Named after La Roche,
a botanical author. Nat. ord., House-
leeks [Crassulaceas]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 5-Peritagynid. Allied to Crassula.)

Greenhouse evergreen succulents, from the
Cape of Good Hope. For culture see Crassula.

It. ulbiflo'ra (white - flowered). White. July.
1800.

— bi' color (two-colored). 1. Yellow, scarlet.

June. 1810.

— biconve'xa (doubly-convex). £. White. July.

1823.

— capita' ta (headed). White. July. 1822.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 1. Scarlet. July. 1710.
flo're-a'lbo (white- flowering). 1.

White. July. 1811.

— cymo'sa (cymed). $. Red. August. 1800.
— falca'ta (sickle- leaved). 3, Scarlet. July.

1795.

—fln'va (yellow). Yellow, June. 1802.
—jasmi'nea (Jasmine-like). i!. White. April.

1815.

— me'dia (mediate). 1. Red. June. 1810.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-steni-pierced). 4. Scarlet.

July. 1700.

albiflo'ra (white • flowering). 4.

White. July. 1800.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 1. Pink.

June. 1793.

— versi'color (changeable-coloured). 2. White,

May. 1817,

ROCKET. He'speris.

ROCKET LARKSPUB. Delphinium
aja'cis.

ROCK LYCHNIS. Visca'ria.

ROCK ROSE. Ci'stus.

ROCK-WORK is one of the most dim-
cult things to construct tastefully. If
the body of the rock is intended to be
raised much above the ground level, a
quantity of soil and rubbish should be
carried into the centre of the space.
This soil, besides serving to support
the rock-work, will also form a border
for the plants to grow in. Having at j
hand plenty of large rough stones, j
broken bricks, or stony rubbish of any ;
kind or colour, proceed with these to
imitate the form of natural rock as i
nearly as possible. Rough, bold, angu-
lar projections, and deeply-formed
chasms, are the principal features in >
natural scenery which please us most.
A rock, with a. flat unbroken surface, ,
whether horizontal or perpendicular, j

f82 ] ROC

i presents too much sameness to be
| pleasing to the eye : therefore, in iini-
< tating nature, the projections should be
varied and bold, and unless ragged-
ness and intricacy form principal fea-
i tures in its composition, it will lose
i, much of its effect. If the rock-work
j be on a large scale, it should not be
one continued line, but broken at in-
I tervals, in one part lost beneath the
; surface of the earth, and again rising
| in another part and resuming its sinu-
; ous form.

So far there is little difference be-
tween this and the common method of
making artificial rock. When, however,
every stone has been arranged to suit
the eye, the interstices between them
are to be filled up with any kind of
rough mortar. Of course, fissures, and
similar places intended for the plants
which are to cover the rock, must be
left open, so that the roots may pene-
trate to the soil beneath the stones.
The next operation is to daub the whole
mass over with Roman cement. For
this purpose the latter should be
mixed with water until it is of the con-
sistence of thick paint, in which state
it may be applied to the stones with a
large painter's brush. The spaces
between the stones having been filled
with rough mortar prevents the cement
from being wasted. The thickness of
the latter on the stones need not be
more than the eighth-of-an-inch : it will
unite the whole into one mass; and
rock-work, thus constructed, is beyond
all comparison far more natural than
that made in the usual way. It has
none of that disjointed appearance
which usually accompanies rock-work
made without cement. After a few
month's exposure to the weather, rock-
work thus formed (if skilfully made)
cannot, without careful examination, be
distinguished from a natural mass ; it
will soon cover all but the most promi-
nent parts. If the cement be of a
colour too light, which, for some situa-
tions, may be the case, a little lamp-
black, or soot, may be mixed with it.
Care must, however, be taken that no
substance which may make the cement
more porous is used, otherwise it will
peel from the stones after a hard frost*

ROC

[T83 ]

ROO

For the benefit of those who are not
accustomed to using cement, we may
mention that no more should he moist-
ened at once than can he used in a
short time. If the cement be good it
will quickly harden, and will then he
in a manner useless.

In making artificial rock for water-
falls, or other constructions, where the
cement may be constantly exposed to
the action of the water, the best water-
cement should be used. Any pre-
paration that does not quickly indurate
under water, will, in a short time, be
washed away, and leave nothing but
the bare stones. — Wkateley.

RODRIGUE'ZIA. (Named after E.
Rodriguez, a Spanish botanist. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacere], Linn., 20-
Gytiandria I-J\fonandria.)

Stove Brazilian orchids, cultivated in baskets.
See Orchids.
R. Ba'rkeri (Barker's). 1. Green. January.

— cri'spa (curled). Green.

— lanceola'ta (spear- head -leaved). Yellow.

March. Trinidad. 1821.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). £. Pale green.

— planifo'lia (flat-leaved).

— recu'rva (curled-back). £. Yellow. June.

1824.

— secti'nda (side-flowering). £. Red. July.

Trinidad. 1820.

— stenochi'la (narrow- lipped). Yellow, red.

July. Venezuela.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented), Yellow. Feb.

ruary, 1825.

ROEBUCK BEKBY. Ru'bus chamce-

ROE'LLA. (Named after G. fioelle,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[CampanulaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse plants, and all but one from
the Cape of Good Hope. Decurrens from seed
in a gentle hot-bed, in spring, planted out
in early summer ; muscosa by division ; the
rest, being evergreen shrubs, by cuttings of
the points of the shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

R. cilia't a (hair-fringed). 1. White, purple.
July. 1774.

— decu'rrens (decurrent). 1. Blue. August.

1787. Annual.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. February.

1836.

— fruticulo'sa (small-shrubby). Yellow. July.

New Holland. 1820.

— musco'sa (mossy). £. Blue. August. 1802.

Herbaceous.

— peduncula'ta (to«#-flower-stalked), Blue.

June. 1827-.
- squarro'ta (spreading), 4. White, July, 1787*

R. squarro'sa Be'rgii (Berg's). Blue. August.
1816.

— spica'tu (spiked). White. August. 1824.

ROLLER. — This is best made of cast-
iron, and may be had of four different
sizes, viz., with a diameter of sixteen,
eighteen, twenty-two, or twenty-four
inches. The roller is best used the
day after a fall of rain.

ROME'RIA. ( Named after J. Y.Romer,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Poppy-
worts [Papaveracese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria \-Monogynia, Allied to Glau-
ciurn.)

Hardy annuals. Seeds in the open border,
iti March or April.
R. hy'brida (hybrid). 2. Purple. May. Britain.

— refru'cta (refracted). 1. Violet. June.

Tauria. 1823.

— vermicula'ta (worm -like). Red. June.

Persia. 182Q.

RONDELE'TIA. (Named after W.
Rondelet, a Frenchman. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria l-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of the
points of the shoots getting slightly firm, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and in bottom-heat ;
the glass being raised at night, and in dull
weather, to prevent damping ; fibry peat and
fibry loam, M'ith enough of sand, broken pots,
and charcoal, to insure openness in the soil.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

R. America'na (American). 10. White. August.
W, Indies. 1752.

— discolor (two-coloured), 6, Red. N. Gre-

nada,

— Mrsu'ta (hairy). 0. Yellow, July, Jamaica,

1820.

— hi'rta (hairy). 10, Pink. July, Jamaica.

1776.

— leeviga'ta (smooth- Jeooed). 12, White.

July, W.Indies, 1790,

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 5. White, July.

Jamaica. 1824.

— longifln'ra (long-flowered). Blue. August,

Brazil. 1842.

— odora'ta (scented). 3, Red. July. W.

Indies. 1836.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 6. White. July.

E. Indies. 1820.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 6. White. July.

Jamaica. 1820.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. April, Ha-

vannah. 1830.

— ' ma'jor (lArger-flowered) , 3. Scarlet.

April, Havannah,

— thyrsoi'dea (thyrsed). 5. White, July.

Jamaica. 1819*

— tomento'sa (downy). 6. White. July.

Jamaica. 1819.

ROOTS are either annual, biennial, or
perennial, but in all roots, and under
any mode of management, the fibrous

ROO

[ 784]

EOF

parts (radiculae) are strictly annual;
they decay as winter approaches, and
are produced with the returning vigour
of their parent in the spring. Hence
the reason that plants are transplanted
with most success during the season of
their decay : for, as the root almost
exclusively imbibes nourishment by the
mouths of these fibres, in proportion
as they are injured by the removal, so
is the plant deprived of the means of
support ; that sap which is employed
in the formation of new fibres, would
have served to increase the *size of
other parts.

Boots always travel in the direction
where most food is to be obtained;
therefore, for carrots and parsnips let
a little manure be turned in with the
bottom spitwhen the ground is trenched
for them. So, if it be desirable to pre-
vent the roots of any plant travelling
in a certain direction, the soil on that
side should be excavated, and the cavity
refilled with sand, or some other un-
fertile earth, whilst the soil on those
sides of the plant whither the roots
are desired to tend should be made as
fertile as is permissible with its habits.

Whatever causes an excessive de-
velopment of root, prevents the pro-
duction of seed; and vice versd, the
production of seed, especially in tuber-
ous-rooted plants, reduces the amount
of root developed. Thus, frequent
transplanting the young plants of the
lettuce, brocoli, and cauliflower, causes
the production of numerous fibrous
roots, and is found effective in pre-
venting the mature plants advancing
early to seed.

The early varieties of the potato do
not. naturally produce seed ; but if
their tubers are removed as soon as
they are formed, these early varieties
blossom and bear seed as freely as the
latter kinds, a fact suggesting many
experiments to the cultivator of shy-
blooming tuberous - rooted flowers.
Again, if the blossoms of these later
varieties are plucked off as they appear,
the weight of tubers produced will be
very materially increased.

BOOT -PRUNING, first adopted as a
systematic practice by Mr. Errington,
has, for its object, a check to over-luxu-

riance. This it does effectually, for
such excess of growth arises from the
roots imbibing too much food; by
pruning, and thus reducing their num-
ber, therefore, we reduce their imbibing
power, and it is found that such pruning
checks the production of leaf -buds,
and will cause any kind of fruit tree to
j produce blossom - buds, provided the
tree is healthy, and that its barrenness
arises from over-luxuriance. To know
what proportion of the roots to cut
away, we may suppose the trees thrown
into three classes. First, trees of mo-
derate luxuriance ; second, those which
may be termed robust ; t'hird, those of
gross habit. To give a further idea, we
would say that the first class will make
young shoots on an average a foot in
length ; those of the second two feet ;
and the third nearly, or quite, three
feet, — the latter, indeed, frequently
burst into lateral or side-shoots, from
the young shoots of the same season.

From the first class, therefore, we
advise the cutting away about a sixth
part of the roots ; from the second class
a fourth part ; and from the third class
a third part. It must be borne in mind,
that the extremities of the roots alone
should be cut off, for, while we advocate
this mutilation, we equally advocate the
preservation of the surface roots by
every possible means ; nay, more than
that, we recommend their encourage-
ment by extra appliances of manure
to the surface-soil.

ROPA'LA. (From roupala, the Guia-
nan name. Nat. ord., Proteads [Pro-
teacese]. Linn., k-Tetrandria 1-Mono-
gynia.}

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs from Guiana.
Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, not hurried, but freed from damp, and
placed in bottom-heat after a few weeks ; fibry
loam and sandy peat. Winter temp., 45° to
48° ; a rather sheltered place in summer.
R. denta'ta (tooth-leaved). 10. Green. June.
1802.

— me'dia (mediate). 10. May. 1823.

— monta'na (mountain). Fellow. April. 1828.

— ni'tida (shining). Pale yellow. 1821.

I — sessilifolia (stalkless-leaved). 10. Green.
1803.

KO'PERA. (Named after J. Roper, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Beancapers
[ZygopbyllaceaB]. Linn., 8-Octandr'ui
1-Monogynia.)

ROP

[ 785 ]

ROS

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, evergreen
shrubs, trom New Holland. Cuttings of the
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring ; also seeds, in a slight hotbed ; sandy
fibry peat, fibry loam, and a little rough char-
coal. Winter temp., 40° to 50°.

11. nnranti'aca (orange). August. 183".

— fabagifo'lia (Fabago-leaved). June. 1822.
—"fruticnlo'sa (sub-shrubby). 3. July. 1820.

EO'SA. Rose. (From the Celtic rhod,
red ; prevailing colour. Nat. ord., Itose-
n-orts [Rosacesc]. Linn., l^-Icosandria
\-Polyqynla.}

For culture see Rose.

R. acicula'ris (needle-prickled\ 6. Blush. June.
Siberia. 1805.

— a'lba (single- white). 4. White. June. S.

Europe. 1597.

— Alpi'nn (Alpine). 5. Blush. June. S.

Europe. l6S3.

globo'sa (globular - berried] ; helle-

bo'rina (Hellebore - like) ; hispide'lla
(slightly - bristly) ; la'vis (smooth) ;
litgenu'ria (flask - shaped - berried);
pilo'sulu (downj> -flower-stalked) ; pirn-
pinellifo'lia (Pimpinella-leaved) ; pyri-
fo'rmis (Pear-shaped-Aem'erf) ; seto'sa
(bristly - calyxed) ; sorbine'lltt (Sorb-
like) ; 'turbina'ttt (top-shaped-Aem'ed).

— anemoneeflo'ra (Anemone-flowered). 8. Pale

blush. June. China. 1846.

— arne'nsis (field. White-dog). 8. White. July,

Britain.
— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pale

flesh. June. Britain.
Ayrshi'rea (Ayrshire). 20. White.

August. Scotland.

— Bu'nkii'HB (Lady Banks's). 20. White. June.

China. 1807.

lu'tea (yellow). Pale buff. June.

China. 1807.

— Bo'rreri (Borrer's). 6. Pale red. June.

Britain.

— bractea'ta (bracted. Macartney's). 2. White.

July. China. 1/95.

scabriti'scula (rough-summed). 2.

White. July. China.

— tfffficte'scen* (srnall-bracted). 6. Pink. June.

England.

— Bnmo'nii (Brown's). 12. White. June.

Nepaul. 1822.

— ca'sia (grey). 6. Pink, white. July. Scot-

land.

— cani'na (dog, orhisp). 8. Pale red. June.

Britain.
aciphy'lla (needle-leaved). 8. Pink.

June. Britain.
JEgypti'uca (Egyptian). 8. Pink.

June. Egypt.
Borboniti'na (Bourbon). 8. Purple.

June. Buurbon.

• fustigia'ta (pyramidal). France.

giauce'scens (milky-green). 8. June.

France.

Merntia'na (Herat's). 8. France.

tnicrocu'rpa (small-fruited). France.

ni'tens (shining-leafleted), 8. June.

nu'du (naked), b'. Pink. June. Britain.

obtusifo'lia (blunt-leafleted). 8, June,

00

R. cani'na Schottia'na (Schott's). 8. June.

Podolia.

squarro'sa (spreading). Germany.

sitrculo'sa (spriggy). 4. Pink. June.

Britain.

— Caroli'na (Carolina). 6. Crimson. June.

North America. l/2f>.

— Cauca'sea (Caucasian). 20. Red. June.

Iberia. 1798.

— centifo'lia (hundred-leaved. Cabbage), 3.

Pink. June. Caucasus. 1590.
crista'ta (crested-caty.red). 3. Pink.

June. France. 1833.
musco'sa (mossy. Common MOSSJ.

3. White, red. June.
munco'sa-crista'ta (mossy-crested).

White, red. June. France.
Pompo'nia (Pompone. Provins).

2. White, red. June.

— cinnamo'mea (Cinnamon). 6. Pink, May.

Europe.

— Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Red. June.

Dahuria. 1824.

— Damaace'na (Damask). 3. Pink. June.

Syria. 15/3.

— Dickso ni (Dickson's). ^Vhite. June. Ireland.

— Donia'na (Don's). 4. Pink. June. Scotland,
ho'rrida (horrid- «pf«ed). 4. Pink.

June.

— dumeto'nim (thicket). 5. Pink. June.

England.

—fe'rox (fierce). 3. Red. July. Caucasus. 1596.
ni'tens (shining). 4. Pale crimson.

July. 18-22.

— .For,s/e'n(Forster's). 6. Pink. June. Britain.

— fraxinifo'lia (Ash-leaved). 6. Red. June.

Newfoundland.

— fruteto'rum (coppice). 6. Pink. June.

Volhynia. 1818.

— Gu'llica (French). 2, Pink. June. South

Europe. 1596.

A'gatha (Agatha). Purple.

inape'rta (unopened. Vilmorin Rose} .

White, rose.

ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple.

— parvifo'liu (small-leaved). 1. Purple.

June. Europe.
pv'mila (dwarf. Wild-shop). J. Red.

June. Austria. 1810.

— glutino'sa (clammy. Cretan}. 2. Pale

blush. June. Candia. 1821.

— gra'cilis (slender). 8. Pale pink. June.

Britain.

— grandifln'ra (large-flowered). 4. White.

May. Siberia. 1818.

— Hibe'rnica (Irish). 4. Blush. August. Ire-

land.

— Jbe'rica (Iberian). 6. Pink. June. Iberia.

1820.

— I'ndica (Indian. China or Monthly). 20.

Red. China. 1789.

caryophy'llea (clovz-scented) .

crue'nta (bloody).

longifo'lia (lonir-TriV/ou'-leaved). 5.

Pink. June. China.

ni'veu (white double-flowered). 3.

White, red). July. Gardens. 1831.

Noisettia'na (Noisette's). 3. Red.

ochroleu'ra (yellowish- white. Chi-
nese). 2. Cream. June. China. 1824.

— — — — odorati'ssima (sweetest -scented. Chi'

nese). 3. Pale pink, June. China. 1810.
3 E

ROS

[ 780 ]

ROS

R. 1'ndica pctnno'sa (ragged). Purple, rose.

pu'mila (dwarf).' 1. Pink. July.

China.

— involucra'ta (involucrecl). 3. White. July.

East Indies. 1803.

— involu'ta (curved-'m-petaled). 2. Pale red.

June. Scotland.

— Kamtschu'tica (Kamtschatka}. 3. Red.

July. Kamtschatka. 1791.

— Klu'kii (Kluk's Sweet-briar}. 6. Pink.

July. Tauria. 1810..

— Lnwrcncia'na (Miss Lawrence's). 1. Blush.

China. 1810.

— Li'ndleyi (Dr. Lincllcy's. Carolina}. Red.

July. North America.

— lu'cida (bright -leaved). 4. Red. July.

North America. 1/24.

— lu'tea (single-yc\\o\v -Eglantine). 3. Yellow.

June. " Germany. l.">£)6.

— • puni'cea (scarlet. Austrian). 3. Yel-

low, scarlet. Jims. Austria. 1506.

subru'bra (petals reddish above). 4.

Yellow, red. June.

— lute'scens (yellowish. American}. 4. Pale

yellow. June. North America. 1780.

— macrophy'lla (large-leuvcd). 6. Red. Go-

saingshan.

— ma j a' Us (May. Hog). 3. Pale red. May.

Britain.

— micru'nthd (small - flowered Sweet-briar).

Pale red. June. Britain.

— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 10. White.

July. China. 1822.

— mifirophjj'lla (small-leaved). 3. Blush. Sep-

tember. China. 1328.
a'lba(wliitc-ifloicered). 3. White.

— mo' His (soft). 6. Red. June. Caucasus. 1818.

— Montezu'mee (Montezuma's). 3. Pale red.

June. Mexico. 1825.

— moscha'ta (musk). 12. White. August.

Bombay. 150(5.

— muttifto'ra (many-flowered). 12. Red. June.

China. 1822.
Boursa'ultii (Boursault's). 12.

Pink. June.
ca'rnea (flesh). Red. June.

China. 1822.
Grem'llei (Grevillc's. Senen-

sisters). 20. Purple. June. China. 1824.
Russellia'na (Russell's).

— myriaca'ntha (myriad-spined). 1. White.

May. France. 1820.

— ni'tid a (glossy, leaned). 2. Red. July.

North America. 1807.

— oxyaca'ntha (sharp-spined!. 3. Red. June.

Siberia. 1820.

— —— flo're -ple'nn (double -flowered).

Blush. July. North America.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered. Carolina). 2.

Flesh. July. North America. 1/24.

— pulche'lla (neat). 2. Red. June. 1824.

— ra'pa (Turnip). 4. Red. July. N.America.

— rene'rsa (reversed). 5. White, pink. June.

Hungary. 1816.

— rubifo'lia (Bramble-leaved). 6. Pale red.

August. N. America.

fenestra'lis (windowed). 4. Flesh.

June. N. America.

— rubigino'sa (rusty Sweet-briar or Eglan-
tine). 5. Pink. June. Britain. Acufeu-
ti'saima (very-prickly) ; flexuo'm (flexiblg-
branc/ied) ; grandiflu'ra (large • flowered).

4. Lyfi'tiii (Lyon's) ; inn fur (greater^ ;
nemoru'lis (grove) ; parvifo'lia (small-leat-
leted) ; pu'bera (downy) ; rotundifii'liu
(round - leaved). Germany. Spinulifo'liu
(leaflets-spinuled) ; ttmbella'ta (umbelled) ;
Germany. Vaillantia'na (Vaillant's). White.

— rubrifo'liu (red-leaved). 6. Red. June.

S. Europe. 1814.
: hiftpi'dula (hnitly^diver-sf diked).

Red. June. 1822.
ine'rmis (unarmed). Purple.

June. Switzerland.
pinnati'Jida (leaflet- like- cut-se-

paled). Purple. June. Switzerland.
Redout e' a (Redoute's). 3. Pale

red. June.

— Subi'ni (Sabine's). 8. Red. June. Britain.
• gra'cilis (slender). White, red.

Britain.

— sanguisorbifu'lia (Burnet-lcaved). 3. White.

June.

— sarmenta'cea (twiggy). 6. Pink. June.

Britain.

— semperfio'renst (ever-blowing). 10. Crimson.

All. China. 1789.

— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 20. White.

June. S. Europe. 1629.

Lesrfienaultia'na (Lesche-

nault's). 60. Violet. June. Neelgherry.

— se'pium (hedge). Pink. June. Britain.

— Sheru'rdi (Sherard's). 6. Pink. June.

England.

— ti'nlca (three-leavcd-Chm*). 5. White.

June. China. 1/59.

— spinosisfiima (spiniest- Scotch). 2. White,

red. June. Britain.

— suave' olens (sweet-scented American-Sweet-

briar}. Pink. June. N.America. 1800.

— sua'vis (sweet). 4. Purple. June. 1818.

— • sulphu'rea (sulphur). 4. Yellow. July.

Levant. 1629.

— ftyloe'stris (wood). 7. Red. June. England.

— sy'styla (clustered-styled). 6. Pink. June.

Britain.

— Tau'rica (Taurian). 6. Red. June.

— tomento'na (Aowny-lcavcd-Dog), 6. Red,

white. June. Britain.

scabriu'sciila (rather- rough). 6.

Pink. June. Britain.

— turbina'ta (top-shaped-c«///^ed. Frankfort).

5. Red. June. Germany. 1629.
Francofurta'na (Fra'nkfort). 5.

Rose, purple. June. Frankfort.
orbessa'neu (rfowA/e-

4. Rose-coloured. June.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 6. Red. June. Britain.
pomi'fera (apple - bearing). Red.

June. Europe.
resino'sa (resinous). Red.

June.

3. Dark pink. June.

N.

Ireland.
- Wilso'ni (Wilson'

Britain.
— Woo'dnii (Wood's). 3. Pink. May.

America.

KOSCO'EA. (Named after Mr. Eoscoe,
the founder of the Liverpool Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord., Gingerworts [Zin-
ziberacere]. Linn., \-Monandria l-Mo-
nogynia.}

Stove herbaceous perennials, all but one

EOS

[ 787 ]

EOS

purple -flowered, and all natives of Nepaiil,
.Division, in spring; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60° to /5°.
R. capita' ta (headed). 1. July. 1S1Q.

— elu'tior (taller). 1. July. 1820.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. July. 1821.

— lu'tea (yellow). 1. Yellow. May. 183Q.

— purpn'rea (purple). 1. July. 1820.

— spica'ta (spiked). 1. July. ' 1820.
EOSE. (Ro'sa}.

Propagation. — Most kinds of roses
can be propagated by cuttings. By
this method we only obtain dwarfs, yet
as many sorts do best on their own
roots, the China and tea-scented for
instance, for these we must adopt cut-
tings. The best time for making the
cuttings is in April.

Cuttings in Pots. — The most conve-
nient-sized pots are five -inches across;
fill them with moderately rich, light
earth, press it firmly down, then fill
the pots quite up to the rim with
silver sand, or with finely- sifted river
sand ; give a gentle watering from a
fine-rosed watering-pot, then cut the
cuttings into lengths of about four-
inches, remove all the leaves except
those belonging to the top buds, make
the cut very smooth across, just under
the lowest bud; the cutting is then
ready to be planted. Have a small
stick about as thick as a quill, and
thrust it into the soil just the depth of
the cutting, so as to leave the top bud
out: close the earth firmly to the
bottom of the cutting with the stick;
place the cuttings close to the edge of
the pots, with the leaves of all pointing
inwards, then close up the holes with a
little of the sand, and give a gentle
watering. The best situation to place
the pots in is a pit, with hand-glasses
over them. If you have not that con-
venience, plunge the pots in coal-ashes
on a shady border, covering them with
hand-glasses. Shift into larger pots as
they require.

Cuttings in the Open Ground. — Choose
a shady border, next a low wall or
hedge — the latter to be close-clipped
with the garden-shears. Let the soil
be well dug and chopped small, and the
surface raked very fine; then pour
some water upon it, and let it stand a
day, to become moderately dry again.
Prepare the cuttings as above directed,
and always expose the cuttings as little

as possible to the sun and air: they
may be preserved fresh by having n,
little damp moss or hay at hand to
cover them with as soon as they are
prepared. As soon as a sufficient
number are ready, open a trench with
a small spade at the end of the border.
Chop the side of the trench furthest
from you straight down just a suffi-
cient depth to leave the topmost bud
and leaf out of the soil ; then place the
cuttings against this upright bank
about three inches apart. When the
row is filled with cuttings, with your
spade put the soil against the cuttings,
and with your foot tread it firmly to
them. Take great care that the soil is
quite close and firm around each.
Then fill up level with the top of the
row of cuttings another portion of soil,
until there is a bank of earth six inches
distant from the first row. Chop down
the outermost edge of the soil, so as
to leave another upright bank to set
the second row of cuttings against, and
so proceed from row to row, till you
have filled the space set apart for this
purpose. Examine a few of them
occasionally after about six weeks, and
if they are rooted, lift them carefully
with a trowel or small spade, and either
pot them or plant them out in rows in a
more open situation. By the autumn
following they will be nice plants, and
may be planted in the situation where
they are to grow and flower.

By Suckers. — Eoses send up many
suckers annually, which may be taken
up in autumn, winter, or early spring,
with some rootlets attached; and the
strongest may be planted out finally,
and the weakest in the nursery for a
year or two longer. They will readily
grow, and will most of them produce
flowers the following summer. When
rose-trees have grown into large
bunches, with many suckers, the whole
may be taken up and slipped, or divided
into separate plants. The moss, and
some others, furnish suckers but
sparingly.

By Layers. — To obtain shoots for
layering, a quantity of rose-trees should
be planted for stools, which, being
headed down low, will throw out shoots
abundantly near the ground, in summer j

ROS

[ 788 ]

ROS

for layering in autumn or winter follow-
ing. (See Layering}. They will be
rooted by next autumn, and tit for trans-
plantation in nursery rows ; though
sometimes the moss-rose and some
others require two years before they are
tolerably well rooted. But of these
sorts you may also try layers of the
shoots of the year, layered in summer,
any time in June. They will probably
root a little the same season. The
layers of all the sorts, after being pro-
perly rooted, should be taken up in
autumn and planted in the nursery, to
have one or two years' growth.

By Budding. See Buddinq and
Grafting.

Soil and Situation.- — The best soil is
a rather strong loam ; the deeper it is
the better. It should be well-drained.
Such, land as will grow good wheat or
good hops will grow fine roses. Next,
it should be rich to grow them fine :
if not already so, it ought to have
thoroughly decayed dung added to it.
A portion of super-phosphate of lime
(bones dissolved in oil of vitriol) will
be of great benefit to them — a manure
that may be had of any respectable
manure-dealer. The rose-garden ought
to open to the south and east, but be
sheltered from the north and north-
west winds. Tall beach or hornbeam
hedges are the best shelter against
gales blowing from those points. Roses
should not be planted so near trees as
to be overhung by them, as the drip
from the trees will prevent them from
thriving, and injure the flowers.

Plantiny. — The best season is the
early part of November. They will
succeed tolerably even to the middle of
March, but not so well as in the
autumn. If you have to procure them
from a distant nursery, and they are
some time out of the ground, make a
puddle of earth and water of nearly
the consistence of paint. Dip the roots
in this puddle, and plant them imme-
diately. Should the border intended
for the rose be long and narrow, plant
the tallest standards in the back row,
the next size in the second, and the
half-standards in the third, and the
dwarfs in the front row.

Autumn-Pruning — /Summer Hoses, —

Provence, including the Moss Hose. —
These require to be pruned to three or
four eyes, according to the strength of
the shoots. Damask. — These require
to be pruned according to the strength
of the growth of the different varieties ;
Madam Hard;/, for instance, is a strong
grower, and ought to be left with shoots
of six eyes. White Damask. — This
species should be pruned similarly to
the Damask. Gallica, or French. — Some
of these are very strong growers, and
must be cut accordingly. Some shoots,
in good soil, will grow three or four
feet long. Those shoots are often pithy
and green, and ought to be cut clean
out, and the rest shortened to one foot
or eighteen inches, according to their
strength. Hybrid, Provence. — They
grow naturally in compact heads and
many branches, and should be pruned
by thinning-out about one-third of the
shoots, and shortening the rest to six
or eight eyes. Hybrid, Chinese. — The
strong growers, Brennus for instance,
must be cut to eight or nine eyes, whilst
the Beauty of B'tllard is a weak grower,
and should be cut to two or three eyes,
and half the shoots entirely cut away.
Scotch. — All that these require is to
have half of the shoots thinned out,
and those that are left cut to half their
length. Climbing. — These require a
different mode of pruning to all other
roses. We shall describe it as the spur
system. Train in young shoots during
the summer ; in the autumn shorten
those shoots one-fourth of their length
— that is, supposing the shoot is four
feet long, cut one foot of it off, and so
reduce it to three feet, and in the same
proportion for longer shoots. The
shoots will then, during the summer,
produce side-shoots : these are the
spurs. In the month of March fol-
lowing, take the shoots off the trellis
walls or pillars, prune the spurs into
two or three eyes, and then tie or nail
them up again neatly to the supporters.
Autumn-Pruning — Autumn Hoses. —
Macartney. — The Macartney rose itself
requires very little pruning ; but the
Maria Leonidas requires pruning freely,
shortening the strong shoots to eight
or nine eyes, and the weak ones to
three or four. Damask Perpetuals and

SOS

C 789 ]

EOS

Hybrid Perpetuals are mostly weak
growers, and should be cut into four
or five eyes, and a third of the shoots
cut clean away. Bourbons and Noisettes
are middling growers, and should be
pruned moderately : strong shoots to
be cut to five or six eyes, and the weak
ones to three or four. China and Tea-
scentcd. — Most of these are rather
tender, consequently the wood does
not ripen to any length. They should
therefore be pruned close. If they are
planted against a wall they may be
pruned longer, as the wood then be-
comes firmer and better ripened. Prune
those in the open air, both standards
and dwarfs, to two or three eyes, those
on walls to six or seven, in proportion
to their strength.

Snmmer-Pruniny. — It often happens,
where the roses are growing in good
ground, that some of them produce
branches that grow so strong and fast
as to rob the rest of their due support.
These branches are what the French
call yourmands, which may be Englished
'jluttons ; only stop these at first, and
wait until the autumn before you cut
them clean off. When the rose-trees
throw out a great number of shoots
equally strong, and they appear to be
crowded, prune away about one-third
of them, but do not shorten any of the
others, as that will cause them to send
out a quantity of small, weak shoots,
which will injure the flowers the fol-
lowing season.

Roses in Pots. — Procure some pots
that are well-cleaned, or, what is better
still, quite new ; and ",J4's are a very
convenient size to commence with.
Worked roses are preferable, for pot
purposes, to those grown on their o'npi
roots ; therefore select such as are
dwarf standards only, and worked close
to the collar, so that when the rose is
potted the stem is scarcely visible.
Tea, China, and Bourbon, or their
hybrids, are better suited for forcing
and pet plants than Noisette and
Hybrid perpetuals, — the two last named
class of roses growing to greater per-
fection in the open air. Amongst Tea
jRoses select Sajfrano, Devoniensis,
Comptc de Paris t Nephetos, and Prin-
cess Clementine. Mrs. Bosanqiiet,

} Duchess of Kent, with a few others,
j amongst Chinas; Souvenir dc Mal-
| maison, Leveson Gowcr, and Dupct.it
! Thouars, amongst Bourbons. Of the
i above, Souvenir de Jlfalmaison is un-
rivalled as a pot-rose. Having selected
plants lose no time, but before the
roots have got dry, pot them (having
first pruned the strong roots) in a
mixture of half-yellow loam, and the
rest old cow-dung, leaf- mould, and sand,
in equal parts ; but a greater propor-
tion of loam may be added with advan-
| tage, should the rose to be potted be a
• Bourbon or Hybrid perpetual. The
; plants being potted in October, place
! them on ashes under a north wall in
i some sheltered part of the garden, until
! the frosts compel to put them in cold
i pits, keeping them, since their being
j repotted, as dry as can be to prevent
! growth, but not sufficiently so to cause
! the plants to flag, or their roots to get
! quite dry. Then, about the commence -
! ment of December, prune all that you
i intend bringing into the greenhouse in
! the early part of January for blooming
i in May and June, and stimulate them
gently by applying water at a temp-
erature a few degrees warmer than
i the atmosphere of the pit where they
| still are, so as when they are introduced
' into the greenhouse at the commence-
ment of January, at a medium temp-
erature of 45°, they are just beginning
! to push strongly. About the com-
mencement of February a little more
i heat is to be given, and weak liquid-
manure is applied about twice a-week,
| which is strengthened as the plants
increase in vigour and have their buds
well set. About this time syringing
i over -head with lukewarm water, or
steaming, may occasionally be had
recourse to, as it tends to give strength
to the plants, and keeps away the aphis
1 and other enemies. Lastly ; when the
; shoots are sufficiently long for the
purpose, they are to be gently brought
down to the sides of the pot, or staked
to such places as they are intended to
occupy, so as when the plants are ready
! for the show, these appliances may be
removed, and the plant still preserve a
round and uniform appearance. It is
| necessary at all times, when the temp-

EOS

[ 790 ]

ROY

erature is at 50° or above, to give as
much air as possible ; and this may
even be done when a gentle fire is
going.

Diseases. See Exlravasaled Sup and
Mildew.

Insects. See Aphis, Anisopia, and
Tortrix.

BOSK ACACIA, Hobi'nia hi'spida.

KOSE APPLE. Jambo'sa.

ROSE BAY. Epilo'binmanyiixfijo'iiion.

KOSE CAMPION. Ly'chnls.

ROSEMARY. Rosmari'nus officina'lis.

Varieties. — There are three varieties
— the green, golden-striped, and silver-
striped. The first is in general culti-
vation.

Soil. — It thrives best on a poor, light
soil mixed with old mortar, or other
calcareous matters. In such, or -when
the plants are self-raised on an old
wall, they will bea* our severest win-
ters ; but in a rich soil they lose much
of their aromatic nature, and perish in
frost. For the green variety, the situa-
tion may be open, but the other two,
being tender, require to be planted be-
neath a south wall, or in pots to be
sheltered in winter.

Propagation is by cuttings and rooted
slips, during any of the spring months,
or by layers in the summer. But the
finest plants are raised by seed. By
layers, is the best mode of pro-
pagating the gold and silver- striped
varieties. Sowin March or early in April,
in drills half-an-inch deep and six inches
apart. The rooted slips, and the cut-
tings of the young shoots, must be from
five to seven inches long, and planted
in a shady border, in rows eight or ten
inches apart, previously removing the
leaves from the lower two-thirds of
their length. Layers may be formed
by cutting young branches half through
on their under side, and pegging them
down an inch or two below the surface;
they become established plants by au-
tumn. Water must be applied abun-
dantly at the time of planting, and oc-
casionally afterwards until established.

ROSE OF HEAVEN. Ly'chnis Cce'li-
Ro'sa.

ROSE OF JERICHO. Aiiasta'ticn.

ROSE OF THE WORLD. Came' Ilia
Ro'sa m u'ndi.

ROSE ROOT. Se'dum rhodi'ol</.

ROSE SNOWBALL TKEE. Vibu'rnum
O'pulus ro'senm.

ROSMARI'NUS. Rosemary. (Fromros,
dew, and marinvs, of the sea ; maritime
plants. Nat. ord., Lipirorts [Lamia-
cea?]. Linn., '2-Diandria, \-Mono<jynia.)

See Rosemnry. Hardy evergreens, purple-
flowered, and natives of the south of Europe.
R. ojftcina'lin (shop). 4. February. 1548.

fo'liis-argt'nleis (silver-leaved). 4.

March. 1548.

fo'liis-att'reis (golden-leaved). 12.

February. 1548.

latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 12. Fe-
bruary. 1548.

ROTATION OF CROPS. There are three
circumstances to be regarded in regu-
lating the order in which crops should
follow each other: — 1. Each crop should
be as dissimilar as possible from its
predecessor. 2. The exuviae of the
preceding crop should not be offensive
to its successor. .'5. A spindle-rooted
crop should succeed a fibrous-rooted
crop, or vice versa.

RO'THIA. (Named after A. W. Rof/i,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., 1G-
Monadelphia (j-Decandria. )

Hardy trailing annual. Seeds, in a warm
border, in April.
R. trifolia'ta (three-leaflcted). 2. Sulphur. July.

ROUGE PLANT. Bivi'na tincto'ria.

ROXBU'RGHIA. (Named after Dr.
Roxburgh, once director of the Botanic
Garden, Calcutta. Nat. ord., Roxburgh-
worts [Roxburghiacere]. Linn., 8-Oct-
andria \-Monoyynia.)

Stove twining plants, with stems one hun-
dred fathoms long in the hottest parts of India,
where the roots are candied with sugar and
taken with tea. Propagated generally by suck-
ers ; sandy fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould,
and the usual plant-stove temperature.
R. gloriosoides (Gloriosa-like). 6. Pink, yel-
low. July. 1803.

— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). Green. August.
1830.

ROYAL BAY. La'urus iio'bilis.

ROYE'NA. (Named after A. Van
Royen, a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord.,
Ebunads [Ebenaceae]. Linn., U)-Dcc-
andria 2-ZHgynia. Allied to Diospy-
ros.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope, all but one white-flowered.
Cuttings of half-ripe shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April or May? sandy loum and

ROY

[ 701 ]

RUB

fiury pent. Winter temp., 40° to 48° ; summer,

do "to 75°.

R. glu'bra (smooth). 4. September. 1731.

— hii'su'ta(\\a.iry-lc'aved). 1. i'urplc. July. \1~>1. ]
• — latifo'lia broad-leaved). 5. June. 181(5.

— itt'cida (shining-team/). 4. May. 1690.

ROY'LEA. (Name;! after Professor j
Royle, King's College, London. Nat. ;
or A., Labiates [Laniiaceaj]. .Linn., 14- |
Didynamia l-dfymriospermia. Allied to \
.F.aliota.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. 'Cuttings of '
young shoots, in spring, in sandy soil, with a
bell-glass over them ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
R. e'legans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. Nepaul.
1824.

RU'BIA. Madder. (From ruber, red ;
tlie colour of the roots. Nat. ord.,
Stellates [Galiaceffi]. Linn., ±-Telran-
clria I- Monog i/iiia.)

Half-hardy species, from cuttings in spring,
under a hand-light, and peat and loam ; the
others are herbaceous plants, propagated by
division of the roots, and flourishing in any
good garden soil ; from tinctorum madder is
obtained.

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS.

R. angustifo'lid (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale yel-
low. July. Spain. 1//2.

— sple'ndens (shining). 2. Yellow. July.

Spain. 18)2.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

R. cordiffi'lia (heart-leaved). ^. White. July.
Siberia. 1/83.

— tincto'rum (dyer's). 4. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 15Q6.

RU'BUS. Bramble. (From the Celtic
rub, red ; colour of the fruit of some of !
the species. Nat. ord., Rose worts [Rosa- j
cere]. lArm.j'LS-Icosandriati-Polyyynia.)

Generally by suckers ; frequently by cuttings ; ,
also by seeds for species, and obtaining new-
varieties ; also easily obtained by pegging down
the points of the shoots in the soil ; deep, rich,
loamy soil.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

R. ape'tuhts (petalless). 6. Purple. July. Isle
of France. 1823. Stove.

— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 6. Jamaica. 1822.

— Molucca' nits (Moluccas). 3. lied. July.

East Indies. 1810.

— purvifo'lius (small-leaved). 2. Pink. Au-

gust. China. 1818.

— pinna' tus (leafleted). 5. Pink. June. Ma-

deira. 1789.

— reflc'xus (bent-back). 3. Red. July. China.

1817.

— ro'ridus (dwry~glanded), August. Mada-

gascar. 1831.

— rosoRfo1 lius (Rose-leaved). 3. August. Mau-

ritius. 1811.

R. roscefo'lius cGrona'rhts (garland). 3. August.
Mauritius., 1811.

— rugo'sus (wrinkly). 3. Red. June. South

America. 1819.

— sanguinole'ntus (blood-red). 4. Red. Isle

of France. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
R. nbru'jihis (abrupt). 8. White. June. Britain.

— carpinifo'lius (Horbeam-leaved). 10. White.

July. Brituin.

— di'sco'lnr (two-coloured). 8. White. June.

Britain,

— echinu't us (hedge-hog). 8. White. June.

Britain.

- eglante'riu (Eglantine). 3. White, May.
New Holland. 1825.

— Leightonia'mta (Leighton's). 10. July.

England.

— Lejen'nii (Lejeune's). July. Channel Isles.

— li'ngua (tongue-leaved). 10. July. England.

— ra'dula (raspberry- like}. 8. August. Britain.
ru'dis (rude). July. Britain.

— . ki/'strix (Porcupine). July. Britain.

— rotundifu'lius (round-leaved). 10. North

of India. 1815.

— villicau'lis (hairy-stemmed). July. England.
—urge'nteus (silvery -lutived). July.

England.

pube'scens (downy). July. England.

syloa'ticus (wood). July. England.

te'nuis (slender). July. England.

— „ vulga'ris (common). 8. June.

Britain.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

R. aca'ulis (stemlcss). Rose. June. North
America. 1802.

— a' rcticus (arctic). $. Pink. June. Britain.

— chumttmo'rus (Cloud-berry). ^. W'hite.

Blay. Britain.

— stella'tus (starred). ^. June. North Ame-

rica. 1824.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

R. affi'nis (related). 8. White. July. Britain.
'• — — bracteo'suK (Aro^rf-bracted). 8.

White. August. Britain.

— agre'stis (field). 0. White. June. Hun-

gary. 1820.

— urgu' tus (s\\zri>-t<x)thed). 3. White. June*

North America. 1823.

— a'sper (rough). 5. White. May. Nepaul.

1821.

— blflo'rus (two-flowered). May. Nepaul. 1818.

— cai'siua (grey. Dewberry). 2. White. June.

Britain.
uroe'nsis (corn-field). 2. White. June*

Britain.
fo'liis-variega'tis (variegated-leaved).

2. White. June. Britain.
grandiflo'rw (large - flowered). 2*

White. June. Britain.
parvifo'lim (small-leaved). 2. White;

June. Britain.

— Canude'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. June.

North America. 1811.

— cane'scens (hoary). 6. White. July.

European Alps. 1820.

— cordifu'lius (heart-leaved). 8. White. June.

Germany. 1816.

— corylifo'lius (Hazel - leaved), 10. White.

July. Britain.

BUB

[ 702 ]

EUD

R. corglifo'lina cct'nus (hoary). 10. White. July.
Britain.

10. White. July. Britain.

- cuncifo'lius (wedge-leaved). 3. White. June.

North America. 1811.

- di'stans (distant). 5. White. July. Nepaul.

1818.

- diversifo'lim (divers-leaved). 8. White. Au-

gust. Britain.
-dumeto'rum (thicket). 8. White. August.

Britain.
-elli'pticus(ova.l-leaved}. White. Nepaul.

1827. Half-hardy.
-fastigia'tus (tapering). 8, White. July.

Britain.
-fi'sstis (cleft).
-flugella'ris (rod). 6. White. June. North

America. 1/89.

ine'rmis (unarmed) . 1 2.

-foliolo'sus (small-leafy). 6. White. June.

Nepaul. 1818.
-frutico'&us (shrubby. Common Bramble).

10. Pink. August. Britain.

10. July.

--- Dalma'ticus (Dalmatian). 10.
Rose. July. Germany.

— • -- .flo're-ro'seo-ple'no (double-pink-

flowered). 10. Pink. July. Britain.

--- fo'liis • variega'tis (variegated-

leaved). 10. Pink. July. Britain.

— • -- ine'rmis (unarmed). 10. Pink.

July. Britain.
--- leucoca'rpus i (white-fruited). 10.

July. Britain.
--- Pornpo'nius (Pompone). 10.

White, pink. July. Britain.
--- Tau'ricus (Taurian). 10. Pinkish.

July.

-~fu'sco-a'ter (brownish - black). August,
Britain.

— glanduto'sus (glanded). 10. July. Germany.

1816.

— hi'rtus (hairy). 10. August. Hungary. 1816.

— Id'spidus (bristly). 3. August. Canada. 1/68.

— ho'rridus (horrid). 6. June. Germany 181?.

— Ida1 us (Raspberry). 5. May. Britain.
-- microphy'llus (small-leaved). 3. May.

Britain.

— Kohle'ri (Kohler's). 8. August. Britain.

— lacinia'tus (jag-leaved). 12. White, red.

August.

— lanugino'sus (woolly). 10. June. Siberia.

1820.

— lettcosta'chys (white - spiked). 10. June,

Britain.

— Linkia'nus (Link's). 10. August. Europe,

1821.

— macrophy'llus (large - leaved). 8. June.

Britain.

— Me'nkii (Menk's). 8. July. Germany. 1816.

— micru'nthus (small-flowered). 10. Red. July,

Nepaul. 1822.

— ni'tidus (shining). 3. August. Britain.

— Nutka'nus (Nootka- Sound). 4. August,

North America. 1826.

— occidenta'lis (western). 5. May. North

America. 1696.

— odoru'tus (sweet-scented). 7. June. North

America. 1800.

— pa'llidtts (pale), August. Britain.

R. plica'tus (plaited). 10. August. Britain.

— rhamnifo'lius (Buckthorn-leaved). 10. Sep-

tember. Britain.

— rubricau'lis (red-stemmed). 6. June. Ger-

many. 1818.

— sa'nctus (holy). 8. Pink. June. Palestine.

1823.

— saxa'tilis (stone). £. June. Britain.

— Schlechtenda'hlii (Schlechtendahl's). 10.

June. Europe. 1823.

; — Se/i/eieAe'ri(Schleicher's). 8. Jure, Ger-
many. 1818.

— seto'sus (bristly -stemmed). 2. June. North

America. 1827.

: — specta'bilis (showy). 4. Dark red. May.
Columbia. 1827.

j — Sprenze'tii (Sprengel's). 10. Pink. August.
Germany. 1823.

j — strigo'siis (short-bristled). 3. June. North
America.

| — suberc'ctus (sub-upright). 4. August. Britain.

! — tilieefo' lius (Lime-leaved). 6. June. Ger-
many. 1819.

i — tomentit'sus (woolly). 10. August. Ger-
many. 1818.

j — Mflo'rus (three-flowered). 3. June. Canada.

— ulmifo'lius (Elm-leaved). 10. August. Soain.

1823.

— villa' sus (shaggy). 3. August. North

America. 1777.

KUDBE'CKIA. (Named after 0. Rud-
\ beck, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
i Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-

Synyenesia 3-Fruslranca,}

Hardy, herbaceous, yellow-flowered peren-
| nials, from North America, except where other-
| wise mentioned. Seeds, and division of the

plant, in spring; common garden soil ; nupifolia
| requires the protection of the cold pit in winter.

R. amplexifo' lia (stem-clasping). 3. July. 1/93.

— aspt'rrima (roughest). 3. Red, white. Sep-

tember. 1832.

— columna'ris (columnar). 3. August. 1811.
pulclie'rrima (most-beautiful). 3.

Redish-yellow. August. 1835.
: — digita'tu (hand-leaved), b. August. 1/59.

— Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). Orange. Au-

gust. 1836.

1 —fu'lgida (bright). 3. July. i;6o.
j — hi'rta (hairy). 2. August. 1/14.
i — lacinia'ta (jagged-leaved). 6. August. l(J4d.
j — Iceviga'ta (smooth). 3. July. 1812.

— napifo'lia (Turnip-leaved). 2. July. New

Spain. 1824.

i — pinna1 ta (leafletcd). 3. July. 1803.
i — ra'dula (raspberry-ft-aDed). 2. August. 1825.
! — subtomcnto'sa (rather-downy). 3. August.

1802.

— tri'lobu (three-lobed). 4. August. 1699.

EUDO'LPHIA.

(Named after W. Ru-
dolph, a Prussian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe]. Linn.,
17-DiadeIphia A-JDecandria. Allied to
Erythrina.)

Stove evergreen twiners, with scarlet flowers,
from the West Indies. Young side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in a moist, sweet,
bottom-heat; fibry loam, sandy peat, and a

BUD

[ 793 ]

BUN

little charcoal. Winter temp., 48° to 60°;

summer, 60° to 80°.

It. du'bia (doubtful). 6. 1815.

— Portorice'nsis (Porto-Rico). June. 1820.

— ro'sea (rosy), 6. 1826.

— volu' bills (twining). July. 1820.

RUE, OK HERB GRACE. Ru'ta gra-
ve'olens. Thrives best in a poor clayey
loam, mixed with calcareous rubbish,
in an open situation. It is propagated
by slips and cuttings, as well as from
seeds ; the lirst two modes being
usually practised as being the most
easy. It may be planted or sown at
any time during the spring. The seed
in drills six inches apart, and a quarter -
of -an inch deep. The rooted slips, or
cuttings, may be planted on a poor,
shady border, and watered occasionally
until taken root. In the autumn the
plants may be removed. During their
after-growth they must be kept pruned
in a shrubby form, and never be allowed
to produce seed.

RUE'LLIA. (Named after J. Ruelle,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Acanthads
[Acanthacesej. Linn., 1-L-Didynamia
2 • A ng iospe rm ia. )

All blue-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Cuttings of the young shoots, in
spring or summer, in light sandy soil, in a
sweet hotbed; fibry loam, leaf-mould, and peat.
Winter temp., 48° to 58°; summer, 60° to 85°.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

R. bifia 'ra (two-flowered). 2. July. Carolina.
1760.

— la'ctea (milky). 2. Pale violet. July,

Mexico. 1796.

— stre'pens (rattling). 2. July. North Ame-

rica. 1726.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

R. cc'rnua (drooping). 1. July. E. Indies. 181 6.

— fae'tidit (fetid). 2. July. S. America.

— formo'su (handsome). '2. Scarlet. August.

Brazil. 1808.
—fu'lgida (bright). 2. Scarlet. July. West

Indies. 1804.

— lila'cina( lilac). 3. Lilac. October. 1844.

— longifln'ra (long - flowered). Purplish lilac.

October.

— longifo'lia (long - leaved). 2. July. East

Indies. 1820.

— oblongifo' 'lius (oblong - leaved). 3. Rose.

August. Brazil. 1830.

— ocymoi'dcs (Basil-like). 14. July. Mexico.

1815.

— pi'cta (painted). 1. June. Domingo. 1826.

— Purdiea'nu (Purdie's). Crimson. March.

1845.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

R. austra'lis (southern). 2. July. New Hol-
land. 1824.

R. ci/tai//!oVa(hair-fringed-flowered). Purple,

blue. September. Buenos Ayres. 1S38.

' — cilio'sa (hair-fringed). 1. July. Georgia. 1824.

— clundesti'na (hidden). 2. July. Barbadoes.

1728.

— dcpe'ndens (hanging-down). l£. July. East

Indies. 1816.

— c'legam (elegant). 2. August. East Indies.

1834. Annual.

' —hi'rta (hairy). 1. July. East Indies. 1817.
: — macrophy'lla (large-leaved) . 3. Red. St.

Martha. 1824.

j — ova'ta (eg^-leaved}. 2. July. Mexico. 1800.
''• — panicula'ta (panicled). 3. Purple. August.

West Indies. 1768,
i — pube'scens (downy). 2. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1823.

— rubricau'tis (red - stemmed). 1. July.

Mexico. 1823.

j — salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 1. July. East
Indies. 1820.

— tetrago'na (four-cornered). 2. June. Brazil.

1824.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 2. July. Jamaica.

1752.

\ —undula'ta (waved). 2. E. Indies. 1824.
I — viola'cca (violet). £. Violet. July. Guiana.

1820.

RUINS are a class of buildings beau-
\ tiful as objects, expressive as characters,
! and peculiarly calculated to connect
I with their appendages into elegant
i groups: they may be accomodated with
j ease to irregularity of ground, and their
disorder is improved by it; they may
j be intimately blended with trees and
| with thickets, and the interruption is
j an advantage, for imperfection and
; obscurity are their properties, and to
j carry the imagination to something
i greater than is seen, their effect.

RUI'ZIA. ( Named after H. Ruiz, co-
author with Pavon of the Flora Peru-
viana. Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Bytt-
; neriacece]. Linn., 16-Monade/phia 8-
1 Poly yy iiia. Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the
' Isle of Bourbon. Cuttings of half-ripened side-
i shoots, in summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-
i glass, but raised at night, and in a mild hotbed ;
: sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50°

to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
| R. lobu'ta (lobsd- leaved). 6. 181 6.
| — varia'bilis (\anaible-leaved). 6. May. 1792.

RUNCINATE, or Lion-toothed, de-
scribes the edge of a leaf cut into
| transverse sharp - pointed segments,
I pointing backwards, as in the leaf of
I the Dandelion.

RUN. A plant advancing to seed is
i said by gardeners to have run. Also,
i when the dark colouring of a carnation,
; or other flower, becomes confused or

RUN

RYT

clouded with its lighter ground colour,
they say it is a ntnjloicer. Abundance
of moisture and a rich soil promote the
development of leaves, and, conse-
quently, check running, or producing
seed. A suitably fertile soil also pre-
serves the colours of a ilower pure and
distinct — over-fertility or poverty of
soil will equally cause the colours to run.
Ru'scus. Butcher's Broom. (From
bniscus, derived from the Celtic Icnx,
box, and kelem^ holly ; Box-holly, or
Butcher's Broom. Nat. ord., Lily worts
[Liliaceffi]. Linn., G-Hcxandria \-Mo-
nogynia.}

Hardy evergreen shrubs. Suckers, and di-
viding the roots ; any common, rich soil. An-
drogynus is a greenhouse, evergreen climber,
and, like the rest of the Butcher's Brooms,
retains the singularity of producing its flowers
and fruits on the edges of the leaves.

Jt. aculea'tus (prickly). 1. Green. May. Eng-
land.

•" la'xus (loose). 1. Green. April.

Portugal.

rotundifo'lius (round-leaved). 1.

Green. March.

— andro'gynus (hermaphrodite). 3. Green,

white. April. Canaries. 1/13.

— hypoglo' ssum (tongue- under- tongue). 1.

Pale yellow. May. Italy. 159(5.
*— hypophy'llum (£e«/'-under-leaf). 1. Green.

June. Italy. 1640.
trifolia'tus (three - leafleted).

2. Green. Zante.

— latifo'lius (broad -leaved). Green, white.

May. Madeira.

— racemo'sus (racemed). 4. Green, yellow.

April. Portugal. 1814.

RUSH BROOM. Vimlna'ria.

RUSSE'LIA. (Named after Dr.'Russel,
author of a Natural History of Aleppo.
Nat. ord., Fiyivorts [Scrophulariacefe],
Linn., l-i-Didynamia S-Anyiospermia.)

Stove, red-flowered evergreens, from Mexico.
Cuttings, in sandy soil, in heat; also frequently
by suckers ; if a large branch is allowed to lie
along the ground in a warm, moist place, plenty
of plants will be made from its twigs rooting ;
sandy loam, peat, and leaf -mould. Winter
temp., 45° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
R.floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). 4. 1824.

— ju'ncea (rushy-branched). 3. July. 1833.

— multijio'ra (many-flowered). 4. July. 1812.

— ternifo'lia (three-leafleted). 4. 1818.

RUST. A disease of the berries of j
the grape. It appears in the form of
a rough, rusty appearance of their I
skins, which have, in fact, become \
thick and hardened. Some think it j
arises from the berries being handled, I

or the hair of the head touching them ;
but the disease is often too general to
admit of this topical explanation. Y\"c
believe it to arise from an over-heating
and sudden reduction of temperature
of the vinery, whilst the grapes were
young, and thus tending to force them
to a premature rapidity of growth.
Any excessive pressure upon the cuticle,
whether from within or from without,
causes its thickening.

RUSTIC STRUCTURES are pleasing in
recluse portions of the pleasure-ground,
if this style be confined to the forma-
tion of either a seat, or a cottage ; but
it is ridiculous if complicated and
elegant forms are constructed of rude
materials. Thus we have seen a flower-
box, intended to be Etruscan in its
outlines, formed of split hazel stakes —
a combination of the rude and the
refined, giving rise to separate trains
of ideas totally unassociable.

RU'TA. Rue. (From rtis, to flow ;
from some reputed medicinal virtue.
Nat. ord., Eucworts [Rutacere]. Linn.,
8-Octnndria l-Monoyi/nia.)

Seeds, in spring, also by cuttings under a
hand-light, in sandy soil, in a shady place in
summer. They flourish best in a deep sandy
loam, with limy rubbish mixed. See Rue.

R. albiflo'va (white-flowered). 2. White. July.

Nepaul. 1823. Half-hardy.
— grave'oltns (strong-scented. Common Rue}.

3. Yellow, green. August. S. Europe.

1752.

RUY'SGHIA. (Named after F. Ruysch,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Man/ra-
viads [Margraviaceai]. Linn., 5-l>cn-
tandrla \-

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm shoots, in
sand, under a glass, in a hotbed; fibry loam
and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 5i° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 85°.

R. clusiafo'lia (Clusia-leavcd). 4. Purple.
May. W. Indies. 1823.

RYA'NJEA. (Named after Dr. Pi/an.
Nat. ord., Passionworts [Passifioracero].
Linn., \3-Polyandria l-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of ripened shoots,
in sand, in summer, in a hotbed, and under a
bell-glass ; fibry peat and sandy loam. Usual
stove temperatures.

R. spccio'sa (showy). 10. Cream. August.
Trinidad. 1823.

RYTIDOKIY'LLUM. See
litm.

SAB

SAG

SA'BAL. (Probably the South Ame-
rican name of one of the species. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., 6-

Stove, green-flowered, Palms. By suckers ;
light rich loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 88°.
S> Adumo'ni (Adanson's). 6. July. Florida.
1810.

— Blackburnia'na (Blackburn's). 6. Tropics.

— graminifo'lia (Grass - leaved). 6. South

America. 1825.

— Pulme'tto (Small Palm). 6. Georgia. 1825.

— umbraculifera (umbrella-bearing). 6. Ja-

maica. 1825.

SABBA'TIA. (Named after L. Sabbati,
an Italian botanist. Nat. orcl., Gcn-
ti an worts [Gentianaceoe]. Linn., 5-
Penlcmdna l-Monoaynia.}

Hardy biennials, except paniculata, and all
from North America. Seeds, in a shady moist
border ; or if in pots, treated as Alpines, having
a saucer of water under them ; the perennial by
division, in spring.

S. angula'ris (angled-s£e»nme<Z). £. Purple.
July. 1826.

— calyco'sa (te«/i/-calyxed), 1. Dark red.

July. 1812.

— cJiloroi'des (Chlora-like). £, Red. July. 1817.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. Rose. July.

— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. White. May.

1817. Perennial.

— stclla'ris (.star-flowered). Brown, yellow.

June. 1827.

SABI'CEA. (From sabisabi, the Indian
name. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonaceae]. Linn., b-Pentandrla 1-Mo-
iioyyiiia. Allied to Hamelia.)

Stove, white - flowered, evergreen climbers.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a glass, in heat; sandy loam, fibry peat, with
silver sand and charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
•S. a'spera (rough). Guiana. 182-1.

— hl'rtu (hairy). Jamaica. 1825.

SA'CCJIAKUM. Sugar Cane. (From
son/far, its Arabic name. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacere]. Linn., 3-Tri-
cindria 2-Digynw.)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Suckers chiefly ;
cuttings taken from shoots that start from the
joints ; rich loamy soil. Winter temp., 55° to
o'0° ; summer, 6o°'to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
<S. iifficina'rum (shop. Common Sugar Cane)*
12. India. 1597.

SACCOLA'BIUV. (From saccus, a bag,
arid lab turn, a lip ; bagged labellum.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
%0-Gynandria l-

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids.

S. ampulla' ceum (flask - formed). £. Rose.

August. Sylhet. 1839.

; — Blu'mei (Blume's). Violet, white. May.
Java. 1835.

— carina'tum (keeled). India. 1838.

— compre'ssum (compressed). Cream-white.

Manilla.
' — dcnsiflo'rum (crowded - flowered). Brown,

white. July. Manilla. 1838.
\ pu'llidum (pale). Manilla. 183".

— denticulu'tum (toothed), ft. Yellow, red.

Sylhet. 1837.

, — gemma' turn (budded). Purple, May. Sylhet.
1837-

— gutta'tum (spotted-^orc-ered). 1. White, rose.

April. East Indies. 1820.
i ma'jus (larger-./?oM>era/). White,

pink. July. East Indies. 1839.
! — macrosta' chyum (large-spiked). Variegated,

Philippines. 1840.

— micra'nthum (small-flowered). Violet. July.

East Indies. 183".
I — minia'tum (vermilion). ^. Vermilion. May.

Java. 1846.
! — ochra'ceiim (pale-reddish-yellow). Yellow,

red. May. Ceylon. 1838.
I — prcemo'rsum (bittcn-/ertf?erf). White, lilac.

May. Malabar. 1840.

SACBED BEAN. Nclu'mbiitm.
SAFFRON. Cro'cus sati'vus.
SAGE. Sa'lvia cifficina'lis.
Varieties. — The Common Green ;
j Wormwood; Green, with variegated
j leaves ; Bed, with variegated leaves ;
Painted or Parti-coloured ; Spanish or
; Lavender leaved ; and Red.

Soil and Situation. — A dry, moderately
fertile soil is best suited to their growth,
1 in a sheltered situation.

Propagation. — By Cut lings. — These
! may be either of the preceding or same
' year's growth ; if of the first, plant in
! April, but if of the latter, not until the
! close of May or middle of June. The
| shoots of the same year are usually
I employed, as they more readily emit
' roots, and assume a free growth. The
! outward and most robust shoots should
! be chosen, and cut from five to seven
i inches in length. All but the top
leaves being removed, insert by the
! dibble almost down to these, in rows
six inches apart each way, in a shady
border, and during moist weather,
otherwise water must be given imme-
diately, and repeated occasionally, until
'' they have taken root.

By Seed. — Sow in April, in a bed of

rich light earth, in drills a quarter-of-

» an- inch deep, and six inches apart.

i When two or three inches high, thin

SAG

[ 796 ]

SAL

the plants to half-a-foot apart, and
those removed prick out at a similar
distance. In the autumn or succeeding
spring, as the plants are strong or
weak, remove them to their final sta-
tions.

After Culture, — The decayed flower-
stalks, stunted branches, £c., remove
in early winter and spring, and the soil
of the beds slightly turn over. When
the plants have continued two or three
years, a little dry, well-putrifiecl dung
may be turned in during early spring.
Attention to the mode of gathering has
an influence in keeping the plants
healthy and vigorous. The tops ought
never to be cropped too close, so as to
render the branches naked or stumpy.

SAGE'NIA. (From sagu, the Malay
name of some Palms, which this genus
resembles in miniature. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [PolypodiaceteJ. Linn., 24- Cryp-
togamia l-Filiccs.}

Stove, brownisk-yellow-spored Ferns. See
Ferns.
S. calca'rea (chalky). June. Isle of Luzon.

— coaduna'ta (united). 4. June. Ceylon. 1845.

— interme' diet (intermediate). June. Ceylon.

— platyphy' lla (broad -leaved). 3. June.

Ceylon. 1845.

SAGI'NA. (From sagina, fatness ; pre-
sumed nourishing qualities for sheep.
Nat. ord., Clovcivorts [Caryophyllacea?].
Linn., ±-Tetrandria 3-Trujynia.)

Insignificant weeds, except procitmbens, one
of the prettiest of our Alpine plants, which
makes a close carpet on the ground, spreading
far and wide, and has starry white flowers. It
is not more than half-an-inch high.

SAGITTA'IUA. Arrow-head. (From
sagitta, an arrow ; the leaves of some
resemble an arrow-head. Nat. ord.,
Alismads [Alisraacero]. Linn., %l-Mo-
ncccia Q-Polyundria.)

White-flowered aquatics. Division of the
plant, in spring ; rich loamy soil. The green-
house and stove kinds in an aquarium, or in
vessels duly supplied with water.

STOVE AQUATICS.

6'. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 1. June. Ame-
rica. 1816.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). l£. July.

Essequibo. 1827.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). 2. July. China.

1804.

GREENHOUSE AQUATICS.

S. Donia'na (Don's). 1. July. Nepaul. 1820.

— gram i'nea (Grass- leaved}, l£. July. Caro-

lina, 1812.

S. hasta'ta (halbcrt-teawd). li. July. North

America. 1818.

i — heterophy 'lla (various-leaved). 1. July.
North America. 1822.

— lancifo'lia (spear-head-leaved). l£. June.

West Indies. 1787.

— obtu'sa \_\3\unt- leaved). 1. July. North

America. 1820.
| — Sine'nsis (Chinese). 2. October. China, 1S12.

HAEDY AQUATICS.

! S. falca'ta (sickle-leaved";. 1. July. Carolina.

1812.
I — latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. July. North

America. 1818.
flo' re-pie' no (double-flowered). 1.

July. North America.

— no,' tans (floating). 1. July. Carolina. 1812.

— ri'gida (stiff-leaved'). !£. June. North

America. 1806.

— sagittifo'lia (common, arrow-leaved). 2.

July. England.

flo' re-pie' no (double - flowered) .

li. July.

SAGO PALM. Sa'yus. „

SAGE^'A. (Named after R. de la
Sagra, a Spaniard. Nat. ord., Melas-
tomads [Melastomaceaj]. Linn., 8-0f£-
andrla \-Monogy n't a. Allied to Mi-
conia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of stubby
young side-shoots, in spring ; sandy peat and
j iibry loam, with a little charcoal, and sufficient
I silver sand to keep the soil open. Winter
| temp., 48° to 60°; summer, 60° to 88°. The two
I following are the best.
j S. microphy'lla (small - leaved/. 2. White.

May. Jamaica. 1820.
j — sessiltflo'ra (stalkless - flowered). 1. Red.

April. Guiana. 1/93.

SA'GUS. Sago Palm. (From sayu,
I the Malay name. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmaceaj]. Linn., Sl-Moncecin 6-
Hexandria.}

Stove, green-flowered Palms. Suckers and
seeds; rich loamy soil. Winter temp., b'0° ;
summer, 60° to 90°, and moist atmosphere.
S. peduncula'ta (long - flower - stalked;. 50.
Madagascar. 1820.

— Ru'ffia (llutfia). 60. Madagascar. 1820.

— Rti'mphii (Rumphius's). 50. E. Indies. 1800.

— vini'fera (wine-bearing). 50. Guiana. 1820.

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. Asey'nun Crti'.c
A' n drew.

ST. BARNABY'S THISTLE. Ccnffttirc'n
sohlltia'lls.

SAINTFOIN. Onobrtfcku,

ST. JOHN'S BREAD. Ccrato'niu.

ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hype'ricum.

ST. MARTIN'S FLOWER. Alstra-me'riu
Flos- Marti' nl.

ST. PETER'S WORT. Hypc'ricuin
Ascy'ron, and Sympho'ria.

SALADING. See the following : Ame-

SAL

[ 707 ]

SAL

rican Cress, Beet Root, Borage, Burnet,
Celeriae, Celery, Chervil, Corn Salad,
Cress, Dandelion, Endive, Finochio,
Garden Rocket, Horse Radish, Lettuce,
Mint, Mustard, Onions, Purslane,
Radishes, Rape, Scurvy Grass, Succory,
'Water Cress, Wood Sorrel.

SALE p. Ta'cca pinnatl'fida.

SALISBU'KIA. Maiden - hair - Tree,
f Named after It. A. Salisbury, an
English hotanist. Nat. ord., Toxads
[Taxacese]. Linn., "Zl-jlfomecia Q-PoIy-
andria.}

Hardy deciduous tree. Layers, which require
from oiie to two years to root, unless the soil
be kept moist about them ; cuttings of the
well-ripened shoots, taken off with a heel, and
inserted under hand-lights ; deep sandy loam,
and dry subsoil. This is a highly ornamental
tree, producing its male and female blossoms on
different trees, and it is doubtful if the female
plant be in this country. The readiest way to
secure fruit would be to graft female shoots on
the male plant.

S. adiuntifa'lia (Maiden-hair-leaved). 20. April.
Japan. 1754.

SALI'SIA. (Named after the Countess
de. Salts. Nat. ord., Myrtleblooms [MjT-
tacese]. Linn., IS-Polyadelphia 3-Tri-
undria. Allied to Leptospermum.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots getting a little firm, in sand,
under n bell-glass, in May ; peat and loam.
Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
S. pulclte'tta (pretty). Rose. May. Swan River.

SA'LTX. Willow. (From the Celtic
sn/, near, ami Us, water; place of growth.
Nat. ord., WUlou-worts [Salicace.ne].
Linn., '12-Ditecia 2-Diofulria,)

Cuttings of ripened shoots, which merely re-
quire to be inserted in the soil in the autumn ;
moist soil, inclining to the marshy, suits them
best ; very dwarf shrubs, propagating with
more difficulty, should be struck in summer,
under a hand-light.

GREENHOUSE DECIDUOUS.
S. Bonplandia'na (Bonpland's). Mexico.

— gariepi'n-a (Gariepan). April. Cape of Good

Hope. 18i6.

— Hiimboldtia'na (Humboldt's). 10. Peru.

1823. Evergreen.

— tetnispc'rma (four-seeded). 20, East Indies.

1/96.

ITARDY EVERGREENS.
5. cine'rea (grey). 15. April. Britain.

— vennlo'saf veiny-leaved). 2. April. Scotland.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

S, acumina'ta (pointed-leaved;, 15. April.
Britain.

— acutifo'lia (sharp-leaved\ 8. April. Cas-

pian Sea. 1823.

S. j&gypti'aca (Egyptian). Egypt.

— alaternoi'des (Alaternus-like). April. Switz-

erland. 1824.

— a'lba (common- white). 40. April. Britain.

catru'lea (blue). 40. May. Britain*

cri'spa (curled-leaved). Englund.

— albe'scens (whitish). April. Switzerland.

1824.

— alnifit'lia (Alder-leaved). April. Europe.

1830.

— ambi'gua (doubtful). 20. April. Britain.
ma'jor (greater). 5. April. Eng-
land.

undnld'ta (\\nvy-leaved). April.

England.

— Ammania'na (Ammann's). 20. May. Aus-

tria. 1821.

— nmygda'lina (Almond-/eat»ec?). 2. April.

Britain,

— Andersonia'na (Anderson's). 3. April.

Scotland.

— nngusta'ta (narrow-leaved). 10. March.

Pennsylvania. 1811.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. April.

Caspian. 1825.

— Ansonia'na (Anson's). March. Switzeri

land. 1827.

— aqua'tica (water). 10. April. Britain.

— arena' ria (sand). 3. June. Scotland.

— atropurpu'rea (dark-purple-firaraeAerf). April.

Switzerland. 1824.

— atrovi'rens (dark-green). May. Switzer-

land. 1824.

— auri'ta (eared). 2. April. England.

— aiistra'lis (southern^. April. Switzerland,

1824.

— Babylo'nica (Babylonian. Weeping}. 30.

May. Levant. 1/30.

cri'spa (curled-leaved). May.

Napoteo'na (Napoleon's). 16.

I'ulffa'ris (common). June. Eng-
land.

- berberifo'lia .(Berberry-leaved). May. Dauria.

1824.

- betulifo'lia (Birch-leaved). May. Scotland.

- bctu'iina (Birch-like).

— bi' color (two-coloured), ft. April. Britain.

— Borreria'na (Borer's). 8. May. Scotland.

— cce'sia (grey). 3. May. S.Europe. 1824.

- ra'ndirla (white). 10. April. North Ame-

rica. 1811.

- candi'dnla (small-white). April. Europe.

— cane's fens (hoary).

— ca'prea (goat. Great -round-leaved). 30.

April. Britain.

- carina'ta (keel -leaved). 3. April. Scotland.

- carpinifo'lia (Hornbeam - leaved\ April.

Germany. 1824.

- cerasifo'lia (Cherry-leaved\ April. Switzer-

land. 1824.

— chrysa'nthos (golden - flowered). April.

Norway.

- cle.tlicefo'lia (Cletha-leaved). April. Switz-

erland. 1824.

- confo'rmis (uniform-leaved). April. North

America.

— coni'fera (cone-bearing). 10. June. North

America. 1820.

- corda'ta (heart-leaved). 6. April. North

America. 1811.

- cordifo'lia (heart-leaved), 3, North Ame-

rica. 1811.

SAL

798

SAL

S. coria'cea (leathery - leaved). 8. April. ;
Switzerland. 1825.

— coru'scnns (glittering). 3. April. Ger- |

many. 1818.

— cotinifo'lin (Cotinus-leaved). 2. March. '•

Britain.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). April.

— Crnwea'na (Crowe's). 8. April. Scotland. |

— cydoniafo'lia (Quince-leaved). April. Switz-

erland. 1824.

— damasne'na (Damson- leaved). 12. April, i

Scotland.

— Daplmoi'des (Daphne-like). April. Switz- i

erland. 1820.

— Datiallia'mt (Davall's). 6. May. Scotland, i

— deci'piens (deceptive). 8. May. England, i

— decu'mbms (lying-down). May. Switzer- •

land. 1823.

— DicJcsonia'na (Dickson's). I. April. Scot-

land.

— di'scolor (two-coloured). 8. April. N. Ame-

rica. 1811.

— Donin'na (Don's). P. April. Scotland.

— du'ra (hardy). April.

— elceugnoi'des (Elseagnus-teauerf). 4. May.

Europe. 1824.

— eria'ntha (woolly-flowered). April. Switz-

erland. 1820.

—fagifo'lia (Beech-leaved). Croatia.

— falca'ta (sickle-leaved). 4. April. N.Ame-
rica. 1811.

—ferrugi'nea (rusty-leaved). 12. April. Bri-
tain.

— Finma'rchica (Finmark). 10. April. Swe-

den. 1825.

—fi'rma (firm-leaved). April.
—foliolo'sa (leafy). 6. April. Lapland. 1818.

— Forbesia'na (Forbes's). 6. April. Britain.

— Forbya'na (Forby's). 8. April. England.
— formo'su (elegant). Carinthia.

— Forsteriu'na ( Foster' s). 10. April. Scotland.
—fra' gills (brittle). 15. April. Britain.

— fu'scu (brown). 2. May. Britain.

arge'ntea (silvery. Sand). 4. April.

England.

fce'tida (stinking). 1J. May, Britain.

incuba'cea (trailing). 4. May. Eng-
land.

prostra'ta (lying-flat). 1. May. Britain.

re'pcns (creeping). 2. May. Britain.

— vulga'ris (common). May. Britain.

— fusca'ta (brown-stemmed) . 2. April. N,
America. 1811.

— gemina'ta (t\vin-cutkined). March. Britain.

— glabra'ta (smooth). April. Switzerland.

1824.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. July. Scotland.

— gri'sea (grizzly). 6. April. Pennsylvania. ;

1820.

— Grisone'nsis (Orison). 15. April. Switz- i

erland. 1824,

— grisophy'lla (grey-leaved). April. Switzer-

land. 1824.

— hasta'ta (lialbert-leaved) . 15. May. Lap- j

land. 1/80.

— . arbu'scula (little-tree). 1. May. '

Switzerland. 1824.

malifo'lia (Apple-leaved). 6. Bri-
tain.

serrula'ta (saw-edged). 8. May. •

Lapland. 1810.

— He'lix (Helix). 10. March, Britain.

S. Helre'tica (Swiss). 14. April. Switzerland.
1824.

— hcrba'cea (herbaceous). $. June. Britain.

— heterophy'lltt (various -leaved). April. Switz-

erland. 1823.

— hippoptuefo'tia (Hippophre-leaved). April.

Germany. 182H.

— Iti'rta (hairy-branched). 15. April. England.

— Hoffma'nnia (Hoffman's). 30. May. Eng-

land.

— holoseri'cea (velvety). 8. April. England.

— Huustonia'na (Houston's). 4. April.

Virginia.

— Jiu'rnilis (lowly). l£. April. 1S20.

— htcu'na (hoary). April. Austria. 1821.

— incane'scens (whitish - leaved). March.

Switzerland. 1823.

— Jacqui'nii (Jacquin's). 2. April. Austria.

1818.

— Kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). $. April. Car-

pathian. 1823.

— lacu'stris (lake). March. Switzerland. 1824.

— Lambertia'na (Lambert's). 10. March.

England.

— lann'ta (woolly). 2. May. Scotland.

— Luppo'num (Lapland). 2. May. Lapland.

1812.

— Intifu'lia (broad-leaved). March.

— lauri'na (Laurel-like). 8. April. England.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 12. April. Scot-

land.

— leucophy'lla (white - leaved). 40. May.

Europe. 1824.

— linea'ns (narrow-leaved). 4. April. Switzer-

land. 1820.

— li'vida (livid). 1. May. Lapland. 1820.

— longifo'lia (long - leaved). April. North

America. 1819.

— lu'cida (shining). 8. May. North America.

1811.

— Lyo'nii (Lyon's). Switzerland.

— macrostipula'cea (large - stipuled). May.

Switzerland. 1824.

— mespilifo'liu (Medlar-leaved). April. Switzer-

land. 1824.

— Meyeria'na (Meyer's). 20. April. Sweden.

1822.

— Michelia'na (Michel's). 15. April.

— molli'ssima (softest). 20. April. Germany.

— Monspelie'nsis (Montpelier). May. Mont-

pelier. 1825.
— • montu'na (mountain). May. Switzerland.

— Muhlenbergia'na (Muhlenberg's). 3. April.

North America. 1811.

— muri'na (mouse-like). April. Switzerland.

1824.

— muta'bilis (changeable). March. Switzerland.

1824.

— myricoi'des (Gale-like). 8. April. North

America. 1811.

— 7nyrsi'm''£i?s(Myrsine-lil;e). 3. May. Scotland.

— myrtilloi'dcs (Myrtle-like). 2. May. Sweden.

1772.

— nervo'sa (large-nerved). April. Switzerland.

1824. •

— ni'gra (black). 20. May. N. America. 1811.

— ni'gricans (blackish). 10. April. England.

— ni'tens (shining). 10. April. Scotland.

— obova'ta (re versed-egg- leaved). May. North

America.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). April. Lapland,

18)5.

SAL

C 799 ]

SAL

. oleifo'liu (Olive-leaved). 4. March. Britain.
pa'llida (pale). April. Switzerland. 1823.
paludo'sa (marsh). April. Germany.
panno'sa (cloth-leaved). April. Switzerland.

1824.

pa' tens (spreading). 4. April.
pa' tula (spreading). April. Italy. 1818.
pcdicella'r is (long-le&f -stalked). 3. March.

North America. 1811.
Pennsyloafntca (Pennsylvanian). April.

North America. 1825.
penta'ndra (five - stamened). 15. April.

Britain.

hermaphrodi' ticn (hermaphro-
dite). 15. March. Britain.
persicifo1 lia (Peach-leaved).
petiola'ris (d«»'/r-leaf-stalked). 10. April.

Scotland.

petrcR'u (rock). 7. April. Britain.
phyllireifo'lia (Phillyrea-leaved). 5. April.

Scotland.

planifo'lia (flat-leaved). 2. Labrador. 1811.
Poln'ris (Polar). 1. Lapland. 1820.
Pomera'nica (Pomeranian). 10. May. Po-

merania. 1822.
Pontedera'na (Pontedera's). 3. May.

Switzerland. )82l.
prinoi'des (Prinus-like). 10. March. North

America. 1811.

procu'mbens (lying-down). 4. June. Scotland.
propi'nqua (nearly-related). 8. Britain.
protecE/o'lia (Protea-leaved). April. Switzer-
land. 1820.
prunifo'lia (Plum-leaved). 3. April. Scot-

'land.

sty'lo-longio're (longer-sty led). 3.

April. Scotland.

purpu'rea (purple). 8. March. England.
Purshia'na(Pursh'a). May. North America.
Pyrenu'ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees.

1823.

• cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 1. May.

Pyrenees.
pyrifo'iia (Pear-leaved). April. Switzerland.

1824.

ra'dicnns (rooting). May. Britain.
ramifu'sa (spreading - branched). April.

Britain.
recurva'ta (curled-back-jfotrerefJ). 3. April.

North America. 1811.
reflexa (bent-bzck-calyxed). March.
reticula'ta (netted). 4. June. Britain.
retu'sa (blunt-teamed). £. May. South

Europe. 1673.

ri'gida (stiff). 15. April. N.America. 1811.
rinula'ris (river). May. Switzerland. 1824.
rosmarinifo' lia (Rosemary-leaved). 2. April.

Britain.
rotunda'ta (round - leaved), 15. April.

Switzerland. 1824.

ru'bra (red. Osier). 8. April. England.
rupe'stris (silky-rock). 3. April. Scotland.
-R«.9seW/ffl'rca(Ilussel's). 40. April. England,
salvicKfo'lia (Sage-leaved).
Schleicheria'na (Schleicher's). April. Swit-
zerland. 1821.

Schraderiu'na (Schrader's). 2. May. Ger-
many. 1820.

septentriona'le (northern). April. Europe.
seri 'cea (silky). 2. May. Switzerland. 1820.
serpyllifo'lia (Thyme - leaved), i, April.

Switzerland. 1818.

S. Silesi'aea (Silesian). 6. May. Silesia. 18lC.

— Smithia'na (Smith's). 20. "April. England.

— so'rdida (mean). April. Switzerland. 1824.

— spatula' ta (spatulate). 5. April. Germany.

1818.

— sphacela'ta (withered-;;0««fed). 2. April.

Scotland.

— Starkea'na (Stark's). April. Europe. 1820.

— stipitlu'ris (stipuled). 6. March. England.

— stre'pida (creaking). April. Switzerland.

1820.

— Stuartia'na (Stuart's). 4. July. Scotland.

— subalpi'na (subalpine). April. Switzerland,

1820.

— tenuifo'lia (thin-leaved). 2. May. Britain.

— tenu'ior (slenderer). 15. May. Scotland.

— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). April. Europe.

— ti'tru'pla (four-fold). 4. March. Scotland.

— Trevira'ni (TreviranuVs). April. Germany.

1825.

— tria'ndra (three-stamened). 30. July. Britain.
-- Hoppea'nn. (Hoppe's). 30. May.

Austria. 1820.

— tri'stris (dark-leaved). 4. April. N. Ame-

rica. 1/65.

— ulmifo'lia. (Elm-leaved). 1. April. Switzer-

land. 1821.

— undula'ta (\\a.ved-leaved). 30. April. Eng-

land.

-- lanceolu'ta (spear-head-tenri-erf).
30. April. England.

— u'oa-u'rsi (Bearberry-like). ^. April. Labra-

dor. 1811.

— vacciniifu' lia '(Bilberry -leaved). 2. April.

3. March. Switzer-
1826.

Switzerland.
12.

branched). 15. March.

4. April.

Scotland.

— Vaude'nsis (Vaudois).

land. 1824.

— vcluti'na (velvety). April. Europe.

— versi'color (various - coloured). 2. May.

Switzerland.

— Villarsiu'na (Villar's). 6. April. France.

1818.

— villa' sa (shaggy). 2. April.

— vimina'lis (twiggy. Common Osier}.

April. England.

— vlre'scens (greenish - leaved). 8. April.

Switzerlard.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 1^. May.

— vitelli'na (yellow - bran

England.

— Wuldsteinia'na (Waldstein's).

Alps Tyrol.

— Weigeliu'nu (WeigePs). 10. Britain.

— Willdenvia'na (Willdenow's). May.

— Woolgaria'na (Woolgar's). 12. April.

England.

— Wulfeniu'na (Wulfen's). 6. May. Carinthia.

1818.

SA'LMEA. (Named after the Prince
Salm Dyck. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese]. Linn., IQ-Syngencsia 1-
JEqualis. Allied to Bidens.)

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of firm,
stubby, side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in bottom-heat; rich fibry loam. Winter
temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Eupato'ria (Eupatorium - like). White.
April- South America. 1815.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 6. Yellow. August. Ja-

maica. 1823,

SAL

[ 800 ]

SAL

S. sca'ndens (climbing). 6.
• Vera Cruz. 1820.

Yellow. June.

SALPIA'NTHUS. (From safplnx, a tube
or trumpet, and anthos, a flower ; refer-
ring to the coloured calyx, which is
tubular in all the plants in this order.
Nat. ord., Nyctagos [Nyctagynaceae].
Linn., u-Pentandria l-Monoyi/nia. Al-
lied to the Marvel of Peru.)* '

Cuttings, in sand, under a glass, in heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°;
summer, CO0 to 80°.

S.fra' grans (sweet-scented). 20. White,
orange. May. Chili. 1844. Green-
house evergreen.

— lanceolu'ta (spear-head-fearerf). 3. Purple.

June. West Indies. 1824. Stove
evergreen.

— purpura'scens (purplish). Variegated. June.

Cuba. 1830. Stove herbaceous.

SALPICHIJE'NA. (From salpinx, a tube,
and chlaina, a cloak ; the covering of
the spore -cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceee], Linn., 2-i-Cryptogamia
1'Filices.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns,

S. volu'bilis (twining). Yellow, brown. July.
Brazil. 1842.

SALPICHRO'A. (From salp'mx, a tube,
and chroa, colour ; coloured tube. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanaceffl]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 45° to 50°.
S. glandulo'sa (glandulous). Yellow. July.
Chili. 1844.

SALPIGLO'SSIS. (From salpinx, a tube,
and glossa, a tongue ; refers to the
style "in the tube of the flower. Nat.
ord., Figivorts [Scrophulariacese], Linn.,
14:-JDidynamia 2 -A ngiospermia . )

Annuals and biennials, from Chili; do best
when sown in autumn and spring, for early
spring and summer blooming ; stratninea
sown in spring, in a gentle hotbed, will bloom
freely in summer and autumn in the greenhouse ;
rich light soil.
S. sinna'ta (scolloped). 1. Purple. August.

1824. Biennial.
pi' eta (painted). 5. Variegated.

May. 1820. Annual.
strami'nea (straw - coloured). l£.

Red, white. July. Ifi24. Annual.
SALPIXA'NTHA. (From salpinx, a tube,
and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord., ACM-
thads [Acanthacece]. Linn., l<i-Di(iy-
namia Z-Angiospewiia. Allied to Ruel-
lia.)
Stove evergreen shrub, Cuttings of young

shoots, in spring and summer, in sandy soil, in
a hotbed ; loam and peat, with a little old
dung, such as that from a spent mushroom-
bed. Winter temp., 48° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

S. cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet, rose. Sep-
tember. Jamaica. 1814.

SALSAVY. Tragopo'gon porrij'oTtus.

Soil. — Light and moderately fertile.
At the time of sowing trench it, turning
in a little manure with the bottom-spit
only.

Sow in March and April, in an open
situation, in shallow drills, nine inches
asunder, scatter the seeds thinly, and
cover them half-an-inch deep. When
the plants are two or three inches high,
thin to ten inches asunder ; during
very dry weather water occasionally
very plentifully, and if half-an-ounce of
guano is added to each gallon of water
it will be very beneficial. They will
have large roots by September or
October ; when you begin taking them
up for use; and in November, when
the leaves begin to decay, a quantity
may be preserved in sand for use in
time of severe frost ; but those left in
the ground will not be injured. In
spring, when those remaining in the
ground begin to vegetate, the shoots,
when a few inches high, may be cut for
use as asparagus, being excellent when
quite young and tender. Suffer a few
plants to rim up to stalk every spring
to produce seed. The best mode of
cooking the roots is to boil and mash
them, form them into cakes, and fry
them in butter. The flavour is that of
oyster patties.

SALTS. Saline manures are generally
beneficial, and often essential. They
ought to be put on in very small quan-
tities and frequently, during the time
of the plant's growth.

Common Salt. — Chloride of sodium,
applied in the spring at the rate of
twenty bushels per acre, has been
found very beneficial to asparagus,
broad beans, lettuces, onions, carrots,
parsnips, potatoes, and beets. Indeed
its properties are so generally useful,
not only as promoting fertility, but as
destroying slugs, <fco., that it is a good
plan to sow the whole garden every
March with this manure, at the nib-
above specified. The flower garden is

SAL

[ 801 ]

SAL

included in this recommendation; for
some of the best practical gardeners
recommend it for the stock, hyacinth,
amaryllis, ixia, anemone, colchicum,
narcissus, ranunculus, &c. ; and in the
fruit-garden it has been found beneficial
to almost every one of its tenants,
especially the cherry and apple. On
lawns and walks it helps to drive away
worms, and to destroy moss.

Ammonia. — The salts of ammonia
are highly stimulating, and afford, by
their ready decomposition, abundant
food to plants. The dungs of animals
are fertilizing exactly in proportion to
the amount of ammonia in them. The
only care required is not to apply them
too abundantly. Half-an-ounce to each
gallon of water, given at the most twice
a week, is a good recipe for all the
ammoniacal salts. The ammoniacal
gas liquor, at the rate of one pint to two
gallons of water, is highly beneficial to
all plants grown for their leaves.

Chalk (Carbonate of Lime) may be
applied in large quantities, twenty or
thirty tons per acre, to render a light
siliceous soil more retentive, or a heavy
soil more open. Its basis, lime, enters
into the composition of most plants in
some state of combination. If the
chalk is to be burnt into lime before it
is applied, care should be taken that it
does not contain, like some of the
Yorkshire chalks, a large proportion of
carbonate of magnesia. Magnesia re-
mains long in a caustic state, and has
been found injurious to the plants to
which it has been applied."

Chloride of Lime gradually gives out
a portion of its chlorine, and is con-
verted into muriate of lime, a salt ab-
sorbing moisture from the air, which
can hardly exist in any soil, however
light, without keeping it moist ; and its
nauseous odour may be found to keep
•off the attacks of the fly, and other
vermin. A solution containing one
ounce in five gallons of water, is said to
destroy the aphis and the caterpillar,
if poured over the trees they infest.

Gas Lime is a hydro-sulphuret of
lime, with a little ammonia. It is an
excellent manure, especially to cab-
bages, turnips, cauliflowers, and brocoli,
dug in at the time of planting or sow-

ing. If sown over the surface at the
time of inserting the crop, at the rate
of twenty bushels per acre, it will effectu-
ally drive away the turnip-fly, slug, &c.

Gypsum, or Plaster of Paris, is sul-
phate of lime. It has been found very
useful as a top-dressing to lawns, and
dug in for turnips and potatoes. Three
hundred weight per acre is abundance.

Nitrates of Potash (Saltpetre), and
of Soda (Cubic Petre),have been found
beneficial to carrots, cabbages, and
lawns. One pound to a square rod of
ground is a sufficient quantity. Both
these nitrates have been found bene-
cial to potatoes in Scotland. Mr.
Murray says that, from 1810 down to
the present time, he has been in ^ the
habit of watering pinks and carnations
with solutions of these two nitrates,
and the benefit has been uniform and
eminent in promoting their luxuriance.

They have also been given in solu-
tion with great benefit to chrysanthe-
mums, lettuces, celery, fuchsias, and
dahlias. One pound to twelve gallons
of water. Nitrate of Soda destroys
slugs.

Phosphate of Lime. See Bones.

Super-Phosphate of Lime.— Chrysan-
themums were much increased in
vigour when watered with a solution
of this salt in the Chiswick Garden, at
the end of July. It is thought, if the
application had been made earlier, the
benefit would have been still more
marked.

SALT TBEE. Halimode'ndron.

SA'LVIA. Sage. (From salvo, to save ;
medicinal qualities. Nat. ord., Lipworis
[Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo-
nofjynia.}

Annuals and biennials, seeds in the open
border; herbaceous perennials by division at
the roots, in spring ; shrubs by cuttings inserted
firmly in the ground, in autumn or spring, like
the common Sage ; greenhouse and stove spe-
cies by cuttings of the young shoots at all
seasons except winter, only the stove kinds
like a little heat; rich, light, good soil. See
Clary and Sage.

STOVE ANNUALS.

S. lanceola'ta <spear-head-/eat>ed). 1. Blue.
July. W. Indies. 1813. Annual.

— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 1. Blue. May.

Cuba. 1823.

— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). Blue. Peru.

>827'

SAL

[ sn-> ]

SAL

S. tene'lla (slender). Blue, June. Jamaica.
1821.

HARDY BIENNIALS AND ANNUALS.

S. jEthio'pis (Ethiopian). 3. White, May.
Austria. 1570.

— Byzanti'na (Turkey). 1. Blue. July.

Turkey. 1825.

— ceratophy'lla (Buck-horn-leaved). 2. Yellow.

July. Persia. 1699.

— ceratophylloi'des (Buck-horn-leaved-like). 1 . j

Yellow. July. Egypt. 1/71.

— ero'sa (kitten-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

Europe. 181". Annual.

—folio'sa (leafy). l£. Blue. All seasons.

Mexico. 1827. Greenhouse biennial.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Blue. May. 1801.

Annual.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). l£. Blue. July.

Spain. 1739. Annual.

— Hormi'num (Horminum). l£. Purple. June. ,

South Europe. 1596. Annual.
ru'bru (teA-topped). 1<J. Red.

July. South Europe. 1596.
viola' cea (purple - topped) . 1 £.

Purple. June. South Europe. 1596.

— nepetifo'lia (Cat-Mint-leaved). 1. Blue.

July. Europe. 1823, Annual.

— Nilo'tica (Nile). 1. Blue. July. Egypt.

1780.

— phlomoi'des (Phlomis-like). 2. Blue. May.

Spain. 1805.

— pinna' ta(\e&neted). 1. Purple. July. Le-

vant. 1731.

— Scla'rea (common Clary). 4. White,

purple. August. South Europe. 1562.
— -spino'sa, (ihorny-calyxed) . 1, White. June.
Egypt. 1789.

— Tingita'na ^Tangier). 3. White, July.

Barbary. 1796.

— vi'ridis (green-topped}, lj. Blue. July.

Italy. 1759. Annual,

GREENHOUSE AND STOVE EVERGREENS,

S. Africa'na (African). 2. Violet. May. Cape
of Good Hope. 1731.

— agglutina'ta (clammy). Scarlet. June. New

Spain. 1827.

— amethy'stina (amethyst-coloured). 2. Blue.

August. Columbia. 1817. Stove.

— au'rea (golden). 3. Blue. July, Cape of

Good Hope. 1731.

— auri'ta (eared-/eawd). 2, Lilac, yellow.

May. C. of Good Hope. 1705.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). 4. Purple. July.

Canaries. 1697.

— eAawa?«rr#0i'dle«(Germander.Hke), 1$, Blue,

July. Mexico, 1795.

— confertiflo'ra (crowded-flowered), 3, Red.

August, Bio Janeiro, 1838, Stove,

— Cre'tica (Cretan), $, Violet, June. Crete,

1760.

— denta'ta (tootb'leaved). $. White. De-

cember, C. of Good Hope, 1774,

— dolichosta'chya (long-spiked), 6. Scarlet.

August. Mexico. 1820.
•— e'legans (elegant). 4. Cream. July, Mexico,

1820.
—formo'sa (beautiful). 4, Scarlet. June.

P'eru. 1783.

.S. fn'lgens (brilliant). 5. Scarlet. July. Mex.
ico. 1829.

— gesnercpflo'ra (Gesnera-flowered). 3. Scarlet.

March. 1846. Stove.

— involucra'ta (involucred). 2. Red. August.

Mexico. 1824. Stove.

— lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved). 2. Blue. July.

South America. 1821.

— occidenta'lis (western). l£. White. July.

Jamaica. 1824. Stove,

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 3. White. July.

Bagdad. 1804.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 6. Violet. July.

C. of Good Hope. 1/58.

— pa'tens (spreading). 10. Blue. September.

Mexico. 1838.

— rosccfo'lia (Rose-leaved). Purple. July.

Levant. 1827.

— runcina'ta (runcinate-Zeaz>ed\ 2. Blue. July.

C. of Good Hope. 1774.

— sca'bra (scaly). 2. Blue. June. C. of Good

Hope. 1774.

— strictiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 3. Brown, red,

December. Peru. 1831. Stove.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. amari'ssima (bitterest). 2. Blue. August.
Mexico. 1803.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. Blue. May.

Mexico. 1816.

— cat'sia (grey). 2. Blue. July. S. America.

1813.

— cocci'nea (scarlet-cowered). 2. Scarlet. July.

S. America. 17/2.

— deserto'rum (desert). 2£. Blue. October.

Siberia. 1829-

— Gralia'mi (Graham's). 4. Purple, blue.

September. Mexico. 1829.

— leuca'ntha (white -flowered). 2. White.

Mexico. 1825.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 2. Scarlet. June.

Mexico. 1824. Stove.

— Nu'bia (Nubian). 2. Blue. June. Abys-

sinia. 1784.

— nubi'cola (cloudy). 3. Yellow. October.

Nepaul. 1823.

— oppositijlo'ra (opposite-flowered). Orange-

red. November. Peru. 1847. Stove.

— polysta'chya (many -spiked). 3. Blue. Oc-

tober. ' Mexico. 1822.

— pree'cox (early-flowering). Purple. March.

Africa. 1826.

— pulche'lla (pretty). 2. Scarlet. December.

S.America. 1821.

— purpu'rea (purple). 24. Purple. June,

Mexico. 1825.

— rl'ngens (gaping). 2, Blue, July. Levant.

1827,

— rugo'sa (wrinkled-teflDetf), 2. White, red.

July. C. of Good Hope. 1775.

— aero'ttna (lite- flowering), 1$, Blue, August.

Ohio. 1803,

— aple'ndenn (splendid), 3. Scarlet. Decem-

ber. Mexico. 1822.

— i tilieefo'lia (Lime-tree-leaved). 4, Blue, May.
Caraccas. 1793. Stove.

— tubi'fera (tube-bearing). 3. Red. August,

Mexico. 1824.

— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 4, Scarlet. June.

Mexico. 1820.

— tubifa'rmia (tube-shaped). Scarlet, June,

Mexico. 1844.

SAL

SAM

HARDY EVERGREENS.

S. caty'cinn (^arge-calyxed). 1. Pink. August.
Greece. 1823'.

— Hublixia'na (Habliz's). White, red. Au-

gust. Tauria. 1759.

— interru'pta (interrupted-teai-ed). 4. White.

July. Barbary. 1790.

— lavnndul'eefo'lia ( La vander- leaved). Blue.

March. Spain. 1597.

— qflicina'lis (shop. Common). 1. Blue. June.

S. Europe. lf>97.
— — tenu'ior (slenderer). 1. Blue.

June. Spain. 1597.
— varieqa'ta (variegated). 1. Blue.

June. S. Europe. 1597.

— pomi'fera (apple-bearing). 2. Blue. July.

Candia. 1699.

— scorodonifo' lia (Wood - Sage - leaved). 2.

White. July. 1825.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. arge'ntea (silvery). 3. Yellow. June. Crete.
1759.

— Austri'aca (Austrian). 1. Cream. June.

Austria. 1776.

— axu'rea (azure). 6. Blue. August. N.

America. 1806.

— Barrelie'ri (Barrelier's). 3. Blue. April.

Spain. 1821.

— bi 'color (two-coloured). 2. Red, white.

June. Barbary. 1793.

— bractea'ta (/omf-bracted). 3. Purple. March.

Russia. 1821.

— candidi'ssima (whitest) . 2. White. Armenia.

1820.

— cane'scens (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Cau-

— clandesti'na (clandestine), £. Blue. June.

Italy. 1739.

multi'fida (many-cleft). $. Blue.

April. Europe. 1822.

— compre'ssa (compressed). 2. White. May.

East Indies. 1822.

— crassifo'lia (thick- leaved). 2. Blue, June.

S. Europe. 1804.

— dise'rmas (two-glumed). 2. White. July.

Syria. 1773.

— Forsko'Mii (Forskohl's). 1$. Blue. July,

Levant. 1800.

— glutino'sa (glutinous). 3. Yellow. July.

Germany. 1769,

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2. Blue, July,

8. Europe. 1816.

— Mans (gaping). 1, Blue, June. Cashmere.

— I'ndica (Indian). 3, Blue. June, India,

1731.

— limbafta (bordered). Russia. 1838.

— Linfcia'na (Link's). Blue, July, Levant.

1823.

— Lusita'nica (Portuguese), 1$, Blue, June,

Spain. 1819.

— lyra'ta (lyre-teaued), 1. Purplish, June,

N.America. 1828.

— Moorcroftia'nu (Moorcroft's), 3, Pale blue,

— napifo'lia (Rape-leaved). 2, Dark blue,

June. Italy. 1776,

— nu'tans (nodding). 2, Violet, July, S,

Europe. 1780.

— prdte'nsis (meadow), 4, Violet, May,

England,

S. prunelloi'des (Self-heal-like) . ^. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1838.

— pseu'do-cocci'nea (bastard-scarlet). 3. Scar-

let. July. S. America. 179".

— Pyrenu'ica (Pyrenean). 4. Blue. July.

Pyrenees. 1824.

— Re'gla (Regla). 5. Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1739.

— scabioscefo'lia (Scabious-leaved). 1. White.

August. Siberia. 1818.

— sclareoi'des (Clary-like). Violet. July. S.

Europe. 1804.

— S»«Ao'r/»»(Sibthorp's). Blue. June. Europe.

1813.

— Simsia'na (Sims's). 3. Pale blue. June.

Russia. 1820.

— sylve'stris (wood). 2. Purple, violet. Au-

gust. Germany. 1/59.

— Si/ri'aca (Syrian). l£. White. July. Levant.

1759.

— tri'lobu (three-lobed). 2. Red. June. S.

Europe. 1596.

— urticifo'Ha (Nettle-leaved). 3. Blue. June.

N. America. 1799-

— verbascifo'lia (Mullein-leaved). 3. White,

May. Iberia. 1323.

— verbena'ca( Vervain-like). 2. Violet. August.

Britain.

oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). 1J.

Blue. September. Europe. 1820.

— versi'color (partly -coloured). l£. Blue,

white. July. Spain. 1822.

— verticilla'ta (\\horl-flowered}. 3. Blue.

August. Germany. 1628.

— virga'ta (twiggy), 4. White. September.

America. 1758.

— visco'sa (clammy). l£. Violet. May. Italy.

1773.

SAMBU'CUS. Elder - tree. (From
sambuca, a musical instrument, made of
elder-wood. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Ca-
prifoliaceee]. Linn., 5 Pentandria 3-
Trigynia.)

Hardy plants, and all white-flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned. Generally by cut-
tings of ripened wood, either of one or several
years of age. Common, rich, light soil.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S, Chine'nsis (Chinese). 4. September. China,
1823.

— e'bulus (dwarf), 3, White, red, June,

Britain.

— hu'milis (lowly). 2, White, pink, June.

HAEDY DECIDUOUS SHRUBS.

S, Canade'nsis (Canada), 6, July, N. Ame-
rica, 1761.

— ni'gra (black-//uJtef), 16. June, Britain.
fo'liis'urge'nteis (white - variegatcd-

leaved), 25. June, Britain.
fo'liis - lu'teis (yellow - variegated'

leaved). 25. June. Britain.
lacinia'ta (cut, Parsley-leaved], 25.

June, Britain,
lacinia' 'ta-au 'rea (cut-yellow-striped),

25. June. 1848.
leucoca'rpa (white-berried), 25, June,

Britain,

SAM

[804]

SAN

S. ni'gra monstro'sa (monstrous-striped-bark. I

ed). 25. June. Britain.
pulverule'nta (powdered). 10. June.

Britain.
rotundifo'lia (roundish-leaved). 25. \

June. Britain.
vire'scens (greenish). 25. June. I

Britain.

— pu'bens (downy). 6. N.America. 1812.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 12. Green, yellow. !

May. South Europe. 15g6.

— • flave'scens (yellowish). 12. Yellow,

green. May. South Europe. 15Q6.
purpu'rea (purple). 12. Purple.

May. South Europe. 15Q6.
SA'MOLUS. Brookweed. (From the
Celtic sail, salutary, and mos, a pig ;
meaning pig's-food. Nat. ord., Prime-
worts [Primulacec^]. Linn., 5-Pentan-
dria 1-Monogynia.}

White-flowered herbaceous perennials. Divi-
sion of the plant, in spring ; sandy loam and
peat. Valerandi is hardy; the others require
to be kept moist in the greenhouse or pit in
winter.
S. campanuloi'des (Campanula-like). 1. July.

C. of Good Hope. 1816.

— littora'lis (sea-side). £. August. New

South Wales. 1806.

— Valera'ndi (Valerandi's). §. July. Britain.

SAMPHIRE. See Cri'thmwn.

SAMY'DA. (Greek name of the birch,
which they resemble. Nat. ord., Sa-
myds [Samydacese]. Linn., 10-Decan-
dria \-Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of shoots nearly ripe, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and placed in bottom-heat, in
summer ; fibry loam and sandy fibry peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 6o°to 85°.
S. glabra'ta (smooth). 6. August. W. Indies.
1800.

— macroca'rpa (large-fruited) . July. Mexico.

1826.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 5. E. Indies.

1820.

— ro'sea (rosy). 4. Pink. June. W. Indies.

1793.

— serrula'ta (toothed-leaved). 3. July. W.

Indies. 1/23.

SANDAL WOOD Sa'ntalum.

SAND-BOX-TREE. Hu'ra.

SAND-WOOD. Bremontie'ra ammo'xij-
lon.

SANGmNA'RiA. Puccoon. (From
sanyuis, blood; their red juice. Nat.
ord., Poppyworts [Papaveracese.] Linn.,
~L3-Polyandria 1 -Monogynia. )

Hardy tuberous, white-flowered perennials,
from North America. Division of the roots, or
by seeds, in spring ; light loamy soil.
S. Canade'nsis (Canadian. Bloodwort). £.
March. N.America. 1680.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). May. North

America.

SANGUISO'RBA. Burnet. (From san-
guis, blood, and sorbeo, to absorb ; sup-
posed an active vulnerary. Nat. ord.,
Roseworts [Eosacese], Linn., 4-Te-
trandria 1-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the roots, and by seeds in spring ; common
garden soil. See Burnet.

S. Alpi'na (Alpine). Yellow. June. Altai. 1837.

— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). Pink. July.

Siberia.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. White. August.

Canada. 1633.

— ca'rnea (flesh-colored). 4. Red. July. Si-

beria. 1823.

— Maiirita'nica (Mauritanian). 4. Pink. July.

Algiers. 1810.

— me'dia (middle). 4. Flesh. August. Ca-

nada. 1785.

— negle'cta (neglected). 4. White. July.

Europe. 1800.

— qfficina'lis (shop). 4. Purple. July. Britain.
auricula'ta (eared). 4. Pink.

July. Sicily.

— pra'cox (early-flowering) . 3. Pink. May.

Siberia. 1827.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 4. Pink. July

Dahuria. 1820.

SANSEVIE'RA. (Named after Sansc-
vier, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn. 6-Hex-
andria l-Monogynia. Allied to Phor-
mium.)

Stove herbaceous perennials, white-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Suckers in
spring, or when obtainable, and division of the
plant. Most of them require a plant-stove, or
a warm greenhouse, to grow them well, and
these tender ones must have little water when
in a comparatively dormant state in winter ;
light fibry loam arid vegetable mould. Cornea
is hardy.

5. ca'rnea (fiesh-colored). $. Flesh. April.
China. 1792.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). 1. E. Indies.

— fulvoci'ncta (tawny-edged). 1. Brazil. 1820.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2.

— grandicu'spis (large-pointed). 3.

— Guinee'nsis( Guinea). 2. Green. Septem-

ber. Guinea. 1790.

— latevi'rens (lively-green). 2. White, green.

— lanugwo'sa (woolly). 2. East Indies.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. July. Africa.

1824.'

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. C. of Good Hope. 1796.

— spica'ta (spiked). 2. E.Indies. 1790.

— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 3. 1818.

— 'LeylaJnir.il (Ceylon). 2. White, green.

September. Ceylon. 1731.

SA'NTALUM. Sandal Wood. (From
the Persian sandul, signifying useful.
Nat. ord., Sandalworts [SantalacessJ.
Linn., ^-Tetrandrla \-Mono(jynla.}

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm young

SAN

[ 805 ]

SAB

shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
sandy, fibry loam and peat, with nodules of
charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

S. a'lbum (white- wooded). 10. Purple. East
Indies. 1804.

— myrtifo'lium (Myrtle-leaved), 4. Red. E.

Indies. 1804.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). 5. Red. N.

Holland. 1823.

SANTOLI'NA. Lavender Cotton. (From
sanctus, holy, and linum, flax ; refers to
fancied medicinal qualities. Nat ord.,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Synqenesia \-JEqualis.}

Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings,
in autumn or spring, in a shady place ; com-
mon soil.

S. Alpi'na (Alpine). July. S. Europe. 1/98.

— cane'scem (hoary). July. Spain. 1683.

— ChamcB-Cypari'ssus (Ground-Cypress). 2.

July. S. Europe. 1573.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 2. July. Spain.

1822.

— Rosmarinifo' Ha (Rosemary-leaved). 2. Au-

gust. S. Europe. 1683.

— squarro'sa (spreading). l£. July. South

Europe. 1570.

— vi'ridis (darfr-green) . 2. July. S.Europe.

1727.

SANVITA'LIA. (Named after a Spaniard.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., \(.)-Synyenesia 2-Siipcrflua.)

Hardy annual. Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in
March, or in the open ground at the end of April.
A trailing annual, well-fitted for edgings.
S. procu'mbens (trailing). 1. Yellow. July.
Mexico. 1798.

SAOUAKI or Suw ARROW NUT. Caryo'car.

SAPONA'RIA. Soap wort. (From sapo,
soap ; the bruised leaves of S. ojficina-
lis form a lather like soap. Nat. ord.,
Cloveivorts [Caryophyllaceae]. Linn.,
10-Decandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to
Silene.)

S.calabrica and ocymoides are two of the
prettiest flower-garden plants in this order.
Seeds of the annuals, in open border, in April ;
division of the perennials, and cuttings of the
points of the shoots, in a sandy soil, under a
handlight ; sandy loam, with a little peat or
decayed vegetable earth. Ocymoides and seve-
ral other trailing kinds are pretty hanging over
knolls or rock works.

HAKDY ANNUALS.

S. Cala'brica (Calabrian). $. Rose. August.
Calabria. 1830.

— cerastioi'des (Cerastium-like). £. Pink.

Russia. 1835.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 1. Pink. June.

Tauria. 1817. Biennial.

— orienta'lis (eastern), l, Pink. July. Le-

vant. 1732.

Pink.

S. perfolia'ta (leaf- stem-pierced). 2.
June. E.Indies. 1830.

— po'rrigens (stretching). 1. Flesh. July.

Levant. 1680.

— vacca'ria (Cow-herb). 2. Red. July. Ger-

many. 1596.
visco'sa (clammy). 1. 1836.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS.

S. bellidifo'lia, (Daisy-leaved). £. Red. July.
Italy. 1825.

— caapito'sa (turfy). $. Red. July. Pyre-

nees. 1820.

— e'lcgans (elegant). Red. May. Galatia.
- lu'tea (yellow). *. Yellow. July. Switzer-
land. 1804.

-ocymoi'des (Basil-like). 4- Pink. June.
France. 1768.

— officina'lis (shop). 2. Pink. July. England.
_ - - hy'brida (hybrid). Pink. England.

— prostra'ta (lying-flat). Rose. July. Pyre-

nees. 1824.

SATPAN WOOD. CasalpVnia sappa'n.

SARCA'NTHUS* (From sarx, flesh, and
anthos, a flower; substance of the
flowers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
dacea3]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria).

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See
Orchids.

S.cro'ceus (Saffron-colored). Saffron. Manilla;
1837.

— filifo'rmis (thread-like-fcaued). Brown, yel-

low. July. E.Indies. $1842.

— gutta'tus (spotted). 1. White. April. Ro

Dacca. 1818.

— oxyphy'llus (sharp-leaved). China. 1837-

— pa'llidus (pale-ytowererf). White. Septem-

ber, E. Indies. 1840.

— panicula'tus (panicled). 2£. Yellow, brown.

China.

— prcemo'rsus (bitten). 1. Green. East

Indies. 1824.

— rostra1 tus (beaked). 1. Orange, brown.

April. China. 1824.

— succi'sus (lopped-off). I. Green. June.

China. 1824.

— teretifo'lius (cylindric-leaved). 1*. Green,

brown. May. China. 181 9-

SARCOCAU'LON.

This> is a synonym of Monsonia. _ The
following species, all purple-flowered, and from
the Cape of Good Hope, should be added to
that genus.
M. Burma'nni (Burmann's). 1. May. 1800.

— Heritie'ri (L. Heritier's). 1. May. 1790.

— Paterso'nii (Paterson's). 2£. May. 1827.

SARCOCE'PHALUS. Guinea Peach.
(From sarx, flesh, and kepJiale, a head ;
shape and substance of the fruit. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria I-Monoyynia.)

Cuttings in spring, in bottom-heat, under a
i glass. Stove evergreen, requiring a high, moist
' temperature when growing ; sandy loam, fibry
peat, with a little rough charcoal, and good

SAR

[ 800 ]

SAT

drainage. Winter temp., 55° to 6<»° : summer.
60° to 88°.

S. escule'ntus (eatable). 15. Pink. July.
Sierra Leone. 1822.

SARCHOCHI'LTJS. (From sarx, flesh,
and chcilos, a lip : fleshy labellum. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Oriehidaceee]. Linn., 20-
Gynandrla \-Monandrla. )

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids.
S. calce'olns (slippered). White. Manilla. 1844.

— cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). White, orange.

Manilla.

— falca'tus (sickle-teased). White. April.

New Holland. 1821.

SAECOGLO'TTIS. [From sarx, flesh,
and glottis, a tongue ; shape of the
labellum. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchi-
daceee]. Linn., 20-Gynandria l-Mo-
nandria. Allied to Spiranthes.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.
Some of the Neottias are by some botanists
added to this genus.

S. diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white. April.
Valparaiso. 1837.

SARCO'LOBUS. (From sarx, flesh, and
lobos, a pod; seed-vessel fleshy. Nat.
ord., Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceae], Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia. Allied to Per-
gularia.)

Stove evergreen twiners from the East Indies.
Cuttings of short, firm side-shoots, any time in
summer, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, and
in a brisk bottom-heat ; fibry loam and peat,
with a small quantity of charcoal, dried leaf-
mould, and silver sand. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 88°.
S. carina'tus (keeled). 16. Green, yellow. 1823.

— globo'sus (globe-fruited). 16. White. 1823.

SAECOSTE'MMA. (From sarx, flesh,
and stemma, a crown ; fleshy flower
head. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadacere]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 2-
Diyynia.}

Stove evergreen twiners. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat, but care must be taken to
raise the glass often to prevent damping ; sandy
peat and fibry loam, a small portion of charcoal,
leaf-mould, and sand. Winter temp., 45° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. campanula' ta (bell-flowered). 6. Yellow,
brown. September. Peru. 1844.

— Swartxia'num (Swartz's). 6. White. Ja-

maica, 1820.

^-vimina'le (twiggy). 6. White. July. E.
Indies. 1/31.

SARRACE'NIA. Side - saddle Flower.
(Named after Dr. Sarrasin, a French
physician. Nat. ord., Sarraccniads
[Sarraceniacesej. Linn., 13-Polyandria
1-MoHofjtynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials from North

America. Division in spring; fibry peat and

chopped sphagnum moss ; a pit or frame will

j be necessary for their cultivation, to keep them

j from frost in winter, and to afford them a close

! humid atmosphere in summer.

I S. Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 2. Purple.

June. 1829.
j — fla'va (yellow). 2. Yellow. June. 1752.

— mi' nor (smaller). £. Purple, green. April.

1829.

! —purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. June. 1640.
j — ru'bra (red). 1. Purple. June. 1/86.
; —variola'ris (pimpled). 1. Yellow. June.

1803.

SASSAFRAS. Lau'rus sassafras.
SATIN WOOD. Chloro'xylon.
SATURE'IA. Savory. (From the
! Arabic, sattar, applied to labiates. Nat.
ord., Labiates or Lipworts [Lamiacese].
: Linn., l±-Didynamia l-Gymnospermia.}
Seeds and divisions in spring ; common sandy
loam. See Savory.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS, &C.

S. horte'nsis (swrnmer-garden), l£. Pink. July.
Italy. 1562. Annual.

— mo'llis (soft). £. White. July. Teneriffe.

1829.

— monta'na (winter-mountain). 1$. Purple*

June. South Europe. 1562.

— rupe'stris (rock). 1. Purple. June. Car*

niola. 1798.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

S. mu'tica (awned). June. Caucasus. 1836;

— nervo'sa (nerved). 1. Purple. Ionian Isles.

1820.

— spino'sa (spiny). White. May. Crete. 1827.

— Thy'mbra (Thymbra). 1. Purple. June.

Candia. 1640.

— virga'ta (twiggy). Purple. June. Naples.

1424.

SATY'RIUM. (From satyrits, a satyr ;
supposed aphrodisiacal properties. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidacea>]. Linn,,
2Q-Gynandria \-Monandria.~)

Terrestrial orchids, from the Cape of Good
Hope, less difficult to cultivate than their allies.
We have flowered some of them planted out in
a cold frame with Ixias and other Cape Irids.
Division of the roots as fresh growth is com-
mencing; fibry loam and turfy peat, well
drained. Winter temp., 40° to 45°; summer,
55° to 75°.
S. au'reum (golden). Orange. August. 1842.

— ca'ndidum (white). White. September. 1836.

— ca'rneum (nesh-coloured) . l£. Pink. June.

1797.

— chrysosta'chyum (golden-spiked). Orange.

1836.

— coriifo'lium (Coris-leaved). 1. Yellow. Oc-

tober. 1820.

— cuculla'tum (hooded). $. Green. June. 1786,

— cre'ctum (erect). l£. Yellow. February.

1838.
—folio'sum (leafy). Purple. July. 1828,

SAT

[ 807 ]

SAY

S. pupillo'sum (nippled). Rose, purple. 1836.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered) ij. June. 1789-

— pustula'tum (pimpled). 1. Purple. 1800.

SAUNDEIIS WOOD. Pteroca'rpus san-
tall'nus.

SAURAU'JA. (Named after Saraujo,
a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord., Dil-
leniads [DiUeniacece]. Linn., 12-Jco-
sandria 3-Polygynia. Allied to Hibber-
tia.)

Stove evergeeen, white-flowered trees and
shrubs. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat, in spring ; fibry loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.
5. exce'lsa (tall). 50. Caraccas. 1820.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Mexico. 1844. I

— Nepaule'nsis (Nepaulese). 30. August. Ne- ;

paul. 1824.

— specta'bilis (showy). 10. July. Bolivia, j

1838.

SAUROGLO'SSUM. (From saura, a j
lizard, and glossa, a tongue; resem- j
blance to the tongue of that reptile.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn.,
^0- Gynandria L-Monandria. )

Stove orchid, grown in pots. See Orchids.
S. ela'tum (tall). l£. White. April. Brazil.
1832.

SAUSSU'REA. (Named after H. B.
de Saussure, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Synyenesia \-JEqualis. Allied to Car-
lina.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials, and purple-
blossomed, except where otherwise mentioned.
Seeds and divisions of the plant, in spring;
common garden soil.

S. ala'ta (winged). 2. Red. July. Siberia.
1818.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). £. July. Britain.

— ama'ra (bitter). l£. July. Siberia. 1820.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. Si-

beria. 1816.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). July. Caucasus.

1824.

— dl'scolor (two-colored). 1. July. Switzer-

land. 1818.

lapatliifo'lia (Lapathum - leaved).

1. July. Europe. 181 6.

— e'legans (elegant). Rose. July. Caucasus.

1820.

— donga' t a (lengthened). 2. July. Caucasus.

1820.

— Gme'lini (Gmelin's). July. Siberia. 1827-

— lacinia'ta (jagged-/eai>ed). June. Siberia.

1827.

— liatroi'des (Liatris-likc). July. Siberia. 182/.

— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). 2. Red. July. Si-

beria. 1827.

— pttgmai'a (pygmy). 1. July. Austria. 1816.

— ri'gidu (stiff). July. Siberia. 1827-

— runcina'ta (runciuate). 2. Red. July. Si-

beria. 1819.

S. salicifo'liu (Willow-leaved). 2. Red. July.
Siberia. 1796-

— sa'lsa (salt). l£. Red. July. Caucasus.

1816.

— serra'ta (tooihe&-leaved). July. Europe.

1816.

SAUVAGE'SIA. (Named after F. B.
de Sauvages, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Sauvaf/eads [Suvageseacese].
Linn., b-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)

Pretty, tender, Violet-looking annuals. Seeds
in spring, in a hotbed, pricked out, and potted,
and then flowered in the plant-stove or warm
greenhouse.

S. ere' eta (upright). 1. Pink. May. South
America. 1820.

— geminiflo'ra (twin -flowered). $. Purple,

red. June. Mexico. 1824.

SAVANNAH FLOWER. Echi'les sube-
re'cta.

SAVIN. Juni'perus sali'na.

SAVORY. Satit'reia morita'na, winter
or perennial savory. S. ho'rtcnsis, sum-
mer or annual savory.

They may be sown in the open ground
at the latter end of March or in April,
in a light rich soil; thin the seed-
lings moderately, and they may either
remain where sown, or may be trans-
planted. Of the Winter Savory, when
the seedlings are about two inches high,
it is eligible to plant out a quantity of
the strongest, in moist weather, in nur-
sery rows, six inches asunder, to remain
till September or spring following, then
to be transplanted with balls where
they are finally to remain, in rows a
foot asunder. When designed to have
the Winter or Summer Savory remain
were sown, the seeds may be in shallow
drills, either in beds, or along the edge
of any bed or border, by way of an
edging.

By Slips. — In the spring, or early
part of summer, the Winter Savory
may be increased by slips or cuttings
of the young shoots or branches, five
or six inches long ; plant them with a
dibble, in any shady border, in rows
six inches asunder, giving occasional
waterings, and they will be well rooted
by September, when they may be trans-
planted.

SAVOY. Bra'ssica olcra'cea saba'uda.
Varieties. — Yellow, for autumn;
Dwarf and Green, and two sub-varieties
| of these, the Hound and the Oval;

SAV

[ 808 ]

SAX

Large Green, very hardy. These for
winter standing crops.

Sow at the close of February, the
plants of which are ready for pricking
out in April, and for final planting at
the end of May, for use in early au-
tuum ; the sowing to he repeated about
the middle of March, the plants to be
pricked out in May, for planting in
June, to supply the table in autumn
and early winter. The main crops must
be sown in April and early May, to
prick out and plant, after similar in-
tervals, for production in winter and
spring.

Planting. — The plants of the first
crops should be set out two feet apart
each way, but the winter- standing crops
are better at two feet by eighteen
inches. Water abundantly, if the wea-
ther is dry, until the plants are well
established.

To save Seed. — Such plants must be
selected of the several varieties as are
most true to their particular character-
istics, and as are not the first to run.
These, in open weather, from early in
November to the close of February,
plant entirely up to the head, in rows
two feet-and-a-half each way, each va-
riety as far from the other as possible.
They ripen their seed in July and Au-
gust.

SAW-FLY. See Atha'lia and Hylo-
to'nia.

SAWS for garden-pruning must have
a double row of teeth, to obviate the
tendency to nip, or buckle, that the
dampness of green wood and the leve-
rage of the branch occasions. One with
a very narrow blade, and one with a
handle six feet long, will be found con-
venient. The face of the wound made
by a saw should always be cut smooth
with the knife, otherwise the wet lodg-
ing on its rough surface occasions
decay. See Bill.

SAW-WORT. Serra'tula.

SAXI'FBAGBA. Saxifrage. (From
saxum, a stove, and fran-go, to break ;
supposed power in that disease. Nat.
ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn.,
10-Decandria %-Digynia.}

Seeds, and especially divisions, in spring,
unless for annuals ; sandy loam ; the tenderest

will repay for a little leaf-mould or peat ; suited
best for the fronts of borders, the stumps of
trees, and for knolls and rockworks.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.

S. controve'rsa (contrary-turned). £. May.
South Europe. 1824.

— flagella'ris (rod-like). 4. Yellow. June.

Greenland. 181Q- Evergreen trailer.
• — hcdera'ceu (Ivy-leaved). &. July. Levant.
1752.

— irri'gua (watered). 1. June. Tauria. 1817.

Biennial.

— petra'a (rock). £. April. Norway. 1/32.

— tridactyli'tes (three - fingered). 4. April.

Britain.

HARDY HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.

S. adsce'ndens (ascending), i. May. Pyrenees.
1752.

— ccstiva'lis (summer). May. Altai. 1821.

— itffi'ms (kindred). £. May.

— uizoi'des (Aizoon-like). £. Yellow. July.

Britain.

— Aizo'on (Aizoon). 1. June. Alps. 1731.

— ajugafo'lia (Bugle-leaved). 1. June. Py-

renees. 1770.

— alti'fida (deep-cleft). 1.

— androsa'ceu (Androsace-Jeauerf). 1. May.

Austria. 1/92.

— aretioi'des (Aretia-like). £. Yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1826.

— argu'ta (sharp-notched). £. May. North

America. 1827.

— a'speru (rough). £. Cream. August. Switz-

erland. 1752.

— biflo'ra (two -flowered). $. Purple. May.

Switzerland. 1820.

— bronchia'lis (throat). $. Cream. May.

Siberia. 1819.

— bryoi'des (Bryum-like). £. Cream. June.

Switzerland. 1752.

— bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing). $. June. South

Europe. 1819-

— Burseria'na (Burser's). $. Cream. April.

Carniola. 1826.

— cas'sia (grey). $. Pale yellow. May. Switz-

erland. 1752.

— ceespito'sa (turfy). 3. Cream. May. Wales.

— ceratophy'lla (horn-leaved). £• May. Spain.

1804.

— ce'rnua (drooping). \. July. Scotland.

— cilia'ta (hair-fringed-Jea»ed). #. May. India.

1843.

— condensa'ta (dense). \. May. Scotland.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Purple. April.

Siberia. 1779.

— Cotyle'don (Cotyledon). £, June. Alps

Europe. 159fi.

— crassifo'lia (thick - leaved). 1. Purple.

April. Siberia. 1765.

— crusta'ta (shelly- edged). £. June, Switz-

erland. 1800.

— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). £. May. Switz-

erland. 1768.

davu'rica (Dahurian). $. June.

Siberia. 1809.

— deci'piens (deceptive). $. May. Wales.

— denuda'ta (stripped). |. May. Scotland.

— diapensioi' des (Diapensia-like). £. April.

Switzerland. 1825.

— e'legans (elegant). Ireland.

SAX

[ 809 ]

SCA

S. elonge'lla (longish - stalked). 1. April.
Scotland.

— cro'sa (gnawed). 1. White, yellow. May.

Carolina. 1812.

hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. White, yellow.

June. North America. 1800.

— exara'ta (engraved). £. May. South Europe.

1800.

—ferrugi'neu (rusty). 4. September. North
America. 1827.

— geranioi'des (Crane's-bill-like). £. April.

Pyrenees. 1770.

— Ge'um (Geum). 1. June. Ireland.

crena'ta (scolloped). 1. May.

dental to, (toothed). 1. May. Ireland.

' — poli'ta (polished). 1. May. Ireland.

— granula'ta (grain-rooted). 1. May. Britain.
plc'na (double-flowei-ed). 1. May.

— Hawo'rthii (Haworth's). May. Europe.

— hieracifo'lia (Hawkweed-/e«t>erf). 1$. May.

Hungary. 1789.

— Hi'rculus (Hirculus). £. Yellow. August.

England.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 1. Flesh. May. Ireland.
sphceroi'dca (globe-like). 1. Flesh.

May. Pyrenees.

— Id'rta (hairy). 1. June. Scotland.

— hy'brida (hybrid). £. June. Piedmont. 1810.

— hypnoi'des (Moss-like). £. May. Britain.
' angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved).

i. May. Scotland.
musco'sa (mossy). £. May.

Scotland.
pulche'lla (pretty). £. May.

Scotland.

— visco'sa (clammy). J. May. Scotland.

— incurvifo'lia (incurved-leaved). $. May.

Ireland.

— inta'cta (untouched). 1. June. Tyrol.

— mi'nor (smaller). 1. May. Alps.

parviflo'ra (small - flowered). 1 .

May. Alps.

— interme'dia (intermediate), 1. July. 1808.

— leetevi'rens (lively-green) . £, May. Scotland .

— lee'vis (smooth). £. August. Caucasus.

— lanceola'ta (spear-6rac£ed). i. May. Europe.

1800.

obtu'sa (blunt). £. May. Europe.

1820.

— leptophy'lla (fine-leaved), £. May. Wales.
angusti'fida (narrow-cleft). A.

May. Wales.

— leucanthemifo'lia (Stock-leaved), g. June.

North America. 1812.

— ligula'ta (strap-leaved). £. White, red.

May. Nepaul. 1821.

— lingula'ta (tongue-leaved). l£. June. Switzer-

land. 1821.

me'dia (intermediate). l|. June.

Carniola. 1800.

— moscha'ta (musky). $. Lilac, yellow, May.

Pyrenees.

•^muscoi'des (Moss-like). ^. Pale yellow.
May. England. 1819.

— muta'ta (changed). $. Lilac, yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1779.

— niva'lis (snowy). £. June. Britain.
^-nudicau'lis (naked -stemmed). £. May.

North America.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). £. Purple.

March. Britain.

— panicula'ta (pannicled),

I S.peditifi'da (double -lobe -cleft). $,
Scotland.

May,

— Pedemonta'na (Piedmontese) . May. Pied-

mont. 1824.

— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). l£. Green,

yellow. May. North America. 1732.

gla'bra (smooth). 2. Green,

yellow. May. North America. 1732.

— pentada'ctylis (five-fingered). £. May. Py-

renees. 1815.

— platype'tala (broad -petaled). 1. June.

Scotland.

— pulche'lla (pretty). £. May. Germany. 1818.

— pygmee'a (pygmy). £. White, yellow. May.

Scotland.

— pyrolasfo'lia (Pyrola-leaved). £. May. North

America. 1827-

— quinque'fida (five-cleft). $. April. Scotland.

— retu'm (bitten-oif). i. Purple. May. Pied-

mont. 1826.

— rivula'ris (brook). £. June. Scotland.

— rotundifo'lia (round- leaved). 1. White,

red. May. Austria. 1596.

repa'nda (wavy-edged). 1. May.

Caucasus. 1800.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 1. June. China. 1771-
cuscuteefo'rmis (Dodder-formed).

4. June. China. 1815.

— Schrade'ri (Schrader's). 1. May. 1825.

— sedoi'des (Sedum-like). $. Yellow. May.

Europe. 1820.

— semipube'scens (slightly-downy). 1. Green,

yellow. May. North America. 1800.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 4. July. Siberia. 1802.

— spica'ta (spiked). 4. Spotted. May. North

America. 1827.

— stella'rls (starry). \. June. Britain.
dissi'milis (dissimilar). £. June.

Scotland.

Schleiche'ri (Schleicher's). Switz-

erland. 1819-

— Sternbe'rgii (Steraberg's). 1. May. Ger-

many.

— tene'lla (delicate), i. July. Corinthia. 1819.

— te'nera (tender), i. Cream. May. Switz-

erland. 1819.

— thysano'des (coarse- fringed -leaved). £.

April. East Indies. 1845.

— tricuspida'ta(thTee-spined). £. May. North

America. 1824.

— tridenta'ta (three- toothed). £. May.

— umbro'sa (shady. London Pride}. 1. Flesh.

May. Britain.

puncta'ta (dotted -flowered). 1,

May.

I

May. Ireland.

serratifo'lia (saw- leaved).

Ireland.

— Virginie'nsis (Virginian). 4. May. North

America. 1790.

— visco'sa (clammy). £. May.

SCABIO'SA. Scabious. (From scabies,
the itch; said to cure the disorder.
Nat. ord., Teazelworts [Dipsacacese],
Linn., 4^-Tctrandria I-Monoyynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and
divisions in spring ; common garden soil.
5. arve'nsis fio're-a'lbo (field-white-flowered).
2. White. July. Britain.

— austra'lis (southern), li. Purple. June*

Styria, 1820.

SCA

[ 810 ]

SCH

S. Carpa'tica (Carpathian). 1. White. June.
Prussia. 181Q.

— dicho'toma (forked). 1. Pink. July. Sicily.

1804.

— dipsacifo'lia (Teasel-leaved). 2. White.

June. Germany. 1818.

— pube'scens (downy). 2. White. June.

Hungary. 1820.

— Salce'di (Salced's). 1. White. June.

Spain. 1823.

— stri'cta (upright). 2. Red. June. Hun-

gary. 1820.

SCLE'VA. Hawk Fly. Of this genus
there are several species, of which the
most common are S. ribc'sii and 8.
pyra'stri. Wherever aphides are abun-
dant, whether on the cabbage, hop, or
elsewhere, there is a fleshy green
maggot. This is the larva of a hawk-
fly, and should be left undisturbed, as
it is a voracious destroyer of plant lice.

SOE'VOLA. (From sc&va, the left
hand ; form of the corolla. Nat. ord.,
Goodeniads [Goodeniacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria \-Monoyynia.}

Divisions and cuttings of young shoots ; the
tender species in heat ; the greenhouse in a
cold pit, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and
turfy peat; the usual greenhouse and stove
treatment.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S.ivaifo'lia (Iva-leaved). White. August.
Trinidad. 1820.

— Koni'gii (Konig's). 2. Pale red. E. Indies.

1820.

— Tacca'da (Taccada). 2J. White. August.

£. Indies. 1810.

GEEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. alternn'ta (alternate-/eawerf). Purple. Juire.
Swan River. 1844.

— anchusifo'lia (Anchusa-leaved). Blue. May.

Swan River.

— attenua'ta (thin-tea?>erf). 2. Pale blue. June.

Swan River. 1844.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 3. White. Sep.

tember. New Holland. 1805.

— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-teawerf). l£. Blue. New

Holland. 1824.
— faseicula'ta (bundled). August. Swan River.

— hi'spida (bristly). 2. Lilac. July. New

Holland. 1827-

— microca'rpa (small-fruited). 1J. Violet.

July. N. S. Wales. 1790.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered) . Blue. July.

Swan River. 1840.

— suave'olens (sweet -scented). 2. Blue. Au-

gust. N. S. Wales. 1793.

SCALLION. See Cibouk.

SCAMMONY. Convo'lvulus scammo'nia.

SCARES are but very inefiicient pro-
tections for fruits, as birds soon sit on
the vjery branches which bear the maul-
kin. To frighten them effectually, it is .
best to employ boys for the short time

scaring is required. Over seed-beds a
net is the best protection ; but threads
tightened across the beds are very
effectual.

SCARLET RUNNER. Pkase'olus midti-
\ flo'rus.

SCHELHA'JIMEEA. (Named after C.
C. Schelhammer, a professor at Jena.
Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacere],
Linn., (\-Hexandria I-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Uvularia.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered, herbaceous pe-
rennials, from New Holland. Divisions ; sandy
loam and fibry peat ; a cool greenhouse or a
cold pit in winter.
5. rr.ultiflo'ra (many-flowered). l£. 1824.

— undula'ta (wavy-leaved). $. June. 1824.

SCHELLO'LEPIS. (From skellos, dis-
torted, and lepis, a scale. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn., 24-
i Cryployamia l-Filices.)

Stove, yellow-spored Indian Ferns. See
Ferns. There are two species, S. amos'nu
(lovely), and verruco'sa (warted).

SCHI'NUS. (The Greek name for
Pista'chia lentiscus. Nat. ord., Tere-
binths [Terebinthacese]. Linn., '22-
Dicecia 9-Decandria.)

Greenhouse, green-flowered, evergreens. Cut-
tings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a mild heat, in spring ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 45° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
-S. nio'lle (Molle). 20. August. Peru. 15Q7-

— terebinthifo'lia (Terebinthus - leaved) . 20.

Brazil. 182Q.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 8. June. Lima. 1822.

SCHIUEEE'CKIA. (Named after A.

| Schiureck, a Russian botanist. Nat.

ord.j Crucifers [BrassicaceeeJ. Linn,,

15-Tetradynamia. Alliance near Alys-

sum.)

Hardy herbaceous. Divisions j common gar*
den soil.

S. Podo'lica (Podolian). £. Yellow. June.
Podolia. 1821.

SCHIZJE'A. (From schizo, to cleave
or cut ; the appearance of the fan-like
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 24- -Cryptogamia l-Filices.)
Brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
GREENHOUSE I'ERNS.

S. bi'fida (twice-cut). $. June. New Holland.
1822.

— pusi'lla (small). &. June. North America.

— nipc'stris (rock). £. June. New Holland.

1822.

STOVE FERNS.
S. c'lcgans (elegant). J. June. Trinidad. 1819-

sen

[ 911 ]

SCH

S. penicella'ta (pencilled).
America. 1816.

£. June. South

— propi'ncjua (related). April. Malacca.

SCHIZA'NDEA. (From schizo, to cut, j
avid aner, the male organ ; split stamens. •
Nat. ord., Kadsurads [Schi/andracese]. !
Linn. '21-Monascia n-Penlandria.')

Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell- !
glass, and kept only a little higher than the i
temperature of a cold-pit or greenhouse ; sandy j
fibry loam, and a little leaf-mould. Winter '
temp., 40° to 45°. This creeper lived several i
years against the conservative wall at Chiswick. |

S. cocci'nea (scarlet-flowered). Scarlet. June. )
North America. 1806.

SCHIZA'NTHUS. (From schizo, to cut,
and anthos, a flower ; the petals cut
into fringes. Nat. ord., Figworts [Scro- j
phulariacese]. Linn., 2-Diandria l-Mo-
noyynia.)

Seeds, in autumn, to be kept in a greenhouse,
for early blooming ; seeds, in a slight hotbed, in
March, for successive blooming in pots, and
early blooming out-of-doors ; seed in the open
air in the end of April. Beautiful annuals,
fitted either for pot,, or border culture; rich,
light, fibry loam ; when kept over the winter,
the soil should be poor, and the plants near
the glass.
S. ca'ndidus (whitish). 2. White. Coquimbe.

1843.

^- Graha'mi (Graham's). 2. Variegated. Au-
gust. Chili. 1831.

— Hooke'ri (Hooker's). 2. Rose, lilac. Au-

gust. Chili. 1828.

— pinnati'fidus (leaflet-cut). 2. Various. May.

Coquimbo. 1841.

— pinna' tus (leafleted). 2. White, purple.

August. Chili. 1822.

~ hu'milis (dwarf). 1. Crimson.

July. Valparaiso. 1831.

— po'rrigens (sheading-stalked'). 2. Crimson.

August. Chili. 182'2.

— retu'sus (bitten-ofi-petaled). 2. Variegated.

August. Chili. 1831.

SCHIZOCJE'NA. (From schizo, to cut,
and kainos, unusual. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese] . Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)

Stove Fern. See Ferns.

S. Bruno' nis (Brown's). Brown, yellow. April.
Malacca.

SCHIZOLO'MA. (From schizo, to cut,
and loma, an edge ; edges of fronds.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2-i-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.}

Browish- yellow -spored stove Ferns. See
Ferns.

S. ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). May. Malacca.
— hctcrophy'lla (various-leaved). May. Isle
of Luzon.

SCHI/SOME'RIA. (From schizo , to cut,

and meros, a part ; cut petals. Nat.
ord., CuHoniads [Cunoniacese], Linn.,
W-I)ecandria 2-Digynia. Allied to
Weinmannia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in spring ; loam and peat, with silver sand and
charcoal. Winter temp,, 40° to 48°.
S. ova'ta (egg-leaved). 8. White. New Hol-
land. 1825.

SCHIZOPE'TALOX. (From schizo, to
cut, and petalon, a petal. Nat. ord.,
Crucifcrs [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-
Tetradynamia.')

Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in March, pricked
out into pots, and grown in an airy greenhouse,
or transplanted to the front of borders in May ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould ; if in a pot, add a
little peat.

S. Walke'ri (Walker's). 2. White. June.
Chili. 1822.

SCHMIDE'LIA. (Named after C. 0.
Schmidel, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Soapworts [Sapindacefe]. Linn.,
S-Octandria l-Monogynia. Alliance near
Sapindus.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreens. Cuttings
of ripe shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
the beginning of summer, and placed in a
mild bottom-heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Comi'nia (Cominia). 20. Jamaica. 1778.

— integrifo'lia (whole-leaved). Bourbon. 1804.
~ occidentals (western). S.W.Indies. 1828.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 15. May. East

Indies. 1820.

— serra'ta(s&w-leaved), 12. E.Indies. 1804.

SCHOMBU'RGKIA. (Named after Sir
R. Schomburgki, Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Cattleya.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids.
S. cri'spa (curled-flowered"). 3. Yellow, brown,
pink. January. La Guayra. 1844.

— margina'ta (bordered. Spread Eagle). 4.

Orange. August. Surinam. 1834.

— ro'sea (rosy). Deep red, and pale rose.

Sierra Nevada.

— tibi'cinis (cow-horn). 8. Pink, white. April.

Honduras. 1834.

— graridiflo'ra (large -flowered). 5.
Brown, rose. May. Honduras. 1844.

— undula'ta (vfsvy-petaled}. Purple. January.

La Guayra. 1843.

SCHO'TIA. (Named after R. Tr. Schot,
who travelled with Jacquin. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabaceoe]. Linn.,
IQ-Decandria l-Manogynia. Allied to
Ambers tia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
i of Good Hope. Cuttings of half-ripened young
i stubby shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ;

SCH

C 812 ]

SCI

sandy peat and fibry loam ; flowers chiefly at

the end of stiff young shoots.

S. ala'ta, (winged). 5. Crimson. July. 1816.

— latifo'lia (broad - leaved). Purple, white.

June. 1810.

— simplicifo'lia (simple-leaved), lied. June.

1816.

— specio'sa (showy). 5. Scarlet. August. 1759.

— stipula'ta (/arge-stipuled). 5. Crimson.

July. 1794.

— tamarindifo'lia (Tamarind-leaved). 6. Crim-

son. August. 1795.

SCHO'UWIA. (Named after J. F.
Sctwuw, a Danish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Crudfers [Brassicacese]. Linn., 15-
Tetradynamia.)

Hardy annual. Seeds, in light sandy soil, in
April.

5. Ara'bica (Arabian). f . Purple. June.
Arabia. 1837-

SCHEA'NKIA. (Named after F. P.
Schrank, a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
23-Polygamia 1-Montecia. Allied to
Mimosa.)

The leaves yield to the touch like those of the
sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica. Herbaceous
plants. Division of the roots in spring; and
cuttings of the young shoots in spring, in sandy
soil, under a bell-glass, and a little bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Plant-stove
and cool greenhouse treatment.

S. uculca'ta (prickly). 2. Eed. July. Vera
Cruz. 1733. Stove.

— leptoca'rpa (slender-podded). Rose. July.

St. Domingo. 1837. Stove.

— uncina'ta (hooked). 2. Red. July. N.

America. 1789. Greenhouse.

SCHUBE'KTIA. (Named after M. Schu-
bert, a Polish botanist. Nat. ord., As-
clcpiads [Asclepiadaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 2-Digynia.')

Stove evergreen twiners, from Brazil. Cut-
tings of stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in bottom-heat; sandy loam, fibry
peat, and a little charcoal, and pounded bricks,
with pots well drained. Winter temp., 50° to
55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). White. July.
1837.

— grave'olens (strong-scented). Pale yellow.

July. 1837.

SCHWEIGGE'KIA. (Named after Pro-
fessor Schweigger, a German botanist.
Nat. ord., Violetworts [Violacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firm side-shoots,
two or three inches in length, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in May, and in a sweet hotbed.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
S.pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). White. May.
Brazil. 1838.

SCI'AEA. S. py'ri, Small Pear Midge.
S. Schmidbe'ryeri, Large Pear Midge.
When a fallen pear is cut open, it is
often found core -eaten, and with a
brown powder marking the progress of
the assailant. This is caused by tbe
larva of these insects. The midges
appear early in July. The Small Pear
Midge has club-shaped halteres, the
club dark brown, and the stem whitish.
When alive, the abdomen is of a lead
colour, with black wings. The head
and thorax are black, as are also the
antennae; the palpi are of a pale yellow,
the feet whitish, and the tarsi black.

The Large Pear Midge appears about
the same time as the preceding. The
female is little more than a line long,
and half-a-line thick, also much larger
than the smaller pear midge ; the male
is more slender, and somewhat shorter.
The antennae are blackish, and not so
long as the body. The head is black
and shining, as is also the thorax ; the
proboscis ash-grey, the abdomen of the
male a deep black, that of the female
browner, with black wings ; the anal
point, however, is quite black. The
feet ash-grey, and the tarsi and wings
black. They both survive the winter,
and deposit their eggs in the blossom,
when it opens in early spring. The
larva eats its way into the core of the
young fruit, and again eats its way out
at one side when the time arrives for
it to bury itself in the ground, and pass
into the chrysalis form. — Kollar.

SCI'LLA. Squill. (From sfcyllo, to
injure ; the bulbs said to be poisonous.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn.,
6 -Hexandria 1 - Mo-nog ynia. )

Offsets ; light sandy soil.

TENDEE BULBS.

S, brevifo'lia (short-leaved). £. Pink. January.
Cape of Good Hope. 1811.

— hyacinthoi'des (Hyacinth -like). £. Blue.

August. Madeira. 1585.

— Maurita'nica (Mauritian). £. Blue. April.

Mauritius. 181Q.

— plu'mbea (lead-coloured). 1. Lead. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1812.

HAEDY BULBS.

S, amce'na (pleasing). £. Blue. March. Le-
vant. 15QO'.

— amee'nula (pretty). £. Blue. June. Russia.

1822.

— autumna'lis (autumnal). ?. Pink. August.

England.

SCI

[ 813 ]

SCI

S. autumna'lis a'lba (white). \. White. August.

ma'jor (larger). £. Pink. August.

Britain.

— Bertolo'nii (Bertoloni's). Lilac. May.

— bifo'lia (two - leaved). ^. Blue. March.

England.
a'lba (white). J. White. March. S.

Europe.
ru'bra (red), i- Red. March. S.

Europe.

— br uma1 Us (winter). Blue. May. North

America. 1841.

— campanula! ta (bell-flowered). 1. Dark blue.

May. Spain. 1683.

a'lba (white). 1. White. May.

South Europe. 1683.

. ca'rnea (flesh - coloured). 1.

Pink. May. South Europe. 1683.

— ce'rnua (drooping). £. Pink. March. Spain.

1815.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). -\. Pink. October.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/93.

— Cupania'na (Cupani's). 1. Purple. June.

Sicily. 1834.

— escule'nta (eatable). 1. White. June. N.

America. 1811.

— 1'ndica (Indian). 1. East Indies. 1816.

— Ita'Kca (Italian), g. Blue. May. Switzer.

land. 1605.

— li'lio-hyaci'nthus (Lily-Hyancinth). 1 . Blue.

June. Europe. 15Q7-

— lusita'nica (Portugese). £. Blue. May.

Portugal. 1777-

— no'n-scri'pta (undescribed). |. Blue. April.

Britain.

a'lba (white). White. April. Britain.

ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 3- Flesh.

April. Britain.

— obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). |. Blue. March.

South Europe. 1829.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). Blue. May. Por-

tugal. 1818.

— Peruvia'na (Peruvian). 1. Dark blue. May.

Spain. 1607.

a'lba (white). 1. White. May.

South Europe. 1607.

• di'scolor (two-coloured-/ouwerf) .

1. Buff. May. Portugal. 1843.

— prcebractea'ta (long - bracted). 1. Blue.

June. South Europe.

— pree'cox (early). }. Dark blue. March. 1790.

— prate'nuis (meadow). Blue. May. Hun-

gary. 1827.

— pu'bens (downy). $. Blue. May. Lunimar.

— pu'mila (dwarf). Blue. May. Spain. 1821.

— ro'sea (rosy). £. .Rose. Numidia. 1827.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). ^. Blue. February.

Siberia. 1796.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). $. Blue. April.

Pyrenees. 1822.

— unifo'lia (one-leaved). $. White. May,

Portugal.

— vfi'rna (spring). 5. Blue. April. Britain,
a'lba (white -flowered). %. White

May.
ro'sea (rosy). £. Rose. May.

— villa' sa (shaggy-leaved). J. Lilac. Tripoli

1831.

SCIOBAPHY'LLUM. (From skiceides
shady, and phyllon, a leaf; the larg
leaves afford much shade. Nat. ord.

Ivyworts [Araliacese]. Linn,, 5-Pen-
andria 5-Pentagynia. Allied to the

ivy.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
hoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat, in
pring ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
emp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°. The
Peruvian species will thrive well in a green-
ouse with 109 less.

S. acumina'tum (pointed-leaved). 10. Yellow.
Peru. Climber.

— ano'malum (anomalous). 20. White, green.

Trinidad. 1817-

— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 20. White. Jamaica.

1793.

— co'nicum (conical). 10. Pale red. Peru,

Climber.

— digita'tum (finger-leaved); 10. Green. East

Indies. 1820.

— pedicella'tumdong-leaif-stsiikeA). 10. Purple.

Peru. Climber.

— penta'ndrum (five-stamened). 8. Pale red.

Peru. 1820.

SCION. See Graff.
SCISSORS of various sizes are required
by the gardener. A pair with very
sharp and pointed blades is required
for cutting away the anthers
of flowers in hybridizing and
for thinning grapes. Stouter
pairs are used for removing
flower-stalks, when the petals
have fallen from roses, &c.
Sliding pruning scissors (see
Fig.) are employed for cut-
ting the shoots of shrubs ;
they are powerful instruments
for the purpose ; but a more
simple pair, without a spring, is made
by Mr. Turner, Neepsend, Sheffield.

Shears are only large scissors. Hedge
Shears for clipping hedges are the
most common. Sliding Priming Shears,
with a moveable centre, so as to make
a drawing cut when used as when the
pruning knife is employed. See Aver-
runcator.

The drawing shows the smaller size,
used with one hand. The large
size, which has wooden handles,
will, when employed with both
hands, cut through a bough full
three inches in circumference,
with the greatest ease.

Verge Shears are merely the
hedge shears set nearly at a
right angle on long handles for
the convenience of the gardener
in clipping the sides of box

SCI

SCO

edging, and the verge of grass plots.
Turf Shears are set also at an angle,
but in a different direction for cutting
the tops of edgings, and grass growing
in corners unapproachable by the scythe.

SCLE'BOON. (From sckros, hafd, and
oon, an egg ; hard seeds. Nat. ord.,
Jrerbenes [VerbenacefB]. Linn., 14-
Didynamla 2-Angiospermia. Allied to
Cornutia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in spring ;
peat, loam, and leaf-mould, and half-a-part of
silver sand. Winter temp., 38° to 48°; sum-
mer, 60° to 75°.

S. ole'inum (Olive-like). 2. Green, white.
May. Mexico. 1840.

SCLEROTHA'MNUS. (From scares, hard,
or rigid, and thammts, a shrub. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacea^].
Linn., 10-Decandria l-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Pultsenea.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of stiff side-
shoots, in April or May, in sand, under a bell-
glass ; two parts peat, and one of sandy fibry
loam, and one of equal parts broken bats,
charcoal, and silver sand. Wii

48°.

Winter temp., 40° to

S. mici'ophy'llus (small-leaved). 2. Yellow.
May. New Holland. 1803.

SCOLOPE'NDRIUM. Hart's Tongue.
(From scolopendra, a centipede ; the
appearance of the seed or spore-cases.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiacetv]. Linn.,
%±- Cry ptoy amia 1-Filices.)

Hardy brown .spored Ferns. See Ferns.
S. Hemioni'tis (Hemionitis). 1. August. Spain.
1779.

— officina'rum (shop). l£. July. Britain.
' angustifo'lium (narrow - leaved).

£. July. Britain.
cri1 spurn (curled • leaved). 1$.

July. Britain.
multi'fidum (many - cleft). 1J.

July. Britain.

— — — ramo'sum (branchy). l£. July.

Britain.

— . undula'tum (wave - leaved), l£.

July. Biitain.

— pinna'tum (leafleted). 1. May. India.

Greenhouse.

SCO'LYMUS. Golden Thistle. (From
skolos, a thorn; plants spiny. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracero] . Linn.,
IQ-Synyenesia l-^Equalis. Allied to
Chichory.)

Hardy yellow-flowered plants. Seeds and
divisions in spring ; common garden soil.

5. grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 3. May, Bar-
bary, 1820. Herbaceous.

S. Ilispa'nifiis (Spanish). 3. August. South
P'urope. 1658. Herbaceous.

— macula1 to. (spotted). 3. July. South Europe.

1633. Annual.

SCOPO'LIA. (Named after G. A. Sco-
poli, a foreign .botanist. Nat. ord.,
Nightshades [Solanacere]. Linn., ,V
Pentandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Physalis.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division of the roots, in
spring, or sowing the seeds in a slight hotbed ;
sandy loam, and a dry situation.
S. Carnio'lica (Carniplian). 1. Dark purple.
April. Carniola. 1780.

SCORCHING, or Burning, describes the
drying up of the roots or of the leaves
from exposure to too much heat. The
preventive in the first case is reducing
the temperature of the hotbed, or lifting
the pots if the plants are so grown ; in
the second case, as it always arises
from the sun's rays in the confined air
of a house, Hartley's rough glass, and
early ventilating, are the preventives.

SCOEPION. Geni'sta sco'rpius.

SCORPION GRASS. Myoso'tis.

SCORPION SENNA. Coroni'lla e'menis.

SCOEZONE'EA. Yiper's Grass. (From
scurson, a viper ; supposed remedy for
the bite of a viper. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [Asteracea?]. Linn., IQ-Synyencsia
l-j&qualis.)

Hardy herbaceous; yellow-flowered, except
| where otherwise stated, Seeds in April or May ;
common garden soil.

5. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. July. S.
Europe. 1739.

— caridfo'lia (Carex-leaved). l£. July. Si-

beria. 1805.

— ensifo'lia (sword-leaved). £. May. Caucasus.

1825.

— glastifo'lia (Woad-leaved). 2. July. Ger-

many. 1816.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 2. July. Por-

tugal. l/5p.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish) . 3. July. Spain. 15/6.

— hu'milis (lowly). 1. August, Europe. 1S97.

— lana'ta (woolly). 1. July. Iberia. 1824.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June. Persia. 1836.

— purpu'rea (purple). 2. Purple. May.

Austria. 1759-

— ro'sca (rosy). 1^. Pink. July, Hungary.

1807.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 4. June. Volga. 1825.

SCOBZONEEA in the kitchen-garden is
the S. hispanica, grown for its parsnip-
like roots. Sow annually, in any open
light spot of ground, the latter end of
March or beginning of April. Trench
the ground, and with the bottom spit
turn in a little dung j sow in half-incli

SCO

scu

deep drills, twelve inches asunder.
Thin the plants to ten inches distance;
they will grow freely, and their roots i
continue increasing in size till Septem-
ber. The roots may either remain in
the ground, to be drawn as wanted, or
taken wholly up in autumn when their
leaves decay, and preserved in sand all
winter. To save Seed. — Let some of the
plants remain where sown, when they
will shoot up in the spring, and produce
plenty of seed in autumn.

SCOTCH ASPHODEL. Tofie'ldiaalpi'na.

SCOTCH KALE. Bra'ssica olera'cea.

SCOTCH LABURNUM. Cy'tisus alpi'-
n us.

SCO'TTIA. (Named after Dr. Scott,
once professor of botany in Dublin.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., \Q-Monadelphia ti-Decan-
dria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from New Hol-
land. Cuttings of shoots, when getting a little
firm at the base ; sandy fibry loam, one part,
and two parts of sandy fibry peat, with a little
charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved) . 6. Green,
yellow. April. 1825.

— denta'tu (tooth - leaved) . 3. Ked, green.

July. 1803.

— Ice' vis (smooth-branched). 3. Yellow, scar-

let. June. 1833.

— trapexifo'rmis (trapezium-teamed). January, j

1825.

SCREEN. All cooling is occasioned j
either by the heat being conducted j
from a body by a colder, which is in '
contact with it, or by radiating from the j
body cooled, though circumstances •
accelerate or retard the radiation ; and i
whatever checks the radiation of heat ;
from a body is a screen, and keeps it
warmer. For screening or protecting
the blossom of wall-fruit, Mr. Errington I
states : We do not know that any mate- j
rial is more proper for covering than ,
thin canvass, such as is manufactured ,.
by Mr. Nathaniel Hulme, of Paradise- !
green, Knutsford, which he sells at j
about fivepence per square yard. He
generally makes it in widths of three
yards, which is enough for most walls,
so that every lineal yard costs fifteen-
pence ; but then this canvass will last
well for seven years, if properly pre-
served, and a due care be exercised.
Thus it will be seen, that the annual
expense of protecting a lineal yard of

walling is not more than twopenco-
halfpenny, exclusive of a few ordinary
poles. We place a pole every six feet,
running under the coping at top, and
straddling away nearly two feet at
bottom. At two feet above the ground
level an auger hole is bored in the
pole, and an oaken peg driven in, the
end left projecting nine inches forward ;
and when the canvass is lowered in the
day, it hangs in folds on this line of
pegs — this keeps it from contact with
the damp soil. Every pole has a ring
dangling from a staple close to the top ;
and on the outer face a rope of sash-
cording is attached to the edge of the
canvass opposite each ring ; this being
passed through the ring from the under
side, enables the operator to pull it up,
or let it down, with ease. Thus, when
the canvass is lowered the wall is un-
covered, and vice versa. Now, these
rings and cords will add to the expense ;
and, since both are very durable, we
may, perhaps, add another halfpenny
per lineal yard to the amount, account-
ing the ropes to last nearly as long as
the canvass. A still more complete
plan is to hang the canvass like cur-
tains, or after the manner of the cover-
ing to what are termed conservative
walls.

For wall-trees, now that glass is be-
come so much cheaper, the best of all
screens may be employed, viz., glazed
frames, of a length extending from the
coping of the wall to the surface of the
soil, about two feet from the stems of
the trees. See Glass Case.

SCREW PINE. Panda'nus.

SCREW TREE. Heli'cteres.

SCRUBBY OAK. Lophi'ra Africa'na.

SCURVY GRASS, CocMca'ria officina'lis,
flourishes most in a sandy moist soil.
Sow as soon as the seeds are ripe in
June or July, in drills, eight inches
apart, and half-an-inch deep. Thin to
eight inches asunder, and those re-
moved may be transplanted to a bed at
similar distances ; giving water at the
time, and frequently afterwards, until
fully established. The leaves are fit
to gather during the following spring.

To obtain Seed. — A few plants must
be left ungathered from in the spring.
They will nm up to flower about May,

sou

[ 816 ]

SCY

and perfect their seed in the course of
the two following months.

SCUTELLA'KIA. Skull-cap. (From
scutella, a little saucer; form of calyx.
Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamiaceee], Linn.,
14:-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia.)

Seeds and divisions, in spring ; and the ever-
green kinds easily by cuttings, under a hand-
light ; some of the tender species are very
handsome, such as Cordifolia, but the red
spider must be looked after.

TENDER SPECIES.

S, cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 1. Scarlet, orange.
September. Mexico. 1844. Stove
evergreen.

— hu'milis (dwarf). £. Blue. June. New

South Wales. 1823. Greenhouse.

— incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). l£. Rose. Au-

gust. Quito. 1844. Greenhouse ever-
green.

— Ventena'tii (Ventenat's). 2. Scarlet. Au-

gust. St. Martha. 1844. Greenhouse.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S.Alpi'na (Alpine), f. Purple. August. Hun-
gary. 1752.

lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. August.

Tartary. 1739.

— sangui'nea (blood-red). £. Red. July.

1835.

variega'ta (variegated-cowered). &.

Pale yellow. August. Switzerland.

— alti'ssima (tallest). 1. Dark purple. July.

Crimea. 1824.

— Cohi'mnee (Columna's). l£. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1806.

— commuta'ta (changed). Purple. August.

Hungary. 1683.

— galericula'ta (small-capped). 1, Blue. July.

Britain.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). l£. Red.

July. Siberia, 1804.

— fiastifo'lia (spear-leaved). £. Purple, June.

Germany. 1798.

— hi'rta (hairy). Dark purple. June. Candia.

1835.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 1. Blue. July.

North America. 1731.

— Japo'nica (Japan). J. Purple, white. Au-

gust. Japan. 1838.

— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 1. Blue. July.

North America. 1752.

— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 3- Blue. Au-

gust. Dahuria. 1827-

— mi'nor (less). £. Pink. July. Britain.

— nervo'sa (large-nerved). 1. Blue. July.

Virginia. 1826.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Yellow. August.

Levant. 1729.

— pa' rvula (very-small). 3. Blue. July. North

America. 1822.

— peregri'na (spreading). 2. Violet. August.

Tauria. 1823.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. Blue. July. North

America. 1825.

— purpura'scens (purplish). 2. Blue. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— serra'ta (saw -leaved). $. Blue. August.

North America, 1800.

S. Tournefo'rti (Tournefort's). li. Purple.
July. Persia. 1837.

— ve'rna (spring). $. Blue. June. South

Europe. 1821.

SCUTICA'RIA. (From scutica, a whip ;
leaves as round as a whipcord. Nat.
ord., Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn. ,20-
Gijnandria \-Monandria. Once called
a Maxillaria.)

Stove orchid, grown on blocks. See Orchids.
S. Stee'lii (Steel's). Yellow-spotted. July.
Guayana. 1834.

SCYPA'NTHUS. (From scyphos, a cap,
and antlios, a flower. Nat. ord., Loasads
[Loasacece]. Linn., 1S-Polyaddphia
2-Polyandria.)

This name is so much in use that we retain
it, though a synonym of Grammutacarpns.
Hardy, yellow-flowered twining annuals, from
Chili. Seeds in the open air, in May ; or in a
slight hotbed, in March, to be afterwards trans-
planted.
S. e'legans (elegant). August. 1824.

— grandiflo'rus (large-flowered). 2. August.

1824.

SCYTHE. This mowing implement
heing confined, in the garden, to cut-
ting the fine short grass of lawns, re-
quires to be much sharper than that
used in cutting the coarser grasses,
which stand up more firmly to the
scythe. It is also necessary that the
mowers should not score the grass, that
is, should not leave the mark of each
stroke of the scythe, which has a very
unsightly appearance; to prevent which,
have the scythe laid out rather wider,
an inch or two beyond heel and toe, es-
pecially for very short grass ; and in
mowing, keep the point rather out, and
do not draw that part too fast toward,
gathering the grass neatly to the left
in a range ; and having mowed to the
end of the swaith, mow it lightly back
again, to trim off all scores, and other
irregularities, unavoidably left the first
time. A great inconvenience attending
the old scythe, is the difficulty of fas-
tening and adjusting the blade to the
handle. This is entirely obviated by
Boyd's Self-adjusting Scythe. It is
always a problem to determine the
angle the blade should make with the
handle, as it varies with every mower.
A good guide is for a perpendicular
line to be chalked against a wall, and
for the mower to stand close and
directly fronting to this line; then,

SCY

SEC

without moving his feet, and with arm
at full stretch above his head, to chalk
a line to the left, from the perpendi-
cular line, as far as he can reach. The
line he thus chalks, should correspond
with the angle of the scythe's hlade,
supposing the perpendicular line to re-
present the handle.

SEA-BUCKTHORN. Hippo'phac.

SEAFO'RTHIA. (Named after Lord
Seti forth, a botanical patron. Nat. ord.,
Palms [Palmacese]. Linn., %'\-Poly-
yamia l-J/cwdJCta.)

Stove Palm. Seeds; rich sandy loam. Winter
temp., 45° to 50° ; summer, 60° to 75°.
S. e'legans (elegant). New Holland. 1822.

SEA-HEATH. Franke'nia.

SEA-HOLLY. Ery'nyium.

SEA-KALE. Cra'mbe Mari'tima. See

In addition to what is there stated
of its culture, we have only to give
drawings of the pots usually employed
for blanching it ; but see Rhubarb for a
frame, which also answers, when fer-
menting materials are heaped over, to
force it.

The following is also a good mode of
forcing : — On each side of a three-foot
bed dig a trench two feet deep, the
side of it next the bed being perpendi-
cular, but the outer side sloping, so as
to make it eighteen inches wide at the
bottom, but two-and-a-half at the top.

These trenches fill with fermenting
dung, which, of course, may be renewed
if found necessary, and frames put over
the plants, the light to be completely
excluded by boards, mattinsr, <fec. The
52

accompanying sketch represents a sec-
tion of the construction.

SEA LAVENDER. Sta'tice.

SEA KAGWORT. Cinera'ria mari'tima.

SEA-SIDE GRAPE. Cocco'loba.

SEA-SIDE BALSAM. Cro'ton elente'ria.

SEA-SIDE LAUREL. Xylophy'lla lati-
fo'lia.

SEA WEED. See Green Manure.

SEB^E'A. (Named after A. Scba, a
Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Gcntianworts
[Gentianacese]. Linn., ±-Tctrandria
\-Mono(jynia.}

Greenhouse annuals, all but ovata, from the
Cape of Good Hope. Seeds, in a sweet hotbed,
in March, pricked out, or potted, and either
bloomed in the open garden, or in the green-
house after May.
S. a'lbeus (whitish). £. White. August. 1820.

— au'rea (golden). J. Yellow. July. 1824.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). $. Yellow. July.

1815.

— ova' ta (egg-leaved). J. Red. August. N.

S. Wales. 1820.

SECAMO'NE. (Altered from squamona,
the Arabic name. Nat. ord., Asckpiads
[Asclepiadaceee]. Linn., 6-Pentandria
2-Digynia.)

Stove, white - flowered, evergreen twiners .
Cuttings of firm side-shoots, when about three
inches in length ; fibry loam, two parts ; fibry
peat and very rotten dung, or leaf-mould, dried,
one part ; silver sand and charcoal to keep it
open. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

S. JEgypti'aca (Egyptian). G. July. Egypt.
1752.

— elK'ptica (oval-leaved). 6. N. Holland. 1824.

— eme'tica (emetic). 6. India. 1816.

SE'CHIUM. Choko. (From scfeiso, to
fatten; hogs are fed on the fruit in
Jamaica. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cucur-
bitacese]. Linn., 21-Monocda IQ-Monn-

A cucumber -like, yellow - flowered, annual;
seeds in a hotbed, and either cultivated in
houses or pits ; or, after June, in the open air ;
light rich soil.

S. e'dule (eatable). 6. June. W. Indies. 1816.
— palma'tum (hand-/eowed). June. Mexico.
1827.

SECURIDA'CA. (From securis, a
hatchet ; form of the wing-like process
at the end of the pod. Nat. ord., Milk-
worts [Polygalacere]. Linn., Yi-Diadel-
phia '3-Octandria.}

Stove evergreen twiners, from the West In-
dies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in bottom heat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80. Sandy
loam and sandy fibry peat.

a a

SEC

S, ere'cta (upright). Purple. July. 1824.

— panicnla'ta (panicled). Yellow. July. 1820.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 10. White. 1739.

— vnlu'bilis (twining). 10. White. 1739.

$F/mnr. Stone-crop. (From scdere,
to sit ; they grow as if sitting on stones,
rocks, walls, &c. Nat. ord., Honscleeks
[Crassulaceoe]. Linn., W-ficcandria
•i-Pentayynia.)

Annuals, by seeds, on raised dry places, such
as banks and rockworks ; perennials, by divisions
and cuttings, which root most readily, and all
of which prefer dry, sandy, loamy soil; the
more tender of these may be grown in well-
drained pots, in sandy loam and brick-rubbish,
and treated as Alpines. The greenhouse kinds
require similar treatment, only a higher tempe-
rature, and to be kept even drier in winter.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.

5. Andegave'nse (Andegavenny). $. Yellow.
July. Andegavenny. 1835.

— Anderso'nii (Anderson's). %. White. June.

Hungary. 1816. Biennial.

— atra'tum (dark-annual). £. Purple. August.

Italy. 1/95.

— Cepee' a (Purslane-leaved). 1. White. July.

France. 1640.

— cteru'leum (pale-blue). ?. Pale blue. July.

Africa. 1822.

— Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 1. Whitish. July.

Calabria. 1835.

— deltoi'deum (triangular - leaved). Purple.

June. Naples. 1826.

— Faba'ria (Fabamn). White. July. Eu-

rope, 1836. Biennial.

— Hagclle'nse (Magellan). Yellow. July.

Magellan. 1816.

— mi1 serum (miserable). Green. July. Mexico.

1837. Greenhouse.

— pa' liens (pale). £. White. July. South

Europe. 1816. Biennial.

— pa'llidum (pate-red-flowered), $, Pale red.

July. Caucasus. 1817.

— se'iFfidurn (armwaJ-six-cleft) . £. White, July.

Caucasus. 1816.

— spatula1 turn (spatulate). £. White, July.

Hungary. 1815. Biennial.

— stella' turn (starred). £. Pink. July. South

Europe. 1640.

— tetraphy'llum (four-leaved) . White. July.

Levant. Biennial.

HAEDY EVERGREENS.

S. nu'dum (naked-firancAcd). 8. White, July, !
Madeira. 1777-

— Siebo'ldli (Siebold's). £. Blue. July. Japan, j

— teretifo'lium (taper -leaved). $. White..

England.

— viri'dulum (greenish), £. Yellow, June, j

Europe. 1824.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

S. a'cre (acrid). 4. Yellow. June. Britain.
diminu' turn (less), $. Yellow. June.

England.
elonga'tum (loug-shooted), $. Yellow.

June. England.

— aixo'on (ever-living). 1 . Yellow. August.

Siberia, 1757-

S. all'escpns (whitish - leaved^. $. Yellow.
June. England.

— a'lbicam (great - white). 2. White. Au-

gust. Europe. 1/94.

— a'lbum (white). £. White. June. England.
micra'nthum (small - flowered), $.

White. June. England.

— Alta'icum (Altaic). 1. Yellow. June.

Altaic Mountains. 1831.

— alti'ssimum (tallest). 1. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1/69.

— anaca'mpseros (Evergreen Orpine). $. Pur-

ple. July. France. 1596.

— A'nglicum (English). £. White. July.

Britain.
Hibe'rnicum (Irish). $. White.

July. Ireland.
microphy'llum (small-leaved). -4.

White. July. Britain.

— anope'talum (upward - leaved. Green}. £.

Pale yellow. July. S. France. 1818.

— — — — •- — — auranti1 acum (orange). £•

Orange. June. France. 1820.

— ceerule'scens (bluish-leaved). £. Yellow.

July. 1820.

— dasyphy'llum (thick-leaved). \. White. June.

England.

— denta'tum (toothed). £. Purple. June.

1810.

— elonga'tum (lengthened). Yellow. May.

Altai. 182/.

— Ewe'rsii (Ewers' s). 4. June. Siberia. 1829-

— Forsteria'num (Forster's). .£. Yellow. July.

Wales.

—fruticulo'sum (small-shrubby). %. Yellow.
Portugal. 1829.

— glau'cum (milky-green). ^. Yellow. July.

England.

— globulifo'lium (globe-leaved). Yellow. June.

1838.

— Hispa'nicum (Spanish). 4. Pale yellow.

June. Spain. 1732.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). £. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1776.

— Ibe'ricum (Iberian). £. Pink. July. Spain,

— involucra1 turn (clustered). £. Yellow. July.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). Greenish- white.

August. Switzerland. 1794.

— K'vidum (livid). 4. White, green. July.

1816.

— micra'nthum (small-flowered). White. June.

England.

— multicau'le (many-stemmed). Yellow. May.

Himalaya Mountains. 1838.

— negle'ctum (neglected) . 1. White. August.

Naples. 1835.

— Notarja'nni (Notarjanni's). White. July.

Naples. 1824.

— oblo'ngum (oblong). £. White. July. Bri-

tain.

— ochroleu'cum (yellowish- white), 1. White.

July. Greece. J818.

— oppositifo'ltum (opposite- leaved), 4. White.

August. Caucasus.

— pectina'tum (comb - leaved] . £. White.

July. 1818.

— populifo'lium (Poplar-leaved). 1. White.

August. Siberia. 1780.

— pu'lchrum (pretty). Purple. July. North

America. 1824.

— quadri'fidum (four-cleft), i, Yellow, July.

New Asia. 1800,

SKI)

C

S. rcfle'.rum (bent-back-teaw/). 1. Vellow.

June. England.

colli'num (hill). 1. Yellow. 1815.

recurra'tutn (curled - hack -green] .

£. Yellow. June. Europe. 1818.

— re'pem (creeping). $. Red. June. Switz-

erland. 1826.

— Rhodi'ola (Rose-scented). Yellow. June.

Britain.

— ro'seum (rosy). Rose. July. Caucasus. 1827.

— rupe'stre (rock), ?. Yellow. June. England.

— saxa'tile (rock). 3. June. S.Europe. 1820.

— sempervi'vum (Kouseleek -like). $. Deep

purple. July. Iberia. 1825.

— septangula're (seven-angled). &• Yellow.

July. 1795.

— sexangula're (six- angled). £. Yellow. July.

England.

— spu'rium (spurious). ^. White. August.

Caucasus. 181 6.

— stenope'talum (narrow- petaled). Golden.

June. North America. 1826.

— subclaua'tum (slightly-clubbed), i. July.

North America. 1829.

— Telefphium (common-Orpine). 2. Purple.

August. Britain.

— telephioi'des( Orpine-like). 1. Purple. Au-

gust. North America. 1810.

— terna'tum (three-leafletcd). £. White. July.

North America. 1789-

— verticilla' turn (whorl - leaved}. 1. Pink.

August. South Europe.

— villo'sum (shaggy). £. Pink. June. Britain.

— vi'rens (green). £. Yellow. June. Portugal.

1774.

— vire'scens (greenish). 1. Green, yellow.

July. 1815.

SEED-BOOM. — All that lias been said
relative to the Fruit-room, is applicable
to this. Everything promotive of decay
or germination is to be avoided ; and
if one relative direction more than
another requires to be urged upon the
gardener, it is comprised in these words
— keep it as dry as possible : the room
may be even hot, so that it is not damp.

SE'LAGO. (From the Celtic sel, sight,
&nd.jach, salutary ; supposed effects on
the eyes. Nat. ord., Selagids [Selagi-
naeeee]. Linn., l±-JDidynamia 2-An-
fjiospcrmia.'}

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
or rather the short stubby side-shoots, taken off
close to the stem, in spring and autumn, in
sand, under a bell-glass, but raised at night to
prevent damping. Sandy loain and vegetable
mould. The protection of a greenhouse, but
many of them are worth a place in the flower-
garden in summer.

S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). August. 1819.

— bractea'tu (bracted). 1$. Purple. June.

1812,

— cane'scens (hoary). l£. Pale purple. Sep-

tember. 1812.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed), 2, White, July;

1099.

0 ] SJ-1M

-S. denta'ta (toothed), 1$. White. July. 1823.

— di/u'su (spreading). 14. Purple. July. 1807.

— d'i'stans (distant- flowered). 2. White. April.

1845.

— foscicula'ta (bundle-jffowemJ). l£. Blue.
July. 1774.

— frntiro'su (shrubby). Yellow. June. 1822.

— Gi'llil (Gill's). 1. Pale rose. March. 1829.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. Purple.

July. 1823.

— hi'spida (bristly). Yellow. June. 1823.

— micra'ntha (small-flowered). Yellow. May.

1820.

— minuti'ssima (smallest). Yellow. June. 18)6.

— ova'tu (egg-/ie«ded). 1. Dark purple. 1774.

— polygaloi'des (Milkwort-like). £. Purple.

August. 1807.

— polysta'chya (many-spiked). White. June.

1823.

— ramulo'sa (small-branchy). l£. White.

1824.

— rapunculoi'des (Ratnpion-like) . 2. Violet.

1824.

— rotundifo'lia (round -leaved). 1. Purple.

June. 1816.

— spifia'ta (spiked). |. Purple. August. 1824.

— spi'nea (spiny). 3. Purple. 1824.

— spu'ria (spurious). 1. Violet. August. 1779.

SELF. A flower with petals of only
one colour.

SELF-HEAL. Prune'lla.

SELLIGUE'A. (Probably from the
Javanese name. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiacero]. Linn., &i-Cryplogamia 1-
Filices.)

Stove, yellow-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
S.flnve'scena (yellowish). May. East Indies.

— Hamilto'ni (Hamilton's). May. Nepaul.

— heteroca'rpa (various-fruited). June. Java.

— macrophy'lln (large - leaved). May. Java'

— pothifo'lia (Pothos-leaved). May. Nepaul.
SEMECA'RPUS. Marking Nut-Tree-

(From semeion, a mark, and karpos,
fruit ; the black juice used for marking
clothes. Natord.j^nacarcto [Anacardia-
ceoe]. Linn., 23-Polygamia 2-Dicecia.
Allied to Anacardium.)

Stove, greenish -yellow -flowered, evergreen
trees. Cuttings of ripe shoots in sand, under
a glass, in heat, in March or April ; peat, loam,
leaf-mould, and sand. Winter temp., 50° to
60° ; summer, 60° to 90.
S. Anaca'rdium (Anacardium). 20. East Indies.
1820.

— cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 20. East Indies.

1824.

SEMPERYI'VUM. House Leek. (From
sempervivo, to live for ever ; tenacity of
life. Nat, ord,, Houseleeks [Crassula-
ceacece]. Linn., \\-Dodecandria 7-Dj-
decagynia.}

Hardy and frame kinds, by division, and by
cuttings, and most of them delight in dry,
sandy soil, kept moist only when growing.
Grtenhoiist' kinds arc al»o freely propagated by

SEM

[ 820 ]

SEN

cuttings, dried for several days at the cut part ;
grown in sandy loam, leaf-mould, and brick
rubbish, and kept dry and in a state of rest in
winter. Winter temp., 38° to 45°; summer,
55° to 75°.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. arachnoi'deum (cobwebbed). £. Purple.
July. Italy. 1699-

— • ma'jus (larger). £. Red.

June. Italy.

•mi'nus (smaller). £. Red.

June. Italy.
—flagellifo'rme (whip-formed). |. Reddish.
July. Siberia. 1823.

— gtobi'ferum (globe-bearing. Hen and Chick-

ens). £. Yellow. June. Germany. 1733.

— hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Cream. June. Italy. 1804.

— monta'num (mountain). £. Red. June.

Pyrenees. 1752.

— pu'milum (dwarf). £. Pale red. June.

Caucasus. 1824.

— tecto'rum (roof. Common}. 1. Purplish.

July. Britain.

GEEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. dicho'tomum (two-ranked). Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1815. Biennial.

— dodranta'le (nine-inch). £. Flesh. July.

Teneriffe. 1815. Annual.

— micra'nthes (small-flowered). £. Green, red.

September. Canaries.

— Stella1 turn (starred). £. Yellow. July.

Madeira. 1790. Annual.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. aixoi'des (Aizoon-like). Yellow. June. Ma-
deira.

— arbo'reum (tree). 9- Golden. July. Levant.

1640.

— — — — variegu'tum (va*iegp.teA-leaved), 4.

Yellow. July. Levant. 1640.

— au'reum (golden). 1. Yellow. July. Canaries.

1815.

— " spu'rium (spurious). 1. Yellow.
July. Canaries. 1820.

— barba'tum (bearded). 1. Yellow. July.

Canaries. 1815.

— Mfu'reum (forked). 2. Madeira.

— ccespito'sum (turfy). £. Yellow. August.

Madeira. 1815.

— Canarie'nse (Canary), hj. White. June.

Canaries. 1699.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed), li. Pale yellow.

Teneriffe. 1815.

— crue'ntum (bloody). 2. Yellow. May.

Canaries. 1834.

— frute'scens (shrubby). 3. Yellow. Teneriffe.

1804.

— glandulo'sum (glanded-/ea?;ed), 1. Yellow.

April. Madeira. 1777.

— glutino'sum (clammy). l£. Yellow. July.

Madeira. 1777-

— polyphy' Hum (many-leaved). £. Red. Au-

gust. Canaries. 1777.

— retu'sum (large-bitten}, 2. Yellow. July.

Teneriffe. 1824.

— rupi'fragra (rock-scenting). Yellow. May.

Canaries. 1830.

— Smi'thii (Smith's). 1. Pale yellow. July.

Teneriffe. 1815.

— tabulafo'rme (table-shaped). l£. Yellow,

July. Madeira, 181 /'.

I S. tortuo'sum (twisted). |. Yellow. July.
Canaries. 1779-

— u'rbicum (city). 2. Yellow, July. Teneriffe.

1816.

— uvi'ferum (Grape-bearing. Uva de Guan-

ches). Yellow. Teneriffe. 1829.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 3. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1777.

— Youngia'num (Young's). 3. Yellow. June.

Canaries. 1842.

SENECI'LLUS. (A diminutive of Se-
necio. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. Linn., 19-Syngenesia %-Supciflua.
Allied to Cineraria.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, but
more generally by divisions ; rich sandy loam,
or even common garden soil.
S. glau'ca (milky-green). 6. Yellow. July.
Siberia. 1790.

— purpura'ta (purple). Purple. June. C, of

Good Hope. 1816.

SENE'CIO. Groundsel. (From senext
an old man ; naked receptacle compared
to a bald head. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracere]. Linn., lti-Synffent'sia 'I
Superflua.)

So difficult are the species to determine, that
twenty-one synonyms are added to Senecio,
All yellow-flowered, where not otherwise spe-
cified. Annuals, by seeds, in the open border,
and in a slight hotbed ; perennials, by seed,
and division of the plant, and also in common
garden soil ; shrubby kinds, by seeds, and easily
by cuttings, and mostly requiring a little peat
or dried leaf-mould along with the soil, and the
protection of a cool greenhouse. The double
varieties of elegans are much used in flower-
gardens ; but the single varieties are also very
beautiful. The double varieties are preserved
by cuttings in winter, and must be saved from
damp.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.
S. ampulla! cens (flask- headed). 2. Texas. 1834.

— crassifo'lius (thick-leaved). $. Purple. July,

South Europe. 1815.

— divarica'tus (straggling). l£. Purple. July.

China. 1801. Greenhouse biennials.

— erube'scens (ruddy). 2. Purple. July. C. of

G.Hope. 1774. Greenhouse biennial.

— Ga'llicus (French). June. France.

— lanugino'sus (woolly). 5. November. 1826.

— telephifo'lius (Telephium-leaved). 1. July.

C. of G. Hope. 1820.

— Valerianeefo'lius (Valerian-leaved). 4. July.

Europe. 1800.

HARDY EVERGREEN.
S. gibbo'sus (swollen). June. Sicily. 1827.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. argu'tus (sha.rn-leaved). 3. July. Mexico.
1827.

— a'sper (rough). 3. July. C. of G.Hope.

17/4.

— Cinerarioi'des (Cineraria-like). July. Mex-

ico. 1826.

—Slogans (elegant). 2. Purple. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1700.

SEN

[821 ]

SEP

S. e'legans flo're-a'lbo (white -flowered), li-
White. July. C. of Good Hope. 1700.

ple'nus-a'lbus (double-white). l£.

White. July. C. of Good Hope. 1/00.

ple'nus-ru'ber (double-red). 2. Red.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/00.

— hcernatophy'llus (bloody-leaved). 2. April.

1789-

— halimifo'lius (Halimus- leaved). 3. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1723.

— ilicifo'lius (Ilex-leaved). 3. June. Cape of

Good Hope. 1/31.

— la'nceus (spew-leaved) . 3. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1731.

— L'Heritie'ri cyanophtha'lmus (L'Heritier's

blue-blossomed). Whitish blue. June.
Canaries. 1843. Herbaceous.

— lila'cinus (Lilac). 6. Lilac. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1826.

— longifo'lius (long- leaved), 3. September.

Cape of Good Hope. 1775.

— persiceefo'lius (Peach- leaved). 3. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— peucedunifo' lius (Peucedanium-leaved). 3.

Purple. May. C. of Good Hope. 1816.

— Pse'udo-Chi'na (Bastard-Chinese). £. July.

East Indies. 1/32. Herbaceous.

— pubi'gerus (downy). 2. Red. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— purpu'reus (purple). 2. Purple. August.

C. of Good Hope. 1774- Herbaceous.

— reclina'tus (leaning). 2. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— rige'scens (stiffish-/e«wed). 3. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1815.

— ri'gidus (hard-leaved). 3. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1704.

— rosmarinifo' lius (Rosemary - leaved). 3.

July. Cape of Good Hope.

— sca'ber (scurfy). 4. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1700. Herbaceous.

— solidugi'neus (Solidago-like). 2. July. Cape

of Good Hope. 1824.

— specio'stis (showy). £. Scarlet. July. China.

1/89- Herbaceous.

— tussila' ginis (Colts- foot- leaved"). 1. Purple.

April. Teneriffe 1829.

— venu'stus (beautiful). l£. Purple. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

HABDY HERBACEOUS.

S. Adonidifo'lius (Adonis-leaved). 1. July.
Europe. 1800.

— Alpi'nus (Alpine). 2. July. S.Europe. 1683.

— arachnoides (spider-like). July. Italy. 1827.

— balsami'tes (Balsamita-like). June. N. Ame-

rica. 1819-

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). l£. July. N.

America. 1820.

— cordifo'lius (heart-leaved). 2. July. Austria.

1749.

— coria'ceus (leathery-/eaoerf). 4. July. Le-

vant. 1/28.

— Croa'ticus (Croatian). 4. July. Hungary.

1805.

— cro'ceus (reddish-yellow). June. Austria.

1822.

— crue'nt us (bloody). Purple. April. Teneriffe.

— deci'piens (deceiving). May. C. of G. Hope.

1821.

— delphinifo'lius (Larkspur-leaved), 1. July,

Barbary. 1800.

S. cudo'rus (sweet-scented). July. 1815.

— fri'gidus (cold). May. N. America. 1827.

— Japo'nicus (Japan). 1. August. Japan. 1774.

— leucophy'llus (white-leaved). 1. July. S. Eu-

rope. 1816.

— lyratifo' Hits (Lyre-leaved). 2. July. Aus-

tria. 1749.

— mlcrophy'llus (small - leaved). 4. July.

Caucasus. 1818.

— nemore'nsis (grove). 3. July. Austria. 1785.

— odora'tus (sweet-scented). New Holland.

— Otho'ncK (Othona-like). 2. Pink. July.

Iberia. 18 16.

— ova'tuft (egg-leaved). 3. September. Ger-

many. 1823.

— prate1 nuis (meadow). June. Galicia. 1828.

— &mi'thii (Smith's). Pink. July. Cape

Horn. 1801.

taraxacifo' lius (Dandelion -leaved). June.
Caucasus. 1824.

— Tournefo'rtii (Tournefort's). 3. July. Py«

renees. 1810.

— umbro'ws (shady). 2. July. Hungary. 1815.

— unifio'rus (one-flowered). 5. July. Alpine

Europe. 178Q.

SENSITIVE FERN. Onocle'a sensi'bilis.

SENSITIVE PLANT. Mimo'sa pu'dica.
There are several other plants which
give evidence of being sensitive. The
Venus Fly Trap (Dionce'a musci'pula)
has jointed leaves, which are furnished
on their edges with a row of strong
prickles. Flies, attracted by honey
which is secreted in glands on their
surface, venture to alight upon them.
No sooner do their legs touch these
parts than the sides of the leaves spring
up, and, locking their rows of prickles
together, squeeze the insects to death.
O'xalls sensiti'va and Smi'thia sensiti'va
are similarly irritable, as are the fila-
ments of the stamens of the Berberry.
One of this sensitive tribe, Desmo'dium
gy'rans, has a spontaneous motion; its
leaves are frequently moving in various
directions, without order or co operation.
When an insect inserts its proboscis
between the converging anthers of a
Dog's Bane (Apo'cynitm androsscemi/o'-
lium) they close with a power usually
sufficient to detain the intruder until
death.

SE'PTAS. (From sepicm, seven ; the
number prevailing in the parts of the
flower. Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassu-
lacese]. Linn., 1-Heptandrla 'L-Hepta-
gynia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Increased by divi-
sion ot the roots ; plants kept dry in winter ;
sandy loam and brick rubbish, Winter temp.,
38° to 45°.

SEP

[ 822 ]

SEE

S. Cape'nsls (Cape). g. August. l"4.
-- globiflo'ra (globe - flowered). £'.

March. 1809-
— umbe'lla (umbelled). £. July. 1800.

SERICO'GRAPHIS. (From scri/cos, silk,
and yrapko, to write. Xat. ord., Acan-
thads [ Acantliaceoa] . Linn., l±-Didy-
•namia 2-Angiospcrmia. Allied to Aphe-
landra.)

Stove half-herbaceous perennial. Easily in-
creased by cuttings. For culture see Jusiiciu.
S. Ghiesbreghtia'na (Ghiesbreght's). 3. Scarlet.
October. 1846.

SKRI'NGIA. (Named after M. Se-
ringa, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord.,
JByttneriads [ByttneriaceseJ. Linn.,
b-Pentandria I-Monogynia. Allied to
Lasiopetalum.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of young

S.platyphy'lla (broad-leaved). 12. White.
June. New Holland. 1822.

SERI'SSA. (Name of a plant men-
tioned by Dioscorides. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
Japan. Cuttings, in spring, under a glass ;
loam, peat, and sand. Probably hardy in the
south of England.
S.fas'tida (stinking). 2. May. 1787.

— mu'ltiplex (double-flowered). May.

SEKRA'TULA. Saw-wort. (From serra,
a saw ; edges of the leaves. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 10-
Syngcnesia l-JEquoUs,)

Perennials, by seeds and divisions in spring ;
annuals, by seed ; common garden soil. All
purple-flowered, except where otherwise stated.

HARDY BIENNIALS.

S. leuca'ntha (white-flowered). White. July.
Spain. 1825. Annual.

— ni'tens (shining). 2. July. Caucasus. 1823.
*— radia'ta (rayed). 2£. July. Hungary. 1800.

— Transylva'nica (Transylvanian). 2. July.

Transylvania. 1818.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. ala'ta (winged). 2. July.

— argu'ta (sharp-toothed). 3. September.

Hungary. 1824.

— Ca'spica (Caspian). 2. July. Caspian. 1820.

— Centaurioi'des (Centaury-like). 1. July.

Siberia. 1804.

— corona' ta (crowned). 5. July. Siberia. 1739.

— cyanoi'des (Cyanus-like). 2. Red. July,

Siberia. 1//8.

— cynaroi'des (Cynara-like). 3. July. Pyre-

nees. 1040.

— - depre'ssa (depressed). 1. July. Caucasus. 1818.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. July. Caucasus. 1819.

shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or
May ; sandy peat one part, sandy
parts. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

S. heterophy'lla (various - leaved) . 2. July.
Dauphiny. 1824.

— Kitaibe'llii (Kitaibel's). 2. July. Hun-

gary. 1818.

— multiflo'ru (many-flowered). 2. July. Sibe-

ria. 1816.

— ni'tida (shining). 2. July. Siberia. 1827.

— panno'nica (Hungarian). 2. July. Hun-

gary. 1810.

— si'tnp lex (simple). 1. July. Nepaul. 1821.

SI.TJPJ-'IITA. (Named after .7. £V?r/-Hn>r,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Proteads
[Proteaceafj. Linn., i-Tclrumlria 1-
Monogynia. Alliance near Leucosper-
mum.)

Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope evergreens ;
purple-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
cified. Cuttings of ripe shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and kept cool, the glass being
raised, and frequently removed at night, to pre-
i vent damping, the cuttings at the time pro-
tected by a frame or pit ; light fibry loam, with
a portion of charcoal and broken bricks or free-
stone. Winter temp., 38° to 48°, with a shaded
position for the pots in the heat of summer ;
the heads will stand the sun freely, if the roots
are protected.

S.abrotanifo'lia (Southernwood- leaved). 4.
Pink. 1803.

— acroca'rpa (pointed-fruited). Lilac. April.

1822.

i — adsce'ndem (ascending). 2. 1819.
j — ce'mula (rival). 3. 1803.
; — arena'ria (sand). 1. 1803.
i — Burma'nni (Burmann's). 2j. 1/86.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 2. 1803.

! — cyanoi'des (Cyanus-like). l£. 1803.
! — decu'mbens (lying-down). 1. 1818.

— diffu'sa (straggling). 3. 1810.

i — eleva'ta (elevated). Lilac. April. 1821.

| — elonga'ta (lengthened). l£. 1800.

I — emargina'ta (end-notched). 2. Pink. 1800.

I —flagella'ris (whip). 2. 1816.

I —flo'rida (flowery). 2. 1824.

— glabe'rrima (very-smooth). 1. 1825.

— glomera'ta (crowded). 3. 1/89.

— Nive'ni (Niven's). l£. 1800.

— odnru'ta (sweet-scented). 2. Pink. 1803.

— phylicoi'des (Phylica-like). 3. 178Q.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. Pink. 1803.

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 3. White. 1806.

— ntbricau'lis (red-stemmed). 2. 1818.

— scario'sa (membranous). Lilac. 1816.

— squarro'sa (spreading). 2. 1810.

SERVICE. Py'rus so'ruus. There arc
three varieties : Apple -shaped, Pear-
shaped, and Berry-shaped.

Propagation. — By Grafting on the
i apple, medlar, and hawthorn.

By Cuttings and by Seed, as directed
for the Apple.

Soil. — Clayey loam well drained suits
j it best.

Culture. — They are best trained as
dwarf standards or espaliers. Sec
1 Medlar.

SEE

Gather the fruit in autumn, and
treat it like that of the medlar.

SESBA'NIA. (From sesban, the Arabic
name of S. JEgyptlca. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [Fabacene], Linn., 17-
Diadelphia ±-Decandria. Alliance near
Clianthus.)

All yellow-flowered. Annuals require to be
sown in a hotbed, in April, and flowered either
in the plant -stove or a warm greenhouse;
shrubs, by cuttings of the half-ripened, stubby
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in bottom-
heat ; fibry loam and sundy peat. Winter
temp., 60°; summer, 60° to Q0°, with abun-
dance of moisture.

STOVE EVEEGEEENS.

S, JSggpti'aca (Egyptian). 4. July. Egypt.
IfJSO.

— occidenta'lis (western). 4. July. W. Indies.

1816.

STOVE ANNUALS.
S. aculea't a (prickly). 4. July. E. Indies. 1690.

— qffi'nis (kindred). 3. July. E. Indies. 1800.

— gra'cilis (slender). 3. July. 1820.

— pi'cta (painted). 6. July. W. Indies.

1823. Biennial.

— puncta'ta (red-spotted). 3. July. Guinea.

1825.

— seri'cea (silky). 3. July. E.Indies. 1818.

SETS are the tubers, or portions of
tubers, employed for propagating pota-
toes and other tuberous-rooted plants.
It may be accepted as a rule universally
applicable to them, that a moderately-
sized whole tuber is always to be pre-
ferred to a cutting of a tuber.

SETTING is fertilizing the female
blossoms with pollen from the male
blossoms. A plant is said to be a shy
setter when this fertilizing is apt to fail.

SEVERI'NIA. A doubtful name for
the Box-leaved Orange. Ci'trus buxi-
fo'lia.

SEYME'EJA. (Named after If. Seij-
mer, an English naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Figworts [Scrophulariacese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. )

Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from North
America. Seeds, in April, in a peat border.
S. pectina'ta (corah-leaved). 1. July. 1820.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. July. 1730.
SHADDOCK. Ci'trus decuma'na.
SHADES are for prolonging the time

of a plant's blooming, or promoting the
rooting of cuttings, by excluding the
sunlight. See Cuttings, Screens, and
Tulip.

SHALLOT. See Eschalot.

SHANKING is the technical term for a

srm

gangrene which attacks the footstalks
of grapes and the stems of cabbages
which have vegetated through the winter.
The shanking of the grape appears to be
occasioned by the soil becoming ex-
hausted, or by its temperature being too
much below that in which the branches
are vegetating ; and, consequently, the
supply of sap to the grapes being too
much diminished, the parts which thus
fail of support immediately begin to
decay: this is an effect always the^ con-
sequence of a diminished supply of sap,
apparent either in the leaves, flower, or
fruit. Shanking rarely appears in the
grape if the roots of the vine are within
the house. Shanking in the cabbage
arises from a very different cause, viz.,
the freezing of the stalk of the cabbage
just where it comes in contact with the
soil. The best preventive is dressing
the soil with salt, about five bushels
per acre, late in the autumn, and
sprinkling charred vegetable matters
among them. See Damping-off.

SHAEP CEDAE. Aca'cia oxyce'dnts and
Juni' perns oxyce'drns.

SHIELD FERN. Aspi'dium.

SHEEP LAUEEL. Ka'lmia angustifo'lia.

SHEEP'S SCABIOUS. Jasio'ne.

SHELLS. See Animal Matters.

SHELTEE. See Screen.

SHE -OAK. Casuari'na quadriva'lvis.

SHEPHEED'S BEARD. Arnopo'gon.

SHEPHEED'S CLUB. Verba'scum
Tha'psus.

SHEPHE'EDIA. (Named after the late
W. Shepherd, curator of the Botanic
Garden. Nat. ord., Oleasters [Elseag-
naceffi]. Linn., %%-Dicecia &-Tetrandria>
Allied to Hippophae.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs from North Ame-
rica. Generally by suckers; frequently by
seeds ; deep sandy loam. Good shrubs for
lawns or shrubberies.

S. arge'ntea (silvery). 10. April. 1820.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 10. April. 1759.

SHIFTING. See Potting and One-shift
\ System.

SHEEDS for fastening trees to Avails,
&c., are best made of the list or selvage
torn from black or blue cloth, and may
be obtained of any tailor. The smallest
possible number of shreds, and the
narrowest consistent with strength
should be employed ; for wherever the

SHR

[ 824 ]

SID

shred envelops the branch, the wood
beneath is never so well ripened as
those parts' exposed to the light and
air, which are so essential to enable
the bark to assimilate and separate
from the sap those secretions which
are required for the next year's growth.
Shreds should always be long enough
to permit the ends to be doubled over,
so that the nail may pass through four
thicknesses of the cloth, otherwise they
look ragged and are liable to tear away
from the nail. If old shreds are re-
used, they should be previously boiled
for a few minutes to destroy any insect-
eggs, or larvae they may contain.

SHRIVELLING of the berries of the
grape in stoves arises from the roots of
the vine not supplying a sufficiency of
sap. This occurs if the roots are in a
cold heavy soil, or are vegetating in an
outside border, the temperature of which
is too low compared with that of the
stove. In the first case, thorough
draining and the incorporation of cal-
careous rubbish; and in the second
case, protection to the border and stem,
will remove the evil.

SHRUBBEEY is a garden, or portion of
a garden, devoted to the cultivation of
shrubs.

SHRUBS are trees of a dwarf growth,
not exceeding in height twelve or fif-
teen feet, unless they are climbers, and
having, if permitted, branches and
foliage, clothing the entire length of
their stems.

SHUTE'RIA. See Convo'lvulus bi' color.

SHUTTING-UP is closing the lights of
frames, pits, greenhouses, and stoves,
which have been opened for the admis-
sion of air.

SIBBA'LDIA. (Named after Dr. Sib-
bald, of Edinburgh. Nat. ord., Rose-
worts [Kosacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
5-Pentagynia. Allied to Potentilla.)

Seeds, but chiefly by division of the plant, in
spring ; fibry sandy loam, and fibry peat. They
are best kept as little Alpines, in pots, protected
from frost and wet in winter, and shaded from
the midday sun in summer.
S. cre'cta (upright). 1. Pink. July. Siberia.
1806. Herbaceous.

— parviflo'ra (small - flowered). 4. Yellow.

July. Cappadocia. Herbaceous.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). £. Yellow. July.

Uritaiii. Evergreen trailer.

SIBERIAN CEAB. Py'rus pruni/o'lia.

SIBERIAN PEA- TREE. Carayafna.

SIBTHO'RPIA. (Named after Dr. Sib-
Ihorp. of Oxford. Nat. ord., Figworls
[Scrophulariacese]. Linn., l±~Didy-
uamia •Z-Anyiospermia.}

Yellow-flowered trailers. Seeds; and divisions
of the plant, in spring ; moist, sandy, shady,
peat-border. Prostrata requires the protection
of a greenhouse in winter.
S. Europce'a (European). &. July. England.

— prostra'ta (trailing). £. June. Madeira.

1771.

SI'DA. A name adopted from Theo-
phrastus, for an extensive group of
Mallow-worts^ of which the true generic
name is Cristaria, and the best species
are removed to Abutilon.

SIDEEI'TIS. Ironwort. (From sideros,
iron ; supposed power of healing wounds
by iron. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamia-
cese]. Linn., i-i-Didynamia %-Anyios-
permia. Allied to Marubium.)

Yellow-flowered, except where otherwise spe-
fied. Seeds; cuttings, under a hand-light,

summer

y, sandy,
and banks.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. Roma'na (Roman). 1. July. Italy. 1740.
Annual.

— serra'ta (saw -leaved}. 1. August. Spain.

1818.

— spino'sa (spiny). l£. August. Spain.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
S. Scordioi'des (Scordium-like). 1. September.

France. 1597.
-- Alpi'na. (Alpine). 1. July. Py-

renees. 1827.
--- ungustifo'lia (narrow-leaved) . 1 .

July. Pyrenees. 1597-

— elonga'tu (lengthened). August, Spain.

1822. Half-hardy,

— Tau'rica (Taurian). l£. July. Tauria. 1822.

cified. ees; cuttngs

in summer; division of the plant, in spring;

dry, sandy, or chalky soil ; well fitted for knolls

HALF-HARDY EVERGREENS,
leaved), 1 .

July.

S. angustifo'lia (narrow
Spain. 1820.

— cham<edrifo'lia( Germander-leaved). 1. July.

Spain. 1816.

— ilicifo'lia (Holly-leaved). l£. July. Levant.

— inca'na (hoary). l£. July. Spain. 1752.

— leuca'ntlia (white-flowered). 1. White. July.

Spain. 1823.

— perfoliu'ta (leaf- stem-pierced). 2. Septem-

ber. Levant. 1731.

— Syri'aca (Syrian). !£. July. Levant. 1597-

SIDERODE'NDRON. Iron-Tree. (From
sidcros, iron, and dendron, a tree ; from
hardness of wood. Nat. ord., Cin-
chonads [Cinchonaceeej. Linn., 4-ZV--
trandria \-Mono(jynia. Alliance near
to Ixora.)

SID

[ 825 ]

SIL

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a moist heat ;
sandy, fibry loam, fibry peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. triflo'rum (three-flowered). 20. Pink. West
Indies. 1793.

SIEGESBE'CKIA. (Named after J. G.
Siegesbeck, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracete]. Linn.,
l\)-Syngenesia 2-Superflua. Alliance
near Eclipta.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals. Seeds, in a
hotbed, in April ; seedlings pricked off, and
finally turned out into the flower-garden in the
beginning of June ; rich, light, sandy soil.
S. cordifo'lia (heart - leaved). 20. August.
Mexico. 1826.

— Ibe'rica. (Iberian). 1. White. August.

Iberia. 1818.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 2. September. India.

1780.

— triangula'ris (triangular). 2. August.

Mexico. 1825.

SIEVE 'RSIA. (Named after M. S Levers,
a Russian botanist. Nat. ord., Rose-
worts [Rosacese]. Linn., 1%-Icosandria
3-Polygynia. Allied to Geum.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, and division of the plant, in
spring ; light sandy soil.

S. anemonoi'des (Anemone - like). £. July.
Kamtschatka. 1820.

— Atla'ntica (Atlantic). May. S.Europe. 1810.

— glacia'lis (icy). £. July. Siberia. 1819.

— monta'na (mountain). £. July. Austria. 1597.

— Pe'ckii (Peck's). £. July. N.America. 1826.

— re'ptans (creeping). £. July. Switzerland.

1597-

— ro'sea (rosy). £. May. Rocky Mountains.

1827.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). J. July. Louisiana.

1826.

SILE'NE. Catchfly. (From sialon,
saliva; from the gummy secretion on
the leaves of some, which entrap small
flies. Nat. ord., Cloveworts [Caryo-
phyllacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 3-
Triyynia.)

All freely by seeds, Annuals, in the open
garden, in April, and many, if sown in Septem-
ber, will bloom very early ; the low-growing
ones are very suitable for knolls and rockworks.
Herbaceous ones also by division, and by cut-
tings of the young shoots, in sand, under a
hand-light, in summer ; shrubby ones by similar
means ; rich sandy loam.

GREENHOUSE BIENNIALS.
S. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 1. Brown. July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1774.

— giga'ntic (gigantic). 3. White. June.

Africa. 1738.

— orna'ta (ornamental). 2. Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1776.

— undula'ta (wavy). l£. Red. August, Cape

of Good Hope. 1/75.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. acau'lis (stemless). £. Rose. July. Britain.
a'lba (white). £. White. July.

Britain.
fce'mina (female). Red. July. Scot-

laud.
exsca'pa (scapeless). |. Red. July.

Switzerland. 1819-

ma's (male). Rose. July. Scotland.

—faba'ria (Faba-leaved). g. White. July.

Sicily. 1731.
—frutico'sa (shrubby). l£. Pink. June.

Sicily. 1629. Evergreen.

— Mocinia'na (Mocha's). 1. Purple. June.

Mexico. 1827.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. Scarlet. June. 1843.

HARDY ANNUALS, &C.

S. Mgypti'aca (Egyptian). 1. Pink. July.
Egypt. 1800.

— Arme'ria (Sweetwiltiam] . l£. Pink. August.

England.
a'lba (white). White.

— asce'ndens (ascending). J. Red. June,

Spain. 1822.

— Ato'cion (Atocion). $• Pink. June. Le-

vant. 1781.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 1. Striped. June.

France. 1820.

— Canarie'nsis (Canary). £. Red. June.

Madeira. 1822.

— Cerastoi'des (Cerastium-like). f. White.

July. South Europe. 1732.

— cheiranthifo'lia (Wallflower-leaved). 1. Red.

July. Swan River. 1821.

— color a' ta (coloured). 1. Purple. June.

Morocco. 1819.

— compa'cta (compact). l£. Pink. August.

Caucasus. 1823. Biennial.

— conge'sta (crowded). 1. Pink. June.

Greece. 1818.

— Cre'tica (Cretan). £. Green, white. July.

Crete. 1732. Biennial.

— Csere'ii (Cserei's). 3. White. June. 1834.

— cylindriflo'ra (cylindrical-flowered). 1. Red.

June. Levant. 1824. Biennial.

— di'scolor (various-coloured). £. Red. April.

Greece. 1817.

— diversifo1 lia (various-leaved). 1. Purple.

June. 1820.

— e'legans (elegant). l£. White. June. Portu-

gal. 1819.

— geminiflo'ra (twin-flowered). 1. Purple.

June. 1816.

— gra'cilis (slender). 1. White. July. 1823.

— hi'spida (bristly). 1. Cream. June. Bar-

bary. 1817.

— Ibe'rica (Iberian), l. White. June. Iberia.

1823.

— imbrica'ttt (imbricated). l£. White. June.

North Africa. 1818.

— Ita'lica (Italian). 14. White. May. Italy.

1759. Biennial.
—juvena'lis (youthful). 2. White. June. 1835,

— la'cera (torn). l£. White. July. Caucasus.

1818. Biennial.

— la^ifio'ra (loose-flowered). 1. White. June.

Spain. 1820.

— linifo'lia (Flsux-leaved). 1. Green, yellow.

Julv. Portugal. 1817.

— longicau'lis (long-stemmed), 1, Red. June.

Spain. 1818.

SIL

[ 820 ]

SIL

S. Lusita'illcu (Portuguese). 1. Pink. June.
Portugal. 1732.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 1. White. June.

Hungary. 1794. Biennial.

— nemora'lis (grove). 1. White. June. Hun-

gary. 1816. Biennial.

— noctiflo'ra (night-flowering). 2. Pink. July.

England.

— noctu'rna (night). 2. Brown. July. South

Europe. 1683.

— nycta'ntha (night-flowered). l£. Brown.

July. 1815.

— Oliveria'na (Oliver's). Red. July. Aleppo.

1818.

— orchi'dea (Orchid-like). Rose. June. Le-

vant. 1781.

— pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Red. June. Sicily.

1731.

— pcrfo'liata (leaf-stem-pierced). l£. Red.

June. Levant. 1817- Biennial.

— pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. July. France. 1817.

— Porte'nsis (Oporto). 1. Pink. July. Por-

tugal. 1759-

— Psummi'tis (Psammitis). l£. Cream. June.

1818. Biennial.

— pumi'lio (dwarf). £. Pink, June. Ger-

many. 1823.

— quinque-vu' Inera (five-wounded). 1. Blood.

July. England.

— ramo'sa (branchy). 1. White. July. Bar-

bary. 1820.

— ramosi'ssima(branchiest). 1&. Rose. June.

Candia. Biennial.

— reticula'ta (netted). 1. Rose. July. Bar-

bary. 1804.

— rube'lla (small-red). £. Flesh. May. Por-

tugal. 1735.

— sabuleto'rum (gravel-pit). 1. Purple. June.

1818.

— secundifto'ra (side-flowering). 1. Purple.

June. Spain. 1820.

— seri'cea (silky). 1^. Pink. July. South

Europe. 1801.

— spatula'ta (spatulate). £. Purple. June,

Caucasus. 1823. Biennial.

— stri'cta (upright). l£. Purple. June. Spain.

1802.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 1. Purple. June.

Dahuria. 1820.

— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). J. Pink. May.

Barbary. 1823.

— undulafo'lia (wavy-leaved). Red. June.

Sardinia. 1820.

—• vesper ti' no. (evening). 2. Rose. July.
Brittany. 1796.

— visco'sa (clammy). 2. White. June. Levant.

1731. Biennial.

— viscosiss'ima (clammiest). 1. June. Naples.

1824.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

S. Alta'ica (Altaic). 1. Yellowish. August.
Altai. 1831.

— amee'na (pleasing). 1. White. July. Tartary.

1779.

— angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 1. White.

July. Europe. 1817-

— apri'ca (sunny). Russia. 183/.

— catspito'sa (turfy). $. Pink. June. Caucasus.

1822.

— campanula (bell-flowered). 2. Green, while.

July. Piedmont. 1823.

S. ca'na (hoary;. H. KeJ. June. 1824.

— Ca'spica (Caspian). il. Pink. June. Cau-

casus. 1823.

— Catesbai'a (Catesby's). 1. Pink. June.

Carolina. 1810.

— catho'lica (universal). l£. Green, white.

August. Italy. 1711.

— chloreefo'lia (Chlora - leaved). 1 . Lilac,

yellow. August. Armenia. 179*i.

— chlora'ntha (pale - flowered). 14. Green,

white. July. Germany. 1732.

Purple. June.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). J,

Crete. 1804.

— cordifo'lia (heart-leaved).

Piedmont. 1819-

-4. Pink.
Purple.
White.

June.
June.

— Co'rsica (Corsican).

Corsica. 1820.

— depre'ssa (depressed). £. White. June.

Iberia. 1816.

— e/u'sa (spreading). 1. White, yellow. July.

Volga. 1823.

— ela'ta (tall). 3. White. June. Tauria. 181Q.
—fimbria'ta ({ringed-flowered). 2£. White.

June. Caucasus. 1803.

— flave'sccns (yellowish). 1. Yellow. June.

Hungary. 1804.

— glaucifo'liu (milky-green-leaved), i- Red.

June. Spain. 1820.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 2. White.

June. Altai. 1819.

— gypso'philci (chalk-loving). £. White. June.

1822.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). £. Red. June,

Spain. 1819.

— infla'ta (inflated). 1. White. July. Britain.
-- hirsu'ta (hairy). White. Britain.

— infra' eta (broken). White. July. Hungary.

1800.

— lacinia'ta(cut-petaled). 1$. Scarlet. July.

South America. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1, White. July.

Barbary. 1817-

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). l£. Lilac, pur-

ple. August. Hungary. 1793.

— mari'tima (sea). £. White. August. Britain.
-- flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 1.

White. August. England.

— molli'Mima (softest). 1. Pink. August.

Italy. 1739.

— ocymoi'des (Basil-like). 1. April. 1823.

— ova'ta (egg -leaved). 1. White. June.

North America. 1820.

— parado'xa (paradoxical). 1. Pink. July.

Europe.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 1|. Pink. June.

1817-

— pa' tula (spreading). 1. White, July.

Barbary. 1823.

— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red.

June. North America. 1806.

— petra'a (rock). $. White. July. Hungary.

1822.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). White. August. Europe.

1739.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 1. White. June.

Austria. 1800.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). $. Pink. June.

Siberia. 1823.

— pube'sccns (downy). 1. Purple. July.

Corsica. 1818.

— quadridcnta'tu (four-toothed). 4- White.

June. Alps. 1822.

SIL

[ 82T ]

SIP

S. quadri'fida (four-cleft). \. White. June.
Verona. 1818.

— refle'xa (bent-back). 1. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1726.

— rc'gla (royal). l£. Crimson, June. North

America. 1811.

— re'pens (creeping). 1. Pink. August.

Siberia. 1823.

— nequie'nii (Requiems) . £. White, red.

June. Corsica. 1823.

— Suxifra'gra (Saxifrage), i. Flesh. July.

France. 1640.

— Scha'fta (Schafta). £. Rose. April. Keri-

dach. 1844.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). l£. Rose. July.

Siberia. 1773.

— spergulifo'lia (Spurrey-leaved). £. White.

June. Armenia. 1817-

— stella' to, (star-leaved*). 1. White. July.

North America. 1696.

— stylo'sn (large-styled). £. Yellowish. July.

1831.

— supi'na (supine). |. Pink. July. Caucasus.

1804.

— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 2. White. July.

Russia. 1796.

— tdnuis (slender). $. Cream. July. Siberia.

1816.

— Valle'sii (Vallesian). £. Flesh. July.

Switzerland. 1/65.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. Purple. July.

North America. 1783.

— viscaginoi'des (Viscago-like). £. Pink. June.

Dauria. 1824.

— Wolge'nsis (Wolga). Green, yellow. July.

Wolga. 1824.

SILK COTTON-TREE. Bn'mbax.

S ILK-TREE. Aca'cia julibri'ssin.

SIMARU'BA. (The Guiana name.
Nat. ord., Quassiads [Simarubacese].
Linn., \Q-Dccandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Quassia.)

Stove, yellowish-white-flowered, evergreens
from West Indies. Cuttings of the ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a strong
moist heat ; fibry peat, and light fibry loam.
Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer, 65° to 85°.
S. exce'lsa (lofty). 40. 1818.

— glau'ca t milky-green). 1824.

— officina'lis (shop). 10. 1/89.

SINA'PIS. Mustard. (From the Celtic
nap, applied to the cabbage tribe. Nat.
ord., Crucifers [Brassicacese]. Linn.,
lo-Tetradynamia. )

Hardy yellow-flowered annuals. See Mus-
tard.

S. a'tba (white). 3. June. Britain.
— frute'scens (shrubby). l£. July. Madeira.
1777-

— ni'gra (black). 4. May. Britain.

tu'rgida (turgid). 4. May. Britain.

laoiga'ta (smooth). 4. May. E.

Indies. 181Q.

— nudicau'lis (naked -stemmed). 1. June.

Spain. 1818.

SINGA'NA. (From sinya-s'niyu, the
name in Guiana. Nat. ord., Capparids

[Capparidacetc], Linn., 13-Polyandriu
1-Monoyynia. Allied to Crateeva.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
bottom heat, in May ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 55° to da° ; summer, 60°
to 85°.

.S. Guianee'nsis (Guianian). White. June.
Guiana. 1827.

SINGLING. Thinning seedlings so
that two do not touch each other.

SINXI'NGIA. (Named after W. Sin-
ning, a German gardener. Nat. ord.,
Gesnerworts [Gesneracese]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Anyiosperrnia. )

We have retained this genus, the name being
in common use, but the species are Gloxinias.
Stove evergreens. For culture see Ge'sneru.
S. gutta'ta (spotted). l£. Yellow, red. June.
Brazil. 1827.

— He'lleri (Heller's). 1. White, green. June.

Rio Janeiro. 1 827.

— veluti'na (velvety). l£. Yellow. June.

Brazil. 1827.

— villo'sa (shaggy). l£. Yellow, green. June.

Brazil. 1827.

SIPHOCA'MPYLOS. (From siphon, a
tube, and kampylos, a curve ; shape of
the flower. Nat. ord., Lobeliads [Lo-
beliaceai] . Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
//i/nia.}

Cuttings root readily ; those which are
herbaceous are best struck from the young
shoots, several inches in length, as they rise
from the root in spring ; bicolor and bctula;-
folius are hardy in sheltered places.

HARDY.

S. betultefo'lius (Birch-leaved). 3. Red,
yellow. July. Brazil. 1842. Deciduous.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 3. Red, yellott'.

April. Georgia. 1835. Evergreen.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. cocci' neus (scarlet-^?OM-'e?'e«?). 3. Scarlet,
July. Brazil.

— duploserra'tus (double-saw-leaved). 2. Red.

Brazil. 1847.

— lantanifo'lius (Latana -leaved). Rose. July,

Organ Mountains. 1841.

— . glabriu'sculus (rather-smooth).

3. Purplish red. April. Caraccas. 184/.

— longipeduncula'tus (long-flower-stalked). 3.

Red. January. Organ Mountains.
1841.

STOYE EVERGREENS.

S. giga'ntcus (gigantic). Yellow, red. New
Granada.

— glandulo'sus (glanded-calyxed). 3. Red.

July. Bogota. 1845.

— Gulanc'nsis (Guianian). Guiana. 1847.

— manetticeflo'rus (Manettia-flowered). 1.

Red, yellow. April. New Granada.
1848.

— microsto'ma (small-mouthed). 3. Scarlet.

September. New Granada. 1844.

SIP

828 ]

SKI

S. Orbigina'nus (D'Orbiny's). Yellow and
scarlet. Valparaiso. 1850.

exi'mius (shewy). Dark violet.

New Granada. 1850.

e'legans (elegant). Bright red.

New Granada. 184Q.

— reticula't us (netted). Violet. New Granada.

1850.

— sea 'ndens (climbing). Scarlet. Peru. 1847.

— Suriname'nsis (Surinam). 2. Orange.

April. S. America. 1/86.

Sissoo WOOD. Dalbe'rgia si'ssoo.

SISY'MBEIUM. A classical name for
some plant. Nat. orcl., Crucifers [Cru-
ciferse]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia.}

Many species, all but one mere weeds. This
is propagated by cuttings of young shoots, in
spring ; does best with greenhouse treatment,
but requires at least a cold pit in cold winters ;
common sandy loam.

S. millefo'lium (Milfoil-leaved). Ij. Yellow.
June. Canaries. 1779- Evergreen.

SIPHO'NIA. (From siphon, a tube or
pipe. Nat. ord., Spurgeworts [Euphor-
biaceee]. Linn., 21-Monoeda 10-Mona-
delphia.)

The Brazilian, or Bottle Indian-rubber is the
produce of this shrub. Stove evergreen shrub.
Cuttings of ripened shoots, dried at the base,
inserted in sand, under a large glass, in bottom-
heat; sandy, fibry loam, peat, and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Cahu'chu (Cahuchu). 6. Guiana. 1823.

SISYKI'NCHIUM. (From sys, a pig,
and rynchos, a snout ; swine grub out
the roots for food. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-
Polygynia.)

Herbaceous perennials. Seeds and offsets,
in spring ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.

HAEDY.

S. a'nceps (two-edged). 1. Blue. June. North
America. 16Q3.

— Califo'rnicum (Californian). £. Yellow.

July. California. 1796.

— Cummi'ngii (Cumming's). 1. Cream. July.

North America. 1832.

— glaucophy' Hum (milky-green-leaved). f .

Blue. August. North America. 1830.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). £. White.

May. North America. 1826.

— mucrona'tum (spine -pointed). fj. Blue.

June. North America. 1812.

— Nutta'lli (Nuttall's). 1. Blue. June. North

America. 1823.

— stria'turn (channelled). 2. Yellow. June.

Mexico. 1788.

— tenuifo'lium (slender-leaved). £. Yellow.

May. South America. 1816.

HALF-HARDY.

S. Bermudia'num (Bermuda). 1. Blue. June.
Bermudas. 1/32.

— Chile'nse (Chilian). Blue. July. Chili. 1826.

— convolu'tum (encircling). *. Yellow. May.

South America, 1810.

S. graminifo'lium (Grass-leaved), £, Yellow.
April. Chili. 1825.

pu'milum (dwarf), £. Yel-
low. October. Chili.

— hirte'llum (slightly-hairy). |. White. July.

North America. 1830.

— iridifo'lium (Iris-leaved). |. Yellow. June.

South America. 1822.

— ju'nceum (reed-like). f. Lilac. June.

Chili. 1832.

— lalxum (loose). £. Yellow. June. South

America. 1818.

— lute1 seem (yellowish). 2£. Yellowish. June.

Chili. 1830.

— lu'teum (yellow). £. Yellow. June. South

America. 1823.

— macroce'phalum (large-headed). l£. Yel-

lowish. July.

— macula' turn (spotted-pet uled). 1. Yellow-

spotted. June. Chili. 1830.

— maja'le (May). Yellow. May. Valparaiso.

1832.

— micro! nthum (small-flowered). £. Yellow.

June. South America. 1815.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest -scented). White.

June. South America. 1828.

— palmifo'lium (Palm- leaved). 1. AVhite.

February. Brazil. 1823. Stove.

— peduncula1 turn {long - flower - stalked). 1.

Yellow. September. Chili. 1827.

— plica' turn (folded). 2. White. February.

West Indies. 1779. Stove.

— specio'sum (showy). 1. Blue. June. Chili.

1836.

SITOLO'BIUM. (From sitos, wheat,
and lobos, a lobe ; shape of the lobes of
the fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypo-
diacese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia l-Fi-
lices. )

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
S. adiantoi'des (Maiden-hair-like). May. West
Indies. 1834.

— cunea'tum (wedge-shaped). May. Isle of

Luzon.

— davallioi' des (Davallia - like). May. New

Holland. 1833.

— disse'ctum (dissected). Winter. East Indies.

— fla'ccidum (weak). April. Isle of Luzon.

— glutinu'mm (clammy). April. East Indies.

— pilosiu' sculum (slightly-hairy). September.

East Indies.

— punctilo1 bium (dotted-lobed). April. North

America. 1822.

— rubigino'sum (ruddy). May. Brazil. 1841.

SI'UM. (From sin, the Celtic for
water. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Umbel-
liferacesej. Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-JJi-

All weeds, except the following. See Skirret.
S. sisa'rum (Skirret). 1. White. August.
China. 1548.

SKINNE'IIA. (Named after Captain
Skinner t a botanist. Nat. ord., Hind-
weeds [Convolvulaceee]. Linn., b-Pcn-
tandria 1-Afonoyynia, Allied to Caty-
stegia.)

SKI

[ 829 ]

SNA

Stove herbaceous. Seeds in a hotbed, in
spring ; and cuttings of the young shoots in
spring, in sandy light soil, and in a sweet
bottom-heat ; rich, light, fibry loam, and a
little peat. Winter temp., 53° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

S, ccEspito'sa (turfy). Yellow. May. East
Indies. 1827.

SKIRRET. Si'um Sisa'rum. Sow at
the end of March, or early in April, in
drills a quarter-of-an-inch deep, and
twelve inches apart. Thin the plants
to twelve inches apart. In autumn,
they will be fit for use like parsnips.
By Offsets. — Old roots throw off these
in the spring, when they may be slipped
off, and planted in rows a foot apart
each way. Soil. — A light rich loam is
best, trenched, with a little manure dug
in with the bottom spit.

To save Seed, let a few of the old
roots run up in spring ; they ripen their
seed in the autumn.

SKULL-CAP. Scntella'ria.

SLIPPER WORT. See Calceola'ria.

SLIPS are young shoots torn off from
the parent plant, so that they have a
heel of older wood attached to them.
See Cult in ys for culture. Slips also is
the name applied to the side-beds of
the kitchen, not immediately in contact
with the walls or fences.

SLOE TREE. Pru'nns spino'sa.

SLUGS are of many species, and the
smaller are much more injurious to the
gardener than those of a larger size,
because they are much less discernible,
and their ravages being more gradual,
are not at once detected. They are
effectually destroyed by either salt or
lime ; and to secure the contact of these
with their bodies, it is best first to water
the soil where they harbour, Avith lime-
Avater in the evening, when they are
coming out to feed, sprinkling the sur-
face at the same time Avith dry lime; and
at the end of a week, applying a surface-
dressing of salt, at the rate of five
bushels per acre. If cabbage leaves are
spread upon the surface of land infested
by slugs, they Avill resort to their under
sides, and thus they may be trapped ;
but lime and salt are most efficacious.
Lime-water may be poured over wall-
trees infested with them, and they may
be syringed with it as well as with wa-
ter in which gas liquor has been mixed,

about half-a-pint to a gallon. If lime
be sprinkled along the top, and at the
base of the wall, renewing it weekly,
the slugs cannot get to the trees. Fresh
brewers' grains, placed in small heaps,
are good traps for them ; and frequent
earth-stirring helps to banish them.

SMEATHMA'NNIA. (Named after
Smeathmann, an African traveller. Nat.
ord., Passionworts [ Passinoracese ].
Linn., 13-Polyandria 6-Polyyynia.}

Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from Sierra
Leone. Cuttings of ripened shoots, or short
stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in bottom-heat ; sandy fibry loam, and
lumpy peat. Winter temp., 55° to6o°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
S. Ifeviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 6. February. 1823.

— pube'sccns (downy). 10. February.

SMILACI'NA. (Diminutive of Smilax,
from smile, a scraper ; referring to the
rough stems. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria \-Mo-
noyynia.}

Hardy herbaceous, white-flowered, and from
North America, except where otherwise speci-
fied. Divisions, in spring ; common light soil.
S. bifo'lia (two-leaved). $. May. North Eu-
rope. 1596.

— borea'lis (northern). 1. Yellow. May. 1787.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). £. June. 18)2.

— cilia'ta (hair-fringed). £. May. 1823.

— rucemo'sa (racemed). l. Pale yellow. May.

1640.

— ramo'sa (branchy). 2. Pale yellow. May.

Siberia. 1820.

— stella' ta (starred). £. May. 1633.

— trifo'lia (three-leaved). £. June. 1812.

— umbella'ta (uinbelled). f. May. 1778.

SMI'LAX. (From smile, a scraper ;
rough prickly stems. Nat. ord., Sarsa-
parillas [Smilacese]. Linn., 22-Dicecia
6-Hexandria.)

Sarsaparilla is the produce of many species
of Smilax. There are many species, but only
the following require our notice, which have
whitish-green flowers. Suckers from the roots ;
sandy rich loam, and a little peat. They are
evergreen climbers, seldom flowering. One of
the most beautiful is rubens, from the red
colour of its tendrils. The species from China
should have the protection of a cold pit or a
wall.
S. Chi'na (China). 6. China. 1759.

— ru'bens (red). 6. July. N.America. 1812.

— sagittcefo'lia (arrow-leaved). 14. Sep-

tember. China. 1820.

— Sarsapari'lla (Sarsaparilla). 4. July. N.

America. 1664.

— Walte'rii (Walter's). Virginia.

— Watso'ni (Watson's). 4. July. N. America.

1811.

SNAILS. See /Slugs.

SNA

SOI

SITAIT. FLOWEH. Phaw'nlm cararn'lla

SXAKE GOURD. Trichos(i')if/i,-s.

SXAKE ROOT. Arislolo'chia serpen-
ta'ria.

SNAKE WOOD. Cecro'pia.

SNAPDRAGON. Antirrhi'num and
Sile'ne anlirrhl'na.

SNEKZEYTOTVT. Achilk'a Pta'rmica.

SNOW is one of the gardener's best
shelters, and should never be removed
from his out-door crops. It prevents
heat from radiating from them ; pro-
tects them from freezing, drying blasts,
and, being a bad conductor of heat,
thus prevents its escape from them.
We have never known the surface of
the earth, below a covering of snow,
colder than 32°, even when the tem-
perature of the air above has been 28°.

SNOWBALL TREE. Vibu'rnum O'pulus.

SNOWBERRY. Chioco'cca.

SNOWDROP. Anc'mone sylve'stris and
Gala' nt hits.

SNOWDROP TREE. Hale' da.

SNOWFLAKE. Leuco'jum.

SOAP-BOILER'S ASHES. See Ashes,

SOAPWORT. Sapona'ria.

SOBRA'LIA. (Named after F. M. So-
bral, a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gy-
nandria 1-Monandria.}

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.
S. deco'ra (comely). Various. July. Gua.
temala. 1836.

— dicho'toma (two-ranked). Rose, purple.

March. Peru.

— Klia'strum (Lily-flowered). White. July.

Guiana. 1840.

— macra'ntha (large-flowered). 6. Crimson.

September. Guatemala. 1842.
_ sple'ndens (splendid). 3, Crim-
son. September. Guatemala. 1846.

— se'ssilis (stalkless). Pink. December. Peru.

1840.

— viola'cea (violet). Violet, white. July.

Merida.

SOIL. However varying in the pro-
portions, yet every soil is composed of
silica, alumina, Lime, magnesia, oxide
of iron, salts, and animal and vegetable
remains. A fertile soil is one which
contains such a proportion of decom-
posing matter and of moisture as to
keep the crop growing upon it always
supplied with food in a state fit for the
roots to absorb, yet not so superabund-
antly as to render the plants too luxu-
riant, if the object in view is the pro-
duction of seed ; but for the production

of those plants whose foliage is the
part in request, as spinach, or of edible
bulbous roots, as onions, Avhich have u
small expanse of leaves, so as to be
almost entirely dependent upon the soil
for nourishment, there can scarcely be
an excess of decomposed matter pre-
sented to their roots.

A subsoil of gravel, mixed with clay,
is the best, if not abounding in oxide
of iron; for clay alone retains the mois-
ture on the arable surface, in too great
an excess ; and sand or chalk, on the
contrary, carries it away too rapidly. It
is, however, evident, that to insure these
desiderata in any soil, at all seasons, is
impossible ; and it is manifest that a
soil that would do so in one climate
would fail in another, if the mean an-
nual temperature of them should differ,
as well as the amount in inches of rain
which fall during the same period.
Thus, in the western parts of England,
more than twice as much rain occurs
! as in the most eastern counties, or in
the proportion of forty-two to nineteen;
a soil in the east of England, for any
given crop, therefore, may be richer
and more tenacious than the soil re-
quired for it on the western coast.

Alumina (clay) imparts tenacity to a
soil when applied ; silica (sand) dimi-
nishes that power ; whilst chalk and
lime have an intermediate effect. They
render heavy soils more friable, light
soils more retentive. These simple
facts are important; two neighbouring
gardens, by an interchange of soils,
being often rendered fertile, which be-
fore were in the extremes of tenacity
and porosity.

In affording warmth to plants, the
earth is of considerable importance,
and the power of accumulating and
retaining heat varies as much in soils
as the proportions of their constituents.
Sir Humphrey Davy found that a rich
black mould, containing one-fourth of
vegetable matter, had its temperature
increased, in an hour, from 65° to 88°
by exposure to the sunshine, whilst a
chalk soil was heated only to 69° under
similar circumstances. But the first,
when removed into the shade, cooled in
half an hour 15° ; whereas the latter
lost only 4tp, This explains why the

SOI

SOL

crops on light- colourful tenacious soils
are in general so much more backward j
in spring, but are retained longer in
verdure, during autumn, than those on
black light soils. The latter attain a i
genial warmth the more readily, but \
part from it with equal speed.

The quantity of soluble matter ob- !
tainable from a soil, at any one time, is !
very small, seldom exceeding a one- j
thousandth part of its weight; and i
even pure vegetable mould, the debris
of entirely putrefied plants, was found
by Saussure to yield only one-eleventh !
of soluble matter. This mould was too j
rich for horticultural purposes, peas j
and beans grown in it being too luxu-
riant ; and they were more productive ;
in a soil containing only one-twentieth
of organic constituents dissolvable by
water. Small in amount, however, as is
the soluble constituents of the most
fertile soils, they are necessary for the
vigorous vegetation of plants ; for when
a soil is deprived of those constituents
by frequent washings with boiling water,
it is much less fertile than before.
Liebig and others have most illogically
concluded, from the smallness of the
soluble extract contained in a soil, that
it is of small importance, forgetting
that as fast as it is taken by the roots
of the crop, it is generated again by
the decomposition of the animal and
vegetable remains. This is one reason
why fallowing is beneficial ; easily de-
composing matters have been exhausted
by successive crops ; and by a year's
rest, and exposure to the putrefactive
agency of the air, the more stubborn
and more slowly decomposing matters
have time to decay and accumulate in
the soil.

SOILIXG-UP. See Basining-up and
Earthiny-up.

SO'JA. (From sooja, the name of a
sauce made from the seeds in Japan.
Nat.ord.,J>/7MnM'n0Ms Plants [Fabacese].
Linn., \l-I)ladelphia ^-Deccindrla, Al-
lied to Dolichos.)

Climbing annual. Seeds in May, in the open
border, or in a slight hotbed in April, and
transplanted.

S.hi'spida (bristly). 3. Violet. July. E.
Indies. 1790.

SOIA'NDBA. (Named after Dr. 80-

lander, a Swedish botanist. Nat. ord.,

Nit/htshades [Solanacese]. Linn., 5-

Pentan dria 1 -Man of/i/n la . )

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings from

flowering shoots in open sandy loam, and in ti

brisk bottom heat ; sandy loam, a little fibry

peat, and dried nodules of old cow dung.

Winter temp., 50° to 60°, and almost dry;

summer, 60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture

when growing.

S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 15. Pale
yellow. May. Jamaica. 1781. Climber.

-~ gutta'ta (spotted-flowered). 12. Pale yel-
low. Mexico. 1830.

— Ice' vis (smooth-leaved). 2. White. October.

— ni'tida (shining). 20. Yellowish-white.

E. Indies. 1820.

— oppositifo'lia (opposite-leaved). 10. White.

Ceylon. 1820.

— viridiflo'ra (green-flowered). 3. Green. S.

America. 1815.

SOLA 'NUM. Nightshade. (From soZor,
to comfort; soothing narcotic effect.
Nat. ord., Nightshades [Solanacese],
Linn., o-Pentandria \-Monogynia.}

All freely by seeds. Annuals, hardy, seeds
in the open air ; tender, in a hotbed, and trans-
planted in June ; herbaceous, by similar means,
and division; shrubby, by similar modes and
cuttings, under a bell-glass, and requiring the
protection of a house and temperature, in pro-
portion to the place of which they are natives.
See Potato.

HARDY ANNUALS.

S. JEthio'picum (Ethiopian). l£. White. Au-
gust. JEthiopia. 1597.

— Fontanesia'num (Fontaine's). Yellow. Au-

gust. Brazil. 1813.

— hetera'ndrum (various-stamened). Yellow.

July. Missouri. 1837.

— heterodo'xum (heterodox). Blue. July.

Mexico. 1820.

-.?ii'gnm(black-6«rried). 3. White. July.
Britain.

— — — — melanoce'rasum (black-cherry). 2.

White. July. Virginia. 1820.

— obtusifo'lium (blunt-leaved). August. 1831.

— rostra1 turn (beaked). Yellow. July. Mexico.

1823.

HAEDY HERBACEOUS.
S. cardiophy'llum (heart-leaved), 1. Cream.
June. Mexico. 1846. Tuberous.

— crt'spum (curled). 18. Blue. June. Chili.

1824. Evergreen.

— demi'ssum (humble). 1$. June. Mexico.

1846. Tuberous.

— etubero'sum (tuberless). 2. Purple. June.

Chili. 1833.

— tubero'sum (tuberous. Potato'). 2. White.

July. Peru. 1597-

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.
S.fusca'tum (dusky). lj. Scarlet. June.
South America. 1817-

— melonge'na (E^g Plant}. Violet. June.

East Indies. 1597-

ovi'gerum (egg-bearing). 2. Blue,

June. Africa. 15D7.

SOL

[ 832 ]

SOL

i melon ge'nafru'ctu-a'lbo (white-fruited). 2.
Blue. June. Tropics. 1597.

fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow - fruited).
2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597.

fru'ctu-ru'bro (red-fruited). 2.
Blue. June. Tropics. 1597.

• fru1 ctu-viola' ceo (violet-fruited).

2. Blue. June. Tropics. 1597.

escule'ntum (eatable) . Blue. Au-
gust. East Indies. 1815.

— pu'ngeiis (stinging). Blue, violet. June.

New Holland. 1823.

— racemiflo'rum (cluster-flowered). 2. White,

rose. August. South America. 1818.
Biennial.

GKEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. campanula! turn (bell-flowered). 1. Blue.
June. New South Wales. 1836.

— jasminoi'des (Jasmine - like). 6. Purple.

August. South America. 1838. Climber.

— Tweedia'num (Tweedie's). l£. White,

purple. September. Buenos Ayres.
1833.

STOVE HERBACEOUS.

S. catyci'num (/ar#e-calyxed). l. Blue. June.
Mexico. 1820.

— mona'nthum (one-flowered). 2. Blue. June.

New Spain. 1818.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. aggrega'tum (clustered). 6. Purple. June.
Cape of Good Hope. 1821.

— Amazo'nium (Amazon). Blue. July. Mexico.

1800.

— angula'tum (angular). 4. White. July.

Lima. 1825.

— arbo'reum (tree). 40. White. June.

Cumana. 1819.

— auricula1 turn (ear-leaved). 4. Violet. Mada-

gascar. 1773.

— beta'ceum (Beet-leaved). 4. Pink. June.

South America. 1803.

— Bonarie'nse (Buenos Ayrcs). 10. White.

July. Buenos Ayres. 1727.

— Brasilia'num (Brazilian). 2, June. Brazil.

1820.

— coria'ceum (leathery). ' 4. Purple, white.

July. Mexico. 1820.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 2. Violet. July.

Peru. 1786.

— ela'tum (tall). 6. White. June. 1820.
— fr a1 grans (fragrant). 14. Green. June.

Brazil. 1835.

— glutino' sum (clammy). 4. Blue. June. 1810.

— Havane'nse (Havannah). 5. Blue. July.

West Indies. 1793.

— hi'rtum (shaggy). 2. White. June. Tri-

nidad. 1821.

— hy 'bridum (hybrid). 2. Purple, blue. June.

Guinea. 1815.

— igne'um (fiery - spined). 3. White. July.

South America. 1714.

— inca'num (hoary). 2. Purple. July. Ceylon.

1823.

— 1'ndicum (Indian). 6. Purple. July, India.

1732.

— Jamaice'nse (Jamaica). 4. White. June.

Jamaica. 1818.

— lanceeefo'lium (lance-leaved). 10. White.

July. West Indies, 1816.

S. lanceola'tum (spear-head-teaw«f). ; 7. Pale
blue. June. Mexico. 1800.

— laurifo'lium (Laurel-leaved). 8. June. South

America. 1820.

— longiflo'rum (long-flowered). 3. Violet. July.

Cayenne. 1823.

— macra'iithum (large-flowered). 12. Pale lilac.

Brazil.

— melano'xylum (black- wooded). 3. White.

June. 1821.

— Mexicu'num (Mexican). 3. Violet. June.

Mexico. 1825.

— mo'lle (soft). 5. Purple. July. Trinidad.

1817.

— murica'tum (prickly). 3. Violet. July.

Peru. 1785.

— myriaca'nthum (many-spined). 3. Purple.

July. 1822.

— negle'ctum (neglected). 4. Violet. June.

West Indies. 1824.

— pyraca'ntha (fire-thorn). 4. Purple. Au-

gust. Madagascar. 1789-

ine'rmis (unarmed). 4. Purple.

September. Madagascar. 1789.

— Seaforthia'num (Seaforth's). 20. Pink. Au-

gust. Barbadoes. 1804. Climber.

— subine'rme (half-unarmed). 7. Blue. July.

West Indies. 1752.

— te'ctum (covered). 3. Yellow. June. Mexico.

1823.

— tego're (grim). 2. Blue. Guiana. 1822.

— tomento'sum (woolly). 2. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1662.

— trique'trum (three - cornered). 2. White.

June. New Spain. 1820.

— tri'ste (sad). 6. Violet. June. West Indies.

1820.

— umbro'sum (shady). 2. White. June. Tri-

nidad. 1825.

— verbascifo1 Hum (Mullein-leaved). 7- White.

June. West Indies. 1749.

— viola' ceum (violet). 4. Blue. June. East

Indies. 1817.

— volu'bile (twining). 8. Blue. June. West

Indies. 1823.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. aculeati'ssimum (prickliest). 3. Pale blue.
May. South America. 1816.

— Balbi'sii (Balbis's). 4. Blue. July. South

America. 1816.

bipinna'tum (two-leafleted). Blue.

June. Buenos Ayres. 1840.

— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 3. Violet. July. New

South Wales. 1820.

— coa'guluns (curdling). 3. Purple. July.

Arabia. 1802.

— elceagnifo' Hum (Oleaster-leaved). 6. Blue.

June. Chili. 1823.
— flave'scens (yellowish). 3. Blue. June.

Trinidad. 1826.
—fu'gax (fleeting). 5. White. June. Ca-

raccas. 1816.

— giga'nteum (giant). 15. Violet. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1792.

— lacinia'tum (cut-leaved). 3. Violet. July.

New Holland. 1772.

herba'ceum (herbaceous). 3.

Violet. July. Van Diemens Land.
1772.

— ligmtri'num (Privet - leaved). 5. Deep

lUac, June. Chili. 1831.

SOL

[ 833 ]

SOL

S. macra'ntherum (large -anthered). 3. Purple.
August. Mexico. 1838.

— macrocfi' 'rpum (large - fruited) , 1. Blue.

August. Peru. 1759.

— margina'tum (white-edged.). 4. Purple.

July. Africa. 1775.

— Mi'lleri( Miller's). 3. White. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 1762.

— myrtifo'lium (Myrtle-leaved). Blue.

— pseu'do-ca'psicum (Bastard-Capsicum). 4.

White. July. Madeira. 15Q6,

— pubi'gerum (downy). White. June. Mexico.

1818.

— ra'dicans (rooting). 3. Purple. Peru. 1771-

— rige'scens (stiff). lj. Violet. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1823.

— Ro'ssii (Ross's). Pale blue. Mexico.

— runcina'tum (runcinate-feaued). 3. Violet.

September. Chili. 1831.

— sa'nctum (holy). 3. Purple. June. Egypt.

1818.

— supona'ceum (soapy). 4. White. July.

Chili. 1825.

— sinua'tum (scolloped-feaverf). 2.J. Bluish.

July. 1815.

— Sodo'meum (Sodom). 3. Violet. June.

Afrida. 1688.

— stella't urn (starred). 6. Blue. June. 1805.

— stelll'gerum (star-bearing). 3. Pale purple.

July. New Holland. 1823.

— stramonifo'lium (Stramonium -leaved). 6.

Purple. July. East Indies. 1778.

— vesperti'lio (Bat). Blue. June. Canaries.

1779-

— vesti'tum (clothed). 6. White. October.

Mexico.

SOLDANE'LLA. (A diminutive of soli-
dus, a shilling ; shape of the leaves.
Nat. ord., Primeworts [Prinmlacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to the American Cowslip.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, purple-
flowered, and blooming in April, except where
otherwise mentioned. Seeds and division of
the plant, in spring ; peat and loam ; front of
a sheltered peat-border, or treated as Alpine
plants, protected from severe frosts and heavy
rains in winter ; minima and pusilla, at least,
require this protection.
S. affi'nis (related). £. Switzerland.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). £. Switzerland. 1656.

— Clu'sii (Clusius's). £. Germany.

— crena'ta (scolloped). £.

— mi'nima (least). £. Blue. Switzerland. 1823,
a'lba (white-flowered). $. Bluish.

May. Switzerland.

— monta'na (mountain). ?• Bohemia. 181 6.

— pusi'lla (weak). $. Blue. Switzerland. 1820.

SOLDIER- WOOD. I'nga purpu'rea.

SO'LEA. See Wola.

SOLENI'DIUM. (From solen, a tube.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
'^0-Gynandria \-Monandria. Allied to
Brassia.]

Stove orchid, grown on a block. See Orchids.
S. racemo'siim (racemed). Yellow, red. No-
vember. Pamplona.
08

SOLIDA'GO. Golden Bod. (From
solidare, to unite ; supposed healing
properties. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teracese]. Linn., \Q-Synyencsia 2-Su-
perftua.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials, all yellow-
flowered, and all from North America, where
not otherwise noticed. Divisions of the plant
in spring ; common soil. Showy at the back
of herbaceous borders, or the back rows of
herbaceous plants in the front of shrubberies.
S. alpe'stris (rock). l£. August. Hungary.
1816.

— amlri'gua (doubtful). 2. July. 1759-

— angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved) . 3. September.

— anisa'ta (Anise-scented). 3. September.

1815.

— arena 'ria (sand). lj. July. South Europe.

1816.

— a'spera (rough-teaved). 3. September. 1732.

— cee'sia (grey). 2. September. 1732.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). 3. August. 1648.

— cilia' ris (hair-fringed). 3. August. 1811.

— rfecw'rrms(decurrent). 1. September. China.

1823.

— ela'ta (tall-hairy), 1. September. 1811.

— elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 3. August. 1/59-

— ere' eta (upright). 3. September.
— fra'grans (fragrant). 3. August.

— gigante'a (gigantic). 6. August. 1758.

— glomera'ta (crowded). 3. September. 1820.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 3. Septem-

ber. 1758.

— hu' milis (humble). 1. July. 1811.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth- Jeaued). 3. September.

1699.

— lateriflo'ra (lateral-flowered). 3. August.

1758.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1$. September.

1725.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 3. September.

— Mexica'na (Mexican). 3. September. 1683.

— minu'ta (minute). ?. July. Pyrenees. 1772.

— multiradia'ta (many-rayed). £. July. La-

brador. 1776.

— nemora'lis (grove). Ij. September. 1769.

— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 1. July. Nepaul.

— Noveborace'nsis (New York). 3. September.

— nudiflo'ra (naked-flowered). I.July. South

Europe. 1820.

— odo'ra (sweet-smelling). 3. July. 1699.

— pa'tula (spreading). 2. September. 1805.

— pauciflosculo'sa (few-floreted). 2. Septem-

ber. 1811.

— pulifo'lia (Polium-leaved). 3. September.

1826.

— proce'ra (tall). 6. September. 1"58.

— pube'rula (slightly- downy). 2. September.

— pulverule'nta (powdered). 3. August.

— pyramida'ta (pyramidal). 2. September.

1/90.

— recurva'ta (curled-back). 2. October.

— refle'xa (bent-back-/eauerf). 3. August. 1/58.

— ri'gida (stiff-leaved). 3. September. 1710.

— sca'bra (scurfy). 3. August. 1811.

— sempervi'rens (evergreen). 5. September.

1699.

— scro'tina (l?.te-flowering) , 4. July. 1758.

— si'mplez (simple-stemmed), 1. 1826.

— specio'sa (showy). 4. October. 1817.

3 H

SOL

[ 834 ]

son

S. sqvufro'sa (spreading). 3. September. |

— stri'cta (upright). 3. September. 1758.

— temdfo'lia (fine-leaved). 2. October. 1/58. i

— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. August. 1732.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 3. September. 1/59.

— virga1 1 a (rod-like). 2. September. 1800.
SO'LLYA. (Named after R. II. Solly,

a naturalist. Nat. orcl., Pittospomds
[Pittospbracerc]. Linn., 5-PdtitaMdria
'\-Monogynia.~)

Greenhouse, blue-flowered,'evergreen climbers,
from Australia. Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in
April ; cuttings, then, of young shoots a little i
firm at the base ; in sand, under a bell-glass, \
and placed in a cold pit, when the night tem-
perature does not exceed from 45° to 50°
loam and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45
Most of them would succeed against a con
servative wall.
S. anzustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 8. July. 1823

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 6. July. 1830

— linea'ris (narrow -leaved), 5.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved).
SOLOMON'S-SEAL. Polygo'natum.
SONEEI'LA. (From Soneri-ila; the

Javanese name. Nat. ord., Melastomads
[Melastomaceee].' Linn., $-Octandria
l-Monoyynia. Alliance near Bertolo-
nia.)

Stove annual. Seed in a gentle hotbed, in
March, potted off and bloomed in greenhouse
or stove : sandy peat.

S. stri'cta (upright). S- Rose. May. Java.
1848.

SONNERA'TIA. (Named after M.
Sonncrat, a botanical traveller. Nat.
ord., MyrtleWooms [Myrtacese]. Linn.,
12-Icosandria \-Monoyynia. Allied to
the Pomegranate.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, from the East Indies.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, taken off with
a heel, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed
in a mild hotbed, in May ; fibry loam, turfy
peat, a little sand, and dried old cow-dung.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° 5 summer, 60° to 85°.
S. a'cida (sour). Bed. June. 1822.

— a'lba (white). White. May. 1824.

— ape'tala (petal-less). White. June. 1826.
SOOT is the volatilized unconsumed

portion of common coal. It is thus
constituted: — Charcoal, 371; salts of
ammonia, 426; salts of potash and soda,
24 ; oxide of iron, 50 ; silica, 65 ; alu-
mina, 31 ; sulphate of lime, 31 ; carbo-
nate of magnesia, 2. It is an excellent
manure for peas, onions, carrots, and
probably all garden crops. An excellent
liquid manure is soot mixed with rain-
water, in the proportion of one table-
spoonful of soot to a quart of water, for
plants in pots ; but for asparagus, peas,

&c., six quarts of soot to a hogshead of
water. It must never be applied to
plants in a state of rest. It succeeds
admirably with bulbs. See Liquid
Manures.

SOPHO'EA. (From the Arabic name,
Sopliera, of a leguminous tree. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacew.]
Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Monogynia.}

Hardy herbaceous kinds by divisions, in
spring; stove and greenhouse species by cut-
tings of half-ripened shoots, under a bell-glass,
in sand, and grown in peat and loam. The
hardy kinds, such as Japonica, and its varieties,
are very ornamental trees on a lawn, but should
be grown in poor soil north of London, that
the annual growth may be well ripened; pro-
pagated by imported seeds, by cuttings of the
roots, and layers ; its varieties by grafting ;
pendula is extremely graceful, and fast growing.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. alopecuroi'des (Fox-tail- grass-Hke). 4. Yel-
low. July. Levant.

— flave'scens (yellowish). 2. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1785.

— galegoi'des (Galega-like). 2. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1817.

HARDY DECIDUOUS TREES.

S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). 30. White. August.
China. 1763.

— Japo'nica (Japanese). 40. White. August.

Japan. 1763.
fo'liis-vuriega'tis (variegated-leaved).

14. White. August. Japan.
pe'ndula (drooping). 12. White.

August. Japan.
GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.

S. rrwcrocar'pa (large -fruitfed). 6. Yellow.
April. Chili. 1822.

— vehiti'na (velvety). 6. Pink. June. Nepaul.

STOVE EVEBGBEENS.

S. glau'ca (milky-green). 7' Purple. East
Indies. 1818.

— tomento'sa (downy). 5. Yellow. Brazil.

SOPHRONI'TIS. (From gophrona, mo-
dest ; referring to the pretty little flow-
ers. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orehidacese].
Linn., %Q-Gynandria 1-Monandria, Al-
lied to Dinema.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchid*.

S. ce'rnua (drooping). 4- Red. June. Bio

Janeiro. 1827-

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered).

Organ Mountains. 1837.

— pteroca'rpa (wing-fruited). Bed.

mala. 1842.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). Violet. February.

Mexico. 1833.

SOROCE'PHALUS. ( From soros, a heap,
and kephak, a head; clustered head of
flowers. Nat. ord., Protcads [Protea-

Bed.
Guate-

SOR

sow

cete]. Linn., ^.-Tetnmdria \-Mono-

Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripened
young shoots, in sand, under a hand - light,
either in spring or autumn ; may be hastened,
after the base has swelled, with a little bottom-
heat ; sandy fibry loam, and a little peat and
broken free-stone, carefully drained. Winter ;
temp., 38° to 45°.
•S. diversifo'lia (various-leaved). 4. June. 1803. }

— imbe'rbiti (beardless). 3. July. 1806.

— imbrica'tu (imbricated). 3. June. 1794.

— lana'ta (woolly). 2. August. 1/90.

— scta'cea (bristly). 2. July. 1823.

— upatalloi'des (Spatalla-like). 3. July. 1803. !

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 3. July. 1802. j
SOTIRELS. These are, O'xalis accto- j

se'lla, Wood Sorrel ; Ru'mex aceto'sa, I
Oarden Sorrel; R. scuta' tits, French or
'Roman Sorrel. They thrive best in any
light, rich, garden soil.

The Bumexes are propagated by seed,
and all of them by parting the roots,
both which modes may be practised
from the middle of February until the
same period in May, and by parting
the roots in September and October.
Sow in drills, six or eight inches apart, :
and a quarter-inch in depth. When i
two or three inches high, the seedlings
should be thinned to three or four inches
apart. In September or October, or
in the March and April of the succeed-
ing year, they may be removed into I
their final stations, in rows twelve |
inches apart each way, or, if the French, i
eighteen inches.

When divisions of the root are em- j
ployed, they must be set at once where !
they are to remain, at the final dis- j
tances above-mentioned. In summer, |
the stalks must be cut down, to en-
courage the production of leaves. In !
autumn and spring the surface of the ;
ground should be gently stirred, and a !
little manure tunied in.

To obtain Seed.— Some plants must ;
not be gathered from, but be allowed to ;
run up unchecked. They flower in the
course of June, July, and August, per-
fecting their seed in autumn. Wood-
sorrel does not produce seed.

SORREL TREE. Andro'mcda arbo'rea. \

SOUTA'NUIA. (Named after Boulange
Bodin, a French nurseryman. Nat. i
ord., Rhamnads [Rhamnacese]. Linn., j
b-Pentandria 1-Monogynla, Allied to I
Phylica.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs, from the Cape
of Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in April or May ;
sandy nbry peat, and a few bits of charcoal to
keep it open. Winter temp., 38° to 45°. Should
be tried against a wall, as in the open air, in
dry places, and mild situations, Phylica eri-
coides stands the winter uninjured. The Sou-
langias were once united with the Phyllcas.
S.corda'ta (heart - leaved). Purple, yellow.
May. 1/89.

— dioi'ca (dioecious). 3. July. 1817-

— myrtifo'lia (Myrtle-leaved). 3. Dark yellow.

1816.

— ru'bra (red). 3. Red. December. 1827.

— thymifo'lia (Thyme - leaved). 3. White.

June. 1824.

SOWERBJE'A. (Named after Mr.
Sowerby, an eminent botanical artist.
Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliaceoo]. Linn.,
6-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Anthericum.)

Half-hardy, pink-flowered, herbaceous pe-
rennials from New South Wales. Divisions of
the plant, in spring ; loam and sandy peat, or
old leaf-mould. Require the protection of a cold
pit in winter, and to be kept dryish.
S.ju'ncea (Rush-leaved). 1. May. 1792.
— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered) . 1. June. 1839.

SOUK is a term applied to wet
lands producing acid weeds, such as
Sorrel, but it is also appropriate because
such lands contain Gallic and other
acid compounds, unfriendly to culti-
vated plants.

SOUR-SOP. Ano'na murica'ta.

SOUTHERNWOOD. Artemi'sia abro'ta-
num.

SOUTH- SEA-TEA. I' lex vomito'ria.

SOWING. See Germination. In ad-
dition a few practical directions may
be given. Let all sowing be done in
drills. For small seeds, such as lettuce,
cabbage, &c., the drills may be sunk
by pressing the handle of the hoe into
freshly dug soil ; but for larger seeds,
as parsnips, beet, and onions, the drills
must be struck with the hoe. Almost
all sowing should be performed in dry
weather, more particularly all early
sowing in winter and spring ; but in
hot weather, in summer and autumn,
it may often be eligible to take ad-
vantage of sowing immediately after a
shower or moderate rain.

The drills being at some distance
from one another, not only admit the
sun, air, and rain more effectually to
the plants, and give them a greater
scope than such as are sown broadcast,

sow

[ 836 ]

SPA

but admit more readily the hoe between
the drills to cut down weeds and loosen
the soil.

The general method of forming drills
for the reception of seeds, is with a
common drawing-hoe, sometimes with
a large hoe, and sometimes a middling
or small hoe, according to the size of the
drill required, and the size and nature
of the seeds; drawing the drill some-
times with the corner of the hoe, espe-
cially for larger seeds, and sometimes
with the edge of the hoe flatwise or
horizontally: — large seeds, such as
peas, kidney beans, many of the nut
lands, and other large seeds, both of
trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants,
require a deep angular drill, drawn
with the corner of the hoe, turning the
face or edge close to the line, and draw-
ing the drill along with an angular
bottom evenly, the depth required, the
earth remaining close along the side of
the drill, ready for turning in again over
the seeds ; but where flat or shallow
drills are required for smaller seeds, it
may, in many cases, be more eligible
to draw the drill with the hoe flatwise,
holding the edge in a horizontal
position.

Bedding in Sowing. — In this method
the ground being dug and formed in
four or five feet wide beds, with alleys
a spade width or more between bed
and bed, and the earth being drawn off
the top of the bed with a rake or spade,
half-an-inch or an inch deep into the
alleys, the seed is then sown all over
the surface of the bed, which being
done, the earth in the alleys is imme-
diately drawn or cast over the bed,
again covering the seeds the same
depth, and the surface is raked smooth.

The method of bedding in sowing
by si/tiny is sometimes practised for
very small or light seeds of a more
delicate nature, that require a very
light covering of earth when sown.
In order to bury them as shallow as
possible, cover them in by sifting fine
earth over them out of a wire sieve.

SOY. See So'ja.

SPADE. This most important of the
gardener's tools varies in its form and
sizec The Common Digging Spade is of
the largest size, being generally from

fourteen to sixteen inches long in the
plate, and nine or ten broad, narrowing
half-an-inch to the bottom. The Mid-
dling Spade is about a foot long in the
plate, and seven or eight inches broad,
and is useful in digging any narrow
compartments and between rows of
small plants, also in flower-beds and
borders; and in stirring and fresh
earthing the surface of beds occasion-
ally, between close placed plants of
long standing ; planting and transplant-
ing many sorts, both in the ground
and in the pots.

The Small Spade. — Size ten or twelve
inches long in the plate, and five or
six wide. It is convenient in pointing-
up or slight digging, and fresh earth-
ing the surface between close rows of
small plants, in beds and borders, &c.,
where neither of the two former spades
can be readily introduced ; likewise in
planting and potting many sorts of
small plants, taking up small roots,
and for other light purposes. Proper
garden spades have the plate wholly
of iron, not above a quarter-of-an-inch
thick upwards, growing gradually thin-
ner from the middle downward, the
tree or handle being generally of ash,
about two feet-and-a-half long and an
inch-and-a-half thick, with a firm open
handle at top, formed out of the solid
wood, just big enough to admit of taking
ready hold, one hand at top and the
other below, and with an iron rivet
through it to prevent it splitting. Semi-
circular or Scooped Spade, has the plate
made semicircular like a garden troAvel,
and is very useful in taking up plants
with balls of earth to preserve them
more firmly about the roots. Foster
of Stourbridge, and Lyddon of Birming-
ham, make very improved spades,
wearing with a good edge throughout.
SPADO'STYLES. (Derivation not ex-
plained. Nat. orcl., Leguminous Plants

! [Fabaceee], Linn., iO-Decandrin 1-

| Monogynia. Allied to Pultemvn.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. For culture

i see Pultencea.

, S. Sie'beri (Sieber's). 2. Yellow. May. New
South Wales. 1824.

SPANISH BROOM. Spa'rfiumji/'ncciim.
SPANISH GARLIC, See Rocambole.
SPANISH NUT. Morce'a Sisyri'nchium.

SPA

[ 837 ]

SPA

SPANISH VIPER'S GEASS. Scorzone'ra.

SPAKA'XIS. (From sparasso, to tear ;
lacerated spathes. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., B-Triandria \-Mo-
nogynla. Allied to Ixia.)

Pretty little bulbs from the Cape of Good
Hope. For culture see Ixia.
S. anemoniflo'ra (Anemone - flowered). $.
White. June. 1825.

— bi'color (two-coloured). £. Blue, yellow.

March. 1/86.

— bla'nda (pleasing). Pink. May. 1811.

— bulbi'fera (bulb-bearing), g. Violet. May.

1758.

— fra'grans (sweet-scented). 3. Yellow. June.
1825.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). |. Purple.

April. 1758.

Wa'go (Lily -flowered). |.

White. April. 1758.

stria' ta (streaked). $. Va-

riegated. April. 1758.

— linea'ta (//m/c-lined). £. White, pink. April.
^-pe'ndula (drooping). 1. Dark pink. June.

1825.

— stella1 r is (starry-cowered). 1. Purple.

June. 1836.

— tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Orange. May.

1789-

ro'seo-a'lba (red- and- white). 1.

Pink. April. 1811.

sangui'neo - purpu'rea (bloody-
purple). 1. Red. April. 1811.

viola' ceo -purpu'rea (violet-purple).

Violet, purple. April. 1811.

— versi' 'color (parti-coloured). £. Purple,

yellow. September. 1825.

— Wa'ttii (Watt's). Violet, lemon-streaked.

August.

SPAEMA'NNIA. (Named after A. Spar-
mann, a Swedish, botanist. Nat. ord.,
Lindenblooms [Tiliacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria l-Monogynia.)

A fine old greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cut-
tings of young shoots, in April ; loam and a
little peat. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
S. Africa'na (African). 10. White. May. C.
of G. Hope. 1790.

SPA'KTIUM. Spanish Broom. (From
spartan, cordage ; alluding to the flex-
ible shoots. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabacese]. Linn., W-Mona-
dclphia (i-Dccandria. Allied to Genista.)

Hardy herbaceous, yellow-flowered, shrubs.
Generally by seeds, but cuttings will strike
freely in summer, under a hand-light ; and this
is the best mode for securing a particular
variety. They should be planted out young, or
be frequently moved, as they make long naked
stems ; common light soil.
S. acutifo'lium (sharp-leaved). 6. August.
Turkey. 1836.

— ju'nceum (Rush-leaved}. 6. August. S.

Europe. 1548.

flo're-ple'no (double-flowered). 6.

August. S. Europe. 1548.

S.fu'nceum odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented).
4. July. Persia. 1834.

SPARTOTHA'MNTTS. (From spartan,
cordage, and thamnos^ a shrub ; its
flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Myoporads
[Myoporacese]. Linn., I±-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia.')

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ;
sanely fibry peat, and lumpy loam. Winter
temp., 38° to 45°.

S.ju'nceus (rushy). 3. White. August.
Australia. 1819.

SPATALA'NTHUS. (From spatalos, de-
licate, and anthos, a flower. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., IQ-Monadel-
phia 1-Triandria. Allied to Tricho-
nema.)

A very rare and delicate Cape bulb, requiring
one-half sand and one-half good turfy peat, in
a well- drained pot, after the manner of Ixias,

S. specio 'sus (showy). £. C. of G.Hope. 1825.

SPATA'LLA. (From spatall, wanton-
ness ; application not obvious. Nat.
ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria l-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purple - flowered, evergreens,
from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of ripe
young shoots, in sand, under a bell glass, and
kept cool; sandy fibry loam, with pieces of
charcoal and freestone ; drainage and watering
very particularly attended to. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°. Pots defended from sun in summer.

S. bractea'ta (bracted). 3. June. 1806.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). !£. July. 1823.

— cauda'ta (tailed). 2. June. 1812.

— incu'rva (cuiled-in-leaved). 2j. May, 1789-

— mo'llis (soft). 2. June. 1826.

— ni'vea (white). 2. June. 1806.

— peduncula'ta (frwg-flower-stalked). April.

1822.

— proli'fera (proliferous). 1$. July. 1800.

— pyramida'lis (pyramidal) . June. 1821.

— ramulo'sa (twiggy-branched). 3. August.

1787-

— Thunbe'rgn (Thunberg's). 3. May. 1806.

SPATHE'LIA. (From spathe, a sheath,

I or spathe as in the Palm-tree ; resem-

| blance. Nat. ord Xanthoxyls [Xan-

thoxylacese] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-

Trigijnia. Allied to Ailanthus.)

Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat ; loam
and peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

S. si'mplex (simple). 40. Red. Jamaica. 1778.

SPATHIC A'RPA. (From spathe, a sheath,

! or spathe, and karpos, a fruit ; the

j spadix or flower-stem fruiting in the

I sheath. Nat. ord., Arads [Aracese].

SPA

[ 838 ] SPH

Linn., Sl-Monada l-He^iandria. Al-
lied to Caladium.)

Stove herbaceous perennial. Division of the
plant; loam and peat. Winter temp., 50° to
CO" ; summer, 60° to 80°.

5. Aas«/o'taz(halbert-leaved). White. July.
S. America.

SPATHO'DEA. (From spat lie, a sheath ;
sheath, or spathe-like calyx. Nat. ord.,
Biynoniads [Bignoniacere]. Linn., 14-
Didynamia 2-Atif/iospermla.)

Cuttings of side-shoots, three or four inches
in length, taken off with a heel, as growth is
proceeding, in spring, inserted thinly, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.

STOVE EVERGREEN CLIMBERS.

S.fraxinifo'lia (Ash - leaved). 10. Caraccas.
1822.

— unca'ta (hooked). 10. Yellow. Guiana. 1804.

STOVE EVERGREEN TREES.

S. corymbo'sa (corymbed). 6. Yellow. Tri-
nidad. 1824.

— la:' vis (smooth). 12. Purple. Guinea. 1825.

— longifio'ra (long-flowered). 12. Red. East

Indies. 1810.

— penta'ndra (five*anthered). 20. Yellowish.

June. India.

— Rhce'dii (Rheede's). 16. Cream. East

Indies. 1794.

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). 12. Pink. East

Indies. 1820.

SPATHOGLO'TTIS. (From spathe, a
sheath, and (/lottis, a tongue. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese], Linn., 20- Gy-
nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Eletia.)

Stove Orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.
S. Fo'rtuni (Fortune's). £. Yellow. August.

Hong Kong. 1844.
•^-plica'ta (plaited). Purple. Penang. 1843.

SPAWN is the white thready matter
produced in the soil by mushrooms,
and hy which they are propagated. It
is doubtful whether it arises from their
seed, or whether it is a mass of under-
ground runners. See Mushroom.

SPECULA 'RIA. (From the ancient
name Speculum Veneris, or Venus 's
Looking-glass. Nat. ord., Bellworts
[ Campari ulacea?]. Linn., b-Pentandria
1-Monogynia.)

Annuals, and all others, by seeds, in pans, in
a bed, under glass, in March and April ;
division of the herbaceous kinds, in spring, and
cuttings of young shoots, under a hand-light,
in a shady place, in summer ; cuttings of
shrubby kinds, under a glass, in sandy soil, in
April; sandy loam, with a little peat, or re-
duced dried leaf-mould, for shrubby. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGEEENS.
S. diffu'sus (spreading). Blue. August. Cape

of Good Hope. 1787.
— ffutico'sus (shrubby). 1. Blue. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/87.

June.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

S. interru'ptus (interrupted). 1. Blue.

Cape of Good Hope. 1S18.
• — ni'tidus (shining). £. White. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1787.

HARDY ANNUALS.

I S.biflo'ra (two-flowered). 1. Blue. June.
Russia. 1836.

— falca'ta (sickle-petaled) . $. Rose. July.

Mediterranean. 1820.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 1. Rose. July. England.
' — pentago'nia (five-angled). 1. Blue. July.

Levant. 1686.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. Blue.
: July. North America. 1680.

— spe'culum (Pre/w.«>Vlooking-glass). 1. Green,

white. July. South Europe. 1596.

— • catyci'na (tergr-calyxed). July.
Iberia.

-- Liba'nica (Libanian). July.
-- 2iube'scens (downy). July. France.

SPEEDWELL. Vcro'nica.

SPENNE'RA. ( Named after M, Spenn cr,
a German botanist. Nat. ord., Melas-
lomads [Melastomacea^]. Linn., 8-Oct-
atulrial-Monoyynia. Allied to Rhexia.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds, and cuttings of the
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in heat; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. Aciotis
afjuatica should be added to this genus.
: 5. fra'gilis (brittle). 3. White. June. Tri-
nidad. 1822.

— glandulo'sa ( glanded) . i£. White. March.

Guiana. 1824.

— paludo'sa (marsh). J. Rose. June. Brazil.

1825.

— pendulifo'lia (hanging -leaved). £. Rose.

March. Guiana. 1826.

SPERMADI'CTYON is Hamilto'nla azu'-
rca. 4. Pale blue. January. Nepaul.

SPERMA'XYEUM is O'lax sir i' eta. 4.
White. New Holland. 1820.

SPH^RA'LCEA. (From sphaira, a globe,
and alcea, the Marsli Mallow; the seed-
\>ods, or carpels, in globular heads.
Nat. ord., Mallow-worts [Malvaceiv].
Linn., \(>-Monaddphia$-Polyyijnia. Al-
lied to Mallow.)

Annuals, by seed, in a hotbed, in April,

Slanted out at the beginning of June ; -shrubs,
y cuttings of young shoots, in sandy soil, under
;i hand-light, in summer ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

S.abutiloi'des (Abutilon- like). 4. Purple.
August. Bahamas. 1725.

SPH

[ 839 ]

SPI

.S'. ungustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 8. Pink, j
August. Mexico. 1780.

— Carol! nia'na (Carolina). 1. Dark red. Au- |

gust. South America. 1/23.

— decu'mbens (lying -down). 1. Red. April. '

South America. 1815.

— e'legans (elegant). 3. Red. July. Cape j

of Good Hope. 1791'

— obtusi'loba (blunt-lobed). 4. Purple. July.

Chili. 1827.

— prostra'ta (trailing). 1. Red. July. Brazil.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 4. Violet. April. \

New Spain. lbi4.

SPH^EROSTE'MA. (From sphairu, a !
globe, and sterna, a stamen ; stamens
collected into close clusters. Nat. ord.,
Kadsurads [Schizandraceffi]. Linn.,
'l'2-Dlcecla V-l-Jcosandria.')

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat ; sandy fibry peat, fibry loam,
with a little charcoal and broken pots, and i
well-drained. Winter temp., 45° ; summer,
60° to 80°. A lower temperature even might be |
tried in winter, if the wood was well-ripened.
S. propi'nquum (related). 10. Yellow. July.
Nepaul. 1828.

SPEUEROSTI'GMA. (From uphalrtt, a
globe, and stigma, the female organ.
Nat. ord., Onagrads [Onagraceee]. Linn.,
ti-Octandria l-Monogi/nia. Allied to
CEnothera.)

Hardy biennials and annuals. By seeds in
the open border, in April. Cheiranthifolium
by cuttings of young shoots in spring.
S. Chamisso'nis (Chamisso's). 1. Yellow. ;
August. Russia. 183". Annual.

— cheiranthifo'lium (Wallflower-leaved). Yel- i

low. June. Chili. 1820. Half-hardy j
evergreen.

— hi'rtum (hairy). £. Yellow. August, i

Russia. 1836. Biennial.

— minutiflo'rum (small-flowered). 1. Yellow. !

August. Russia. 1837. Annual.

SPHENO'GYNE. (From sphcn, a wedge, |
and gyne, female organ ; the shape of •
pistil. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
ceae]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesla 3-Frus-
tmnea.}

All yellow-flowered, and natives of the Cape
of Good Hope. Annuals by seed, under pro-
tection, in April, or in the open border in the '
end of May ; shrubs by cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool
pit, in May; loam and peat, sandy and fibry.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

HARDY ANNUALS.

S. Anthemoi'des (Chamomile-like) . $. August.
1774.

— foenicula' cea ( Fennel- leaved). 1. August. ,

1825.

— leucanthemoi'des (Leucantha-like), 4. Au-

gust. 1825. ;

specio:stt (showy).
1830'.

Julv. S. America.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. Abfotanifo'lia, (Southernwood-leaved;. 1.
July. 1/89-

— crithmifo'lia (Samphire-leaved). 1. July,

1/68.

— denta'ta (tooth- leaved). Ij. June. 1/8".

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 1. May. 17/4.

— pili'fera (hairy). !£. December. 1821.

— srario'sa (membranous). 1. June. 17/4.

— serratu (saw-edged). June. 1826.
SPHENO'TOMA. (From sphcnoo, to

cleave, and tome, a section ; limb or
border of the flower deeply cut. Nat.
ord., Epacrids [Epacridacece]. Linn.,
~i-Pentandrla \-Monocjynla. Allied to
Dracophyllum.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered, evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of young shoots when
a couple of inches in length, provided they are
getting a little firm at the base, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in spring; sandy fibry peat, with a.
little charcoal. Winter temp., 38° to 45°;
might be tried in a very sheltered rockwork,
among peat and broken free-stone.
5. capita'tum (head-spiked) . 1. April. 1830.

— gra'cile (slender), f . May. 1823.
SPIDERWORT. Tradcsca'ntia.
SPIELMA'NNIA. (Named after J. It.

Spielmahn, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Verbencs [Verbenacese]. Linn.,
\-L-Didynamia 'Z-Angiospermia. Alliance
near to Lantana.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, at
any time except winter ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. Africa'na (African). 3. White. July. C.
of Good Hope. 1710.

SPIGE'LIA. Worm Grass. (Named
after A. Spigelhts, a botanist at Padua.
Nat. ord., Loyaniads [Loganiaceffi].-
Linn., b-Pentundria \-Monoyynia.)

Annual, by seed under the usual treatment ;
hardy herbaceous, by seed and division of the
roots ; loam and peat.

S. Anthe'lmia (Anthelmia). ij. Red. July.
S.America. 1759. Stove annual.

— marila'ndica (Maryland;. 1. Scarlet. July.

N. America. 1694. Hardy herbaceous.

SPINACH. Splna'cea olera'cea.

There are the Round-leaved orsnuwtli-
xcvdcdi and the triangular-leaved or
•prickly-seeded. The first, being the.
most succulent, is employed for the
spring and summer crops, and the
latter for autumn and winter. The
Lettuce-leaved, and the Flanders, arc
hardy for a winter crop, and by much
the best.

SPI

[ 840 ]

SPI

Soil. — For the round-leaved variety,
a rich, light, moist loam in an open
situation is preferable ; but for the
triangular-leaved, and other winter va-
rieties, a light moderately fertile and
dry border. The earth should always
be well pulverized at the time of dig-
ging, and the soil for the summer crops
cannot be too rich. Liquid manure is
highly beneficial to them, and when
made of blood and the most fertilizing
matters, the greater the benefit.

Sow of the round-leaved variety at
the close of January, in a warm situa-
tion, to be repeated in larger, but still
small breadths, at the commencement
and end of February, and to be con-
tinued every three weeks, until the
middle of April, when it must be per-
formed once a week until the close of
May, and then once a fortnight till the
end of July. In August sow at inter-
vals of three weeks, until the early part
of September. Sow thinly in drills
half-an-inch deep and a foot apart.
The sowing should be in showery
weather, otherwise an occasional water-
ing must be given ; for if there is a
deficiency of moisture during the first
grades of vegetation, not half of the
seedlings will come up ; the triangular-
leaved plants must be thinned to four
or five inches apart, and the round-
leaved to eight. Thin by degrees,
separating them at first only an inch
or two, as the plants of the several
thinnings are fit for use. The thin-
ning ought to commence when they
have attained four leaves about an inch
in breadth. Eegular gathering pro-
motes the health of the plants. The
outer leaves only should be gathered
at a time, the centre being left unin-
jured to produce successional crops.
This direction applies chiefly to the
winter standing crops, those of the
summer may be cut off close to the
root.

To obtain Seed. — A sowing of each
variety may be made in February or
March, according to the openness of
the season, or of the round-leaved va-
riety some plants of a regular crop may
be allowed to run up in April or May ;
and of the triangular-leaved, some
plants of the winter standing crops

may be transplanted in March. Set
them twelve inches apart. Spinach is
dioecious, and many ignorant persons,
perceiving some of the plants to have
no appearance of bearing seed, advise
these to be pulled up, but they are
the male-bearing plants, without which
the others would be unfruitful. If,
however, they are very numerous, some
of them may be removed with benefit
to those that remain, care being taken
that some are left in every part of the
bed. When the seed is set the male
plants may be entirely removed. When
the seed is ripe in July or August, the
plants ought to be pulled up and laid
to dry thoroughly on a cloth, previously
to its being beaten out and stored.

SPINA'CIA. Spinach. (From spinet,
a prickle ; seeds prickly. Nat. ord.,
Chenopods [Chenopodiacea?]. Linn.,
22-Dicecia 5-Pentandria.)

Hardy green-flowered annual. See Spinach.
S. olera'cea (potherb). l£. June. 1568.

gla'bra (smooth-seeded) . l£. June.

spino'sa (prickly -seeded). l£. June.

SPINDLE -TKEE. Euo'nymus.
SPIRE'A. (From speira, anything
wreathed ; the flowering branches used
in garlands. Nat. ord., Eoseworts
[Rosaceaj]. Linn., l'2-Icosandria 2-Di-
pentagynia.)

All white-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Herbaceous and tuberous, by
division of the plant, in spring ; shrubs, by
cuttings, layers, and suckers ; good garden soil.

HARDY TUBEROUS-BOOTED.
S. filipe'ndula (Dropwort). 2. September.
Britain.

mi' nor (smaller). l£. August.

Europe.

I pube'scens (downy). 1$. August.

France.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. aru'ncus (Goafs-beard). 4. June. Siberia.
1633.

America'na (American). 4. June.

North America.

— barba'ta (bearded). 4. June. Nepaul.

J835.

— denuda'ta. (naked). July. South Europe.

— digita'ta (hand - leaved). 2. Red. July.

Siberia. 1823.

—loba'ta (lobed). 2. Red. July. North
America. 1765.

— palma'ta (h&nd-leaved). 2. Red. July.

China. 1823.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved) . June. Cash-

mere. 1840.

— Ulma'ria (Meadow Sweet). 2. August.

Britain.

SPI

C

SPI

S. ulma'ria mu'ltiplex (double - flowered). 2.

August. Britain.
-- variega'ta (variegated). 2. July.

Britain.

— ulmifo'lia (Elm-leaved). 3. June. Carniola.

1790.
-- phylla'ntha (leafy). 3. June.

— Urale'nsis (Uralian). 4. April. Uralia. 181?.

— vacciniifo' lia (Whortle-berry-leaved). July.

India. 1820.

HAEDY DECIDUOUS SHEUBS.

5. acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 4. May. Siberia.
1817.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). 3. July. Siberia. 1806.

— arge'ntea (silvery). Nepaul.

— arieefo'lia (White- Beam-leaved). 8. June.

North America. 1827.

— be'lla (pretty). 2. Red. July. Nepaul. 1820.

— betulifo'lia (Birch-leaved). 2. Pink. June.

North America. 1812.

— ca'na (hoary). l£. June. Hungary. 1825.

— capita'ta (headed). 3. June. Columbia. 1827.

— ceanothifo'lia (Ceanothus-leaved). 2. June.

1823.

— chamcedrifo'lia (Germander - leaved). 4.

June. Siberia. 1789.

--- inci'sa (cut - leaved). !<£.
June. Germany.

me'dia (intermediate). l£.

1 S.pube'scens (downy). 5. March. Chusan.
1843.

! — salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 5. July. Bri-
tain.

j Alpe'stris (Alpine). 5. July.

Russia. 1820.

ca'rnea (flesh-coloured). 5. Flesh.

July. Britain.

i grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 4.

Pink. July. Kamtschatka. 1827.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 5. July.

Europe.

panicula'ta (panicled).

June. Germany.

oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved).

3. June. Hungary. 1816.

subracemo'sa (subracemed).

June.

vulga'ris (common).

July.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed) . 1^. July. Virginia.

1819.

soro'ria (sister). 2. August.

North America. 1829.

— cratcBgifo'lia (Hawthorn-leaved). 3. July.

Siberia. 1812.

— crena'ta (scollop-leaved). 2. April. Podolia.

1739.

— cuneifo'lia (wedge-leaved). 3. India.

— expa'nsa (spreading). 3. Pink. June.

Kamoon. 1846.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 4. June. Europe. 1820.

— hypericifo'lia (Hypericum-leaved). 5. April.

North America. 1640.

Plunkenetia'na (Plunkenet's).

April. Canada.

— Kamtcha'tica (Kamtchatca). June. North

America. 1830.

— . Himale'nsis (Himalayan). 2.
June. North India. 1838.

— Iceviga'ta (smooth-leaved). 4. Red. May.

Siberia. 1774.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-tearerf). Mauritius.

— laxiflo'ra (loose-flowered). 2. June. India.

1838.

— obova'ta (reversed-egg-Jeawecf). 3. June.

Hungary. T816.

— opulifo'lia (Guelder- Rose-leaved). 5. June.

North America. 1690.

tomente'lla (slightly-woolly). 5.

June. North America.

— Pickowie'nsis (Pickow). 4. June. Podolia.

1807.

— prunifo'lia flo're-ple'no (double- flowered -

Plum-leaved). 6. March. China. 1844.

July.
North America.

— Savra'nica (Savranian). 4. April. Podolia.

1819.

I — sorbifo'lia (Service - leaved). 4. August.
Siberia. 1759.

Alpi'na (Alpine). 3. August.

Siberia. 1817.

— thalictroi1 des (Meadow- Rue-like). 2. June.

Dahuria. 1806,

— Tobo'lskia (Tobolsk). 4. June, Russia.

1823.

— tomento'sa (downy). 5. August. North

America. 1736.

— triloba'ta (three-lobed). 3. May. Altai.

1801.

HAEDY EVEEGEEEN SHEUBS.

S. Dougla'sii (Douglas's). Rose. August.

Columbia.
— fi'ssa (cut- leaved). 3. November. Mexico.

1841.

— Lindleya'na (Lindley's). Himalayas.

— Reevesia'na (Reeves's). 3. May. China. 1843.

SPIEANTHE'KA. (From speira, spiral,
and anthera, an anther; twisted anthers*
Nat. ord., Rueworts [Kutaceee]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.')

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of short stubby
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
a sweet bottom-heat, the glass to be removed
at night ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

S. odorati'ssima (sweetest- scented). 6. White,
red. Brazil. 1823.

SPIEA'NTHES. Lady's Traces. (From
speira, spiral, and antJios, a flower ;
flowers arranged spirally. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceae]. Linn., 20-Gy-
nandria 1-Monandria. Allied to Neottia. )

Stove terrestrial orchids, grown in pots. See
Orchids.
S, arge'ntea (silvery). White. April. Brazil.

1843.

j — au'rea (golden). Olive brown. April. Gua-
temala. 1842.

; — bracteo'sa (/on^-bracted). I. White, yel-
low. May. St. Catherine. 1835.

— diure'tica (diuretic). Green, white. August.

Valparaiso. 1838.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Green. Sep-

tember. North America. Half-hardy.

SPIEONE'MA. (From speira, spiral,
und nema, a filament ; stamens spiral.

SPI

[ 843 ]

STA

Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Commelynacese]. , AmaryUids (Amaryllidacetc]. Linn.,
Linn., Q-Hexandr'm I-Monogynia. Al- (j-Hexandria I-Monouunla.} J
lied to Tradescantia.)

Greenhouse herbaceous. Seeds, and division
of the roots ; sandy fibry peat and loam. Win-
ter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

This is the new name for the old Amaryllis

5. fra'gra tis (fragrant) .
Mexico. 1839.

White. May.

SPLEEJTWORT. Aspic* nimn.

HPO'NDIAS. Hog Plum. {The an- i
cient name of a wild plum ; resem- !
blance of fruit. Nat. ord., Anacards j
[Anacardiaceffi]. Linn., 10-Decandria '
•i-Pentagynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half- j
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in j
heat, in May or June ; loam and peat. Winter
temp.. 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.

S. acumina'ta (pointed-leaved). June. Ma-
labar. 1824.

— axilla'ris (axillary). May. Nepaul. 1824.

— lu'tea (yellow-fruited). 50. Yellow, green.

W. Indies. 1739.

— purpu'rea (purple-fruited). 30. White,

green. W. Indies. 1817.

SPONGE TREE. Aca'dafarni^ia'im.

SPORTING is the term, whereby gar-
deners describe any deviation from the
usual form or colours of a plant or
flower.

SPOT, a disease occurring on the
leaves of the pelai-gonium, is a dry
gangrene, occasioned by an irregularity
in the supply of moisture and vicitsi- '
tudes of temperature, but especially if j
one of the extremes is much below the i
degree of heat most favourable to the i
healthy growth of that plant. The i
reason of this is very obvious. If a
pelargonium, or any other plant, be !
placed in a highly stimulating heat,
and is abundantly supplied with root
moisture, it immediately increases its ;
surface of leaf to elaborate and digest i
the large amount of sap forwarded i
from the roots. If this amount of sap :
is subsequently suddenly reduced, by
lowering the temperature and adding
water to the soil less freely, the in-
creased surface of leaf is no longer
required, and it is a law pervading all
the vegetable creation that the moment •
any one of the parts of a plant are un- !
necessary to it, immediately that part j bu'
begins to decay.

SPRKKE'LIA. (Named after Dr.
a German botanist. Nat. ord.,

bert, but by Heister, a German botanist ; and
Dr. H. had some doubts latterly of its correct-
ness. Stove bulbs, for culture see Hippetis-
trum.

S. bre'vis (short-flowered;. 1. Green, red.
June. Bolivia. 1839-

— Cybi'ster (tumbler). Red. June. Bolivia.

1839.

— formosi'ssima (handsomest). 3- Crimson.
June. Guatemala. Iti58.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 1. White. April.

Bolivia. 1839.

SPRENGE'LIA. (Named after C.Sprcn-
ycl, naturalist. Nat. ord., JEpacrids
[Epacridacete]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1 - Mon ogynia. )

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of short
young shoots, a little firm at the base, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in spring and early summer.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.

S. incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 2. Flesh. May.
New South Wales. 1793.

SPRUE. A market name for the
! smallest sprouts of asparagus.

SPURGE LAUREL. Da'phne laure'ola.

SPURLESS VIOLET. Erpe'tion.

SPURRING is cutting the lateral, or
1 side-shoots, so as to leave only a few
buds in length of them projecting from
the main branches.

SQUASH. Cucu'rbiUt melope'po. See
Cucurbita.

SQUILL. Sci'lla.

STA A 'VIA. (Named after M. Stac/f, a
correspondent of Linnseus. Nat. ord.,
Bruniads [Bmniacese]. Linn., b-Pcn-
tandria l-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of younsr
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy fibry
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
S. cilia' ta(hsar-fringed-leaved). !£. June. 1812.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 14. April. 1793.

— radia'ta (rayed). 1. May. 1787.

STA'CHYS. Hedge Nettle. (From
stachys, a spike ; their manner of flower-
ing. Nat. ord., Lipworls [Lamiaceai].
Linn., I±-Didynamia \-Gymnospermia.)

Herbaceous perennials, by seeds and divi-
sions; shrubs, by cuttings, under a hand-
light, in sandy soil, in summer. The tender
kinds require u cold pit or greenhouse in
winter. There are many annuals and biennials,

HARDY EVERGREEN'S.

y,fl.uticMl<l/sa (smaii.shrubby).
July. Caucasus, isis.

Purple.

STA

[ 843 ]

S. Palasti'na (Palestine). I. Puvple. July.
Syria. 1820.

— stenophy'lla (narrow-leaved). 1. Yellow.

July. Spain. 1823.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. Luma'rckii (Lamarck's). Yellow, July.
Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— rugo'sa (wrinkly). 2. Pale yellow. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1774.
HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. ahtpccu'rus (Foxtail Grass-like). 1$. Red.
July. South Europe. 1759.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. July. South

America. 1/98.

— Fa'ni'culum (Fennel-scewfcrf). 2. Blue.

May. North America. 1824.

— Germa'nica pule'scens (German-downy). 2.

Purple. August. Germany. 1826.

— glutino'sa (clammy). 1. Purp'le. June.

Candia. 1729.

— grandiflora (large-flowered). l£. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1800.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Purple. June. Italy. 1/10.

— inca'na (hoary). £. Flesh. June. Italy. 1759.

— Ita'lica (Italian). 6. Purple. June. Europe.

— lana'ta (woolly). 2. Striped. July. Siberia.

1782.

— macron' r a (long-tailed). 1. Pale red. July, j

Europe. 1820.

— mentheefo'Ka (Mint-leaved). Yellow. July. !

Dalmatia. 1838.

— ni 'vea (snowy). 1. Red. July. Caucasus. <

1820.

— ojficina'lis (shop). 1. Purple. August, i

Britain.

a'lba (white-flowered), l. White.;

August. Britain.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 1. Light purple. Au- i

gust. Levant. 1737-

— pube'scens (downy). Yellowish. July, i

Europe. 1816.

— re' eta (upright). 2. Yellow. July. South

Europe. 1683.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Lilac. August. Nepaul.

1830.

— sero'tina (laie-flowering). l£. Red. Au-

gust. Austria. 1832.

— seti'fera (bristly). I.). Red, brown. Cau- i

casus. 1837.

— specio'sa (showy). 4. Scarlet. July. Mexico.

1839.

— stri'cta (upright). l£. Purple. June. Den-

mark. 1592.

STACHYTA'RPHETA. Bastard Vervain.
I From stachys, a spike, and tarpheios,
dense ; mode of flowering. Nat. ord.,
Verbenes [Verbenacese] . Linn., 2-Di- I
ttndrial-Monogynia. Allied to Verbena;) I

Annuals and biennials treat as tender stove I
annuals ; perennials, by division ; shrubs, by |
cuttings, under a bell-glass, in sand, and in
bottom-heat; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 50° to 60 ; summer, 60° to 85°.
Mutabilis is very interesting.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

S. arista1 ta (awned-&rae£e<£). 2. Purple. Sep-
tember. S. America. 1845.

— cceru'lea (blue). 2. Deep blue. July.

S. craasifo'lia (thick-leaved). Violet. June.
Brazil. 1826.

— /d'rta (hairy). Violet. July. New Granada.

1821.

— muta1 bills (changing-^otcered). 3. Orange.

June. S.America. 1801.

STOVE BIENNIALS.

£. ela'tior (taller). Violet. October. Brazil.
1821.

— Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 2. Blue. July.

W. Indies. 1714.

— Ont'bica (Orubian). 3. Violet. July.

Panama. 1699. Annual.

— prisma'tica (prismatic). 2. Blue. May.

W. Indies. 1699.

~ umbro'sa (shady). Blue. May. Cumana.
1829.

— urticifo'lia (Nettle-leaved). 2. Blue. June.

S. America.

— Xucca'gni (Zuccagni's). Rose, violet. June.

1824.

STACHYU'RUS. (From stachys, a spike,
and euros, broad. Nat. ord., Pittospo-
rads [Pittosporacese], Linn., -o-Pent-
andrla 1-Jl

Half-hardy evergreen shrub. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April ; fibry sandy loam and a little peat. Win-
ter temp., 35° to 45°.
S.pree'cox (early). Pink. April/Japan.

STADMA'NNIA austraflis, a greenhouse
evergreen from New Holland, should
be joined to Cupania.

STACKHOU'SIA. (Named after Mr.
Stack-house, a British botanist. Nat.
ord., Stackhousiads (Stackhousiacece].
Linn., 5-Pcntandria 3-Trigynia.)

New Holland plants. Perennial, by division
of the plant in spring ; shrubs, by cuttings, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in summer. Winter
temp, for latter, 35° to 45°.
S. linarieefo'lia (Flax-leaved). 2. 1823. Ever-
green.

— mono'gyna (one-styled). 1. Pink. April.

1835. Hardy herbaceous.

— spathula'ta (spatulate). White. April.

1825. Evergreen.

ST^HELI'NA. (Named after B. Stce-
hclin, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord;,
Composites [Asteracese]. Linn., 19-
Syngenesia l-JEqualis. Allied to Arc-
tium.)

Half - hardy, purple - flowered, deciduous
shrubs. Cuttings, in sandy soil, under a hand-
light, in summer ; sandy fibry loam and leaf-
mould ; require protection of a cold pit in
winter.

S. arbore'scens (tree-like). 6. August. Candia.
1739.

— Chamaipeu'cc (Ground- Irme-leuved) . 2. July.

Candia. 1640.

— du'bla (doubtful). 3. June. S, Europe,

1640.

STA

[ 844 ]

STA

STAFF TREE. Cela'strus.

STANDARD. A tree unsupported by
a wall or trellis.

Full Standards are such trees as are
trained with tall straight stems six or
seven feet high, clear of branches, and
are then suffered to branch out.

Half Standards are trees trained with
short stems only two or three feet
high, then suffered to branch out at
that height to form heads ; having low
heads the fruit is more easily gathered.
Concave dwarfs have the middle hol-
low, and the branches all round in a
cup form. Horizontal dwarfs have
the branches extended all round in a
flat or horizontal position, but the con-
cave dwarf is to be preferred.

STANHO'PEA. (Named after Earl
Stanhope. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
ceae]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monan-
dria.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots, See Orchids.

S. aura'ntia (orange-coloured). Orange. June.
La Guayra. 1840.

— au'rea (golden). Yellow. May, Guatemala.

1835.

— Ba'rkeri (Barker's). Yellow, brown. July.

Mexico.

— Buce'phalus (bull-horned). 2. Yellow,

crimson. May. Quito. 1843.

— Devonie'nsis (Duke of Devonshire's), 1£.

Yellow, crimson. June. Peru. 1833.

— expa'nsa (expanded). Various. May.

Mexico. 1841.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered), l. White.

June. Trinidad. 1824.
a'lba (white). White. June.

Demerara. 1841.
incarna'ta (flesh - coloured) .

White, flesh. June. Demerara. 1835.
odora/fa (sweet-scented). White.

June. Demerara. 1835.

— grave'olens (strong-scented). Straw. May.

Peru. 1843.

— guttula'ta (small-spotted). Buff. June.

Peru. 1843.

— Harriso'nice (Mrs. Harrison's). June.

Brazil. 1836.

— ino'dora (scentless). Yellow, white. May.

Mexico. 1844.

— insi'gnis (notable). 1. White, purple.

September. Quito. 1826.

— ' atropurpu'rea (dark - purple).

White, purple. September. Brazil.
1830.

— « • fla'va (yellow). Yellow, purple.

September. Brazil. 1837.

. fu'lva (tawny). White, red. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1838.

lutfea (yellow). Yellow, purple.

September. Brazil. 1834.

_ M ma'jor (larger). Yellow, purple.

September. Brazil. 1836.

S. insi'gnis obscu'ra (obscure). White, purple.
September. Brazil. 1830.

pa'llida (pale). White/red. Sep-
tember. Brazil. 1830.

— Li'ndleyi (Lindley's). 1. Brown, red. Au-

gust. Mexico. 1839.

— ly'ncea (Lynx-plant). Various. June. Mexico.

— tnaculo'sa (spotted). 1. Blue, green. Au-

gust. Mexico. 183Q.

— Martia'na (Von Martius's). 1. White.

May. Mexico. 1843.

bi' color (two-coloured-flowered).

1. White, purple. June. Mexico. 1843.

— ocula'ta (eyed). 2. White, purple. June.

Brazil. 1829.
Barkeria'na (Barker's). 2. White,

purple. June. Mexico.
pa'llida (pale). White, red. June.

Mexico. 1836.
ma'jor (larger). White, purple.

June. Mexico. 1835.

— quadrico'rnis (four-horned). 2. Yellow,

red. June. Spanish Main.

— Ru'ckeri (Mr. Rucker's). Yellow, brown.

May. Guatemala. 1843.

— Russellia'na (Duke of Bedford's). Various.

May. Brazil. 1843.

— sacca'ta (bagged). Yellow, green. May.

Guatemala. 1836.

pa'llida (pale). Yellow. May.

Guatemala. 1840.

— tigri'na (tiger-spotted). 2. Red, chocolate.

July. Xalapa.
atra'ta (blacked). Orange, black.

July. Guatemala. 1843.
purpu'rea (purple). Orange, purple.

July. Guatemala. 1836.

— trico'rnis (three-horned). Pink, white. Peru.

— venu'st a (handsome). Guatemala. 1830.

— Wa'rdii (Ward's). 1. Yellow, brown. Au-

gust. Mexico. .1836.

STANLE'YA. (Named after the Earl
of Derby. Nat. ord., Crucifers [Brassi-
cacese]. Linn., l^-Tctradynamia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and
division of the plant, in spring ; sandy loam
and vegetable mould.

S. pinnati'fida (leaflet - 1 ike - leaved] . 1 . Yellow .
June. Louisiana. 1816.

STATE 'LIA. ( Named after J. B. Stapcl,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Asclepiads
[Asclepiadace®]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
Z-Digynia.')

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of shoots, in spring,
well dried at the base before inserting them, in
sandy soil ; sandy loam, brick rubbish, and
broken bricks, with top-dressings of rotten
cow-dung, when growing freely, or manure
waterings. Winter temp., 40° to 50°, and dry ;
summer, 60° to 80°, and moisture, but with
judgment at all times.

S. acumina'ta (pointed - leaved}. §. Purple
striped. August. 1/95.

— ambi'gua (doubtful). 2. Purple, brown.

June. 1/95.

— ape'rta (open-lowered). 2. Yellow, purple.

July. 1795.

STA

[ 845 ]

STA

Flesh coloured.

. Purple.
£. Dark
Yellowish.
£. Brown.

S. aste'rias (Star-fish-like) . f. Violet. May.
1795.

— bisu'lca (two-furrowed). 1. Yellow-striped.

July. 1805.

— bufo'nia (toad-like). 1. Yellow-striped.

July. 1806.

— cactifo'rmis (Cactus-like). £. Yellow-striped.

August. 1844.

— cane'scens (hoary). £. Brown. July. 1795.

— cilia1 ta (hair-fringed). £. Green-striped.

November. 1795.

— coma'ta (tufted). 1. Pale yellow, September.

1819-

— compa'cta (compact). $. Brown. August.

1800.

— conci'nna (neat). $. Green, July. 1798.

— deco'ra (graceful). $. Yellow-striped. March.

1795.

— depre'ssa (depressed), *, Brown, purple.

July.

— divarica'ta (straggling).

August. 1793.

— e'legans (elegant). 5. Purple. August. 1795.
—fissiro'stris (split - beaked). 2£. Yellow,

green. 1823.
—flamcoma'ta (yellow- tuf ted). £. Yellow. 1810.

— fusca'ta (browned). £. Brown, purple.

July. 1814.

— gemina'ta (twin -flowered).

March. 1795.

— gemmiflo'ra (gem - flowered).

purple. October. 1/95.

— glanduli'fera (glanded). £.

August.

— glanduliflo'ra (gland-flowered).

August. 1795.

— glau'ca (milky-green). 2. Red, purple.

July. 1799-

— glomeru'ta (crowded). 5. Brown. August.

1804.

— Gordo'ni (Gordon's). 1. Yellow, brown.

1/96.

— grandiflo'ra (large -flowered). 1. Dark

purple. October. 1795.

— Gussonea'na (Gussone's). £. Red-striped.

October. Sicily. 1833.

— hama'ta (hooked). £. Blood red. July. 1820.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). £. Purple. July. 1710.
-- a'tra (&wk- flowered). £. Dark

purple. July. 1710.

— hirte'lla (rather-hairy). A. Brown. August.

1800.

— hispi'dula (rather-bristly). 5. Green. July.

1824.

— Jacquinia'na(J&c({(im's). $. Purple. Au-

gust. 1802.

— juve'ncula (girlish). 1. Brown. Purple. July.

— laiviga'ta (smooth). £. Brown. August. 1800.

— lanvgera (woolly). £. Brown. August. 1800.

— lu'cida (shining). 1. Purple. July. 1812.

— muculo'sa (spotted). 1. Brown-striped.

August. 1804.

— margina ta (rerf-edged). £. Yellow-striped.

July. 1805.

— marmora'ta (marbled). 1. Yellow-striped.

July. 1820.

— Masso'ni (Masson's). 2.

— mi'xta (mixed). 1. Yellow-striped. July.

1800.

— moscha'ta (musky). £. Brown, purple. July.

— multiflora (many-flowered). 1. Violet, red.

September, 1817.

S. muta'bilis (changeable). £. Yellow-striped.
June. 1823.

— norma'lis (regular - spotted). £. Yellow-

striped. July. 1821.

— ophiu'ncula (small - serpent). £. Brown.

July. 1805.

— panicula'ta (panicled). £. Green, brown,

purple. July. 1805.

— pal tula (spreading). 1. Orange. July. 1797.

— pi'cta (painted). £. Yellow-striped. August,

1799.

— pa'llida (pale). £. Pale blue. 1818.

— pili' f era (hairy- tubercled). 1. Dark purple.

July. 1790.

— planiflo'ra (flat-flowered). £. Pale yellow.

August. 1805.

— pulche'lla (neat). £. Yellow-striped. May.

1795.

— pu'lchra (beautiful). J. Yellow-striped.

August. 1800.

— pulvina'tu (cushion-flowered) . £. Dark

violet. August. 1795.

— quinquene'rvis (five-nerved). 1. Yellow-

striped. May. 1800.

— ramo'sa (branchy). l£. Dark purple. June.

1795.

— refle'xa (bent-back). £. Green, purple. July.

— retu'sa (bittcn-off). J. Yellow - striped.

July. 1800.

— revolu'ta (curled-back-^ow^red). 1. Purple.

July. 1790.

— ru'fa (rusty-brown). £. Brown. September.

1795.

— rugo'sa (wrinkled). Purple, green. June.

— Si'msii (Sims's). 4. Dark purple. July. 1800.

— stri'cta (upright). £. Pale blue. August.

1814.

— serrula'ta (saw-edged). ^. Purple. July.

1805.

— soro'ria (sister). 1. Dark purple. July. 179/.

— specta'bilis (showy). 1. Dark purple. De-

cember. 1802.

— stella'ris (starry). £.

— Sty'gia (Stygian). |. Dark purple. August.

1810.

— variega'ta (variegated), 1. Yellow-striped,

August. 1727.
— varia'bilis (varij

'bilis (variable). Yellow, red. June.
- 1823.

— vetu'la (stale). £. Dark purple. August.

1793.

— Wendlandia'na (Wendland's). 1. Yellow-

striped. August. 1818.

STAPHYLE'A. Bladder Nut. (From
staphyle, a bunch ; flowers in clusters.
Nat. ord., Bladder-nuts [Staphyleacese],
Linn., 5-Pentandria 3-Trigynia.)

Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous shrufes.
Seeds sown when ripe, remaining a year or more
in the soil ; cuttings in September ; layers and
suckers ; any light soil ; Occidentalis requires a
hothouse, but it scarcely deserves one ; pinnata
is singular from its large bladder capsules,
S. Buma'lda (Bumaldan). June. Japan. 1804,

— occidentals (western). 30. Jamaica. 1824.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 6. June. England.

— trifo'lia (three-leaved). 6. May. N.Ame-

rica. 1640.

STAB APPLE. Chrysophy'llum.

STA

RiO ]

STA

STAR FISH. S tape' II a Astf'rias.

STAR HEAD. AKtcrocc'phahis.

STAR OF BETHLEHEM. Ornltho'yalum.

STAR THISTLE. Ccntnure'a cnlci'trapa.

STARTING. A term used to designate
the hastening the commencement of
growth, either in a seed or plant, hy
submitting it to artificial heat.

STA'TICK. Sea Lavender. (From
slatizo, to stop ; the powerful medical
astringency of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Lead-worts [Plumhagmacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria (\-Polygy ma.)

Hardy perennials, by division and seeds, and
tender species by similar means, and also by
cuttings ; those requiring a cold pit and green-
house, nourish best in sandy fibry loam, and a
little peat, also good and fibry.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. arbo'rea (tree). 2. Blue. July. TeneriffC'
1829.

— Dickso'nii (Dickson's). Purple. May. 1840.

— echioi'des (Echium-like). 1. Pale blue.

July. South Europe. 1752. Biennial.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1836.

— monope'tula (one-petaled). 3. Purple. July.

Sicily. 1731.

denuda'ta (naked-stonwof). 3. j

Purple. July. Sicily. 1640.

— suffnttico'sa (under-shrubby). £. Blue.

July. Siberia. 1/99.

HALF-HARDY HERBACEOUS.
S. Mgyti'aca (Egyptian). Ij. Pale pink.
May. Ararat. 1829.

— ala'ta (winged). 1. Purple, yellow. July.

1806.

— auricula1 tu (eared). &. Blue. July. Galicia.

1817,

— auriculafo'lia (Auricula-leaved). A. Red. '

July. Barbary. 1781.

— Australia (southern). 1. New Holland. I

1833.

— dne'rea (grey). 1, Blue. July. Cape of !

Good Hope. 1810.

— conge'sta (crowded). Red. July. Altai. 183/. )

— conspi'cua (conspicuous). 1. Pink. July. )

Russia. 1804.

— corda'ta (heart- leaved}. 2. Blue. June. '

South Europe. 1752.

— emargina'ta (notched-ended). $. Purple. '

May. Gibraltar.
w-folio'sa (leafy). 1. Purple, white. July. I

Graciosa. 1830.
— frute'scens (shrubby). 1. Blue. Canaries.

1847.

— imbrica'ta (imbricated). Teneriffe. 1829.

— inca'na (hoary). 1. Pink. July. Egypt. 1823. |

— Limo'nium (Limonium. Wild Marsh Beet). I

1. Blue. July. England.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 2. White. ;

May. Canaries. 1824.

— mucronn'tu (spine-pointed). 1. Red. July. I

Barbary. 1784.

— ovalifo'lia (oval-leaved). 1. White. July.

Canaries. 181 6,

— pectina'ta (comb-like). J. Blue, Septem- '

ber. Canaries. I/SO,

S. pseu'da-Arme'rla (false- Armerial. Violet.
April. 1840.

— pube'rttfa (rather-downy). 2- Violet. May.

Graciosa. 1830.

— pube'scens (downy), i. Red. July. South

Europe. 1824.

— pvrpura'ta (purpled). 6^ Purple. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1800.

— soa'bra (rough-fovmcAed). 1. Blue. June.

Cape of Good Hope. 1/88.

— sinuti'ta (scollop-leaved). 1, Purple, yellow.

August. Levant. 1629.

— specio'sa ( showy). 1. White. July. Russia.

1/76.

— tetrago'na (four-angled). 2. Red. July.

Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. AIM lea (Altaian). 1. Blue. July. Siberia.
1820.

— articula'ta (jointed). £. Blue. July. South

France. 1826.

— uu'rea (golden). Golden. Siberia. 1832.

— bellidifo'lia (Daisy-leaved). £. Pale blue.

June. Greece. 1810.

— bi'color (two-coloured). Purple, white. Mav.

1837-

— binervo'sa (two-nerved;. 1. Blue. July.

England.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. Blue. June.

Carolina. 1820.

— Ca'spica (Caspian). 1. Pale blue. July.

Caspian Sea.

— Coria'ria (Coriaria-like). 1^. Lilac. July.

Caucasus.

— cunea'ta (\\eAge-leaved). £. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1820.

— dicho'toma (two-ranked). J. Blue. July.

South Europe. 1810.

— Echi'nus (hedge-hog). £. Red. July.

Caucasus. 1813.

— clu'la (tall). 1. Blue. August. Siberia.

1820.

— cxi'mia (choice). 1. Lilac, rose. August.

Sougaria. 1844.

— ferula! cece ( Ferula - leaved) . 1 , Yellow .

July. Siberia. 1796.

— flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 1. Purple. July. Si-

beria. 1791.

— Fortu'ni (Fortune's). 1. Yellow. April.

China. 1845.

— globularicefo'lia (Globularia- leaved}. 1.

White. August- Mexico. 1821.

— Gmeli'ni (Gmelin's). 1. Blue. July. Si-

beria. 1796.

— Gra'ca (Greek). £. White. June. Greece.

1810.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 1. Red. June.

Siberia. 1780.

— lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. Blue. June.

Siberia. 1791.

— minu'ta (small), i. Red. June. Medi-

terranean. 1658.

— na'na (dwarf). $. Blue. July. Britain.

— oleifo'lia (Olive-leaved). 1. Red. Julv.

Italy. 1688.

— prttino'sa (frosted). 1. White, July. South

Europe. 1823.

— rarifto'ra (thin-flowered). Blue. July. Bri-

tain.

— reticula'ta (netted). £. Blue, July. Eng-

land.

STA

[ 847 ]

STA

S. rytidophy'ila, (file-leaved). 3. Blue. May.
Port Natal. 1840.

— Scopa'ria (Broom-like^. 1. Blue. July.

Siberia. 1/96.

— spatula' ta (spatula-/e«oerf). 1. Purple. July.

Barbary. 1804.

— spica'ta (spiked), £. White. July. Cau-

casus. 181Q. Annual.

— Tata'rica (Tartarian). 14. Pink. June.

llussia. 1731.

— Thoui'nii (Thouin's). 1. Blue. August.

New Africa. 1/00.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). £. Blue. July. 1818.

— virga'ta (rod-like). "14. Blue. July. Spain.

— Willdenovia'na (Willdenow's). 4. Violet.

July. France. 1800.

STATIONS FOTI FRUIT TREES — Unless
the soil is good, this is the best mode
of planting ; and it often renders drain-
ing unnecessary. If the soil be too
wet the hole need only be half the
prescribed depth ; the other half may
rise above the ordinary ground level.
If too dry, there is no occasion to
elevate the surface, only care must be
taken not to place the collar of the
tree too deep, which is a serious fault
under all circumstances. Let the sta-
tions extend three feet on each side
the position for the tree, thus producing
an excavation of six feet square. Two
feet in depth is amply sufficient for any
fruit-tree, especially for a dwarfing plan.
The soil then should be thrown entirely
out, and four or five inches more must
be allowed for some impervious mate-
rial, which we will presently describe.
In throwing out the soil, care must be
taken to place it in samples, or both
labour and material will be wasted. It-
very frequently happens that three dis-
tinct samples of soil or subsoil will
come to hand during the operation.
Of course all clayey, or sour, and badly-
coloured subsoil must be rejected, and
its amount will be supplied by the new
material to be introduced; and if this
is scarce, any ordinary surface-soil may
be in part substituted. In filling the
materials back again, the best of the
original surface-soil must be kept down-
wards, mixing it thoroughly with the
new soil ; the inferior or second-rate
soil may be kept to dress the surface
with. As to character of soil to be in-
troduced, that depends partly upon the
soil already existing in the garden, as
well as on the kind of fruit -tree about
to be planted. If the soil is naturally

; sandy and dry, a very stiff or clayey
loam should be selected; if naturally
clayey, any fresh, mellow, sandy loam, or
even the paring of road-sides, commons,
or lanes will prove excellent material.
The furrowings of old leys from what
is considered good wheat soil, is, how-
ever, of all other soils the best adapted
for general fruit culture. Whatever
materials are used, let it be remem-
bered that the more of turfy matter
that can be introduced, the longer will
the compost endure. Any sort of turf,
! even from hungry situations, is most
relished by fruit-trees. If, nevertheless,
no turf can be obtained, and the soil is
; loose and poor, it is well to introduce
! any refuse vegetables of a dry character,
i such as decayed bean or pea haulm,
1 ordinary straw, old thatch, or, indeed,
! anything of a decaying vegetable
character which is strong in fibre and
| enduring. If any manure is thought
; necessary, it should be fresh from the
i stable or cow-shed, as such will endure
I longer in the soil ; merely using one
barrowful of mellow and rather rich
| soil to plant the tree in. As before
I observed, the most inferior portion of
the soil may be reserved to dress the
surface of the station with, after the
tree is planted ; here it will do no harm,
• and will be in an improvable position.
We now come to the hard materials for
the bottom of the hole; four or five
inches in depth, as before stated. It
! matters not what this is composed of:
! broken stones from quarries, brickbats,
i chalk, cinders, or clinkers, &c., all are
| eligible. These being rammed hard,
i throw a coating of fine-riddled cinders
; over the whole, or very fine gravel :
this secures drainage and prevents the
roots entering to any injurious extent.

STAUROCA'NTHUS. (From slawos, a

cross, and akantha, a spine; two side

spines at the base of the principal spine

; give it the resemblance of a cross.

Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-

; cese]. Linn., \Q-Monadclphia (5-Decan-

dria. Allied to Ulex.)

Hardy evergreen. Seeds and cuttings of
young shoots, under a hand-light, ia summer
in sandy soil.

! S. aphy'llus (leafless). 3. Yellow, May. Por.
tugal. 1823.

STA

[ 848 ]

STE

STAVES-ACHE. Delphi'nium staphi-
sa'gria.

STEEPING. See Germination. It is
a very unfounded idea, that by steeping
seeds in certain solutions the vigour
and fecundity of the plants to which
they give birth might be promoted.
A certain degree of heat, oxygen gas,
and water, are all the requisites for
germination, — and until this process
has commenced, no liquid but water at
common temperatures will pass through
the coverings of a seed. So soon as
germination has commenced, this power
to exclude foreign fluids ceases, but
the organs starting into activity are so
delicate, that the weakest saline solu-
tions are too acid and offensive for them.
So utterly incapable are the infant roots
of imbibing such solutions, that at first
they are absolutely dependent, them-
selves, for their very existence upon
the seed-leaves, and if these are re-
moved the plant either makes no
further advance, or altogether perishes.
To hasten the germination of peas,
beans, &c., it is a good plan to soak
them in water for twelve hours pre-
viously to sowing ; and old seeds of all
kinds have had their germinating
powers aroused by putting them into
water heated to 200°, and allowing
them to remain in it until cold.

STELLA'RIA. Stitchwort. (From
stella, a star. Nat. ord., Oloveworts
[CaryophyllaceaB]. Linn., 10-Decandria
S-Trigynia.}

A genus of weedy herbs, with the exception
of Stellaria holostea, one of the prettiest
flower-garden plants for May in the British
Flora. Increased by division of the roots in
spring or autumn, when it may be planted out
to flower, and may be removed in June when
the flowers are over.

STENA'CTIS. (From stenos, narrow,
and aktin, a sunbeam ; the rays of the
expanded blossoms. , Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceaj], Linn., 19-Synge-
nesia 2-Superflua.}

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, which, if sown in
a slight hotbed in March, will produce plants
to bloom the same season ; division of the root
in spring.

S. heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 1. White.
July. N. America. 1640.

— inuloi'des (Inula-like). 1. Red. August.

Nepaul.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Purple. July. Cali-

fornia. 1831.

S. strigo'sa (short-bristled), l. White. July.
N.America. 1816.

STENA'NTHEKA. (From stenos, narrow,
and antliera, an anther; the stamens
broader than the anthers, which are
narrower in proportion. Nat. ord.,
Epacrids [Epacridacese] . Linn., 5-
Pentandria \.-Monoyynia.}

Greenhouse New Holland evergreens. Cut-
tings of young short shoots, a little firm at their
base, in sand, under a bell-glass, and placed in
a cold frame in May ; sandy fibry peat, with
enough of charcoal and broken pots to keep the
soil open. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
S. cilia'ta. (hair-fringed). Red. April.

— pinifo'lia (Pine-leaved). 6. Scarlet. June.

1811.

STE'NIA. (From stenos, narrow; the
pollen masses. Nat, ord., Orchids
[Orchidacere]. Linn., 20-Gynandria
\-Monandria. Allied to Maxillaria. )

Stove orchid, grown on blocks. See Orchids.
S. pu'llida (pale-flowered). £. Yellow. Au-
gust. Demerara. 1837.

STENOOHI'LUS. (From stenos, narrow,
and cheilos, a lip ; the narrow lip of the
flower. Nat. ord., Myoporads [Myopo-
raceffi]. Linn., \.k-Didynamia 2-Angio-
spermia.}

Greenhouse evergreens from New Holland.
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in April or May ; sandy loam and a
little fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

S. gla'ber (smooth-leaved). 2. Red. 1803.

— longifo'lius (long-leaved). 4. Scarlet. April.

J825.

— macula 'tus (spotted). 3. Scarlet. April.

1820.

— visco'sus (clammy). 2. Yellow. October.

1844.

STENOCHL&/NA. (From stenos, nar-
row, and chlaina, a cloak; the covering
of the spore cases. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiaceee], Linn., 24:-Cryptogamia
1-Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored, ferns. See Ferns.
S, heteromo'rpha (various-formed). April.
Australia.

— limonifo'lia (Limonia- leaved). May. E.

Indies.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 2. June. W.

Indies. 1810.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 30. July. E.Indies.

1841.

— sorbifo'lia (Service-leaved). July. W.

Indies. 17Q.3.

— spondicifo'lia (Hog-plum-leaved) . June. E.

Indies.

— tri'quetra (three-sided). July. E. Indies.

STENOCO'RYNE. (From stenos, narrow,
and fcoryne, a club. Nat. ord., Orchids

STE

STE

[Orchidacese]. Linn., %Q - Gyn&ndrin

\-Monandria.}

Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See
Orchids.

S. longico'rnis (long-horned). Orange spotted.
Deraerara. 1843.

STENOME 'SSON. (From stenos, narrow,
and messon, the middle ; the flowers
contracted in the middle. Nat. ord.,
Amaryllids [Amaryllidaceee]. Linn.,
Q-Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Coburgia.)

Pretty frame or half-hardy bulbs requiring
complete rest in winter; "sandy soil, shade,
and plenty of moisture in summer.' ' They flower
before the leaves rise, and are easily increased
from offset-bulbs in spring; sandy loam and
fibry peat.

S. auranti'acum (orange - coloured -flowered),
Orange. May. Quito. 1843.

— cocci'neum (scarlet). Scarlet. May.

— cro'ceum (saffron - coloured). 1. Copper.

May. 1820.

— cu'rvidens (bent-toothed). Yellow. May.

Peru. 1842.

— fla'vum (yellow). Yellow. May. Peru. 1823.

— Hartwe'gii (Hartweg's). 1. Orange. March.

Quito. 1844.

— latifo'lium (broad-leaved). 1. Yellow. March.

Lima. 183/.

— vitelli'num (yolk-of-egg). 1. Yellow. April.

Lima. 1842.

STENORHY'NCHUS (From stenos,
narrow, and rhynchm, a beak; shape
of the column. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacese]. Linn., 20 - Gynandria
l-Monandria. Allied to Spiranthes.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.
S. aphy'lla (leafless). 1. Brown, red, green.
June. Trinidad. 1826.

— cinnaburi'nus (cinnabar-flowered). Orange,

red, yellow. June. Mexico. 1846.

— plantagi'neu (Plantain-leaved), Red. June.

Nepaul. 1824.

STENO'STOMUM. (From stenos, nar-
row, and stoma, a mouth ; referring to
the flower. Nat. ord., Cinchonads
[Cinchonacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Guettarda.)

Stove, white-flowered, West Indian, ever-
green shrubs. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a glass, in a sweet bottom-heat ;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 80°.
S. lu'cidum (shining). May. 1818.

— tomento'sum (downy). May. 1822.

STEPHANO'TIS, (From Stephanos, a
crown, and ototis, eared ; the ear- like
processes on the crown of the stamens.
Nat. ord., Jsclepiads [Asclepiadaceoc],
Linn., S-Pentandria \-Monogynia.}
04

Stove, white- flowered, evergreen twiners.
Cuttings of the points of shoots, but best by
smnll, stiff side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and plunged in bottom-heat ; fibry loam
and fibry peat, with a little silver sand arid
dried leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45° to 55 ,
and rather dry; summer, 60° to 85°, and
plenty of moisture when growing. Would
answer, probably, in a warm conservatory when
once it reached the top of the roof.
S.floribu'ndu (copious-flowered). 20. May.
Madagascar. 1S3Q.

— Thou'arsii (Thouar's). May. E.Indies. 1842.
STEECU'LIA. (Named after Stercus,

a heathen god. Nat. ord., Sterculiads
[Sterculiaceue]. Linn., Zl-Moncecia
IQ-Decandria. )

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in moist bottom-
heat; fibry loam and peat. Winter temp., 45
to 58°; summer, 60* to 80°. Tragacantha
produces the gum of that name. PlutnnifoUa
stood for years in the open air at Chelsea, and
it is likely that many of the East Indian and
New Holland species would thrive with green-
house treatment.

S. Bala'nghas (Balanghas). 20. Purple. Au-
gust. E. Indies. 1787-

— cocci'nea (scAtlet-fruited) . 20. E. Indies.

18)7.

— colora'ta (coloured). 30. Scarlet. E.Indies.

1818.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. E.Indies.

1820.

— Heli'cteres (Helicteres-ttfce). 8. Yellow,

purple. Carthagena. 1820.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). Yellow. July.

E. Indies. 1822.

— no'Mlis (noble). 20. Pale buff. E. Indies.

1787-

— pube'scens (downy). 20. White. Guinea.

1793.

— tragacu'ntha (Tragacanth). 40. Red, brown.

May. Sierra Leone. 1/93.

STERILE. See Barren.

STERNBE'RGIA. (Named after Count
Sternberg, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Amaryllids [Amaryllidacese].
Linn., Q-Hexandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Oporanthus, or Amaryllis lutea
of the gardens.)

Hardy autumnal-flowering bulbs, with one
yellow flower on a stalk, open before the leaves
rise ; offsets ; good sandy loam and leaf-mould.
S. Clusia'na (Clusius's). £. Constantinople.

— colchiciflo'ra (Colchicum-flowered). 4. Hun-

gary. 1816.

— exi'gua (small). £. North Africa. 1820.
STE 'VIA. (Named after P. J, E sieve,

a Spanish botanist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteraceee]. Linn., 19-Synye-
nesia \-jEqualis.)

Greenhouse herbaceous perennials from
Mexico, where not otherwise mentioned. They
all bloom in August, Seeds, and division, in
3 i

STE

[ 850 ]

STO

spring ; sandy loamy soil. The protection of a
cold pit in winter.

S. adeno'phnra (gland-bearing). 2. White.
Chili. 1822.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), li. Pink.

J823.

— breviarista'ta (short-awned) . 3. Rose. July.

Tucuman. 1836.

— Eupato'ria (Eupatoria). 2. Pink. 1/98.

— fascictila'ris (close - headed). 1. White.

September. 1830.

— fastigia'ta. (peaked). ]£. White. New

Spain. 1826.

— hyssopifo'lia (Hyssop-leaved). 1$. Pink.

— incane'scens (hoary). l. White. New

Spain. 182/.

— iveefo'lia (Iva-leaved). 2. White. 1816.

— lanceola'ta (spear-head-teamf). l. Purple,

1822.

— laxifto'ra (loose-flowered). Purple.

— lu'cida (shining). 2. Pink. New Spain. 1824.

— microphy'lla (small -leaved). 2. Blush.

September. 1828.

— mo'llis (soft). White. 1834.

— monardeefo' Ha (Monarda-leaved). li. Violet.

1826.

— Nepetcefo'lia (Nepeta-leaved). l£. White.

1824.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved}. 2. White. 1816.

— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. White. New

Spain. 1824.

Pink. 1820.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). l£

— pube'scens (downy). l£. Purple. 1823.

— purpu'rea (purple). l£. Purple. 1812.

— rhombifo'lia (diamond-leaved). l£. White.

1827.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). l£. Pink. 1803.

— salvicefo'lia (Sage-leaved). l£. White. 1827.

— serra'ta (saw-leaved), l£. Flesh. 1799.

— suave1 olens (sweet-smelling). l£. White.

New Spain. 1823.

— subo'cto-arista'ta (slightly - eight - awned).

White. Peru. 1824.

— subpube'scens (slightly-downy). 2. Pink.

New Spain. 1820.

— ternifo'lia (three-leaved). l£. White. 1824.

— tomento'sa (woolly), !£. Violet. 1824.

— trachelioi' des (Trachelium-like). 3. Purple.

1 839.

— M'fida (three-cleft). 14. White, New

Spain. 1827.

— viola'cea (violet-coloured). 3. Violet. 1829.

— visco'sa (clammy). Purple. 1821.

STIGMAPHY'LLON. (From stigma, the
female organ, and phy lion, a leaf; leafy-
like stigma. Nat. ord., Malpighiads
[Malpighiacese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
3-Trigynia. Allied to Banisteria.)

Stove, yellow-flowered plants. Cuttings of
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in
bottom-heat ; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. arista' turn (swneA-leaved). 20. July. Brazil.
1832. Twiner.

— auricula' turn (eared- leaved], 10. Brazil.

1820. Twiner.

— cilia'tum (hair-fringed-tea»ed) . May. Brazil.

1796. Herbaceous.

— hcterophy'llum (various-leaved). 10. De-

cember, Buenos Ayres. 1842. Climber.

I S.jalropluefo'lium (Jatropha-leaved). 3. May.
Uruguay. 1841. Twiner.

— mucrona'tiim (spine-pointed). 10. Septem-

ber. Mexico. 1844. Twiner.

STILLI'NGIA. (Named after Dr. ft.
SliUingfleet, an English botanist. Nat.
ord., Spim/evjorts [Euphorbiacese].
Linn., 21-Monatcia IQ-Decandria. Al-
lied to Omalanthus.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings,
in sand, in heat ; sandy fibry loam, a little peat
and charcoal, and also a little brick rubbish.
Winter temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 75°.

S. popu'lnea (Poplar-like). 14. Ceylon. 1823.

— sebi'fera (tallow-bearing. Tallow Tree}. 10.

China. 1703.

STINKING GLADWYN. I'ris fcetidi's-

Digynia.)

Stipa pennata is the common feather-grass
i of the seed shops ; all but humilis, hardy her-
I baceous perennials; division and seeds in
I spring ; common soil.
i S. Atta'ica (Altaic). July. Altai. 1836.

— capilla'ta (long-haired). 2. July. Europe.

1815.
j — confe'rta (crowded). 2. July. 1819.

— gigante'a (giant). 3. July. Spain. 1823.
\ —hu'milis (lowly). £. July. South America.

1802.

' — ju'ncea ("Rush-leaved"). 3. July. France.
1772.

— penna'ta (feathered). 2. July. Britain.

STITCHWOET. SleUa'ria.

STOB^E'A. (Named after Dr. Stolons,
a Swede. Nat. ord., Composites [Astera-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia l-JEquali.«.
Allied to Gazania.)

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered evergreens,
| from the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of the
points of shoots, when growing, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Whv.er
temp., 40° to 48°.
S. atractyloi'des (Atractylis-like). July. 1823.

— pinna' ta (leafleted). 2. June. 1812.

STOCK AND STOCK- GILLIFLOWEB. See
Mathi'ola.

STOCKS are young trees or shrubs
raised from seed, suckers, layers, and
cuttings, for the reception of buds or
grafts from other trees or shrubs of a
kindred species.

The old gardener's maxim, " the
graft overruleth the stock quite," is
consonant with truth, though it is to be
taken with some reservation. The
graft prevails, and retains its qualities

STO

C 851 ]

STO

yet the stock has the power of in-
fluencing its productiveness, as well as
the quality of the fruit. Thus, a tree
having an expansive foliage, and robust
growth, indicative of large sap vessels,
and vigorous circulation, should never
be grafted upon a stock oppositely
characterised, for the supply of sap
will not be sufficient. Illustrations are
afforded by the codlin never succeeding
so well on a crab, nor a bigoreau on a
wild cherry, as they do on freer growing
stocks.

The habit of the stock, also, is of
much more importance than is usually
considered. If it grows more rapidly,
or has larger sap vessels than the scion
or bud, an enlargement occurs below
these ; but if they grow more rapidly
than the stock, an enlargement takes
place just above the point of union.
In either case, the tree is usually ren-
dered temporarily more prolific ; but in
the case where the stock grows most
slowly, the productiveness is often of
very short duration, the supply of sap
annually becoming less and less suffi-
cient to sustain the enlarged production
of blossom and leaves. This very
frequently occurs to the freer growing
cherries, when inserted upon the wild
species ; and still more frequently to
the peach and apricot upon stocks of
the slow growing plums. It is highly
important, therefore, to employ stocks,
the growth of which is as nearly similar
as may be to the parent of the buds or
scion.

The earlier vegetation of the stock
than of the bud or graft is also im-
portant ; for, if the latter are earliest in
deveropment, they are apt to be ex-
hausted and die before the flow of sap
has enabled granulation and union be-
tween the faces of the wounds, at the
junction, to occur.

Stocks for general use may be used
for grafting or budding, when from the
size of a good goosequill to half- an -
inch, or not more than an inch in the
part where the graft or bud is to be
inserted. Stocks of two or three inches,
or more, in diameter, either the stems or
branches, are also occasionally grafted
or budded with success, but are not
proper for general practice. Crab

Stocks are all such as are raised from
seeds, &c., of any wild wngrafted trees,
particularly if of the fruit- tree kind, such
as the wild crab-apple of the woods and
hedges, wild pears, plums, wild cherry,
and such other trees as have not been
grafted or budded. Free Stocks are
such as are raised from the seed, layers,
&c., of any of the cultivated varieties of
fruit-trees, and others. Paradise or
Doucin stocks are raised from layers or
suckers, from a dwarf variety of apple,
the roots of which are produced nearer
to the surface than those from crab
stocks. The French Paradise stock is
distinguished from all others, by its
very dwarf growth, its clear chesnut-
coloured shoots, and small fibrous roots,
which spread near the surface. The
English Paradise may be either referred
to as the Doucin of the French or the
Dutch Paradise; for in English nur-
series, trees propagated on either, are
said to be on paradise stocks. Of these
two, the Doucin has the darkest shoots.
Their effects on the growth of the
trees worked upon them are similar,
being intermediate between the very
dwarf habit induced by the French
Paradise, and the luxuriant growth
induced by the crab or free stocks. See
Grafting and Budding.

STOS'BE. (From stilbas, a bed of
leaves ; those of JEthiopica so used.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., IQ-Syngenesia &~8e<jrcyatcK)

Greenhouse evergreens, from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of young shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May ; fibry sandy loam
and peat. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
S. JEthio'pica (Ethiopian). 2. August. J759-
j —cine' rea (grey). 2. August. 1784.

— cricoi'des (Heath-like). 2. August. 1816.

— refle'xa (bent-back). 2. August. 1816.
STOKE 'SIA. (Named after Dr. Stokes,

an English botanist. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracea1]. Linn., IQ-Synge-
ncsia l-JEqualis.)

Half-hardy evergreen. Seeds ; or division of
the plant in spring; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould ; requires a little protection in
i winter.

i S. cya'nea (azure). 2. Blue. August. Caro-
lina. 1766.

STONECROP. Se'dnm.
STONE PINE. Pi'nns pi'nca.
STOPPING, is pinching or nipping off
the extremity of a branch, to prevent

STO

852]

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its farther extension in length. It is
frequently done, either to promote its
robustness, or to promote the produc-
tion of laterals.

STORAX. Sty' rax.

STORK'S BILL. Pelargo'nium.

STOVES, or Hothouses, are glazed
structures, differing from greenhouses
chiefly in requiring a higher tempera-
ture to he sustained within them, either
for forcing fruits or for growing plants
from tropical climates. Nearly all that
is stated relative to the greenhouse, hot-
bed, pit, under the article Melon, and
JRendle's Tank System, is applicable to
the stove. In addition, relative to glaz-
ing, if lapping be permitted,
its width should not exceed
one - eighth - of-au -inch, and
the panes should he acutely
rhomboid, to throw the con-
densed vapour down to the
lower corner, and induce it
to trickle down the bars in-
stead of dropping. It is
very doubtful whether it re-
duces the amount of mois-
ture taken between the laps
by capillary attraction.

Flues are best built of bricks set on
their edges, and the top
formed of a shallow iron
trough for the purpose of
holding water, and thus
keeping the air moist as
required. At night, for re-
taining heat, pantiles may
be placed along within the
ti'ough ; the best form is
the annexed.

Hot water in a tank is superior to
the same source of heat in pipes, be-
cause it is not liable to freeze ; and it
is preferable to steam, because its heat-
ing power continues until the whole
mass of water is cooled down to the
temperature of the house, whereas
steam ceases to be generated as a
source of heat, the moment the tempe-
rature falls below 212°. If steam be
employed, Mr. Tredgold lias given the
following rules for calculating the sur-
face of pipe, the size of the boiler, the
quantity of fuel, and the quantity of
ventilation, required for a house thirty
feet long, and twelve feet wide, with the

glass roof eight feet, length of the
rafters fourteen feet, and height of the
back wall fifteen feet. The surface of
glass in this house will be seven hun-
dred and twenty feet superficial, viz.,
five hundred and forty feet in the front
and roof, and one hundred and eighty
feet in the ends. Now, half the verti-
cal height, seven feet six inches, mul-
tiplied by the length in feet, and added
to one-and-a-half times the area of glass
in feet, is equal to the cubic feet of air
to be warmed in each minute when
there are no double doors.

That is, 7 ."> x 30 + 1£ X 720 *= 1:105
cubic feet. But in a house with wooden
bars and rafters, about one-tenth of
this space will be occupied with wood-
work, which is so slow a conductor of
heat, that it will not suffer a sensiblo
quantity to escape, therefore 130 feet
may be deducted, leaving the quantity
to be warmed per minute --11 7<*> cubic
feet.

To ascertain the surface of pipe re-
quired to warm any given quantity of
air, multiply the cubic feet of air to be
heated per minute, by the difference
between the temperature the house is
to be kept at, and that of the external
air in degrees of Fahrenheit's thermo-
meter, and divide the product by 2.1,
the difference between 200, which is
the temperature of the steam pipes,
and the temperature of the house ; the
quotient will be the surface of cast iron
pipe required.

Now in the house, the dimensions
of which are above given, if the lowest
temperature in the night be fixed at.
oO°, and 10° are allowed for windi, and
the external air is supposed to T>e at
zero or 0 of Fahrenheit, then 1175
multiplied by 00° and the product di-
vided by 2.1, the difference between
200 and 00, will give us the quotient
236— to the surface of pipe required.
Now the house being thirty feet long,
five pipes of that length, and five inches
in diameter, will be about the proper
quantity.

If hot water be employed instead of
steam, the following proportions and
information, obtained from Mr. Eendle,
may be adopted confidently as guides.
In a span-roof propagating-house, forty

SIX)

[ 853 ]

STO

feet long, thirteen feet broad, seven
feet high in the centre, and four feet
high at the two fronts, having a super-
ficial surface of glass amounting to 588
square feet, Mr. Eendle has a tank
eighty-three feet long, running round
three sides of the house, four feet wide
and about eight inches deep, and con-
sequently capable of containing nearly
-500 cubic feet of hot water, though
only half that quantity is used. This
is closely approaching to the size
pointed out, according to Mr. Tred-
gold's formula. The mean temperature
of a hot-water tank will never be much
above 100°, so that for the sized house
mentioned by that skilful engineer, the
divisor must be 2.1 times the difference
between 100° and 60°, which gives as
the quotient 335 cubic feet.

The tank in Mr. Eendle's propagat-
ing house, is built lined with Koman
cement, and if the temperature at the
time of lighting the fire be 00°, the
temperature of the atmosphere of the
house 07°, and the temperature out-of-
doors 50°, the quantity of small coal or
breeze required to raise the temperature
of the water to 125U, is 28 pounds. In
twelve hours, the water cools after the
fire has been extinguished, from 125°
to 93°.

When steam is employed, the space
for steam in the boiler is easily found
by multiplying the length of the pipe in
feet, by the quantity of steam in a foot
in length, of the pipe.

Interior

diameter of pipe
in inches.

1 .

H
2" .

!* . •

4
5
6

7 .
8
0
10

Decimal parts of a
cubic foot of steam
in each foot of pipe.
. 0.0545

0.1225
. 0.2185

0.34
. 0.49

0.873
. 1.063

1.964
. 2.67

3.49
. 4.42

5.45

In the above noticed house, the
length of pipe five inches in diameter,
is 150 feet; and these multiplied by
1.363=20.0 cubic feet of steam, and as

the pipe will condense the steam .of
about one cubic foot and one-third of
water per hour, therefore the boiler
should be capable of evaporating 1-|
cubic feet of water per hour, to allow
for unavoidable loss. In the extreme
case of the thermometer being at zero,
the consumption of coals to keep up
this evaporation will be 12f pounds per
hour.

These calculations are all founded
upon the supposition that the condensed
water is returned to the boiler whilst
hot; but if this cannot be effected,
then one-twelfth more fuel will be re-
quired. The boiler for the supply
either of steam or hot-water, should be
covered with the best available non-
conductor of heat, and this is either
charcoal or sand.

A case of brickwork, with pulverised
charcoal, between this and the boiler,
is to be preferred to any other. A
boiler having a surface of seventy feet
exposed to the air, in a temperature of
32°, requires an extra bushel of coals
to be consumed per day, to compensate
for the heat radiated and conducted
from that surface ; and the smaller the
boiler, the greater is the proportionate
waste. The surface of the pipes should
be painted black, because a surface of
this colour gives out more heat in a
given time than any other.

Bark or Moist Stove. — Mr. Loudon
gives the following design and descrip-
tion of a moist stove, wanned on the
old plan of deriving heat by the com-
bined agency of bark and flues. In-
stead of a stage in the centre it has a
pit, which may be from two-and-a-half
to four feet deep, according as bark or
leaves are to be used, the latter material
requiring the greatest depth. It is
commonly surrounded by a thin brick

wall : but planks of stone, or plates of
slate Or cast-iron, are to be preferred.

STO

[ 864 ]

STR

The roof, when necessary, may be sup-
ported by iron columns from the middle
of the pit, a.

Shelves may be placed against the
back wall, I, and occasionally a narrow-
leaved creeper run up the roof, c. We
may add, that houses of this description
are_ generally placed east and west
against walls, on account of the shelter
thereby obtained during winter, when a
high degree of heat is kept up within,
while the cold is excessive without.

STRAXVE'SIA. (Named after the Hun.
W. F. Strain/ways, F.K.S. Nat ord.,
Apple worts [Pomaeese]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria 2-Di-pentagynia. Allied to
Crattegus.)

A beautiful and nearly evergreen shrub, but
not quite hardy, except in the south of England.
Grafting on the thorn; in cold places would
like a little protection in winter.
S. glance' scens (grey-leaved). 20. White. June.
Nepaul. 1828.

STRATIO'TKS. Water Soldier. (From
stratos, an army; sword -like leaves.
Nat. ord., Hydrocharads [Hydrochari-
daceas]. Linn., 22-Dioecia 10-Dode-
cctndria.)

Hardy aquatics. Useful to plant in ponds,
where it will soon cover a large space. Seeds
and divisions ; ponds and lakes.

S. alismoi'des (Plantain-like). July. E. Indies.
1806.

— aloi'dcs (Aloe-like). 2. White. June. Eng-

land.

STRAVA'DIUM. (From the native
name in Malabar. Nat. ord., Barring-
toniads [Barringtoniaceee]. Linn., 16-
Monadelphia H-Polyandria.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
good moist bottom-heat ; tibry loam and peat,
with a little charcoal and silver sand. Winter
temp., 60° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 90°.
.$. acuta'ngulum (sharp-angled). 20. Purple.
E. Indies. 1822.

— racemo'sum (racemed). 20. White. W.

Indies.

— ru'brum (red). Red. E.Indies. 1822.

STRAWBERRY. Fraya'ria.

Superior kinds. — No. 1, Black Prince ;
2, Keen's Seedling ; 3, British Queen ;
4, Elton; 5, Old Pine; 6, Alpine; 7,
Kitley's Goliath ; 8, Eliza ; 9, Eleanor.
For early heavy crops none can exceed
the Keen's ; for size, the British Q.ueen
and Goliath; for earliuess, the Black
Prince probably takes the lead; for
very late purposes, the Elton and Al-

pines ; and for forcing, the Keen's and
the British Queen.

Soil. — A good loam of some depth is
best adapted to high culture. For
although strawberry walls are found to
be highly conducive to flavour, yet
they will not succeed well in such
situations, unless a special provision of
this kind be made for them. Therefore,
loose and sandy soils must be mixed with
marls or clays, and clayey soils must be
rendered open, by applying sand, road-
scrapings, cinder-ashes (fine), burnt or
charred material, &c. Boggy or peaty
soils will require consolidation, by burn-
ing, or the application of sound soil,
and by thorough draining, if wet.

Propagation: By Runners and Seed.
— Their propagation by runners, is well
known. Seed-sowing is resorted to for
raising new varieties, and for heighten-
ing the culture of the Alpine class,
which is by most cultivators treated as
an annual.

Culture during Hie growing period. —
A'ery little is necessary besides keeping
them clear of weeds, and trimming all
those runners away which are not re-
quired for future stock. All operations
connected with root-culture should be
carried out during the rest period. At
the end of May, the runners will begin
to ramble freely, and at this time a
very general spring-dressing should
take place. This consists in hoeing
and raking the ground thoroughly,
choosing a dry period for the operation,
in order that every weed may be de-
stroyed ; at the same time trimming
away all the wires or strings on which
the runners are produced. The next
proceeding will be to place clean
straw, grass-mowings, or tan, beneath
the trusses of fruit ; this process re-
quires a little nicety of handling.
When the bloom trusses make their
appearance, the next great point is to
see that the plants never suffer from
drought, from this period to the mo-
ment they commence ripening.

Culture during the rest period. — We
date our rest season from the period
at which the last fruit is gathered, or
soon after — say the end of August. At
this period it will be found, that in
spite of the trimming the plants re-

STR

[ 855 ]

S.TR

ceivetl in May, a profusion of runners
will have been produced, the rambling
foliage from which will obstruct the
light from the older and principal
leaves, which have from this time
forward the important office of pre-
paring for the formation of the ensuing
year's blossom. The waste runners
should therefore be trimmed away as
soon as possible, for they also exhaust
the soil by their roots. In cutting
away these runners, great cave must be
exercised, in preserving all the true
leaves, which must by no means be
cut. No further trimming need be
practised until the following March, in
the early part of which all the decayed
and injured foliage may be cut away.
The rows being three feet apart, at the
end of October, one foot in the centre
only is to be dug, thus leaving the
plants one foot of roots on each side
entirely undisturbed. Introduce some
decayed manure annually in this
centre, and the small amount of loss
of root is more than compensated by
the volume of new white fibres, which,
by the month of May following, have
fully invested the new ground. The
dung or vegetable matter should be
somewhat fresh ; such is preferable to
rotten manure.

Making new plantations. — Trenching
should be had recourse to, going as
deep as the good soil will permit,
placing the manure necessary i>rinci-
pally between the two spits. If the soil
be shallow, of course the manure will
be dug down with a single spit. If
good runners can be obtained early in
July, and carefully cultivated, they may
be expected to bear a respectable crop
the following summer. From those
planted in February of course little
can be expected. It is by far the best
to keep a little nursery for runners in
a very open situation, and the plants a
long way apart.

Strawberry Walls or Banks. — These
have been highly recommended, and
are, doubtless, very useful, as heighten-
ing flavour. They have, however,
never become very general, owing to
their being rather expensive in con-
structing. A strawberry wall, in the
direction of east and west, would be a

useful adjunct in high gardening, if
properly managed. On the south side,
plant the Black Prince and the Keen's
Seedling ; and on the north side the
Elton. The former would ripen a fort-
night earlier than ordinary ones, and
the latter continue bearing until Oc-
tober. These walls may be built of
any kind of material which will main-
tain its position, and should be as near
to an angle of 45° as can be approached.
They may be thus constructed —

Strawberry Forcing. — One principal
point here, is to obtain very early run-
ners, which is generally effected by
laying the earliest in small pots, in a
sound compost. These, when full of
roots, are repotted into larger ones ; and
the whole business henceforth is to give
them kindly cultivation, as to regular
waterings, &c., and by keeping them in
an open situation. By the end of Sep-
j tember they will possess stout buds,
j and must be plunged up to their rims
! for the winter. Forcing must be com-
I menced very gently, with plenty of
; atmospheric moisture, — say, commence
I with the temperature at 55°, and rise
i gradually by the time the leaf is tho-
; roughly developed, to 60°, and the less
advance that is made beyond this the
I better, except in sunny weather. They
| love to be near the glass, and to have
abundance of air.

Culture of the Alpines. — Sow seed
from choice fruit at the end of January,
in gentle heat, and prick the seedlings
out into boxes, still under glass, in
rich soil. Towards the end of April,
the plants, having been hardened off,
may be planted out finally; and an
elevated bed, in a sunny situation,
I should be chosen. They may be planted
| in double rows, half-a-yard apart in
the row, and the rows two feet apart.
The soil should be a rich loam ; and
when they are fruiting, some slates or
tiles may be placed beneath them, as

STR

[ 856 ]

STR

the autumn rains are apt to rot them. ;
They should be liberally watered during I
dry weather.

STRAWBERRY-BLITE. Btt'tum.

STRAWBERRY-SPINACH. Bli'tum.

STRAWBERRY-TREE. A'rbutus.

STRELI'TZIA. (Named after Charlotte,
queen to George III., of the house of
Mecklenburyh-Strelitz. Nat. ord., Musads
[Musacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Afonogynia.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous perennials,
from the Cape of Good Hope. By seeds, in a
good moist heat, in spring; generally by
suckers, and dividing the plant; fibry loam
and a little peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 80°.
5. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 6. May. 1778.

— augu'sta (grand). 18. White. March. 1/91.
—farino'sa (mealy -stalked). 5. February. 1795.

— hu' mills (humble). 6. May.
—ju'ncea (Rush-leaved'). 6. May.

— ova'ta (egg-/eat>erf). 8. March. 177".

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). 6. June. 1796.

— regi'nee (queen's). 8. April. 1773.

STREPTA'NTHERA. This genus is
united to Gladiolus; and the following
are now

G. cu'prea (copper - coloured). 2- Copper.
June, Cape of Good Hope. 1825.

— e'legans (elegant). $. White, blue. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 1827.

STREPTOCA'RPUS. (From streptos,
twisted, and carpos, a fruit ; the long
seed-pod twisted. Nat. ord., Gesner-
worls [Gesneracese]. Linn., 2-Diandria
i-Monogynia.')

Greenhouse herbaceous perennial. By seeds,
in a gentle hotbed, in spring ; also by dividing
the plant; light, rich, sandy loam. Winter
temp., 40° to 50°-

S. Re'xii (Rex's). &. Blue. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1824.

STRE'PTOPUS. (From streptos^ twisted,
and pous, a foot ; flower-stalks twisted.
Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacese].
Linn., 6-Hexaudria l-Monogynia. Al-
lied to Uvularia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds, or
divisions, in spring ; any good garden soil.
S.amplexifo' Hits (leaf-stem-clasp ing). 1. White.
May. Hungary. 1752.

— dlsto'rtus (distorted). 1. Yellow. May.

North America. 1758.

— lanugino'sus ^woolly). !£• Yellow, green.

June. North America. 1812.

— ro'seus (rosy). 1^. Pink. June. North

America. 18()6.

— si'mplex (simple). l£. June. Nepaul. 1822.

STRIKING, the process of causing
cuttings to emit roots.

STROBILA'NTHES. (From strobiles,
a pine-cone, and anthos, a flower; re-
semblance of the head of flower. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [Acanthacese]. Linn.,
14:-Didynamia Q-Anyiospermia.. Allied
to Ruellia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings, any time
during summer, in sandy soil, under a hand-
light, in heat; fibry loam and sandy peat.
Winter temp., 48° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
S. callo'sus (thick-barked). Blue. May. East
Indies. 1840.

— lacta'tus (milky-teawed). 1. Pale lilac.

September. East Indies. 1847.

— macula' tus (spotted-/eaued). l£. Pale lilac.

September. 1846.

— Sabinia'na (Sabine's). 4. Blue, purple.

March. Nepaul. 181i6.

— sca'bra (rough). 4. Yellow. May. East

Indies. 1836.

— se'ssilis (stalkless). 4. Blue. April. Bombay.

1833.

STROPHA'NTHUS. (From strophos,
twisted, and anthos, a flower ; divisions
of petals twisted. Nat. ord., Dogbanes
[Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Nerium.)

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass, in heat,
in spring ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. Chine'nsis (Chinese). Yellow. June. China.
1816.

— dicho'tomus (forked). 3. Rosy. June.

East Indies. 1816.

— dive! r gens (spreading). 3. Yellow. February.

China. 1816.

— sarmento'sus (trailing). 6. Red. June.

Sierra Leone. 1824.

STRUMA'RIA. (From struma, a tu-
bercle ; the style is enlarged at the
bottom. Nat. ord., AmaryHids [Ama-
ryllidacese]. Linn., Q-Hcxandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Nerine and
Hessea.)

Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope. For
culture, see Nerine,

S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). £. Pink. April.
1/95.

— cri'spa (curled-./?ou>emf) . 4. Pink. June.

1790.

—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). £. White. No-
vember. 1/74.

— gemma'ta (jewel-lowered). 1. Pale yellow.

August. 1812.

— lingucefo' Ha (tongue-leaved). £• White. April.

— rube'll'a (pale red). 4. Pink. May. 1795.

— spira'lis (spiral). 4. Pink. July. 1774.

— stella' ris (starry). $. Pink. October. 1794.

— trunca'ta (abrupt-ended-/earerf). ^. White.

April. 1795.

— undula'ta (viwy-flowcred}. £. White. May.

1820.

STBUTHIO'LA. (From strouthion, a

STR

STY

little sparrow ; resemblance of seeds to
a beak. Nat. ord., Daphnads [Thyme-
laceae]. Linn., ±-Tetrandria l-Mono-
'jynia. Allied to Pimelea.)

Greenhouse evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope. Cuttings of the points of shoots,
two or three inches in length, in sand, under a |
bell-glass, in May ; sandy fibry peat and a little j
charcoal. Winter temp., 40° to 4/°.
S. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. Yellow, j
July. 1816.

— cilia' ta (hair-fringed). 2. White. June. 1779- I

— ere'cta (upright). 14. White. June. 1798.

— gla'bra (smooth). 2. Yellow. June. 1820.

— imbrica'ta (tiled-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.

1794.

— inca'na (hoary). 2. White. August. 1817-

— juniperi'na (Juniper-leaved). 2. White.

June. 1758.

— laterifto'ra (side-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.

1819-

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.

1823.

— lu'cens (shining). 2. Yellow. June. 1817.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 2. White. April. 1792.

— pube'scens (downy). 3. Red. June. 1790.

— stria'ta (streaked). 2. Yellow. July. 1820.

— tomento'sa (woolly -leaved). 2. Yellow. Au-

gust. 1799-

— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. Red. June. 1779'
STRUTHIO'PTERIS. (From strouthios,

an ostrich, and pteris, a fern; resem-
blance of the leaves or fronds to its
feathers. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., %±-Cryptogamia l-FUices.}

Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
S. Germa'nica (German). 2. July. Europe. 1760.

— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). 2. August.

North America. 1812.

STUA'RTIA. (Named after «7b/w Stuart,
Marquis of Bute. Nat. ord., Theads
[Ternstromiacese]. Linn., IQ-Mona-
delphla 8-Polyandria. Allied to Gor-
donia.)

Hardy, white - flowered, deciduous shrubs,
from North America. Generally by layers;
moist peat soil, or deep, moist, sandy loam.
S. ova'tum (egg-leaved). 9. July. 1785.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 10. July. 1843.

STYLI'DIUM. (From stylos, a column ;
the stamens and style joined into a
column. Nat. ord., Style-worts [Stylidia-
cete]. Linn., ZQ-Gynandria 2-Diandria.)

All New Holland plants. Herbaceous, by
divisions, and by seeds, in spring ; shrubs, by
cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass ; fibry sandy loam, and a little peat
and vegetable mould. Winter temp., 40° to 45°.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
S. Brunonia'num (Dr. Brown's). 1. Rose.

June. 1841.
— fascicula'tum (bundled). £. Pink, August.

S.frutico'sum (shrubby). 14. Pink. July. 1803.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 2. Rose. July. 1803.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.
S. adna'tum (adhering). £. Pink. July. 1824.

— androsa'ceum (Androsace-like). White.

— bi'color (two-coloured). White, purple. 1843.

— canalicula'tum (channelled-feaued). Yellow.

July.

— caule'scens (frmg-stemnied). Pink.

— caricifo'lium (Sedge-leaved). White. July.

— cilia' turn (hair-fringed). 1. Yellow. May.

1840.

— compre'ssum (flattened). Yellow, purple.

July.

— Drummo'ndi (Drummond's). 2. Pink. No-

vember. 1838.

— graminifo'lium (Grass - leaved). 1. Pink.

July. 1803.

— hirsu'tum (hairy -scaped). 2- Rose. June.

1830.

— hi'spidum (bristly). White. July.

— ju'nceurn (Rush-like). $. Rose. 1830.

— leptosta'chyum (narrow-spiked). White.

— linea're (narrow -leaved). 1. Red. June. 1812.

— nu'dum (naked - stemmed). White. June.

1840.

— pilo'sum (hairy). 1. Pink, white. June. 1841.

— proli'ferum (proliferous). Pink. June. 1839.

— pycnosta'chyum (dense-spiked). Pink. June.

1843.

— recu'rvum (curled-back). £. Green, purple.

May. 1840.

— saxifragoi'des (Saxifrage-like). White. June.

1842.

— sca'bridum (rather-rough). White. July.

1841.

— stria' turn (channeled). White. May.

— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). 1. Pink. July.

1818.

STYLOCO'RYNE. (From stylos •, a
column, and koryne, a club ; shape of
the style. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Cin-
chonacese]. Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Mo-
nogynia.)

Stove, white - flowered, East - Indian ever-
greens. Cuttings of young shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; fibry sandy loam
and peat. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer,
60° to 85°.
S. coria'cea (leathery- leaved). 1828.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 5. 1759.

— cymo'sa (cymed). 1811.

STYPA'NDRA. (From stype, tow, and
aner, an anther ; resemblance of the
anthers. Nat. ord., Lilyivorts [Lilia-
ceas]. Linn., 6-Hcxandria ]-Monoyynia.
Allied to Anthericurn.)

Greenhouse, New Holland plants. Division
of the plant, in spring ; sandy loam and fibry
peat ; require the protection of a dry cold pit in
winter.

S.frute'scens (shrubby). 2. Violet. June.
1836.

— propi'nqua (related). 1. Azure. September,

1833.

STYPHE'LIA. (Form styphelos, hard ;

STY

[ 858 J

SUT

referring to the wood. Nat. ord., JEpac-
rids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 6-Pentah-
dria \-Monogynla.")

Greenhouse, New Holland evergreens. Cut-
tings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April ; sandy fibry peat, and only a
little fibry loam. Winter temp., 38° to 48°.
S. Epacrioi'des (Epacris-like). 6. Crimson.
July. 1823.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. Pink. June.

1823.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 6. Pink. July.

1706.

— tubiflo'ra (tube-flowered). 6. Scarlet. July.

1802.

STY'RAX. Storax. (From the Arabic.
Nat. ord., Storaxworts [Styracacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 1-Hfonoyynia,}

Hardy deciduous, white-flowered, shrubs. By
imported seeds, and cuttings and layers ; light
rich sandy loam, and a little peat ; should be
planted against a wall to bloom profusely, and
it is well worthy of such protection; next to
that a dry protected situation.
S. grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 6. July. N.
America. 1/65.

— l&viga'ta (smooth). 4. July. N. America.

1765.

— officina'le (shop). 12. July. Levant. 1597.

— pulverule'ntum (powdery). 4. June. N.

America. 1794.

SUCCULENT PLANTS are so charac-
terised on account of their thick juicy
leaves. They are formed to exist, says
Mr. Fortune, in countries and situations
where they are often exposed to intense
light and dryness; their skins are
thick ; they have few evaporating pores ;
and they have, likewise, few roots to
gorge their tissue with food during the
rainy season. Therefore, we find the
dry sandy plains of the Cape abounding
in aloes and mesembryanthemiims ; and
the bare volcanic rocks of Mount Etna
covered, in many places, Avith the
common prickly pear. In Mexico, also,
and in many other parts of Central and
South America, the extensive race of
cacti, with their curious un- vegetable-
like forms, are at home, and flourish
even in those dry and parched seasons
when the whole face of nature besides
seems withered and destroyed. The
natural circumstances in which these
plants are found are sure and certain
guides in cultivation.

SUCKERS are branches naturally
thrown up by a plant from its base,
when the onward current of growth of
the stem is stopped.

SUFFOCATION is a term employed by
! Keith and others to describe any stop-
ping of the transpiratcry organs of
plants, whether it arises from extra-
vasated sap, mosses, fungi, or from a
deficient supply of sap.

SUGAR BAKERS' REFUSE. See Animal
Matters.

SUGAR CANE. Sa'ccharum.
SUMACH. Rhus.
SUN -DEW. Dro'sera.
SUNFLOWER. ' Helia'nthus.
H. a'nnmts. Annual Sunflower, is
now much cultivated for its oil, and as
a food for cattle and poultry.

The earlier the seed can be got into
the ground the better, say the begin-
ning of April, as the crop will be ready
to harvest the latter part of August,
which will be of the greatest importance
| to growers. The necessary quantity of
seed required for an acre depends upon
| the conditions of the soil, and varies
i from four pounds to five pounds ; but,
I of course, it is advisable to sow a little
! more than is actually wanted, to provide
| against accidents. The seed should be
I drilled into the ground, and the distance
I from row to row eighteen inches ; the
j plants to be thinned out to thirty
inches from plant to plant, and the
number of plants at this distance
would be about 14,500 per acre ; at
eighteen inches from plant to plant,
25,000 per acre ; and at twelve inches
| from plant to plant, 32,000. The pro-
! duce of this kind of grain, like that of
most others, varies considerably, ac-
cording to the state of the soil, climate,
and the cultivation that is employed ;
but the average quantity of seed is
about fifty bushels per acre. This will
produce fifty gallons of oil, and of oil-
cake, 1,500 pounds. The stalks, when
burnt for alkali, give ten hundred-
weight of potash.

SUNFLOWER. Actino'tus Hello? nthi.
SUN- FRUIT. Helioca'rpus.
SUN-ROSE. Hello,' nthemwrn.
SURFACE GRUBS, or caterpillars, are
the larvae of several species of Noctua,
or Night Moths. Gardeners thus
name them because they attack the
roots of the turnip, mangold wurtzel,
&c., just at the surface of the soil.
SUTHERLA'NDIA. (Named after

SUT

SWI

James Sutherland, author of a botani-
cal catalogue. Nat. ord., Leguminous
Plants [Fabaceaj]. Linn., 17-Diacfe/-
phia -i-l)ecandriu. Allied to Clianthus.)

Half-hardy, scarlet-flowered, evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds in spring, or
cuttings of young shoots, in May, under a
hand-light ; requires protection in hard winters.

S.fmte'scens (shrubby). 3. June. 1688.
cune'scens (hoary). June. 1816.

— microphy'lla (small-flowered). 3. June. 1816.

SuwARROW-NuT. Caryo'car.

SWAIXSO'NIA. (Named after Isaac
Swainson, F.K.S. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacem]. Linn., 17-
Diadelpkia ±-Decandria. Allied to
Colutea.)

Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs.
Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in April, after
being soaked in warm water, or they may be
sown when ripe ; cuttings of young shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, and kept in a cool
frame or pit, any time in summer ; sandy fibry
loam, and a third of peat. Winter temp., 38°
to 45°. They would no doubt succeed against a
protected conservative wall.

S. astragalifo'lia (Astragalus-leaved). White.
July. 1802.

— eojWM'##/o'/ia (Coronilla- leaved). 2. Purple.

July. 1802.

— gulegifo'lia (Galega-leaved). 2. Red. July.

1800.

albiflo'ra (white - flowered). 2. ,

White. July. 1826.

— Grey'ana (Capt. Grey's). 2. Pink. July. 1844. I

— tessertitefo'lia (Lessertia-leaved). 2. Purple. !

July. 1824.

SWALLOW-WORT. Asdf'pias.

SWAMMERDA'MIA. (Named after J.
Sivammerdam, the naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., W-Syn-
genesia 2-Siiperflua. Allied to Podo-
lepis.)

Half-hardy evergreen, for culture see Podo-
lepis.

S. antenna' ria (Antennaria-like). 3. White.
January. Van Diemens Land.

SWAMP LOCUST-TREE. Gledi'tschia
monospe'rma.

SWAMP POST. Que'rcus lyra'ta,

SWAMP SASSAFRAS or LAUREL. Mag-
no' Ha glau'ca.

SWA'RTZIA. (Named after Olof
SivartZy a German botanist. Nat. ord.,
Leguminous Plants [Fabacese]. Linn.,
\\-Decandria 1-Monoyynia. Allied to
Cassia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and
in bottom-heat, in the beginning of summer ;

sandy libry loam and peat, in equal proportions.
Winter temp., 50° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flower °d). 6. Yellow,
Trinidad. 1821.

SWEDISH BEAM-TREE. Py'rus in-
terme'dia.

SWEEPING. See Besom. It is best
done in calm weather, and early, whilst
the dew is strong enough to allay the
dust, and keep the light refuse from
blowing about.

SWEET BAY. Lau'rus no' bills.

SWEET BRIAR. Ro'sa rubigino'sa.

SWEET CALABASH. Passiflo'ra mali-
fo'rmis.

SWEET CICELY. See Chervil.

SWEET FLAG. A' corns.

SWEET GALE. My'rica ya'le.

SWUET GUM. Liquida'mbar styra-
ci'JliHt.

SWEE'TIA. These stove evergreen
twiners are now united to Galactia.
They are all purple-Howered.

G.filifo'rmis (thread-shaped). 3. July. South
America. 1820.

— ligno'sa (woody). 5. St. Domingo. 1824,

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. South America.

1818.

SWEET MARJORUM. Origanum ma-
jura'na.

SWEET MAUDLIN. AcMUe'a agera'tum.

SWEET PEA. La'thyrus odora'tus.

SWEET POTATO. Bata'ta.

SWEET SOP. Ano'na squamo'sa.

SWEET SULTAN. Centaure'amoscha'la.

SWEET-WILLIAM. Diafnthm barba'tus.

SAVE'RTIA. Felwort. (Named after
E. Swert, a Dutch florist. Nat. ord.,
Gentian worts [Gentianaceaa]. Linn.,
^-Pentandria 1-Digynia. )

Hardy plants. Seeds in spring ; a marshy
peaty soil.

S. cornicula'ta (small-horned). £. Pale green.
August. Siberia. 1817- Annual.

— Uichauxia'na (Michaux's). £. Green, yel-

low. July. N. America. 1824. Biennial.
- pere'nnis (perennial). 1. Purple. July.
England. Perennial.

SWIETE'NIA. Mahogany. (Named
after Von Swielen, a Dutch botanist.
Nat. ord., Cedrelads [Cedrelacese].
Linn., lO-Decandria 1-Monogynia.}

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a hand-light,
and in bottom-heat ; sandy fibry loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 85°.
S.fcbrifu'ga (fever-conquering). 60. White,
yellow. E. Indies. 1796.

SWI

t 860 ]

SYR

S. maha'goni (Mahogany). 80. Red, yellow.
W. Indies. 1734.

SWORD FERN. Xipho'pteris.

SY'AGRUS. (After an ancient poet,
Nat. ord., Palms [Palmaceas]. Linn.,
21-Dicecia 5-Penlandria.)

Stove Palm. Seeds } sandy loam ; in a warm
moist plant stove.

S. cocoi'des (Cocos-like). 20. Brazil. 1824.

SYCAMORE. A'cer pse'udo-pla'tanus.

SYMPHORICA'RPUS. (From symphoreo,
to accumulate, and karpos, a fruit;
clustered fruit, Nat. ord., Caprifoih
[Caprifoliacero]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1 -Monogynia, )

Hardy deciduous shrubs, from North Ame-
rica. Cuttings, in autumn, and freely by
suckers; good common soil; the flowers of
racemosus are hunted after by bees, and its
masses of white fruit are grateful to many
birds, besides looking very pretty in winter.
S. monta'nus (mountain). 6. Pink. August.
1829.

— occidentals (western). 6. Pinkish. July.

— puni'ceus (scarlet). 4. Red. July. 1815.

— raccmo'sus (racemed). 6. Yellowish. Au-

gust, 1817.

— vulga'ris (common). 6. White. August.

1730.

fo'liiS'Variega'tis (variegated»leaved) ,

6. Pink. August.

SY'MPHYTUM. Comfrey. (From sym-
phyo, to make unite ; healing qualities.
Nat. ord., Borageworts [Boraginacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoyynia.~)

Division of the plant, chiefly in spring ; good
common soil, and a rather shady situation,
where few herbaceous plants would flourish.

HARDY TUBEROUS- ROOTED.
S. qfficina'le (shop). 4. White. June. Britain.

— i . . Bohe'micum (Bohemian). 3. Crim-

son. May. Bohemia. 1810.

pa'tens (spreading). 4. Blue. June.

Britain.

— tubero'sum (tuberous). 4. Yellow. July.

Scotland.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

S. aspe'rrimum (roughest). 6. Red, blue.
July. Caucasus. 1799-

— Cauca'sicum (Caucasian). 4. Azure. June.

Caucasus. 1820.

— corda'tum (heart- leaved). 2. Cream, June.

Transylvania. 1813.

— echina'tum (hedgehog). Purple. May. 1824.

— orienta'le (eastern). 3. White. May. Turkey.

1752.

— peregri'num (spreading). 2. July, Podolia.

1816.

— Tau'ricum (Taurian). 3. White. June.

Tauria. 1806.

— bulla'tum (blistered- leaved). 2£.

Pale yellow. June. Caucasus. 1818.

SYMPIE'ZA, (From sympiezo, to press ;

j the stamens compressed in the tube.
I Nat.oicd.,Hcathworts [Ericaceae]. Linn.,
| -i-Tetrandria 1-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen. Cuttings of the points
i of shoots a couple of inches long, the base part
j being a little firm, in sand, under a bell-glass ;
! sandy fibry peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.
i S. capitella'ta (small-headed). 1$. July. Cape
of Good Hope. 1812.

SY'MPLOCOS. (From symploke, a con-
| nection; stamens united. Nat. ord.,
Storaxworts [Styracacere]. Linn., 18-
Polyadelphia 2-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass;
sandy fibry loam, and a little fibry peat. Win-
ter temp., 40° to 45°. The Coccinea will re-
quire 10° more heat, but similar treatment
otherwise. Sinica should have a place on a
conservative wall.
-S. cocci 'nea (scarlet). Rose. Mexico. 1825.

— Cratcegoi'des (Cratsegus - like). White.

April. Nepaul, 1824.

— Si'nica (Chinese). 3. White. May. China,

1822.

— tincto'ria (dyer's. Laurel-leaved). 3. Yellow.

Carolina. 1780.

SYNA'NDRA, (From syn> together,
and aner, anther ; the anthers in pairs.
Nat. ord., Llpworts [Lamiaceffi]. Linn.,
\±-Didynamia l-Gymnospermia. Allied
to Melittis.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, and
division, in spring ; dry sandy soil.
S. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. June.
North America. 1827.

SYNAPHLE'BIUM. (From syn, together,
and phlebs, a vein ; the veins on the
fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodia-
cese]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored, Ferns. See Ferns.
S. lobulo'sum (small-lobed). May. E. Indies.

— obtu'sum (blunt). May. Malacca.

— pectlna'tum (comb-like). May. E.Indies.

— recurva'tum (curled-back). May. Malacca.

SYNNE'TIA. This genus is added to
Gladiolus, and the following species,
therefore, all from the Cape of Good
Hope, are

G. bi'color (two-coloured). £. Brown, yellow.
March. 1786.

— galea'ta (helmeted). 1. Brown, yellow.

April. 1825.

— variega'ta (variegated). £. Variegated.

May. 1825.

SYIII'NGA. The Lilac. (From syrinx,
the Persian name. Nat. ord., Olive-
worts [Oleacesej. Linn., ^-JDiandria
1- Monogynia.)

Hirdy deciduous shrubs, Layers, and suckers

SYR

[ 861 ]

TAC

generally ; scarce kinds by budding or grafting ;
close-headed ones grafted standard-high on the
ash would look very interesting ; common gar-
den soil.

S. Emo'di (Emodi). 10. White. April. Hima-
layas.

— Josikoe'a (Josika's). 8. Deep lilac. June.

Germany. 1833.

— Pe'rsica (Persian). 5. Purple, May. Persia.

1640.

a'lba (white). 2. White. May. Persia.

lacinia'ta (out-leaned). 5. Purple.

May. Persia.
sulvifo'lia (Sage-leaved). 5. May.

— vulga'ris (common). 8. Blue. May. Persia.

159".

a'lba (white). 5. White. May. Persia.

a'lba-ma'jor (larger- white). 5. White.

May.
a'lba-ple'na (double- white). 5. White.

May.

ccent'len (blue). Blue.

ru'bra (red). 10. Red. May.

-, ru'bra-ma'jor (larger- red). 10. Red.

May.
ru'bra-ple'na (double-red)

May.
viola' cea (violet).

10. Red.

Purple. May.
Persia,

SYEINGE. This is a most useful
implement for impelling water over
plants in pots, wall-trees, &c. Read's
syringes are excellent. When the
object is merely to refresh the plants,
the operator should stand at some
distance from the plants, so that the
water may spread and fall upon them
like a shower. But if aphides have to
be destroyed, he may be closer to the
plants, and drive forth the water with
greater force. The accompanying
sketch represents the water passing
through many minute holes; but the
syringe is sold with spare nozzles, so
as to deliver the water in a greater
body ; and with elbows, so that the
opposite sides of plants in greenhouses
may be syringed without moving them.
See Engine.

SYZY'GIUM. (From syzyyos, coupled ;
branches and leaves in pairs. Nat.
ord., MyrtleUooms [Myrtacere]. Linn.,
1%-Icowndria 1 -Monogynia.}

Stove, white - flowered, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

S. caryophyllifo'lium (Clove-leaved). 20. East
Indies. 1822.

S.frutico'sum (shrubby). May. E. Indies. 1824.

— glomera'tum (crowded). May. Mauritius.

1824.

— inophy'llum (fibrous-leaved). May. East

Indies. 1826.

— Jambola'na (Jambolana-fr-ee). 20. August.

East Indies. 1/96.

— obova'tum (reversed - egg - leaved}. May.

Mauritius. 1822.

— panicula'tum (panicled). April. Mauritius.

1822.

— veno'sum (veiny). May. Nepaul. 1824.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 10. June. Ceylon,

1798.

T.

TABERNJEMONTA'NA. (Named after
J. T. Tabernamontanus, a celebrated
botanist. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocy-
nacese]. Linn., b-Pcntandria l-Mono-
gynia. Allied to Plumieria.)

Stove evergreens, all white-flowered, unless
otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of half-ripened
shoots, in the beginning of summer, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and in a moist bottom-heat ;
fibry peat and lumpy loam, with a fair portion
of silver-sand, and small pieces of charcoal.
Winter temp., 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. a'lba (white). 10. May. W. Indies. 1780.

— amygdalifo'lia (Almond-leaved). 6. Yellow.

July. South America. 1780.

— arcua'ta (arched). 40. Cream. Peru. 1824.

— citrifo'lia (Citron-leaved). 15. Yellow.

Jamaica. 1784.

— corona'ria (garland). 4. July. East Indies.

1770.

flo' re-pie' no (double). 4. July.

West Indies. 1770.

— cri'spa (curled). 6. July. E. Indies. 1818.

— cymo'sa (cymed). 10. Carthagena. 1820.

— densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 4. June. East

Indies. 1824.

— dicho'toma (forked). 12. September. Ceylon.

1820.

— di'scolor (two- coloured). 10. Cream. April.

Jamaica. 1 822.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. Trinidad.

1823.

— grati'ssima (most-grateful). 6. June, East

Indies. 1824.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel - leaved}. 13. Yellow.

May. West Indies. 1768.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). 4. Yellow. Oc-

tober. Cayenne. 1793.

— persicaneefo'lia (Persicaria - leaved). 6.

Cream. Mauritius. 1810.

— tmdula'ta (waved). 10. Orange. Trinidad.

1824.

TA'CCA. (The Malay name. Nat.
ord., Taccads [Taccaceffi], Linn., 6-
ffexandria 1 -Monogynia. )

Stove, East Indian bulbs, except integrifolia.
Division of the roots, in spring ; sandy loam
and a little fibry peat. Winter temp., 60°;
summer, 60° to 90°, and plenty of moisture.
T. a'spera (rough). 2. Brown. July. 1816.

TAG [ 5

T. Guinee'nsis (Guinea). 2. July.

— integrifo'lia (entire -leaved). 4. Purple.

June. 1810. Herbaceous.

— la'vis (smooth). 2. Brown. July. 1820.

— phalli'fera (crest-bearing). 4. Brown. July.

Mauritius. 1826.

— pinnati'fid a (leaflet-cut). 2. Purple. 1793.

TA'CHIA. (The Guianan name. Nat.
ord., Gentianworts [Gentianacete].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monoqynia. Al-
lied to Leianthus.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens, from Ja-
maica. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in May ; sandy fibry
peat, and a very little loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 55°, and kept in a dryish at-
mosphere; summer, 60° to 80°, and moist.
T. cordifo'lia (heart-leaved). 2. 1816.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). l£. July. 1793.

— Swa'rtzii (Swartz's). 10. July. 1793.

TACHIGA'IJA. (The Guianan name.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cese]. Linn., IQ-Decandria \-Mono-
fiynia. Alliance near the Tamarind.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in sand, under a glass,
in March, in bottom-heat ; also seeds in a hot-
bed; sandy fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to
55°; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. bi'juga (two-paired). 20. Brazil. 1822.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 60. Guiana. 1827.

TACSO'NIA. (From tacso, the name
of one of them in Peru. Nat. ord.,
Passionworls [Passifloraceae]. Linn.,
16-Monadelphia 2-Pentandria.)

Half-hardy evergreen climbers. Cuttings of
young shoots, any time in summer ; fibry loam
and a little sandy peat and leaf- mould. Fruit
of mollissima is eatable.

T. manica'ta (sleeved). 20. Scarlet. Septem-
ber. Peru. 1843.

— molli'ssima (softest- leaved). 20. Rose. Sep-

tember. Quito. 1844.

— peduncula'ris (long - flower - stalked). 10.

Rose. Peru. 1815.

— pinnatisti'pula (leafleted-stipuled). 30. Pale

rose. September. Chili. 1828.

T^ENIO'PSIS. (From tainia, a iillet,
and opsis, like ; the resemblance of the
leaf or frond. Nat. ord., Ferns [Poly-
podiaceajj. Linn., '2±-Cryptonamia J-
Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
T. linea'ta (narrow-leaved), 2. June. W.
Indies.

— revolu'ta (curled-back). June. Nepaul.
TJENI'TIS. (From tainia, a fillet;

the resemblance of the fronds or leaves.
Nat. ord., Ferns [Polypodiaceee]. Linn.,
24:-Cryptogamia 1-Filices.)
Stove, brown-spored Fernd. See Ferns,

W* ] TAL

' T. nngustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). $. July.
Jamaica. 1816.

— Blechnoi'des (Blechnum-like). May. India.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). June. China. 1828.

— furca'ta (forked). June. Trinidad. 1824.

i —graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). $. July.
Trinidad. 1820.

' —lanceola'ta (spear-head-/ronded) . l. Au-
gust. W. Indies. 1818.

TAGE'TES. (Named after a Tuscan
! divinity. Nat. ord., Composites [ Astera -
i cece]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia *l-8uper-
fiua. )

Yellow - flowered Mexican annuals, except
} where otherwise mentioned. Annuals sown in
i open ground in May ; or better still, in a hotbed
1 in the beginning of April, and planted out
middle of May. Perennials by seed, division,
and cuttings. Lucida is pretty either for a cool
greenhouse, or a bed on the lawn in summer.
T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 3. August.
1826.

— Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 3. August.

Caraccas. 1819-

— clandesti'na (concealed). 3. July. 1823.

— corymbo'sa (corymbed). 14. August. 1825.
lu'tea (yellow). 1$. August.

1825.

— daucoi'des (Carrot-like)- June.

— ere'cta (erect. African Marigold). 3. July.

1596.
—filifo'Ka (thread-leaved). 3. August. 1826.

— flu'rida (florid). 1. August. 1827. Her-

baceous.

— glanduli'fera (gland-bearing). 6. October.

1826.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 3. September. S.

America. 1819.

— lu'cida (shining-leaved). I. August. S.

America. 1/98. Herbaceous.

— micra'ntha (small-flowered). 3. August.

1822.

— minu'ta (minute-flowered), 2. August.

Chili. 1728.

— pa! tula, (spreading. French Marigold). 2.

August. 1573.

— subvillo'sa (slightly-shaggy \ 2. September.

1823.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). 3. August. Peru.

1797-

TALAU'MA. (Its South American
name. Nat. ord., Magnoliads [Magno-
liacece]. Linn., 18-Polyandria (i-Poly-
f/ynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
thinly, in sand, under a large bell-glass, in
heat ; grafting and inarching on Magnolia
obovata; fibry peat and a little loam and sand.
Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. Cando'lii (Decandolle's). 15. Striped. April.
Java. 1827.

— Plumie'ri (Plumier's). 60. White. Antilles.

1829.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 3. Cream. Java. 1786.

TALIE'EA. (The Indian name. Nat.
ord., Palms [Palmaceae]. Linn., 6-
ffexandria \-Monogynia.)

TAL

[ 863 ]

TAN

Stove Palm. Seeds, rich turfy loam. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.
T. Bengale'mis (Bengal). 100. E.Indies. 1823.

TALI'NUM. (From thalia, a green
branch; its durable verdure. Nat, ord.,
Purslanes [Portulacefe], Linn., 11-Do-
decandria l-Monogynia.}

Annuals and biennials, sown in a hotbed,
early in spring, pricked out and bloomed in the
greenhouse, or a sheltered place out of doors ;
the others are under-shrubs, easily propagated
by cuttings of the succulent shoots, dried at the
base before inserting them in sandy soil ; peat,
loam, sand, and brick-rubbish. Winter temp.,
45° to 58°, and dryish ; summer, 60° to 80°.

ANNUALS, &C.

Purple. August.

T. purjnifreum (purple)
Mexico. 1826.

— refle'xum (bent-back). 1.
tember. S. America.

Yellow. Sep-
1800. Biennial.

EVERGREENS, &C.

T. Andre'wsii (Andrews's). 1. Pink. August.
W. Indies. 1800.

— crassifo'lium (thick-leaved). 1. Red. August.

1800.

albiflo'rum (white - flowered).

White. July. S. America. 1819.

— cuneifo'lium (wedge-leaved). 1. Purple.

August. Egypt. 1820.

— pa'tens (spreadrng-flowered). 1. Red. Sep-

tember. S.America. 1776. Herbaceous.

— #«-e^/o7mm(cylindric-leaved). 1. Pink. Au-

gust. N. America. 1823. Herbaceous.

— triangula're (triangular), ij. Yellow. Au-

gust. W. Indies. 1739.

TALI'SIA. (From Toulichi, the name
in Guiana. Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sa-
pindacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
wood, with leaves, thinly inserted in sand,
under a glass, in moist bottom-heat; sandy
peat and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 60° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.

T. Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 8. Rose. Guiana.
1824.

TALLOW-TREE. Stilli'ngia sebi'fera.

TAMARI'NDUS. Tamarind-Tree. (From

[Tamaricacefe]. Linn., 5-PentanJria
•i-Trigynia.}

Hardy, by cuttings, under a hand-light, or
even in the open air, in spring or autumn, and
any common soil ; the tender species require a
warm greenhouse, or a cool plant stove, and to
be grown in peat and loam; increased by
cuttings, under a hand-glass, in sand, and in
heat.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

T. Dahu'rica (Dahurian). 6. Pink. Dahuria.
1827.

— Ga'llica (French). 10. Flesh. July. Eng-

land. Deciduous.

— Palla'sii (Pallas's). 8. Flame. July. Cau«

casus. 1827.

— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 6. White. July.

Tauria. 1821.

STOVE EVERGREENS.
T.dioi'ca (dioecious). 6. E.Indies. 1823.

— I'ndica (Indian). 6. Pink. July. E.Indies.

— on enta'lis (eastern). 10. Pink. E.Indies.

TAMO'NEA. (From tamone, the Griiia-
nan name. Nat. ord.. Verienes [Yer-
benacese]. Linn., l±-Didynamia '2-
Angiospermia. Allied to Lantana.)

Tender, blue-flowered biennials. By seed, in
i a hotbed, in spring ; pricked out, and potted
! off, and bloomed in the greenhouse.
1 T. Cwassa'wiea(Curassoa). 1. July. W. Indies.

1823.

I — mu'tica (awnless). 1. July. Guiana. 1820.
i —spica'ta (spiked). September. Trinidad.
1824.

TANACE'TUM. Tansey. (Derivation
uncertain. Nat. ord., Composites [As-
teraceEe]. Linn., IQ-Syngenesia Z-Su-
perftua.)

Hardy herbaceous. Divisions in spring and
cuttings, under a hand-light, in summer ; any
soil. Grandiflorum requires a cool greenhouse,
or a cold pit, in winter ; and a sandy fibry loam.
T. grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 1|. Yellow.
June. Cape of Good Hope. 1820.

— purpu'reum (purple). l£. Pale red. June.

Nepaul. 1811.

— vulga're (common). 2. Yellow. June.

Britain.

variega'tum (striped-/ea»ed) . 2.

Yellow. July. Britain.

TANGHI'NIA. (From Tanghin, the

Tamarlindy, the Arabic name. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Papilionacese] .
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Dccandria.')
Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen trees. Seeds , Madagascar name. Nat. ord.,* Dogbanes

Winter temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°. j Monogynia, Allied to Cerbera.)
T. I'ndica (Indian). 60. July. E.Indies. 1633. j Stove, white-flowered evergreens, from the
— occide'ntalis (western). 40. February. West | East Indies. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,

in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; peat and
loam, with a little sand. Winter temp., 50° to

Indies.

Ta-

| 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°. The nut of veneniflua,

TA'MARIX. Tamarisk. (From

mar is, now Tambro, the name of a j thougnnot larger than an almond, is sufficient
river where it grows, on the borders of i to poison a score of people,
the Pyrenees'. Nat. ord., Tamarisks \ T, dicho'toma (forked). June. E, Indies, 1827'

TAN

C 861 ]

TEA

T. laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 3. June. E.
Indies. 1818.

— Ma'nghas (Manghas). 20. August. 1800.

— Odo'llam (Odallam). 20. August. 1756.
~~ veneni'flua (poison - flowing). 30. Pink.

May. Madagascar. 1826.

TANCXIER PEA. La'thyrm tingita'nns.

TARRAGON. Artemi'sla dracu'nculus.
Used in salads to correct the coldness
of the other herbs ; and its leaves are
excellent when pickled.

Soil. — Poor dry soil is essential to
produce it in perfection, and hardy.

Propagated by parting the roots. To
have green Tarragon during the winter
and spring, strong-rooted plants must
be planted, small portions at a time,
once or twice a month, from the close
of October to the end of January. For
the main crop, it may be planted any
time from the end of February until
the conclusion of May. .

Plant ten inches apart; and if dry
weather, water must be given regularly
every evening until they are rooted.
They soon establish themselves, and
may be gathered from the same year.
As they run up, the stems should be
cut down, which causes them to shoot
afresh.

At the end of autumn, if some es-
tablished plants are set beneath a south
fence, they will often afford leaves
throughout the winter, or, at all events,
come early in the spring. Some of the
leaves should be gathered in the
summer, and dried for winter's use.

TARCHONA'NTHUS. African Fleabane.
(From tarchon, Arabic for tarragon, and
antJios, a flower. Nat. ord., Composites
[Asteracese). Linn., 19-Syngenesia 1-
JE 'quails.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered evergreens from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in the beginning of summer;
fibry sandy loam and a little leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
T. camphora'tus (camphor-scented). 10. 1690.

— elli'pticus (oval-leaved). 8. 1816.
TASMA'NNIA. (Named after C. Tas-

mann, a Dutch navigator. Nat. ord.,
Magnoliads [Magnoliacefe]. Linn.,
23-Polygamia I-Moruecia. Allied to
Driniys and Illicium.)

The fruit of T. aromatica is used for pepper
in New Holland. Greenhouse, New Holland,
white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings of firm
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass ; kept cool
at first, and then, when the base swells, placed

in a sweet mild bottom-heat. Fibry sandy loam
with a little peat ; require the protection of a
cold pit in winter.

T. aroma' tica (aromatic). 10. May. 1823.

— dipe'tala (two-petaled). 8. May. 1824.

TAXO'DIDM. Deciduous Cypress.
(From taxus, the yew, and oides, like.
Nat. ord., Conifers [Pinacefe]. Linn.,
2l-Moncecia 8-Octandria.)

Hardy Conifers. Seeds, in April ; cuttings
in autumn or spring, in a moist shady place ;
layers also root the first season ; a low, moist
situation suits all the hardy varieties best ;
cuttings will also strike in water, as freely as
the Nerium, The evergreens should have a
little peat added, and will require a little pro-
tection in winter, such as a cold pit would give,
or surrounding them with a frame of Spruce
branches.

T. Cape'nse (Cape. Cypress Broom}. 6. April.
Cape of Good Hope. Evergreen.

— di'stichum (two-ranked-/ea«ed). 50. May.

North America. 1640.

exce'lmm (lofty). May.

nuci'ferum (nut-bearing). May.

nu'tans (nodding). 20. May.

pa'tens (spreading). 20. May.

• pe'ndulum (drooping). May.

sempervi'rens (evergreen). 50.

Yellow. New Zealand. 1843. Ever-
green.

Sine'nse (Chinese). May.

TA'XUS. The Yew. (From taxon, a
bow ; being used for bows. Nat. ord.,
Taxads [Taxacea?]. Linn., 22-Dicecia
13-Polyandria.}

Evergreen Conifers. Seed, gathered in Oc-
tober, either sown directly, or taken to the rot-
heap, until spring, when the plants, many of
them, will appear the following year; cuttings,
ten inches in length, lower half deprived of
leaves, in sand, in a shady border, in April and
August, taken off with a heel ; deep loamy soil,
with a fair portion of moisture.
T. adpre'ssa (close-pressed). Japan. 1844.

— bacca'ta (Common. Berried). 20. February.

Britain.
fastigia'ta (tapering). 20. April.

Ireland. 1780.
fo'liis - variega'tis (variegated -

leaved). 8. March.
fru'ctu-lu'teo (yellow - berried).

April. Ireland.
procu'mbens (lying - down). 8.

February. Europe.
spnrsifo'lia (scattered - leaved) .

March.

j variega'ta (variegated). 20. Feb-
ruary. Europe.
I — Caiiade'nsis (Canadian). 20. February.

Canada. 1800.

— Inuka'ja (Inukaja). Japan. 1838.

— Maka'ya (Makay's). May. Japan. 1838.

— nuci'fera (nut-bearing). 20. China. 1820.

TEAK-WOOD. Te'ctona.
TEASEL. Di'psacus.

TEA

[ 865 ]

TEL

TEA-TREE. The'a.

TE'COMA. (A contraction of the
Mexican name. Nat. ord., Bignoniads
[Bignoniacese]. Linn., \±-Didynamia
2-Angiospermia.)

Mostly by cuttings ; the hardy radicans, and
its varieties, by cuttings of the shoots, and very
freely by pieces of the roots ; all the others are
the better for a glass being placed over them,
and flourish in loam and peat. The Capensis
makes a neat pot plant.

HAEDY EVEEGEEEN CLIMBEES.

T. radi'cans (rooting). 30. Orange. July.

North America. 1640.
ma'jor (greater. Ash-leaved). 30.

Orange. July. North America. 1640.
mi'nor (smaller. Ash-leaved). 20.

Scarlet. July. North America. lf)40.
GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEEN CLIMBEES, &C.
T. austra'lis (southern). Orange. June. New

South Wales. 1793.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 8. Orange. August.

Cape of Good Hope. 1823.

— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). New Holland.

1830. Deciduous.

— grandifl'ora (large-flowered). 30. Orange.

July. China. 1800. Deciduous.

— jasminoi'des (Jasmine-like) . Pink. August.

New South Wales.

— meona'ntha (less -flowered). 12. Blush.

April. New Holland. 1815.

— mo'llis (soft). 6. Yellow. Mexico. 1824.

Deciduous.

STOVE EVEEGEEEN SHEUBS.
T. digit a' t a (hand-leaved). 6. Yellow. S.
America. 1818.

— pentaphy'lla (five-leaved). 6. Orange. July.

E. Indies.

— roscefo'lia (Rose-leaved). 6. Yellow. Peru.

— sambucifo'lia (Elder-leaved). 6. Yellow.

Peru. 1824.

— sorbifo'lia (Sorb-leaved). 6. Yellow. S.

America.

— sple'ndida (splendid). 6. Yellow. Brazil.

1820.

— sta'ns (standing). 12. Yellow. August.

S.America. 1730.

inci'sa (cut-leaned). 10- Yellow.

August. S. America. 1820.

— xyloca'rpa (woody -fruited). White. W.

Indies. 1820.

TE'CTONA. Teak-Tree. (The Mala-
bar name is tekka. Nat. ord., Verbenes
[Verbenaceee] . Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monoyynia.}

For ship-building this gives the best timber.
Stove evergreen tree. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in April, and
in a moist bottom heat ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60°
to 85°.

T. gra'ndis (great). 100. White. E. Indies.
1777-

TEE'DIA. (Named after some person
unknown. Nat. ord., Fif/worts [Scro-
55

phulariacete]. Linn., \k-Didynamia, 2-
Angiospermia. Alliance near to Pent-
stemon.)

Greenhouse, purple-flowered, biennials, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds, in a slight
hot-bed, in March; cuttings of side-shoots,
taken off in April, or August, and inserted in
sandy soil, under a hand-light ; sandy loam
and vegetable mould.
T. lu'cida (shining). 2. April. 1774.

— pube'scens (downy). 2. May. 18l6.

TEESDA'LIA. (Named after R. Tees-
dale, author of a Flora about Castle
Howard. Nat. ord., Grucifers [Brassi-
cacese]. Linn., 15-Tetradynamia. Al-
lied to Candytuft.)

Hardy, white-flowered, annuals. Seeds; com-
mon soil.
T. i'&eris (Candy-tuft-like). *. May. Britain.

— lepi'dium (Cress-like). $. March. S.Eu-

rope. 1824.

TELE'KIA. (Name not explained.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., ]Q-Syngenesia Z-Superflua. Al-
lied to Bupthalmum.)

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds, and divisions of
the root, in spring ; common soil.
T. specio'sa (showy). 4. Yellow. July. Hunr
gary. 1739.

TE'LLIMA. (An anagram of Mitella ;
separated from the genus Mitella. Nat,
ord., Saxifrages [Saxifragaceee]. Linn,,
IQ-Decandria 2-Digynia.)

Hardy herbaceous. Division; sandy loam
and peat.

T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1 . Pink. April.
N. America. 1826.

TELFA'IEIA. (Named in honour of
Mrs. Telfair. Nat. ord., Cucurbits [Cu-
curbitaceeB]. Linn., %2-Diacia 13-Mo-
nadelphia.)

Stove twiner. Cuttings of the flowering
shoots, if procurable; if not, other young
shoots getting firm, in sand, and in heat ; peat
and loam. Summer temp., 60° to 85° ; winter,
50° to 58°.

T.j9eda'/a(doubly-lobed). 20. Pink. July.
Zanzibar. 1825.

TELO'PEA. Warratah. (From telopas,
seen at a distance; conspicuous flowers.
Nat, ord., Proteads [Proteacese]. Linn.,
k-Tetrandria l-Monogynia.)

This is the finest of all the Proteads. Green-
house evergreen. Cuttings of ripe shoots with
leaves on, unless the one at the base, in sand,
under a glass, and kept cool until the base swells,
when a little heat may be given ; also by layer-
ing the suckers that rise from the roots ; sandy
loam and peat, with a third of broken stone,
3 K

TEL

TER

potsherds, and charcoal, and the pot extra well
drained. Winter temp., 45° to 55°, and not
much water ; summer, 6()° to 75°, and a good
supply of moisture, the pot being defended
from the sun.

T. sperio&i' ssima (most- splendid). 10. Scarlet.
June. N. S. Wales. 178Q.

WCEBERA'NA. See Apple.

TEMPERATURE is one of the most
important circumstances connected with
the cultivation of plants ; for upon its
proper regulation and just accommoda-
tion to the intensity of light, depend, in
the chief degree, whether a plant is
healthy, and capable of performing its
functions. Every seed has its appro-
priate temperature for germinating (see
Germination] ; every root has a tem-
perature in which it imbibes food most
favourably (see Bottom-heat}; and every
leaf has a temperature in which it
respires most vigorously (see Leaves
and Night Temperature}.

TEMPLES dedicated to some deity of
the heathen mythology, as to Pan in a
grove, or to Flora among bright sunny
parterres, are not inappropriate, if the
extent of the grounds and the expendi-
ture on their management allow them
to be of that size, and of that correct-
ness of style, which give the classic
air and dignity that are their only
sources of pleasure.

TEMPLETO'NIA. (Named after J.
Templeton, an Irish botanist. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceffil.
Linn., IQ-Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Al-
lied to Scottia.)

Greenhouse, red-flowered, evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened wood,
in sand, under a bell-glass; fibry peat and
sandy loam, most of the first, with a little char-
coal. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
T.glmi'ca (milky-green). 2. April. 1818.
— rctu'sa (bent-back-tea»ed). 2. May. 1803.

TENTACULATE, furnished with thread-
like appendages.

TEPHRO'SIA. (From tephroa, ash-
grey ; colour of some of the species.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceee].
Linn., 17-Diadelphia ^-Dodecandria. Al-
lied to Galega.)

Seeds, steeped in water at 130° for a day,
before sowing in a hotbed ; cuttings of young
stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in May, the stove species in a hotbed ; sandy
fibry loam and peat. Greenhouse or stove
temperatures,

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS, &0.

T. Cupe'nsis (Cape). 1. Purple. July. C. of
G. Hope. 1825.

— Chine'nsis (Chinese). Purple. July. China.

1822.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 4. Pink. June.

C. of G. Hope. 1774.

— mucrona'ta (spine-pointed). 2. Pale. June.

C. of G.Hope. 1823.

— seri'cea (silky). 1. Red. July. C. of G.

Hope. 1800.

— stric'ta (erect-podded). 3. Pink. June. C.

of G. Hope. 1/74.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.

T. Apolli'nea (Apollinis). 2. Blue. July.
Egypt. 1816.

— biflo'ra (two-flowered). 2. Purple. July.

1816.

— ca'ndida ( white- teat>«D. 4. Pale red. Ben-

gal. 1816.

— capitula'ta (small-headed). l£. Red. July.

Owhyhee. 1823. Herbaceous.

— Cnribce'a (Caribbean). 3. Red, white. June.

W. Indies. 1/86.

— Coloni'la (Colonil). 3. Purple. July. E.

Indies. 1818.

—filifo'lia (thread-leaved). Red. July. C. of
G. Hope. 1824.

— fnttico'sa (shrubby). 6. Red. July. E.

Indies. 1816.

— Heynea'na (Heyne's). 3. Purple. June.

E. Indies. 1822.

— luncecpfo'lia (lance-leaved). 3. Pale yellow,

July. 1820.

— linea'ris (n&rrow-leaved) . 1. Red. July.

W. Indies. 1823.

— littora'lis (shore). 1. Purple. July. W.

Indies. 1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 3, Red. June.

S. America. 1820.

— ochroleu'ca (pale-yellow). 3. Cream. W.

Indies. 1799.

— toxica'ria (fish-poison'). 3. Pale red. W.

Indies. 1/91.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 2. White. July. E.

Indies. 1779.

TEPHROTHA'MNUS. Synonyme of
Goo' dia.

TERMINA'LIA. (From terminus ; leaves
in clusters at the end of the branches.
Nat. ord., Myrobalans [Combretacea?]
Linn., 2'3-Polygamia \-Moncecia. Al-
lied to Bucida.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of ripe shoots,
with most of the leaves, in sand, thinly, under a
bell-glass, and in a sweet bottom-heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 65° to 85°. The juice of Catappa is a
chief ingredient in Indian ink.

T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 20. White.
green. E. Indies. 1692.

— arbu'sc-ula (shrub). 1. White, green. 8.

America. 1822.

— Belle'rica (Belleric). 20. Yellow, green.

E. Indies. 1818.

— Bengule'nsis (Bengal . White, June, £.

Indies, J826.

TKR

TF/r

T. Bitica'rlti (Biticaria). 20. Yellow, green.
E. Indies. 1823.

— Cata'ppa (Catappan). 20. White, K.

Indies. 1778.

subcorda'ta (slightly -hea.rt-Ieaved] .

20. Yellow, green. S. America. 1796.

— Che'bula (Chebula). 20. White. E. Indies.

1796.

— citri'na (Citron-like). 20. Yellow, green.

E. Indies. 1823.

— dl'sticha (two-rowed). 20. Yellow, green.

E. Indies. 1823.

— Fatrat'a (Fatrsea). 20. Yellow, green.

Madagascar. 1826.

— Gange'tica (Gangetic). 20, Yellow, green.

E. Indies. 1820.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 25. W. Indies.

1800.

— Muuritia'na (Mauritian). 20. Yellow,

green. Mauritius. 1824.

— Molucca'nu (Molucca). 20. White, green.

E. Indies. 1804.

— pro'cera (tall). 40. Yellow, green. E.
Indies. 1818.

— rotundifo'lia (round-leaved) . 20. Yellow,

green. E. Indies. 1824.

— Tanibou'ca (Tanibouca). White. June.

Guiana. 1825.

TERNSTRO'MIA. (Named after M.
Ternstrom, a Swedish botanist. Nat.
ord., Theads [Ternstromiacere]. Linn.,
1 3 -Poly an drla 1 -Mo nog y nia. )

Stove evergreen shrubs. Cuttings of ripe
young shoots, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass,
in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 65° to 85°.
T. bre'vipes (short-flower-stalked). 6. Red.
July. S. America. 1818.

— peduncula'ris (long- flower- stalked). 6.

White. July. Indies. 1818.

— puncta'ta (dotted). 6. Yellowish. July.

W. Indies. 1820.

— serra'ta (a&w-lcaved). White. June. E.

Indies. 1820.

— veno'sa (veiny). 6. White. July. Brazil. 1824.

TERRACES are, not permissible any-
where but around the mansion, and
they are noble and effective almost in
proportion to their breadth.

TESTUDINA'RIA. Elephant's Foot.
(From testudo, a tortoise; the hard
outside covering of the corm, or root.
Nat. ord., Tarns [Dioscoreaceeel.
Linn., 22-Dicecia 6-Hexandria.')

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, deciduous
climbers, from Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings
of firm side-shoots, or cuttings of the young
shoots when growth commences, in spring, in
sandy loam, under a bell-glass, and care taken
to prevent damping ; might be tried, by cuttings
of the roots ; sandy fibry loam and turfy peat.
Winter temp., 43° to 48°, and kept rather dry.
T. clepha'ntipes (common. Elephant's-foot). 8.
July. 1774.

— monta'na (mountain). 8. July. 181 6.

TETKA'CERA, (From tctras, foiir-fold,

and kerns, a horn ; tho four capsules,
i or divisions of seed-pod, recurved. Nat.
; ord., Dilleniads [Dilleniacese]. Linn.,
| 13-Polyandria S-Pentagynia. Allied to
! Pelima.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, evergreen climbers.
Cuttings of young shoots getting firm, in sand,
under a bell-glass, thinly, and in bottom-heat ;

• sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55°;
summer, 65° to 85°.

• T. alnifo'lia (Alder-leaved). 20. Guinea. 1793.
I — obova'ta (reversed-egg-teaoerf). February.

Guinea. 1822.

— potato'ria (drinking). 20. Sierra Leone.

1822.
j — volu'bilis (twining). 12. S.America. 1818.

TETRAGOXO'LOBUS. (From tetra, four,
gonia, an angle, and lobos, a pod; shape
of seed-pod. Nat. ord., Legfeminqu*
Plants [Fabacese] . Linn., 17-JDiadelphia
4:-Decandria. Allied to Lotus.)

Seeds in April,in common soil ; the perennials,
also, by division and cuttings. Good for the
fronts of flower-borders and rock- works.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

T. mari'timtis (sea). £. Yellow. August.
Europe. 1683.

— Requie'ni (Requien's). Yellow. July. Sar-

dinia. 1837.

j —siliquo'sus (long-podded). £. Yellow. July.
S. Europe. 1683.

HARDY ANNUALS.

T. bifio'rus (two-flowered). $. Yellow. July.
Barbary. 1818.

— conj uga'tus (twin-podded) . $. Purple. Julv.

Montpelier. 1759.

— purpu'reus (purple). 1. Dark purple. July.

Sicily. 1769.

TETRAGO'NIA. New Zealand Spinach.
(From tetra, four, and gonia, an angle;
fruit four-angled. Nat. ord., Aizoons
[Tetragoniacees]. Linn., \^.-Icosandna
'2-Di-penlayynia.)

See New Zealand Spinach.
T. expa'nsa (stretched). Yellow. August. N.
Zealand. 1772. Annual.

TETRANE'MA. (From tetra, four, and
nemfl, a nlament ; four stamens instead
of five, as in Pentstemon, which it
much resembles. Nat. ord., F'ujworls
[Scrophulariaceae], Linn., 14-ZWy-
namia l-Angiospermia.)

Stove herbaceous. Seed sown in a slight hot-
bed, in March ; cuttings of young shoots, a
little firm, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
April and August ; sandy loam and leaf-mould.
Winter temp., 45° to 50°. In summer the
shelter of the greenhouse or a warm place out-
of-doors.

T. Mexica'na (Mexican). 1. Purple, white,
June. Mexico. 1843.

TET

[ 868 ]

TEU

TETBANTHE'EA. (From tetra, four,
and aner, anther; four out of nine
stamens fertile. Nat. ord., Laurels
[Lauracesej. Linn., 9-Enneandria 1-
Monogynia.)

Cuttings of young shoots nearly ripe, in sand,
under a bell-glass, and the stove ones in bot-
tom-heat; fihry sandy loam and turfy peat.
Greenhouse and stove temperatures.

GREENHOUSE EVEEGREENS.
T. ape'tala (no-petaled;. 8. Green, yellow.
April. N. Holland. 1824.

— Japo'nica (Japan). 3. White. Japan. 1843.

STOVE EVEEGREENS.

T. sebi'fera (tallowy). 10. Yellow, green.
May. E. Indies. 1820.

— Mne'rvis (three-nerved). 10. Yellow, green.

May. Ceylon. 1821.

TETRA'NTHUS. (From tetra, four,
and anthus, a flower ; four-flowered.
Nat. ord., Composites [ Asteracece] .
Linn., 19-Syngenesia 2-SnperJlua.)

Stove evergreen trailer. Division and cut-
tings ; sandy loam and a little peat ; requires
the stove in winter.

T. littora'lis (shore). £. White. August. W.
Indies. 1820.

TETRAPE'LTIS. (From tetra, four,
and pelte, a small shield ; form of
flower. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchida-
cese]. Linn., QQ-Gynandria l-Monan-
dria.)

Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See Orchids.
T.fra' grans (sweet-scented). White. E. In-
dies. 1836.

TETRA'PTERYS. (From tetra, four,
and pteron, a wing ; the carpels four
winged. Nat. ord., Malpighiads [Mal-
pighiacese]. Linn., lO-JDecandna ;.{-
Trigynia. Allied to Hireea.)

Stove, evergreen, yellow-flowered climbers,
For culture see Malpighia.
T, Acapulce'nsia (Acapulcan). May. Mexico.
1824.

— acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). May. Cayenne.

1826.

— di1 scalar (two-coloured). May. Guiana. 1827.

TETRATHE'CA. (From tetra, four,
and theke, a cell; anthers four-celled.
Nat. ord., PorewoHs [Tremandraceee].
Linn., S-Octandria l-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreens, and
purple-flowered, where not otherwise specified.
Cuttings of young shoots, the side ones are the
best, in sand, under a bell-glass, and great care
taken to prevent damping ; fibry peat, a little
turfy loam, and a good portion of charcoal and
broken pots. Winter temp., 43° to 50° ; sum-
mer, an airy situation, but the pot saved from
direct sun and heavy rains, or carelesa waterings.

T. ericafo'lia (heath -leaved). 1. Rose. July.
1820.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 1. July. 1822.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. March. 1843.

— ju'ncea (rushy). 2. July. 1803.

— nu'da (naked). 2. Crimson. May. 1843.

— pili'fera (shaggy). 2. June.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. July. 1823.

— rubioi'des (Rubia-like). 1. July. 1825.

— rubrise'ta (red-bristled). 2. Rose. July. 1834.

— thymifo'lia (Thyme-leaved). 1. July. 1824.

— verticilla'ta (whorled-/ea«ed). 2. June. 1845.

— vimi'nea (twiggy). 2. July.

TETRAZY'GIA. (From tetra, four, and
zyyos, a yoke ; the parts of the flower
in fours. Nat. ord., Melastomads [Me-
lastomacece] . Linn., 8 - Octandria 1 -
Monogynia.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreens, from the
West Indies. Cuttings of side-shoots, getting
firm, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ;
summer, 65° to 85°.

T. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 5. May. 1823,

— di'scolor (two-coloured-leaved). 5. May. 1793.

— elaeagnoi1 des (Elaeagnus-like). 4. March.

— tetra'ndra (four-stamened). 3. March. 1815.

TEU'CBIUM. Germander. (Named
after Teucer, a Trojan prince, who first
used it medicinally. Nat. ord., Lip-
ivorts [Lamiacese], Linn., l±-Didy-
namia 1-Gymnospermia.)

Annuals, seeds, in the open ground, in April ;
perennials, by seeds and division ; shrubs, by
cuttings, in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in
spring, and a hand-light in summer. Most of
them in the atmosphere of London, and farther
north, require a cold- pit or a greenhouse in
winter. In dry places m the south of England
they will frequently stand our winters uninjured.
They are not at all particular as to soil.

HARDY EVERGREENS.

T. angusti'ssimum (narrowest- leaved}. 2. Pur-
ple. June. Spain. 1818.

— brevlfo'lium (short-leaved). 1. Pink. June.

Crete. 1824.

— orienta'le (eastern). 1. Blue. July. Levant.

1752.

— Po'lium (Poly). 1. Pale. August. South

Europe. 1562.

— _______ angustifo'lium (narrow - leaved).

Purple. July. Spain. 1732.

'flave'scens (yellowish). Yellow. July.

South Europe. 1731.

— saxa'tile (rock). £. Pale yellow. July.

Valentia. 1820.

— thymifu'lium (Thyme-leaved). $. Reddish.

August. Spain. 1816.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

T. campanula' turn (bell -flowered}. 1. Blue.
July. Levant. 1/28,

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 2. Purple. August.

North America. 1/68.

— Clmmte'drys (Common-Germander), |. Pur-

ple, July. England,

TEU

t 869 ]

THA

T. Hyrca'nictim (Hyrcanian), 1$. Purple.
September. Persia. 1763.

— Lazma'nni (Laxmann's). 1. Variegated.

July. Siberia. 1800.

— lu'cidum (shining). !£. Purple. August.

South Europe. 1730.

— Lusita! nicum (Portuguese). l£. Purple.

August. Portugal. 1822.

— Massilie'nse (Marseilles). 2. Purple. France.

1732.

— muUiflo'rum (many-flowered). I. Light red.

August. Spain. 1732.

— pycnophy' Hum (close-leaved). £. Purple.

July. Spain. 1816.

— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 2. Blue. North

America. 1768.

GKEENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

T. bi1 color (two-coloured). Yellow, red. July.
Chili. 1826.

— infla'tum (swollen). 2. Red. September.

Jamaica. 1778. Stove.

— Nissolia'num (Nissolian). 1. Purple. July.

Spain, 1752.

GREENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS.

T. abutiloi'des (Abutilon - like). l£. Yellow.
April. Madeira. 1777-

— Ardui'ni (Arduin's). l£. Yellow. July.

Candia. 1 823.

— Asia'ticum (Asiatic). 2. Pink. August. 1777.

— deto'nicum (Betony-like). l£. Lilac. July.

Madeira. 1775.

— ca'num (hoary). l£. Purple. Armenia. 1836.

— Cre'ticum (Cretan). l£. Purple. July.

Crete. 1824.

— fla'vum (yellow). 2. Yellow. August. South

Europe. 1640.

— heterophy'Uum (various-leaved). 2. Purple.

June. Madeira. 1759.

— Ma'rum (Marum). l£. Pale purple. Au-

gust. Spain. 1640.

— orchi'deum (Orchis-like). 1. Pink. July.

Chili. 1826.

— pseu'do-Chamos'pitys (Bastard Ground Pine).

4- Purple. June. S. Europe. 1820.

— pu'milum (dwarf). $, Purple. July. Spain.

1816.

— re'gium (royal). l£. Purple. July. Spain.

1699.

— tri'fidum (three-cleft-feawed). l£. Purple.

July. Cape of Good Hope. 1/91.

THA'LIA. (Named after J. Thalius,
a German physician. Nat. ord., Ma-
rants [Marantacese]. Linn., \-Monan-
drial-Monogynia. Allied to Maranta.)

Blue-flowered evergreens. Divisions ; rich
sa'ndy loam. Geniculata requires a cool plant
stove in winter ; dealbata, a greenhouse, in a
tub of water, or the roots in a pond out of
doors, so deep that the frost will not reach
them.

T. dealba'ta (white). 4. July. Carolina. 1791.
~ genicula'ta (jointed). 2. August. W. In*
dies. 1823.

THALI'CTRUM. Meadow Eue. (From
thallo, to grow green ; the bright green
colour of the young shoots. Nat, ord., j

Crowfoots [Banunculacese]. Linn., 13-
Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the plant, in spring ; sandy loam and a little
leaf-mould. Beautiful for the back of herba-
ceous borders.

T. acuti'lobum (sharp-lobed). l£. Pale yellow.
June. Siberia. 1820.

— Alpi'num (Alpine), £. White, yellow. June.

Britain.

— anemonoi'des (Anemone-like). 3. April. N.

America. 1768.

flo1 re-pie' no (double-flowered).

i. April. N.America. 1768.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 3. Pale

yellow. June. Germany. 1793.

— apicula'tum (bee - like - flowered] . Yellow .

June. 1838.

— appendicula'tum (appendaged). Russia.

1832.

— aquilegifo'lium (Columbine - leaved). 3.

Light purple. June. Austria. 1731.
< atro-purpu'reum(da.rk purple).

3. Dark purple. June. Austria. 1731.
formo'sum (beautiful). 3.

Purple. June. S. Europe. 1800.

— Cala'bricum (Calabrian). 3. Yellow. July.

Sicily. 1800.

— Cafolinia'num (Carolina). 1. White. June.

N. America. 1808.

— chelido'nii (Swallow- wort). 2. Purplish.

June. Nepaul. 1823.

— cine'reum (grey). 2. Yellow. June. 1810.

— clava'tum (club-teaved). 2. White. June.

N. America. 1720.

— colli'num (hill). 1$, Pale yellow. June. Eu-

rope. 1800.

— conci'nnum (neat). 3. White, green. June.

— cortto'rtum (curled-seeded). 2. White. June.

Siberia. 1796.

— Cornu'ti (Cornuti's). 3. White, yellow. May.

N. America. 1806.

revolu'tum (curled - back). l£.

Light yellow. June. N.America. 1806,

— crena'tum (scolloped-/ea»ed), 5. Yellow.

July. Europe. 1800.

— cultra'tum (knife-shaped). Green, yellow.

June. Himalayas.

— cynapifo'lium (Cynapinum-leaved). 2. Pur-

ple, yellow. June. Siberia. 1823.

— dioi'cum (dioecious). 1. Light yellow. Juiie.

N. America. 1759,

— divarica'tum (straggling). 1£. Yellowish.

June. Europe. 1819.

— dive'rgens (spreading). 2. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1819.

— ela'tum (tall). 4. Light yellow. August.

Hungary. 1794.

— ambi'guum (ambiguous). 2. Pale

yellow. June. Switzerland. 1819.

— exalta'tum (tall). Siberia. 1832.

— fla'vum (common yellow) . 4. Orange. June.

Britain.
vagina' turn (sheathed). 2. Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1810.
—Jtcxuo'sum (zig-zag). l£. Yellow. June,

Germany. 1820.
— fc&'tidum (stinking). 3- White, yellow. June.

France. 1640.

— foliolo'sum (small-leafy). 2. Purple, yellow*

June. Nepaul. isig,

THA

[ 670 ]

THE

T. galioi'dea (Galium-like). 1. Yellow. June.
Alsace. 1816.

— gluuce'scens (milky-green,. 2. Green, yellow.

June. Russia. 1818.

— glau'cum (milky-green-teaped). 5. Yellow.

June. Spain. 1798.

— laserpitiifo'lium (Laserpitium • leaved). :>.

Yellow. June. Europe. 1810.

— lu'cidum (shining). 4. Yellow. June. Spain.

1739.

— microca'rpum (small-podded). Russia. 1832.

— mi'nus (less). 1. Pale yellow. June. Britain.

— oligospe'rmum (few-seeded). 2. Purple,

yellow. June. Siberia. 1820.

— petaloi'deum (petal-like). 3. White, yellow.

June. Dauria. 1799.

— pube'scem (downy). 1$. Pale yellow. June.

Switzerland. 1819.

— purpura'scens (purplish). 3. Light purple.

June. N. America. lo'99.

— rostnarinifo'lium (Rosemary-leaved). 2. Pur-

ple, yellow. June. S. Europe. 1810.

— rugo'sum (wrinkly). 4. White, yellow. July.

N. America. 1/74.

— • di'scolor (two-coloured). 6. Yellow.

June. N. America. 1810.

— saxa'tile (rock). 1^. White, red. June. Eu-

rope. 1819.

— Schweigge'ri (Schweigger's). Yellow. June.

— Sibi'ricum (Siberian). 1. Lilac, yellow.

June. Siberia. 17/5.

— si'mplex (simple-stalked) . 1. Lilac, yellow.

May. Sweden. 1778.

— spar siflo1 rum (scattered-flowered). Yellow.

June. Siberia. 1838.

— squarrn'sum (spreading). 1. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1806.

— stipula'ceum (/arg-e-stipuled). 2. White,

yellow. June. Europe. 1820.

THA'MNEA. (From thamnos, a shrub.
Nat. ord., Bruniads [Bruniaceae] . Linn.,
5-Pentandrla \-Monogynia. )

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
the young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in April, and then set in a close pit; fibry
sandy peat, and a little charcoal and freestone.
Winter temp., 40° to 48°.

T.uniflo'ra (one -flowered). White. April.
C. of G. Hope. 1810.

THE'A. Tea. (From teha, the Chi-
nese name for tea. Nat. ord., Theads
[Ternstrb'miaceaa]. Linn., IQ-Monadel-
phia 8-Polyandria.)

Greenhouse, white - flowered, evergreen
shrubs. Cuttings of ripened young shoots,
taken off at a joint, and inserted in silver sand,
under a bell-glass, and placed in a close pit,
the glass being opened at night, to prevent
damping ; also by layers, from shoots thrown
up by the roots ; also, we believe, by grafting
the tenderer kinds on Viridis. Has the single
Camellia been tried ? Equal parts of fibry peat
and sandy turfy loam packed tight. Winter
temp., 38° to 48°. As the roots run deep, they
thrive best when planted out in a cool conser-
vatory. Plants have survived many winters
round London in the open ground, with the
protection of a mat in cold weather. Then

\ viridisii maintained by many to"be' the only
| tea-plant used by the Chinese.
t T. Assame'nsis (Assam). 6. Januarv. Assam.
1846.

— Bohe'a (Bohea). 4. October. China. 1768.
| — ni'ridis (green). 4. June. China. 1768.

1 latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 4. February.

China. 1825.

THEE/AN TEA. Eha'mnus Thec'zans.

'riiENA'EDiA. (Named after M. The-
\ nard, a French chemist. Nat. ord.,
| Dogbanes [Apocynacere]. Linn., Q~Pen-
! tandria l-Monoyynia.)

Stove evergreen climber. Cuttings of stubby

side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in

, heat ; sandy fibry loam and peat, with a little

charcoal. Winter temp., 55°to60°; summer,

I 65° to 85°.

'• T. floribti'ndu (bundled-flowercd). 10. Blue.
Mexico. 1823.

THEOBRO'MA. Chocolate Tree. (From
I Theos, a god, and broma, food ; poetically,
! food for the gods. Nat. ord., Byttnc-
\ riads [ByttneriacetB]. Linn., 18-Po/ya-
; delphia I-Decandria.)

The seed of T. cacao, is the chief ingredient
'• in chocolate and cocoa. Stove evergreen trees,
i Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in heat ; fibry loam and sandy peat.
i Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65° to 88°.
: T. bi'color (two-coloured). 16. Brown. New

Grenada. 1820.

i — caca'o (common Cacao). 16. Brown. South
America. 1739.

— Caribai'a (Caribean). Yellow. West Indies.

1821.

— Guiane'nsis (Guiana). 16. Yellow. Guiana.

1803.

THEOPHRA'STA. (Named after T/ieo-
i phrastus, the father of natural history.
i Nat. ord., Andisiads [Myrsinacetc].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.}

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of ripe young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in heat; sandy loam and fibry peat.
Winter temp., 50° to 68°; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. Jussieu'i(Jussieu'&}. 3. St. Domingo. 1818.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 20. Caraccas. 1828.

THEpaioMETEE. This instrument is
the only unfailing guide for the gar-
dener in regulating the heat to which
he allows the roots and foliage of his
plants to he subjected.

Fahrenheit's is used chiefly in Britain,
Holland, and North America, the
freezing point of water on which is at
«'W° ; and its boiling point, 212°.
i Reaumur's thermometer was that chiefly
used in France before the Revolution,
and is that now generally used in
Spain, and in some other Continental

THE

[ 871 ]

THI

States. lu its scale, the freezing point
is 0° ; and the boiling point, 80°. On
Celsius or the Centigrade thermometer,
now used throughout France, and in
the northern kingdoms of Europe, the
freezing point is 0- ; and the boiling
point, 100°. Hence, to reduce degrees
of temperature of the Centigrade ther-
mometer and of that of Reaumur to
degrees of Fahrenheit's scale, and con-
versely : —

Rule 1. Multiply the Centigrade de-
grees by 9, and divide the product by
0 ; or multiply the degrees of Eeaumur
by y, and divide by 4 ; then add 82 to
the quotient in either case, and the sum
is the degrees of temperature of Fahren-
heit's scale.

Rule ^J. From the number of degrees
on Fahrenheit's scale, subtract -32;
multiply the remainder by o, for Cen-
tigrade degrees, or by 4 for those of
Reaumur's scale, and the product, in
either case, being divided by 9, will
give the temperature required, accord-
ing to Fahrenheit's.

To ascertain the internal temperature
of a hothouse, the thermometer should
be fixed near its centre, against a
pillar, and under a cupola, or little roof,
shading it from the sun.

A self-registering thermometer should
be in every house, for it shows the
highest and lowest degrees of heat
which have occurred in the twenty-four
hours ; and, therefore, serves
as a check upon those to whose 5\^
care they are entrusted.

Brega/zi's bark-bed ther-
mometer is an excellent in-
strument for ascertaining the
bottom-heat of hotbeds, bark-
pits, &c. It is a thermometer
inclosed in a metal tube, per-
forated to admit the heat,
pointed so as to be easily
thrust down, and with a small
door in the side, for observing
the degree of temperature \y
shown by the scale.

THEKMO'PSIS. (From thermos, a Lu-
pine, and opsis, like; Lupine-like shrub.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba-
cea.1]. Linn., 10 - Decaudria 1-JWewo-
yynia. Allied to Piptanthus.)

Hardy, herbaceous, yellow-flowered peren-

nials. Chiefly by seeds, sown in April ; light,
sandy loam.

T. corgone'nsis (.Corgon). J. July. Altaia. 1820.
—faba'cea (Bean -like). 2. June. North
America. 1811.

— lanceola'ta (spear- head-/eae«0. 1. June.

Siberia. 1779-

THESPE 'SIA. (From thespesios, divine ;

one of the trees often planted round

i places of worship in India. Nat. ord.,

Mallow-worts [Malvaceae]. Linn., 10-

Monadelphia $-PoIyandria.}

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of stubby
side-shoots, in sand, in May, under a bell-glass,
in bottom-heat ; nbry, sandy loam, and a little
leaf mould. Winter temp., ,46° to 55°; sum-
mer, 65° to 85°,

T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 30. Scarlet.
Point Rico. 1837-

— popu'lnea (Poplar- leaved], 30. White.

East Indies. 1/70.
Guadalupe'nsis (Guadaloupe). 30.

Guadaloupe.

THIBATJ'DIA. (Named after Thicbant.
de Uerneaud, a French botanist. Nat.
ord., Whortleberries [Vacciniacece ] .
Linn., S-Octandria l-Monoyynia.')

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half -ripe
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in
moist heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. mucra'ntha (large-flowered). White, yellow,

red. December. Moulmein. 1849-

— macropfty'lla (large-leaved). White. East

Indies.
I — microphy'lla (small-leaved). 2. September.

Peru. 1847.
! — pulche'rrima (beautiful). 10. Red, green.

May. India. 1845.
j __ _j gla'bra (smooth). C. Deep

rose. September. Columbia.
i — seti'geru (bristly). Scarlet. Khoosea. 1337.
i —- vttccina'cea (Cranberry -like). Khoosea. 1837.
' — variega'ta (variegated). Scarlet. Khoosea.

1837.

THINNING. The exhaustion conse
i quent upon the production of seed is
I a chief cause of the decay of plants.
: This explains why fruit trees are weak-
' ened or rendered temporarily unpro-
ductive, and even killed, by being al-
lowed to ripen too large a crop of fruit,
or to " overbear themselves."

The thinning of fruit is consequently
one of the most important operations of
the garden, though one of the least
generally practised. It is equally im-
portant to be attended to in all fruit-
! bearers, but especially the vine, uecta-
| rine, peach, apricot, apple, and pear.
It should be done with a bold, fearless
i hand ; and the perfection of that \vhHi

THI

[ 872 ]

THR

is allowed to remain will amply reward
the grower, in harvest time, for the
apparent sacrifice made. But he will
not reap his reward only in this year,
for the trees, thus kept unweakened by
over-production, will be able to ripen
their wood, and deposit their store of
sap in their vessels, so absolutely
necessary for their fruitfulness next
season.

Thinning is a most necesssary opera-
tion with plants as well as with the
fruit they bear. The roots of a plant
extend in a circle round it, of which
the stem is the centre. If the roots of
adjoining plants extend within each
other's circle, they mutually rob of
nutriment, and check each other's
growth. Thinning in the seed-bed is
generally applied with too timid a hand.

THISTLE. Ca'rduus.

THOMA'SIA. (Named after Messrs.
Thomas, two brothers, collectors of
Swiss plants. Nat. ord., Byttneriads
[ByttneriaceseJ. Linn., 5-Pentandria
1-Monogynia. Allied to Lasiopetalum.)

Greenhouse, New Holland, evergreen shrubs.
Cuttings of firm, stubby, young side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; sandy fibry
loam and peat, with a little charcoal and broken
pots, and pots extra-well drained. Winter
temp., 40° to 48° j a sheltered airy place in
summer.
T. cane'scens (hoary). Purple. June. 1835.

— diffu'sa (straggling). White. April. 1822.

— dumo'sa (bushy). 2£. White. May. 1826,
—folio'sa (leafy). 3. June. 1823.

— glutino'sa (clammy). Red. May. 1842.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Red. 1840.

— panicula'ta (pamcled). Red. June. 1842.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). Red. June. 1848.

— purpu'rea (purple). 3. Purple. June. 1803.

— quercifo'lia (Oak-leaved). 3. Purple. May.

1803.

— solana'cea (Potato-like). 3. White. June.

1803.

— stipula'cea (/or^e-stipuled). 3. Red. 1842.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). 3. June. 1824.

THORN-APPLE. Datu'ra.

THOROUGH-WAX. JBupleu'rum rotun-
difo'lium.

THOUI'NIA. (Named after A. TJwuin,
professor of agriculture, <&c., in Paris.
Nat. ord., Soapworts [Sapindacese].
Linn., 8-Octandria I-Monoffynia. Allied
to Nephelium.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
sandy fibry loam, and a little peat or leaf-
mould. Winter temp.. 50° to 58°: summer,
fiO° to 85°.

T. pinna'ta (Icafleted). 8. White. New Spain.
1823.

THRIFT. Sta'tice. See Edging.

THRI'NAX. (From thrinax, a fan ;
shape of the leaves. Nat. ord., Palms
[Palmacese]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynia.}

Stove Palm. Seeds, in a moist sweet hotbed,
in spring ; rich loamy soil. Winter temp., 55°
to 60° ; summer, 60° to 90°.

T. parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 16. White,
green. Jamaica. 1778.

THRIPS. Thrips Adonidum is one of
the worst pests that can gain a footing
in our stoves and greenhouses. The
larvee and pupes are yellowish-white,
and the perfect insect is of a dull deep
black, with the point, and sometimes
the whole of the abdomen, of a rust
colour ; the wings are dirty white ; the
horns and legs yellowish, the extremity
of the former black. It attacks plants
by piercing the under side of the leaves ;
and one often sees, at the tip of the
tail, a globule of blackish fluid, which
it soon deposits, and by innumerable
spots of this glutinous matter the pores
of the leaves are stopped up, and large
portions of the surface become blotched.
During March the full-grown larvee and
pupee, which are as large as the perfect
insect, are found in groups, feeding on
the under side of the leaves ; and at
this time the recently-hatched but per-
fect insect either lies close under the
ribs, or roves about in search of a mate
(Curtis). Flowers of sulphur have
been recommended as destructive of
this plague, but we believe that Scotch
snuff, applied by means of a dredging
box (perhaps Brown's Fumigator would
answer), is as effectual an application
as any. Prevention, however, is better
than cure ; and if the plants are kept
healthy by due ventilation, and by
moisture both in the air and soil, this
insect may be usually banished.

T. ochraceus infests the ripe fruit of
plums, peaches, and nectarines, piercing
the stalks and causing their fall, and
rendering the fruit disgusting. It was
first noticed, and described by Mr.
Curtis. It is narrow and linear, of a
bright and deep ochreous colour, the
eyes are black, the horns appear to be
only six -jointed and brownish at the

THE

[ 873 ]

THY

tips, it has three ocelli in the crown,
the body is hairy, the tip pointed and
bristly, the wings are shorter than the
body in the male, lying parallel on the
back when at rest, narrow, especially
the under ones, and fringed, the hairs
longest beneath and at the point, tips
of feet dusky. It is destroyed by the
same means as T. adonidum.

THEOATWOET. Campa'nula cervica'ria,
Campa'nulatr ache' Hum, and Trache'lium.

THEYA'LLIS. A synonyme of Gal-
phimia. The following should be added
to that genus —

G. brachysta'chys (short- spiked). 4. August.
Rio Janeiro. 1823.

THU'JA. Arbor Vitse. (From thyon,
a sacrifice ; the resin used as incense
in eastern sacrifices. Nat. ord., Conifers
[Pinacese]. Linn., 21-Moncecia 10-Ztec-
andria.)

Hardy evergreen trees. Seeds, which ripen
freely, or by cuttings ; the seeds are best sown
in April, slightly covered, and if a frame or
hand-light can be set over them, all the better ;
moist soil suits the most of them, a few of the
tenderest will require protection until they
become some size.

T. articula'ta (jointed). 15. March. Barbary.
1815.

— austra'lis (southern). 20. May. South

Europe. 1820.

— Chile'nse (Chilian). 30. Chili.

~ cupressoi'des (Cypress-like). 10. Cape of
Good Hope. 1799.

— Donnia'na (Donn's). 60. New Zealand. 1847.
—filifa'rmis (thread-leaved). May. 1838.

— Nepale'nsis (Nepaul). 20. May. Nepaul.

1824.

— occidenta'lis (western. American). 25. May.

North America. 1596.

variega'ta (variegated-teaued),

Chinese), 25.
May.
12.

20.

May.
Italy.
May.
May.

25. May

— orienta'lis (eastern.

China. 1752.
-- stri'cta (erect).

1824.
-- — Tatd'rica (Tartarian).

Tartary. 1820.

— pe'ndtila (drooping - ftraiiched). 20.

Tartary. 1828.

— plica'ta (plaited). 20. May. Nootka Sound.

1796.

— tetrago'na (four-sided). 80. Patagonia.

THUNBE'EGIA. (Named after C. P.
Thunberg, the celebrated botanist. Nat.
ord., Acanthads [ Acanthacese] . Linn.,
l±-I)idynamia 2-Angiospermia.)

Stove evergreen climbers. Seeds, in early
spring, in a strong, moist, sweet hotbed ; cut-
tings, any time before the end of August, in
sandy soil, under a bell-glass ; fibry loam and

Eeat, with a little rotten dung and lime rub-
ish. Winter temp., 48°to6o°; summer, 60°

to 80°. As they are very subject to red spider,
perhaps the best mode of treating these fine
plants, is to grow them as annuals, throwing
the plants away in the end of autumn. If pre-
served, the flowers of sulphur and the syringe
must hardly ever have a holiday. Indeed, the
syringe and a little shade are necessary to their
health in summer.
T. ala'ta (winged). 4. Yellow. June. East

Indies. 1823.
a'lba (white-lowered). 4. White.

May. Madagascar.
auranti'aca (orange -powered). 4.

Orange. May.

— angula'ta (angular). 4. June. Madagascar.

1823.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 3. Yellow. June. Nepaul.

1824.

— chry'sops (golden-eyed). 3. Blue. Violet.

June. Sierra Leone.

— cocci 'nea (scarlet). 4. Scarlet. June.

Trinidad. 1823.

— corda'ta (heart-leaved). 3. White. June.

East Indies. 1820.

—fra'grans (fragrant). 4. White. June.
East Indies. 1796.

— grandiflo'ra (large -flowered). 6. Blue,

June. East Indies. 1820.

— Hawtaynea'na (Hawtayne's). 10. Scarlet.

June. Nepaul. 1826.

THY'MBEA. (An ancient name applied
to a Thyme-like plant. Nat. ord., Lip-
worts [Lamiacese]. Linn., l^-Didy-
namia I-Gymnospermia. Allied to Me-
lissa.)

Half-hardy evergreens. Seeds, in April; or
cuttings under a hand-light, in June; sandy
gravelly loam. Nice rockwork plants. Ciliata
is the prettiest ; require a cold pit in winter.
2*. cilia'ta (hair-fringed). 1. Vermilion. July.
South Europe. 1824.

— sjricafta (spike-flowered). l£. Pale purple.

June. Levant. 1699-

THY'MUS. Thyme. (From thuo, to
perfume. Nat. ord., Lipworts [Lamia-
cese]. Linn., l±-Didynamia I-Gymno-
spermia.)

Hardy evergreen trailers, and purple-flowered,
except where otherwise mentioned. Seeds, cut-
tings, or divisions, in March or April; sandy
loam suits them all best. 7*. vulgaris is our
common pot-herb thyme. For culture see Sage.
T. angttstifo'litis (narrow-leaved). £. June.
S. Europe. 1771.

— Azo'ricus (Azorian). July. Azores. 1820.

i — azu'reus (azure). $. June. S. Europe. 1830.
I — capita'tus (headed). June. S. Europe. 1596.
| — cephalo'tes (greyheaded). |. July. Por^
tugal. 1759.

— cilia' tus (hair-fringed). Violet. July. North

Africa. 1824.

— Co'rsicus (Corsican). Lilac. Corsica. 1831.

— Croa'ticus (Croatian). 1. July. Hungary.

1802.

— elonga'tus (lengthened). 1. August. 1816.
i — ericafo'lius (Heath-leaved), £. July. Spain.

1806.

THY

L

TIL

T.fruticulo'sus (shrubby). 1. July, Sicily. 1822.

— glabra'tus (smooth). £. Julv. S. Europe.

1823.

— hirsu'tu-s (hairy), $. July. Spain. 1821.

— lanceola'tus (spear-head-teat'ed). £. July,

North Africa. 1823.

— Panno'nicus (Pannonian). i. July. Crimea.

1317.

— pipere'lla (Small Peppermint). £. July.

Spain. 1810.

— strpy'llum (Wild Thyme). $. July. Britain.
a'lbus (white-./ftweraJ). 3. July.

Britain.

• citra'tus (citron-scented) . July,

• lanugino'sus (woolly). $. July.

Britain.
monla'nus (mountain). $. Striped.

June. Hungary. 1806.
• variegu'tus (variegated - leaved}.

$. July. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). July. Tau-

ria. 1820.

— spica'tus (spiked). 1. June. Pyrenian. 1832.

— vulga'ris (common -garden}. 1. June. South

Europe. 1548.

latifo'lius (broad-leaved). 1. Juno.

variega'tus (variegated-Jeoi'erf) . 1 .

July. Britain.

THYSANO'TUS. (From thysanotos,
fringed ; the flower much fringed. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceai]. Linn., (J-
Hexandria I-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse, purple - flowered, from New
Holland. By division of the plant in the her-
baceous, and dividing the tuberous - rooted ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
38° to 45°, and very little water.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

T. intrica'tus (intricate-stemmed*. }. July,
1838.

— ju'nceus (/ZMsA-like). 4. 1804.

-^~ proli'ferus (proliferous). 1. August.

— te'nuis (slender). Lilac. May. 1830.

GREENHOUSE TUBERS.

T. ela'tior (taller). 1. August. 1823.

— isanthe'rus (even-anthered). £. August. 1822.

— tubero'sus (tuberous). 1. June. 1825.

TIAKE'LLA. (From tiara,, a little
diadem ; form of seed-pod. Nat. ord.,
Saxifrages [Saxifragacese]. Linn., 10-
Dccandria 2-Digynia.)

Hardy, white-flowered herbaceous. Divisions
of the root; common soil; dry borders, and
the front of them, or elevated places in rock-
works.

T. cordifn'lia (heart-leaved). £. April. North
America. 1731.

— Menzie'sii (Menzies's). 1. April. North

America. 1812.

— polypfty'lla (many -leaved). 1. April.

Nepaul. 1820.

TiARi'DitM. (From tiara, a diadem,
and eidos, like; form of seed-pod. Nat.
ord., Ehretiads [Ehretiacese], Linn.,

5-Pentandria l-3Ionogynia. Allied 10
the Heliotrope.)

Annuals. Seeds, in a slight hotbed, at the
end of March; pricked off, and planted out
towards the end of May. Perhaps anisophyllum
will require a warm corner, or to be bloomed in
a pot, in the greenhouse.

T. anisopfiy'llum (Anise-leaved). White. June.
Africa. 1822.

— I'ndicum (Indian). 1. Blue. June. West

Indies. 1820.

— reluti'num (velvet). 1. Blue. June. West

Indies. 1820.

TIBOUCHI'NA. (The native name in
Guiana. Nat. ord., Mdastomads [Me>
lastomacea?]. Linn., 8-Octandria 1-
Monoyynia. Allied to Osbeckia.)

Stove evergreen. Cuttings of firmish side-
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, and in a
mild bottom-heat, any time between April and
August ; fibry peat, and sandy loam, with a
little charcoal and broken pots, and extra care
in draining. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; sum-
mer, 65° to 83°.
T. a'spera (rough). Purple. April. Guiana. 1820.

TICO'REA. (The native name of
T.fict'ula. Nat. ord., Hue-worts [Kuta-
cea>]. Linn., 5-Penlandria \-Monoy ynia>
Allied to Gallipea.)

Stove, white-flowered, evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripe young shoots, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in heat, in March ; fibry loam and
sandy peat. Winter temp., 50° to 55°; sum-
mer, 60° to 80°.

T.foR'tida (stinking). 10. Guiana. 1825.
— jasminijio'ra ( Jasmine-flowered) . 20. Brazil.
1827.

TIGRI'DIA. Tiger Flower. (From
tigris, a tiger, and cidos, like ; resem-
blance of the spotted flowers. Nat.
ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Trian-
drla \-Monoyynia.}

Having yielded to cross-breeding, this genus
may be expected to run into varieties of very
gay colours. Hardy bulbs, from Mexico. Seeds
in a slight hotbed, in spring, also by offsets ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould ; protected in the
ground from frost and wet, or taken up at the
end of autumn, and kept in a dry, cool place,
the roots being covered with earth until plant-
ing-out time in the middle of April.
T. conchiflo'ra (shell-flowered). 1. Dark yellow.
June. 1823.

— lu'tea (yellow). Yellow. June.

— pavo'nia (peacock). 1. Orange, red. June.

1796.

-*• • leo'na (lion). 1. Orange, red. June.

1823.

— viola' cea (violet-coloured-y?owcred). 1. Pur-

ple. May. 1838.

TtLE-RooT. Gcissorhi'za.
TI'LIA. Lime or Linden-Tree. (Deri-
vation unknown. Nat ord., Linden-

TIL

[ 87c> ]

TIN

blooms [Tiliaeese]. Litin., i3-Polijandria
l-Monoyynia.)

Hardy, deciduous, yellowish- green-flowered
trees. Seeds gathered" and preserved in moist ;
sand, until March or April, and then some
will generally vegetate that and the following
season ; principally, however, by layers, in '
autumn, which may be removed in a twelve-
month. To save layering, old trees are some-
times cut down, shoots spring up in abundance,
among these six inches or a toot of fine soil '
are thrown, and in two or three years nice-
rooted plants are obtained. Deep loamy soil >
suits all the varieties, as well as the species,
best. The white lime is propagated chiefly by
layers and grafting. The Americana, and its
many varieties, are very ornamental, but not ;
so hardy as the European, in our moist climate, j
T. a'lba (white- wooded}. 30. July. Hungary.

1767.
— America'na (American". 30. June. North i

America. 1/52.
heterophy' lla (various - leaved} .

30. July. North America. 1811.

laxiflo'ra (loose - flowered). SO.

1'. ungustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 4
August. West Indies. 1822.

Blue.

Blue, April.

1. August. West
Blue. November.

West

White. June. North America. 1820.
pube'scens (downy). 20. July, j

North America. 1726.
pube'scens - leptophy'lla (thin- ;

leaved - downy). 20. Yellow. July. >

North America.

— Europa'a (European, or common). 50. July. I

Britain.
au'rea (golden-twigged}. 50. Au- '

gust. Britain.
dasy'styla (hairy-styled). 50. July, i

Tauria.
lucinia'ta (cut-leaved}. 50. Au- '

gust. Britain.
microphy'lla. (small -leaved). 50. ;

August. Britain.

— pe'ndula (drooping). June. 1845.
platyphy'lla (broad - leaved;. 50. ,

August. Britain.

— platyphy'lla-au'rea (golden-broad-
leaved). 20. Britain.

— ru'bra (red-twigged}. 50. August.

Britain.
variega'ta (variegated - leaved}.

June. 1847.
vitifo'lia (vine-leaved). June. 1846.

TILLA'NDSIA. (Named after E. Til-
lands, physician at Abo. Nat. ord.,
Bromelworts [Bromeliacese] . Linn.,
(\-Hexandria \-Monogynia. )

Stove epiphytes. Divisions and suckers. The
weaker kinds do best in baskets very shallow,
in sphagnum, turfy peat, broken pots, and char-
coal ; the stronger-growing ones may be potted
high, in turfy peat, a little turfy loam, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 80°.
T. acau'lis (stemless). $. White. August.

Rio Janeiro. 1826.
zebri'na (zebra). $. White. August.

— aloifo'lia (Aloe-leaved). I. Pink. Novem-

ber. Trinidad. 1824.

— u'nceps (two-edged). 3- Blue. April, West

Indies. 1820. •

Scarlet. July,
October. Tri-

— Bartra'mi (Bartram's).

Carolina. 1825.

— bractea'ta (bracted).

Indies. 1824.

— bulbo'sa (bulbous). A.

Trinidad. 1823.

pi'cta (painted). 2. Pink. Decem-
ber. Jamaica. 1845.

— cane'scens (hoary). £. Blue. June.

Indies. 1824.

— coarcta'ta (straitened). 1. June. Chili. 1823.

— compre'ssa (flattened). 1. June. Chili. 1823.

— fuscieula'ta (fascicled). 1. Blue. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— Jiexuo'sa (zig-zag). 1. Blue. W. Indies. 179«.
pa'llida (pale). 1. Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1815.

— Gardne'ri (Gardner's). Rose. February.

Brazil. 1842.
~ gra'cilis (slender). 1. June. Chili. 1823.

— ni'tida (shining). 2. Blue. October. Ja-

maica. 1823.

— nu'tans (nodding). 2. Blue. August.

Jamaica. 1793.

— obscu'ra (obscure). 2. July. South America.

1820.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 1. Blue. June.

West Indies. 1820.

— polysta'chya (many-spiked). 2. June. South

America. 1825,

— psittaci'na ( Parrot-like ) .

Rio Janeiro. 1826.

— pti'lchra (fair). £. Pink.

nidad. 1823.

— ramo'sa (branchy). 1. June. Chili. 1823.

— recurva'ta (curled-back-teaued). £. Purple.

July. Jamaica. 1793.

— ri'gida (stiff). 1. June. Chili. 1823.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. Brazil.

— ru'bida (Madder-coloured). £. Red, yellow.

February. Brazil. 1840.

— serra'ta (saw -leaved}. 2. Yellow. June,

Jamaica. 1/93.

— seta'cea (bristly). $. Blue. June. West

Indies. 1S24.

— stri'cta (erect), ij. Blue. September. Brazil.

1810.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). $. Blue. June.

West Indies. 1825.

— usneoi'des (Usnea-like). 6. Purple. July.

West Indies. 1823.

— utricula'ta (bladdered). 2. Purple, yellow*

South America. 1793.

— vite'llina (yolk-of-egg-coloured). Yellow.

February. Venezuela.

— Xtphioi'des (Xiphium-like). $. White. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1810.

TI'NEA, a genus of moths, the larva?
I of which are very destructive.

T. dauce'lla. Carrot Moth. Head
• and back and upper wings reddish
! brown ; abdomen grey and white. Its
caterpillar is greenish grey with black
i tubercles, and lives on the flowers and
j seeds of the carrot, but prefers the
! parsnip.

T. pade'lla. Small Ermine Moth, is

TIN

TOB

white with black dots on the upper
wings. Eggs deposited in June and
July near the blossom buds of the
hawthorn, euonymus, apple and pear
tree; caterpillars appear in autumn,
and inclose the twigs with a web. In
the following spring they attack the
petals and calyx. Colour, dull lead
with a black head.

T. derckc'lla. Pear Tree Blister
Moth. The caterpillars of this raise
dark brown blisters on the leaves of
the pear tree, and less often on those
of the apple. The rnoth is active and
minute, shining like pearly satin, the
wings having an orange ground spotted
with black and other colours. It
appears in May. Mr. Curtis says, —
"To check this disease, it will be ad-
visable to wash the tree with soapsuds
the end of May or beginning of June,
when the moths are pairing and laying
eggs for a future progeny ; and if a
very valuable tree be only partially
attacked, the blistered leaves might be
gathered and burnt as soon as any
spots began to appear in August."

T. capite'lla. Triple-spotted Currant
Tinea. The larvee of this- feed upon
the pith of the young shoots of the
currant, which they attack in the spring.
The moth itself is fuscous ; the head
with an ochreous tuft; superior wings
bronzed, spotted with purple and
yellow.

T. porecte'lla. Rocket or Greystreak
Moth, has its habits and forms thus
described by Mr. Curtis : —

During the middle and latter end of
April, as the shoots of the rockets
advance, it is found that the leaves
adhere firmly together, and those that
liberate themselves are perforated with
large holes. On forcibly opening a
shoot, for the young leaves are con-
nected by silken threads, a small green
caterpillar of different shades, varying
with its age, is found in or near the
centre, feeding upon the tender leaves,
and sometimes a little family of four or
five inhabit the same head. The head,
feelers, and horns of our little moth
are white, the latter with a few black
spots near the tips ; thd thorax is
cream-coloured, the sides brown, upper
wings lance-shaped, very pale clay

brown, with whitish streaks. Perhaps
the best mode of extirpating them
would be to search for the young cater
pillars between the leaves, on the first
symptoms of their presence, and ex-
tracting them with a small pair of for-
ceps, such as are used for microscopic
objects ; but as some might be too
minute at that early period to be de-
tected on the first search, this operation
must be repeated. Pinching the mag-
gots in the bud is also recommended.

T. cortice'lla. See Apple.

TI'PULA. Crane Fly or Daddy-long-
legs. T. olera'cea, the grubs or "leather
jackets," so injurious to the market
gardener, are its larvee. They attack
the roots of scarlet beans, lettuces,
dahlias, potatoes, &c., from May to Au-
gust. During the last month and Sep-
tember they become pupce. Mr. Curtis
observes, that — It is said that lime-
water will not kill them, and suggests
that if quick-lime was scattered on the
ground at night, it would destroy them
when they come to the surface to feed ;
and all the gnats that are found on the
walls, palings, ground, or elsewhere,
should be killed, especially the female,
which would prevent any eggs being
deposite d in the ground. A mixture of
lime and gas-water, distributed by a
watering-pot over grass, has completely
exterminated the larvae where they had
been exceedingly destructive ; and by
sweeping the grass with a bag-net, like
an angler's landing-net, only covered
with canvas, immense numbers of the
gnats might be taken and destroyed.

TITHO'KIA. (From Tithonus, in my-
thology, the favourite of Aurora. Nat.
ord.^ Composites [Asteraceee]. Linn.,
\9-Synrjenesia 3-Fruslranea. Allied to
Helianthus.)

Stove, yellow - flowered evergreens, from
Mexico. Cuttings of young shoots, a little
firm at their base, in sand, under a bell-glass,
and in a little bottom-heat ; rich, sandy, fibry
loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60°
to 80°.

T. exce'lsa (tall). August. 1824.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 4. July. 1828.

— tagetiflo'ra (Marigold- flowered). L10. Au-

gust. 1818.

TOAD-FLAX. Lina'ria.
TOBACCO. Nicotia'na, whether in the
form of snuff, or its decoction in water,

TOB

[ 877 ]

TOD

or its smoke whilst burning, is very
destructive to insects.

Tobacco paper is paper saturated with
the decoction of tobacco, and when
burnt emits a fume nearly as strong.
It is an easy mode of generating the
smoke. Whenever plants are smoked
they should be done so on two following
nights, and then be syringed the fol-
lowing morning. Mr. Cameron says :
I have always found tobacco paper the
most efficacious substance to fumigate
with, for destroying the aphis without
doing any injury to the plants ; if the
house is not filled too rapidly with
smoke, and is allowed to reach the
glass, without coming in contact with
any of the plants, it then descends as
it cools, without doing any injury.
Plants fumigated in frames, or under
hand-glasses, are most liable to be in-
jured by the heat of the smoke, if
not done cautiously. There is a spu-
rious kind of tobacco paper sometimes
offered in spring by the tobacconists,
apparently made to meet the increased
demand, and this kind of paper will
bring the leaves off plants, without
killing many of the aphides. It is of a
lighter colour than the genuine sort,
and may be readily detected by the
smell being very different. Foliage
should be perfectly dry when a house
is fumigated, and should not be sy-
ringed till next morning. If plants
are syringed immediately after fumi-
gation, many of the aphides will recover
even when they have dropped off the
plants, a fact which any one may soon
prove after fumigating a house.

Another very simple mode of fumi-
gating plants in frames, and under
hand-glasses turned over them for the
purpose, is as follows : — " Dissolve a
table spoonful of saltpetre in a pint of
water; take pieces of the coarsest
brown paper, six inches wide, and ten
inches long, steep them thoroughly in
the solution, dry them and keep till
wanted. To fumigate, roll one of the
pieces into a pipe like a cigar, leaving
the hollow half-an-inch in diameter,
which fill with tobacco, twist one end
and stick it into the soil, light the
other, and it will burn gradually away
for an hour or more."

Tobacco smoke should not be ad-
mitted to fruit trees when in bloom,
nor when the fruit is ripening, as it
imparts to them a flavour. See Fumi-
gating and Fumigator.

Tobacco Water is usually made from
what is known as Tobacconists' Liquor,
being a liquor expressed by them, and
full of ammonia and the acrid oil of
the plant. To every gallon of this add
five gallons of water. This mixture
with Read's garden syringe may bo
sprinkled over the trees, putting it on
with the finest rose, and being careful
to wet all the leaves. This operation
is to be performed only in the hottest
sunshine, as the effect is then much
greater than when the weather is dull ;
five gallons of liquor reduced as above
stated, cleanses seventeen peach and
nectarine trees, averaging seventeen
feet in length, and twelve in height.
The black glutinous aphis, provincially
called blight, so destructive to the
cherry trees, and, in fact, every species
of aphis, is destroyed in the same way
with equal facility; the grubs which
attack the apricot, may be destroyed
almost instantly by immersing the
leaves infested in this liquor.

As the tobacconist's liquor cannot be
obtained always, tobacco water may be,
in such case, made by pouring half-a-
gallon of boiling water upon one ounce
of strong tobacco, and allowing it to
remain until cold, and then strained.

TOCOYE'NA. (Name in Guiana. Nat.
ord., Cinchonads [Cincbonacese]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria l-Monogynia. Allied to
Posoqueria.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass, in
heat, in May ; fibry peat, a little lumpy loam,
sand, and charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 85°.

j T. longiflo'ra (long- flowered). 6. Yellow.
Guiana. 1826.

TO'DEA. (Named after H. J. Tode,
a German student of ferns. Nat. ord.,
Ferns [ Polypodiacese ] . Linn., 24-
Cryptogamia I-Filices. Allied to Os-
munda.)

Greenhouse, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.

T. Africa'na (African). 2. June. Cape of
Good Hope. 1805.

— Austra'lis (southern). 2. New Holland. 1831.

— pellu'cida (transparent). New Zealand, 1842.

TOT>

TOO

TODDA'LIA. (Toddfdi, the Malabar
name of T. aciilaata. Nat. ord., Xan-
thoxijls [Xanthoxylacece]. Linn., 21-
MoncKcla 5 -.Penlandria. Allied to
Ptelea.)

kept, and only a small sum so collected,
her ladyship trebles the amount. I
add my own mite, and each foreman
theirs, as a sort of compound for any
matter that may have slipped our
memories, £c. ; the amount is then
placed in the Savint/s Bank, as a re-
serve sum in case oi' illness, &c. We
have the same order and regulation
kept in each tool-shed — that is to say,
the tool-shed of each department — that;
I need here describe only one. The
tool- shed of the hothouse and flower-
garden department is a lean-to shed at
the back of a hothouse, substantially
built, and covered with slate : — length,
fifty -four feet; width, thirteen feet;
height at back, fifteen feet ; and height
in front, nine feet ; paved all through
with Yorkshire flag-stones, which are
neatly swept up every night, the last
thing, and washed every Saturday,
thoroughly. There is a door at each
end, and one in the centre of the front
wall, and a window on each side of the
centre door. Strong beams are thrown

Seeds, in flower-beds or > across from front to back, and strong

j planks laid on them, which form a

i useful loft for placing mats, stakes,

I laths for tally making, brooms, nets,

I canvass for covering and shading, etc.,

<fcc. Within two feet of the roof, against

1 the back wall, is placed a row of pegs

the whole length of the shed, for hang-

j ing the long-handled tools, such as

I grass and leaf rakes, long-handled

I Dutch hoes and iron rakes, &c. ; on

i the next row of pegs, the whole length

| of the shed, are placed the various

I kinds of draw hoes, tan forks, dung

forks and prongs, strong forks for

digging and surface-stirring, spades

and shovels of various kinds, pickaxes,

mattocks and bills, dung drags, edging

shears, &c. ; on a third row of pegs,

still lower, are placed the water pots,

all numbered, with initials as well,

thus — B, G— 45, or 60, whatever the

number may run to; underneath those

is a row more of pegs, for placing the

noses of the water pots — thus the back

wall is furnished. The front wall,

half-way, is furnished with shelves for

placing shreds and nails, rope yarn,

tallies, flower pegs, whetstones, rubber

or scythe-stones, and many other sm»ll

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of young, stubby side-shoots, in sand, under a
glass, in April, in a sweet bottom-heat ; fihry
loam, and a little peat or leaf-mould. Winter
temp., 50° to 60°; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. aciilea'ta (prickly). 6. East Indies. 1790.

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved. 6. Mauritius.

1821.

TOFIE'LDIA. (Named after Mr. To-
ficli/, a botanical patron. Nat. ord.,
Melanlhs [Melanthacece], Linn., 0-
Hcxandria \-Monoyynia.}

Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren-
nials. Division of the roots, in spring ; sandy
loam, and a little vegetable mould.
2'. ghttino'sa (clammy). £. White. 1825.

— pu'dens (downy). Green, yellow. July. 1840.

— pube'scens (downy). £. White. April. 1790.
TO'LPIS. (Meaning not known. Nat.

oi'd., Composites [Asteraceajj. Linn.,
IQ-Syngcnesia l-^qualis. Allied to
Catananche.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered annuals, from the
South of Europe,
borders, in April.
T. alti'ssima (tallest). 4. June. 1823.

— barba'ta (be&rded-purple-eyed). 2. Yellow,

purple. June. 1620.

— coronopifo'lia (Buckhorn-leaved). 1. June.

1777.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). June. 1830.

— umbella'ta (umbelled). 2. Yellow, purple.

1820.

— virga'ta (twiggy). 2. 1818.

TOLU-BALSAM TREE. Myrospe'mium.

TOMATO. Lycope'rsicon. See Lore-
apple.

TONGUE-VIOLET. Schweiyge'ria.

TONQUIN BEAN. Di'pterix.

TOOL-HOUSE. Upon this too-much-
neglected garden edifice, Mr. Barnes,
of Bicton Gardens, says : — " Have a
place for everything, and everything in
its place ; — kept in good condition, and
at all times put away clean ; — for omis-
sion of which have rules and fines
placed in each of the tool-houses, re-
gularly enforced, and payment de-
manded for each fine on the labourers'
pay-day. At Bicton, a book is kept for
entering each fine, and a separate ac-
count given of each fine, and for what,
or why, it was enforced ; annually,
Lady Kolle doubles the amount so
collected, and if good order has been

TOO

TO ft

articles. Underneath those shelves
are pegs for hanging the hammers,
axes, saws, hatchets, mallets, and stake-
drivers, trowels, hand- forks, reels and
lines, hedge-clipping shears, scythes,
chisels, the various sixes of one-handed
crane-necked hoes, crowbars, mops,
hair-brushes, and brooms, and various
other articles. The scythes are hung
up over the end beam, and on the other
side without shelves the hand-barrows
are placed; birch and heath brooms,
both round and fan-shaped, that are in
daily use ; and various other articles.
The garden rules are hung in a con-
spicuous place ; also in the tool-house.
Every tool is to be put into its proper
or allotted place, every night, thoroughly
cleansed ; any omission of which sub-
jects the defaulter to a fine. Each
tool-house is under the same system.
We have separate wheelbarrow sheds ;
sheds for placing soils in the dry,
arranged in old casks ; varieties of
sand, pebbles, and flints, for potting
purposes, with lofts over for flower pot
stowage ; — a shed for the liquid-manure
casks, which is one of the most essential
and valuable of all. A shed for placing
the charred articles of all kinds, equal
to the last; a potting shed ; mushroom
shed; stove shed; fruit rooms, and
onion lofts, &c., &c. — Each and all are
kept under the above regulations."

TOOTH-ACHE TKEE. Zantho'xylum.

TOOTH-WOET. Denta'ria.

TOP-DRESSING. Manure spread over
the surface whilst the crop is growing.

TORCH-THISTLE. Ce'reus.

TORE'NIA. (Named after Eev. 0.
Torcn, a Swedish botanist. Nat. prd.,
Figworts [Scrophulariacea?]. Linn.,
L±-Didynamia %-Angiospermia.')

T. edenta'ta (toothless). 1. Purple. June.
East Indies. 1845.

— hirm'ta (hairy). White. June. East

Indies. 1823.

— sca'bra (rough-leaved). 1. Pale blue. June,

Moreton Bay. 1830.

TO'RTRIX. A genus of moths.

T. lusca'na generates a red grub, and
T. cynosbana a black-spotted green grub,
both very destructive of blossom -buds.

T. vitisa'na. Vine Tortrix. Found
on the vine in April and May ; head
yellow ; upper wings marbled with
rusty and grey colours. Caterpillars
appear as the blossom-buds open, which
they unite with white threads.

T. ni'jrica'na. Red Plum Grab Tor-
trix. Moth black, appearing in June.
Eggs deposited on the plum; grub,
small red, pierces the fruit, and is found
near the stone. Mr. Curtis observes,
that, " If the plums that have fallen off
be examined, a small red caterpillar
will be found within it ; the caterpillar
being generally full grown when the
plum falls off, soon creeps out, and
penetrates the loose bark, forming a
case in which it remains during the
winter. Early in the spring it changes
into a light brown pupa, and the moth
emerges about June. The moth is not
so large as a house-fly ; its wings are
almost black, and when the sun is
shining on them they have a remark-
ably metallic lustre ; on the outer edge
of the fore-wings there is an appearance
of fine silver dust. Among the reme-
dies proposed to lessen the ravages of
this insect, it is recommended to shake
the trees, and remove all the fruit that
falls off; and another good method is
to scrape the rough pieces of bark of
the stem under which the cocoons are
concealed ; this must be done late in

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of the points of the autumn, or early in the spring. ^

-:j. -i — i_ : j» .«:i — A 2\ Bergmannia'na. Rose Tortnx.

Differs little to a common observer from
the preceding. Where bushes are much
infested with the larvae of these insects,
it is much better to cut them down,
and burn the shoots; this and hand-
picking are the only remedies we are
acquainted with. Care must be taken
not tc disturb the maggots when col-
lecting them, for they will let them-
selves down with threads, and thus
escape.

shoots, or small side-shoots, in sandy soil, and
in a little heat ; if far enough from the glass of
the frame or pit, they will want no bell-glass ;
fibry loam and sandy peat, in equal proportions,
with another part made up of dried old cow-
dung, charcoal, and rough sand. Winter temp.,
42° to 50°; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. Amacane'nsis (Arracan). Deep purple.
June. 1846.

— Asia'tica (Asiatic). 1$. Purple. June. East

Indies. 1845.

— co'ncolor (one-coloured) . H. Purple. July.

China. 1844.

— cordifa'lia (heart-leaved). £. Lilac. July.

'East Indies. 1611,

TOE

[ 880 ]

TBA

T. ocella'na. This is the parent of
the red-bud caterpillar, which destroys
the buds of the apple and pear. Upper
wings grey, with a white transverse
band.

T. Wceberia'na. Plum-Tree Tortrix.
Its larva feeds on the inner bark of
the plum, apricot, almond, and peach.
The grubs pierce holes through the
bark, which may be detected by small
heaps of red powder upon it. Moth
brown; grub greenish, with a red head.

T. pomona'na. Codling Moth. Its
reddish-white grub is common in apples
and pears. Moth light grey, streaked
with dark grey. Seen of an evening
during May, and the grubs appear soon
after. All fallen apples should be de-
stroyed, because they usually contain
this or other grubs, which will other-
wise produce moths, and multiply the
evil.

T. turiona'na, T. hyrcynia'na, T. resi-
ne'lla and T. buolia'na, all infest pine-
trees, injuring them by depositing their
eggs in the buds, which are subse-
quently preyed upon by their cater-
pillars.

TOUCH-ME-NOT. Impa'tiem.

TOEBE'YA. (Named after Dr. Torrey,
a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Taxads
[Taxacese]. Linn., 22-Dlceda \3~Mon-
adelphia. Allied to Taxus.)
For culture see Taxus. Hardy evergreens.

T. Humbo'ldtii (Humboldt's). Georgia. 1848.

— taxifo'lia( Yew-leaved). 30. Florida. 1840.

TOUENEFO'ETIA. (Named after J. P.
Tournefort, a great systematic botanist.
Nat. ord., Ehretiads [Ehretiacese] .
Linn., §-Pentandria \-Monogynia. Al-
lied to the Heliotrope.)

Cuttings of young shoots, in April or August,
in sandy soil, under glass, and in a little heat.
Some, such as Heliotropioides, make a fair bed
out of doors ; except for this purpose, they are
not worth house-room, either in a greenhouse
or a plant-stove ; any light common soil suits
them, and they may be planted out in the
middle of May.

GEEENHOTTSE EVEEGEEENS.

T. umbella'ta (umbelled). White. June.
Mexico. 1826.

— veluti'nu (velvety). 10. White. June.

Mexico. 1826.

STOVE EVEEGEEENS.

T, Caracasa'na (Caraccas). Whitd May,
Caraccas. 1828,

T. gnaphalo'des (Gnaphalium - like). White.
June. West Indies. 1820.

— heliotropioi'des (Heliotrope-like). 2. Pale

Jilac. May. Buenos Ayres. 1829.

— hirsuti'ssima (hairiest). 10. Green, yellow.

June. West Indies. 1818.

— laurifo'lia (Laurel-leaved). 12. Yellow.

July. West Indies. 1829.

— macula' ta (spotted-fruited). Yellow. June.

Carthagena. 1828.

— sca'ndens (climbing). 10. Green, yellow.

July. Peru. 1816.

— volu'bilis (twining). 10. Green, yellow.

July. Jamaica. 1752.

TOVOMI'TA. (Tovomite, the name in
Cayenne. Nat. ord., Guttifers [Clusia-
cese]. Linn., 1%-Polyandria 5-Penta-
gynia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of half-
ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
heat ; sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter
temp., 58° to 65°; summer, 65° to 90°, and
moist atmosphere.

T. clu&icefo'lia (Clusia-leaved). 10. Yellow.
May. Cayenne. 1823.

— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). Green, Guiana.

1827.

TEACHE'LIUM. Throatwort. (From
trachelos, the neck; supposed efficacy
in diseases of the trachea. Nat. ord.,
Bellworts [Campanulaceee]. Linn., ft-
Pentandria \-Monogynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennial. Seeds, in a
slight hotbed, in spring ; also by cuttings of
young shoots in sandy soil, in April, or at the
end of summer; sandy loam, and a little
vegetable mould.

T. cceru'leum (blue). 2. Blue. August. Italy.
1640.

TEACHYME'NE. (From trachys, rough,
and hymen, a membrane ; channels of
the fruit. Nat. ord., Umbellifers [Apia-
ceffi]. Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia.)

All the following are greenhouse, New Hol-
land, evergreen plants, except Ccerulea. The
annuals never do much good in the open air,
however raised, but if sown in a gentle hot-
bed, in March, pricked out and potted, and
flowered in the greenhouse in summer, they
will reward the trouble ; sandy loam and leaf-
mould ; shrubs, cuttings of young shoots,
under a bell-glass, in sandy soil ; sandy loam
and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40° to 60°.
T. cceni'lea (sky-i/we), !£. Blue. July. 1827.
Annual.

— compre'ssa (fi&t-stalked). 1. Pale yellow.

May.

— linea'ris (narrow-teawed). 2. Yellow. July.

1824.

— ova'lis (oval-leaved). 1. White. May.

— ova' ta (egg-leaved). 1. Pale yellow. May.

TEADESCA'NTIA. Spiderwort. (Named
after J. Tradescant, gardener to Charles

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I. Nat. ord., Spiderworts [Commeli-
nacese]. Linn., G-Hexandria l-Mono-
f/ynia.}

All blue-flowered, except where otherwise
mentioned. Annuals, by seed; perennials,
by divisions, in spring ; rich, light loam ; those
requiring the greenhouse and stove, will thrive
better from having a little peat, and they should
be well drained.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

T. ere'cta (upright). 2. July. Mexico. 179*.

— latifo'Ua (broad-leaved). 1$. October, Lima.

1816.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C.
T. crassifo'lia (thick - leaved). 3. August.
Mexico. 1796.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 1. August. East

Indies. 1816. Biennial.

— pulche'llafae&f). 1. July. Mexico. 1825.

Evergreen.

— tu'mida (swollen). 1. Red. September.

Mexico. 1837.

STOVE HEEBACEOUS, &C.
T. cordifo'lia (heart - leaved). £. June. Ja-
maica. 1819- Evergreen.

— cra'ssula (thick). 1. White. July. Brazil.

1825.

— di'scolor (various-coloured). 1. June. South

America. 1783.

— diure'twa (diuretic). £. June. Brazil. 1825.

— divariru'ta (straggling). £. June. Trinidad.

1818.

—fusca'ta (browned). £. September. South
America. 1820.

— genicula'ta (knotted). 1. July. W.Indies.

1783.

— Malabu'rica (Malabar). 1. Purple. July.

East Indies. 17/6.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). £. June. Ja-

maica. 1820.

— procu'mbens (trailing). £• June. Trinidad.

1824. Evergreen.

— specio'sa (showy). 1. July. Mexico. 1825.

— spica'tn (spiked). 2. Purple. Mexico.

— tubero'sa (tuberous). 1£. July. E. Indies.

1817.

— undula'ta (waved). 1. June. Trinidad. 1819.

— xebri'na (zebra). Reddish-purple. Septem-

ber. 1846.

HAEDY HEEBACEOUS.

T. caricifo'lia (Sedge- leaved). 1. August.
Texas. 1835.

— conge'sta (crowded). 2. August. North

America. 1826.

— pilo'sa (h&iTy-herbaged). 2%. Purple. July.

Louisiana. 1832.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Pink. June. Carolina.

1802.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1&. July. North

America. 1629.
a'lba (white). 1. White. July.

North America. 1629.
cceru'lea-a'lba (blue-and- white).

1. Blue, white. July. N.America.

1629.
pilo'sa (shaggy). 1. White, July.

North America. 1629.
56

T. Virgi'nica ple'na (double - flowered). 1.

Blue. July. North America. 1629.
ru'bra (red). 1. Red. July.

North America. 1629.

TRAGOPO'GON. Goat's Beard. (From
tragos, a goat, and. pogon, a beard; long
silky beards of the seed. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 1-JEqualis.)

Hardy biennials, yellow - flowered, except
where otherwise mentioned ; seeds in March
and August ; common garden soil. See Salsafy.
T. du'bius (doubtful). 3. May. Podolia. 1818.

— flocco'sus (woolly). 3. May. Hungary. 1816.

— ma'jor (greater). 6. May. Austria. 1788.

— mi'nor (smaller). 2. June. Britain.

— muta' bilis (changeable). 3. Pale. May.

Siberia. 181 6.

— orienta'lis (eastern). 3. June. Levant. 1787-

— porrifo'lius (Leek - leaved. Salsafy). 4.

Purple. May. England.

— pusi'llus (small). £. June. Iberia. 1820.

— ro'seus (rosy). l£. Red. May. Siberia. 1826.

TEAGOPY'EUM. Goat's Wheat. (From
tragos, a goat, and pyros, wheat. Nat.
ord., Buckwheats (Polygonacese]. Linn.,
8-Octandria 3-Trigynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrubs. Generally by
layers, in spring and autumn ; a moist peaty
soil suits them most.

T. buxifo'lium (Box-leaved). l£. White. July.
Siberia. 1800.

— lanceola'tum (spear-head- leaved). 2, Pink.

July. Siberia. 1778.

— polyga'mum (polygamous) . 2. Pink. July.

Carolina. 1810.

TEAILERS. See Creepers.

TEAIN OIL. See Animal Matters.

TEAINING has for its object the ren-
dering plants more productive either of
flowers or of fruit, by regulating the
number and position of their branches.
If their number be too great, they over-
shadow those below them, and by ex-
cluding the heat and light, prevent
that elaboration of the sap, required
for the production of fructification. If
they are too few, the sap is expended
in the production of more, and in ex-
tending the surface of the leaves re-
quired for the digestion of the juices.

The position of the branches is im-
portant, because, if trained against a
wall, they obtain a higher temperature,
and protection from winds ; and if
trained with their points below the
horizontal, the return of the sap is
checked. Shy-flowering shrubs, as
Diplacus puniceus, are made to blossom
abundantly, and freely- flowering shrubs ,
3 L

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as Cytisits hybridus, are made to blossom
earlier, by having their branches bent
beloii: the horizontal line.

The reason of this appears in the
fact, that a plant propels its sap with
greatest force perpendicularly, so much
so that the sap rising in a vine branch
growing in a right line from the root,
with a force capable of sustaining a
column of mercury twenty- eight inches
high, will, if the branch be bent down
to a right angle, support barely twenty-
three inches, and if bent a few degrees
below the horizontal, the column
sustained will not be more than twenty-
* one inches. This

ft ' '«? *^A is tne reason wny
^^ at such angles
gardeners find the
trained branches
of their wall-trees
rendered more
productive of blos-
soms, and fur-
nished with a
smaller surface of
leaves. A similar
effect is produced
by training a
branch in a wav-
ing form, for two-
thirds of its length
are placed hori-
the accompanying

as in

zontally,
outline.

Besides the usual modes of training
— for which see also Espaliers and
Standards — there are two other modes
which deserve notice.

Qucnouille Training consists in train-
ing one upright central shoot in sum-
mer, and shortening it down to fifteen
inches at the winter pruning, in order
that it may, at that height, produce
branches forming a tier, to be trained,
in the first instance, horizontally. The
shoot produced by the uppermost bud
is, however, trained as upright as pos-
sible during the summer, and is cut
back, so as to produce another tier
fifteen inches above the first, and so on
until the tree has reached the desired |
height. In this climate, it is necessary '
to train the shoot downwards, which is
easily done by tying those of the first
tier to short stakes, those of each suc-

cessive tier being fastened to the
branches below them. When the
shoots are thus arched downwards at
full length, or nearly so, they soon
come into a bearing state ; but in this
climate, if cut short, as the French do,
they only send up a number of shoots
annually. The plan answers very well
where it can be at all times properly
attended do ; but if this cannot be
guaranteed, the ordinary form of dwarf
is preferable. Quenouilles require
more time to be devoted to them than
espaliers.

Balloon Training is forcing down-
wards all the branches of standard
trees till the points touch the earth,
and they have the merit of producing
large crops of fruit in a very small
compass ; their upper parts are, how-
ever, too much exposed to radiation at
night, and the crop from that part of
the branches is apt to be cut off.

TEANSPLANTING is most successfully
performed whenever the roots are least
required for supplying the leaves with
moisture. The reason is obvious, be-
cause the roots are always in some
degree broken, and lessened in their
absorbing power, by the process of re-
moval. That such is the rationale of
seasonable transplanting is proved by
the fact that plants in pots, with reason-
able care, may be transplanted at any
season. This rule, too, is sanctioned
both by theory and practice — transplant
as early as possible after the leaves
cease to require a supply of sap ; the
reason for which is, that the vital
powers in the roots continue active
long after they have become torpid in
the branches, and fresh roots are
formed during the autumn and winter,
to succeed those destroyed by trans-
planting.

For transplanting most deciduous
trees and shrubs, October and Novem-
ber are the most successful months.
In transplanting evergreens, Mr. Beaton
says : I do not now concur in the
general belief that autumn is the best
time to plant all kinds of evergreens
indiscriminately. I have planted ever-
greens every week in the year, more
from necessity than choice it is true,
but still the result of the whole, con-

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vinces me, that a dogmatic adherence
to this or that given period of the year
is just as bad and unphilosophical as
the old prejudice in favour of planting
all kinds of evergreens late in the
spring. That vast assemblage of ever-
greens belonging to the natural order
Conifers, from the Cedar of Lebanon
down to the trailing juniper, should be
planted from the middle of July to the
beginning of October, according to the
weather after St. Swithin's day. No-
vember, on the other hand, is as good
a time as can be to remove evergreens
of all kinds, prodded that large balls
of earth be removed with them. Hol-
lies, Laurustinus, Alaternus, Phillyreas,
and Tree Sox, will transplant as well
in May and June as at any other time
of the year— of that I am quite cer-
tain ; I have removed hundreds of them
in May and June without losing a twig.
On the other hand, all these, and many
more besides, will answer as well if
planted early in November, but that is
no reason for giving up the old plan of
late spring planting such evergreens as
do well at that time, although we need
not do so from choice. The whole
question amounts to this : All ever-
greens succeed if planted in the au-
tumn ; a great number of them will do
better from being planted in the au-
tumn, and will not transplant safely
except in the autumn ; while a large
portion of them may be planted every
day in the year with almost equal
success.

November and May are the two
best months to remove Hoses. All the
young and tender ones in pots turn out
in May, but for all those on their own
roots, November is the best month to
remove them.

TBA'PA. Water Caltrops. (From
caldtrapa, an ancient instrument in
warfare, with four spikes ; fruit armed
with four spikes or horns. Nat. ord.,
Hippuriads [Haloragacess]. Linn., 4-
Tetrandria l-Monogynia.)

Aquatics. Seeds ; good loam, in a tub or
pond of water ; N titans will do in the latter,
the others require the shelter of a greenhouse.

T. bico'rnis (two-horned). White. July. China. •
1790. Greenhouse perennial.

— bispinn'sa (two-spined). White. July.. Eut
Indies* 1832. Greenhouse biennial,

T. no? tana (floating). White, purple. July,
Europe. 1781. Hardy annual.

— quadritpino'sa (four-spined). White. July.
E.Indies. 1823. Greenhouse biennial.

TREVIRA'NIA. The following should
be united to Achlmenes.
A. pulche'lla (neat). Scarlet. August. Jamaica.
1778.

TRAVELLER'S JOY. Cle'matis vita'lbu,
and C. vio'rna.

TREE CELAMDINE. Socco'mu fru-
te'scens.

TREE GUARDS. The following are
cheap and effectual. Stakes about the
thickness of the wrist, seven feet in
length, and tolerably straight, chopped
each a little tlat on one side, some iron
hooping, a little thicker than coopers
are in the habit of using for barrels, with
punched holes through it six inches
apart witb one hole near each end : —
Nail this to the stakes on the chopped
side, one foot from the top of them,
and one foot from the bottom ; then
raise it, and bend it circularly round
the tree, observing that the hoops are
placed inside, nearest the tree; the
holes left at each end of the hoop are
then clenched up with a nail, and the
guard is complete.

The following plan is somewhat
similar: — Procure stakes of ash or
larch, six feet in length, or more if
requisite, and about two inches in dia-
meter, and bore holes through the tops
and bottoms, about one foot from each
end. Get a similar hole drilled up the
centre of a stake, and saw it off" in
lengths of two inches, or rather less ;
pass a strong wire or thick tarred string
through one stake, by the holes, at the
top and at the bottom, then pass it
through the hole made in one of the
two-inch pieces at each end, and then
through another stake, separating each
stake at top and bottom by a piece of
wood, until you leave enough to sur-
round the tree loosely, leaving plenty
of space for growth. Place it round
the tree, and fasten the ends of the
wire or string. This guard is much
the same as a cradle put round the
neck of a blistered horse, to prevent
his gnawing the irritated part. The
stakes merely rest on the ground, and
should be cut quite flat at the bottom, to
prevent their sticking into the ground.

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[ 884]

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At the tipper end they should have a
sharp slanting cut, with a bill-hook,
and threaded with the slope towards
the tree. The motion of the tree will
not in any degree he impeded ; and the
hark cannot he injured let the wind
blow as it may, for the guard moves
freely with the tree in every direction.

TKEES are a chief material in land-
scape gardening. The varieties hi their
shapes, says Mr. Whateley, may be
reduced to the following heads. Some
thick with branches and foliage have
almost an appearance of solidity, as
the beech, the elm, the lilac, and se-
ringa. Others thin of boughs and of
leaves, seem light and airy, as the ash
and the abele, the common arbor
vitse and the tamarisk.

There is a mean betwixt the two ex-
tremes, very distinguishable from both,
as in the bladder-nut, and the ashen-
leaved maple. They may again be
divided into those whose branches
begin from the ground, and those
which shoot up in a stem before their
branches begin. Trees which have
some, and not much clear stem, as
several of the firs, belong to the former
class ; but a very short stem will rank as
a shrub, such as the althaea in the latter.

Of those, the branches of which begin
from the ground, some rise in a conical
figure, as the larch, the cedar of Le-
banon, and the holly. Some swell out
in the middle of their growth, and di-
minish at both ends, as the Weymouth
pine, the mountain ash, and the lilac ;
and some are irregular and bushy from
the top to the bottom, as the evergreen
oak, the Virginian cedar, and Guelder
rose. There is a great difference be-
tween one whose base is very large, and
another whose base is very small, in
proportion to its height; the cedar of
Lebanon and the cypress are instances
of such a difference, yet in both the
branches begin from the ground.

The heads of those which shoot up
into a stem, before their branches begin,
sometimes are slender cones, as of
many firs ; sometimes are broad cones,
as of the horse-chesnut ; sometimes
they are round, as of the stone pine,
and most sorts of fruit-trees ; and
sometimes irregular, as of the elm.

Of this kind there are many consider-
able varieties.

The branches of some grow hori-
zontally, as of the oak. In others they
fall, as in the lime, and the acacia ; and
in some of these last they incline ob-
liquely, as in many of the firs ; in some
they hang directly down, as in the
weeping willow.

Some are of a dark green, as the
horse-chesnut, and the yew ; some of a
light green, as the lime, and the laurel ;
some of a green tinged with brown, as
the Virginian cedar; some of a green
tinged with white, as the abele, and
the sage-tree ; and some of a green
tinged with yellow, as the ashen-leaved
maple, and the Chinese arbor -vitce.
The variegated plants, also, are gene-
rally entitled to be classed with the
white or the yellow, by the strong
tincture of the one or the other of
those colours on their leaves.

The fall of the leaf is the time to
learn the species, the order, and the
proportion of tints, which blended will
form beautiful masses ; and, on the
other hand, to distinguish those which
are incompatible near together. The
peculiar beauty of the tints of red can-
not then escape observation, and the
want of them throughout the summer
months must be regretted; but the
want, though it cannot perfectly, may
partially be supplied, for plants have a
permanent and an accidental colour.
The permanent is always some shade
of green, but any other may be the
accidental colour; and there is none
which so many circumstances concur
to produce as a red. It is assumed in
succession by the bud, the blossom,
the berry, the bark, and the leaf.
Sometimes it profusely overspreads, at
other times it dimly tinges the plant,
and a reddish- green is generally the
hue of those plants on which it lasts
long or frequently returns.

Admitting this, at least for many
months in the year, among the charac-
teristic distinctions, a large piece of
red -green, with a narrow edging of
dark-green, along the further side of
it, and beyond that, a piece of light-
green, still larger than the first, will be
found to compose a beautiful mass.

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[ 885 ]

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Another, not less beautiful, is a yellow-
green, nearest the eye, heyond that a
light-green, then a brown-green, and
lastly a dark-green. The dark-green
must be the largest, the light-green
the next in extent, and the yellow-
green the least of all.

From these combinations, the agree-
ments between particular tints may be
known. A light-green may be next
either to a yellow or a brown-green,
and a brown to a dark-green ; all in
considerable quantities, and a little rim
of dark-green may border on a red or a
light-green. Further observations will
show, that the yellow and the white-
greens connect easily; but that large
quantities of the light, the yellow, or
the white-greens, do not mix well with
a large quantity also of the dark-green;
and that to form a pleasing mass, either
the dark-green must be reduced to a
mere edging, or a brown or an inter-
mediate green must be interposed;
that the red, the brown, and the inter-
mediate greens agree among them-
selves, and that either of them may be
joined to any other tint; but that the
red- green will bear a larger quantity of
the light than of the dark green near it;
nor does it seem so proper a mixture
with the white-green as with the rest.
In massing these tints, an attention
must be constantly kept up to their
forms^ that they do not lie in large
stripes one beyond another; but that
either they be quite intermingled, or,
which is generally more pleasing, that
considerable pieces of different tints,
each a beautiful figure, be in different
proportions placed near together. See
Clump, Avenue, and Grove.

TREE MALLOW. Lava'tera arbo'rea.

TREE OF SADNESS. Nycta'nthes a'rbor
tri'stis.

TREE or CANADA ONION. A' Ilium
proli'ferum. This is without a bulbous
root, but throws out numerous offsets.
Its top bulbs are greatly prized for
pickling, being considered of superior
flavour to the common onion.

It is propagated both by the root
offsets, which may be planted during
March and April, or in September and
October, and from the top bulbs, which
are best planted at the end of April,

The old roots are best to plant again
for a crop of bulbs, as they are most
certain to run to stems. Plant in rows
twelve inches asunder, in holes six
inches apart and two deep, a single
offset or bulb being put in each. Those
planted in autumn will shoot up leaves
early in the spring, and have their
bulbs fit for gathering in June or the
beginning of July; those inserted in
the spring will make their appearance
later, and will be in production at the
close of July or early in August ; they
must not, however, be gathered for
keeping or planting until the stalks
decay, at which time, or in the spring
also, if only of one year's growth, the
roots may be taken up and parted if
required for planting ; but when of two
or three years' continuance, they must,
at all events, be reduced in size, other-
wise they grow in too large and spind-
ling bunches ; but the best plan is to
make a fresh plantation annually with
single offsets.

The bulbs, when gathered, must be
gradually and carefully dried in a shady
place; and if kept perfectly free from
moisture, will continue in good state
until the following May.

TRELLIS or TREILLAGE, is an arrange-
ment cf supporters upon which to train
plants.

Espalier Trellis.— The cheapest, the
easiest, and the soonest made, is that
formed with straight poles or stakes
of ash, oak, or chesnut, in lengths of
from five to six or seven feet, driving
them in the ground in a range about a
foot distant, all of an equal height, and
then railed along the top with the
same kind of poles or rods, to pre-
serve the whole form in a regular
position. They should be full an inch-
and-a-half thick, and, having pointed
them at one end, drive them with a
mallet into the ground in a straight
range, close along the row of trees, a
foot deep at least. To render treillage
still stronger, run two, three, or more
ranges of rods, along the back part of
the uprights, a foot or eighteen inches
asunder, fastening them to the upright
stakes, either with pieces of strong
wire twisted two or three times round,
or by nailing them.

TRE

C 886 ]

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Espalier Trellis made of cast iron
rods, are much more durable, and
neater, than that made of wood.

Trellis for Climbers. — These have
been greatly improved, or rather they
have been created within these few
years, for ten years ago we had nothing
but stakes and rods.

Their forms are now various and
elegant ; but we shall here only explain
the manner in which the wire-trellis
for climbing plants, is attached to the
pots. It will be seen that a strong

wire ring is carried round the pot, a
little above its bottom. To this a suffi-
cient number of upright wires are
attached all round. These upright wires
are pressed down upon the surface of
the pot, till they reach the lim, over
which they are firmly bent till they
reach the highest point of the rim, or
are even bent a little within it. At
this point they are secured by a second
ring of stout wire, adjusted as in the
drawing, which having been done, the
uprights are directed upwards, and
fashioned into the pattern required.
By these means a sort of collar is
formed upon the rim of the pot, which
prevents the trellis from slipping down-
wards, while at the same time, the
lowest ring of wire keeps it from
swinging and swaying backwards and
forwards.

Umbrella Trellis is a form excellently
adapted for Wisteria sinciisis, and other
climbers or shrubs having long racemes
of flowers. (See cut.)

Hothouse Trellis for training vines
near the glass, is usually made of thin
rods of deal or of iron, placed about a
foot apart, and fastened to the frame-
work of the building. Mr. Long, Beau-
fort-place, Chelsea, has invented a

moveable wire trellis, by which the
vines may be lowered from the roof, or

placed at any angle, without injuring
the vines. This is an excellent mode
of removing them from the influence
of extreme exterior heat or cold. A
still further improvement would be to
have the vertical rods moveable round
the rod horizontally fixed to the rafter
or roof, for then the whole trellis might
be raised to an angle with, or even
close to the glass, whenever sun to the
vine upon the trellis, or shade to the
plants within the house, was desirable.

TREMBLING AMERICAN TREE. Po'-
pulus tre'mida.

TRENCHING is one of the readiest
modes in the gardener's power for
renovating his soil. The process is
thus conducted : — From the end of the
piece of ground where it is intended to
begin, take out a trench two spades
deep, and twenty inches wide, and
wheel the earth to the opposite end to
fill up and finish the last ridge. Mea-
sure off the width of another trench,
then stretch the line and mark it out
with the spade. Proceed in this way
until the whole of the ridges are out-
lined, after which begin at one end and
fill up the bottom of the first trench
with the surface or ' top spit ' of the
second one; then take the bottom
' spit ' of the latter, and throw it in
such a way over the other as to form
an elevated sharp-pointed ridge. By
this means a portion of fresh soil is
annually brought on the surface in the

[ 887 ]

TKT

place of that which the crop of the past :
season may have in some measure ,
exhausted.

Bastard-Trenching is thus performed : j
— Open a trench two feet- and- a-half j
or a yard wide, one full spit, and the I
shovelling deep, and wheel the soil j
from it to where it is intended to finish 1
the piece, then put in the dung and :
dig it in with the botttom spit in the j
trench, then fill up this trench with the j
top spit, &c., of the second, treating it ;
in like manner and so on. The ad-
vantages of this plan of working the
soil are, the good soil is retained at the
top, an important consideration where
the subsoil is poor or bad, — the bottom
soil is enriched and loosened for the
penetration and nourishment of the
roots, and allowing them to descend
deeper, they are not so liable to suffer
from drought in summer; — strong soil
is rendered capable of absorbing more
moisture, and yet remains drier at the
surface by the water passing down J
more rapidly to the subsoil, and it |
insures a thorough shifting of the soil. •

In all trenching, whether one, two, j
or more spades deep, always, previous j
to digging, put the top of each trench
two or three inches deep or more, with
all weeds arid other litter at the bottom
of the open one, which not only makes
clean digging, and increases the depth
of loose soil, but all weeds and their
seeds are regularly buried at such a
depth, that the weeds themselves will
rot, and their seeds cannot vegetate.

TEI'BULUS. Caltrops. (From treis, !
three, and ballo, to project; carpels or
divisions of the seed-vessel end in three
or four projecting points. Nat. ord., |
Beancapers [Zygophyllacese]. Linn., j
10-Decandria \-MonogyniaS)

All yellow - flowered, and annuals, except
Cistoides. Sow in a hotbed, in March, harden
off, and put in a sheltered place in the garden
towards the beginning of June, or flower in
pots in the greenhouse; rich, light, sandy loam ;
a little peat will be required for Cistoides, which
is easily increased by cuttings, in the spring.

T. cistoi'des (Cistus-like). l£. July. South
America. 1J52. Stove evergreen.

— ma'ximus (greatest). liJ.fJune. Jamaica. 1/28.

— terrefstris (earth). 1. June. S. Europe. 150.6.

— trijuga'tus (three-paired). £. June. Georgia.

1819.

TKICHI'LIA. (From triclui, in threes,

or ternary ; the parts of the seed-pods
in threes. Nat. ord., Mcliads [Melia-
ceffi]. Linn., IQ-Decandria l-Mono-
(/ynia.)

White-flowered, stove evergreen trees. Cut-
tings of ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, and in a moist sweet heat, in April or
autumn ; fibry loam, and sandy peat. Winter
temp., 55° to o'0° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. glandulo'sa (glanded). 20. July. New
Holland. 1821.

— Havane'nsis (Havanna). 30. June. Havanna.

1/94.

— termina'lis (terminal). 20. Jamaica. 1825.

— trifolia'ta (three-leaved). 8. South America.

1828.

TEICHI'NIUM. (From trichinos, hairy;
flowers covered with knotted hairs.
Nat. ord., Amaranths [Amarantacese].
Linn., 5-Pentandria \.-Monoyynia.}

Australian annuals. Seeds, in a hotbed, in
April ; pricked out, and ultimately bloomed in
a cool greenhouse ; rich sandy loam, and a
Ifttle peat.

T. alopecuroi'deum (Foxtail-like). 1. Yellow,
red. June. 1838.

— Mangle'sii (Mangles's). White, pink. June.

1838.

— Stirli'ngii (Stirling's). White, pink. June.

1838.

TRICHOCE'NTKON. (From thrix, a
hair, and centron, a spur; application
not obvious. Nat. ord., Orchids [Or-
chidacese]. Linn., 2Q-Gynandria \-Mo-
nandria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks. See Orchids.
T. ca'ndidum (white). White, yellow. May.

Guatemala. 1840.
— fu'scum (brown). £. Green, white. July.

Mexico. 1835.

— iridifo' Hum (Iris-leaved). Yellow. Septem-

ber. Demerara. 1830.

— macula'tum (spotted). White, purple. Feb-

ruary. New Grenada.

— recu'rvum (curled-back). White, purple.

May. Guiana. 1842.

TEICHO'MANES. (From thrix, a hair,
and manos, soft ; the shining stems
appear like fine hair. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiace®]. Linn., 2±-Cryptogamia
1-FWces.-)

Stove, brown-spored, Ferns. See Ferns.
T. Achillecefo'lium (milfoil-leaved). I. of Luzon.

— aculea'tum (prickly). May. I. of Luzon.

— ala'tum (winged). June. W.Indies. 1824.

— angusta'tum (narrowish). May. I. of Luzon.

— brevise'tum (short-bristled). £. May. Bri-

tain. Hardy.

— cri'spum (curled). May. W. Indies. 1828.

— curvu'tum (curved). April. I. of Luzon.

— disse'ctum (cvA-leaved). April. I. of Luzon.

— Jioribu'ndum (many-flowered). May. W.

Indies. 1825.

TRI

888 ]

TRI

T. fuscO'glauce'scem (brownish-milky-green) .
May. I. of Luzon.

— gemma' turn (budded). April. Malacca.

— hu'mile (low). May. I. of Luzon.

— Jana'nicum (Javanese). May. Java.

— Meifo'lium (Meum-leaved). April. I. of

Luzon.

— membrana'ceum (membranous). tb May.

W. Indies. 1820.

— obscu'rum (obscure). April. I. of Luzon.

— pa'rvulum (very small). April. I. of Luzon.

— quercifo1 Hum (Oak-leaved). April. Jamaica.

1844.

— ra'dicans (rooting). April.

— rhomboi'deum (diamond-shaped). May. I. of

Luzon.

— spica'tum (spiked). May. Jamaica. 1844.

TKECHONE'MA. (From thrix, a hair,
and nema, a filament ; stamens clothed
with minute hairs. Nat. ord., Irids
[Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria 1-Mo-
nogynia.)

Half-hardy bulbs, which require the same
treatment as Ixias. All from the Cape of Good
Hope, where not otherwise stated.

T. Bulboco'dium (Bulbocodium). £. Bed.
March. S. Europe. 1739.

— caule'scens (stemmed). $. Yellow. June.

1810.

— chloroleu' cum (greenish-white). £. Green,

white. June. 1825.

— coRlesti'num (ccelestial). £. Blue. March.

Carolina. 1818.

— Colu'mnce (Columna's). £. Blue. March.

Italy. 1825.

— crucia'tum (cross-shaped). £. Rose. May.

1758.

— edu'le (eatable). Socotra. 1842.
—filifo'lium (thread-leaved). £. Yellow. May.

1822.

— longifo'tium (long-leaved). £. Rose. May.

1758.

— pu'dicum (blushing). J. Red. August. 1808.

— purpura'scens (purplish). £. Purple. May.

Italy. 1825.

— Py'lium (Pylium). J. Yellow, white. Ha-

vannah.

— quadra'ngulum (four-angled). J. June.

1825.

— ramiflo'rum (branched-flowered). £. Purple.

June. Naples. 1830.

— recu'rvum (curled-back) . £. Red. June.

1812.

— ro'seum (rosy). £. Pink. July. 1818.

— specio'sum (showy). £. Red. May. 1808.

— subpalu'stre (rather - boggy). £. Lilac,

white. Ionian Isles.

— tortuo'sum (twisted - leaved). £. Yellow.

May. 1822.

TEICHOPE'TALUM. (From thrix, a
hair, and petalon, a petal ; flowers
fringed inside. Nat. ord., Lilyworts
[Liliacese]. Linn., 8-Hexandria \-Mo~
noyynia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials, from Chili.
Division, in spring; rich sandy loam, and a
little peat, Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

T. gra'cile (slender). 3. Greenish. July. 1828.

— Stella1 turn (starry - flowered). 1. White.

April. 182Q.

TKICHOPI'LIA. (From thrix, a hair,
and pilon, a cap ; summit of the co-
lumn with tufts of hair. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn., 20-Gy-
nandria \-Monandria.} Allied to As-
pasia. )

Stove orchids, grown in baskets. See Orchids.
T. to'rtilis (tvristed-petaled). g. White, red.
January. Mexico. 1835.

pa'llida (pale). White. January.

Guatemala. 1844.

TBICHOSA'NTHES. Snake Gourd.
(From thrix, a hair, and anthos, a
flower; flowers fringed. Nat. ord.,
Cucurbits [CucurbitacesB]. Linn., 21-
Moncecla 10-Decandria.')

Stove, white-flowered, annuals. Seeds, in a
sweet hotbed, in March, potted and grown in a
plant stove ; sandy loam, leaf-mould, and fibry
peat. The great length of the cucumber-like
seed-vessel is interesting.

T. angui'na (common. Snake). 4. May. China.
1735.

— colubri'na (serpent - like). 20. August.

Cabello. 1844.

— palma'ta (h&nd-leaved). July. East Indies.

1825.

TKICHO'SMA. Hair Orchis. (From
thrix, a hair, and /cosmos, ornament.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria i-Monandria.)

Stove orchid, grown in a basket. See Orchids.
T. sua'vis (sweet). 1. White, yellow. June.
East Indies. 1840.

TRICO'EYNE. (From treis, three, and
korync, a club; form of the seed-pod.
Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Liliaceae]. Linn.,
Q-Hcxandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Anthericum. )

Half-hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous pe-
rennials, from New Holland. Division and
seeds ; rich sandy loam ; a very sheltered place,
or a cold pit, or a cool greenhouse, in winter.
T. ela'tior (taller). 2. June. 1824.

— sea' bra (rough). 1. 1826.

— si' mplex (simple-stemmed). 1. July. 1823.

Biennial.

TEIENTA'LIS. Wintergreen. (From
triens, one- third ; low growth. Nat.
ord., Primeworts [Primulaceffi]. Linn.,
7-ffeptandria \-Monoqynia.}

Hardy, white-flowered, herbaceous perennials.
Seeds, under a hand-light; divisions of the
plant, in spring; light, rich soil. Pretty little
plants, requiring a shady situation.
T. America'na (American). £. July. North
America. 1816.

— Europce'a (European). £. May. Britain.

TEI

[ 889 ]

TKI

TRIFO'LIUM. Trefoil. (From tres,
three, and folium, a leaf ; three-leaved.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabacesej.
Linn., 17 -Diadelphia k-Decandria.}

Seeds in the open ground ; and divisions of
the herbaceous perennials ; light rich loam.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
T, ala'tum (winged). £. Flesh. June. South
Europe. 1820.

— Alpi'num (Alpine). £. Purple. July. Europe.

1775.

— Armeni'acum (Armenian). 1. Red. July.

Armenia. 1830.

— Arme'nium (Armenian). 1. Cream. August.

Armenia. 1820.

— ba'dium (brown). £. Yellow. July. Pyrenees.

— ccespito'sum (turfy). £. Purple. July.

Switzerland. 1815.

— como'sum (tufted). £. White. June. Ame-

rica. 1798.

— Cusso'nii (Cusson's). 1. Blue. July. Sicily.

1826.

— e'legans (elegant). £. Pale, red. July.

Europe. 1823.

— exi'mium (choice). £. Purple. June.

Dahuria. 1820.

albiflo'rum (white-flowered). £.

White. June. Altai.

— lati'num (Latin). 1. White, red. June.

Italy.

— Lupina'ster (Lupinaster). l£. Purple. July.

Siberia. 1741.

albiflo'rum (white - flowered).

White. July. Siberia. 1818.

— me'dium (mediate- Cow- grass). 2. Purple.

June. England.

— No'ricum (Noric). 1. Cream. July. Carin-

thia. 1821.

— ochroleu' cum (yellowish- white). 1. Sulphur.

May. England.

— Panno'nicum (Pannonian). 1. White,

yellow. June. Hungary. 1752.

— Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). 1. Red.

July. North America. 1811.

— physo'des (bladdery). £. Reddish. June.

Hungary. 1805.

— prate'nse (meadow. Common clover). 2.

Purple. July. Britain.

— purpuru! scens (purplish). 1. Purple. June.

Siberia. 1816.

— re'pens (creeping. White clover). 1$. White.

July. Britain.

pentaphy'llum (five - leaved). £.

White. June. Britain.

— ru'bens (red). l£. Dark red. South Europe.

1633.

— rupe'stre (rock). 1. White. June. Naples.

1820.

— trichoce'phalum (hairy-headed). 1. Cream.

June. Caucasus. 1827.

— uniflo'rum (one-flowered), i. Blue. June.

Italy. 1800.

Sternbergia'num(SternbeTg'&). ^.

White. June. South Europe. 1822.

— vagina' turn (sheathed), 1. Pale yellow.

Switzerland. 1819.

HARDY ANNUALS.

T. Bocco'ni (Boccon's). £, Pale purple, June,
Spain, 1820.

T.bractea'tum (large - bracted). 1. Purple.
June. Morocco. 1804. Biennial.

— ce'rnuum (drooping). 1. Pale purple. June.

Spain. 1820.

— ci'nctum (girded). 1. Pale yellow. June.

1820.

— conge' stum (crowded;. %, White, red. June.

South Europe. 1820.

— Constantinopolita'num (Constantinople). $.

Yellow. June. Turkey. 1820.

— erina'ceum (prickly) . £. Pale red. June.

Iberia. 1818.

—fuca'tum (tinted). 1. Yellow, June. Cali-
fornia. 1834.

— geme'llum (tv/'m-spiked). £. Yellow. June.

Spain. 1818.

— globo'sum (globe-shaped). 1. Purple. July.

Levant. 1713.

— hi'rtum (hairy). 1. Purple. July. Barbary.

pi'ctum (painted). 1. Purple. July.

1800.

— incarna'tum (flesh-coloured). 1. Flesh.

July. Italy. 1596.

Moline'rii (Moliner's). 1. White,

red. July. South Europe. 1820.

— intermedium (intermediate). 1 . White.

June. Italy. 1820.

— Kitaibelia'num (Kitaibel's). 1. Pale purple.

July. Hungary. 1818.

— lago'pus ( Hare's-foot). 1. Red. July. Spain.

1827.

— lappa'ceum (Burr-like). £. Pale red. July.

Montpelier. 1787.

— ligu'sticum (Lovage-like). $. White, red.

June. Spain. 1816.

— malaca'nthum (dark-flowered). 1. Purple.

July. 1824.

— mari'timum (sea). £. Pale purple. June.

Britain.

— monta'num (mountain). 1. White. July.

Europe. 1786.

— obscu'rum (obscure). £. Purple. June.

Italy. 1824.

— pa'llidum (pale-flowered). 1. White. June.

Hungary. 1803.

— Parisie'nse (Parisian). £. Yellow. June.

France.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). £. White.

June. Hungary. 1820.

— procu'mbens (lying-down. Hop). 1. Yellow.

June. Britain.

— purpu'reum (purple). 1. Purple. June.

France. 1816.

— refle'xum (bent-back). 1. Purple. July.

Virginia. 1794.

— saxa'tile (rock). £. Pale white. June.

Switzerland. 1818. Biennial.

— specio'sum (showy). 1. Yellow. June.

Candia. 1752.

— sphasroce'phalon (round-headed). £. White.

June. North Africa. 1820.

— squarro'sum (spreading). £. Pale purple,

July. Spain. 1640.

fla'vicans (yellowish). £. Pale

yellow. July. Pisania. 1817.

— stri'ctum (erect). 1. White. Julv. South

Europe. 1805.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. Purplish,

July. Italy. 1820.

— supi'num (flat-lying). £. Pale purple, June.

South Europe. 1816.

TPJ

[ 890 ]

TEi

T. tenuiflo' rum (fine-flowered). £. Pale red.
July. Italy. 1823.

— tenuifo'lium (fine-leaved). J. June. Italy.

1826.

— tomento'sum (downy). J. Purple. June.

South Europe. 1640.

TBIGO'NIA. (From trels, three, and
gonu, an angle ; the fruit three-angled.
Nat. ord., Mil/tivorts [Polygalacese],
Linn., IG-Monadelphia %-Pentandria,)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half- ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in heat ;
sandy fibry loam, and a little rough peat and
leaf-mould. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; sum-
mer, 60° to 85°.
T. lee'vis (smooth). White. June. Guiana. 1828.

— villo'sa (shaggy). Yellow, red. Cayenne.

1820.

TEIGONI'DIUM. (From trigona, a tri-
angle, and eidos, like; resemblance of
several parts of the plant. Nat. ord.,
Orchids [Orchidaceee]. Linn., 20-Gy-
nandria li-Monandriu..}

Stove orchids, from Demerara. grown in pots.
See Orchids.

T. acumina'tum (pointed). 1. Straw-coloured.
1834.

— ami1 turn (sharp). Chocolate.

- - Egertonia'num (Sir P. Egerton's). l£.

Pale brown. iTear.

— obtu'sum (blunt-petaled). 1. Orange, brown.

June. 1834.

• - rl'ngens (gaping). Yellow, green. Mexico.

1839.

— te'nue (slender). Brown, purple. May. 1836.

TRI'LUUM. (From trilix, triple; the
parts of the flower in threes. Nat,
ord., Parids [Trilliacese]. Linn., 0-
Hcxandria 3-Trigynia. Allied to Paris.)
Hardy, North American, tuberous -rooted
perennials. Division of the tuberous roots, and
bv seeds ; sandy peat border, or kept as Alpine
plants.

T. Catesbce'i (Catesby's). $. Red. May. 1820.

— ce'rnuum (drooping). 1$. White. April.

1758.

— ere'ctum-a'lbum (upright-white). £. White. '

April. 1700.

— erythroca'rpum (red-fruited). £. Red, white. :

May. 1811.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). £. White.

July. 1799-

— nervo'sum (large- nerved). £. Red. April. |

1820.

• — obova'tum (reversed-egg-/earerf). £. Red. I
April. 1810.

— petiola'tum (/ong-leaf-stalked). £. Brown. !

April. 1811.

— pu'milum (dwarf). £. Red. May. 1812. i

— stylo'sum (long-styled), £. Red. April. 1823.

— undula'tum (\\&vy-petdled). £. Red. April.

1818.

j of seed-vessel three- winged. Nat. ord.,
j Malpiyhiads [Malpighiacese]. Linn.,
I \Q-Monadelphia 6-Decandria.)

Stove twiners. Cuttings of stubby side-
| shoots, any time in summer, in sand, under a
bell-glass, and in a brisk sweet moist bottom-
heat; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 48° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
T. Jamaice'nsis (Jamaica). 10. Yellow. Ja-
maica. 1822.

— lu'cida (shining-leaved). Pink. May. Cuba.

1822.

— seri'cea (silky-leaved). 6. Yellow. South

America. 1823.

TRIO'STEUM. Feverwort. (Trom
t re-is, three, and osteon, a hone ; three
bony seeds. Nat. ord., Caprifoils [Ca-
prifoliacese]. Linn., 6-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to the Honey-
suckle.)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren-
nials. Division of the plant, in spring ; or
cuttings of the young shoots, under a nand*
light, in the beginning of the summer; light
sandy soil, and a little leaf-mould.
T. angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). I. Yellow.
June. 1699.

— perfolia'tum (leaf-stem-pierced), 2. Dark

red. June. 1730.

TEIPHA'SIA. (From triphasios, triple ;
calyx three-toothed, and three petals.
Nat. ord., Cltronworts [Aurantiaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen shrub. Cuttings of
ripened shoots, at least that getting firm at the
base, in sandy soil, in May, under a bell-glass,
with a sweet bottom-heat ; fibry sandy loam,
and a little peat, and dried cow-dung. Winter
temp., 40° to 50°; summer, 60° to 80°.
T. trifolia'ta (three-leaved. Little-orange), 2.
White. June. China. 1798.

TRIPOLY. A'ster tripo'lium.

TRIPTI'LION. (From treis, three, and
ptilon, a feather ; the divisions of the
pappus or seed-crown. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
nesia \-

TRIO'PTERYS. (From treis, three,
and jjteron, a wing ; carpels or divisions

Hardy annuals from Chili. Seeds, in a slight
hotbed, in the beginning of April, plants
pricked out, and either planted out in a sheltered
place at the end of May, or bloomed in pots in
a cool airy greenhouse ; rich light soil.
T. cordifo'lium (heart-leaved). 4. White. July.

1824.
— spino'sum (spiney). 4- Blue. July. 1827.

TRISTA'NIA. (Named after Tristan,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Myrtle-
blooms [Myrtacea?]. Linn., IS-Polya-
delphia 2-Polyandria.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of young stubby side-

Till

L

TRO

shoots, or the points of shoots, two or three
inches long, when getting a little firm at the
base, in sand, under a glass, in April or May ;
sandy fibry loam, and a little peat and charcoal.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
T. arbore'scens (tree-like). 10. 1820.

— confe'rta (crowded). 6. August. 1805.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved). 50. White.

June. 1800.

— nereifo'lia (Oleander-leaved). 6. July. 1804.

TEITELE'JA. (From trcis, three, and
teleios, complete; parts of the flower
and fruit in threes. Nat. ord., Lily-
ivorts [Liliacege], Linn., 6-Hexandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Brodieea.)

Very pretty little bulbs for a front border.
Offset bulbs ; sandy loam, peat, and leaf-
mould ; protected in a dry border from frost
and damp in winter, or saved in a cold pit or
frame.

T. au'rea (golden). 1. Yellow. April. Monte
Video. 1838.

— grandiflo'ra (large>flowered) . White. July.

N.America. 1826.

— la'xa (\oose-umbelled). !£. Dark blue. July.

California. 1832.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered). 1. Blue. July.

Buenos Ayres. 1836.

TEI'TOMA. (From treis, three, and
tcmno, to cut ; three sharp edges of the
ends of the leaves. Nat. ord., Lilytvorts
[Liliacese], Linn., G-Hexandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Veltheimia.)

Greenhouse, orange - flowered, bulbs, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Division, and by
suckers from the roots ; rich sandy soil ; as
they bloom late, they are better for the protec-
tion of a cold pit in late autumn and winter.

T. Burche'llii (Burchell's). l£. 1816.

— me'dia (intermediate) . 2. April. 1789.

— pu'mila (dwarf). 1. September. 1774.
'— Uva'ria (Uvaria). 2. August. 1/07.

TEITO'NIA. (From triton, a weather-
cock ; variable direction of the stamens.
Nat. ord., Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-
Triandria \-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)

Bulbs from the Cape of Good Hope. For
culture see Ixia.

T. Anigoxanthceflo'ra (Anigozanthus-flowered).
2. Yellow. June. 1825.

— au'rea (golden). 2. Orange. July. 1846.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. White. September.

1811.

— co'ncolor (self-coloured). 1. Yellow. May.

Mil.

— croca'ta (saffron). $. Orange. June. 1758.

— cri'spa (curled- leaved). 4. Flesh. April.

1/87-

— deu'sta (blasted). 4. Fulvid. May. 17/4.

— fenestru'ta (windowed). l£. Yellow. May.

1801.

— fla'va (yellow). £. Yellow. February. 1780.

— fnca'tu (painted). Red, yellow. May. 1813.

— linea'ta (lined). 2. Variegated. May. 17/4.

T. longlflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. White. May.
1774.

— minia'ta (vermilion), £. Scarlet. August.

1795.

— odora'ta (fragrant). $. Yellow. June. 1829.

— pa'llida (pale). 1. White. August. 180b'.

— pectina'ta (comb-leaved). 1. Yellow. May.

1825.

— refra'cta (refracted). 1. Yellow. May. 1815.

— Roche'nsis (De la Roche). 1 . Yellow. August.

1811.

— ro'sea (rosy). l£. Pink. June. 1793.

— securi'gera (axe-bearing). £. Brown. May.

1774.

— squa'lida (squalid). £. Rufous. May. 1774.

— stria'ta (channelled). 1. Blue. May. 1825.

— tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 1. Yellow.

April. 1811.

— vi'ridis (green), g. Green. July. 1788.

— xantho'spila (yellow-spotted). 1. Red, yel-

low. June. 1825.

TEI'XIS. (From trixos, triple; tri-
angular seed-vessel. Nat. ord., Com-
posites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-Syn-
genesia 4^-Necessaria. )

White-flowered, blooming in August. Sene-
cioides by seed, in open ground, in April ;
auriculata by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in May ; sandy loam and leaf-mould, and
the protection of a warm greenhouse in winter.
T. auricula' ta (eared). 1. Brazil. 1827.
Evergreen.

— senecioi'des (Groundsel-like). 1$. Chili.

1821. Annual.

TEOCHE'TIA. (Named after D-utrochet,
the celebrated French physiologist.
Nat. ord., Byttneriads [Byttneriacese].
Linn., \Q-Monadelphia S-Polyandria.
Allied to Dombeya.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of ripened
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in March,
and inserted in a sweet bottom-heat; sandy
peat and fibry loam, with a little charcoal and
broken freestone. Winter temp., 55° to 65°;
summer, 65° to 88°.

T. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 6. White,
yellow. Mauritius. 1844.

TEOCHOCA'EPA. (From trochos, a

wheel, and karpos, a fruit. Nat, ord^

Epacrids [Epacridacese]. Linn., 5-

Pentandria \-Monogynia. Allied to
Styphelia.)

Greenhouse evergreen tree. Cuttings of the
points of young shoots, or stubby short side<-
shoots getting firm at the base, in sand, under
a bell-glass, and kept close in a frame or pit,
any time in spring or summer ; sandy fibry
peat. Winter temp., 40° to 48°. More heat
and moisture after flowering, and plenty of air
and light before the end of autumn.
T. lauri'na (Laurel-like). 25. Yellow. June.
New Holland. 1829.

TEO'LLIUS. Cr lobe -Flower. (From
trol, the German for round ; the globu-

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lar flowers. Nat. ord., Crowfoots [Ra
nunculacese]. Linn., 1'3-Polyandru
6-Polygynia. Allied to Helleborus.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, herbaceous plants
Divisions of the plant, in spring ; light loamy
soil, rather moist.
T. acawVts(stemless). £. July. Cashmere. 1841,

— aconitifo' lius (Aconitum-leaved). 2. May,

1829.

— Alta'icus (Altaian). May. Altai. 1836.

— America'nus (American). f. May. N.

America. 1 805.

— Asia'ticus (Asiatic). l£. Dark orange. May.

Siberia. 1759.

— Cauca'sicus (Caucasian). l£. May. Cau-

casus. 18)7.

— Europce'us (European). 2. May. Britain.
a'lbus (white). 1. Whitish. June.

Britain.

hu' milis (dwarf). l. May.

Austria. 1800.

— Ledebou'rii (Ledebour's). 2. May. Siberia.

1827.

— napellifo'lius (Napellus-leaved), 2. May.

Europe.

— pa'tulus (spreading). 1. Orange. May.

Siberia. 1800.

— Riederia'nusCRiedeT's'). May. Siberia. 1838.

TEOP^'OLUM. Indian Cress. (From
tropaion, a trophy. Nat. ord., Indian
Cresses [Tropoeoliacese]. Linn., S-Oc-
tandria \-Monogynia.)

Annuals by seeds, in the open ground, in
April ; tuberous, by division of the roots, and
by cuttings; the others by seeds, also by
cuttings, in sandy loam, any time during
spring, summer, and early autumn ; a rich
light soil suits them best. The best tuberous
kinds multiply their tubers, if the young shoots
are laid in the ground as they commence
growing. A tuber will generally form at the
bends ; none of them will stand frost, unless the
hardy tuberous ones, and they had better be
lifted and kept in dry sand until spring.

HAEDY ANNUALS.

T. ma' jus (greater). 6. Orange, yellow. July.

Peru. 1686.
atrosangui'neum (dark -red). 3. Dark

red). August. Peru.

— mi'nus (smaller). 1. Orange, yellow. Au-

gust. Peru. 1596.

HALF-HARDY TUBEBS.

T. brachyce'ras (short-horned). Yellow, Chili.
1830.

— edu'le (eatable). 6. Orange. March. Chili.

1841.

— Moritzia'num (Mr. Moritz's). 6. Yellow,

red. July. Cumana. 1839.

— tuber "0 'sum (tuberous-rooted). 3. Yellow,

red. September. Peru. 1836.

— umbella'tum (umbelled). 3. Rose, orange.

June. Pilzhum. ' 1846.

GEEENHOUSE EVEEGEEENS, &C.
T. adu'ncum (hooked). 3. Yellow. August.
New Granada. 1810.

T. axu'reum (azure). 3. Blue. October. Chili.
1842. Herbaceous.

— crenatiflo'rum (scolloped-flowered). 3. Yel-

low. June. Peru. 1845. Herbaceous.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). 4. Orange. July. Peru.

— Jarra'^n(Jarratt's). 12. Scarlet, yellow.

Santiago. 1836.

— Lobbia'num (Lobb's). 6. Orange. November.

Columbia. 1843. Herbaceous.

— ma' jus flo're-ple'no (double - flowered). 6.

Orange, yellow. August. Peru. 1686.

— mi'nus flo're-ple'no (double - flowered). 1.

Orange, yellow. Peru. 1596.

— peregri'num (straggling). 3. Yellow. July.

New Grenada. 1810.

— pinna1 turn (lezfteted-flowered). 2. Yellow.

June. Peru.

— polyphy'llum (many-leaved). 3. Orange,

yellow. June. Chili. 1827.

— specio'sum (showy). 6. Scarlet. June.

South America. 1846. Herbaceous.

— tricolo'rum (three-coloured). Orange, pur-

ple. July. Valparaiso. 1828.

TEOWEL. This implement, made of
iron from twelve to six inches long in
the plate, and half as broad, hollowed
like a scoop, and fixed on a short
handle to hold with one hand, is con-
venient in removing small plants, with
a ball or lump of earth about their
roots, lifting bulbous flower-roots after
the flowering is past in summer ;
planting bulbs in patches or little
clumps about the borders, for digging
small patches also in the borders,
and sowing hardy annual flower seeds ;
likewise for filling mould into small
pots, stirring the surface of the earth
in pots, and fresh earthing them when
necessary.

TEUFFLE. Tuber magnatum^ Pied-
montese Truffle; T. Borchii, Italy;
T. moschatum, Musk Truffle, near Bath ;
T. cibarium, Common Truffle, England.
But besides the tubers there are other
edible fungi known as truffles, viz.,
Hydrololites tulasnci, Spye Park, Wilts ;
Melagonaster Broomeianus, Red Truffle,
near Bath.

These edible fungi have not yet been
cultivated in England, though the
Prussians have succeeded in making
;hem a garden tenant, and Comte de
3orch has been equally successful in
Italy. The latter cultivates the Pied-
mont Truffle, and his process is this : —
rle either employs the soil where the
xuffle is found, or he prepares an arti-
ficial soil of seven parts good garden
earth ; two, well-pulverized clayey soil ;
and one, oak sawdust — intimately

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mixed. Decayed oak or beech leaves
would be better, probably, than the
sawdust. If the natural soil was used,
he trenched it two feet deep, removing
all the large stones, and adding oak
sawdust if necessary, and about one-
tenth of powdered snail-shells, if the
soil was too stiff.

Choosing an aspect rather exposed
to the north than the south, where no
reflected rays could fall upon it, with
every precaution to insure its being
thoroughly soaked with pure rain-water,
and after waiting a day or two till it
was in a proper state of moisture, he
made rows half-a-foot deep, and in
these, at sis inches distance, he placed
good and sound truffles, each of them
being surrounded with two or three
handfuls of oak sawdust, taking care to
mark the rows accurately. Ridges were
then made over each row, to prevent
the truffles being injured by too abund-
ant moisture. The bed was then left
till the following autumn, with no other
precaution than, in dry weather, to take
care that it did not become too dry.
The result, we are informed, was an
abundant harvest, every year, from
October to January.

Bradley, writing, in 1726, of the
cultivation of the truffle in England,
says, that the truffle may be easily cul-
tivated where there are woods or cop-
pices of oak or hazel, and where the
soil is not too stiff, or inclining to chalk.
The soil where they are most found is
a reddish sandy loam ; this will then be
the best for our purpose, especially if
it has lain long uncultivated. When
we are thus provided with the proper
soil, we must be sure to let it lie undis-
turbed till we are ready to plant, which
will be in the months of October,
November, and December, if the
weather be open ; for then the truffles
are to be found in their full ripeness
and then, likewise, one may find them
in a state of putrefaction, which is the
time when the seeds are prepared for
vegetation. It is in the last state that
one ought to gather truffles for planting
or, at least, they should be in perfect
ripeness. The proper soil, and these
rotten truffles, being found, we may
begin our work as follows : — Open a

spot of ground, of a convenient space,
and take out the earth about eight
nches deep, and screen it, that it may
be as fine as possible ; then lay about
two or three inches thick of this fine
earth at the bottom of the trench or
open ground, and upon it lay some of
the over-ripe truffles, about a foot-and-a-
half distance from one another; and,
as soon as possible, prepare a thin
mud, made of the screened earth and
water, well-stirred and mixed together,
and pour it on the truffles till the open
ground is quite filled up. By this
means, in a few hours, the ground will
be as closely settled about the truffles
as if it had never been dug or disturbed
at all, and you may expect a good crop
in due time. You must, however, take
care to choose your spots of ground in
woods or coppices, or such places as
are shaded with trees. Their favourite
tree is the oak, or the ilex or evergreen
oak, as the elm is the favourite of the
Morille. Notwithstanding these state-
ments, it is quite certain that, at pre-
sent, the art of cultivating the truffle is
not known in England; and it will
remain unknown, probably, until we
have discovered how its spawn can be
prepared, as for cultivating the mush-
room.

Mr. Gower says he recommended
an old truffle-hunter to bury, at the
proper depth, some of his truffles that
were in a state of decay and unfit for
the table, under one of the unproductive
trees sufficient in stature and in um-
brageous development. At the begin-
ning of next winter, when his visit was
repeated, he sought for Mr. G-., and
told him, with great satisfaction, that
the scheme had answered ; for he had
found two or three pounds of excellent
truffles beneath the hitherto barren
tree. By following this example, pro-
prietors of trees adapted to truffles, and
where the proper trees have been
planted, may, in a short period, do that
which a lapse of years, unassisted,
would not effect. Of all trees the cedar
of Lebanon is the most favourable to
the growth of the truffle.

TRUMPET FLOWER. Bigno'nia.

TRUSS is the florist's name for what
botanists call an umbel of flowers,

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TUL

where several flowers have their stalks
united at one common centre, and thus
spring from the root or branch on one
stem, as in the auricula, polyanthus,
and cowslip. See Pip.

TRYMA'LIUM. (Not explained. Nat.
ord., Rhamnads [Khamnaceae]. Linn.,
b-Pentandria \-Monogynia.~)

Greenhouse evergreen ehrubs, from New
Holland. For culture see Pomade'rris. P.

T. o'culus so'lis (sun's-eye). 1. Red, blue.

April. Italy. 1816.
Pe' rsica (Persian). 1. Scarlet, black,

April. Persia. 1826.

— pa' tens (spreading). 1. White, grey. April.

Siberia. 1826.

— prce'cox (early). 1. Scarlet. April. Italy.

1825.

— pube'scens (downy). 1. Red. April. 1824.

— re1 pens (creeping. Russian). 1. Yellow.

April. Russia. 181Q.

— saxa'tilis (rock). 1. Yellow. April. Crete.

1827.

and P. Wendlandia'na belong to i — scabri'scupa (rough-stemmed). 2. Red,

this genus.
T. capsula'ris (capsular).
April. 1820.

Purple, yellow.

Italy. 183/
2|. White.

April.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest - scented). White.

February. 1837.

— spatula'ta (spatulate). 4. Purple, yellow.

April. 1826.

Clerode'ndrum sipho-

TUBE FLOWER.
na'nthus.

TU'BER CIBA'RIUM. See Truffle.

TUBEROSE. Polya'nthes tubero'sa.

TU'LIPA. The Tulip. (From its
Persian name Ihoulyban. Nat. ord.,
Lily worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hexan-
dria \-Monogynia.}

Hardy bulbs. Seeds for new varieties ; off-
sets ; a rich loam, made of loam, sand, and
vegetable mould, suits them best ; common
kinds may remain for years in the same place,
if you top-dress them, and do not want to sepa-
rate the bulbs.

T. Alta'ica (Altaian). 1. Yellow. April. Altai.
— Biebersteinia'na (Biebersts). 1. Yellow,
purple. June. Siberia. 1820.

— Bonarotia'na (Bonaroti's). l£. Variegated.

April. Italy. 1827.

— Celsia'na (Cels's). !£. Yellow. June. Levant.

— Clusia'na (Clusius's). 1. White, purple.

July. Sicily. 1636.

— cornu'ta (horned). 2. Striped. May. Le-

vant. 1816.

— Gesneria'na (Gesner's). 2. Striped. April.

Levant. 1577.
-- lacinia'ta (cut-sepaled). 2. Va-

riegated. April. Levant. 1603.
--- lu'tea (yellow). l£. Yellow,

April. Levant. 1603.
--- ple'nti (double). 1. Variegated.

April. Levant. 1603.

versi'culor (party-coloured).
Aril. Levant.

l6<)3.
Russia.

Variegated.

— hiema'lis (winter). Red. April.

1843.

— hu'milis (dwarf). Red. April. Russia. 1840.

— male'olens (ill-smelling). 1. Red, yellow.

May. Italy. 182/.

- -- variega't a (variegated). 1. Varie-
gated. May. Italy. 1827.

— me'dia (middle). 1. Scarlet, white. May.

1827.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Scarlet. July.

Persia. 1827.

yellow. April.

— stella'ta (starred).

Cumana. 1827.

— strangula' ta (choked) . l£. April.

— suave'olens (sweet-scented). £. Red, yellow.

April. S. Europe. 1603.

— sylve'stris (wild). 1. Yellow. April. Eng-

land.

— tri1 color (three-coloured). 1. Scarlet. April.

Russia. 1817.

— Tu'rcica (Turkish). 2. Striped. April.

TULIP AS A FLORISTS' FLOWER. —

Florists call tulips seedlings until they

j have bloomed; after this those pre-

j served on account of their good form

j and habit, as well as the offsets they

produce, are called breeders After

some years the petals of these become

striped, and they are then said to be

broken. If the striping is good they

are said to have a good strain, if it be

inferior, they are described as having a

bad strain. A rectified tulip is synony-

i mous with a tulip having a good strain.

A. feathered tulip has a dark-coloured

j edge round its petals, gradually be-

i coming lighter on the margin next the

j centre of the petal ; the feathering is

| said to be light, if narrow; heavy, if

j broad ; and irregular, if its inner edge

has a broken outline.

K flamed tulip is one that has a dark-
! pointed spot, somewhat in shape like
j the flame of a candle, in the centre of
! each petal.

Sometimes a tulip is both feathered
mid flamed.

A Bizard tulip has a yellow ground,
and coloured marks on its petals.

A Byblomen is white, marked with
black, lilac, or purple.

A Hose is white, with marks of crim-
son, pink, or scarlet.

The end of September is a good time
for preparing the tulip-bed.

Situation.— rThe aspect should be
open to the south and south-east, but

TUL

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TUL

well sheltered from the north, north-
east, and north-west winds. We prefer
a perfectly level surface, because the
advantage of rain falling upon the bed,
and sinking into the earth, is more
certain than on a slope. The elevation
of the site is also a consideration worth
serious attention. Wherever it is in
the power of the cultivator of tulips,
intended for exhibition, to choose the
site, let him choose the happy medium,
neither too high nor two low. If there
are no shelters already on the spot to
defend and protect those choice flowers
from the untoward blasts of the
northern quarter, there ought to be
some prepared. A close wooden paling
is the one most ready and effectual,
and if made of deal, or oak, and well-
painted, will last several years. Beech,
hornbeam, yew, or arbor vitre hedges,
are very excellent, but they require
several years' growth before they are
high enough to screen the flowers
effectually. They might be planted
behind the paling, to be advancing in
growth; so that when the paling de-
cays, the hedges would be high and
thick enough to answer the purpose-
Whatever shelter is made use of, it
should be placed at a sufficient distance
from the beds not to draw up the
flowers, or prevent a full exposure to
light. On these accounts, or for these
reasons, the wind-shelters should never
exceed six or eight feet high.

Draining, — The tulip loves a deep
soil, and a dry subsoil. Where there
is a good depth of good loam, with a
dry gravelly or sandy bottom, no more
draining is required than one or two
formed with drain-pipes and tiles, to
carry off the water that may fall in
wet seasons on the surface. An up-
right shaft, with a grating on the top
to catch this surface-water, will be ne-
cessary. When the natural soil is
shallow and the subsoil clay, or any
other water-retaining substance, set out
the bed the desired length and breadth,
and cast on one side all the good soil,
shovelling the small crumbs; then dig,
or hack and shovel out the subsoil, till
the bed is eighteen jnches deep. After
that is finished, dig a drain in the
centre of the bed six inches deep, and

wide enough to allow the operator to
lay down first the flat tiles, and then
the circular pipes, with holes in the
latter to admit the water to escape into
them, and then be carried clean away.
When the pipes, &c., are laid down,
cover them with rubble, and then lay
all over the bottom of the bed three or
four inches of either small stones,
broken clinkers, or brick ends. Upon
this drainage, lay a stratum of short
straw or small brushwood ; make this
smooth, and you may consider the
drainage complete.

Manure and Soil. — Procure some one-
year-old cow-dung; spread over and
upon the drains a stratum of this cow-
dung two inches thick ; then mix about
one-sixth of very well-decomposed hot-
bed dung Avith the loam thrown out, and
laid on one side on commencing the
operation of draining. If there is not
enough soil to make the bed up level
as before, procure some good loam for
the purpose, mixing it with the same
proportion of well-decomposed dung.
If the situation is low and damp, it will
be advisable to place an edging round
the bed six or eight inches deep, of
sufficient strength to bear up the soil
when it is raised to that height. The
best material for an edging of this kind
is blue slate, which may now be had
very reasonably; the next best is
common flags of slate ; and the next,
slabs of wood nailed to strong uprights
driven into the ground at proper in-
tervals. Mix the top surface with a
considerable mixture of river sand;
this will cause the bulbs to come out
of the soil at taking-up time, clean and
of a bright brown colour. Should the
collection be large, there should be two
parallel beds, with a walk between them.

Planting. — The best season is about
the beginning of the second week in
November, as near the tenth of that
month as the weather and the state
of the ground will permit. This rule
applies to all the country north of
London ; perhaps, in the milder cli-
mate of the southern counties a week
later would be better. Too early plant-
ing is injurious, inasmuch as that the
leaves will be pushing through before
the severe weather has passed away,

TUL

[ 896 ]

TUL

and would then be in danger, however
well-protected, of being frost-nipped,
and, consequently, injured not only for
that year, but also for years to come.

The Method of Planting is governed j
by the height of the flower- stems ; for j
as some varieties grow taller than j
others, the tallest should be in the j
centre of the bed. This consideration
renders it necessary to plant them in
rows length-ways of the bed, and not
across it. This being determined upon,
let the soil of the bed be levelled and
made tolerably smooth; then, with a
triangular hoe, draw a drill the length
of the bed, as near two inches deep as
possible. To accomplish this quite
straight, it will be necessary to have
a line stretched very tightly the whole
length of the bed, at such a distance
from the centre as will allow the point
of the hoe, in drawing the drill, to be
exactly in the centre. As soon as the
drill is drawn, bring out all the tall
growers, and plant them, five inches
apart, at the bottom, giving each a
gentle pressure. When the row is
finished, thrust in at each end a strong
stick, this is to mark where the row of
bulbs is when covered up. Of very
choice and expensive varieties, some
florists recommend covering the bulbs
with fine white sand, but if the soil is
mixed with sand, we think the white
sand may be dispensed with. Cover
them up by drawing the soil over them
with a short-toothed rake. After that
let the soil on each side of the planted
row be stirred up with a three-pronged
fork. Then set the line at the right
distance from the centre (we mentioned
that the beds should be four feet wide,
which would allow nine inches between
each of the five rows, and six inches
next the edging), the line then must
be set at such a distance from the
centre, that the next row of bulbs will
be exactly nine inches apart from the
centre one. Draw the drill the same
depth as the first, and plant the next
tallest flowers in it. Then mark the
row with a stick at each end, and so
proceed till the whole is finished, the
lowest growers will then be next the
paths all round the bed. Each variety
must be numbered, and the numbers

put in so securely, that they cannot be
easily displaced.

Shelter necessary for the flower before
and when in bloom. Where the col-
lection is small, and the means small
too, this consists merely of hoops,
either of wood or iron, with canvas
covers or mats to be thrown over the
hoops, which should be high enough
to keep the covering clear of the flowers.
This covering should be applied not
only when the plants are in bloom, but
also to shelter them from the late
frosts that sometimes come after the
plants make their appearance ; as well as
from the cutting winds that often visit us
in this country during the early months
of the year. This shelter, however,
must not be used except when abso-
lutely necessary. Too much shelter
only coddles the plants, and makes
them so tender that a too sudden ex-
posure, or the least neglect in applying
the covering, would be equally as in-
jurious as no shelter at all ; therefore,
on all favourable occasions remove the
coverings entirely, and let them have
the benefit of fine weather and gentle
rains.

Where the collection is large, and
the means ample, the most convenient
width of each bed would be five feet ;
this will hold five rows, nine inches
apart. A walk between them may be
eithe* three or four feet; the latter
will allow more room for the operator
and the spectator. Three feet beyond
each bed, on the outer sides, place a
row of pillars, four-and-a-half inches
square, to support the shelter; each
pillar may either be let into the ground,
and well rammed, or be inserted into
an iron or stone socket. These pillars
should stand above the surface at least
five feet, and at a distance of five feet
from each other. On the top of each
pillar a rafter should be placed, to
meet a corresponding rafter in the
centre of the space just over the centre
of the walk. Each rafter, at the junc-
tion, must be firmly fastened to a lon-
gitudinal piece of wood running the
whole length of the beds ; the length
of the beds depending, of course, upon
the number of roots, or size of the
collection. There will then be required

TUL

[ 897 ]

TUB

two rollers of wood, of the length of
the structure. On eacli of these, nail
a sheet of canvass, of sufficient width to
drop clown on each side nearly to the
ground. On the top, at the centre, fix
a pair of weather hoards, projecting
high enough to allow the roller and
canvass to go under them, one on each
side. This will preserve the canvass
from rotting, and so enable it to be
used for several years.

TULIP-TUBE. Liriode'ndron.

TU'NICA. (From tunica, a coat; the
calyx. Nat.'ord., Cloveworts [Caryophyl-
lacese]. Linn., 10-Decandria 2-Digynia.
Allied to Dianthus.)

Hardy herbaceous plants, blooming in July.
Seeds, in spring, and division of the plants ;
rich light soil.
T. dianthoi'des (Pink-like). Red. Candia. 1838.

— Illy'rica (Illyrian). Red. Sicily. 1838.

— pachyno'ta (thick-backed). White. Natolia.

1838.

— Saxifra'ga (Saxifrage). £. Pink. Germany.

1774.

— stri'cta (erect). Pink. Altaia. 1834.

TU'PA. (The name of one of the
species in Chili. Nat. ord., Loleliads
[Lobeliacese]. Linn., 5-Pentandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Lobelia.)

Half-hardy herbaceous perennials. Cuttings,
but chiefly by division of the suckers that
spring up after the flowering stalks are cut
down ; rich sandy loam. When planted out in
a bed, the surface may be dressed with advan-
tage with rotten dung. Unless in a very shel-
tered place, they require the protection of a
cold pit, or a greenhouse, in winter ; and to
flourish well, they should be divided, and potted,
and assisted with a little heat in a bed, before
planting out in May. Lobelia Cavanillesiana
is united to this genus.
T. argu'ta. Yellow. September. Chili. 1824.

— blu'ndu (charming). 3. Pink. Chili.

— Feui'llei. Scarlet. September. Chili. 1824.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). Purple. August.

Valparaiso. 1832.

— purpu'rea. Purple. August. Valparaiso. 1825.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 6. Red. Octo-

ber. Valparaiso. J794.

— secu'nda (side-flowering). £. White. May.

Cape of Good Hope. 17Q4.

TURF may be obtained either by
sowing grass seeds, or laying turf
obtained from a common or down;
— if the latter mode can be adopted, it
is the best, as the turf is obtained at
once, and is more regular than can be
obtained under the best circumstances
from seed. All the preparation of the
soil required is to dig it level, a spade
deep, provided the subsoil is open,
57

otherwise to have a good drainage
effected (see Draining) ; to have all
large stones removed from the surface,
and to have it brought to a perfect
level by repeated rollings, and filling
up the hollows Avhen necessary, as in-
dicated by the level. The surface being
then loosened by raking is ready for
the seed or turf.

By Seed. — See Grass.

By Turf. — The season for laying turf
is any time from September till April or
May, though it will grow at almost any
time of the year, even if there is occa-
sion to lay it in summer, and dry weather
succeed ; for although it will open at
the joints, and turn brown, as if dead,
yet after the first rain it will close
again, and resume its verdure. The
turf for this use is cut with an iron
instrument called a turfin'g iron, ob-
serving to cut the pieces all an equal
width, length, and thickness — the
proper size is a foot wide, a yard long,
and about an inch thick ; they should
be first marked by line, the proper
width, length, and depth, with a racer
or rutter. Racing them first longwise
a foot wide, then across in yard lengths ;
then proceed to cut them up, having
particular regard to cut them level, and
equal in thickness, otherwise it will be
impossible to lay them level. As you
cut, a man or boy should roll each turf
up close and tight, the grass side
inwards, and pile them up by tens,
especially if they are cut by the hun-
dred. If they are cut by the hundred,
the price is from sixpence to a shilling,
according to the nature of the soil,
whether soft and easy to cut, or hard
or stony; — a man will cut from three
to five, six, or seven hundred in a day,
or more, if very soft easy-cutting turf,
and having a person to race them out
and roll them up turf and turf as they
are cut. They are to be laid regularly,
turf and turf, unrolling them as you
lay them, joining them up quite close
edge to edge, making good all defi-
ciency of broken parts as you go on ;
and, as soon as laid, it should be well
beaten with broad heavy wooden beat-
ers, made of flat pieces of elm or oak
plank, two inches thick, fifteen or
eighteen inches long, and a foot broad,
3 M

TUB

[ 898 ]

TUB

having a long handle fixed slanting in
the middle of the upper side ; and with
these heat the grass regularly all over,
and then roll it well with a heavy
roller, observing that the beating and
rolling should he repeated in moist
weather. If very dry hot weather suc-
ceeds, so as to occasion the turf to
shrink and open at the joints, a good
watering will he of much advantage.
By Inoculation. — If turf is scare*?,
cut turves into pieces, about three
inches square, and plant these, green
side up, pretty thickly over the space
intended for the lawn. Beat them down
into the soil, and water freely, roll fre-
quently, and water also in dry weather.
The turf will soon be as close, and the
sward as perfect, as if the ground had
been entirely turved.

TUEP ASHES. See Ashes.
These, which are the basis of charred
turf, now becoming so usual a manure,
are, according to M. Sprengel, thus
constituted : —

Silica 93.10

Alumina . . . . 1.35
Oxide of iron . . . 1.73

manganese . . 0.32

Lime 002

Magnesia . . . . 0.33
Potash, combined with sulphu-
ric acid .... 0.38
Common salt . . . . 0.08
Sulphuric acid, combined with

potash and lime . . 1.70
Phosphoric acid, combined

with lime and magnesia . 0.39
TURF TOOLS are the Racer or Eutter,
for cutting the edges of turf after it has
been laid, and for cutting the outlines
of the turves when first obtained. It
is a thin sharp-edged implement, some-
what resembling a cheese-cutter, fixed
to a handle about four feet long.

The Turfing Iron is for raising or

peeling off the turves from the soil. It

has an arrow-headed fiat blade, with au
angular handle.

A Turf or Daisy Hake consists of a
piece of thin plate iron, cut into teeth,
with two slips of ash, or other tough
wood, between which it is firmly riveted
to form a back, and keep it from bend-
ing. When put together, the back is
an inch and-a- quarter thick. The wood
is bevelled to nothing, half-an-inch
above the interstices of the teeth, at

which point the iron is slightly bent
longitudinally to admit the thickness
of wood underneath, and give a proper
inclination to the handle. The instru-
ment serves both as a grass rake and a
daisy rake, and has the advantage over
the daisy rakes in common use, of being
easier cleaned, from the wideness of the
interstices between the teeth.

TU'RNERA. (Named after Dr. W.
Turner, author of the first English
herbal. Nat. ord., Turnerads [Turnera-
cese]. Linn., b-Pentandria S-Trigynia.)

All yellow-flowered. Annuals and biennials
by seeds, in a hot-bed, in spring, and plants
bloomed in a greenhouse ; shrubs, by seeds, and
also by cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
spring and summer ; sandy loam, fibry peat,
and a little charcoal. Winter temp., 50° to 60°;
summer, 60° to 85°.

GREENHOUSE ANNUALS.

T. cistoi'des (Cistus-like). £. July. America.
1774.

— Guiane'nsis (Guianan). 1. June. Guiana.

1823.

— hi'rta (hairy). 1. June. Brazil. 1818.

— pumile'a (dwarf). $. August. Jamaica.

1796.

— racemo'sa (racemed). 2. July. Siberia. 1780.

— ulmifo'lia (Elm-leaved). 3. July. Jamaica.

1733. Biennial.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

T. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian). 1. June. Brazil.
1810.

— cuneifo'rmis (wedge-formed). 1. June. S.

'America. 1821.

— rupe'stris (rock). 2. July. Guiana. 1824.

— trioniflo'ra (Trionum-flowered). 2. Brazil.

1812.

— ulmifo'lia angustifo'lia (narrow-elm-leaved).

3. June. Jamaica. 1733,

TUR

I 899

TUS

TURNIPS. Bra'ssica ra'pa.

Varieties. — For the first sowings : —
Early white Dutch, early stone.

For the spring sowings : — Common
round white, large round white, large
green topped, large red topped, yellow
Dutch, tankard, French, small round
French, Swedish, Moscow, or Narva.

Sowing may commence at the end of
February, a small portion on a warm
border, and some in a moderate hotbed
of the two first varieties mentioned.
These will be fit for use during April.
The sowing on a border to be repeated
in the beginning of March, and these
will produce throughout May.

These sowings are to be repeated in
small proportions, at monthly intervals,
until the beginning of July, when the
main crop for the supply of the winter
may be inserted ; and finally, small
crops at the commencement of August
and September for spring.

Mode. — Sow broadcast or in drills
twelve inches apart, and very thin ; and
to enable the seed to be distributed
regularly, mix it well with sand before
sowing. Each sowing should, if pos-
sible, be performed in showery weather;
if otherwise, water at the time of in-
sertion, and three times a week after-
wards.

Thin the plants when they have four
or five leaves about two inches in
hreadth, to at least twelve asunder from
each other.

Water must be given frequently and
plentifully, as on a regular supply of
moisture their goodness, in a great
measure, depends.

In November, or December, before
the setting-in of frost, some of the bulbs
must be taken up, and, the tops and
roots being removed, preserved under
shelter in sand. The young tops are
much in request during spring; they
must be gathered when very young,
otherwise they are strong-flavoured and
bitterish.

To obtain Seed, some of the most
perfect roots of those which will with-
stand the winter may remain where
grown; or they may be transplanted
in November or February ; of the two
earliest varieties, sown on a border early
in March, some of the bulbs being

allowed to remain will produce seed
the same autumn.

Manures. — The best manure for tur-
nips is stable-dung ; and next in their
order, guano, super-phosphate of lime,
soot, and salt.

For the injuries to which the turnip
is liable, see Athalia, Ambury, and
Black Fly.

Turnip - cabbage (Bra'ssica na'po-
bra'ssica), and turnip-rooted cabbage
(B. caulo-ra'pa). See Knohl-kohl.

TURNIP-FLY. See Black Fly.

TURNSOLE. Heliotro' pium.

TURPENTINE. Si'lphium terebin-
tha'ceum.

TURPENTINE MOTH. See To'rtrix
resine'lla.

TURPENTINE TREE, Pista'cia tere-
bi'nthits.

TURRJS'A. (Named after G. Tnrra,
professor of botany at Padua. Nat.
ord., Meliads [Meliacese], Linn., 16-
Monadelphia 6-Decandria. Allied to
Melia.)

Stove evergreen trees. Cuttings of firm young
shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in March,
in a hot-bed ; fibry sandy loam and vegetable
mould. Winter temp., 55° to 60°; summer,
60° to 85°.

T. heteropliy'lla (various-leaved). 20. White.
May. Sierra Leone.

— loba'ta (lobcd-leaved). White. July. Sierra

Leone. 1843.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 15. Pale rose. March.

Silhet. 1828.

TUSSILA'GO. Coltsfoot. (From tussis,
a cough ; used to allay coughs. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteraceee], Linn.,
IQ-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the roots, which are mostly inclined to spread
freely. The flowers of many of the sorts, espe-
cially offragrans, are grateful from their scent,
and, if kept in pots, are interesting in a green-
house in the early months of the year; they
generally do best in a strong loamy soil mode-
rately rich.

T. a'lba (white. Butter Bur}. 1. White.
March. Europe. 1683.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). £. Lilac, purple. April.

Austria. 1710.

— dl'scolor (two-coloured). J. Lilac, purple.

April. Austria. 1633.

— Fa'rfara fo'liis variega'tls (common varie-

gated-leaved. Farfara). £. Yellow.
March. Britain.

— fra'grans (sweet- scented). I. White. Fe-
bruary. Italy. 1806.

— fri'gida(cold). £. Pale. May. Lapland. 1?10»

— laviga'ta (smooth). £. Yellow. May, Bo*-

hernia. 1816.

TUS

I 900 ]

ULM

T. ni'vea (snowy), l. White. April. Swit-
zerland. 1713,

— palma'ta (hand-leaved). £. White. April.

Labrador. 1778.

— purpu'rea (purple). Purple. July. C, of

G. Hope. 1825.

— sagitta'ta (mow -leaved). £. White. April.

N. America.

TWEE'DIA. (Named after Mr.
Tweedie, a botanical collector. Nat.
ord,, Asclepiads [Asclepiadaceoe]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 2-Digynia.)

Greenhouse twiners. Seeds, in a slight hot-
bed, in spring ; cuttings of young shoots getting
firm at the base, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
April or May ; sandy fibry loam, with a little
peat, and leaf-mould: require the protection
of a cool greenhouse in winter.
T. cceru'lea (blue). 3. Blue. Buenos Ayres.
1836.

— floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). Pink. July.

Brazil. 1838.

— versi'color (changeable-colored). 3. Blue.

July. Tucumania. 1836.

TYLO'PHOEA. (From tylos, a swelling,
and phoreo, to bear ; the swollen pollen
masses. Nat. ord., Asclepiads [Ascle-
piadaceee]. Linn., 5-Penlandria 2-Di-
gynia.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners. Cuttings of
either old or young shoots, in very sandy loam,
and brick and old lime rubbish, in spring,
though any time will do ; sandy loam, lime
rubbish, and little old dried cow-dung. Winter
temp., 40° to 45°, and dry; summer/fiO0 to 85°,
and moist.

T. barba'ta (bearded). 10, July. New S.
Wales. 1822.

— exi'lis (slender). 10. Pale purple. July.

Sylhet. 1823.

— grandiflo'ra (large - flowered). 10. July.

N. S. Wales. 1822.

TYTO'NIA. The Water Balsam. (In
honour of A. Tyton, a patron of botany.
Nat. ord., Balsams [ Balsaminaceae ].
Linn., 5-Pentandria LMonogynia.)

This genus is now called Hydro'cera. Stove
aquatic. Seeds sown in spring, in a good hot-
bed, and grown in strong loamy soil, with the
pot immersed in water in a tub, and receiving
the high temperature of a plant-stove from
65° to 90°.

1. na'tans (swimming). Various, August.
E. Indies, 1810.

U.

ULCER. See Canker.

U'LEX. Furze. (From the Celtic

ac, a point ; the prickly branches. Nat.

ord., Leguminous Plants [Fahaceai].

Linn , IG-Monadelphia ft-Decandria.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered evergreens . Seeds,

in spring, deep light soil, though not very par-
ticular. The gorse, whin, or furze, is valuable,
not only for its great beauty, but as constituting
a valuable fodder and fence plant. The Double-
blossomed Furze is very beautiful, and worthy
of a place in small gardens, and is propagated
by cuttings in spring and autumn, in a shady
sandy border, or under hand-glasses. The
Upright, or Irish, Furze is propagated in a
similar manner, and is also valuable for fodder ;
but it seldom flowers, and when it does has
generally only a few flowers on a plant. We
are not aware that it has been raised true from
seed, and therefore it is supposed to be not a
species, but a variety of Europcea or nana.
See Hedge.
U. Europce'a (European. Common). 6. June.

Britain.
flo're-ple'no (double - flowered).

6. May. Britain.

— na'na (dwarf). 2. August. Britain.

— Provincia'lis (Provence). 4. July. South

Europe. 1823.

— stri'cta (erect. Irish). 10. October. Ireland.

ULLO'A. See Juanutto'a,

U'LMUS. The Elm. (From the
Celtic name itlm. Nat. ord., Elmworls
[Ulmacere]. Linn., b-Pcntandria 2-
Digynia.)

Nearly all hardy ; all deciduous, and brown-
flowered, blooming in April. Campestris, and
its allies, by suckers and layers, and by graft-
ing on the montana. The latter is also propa-
gated, not by suckers, but by layers, which root
freely ; but chiefly by seeds, which should be
gathered in June as soon as ripe, and sown in
light mellow soil; or dried and put in bags
until the following March or April. Deep, dry,
sandy loam suits all this species and varieties,
and produces the most valuable timber.
U. ala'ta (winged). 30. N.America. 1820.

— a'lba (white- Hungarian). 30. Hungary.

1824.

— America'na (white- American'), 40. N.

America.

a'lba (white-branched), 40. N.

America.

fo'lils - variega'tis (variegated-
leaved).

inci'sa (cut-leaved). N. Ame-
rica.

— " pe'ndula (drooping). N.America.

1820.

— • ru'bra (red-branched). 40. N.

America. f824.

— campe'stris (English-field.). 80. Britain.

— — ' acutifo'lia (acute-leaved). 80.

Britain,

a'lba (white). 80. Britain.

_ _ betul&fo'lia (Birch - leaved).

Britain.

• Chine'nsis (Chinese). China.

concavatfo lia (concave-leaved).

Britain.
• Cornubie'nsis (Cornish). 8,

Britain.

— "* cuculla'ta (hoodedL-leaved),

fo'liis-au'reis (leaves golden -

variegated). Britain.

ULM

[001 ]

UKC

U. campe'stris fo'liis-variega'tis (leaves varie-
gated with white). Britain.

lutifo'lia (broad-leaved). 80.

Britain.

na'na ((dwarf). 2. Britain.

parvifo'lia (small- leaved). 20.

Siberia. 1822.

planifo'lia (broad-leaved). 20.

— — Sarnie' nsis (Jersey). 80. Britain.

stri'cta (upright). 80. Britain.

tortuo'su (twisted). Britain.

vimina'lis (twiggy). 30. Britain.

vi'rens (green. Kidbrook}* 80.

Britain.

visco'sa (clammy). Britain.

— — — vulga'ris (common). 80. Britain.

— carplnifo' lia (Hornbeam-leaved). Britain.

— cffu'sa (spreading-./?OM>ered). Britain.

— frutico'sa (shrubby). 8. Europe.

— fu'lva (deep-yellow). 60. N. America.

— g la' bra (smooth}. 60. Britain.
glandulo'sa (glandulous - leaved} .

Britain.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Britain.

-. ma'jor (greater). 80. Britain.

microphy'lla (small-leaved). Britain.

pe'ndula (drooping), Britain.

: ramulo'sa (branching). Floetbeck.

variega'ta (variegated-feaued). Bri-

tain.

— vege'ta (vigorous)
vttlga'ri-s (common)

50. Britain.
60. Britain.

— integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 40. E. Indies.

1822.

— ma'jor (greater). 40. Britain.

— monta'na (mountain. Scotch or WycJi). 40.

Britain.

• austra'lis (southern),

— Cevcnne'nsis (Cevennes),

cri'spa (curled-feaoed). 20. N.

America.
_ fastigia'ta (pyramidal. Exeter],

Exeter. 1826.

— ma'jor (greater). Britain.

mi' nor (less). Britain.

ni'gra (black). 40. Ireland.

— pe'ndula (drooping). Britain.

— ' • • rugo'sa (rough-heaved). 40. Britain.
vulga'ris (common). 40. Britain.

— subero'sa (cork-6ar/ired). 40. Britain.

. a'lba (white-AarAed). Britain.

angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved).

Hertford.

ere'cta (upright). 80. Britain.

fo'liis ' variega'tis (variegated-
leaved). 80. Britain.

— , latifo'lia (broad-leaved). Hertford.

vulga'ris (common). 80. Holland.

UMBI'LICUS. (From umbilicus, the
navel ; concave leaves of some species.
Nat. ord., Houseleeks [Crassulaceoe].
Linn., \Q-Decandria 'L-Pcntagynia. Al-
lied to Sedum.)

Hardy herbaceous succulents. Seeds, divi-
sions, and cuttings of offsets ; sandy loam and
peat. They do best in the recesses of rock-
work.

U. crc'ctus (upright). Yellow. England.
~ horisonta'lis (.horizontal), Yellow, June.
Sicily. 1828.

U. Lieve'nii (Lieven's). Red. May. Caucasus.
1836.

— lu'tea (yellow). £. Yellow. June. England.

— penduli'nus (drooping). Yellow. June.

Britain.

— serra'tus (saw-edge-Zeawed). Purple. June.

Siberia. 1732.

— spino'sus (spiny), i. White. June. Siberia,

1790.

UMBRELLA-WORT. Oxy'laphus.

UNCA'RIA. The following stove ever-
green climbers, with pale red flowers,
should be added to Nauclea.
N, Ga'mbier (Gambier). 10. E.Indies. 1825.

— sessilifru'ctus (stalkless-fruited). 10. E.

Indies. 1829.

UNDERGROUND ONION. See Potato
Onion.

UNTRUE. See Sporting.

UPAS-TREE. Antia'ris.

URA'NIA. (From ouranios, sublime ;
the stateliness of the plant. Nat. ord.,
Musads [Musaceee]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
1-Monogynia.)

We have retained this the old name, but it is
properly Ravena'la, Stove herbaceous. Seeds,
in a hotbed, in spring ; suckers, and divisions ;
sandy fibry loam, a little dried leaf-mould, and
charcoal. Winter temp., 55° to 65°; summer,
65° to 90°, and a moist atmosphere.
U. specio'Sa (showy). 20. Red. Madagascar.

URA'RIA. (From our a, a tail; the
bracts. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabacese]. Linn., 17 '-Diadelphia 4-
Decandria. Allied to Hedysarum.)

Stove evergreens. Seeds, in*,a hotbed, in
spring; and cuttings of side- shoots, in May, in
sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy loam and fibry
peat. Winter temp., 55° to 65° ; summer, 65°
to 85°.

U. alopecuro'ides (Foxtail-like). White. July.
E. Indies. 1823.

— como'sa (tufted). 3. Purple. July. E.

Indies. 1818.

— crini'ta (hairy). 2. Pink. July. E. Indies.

— hamo'sa (hooked). White. June. E. Indies.

1827.

— lagocepha'la (hare-headed). 2. Yellow.

July. Brazil. 1824.

— • lagopodioi'des (Hare's-foot-like). Ij. Pur-
ple. July. China. 1790.

— lago'pus (Hare's-foot). ?. Purple. June.

Nepaul. 1824.

— pi' eta (pain ted- /eared). 3. Purple. July.

Guinea. 1788.

URCEOLI'NA. (From urceolus, a small
cup or pitcher ; from the smallness of
the cup or nectary inside the flower.
Nat. ord., Amaryllids [AmaryllidacesB].
Linn., 6-Ifcxandria l-JUfonoyynia, Al-
lied to Clinanthus.)

Half-nafrdy bulb, growing in shady woods,

UEG

[902 ]

VAC

and flowering from June to November, and
requires perfect rest in winter. Offset bulbs ;
rich fibry loam ; the protection cf a cold pit,
and kept dry in winter.

U, pe'ndula (lianging-down). Yellow, green.
June. Peru. 1837.

UKEDO. See Barberry and Mildew.

UKINE. See Dung. The urine of
all animals is excellent as a manure ;
but it must be given only to plants
whilst growing, and in a diluted state.
One of the most fertilizing of liquid
manures is composed of cabbage-leaves,
and other vegetable refuse, putrefied
in the urine from a house or stable,
and diluted with three times its quan-
tity of water when applied. If mixed
with bleaching powder (chloride of
lime), there will be no offensive smell.
Gypsum mixed with urine, or a little
oil of vitriol poured into it, adds to its
utility as a manure. Sulphate of iron,
in the proportion of seven pounds to
every hundred of urine, prevents the
escape of ammonia during putrefaction.

UEOPE 'TALON. (From oura, a tail,
and petalon, a petal; the petals are
lengthened out into tail-like appen-
dages. Nat. ord., Lily worts [Liliacese],
Linn., Q-Hexandrla \-Monogynia. Al-
liance near Albuca.)

Offsets in spring; sandy light loam, and
leaf-mould. Must be kept dry in winter, either
by protecting them in a border, or placing them
in a cold pit, perhaps best by potting them,
and keeping them in pit or greenhouse, and
dry, until growth has fairly commenced.
U.fu'lvum (tawny). §. Green, red. July.
Mogadore. 1808.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 2. Purple, blue.

August. Mozambique. 1825.

— sero'tinum (late-flowering). f . Green, red.

July. Spain. 1629.

UVA'KIA. (From uva, a cluster of
grapes ; the resemblance of the fruit.
Nat. ord., Anonads [Anonacesej. Linn.,
13-Polyandria 6-Polygynia.)

Stove evergreens ; brown - flowered except
where otherwise mentioned. Cuttings of firm
side-shoots, in May, in sand, under a bell-glass,
in heat ; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
U. acumina'ta (sharp-pointed). 6. Guiana.
1820.

— aroma' tica (aromatic). 6. Guiana. 1820.

— escule'nta (eatable). 10. Madras. 1818.

— fascicula'ta (bundled). E. Indies. 1823.

— fusca'ta (brown). 5. Guiana. 1823.

— Gcc'rtneri (Gaertners's). 6. E. Indies. 1820.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). Purple. E,

Indies. 1833.

V. longifo'lia (long-leaved). 4. Bengal. 1820.

— lu'cida (-shining). Africa. 1825.

— lu'tea (yellow). 6. Greenish yellow. E.

Indies. 1822.

— Na'rum (Narum). 10. Malabar.

— nitidi'ssima (most-shining). Blue. Cale-

donia. 1825.

— odora'ta (sweet-scented). E. Indies. 1804.

— tomento'sa (woolly). 6. E. Indies. 1822.

— veluti'na (velvety). 6. E. Indies. 1823.

— villa' sa (shaggy). E.Indies. 1831.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon). 20. Scarlet. Ceylon.

1794.

UVULA'EIA. ( Formerly ; used in dis-
eases of the uvula. Nat. ord., Melanths
[Melanthaceffi]. Linn., Q-Hexandria
\-Monogynia.~)

Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren-
nials ; yellow-flowered, except grandiflora.
Division of the plant, in spring ; light sandy
loam.
U.fla'va- (yellow). £. May. 1810.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered) . It Purple.

May. 1802.

— lanceola'ta (spew-leaved). 1. July. 1710.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). £. May.

1810.

— pube'rula (downy). £. May. 1824.

— sessilJfo'lia (stalkless-leaved). £. June. 1790.

V.

VACCI'NTUM. Whortle-berry. (The
derivation is doubtful, perhaps from
bacca, a berry. Nat. ord., Cranberries
[Vacciniacese]. Linn., S-Octandria 1-
Monoyynia.)

Seeds in autumn ; cuttings, under a hand-
light, in summer ; suckers ; divisions ; rooting
stems from trailing along the ground ; very
sandy loam, if a portion of peat all the better.
All hardy except Caracasanum, leucostomum,
and meridionale, and all deciduous, and natives
of North America, unless otherwise mentioned.
V. albiflo'rum (white-flowered). White. May.
1833.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Pale

yellow. May. 1776.

— arbo'reum (tree). White, red. 1/65.

— buxifo'lium (Box-leaved). 1. White. May.

— Canade'nse (Canadian). 1. White, red.

May. 1825.

— CaracaSa'num(C&ra.ccas). 6. White. July.

Caraccas. 1825. Stove evergreen.

— ccespito'sum (turfy). $. White. May. 1823.

— corymbo'sum (corymbed). 7- White. May.

1765.

angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved).

3. White. 1767.

•fusca'tum (browned). 2. White,
pink. June. 1/70.

virga,' turn (twiggy). 3. White,

red. April. 1/67.

— crassifo'lium (thick -leaved). 1. White.

June. 1787.

— dumo'sum (bushy). 3, White. May. 17/4.

VAC

[ 903 ]

TAL

3.

Purple,
Red, white.

V. dumo'sum hu'mile (humble). 2. White.
May. 17/4.

— donga' turn (elongated). 2. White. July.

1812.
— f rondo' sum (leafy). 3. White, green. May.

1761.
venu'stum (beautiful). 3. Pink.

June. 1770.

— gale'zans (Gale-leaved). 2. White. May.

J806.

— gla'brum (smooth). 2. Pink. July. 1812.

— grandiflo'rum (large-flowered). 2. White.

July. 1812.

— humifu'sum (trailing). $. White. 1827.

— leuco'stomum (white-lipped). 2. Scarlet,

white. Peru. 1847. Greenhouse
evergreen.

— ligustri'num (Privet- leaved").

May.

— meridiona'le (meridional). 2.

April. Jamaica. 17/8. Stove evergreen .

— minutijio'rum (small-flowered). 2. White.

1812.

— myrsini'tes (Myrsine-tearerf). l£. Purple.

May.
- lanceola'tum (spe&r-leavcd). 14.

Purple. May.
(obtu'sum (blunt). 1$. Purple.

May.
•^-myrtifo'lium (Myrtle -leaved). 1. White.

June. 1812.

— myrti'll(>ides(Myrti\l\is-li'k.e). li. Pink. June.

1/76.

— myrti'llus (Myrtle. Bilberry], l£. Pink.

May. Britain.

— ba'ccis - a' Ibis (white - berried).

Green. May. Britain.

— ni'tidum (glossy). l£. Pink. May. 1794.
decu'mbens (lying-down), f . Pink.

May. 1/94.

— ova' (urn (egg- leaved). 2. Pink. May. 1826.
•*- padifo' Hum (Bird-cherry-leaved). Palegreeu.

July. Madeira. 1777-

— pa'llidum (pale). 2. White. May. 1774.
-•— Pennsylva'nicum (Pennsylvanian). l£. White,

blue. June. 17/2.

— resino'sum (resinous). 4. Purple, green.

May. 1782.

lute'scens (yellowish). 2. Red-
dish yellow. June. 1804.

• rube'scens (ruddy). 3. Yellow,

green. May. 1773.

— stami'neum (/owg-stamened). 2. White.

May. 1772.

a'lbuin (white -flowered). 2.

White. Mexico.

— uligino'sum (bog. Bleaberry). 2. Flesh.

April. Britain.

— vi'tisidte'a (Cowberry). f. Pink. May.

Britain.

VALEKIA'NA. Valerian. (Named after
Valerius, who first used it in medicine.
Nat. ord., Valerianworts [Valeriana-
cece]. Linn., 3-Triandria \-Monoftynia.}

Hardy herbaceous perennials. Division of
the root, in spring ; and seeds ; common gar-
den soil ; the tenderer sorts should have a dry
place.

V. alliariafo'lia (Alliaria - leaved). 14. Red.
June. Caucasus. 1826.

V. anarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). 1. Red. June.
Crete. 1824.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). £. Red. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1816.

— Ce'ltica (Celtic). 1. White. June. Swit-

zerland. 1784.

— dioi'ca (dkecious). 1. Flesh. June. Britain.

— elonga'ta (lengthened). £. Yellow. June.

Austria. 1812.

— globular iarfo'lia (Globularia- leaved). Red.

June. Pyrenees.

— interme'dia (intermediate). 1. White. June.

Pyrenees. 1818.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. Light red. July.

Switzerland. 1748.

— na'pus (turnip-rooted). White. Mexico.

1839.

— officina'lis (shop). 3. Flesh. June. Britain.

— Phu' (Phu). 3. White. August. Germany.

1597-

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 3. Pink. August.

Scotland.

— saliu'nca (Lavender). l£, Red. June.

France. 1824.

— sambucifo'lia (Elder-leaved). 3. White.

July. Germany. 1819.

— saxa'tiiis (rock). &. White. July. Austria.

1740.

— szs^mira/o7m(Sisymbrium-leaved). 1. Red.

June. South Europe. 1820.

— supi'na (flat-lying). £. White, red. July.

Switzerland. 1822.

— tri'pteris (three-winged). 1. White. May.

Switzerland. 1752.

— tubei-o'sa (tuberous-rooted). l£. Light, red.

June. South Europe. 1629.

VALERIANE'LLA. Lamb's Lettuce. (A
diminutive of Valerian. Nat. ord.,
Valerianworts [Valerianaceee]. Linn.,
3-Triandria \-Monoqynia.}

Hardy annuals. Seeds, in the open border,
in spring. See Corn-salad.
V. co nge'sta (crowded-lowered). 1. Red. July.
Columbia. 1826.

— echina'ta (prickly-capsuled). 1. Pink. July*

South Europe. 1807.

— olito'ria (salad). £. Blue. April. Britain*

VALLA'KIS. (From vallo, to inclose ;
used for fences in Java. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacefe]. Linn., 5-Pcn-
tandria \-Monogynia.)

Stove evergreen twiner. Cuttings of short,
firm, stubby side-shoots, in sandy soil, under a
glass, in heat, in May ; sandy fibry loam, and
fibry peat. Winter temp., 55° to 60° ; summer,
60° to 85°.

V.pergula'na (trellis). 10. White. East
Indies. 1818.

VALLE'SIA. (Named after F. Val-
lesio, physician to Philip II. of Spain.
Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apocynacece],
Linn., 5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.}

Stove, white-flowered, evergreens. Cuttings
of young shoots, getting firm, in sand, under a
bell-glass, in heat ; sandy loarn, and fibry peat;
Winter temp., 55°to6o°; summer, 60° to 85°.

VAL

C 904

VEL

V. cymbifo'lia (boat-leaved). 4. June. Mexico.
— dicho'toma (forked). 8. May. Peru. 1822.
VALLISNE'RIA. (Named after A. Val-
hsnen, an Italian botanist. Nat. ord.,
Hydrocharads [Hydrocharaceaej. Linn
22-Di<ecia 2-Diandria.)

A floating, fresh water perennial, whos
flowers live under water, except just at the tim
ot impregnation. Division; rich loam in
good-sized pot, plunged deep in a tub or cister
ot water. Winter temp., 45° to 50°: summe
00° to 80°.

V.spira'lis (spiral). Brown. July. Sout
Europe. 1818.

VALLO'TA. (Named after P. Vallo
a French botanist. Nat. ord., AmarylUd
[Amaryllidaceee]. Linn., G-Hexandri
1-Monogynia. Allied to Cyrtanthus.)

With the exception of Dr. Herbert, no syste
matic botanist has pointed out the real affinit
of Vallota, A cross-seedling, by its pollen
has been obtained by Mr. Beaton, from Cyrtan
thus obliquus, which no one could distinguish
from a Vallota of the same age. It has not ye
flowered. Greenhouse, scarlet-flowered bulbs
trom the Cape of Good Hope. Offsets ; sandy
loam, and peat, and leaf-mould. Winter temp.
10 to 45°, and dry ; summer, 60° to 75°.
V. purpu'rea (purple). l£. May. 1774.

' ma'jor (greater). May. 1774.

• mi'nor (smaller). 1. May. 1774.

VA'NDA. (The Sanscrit name of the
first-found species. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidacene]. Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria.)

See Orchids.

Stove orchids grown in baskets .

V. Batema'nnii (Mr. Bateman's). 3. Crimson,
yellow. June. Moluccas. 1845.

— ceeru'lea (light-blue). Sylhet.

— crista'ta (crested). 1. Green, purple. April.

Nepaul. 1818.

— crue'nta (bloody). 2. Red. August. China.

— Cumi'ngii (Cuming's). Brown, yellow. July.

Philippines. 1837.
—fu'rva (dusky). Brown, white. December.

China. 1844.
—fu'sco-vi'ridis (brown-and-green). Brown,

greenish yellow. September.

— insi'gnis (showy). 2. Crimson, brown, white.

February. Java. 1848.

— lamella'ta( layered). Pale. August. Manilla.

1837.

— Lo'wei (Lowe's). Yellow, brown. February.

Borneo. 1846.

— peduncula'ris (long - flower - stalked). July.

Ceylon. 1840.

. .

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's).

purple. July. China. 1810.
tessella'ta

White,

(chequered). l.

White, purple. July. China. 1816.
uni'color (one - coloured). 6.
Brown.

— sua'vis (sweet - scented). White, brown.
Sept«wbfcr, Java, 1847.

V. te'res (cylindric - leaved), 2. Red, yellow.
March. Silhet. 1828.

— viola'cea (\w\rt-lipped). White, violet. May.

Manilla. 1839.

VANDE'LLIA. (Named after L. Van-
delli, a Portuguese botanist. Nat. ord.,
Fiijworts [Scrophulariaceffi]. Linn.,
l±-Didynamia 2-Angiospermia. Allied
to Torenia.)

Tender annuals. Seeds, in a hotbed, in
spring ; plants pricked off, and bloomed chiefly
in the greenhouse, in light rich soil.
V. crusta'cea (shelly). Blue. June. India. 1816.

— diffu'sa (spreading), l. White. July. Santa

Cruz. 1824.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). Blue. June. India. 1823.

— Roxbu'rghii (Roxburgh's). Purple. July.

Coromaudel. 1818.

VANGUE 'RIA. ( Voa-vanyuer, the name
of edulis in Madagascar. Nat. ord.,
Cinchonads [Cinchonaceae]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia.) Allied to
Guetarda.)

It produces a good dessert fruit. Stove ever-
green. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass ; sandy peat and fibry loam.
Winter temp., 50° to 55°; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. cdu'lis (eatable). 10. White. Madagascar.
1809.

VANI'LLA. (A diminutive of vaina,
the Spanish for sheath ; shape of seed-
pod. Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese].
Linn., 20-Gynandria 1-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown on blocks ; white-flow-
ered, where not otherwise specified. See Orchids.
The Vanilla of commerce is, or should be, the
dried fruit of V. planifoliu.
V. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). Caraccas. 1841.

— Africa'na (African). Sierra Leone. 1843.

— aroma'tica (aromatic). 10. July. S.Europe.

1739.

— bi'color (two-coloured). Dull red. Guiana.

— claviculu'ta(tenfaincd). Cuba. 1838.

— planifo'liu (smooth-leaved). 10, May. W.

Indies. 1800.

— Pompo'na (Pompona). Mexico.
VAPOURER MOTH. Orgy'ia*
VARIEGATED LAUREL. Au'cuba.
VASCO'A. This genus is incorporated

vith Rafnia, and the following yellow-
lowered evergreens from the Cape of
Good Hope should be added to it.
R. amplexicau' Us (stem-clasping). 4. July.

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 4. July. 1812.
VEGETABLE MANURES. See Green

failures, Ashes, and Manures.

VEGETABLE MARROW. Cucu'rlita
vi'J'era.

VE'LLA. Cress Rocket. (From velar,
ie Celtic name of cress, ^at, ord.,

VEL

[ 905 ]

VEK

Crucifcrs [Brassicacese] . Linn., 15-
Tctradynamia. )

Half-hardy evergreen. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sand, under a hand-light, in a shady
place, in summer ; a dry, airy, warm situation,
such as in raised rockwork. North of London,
in exposed damp places, it will require a little
protection in winter.

K.josew'do-e/toMs(Bastard-Cytisus). 3. Yel-
low. April. Spain. 1759.

VELLE'JA. (Named after Major Vel-
ley, who studied sea-weeds. Nat. orcl.,
Goodeniads [Goodeniaceffi]. Linn., 5-
Pentandrla \-Monoyynia, Allied to
Euthales.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Division ; sandy loam and peat.
Winter temp., 35° to 45°.
F. lanceola'ta (spe&r -leaved}. 1841.

— lyra'ta (lyre-leaved). £. April. 1819.

— parado'xa (paradoxical). \. July, 1824.

— spatula'ta (spatulate). £. April. 1825.

VELLO'ZIA. (Named after a Spanish
botanist. Nat. ord., Blood-roots [Hse-
modoracete]. Linn., G-Sexandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Barbacenia.)

The Vellozias are perennial Lilies, from two
to ten feet high, having trunks as large as a
man's body, branching, and having tufts of
leaves on the top like the Yucca. Greenhouse
herbaceous. Division of the plant in spring ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 50° ; summer, 60° to 80°.
V. lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). Yellow. Swan
River. 1841.

YELTHEI'MIA. (Named after F. A.
Veltheim, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., 0-
Hexandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Tritoma.)

Greenhouse bulbs from Cape of Good Hope,
with flesh-coloured flowers. Offsets from the
bulbs; rich sandy loam. Winter temp., 35°
to 45°.
V. glau'ca (milky-green). 2. March. 1781.

— • rubesce'nti-purpu'rea (red-purple).
1. Red, purple. July. 1834.

— interme'dia (intermediate). l£. April. 1800.

— viridifo'lia (green-leaved). 2. August. 1768.

VENTILATION. See Greenhouse.

VENUS'S FLY-TRAP. Dioncc'a muscV-
pula.

VENUS'S HAIB. Adia'ntum capi'llis-
ve'neris.

VENUS'S LOOKING-GLASS. Spccula'ria
spe'culum.

VENUS'S NAVELWORT. Omphalo'des.

VENUS'S SUMACH. Elm's co'tinus.

VEKA'TRUM. (From vere, truly, and
afcT, black ; colour of the roots. Nat.

ord., Melanths [Melanthacese]. Linti.j
2'3-Polyyamia \-Moncecia.}

The plants in this order are all poisonous.
Hardy herbaceous perennials. Seeds and divi-
sions, in spring ; deep rich loam.
V. a'lbum (white). 5. White. July. Europe.
1548.

— angustifo'lium (narrow-leaved). 2. Green.

June. N. America. 1823.
— fri'gldum (cold). 3. Black. June. An-

gangulo. 1846.
~ Lobelia' num. (Lobel's). White. June. S.

Europe. 1818.

— ni'grum (d&rk-Jiowered). 3. Dark purple.

June. Siberia. 1 596.

— parviflo'rum (small-flowered). 2. Green.

June. Carolina. 1809.

— vi'ride (green-flowered). 5. Green. July.

N. America. 1742.

VERBA'SCUM. Mullein. (From bar-
bascum, bearded ; the bearded stamens.
Nat. ord., Figworts [Scrophulariaceee].
Linn., 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.)

All yellow-flowered where not otherwise men-
tioned. All freely by seeds; perennials also by
division of the roots in spring.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. Mthw'picum (Ethiopian). May. Mount
Sinai. 1825.

— Alopecu'rus (Foxtail). 3. July. France.

1820.

— Austri'acum (Austrian). 5. July. Austria.

1818.

— betonicafo'lium (Betony-leaved). 2. July.

Armenia. 1825.

— chryse'rium (golden). June. Palestine. 1827.

— colli'num (hill). 3. July. Germany. 1820.

— cu'preum (copper-coloured), 3. Brown.

July. Caucasus. 1798.

— fascicula'tum (clustered). May. M. Sinai.

1826.

— hyoserifo'lium (Hyoseris - leaved). June.

Levant. 1829.

— lana'tum (woolly). 3. July. Italy. 1825.

— ni'grum (black-roofed). 2. July. England.

— orienta'le (eastern). 2. July. Caucasus.

1821.

— phceni'ceum (purple). 3. Purple. July.

S. Europe. 1796.

— plica' turn (plaited). July. Greece. 1816.

— spino'sum (thorny). 1. Purple. July. Crete.

1824. Evergreen.

— Thapsoi'des (Thapsos-like). July. Portugal.

1819.

— tri'ste (dark). 2. Yellow, red. July. S.

Europe. 1688.

— undula'tum (waved). 3. July. S.Europe.

1819.

HABDY BIENNIALS.

V. tturicula'tum (eared-teauerf). June. Levant.
1826.

— banna'ticum (Hungarian). July, Hungary.

1820.

— bipinnati'fidum (doubly - leaflet*cut). June.

Tauria. 1813-

— Bocrhaa'vii (Boerhaave's^. 2. July, South

Europe, 1731, Annual,

VEB

[ 900 ]

VJEE

V. candidi'ssima (whitest). 4. Slay. Naples.
1823.

— ceratophy'llum (horn-leaved). June. Levant.

1829.

— Chai'xii (Chaix's). 3. July. France. 1821.

— cuspida'tum (pointed). 4. May. Vienna.

1817.

— densiflo'rum (dense - flowered). January.

Italy. 1825.

—formo'sum (handsome). 2. July. Russia.
1818.

— gla'brum (smooth). 2. July. Europe. 1805.

— gnaplialoi'des (Gnaphalium-like). 2. July.

Caucasus. 1825.

— gossypi'num (cottony). 4. July. Caucasus.

1820.

— grandiflo'rum (large - flowered). 4. July.

Europe. 1820.

— hamorrhoida'le (blood-coloured). 2. White,

purple. July. Madeira. 1777. Green-
house.

— I'ndicum (Indian). July. Nepaul.

— leptosta'chyum (slender-spiked). 3. July.

S. France. 18J5.

— longifo'lium (long-leaved). 3. July. Na-

ples. 1824.

— Lychni'tis (Lychnitis). 3. July. Britain.

— lyra'tum (lyre-leaved). 4. June. Spain.

1819.

— macra'nthum (large-flowered). 3. July.

Portugal. 1820.

— maja'le (hog). 3. July. Montpelier. 1S17.

— Monspessula'num (Montpelier). June. S.

France. 1824.

— monta'num (mountain). 3. July. France.

1819.

— ni'veum (snowy). 3. May. Naples. 1823.

— ova'tum (egg-leaved). 3. July. Spain. 1824.
-L- pinnati'fidum (leaflet-cut). 1. July. Archi-
pelago. 1788. Greenhouse.

— pulverule'ntum (powdered). 3. July. Eng-

land.

~- pyramida'tum (pyramidal). 3. July. Cau-
casus. 1804.

— repa'ndum (wavy-edged). 3. July. Europe.

1813.

— rotundifo'lium (round - leaved). 4. July.

Italy. 1823.

— rubigino'sum (rusty). 4. Yellow, red. July.

Hungary. 1817.

— rugulo'sum (wrinkled-teawed). June. S.

Europe. 1820.

— sinua'tum (indented-leaved). 2. July. S.

Europe. 15/0.

— specta'bile (showy). 2. Yellow, purple.

July. Tauria. 1820.

— Steve'nii (Steven's). 5. July. Siberia. 1821.

— lau'ricum (Taurian). 2. Yellow, purple.

August. Tauria. 1839.

— Tfta'/jswAT(Shepherd's-club). 6. July.
donga' turn (lengthened). July.

Europe. 1813.

— versiflo'rum (inverted-flowered). 3. Purple.

July. Bohemia. 1823.
•^ virga! turn (twiggy). 5. August. Britain.

VERBE'NA. Vervain. (From the
Celtic Ferfain. Nat. ord., Verbena
[Verbenaceee], Linn., \k-Didynamia
2 -A ngiospermia . )

Annuals and biennials by seed, in a slight

hotbed in March, or in the open air in April ;
perennials by division, layers, and cuttings;
tender kinds chiefly by cuttings, unless when
seed is employed to obtain new varieties.
These varieties are struck generally in spring
and autumn, for blooming in pots, but chiefly
for decorating the flower-garden beds. A rich
sandy loam suits them best. The points of the
shoots in spring strike best in a little peat. In
autumn they can scarcely be kept too cool.
The smallest piece will form a better plant than
a larger piece.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS.

V. ala'ta (winged-stemmed) . 5. Rosy. August.
Monte Video. 1828.

— amee'na (pleasing). 1. Pinkish-purple. July.

Mexico.

— Arania'na (Lady Arran's). l£. Purple.

August. 1836.

— barba'ta (bearded). 1. Pink. August.

Mexico. 1826.

— chameedrlfo1 'lia (Germander - leaved). 1.

Scarlet. August. Buenos Ayres. 1827.

— diffu'sa (spreading). 3. Blue. July. N.

America. 1818.

— glandulo'sa (glanded). 2. Pale. July. 1832.

— inci'na (cut-leaved). 2. Red. August.

Panama. 1836.

— pulche'lla (neat). 1. Purple. July. Buenos

Ayres. 1827.

— ra'dicans (rooting). 4. Lilac. July. Chili.

1832.

— sulphu'rea (sulphur-coloured). ]. Sulphur.

July. Chili. 1832.

— teucrioi'des (Germander-like). 2. Purplish*

July. Monte Video. 1837-

— Tweedia'na (Tweedie's). 1. Scarlet. Au*

gust. Brazil. 1834.

— veno'sa (strong-veined). 2£. Rosy. July.

Buenos Ayres. J830.

HARDY ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS.

V. Auble'tia (Aublet's). 1. Purple. August,
N. America. 1774. Biennial.

— bracteo'sa (bracted). 1. Pink. July,

Mexico. J820. Biennial.

— cane'scens (hoary). £. Blue. July. Mexico.

1824.

— e'legans (elegant). \. Blue. July. Mexico.

1826. Biennial.

— lasiosta'chys (hairy-spiked). 2. Purple.

July. California. 1826. Biennial.

— littora'lis (shore). 3. Grey. June. 8.

America. 1832.

— multi'fida (much-cut). Blue. July. Peru.

1818.

— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 4. Purple. July.

N. America. 1810. Biennial.

— tri'fida (three-cleft). 1. Purple. August.

Mexico. 1818.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. Auble'tia Drummo'ndii (Drummond's Au-
bletia). Ij. Lilac. July. Texa§.

— Lambe'rti( Lambert's). ]£. Purple. July.

S. America.

ro'sf-a (rosy). IjJ. Pink. July.

Carolina.

— mum'fidaa'lba( white). White. May. Chili.

1839.

YEE

[ 007 ]

VEB

F. multi'fida Sabi'ni (Sabine's), $, Purplish.
July. Chili. 1834.

— officina'le-veno'sa (veined-shop). Bluish.

August. Oxford. 1837,

— polysta'c/iya (many-spiked). 4. Red. July.

Mexico. 1820.

— pulche'lla - coro'tla - a'lbida (whitish - corol-

laed). 1. Whitish. July. 1834.

— rugo'sa ( wrinkled- teawed). 2. Violet. July.

BuencsAyres. 1833.

— sca'bra (scurfy). 4. Red. July. Mexico.

1825.

— soro'ria (sister), 2. Purple, July. Nepaul.

1824.

VERBENA (Sweet-scented). Aloy'sia.

VERBESI'NA. (Altered from verbena.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese].
Linn., l$-Syngenesia 2-Superflua.)

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, herbaceous
perennials from Mexico. Seeds and divisions
of the root ; rich sandy loam.
F. ala'ta (wing-stalked). 2. August. 1699.

— atriplicifo'lia (Orach-leaved). 3. July. 1823.

— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 3. August. 1826.
—.salicifo'lia( Willow-leaved). 2. July. 1825.

VERNO'NIA. (Named after IF. J'ernon,
botanical traveller. Nat. ord., Compo-
sites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19- Syngenesia
l-JEqualis.)

All purple - flowered, where not otherwise
mentioned. Hardy, by seeds, and divisions ;
tender, by seeds, divisions, and cuttings, under
a. hand-light ; rich sandy loam ; stove treat-
ment.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.
F. acutifo'lia (pointed-leaved). 4. December.
South America.

— anthelmi'ntica (worm-killing). Lilac. Au-

gust. East Indies. 1770. Biennial.

— arbore'scens (tree - like). 5. November.

Jamaica. 1733.

— a'spera .(rough). White. June. East Indies.

1823.

— axillaflo'ra (axillary-flowered), l£. Lilac.

September. Bahia.

— centrifo'lia (sharp - leaved). September,

Brazil. 1826.

•*— cine'rea (grey) . July. E.Indies. Biennial.
—flexuo'sa (zig-zag). l£. September. Brazil

1823.

— frutico'sa (shrubby). 4. October. West

Indies. 1818-

— linea'ris (narrow-teamed). 1. October. South

America. 1825. Annual.

— odorati'ssima (sweetest-scented). 4. October

Caraccas. 1817.

— scri'cea (silky). 5. December. Brazil. 1825

HARDY HERBACEOUS.
F. alti'ssim a (tallest). 12. October. Ohio. 1820

— angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 4. September

North America. 1817.

— glau'ca (milky -green). 4. July. North

America. 1710.

— Noveborace'nsis (New York). 6. August

North America. 1/10.

— oligopfiy'lla (few-leaved). September. Nortl

America. 1710.

V.pandura'ta (fiddle-teamed). 4. October. 1825,

— praa'lta (very-tall). 8. October. North

America. 1732.

— scabe'rrima (most - scurfy). 4. October.

North America. 1824.

— aerratuloi'des (Saw-wort-like). September.

Mexico. 1824.

— te'res (cylindric-teat-ed). July. Nepaul.

1821.

YERO'NICA. Speedwell. (The mean-
ng is doubtful. Nat. ord., Figworts
'Scropimlariaceee]. Linn., 2-Diandria
[-Monoyynia.}

All blue-flowered where not otherwise named.
Annuals, seeds in March and April ; perennials,
chiefly by division, in spring; good garden soil ;
shrubby, cuttings in spring or summer, under
a bell-glass; peat and loam. Winter temp.,
for greenhouse kinds, 38° to 45°.

GREENHOUSE HERBACEOUS, &C.
F. Cre'tica (Cretan), i- May. Crete. 18IQ.

— decussa'ta (cross-leaved). 1. July. Falk-

land Isles. 1776. Evergreen.

— dianthifo'lia (Pink-leaved). £. May. New

Holland. 1823.

— di'stans (distant). 1. April. New Holland.

1825.

—formo'sa (beautiful). 3. White. April. Van
Diemen's Land. 1835. Evergreen.

— gra' cilis (slender). 1. May. New South

Wales. 1820.

— labia'ta (lipped). 1. June. New Holland.

1802.

— Lindleya'na (Lindley's). White. Septem-

ber. New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen.

— ni'vea (snowy). White. May. Van Die-

men's Land. 1840. Evergreen.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 1. May. New

Zealand. 1822. Evergreen,

— perfolia'ta (leaf-stem-pierced). 1. August.

New South Wales. 1815.

— plebe'ia (common). 1. June. New Hol-

land. 1820.

— salicifo'lia (Willow-leaved). 3. White. July.

New Zealand. 1843. Evergreen.

— specio'sa (showy). 2. Van Diemen's Land.

1835. Evergreen.

HARDY ANNUALS.

F. ceratoca'rpa (horn-fruited). March. Cau-
casus. 1835.

— di'dyma (twin-calyxed). All Seasons. Naples.
1827.

— poli'ta (polished). \. March. Britain.

HARDY AQUATICS.

F. anagalloi'des (Pimpernel - like). Calabria;
1836.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina). 1. June. Caro*

lina. 1821.

— parmula'ria (small-shielded). 1. Red. July*

Austria. 1824.

— scutella'ta (saucer-leaved), 2. Flesh. May*

Britain.

HARDY HERBACEOUS, &C.
F. abrotanifo'lia (Southernwood - leaved). 2.
August. Siberia. 1830.

— acutifio'ra (acute-flowered), 1. Red. May,

France. 1821.

VER

[ 908 J

VEE

V. Allio>nii (Allioni's). £. May. S.Europe.
1740. Evergreen.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). £. May. Europe.
hetcrophy'lla (variable-leaved).

May. Europe.

' integrifo'lia (entire -leaved).

May. Silesia. 1814.

obtusifo'lia (blunt-leaved). £. July.

Scotland.

pu'mila (dwarf), £. August. Pied-
mont. 181Q.

rotundifu'lia (round - leaved). £.

May. Europe. 1816.

— aphy'lla (leafless), $. May. Italy. 1/75.

— argu'ta (sAar/>-notched). 3. July. South

Europe. 1812.

— austra'lis (southern). 1$. August. South

Europe. 1812.

— Austri'aca (Austrian). ]. July. Austria.

1748.

— azu'rea (sky-blue) . 3 . May . 1821.

~ Baumgarte'nii (Don Baumg'arten's). May.
Transylvania. 1826.

— bellidioi'des (Daisy-like). £. May. Swit-

zerland. 1/75.

— brachyphy'lla (short-leaved). July. 1822.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). I. May. 1822.

— Cauca'sica (Caucasian). 1. Pale red. June.

Caucasus. 1816.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). £. Pale

red. June. Caucasus. 1820.

— Chamte'drys (Germander). £. June. Britain .
lamiifo'lia (Lamium-leaved).

August. 1825.

variega'ta (variegated). £.

August.

— Clu'sii (Clusius's). £. August. Hungary.

— complied' ta (complicate-tearerf)- 2. Sep-

tember. Europe. 1812.

— crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2£. Violet. May.

Europe. 1822.

— crenula'ta (notch-lowered). 14. August.

South Europe. 1814.

— crini'ta (hairy), l. July. Hungary. 1822.

— cri'spa (eurled-teawed) . 2. June.

— denta'ta (tooth-leaved), l. May. Europe.

1818.

— depaupera'ta (impoverished). $. June.

Hungary. 1823.

— diosmafo'lia (Diosma-leaved). Lilac. July.

Van Uiemen'a Land. 1835.

— ela'tior (taUer). 7. August. South Europe.

1808.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. Pink. May. South

France. 1822.

— exalta'ta (lofty). 4. June. Siberia. 1816.
—filifo'rmis (thread-/eaoerf). }. May. Le-
vant. 1780.

— folio'sa (leafy). 3. August. Hungary. 1805.
— fruticulo'sa (shrub-like stalked). 4. Flesh.

July. Scotland. Evergreen.

— gentianifo'lia (Gentian-leaved). 1$. May.

Levant. 1/48.

— gentianoi'des (Gentian -like). 2. Violet.

June. Levant. 1748.

— gla'bra (smooth). 4. August. South Eu-

rope. 1804.
a'lba (white). 4. White. August.

— gra'ndis (grand). 1$. White. August.

Siberia. 1826.
- hy'brida (hybrid), l, June, England,

V. inca'na (hoary). 2. May. Russia. 1759.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 2. July. Siberia. 1/3Q.

— Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). 1. May. Austria.

1/48.

— lacinia'ta (jagged-teauerf), 2. July. Si-

beria. 1/80.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 1. White, blue.

May. Austria. 1748.

— leuca'ntha (white -flowered). 2. White.

July. Siberia. 1817.

— linarioEfo' lia (Linaria - leaved). August,

Siberia. 1822.

— longibractea'ta(long-\)rzcted}. 1. May. 1817.

— • latifo'lia (broad-leaved) . 1 £.

July. 1818.

— longiflo'ra (long-flowered). 1. Lilac. June.

1824.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved), 3. August. South

Europe. 1731.
abbrevia'ta (shortened). May.

1823.

ailba (white). 3. White. August.

' incarna'ta (flesh - coloured). 3.

Flesh. August.
latifo'lia (broad-leaved). June.

Crimea. 1821.

— mari'tima (marine). 2. August. Sweden.

1570.

variega'ta (variegated - leaved).

li. July.

— me'dia (mediate). 3. August. Germany.

1804.

— melanco'lica (melancholy). 1. June. 1820.

— melisscEfo'lia (Balm- leaved). 1. May. 1826.

— mentheefo'lia (Mint - leaved). 1. August.

Austria. J823.

— Meye'ri (Meyer's). July. Dahuria. 1837.

— Michau'xii (Michaux's). 1. July. 1834.

— micra'ntha (small - flowered). l£. White.

May. Portugal. 1810.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). &. June. Hun-

gary. 1822.

— Mulleria'na (Muller's). I. June. Syria.

1825.

— multi'fida (much-cut). $. June. Siberia. 1/48.

— negle'cta (neglected). l£. July. Siberia.

1797-

— ni'tens (shining). 2. July. Europe. 1817.
fulca'ta (sickle-feauerf). June. 1820.

— ni'tida (clear). 2. July. Europe. 1817.

— nummula'ria (Moneywort- leaved). $, June.

Pyrenees. 1820.

— qfficinu'lis (shop). $. June. Britain.

— urchi'dea (Orchis - flowered)* 1. August.

Europe. 1819.

— orienta'lis (eastern). $. July. Levant.

1748.

— pa'llida (pale). 1. May. Tauria. 1821.

— panicula'ta (panicled). l£. June. Russia.

1797.

— pectina'ta (comb-teaced). 1. May. Italy.

1810.

• — peduncula'ris (long - flower - stalked), l.
March. Caucasus. 1826.

— persicifo'lia (Peach-leaved). 2. August.

1823.

— petra^a (rock). 1. May. Caucasus. 1821.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). l£. July. Bohemia. 1819.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 1. May. Siberia. 1776.

— pinnati'fida (leaflet-cut). 1. June. 1817.

— plica'ta (plaited). 2. June. Bohemia. 1817.

— polysta'chya (many-spiked), 2, July. 181/.

VEE

£ 909 ]

VJB

V. Po'ne (Pona's). $. September. Pyrenees.

1822.

— prcRa'lta (very high). 4. August. 1817.

— prce'cox (early). £. June. S.Europe. 1775.

— prostru'ta (trailing). 1. May. Germany.

satureiaifo'lia (Savory-leaved) . 1 .

July. S. Europe.

— refpens (creeping). White. September.

Europe. 1829-

— Ruthe'nica (Russian). 2. April. Russia. 1821.

— saxa'tilis (rock). £. June. Scotland.

— Schmi'dtii (Schmidt's). 1. June. Bohemia.

1820.

— aerpyllifo'Ka (Serpyllium-leaved). £. May.

Britain.
humifu'sa (low-spreading). £.

May. Europe.
negle'cta (neglected). |. May.

Britain.
quaterna'ta (four - leaved), i.

May. Europe.
• tene'lla (tender). J. May. Europe.

— seti'gera (bristled). £. May. Scotland.

— Sibi'rica (Siberian). 3. July. Dauria. 1779.

— spica't a (spiked). 1. August. England.

— spu'ria (spurious). 2. August. Siberia. 1731.

— Stephania'na (Stephan's). 1. June. Persia.

1821.

— stoloni'fera (runnered). June.

— Tau'rica (Taurian). £. June. Siberia.

1820.

— tene'lla (tender). £. May. France. 1820.

— tenuifo'lia (fine-leaved). £. June. Pyrenees.

1821.

— Teu'crium (Germander - leaved). 2. July.

Germany. 1596.

— Ticine'nsis (Ticin). August. Ticin. 1819.

— Tournfo'rtii (Tournefort's). $. May. France.

1824.

— trichoca'rpa (hairy - capsuled). £. June.

Levant. 1821.

— villo'sa (shaggy). l£. August. S.Europe.

1824.

— Vlrgi'nica (Virginian). 5. White. July.

Virginia. 1714.

incarna'ta (flesh-coloured). 5.

Flesh. July. Virginia. 1714.

— Wormskio'ldii (Wormskiold's). £. June.

Greenland. 1819-

VERTICO'RDIA. (Derivation not given.
Nat. ord., Fringe-Myrtles [Chamffilau-
ciacese]. Linn., W-Decandria 1-Mono-
f/ynia.)

Greenhouse evergreens, from Swan River
Cuttings of young shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April or May ; fibry loam and sandy
peat. Winter temp., 38° to 45°.

V. acero'sa (chuff y-leaved) . Yellow. April
1842.

— Bro'wnii (Brown's). 1. White. April. 1826

— densiflo'ra (dense-flowered). 'White. June

— Fontane'sii (Desfontaine's). 1. White. April

1826.

— helia'nthus (Sunflower). Yellow. May.

— insi'gnis (showy). Pink. April. 1839.

— penni'gera (feathery). Lilac. April. 1841.

— seti'gera (bristly). Lilac. May.

VESICA'BIA, (From vesica, a bladder

>r blister; inflated seed-pods. Nat.

rd., Critcifers [Brassicaceae]. Linn.,
15-Tetradynamia. Allied to Aubrefcia.)

All yellow-flowered. Seeds; division, and
cuttings of the young shoots, under a hand-
ight ; common soil.

HAEDY ANNUALS.
V. gra'tilis (slender). June. Texas. 1834.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). July. Texas.

1835.

— sinua'ta (indented-tea»ed). 1. May. Spain.

1598. Biennial.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
V. a'rctica (arctic), $. August. N.America.
1828.

— areno'sa (sandy). £. August. N.America.

1826.
Cre'tica (Cretan). J. July. Crete. 1739-

— Ludovicia'na (Ludovic's). June. Louisiana.

1825. Herbaceous.

— reticula'ta (netted). 1. May. S.Europe.

1700. Herbaceous.

Mfrieute'fo (bladdered). 1. May. Levant.
1730.

YE'STIA. (Named after Dr. Test,
a German. Nat. ord., Nightshades [So-
lanaceeB]. Linn., 5-Peniandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Cestrum.)

Greenhouse deciduous shrub. Cuttings of
half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass;
peat and loam. Winter temp., 40° to 48°.
V. lycioi'des (Boxthorn-like). 3. Yellow. June.
Chili. 1815.

VETCH. Vi'da.

VIBO'RGIA. (Named after E. Viborg,
a Danish botanist. Nat. ord., Legumi-
nous Plants [Fabacere]. Linn., IG-Mo-
nadelphia G-Decandria. Allied to Lod-
digesia.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, under a glass, in May ;
sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 40°
to 50°.
V. obcorda'ta (reversed-egg-/ea»erf). 2. July.

— seri'cea (silky). 3. July. 1810.
VIBU'RNUM. (From vieo, to tie ; use

of flexible shoots. Nat. ord., Gaprifoils
[Caprifoliacea], Linn., b-Psntandria
\}-Triciynia.')

White-flowered, unless otherwise mentioned.
Seeds, which should lie a season in the rot-
heap before sowing ; by layers ; and freely,
especially the evergreens, by cuttings in au-
tumn, in sandy soil, in a shady border, where
they may remain two years. The tender kinds
like a little peat or leaf-mould, and greenhouse
or stove treatment.

GREENHOUSE EVERGREENS.
V. mono'gynum (one-styled). Java.

— rvgo'sum (rough). 4, May. Canaries, 1796.

V1B

r 910 3

VIC

F. tinoi'des (Tinus-like). 4, S. America.
1820. Stove.

— tomento'sum (downy). 6. Japan.

— villo'sum (shaggy). 6. Jamaica. 1824.

HARDY EVERGREENS.
F. Awafu'ki (Awafuki). Japan. 1841.

— cassinoi'des (Cassine-like). 3. June. N.

America. l~6l.

— leeviga'tum (smoothed). 10. May. N.

America. 1724.

— Mulla'ha (Mullaha). Himalayas.
-—pygmce'a (pygmy). l£. Himalayas. 1841.

— Si ne'nse (Chinese). China. 1841.

— Ti'nus (Laurestine). 5. July. S. Europe.

1595.

hi'rtum (hairy), 5. July. S.Europe.
lu'cidum (shining). 10. August.

Algiers.

variega'tum (variegated).

10. August.

stri'ctum (erect). 6. August. S.

Europe.
variega'tum (variegated). 6.

August. S. Europe.
virga'tum (twiggy). 6. August.

Italy.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

V. acerifo'lium (Maple-leaved). 4, June. N.
America. 1736.

— cotinifo' Hum (Cotinus-leaved). 10. June.

Himalayah. 1830.

— Dahu'ricum (Dahurian). 2. June. Da-

huria. 1785.

— denta'tum (tooth-leaved). 5. June. N.

America. 1763.

— dilata'tum (swollen). 4. April. China. 1846.

— edu'le (eatable-/rm7erf). 12. May. N.

America. 1812.

— lanta'na (Wayfaring -tree). 10. May.

Britain.

— • fo'liis - variega'tis (variegated -

leaved). 10. May.

— . — — — grandifo'lium (large-leaved). 10.
June.

— lantanoi'des (Lantana-likc). 5, June, N.

America.

— lenta'go (Lentago). 8. July. Spain. 1761.

— macroce'phalum (large-headed). 20. China.

1844.

— mo'lle (soft). 6. May. N.America. 1812.

— ni'tidum (shining). 2. June. N, America.

1758.

— nw'dwm (naked). 8. June. N.America. 1/52.
squama'tum (scaly). 6. July. N.

America. 1822.
— . obova'tum (reversed-egg-/eai>ed), 2. April.

N.America. 1812.
puniclfo'lium (Punica-leaved). 2.

May. N. America. 1812.

— odorati'ssimum (sweetest-scented). 2. May.

China. 1818.

~ O'pulus (Guelder-Rose). 10. July. Britain.
fo'liis variega'tis (variegated-leaved).

June.

na'num (dwarf). £.

ste'rile (barren). July.

— orienta'le (eastern). 10. May. Caucasus.

1827.

— oxyco'ccus (Cranberry-like), 12. June. N,

America*

F. oxyco'ccus mo'llis (soft). 10. July. N.Ame-.
rica. 1841.

subintegrifo'lium (nearly - entire-
leaved). 10. July. Columbia.

— plica'tum (plaited-teaw«f). 10. May. China.

1846.

— prunifo'lium (Plum-leaved). 8. May. N.

America. 1731.

— pube'scens (downy). 3. June. N. Ame-

rica. 1736.

— pyrifo'lium (Pear-leaved). 6. June. N.

America. 1812.

VfciA. Vetch. (From vindo^ to
bind; referring to the tendrils clasping.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Faba.-
cese]. Linn., 17-Diafalphia 4>-Decan-
dria.)

Purple-flowered climbers, unless otherwise
mentioned. Annuals, seeds ; perennials, seeds
and divisions ; good garden soil.

HAKDY ANNUALS.

A. atropurpu'rea (dark - purple). 3. June.
Algiers. 1815.

— bie'nnis (biennial). 2. August. Siberia.

1753.

— calcara'ta (spurred). 2. Red, blue. July.

Barbary. 1790.

— gla'bra (smooth). 2. July. Switzerland.

1819.

— grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 1. Yellow.

July. S. Europe. 1818.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). l£. Yellow. July, Si-

beria, isig.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 1$. Yellow. July.

England.

— longifo'lin (lonpr-leaved). 2. Cream. July.

Syria. 1818.

— Nusqui'nez (Nusquinez). li. July. Europe.

1818.

— Narbone'nsis (Narbonne) . 3. July. France.

1590.

— Nissolia'na (Nissole's). 3. July. Levant.

1773.

— Panno'nica (Pannonian). l£. White. June.

Hungary. 1636.

— peregri'na (rambling). l£. July, S. Eu-

rope. 1779.

— j9seM'do-cra'cca(Bastard-Cracca). 2. Yellow.

June. S. Europe. 1820.

— puncta'ta (dotted). July. Switzerland. 1819.

— sati'va (cultivated. Tare). 3. May. Britain.

— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). 3. June. Hun-

gary. 1723.

— stria'ta (channelled). 1$. July. Tauria. 1723.

— Syri'aca (Syrian). 2. June. Syria. 1816.

— Thou'ini (Thouin's). 2. June. Europe. 1800.

— trichoca'lyx (hairy-calyxed). White. June.

Sardinia. 1836.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered). 2. July. Italy.

1820.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 3. June. Germany. 1815.

HARDY HERBACEOUS.

V. abbrenia'ta (short-flower-stalked). 2. Pale
blue. June. Caucasus. 1818.

— alti'ssima (tallest). 3. Pale blue. August.

Barbary. 1 820.

— America'na (American. Wood). 8. White.

June. North America, 1800,

VIC

C on]

VIL

V, amce'na (pleasing). 2. June. Siberia. 1818.

— Bithy'nicu (Bithynian). July. Britain.

— Bivo'nii (Bivoni's). Rose. July. Sicily. 1828.

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 1. July. Cape of Good

Hope. 1802.

— Carolinia'na (Carolina. Tufted). 2. White.

June. Carolina. 1820.

— Cassu'bicu (Cassubian). 3. Light blue. July.

Germany. 1/11.

— Cra'cca (Cracca. Tufted}. 2. July. Britain.
— • flo'ribus-a'lbis (white-flowered). 2.

White. July.
-flo'ribus-ru'bris (red-flowered). 2.

Red. July.

— denta'ta (toothed). 4. July. Siberia. 1819.

— dumeto'rum (hedge). 3. July. France. 1752.

— Gera'rdi (Gerard's). 2. July. S. Europe.

1810.

— laeviga'ta (smooth-podded). l£. Pale yellow.

May. England.

— onobrychioi'des (Saintfoin-like). 1. June.

South Europe. 1759.

— pellu'cida (transparent). 1. July. Cape of

Good Hope. 17/3. Greenhouse.

— pere'nnis (everlasting). 3. June. South

Europe.

— pisifo'rmis (Pea-shaped). 2. Cream. July.

Austria. 1739.

— polyphy'lla (many-leaved). 2. July. Algiers.

1816.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 1. May. Pyrenees.

1818.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). l£. July. Ger-

many. 1799.

— variega'ta (variegated). S.June. Caucasus.

1816.

VICTO'KIA. (Named after Her Ma-
jesty Queen Victoria. Nat. orcl., Water-
lilies [Nymphseacese]. Linn., 13-Poly-
andria l-Monoc/ynia. Alliance between
Euryale and Nymphsea.)

Stove herbaceous aquatic. Generally byseeds,
sown in strong peat, and planted out in a reser-
voir of heated water as soon as germinated.
From the size of the leaves, the tank must be
twenty-five feet in diameter ; and if the water
is moved, or is being constantly furnished with
a fresh supply, the plants will thrive all the
better. At Messrs. Weeks', in the King's-
road, it has been bloomed successfully jn the
open air in a tank, the water of which was
heated to 80° by hot water pipes. x

V. re'gia (royal). Rosy-white. Autumn. Ama-
zons. 1836.

VIEUSSEU'XIA. (Named after M.
Vieusseux, a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridaceee]. Linn., 3-Triandria
\-Monogynia. Allied to Ixia.)

Bulbs, from the Cape of Good Hope, requir-
ing the same treatment as Ixias.
V. Bellende'ni (Bellenden's). 1. Yellow. June,

1803.
— fu'gax (transient). 1. Purple. June. 1825.

— glauco'pis (grey-eyed). 1. Red, brown.

June. 1776.

— lu'rida (lurid). 1. Crimson. June. 1817.
t—pavoni'na (Peacock). 1. Red, blue. May.

1790,

V. spira'lis (spiral). 1. White. May. 1824,

— te'nuis (slender). 1. Purple. May. 1807.

— trlcu'spis (three-pointed). 1. Green. May,

1776.

— tripetaloi'des (three-petaled-like) . 1. Violet.

June. 1802.

— unguicula'ris (soft-clawed). 1. Variegated.

June, 1802.

— villo'sa (shaggy). 1. Purple. July. 1789.

VI'GNA. (Named after D. Vigni, a
commentator on Theophrastus. Nat.
ord., Leguminous Plants [Fahaceee].
Linn., I7-Diadelphia k-Decandria. Al-
lied to Dolichos.)

Hardy, yellow-flowered, climbing annuals.
Seeds, in a slight hotbed, in March, and after-
wards planted out in the beginning of May, or
sown in the end of April, in sandy light soil.
V. gla'bra (smooth). 4. July. North Ame-
rica. 1685.

— villo'sa (shaggy). July. Chili. 1826.

VIGUIE'EA. (Named after L. G. A.
Viguier, a French botanist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [Asteracese], Linn., 19-
Syngenesia 3-Frustranea. Allied to the
Sunflower.)

Stove, yellow-flowered, herbaceous peren-
nials. Divisions in spring, and cuttings of
young shoots as fresh growth commences, in
sandy soil in a hotbed, in March ; sandy peat
and fibry loam. Winter temp., 50° to 55°;
summer, 60° to 75°.
V. denta'ta (toothed). 3. July. Mexico. 1826.

— helianthoi'des (Sunflower-like). 3. July.

Cuba. 1825.

— prostra'ta (lying-flat). July. N. America.

1800. Hardy.

VILLA'RSIA. (Named after Villars,
a French botanist. Nat. ord., Gentian-
worts [G-entianaceee]. Linn., 5-Pen-
tandria l-Monogynia.)

Yellow-flowered, where not otherwise stated.
Divisions and seeds in spring. The most of
them must be treated as aquatics, either planted
in pans or tubs, or potted and set in large
saucers, and coaxed with stove or greenhouse
treatment. The hardiest like the protection
of the latter, though they may stand frequently
in the open air.

HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS.
V. gemina'ta (twin-flower-stalked). June. N.
Holland. 1828.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 1. June. N.Hol-

land. 1806.

— Si'msii (Sims's). July. Nepaul. 17Q2.

HERBACEOUS AQUATICS.
V. Chile'mis (Chilian). 1. June. Chili. 1832.

— I'ndica (Indian). White. July. C. of G.

Hope. 1/92.

— lacunosa (pitted). 2. White. June. N.

America. 1812.

— nymphoi'des (Water- Lily-like). 2. June*

England.

VIL

VIO

V. ova'ta (egg.leaved). June, C. of G, Hope.
1786.

— Parnassifo'lia (Parnassia-leaved). 2. Au-

gust. N. S. Wales. 1825.

— renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved). 1. July. N.

Holland. 1820.

VILMOEI'NIA. (Named after M. Vil-
morin, a celebrated French nurseryman.
Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants [Fabaceae].
Linn., ll-Diadelphia k-Decandria.}

Stove evergreen. Seeds, soaked in warm
water, and sown in a hotbed in spring ; also
cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under
a bell-glass, in April, and in bottom-heat;
sandy peat and fibry loam. Winter temp.,
55° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
V. multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 6. Purple.
W.Indies. 1826.

VIMINA'EIA. Bush Broom. (From
vimen, a twig; the twiggy leafless
branches. Nat. ord., Leguminous Plants
[Fabaceas]. Linn., 10-Decandria 1-
Monogynia. Allied to Daviesia.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in sand, under a bell-glass, in April ; also by
seeds, in a gentle hotbed ; loam and peat.
Winter temp., 40° to 45°.
V. denuda'ta (stripped). 3. August. 1780.

— lateriflo'ra (side-flowering). 3. July. 1824.

VI'NCA. Periwinkle. (From vlnculum,
a band; the tough long shoots. Nat.
ord., Dogbanes [Apocynaceffi]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria \-Monogynia.)

Evergreens. Division of the plant, in spring ;
or cuttings of the shoots, in a shady border,
in spring or autumn; these make beautiful
green carpeting under trees, where scarcely
anything else would grow, and nourish in al-
most any soil. Some require the stove.
V. herba'cea (herbaceous). 1^. Purple. June.
Hungary. 1816.

— ma'jor (greater). 2. Purple. August.

England.

variega'ta (variegated). 2. Blue,

July. England.

— mi'nor (lesser). 1. Blue. August. Britain.

— pusi'lla (small-flowered). %. Blue. August.

Tranquebar. 1778. Stove annual.

— ro'sea (rosy). 1. Rose coloured. May. E.

Indies. 1776. Stove.
a'lba (white). 1. White. June. E.

Indies. Stove.
ocella'ta (red-eyed). 1. White, red.

June. E. Indies. Stove.

VINE. Vi'tis vini'fora. See Grape
Vine.

VINE BOWEE. Cle'matis Viticc'lla.

VINE LEEK. A' Ilium ampelo'prasum.

VIO'LA. The Violet. (The Latin
name. Nat. ord., Violetworts [Viola-
cese]. Linn., b-Pentandria \-Mono-
gynia.)

Blue-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned .
By seeds, divisions, and cuttings under a bell-
glass or handlight ; mostly in rich light soil,
with a portion of peat.

GREENHOUSE PERENNIALS.
V. arbore'scens (tree-like) . li. May. Spain.
1779.

— betoniccefo'lia (Betony-leaved). \. August.

New Holland. 1820.

— ccespito'sa (tufted). $. Violet. March.

Nepaul. 1825.

— decu'mbens (lying-down). $. June. Cape

of Good Hope. 1819.

— hedera'cea (Ivy-leaved). £. July. New

Holland. 1823.

— liu'milis (lowly). £. White. May. Mexico.

1824.

— Palme':isis (Palma). 1. Purple. May.

South Europe. 1836.

— pygmee'a (pigmy). £. August. Peru. 1822.

— renifo'rmis (kidney-leaved), i. July. New

Holland. 1823.

HAEDY PERENNIALS.

V. affi'nis (related). April. N. America. 1802.

— Alleghane'nsis (Alleghany). $. May. N.

America. 1824.

— Alpi'na (Alpine). £. Purple. June.

Austria. 1823.

— Alta'ica (Altaic). £. Dark purple. May.

Siberia. 1808.

purpu'rea (purple). £. Purple.

May. Siberia. 1810.

— ambi'gua (doubtful). £. May. Hungary.

1823.

— amoe'na (pleasing). 3. Purple. June.

— arena'ria (sand). June. France. 1823.

— asarifo'lia (Asarum-leaved). £. May. N.

America. 1820.

— a'spera (rough). £. Pale yellow. May.

Nepaul. 1824.

— attenu'ata (attenuated). &. White. July.

N.America. 1759.

— Banna'tica (Hungarian). £. Yellow, purple.

August. Germany. 1820. Annual.

— bi'color (two-coloured). $. White. May.

N. America. 1818. Annual.

— biflo'ra (two-flowered). $. Yellow. June.

Alp. Europe. 1752.

— bla'nda (charming). $. White. May. N.

America. 1803.

— calcara'ta (spurred). £. May. Switzer-

land. 1752.

— campe'atris (field). £. Purple. April.

Tauria. 1824.

— Canade'nsis (Canadian). £. White. May.

N.America. 1783,

— • di'scolor (two - coloured). <|.

Blue, white. June. N.America. 1783.

— cani'na (dog's). %. May. Britain.

>— Ceni'sia (Mount Cenis). ^. June. Mount
Cenis. 1759.

— clandesti'na (clandestine). 4> Brown. April.

Pennsylvania. 1800.

— colli'na (hill). £. May. Poland. 1822.

— co 'ncolor (self-coloured). 1. Green. June.

N. America. 1788.

— cornu'ta (horned) . £. May. Pyrenees. 1776'

— cuculla'ta (hooded). ^. May. N. America.

1762.

VIO

[ 913 ]

VIO

V. <factytoi'<fes(Dactylis-like), 4- May. Siberia.
1820.

— de1 bills (weak). 4. April. N. America. 1820.

— declina'ta (turned- aside). 4. June. Pan-

nonia. 1818.

— digita'ta (finger- leaved). 4. June. Virginia.

— disse'cta (jagged-feawed). Violet. Altaia.

— emargina'ta (notch - ended). May. N.

America.

— epipae'la (naked-above). 4. Yellow. Li-

vonia. 1822.

— • erioca'rpa (woolly -fruited). 4. Yellow.
June. N. America. 1823.

— flabellifo'lia (fan-leaved), 4. June. N.

America. 1823.

—flavico'rnis (yellow-horned). 4. Yellow,
blue. June. Britain.

— glau'ca (milky- green). 4. May. Poland.

1822.

— Gmelinia'na (Gmelin's). 4. May. Siberia.

1820.

— gra'cilis (slender). 4. Purple. June.

Greece. 1817.

— grandiflo'ra (large- flowered). 4- Yellow.

July. Switzerland.

— hasta'ta (halbert-/eai>ed). 4. Yellow. May.

Carolina. 1823.

— hirsu'ta (hairy). 4- May. Bohemia. 1820.

— hi'rta (hairy). 4. Greyish. May. England.

— Japo'nica (Japan). 4. May. Japan. 1818.

— Kitaibelia'na (Kitaibel's). Yellow. April.

Switzerland. 1824. Annual.

— Kro'ckeri (Kroker's). 4. Pale red. May.

Siberia. 1820.

— la'ctea (milky). 4- Crimson. May. Eng-

land.

— lanceola'ta (spear-leaved). 4- White. June.

North America. 1759.

— Langsdo'rfti (LangsdorP s). 4. June. Si-

beria. 1823.

— lu'tea (yellow). 4- Yellow. June. Britain.

— mira' bills (wonderful). 4. July. Germany.

1732.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. May. Alps. 1683.
stri'cta (erect). Cream. May.

England. 1819.

— negle'cta (neglected). 4. May. Crimea. 1817.

— nummularifo'lia (Moneywort - leaved). 4-

May. S. France. 1820.

— Nutta'llii (Nuttal's). 4. Yellow. May.

Missouri. 1812.

— obli'qua (twisted-cowered). 4- Yellow, blue.

May. N. America. 1762.

— ochroleu'ca (yellowish- white). 4- Cream.

May. N. America. 1800.

— occu'lta (hidden). £. Veiny. June. 1832.

Annual.

— odora'tu (sweet-scented. Common), 4« Pur-

ple. June. Britain.

a'lba (white-ytowred). 4. White.

April. Britain.

— orea'des (Oreads). 4- Purple. June. Tauria.

1818.

— • ova'ta (egg-leaved). 4- May. N.America.
1783.

— pa27na'm(palm). 4- Yellow. June. Nepaul.

1824.

— palma'ta (hand-leaved). 4- May. N.

America. 1752.

variega'ta (variegated). 4. Purple,

white. June. N. America.

— pahi'stris (marsh). 4. May. Britain.

58

F. palu'stns Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian).

4. June. N. America.

— papiliona'cea (butterfly). 4. May. N.

America. 1800.

Patri'nii (Patrin's\ June.

Siberia. 1822.

— peda'ta (doubly -lobed). 4. May. N.

America. 1759-
flabella'ta (fun-leaved). J. May.

Georgia.
ranunculifo'lia (Ranunculus-leaved).

4- Whitish. June. N.America. 1818.

— pedati'fida (lobe-cleft). 4- June. N.Ame-

rica. 1826.

— Pennsylva'nica (Pennsylvanian). Yellow.

June. 1772.

— persicifo'lia( Peach-leaved). 1. Cream. June.

Germany. 1817.

— pinna'ta (leafleted). 4. Violet. June.

5. Europe. 1752.

— prcemo'rsa (bitten-roo#ed). 4. Yellow. May.

Columbia. 1828.

— primulcefo'lia (Primrose-leaved). 4- June.

Carolina. 1783.

— prostra'ta (prostrate). 4- Cream. June.

Teneriffe. 1824.

— pube'scens (downy). 4- Yellow. June. N.

America. 1772.

— pu'mila (dwarf). £. May. France. 1818.
ericeto'rum (heath). May, Germany.

1826.

lancifo'lia (spear-leaved). May. Ger-
many.

— littora'lis (shore). June. Baltic.

— Pyrena'ica (Pyrenean). 4- May. Pyrenees.

1817.

— ra'dicans (rooting). 4. June. Carolina. 1823.

— Rothomage'nsis (Rouen). 4. July. France.

1781.

— rotundifo'lla (round-leaved). 4. Pale yel-

low. May. N. America. 1800.

— Ru'ppii (Ruppius's). 4. May. Italy. 1822.

— sagitta'ta (arrow -leaved} . 4. White, blue.

July. N. America. 1775.

— sarmento'sa (twiggy). 4. June. Caucasus.

1824.

— Schmidtia'na (Schmidt's). 4. May. Austria.

1821.

— Selki'rkil (Selkirk's). 4. June. N.America.

1822.

— stria! ta (streaked). 4. Striped. June. N.

America. 1772.

— sua'vis (sweet). 4. June. Ukraine. 1823.

— Sude'tica(S\iAetic). 4. Yellow. Germany. 1805.

— sylve'stris (wood), j. May. Hungary. 1826,

— tri 'color (three-coloured. Pansey). 4. Yel-

low, purple. August. Britain.

arve'nsis (corn-field). 4. Yellow,

purple. June. Britain.
e'legans (elegant). 4. Veiny. Sum-
mer. Altai. 1832.

hi'rta (hairy). June. Pannonia. 1820.

— Mparti'ta (three-parted). 4. Yellow. June.

N. America. 1823.

— uligino'sa (swamp). 4- Purple. April.

Carinthia. 1823.

— uniflo'ra (one-flowered), 4. Yellow. June.

Siberia. 1/74.

— valde'ria (Valderian). £. Purple. May.

Mount Cenis. 175Q.

— vrtriega'ta (variegated). 4. Pale violet.

May. Dahuria. 1817-

3N

Y10

[ 014 ]

YIS

V. Villarsla'na (Villars's). \. June. Vallesia.
— Zo'ysii (Zoys's). &. Yellow. August. Ca-
rinthia.

VIOLETS FORCING. To obtain Neapo-
litan Triolets in whiter, select a warm,
sheltered corner ; cast out trenches a
foot deep and five feet wide into the
alleys, and make a turf wall all round
to the desired height, for holding about
fifteen or eighteen inches of leaves,
rubbish-heap refuse, or any fermenting
materials likely to afford a little bottom-
heat, upon which place about eight or
nine inches of rich, open soil. The
width regulate by any lights to be
spared for a time, or thatched hurdles,
or other protectors. The plants take
up from the store plantation carefully,
with balls of earth to their roots, and
plant from ten to twelve inches apart
each way, first clearing them of any
side-shoots or suckers ; afterwards keep
clear of dead leaves, etc., well surface-
stir, and never allow to get dry. No
lights or protection are to be placed
over them until frosty nights set in, or
very heavy rains; then, at all times,
tilt on both sides, with abundance of
air, if the weather is not too severe.
By such treatment the foliage is always
large, thick, and of a beautiful dark
green, the flowers abundant, and large.
No side-runners are to be allowed to
run until April, at which time they are
to be encouraged to grow ; and open,
sandy, rich soil sifted amongst them,
and kept well watered, to encourage
them to root freely. A partially-shaded
piece of good ground is then to be
chosen in the month of May, and the
Violets then forked up, old and young
altogether, and the best of the young
plants selected and planted out, a foot
apart each way, singly. They are to
be kept well surface-stirred all the
summer, and by October they will be
fine plants to take up as above described.
Russian Violets— Single White, Double
White, Double Blue, and other hardy
varieties — grow in a similar way, with
regard to planting out the young run-
ners and summer treatment, and they
are also to be carefully taken up in
October ; some placed in turf-pits, with
gentle bottom-heat, and some without
bottom-heat, and a quantity planted on

sloping banks. By this simple con-
trivance abundance of luxuriant flowers
are kept in succession from September
till May. Every variety is kept clear
from side-shoots or runners all the
summer. All the varieties are parti-
cularly fond of charred articles mixed
with the soil.

VIPER'S BUGLOSS. E'chiitm.

VIPER'S GRASS. Scorzone'ra.

VIRGI'LIA. (Named after Virgil, the
Eoman poet. Nat. ord.. Leguminous
Plants [Fabacea)]. Linn., IQ-Decandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Sophora.)

Greenhouse, yellow-flowered evergreens, from
the Cape of Good Hope, where not otherwise
specified. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in
sand, under a glass, in April ; sandy loam and
fibry peat. Lutea is generally propagated by
layers in spring and autumn.
V, au'rea (golden). 6. July. Abyssinia. 1777-

— Cape'nsis (Cape). 2. Purple, white. July.

1767.
j — intru'sa (intruded). 8. July. 1790.

— lu'tea (yellow). 15. July. N. America.

1812. Hardy deciduous.

— robinioi'des (Robinia-like) . 8. August. 1818.

— sylva'tica (wood). 4. August. 1816.

VIRGINIAN CREEPER. Ampelo'psis
hedera'cea.

VIRGINIAN POKE. Phytola'cca deca'n-
dra.

VIRGIN'S BOWER. Cle'matis Vitice'lla.

VISCA'RIA. Kock Lychnis. (From
viscus, bird-lime ; the glutinous stems.
Nat. ord., Clovcworts [Caryophyllacese].
Linn., 10-Decandria 5-Decagynia. Al-
lied to Catchfly.)

Seeds, in open border, in April ; or in a
sheltered, dry place, in September ; perennials
by seeds and divisions ; dry garden soil.
Lychnis Alpina and helvetica have been added
to this genus.

HARDY PERENNIALS.
V. negle'ctu (neglected), f. White. May. 1807.

— Sue'cica (Swedish). £. Pink. June. Sweden.

1824.

HAKDY ANNUALS,
V, cee'liro'sa (Rose-of-Heaven). 1, Rose. June.

Mexico. 1843.
•— gra'cilig (slender) . Yellow. June. Texas.

1834.
— • grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). Yellow. July.

Texas. 1835.
'-ocula'ta (dark-eyed). 2. Pink, July.

Algiers. 1843.

VI'SCTTK. Mistletoe. (From viscus,
bird-lime ; the berries contain a viscid
matter like bird-lime. Nat. ord., Lo-
ranths [Loranthacese], Linn., 22*
Dicecia 4t-Penta,ndria.)

VIS

[ 915 j

VOY

The Mistletoe thrives best on the thorn and
the apple. The seed, in early spring, should
be squeezed from the berries into crannies of
the bark underneath a branch, or slits be made
on purpose in the bark.
V. a'lbum (white). 2. Green. May. England.

VI'SMIA. (Named after M. Visme, a
Lisbon Merchant. Nat. ord., Tutsans
[Hypericaceee]. Linn., 18-Polyadelphia
2-Polyandria.}

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of firmish side-shoots, in sand, in May, under
a bell-glass, and placed in bottom -heat ; sandy
peat, fibry loam, and a little rough charcoal.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer. 60° to 85°.
V. Brazilie'nsis (Brazilian. Wax- tree) , 8.
August. Brazil. 1824.

— gla'bra (smooth). 10. Red. July. South

America. 1824.

— Guiane'nsis (Guianan. Wax-tree). 8. Au-

gust. Guiana. 1824.

— sessilifo'lia (stalkless-leaved). May. Guiana.

1826.

VI'TEX. Chaste Tree. (From vieo,
to bind; the flexible branches. Nat.
ord., Verbcnes [ Verbenacese] . Linn.,
l±-Didynamia 2-Angiospcrmia.)

Purple - flowered, except where otherwise
stated. The hardy by cuttings, under a hand-
glass, in a shady border, in autumn ; or in a
sheltered place without the hand-glass. The
others require greenhouse and stove treatment,
and are easily propagated by cuttings, under a
bell-glass ; the stove species in a little bottom-
heat ; sandy loam and a little peat.
HAEDY DECIDUOUS.

V. A'gnus-Ca'stus (Chaste - Lamb - tree). 6.
White, blue. Sicily. 1570.

latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6. White,

blue. September. Sicily. 1570.
STOVE EVERGREENS.

V. ala'ta (winged). 10. September. E.Indies.
1820.

— alti'ssima (tallest). 8. Ceylon. 1810,

— arbo'rea (tree). SO.

— bi'color (two-coloured). 4. E.Indies. 1810.

— bignonioi'des (Bignonia-like). Blue. Ca-

raccas. 1826.

— capita'ta (headed). Blue, June. Tiinidad.

1822.

— Donia'na (Don's). Sierra Leone. 1824.

— gigante'a (gigantic). Guayaquil. 1826.

— heterophy'Ua (various . leaved). Blue. E.

Indies. 1820.

— inci'sa (cut-leaved). 4. August. China,

1758. Greenhouse.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved), Blue. July, E.

Indies, 1820,

— Leuco'xylon (white-wooded), 4, Ceylon,

1793.

— 2VcgM'ndo(Negundo), 4, E.Indies, 1812,

— ot?a7a(egR-/eaued), 4, July, China. 1796,

— saii'gna (Willow-/eat>ed), Blue, July, E,

Indies, 1823.

— triflo'ra (three-flowered), 6, Cayenne, 1819,

— trifo'lia (three-leaved), 4, E. Indies. 1759,

— umbro'sa (shady), 30, Jamaica, 1823,

VI'TIS. The Vine. (From the Celtic
(jivyd, pronounced vtd, best of trees.
Nat. ord., Vlneworts [Vitacese]. Linn.,
~)-Pentandria l-Monoyynia.}

Hardy deciduous, all but one green-flowered.
Few are worth growing except vinifera and its
varieties; the other species are viewed chiefly
in this country as botanical curiosities. All
are propagated by cuttings and buds of the
ripe wood, layers, and by grafting and inarching.
Soil for all, a rich open loam. See Grape
Vine.
V. bla'nda (mild). May. N. America.

— heterophy'Ua (various-leaved). 10. Blue.

Japan. 1820.

— parvifo'lia (small-leaved). Himalaya. 1841.

— ripu'ria (river-bank). 20. May. N.America.

1826.

— vini'fera (wine-bearing). 30. June.
apiifo'lia (Parsley - leaved). 20.

June. 1648.

— Walli'chii (Wallich's). Nepaul. 1818.

VITTA'RIA. (From vitta, a riband;
shape of fronds. Nat. ord., Ferns
[PolypodiaceaB]. Linn., 2±-Crypto(jamia
1-FUices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.
V. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). Malacca.

— elonga'ta (elongated). South America.

— ensifo'rmis (sword-shaped). May. Brazil.

— graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). 1. July. Brazil.

1820.

— linea'ta (lined). 2. August. South America.

1793.

— zosterifo'lia (Zostera-leaved). S. America.

VIVIA'NIA. (Named after Dr. Vivlani,
a Swiss botanist. Nat. ord., Vivianiads
[Vivianiacefle]. Linn., IQ-Decandria 3-
Triyynia.)

Greenhouse, Chilian evergreens. Cuttings of
young shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, in
May; sandy loam and fibry peat. Winter
temp., 45° to 50° 5 summer, 60° to 70°.
V. grandiflo'ra (large-flowered). 2, Bed, July.
1832.

— marifo'lia (Marura-leaved). 2. Red. July.

1832.

— parviflo'ra (small-flowered). 2. White. July,

1832.

VOLKAME'RIA. The following are to
be added to Clethra.

C. aculea'ta (prickly). 4. White. September.
West Indies. 1739- Stove evergreen.

— Japo'nica (Japan). 50. Purple. Japan, 1820.

Greenhouse evergreen.
VO'YRA, (Guianan name. Nat. ord.,
i Gentianworts [Gentianacese]. Linn,,
j 5-Pentandria l-Monoyynia,)

Stove herbaceous perennials. Seeds, and
i divisions in spring $ sandy loam, with decayed
1 vegetable mould, or a little peat, Winter temp.,

50s to 55° ; summer, 60° to 80°,
I V, catru'lea (blue), Blue, June, Trinidad, 1324*

VOY

C 916 ]

WAL

F. vo'sea (rosy). Red. July, Guiana, 1822.

— imiflo'ra (one-flowered). Yellow. June.

West Indies. 1824.

VRIE'SIA. ( Named after Dr. de Vriese,
a Dutch botanist. Nat. ord., Bromcl-
worls [Bromeliacese]. Linn., 6- Hex-
andria \-Monogynia. Allied to Pit-
cairnia.)

Stove evergreens ; for culture see Pitcairnia.
V. glaucophy'lla (milky -green- leaved). 1$.
Purple, white. September. Sta Martha.
1847.

— psittaci'na (Parrot-like-Jlowered). 2. Scarlet.

July. Rio Janeiro. 1826.

— specio'sa (showy). 14. White. March. 1847.

W.

WACHENDO'RFIA. (Named after E.
J. Wachendorf, a Dutch botanist. Nat.
ord., Lilyworts [Liliacese]. Linn., :'•-
Triandria \-MonogyniaS)

Greenhouse, Cape of Good Hope, bulbs;
yellow-flowered, except where otherwise men-
tioned, and requiring the same treatment as
the larger Ixias. They bloom in April.
W. brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Purple. i;p5.

— Breynia'na (Breynin's). 1. 1825.

— grami'nea (Grass-leaved)* 1 .

— Hibbe'rtii (Hibbert's). 2. 1823.

— hirsu'ta (hairy), l£. Violet. 1687.

— panicula'ta (panicled). 2. 1700.

— tene'lla (tender), i. 1816.

— thyrsiflo'ru (thyrse-flowered). 2. May. 1759.
WAHLENBE'RGIA. (Named after Dr.

Wahlenberg, author of "Flora Lappo-
nica." Nat. ord., Bellworts [Campanu-
lace£e]. Linn., ft-Pentandria l-Mono-
gynia.)

All are blue-flowered, except when otherwise
mentioned. Seeds, under a glass in the begin-
ning of April, and planted out in the end of
May; division of perennials, and cuttings of
the young shoots in the beginning of summer,
under a handlight ; sandy peat and loam, and a
cool, moist situation.

GEEENHOUSE ANNUALS, &C.

W. capilla'ris (h&ii-leaved) . May. N. Holland.
1824. Biennial.

— ce'rnua (drooping). Blue, white. July.

C. of G.Hope. 1804. Biennial.

— dehi'scens (gaping). White/ June. Bengal.

1H18.

— gra'cilis (slender). April. N.S.Wales.

1/94. Biennial.

— littora'lin (sea-shore). April. VanDiemen's

Land. 1820. Biennial.

HARDY PERENNIALS.
W. arva'tica (Arvatian). May. Spain. 1825.

— cupilla'cea (hair-like-fe«ued). White. May.

C. of G.Hope. 1822.

— grand iflo'ra (large - flowered).- 1. July.

Siberia. 1782.

W. Kitaibe'lii (Kitaibel's). Violet. June.
Hungary. 1823.

— re'pens (creeping). $. White. July. 1830.

HARDY ANNUALS.

W. Cape'nsis (Cape). July. 1819-

— diffu'sa (spreading). June. C. of G. Hope.

1787-

— diversifo'lia (various-leaved). July. C. of

G. Hope. 1822.

— fle'xiUs( bending). May. C. of G. Hope.

1836.

— hispi'dula (bristly). Blue, white. June.

C. of G.Hope. 1816.

— linea'ris (narrow -leaved). White. July.

C. of G. Hope. 1822.

— lobelioi'des (Lobelia-like). Pale red. July.

Madeira. 1777-

— nutabu'nda (much-drooping). White. July.

Calabria. 1830.

— procu'mbens (lying-down). July. C. of G.

Hope. 1824.

WALDSTE'INIA. (Named after F. von
Waldstein, a German botanist. Nat,
ord., Eoseworts [Eosaceee]. Linn., 12-
Icosandria \-Monogynla. Allied to
Geum.)

Hardy herbaceous perennial. For culture see
Geum.

W, geoi'des (Avens-like). f. Yellow. June.
Hungary. 1804.

WALKE'RA. (Named after Dr. B.
Walker, founder of the Cambridge bo-
tanic garden. Nat. ord., Ochnads [Och-
nacese]. Linn., f> Penlandria i-Mono-
gynia.)

Stove, yellow-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots, or firm side-shoots, in
sand, under a bell-glass, in the beginning of
April; sandy loam and peat. Winter temp.,
50° to 60° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
W. integrifo'lia (entire-leaved). 12. Guiana.

— serra'ta (ssw-leaved) , 12. Malabar. 1824.

WALKS. See Concrete and Gravel.

WALL CRESS. A'rabis.

WALL-FLOWER. Chelra 'nth us.

WALLS are usually built in pannels,
from fifteen to thirty feet in length, one
brick thick, with pillars at these specified
distances, for the sake of adding to their
strength, and the foundation a brick-
and-a-half thick. The plan of Mr. Sil-
verlock, of Chichester, is worthy of
adoption, since, if well constructed, it is
equally durable, and saves one-third of
the expense. Walls so constructed are
stated to become dry after rain much
more rapidly than a solid wall of the
same or any other thickness, and there
appears not a shadow of a reason why
they should not ripen fruit equally
well. He forms the wall hollow, nine

WAL

[ 917 ]

WAT

inches in breadth, by placing the bricks
edgewise so as to form two facings, they
are laid in good mortar, and the joints
carefully finished. They are placed
alternately with their faces and ends to
the outsides, so that every second brick
is a tie, and in each succeeding course
a brick with its end outwards is placed
on the centre of one laid lengthwise on
either side. The top of the wall must
be covered with a coping of stone or
bricks projecting eight inches. It is
strengthened at every twenty feet by
piers of fourteen -inch work, built in the
same manner, with bricks laid on edge.

In every instance a wall should never
be lower than eight feet. The thick-
ness usually varies with the height of
the wall — being nine inches, if it is not
higher than eight feet ; thirteen-and-a-
half inches, if above eight and under
fourteen feet; and eighteen inches,
from fourteen up to twenty feet.

Inclined or Sloping Watts have been
recommended, but have always failed
in practice. It is quite true that they
receive the sun's rays at a favourable
angle, but they retain wet, and become
so much colder by radiation at night
than perpendicular walls, that they are
found to be unfavourable to the ripen-
ing of fruit.

The Flued-ivall or Hot- wall is gene-
rally built entirely of brick, though
where stone is abundant and more eco-
nomical the back or north side may be
of that material. A flued wall may be
termed a hollow wall, in which the
vacuity is thrown into compartments
a a a a, to facilitate the circulation of
smoke and heat, from the base or sur-
face of the ground, to within one or
two feet of the coping. Such walls are
generally arranged with hooks inserted
under the coping, to admit of fast-
ening some description of protecting
covers, and sometimes for temporary
glass frames. A length of forty feet,
and from ten to fifteen high, may be
heated by one fire, the furnace of
which, &, being placed one or two feet
below the surface of the ground, the
first course, or flue, c, will commence
one foot above it, and be two feet six
inches, or three feet high, and the
second, third, and fourth courses, d, e,f,

narrower as they ascend. The thick-
ness of that side of the flue, next the

south or preferable side, should for the
first course, be four inches or brick and
bed, and for the other courses, it were
desirable to have bricks cast in a smaller
mould : say for the second course three,
for the third two - and - three - quarters,
and for the fourth two-and-a-half inches
in breadth. This will give an oppor-
tunity of bevelling the wall, and the
bricks being all of the same thickness,
though of different widths, the exter-
nal appearance will be everywhere the
same. — Enc. Gard.

WALNUT. Ju'glans.

WARDIAN CASE. See Glass Case.

WA'BREA. (Named after F. Warrc,
a botanical collector. Nat. ord., Orchids
[Orchidace&3]. Linn., "20-Gynandria 1-
Monandria. Allied to Grobya.)

Stove orchids grown in baskets. See Orchids.

W. bidenta'ta (two-toothed-fr>/?ed). Purple,

Avhite. September. Caraccas. 1843.

— cya'nea (\Aw-lipped). 1. White, blue.

August. Columbia. 1843.

— rubc'scens (reddish). Red. April. Brazil.

1838.

— tri'color (three-coloured). 2. Yellow, purple.

August. Brazil. 1843.

WATER. The best for the gardener's
purpose is rain water, preserved in
tanks sunk in the earth, and rendered
tight either by puddling, or bricks
covered with Parker's cement. To
keep these tanks replenished, gutters
should run round the eaves of every
structure in the garden, and communi-
cate with them. Every hundred cubic
inches of rain water contains more than
four cubic inches of air, of which more
than half are carbonic acid gas, and
the remainder nitrogen and oxygen, in
the proportion of sixty-two of the
former to thirty-eight of the last named.

WAT

[ 918 ]

WAT

That obtained from ponds or springs
invariably contains matters offensive or
deleterious to plants. That known as
hard water, containing an excess of
salts of lime or magnesia, is invariably
prejudicial, and pond water is scarcely
less so. If it be stagnant, and loaded
with vegetable extract, it is even worse
than hard spring water; for it then
contains carburetted hydrogen, and
other matters noxious to vegetables.
These last-named waters, if obliged to
be employed to tender plants, should
have a pint of the ammoniacal water of
the gas works, mixed thoroughly with
eveiy sixty gallons, an hour or two
before they are used.

WATEE-CRESS. Nastu'rtium officina'le.
Varieties. — Small broAvn-leaved, hardi-
est ; — large brown-leaved, best for deep
water; — green-leaved, easiest cultivated.
Planting in Water. — The trenches in
which they are grown are so prepared,
that, as nearly as possible, a regular
depth of three or four inches can be
kept up. These trenches are three
yards broad, and eighty-seven yards
long, and whenever one is to be planted
the bottom is made quite firm, and
slightly sloping, so that the water
which flows in at one end may run out
at the other. If the bottom of the
trench is not sufficiently moist, a small
body of water is allowed to enter to
soften it. The cresses are then divided
into small sets or cuttings, with roots
attached to them ; and these are placed
at the distance of three or four inches
from each other. At the end of five or
six days a slight dressing of well de-
composed cow-dung is spread over all
the plants, and this is pressed down by
means of a heavy board, to which a
long handle is obliquely fixed. The
water is then raised to the depth of two
or three inches, and never higher.
Each trench is thus replanted annu-
ally, and furnishes twelve crops during
the season. In the summer, the cresses
are gathered every fifteen or twenty
days, but less frequently during winter :
care is taken that at each gathering at
least a third part of the bed is left un-
touched, so that neither the roots may
be exhausted, nor the succeeding ga-
thering delayed. After every cutting, a

little decayed cow-dung, in the propor-
tion of two large barrowfuls to each
trench, is spread over the naked plants,
and this is beaten down by means of
| the rammer above mentioned. After
| the water-cresses have been thus treated
for a twelvemonth, the manure forms a
tolerably thick layer at the bottom of
the trench, and tends to raise its level.
To restore it to its original level, all
the refuse should be thrown out upon
the borders which separate the trenches
from each other. These borders may
be planted with artichokes, cabbages,
or cauliflowers.

Planting in Borders. — This must be
done in September and in a moist
shady border. Plant slips, and the
only cultivation necessary is to dig the
earth fine, to draw a slight trench with
a hoe, to fill this with water until it
becomes a mud, to cover it about an
inch deep with drift sand, and then to
stick in the slips about six inches
apart, watering them until established.
The sand keeps the plants clean. They
will be ready for gathering from in a
very few weeks, and the shoots should
be invariably cut and not picked. They
are not so mild flavoured as those
grown in water, but then they are free
from aquatic insects, &c.
WATERFALL. See Cascade.
WATERING ENGINE. See Engine.
WATERING POTS. These should have
roses pierced with very fine holes ; the
diameter of those usually used is too
large. Long-spouted watering pots are
required for watering plants in pots
upon shelves. French watering pots
have zigzag bends in the spout to break,
from the plant the force of the water.
Shelf watering pots are small and flat-
bodied for giving water to plants over-
head, and near the glass in greenhouses
or stoves.

The accompanying engraving is of a
watering pot from Mr. G. Thompson,
390, Oxford-street, who states that its
superiority consists in the roses being
so formed as to give the water thrown
from them the nearest resemblance to
a gentle shower of rain, which renders
it peculiarly suitable for watering seed-
lings or other tender plants. As the
brass joints which connect the roses to

WAT

[ 019 ]

WEN

the spout are made water-tight, there
is no danger of its returning outside, to

the annoyance of the person using it :
a is the spout to which the roses are
screwed ; b, the hox to contain either
spout out of use ; c and rf, the holes in
which the joints are placed ; e, a large
rose for watering flower-beds ; f, a
smaller rose for watering plants in pots.

WATER LEAF. Hydrophy'llum.

WATER LEMON. Passiflo'ra laurifo'lia.

WATER LILY. Nymphc'a.

WATER MELON. Cu'cumis Cilru'llus,
var.

WATER PLANTS. See Aqua'rium.

WATER EEED. Aru'ndo.

WATER VINE. Telra'cera potato' ria.

WATER VIOLET. Hotto'nia.

WATSO'NIA. (Named after W. Wat-
son, a London apothecary. Nat. ord.,
Irlds [Iridacese] . Linn., 3-Triandria
I-Monoyynia. Allied to Gladiolus.)

Bulbs, from Cape of Good Hope, except
where otherwise mentioned. For culture see
Gladiolus.
W. aletroi'des (Aletris-like), l£. Scarlet. June.

1774.

variega'ta (variegated). l£. Va-
riegated. June. 1774.

— angu'sta (narrow-lowered). Scarlet. June.

1825.

— brevifo'lia (short-leaved). 1. Pink. May. 1794.

— compa'cta (compact). l£. Purple. June. 1821.
—fu'lgida (bright). 4. Red. May. 1795.

— glau'cum (milky-green). !£. White. July.

Peru. 1823.

— hu'milis (lowly). 2. Lake. June. 1754.

— iridifo'lia (Iris-leaved). 2£. Flesh. May. 1795.

— leuca'ntha (white-flowered). 6. White. Ja-

maica. 1825.

— Li/ia'g-o(Liliago). 1. White. May. South

Europe. 1596.

mi'nor (smaller). 3. White. May.

South Europe. 1596.

— longifo'lium (long - leaved). Green. Sep-

tember. Lima. 1829.

— margina'ta (marginated). 3. Pink. July.
mi'nor (lesser). 3. Pink. Au-
gust. 1812.

— Meria'na (Merian's). !£. Flesh. May. 1750.

— Nepalerise (Nepaul), 2. White. May.

Ncpaul, 1824.

W.plantagi'nea (Plantain-like), 2. White.
June. 17/4.

— puncta'ta (dotted -flowered}. 1. Purple.

June. 1800.

— purpu'rea (purple). 6. Purple. Jamaica.

1825.

— ro'sea (rosy). 2. Pink. July. 1803.

— ro'sea-a'lbo (red-and- white). 1. Pink, white.

July.

— variega'ta (variegated). 1. Variegated. July.

— ru'bens (red). Red. June. 1825.

— ramo'sum (branchy). 2. White. May. South

Europe. 1570.

, —spica'ta (spiked). 1. Pink. May. 1791-
! —stnctiflo'ra (erect-flowered). 1. Red. June.

1810.

WAYFARING- TREE. Vibu'rnum Lan-
ta'na.

WEEVIL. See Antho'nymus.

WEIGE'LA. (Named after C.E. Weiyel,
a botanical writer. Nat. ord., Capri/oils
[Caprifoliacefe]. Linn., 5-Pentandria
l-Monogynia.)

Hardy deciduous shrub. Cuttings, in spring
and autumn, under a hand-light, or even in a
protected border. It forces as easily as a Lilac.
Sandy loam and a little leaf-mould.
W. ro'sea (rosy). 8. Rosy. April. China. 1844.

WEINBIA'NNIA. (Named after J. W.
Weinmann, a German botanist. Nat.
ord., Cunoniads [Cunoniaceag]. Linn.,
S-Octandria 2-Digynia.)

White-flowered evergreen shrubs. Cuttings
of half-ripened shoots, in sand, under a bell-
glass, in April. The stove ones in bottom-heat,
the others in a close, cool pit or frame ; sandy
loam and leaf-mould, with a little old dried
cow-dung.

STOVE.

W. elli'ptica (oval-leaved). 4. May. S.Ame-
rica. 1824.

— gla'bra (smooth). 6. May. Jamaica. 1815.

— hi'rta (hairy). 6. May. Jamaica. 1820.

— ova'ta (egg-leaved). 6. May. Peru. 1824.

GREENHOUSE.

W. Austra'lis (Australian). New Holland. 1836.
— -pamcMJa'tatpanicled). Australia. 1831.

— pube'scens (downy). 1847.

— veno'sa (veined). 6. May. New Holland.

1836.

WELCH ONION. See Ci'boitl.

WENDLA'NDIA. (Named after J. C.
Wendland, curator of the botanic garden,
Hanover. Nat. ord., Cinchonads [Gin-
chonacete]. Linn, Q-Hcxandria 4-Po/y-
gynia. Allied to Hindsia.)

Stove, white-flowered evergreens. Cuttings
of the points of young shoots or small young
side-shoots, in sand, under a bell-glass, m
May ; sandy loam, fibry peat, and a little char^
coal. Winter temp., 45° to 55° ; summer, 60° to
80°. Populifolia is hardy or nearly so.

July, Malay, 1820.

WEN

[ 020 ]

WIS

W. populifo'Ha( Poplar-leaved). 10. June. Flo- i
rida. 1759.

— tincto'ria (dyer's). July. E. Indies. 1825.
WERNE'RIA. (Named after A. G.

Werner, the celebrated mineralogist.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteraceae].
Linn., 19-Syngcnesia 2-SuperJlua. Al-
lied to Doronicum.)

Half-hardy herbaceous. Division of the
plant, iu spring ; sandy loam, well drained ;
requires a cool greenhouse or a cold pit in
winter, or may be treated as an Alpine plant,
protected from severe frost and wet in winter.
W. ri'gida (stiff). £. February. Quito. 1828.

WESTO'NIA. Add the following to
Glycine.

G. trifolia'ta (three-leaved). Yellow, red. June.
1820.

WESTKI'NGIA. (Named after J. P.
Westring, physician to the king of
Sweden. Nat. ord., Lipivorts [Lamia-
ceae]. Linn., 14:-Didynamia l-Gymnos-
permia. Allied to Prostranthera.)

Greenhouse, blue-flowered, evergreens from
New Holland. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots,
in May, in sand, under a bell or hand-glass ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp.,
35° to 45°.

W. rubi&fo'lia (Rubia-leaved). 3. June. 1820.

— triphy'lla (three-leaved). September. 1823.
WHITE BEAM-TREE. Py'rm A'ria.
WHITE CEDAR. Ciipre'ssus thyoi'des.
WHITE SPEUCE. Pi'nus a'lba.
WHITE TEEE. Melale'uca Leucade'n-

dron .

WHITE VINE. Cle'matis vita'lba.

WHITFIE'LDIA. (Named after T.
Whitfield, a botanical collector of Afri-
can plants. Nat. ord., Acanihads [Acan-
thacese]. Linn., l-i-Didynamia 2-An-
giospermia. Allied to Barleria.)

For culture see Barleria.
W. lateri'tia (brick-coloured). 3. Lilac, red.
December. Sierra Leone. 1841.

WHORTLEBERRY. Vacci'nium.

WIDOW WAIL. Cneo'ntm.

WIGA'NDIA. (Named after J. Wi~
yand, Bishop of Pomerania. Nat. ord.,
Hydrophyls [Hydrophyllacese]. Linn.,
5-Pcntandria 2-Diyynia. Allied to Hy-
drolea.)

Stove herbaceous. Seeds, in a hotbed, in
spring ; and, we should think, by cuttings of
the young shoots taken off with a heel, after the
plant has broken a fresh after-pruning ; sandy
loam and fibry peat, with charcoal nodules.
Winter temp., 50° to 55° ; summer, 60° to 85°.
W. Caracasa'na (Caraccas). 6, Lilac, April.
Caraccas, 1836.

W. Ku'nthii (Kunth's). Blue, April. Mexico.

1837.

— u'rens (stinging). Violet. April. Mexico.
1827.

WILDERNESS. See Labyrinth.

WILD LIQUORICE. A'brus.

WILD SERVICE. Py'rus tormina'lis.

WILLOW. Sa'lix.

WILLUGHBE'IA. (Named after F.
WWughby, a pupil of Eay. Nat. ord.,
Dogbanes [Apocynacese]. Linn., 5-
Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Allamanda.)

Stove evergreen. For culture see Allamanda.
W, edu'lis (eatable). 10. Pale pink. July. E.
Indies. 1818.

WIND FLOWER. Gentia'na Pncumo-
na'nthe, and Ane'mone.

WINE PALM. Manica'ria.

WINGED PEA. Tetragono'lobm pur-
pu'reus.

WINTER ACONITE. JEra'nl/iis.

WINTER BERRY. Pri'nos.

WINTER CRESS. Barba'rca.

WINTER MOTH. See Chiemeto'bia.

WINTER SWEET. Orl'ganum herac-
leo'ticum.

WIRE -WORMS are the larvae of various
species of £ later, Click Beetle, or Skip-
Jack. To remove the wire-worm from
a soil, no mode is known but frequently
digging it and picking them out, as
their yellow colour renders them easily
detected. To prevent their attack upon
a crop, mix a little spirit of tar, or a
larger quantity of gas-lime, with the
soil. It has been stated that growing
white mustard drives them away, and
it is certainly worth the trial. To en-
trap them, and tempt them away from
a crop they have attacked, bury pota-
toes in the soil near the crop; and if
each potato has a stick thrust through
it, this serves as a handle by which it
may be taken up, and the wire-worms
which have penetrated it be destroyed.
To decoy them from beds of anemones,
ranunculuses, &c., it is said to be a
successful plan to grow round the beds
an edging of daisies, for the roots of
which they have a decided preference.

WISTA'RIA. (Named after C. Wistar,
an American professor. Nat. ord., Le-
(juminous Plants [Fabaceeej. Linn.,
\1 -Diad.elphla l-Dccandria.)

Hardy deciduous, purplish-flowered, Climbers.
Seeds when obtainable} cuttings of the strong

wls

WEI

roots ; by cuttings of the young shoots getting i
firm, under a handlight, in sandy soil, but more j
generally by layers of long-ripened young
shoots, as then almost every bud will form a
plant. Sandy loam and peat.
W.floribu'nda (bundle-flowered). May. Japan.

— frute'scens (shrubby). 10. July. N.America.

1724.

— Sine'nsis (Chinese). May. China. 1818.

— a'lba (white). 20. White. April. China.

1846.

WITCH HAZEL. Hamame'lis.

WITHERI'NGIA. (Named after Dr.
Withering, a British botanist. Nat.
ord., Nightshades [Solanacese]. Linn.,
5-Pentandria 1-Monogynia. Allied to
Capsicum.)

Greenhouse herbaceous and evergreens. Pe-
rennials by seed, and divisions of the plant and
tubers ; evergreens by cuttings, in sand, under
a bell-glass ; rich sandy loam. Winter temp.,
38° to 48°.

W. crassifo'lia (thick-leaved). 2. Yellow. June.
C. of G. Hope. 1706. Evergreen.

— monta'na (mountain). 1. White. June.

Peru. 1822.

— purpu'rea (purple). £. Pale purple. July.

Chili. 1829. Tuberous.

— sframom/b'fta(Stramonia-leaved). 3. Yel-

low. June. Mexico. 1823. Evergreen.

WITSE'NIA. (Named after M. Witsen,
a Dutch patron of botany. Nat. ord.,
Irids [Iridacese]. Linn., 3-Triandria
l-Hfonoyynia.)

Greenhouse, purplish - flowered, herbaceous
plants, from the Cape of Good Hope. Seeds,
in a slight hotbed, in April ; divisions of the
plant then, or taking off the sucker-like offsets ;
sandy peat, and a little fibry loam, with a little
rough charcoal, and well drained. Winter
temp., 40° to 48°.
W. corymbo'sa (corymbed). £. June. 1803.

— mau'ra (moorish). 4. December. 1/90.
—parti'ta (divided). April, 1822.

— ramo'sa (branched). 1. April. 1819.

' WOLF'S BANE. Aconi'tum lupuci'dum.

WOOD ASHES. See Ashes.

WOODBINE. Caprifo'lium Pcricly-
me'num.

WOODLICE. See Oni'scus.

WOODKOOF. Aspe'rula.

WOOD SORREL. O'xalis.

WOOLLEN BAGS. See Animal Matters.

WOLLASTO'NIA. (Named after Dr.
Wollaston, a great chemist. Nat. ord.,
Composites [ Asteracese] . Linn., 19-
Synyenesia %-SuperJlua.)

An annual. Seeds, in a hotbed, in March or
April; plants pricked out, and afterwards
bloomed in the greenhouse or plant stove ;
sandy loam and peat.

W. bijlo'ra (two-flowered), Yellow, July, East
Indies, 1818,

WOO'DSIA. (Named after J. Woods,
a British botanist. Nat. ord., Ferns
[Polypodiacese]. Linn., '.H-Cryptogamia
l-Filices.)

Hardy, brown-spored Ferns, except mollis and
pubescens, which require the stove. See Ferns.
W. Cauca'sica (Caucasian). September. Cau-
casus.

— glabe'lla (smoothish). September. North

America. 1827.

— hyperbo'rea (northern), £. July. Scotland.

— Ilve'nsis (Ilva). £. June. Britain.

— mo' His (soft). July. Brazil.

— obtu'sa (blunt). £. June. N. America. 1836.

— Perrinia'na (Perrin's). June. N. America.

— pube'scens (downy). June. Brazil. 1826.

— vesti'ta (clothed). June. N.America. )8l6.

WOODWA'RDIA. (Named after T. J.
Woodward, a British botanist. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2±-Cryptoyamia l-Filices.)

Hardy, brown-spored Ferns. Radicans re-
quires shelter in winter. See Ferns.
W. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1, August.
North America. 1812.

— Japo'nica (Japanese). September. Japan.

— radi'cans (rooting- Jeaverf). l£. July. Ma-

deira. 1779-

— thelypteroi'des (Thelypteris-like). Septem-

ber. North America.

— Virgi'nica (Virginian). 1. August. North

America. 1/24,

WORKING is a gardener's term for
the practice of grafting. " To work "
upon a stock is to graft upon it.

WO'EMIA. (Named after 0. Wormiun,
a Danish naturalist. Nat. ord., Dille-
niads [Dilleniacesel. Linn., 1'3-Poly-
andria b-Pentayynia. Allied to Dil-
lenia.)

Stove evergreen. See Dillenia.
W. denta'ta (toothed). 20. Yellow, Ceylon,
1818.

WORMWOOD. Artcmi'sia.
WOUNDS. See Extravasaled Sap.
WOUNDWORT. Anthy'llis vulnera'ria.
WRI'GHTIA. (NamedafterDr. WrigM,
of Jamaica. Nat. ord., Dogbanes [Apo-
cynacese]. Linn., b-Pentandria l-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Alstonia.)

Stove evergreen shrubs, with white flowers,
, and from the East Indies, except where other-
I wise described. For culture see Alstonia.
W. angustifo'lia (narrow -leaved). 8. Sep-
tember. South America. 1752.

— antidysente'rica (antidysenteric). 10. 1778.

— cocci'nea (scarlet). 12. Scarlet. July. 1822,

— du'bia (doubtful). Orange. June. 1813.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 30. August. Ha-

vannah. 1733.

— pube'scens (downy). 4. Green, yellow,

March, New Holland, 1829,

WBI

[ 922 ]

W. tincto'ria (dyer's). 15. 1812.

— Zeyla'nica (Ceylon).

WULFE'NIA. (Named after F. Wul-
fcn, a botanical author. Nat. ord., Fig-
worts [Scrophulariaceae]. Linn., 2-Z>t-
andria 1-Monogynia.)

Hardy herbaceous. Seeds and divisions, in
spring; light rich soil, and a dry, elevated
place in winter, or kept from damp in a dry,
cool pit.

W. Amherstia'na (Amherst's). f . Lilac. July.
Chinese. Tartary. 1846.

— Carinthia'ca (Carinthian). li. Blue. July.

Carinthia. 1817.

WU'LFFIA. ( Named after J. C. Wulff,
author of "Flora Borussica." Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracera]. Linn.,
W-Syngcnesia 4=-Necessaria. Allied to
Eudbeckia.)

Stove evergreen shrub. Cuttings of young
shoots, in sandy soil, in spring or summer ;
sandy loam and leaf-mould. Winter temp., 45°
to 58° ; summer, 60° to 80°.

W. macula'ta (spotted). Yellow, June. Brazil.
1822.

WU'BMBEA. (Named after F. V.
Wnrmbe, a Dutch naturalist. Nat. ord.,
Melantlis [Melanthaceae]. Linn., 6-
Hexandria '3-Triyynia. Allied to Me-
lanthium.)

Half-hardy bulbs, from the Cape of Good
Hope, and all but one white-flowered. For cul-
ture, see Melanthimum.

W. campanula1 ta (bell-flowered). £. June.

— longiflo'ru (long-flowered). |. May. 1788.

— pu'mila (dwarf). £. May. 1800.

— purpu'rea (purple). 1. Purple. May. 1788.

WYCH ELM. U'lmus monta'nus.

XANTHORHI'ZA. Yellow Root. (From
xanthoS) yellow, and rhiza, a root. Nat.
ord., Crowfoots [Kanunculacesej. Linn.,
b-Pentandria 6-Polygynia.)

Hardy evergreen shrub. Suckers; sandy
loam and peat ; does best in a moist situation.

X. apiifo'lia (Parsley - leaved). 3. Purple,
green. February. N. America. 1766.

XANTHOERH^'A. Grass-Tree. (From
xanlhosj yellow, and rheo, to flow ; yel-
low juice. Nat. ord., Lilyworts [Lilia-
<5eee]. Linn., 6 -Hexandria 1-Monogynia.
Allied to Aphyllanthes.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered plants, from New
Holland. For culture see Aphyllantfa,

X. austra'lis (southern). 3. 1824. Evergreen.

— bractea'ta (bracted). 2. 1810. Herbaceous.

— ha'stilis (spear). 4. 1803. Evergreen.

— hu' milis (dwarf). 2. 1825. Herbaceous.

— me' dia (intermediate). 2. 1803. Evergreen.

— mi'nor (smaller). 2. 1804. Herbaceous.

XANTHO'SOMA. (From xanthos, yellow,
and soma, a body; the edible roots.
Nat. ord., Arads [Araceae]. Linn., 21-
Moncecia 7-Heptandria. Allied to Ca-
ladium.)

Stove plants. For culture see Caladium.

X. Jacqui'ni (Jacquin's). Yellow. May. South

America. 1816. Evergreen.

— sagitteefo'lia (arrow-leaved). White. May.

West Indies. 1710. Herbaceous.

XANTHO'XYLON. Toothache - Tree.
(From xanthos, yellow, and xylon, wood.
Nat, ord., Xanthoxyls [Xanthoxylaceaj].
Linn., '22-Dicecia o-Pentandria.)

Nearly all white-flowered ; cuttings, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in May ; the stove species in
heat ; the hardy species by seed, pieces of the
roots, and cuttings of the ripened shoots, in
sandy soil, under a hand-light; sandy loam
suits any of them.

HARDY DECIDUOUS.

X.fraxi'neum (Ash-like). 15. March. North
America. 1759.

— mi'te (mild). 10. Yellowish. March. North

America. 1818.

— trica'rpum (three-capsuled). 6. July. North

America. 1806.

STOVE EVERGREENS.

X. affi'ne (related). Mexico. 1826.

— Budru'nga (Budrunga). 20. March. East

Indies. 1825.

— cla'va-He'rculis (Hercules's-club). 50. West

Indies. 1739.

— heterophy' Hum (various-leaved). Bourbon.

1823.

— hermaphrodi'tum (two-sexed) . 50. Guiana.

1823.

—juglandifo'lium (Walnut- leaved). West
Indies. 1822.

— ni'tidum (shining). 6. China. 1823.

— Piperi'tum (Pepper -like). 6. September.

Japan. 1773. Greenhouse.

— Ptero'ta (winged - leaf- stalked). August.

Jamaica. 1768.

— sapindoi'des (Sapinda-like). Jamaica.

— spino'sum (thorny). 6. Jamaica. 1824.

— trago'des (Goat's-tooth). 6. St. Domingo.

1759.

— triphy'llum (three-leaved). 4. Penang. 1820.

XERA'NTHEMUM. (From zeros, dry,
and anthos, a flower ; everlasting flower.
Nat. ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
IQ-Synycnesia %-Superflna.)

The flowers, after being dried, may be dyed
of any colour. Hardy annuals. Seeds, in the
open border, in April.

XER

[ 023 ]

XYL

X. a'nnuum (annual). 3. Purple. July. S.
Europe. 15/0.

— ere'ctum (upright). White. June. Persia.

1836.

— inape'rtum (unopened). 2. Purple. July.

S. Europe. 1620.

— longipappo'sum (long - feathered). White.

June. Persia. 1836.

— orienta'le (eastern). 2. White. July. Le-

vant. 1713.

XEROPHY'LLUM. (From zeros, dry,
and phyllon, a leaf ; dry, grassy leaves.
Nat. ord., Melanths [Melanthacece].
Linn., 6-Hexandria 3-Tryginia, Allied
to Helonias.)

White-flowered, herbaceous perennials, from
North America. Seeds and division of the
plant in spring. A rather moist peaty border
suits them best. Sabadilla requires a stove.
X. asphodeloi'des\( Asphodel-like).!. May. 1760.

— grami'neum (grassy). 2. May. 1812.

— Sabadi'lla (Sabadilla). 3. Vera Cruz. 1830.

— te'nux (tough- leaved). l£. May. 1811.

XIMENE'SIA. (Named after J. Xi-
menes, a Spanish apothecary. Nat,
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
19-8yngeneria 2-Superflua. AlUed to
Sanvitalia.)

Yellow-flowered, Mexican plants. Annuals
by seeds, in the open border, in April ; peren-
nials, also, by division of the plant in spring,
and these, in general, will want the protection
of a dry, cool pit in winter.

X. Cavanille'sii (Cavanilles's). 2. August. 1820.

Biennial.
—fce'tida (stinking). 2j. August. 1824.

— heterophy'lla (variable - leaved). 2. July.

1827.

HERBACEOUS PEKENNIALS.

X. corda'ta (heart -leaved). 3. September.
1826.

— enceloi'des (Encelia-like). 3. August. 1/95.

XIME'NIA. (Named after F. Ximenes,
a Spanish naturalist. Nat. ord., Olacads
[Olacacese]. Linn., 8-Octandria \-Mo-
noyynia.}

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of half-ripened
Shoots, in sand, under a glass, in May, and in
bottom-heat ; sandy fibry peat, and lumpy
loam. Winter temp., 55° to 60°: summer,
60° to 85°.

X. America' 'na (American). 15. Yellowish.
W. Indies. 1759.

— ine'rmis (unarmed). 40. White. Jamaica.

1810.

— lanceoln'ta (spear-leaved). Yellow. April.

China. 1820.

— oblongifo'lia (oblong-leaved). Green, June.

Australia. 1823.

XIPHI'DIUM. (From xiphos, a sword ;

sword-like leaves. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliacese]. Linn., 6-Hcxandria
l-Monogynia. Allied to Wachen-
dorfia.)

Stove, West Indian, herbaceous perennials.
Divisions of the plant, as fresh growth com-
mences ; rich fibry loam and fibry peat, and a
small portion of charcoal and sand. Winter
temp., 50° to 58° ; summer, 60° to 85°.

X. a'lbum (white). !£. White. 1787-

— cceru'leum (blue). 1?. Blue. 1793.

— gigante'um (gigantic). White. October.

1845.

XIPHO'PTERIS. Sword Fern. (From
xyphos, a sword, and pteris, a fern. Nat.
ord., Ferns [Polypodiacese]. Linn.,
2-L-Cryptogamia I-Filices.)

Stove, brown-spored Ferns. See Ferns.

X. heterophy'lla (variable-leaved). £. June.
New Holland. 1824.

— myosuroi'des (Myosurus-like). June. West

Indies. 1824.

— serrula'ta (saw -like). $. June. West

Indies. 1823.

XYLOPHY'LLA. (From xylon, wood,
and phyllon, a leaf; texture of the
leaves. Nat. ord., Spurgeiuorts [Eu-
phorbiace£e]. Linn., Ql-Moncccia 10-
Decandria. Allied to Phyllanthus.)

Stove, yellow -and -red -flowered evergreens,
from Jamaica, unless otherwise mentioned.
For culture, see Phyllanthus.

X, angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). July, 1789.

— elonga'ta (elongated-tearerf). August. 1820.
—falca'ta (sickle-leaved). July. 1699.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). August. 1783.

— linea'ris (narrow-leaved). August. 1819.

— longifo'lia (long -leaved). August. East

Indies. 1816.

— me'dia (intermediate). August. 1825,

— monta'na (mountain). August. 1819.

— obova'ta (obovate-teomO. August. Siberia.

1806.

— ramiflo'ra (branch-flowered). August. Si-

beria. 1785.

— specio'sa (showy). September. 1818.

XYLO'PIA. (From xylon, wood, and
pieron, bitter ; the wood and fruit of
X. glabra is called Bitterwood in the
W. Indies. Nat. ord., Anonads [Ano-
naceee]. Linn., 13-Polyandria (5-Poly-
(/ynia.)

Stove evergreens. Cuttings of firm stubby
side-shoots one year old, with most of the leaves
adhering, in sand, under a bell-glass ; sandy
loam and fibry peat. Winter temp., 50 to 55° ;
summer, 60° to 85°.
X. frute'scens (shrubby). 4. Guiana. 1823.

— gla'bra (smooth -fruited). 20. Jamaica.

1820.

— murica'ta (rough- fruited), 4. W, Indies,

1779.

YEL

C 024 ]

ZEA

Y.

YELLOW-ROOT, ffydra'stis.

YELLOW SULTAN. Ccntaure'a suave'o-
Icns.

YELLOW-TAILED MOTH. See Por-
thc'sia.

YEW-TEEE. Ta'xits.

YU'CCA. Adam's Needle. (Name
of the plant in Peru. Nat. ord., Lily-
worts [Liliaceee]. Linn., 6-ffexandria
1-Monogynia.)

All whitish-flowered evergreens. Sometimes
by seeds sown immediately they are ripe, in a
slight hotbed ; generally by suckers, but also at
times from young shoots that branch from the
stems ; deep, dry, sandy loam is their favourite
soil ; a few require the assistance of a stove or
greenhouse, but most of them stand the open
air in England. Aloifolia is, perhaps, the
tenderest of all the hardy ones. They flourish
near the sea shore. We may add that they
seem quite at home on a knoll, or on rock-work.

HARDY.

1'. acumina'ta (pointed-flowered). 6. August.
1800.

— aletrifo'rmis (Aletris-like). 2. C. of G.

Hope. 1823. Greenhouse.

— aloifo'lia (Aloe-leaved). 2. August. S.

America. 1696.
pe'ndula (droop'mg-leaved), 12.

August.
variega'ta (variegated-feared). 2.

August.

— angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). 2. July.

Missouri. 1811.

— arcua'ta (bowed). 1. July. 1817.

— conca'va (hollow-feared). 14. August. 1816.

— conspi'cua (conspicuous). 3. 1818. Green-

house.

— crenul a 'ta (scolloped). 1818.

— draco'nis (Dragon). 8. August. South

America. 1732. Greenhouse.

—filamento'sa (thready). 2. September. Vir-
ginia. 1675.

variega'ta (variegated-feared). 2.

September.

— fla'ccida (flaccid). 2. 1816.

— glauce'scens (milky- green). 2. July. North

America. 1819.

— glorio'sa (glorious). 4. July. America. 1596. I
fo'liis-variega'iis (variegated-leaved). I

July.

— oUi'qua (oblique-feawed). 4. 1808.
ma'jor (larger). 4. 1808.

— pube'rula (rather- downy). August.

— recu'rva (curled-back-feared). 3. August.

Georgia. 1794.

— ru'fo-ci'ncta (reddish-edged). l£. July. 1816.

1808.

Stove.

— serrula'ta(sa.\v-edged). 10. Carolina.

— stri'cta (upright). 1. July. Carolina. 1817.

— supe'rba (superb). 10. August.

— tenuifo'lia (slender-leaved). 1. Malta. 1817.

STOVE.

Y.gra'tilis (slender), July, Mexico, 1829,

Y. graminifo'lia (Grass-leaved). Mexico. 1838,

— latevi'rens (pale-green). Mexico. 1838.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). Mexico. 1830.

— Pitcairnicefo'lia (Pitcairnia-leaved). Mexico.

1838.

— serratifo'lia (saw-leaved). Mexico. 1838.

ZALA'CCA ASSA'MICA. Ca'lamus Za-
la'cca.

ZA'MIA. (From zamia, loss; the
! barren appearance of the male flowers.
| Nat. ord., Cycads [Cycadacese]. Linn.,
j 22-Dicecia 12-Icosandria.)

A race of plants intermediate between Ferns
and Palms. Those not otherwise specified are
from the Cape of Good Hope, and will succeed
in a greenhouse, but all do best in a stove.
Suckers; rich, loamy soil. Winter temp..
45°^to 55°; summer, 60° to 80°.

Z. augustifo'lia (narrow-leaved), 2. July.

— Ca'ffra (Caffrarian). 4.

— cycadifo'lia (Cycas-leaved). 3. 1/75.

— cy' cadis (Cycas-like). 3. 1775.

— de'bilis (•wea.k-long-leaved). 1. July. W.

Indies. 1777.

—furfura'cea (scurfy). 3. July. W. Indies,
1691.

— ho'rrida (horrid). 5. 1SOO.

— integrifo'tia (entire-leaved, dwarf}. 2. July.

W. Indies. 1768.

— lanugino'sa (woolly). 3. 1812.

— latifo'lia (broad-leaved). 6.

— longifo'lia (long-leaved). 7, J818.

— me'dia (mediate). 2. July. W. Indies. 1768,
—pruni'ferm (plum-bearing). 14.

— pu'mila (dwarf). l£. 1812.

— pu'ngens (stinging). 10. 1775.

— pygma'a (pygmy). 1. May. W.Indies.

— repa'nda (w&\y-leaved) 6.

— spino'sa (spiny). 5.

— spira'lis (spiral). 3. July. N. S. Wales.

1796.

— te'nuis (slender). 1. Bahama Islands.

— tridenta'ta (three-toothed). 2. 1814.

ZANTHO'XYLUM. See Xantlio'xylon.

ZAUSCHNE'EIA. (Named after J/.
Zauschncr, a German. Nat, ord., Ona-
«jrads [Onagracese]. Linn., 8-Oclandriu
\-Monogynia. Allied to Epilobium.)

A hardy plant, with the habit of a Fuchsia.
Division of plant in spring; cuttings of the
shoots in spring, summer, and autumn, under
a hand-light. It is a good pot and bedding
plant ; for the latter purpose, as the flowers are
apt to drop too much, mix it with Cuphea
strigillosa; rich light soil.
Z. Califo'rnica (Californian). 3. Bright scar-
let. June. Santa Cruz. 1847.

ZE'A. Maize or Indian Corn. (From
zao, to live ; a food plant. Nat. ord.,
Grasses [Graminacese]. Linn,, 21-
Monccda d-Triandria.)

ZEA

[ 925 ]

ZIZ

Annuals, Seeds, in a slight hot-bed, in early
spring, and the seedlings planted out into good
soil. The heads, when half-grown and green,
make an excellent vegetable when boiled.

Z. Cura'gua (Curagua). 1. June. Chili. 1824.

— Ma'ys (Maize). 2. June. America. 1562.

ZEPHYKA'NTHES. (From zephyr, the
west wind, and anthos, a flower. Nat.
ord., Amarylllds [Amaryllidaceae].
Linn., 6-Hexandria \-Monoygnia. Al-
lied to Habranthuj-O

Half-hardy bulbs, with only one flower on a
stalk. For culture, see Habranthus.

Z. Atama'sco (Atamasco Lily). £. White.
May. N. America. 1629.

— ca'ndida (white). £. White. September.

Peru. 1822.

— carina'ta (keeled). A. Pink. May. Mexico.

1824.

— chloroleu'ca (greenish-white). £. Pale green.

July.

— Drummo'ndii (Drummond's). White, pink.

July. Texas. 1835.

— meso'chloa (green - centred). 1. White,

green. June. Buenos Ayres. 1825.

— ro'sea (rosy). £. Red. May. Havannah.

1823.

— stria'ta (channelled), g. White. April.

Mexico. 1824.

— tubispa'tha (tube-spathed). J. White. May.

S. America.

— nerecu'nda (blushing). -J. Pale red. April.

Mexico, 1824.

ZI'CHYA. (Named after Countess
Zichy, a German patroness of botany.
Nat. ord., Leyumliwm Plants [Faba-
ceae]. Linn., 17-Diadelphia ±-Decandria.
Allied to Kennedy a.)

Greenhouse evergreen twiners, from Swan
River. For culture, see Kennedya,

Z. angustifo'lia (narrow - leaved). Crimson.
May. 1839.

— cocci' nea (scarlet). May.

— glabra'ta (smooth). 6. Orange. May. 1834.

— heterophy'lla (various-leaved). 4. Purple.

April. 1826.

— inophy'lla (nerve-leaved). 4. Scarlet. July.

1824.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). Crimson. July.

— Mo'lly (Molly). Scarlet. July. 1837.

— panno'sa (wrinkled-leaved). 6. Crimson,

May. 1840.

— seri'cea (silky). 4. Scarlet. May. 1825.

— tri' color (three-coloured). 1. Red, yellow,

purple. May. 1837.

— villo'.ia (shaggy). 3. Vermilion. June. 1841.

ZIE'JUA. (Named after M. Zler, a
Polish botanist. Nat. ord., Eueworts
[Rutacese]. Linn., ^-Tetrandria \-Mo-
noyynia. Allied to Boronia.)

Greenhouse, white-flowered evergreens, from
New Holland. For culture, see Boronia.
Z. arbore'scens (tree-like). 1822.

— hirsu'ta (hairy), 4, June.

Z. laniga'ta (smooth-leaved), 3. June. 1822.

— lanceola'ta (spear- Jeaved). June. 1808.

— macrophy'lla (large-leaved) . 4. June. 1820.

— microphy'lla (small-leaved). 3. June. 1822.

— obcorda'ta (reversed-ege;- leaved). 4. June,

1824.

— octa'ndra (8-stamened). 5. Green. 1825.

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 1822.

— pilo'sa (shaggy). 4. June. 1822.

— revolu'ta (curled-back-Jecwed). June. 1824.

ZI'NGIBER. Ginger. (From the
Indian name. Nat. ord., Ginaerworts
[Zingiberacese]. Linn., l-Monandria
1 -Monogynia.}

Stove, herbaceous perennials, from the East
Indies ; yellow-flowered, where not otherwise
mentioned ; division of the roots ; fibry peat
and sandy loam. Winter temp., 40° to 45°;
summer, 60° to 90°. See Ginger.

Z. Ama'ricans (Amaricans). 3. Penang. 1846.

— capita' turn (round-headed). 4. February.

1825.

— Casumu'nar (Casumunar).2. February. 1807.

— chrysa'nthum (gold-flowered). 8. July. 1821.

— ela'tum (lofty). 6. July. 1820.

— ligula'tum (strap-leaved). 2. Pink. June.

1823.

— Mio'ga (Mioga). 2. Pink. May. Japan.

1796. Greenhouse.

— officina'le (shop). 2. Red. July. 1605.

— pandura'tum (fiddle-lipped). 5. Pink. June,

1812.

— purpu'reum (purple). 2. Purple. Sep-

tember. 1796.

— ro'seum (rosy). 2. Rose, yellow. August.

1822.

— ru' bens (red). 6. Red. October. 1822.

— squarro'sum (spreading). 2. Pink. August.

1822.

— Zeru'mbet (Zerumbet). 4. August. 1690.

ZI'NNIA. (Named after J. G. Zinn,
a German professor of botany. Nat.
ord., Composites [Asteracese]. Linn.,
19-Syngenesia £-Superflua.)

Mexican annuals, scarlet-flowered, with one
exception. Seeds, in April, in a hotbed ; seed-
lings hardened off, and then transferred to the
flower-garden, in good, rich, loamy soil. If sown
earlier, they are apt to be drawn and attacked
by insects. We have had them fine, by>owing.
under a hand-light, without bottom-heat, in the
middle of April, and throwing a mat over the
glass at night.

Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 2. July. 1824.

— e'legans (elegant). 2. July. 1796.
cocci' nea (scarlet-raz/ed). 2. Au-
gust. 1829.

— hy'brida (hybrid). 2. June. 1818.

— multiflo'ra (many-flowered). 2. August. 1770

— pauciflo'ra (few-flowered). 2. Yellow. July.

Peru, 1753.

— revolu'ta (curled-back). 2. July. 1817.

— tenuiflo'ra (slender-flowered). 2. July. 1799.

— rerticilla'ta (whorl-tea??ed). 2. July. 1789.

Zm'pHOitA. (From zizi, of the In-
dians, and phoreo, to bear. Nat. ord.,

ZIZ

[ 926 ]

ZYG

Lipworts [Lamiacese]. Linn., 2-Dian-
drla \-Monoijynia. Allied to Monarda.)

Red-flowered, where not otherwise mentioned.
Annuals, by seed in April ; perennials by seeds,
divisions, and cuttings, dry sandy loam, and
elevated places, such as rock-works ; the peren-
nials require a little protection in winter.

HALF-HAEDY EVERGEEENS.

Z. acinoi'des (Thyme-like). £. July. Siberia.
1786. Deciduous.

— clinopodioi'des (Basil-like), f. Pink. June.

Siberia. 1821.

— < cane'scens (hoary). July.
1803.

me'dia (mediate). £. July.

Caucasus. 1822.

— dasya'ntha (thick-flowered). £. July. Si-

beria. 1803.

ANNUALS.

Z. capita' ta (headed). £. July. Syria. 1752.

— Hispa'nica (Spanish). £. June. Spain. 1759.

— Tau'rica (Taurian). £. Red, purple. Au-

gust. Tauria. 1816.

— tenu'ior (slenderer). £. Purplish. June.

Levant. 1752.

ZI'ZYPHUS. (The Egyptian name
of Z. lotus. Nat. ord., Rhamnads
[Ehamnacese], Linn., 5 - Pentandria
1 -Monogynia. )

Greenish-yellow-flowered, where not other-
wise mentioned. Cuttings of the roots, suckers,
and cuttings of ripened shoots, under a hand-
•light or bell-glass, according as the species are
hardy or tender ; deep dry loam for the hardy,
peat and sandy loam for the tender.

HARDY DECIDUOUS, &C.

Z.flexuo'sa (zig-zag). 6. Nepaul. 1820.

— incu'rva (curled-in). 5. Nepaul. 1823.

— spi'na-Chri'sti (Christ's Thorn). 6. August.

Egypt.

— — — ine'rmis (unarmed). 6, August.

STOVE EVERGREENS, &C.

Z. Caracu'tta (Caracutta). E. Indies. 1820.

— lonffifo'lia (long-leaved). India. 1837.

— melastomoi'des (Melastoma-like). 6. New

Holland. 1824.

— mucrona'ta (pointed-tea»ed), 30. C. of G.

Hope. 1810. Greenhouse.

— Nape'ca (Napeca). 15. Ceylon. 1816.

— ni'tida (shining) . 6. June. China. 1822. j

— spi'na-Christi trine'rvia (three-nerved). E.

Indies. 1821.

ZO'BNIA. (Named of J. Zorn, a
German botanist. Nat. ord., Legu-
minous Plants [FabaceeBJ. Linn., 16-
Monadeljphia 6-Z>ecandria.)

Annuals, seeds, in a hotbed, and the plants
afterwards bloomed in the greenhouse ; peren-
nials also by seeds, and dividing the plants in
spring, and requiring to be kept from frost, and
rather dry in winter ; rich, light, fibry loam.

Z. angustifo'lia (narrow-leaved). 1. Purple.
July. India. 1733. Annual.

— CapeWs(Cape). £. Yellow. July. C. of G.

Hope. 1824. Greenhouse perennial.

— tetraphy'lla (four-leaved). £. Yellow. July.

Carolina. 1824. Greenhouse perennial,

ZYGADE'NUS. (From zygnuo, to join,
and adcn, a gland; double glands on
the perianth. Nat. ord., Melanths [Me-
lantnacea?]. Linn., 6-Hexandria 1-
Monogynla. Allied to Veratrum. )

Hardy, North American, herbaceous peren-
nials. Seeds, and division of the plant, in
spring ; a moist, shady peat border.
Z. bractea'tus (bracted). l£. Cream. May. 1811.

— commuta'tus (changeable). 1. Cream. June.

1811.

— e'legans (elegant). 1. White. May. 1828.

— glabe'rrimus (smoothest). 1. Cream. June.

1811.

— hy'bridum (hybrid). £. White. June. 1822.

— monoi'cum (monoecious). 2. Brown. June.

1811.

— Virgi'nicum (Virginian). 2. Brown. June.

ZYGOPE'TALUM. (From zygos, a yoke,
and petalon, a petal; the union of
the bases of the petals and sepals.
Nat. ord., Orchids [Orchidacese]. Linn.,
20-Gynandria l-Monandria.)

Stove orchids, grown in pots. See Orchids.

Z. Africa' num (African). Violet. January. Gua-
temala. 1839.

— brachype'talum (short- petaled). Green,

blue. October. Brazil. 1844.

— coclilea're (spoon-lipped). 1. White, purple.

August. Demerara.

— crini'tum (tressed). Green, blue. November.

Brazil. 1829.

— grami'neum (grass-leaved). Green, blue.

November. Popayan. 1844.

— interme'dium (intermediate). Green, blue.

November. Brazil. 1844.

— Macka'yi (Mackay's). 1. Green, lilac.

March. Brazil. 1825.

— maxilla're (tooth-like-./fo«>eraf). 1. Brown,

green. September. S. America. 1829.

— Murraya'num (Murray's). £. Green, white.

July. Brazil. 1837.

— rostra'tum (beaked). J. White, brown.

September. Demerara. 1827.

— stenochi'lum (narrow-lipped). |. White,

yellow. September. Brazil. 1828.

— tri1 color (three-coloured). Green, white.

November. Guayana. 1845.

ZYGOPHY'LLUM. Bean Caper. (From
zygos, a yoke, and phyllon, a leaf: leaves
in pairs. Nat. ord., Sean-capers [Zygo-
phyllaceffi]. Linn., IQ.Decandria 1-
Monogynia, )

Greenhouse, yellow - flowered, evergreeens,
and from the Cape of Good Hope where not
otherwise mentioned. Annual, seeds in a hot-
bed, in spring; and then the plants hardened

ZYG

[ 927 ]

ZYG

off and placed in the open border. Perennials,
by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, in sand,
under a bell-glass, in heat ; sandy peat and
fibryloara, with a little charcoal and freestone.
Z. a'lbum (white). 2. White. October.
Canaries. 1779.

— atriplicoi1 des (Orach-like). America. 1837.

Hardy herbaceous.

— cocci'neum (scarlet). 3. Scarlet. Egypt. 1823.

— cordifo'lium (heart-leaved) . 6. October. 1774.

— fw'tidum (stinking). 4. June. 1790.
insua've (unpleasant). 4. July.

1790.

Z. macula1 turn (spotted). 4. October. 1/82.

— ma'jor (larger). 4. July. Syria. 1596.

Hardy herbaceous.

— microphy'llum (small-leaved). £. July. 1816.

— Morgsa'na (Morgsana). 3. August. 1732.

— prostra'tum (prostrate). £. July. 1810.

— sessilifo'lium (stalkless-leaved). 3. July,

1713.

— si'mplex (simple). £. July. Saint Jago.

1825. Annual.

— spatula'tum (spatulate). June. Cape Verd

Islands. 1824. Stove herbaceous.

— apino'sum (spiny). 1. July. 1830.

THE END.

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