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COTTON

FROM

SEED TO LOOM.

A HAND-BOOK OF FACTS

Dallnl^se of ProiJuccr, illerdjant auD (Eousumcr.

WILLIAM B. DANA,

Eflitor Commercial and Financial Chronicle.

New York :

WILLIAM B. DANA & CO., 79 & 81 WILLIAM STREET,

PUBLISIIEKS.

1378.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1878, bj^ William

B. Daxa A: Co., in tlie office of the Librarian of Congress,

at Wasliington, D. C.

liamsay. Printer, i8 Frankfort street.

COXTENTS.

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM— INTRODUCTORY.— The efforts of
merchants to acquire facts, so as to be able to forecast the future of
markets — Cotton crop estimates still, hoTvever, unreliable — This is a
result of imperfect observation— Illustrated liy en-or with regard to
spinners' consiuuption — Estimates, to be useful, must take in the
whole growth — If simplj- founded on fall appearance, they are of no
value— Early or late frost of much less importance than many think —
■\Vhat is the secret of a full yield — The effect of a good and a poor
stand on thfe fruitage, of the plant, &c.— Other features of the
book .-. 9

CHAPTER II.

COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES— 1621 TO 1877.— Cotton
tree indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Charles V., fi-om
Mexico — Cotton plant Urst cultivated iu Virginia, 1621— When in
South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsj'lvania; Marj'land; New Jersey —
Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed from
fibre— Progress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to 1793—
Cotton gin invented, 1793 — Bowed cotton — Inventions of Har-
greaves, Arkwright, and Watt— Impulse given to cotton pi-oduc-
tlon— Exports, 1791 to 1826— Crop in America from 1826 to
1877 19

CHAPTER III.

INDIA COTTON SUPPLY— PAST AND FUTURE.- Early history of
cotton in India — Herodotu.s— Christian era — Early expoi-ts ol cotton
manufactures — Extreme beauty and fineness of cloths— Kude machin-
ery used — Cotton manufacture carried on everywliere- The reason
for excellence attained— History of Indian exports to Eiigliind and
her acts of prohibition — Present spindles in Indi.a — Total pn'sent
production of cotton- The monsoons and their effect— Map of India —
A statement of each cotton district and its capabilities— Aggi-cgatc
results — Facts limiting production— Other crops pay better— Sliip-
nient from each district— Receipts in Europe— liombay receipts and
exports 39

cox TEXTS.

CHAPTER IT.

ACREAGE IN THE UNITED STATES— 1S69 TO 1877.— How far can
acroaye liguics be relied ui>oii— riinnaterial •what ones are nsed, so
long as lliey cont'orni to the progressive conditions of the indnstry—
How- the figures of 1874-75 and 1875-7GAvere determined— Figures
for 18G9— Total cotton crops show growth m acreage— Crop of
1870-71 proves growth— Acreage from 1869 to 1877— Yield iier
acre— Largest and smallest yield on acreage of 1877— Agricv.l-
tural Bureau figures— Percentages of yield and acreage in each
State 67

CHAPTER Y.

PLANTING— CULTIVATION -STAND -JANUARY TO JUNE.— Im-
portance of Signal Service Bureau data— Cotton lands, how divided-
Production of each— Mode of cultivation— Trees girdled and ground
prepared — How seed planted iind fertilized — Old lands being
reclaimed — Early growth of seed— Clioppiiig out— Securing a stand —
A good stand a good yield, etc.— Cotton plant tender In early life and
Tongli afterwards— Its early enemies and diseases — Crab grass — Wet
May and June— Rainfall, thermometer. Chronicle weather reports
and Agi'icultural Bure:iu reports from 1870 to 1877— Deductions
and conclusions 83

CHAPTER ri.

SUMMER AND FALL GROWTH-JULY TO DECEMBER.— Formation
of the bud, its shape, etc.— The blossom, changes in color, when it
shuts and falls — Fornintion of the boll — Habits of the blossom and
plant iu relation to the sun— The roots and their growth— The tap
root and what develops it— Definition of V)ottom crop, middle crop
aiul top crop— Cotton enemies, lice, rust, shedding, boll worms, cater-
pillars, etc. — Number of bolls to make a pound of lint, etc — Weather
data from July to December, 1870 to 1877— Date of Idlling frost and
end of i)icking season in each State — Explanation of influences alTect-
ing each crop, from seed to picking, etc— Agricultural Bureau'.s
figures of condition since 1870— Estimated product of each crop
according to Bureau's November percentages — Estimated j'ield
of 1877-78, prepared from Bureau's condition figures for five
months 113

CHAPTER VII.

PICKING AND MARKETING.- Fall estimates must be based on all the
facts — M(>\ "ment of crop may help to remove final doubts — Reasons
for planters holding l)ack cotton, how nuich weight can be given
them— Early and late crops, eflfect on movt'ment- First bloom, first
V)ales and new cotton to Sei)tem)>er 1— Weeks of small receipts— Dif-
ference in date between an early and late crop— Necessities of plant-
ers have been a controlling influence, but less so hereafter— Height of
rivers and eflFect on niovenient— How marketing has been influenced
each year since 1370— Daily and monthly receipts and daily per-
centages for five years 1.57

COXTEXTS.

CHAPTER nil.

SPOT AND FUTURE MARKETS AND PRICES— Cliaiigos iu tho
cottou trade— Routes by 'STliioli t-ottou was luarketed previous to the.
war — New York's position during same period — Changes tlio Avar
made iu routes— Receipts nud sales at New York since — Future-
delivery business — Future sales for eight years — Reasons why
business iu futures is a necessity to the trade — Could not be discon-
tinued— The new arrangement as to weight of 100 bales adopted by
Liverpool conference — Prices of futures for seven years — Changes iu
mode of quoting spot cotton, how and when made— Spot (piotations
for seven years— Liverpool prices, 1783 to IS 77— Liverpool and
Manchester market each week of 1877 ISO

CHAPTER JX.

CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN EUROPE AND AMERICA.— Year
unfavorable for spinners — Eastern war not the cause but the devel-
oping influence — How consumption of goods was stimulated — First,
by cottou famine— Second, bj' speculation and free borrowing in
United States— Third, speculation and wastefulness everywhere-
Fourth, rivalry among spinners— Sudden check in demand and
large decrease in consumptive power- Consumption of cottou in
Europe for a series of years— More favorable outlook for the manu-
facturing industry in the United States— Growth in spindles iu Europe
and America— Ellison's review for 1877— United States crop for
1876-77 241

CHAPTER T.

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

IXTRODUCTORY.

The efforts of merchants to acquire facts, so as to be able to forecast
the future of markets — Cotton crop estimates still, however,
unreliable— This is a result of inipcrfeet observation— Illustrated
bj' error with rejrard to spinners' consumption— Estimates, to be
useful, nuist take in the whole growth— If simply founded on fall
appearance, they are of no value— Early or lato frost of much less
importance than many think— AVhat is the secret ot a full yield —
The effect of a:R0od and a poor stand on the fruitage of the plant,
Ac.- Other features of the book.

Tlie mercliant and manufacturer in all tlieir business
ventures must depend, in some measure at least, upon facts
not yet accomplished. Hence, each is unceasingly seeking
to outstrip his neighbor in acquiring information, through
which he may obtain a better forecast of the future. In
the search, every market has its scouts out in all directions;
you meet them, for instance, in the extremes of South
America, the plains of India, the tea-fields of China, tap-
ping the very sources of supply. The unobserving some-
times think that it is the mere turning of the kaleidoscope
that has fixed the events which have responded with such
perfect nicety to the plan put in execution months ago.
They do not see the method, but the result only, and
therefore call that good fortune which is simply the legiti-
mate fruit of vigilance.

While, however, in every industry, so much is depending

10 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

upon a riglit conception of coming conditions, and efforts
so persistent and painstaking are put forth to get at even
an inkling of their significance, it is truly surprising that so
little advance has been made in solving or limiting the
doubts with regard to cotton supply. Every year we pass
through just the same round of confusion,* uncertainty and
suspense. And yet the growth and fniitage of a plant is an
assured process, and as capable, with fixed conditions, of
being foreshadowed as the motions of the planets. All that
is required are imdisputed facts to base our conclusions upon.
With past experience and conditions accurately given,
future results could not be doubtful. The weak point in the
problem, and the only doubtful one, would arise from
imperfect observation; and that is almost wholly the result
of unnecessary ignorance.

By unnecessary ignorance we mean simply to indicate
the omission during past years to keep a perfect record of
facts as they transpired. A very good illustration in
another department of the same trade has been furnished
within a short period through the figures for European
consumption. The deliveries to spinners have been for a
long time regularly and carefully preserved and studied,
but not so spinners' stocks, the deliveries itntil recently
being understood by the general reader as the measure of
consumption. This error was the prime factor in most of
the disasters to the cotton trade for many years. Four
evident truths were thus ignored or only partially accepted:
(1) That consumption for spinning purposes cannot exceed
the spinning capacity of each country; (2) that the spinning
capacity cannot be enlarged faster than the spindles can be
made an<l set up; (3) that such increase in spindles can
only progress at a certain ascertainable rate per month,
and will not go on to any extent when the goods trade
is not profitable; and (4) that spinners naturally stock \\\f

lyTRODVCTOJiY. 11

when crops ai'e abundant and prices l(i\v, and run on
that stock when supply is short. The opinions of those
wlio insisted upon tlie truth of these propositions during
the years of 1871 and 1872 wore thought faulty, and
therefore were not accepted until in the sunnner of
1872, when, in spite of our very small crop, there was
a wonderful alistention from the market on the part of
spinuci-s, and it was then found tliat there was a supply
which had been invisible, and that deliveries and consump-
tion were by no means synonymous; so a much closer
observation and analysis of the conditions began to be
made, and at this date spinners' stocks of raw cotton are
followed as vigilantly as the deliveries, or even more so.

"We use this piece of history simply as an illustration.
The experience of that year and the facts which subsequent
investigations have brought out, have greatly simplified the
problem of consumption. Yet we daily need more light
even in tlrat direction. Our information, to meet the re-
quirement, must be aggressive, the result of incessant
research. In this spirit we have endeavored, in subsequent
pages, to push this inquiry with regard to the future spin-
ning demand one step further, by figures and suggestions
which will, we think, prove timely.

But that portion of our work is secondary. Our first and
main effort has been directed to elucidating the question of
American supply, and here we have been compelled to
explore in a field almost new. Not that there has been
any want of reports of the condition of previous crops,
faithfully made fi'ora month to montli; but simply that
such reports of themselves prove nothing, or, if followed,
lead us anywhere but to the truth. This is not said in a
spirit of criticism. If any one questions the assertion, let
him read through a few years of such compilations, and it
will be found that they are a mass of contradictions, and

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

one will rise from the task simply be\vildered. \ In a certain
year it will be stated that drought has reduced the crop
fifty per cent, or that rain has had the same effect, or that
shediling lias utterly ruined it, or that caterpillars have
eaten it up; and yet in those years, perhaps, and in those
very States, there would be an abundant yield. On the
other hand, another season, the very same summer and
fall conditions may be appai'ent, and the same results pre-
dicted and prove nearly correct.^ How can these statements
and results be reconciled ? Not by pronouncing one in-
formant false and the other tnie. They both stated what
they saw, and intended to represent the condition faithfully.
Neither had studied the lessons which the cultivation of
past crops might have taught them; their report in each
case Avas simply a reflex of the outward appearance at the
moment.

And in this connection we might as well note the fact
which even the most cursory examination discloses, thatjjno
man can estiniate coiTectly the extent of a cotton crop from
its appearance in the field in any fall or summer month.^
This point is very important, because in the misconception
with regard to it lies the great error of estimates. Planters
of even thirty years' experience, in making the attempt,
have at times varied over fifty percent from the actual yield.
Many amusing illustrations of this could bo given. "We
remember one' of a farmer who, to use his own expression,
"planted for forty bales." On a Sunday in August some
of liis neighbors paid him a visit and, as their custom was,
went out to look at his crop. All pronoimced it sure for
fifty bales. Later in the month the plants began to shed,
and the half-ripe bolls seemed literally to rain upon the
gnjund, while the leaves drooped under the scorching sun
as if utterly discoiiraged, no doubt imparting a like feeling
to the beholder. Not t;,wenty bales would that field pro-

JXTROBUCTORY. 13

duce, was the unanimous, unhesitating verdict of these
same sage judges; and they beheved it so fully that the
farmer immediately told his family to purchase nothing
more at the grocer's, for his cotton was a failure. Late in
September our friend wrote that his crop was actually
turning out better than he expected, and he should not
wonder if he made thirty bales. In November he wrote
again, saying he had picked thirty-five bales, and hoped to
secure four or five more. When the season closed, his final
report showed a total yield of forty-one bales. This is not
an exceptional case. It represents the blunder of every
person who attempts to draw a year's results out of a day's
experience — not unlike the endeavor to describe the his-
tory and achievements of a long war by an instantaneous
photograph at a set moment in the progress of one battle.

The first assumption of the careless observer, after study-
ing the aboye case, will be that the extra yield was the
fruitage of- a new growth. Belonging to the same class of
hasty conclusions is the remark, frequently heard, that if
frost holds off for ten days it will be five hundred
thousand bales added to the crop, and some, not to be
outdone we suppose in romancing, make it a million
bales if the frost will grant thirty to sixty days' grace
beyond an average. In other words, the opinion of these
wise men is that the frost is the arbiter of the yield.
This is a very mistaken notion, for a healthy, regularly-
developed cotton plant, like every weed or shrub, has
a fixed growth, with a limit to it, ending in maturity.
The date, therefore, when vegetation is killed, has very
much less to do with the result than most imagine, for
all the fruit the plant can carry will have been pre-
viously perfected. In 1875, ice formed at Memphis (see
Chronicle of October IG, 1875. page 375.) on Monday and
Tuesday nights, the 11th and 12th of October; the Mem-

11 COTTOX FliOM SEED TO LOOIT.

pliis Cotton Exchange report issued in November states
that, out of all their correspondents in Tennessee, Mississippi
and Arkansas, being 154 in all, eighty, or more than one-
half, -'report a kiUing frost from the 9th to the 20th
"of October, the average date being October 14th." And
yet, notwithstanding frost came so early, Memphis received
of the crop of that year 487,376 bales, being over 160,000
bales more than in the previous year, and over 100,000
bales more than m 187 1-2, when the date of frost was
November 17, the very latest in that district of any year in
our record. Certainly there was something in the growth
of the summer of 1875 which even an early killing could
not destroy; and when we come to consider the weather
data of that autumn we shall also find that even floods of
rain, equal to those of 1877 at very many points, had not
their accustomed power over it.

It was not, therefore, out of a second growth, as it is
called, nor out of a prolonged autumn, that our friend se-
cured so good a crop. All he ever knew or understood
was that he made it, and from plants that about the first
of September looked to him and his friends, in every par-
ticular, like those of a previous year which proved a failure.
And in that apparent contradiction between results and
conditions lies the very point upon which w*e desire our
investigations to throw light. jWe call cotton a dry-
weather plant, and so it is; but the drought it passes suc-
cessfully through one year will perhaps almost kill it the
next. It is said that rain is its destruction; and j^et a crop
is often made of surprising proportions which has endured
just such floods of rain as another crop succumbs to, of
apparently equal promise. ' To test, therefore, all our con.
elusions relating to these matters, we need facts which shall
reflect past experience through a series of years, from the
first ploughing of the field to the picking of the last boll; and

IXTIiODUCIORT. 15

we need to apply such facts to tlie nature, liabits and pro-
duction of the plant, so as to bring out as far as possible
the reasons for the failure and success of different crops
during those seasons.

This is ■ what we have attempted to do in later
pages. As a preliminary, however, we have investigated
anew the problem of acreage, showing and proving its
growth or progress in the past and its extent and produc-
tion during recent years, thus giving the data for deter-
mining the outside limits or possibilities of any season.
After that, follows a detailed account of the routine in
cultivation during the first six months ; this includes a
recital of the methods of preparing the soil, planting the
seed, working the crop, with a history of the early
growth, the diseases and dangers encountered at that
period, and the nature and kind of labor necessary in
securing a stand. This detail may at first sight appear
unnecessary, but is really the basis of our inquiry, as these
facts, disclosing the weaknesses and strength of the cotton
plant, prepare us to study and understand the data subse-
quently given of weather and growth while passing through
these many stages of development, thus enabling us to de-
termine with great accuracy the effect of certain peculi-
arities of weather and the reasons for it, and also what has
been the precise condition of the several crops on the first
of July. In subsequent chapters we similarly analyze and
examine the last six months of each year.

Young life is synonymous with v/eakness and frailty.
All plants then need nursing, protection, cultivation.
Every faithful gardener watches over and tends his seed
when once planted; if the weather is dry, he waters it;
if cold, he covers it; if wet, he protects it. And when the
little shoot has pushed above the ground, his care increases
lest insects shall pierce or weeds choke or rain bliglit the

16 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

tender growth. He could omit much of this labor if he
were content in getting only sickly plants, irregularly estab-
lished. His aim, howevei', is to secure an abundant crop,
which he knows is only attainable through a perfect early
development; but when such a development is gained, he
considers the time of trial and doubt passed, the harvest as-
sured, and tlie plant almost able to take care of itself. Is not
this, in vegetable life, the universal experience ? Of course,
in extensive cultivation, with acres of corn or cotton, no
such nursing is possible ; the gardener secures a crop always,
because, in his limited domain, he can constantly supply the
deficiencies or irregularities of nature; the farmer, how-
ever, is in bondage to the weather. If it is so dry his seed
does not germinate, he cannot water it; if too cold, he can-
not cover it; if excessively wet, he cannot protect it. So,
also, when the plants are up, they need care and cultiva-
tion, but can receive it only if the weather permits. Con-
sequently, his crops vv'ill sometimes be well started and
sometimes poorly started. And precisely here lies the
point of first interest. The cotton plant in June is brought
to a stand; in suitable weather the stand is strong, clean
and healthy; in unsuitable weather it is w^eak, grassy and
sickly. The inquiry suggested is, how far does the stand
or the condition on the first of July control the yield. Can
a weak, sickly stand ever be cured ? Does a strong, healthy
stand, within any definable limits, guarantee a successful
season ? For answers to these questions, we must refer to
tha facts given; first, as to the early growth of the plant,
next, with regard to the summer development and trials,
and finally as to the maturing, picking and marketing of
the crop. All the explanations and data included under
these heads are needed to enforce the truth which the facts
appear to disclose. After carefully studying them, the
reader mav find much less contradiction than heretofore

jyTiionrcTORT. 17

supposed between the conditions and results of different
seasons. The ancients represented the Goddess Fortune
blind-fold turning her wheel, now up, now down, and
fixing the deepest events of life with fickle impulse and
random hand. In our day, cotton-crop estimates have
come to be considered as peculiarly under ihe supervision
of this same divinity. We trust, however, that in the
future this will be true to a much smaller degree, and that,
when a few years more of accurate weather observations
have been preserved, the ventures of the cotton merchant
and manufacturer will be still less the football of blind
chance.

The other features of this book it is unnecessary for us
to refer to at any length here; they sufficiently explain them-
I selves. With regard to India, however, we may say that
our purpose has been to unfold another point in the cotton-
I supply problem which is but little understood. We believe
' tha facts and figures we have brought together, will, with the
I help of the map of the cotton districts which we give, be
[ found of frequent use. Next to America, India is likely,
I for a considerable time at least, to hold prominence as a
source of supply, and hence we cannot fail to be interested
in anything that helps us to measure that supply. The
map, which is more fully explained hereafter, has been
prepared under our direction for the purpose of supplying
a want often expressed and widely felt to exist. Though
not as complete in some of its details as we intended — and
very likely containing minor inaccuracies with regard to
the boundaries of some smaller districts — yet the informa-
tion it does convey can be obtained from no other pub-
lished source, and is of such a practical nature as to make
it of special service to a large circle of readers. Whether
tlie world's supply of cotton from India is to continue un-
changed, or is to suffer decline or gradually to increase^

IS COTTON Fit Oil SEED TO LOOM.

are points very frequently discussed, and — because there
have been so few helps accessible to guide one's judgment
— often without knowledge. May we not believe that for
the future these and kindred questions will be more
generally and clearly understood.

con ox CHOPS OF the united states. 19

CHAPTER II.

COTTOX CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES.
1621 TO 1877.

Cotton Tree indigenous in America — Cortes' present to Cliarles V., from
Mexico— Cotton Plant first cultivated in Virginia, IG'Jl— When in
South Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania; Maryland; New Jersej-—
Louisiana and Florida invent machines for separating seed
from fibre — Progress in cultivation to 1793— Exports, 1739 to
1793— Cotton Gin invented, 1793— Bowed Cotton— Inventions of
Hargreaves, Arlrwright, and Watt— Impulse given to Cotton
production— Exports, 1791 to lS'2G-Crop in America from 1826
to 1877.

The wide subject of cotton supply may very properly be
introduced by a summary of the production of cotton in
America each year since its first cultivation in the South;
such a review will, we are persuaded, be of general,
and, to some extent, of practical, interest. Previous to
182G-27 there were no complete returns, either commer-
cial or official. Pretty full statistics were prepared in
October, 1825, and also in October, 1826; but with 1827
the figures became more detailed and exact. We begin,
therefore, with that year our tables of the crop move-
ment, which will be found on subsequent pages of this
chapter. It will be noticed that from that date
(1826-27) we give every result in each annual report
down to the present year, 1876-77, so that the reader
has before him, in convenient form, easy for refer-
ence, and covering the entire period mentioned — a full

20 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Iialf century, — (I) tlie receipts at each port; (2) the
exports to Great Britain, France, and otlier countries;
(;]) the stock at the beginning and the end of the year;
(4) the consumption in the North; (5) the consumption
in the South; (G) the overland movement; (7) the otlier
lesser items, such as the cotton burnt, exported to Canada
b}'' rail, etc. In each year s column, therefore, each bale
is accounted for, and beginning with the stock on hand
at the commencement of the year, we have, after adding
the production and deducting the exports, consumption,
etc., which appear there, a balance left, which is the stock
at the close of the year.

For the period previous to 1820-27 we can do no more
than to give the shortest possible summary of results. They
have no practical interest, and hence do not come within
the purpose of this book; but still, as in cotton matters we
are all in one sense antiquarians, a brief historical review of
the attempts and results of previous years will furnish a suit-
able introduction to the years when more exact statistics
began, and such a summaiy is perhaps desirable to com-
plete the record.

CULTIVATIOX FKO:\r 1021 TO 1793.

Cotton was indigenous in Amei"ica. It was found by
the Spaniards when they discovered the continent, the
Mexicans at that time using it very largely as an article of
clothing. Clavigero, in his history of Mexico, states that
Cortes sent as presents to Charles V. " cotton mantles, some
'•all white, others mi.xed with white and l)lack or rod,
"green, yellow and blue; waistcoats, handkerchiefs, coun-
''terpanes, tapestries and carpets of cotton." Columbus
also found the plant in Conti-al and South Amei'ica in great
abundance, the inhabitants using it for clothing, and also
for making fishing nets. It is presumed, liowever, that it
was the cotton tree which was native in America, and

COTTOX CROrS OF THE VXITED STATES. 21

not the annual herbaceous plant now grown in the South.
Ward in his '-Mexico" speaks of the cotton tree propa-
gating itself there, in the same chapter in wliich he refei's
to the advanced state to which tlie inliabitants had cai'ly
carried the manufacture of the staple. He nowhere men-
tions the plant, but implies that the tree was their only-
source of supply of the raw material.

As to the cultivation of cotton in the United States,
Virginia has tlie credit of making the first experiment.
This original venture is generally credited to 1621. The
seeds, which are supposed to have come from the West
Indies, are stated to have been planted as an experiment,
but the historian remarks that " their plentiful coming up
'' was at that early day a subject of interest in America and
" England." It would seem, however, that very likely
1G21 was not the first year of its cultivation, for in a list
of articles gro\\'ing and to be had in the Virginia colony in
that year (1621), we find mentioned coitoa wool, at Sd. pei-
pound. It could scarcely have been for the first dme
planted, grown, cleaned, and got into a price list all in the
same nine months, at a period of our history when move-
ments, to say the least, were not over-rapid. It is barely
possible, however, that the cotton tree mentioned above
was before that growing and utilized there, and that the
" cotton wool " of the price list was some of its product.
But whether this was so or not, ^there can be no doubt of
the fact that it was in Virginia and in 1G21, or very near
that date, that the first experiment in cultivating the cotton
plant within the bounds of the colonies was successfully
tried.

From such a beginning the production spread, but in a
very limited way. In Carroll's "Historical Collections
of South Carolina" mention is made of the growth of
the cotton plant in that State in 1666. Agam, in the

22 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

same State, Mr. Peter Purry settled a Swiss colouy in
1733, and hroi;glit cotton seed with liini. In 1734 the
seed was planted in Georgia, being sent to the trustees
by Philip Miller, of Chelsea, England. About this time,
also, the cultivation had been extended more northerly.
In 1736 cotton is stated to have lieen raised on tlie east-
ern shores of ]\Iaryland, and subsequently in Delawai'e,
and finally even in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. All
this was of course in a small way, and yet it is recorded
that the home-gi'own cotton near Pennsylvania was, about
the time of the Revolution, sufficient for the domestic
wants of the State, which, however, were by no means
large, as woolen and linen were then generally used for
clothing. In 1775 the Assembly of the Province of
Virginia, '' in view of the changing relations with Great
Britain," resolved that "all persons having proper land
"ought to cultivate and liaise a quantity of hemp, flax and
" cotton, hot only for the use of his own family, but to
"spare to others on moderate terms."

In the meantime, that is from 1700 onward, the cultiva-
tion of this staple was further extended southward beyond
South Carolina and Georgia. We find, for instance, that
in 1742 a Frencli planter in Louisiana, M. Dulireuil,
invented a machine for separating the seed froni the filire.
The need for such a machine would indicate that the pro-
duction of cotton had at that time made considerable
progress there. In 1 772 a similar contrivance was made
by one Crebs, of Florida. P)Ut the extent to which tlie
Southern States at about the latter date had developed this
industry is l)est described in a letter by ]\Ir. Jefferson,
addressed to M. de AVarville, under date of August 15,
17.SG, in which he says "the four southernmost States make
" a great deal of cotton. Tlie poor are almost entii'ely
" clotlunl in it in winter and sumnier. In winter thev wear

COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES.

23

" shirts of it, and outer clothing of cotton and wool mixed.
" In Slimmer their shirts are linen, but the outer clothing
"cotton. The dress of the women is almost entirely of
'• cotton manufactured by themselves, except tlie richer
"class, and even many of these wear a great deal of home-
" spun cotton. It is as well manufactured as the calicoes
"of Europe."

Too much, however, must not l)e predicated on this
letter of Mr. Jefferson. Cultivation was then, withcnit
doubt, widely spread over the States named, but was still
very limited as to the quantity each produced, the cotton
being as yet almost wholly iised to supply domestic wants.
About that time, however, a change in this respect took
place, aa is well indicated by a letter of Richard Teake,
dated Savannah, December 11, ITSS, and written to Tench
Coxe, of Philadelphia. In it he says: " I have been this
"year an adventure!', and the first tliat has attempted, on
"a large scale, in the article of cotton. Several here, as
"well as in Carolina, have followed me and tried the
"experiment. I shall raise about 5,000 pounds in the
"seed from about eight acres of land, and the next year I.
"expect to plant from fifty to one hundred acres. The
"lands in the southern part of this State are admirably
"adapted to the raising of this commodity. Tlie climate
"is so mild, so far to the soutli, scarce any winter is felt,
" and — another grand advantage — whites can be employed.
" The labor is not severe attending it — not more than rais-
"ing Indian corn." Thus, from tliis date the progress
made in cultivation was more decided. In 171)0 it is
recorded that William Elliott was very successful with a
crop of cotton at Hilton Head. S. C, so much so that it
gave a marked impetus to the production in that section;
and in 1791 the total yield in South Carolina and Georgia
was at the time estimated at 2,000,000 pounds (three-

24 ■ COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

fourths in South Carolina and one-fourth in Georgia), or,
at 440 pounds net to the bale, say 4,545 bales.. Such was
about tlio condition in wli.ich we find cotton cultivation at
the period of the invention of the cotton gin, in 171)3.
But, before proceeding further, let us note the early-
beginnings in the export movement, bringing that account
down to tlie same date.

EXPOKT MOVKMENT FROM 1739 TO 1793.

The following is a brief statement of events in this

department of the trade, so far as we have been able to

collect the facts, down to 1793:

1730— Sanmel Ausiiourgner, a Swiss living iu Georgia, took over to
Lomlou, at the time of tlie controversy about tlio introduction of
slaves, a sample of cotton raised by biiu in Georgia. This we
may call, iu the absence of a better starting point, the first
export.

174:7— During this year several bags of cotton, valued at £3 lis. 5(1.
per bag, wore exported from Cbaiieston. Doubts as to this being
of Aniericau growth have been expressed, but as cotton had been
cultivated iu South Carolina for mauj^ j'cars, there does not
seem to be anj' reason for sucli doubts. Besides, English
writers mention it as an import of Carolina cotton.

1753— "Some cotton" is mentioned among the exports of Carolina in
1753, and of Charleston in 1757 ; and a L(mdon publication iu
1762, (luotcd iu " Bishop's History of American Manufactures,"
says : " Wiiat cotton and silk both the Caroliuas send us is excel-
" lent, and calls aloud for the encouragement of its cultivation in
" a place well adapted to raise both."

1761— Eight (8) bags of cotton imported iu Liverpool from the United
States.

1770— Three (3) bales shipped to Liverpool from New York; ten (10)
bales from Cliarle.ston ; four (4) bales from Virginia and Marylaiul ;
and three (3) barrels full from North Carolina.

1734— About fourteen (14) bales shipped to Great Britain, of wliich eight
(8) were seized as improperly entered, on the ground that so much
cottou could not have been produced in the United States. This
act of our Eiiglish cousius looks, under the circuuistances, a lit-
tle more like sharp practice than ignorance.

1735- Five (5) liags imported at Liverpool.

1786— Nine Innidrcd (000) pounds imported into Liverpool.

1787— Sixteen thousand three hundred and fifty (10,350) pounds imported
nito Liverpool.

COTTOX CROPS OF THE VXITED STATES.

173S— Fiftj--eigbt tlioiisnncl five humlrcd (53,500) pomulH imported into
Liveriiool.

1789— One liiiiKlred and twenty-seven tliousand live Imndred (127,500)
pounds imported into Liverpool.

1790— Fourteen tliousand (14,000) pounds imported into Liverpocd.
We can find uo reason for tins niivked decline in the exports,
except it may be -that the crop was a failure that year. Our tir.st
.supposition was t.iat the cause was one of price. But on exam-
ining the quotations in Toole's work on " high and low prices," we
do not see anj- marked decline in the values of other descrip-
tions of cotton, and the American staple is not given in his list
until 1793. "We would refer the reader to Took's table of (piota-
ti:>ns w!ujh will l)e foand in our chapter on p.-i -e-!.

1791— One hundred and eightj'-nino thousand live hundred ^189,500)
pounds imported into Liverpool, the price averaging here 2C cents .

1792— One hundred and thirty-eight thousand three hundred and twenty-
eight (138,328) pounds imported into Liverpool.

It sliould be stated in connection with the foregoing tliat
although the amounts named above are the imj)orts into
Great Britain each year from the United States, they were
not in all case^, wholly Amei-ican cotton. Not till 1802 did
our Custom House returns distinguisli home-grown from
foreign cotton, and Ave were foi* many years impoiting as
well as exporting. For instance, in 1705 we imported
4,107,000 pounds, and exported 0,276,000 pounds. What .
portion of the 4,107,000 pounds of foreign entered into
our exports that year it is impossible to say; but the only
reasonable supposition is that a consideral>le portion, if not
all of it, did, since the total crop of South Carolina and
Georgia in 1791 was estimated, as stated abov^e, to- be
only 2,000,000 pounds; and it is scarcely probable that
the crop would have increased duiing the four years so
rapidly as to leave such an increased surplus. So also
in 179G a very considerable portion of our exports must
have been foreign cotton; but for sul)sequent years they
were almost wholly American.

PRODUCTION FKOM 1793 TO 1826.

With 1793 a new era in cotton production opened. In

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

that year Wliitney invented the cotton or saw gin. Pre-
viously very rude instruments were used for the purpose of
separating the seed from the lint. Wo have already
referred to the invention of Dubreuil, of Louisiana, in
1742, and of Crebs, of Florida, hi 1772. Each invention
was probably a combination of rollers, not unlike the mill
long before that in use in India, of which the following is
a representation :

This, as will be seen, is a hand-mill, and was worked by
the women. The two rollers were of teak wood, fluted
longitudinally with five or si.x grooves, revolving nearly in
contact. The ui)per roller was turned by a handle, and
the lower carried along with it l')y a perpetual screw at the
axis. The cotton was put in at one side and drawn
through ])y tlie revolving rollers; but the seeds, being too
large to pass through tlm opening, were torn off and fell
down on the opposite side from the cotton. Tliis rude
apparatus, however, did not prepare the staple for market
or for use. Another operation was still necessary, which
was called "bowing the cotton," to clear it from dirt and
knots. This was done by an instrument called a bow, a
very simple contrivance of wood, the elasticity of which

COTTON CROPS OF THE UNITED STATES,

was increased by a combination of strings. It was used
by being first placed in contact with a heap of cotton, and
then tlie workman struck the strings with a wooden mallet,
the result being that the vibrations opened the knots of the
cotton, shook out the -dust and dirt and raised it to a downy
fleece. This contrivance was early introduced into Georgia,
from India, and its use in Georgia gave rise to the term
'^ bowed Georgia cotton^'' a term then and still applied in
commerce, although it is now more than lialf a century
since any instrument of that description was used in this
country. The following is a representation of the East
India bow, which was probably the model from which our
own Georgia bow was first made, though subsequently
modifications in the way of improvements were added.*

One can easily see that with such rude machines for
preparing the staple for market, any large increase in the
cotton crop of America was almost out of the question;

* See Bain's " Ilisiorv of Cotton Manufacture," pages f!G and 07.

2^ COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

and yet the manufacturing industry had reached such a
stage of development that it required a speedy and decided
addition to tl)(^ supply of the raw material. First — the
spinning machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright were
only brought to perfection in about 1780, and tlirough
defects in the patents were thrown open to the pul)lic
at the close of ITSo. After the latter date, and as a
result of the setting aside of the i>atents, an astonishing
extension of n^anufacture immediately followed. Sec-
ond— at very nearly the sanie time the factory system
took its rise in England. Up to about 1785 cotton
manufacture hail been almost entirely carried on in the
houses of the workmen. No larger apartments than a
cottage were required for the hand or stock cards, the
spinning-wheel and the loom. But • after the improve-
ments m machinery above referred to were made, more
room than a cottage, more strength than an ordinarily-
built house, and more power than the human arm were
required. Out of these necessities extensive manufactur-
ing establishments grew up, which further assisted in
the development of this industry. Third — the first
steam engine made for a cotton mill was made in 1785,
but it was not till 1790 that Richard Arkwright adopted
Watt's invention, and not till 1792 that the fii'st steam
engine was set up in Glasgow. The total number of
steam engines in use in Manchester up to the year 1800
is stated by Farey to have been 32, of 430 horse-powei".
From the latter date the adoption of steam as a motive
power in cotton factories was more rapid.

Thus at about the time Whitney's cotton gin came into
use, spinning machinei-y had re-created cotton manufac-
turer, the factory system had oi-ganizod and developed
its new life, and Watt's steam engine had forced it into
a vigorous growtli. As our readers are familiar with the

COTTON CHOPS OF THE VXITED STATES.

workings of tlie saw gin, it is unnecessary to describe it.
Tlie fact of its invention iu 1793, its speedy adoption, and
the subsequent rapid development of cotton cultivation,
just in time to meet the growing necessities of the manu-
facturer, ai"e the points of interest — admirably illustrating
the working of that divine law of progress notably con-
spicuous in the whole history of the human race, under
which each want as it arises finds its complement ready at
hand.

The eifect of the combinsd circumstances above indi-
cated on the production of this staple in the United States
may be seen fi'om the following table of exports of cotton
from the United States from 1791 to 1826, both inclusive:

EXPORTS OF COTTOX FROM THE UN'ITED STATES.

Years.

Quantity.

Years.

Quantity. ■

Years.

Quantity.

Lbs.

Lbs.

Lbs.

1791....

189.316

1803...

41,105,023

1815....

82,998,747

1792....

13S:32S

I'^iU....

38,118,041

1810....

81,747,116

1793....

487,600

1805....

40,383,491

1817....

85,649,328

1794....

1.001,700

1806....

37,491,282

1818....

92.471,178

1795....

0,276,300)

1807....

06.212.737

1819....

87,997,045

1790....

6,100,729 1

1808....

12.004,306:

1820....

127,800,152

1797....

3,788,429

1809....

53,210,225

1821....

124,893,405

179S....

9,300,00.5

1810....

93,874,201

1822....

144,075,095

1799....

9,532,203

1811....

02,180,081

1823....

173,-23,270

1800....

17.789,803

1812....

28.952,.544^^

1824....

l-i2.3C9,G03

1801....

20.911.201

1813....

19,399,9115.

1825....

176.439,907

1802....

27.501,075

1814....

17,800,479 J

182>i....

204,535,415

t The years 1795 and 1790 include a auautity of foreign cotton in tlie
exports.
{ 1808 was the year of tlie American embargo on foreign trade,
§ Tlie years 1812, 1813 and 1814 were tliose of tlie war.

Leaving out the years 179.5 and 179f3, when so consid-
erable an amount of foreign cotton was probably included,
it will be seen from the foregoing liow rapid must have
been the actual growth of production in this country. Ju
179.3 we exported only 487,600 pounds; but in 1797 the
export liad increased to .3,788,429 pounds, iu 1798 to
9,360,00.5 pounds, and hi 1803 to 41,10.5,623 pounds. At
the same time, with these decided additions to tlie foreign

30

COTTOX FliOM SEED TO LOOM.

movement, the uses of the staple were being widely
extended in our own country, so that the production
increased in even a larger proportion. During these
years, however, no full figures of the actual growth
were kept.

COTTON PRODUCTION FROM 1825 TO 1877.

The first attempt at a crop report approaching complete
ness was made in October, 1825, when the totals for the
previous year, as well as the year closing at that time,
were given. In October, 1826, the second report was
made, and in the following October (1827) full statistics
were prepared, not only of production, but also of the
exports and Northern consumption. In the latter year
the Northern consumption reached 103,483 bales, and it
probably did not vary much from that amount in 1825-
The crops for the three years, from 1824 to 1826, may be
stated as follows:

Year ended October 1.

1824.

1825

1826

New Orleans

120,481
4,500

44,924
152,735
134,518

40,000

200,453

3,000

58,796

138,000
97,000
72,000

251,959

2,817

Aliibmiia

74,201

Ge()i-j,'i;i

190,592

111,978

Nortli Carolina

88,480

509,158 5<i9.24n

720,027

Estiuiatud Xortheru consumptiou

100,000

100,000

100,000

Leaving for export

409,158

469,249

620,027

As the exports given on the previous page are for the
calendar year and these figures are for the crop year, no
comparison between them can be made.

Commencing with the following season, a very convenient
summary of every item of each statement, down to Sept. 1,
1877, will be found on succeeding pages. Until 1841-42
the crop year was brought down to October 1 ; after that
it was changed so as to close as at present, September 1.

COTTOX CROrS OF THE rXITED STATES.

31

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38 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

The foregoing pages present a brief recital of the more
prominent events and facts which together make up the
history of cotton production in this country. It would
have been of interest to have further extended this sketch,
or at least to have noted the peculiar circumstances and
conditions which attended and assisted in the speedy
revival of tliis industry, subsequent to the war. But
the crop statements we give since 1865 are really all
that is necessary for our present purposes. In future
chapters, however, we may have occasion to introduce
some other facts covering that period.

JXDIA COTTON SrPPLT.

39

CHAPTER III.

INDIA COTTON SUPPLY.

PAST AND FUTURE.

Early history of cotton in India— Herodotns— Christian era— Early
exports of cotton manufactures — Extreme beauty and tiuene.ss of
cloths — Rude machinery used — Cotton manufacture carried on
everj- where — The reason for excellence attained— History of Indian
exports to England and her acts of prohibition— Present spindles
in India— Total present production of cotton— The monsoons and
their efFcct— Map of India — A statement of each cotton district
and its capabilities — Aggregate results— Facts limiting production
-Other crops pay better— Shipment from each district— Receipts
in Europe— Bombay receipts and exports.

Since India, as a soui-ce of cotton supply, has ever
ranked — and probably always will rank — next to America
in importance, a few facts will be useful here, to refresh
our minds as to its past position and future capabili-
ties. And yet in a work of this description it is not
possible, nor do we conceive it desirable, to enter upon
a detailed account of all that is imagined or known with
regard to the cotton plant and cotton productions of
that country. Both have a history dating back several
thousand years. Even at the time of Herodotus (484
to 424 B. C.) the inhabitants appear to have been so
long in the use of this staple that their garments, when
they wore any, were commonly made of cotton. That
historian, speaking of the things for which they were
then peculiarly celebrated (Book 11, c. 105), says that
"they possess a kind of plant which instead of fruit,

40 COTTOX FUOM SEED TO LOOM.

"produces wool of a finer and better quality than that of
"sheep; of this the Indians make their clothes."

But. pas.sing by the earlier records and coming down to a
later period, about the Christian era, we find India engaged
in the export of cotton manufactures. That stage in
the development of this industry, where supply had
out-run domestic wants, had been passed, and a large
surplus was being absorbed by other countries. In the
" Periplvs Maris Enjthcei,'' written probably in the early
part of the second century, the author, Arrian, an Egyptian
Greek, says that the Aral) traders at that thne made
a business of bringing India cottons to Adule, a port
of the Red Sea, and that a very considerable trade
had been established in them with the ports beyond
the Red Sea. He also speaks of the Bengal muslins as
being even then of superior excellence. Of a still later
date were the journeyings of Marco Polo. He wrote
probably late in the thirteenth century, and asserts that
he found cotton maniifactured everywhere in India, indi-
cating the flourishing condition in which the outside trade
must then have been. But not till we reach about 1660 do
we have mention of the extreme beauty and wonderful
fineness and texture of these goods. Previous writers we
have quoted, to be sure, speak of the excellence of the
manufactures and also of their beauty ; but Tavernier, in
his " Travels," written at the date last mentioned, goes
more into detail at least, and we should think, from hi.s
descriptions, saw a more wonderful make of goods than
previous historians. He states that some of the muslins
which he saw, or " calicuts" as they were then called, were
"so fine you could hardly feel them in your hand, and the
" thread, when spun, was scarcely discernible." One sort he
mentions as being of so delicate a texture that " wlien a man
" puts it on, his skin appears as plainly through it as if he

iXDiA corrox supply. 4i

*• was quite naked; but the merchants are not permitted to
"transport it, for the Governor is obUged to send it all to
" the Great Mogul's seraglio and to the principal lords of
''the court, who use it to make the Sultanesses and noble-
" men's wives shifts and garments for the hot weather ;
" and the King and the loi'ds take great pleasure beholding
''them in these shifts and seeing them dance with nothing
"else upon them." "We have not the space to give other
authorities on these points, and yet, as corroborative
and undoubted evidence of the extreme skill the Indians
displayed in their work, we may cite the Rev. William
"Wai'd, who was an English missionary at Seranipore in the
early part of the present century. He says, in describing
a kind of muslin then manufactured there, that it was so
" exceeding fine that when laid on the grass and the dew
'•has fallen upon it, it is no longer discernible.'' We
might lengthep out this branch of our inquiry almost
indefinitely by numberless citations from other authors.
Suffice it to say, however, that all bear evidence to the one
fact of India's early perfection in cotton manufactures, hei'
goods having become celebrated the world over for their
remarkable beauty and texture.

This degree of perfection in manufacture is the more
noteworthy when we remember what rude machines for
spinning and weaving were then in use. There were of
course no factories, or what we now call factories, in those
early days, and, in truth, in India there were none iintil
very recently. Every house had its spinning wheel, and
the women of the household spent a part of their time
each day at it. Weavers also were to be found in every
village. Orme, in his " Historical Fragments of the Mogul
Empire," says, " on the coast of Coromandel and in the
'•province of Bengal * * * j^ [^ difficult to find
" a village in which every man, woman and child is not

42

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

" employed in making a piece of cloth. At present, much
"the greatest part of the whole provinces are. employed in
''this single manufacture." And yet, as we stated,
although every one was a producer, and their cloths wei'e
unrivalled, their machines wei*e only of the rudest descrip-
tion. The following cut is given by Bain in his " History
• of Cotton Manufactures." It represents a heavy one-
thread spinning wheel in general use, made of teak wood
of the roughest carpentry, on which the coarse yarn is
.spun by the women, the finer yarn being spun on a metallic
spindle, but equally primitive in style.

"With such uncouth and cumbersome instruments it is
certainly remarkaljle that resiilts so wonderful were
obtainoil. But it is claimed that this superior excellence
was very largely due to the delicacy of touch possessed both
by the men and women. j\Iill in his history of British India
says that "the weak and delicate frame of the Hindu is
"accompanied with an acuteness of external sense, par-
" ticularly of touch, which is altogether unrivalled ; and the
" flexil)ility of his fingers, is equally remarkable. The hand

/-vx»j-i coTiox srrrLT. 43

" of the Hindu, therefore, constitutes an organ adapted to
•• the finest operations of the loom, in a degree which is
*• ahnost or altogether peculiar to himself."

But we must leave this interesting part of our subject.
There is one point in the early and later history of India
manufactures, however', which has at present a peculiar and
practical interest. It seems that after India had entered
upon the export of her muslins, the trade had a vigorous
and rapid growth. These muslins first went to the Red Sea
only, then beyond the Red Sea, and. finally they were so
cheap and so beautiful that they found an entry everywhere.
Woolen manufacture had obtained an early lodgment in
Europe, becoming an important industry in England.
"When, however, the East India companies brought these
inexpensive and finely-wrought cotton fabrics there, they
were caught up by the people and used in every way; for
''dresses for the women,"' " for children's froclcs," also " for
lining for men's coats and for petticoats, too." This, of
course, crowded out woolens and other Enghsh home-made
goods. At once the cry was raised that the woolen trade
was being destroyed, for the people '' wear foreign com-
modities" instead of *-our own English woolen fabrics."
The government was therefore appealed to and asked to
" lay a very high impost upon all such commodities." So'
in 1700 an act was passed by Parliament which forbade the
introduction of " India silks and printed calicoes for
" domestic use, either as apparel or furniture, under a
" penalty of two hundred pounds." This, however, did not
appear to stop the trade, and other acts were subsequently
passed, more stringent, but for the same purpose. Stdl,
smuorgling continued, and the India export continued, and
the complaints continued.

In the meantime England l)egan the manufacture of
cottons herself, and the industry grew rapidly under the

44 COTTOX Fli03I SEED TO LOOJf.

skill and inventive genius of the nation. Then she, in
turn, liad a surplus for export, and freer trade principles
took root rapidly. Old acts of prohibition were repealed
and a more liberal policy was adopted. Now, in turn,
English fabrics found their way into India. Improve-
ments in macliinery had enabled her to undersell the
market. They quickly supplanted the native goods, so
that India lost her ascendancy, and with it much of her
foi'mer skill. But the inhabitants did not quietly submit
to being crowded out of their own peculiar field of
industry, and more especially from their own territory, so
they sought protection against the cheaj>er productions of
the mother country. These efforts were fi'uitless how.
ever, and even a ten per cent duty on the import of Indian
manufactured cottons remained on the statute books of
England until IS33, we believe.

Still, it seems that India's turn has come at last. As a
measure of revenue, a few years since a customs duty
on the import of cotton goods was imposed by the
Indian government. Of course, under this all English
goods nnported were required to pay the duty. The net
customs revenue of India, according to the last financial
statement, issued March 15, 1877. which we now have
before us (page 41), was only £2,475,530, and of this
amount the duties on cotton goods yielded £850,000.
Hence, although Her Majesty's government is constantly
'saying that the "interests of India" (it might be added of
Great Britain, too,) "imperatively reciuire the timely
" removal of a tax which is at once wrong in principle,
" injurious in its practical effect, and self -destructive in its
" operation," yet the financial officer of the Indian govern-
raent yearly has to "regret" that "for reasons similar to
" those which prevailed a year ago it lias been decided that
" nothing can be done at the present moment towards the

IXDIA COTTOX SrJTLT.

45

"abolition of these duties." In the meantime, the tax,
which Avas so easily put on, but is so difficult to get off, is
very decidedly fostering the cotton manufacturing industry
in India, and the alarm of Manchester can be easily
understood. The India fmancial statement, before referred
to, of the Hon. Sir John Strachey (page V3), contains the
following statement of the mills now at work in India for
spinning and weaving cotton. We also have before us
the report, for the 3^ear 1868-69, of Harry Rivett-Carnac,
Esq., Cotton Commissioner, and from that work (page 156)
we take for comparison a list of the spinning and weaving
mills in operation that year.

COTTON MILLS IN INDIA.

ludia Provinces.

lu operatiou in 1877.

Bombay

Beuifal

Xo.Wfst. Pl•o^■i^ces

Madras

Na2ri)our

Hyderabad

ludoi'c

Spindles.

93'2,.530
101,191
27,3.50
2G,800
30,000
15,172
No

21,476
3,352

report.

8,390
100
275
44
450
200

Total ' 52 j 1,133,040 I 24,828 | 9,459

In operat'u in 1869.

Spindles.

338,000
52,500

390,500

3,732

220

3,952

This is certainly a remarkable e.xhibit. Probably the
consumption of these mills does not fall much short of
300,000 bales of India weights. We notice that Harry
Rivett-Carnac gave the consumption of the 17 mills in
1869 at 77,400 bales of 400 pounds weight, which would
equal 82,000 of the average India weights. Such a growth
in spinning capacity as this, suggests the possibility, after a
few years more, of some remarkable changes in the cotton
supply of that country and in its povx'cr to consume English
manufactures. In fact, is it mere fancy to imagine India,
with that natural "acuteness of touch" and " flexibility of

40

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

finger" so " peculiar to herself," recovering, under the
stimulus of nioJern uuicluneiy, at least a share of the trade
in which she once, and for so long, led the world ? Such a
; result does not necessarily pre-suppose that tliis industry in
England will suffer a corresponding decay. Hand-made
goods must give place to machine-made goods throughout
the East. That movement is progressing constantly, and
will continue vnth accelerated speed, perniitting progress in
India and preventing decline in England.*

We now pass to the point of chief interest in this discus-
sion, and that is the present production of cotton in India,
about which much confusion exists, because so little is
generally known as to the exact sources of supply. In
truth, it seeins to be quite difficult to acquire exact infor-
mation on this subject. The official India documents have
of late years contained more details; but outside of them,
though very much has been written, little that is of xxse
to the cotton consumer is to be found. We know, for
instance, that the India outports receive so much cotton
each year; but where it conies from — that is, what districts

* Since the above was ■written we have received Messrs. Ellison & Co.'s
Annual Cotton Circular, and give it in full in subsequent pages. The
following table, taken from it, shows the growth in consumption of these
Indian factories, and will be of interest in this connection.

Spindles at
work.

Cotton Consumed.

Year.

Pounds.

Bales of 390
pounds.

Bales

^ week.

1801

338,000

593.000

880,000

l,i'2 1,000

1,231,000

2."),:5,">o,ooo

4l,47r),(»00

(ifi, ir>o,ooo

84,300,000
92,395,000

tiS.OOO
114,000
170.000
21(i,000
237,000

1 250

1874

2 190

1 87.5

3 270

1870

4,150

1877

Mr. Ellisou, in giving this statement, says that "it is not easy to ascer-
tain the weight of cotton consumed by those spindles, as many of the
mill companies have declined to fill up the government forms with the
necessary particulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75
lbs. per spindle per annum. On the basis of this average the present
rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lb.s., or 237,000 bales of 390
lbs., per aunuiu."

IXDIA COTTOX SrrrLY. 47

produce it, whether those that the next 3^ear are visited
with drought and famine and no crops, or those that have
abundant rain — are points familiar to a few, but about
which the cotton pubHc in general have very indefinite
ideas. For our own satisfaction, and to supply this need,
which we felt existed, we have had constructed the map
found in the front of this book. There are numberless
maps of India, and we have consulted a great many, but
have been able to obtain none which lays down moi-e than a
few of the cotton districts, and even those very impei'fectly.
Undoubtedly, defects will be found in our map, but we
think it will be of moi'e practical use to the cotton con-
sumer than any heretofore published. It is the result of
information brought together in very many ways. As a
basis we have taken the '•' Map of Routes in India,"
published by Edward Stanford, of London, cop}ing the
boundaries there indicated of the three great Presidencies
and the completed and contemplated railroads, as that map
gives them. Our next step was to insert the Central Prov-
inces and the Berars, as described and carefully laid down
by H. Rivett-Carnac in his report above referred to. The
rest of the information has been collected from so many
sources as to make their mention impracticable.

In studying this map and interpreting and weighing the
facts we receive each season respecting the production of
cotton in India, it is first of all necessary to remember the
physical features of the country, and the local influences
affecting the climate and the crops. The simple statement
that this peninsula is 1,830 miles in length, from the
Himalayas to Cape Comorin, extending from the eighth to
the thirty-fifth degree of north latitude, expresses much on
this point. But when we think of its mountains, not
alone on its northern, but also on its eastern and western
boundary, and through its very centre ; its immense

48 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

rivers, a result of ita mountains ; its voleanic origin and
its deep ^'rer/ur" soil (sometimes fifty feet in depth),
the product of that igneous conflict ; and finally, its
monsoons, bringing with them 150 inches of rain in some
districts (at one place 600 inches) and from that graded
down till It becomes nothing in others; — when we remem-
ber that such are the physical conditions of that country,
can we wonder that in our information confusion at
times exists. The key to the mystery is the rainy
seasons, and it is necessary, first of all, then, to consider
tluiir nature and effect.

We all know in general terras that monsoon is the
name given to the wind blowing half the year in one
direction, and the other lialf m the opposite direction,
and that rains follow it. Tlie southwest monsoon breaks
at Bombay and south of there on the 5th to the
middle of June, and a little later north of that point, and
continues, with intermissions, until about the middle or last
of September. An average of about seventy-five inches of
rain falls at Bombay during those months. After the first
heavy burst the weather usually clears up, and days, of
sunshine follow, which are improved by the cultivators to
complete their plantings, the fields being prepared for the
crops before the monsoon sets in, but the sowings deferred
until after a rainfall.

These are well-known facts ; and if they were all the
facts, the question of raising crops in India would be
simple enough. Prepare your land; wait for the rain; put
in your seed; cultivate as occasion permits; then gather
your cotton; — such would be the yearly routine. But, as
with u.s, there are disturbing infiuences which do not make
it either so easy or so successful. First, even in the
district tributary to Bombay, this southwest monsoon is
sometimes very partial. Weeks will intervene during

IXDIA COTTON SUPPLY. 49

which the cultivators will be anxiously expecting rain,
with scarcely a sign of it to satisfy their longings. Then
many of the fields must be resown, and that niakfjs the
crop late; and even if the remainder of the year is fairly
favorable, the later plantings are not sure on all soils to
furnish strong, healthy and fruitful plants; or if the mon-
soon fails to return in sufficient force, a short crop becomes
a certainty. This is the first possible contingency which
may disturb calculations with regard to the season's result.

In the next place, the conformation of the land in
portions of India, already referred to, is such that this
southwestern monsoon does not visit at all some sections,
and in others is a very uncertain dependence. All
along the Malabar coast run the Western Ghauts,
with an elevation at the highest point of about 7,000
feet above the sea. These hills or mountains appear
to act as a partial cut-off to the rains coming from the
southwest, so that over the country lying east of the
Ghauts the rainfall is much less than on the western side,
and it decreases very rapidly as you go inland. Cotton,
however, does not need an excess of rain, so that Dharwar
and Belgaum, for instance, are benefitted by their situa-
tion, being shielded from the force of the storms, and yet
near enouo;h to the coast to ensure about fortv inches of
rain during the year, the average for all the best cotton
lands.

For the sections south and east of the districts named,
very httle advantage is obtained through the rains from
the southwest. In October, however, the northeastern
monsoon begins, and continues along the Coromandel Coast
into December and sometimes into January. This is the
rainy season for a large porti(jn of the Madras Presidency,
upon which the success of its crops depends. But the
rainfall from the northeast is never as abundant as from

50 COTTON FliOM SEED TO LOOM.

the southwest monsoon.) The Eastern Ghauts, too, though
not so high, yet act in some degree as the Western Ghauts
to. keep back the rain, and frequently over a considerable
section it is very light indeed. In this fact we have the
explanation of the terrible famines, of which the past year
has given us such a fearful illustration. Irrigation has
always been practiced to a considerable extent in this
Presidency, and, under the influence of late experience,
renewed efforts are being made to extend the system, so
that a recurrence of these crop failures over so large a
section may be prevented. In the northwest is another
extensive district, which also comes within what is called
the " Dry Zone" of India. But to assist in understanding
our map, and to make it more useful, we will give very
briefl/ such data as we have been able to obtain with
regard to annual rainfall and usual cotton production of
each district, beginning in our review with those sections
which contribute the least to the world's supply.*

BENGAL PRESIDENCY.

Tlic cotton raiserl in this Picsideucy lias usually been called liy tlie
general name of Bengal cotton. During our war the production -was very
considerably increased under the influence of high prices; hut since
then grain, jute, sugar, rice, &c., have paid better and been raised almost
to the exclusion of cotton. There is a very considerable portion
of land in this Presidency suitable for this staple ; with low prices, how-
ever, there is little chance of its cultivation being again extended.
The Presidency is divided icto Upper and Lower Bengal, or the North
West Provinces and the Lower Provinces.

The Xorlh West rrovinces embrace within their limits the celebrated
Doab countrj-, lying between the Ganges and the Jumna rivers. The
Ganges Canal, which connects the G-anges and the Jumna, passes
through the plains of Doab. The canal is used for irrigation and also
for the transit of merchandise. In a great part of Upper Bengal it is so
dry that cultivation is impossible, very little rain falling, and even in the
Doab the rainfall is very uncertain and very irregular, so that the main
dependence for water is iri-igatiou.

* The. information contained in this summary of the India cotton dis-
tricts lias ticcii drawn fnmi iii:iiiy sources, aiiiniig rlii-ni : — A scries of
articles on Iii<lia in LdihIou Collon ; Tlioruton's Ga/.cttcei' of India;
Iteports of flic Cotton ('(iiiiiiiissioiicrs of the principal cotton districts;
Pnl>lic Dociiiiiciits of the Dritisli-Indian Goverumcut; circulars of cotton
merchants at the principal ports.

IXDIA (fOTTOX SUPPLY. 51

Of those Xortli 'West Provinces the Doab couutrj' (wliicli includes the
Ondej and the Buudelkhuud country would ayiK-ar to be the most prom-
ising regions for cotton, and in fact the only ones whex'e more is grown
than sufficient for their own consumption. In times past much has been
raised there ^^and now we suppose the small exports from Calcutta are
shipred mainly fror.i Calpee, on the Jimina. As is well known, the
Banda district in Buudelkhuud gives its name to a good description of
cotton. ; Altogether the North AVest Provinces I'aised duriug our war
fully 250,000 bales, and in 1864 ran the production up to nearly if
not twice that amount. But, of com-se, very much of this was used
within the Bengal Presidency, as they have always been large pro-
ducers of goods in Bengal. H. Eivett-C.iruac estimated the annual
cotton consumption in the whole Presidency in 1809 at about 180,000
bales; others, however, put it higher. Now pi-oductiou is decreased, so
that they export scarcely anj' cotton. The reitsou for this is, as before
stated, other crops pay better.

Lower Bengal has much more rain ; it comes from the southwest mon-
soon ; the northeast monsoon is the dry one here, as it blows from the
land. At Calcutta the rainfall averages about 75 inches, and on the
Khassi Hills 600 inches have been measm-ed. ( Cott(;n is grown in the
uplands, not in the mai'shy deltas; it cannot be raised unless you get
above the level of the Ganges. But Lower Bengal furnishes now no
cotton for export^being really a cottou-importiug country, and is likely
so to remain. The little that is shipped at Calcutta is, as we have said
above, brought down the Jmuna and the Gauges from distaut provinces.

MAOliAS I'KESIDlvXCV.

It is within the limits of the^southern half of this Presidency that tiie
severe famines have lately prevailed. (Shut in by the Eastern and
■Western Ghauts near its coasts, and the Keilgherries imiting with the
Westera Ghauts in Mysore, this section always has very little rain. It
possesses good black, cotton soil, but drought makes production impos-
sible. A system of irrigation has long been in exi.stence, and at present
there is a movement to extend it. Two fine rivers, besides lesser streams,
pass through MiXtlras from west to east— the Godavery and the Kistua.
^There are only about five or six States in the Presidency (if we except
Berars, Central Provinces, and Hyderabad, elsewhere noticed) which
produce cotton for export, and the principal of those are Bellary,
Tinnevelly, Coimbatore, and Guntoor. The others, including Mysore,
are not to any considerable extent cotttm-expoitiug, and the most of
them are not cotton-raising States.

Tinnciellu has an area of 5,700 square miles. The Ghauts, on the west,
are there only 4,300 feet higli. Tinnevelly cotton is said to be the best
staple rai.scd in Madras Presidency. Tuticorin is the seaport through
which shipments are made. The exports at Tuticorin in 1874 reached
92,769 bales, which must have been the surplus production of Tinne-
velly and neighljoring States.

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Coimbafore lies a little north of Tinnevelly, and lias 8,280 square miles,
and some rich soil. A railroad to Madras passes throush it.

Bclhtry is between Mj-sore and Nizam's H.vderabad, and contains
13,056 square miles. It has a large quantity of good .soil, and exports
probably not to exceed 30,000 bales.

Gimtoor is 4,960 square miles in extent, and on the Bay of Bcugal.
It has good cotton land, but other crops pa}' better, so that cotton pro-
duction has fallen off.

■lii;NGAL AND nOMHAY FEUDATORIES.

Punjaub, Scinde, Cutch and Central India (or, as the latter is some-
times called, Eajpootaua) arc only a part of the tributary States of
these Presidencies, but we group them together, as they are all in the
Northern portions of India, aad have conditions in many respects some-
what similar. In the first place, Kurrachee is the port through which
their products would naturally seek the outside world ; to some extent,
however, the trade of Cutch and of Rtypootaua has of ;ate years, wo
believe, been diverted towards Bombay. In the second place^f^the rain-
fall throughout this entire district is very small, it all being within the
" dry zone ; " but Central India is far more favored in this respect than
the others. Tliird— Irrigation is resorted to, more or less, in each ; and
if cotton culture is to be extended, this system of watering the ground
must receive further attention. Fourth^They all have within their bor-
ders excellent cotton lands, and yet they raise very little more cotton
than to supplj' home consumption.^ The prominent characteristics of
each may l)e briefly stated as follows.

Fnnjaub.— Thin is frequently called the Land of the Five Rivers, and
has an area of 135,000 square miles. It is almost rainless and has
extensive deserts, ten inches of rain being about the outside limit. There
are splendid cotton lands near the rivers, and with a proper extension
of the system of irrigation they might be brought under cultivation.
The Indus also furnishes excellent water carriage to Kurrache(^, so that
any sunilus crops raised could be easily sent to market. Frost, however,
in those sections where the land is best would probably prevent cotton
from ever being a profitable crop. They sow in Februarj- and March
generally, but at points as late as June.

Scuirfc— This State has an area of 52,120 S(inai-e miles. Want of rain
is the great enemy to production here; from three inches to ten
inches is tlie extent of the fall tor the year. Canals are used for
watering. T7ic sowing is from Fcbiuary to June, according to the time
the rivers rise and till the canals. About 40,000 bales is the usual
production of a good year, the yield being about 40 lbs. to the acre ;
but much of it is used on native looms. An enlargement of the .system
for watering the fields is needed to extend cotton cultivation, and even
then the frost would be a serious obstacle; besides, with present prices
for cotton, other crops would pay better, for the staple is quite inferior.

Cutch.— \ splendid strip of very rich rcj/Mr soillies between the two

IXDTA COTTOX SUPrLY. 53

ranges of mountains wliicli iniss tlirongli Cntcli froTu east to west, and
there is another strip south of the lower range. But this State, like tho
last two, his very little rain, only a few Inches, and must depend upon
canals and wells for water. It pi-oduces now about 40 lbs. to the acre,
or say a total of 20,000 bales. The staple is said to be good, decidedlj-
bftter than that of Scinde. The total area of Cutch is G,744 square
mih's.

Central /«f7t«.— This State has an area of 118,947 square miles, and
is more favored with rain than either of the others mentioned, tliough
the rainfall (which is from June to September) seldom amounts to 30
inches. In the valley of the Nerbudda the soil is rich and black, well
adapted to cotton cultivation. The total production is said to be about
50 lbs. to the acre, the total yield being about 100,000 bales. Under
present prices there would seem to be no'inducement for an extension
of production in an j' of these States named. With irrigation, the yield
per acre is in some sections increased, but at so great an expense that it
appears to leave no profit. A collector of one of the North West Provinces
made a calculation of raising an acre of cotton there, as follow.s :— ho
put down the three ploughings at 3^4 rupees; three waterings at 2
rupees; seed, I4 rupee; weeding, 1^4 rupee; picking, 1 34 rupee; average
rental, 5 rupees ; making, altogether, 14 rupees, or 28s. per acre ; so
that at 3d. peril),, an average of 112 lbs. per acre would have to be
raised to pay e:yienses.

BOMBAY AND THE STATES SHIPPING TO THAT POUT.

^ Within the limits of these districts, about all the cotton exports of
India are now produced. The entire section receives, to a greater or less
extent, the southwest monsoon. At Bombay the average rainfall is
about 75 inches ; in the Central Provinces the average for 15 years was
40 inches; in Dhai-^var and Belgaum the average is about 50 inches;
andinGuzerat about fiO inches; below Bombay, on the coast west of
the Ghauts, it is verj- much more— too much for profitably producing
cotton. )jThe Deccan is an elevated plateau of varying height, generally
described as extending from the Nerbudda to Cape Comorin. Through-
out the Deccan country the celebrated regur soil is largely found, and
within its limits are the chief cotton-producing sections; it is very rich,
retains moisture a long time, and is A'ery productive. We give a short
statement of the leading features of the differcMit sections.

T/ie Central rrovinces have an area of 50,451,234 acres, of which
about 20,000,000 acres are cultivated, and about 1,000,000 acres are in
cotton. Tliis shows tliat cotton is a secondary crop, grain taking nearly
8,000,000 acres. The Hingunghant cotton comes from the Central
Provinces, and is raised in the valley of the Wurdah. Rivett-Carnac says
that|thc great difficulty in the way of enlarging cotton cultivation in this
country is the scanty population (the total population l)eing only about
10,000,000) and want of capital;^ until these increase he does not

34 COTTOX FIi02I S£ED TO LOOM,

expect further extension of the cotton area. The present production is
about 200.000 bales.

The Berars adjoin the Central Provinces, and have the same rich soil
as the Hin^uughaut District. Ooniraottee otton is raised in the Berars.
The total area is 10,910,797 acres, of which about 4,750,000 acres are
cultivated, and of this the cotton area is about 1,700,000 acres. Thus,
although it is only one-flfth the size of the Central Provinces, it has
under cotton 700,000 acres more. It rai.ses about 300,000 bales.

Guzcrat has an area of 41,536 square miles, including the Kattj^Tvar
Peninsul.i. The area in cotton is said to be about 1,500,000 .acres. Dhol-
lera is in British Guzerat, and gives the name to the cotton from the
whole State, and to sonic also from neighboring di.stricts. The rainfall
averages about 40 inches. Production of cotton is about 70 pounds to
the acre.

Kan-lcish contains 9,311 square miles. It is a very good and promis-
ing cotton-producing State, the soil through the valley of the Taptee
being the rich I'^gur so favorable for cotton. About 1 ,000,000 acres are
in cotton, and produce about 70 pounds to the acre. The Berar seed
have been introduced during the past fifteen years, and the result is a
great improvement in the staple. The rainfall, it is said, averages
about GO inches.

Surat.—Thia collectorate has about 250,000 acres in cotton, producing
about 55,000 bales, at an average of about 75 pounds to the acre. The
town of Surat is at the mouth of the Taptee river, and\_for a long
time was the leading India port. From this fact all India cotton was
formerly called Surats. \ The rainfall in this collectorate is about 40
inches.

Brotch contains 1,319 square miles, of which about 525,000 acres are
cultivated, and about 120,000 acres are in cotton, exporting about
35,000 bales. The I'aiufall averages about 50 inches.

Hyderabad (Nizam's Dominions) has an area of 95,000 s<[uarc miles,
forming part of the Dcccan, posses.sing a large proportion of the rich
rcyur cotton soil. The rainfall, however, is iusufflcient, as the south-
west monsoon is in part cut oflF by the Ghauts, the total averaging le.ss
than 30 inches, and consequently ii-rigation is nccessarj'. Notwith'
standing these disadvantages it exports considerable cotton in a favor-
able season.

Dhurwar is one of the very best cotton districts m India, and is the
chief one in which Amcricau seed lias been successful, 'it has an area of
3,837 square, miles, two-thirds of it being nudcr cultivation, and about
600,000 acres under cotton, and more than half of it American seed.
The yield per acre, however, is only 80 pounds "American acclima-
tized," aud 60 pounds of native sorts, with a total both Icinds of 100,003
bales. It is within the Deccan country, and has the same refiur soil
which there prevails so largely.

Belgaum is north of Dharwar, and has an area of 6,515 square miles.

INDIA COTTON SUPPLY.

and a rainfall of about -40 Inches. It Is also within the Deccan, but
produces not over 45 jiounds to the acre, as cultivation is verj' poorly
conducted. Its aggregate production Is not over 50,000 bales.

Kolapoor, Kulladgcc, and Killonn eacli raise some cotton. Kolapoor
plants about 200,000 acres in cotton, and gets about GO pounds to the
acre ; Kulladgee plants 150,000 acres, and gets about 70 pounds to the
acre ; Kittoou plants about 80,000 acres and gets about 50 pounds to the
acre.

Poona contains 5,298 square miles. It is not important as a cotton
district. The rainfall is very deficient at times, being shielded from the
monsoon. Grain crops are more productive and pay better tlian cotton.

Concun, Ahmednuggur, Tanna and Rutnaghurry, produce very little
or no cotton.

«Sn //«;•«— This coUectorate is south of Poona. It is very wet on the
■western side, one of the wettest on the Malabar coast ; while the eastern
side often suffers from drought. Some cotton is raised tliere. About
(30,000 acres is said to be given to cotton, with about 50 lbs. to the acre.

With this very imperfect account of the cotton districts
in India, we can arrive at an approximate statement of
the limits, under present prices, of tlie cotton supply from
that country. ■-■ Formerly it was imagined that production
might be indefinitely extended there; but our war dissi-
pated that illusion. Under the influence of very high
values and special encouragements from Liverpool antl
Manchester, it was at one period carried up, as is claimed,
to the neighborhood of 2,600,000 bales — that is, if we
allow for home consumption at that time the usual estimate
from six to seven hundred thousand bales. Many, how-
ever, do not believe India ever raised so large a crop,"!
insisting that during those years of largest export the
high price was so strong a temptation to sell cotton that
the family loom, in great part, lay idle, so that the ship-
ments to Europe were swollen at the expense of home con-
sumption.

Without deciding which of these views is the correct
one, the fact remains that the money received for the cot-
ton sold was sufficient to induce the cultivators to push
production to its utmost limits, exciting them even to such

56 coTTOx Fno^[ st:ed to loom.

a degree that they committed all sorts of absurdities ;
"silver ploughshares and tires of solid silver for cart-
" wheels made their appearance here and there ; fancy
"prices were paid for bullocks of a favorite color or pos-
"sessing some peculiarities of tail, and enormous sums
" were squandered on marriage ceremonies."* These acts
vividly illustrate not only what large profits had been
realizo.l, but also furnish a fair measure of the stimulus
which must have been applied to pi'oduction. During the
same time, also, the present railway system was developed,
and connecting wagon- roads wore made or improved, so
that extensive districts, hitherto almost beyond the reach
of a market, became easily accessible ; while everywhere
improvements in cultivation were encouraged and taught.
In a word, about every conceivable force was applied to
push India into a position for furnishing a lai-ge permanent
supply of cotton to the world. But evidently the effort
has failed.' India, of course, has been vastly benefitted
through the civilizing agencies England has so lavishly
plante 1 there ; still, not as a cotton-producing State will
she repay the debt. She has an ample supply of suitable
soil, but not the climate. Of two-thirds of India it may
with too much truth be said that hot winds, drought,
short crops and famine are certainties ; plentiful rain
and prosperous harvests are accidents. Irrigation pos-
sibly in time might cure these defects — though as yet it
is a disputed question whether it is of any benefit to
cotton — could it be attained and used without adding too
largely to the cost. But that is not likely, except in
special instances, since the same labor can produce what
will pay better ; and for the very good reason that other
commodities she raises are in quality equal to the Ijest the

* Report for 18(59 of Harry Kivctt-Caruao, Cottou Commissioucr of
Incliii, i)!ige 132.

lyDii coTiox srrrLV.

world affords. Tliat is to say, labor in Bengal applied to
wheat, linseed or mdigo produces an article which in the
markets of the world commands as high a price as
any other wheat, linseed or indigo, but applied
to cotton produces a staple only about two-thirds the
value of other cotton, i This is the explanation of the
failure hitherto to i-espond to tlie stimulus applied, and is
in ti'uth a barrier which must ever check production except
in sections where the soil is better suited for this staple
than for other crops, or when an unnatural relation exists
between th3 prices for cotton an 1 for her other produc-
tions.

But judging from the past, what may we take as the
extreme outside limits of supply in India, with prices satis-
factory and the weather conditions at their best in all
sections ? The above details with regartl to the various
districts furnish, an answer somewhat as follows.

Exported
from —

For export.

For home
consiuni)t'n

Total iiro-
ducti.Mi.

Bengal—

Northwest Provinces

Lower Provinces

Briti.sli Burmali

Madras—
Guntoor Hyderal i: d,

&c

Godavery Kivcr, <fcc
Tinnevelly , &C

Bi>MI!AY—

Punjaub

Scindc and Cuteh . . .

Kajpootana

Guzerat, etc

Broacli. Snrat, &c...
Centr'l Provinces and

Bcrars

Kaudei.sh

Sliolapore, &c

Dhai"\var, «Scc

P^usia to Bomba}"

Calcutta

Calcutta

Rangoon . . ,

Madras

Coconada . .
Tuticoriu . .

Kurradiee..
Kurrachec..
Kurracliee ..
Bombay . ..
Bombay . ..

Bombay . . .
Bomliay . ..
Bombay . . .
Bombay . ..
IJombav

I 100,000
25,000

175,000

20,000

100,000

}■ 25,000

J

-1,150,000
20,000

225,000
50,000

)

[• 75,000

50,000

f

1

400,000!

1
I

325,000
75,000

370,000

75,000

375,000
160,000

500,000
200,000
150.000
165,000
20,000

Total

1,615,000

800,000

2,115,000

We give in the foregoing the home consumption at

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

800,000 bales. It was estimated by different autliorities,
seven or eight years ag(3, at from (;25,000 bales to 750,000
bales. Probably the development of the manufacturing
interest at Bombay and elsewhei'o since that date has added
at least 175,000 bales to the home requirements. We
make the total, therefore, at 800,000 bales. As an indi-
cation of the extent to which home consumption is increas-
ing, we have the receipts and exports at Bombay the last
two years, from January 1 to December 31, as follows :

Bombay.

Receipts.

Exports.

DifFer'nco

From Jau. Ito Dec. 31—

1877 Bales.

1876

1,107,101
1,121,!)93

888,829
l,0l.5,i:{2

218 272
103,861

Increase

111,411

These figures show that the Bombay mills must have
taken from that port this year 111,411 bales more than
for the same months last year. May it not be possible
that this .growth in spindles will have in tlie near future a
material effect on the exports of the raw material from
India. AVo see no way to avoid such a conclusion, except
on the improbable supposition of an enlarged production of
cotton.

The statement of possible exports given above is made
on the basis — First, of a favorable year in all parts of India.
The past two seasons have proved this to be the exception
and not the rule. In tact, the whole history of India
shows, as we have before stated, that, outside of a very few
districts, the result must ever be extremely uncertain,
making almost impossible a union of favorable conditions
such as we have supposed. Second, that prices are satis-
factory and no special inducement exists to cultivate any
other commodity. At present, wheat is at a premium, and
cotton production therefore is at a discount. Third, that con-
sumption will not grow faster than proi.luction will increase.

INDIA COTTON SUFPLT.

59

TVhat the actual European supply has been for five years
may be seen in the following, prepared from circular
reports of shipments from the different ports.

KXPOUTS OF COXaON TO EUROPE KUOM INDIA.

Port and
Year.

To

Liver-
pool.

Bombay —

1S7-3 1731,724

1874 J83i,781

1873 ,796,818

1876 573,304

1877 383,233

Kurracliee

1873 4,890

1874 108

187.5 6,010

1876 1,

1877 1,450

Carwar —
1873 ..

1874 2,54

1875 7,50-i

1876 ..

1877 . .
Maclra.s—

1873 4,133

1874 10,133

1875 1,045

1876 ....

1877 ....
Coeonada—

1873 ....
1874....

1875 ....

1876 ....

1877 ....
Tutiooria —

1873 ....

1874 ....

1875 ....

1876 ....

1877 ....
Calcutta —

1873 ....I 27,449

18-* i- -■

1875 1 500

187G j 50

1877 j 1,283

Kan soon—

1873 12,246

1874 7,4r,

1873 12,706

1876 1 4,064

1S77 ! 21,035

100

9,950
13,100

To
London

2,150

10,867

13,286

7,631

5,772

4,410
475

6,269
64

6,918

Total
Great
Britain.

To
France

i To other
Continent 1
I Ports.

733.874
842,648
810,104
580,935
389,005

9,300|

583

12,279i

2,532]

8,368

2,547
7,504

112,318

104,739

131,067

97,274

2,804

7,000
8,000

10,500
6,070

13,452

65,841

85,889
41,127
41,825
13,007

74,618
7,814
33,763
18,414
51,598

3,587

2,975

6,.55.T

530

58,637
179,823
182,264
161,217
172,836

4,100

116,451
114,872
132,112}

97,274 j
2,904i

16,930;
21,100
10,500'
6,070l
13,452|

65,84ll
85,889J
41,127
41,823'
13,007

102,067

7,814

36,263

18,464

52,881

15,833
10,473
19,261
5,194
21,035

1,366

2,746

37,141

27,911

5,000

14,126

28,800

23,000

1,71

1,900
6.880

7,908
5,460

8.60
300
6,029

1,577
2,584

166,300
225,940
273,701
243,649
278,328

15
1,098

6,123

19,127

16,411

26,383

6,410

4,440
810

983

6,956
11,65'.

5,134
2,666
9,163

1,799
1,271

1,312
1.000

Total aU
Europe.

958,811

1,248,411

1,266,069

985,801

840,169

9,300

598

17,477

2,332

14,491

19,127
18,953
33,892
6,410
None.

117,817
117,618
173,693
125,995
2,904

21,950
35,226
39,300
29,070
15,164

68,724
92,769
48,083
61,385
18,467

115,808
10,780
51,435
18,464
56,257

19,688
10,473
20,573
5,194
22,035

60

COTTOy FROM SFED TO LOOM.

RECAPITCLATION.

Port and
Year.

To
Liver-
pool.

To
Loudon

Total

Great

Britain.

To
France.

To other

Contiuent'l

Forts.

Total all
Europe.

All I'orts—

1S73

1874

1873

1870

790,392
805,167
824,583
579,903
407,101

209,924
220,759
244,507
172,391
93,551

1,060,310

1,085,926

1,069,150

752,294

500,6521

78,094
203,875
258,334
220,036
181,585

192,815
245,032
323,058
262,521
287,250

1,331,225
1,534,833
1,650,542
1,234,851
909,487

1877

These statements sufficiently show the capabilities of
India, what she can do and what she has done in the way
of cotton production. Of the actual exports to Europe
previous to 1873 we have not the material at hand for pre-
paring a full statement. The following, however, gives the
imports of India cotton into Europe and the deliveries of
the same to European spinners each year since 1865-66.

IMPORTS AND DELIVERIES OF EAST INDIA COTTON.

Net Imports

Deliveries.

Total

into Europe.

Great Britain.

Continent.

Deliveries.

1876-77....

1,136,000

407,000

862,000

1,269,000

1875-76...

• 1,220,000

479,000

910,000

1,395,000

1874-75...

1,544,000

668,000

947,000

1,615,000

1873-74....

1,421,000

660,000

874,000

1,534,000

1-72-73....

1,270,000

737,000

790,000

1,527,000

1871-72....

2,039,000

658,000

726,000

1,384,000

1870-71....

1,202,000

558,000

753,000

1,311,000

1869-70....

1,419,000

834,000

623,000

1,457,000

1868-69....

1,856,000

913,000

850,000

1,763,000

13C7-68....

1,307,000

799,000

723,000

1,522,000

1866-07....

1,524,000

815,000

777,000

1,592,000

lb65-66....

1,991,000

878,000

755,000

1,033,000

Total . . .

17,929,000

8,406,000

9,596,000

18,002,000

The deliveries to spinners of India cotton for previous
years will he found in a subsequent chapter on the con-
sumption of cotton.

THE BOMBAY COTTON MOVEMENT.

In considering the India movement, special interest
is of course felt in Bombay, a? through that port the most
of the supply must reach the European spinner. The fol-
lowing statement, therefore, of receipts for five years, will
be of much interest, as it gives the amount of each descrip-

IXDIA COTTOX SUPPLY.

tion of cottoa contained in the total arrivals. They are
the figures prepared by Messrs. Wallace & Co. of Bombay,
and, on account of these details, are more useful and in-
structive than any other compilation we have seen.

RECEIPTS OF COTTON .\T BOMBAY, 1873-1877.

Ill Bales of 3^2 Cwts.

1877.

1876.

1873.

1874.

1S73.

From —

1

Ooniraottee clLstr's. .
IIiu,muii.i,'ljaut dist's.
Dhollera districts . .
Ei-oaeli districts

461,154

30,589

377,673

175,032

40^,529

15,326

416,106

137,722

567,518

22,733

457,862

167,626

531,352
37,217

1 610,640

1 443,539
458,198

Diiarwar districts. ^

C'loiupta districts. J-
Madias «k Bengal. 1

37,297

133,473

141,039

122,063

109,637

Persia

Kurraohec

14,533
10,803

7,803
9,034

4,512
12,409

3,285
19,938

6,289
12,370

Total

1,107,101

1,121,993

1,313,719

1,324,497

1,030,033

Through, the kindness of Messrs. Wallace & Co. we are
also able to furnish our readers with tlu; following explana-
tion of the sources from which these different descriptions
of cotton "are received.

OoMRAOTTEE. — The cottou whicli comes under the head
of (Jomraottee comprises the production of Kandeish,
the Berars, a portion of the Central Provinces, and portions
also (the Barsee and Nugger districts) of the Sholapore and
Ahmednugger collectorates.

HrxGuxaiiAUT. — This cotton is receive! at Bombay from
the Central Provinces.

DnoLLERA. — The Peninsula of Kattywar (in G-uzerat)
supplies the bulk of the Dhollera crop; the eastern half of
the Peninsula produces the better style of cotton, which
goes to make the higher classes, and the western half the
lower grades of the description shipped under the name
of Dhollera. The larger proportion of the production of
the western half of the Peninsula is shipped under the name
of and known in Liverpool as " Mangaroles."

BnoAcii. — Under the head of Broach is included the

62

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

production of the coUectorates of Broach and Surat and of
the native State of Baroda.

CooMPTA Axn DiiARWAR. — TliG bulk of Coompta and
saw-ginned Dharwar comes l>y sea fTorn the ports of
Coompta, Carwar and Vingarlah, but a portion also reaches
Bombay by rail via Sholapore.

The foregoing information A\-ith regard to the Bom-
bay districts, with the help of the facts, figures and
Map of India given previously, should serve effectually
to disentangle the India supply problem, and enable the
reader, with more satisfaction than has over before been
possible in America, to follow and itnderstand, year by
year, the weather and crop reports from that country pub-
lished during the cultivating and maturing season. We
also give the figures furnished by Messrs. "Wallace & Co. of
Bombay exjKjrts to Europe each year since 1858 :

BOMBAY EXPORTS TO EUROPE.

Great

Con-

Great

Con-

Year.

Britain.

tinent.

Total.

Year.

18(;7.

Britain.
1,061,651

tinent.
73,302

1877.

389,005

451.164

840,169

1876.

555,51:2

427,943

983,485

1866.

912,432

35.945

1875.

786,072

455,4.54

1,241,526

1865.

1,084,578

35,570

1874.

842,842

394.040

1,236,882

1864.

871,923

57,073

1873.

736.275

20?, 598

944,873

1863.

926,513

48,604

1872.

660,064

247,737

907,801

1862.

932,617

23,453

1871.

798,893

334,570

1,133.463

1801.

930.039

26,980

1870.

854.596

164,530

1.019,126

1860.

478.820

17,773

1809.

945,768

175.269

1,121.037

1859.

596,170

20,143

18<i8.

1,015,859

169,539

1,185,398

1858

338,224

12,178

Total.

1,135,013
948,377

1,120,148
928,990
975,117
956,070
957,025
496,593
622,319
350,402

Total 19,103,820

To the above we now add the receipts and exports at
Bombay each month since 1872, and the percentage of
total receipts received at the close of each month. In this
form the figures will be of use in comparing and estimat-
ing the movement during future months. The 'totals, it
will be noticed, differ- slightly from the al)ove, having been
prepared from the circulai-s of Finlay, Muir & Co. and
Nicol & Co. ; the differences, however, are immaterial.

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06

COTTOy^ FROM SEED TO LOOM.

BOMBAY RlXlillTS AND EXPORTS TO GREAT URITAIX IN ISTT.

Moutli.

Jauiiiiry

Feliriiaiy . -

March

April

Ma.y

JllUI'

July

Au};ust

September .

October

November..
December..

Total. ..

Receipts of Cotton at
Bombay for 1877.

Month.

5)8,000

107,000

1220,000

•jrj5,00Cl

•204,000

89,000

Lj.OOO

7,000

4,000

1.5,000

20,01)0

01,000

Total.

08,000

20r),000

431,000

080,000

890,000

979,000

991,000

1,001,000

1,005,000

1,020,000

1 ,040,000

1,107,000

PerCt.

08-85
18-52
38-93
61-97
80-40
88-44
89-79
90-42
90-79
9214
94-49
100-00

Expoi't to Great Britain.

Cape.

24,000
58,000
40,000

8,000

1,107,000 10000 130,000 259,000 389,000

Suez.

31,000

54,000

57,000

52,000

19,000

16,000

0,000

5,000

2,000

2,000

2,000

13,000

Month Total.

,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000'

,ooo!

,ooo|

,000

31,000
85,000
142,000
218,000
295,000
351,000
305,000
370,000
372,000
374.000
370,000
389,000

BOMBAY EXPORTS TO THE CONTINENT, &C., IN 1877.

Month.

January . .
February..

Man^h

April ... .
IVIay ...'. . .

June

July

AuglLSt

Septeuiljer
October . . .
November.
December.

E-vport to Continent.

Cape.

2,000
19,000

20,00;)

17,000

78,000

34,000

1,000

1,000

Suez.

13,00(

35,000

27,000

77.000

07,000

16,000

2,000

6,000

3,000

7,000

12,000

14,000

Total.

15,000
09,000
110,000
210,000
355,000
105,000
408,000
415,000
418,000
425,000
437,000
451,000

Total... 172,000 279,000 451,O0O| 302,000 538,000 840,000

Total Exports.

Cape.

2,000

19,000

20,000

41,000

130,000

74,000

9,000

1,000

S-aez. Month. Total

44,000

89,000

81,000

129,000

86,000

32,000

8,000

1 1 ,000

5,000

9,000

14,000

27,000

40,000

10S,000

104,000

170,000

-'22,000

100,000

17,000

12,000

5,000

9,000

14,000

27.000

4(>,0()0
154,000
2.'8,000
428,000
650,000
750,000
773,000
785,000
790,000
799,000
813,000
810.000

ACREAGE IX THE UXITED STATES. 67

CHAPTER IV.

ACREAGE IX THE UNITED STATES.
18GS) TO 1877.

How far can acreage figures be relied upon — Immaterial wlrnt ones
are used, so long as they couforni to tbe progressive conditions
of tlie industry— How tlie figures of 1874-75 and 1875-70 were
determined— Figures for 18G9-- Total cotton crops sliow growth in
acreage — Crop of 1870-71 proves growth — Acreage from 1869 to
1877— Yield per acre— Largest and smallest yield on acreage of
1877 — Agricultural Bureau figures — Percentages of yield and
acreage in each State.

"\Ve liave given in a previous chaptoi' of tins work such
details as we could gather with regai"d to the early jjlant-
ings of cotton in the United States, and of each year's crop,
and of the disposition of the same down to the present
time. Much of interest will, we are persuaded, be felt in
thus following the stream up to its source, and bringing
before us anew the facts whicli show from whence and by
what steps the wonderful development in this countrv of
this single industry has come.

But, although such a historical review is inspii-iting, the
real purpose of this volume, as we have already stated, is a
more practical one. The planter, the merchant, the sfTinner
are all far more deeply interested in the events of to-day
than in the past, except as that past bears ui:Kjn the future.
The Jiourly inijuiry is, lunv arc prices to rule ; and the first
in interest, because the chief element in that problem, must

G8 COTTOX FliO^r SEED TO LOOM.

always be the probable extent of tlie American crop. Light
on tliat point is, as every one will admit, especially import-
ant. But thei-e is no i-oyal road for oljtaining it. We can,
of course, easily jump at a conclusion in accordance with
our wishes, as most do; but if we desire to act intelligently,
our only way is to begin at the bottom and work up.
Hence, if we would reach an enlightened conclusion with
regard to the extent of any growing crop, it is necessary
for us to know at the outset the possibilities of the crop,
and that involves a determination, as nearly as can be, of
the amount of land which has been put into cotton. The
preliminary question then at once arises: —

HOW FAR CAX ACREAGE FIGURES BE RELIED UPOX ?

And right here let us say that we have no regard or
preference for any set of figures, representing the cotton
area, except as they appear to be the true ones. If
exception is taken to those we use, all we would say is,
substitute any others you may see better reasons for adopt-
ing. Our argument is in no way affected by the change.
There is a maximum and a minimum yieUl from any given
area planted. Deduce those results from your own figures,
and then study the subsequent portions of this book on
your own basis; only remember that the actual yield of
the past st'vc^n yeai's and the actual conditions of weather
are fixed facts and relative facts, and the like results can
and must always l)e predicated on the same facts, whenever
they recui'. If you take a smaller acreage than we give,
the effect, as to the yield of previous years, will be that
the pounds per acre are proportionably larger. We
most earn(;stly hope, however, that the objector will not
satisfy himself with objecting simply, but will accept
some figures of aci'cage, and work out on them the very
proces-ses we have worked out on these. Tliis will at
least serve to place limits to the guesses which fly about

ACREAGE IX THE rXIT::n STATE!!. 09

our markets every year. We repeat, therefore, tliat we
do not wish any one to follow our acreage figures unless
convinced that they are as nearly correct as it is possible
for such statements to be; the rejection of them in no way
weakens the force of the subsequent facts we present.

But let us, before proceeding further, consider briefly
what grounds there are for accepting as approximately
correct the statistical results which have been current
during late years as to the extent of land under cotton.
It is well known .that the first facts on this subject wex*e
supposed to date back to the census of 1870. If that
supposition is correct, an error has always been made in
the use of those figures. For if they were deductions
from the census returns, they should have been applied
to the summer of 18(39 — as that is the crop covered by the
census— instead of 1870; or, if they are not from the
census, but \vere made up from returns obtained by the
Agricultural Department, even then they could not have
applied to 1870, as that year's Agricidtural report is. dated
before that crop was gathered or even perfected, and hence
before the yield per acre could be known or determined.
It would seem, therefore, that the date of those figures
should be changed to the crop of 1869-70. With this
amendment, may we not feel some confidence in their
approach to accuracy. They were prepared at a time when
there was no contest about them, and no interest to make
the result large or small, ^nd, as is believed, from data
procured in gathering the census returns. We should say
that such conditions make a presumption in favor of the
substantial correctness of the statement.

Nor does the fact (if fact it be) that the acreag(! is fixed
now, through a second census or otherwise, at a consider-
able increase, impeach the former census figures or negative
the presumption in their favor. The two statements

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ai-e not incompatible. Growth is plainly marked on
every industry in this country. Compare the acreage
in corn, oats, wheat, or the spindles in cotton or
woolen factories, or the statistics of any other employment
or business, fi'om any two succeeding census reports, and
rapid progress is everywhere the feature, and in a wonder-
ful degree. Or, if we confine ourselves to cotton, only pass
the eye over the following statement of the crops of the
United States, and we cannot fail to see that the increase in
acreage must have always been decided%

TOTAL CROPS OP THE UNITED STATES.

Years.

Quantity.

Years.

Quantity.

Years.

Quantitj'.

Bales.

Bales.

Bales.

182G-27...

9.57,281

1842-43...

2,394,203

1858-59...

3,994,481

1827-29...

720,593

1843-44...

2,108,579

1859-60...

4,823,770

1828-29...

857,744

1844-45...

2,484,662

1860-61...

3,826,086

1829-30

97G 845

1845-46

2,170,537

1861-65 .

*

1830-31...

1,038,847

1846-47...

1,880,479

1865-06...

2,228,987

1831-32...

987,477

1847-48...

2,424,113

1866-67...

2,059,271

1832-33...

1,070,438

1848-49...

2.808,.590

1867-68...

2,498,895

1833-34...

1,205,394

1849-.50...

2,171,706

1868-69...

2,439,039

1831-3.5...

1,254,328

1850-51...

2,415,2.57

1869-70...

3,154,946

1835-36...

1,360,725

1851-52...

3,090,029

1870-71...

4,352,317

183«-37...

1,425,.575

18.52-53...

3,352,882

1871-72...

2,974,351

1837-38...

1,804,797

1853-54...

3,035,027

1872-73...

3,930,508

1838-39...

1,363,403

1854-55...

2,932,339

1873-74...

4,170,388

1839-40...

2.181,749

18.55-56...

3,645,345

1874-75...

3,832,991

1840-41...

1,639,353

1856-57...

3,050,519

1875-76...

4,669,288

1841-42...

1,688,675

1857-58...

3,238.962

1876-77...

4,485,423

* Years of Civil War ; no record of crop.

The foregoing indicates certain seasons, all through the
series, when there was a set-back in production, generally
following an extreme crop. This has been owing in some
ca.ses to less favorable conditions of growth; and in other
cases to a, temporary decrease in acreage, succeeding an
excessive increase of the previous years, or to both these
circumstances. Progress is never uniform; it is always
secured 1)y just such pulsations, not unlike tlie rising of
the tide, first encroaching, then receding, but in each beat
gaining. To see the net result take a decimal period; and

ACREAGE IX THE VNITED STATES. 71

clearly — looked at in that way — the teaching of this state-
ment of crops secured, is, that there must have been in each
period a very decided addition to tlio land under cotton.
Xor are the figures for the last ten years any exception.
The ohjector may urge in opposition the large crop of
1870-71 ; but the explanation of that is, we had an unusual
season — every condition favoral^lo — and the land i>lanted
produced all it was capable of producing. AVe have had
no such season since, and still we raised in 1S75-7G and in
1876-77 several hundi'ed thousand bales in excess of that year.
Does not this very fact then, even if we had no otlun-, furnish
positive evidence of there l:)eing now considerably more
land under cotton than in 1870-71, and of course, there-
fore, a still larger excess over 1869-70. The argument is
this — and we can see no escape from the conclusion — that
if we could raise but 4,352,317 bales in 1870-71, with the
weather almost perfect everyfvhere throughout the season,
and with a very free use of fertilizers in the .Ulantic
States, certainly there must have been a very decidetl
increase of acreage between that date and 1875-76 (our
figures show less than 16 per cent) to produce in the
latter year 4,669,288 bales, with the conditions venj much
less favoral>le. This advance, of course, is never equal in
all portions of the State. In fact, we are familiar with
sections where there has been no increase of late years, but
a retrograde movement, and yet for the State at large the
result is progress.

Thoughts like these led us in the spi'ing of 1876 to re-
examine the question of acreage. Up to that date the only
information had with regard to the extent of tlie planting in
any season was simply a result of comparisons — by means
of percentages of increase and decrease — with previous
years, starting always with the accepted figures of 1869-70.
Of course each succeeding spring we were one step further

72 COTTO.y FROM SEED TO LOOM.

removed from our base; and as in the percentages, during
those years, we sought never to over-estimate the planting,
tlie resuhs were constantly and ol)viously becoming moi-e
and more inaccurate. In tlie spring of 1S7G, therefore, we
started an investigation for determining Avhat was in that
and the previous year the actual amount of land put into
cottcjn in each Southern State, and the yield per acre. For
several of the States absolute proof was at once found of the
inaccuracy of the figures being used: — in three cases the
evidence was through the tax returns and the county assess-
ors' statements; in one case the Agricultural Department
of the State had revised and perfected the figures through
its agents; and in pne other instance there was a complete
State census. We not only obtained all this information,
Init also sent several letters (;f inquiry (with blanks enclosed)
into every county of the Soutli; and the replies received to
them, in each case contained six special instances, located
within the county replying, of acres planted and Ijales raised
on those acres for the two years, together with the estimate
of two or more persons as to the average yield per acre.
.\nd finally, through returns from the railroads, we sought to
establi-sh the actual crop of each section of each State. We
are thus particular n\ re-stating these matters now, because
our results have been lately attacked, and i": is only proper,
therefore, in using them as a basis for our calculations, that
we should give our mode of preparing them and reasons for
believing in theii- approxin^ate correctness. We may add
as a furthei- proof of their substantial accui-acy, and a very
satisfactory confirmation of our work, that the June report
of the Agricultural Bureau at Washington, contained this
sentence, "the estimated area now in cotton sUglitly exceeds
" 12, (M)(l,()f)(! acres." If the Department has really passed
through processes similar to those we have recited, and
reached a very similar conclusion, our readers will scarcely

ACREAGE IX THE VXITET) STATES. 73

be able to hesitate longer, even if any of tliem have before,
in fully accepting our figures.

We start, then, with at least this fact clear we think
to all minds — that the acreage statements for 1874-73 and
1875-76, prepared as we have indicated above (although
not free from error) are as near the truth as it is possible
for such statements to be.

EXTENT OF PLANTIXa FROM 1869 TO 1877.

No excuse is needed for dwelling at so great length upon
the matters already discussed, since we thus secure the
means for impeaching or confirming the figures for 1869,
and for establishing those for tlie intervening years.
First, however, let us note the points in the problem
which now appear to be clear. (1) The acreage results for
1874-75 and 1875-76, which were reached through our
investigations, are substantially correct. (2) If the figures
of 1869 were prepared from census data or by means of
any other thorough inquiry at the time made, there is a
presumption in favor of their accuracy. (3) But whether
there is any such presumption or not, the simple state-
ment of the actual yield each year given above, shows
that there must have been growth in acreage during the
last nine years, and this conforms with the general truth,
proved by each succeeding census, that every industry in
this coimtry is constantly on the increase. (4) Besides
this, we have positive evidence of such growth in a
comparison of the two crops of 1870-71 and 1875-76;
the figures we have adopted show an increased acre-
age between the two periods of less than 16 per cent,
and no statement which can be made of the weather
and other conditions surrounding the two crops^ taken
in connection with the actual yield, can be reconciled
except by admitting new land in cotton to that extent at
least.

74

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

None of these positions can, we believe, "be questioned ;
aiul yet, feeling that upon a point of this importance one
cannot have too much evidence, we have pushed our
investigations one step further and obtained whatever par-
ticulars we could on the subject of every previous year's
planting, back to 1869, thus determining as nearly as
possible what has been the actual percentage of increase or
decrease in each State each season. And first, as a guide
in this inquiry, we have taken the information gathered at
the time by ourselves for the purpose of making our several
annual acreage reports; and second, we have supplemented
that with new facts where we could obtain them. In this
way, and after a thorough examination of the data thus
collected, we have reached the results as to acreage found
on the next two pages. We do not, however, even now
claim perfection for our work; only this is claimed, that
we have given the surroundings of each year's planting
season as careful a study as we were able to give them,
and the conclusions reached are at least sufficiently accu-
rate for the purposes of this inquiry. The annual totals
may be stated m brief, as follows.

YE.\KS.

Acres
plauted.

Crop,
pounds net.

Bales
in tbe
crop.

Net
weight

per
bale.*

1869-70

1«70-71

1871-72

1872-73

1873-74

1874-75

1875-70

1876-77

8,706,653

9,985,000

8.911,000

9,780,000

10,810,000

10,982,000

11,035,000

11,500,000

1,309,200,000
1,906,300,000
1,305,700,000
1,729,400,000
1,830,800,000
1,682,700,000
2,035,800,000
1,964,600,000

158
191
147
177
109
154
177
171

3,154,946
4,352,317
2,974,351
3,930,508
4,170,388
3,832,991
4,609.288
4,4«5,423

434
438
439
440
439
439
436
438

* These are the net weights of Ameincan cotton imports into Liverpool
accordinfj to the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' annual circular.

The details of these figures will be found on the two
following pages.

ACREAGE IX THE VXITED STATES.

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1

A CUE AGE IX THE FXITED i^TATES.

The preceding two pages show then sufficiently near, for
all practical purposes, what have been the acreage planted in
each State each spring since 1869, the actual total yield of
each State from such acreage, and the yield per acre in
each State. The item usually put in under " Other States"
is in all cases omitted, as we could obtain no sufficient
information for late years to make a just comparison. It
was small and immaterial even in the figures of 18G9, and
most think it smaller and of less importance now. From
these statements we see how the production per acre
differs in the various States and in different seasons-
That this feature may be presented more clearly, we give
below the pounds per acre each year, independently of the
other figures, adding, however, the acreage in 1877, which
does not appv^ar in the previous tables.

YIELD PER

-VCRE

, 1869

TO 1877.

Pounds Per Ac

re.

1S77-7S.

Actual

Acreage.

States.

ti-
cs

00
1-H

t^

00

rH

I-

4
t>

00

■4

c'l

00

6

00

00

No. C'aioliua

577,220

163

185

203

194

176

171

223

204

80. Carolina.

893,760

148

153

183

177

136

140

170

160

Georgia ....

1,612,620

133

109

122

129

139

101

152

115

Florida .. ..

220,300

109

117

110

165

165

122

173

140

Alabama . . .

1,981,350

130

143

127

140

151

155

180

154

Mi.s.sisslppi .

1,993,760

146

155

129

156

167

146

172

134

Louisiana . .

l,28.->,230

209

229

199

204

226

181

240

203

Te.Kas

l,U4,.3O0

246

234

200

220

231

140

195

157

Arkansas...

1,089,000

23S

260

185

194

227

159

260

198

Tennessee . .

725,200

184

202

100

188

190

171

213
191

ISl

Total...

ll,s24.960

171

177

154

169

177

147

158

Nothing could more plainly illustrate than the fore-
going how diverse our climate is; and further — which is a
fact of special importance in observing and interpreting
weekly weather reports — that a good or bad season in one
State by no means ensures, or is concurrent with, a good or
bad season in any other. This latter point should always

COTTOX FR02[ SEED TO LOOM.

be kept carefully iu view, for very much of the error made
in crop estimates has arisen from giving too extensive an
application to comparatively local disasters.

• But suppose with the present acreage (that is with the
acreage of 1877),. we should have in any year as successful
a season in each State as the best in that State during
the record we give, or as unsuccessful as the worst, what
kind of crop, in each contingency named, would the year
furnish us. This question is mteresting and useful,
because it covei-s a possible, though not a probable, con-
tingency; that is to say, such a statement would give us
tho crop possibilities upon the present acreage in case of
an extremely good year, and also the extent of dis-
aster possible in case of an extremely bad year; or to
express it briefly, it would show upon a fixed acreage
what must be the actual extreme luuits of the yield.
Perhaps, however, it would be better, instead of taking in
the whole eight years, to confine the inquiry to periods of
four years, as that would give us two statements for com-
parison, and one of them only would include the unusual
figures of 1870-71. Thus, for instanca, the most per acre
North Carolina has produced was in 187-4-75 when the result
was 203 pounds; South Carohna the same year returned
183 pounds, which was her greatest yield during the
same four years ; to indicate, therefore, the possibilities
and capabilities of the country on the present acreage
we have in this manner grouped together this best yield
in each State for the last four years, and also the best
yield in each State for the previous four years, and have
worked out the following results on that basis, which, as
already stated, may be said to represent about the largest
crop the land now planted is capable of yielding, pro-
viding every condition was favorable from the beginning to
the end of the season.

ACREAGE IX THE VXITED STATES.

POSSIBLE CHOI* WITH PRESENT ACREAGE ON THE BASIS OF

Best yield from IS

73 to 1377.

Best yield from 18G9 to '73.

Possible

Possible

States.

1877-78.

crop, if all

1877-78.

crop, if all

Actual

5: i!L-

couditions

Actual

2w-i

conditions

acreage.

f- ^ -J.

ai-e favor- ■

aoreage.

are favor-

ii A^

able.

fa;

able.

Lbs.

Bales.

Lbs.

Iht.'es.

No.Ciiroliua.

577.220

203

266,308

577,220

223

292,540

So. Caiolina.

893,7(30

183

371,723

893,760

170

345,316

GcoTiria

1,612,020

133

487,450 !

1,612,620

152

557,087

Florida ....

220,500

165

82,688 1

220,500

173

86,696

Alabama

1,981.350

143

643,939

1,981,350

180

810,552

Mississippi..

1,995,760

156

707,588

1,995,760

172

780,161

Lousiana

1,285,250

229

668,914

1,285,250

240

701,045

Texas

1,444,300

246

807,495

1,444,300

231

758,2.58

Arkansas.. . .

1,089,000

260

643,500

1,089,000

200

043,500

Teunessee ..

725,200

202

332,933

725.200

213

351,00:5

Total......

11,824,960

186

5,012,538

11,824,960

198

5,326,224

The other contingency mentioned may be illustrated
by the following statement, which may be called the worst
crop that, under any circumstances of weather considered
possible from past e.xperience, the land now planted will
produce.

possible crop with present acreage on THE BASIS OF

Poorest yield from '73 to '77.

Poorest jield from '69 to '73,

2 ^i>

- Tl-

Possible

1

Possible

States.

1877-78. 'Z-i^

crop, if all

1877-78.

'« ■-'-

crop, if all

Actual "2^

conditions

Actual

' '* ^ '"

couditions

Acreage, 'il - f;

are unfav-

Acreage.

'- =5

are unfav-

' § .2 y-

orable.

S'^'^

orable.

Lbs.

Bales.

Lhs.

Bales.

No.Carolina.

577,220 163

218,834

1 577,220

171

224,329

So. Carolina.

893,760

143

300,628

1 893,760

i:>G

270,253

Georgia. . ..

1,012,620

109

399,490

1 1,012,020

101

370,170

Florida

220,500

109

54,62 1

1 220,500

122

61,139

Alabama

1,931,350

127

571,890

1,981,050

151

679,904

Missi.-sippi .

1,995,700

129

585,121

1,995,700

131

007,800

Louisiana . .

1,285,250

199

.581,283

' 1,285,2.50

181

528,705

Texa.s

1,444,300

200

650,.500

1,444,300

140

4.59,5.50

Arkansas . . .

1,089,000

185

457,875

1,089,000

159

393,523

Tennessee ..

725,200

100

164,818

' 725,200

171

28], 839

Total. . . .

11,324,960

148

3,986,063

11.824,960

144

3,883,272

80

COTTOX FliOM si: ED TO LOOM.

Since the foregoing was in print the Agricultural Depart-
ment has issued its annual volume for the year 1876, of
which we have just received a copy. In it we find the full
details of its revised acreage figures, now for the first time
made public. Its report published in June, only gave the
percentages of inci'ease and decrease on last year's totals,
with this sentence (which we have quoted above), that "the
"estimated area now in cotton slightly exceeds 12,000,000
"acres." In the present volume we have all the figures,
which are as follows.

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU'S ACREAGE FIGURES FOR 1876 AND 1877.

States.

North Caroliiia .
South Caroliuii.

Georgia

Florida

Alabama ,

Mississippi . . '. . .

Louisiaua

Texas

Arkansas

Tennessee

Indian Territory and
other districts

Total 11,677,250

Acres,
1876.

(>09,

945,
1,515,

165,
1,732,
1,976.
1,260
1,483
1,133

741

000
500
000
,000
,250
,000
,000
,500
,000
,000

117,000

Acres
per bale.

2-9

305

3

3-3

3-25

2-6

2-25

2-15

2'2

2-85

2-6

2-63

Acreage.
Per Cent.

Inc.

Dec.

4

3

1

1

2

4

6

15

5

2

4

Acres,

1877.

584,640

917,135
1,530,150

166,650
1,766,895
2,055,040
1,335,600
1,706,025
1,189,650

755,820

117,000

12,124,605

These results, made up by the Bureau independently and
by a process in many respects quite different from that by
which we obtained ours, and yet so close an approximation
to them, show conclusively that our statements must be
very nearly correct. It is satisfactory to have the ques-
tions which have been raised on this subject thus finally
and completely put to rest. We close our analysis of our
acreage figures by one more table, which is, we think, a
very interesting exhibit, showing the percentage of total
acreage and total crop raisetl in each State for eight
years.

ACREAGE IX THE UNITED STATES.

81

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82 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

We liave not compiled these figures with any piu-pose of
expressing or intimating through them an opinion as to
what tlie present crop is to be. Our processes and infor-
mation are intended only as suggestions of thought to the
reader, ratlier tlian as substitutes for thought — to incite
in\'estigation, not to Kmit it. Thus far but one point in the
problem has been presented, and the simple conclusion
from it is. that if an intelligent opinion is desired as to
the px'obable results of any year, the actual acreage for
that year applied to the acreage and results of former
years, as has besn done here, would seem to be the first
step in the inquiry; — an important step, however, as it
sets absolute limits to the action of subsequent influence ;,
favorable and unfavorable. But that is all it does. Within
those extremes the final result is still in unrest; and to an
extent this continues all the season through, yet not, as
many appear to think, with the same range of possibilities.
The limits within which development or damage is possible
narrow constantly as each stage of growth passes. And it
is our object in future chapters to use the expeiience of tlic
past so as to detect its teachings on this very point; — that
is, to learn from that experience, so far as may be, to
what extent we may accept any fact or condition of growth
as influencing or determining the season's yield.

PLAyTIXG—CrLTIYATIOX—STAIfD. 83

CHAPTER Y.

PLAXTIXG— CULTIVATION— STAND.

JANUARY TO JUNE.

luiportauco of Signal Serviee Buri-au data— Cotton lands, lio-^v divided-
Production of each— Mode of cultivation— Trees f;iidled and ground
prepared— How seed planted and fertilized — Old lauds being re-
claimed—Early growth of seed— Chopping out— Securing a stand— A
good stand a good yield, &c.— Cotton plant tender iu early life and
tougli afterwards — Its early enemies and diseases — Crab grass — AVet
May and June — Kainfall, thermometer, Chronicle weather reports
and Agricultural Bui'eau reports from 1S70 to 1877 — Deductions
and conclusions.

Cotton cultivation covers four stages of progress:- -first,
the planting period; second, the early development, includ-
ing the stand secured; third, the summer growth; and
fourth, the maturing and picking season. In each period
weather is the prime factor. To collect, however, the facts
forming a weather record of the Southern States for a
series of years, is a work of much difficulty. This is so
because the data preserved have generally been so partial
and local in character that, although they may indicate,
I with some degree of accuracy, the situation in special
districts, yet, as a guide for crop comparisons, they are
almost valueless. Since the organization of the Signal
Service Bureau this defect has iu great measure been
remedied. Through it we have the controlling conditions
officially determined; and by supplementing their oUserva-
tions with the Chronicle's weekly weather reports given

84 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

during the past seven years, the surroundings in each district
are pretty faithfully indicated. Yet, even such a record
requires an acquaintance with the nature and habits of
the cotton plant and its modes of cultivation, before its
teachings can be correctly read. Let us, therefore, first
briefly consider these preliminary points.

Cotton lands in the South may be grouped under two
great divisions — the uplands and the bottom lands. The
former are sub-divided into light sandy soils, and red or
clay soils, and the latter embrace river bottoms, basins, the
banks of small streams, the jDraii'ies and canebrakes, and
the valleys of the Mississippi River and its branches. A
still further division of the light sandy lands is sometimes
made, it being stated that if the native growth on such
soils is pine timber, they will generally produce only one bale
to three acres, but if the native growth is oak and other
hard woods, commonly known as oaky woods, the pro-
duction will ■ be about one bale to two acres. Red lands
or clay soils are usually m the hilly and rolling portions
of the country, the native growth being hard wood, and the
soil quite fertile, producing from one-half to two-thirds of
a bale to the acre. The foregoing estimates of production
are on the basis of good cultivation, and cover the third to
the sixth year after being brought into use. Bottom lands
will produce from one-half a bale to one bale (and some-
times even two bales) per acre, according to the age and
fertility of the lands.

Since the war, changes have l)een made in the mode of
managing upland plantations. Formerly every planter
brought new land under cultivation every year, and left
the used-up portion of his old land to go to waste. At
present, fertilizers on the old land keep it productive, and
new clearings, therefore, are much less frequent. When-
ever such clearings are made, the first step is to girdle

PLAyTIXG-CrLTTrATIOX-STAXD. g5

with the ax, two or three feet from the ground, all the
trees over six inches in diameter ; and the next is to cut
down the small trees and brush, pile tliem in heaps and
burn them. The Northern farmer thinks the sooner he is

j rid of the trees and stumps the better for his crops, but

I the Southern planter claims, that the decaying wood
keeps his land fruitful, so the girdled trees are left
to die and decay standing in the fields. There they
remain for many years, dropping tlieir branches from time
to time with each succeeding storm of wind, until finally
the old trunk falls, leaving the stump to waste itself away

j even more slowly.

As soon as the girdling and brush-burning is completed,
the earth is broken up with a scooter plough, which is a
long piece of steel, about four inches wide. This process
is repeated several times, until the ground between the
standing trees is pi-etty thoroughly pulverized. "With such
preparations, hardly half a crop can be expected the first

I year ; the next year, perhaps three-quarters of a cj-op or

I more will be raised, and the third year a full crop. After
that, for three or four years, the land will produce a full

j crop each season, but subsequently the uplands require fer-
tilizing to make them pay for cultivation. The bottom

■ lands will produce fine crops for many years by planting

I them in corn everv three years.

I - ■■ .

It will be seen, from this description, that the early cul-
tivation of such a field must be largely with the hoe.
After the third year, however, the greater portion of the
work can be done with the plough. A thorough farmer, if
the weather gives him time, will always use his turn plough
in January to break up the ground. In March — or earlier
or later, according to tlie section referred to — a shovel
plough, which is like the scooter, except in being six inches
wide, must be run through the field to lay off the rows •

86 COTTOy FROM SEED TO LOOM.

for the cotton, tlie distance between the rows varying
according to the quality of the soil; in rather thin uplands
they are made three feet apart, on better soils they are
four to four-and-a-half feet, while in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi the distance between them is five to five-and-a-half
feet. So, the richer the soil the farther apart the rows are
made.

Next, the fertilizers are put into these furrows. Fertili-
zers are used only in small quantities except in the Atlantic
States, and are never put in with the seed, but in the
bottom of this first furrow, as otherwise they would destroy
the germinating qualities. Tliey are supposed, in a general
way, to add to the out-turn of the crop fifty per cent. Nor
does the effect all pass off with the first season, but in
about the proportion of seventy per cent for the first year,
twenty per cent the second year and ten per cent the third
year. Until the close of the war such a thing as putting
manure of any kind on cotton fields was scarcely thought
of. The plan previous to that time was to cultivate the
land as long as it would pay; then let it lie fallow, and pur-
chase and clear up new fields in the manner we have
described above. Consequently, to-day thousands of acres
are to be seen in the South thus thrown away, with the
fences rotting down, the soil being considered too poor to
cultivate. Fertilizers, however, have brought in a new
era, and at present one by one the old fields are being
redeemed from the briers, brush and young trees; for,
when ploughed deeply and supplied with either hom.e-
made or commercial manures, though hitherto considered
of no use for cultivation, they are made to produce now a
half a bale or more to the acre.

After the fertilizers have been put in as stated, a
turn j)l(jugh turns in the earth on eacli side of tlie furrow,
leaving a bed or bank about two feet broad, raised two to

PL A XTIX G— C VL TIT A TIOX~.<^TA XD. 87

three inches, the ground between these beds being broken
with the common shovel plough. This leaves the land
ready for the seed. Planting opens, in the earlier sections
of Texas, in Folirnary, but later and later as you come east
and north, not beginning in North Carolina until after the
tenth of April and closing after the first of May; so that
the season may be said to be about two months and a half
in length. Of course, in case of overflow or frost or a very
backward spring, planting is continued later, sometimes
even into June. When the farmer is ready to sow his
cotton, he opens in the centre, with his scooter plough, the
bed or bank we have described, and scatters the seed in
the bottom of ihe furrow sufficiently thick to ensure about
fifteen or twenty plants to the foot. Patent planters, which
open the furrow, plant the seed and cover them by one
movement, are sometimes used, but not commonly,, on
account of the trees, stumps and genei'al rouglmess iii many
of the fields'.

A cotton seed is something like a bean in its early
growth. Within it are two leaves and a tap root, and after
lying in the ground about a week the tap root strikes down
into the earth while the two leaves open above, growing in
a few days from two to three inches high, according to the
strength of the land. Dui'ing the next ten days two more
leaves appear, and in the following two weeks from four
to six additional ones. Then begins the process of chop-
ping out. This work is done first by using a turn plough,
with tlie bar side next to the cotton, and running it
within a few inches and on each side of the young
plants, so as to throw the earth and grass away from them
and leave them standing in a ridge of earth only about
six inches wide and two to three inches higli. Immediately
following the plough are the hoe liands, by whom these
ridges are chopped through, cutting out the grass and

88 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

leaving only three or four plants in a buncli, the bunches
being from twelve to twenty-four inches apart, according
to the poverty or richness of the land. After a few
days the same plough is again used, but with the shovel
side next to the cotton, and the earth which was taken
away is thi'own back to tlie plant, and then the plough-
ing is continued between the rows until the land is all
turned over and the grass is either cut up or covered up
and killed. This is the first and most important working
of the crop, for if it is done successfully there will be very
little more trouble with grass in any ordinary season.

For aboiit two weeks the plants are now left to grow,
then the ground is again ploughed, and the hoe hands follow,
cutting out all the grass they can find and all the plants
but one in a hill. When tliis is completed, the plants
are standing in the row twelve inches apart in the poor
lands and twenty-four inches in the rich lands. The inten-
tion is to have the land entirely covered and shaded in
July and August ; and as the poor soils will produce a
plant about three feet high, with lateral growth of limbs
about eighteen inches on each side, and the rich lands will
produce plants from five to six feet high, with limbs thirty
inches long, the desired result is attained in each case. A
stand is secured when this working of the crop is finished,
and is said to be perfect when there is one stalk to every
three square feet on the poor lands and one stalk to every
ten square feet on the ricliest lands.

Of course, it will never happen that a condition so
faultless as we have described can be everywhere attained.
Bat when only one plant is missing in a place, even though
the total should reacli to one-tenth of the hills in the field,
the loss is not as serious as many would imagine, since if
the remainder are strong and healthy, they will, with the
additional light and air, develop into a larger growth, fill-

FLA XTIXO— C UL TI VA TIOXSTA XD. 89

ing up, to a considerable extent, the vacant places, and
therefore fruiting more abundantly. A much greater
injury is sustained when two, three or more plants close
together die out. One-tenth missing in that way would
be an absolute loss, as there would be no compensating
advantages.

We have been thus particular in giving these many
details, because only through them can it be understood in
what way and how easily the plant can be injured while
young. In its early life it is very tender and delicate,
but when well started it becomes tough and hardy, and
a stand secured is a point of the utmost importance passed.
In fact, we might almost say, as the stand is, so will the
yield be ; that is, a poor stand ensures a short crop, and a
good stand almost ensures a full crop. But this thought
will need development later on, in connection with our
weather record "for the different seasons. Befox'e we pass
to that, let us notice the principal causes of irregularity and
of sickline.s3 in the plant at this stage of growth.

These two defects are generally concurrent ; that is, a
very irregular stand is also usually a weak and sickly one.
Yet it is quite possible to be otherwise, for irregularity
may arise from several causes. First, the seed may be
imperfect, either from not maturing properly, or from
being heated and partly rotted by lying too long in a very
large pile when damp, or from injury received in some
other way. This cause for a defective stand would be
merely local in its operation, and not have any appreciable
effect on the size of the crop. But, again, sometimes in
the spring there are very heavy rains; these, more especi-
ally on the clayey and richer soils, cause the earth
to melt, as it is called, and run together, making a solid
mass, so that the seeds in germinating cannot break tli rough
the surface, and therefore die for long spaces together.

90 COTTOX FI102I SEF.D TO L002I.

Then, too, the stand is often greatly injured by careless
chopping out ; and sometimes on light sandy soils the
moles in dry weather loosen the earth so that the sun
burns the roots ; or when the spring is backward and cold,
the plant is attacked by the cutworm, a little later by the
disease known as the sore shin, and by lice.

All these troubles are as nothing, however, compared
with the injury and harm done by wet weather through
May and June. The greatest enemies of tlie young plant
in the South, and also in India, are the tough native
grasses. Crab-grass is the name generally given to this
kind of growth in our Southern States. It runs along the
ground, putting down its strong, fibrous roots at every
joint, so that one bunch soon covers and literally fills up
several feet of ground in diametei'. Of course, if this
grass were left to develop itself, the more tender cotton
plant would soon die out. We have already noticed the
usual steps taken to clean the fields of this enemy. In dry
weather there is no difficulty in doing this. But if the
time for chopping out comes when it is raining, and the
weather continues wet, this grass grows very rapidly, and
it is almost impossible to kill it. A weed can be cut down
and killed ; this grass, however, in rainy weather, does not
seem to even have its growth checked by being cut up and
moved ; it grows right on, and soon is as tall as the cotton
above ground, and with roots deeper down in the earth.
Under such conditions, the plant must necessarily become
sickly; many die, others spindle up without branches, and
consequeritly without fruit, while very many more are cut
up by the cultivator's hoe.

A wet May and June, therefore, are sure to be followed
by a short cro}). The only difficulty is to determine accu-
rately the fact. Our cotton section is so large in extent,
and so varied in climate, that exact information from all

PLAXTIXC^CULTITATIOX— STAND.

15arts of it is very hard to obtain, and a bail stand in one
district is no indication of the same condition in another.
But if we can be sure of our fact, we can, within well-
defined limits, make some pretty safe deductions.

For the purpose of illustrating this truth, wo have
brought together a detailed history of the weather and
early surroundings of each crop since 187 1. These
records are made up from the data of the Signal Service
Bureau, wherever they have a station, and where they have
no station, from our Chronicle weather reports.

1871.

For the first six months of 1871 the monthly record of
rainfall and weather is as follows :

Rainfall at—

Jan.

Feb.

March.;

April.

May.

June.

Ba\ iinuali

Atlanta

Muntswiueiy

Mobile .' .-

0-SO
•J 03
4-1.5
6-50
13 (W

4-68
6-20
5'57
303
1-39

60.->
601
5-84
9-79
611

4-2S
rv20
t)C3
2-92

5-22

7-47
.5'77
6-1-!
5-72

8-20
5-97
4-31

5- IS

2Ce\r Orleans

9-S9

Cial vcstou f

11-74

CHROXICLS WEATHER REPORTS SUMMARY.

January.— Wenther generally pleasant, and favoral>le for farm -work.

Febrnur:/. — Weather more rainy in Atlantic States ami interior of Gulf
States, but le.-s.s raiu on the Gulf Coast.

March. — Weather too wet for active farm -work, except the third -week
of the month. Tliernionieter averaged 60 to 0.") in all the Atlantic States,
about GO at Memphis, and up as high as 09 at (Talvest(m, until the last
week, when it went down to .52 at Galveston, 56 in the Atlantic States
and 49 at Memphis.

April. — First week of April weather greatly improved ; very little rain
fell, and the thernionjcter went back to an average of abcmt (JO through-
o-.it the greater portion of the cotton belt. After that It was somewhat
rainy again, except in a portion of the Southwest; but the last week
raiu was confined mainly to th(; coast half of the States. But little rain
at Galveston; more needed. Tiiermometcr averaged in the cotton belt
about 68 to 70. The autmth was, on the whole, favoniblc for an early
start.

Jfrt?/. — Weather generally cold and rainy for the season. Eain in
the Atlantic and Gulf States on about ten days of the month, and
cloudy more days. May 11 it was so cold at Macon Geoi-gia, that
our coiTcspondent telcgi-aphed they had to have fires. Thts saine
was true at other points. Our Charleston correspondent wrote;, under
date of Jfay 22, that " there has hardly l)een a night wlien flies have not
"been found comfortable, and in no case has tliick covering for beds
"bean discarded." Tiiermometer was reported at .52 at Memphis in our
telegram of May 5, and averaged .59 for week ending May 12. Our
Columbus, Georgia., correspondent wi-ote, 'M.iy 15 : •• Continued excessive

92 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

"raius and cold, frosty nights luive created a uecessity for replautit-j:,
" .some having been lephinted a third time;" aud on May V2, our Memphis
correspondent stated '• that the cold, wei weather is niakiug the yoaug
" plant die out."

June. — A very stonny month o\er much of the South, with excessive
i"iiiufall at many points. Grass complained of greatly iu parts of South
Carolina, almost all of Georgia, and aljout half of Alabama, Mississippi
and Louisiana, the plant looking weak and sickly. Our Macon corre-
spondent .states that the "crop is completely overrmi with gras.s," aud
that is a good sample of all the information from the district.s named.
Galveston had some vei-j- hard rains, but the interior of Texas still com-
plains of drought. Memphis, Nashville aiul tlie most of Arkansas send
much moi-e favorable reports the last three weeks.

PROM THE AGKICCLTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

The June report (for the month of May) says— "The condition of the
" growing croji is below average in nearly every State. The spring luis
" been unu.sually w et and cohl, retarding gi-owth, causing the plants to
"turn yellow and die, aud obstructing cuitivatiou. To a large extent
" replantiug has relilled the vacant spaces of imperfect stands. The
"weather has recently lx>eu more favorable, and it is not impossible
"that an average condition may \)e attained by the commeucement
" of tlie picking season. * * * * xhe percentage lielow an avcr-
" age condition is respectively as follows iu the several States— North
•' Carolina, 10 per cent; South Carolina, 8; Georgia, IS; Alabama, 17;
" 3Ii.s.iissippi, 16; Louisiana, 10; Texas, 7; Arkansas, 17; Temies.see, 10."

The July report (for the month of June) s;iys— " The July retiu'us do not
" materially change the cotton crop prospect reported in June. Severe
" rain storms have combined to obstruct cuitivatiou aud check growth iu
" the States upon the Gulf coast. The States of Louisiana, Mi.ssissippi,
" Alabama and Florida average lower In condition than at the date of the
" last report ; the Georgia and Texas averages remain unchanged, aud an
" improvement is indicated iu the Caroliuas, Tennessee aud Arkansas."

The foregoing statemeuts establish certain important
facts : — .

First — That three weeks of April, aud tlie whole of May
and June (e.xcept the last three weeks of the latter month
in the Memphis and Nashville districts), were cold and rainy
in every Southern State but the upper half of Texas.

Second — In Texas a drought began in April, and, with
the exception of the coast belt, continued with but little
interruption through May and Jime, in the latter month
becoming veiy severe.

Third — As a result of tliese facts the plant eveiywhere
(except in the upper half of Texas) was first stunted,
checked and largely killed by the cold, and after tli;it by the
very grassy condition of the fields; consequently the stands

PL A y TIXG— C n. TIVATI OX— ST A XD.

93

proved in June to he weak, sickly and very imperfect. In
tlie Menipliis and Nashville districts rai improvement was
recorded during tlie last three weeks of June.

It will be remembered in this connection that the crop
in 1871-72, on a decreased acreage of 10 percent, was over
31 per cent less than the previous crop, being only
2,974,000 bales, against 4,352,000 in 1870-71.

1872.

The average thermometer, rainfall and weather conditions
for the first six months of 1872 were as follows :

187

2.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

Jime.

Wiliuiugtou. .

. Rainfall . . .

302

5-20

6 42

U-97

4-89

2-8/

"

Av. therm.

•13-5

45-9

48-8

63 2

73-2

78-3

Charleston. . .

..KaiufalL-.

3-78

513

9-78

2 46

6 30

1-87

"

Av. therm

45-0

48-5

51-0

65 6

74 9

79-7

Augusta

.Rainfall...

5 20

5-87

10-88

2 95

5-36

4-77

"

Av. therm

410

460

500

660

740

790

Atlanta,

. Rainfall.. .
Av. therm.

2-94:

5-28

7-66

303

3 75

1-82

Savannah . ..

.RaiufaU...

2 0!)

4-65

1018

2-75

5 22

9-52

'•

.\v. therm

4(>-0

50 0

535

67 0

76 0

800

Montgomery.

.Rainfall...
Av. Cherm

5-83

()-75

8-50

417

429

2-68

Mobile

.Rainfall...

'3'69

8-b6

12 76

4-35

3-78

'e'is

"

A\' therui

451

51-7

51-4

69 2

75-7

80-6

New Orleans

.Ra nfall...

5 10

4-77

918

501

3 14

5-34

"

Av. therm

4>*-7

56-2

59-2

704

75 8

80-5

Vicksl>urg . . .

.Riinf.ill...

3-24

5'34

7-82

7-79

13-23

3.82

"

Av. the-m

42-7

52-6

560

69-2

75-2

81-6

Shreveport..

.RainfaU...

5-25

5 89

411

7-18

9-10

2-70

"

Av. therm.

40-7

50 6

54-4

66 5

73-5

80-4

Memphis . . .

.Rainfall...

217

4-24

5- 19

6-99

416

4-44

'•

Av. therm.

350

43 0

47-0

610

71-0

76 0

Nashville . . .

.Rainfall...

2-32

211

3 09

5-91

3 09

5-17

Av. therm.

35 0

43 0

44-2

62 1

71-8

77-4

Galveston...

.Rainfall...

4<!1

2-27

2-77

5-96

2-21

3-39

**

Av. therm.

500

550

61-4

717

78-1

83-0

CIIROXICLE Wli.VTHER REPORTS SUMM.\RV.

Janu'tr!/.—E,i\ly in month mild, with rain; last week cold, with snow
and sleet almo.st everywhere, from Galvestou to MemyhLs and from
Mol)ile to Chai-leston.

Fcbrtiari/.—A cold mouth. Early in the month snow and sleet almost
everywhere; thermonieter, for in.stancc, averaged 38 th'j week ending
February 3 at Galvestou and 37 at Mobile, &c., and 26 at 3Iemphi8.
Subsequent weeks cold, but moderating gradually, thermometer aver-
aging at Galveston the next week 47, and 56, 59, 62 the three follow-
ing weeks.

lf«rc/i.— Planting in Texas at end of month nearly completed; else-
where backward, with weather colil and rainy, except the early part of
the nimith. Four inches of snow at Memphis the third week and flurries
of snow tlie last week of Mardu

AiJi-il.— The second week there was a severe storm in Alabama, which
extenilcd into a IJoiuin,' States but was les.s severe there; anil apparently
another storm from the northwest, which extended into Tennessee.
Rivers overflowed m Montgomery di-strict and very high iu Memphis

04 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

district, but soon receded. Balauce of montli weatlier very mucli
improved e\'crj' where, so that plautiug made good progress. In tlie
Athiutic States fairly favorable all the month.

J/«y.— Texas reports crup developiug promisingly. Very heavy
showers in the iippcr half of Louisiana, extending through the Viclis-
burg and Shrcveport distriets. Elsewhere, the first three weeks too
dry; but last week splendid showers almost everywhei'e, having a
magic eftect on crop, and the month closed with the start good and the
lields clean.

June. — ^Until the last week weather favorable, wich occasional show-
ers, and stand reported good. Towards last of mouth complaints of too
much rain at very many points, and caterpillars at several points,
b'.it no injary done as j-et was the general rei)ort, the fields being clean
and well cultivated.

FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

The June report (for the mouth of May) says :****" Planting
" was geucrallj' delayed by a protracted season of drought, and fields
"that were planted late occasioned some trouble in obtaining perfect
"stands; but the recent rains and renewed efforts in planting have
" finally secured stands of average completeness." * * * * " The condi-
"tiouof the plant throughout the cotton section is very nearly a full,
"average. Separatiug the Atlantic from the more western States, the
" former stand a little below an average; the latter are fully up to a
"staudiird of a fair condition. Tiie drought which prevailed in April
" and the first half of May delayed the growth, and the cold nights in the
"more northern belt had a further retarding effect; but the abundant
" rains anil genial temperature which followed, have wonderfully
"invigorated and advanced the crop."

The July report (for the month of June) saj's: "The past month has
" been generally favorable to cotton. Limited areas have been affected
" by drought, but rains were quite general during the latter part of .Tune.
" On the Atlantic coast, .showers have been so frequent and heavy .since
" Juno 20 as to delay cultivation and promote the gi'owth of weeds and
" grass. Before that df^te a season of comparative drought of seven or
" eight weeks had been suffered in a portion of this district, wliile other
" counties represent theweatlipr as having been uniformly unfavorable."
Tlie.se statements show : —

First — Tliat the weather diuing April, May and June
was on the whole very favorable for the development of
the cotton plant, far more favorable than during the same
months of the previous year.

Second — That the stands in June were reported very
good from almost all parts of the South.

Tlie crop grown during this year of 1872-73 was (on
about 10 per cent more acreage) 3^0^0,300 bales, against
2,974,000 bales the previous year.

187.3.

For the first six months of 1873 the rainfall, average
thermometer and weather summary were as follows.

PLAXTIXG-CrLTIYATIOX—STAXD.

95

187

•3.

Jan.

Feb.

March

April.

May.

Juno.

Wilmiugtou..

.RainfalL..

4-13

5'r>o

1-G3

1-75

8 -03

3 -GO

"

Av. theiui.

50-J

51(!

G2-9

71-2

78-0

81-4

Charleston ..

-Kaiutail .

413

2-27

305

1-33

4-90

6-29

•'

Av. tlUTllI

•18-1

53-4

53(!

G4-5

74-9

7S-1

An.ijiista

.Kaiutail...

5 -03

41G

3(!5

2-00

8-03

3-12

Av. therm.

44-><

49-9

52-.{

64-2

72-4

7.S-G

Atlanta

.Raiufall...
Av. tneriii.

3-36

12-04

2-58

1-96

G-05

G-8G

Savaiuiali. ..

.Kaiiitull...

3-56

0-99

4-37

"4"-'37

5-12

'4-0 i

Av. tiieriii.

4!)-()

550

55-1

G7-0

710

78-8

Moutsomery

.Rainfall...

4-!»7

9-97

4-."il

5-57

10-25

11-08

'•

Av. tliorni.

53-3

521

G4-2

G7-1

79-2

81-8

Mobile

Rainfall

4-10
46-3

3-15
561

3-8G
57-0

(••88
C5'7

11-47
73-9

9-87

Av. ilicnu.

79-4

New Orlcaus.

.Raiiitall...

500

1-93

.-V 10

1-74

18-08

G-G8

"

Av. therai

49-5

60-5

GO-4

6G-9

73-7

80-1

Vicksl)ui-g . . .

.Rainfall...

4-87

4-40

l-s7

1-7G

8-79

4-lG

'•

Av. thcnii

43()

54-0

58-5

66-2

73-0

80-0

Shreveport. .

.Rainfall...

313

7-47

2-G7

1-94

4-58

7-94

"

Av. therm.

4 2 -2

52-;)

58-9

64-8

72-9

79-G

Memphis

.Rainfall...

5-85

8-98

3-44

4-87

4-82

G-oG

"

Av. therm.

350

440

50-0

60-0

690

79-0

Nashville

.Rainfall..

2-9G

714

4-11

3-59

4-11

4-20

»•

Av. therm

35-4

43()

47-4

59-4

70-0

77-9

Galveston —

.Rainfall..

3- 13

0-50

2-80

2-27

5-30

«-Gl

"

Av. tlierm

49-8

59-3

GJ-2

G8-0

750

82-0

ludiauola

.Raiufall...

1-81

1-13

2-:{4

0-32

G-9G

3-74

"

Av. therm.

51'5

00-3

65-3

G7-6

75-5

82-3

CHRONICLE WE.VTHEH KEPORTS SU.M.V.VRY.

Jannurj. — A cold month. On the 29th thermometer at ludiauola,
Texas, went down to 15. On the 19th it touched 19 at Mobile and 14 at
Montgotticry, etc.;

February. — Coutiuued cold west of the Allcghanies. At Memphis
three days su^w in the first week, and e.Kcessively cold and snow at
Nashville an I below. Subsequentlj^ temperature moderated. The tirst
wjjk therm jmeter averaged at Memphis 23; second week, 41; third
week, 42, and fourth week, 51. lu the third week there was an unusual
raiufall, aud the rivers in Alabama overflowed, and also the Mississippi
at a few points.

If j/-f/(.— Weather generally favorable for crop prci)arations, the rivers
falling aud teuiperaturc gradually moderating until the last week, when
there w.is a cold turn again, with snow at Memphis aud Nashville, aud
frost at Selma, «fcc.

April.— A good mouth for getting in the crop, though too cold and
too dry for au earl^- start. In the second and third weeks slight frost
was reported as far down as Mobile, aud some small aiuouut of ru-
plantiug made necessai'y in several districts.

JIaj. — The first two weeks favorable, the tine showers doing good,
except in the second week aa unusually severe storm in the Gnll',
especially at New Orleans. More rain than necessary the balance of
the month, bat not to any considerable e.Kteut actually injurious until
the last week, and then mostly in the lower half of the Gulf States
anl the lower half or two-thirds of Cicorgia. In those sections t!ie
grass had at that time become very troublesome; elsewhere the stand
secured was from fairly good to excellent, though generally backward
aud late in portions of the Gulf States on account of the lower teni-
poratiirc in those sections during the moutii.

June— Too much rain this month in the lower half of the Gulf States
and Georgia, and in the coast counties of S;)ath Carolina and through
a comparatively narrow tract from Galveston over Shrevepoit to
Memphis. Grass troublesome in all those districts ; but as the rain was

96

COTTO^r FROM SEED TO LOOM.

(over mucli of tlic territory uamed) not continuous but in the shape of
showers, better progress than anticipated -was made in fighting the
grass. The last week in the Gulf and Atlantic States weather improved
uiateriallj'.

Chrinidc acreage report (sec Chronicle, June 14, 1373), gives tlie
W{!:ither up to June 1st in different States as foUowd.

TcxHv—E.u-ly Weather cold, plant very backward in southern half of
State, but less so in upper half. Since from about the 5th of May the
wcatlier has been all that could be desired. Louisiana— ii-M-Xy weather
very similar to the weather in Texas. Siace lii-st week of May there
has been a decided improvement, and in the northern half of the
Srate up to the last of May everything was progressing favorably;
S:iuthorn half of St:ite more rainy, so that in so:ue sections quite choked
upwitli grass. Mississippi and Alabama— Enrly weather better than
ill List two States, but since thcu too much rain iu the lower lialf of the
State. In the northern portious there has been much less raiu, and
cjuseiiueatly the conditiou at present is good. Gocf/io— Early weather
cold and plant backward, bat by last of May condition of crop good,
nearly all beiug chopped out, the plant small but stnmg and healthy.
SouUi and Xorth Carolina— 'Slvcli the same report as given for Georgia.
Tennessee and J.nVa»sas— Taking whole of these States together, wo
should proaouuce the preseut coudition of the cotton plant good.

FROM THE AGUICLLTUUAL BUREAU REPORTS.

The June report says : " Twelve months ago an increase over the
" previous year in the cotton area was reported iu every State; an in-
" crease over tha* of last year is now reported iu every State." * * * *
" The acreage cullivaled will fall considerably below that planted. A
" cold, backward spring, causing much seed to rot in the ground, a
" very wet May preventing work and increasing the siU)se(iuent demand
'■ for it, and the impossibility of obtaining sullicicut labor to subdue
" over the whole breadth sown the excessive weeds and grass conse-
" qucut upon the extraordinarily wet season, conspire to make this
"result inevitable." * * * "Cut it will be seen from the extracts
"below that very generally the weather in the last days of May was
" favorable, and there was a hopeful prospect that the condition would
" rapidly improve."

T:u! July report says; * * * " But throughout the cotton States,
" tor a pe. iod varying from twent3--five to thirty-1 ve days, according to
" locality, and ending between the 20th aiul 30th of June, the weather
" was wet beyond precedent." * * * " la consequence of this excess
" of rain and lack of labor, weeds and grass have been overshadowing
" the cotton plant iu every State, and iu almost every county reported."
We add the liurcau's figuves of coiulitiou for June and July since 1871.

1877.

1870.

1875.

1874.

1873.

18< 2.

1871.

States.

=

>>

a

'^

c

>v

0

a

->,

6

^

c

^

"--

1-5

1-3

1-5

1-5

'^

1-5

*^

*->

'^

>-i

1-5

1-5

i-s

Xo.-th C.i.oliua.

82

8S 101

101

92

95

-9

102

85

91

90

94

90

99

httuthCarolina .

!H

87 1 t)8

90

97

99

SI

88

88

82

92

9/

92

100

Gorgia

Si)

90 io:i

lo:^

91

t>V

so

91

94

94

9(5

101

S2

82

Florid. I

!)2

95! 8-'

9S

91

Kil

90

9t!

102

99

9.)

102

103

88

Alabauri

i>()

94I 91

100

101

102

82

92

93

85

105

10(i

83

81

Miss ssippi

;»i

9.J 9-2

91

100

10:5

78

87

92

83

100

109

84

80

Louisiana

;)S

102 89

92

9. J

105

70

r.i

94

80

104

103

90

75

Texas

111

91 90

99

90

915

9S

102

8t)

7s

lOlt

10.)

93

93

ArKausas

;)4

94 95

97

90

104

75

94

92

9(i

9s

95

83

90

Teuuessec

!)1

yj 9J

103

99

100

90

97

90

90

101

104

90

98

PLAXTIXG—CrLTlYATIOX—STAXD. 97

"We may gather from tlie above :

Fir.st. — That the start was everywhere late. April was
a cold and dry month. The warm rains of the early half
of May were therefore needed. Subsequently during
May, and also during June, there was too much rain in the
coast half of the Gulf and Atlantic States, and in laree
sections the plant was choked with grass. Upper half of
all these States and the whole of Tennessee and Ai"kansas
was in good condition.

Second. — Tlie text of the Agricultural Bureau Reports,
makes the condition everywhere very bad, but its figures,
evea for whole States, show very gi-eat differences, and are,
except for Tennessee, North and South Carolina and Texas,
much more favorable than for 1871; its statement also that
June " was throughout the Cotton States wet beyond prece-
dent " would seem from the official reports of rainfall to
be inaccurate.. There was a great excess of rain at Mobile,
Montgomery and New Orleans in May, and also at the two
former places in June ; but elsewhere it would appear that
the average for the two months, though large, was by no
means so extreme.

Third. — That the stand in June was good in the upper
half of all the States, and m the most of Arkansas and
Tennessee, and generally poor and grassy elsewhere.

The crop grown during this year, 1873-74, was (on
about 11 per cent more acreage) 4,170,000 bales, against
3,930,500 bales last year.

1874.

The temperature, rainfall, number of days of rain and
weather summary for the first six months of 1874 were
as follows :

1874. 1 Jan. | Fnh.

March

April.

il.vv.

Jiuu;.

Norfolli.. . Rainfall j 209

" No. days rain. 1 11

CHIiTh '".3 0

Ther...' Low. 15 0

( Avpr 1 4o a

4-79
11
770
29-0
43- 1

4-20
10
7^0
2S' 1
4H-9

5-97
14

80-0

.sao

5 '-2

3-97
10
910

4V0
t!4-|

3-49
12

1020
o5-0

98

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

j 1

1874.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Wilniingfu. Rainfall

514

6-54

3-72

2-88

5-07

2-81

" No. cla}'.s laiu.

7

16

12

13

. 9

12

( 'ligh

73 0

74-0

80-5

!:2-ll

91--)

6T-.->

" Ther... ' L'>w

191)

31- "j

3'-0

34-0

4N-n

P3-0

( Ave.-

50 1

48-1

f 7- 1

6-.'-8

70- i

80-1

Cliai-leston . Rainfall

3-1.5

10-45

3-45

2-95

5 -.50

2-29

" No. da3'8 rain.

7

14

10

7

9

9

CHlih
" Tiler... ^ '-"w

6 -0

•;6-o

f^l-O

82-0

93-0

96- J

sr-j

3 -0

40- >

4 -0

•' 1-J

6»-j

( .\ver.

;,2- 1

51-5

:9-9

67-.-

71-1

81-0

Augusta. . -Rainfall

3-41

7-22

7-78

6-23

3-88

3-29

No. days rain.

12

11

17

13

7

8

Ther.-.H.vv.

95-0

99-0

5i-0

6v 1

I ve

5f-3

50-5

."9-0

63-3

l-ir,

■81-4 1

Atlanta . . . Riinfall

3-14

G-8J

7-38

10-42

3-00

7-71

No. days rain.

4

r>

10

12

2

13

(Hl=rli

63- r

72-0

76-0

770

9 -0

95-0

Ther... -fw

IvT

i;s-0

31-0

400

50- )

7>,-0

( Aver.

50-0

5 - 1

57-0

650

78-0

8.- -0

Savannah . Rainfall

2-07

9-71

2-85

2-69

4-85

4-85

No. diiy.s rain.

12

13

8

11

11

14

( Us'll

7.S- 1

73-0

86-

S4-.I

0,0

9>»-0

" Tlicr... ■ L,ow .

&9-0

H 0

:7-0

46-0

52-0

xti-0

( vVer.

52- i

5. -3

i2-i

660

72-2

8 -7

Columbus. .R.iinfall

6-55

No. days rain

"6'

"l6

14

13

"8

27

(;Hgh.

" Tlier... Low.

f AVer.

5U-'o

550

61 0

67-0

72-0

82-6

Macon Rainfall

1-77

G-80

7-8S

9-2G

l--i5

3-48

" No. daj's rain.

( il'trli.

720

76-"r

78-0

8.3-0

92-0

9 i-0

Tiler... -l.ow..

280

3J-0

360

400

4 0

70 0

( .\vei .

570

5,0

6 -0

71-0

fOO

8.-0

Mouticom'y. R linfall

3-<!9

G-57

10G6

9-45

2-03

4-31

No. days rain.

G

11

13

15

7

22

Tlier...]L-w

77-0

7 -0

83- .i

f2-0

f5-5

95^.

270

Hi-0

.10

420

r '-0

70-5 ■

( iver

5;-3

54-5

61-0

Hi- I

73- S

.9-7

Mobile Rainfall

2-48

2 72

10-57

1092

1-23

5-69

" No. days rain.

8

9

15

15

5

12

TUer...^Low

71-0

75-0

8>0

81-0

9'-0

930

310

3i- 1

43-0

4.-0

iO-0

700

( Aver

f3-3

&H-7

63-3

6t-i

7 -11

80-1

N. Orleans . Rainfall

1-(>S

3-G8

7-57

13-62

0-22

9-62

No. d.iys rain.

10

12

12

12

3

17

C rilrfh.

77- 1>

81- •

7,y'i

P9-0

9!-0

Tlier... Vi'-w
( Aver.

4<'-i)

5 -0

4 -0

5v •

7i0

56-0

591

63-3

65-6

75- 7

81-3

Vicksburg. Rainfall . .

5-27

3-47

9-86

22-24

0-lG

3-43

No. days rain.

13

10

15

" 16

\>

9

C High.

81-0

950

94-0

Tlier... ■ L w .

410

.52 0

670

( .ivei-

52-3

si-o

62-5

57' 7

75-4

81-9

Sbrevcp'rt. Rainfall

3-51

7-58

9-27

10-64

lao

1-35

No. day .s rain.

12

11

14

10

.5

3

Tiler... ^, LOW

72- >

76-0

820

820

950

960

2 -0

31-0

440

4 -0

.'30

630

( iver

50-4

01-6

60-5

610

75-2

82-7

Memphis . .Rainfall

2-88

410

GGl

10-16

0-G3

• -'22

No. days rain.

G

7

7

8

3

5

( iigh

94-5

" Ther... ^ Low

6.)-0

( Aver.

4 •0

45-0

53-0

53-d

72d

81-0

Nashville.. Rainfall

5-22

9-23

5-2G

11-8 1

1-49

2-87

" No. days rain.

ly

14

19

15

7

7

CHUh.

99-0

" Thir... -^Low.

00-0

( AVer.

42-'3

445

51-7

54-7

720

83-5

Galveston . Rainfall

1-37

3-11

3-09

3-38

5-80

1-68

" No. days rain.

9

10

10

8

3

6

^ H gh

890

92-0

" Ther... -^ Low

6-i-O

730

^Ave

55-0

58-0

670

660

7 0

81-7

Inrtianola . Rainfall

1-18

2-92

4-30

0-74

OlS

G-80

No. dajs rain.

G

7

14

5

3

8

^ ^^S"

74-5

76-5

81-5

83-0

90-5

92-4

Ther... ^ Low.

36-0

45-0

410

515-0

70-0

1 vver.

53--)

53-4

67-3

68-1

74-9

81-2

1

PZAXTIXG—CrLTlYATIOX—STAXT). 99

CHRONICLE WE.VTUER REPORTS SUMMARY.

JaH«o»-(/.—Tlie liist aucl last weeks but little raiu fell; the balance of
the mouth there vras more ; generally, however, not enough to interfere
materially with the marketing of the crop. Mouth opened uolil and
closed warm. The second week there were sleet and snow at Galveston.

Ft;>»vtf«vy.— Weathjr suasouablo, with cousiderablo rain, but no ex-
oeasive cold. Plantation work made good progress.

Jf.t/T/i.— Very ha.ivy luius this lUDuth, esiieeially in the Gulf and
Southwostera States. Th3 Mississippi River very higii, and in the
tliird ATeei breaks were rjporte.l in the levee on the west side below
Ma uphis. Planting maeli delayed, being pushed f ji-ward under great
difficulties in all that section.

^/^rj'.— Cjutiuuel heavy rains through the mD.ith (reaehiu^ 22 inches
and '2 4 hundradths of an inch at Vlcksburg), closing up with a frost tho
last of the mouth, from Mobile to North Carolina; the frost was rei^orted
killing in t'ae u;>.-taeru parts of Georgia, South Carolina a;i I North
Carolina, makiug replanting necessary to same extent in the two former
States, but much of the seed was not sufficiently started to be har ned.
Nearly all the Southern rivers overflowed— both tho Mississippi and its
tributaries and the Alabama and its tributaries— being ouo of the most
extensive overflows on record, the number of acres under icaler in the
Mississippi Valley not liaring been equaled prohabbj during the last
thirtji years, and did not f idlj- subside until in June.

Ifay.— The last few days of April tho weather changed to dr\-, and
continued with but very little raiu the first week of May, aud in some
considerable sections throughout the entire mouth. For instance, tho
rainfall for the whole month of May was only 22 huudredths of an inch
at New Orleans, 1(5 hundredths at Vicksburg, aud 63 huudredths at
Memphis. As'a result of such prolonged drought following the (excess-
ive rains, the ground became baked and the seed could not germiuate,
except very irregularly; or where the plant was up it did not develop
healthfiillj', dying out in many cases aud making very imperfect .stands.

J«ue.— Weather during June was more favorable, especially the last
half of the mouth, showers then becoming quite geueral. The dry
weather enabled the phiuters to keep the fleliLs clean, but the stands
were, ixs a rule, imperfect, and the plant not strong and stocky. Plant-
ing in the overflowed districts not completed till after the first of June.

FROM THE AGRICULTDR.VL BUREAU REPORTS.

The June report says (reporting the condition to June 1st) : " The sea-
" son has been remarkable for heavy aud freaueut rains during the mouth
" of Aprd throughout the cotton States." * * * * "From the first
"week in May to its close drought was almost universal." * * * *
"The stand is therefore very poor, many plants not havmg made their
" appearance on the 1st of June."

The July report says: "The cotton planters report" * * * * "an
" improvement in the condition of the plant iu every State." * * * *
" As compared with July of hist year, condition is highe:% except in
" Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas."
From the foregoing we learn :

First. — That there were all through April excessive rains,
resulting in the inost extensive overflows known for thirty
years.

Second. — That tliroughout the whole of May tltere was

100

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

scarcely any rainfall west of Georgia and North Carolina,
only sixteen hundred tlis of an inch at Vicksburg, and
sixty-three hundredths uf an inch at Memphis, &c.

Third. — Taat in the overflowed sections in the Mississippi
Valley planting was not completed until after the first of
June.

Fourth. — That on account of the excessive rains, and then
of the excessive drought, the stands in a very considerable
section were very irregular, imperfect and poorly rooted ;
and, further, that the late start in the Mississippi Valley
maJe the crop late, and the early frost in the Fall cut the
plant before it had matured.

The crop grown during this year (1874) was only 3,833,-
000 bales, against 3,930,500 bales in ISVi, although the
acreage was over 12 per cent in excess of 1872.

1875.

The weather summary, including temperature, rainfall
and number of days on which it rained, is as follows for
the first six months of 1875 :

1875.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

Juno.

Norf,)ll!: Raiuf ill,iiicli.

5-89

2-95

8-09

2-24

2-29

1-38

No.ilays raiu

18

10

19

12

8

8

iH Kll

54-0

7(50

74-0

80-0

95-0

98-5

" Tlicr..- I ow

!40

9 1)

2iiO

270

45-0

570

( Wer

sn-i

.S7-9

4(!-7

52-2

65-2

74- S)

WiiiuiugL'ii.Rainfall,iiK'h.

5'52

1-97

4-55

3-ii2

2-84

H-G7

" No. (luv.s rain.

18

9

19

11

8

12

(Hidi.

70-0

7^-0

750

sy-o

90-O

91-0

" Tlit'.r... ^ i-o\v

a 1-0

irrO

2 SO

2S-0

430

58-0

/ we

4:^;!

4."r:)

54-4

5S-5

GS-4

74-2

Cliarlcstou. Rainfall, inch.

7-77

•1-27

6-:{7

4-50

8-51

3-15

No. days i-aiu.

18

10

1(3

10

1)

9

iHl.li.

670

73-0

730

82-0

8f-.-0

95-0

Thfti-...Low

a)0

2-!-0

.SoO

3.)0

.5i)-0

01-0

( ve

47-3

40-2

571

60-8

71-7

7S-2

Augusts Ri infall,inc-li.

()-77

5-17

11-S8

4-71

1-10

(J-59

No. days raia.

17

9

15

10

(•>

14

C H sh

(W'O

7.S-0

7(>0

83-0

910

970

Thor...- ow.

auo

22-0

330

350

4;)0

58-0

( V-

41'J

4;3-9

55-4

600

730

78-4

Atlant:v Rainfall, iiicli.

5-«0

G-92

10-27

4-79

1-84

4-:;8

>io. days rain.

IL

7

11

7

5

8

(Hish.

6^0

670

70-0

7S-0

92-0

930

" Ther...- ow .

n-0

140

320

320

ro-0

(i30

f We

440

4t50

51)0

ti.VO

77-0

630

Saranuali.. Rainfall, inch.

8--t

3-50

G-88

5-11

3-20

4-10

" No. days rain

17

9

12

8

12

()

i Uigli

74-0

HOO

SI 0

84-0

no-0

990

Ther... ' i. w.

:{!0

HO-O

3.)()

4()'0

510

6.3-0

f We, .

41C7

50-7

5iC2

(33-3

72-9

79-4

Cohmilms . Rainfall, inch.

5-S ^

557

14-44

3-47

3-08

3 -02

" No. days rain

11)

8

12

8

5

8

lUiirli.

75- 0

020

7(V0

80-0

9.-3-0

980

Ther... ■ i.ow.

300

220

32-0

40-0

5(50

(52-0

' \>.- .

470

490

570

620

760

82-6

PLAXriXG—CrLTIVA riOX—STA XT).

101

1875.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Macon Rainfall, iiicli.

5-33

4-37

12-95

5-56

2-43

3-16

No. days rain.

iHi-h.

';o-o

78-0

79-0

80'-0

89-0

'8-0

Ther... ■ Low.

200

18-0

300

3 0

48-0

639

' Ave .

520

560

6.V0

720

t-0 0

870

Mont.irnni'y. Rainfall, inch.

6-71

7-86

11-56

3-,54

l-o7

l-.'4

" No. cla\ s rain.

21

16

16

9

7

14

( H Bli.
" Tlier...< ow .

74-5

78-5

78-5

860

98-0

99-5

18-0

22-0

34-5

.39-0

510

61-5

' ^ vpr.

47-2

49-6

57-4

62-6

74-5

80-7

Mobile Rainfall, inch.

5-70

7- 15

8-31

7-51

1-16

2-45

No. da vs vain.

12

0

13

<>

5

8

' CH^gh.

720

74'0

78-0

77-0

910

950

Thor... ow.

25- i)

28-0

3ro

410

560

6i0

^ Aver.

49-8

50-9

60-3

83-3

75-3

8J-8

N. Orleans. Rainfall.ini'li.

8-11

13-85

10-84

8-05

2-53

4-92

" No. dav.^ rain.

22

9

15

8

8

1(>

C i h.

7.50

770

79-0

79-5

88-5

92-0

" Tlier...< ow .

28-5

32-5

380

495

630

6S-()

} ^ve.•.

54-3

53-9

63-5

65-3

76-2

80-1

Slireveport . Rainfall.inch.

3:)3

2(>7

4'»4

3-46

0-itl

1-79

N.). cbiys rain.

20

11

16

11

.■)

9

{ igli-

750

78-0

89-0

90-O

1010

104-0

Ther... low.

130

220

2<0

390

4S0

590

( \\e^■.

41-0

500

57-0

63-0

730

83-0

Vicksbur.!? . Riinfall.ineh.

0--18

7-01

14-51

5-07

1-69

4-05

No. days rain.

IG

13

17

8

11

12

Ci'igh-

750

76-0

78- 0

83-0

940

98-0

Ther... ^ Low-

1 -0

210

330

430

51-0

60-0

( Aver-

42- i>

500

5t4

61-8

74-6

8U-0

Columbus, Mi«-i.—

Riiinfall.inch.

8-14

11-45

7-61

0.52

1-30

8-39

" No. <lavs rain.

7

7

13

7

4

8

Na.sliville . . Kainfiill.incli.

6-15

3-06

8-14

4-25

2-03

5-63

No. dav.s rain.

1--)

12

15

13

10

13

I Higrh.

600

750

740

80-0

8;-)-o

92-0

Thf:-...-^Low.

-2-

9- 1

240

25-5

400

530

1 ' ve ;

33-7

38-2

49-1

5B-3

68-3

76-9

Merapliis . .Rainfall, inch.

7-4:5

334

8-60

3-48

4-21

2-72

No. duj-.s raiu.

16

13

19

10

12

(i

{ H gii.

68-0

72-0

79-0

81-0

91-0

95-0

Ther...- ow.

20

130

260

850

440

55-,)

1 Vdl-.

341

40-2

50-6

5 .--7

6-i-6

791

Galveston.. Rainfall, inch.

4-31

2-<)4

3-51

2-55

1-50

0-89

No. daj-.s rain.

13

10

<)

8

4

5

(Ilig-.

700

740

78-0

80-0

910

97-0

Ther...^ o w .

240

3.50

3i0

48-0

62 0

72-0

/ Vve'-.

4^-3

55-3

62- 1

65-9

770

83-5

Indianola . Rainfall, inch

1-17

1-23

1-02

2-51

1-45

0-35

No.daj-.s r lin.

8

8

6

6

4

3

( H gli.

750

80- 0

»00

820

890

950

Ther...- o w .

170

330

.370

320

590

71-0

( 'ver.

460

56-4

63-4

66-4

76' 3

82-2

Corsicana ..Rninfall.inch

1-!)S

0-76

2-33

2-26

2-03

0-79

No. days rain.

11

10

11

8

9

2

( hltih.

730

790

86-0

87- 't

930

102-0

Tlier...^iow.

30

19-0

240

330

430

5(-0

<Aver.

36-8

49-5

53-8

61-3

72-9

79-5

CHllONICLE WEVTIIKR KEPORT.S SUMMARY.

Jnnnarij.— Tho. -whole month of January wa.s rainy. It opened warm,
sultry and wet, with heavy rain in Te.^as and Gulf States, becoming
more severe, not only in the Gulf States, but also in the Atlantic States,
closing tip with ice and snow at Galvv'ston. Balance of the month was
disagreeable, with light rains or drizzle at all points, making roads in
ma!iy .sections impassable.

F^bruur:/.— The first week the rains were light at all points, but subse-
queutlj^ there were heavy rain.s, especially in the Gulf States, followed
by ice and snow in the north of Texas.

Mtrch— Very heavy rains in the South this month. Weather cold. In
the second week there w.is a very heavy snow-storm, snow falling to the
dept".i of 14 inches at Me. aphis, and in the north of Texas was the hard-
est known for j-cars.

102 COTTOy FROM SEED TO LOOM.

April. —The first week of April w vS unfavorable for plantinsf, it being
quite cold, with frost near Surevcport. Mississippi River overflowed
and Arkansas River tlireateuin.i,'. Second and third weeks were more
favorable, althouj^h the temperature continued lower than desirable.
Some, but little, replantinir was necessary in portions of Texas, on ac-
count of previous frost. Fourth week the weather was satisfactory, ex-
cept some severe frosts, doing, however, very little damage. There were
frasts daring the m(mth at Galveston, M:'mphis, Augusta, Charlestdu,
Shreveport, Selma, Macon and Atlanta, wliicli were killing at some places,
but no material damage done, as cotton was not general'Ly up.

Ma;/. — Tlie early part of month was cold, but subserpicntly it turned
warmer and more favorable, with seasonable rains, but not excessive,
and tlic plant made A'ery good jirogress, tlie fields being kept clean.

Jane. — Weather was very favoi'ablo almost cver^-where, the teniiiera-
ture being higher and showers vei-y general. Crop reports, therefore,
were satisfactory, growth being rapid, stands unusually good, with the
fiekls remarkably clean. A bloom was reported in Monroe couut3', Ala.,
June 8. In our acreage report on the 12tli June, we state that the
condition was very satisfactory. "Without doubt, taking tlie country
"as a wliole, there has not been since the war a more promising crop
" tlian this one. The stand is as nearlj- perfect as possible, &c."

FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

The June rcpoi-t says : " In a larger portion of tlie cotton area, at the
"nsual time for planting, the soil was wet and cold in Atlantic coast dis-
" tricts, and in a less degree in more western areas, and germination was
" retarded, but not destroyed. Afterward the weather became more fa-
" vorable for growth and the chopping-out process, with a tendcncj' in
"places to an injurious lack of moisture." * * * " The stand is much
" better than that of last year, and tlie plants are niire advanced in
" growtli, notwithstanding their late start, and the crop is generally quite
" clean."

Tlic July report saj's : "The condition of the crop approximates a full
"average, showing an improvement diirin.; J. me in all the cotton States
" except Texas, where the prevalence of drouglit in some localities, and
"some local injuries by cut-worms, cotton-caterpillars and grasshop-
" pers, reduced the promise of the crop 3 per cent."

From the foregoing we learn :

First — That the weather was cold in April and during
the first week of May, but subsequently was very favora-
ble.

Second — That the stands secured were excellent, the
best since the war, and the fields were very clean and well
worked.

The crop grown dm'ing this year (is?.")) was 4,GG9,000
bales, against 3,833,000 bales in 1874, on an acreage in-
creased only about 6 per cent.

187(;.

The temperature, rainfall and number of days of rain

for the first six months of 1876 were as follows :

PL A XTIX a~C ULTIVA TIOX—STA XD.

103

187G.

Jan. -

Feb.

March,

April.

>ray.

June.

Norfolk . . .

.Kaiufall.ineii.

1-37

3-96

410

2-72

4-42

509

"

No. days rain.

7

11

9

"14"

11

a

Ulig..

7rvO

730

730

83-5

89-0

100

"

Ther. . . • > i w .

21-0

190

19-0

370

38-0

."^3-0

' Ave-.

47-7

4.50

46-5

,55-3

65-7

78-1

Wiimingt'n

. Rainfall, ineb.

0-52

304

4 54

2-82

3-44

12-44

"

No. dajs rain.

ti

10

11

S

9

9

. High.

760

77-0

75-0

87-0

930

990

**

Ther. . . { ow..

200

240

220

3 -0

38-0

53-0

> Aver.

51-9

511

52-6

60-8

67-5

76-6

Chai-li'stoii

. Rainfall. ir.eh.

0«3

2-43

2-54

4-93

3-77

14-98

"

Xo. davs vain.

7

fl

11

9

10

11

' CH h.

760

78-0

76-0

83-0

88-0

97-0

**

Ther... Low..

28-0

31-0

280

460

47-0

66-0

' Ave .

55-4

54-6

56-6

643

71-4

79-9

Augrnsta. . .

. Rainfall, ineh.

1-20

2-98

2-96

472

1-97

7 96

No. davs lain.

6

12

10

8

12

10

( H gh.

78-0

780

810

85-0

95-0

97-5

**

Ther...Lo .

220

25.0 .

250

42-0

430

63-0

< ver

5:i-6

52-3

54-8

63-9

72-1

78-7

Atlanta . . .

.Rainfall. inch.

3-32

5-37

591

6 01

5-00

3-25

"

No. davs rain.

0

9

6

7

10

10

' ; H gh.

71-0

740

740

80-0

86-0

93-0

"

Ther... Low.

200

160

220

4-i-O

46-0

62-0

' ver

560

510

550

66-0

75-0

80-0

Savainiah .

.Rainfall, ineh.

2-39

2-21

2-71

5-74

2-25

18-80

"

No. dajs rain.

(5

9

9

9

9

20

^Hgh

78-0

80-0

800

86-0

94-0

99-0

**

Ther... v Lou' .

270

290

300

46-0

50-0

65-0

f Aver.

56-8

56-5

58-7

66-7

74-0

80-6

Columbus .

. RainfalLineh.

4G3

2-42

7-90

9-19

4-45

481

"

Xo. days I ain.

4

5

9

7

7

11

(UUh

700

73 0

78-0

82-0

88-0

96-0

**

Ther... a„w.

250

220

26H)

44-0

460

640

f Ave

520

52-0

500

640

73-0

800

Macou

.RtiufalKiiieh.
No.-.davs rain.

1-46

4-23

406

710

1-85

5-88

' iHi h.

760

7 -O

770

f-8-b'

92 0

9--0

**

Tier...- . ow.

31 0

2M-0

S4-0

400

46-0

64-0

/Ave .

6 0

600

6 0

74.0

8 0

8 -0

Montjroni'j

. Rainfall. iiicii.

3-70

5 •07

7-33

10-99

6-53

4-85

"

No. diiys rain.

9

12

9

9

14

10

sHgh.

77-0

78-0

770

89-0

92-5

990

**

Ther... ^L.w.

270

240

280

45-0

46-5

61-0

/Avp..

54-8

54-5

54 6

63-4

73-5

79-6

Mobile

.Rainfall, ineh.

3-14

4-32

s-oi

3-88

4-33

3-35

"

No. davs rain.

r>

11

9

10

6

7-

' ( High.

720

750

760

82-0

89-0

98-0

<'

Ther. . . : ow .

320

280

310

420

48-0

63-0

1 Ave,.

56-6

55-3

55-8

66-2

70-0

80-3

N. Orleans

.RainfalLineh.

4-43

«-20

11-32

6-41

7-10

6-20

"

No. davs rain.

7

IG

11

8

15

14

■ (High.

770

78-0

790

82-5

86-0

93-5

*'

Ther... 'Low .

38-5

36-0

36-5

53-3

54-0

680

f Ave .

603

590

59-9

69-1

74-8

80-6

Shrevoport

.Rainfall, inch.

7-26

2-(i8

11-67

5-83

9-47

2 08

"

No. days rain.

14

8

14

10

12

10

( High.
Ther... Low..

780

80-0

79-0

88-0

90-0

950

**

300

240

26-0

47-0

47-0

61-0

/Ave .

54-0

.550

540

67-0

73-0

79-0

Vicksbur-

Rainfall, ineh.

3-81

518

11-21

4-H9

6-J4

1-74

"

No. day.s rain.

«

8

14

10

12

7

(nigh.

Ther... ■'Low.

790

77-0

81-0

850

89-5

97-0

**

28-0

24-0

27-0

47-0

49-0

630

^ Aver.

561

55-4

54-3

66-0

72-8

79-4

CoUuubus,

Miss.—

Kaiiifiill.ineh.

4-69

3-41

9-57

6-79

4-96

1-SG

"

No. days rHin.

J)

(!

9

8

7

7

Little Koek

.Kaiufall.ineh.

8-47

2-56

9-05

4-02

5-96

3-71

Nashville .

.Rainfall, inch.

516

2 32

5-70

2-86

4-94

5-76

"

No. davs rain.

10

5

11

9

11

14

(Higli.

730

730

76-0

800

90-0

94-0

*»

Ther... ^ Low..

170

90

140

.37-0

42-0

580

' Avei.

47-3

46-3

46-6

60-5

70-3

76-5

Memphis..

.Riiinfall,iiieh.

7-65

1-33

11-03

4-51

8-49

2-70

"

No. day.s rain.

6

4

14

6

9

13

(H gh.

7.30

750

78-0

85-0

88-0

970

**

Ther... -Low.,

230

170

18-0

440

48-0

58-0

( A\er.

470

48-6

47-4

63-2

70-9 .

771

lO-t

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

187G.

Jan.

Feb.

March

April.
2 -Go

May.
10-27

June.

Giilvestou

. .Rainfiill.inch.

1-49

4-70

5-94

2-G3

"

No. (lays rain.

7

8

9

i^

8

11

C High.

730

740

7fv0

810

890

940

«<

Tlier. . . • Low .

430

350

360

550

540

700

1 We-

60-9

600

610

69-7

761

82-2

Iiulianolii

. Rainfall, iueb.

1-30

1-89

5 86

0-32

0-32

119

No. day.s rain.

8

9

(5

2

3

9

(High.

78-0

790

80-0

85-0

87-0

940

**

Tlicr... ^. Low.

42-1

330

410

510

58-0

700

r A ver.

61-5

600

63-9

(94

75-5

82-5

Cor.sicana

.. Rainfall, iueli.

3-4G

1-84

301

3-9G

4-.3G

309

"

No. (laj's vain.

13

?,

9

5

12

8

(High.

77-0

7S-0

81-0

90-9

950

990

"

Ther...^ «w .

260

240

250

410

430

58-0

i ve-.

53-2

551

53-9

670

71-8

773

Dallas....

..Rainfall.incli

G-19

3 05

1-82

0-84

083

3-.->l

CHRONICLE WEATHER REPORTS SU.M.M.\RY.

Jan tiari/. — Daring tlie latter part of December, 187.3, there vecre heavy
rain.s in the Sonthwest, and thes^e were continued in the second, third
and last Aveeks of January, the greatest rainfall being in the section of
country marked off by taking in Dallas, Shreveport, Little Rock, Mem-
phis and Nashville. Crop movement was interfered with in much of
that district by bad roads.

Fcbruari/.— Rains continued in portions of the South during nmcli of
this month, but covei'ing a diffei'ent section, being chiefly confined to the
lower half of the Gulf States. On the 19th our Galveston correspon-
dent telegraphed that they had not had a particle of frost yet ; oranges,
figs, grapes, apples, peaches to a moderate extent still maturing.

j¥(//'(7(.— The greater portion of the first two weeks of March was fa-
vorable, witli seasonable showers, and satisfactorj' progress was made in
farm preparatipus. Tlie third week was rainy, and during the following
week a very severe storm passed over a large portion of the South, at-
tended with snow. It snowed 8 inches at Little Rock; 6 inches at Co-
lumbus, i\Iiss., &c.; and was followed by .severe frosts everywhere, except
in some of the extreme southern sections.

April. — Excessive ranis in the West and Northwest early in the month
resulted in an overflow of the Mississiiij)i which at one time threatened
to l)e the most disastrous ever known. There were also raius in Ala-
bama, causing the rivers there to overflow. But the waters quickly re-
ceded, and towards the end of the month the fears had subsided, though
the Mississippi had not wholly returned to its banks again. Subsequently
the weather was almost everywhere favorable, and good progress was
made in getting in the crops, so that the month closed with the condition
good, though the start, especially in the Gulf States, was late.

May. — The weather during May was quite favorable everywhere and
the plant made good progress. A limited portion of the Mississippi Val-
ley between Memphis and Vicksburg remained overflowed till towards
the close of the month. But this did not materially decrease the plant-
ing. The cotton came up well and tlie fields were clean.

./mjjc— There was a very heavy rainfall at many places this month,
but it came in severe local showers and did not .appear to hai m cotton
much, as the fields began the month well worked and clean, and the rain
was generally confined to the Atlantic coast. lu Georgia and South
C.iroliua there was a flood which carried away bridges and destroyed
wlieat and coru. but not much cotton. Elsewhere the showens were
mostly reported as beneficial. The mouth closed with good stands evcrj'-
wluM'e, though not quite equal to the condition of the previous year, as
that was very perfect. Oar Galveston correspondent telegraphed June
17 that " crop accounts throughout the State ai-e surprisingly favorable,

PLAXTING— CULTIVATION— STAND.

105

" and, despite the late planting, the prospect is, up to this date, the best
" we have enjo3-cd for years."

FRO:« THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU BErORTS.

The June report sajs: " The June returns indicate a s'.isht reduction
"of area in cotton, comparatively late planting, good stands, except in
I " cases of too early planting or inundation ; growth not up to the average
"for the season; healthy and improving condition, and clean culture,
"with the exceptions caused by heavy rains stimulating growth and
' ' pre vcuting work."

The July report say.s : " Cotton in the first week in July is in a condi-
" tion of healthy growth— less favorable than in July of last year— well
" cultivated and reasonably clear of grass."

From the foregoing we learn :

First. — That the weather early in the season was very
rainy, especially in portions of the Southwest. This
weather culminated in an overflow of the Mississippi and
the Alabama rivers in April, subsiding rapidly, however,
and almost wholly in April, though not entirely until late
in May. During May good weather prevailed almost every-
where, and in June, also, except along the Atlantic coast ;
and even there the showers did not work much harm, as
the fields in those States were in excellent condition.

Second. — That the start was late in the AVest and South-
west, but the fields were clean and well worked every,
where, and the stand, though not as perfect as in 1875,
was yet very good.

1877.

The temperature and rainfall for the first six months of
1877 have been as follows:

1877.

Jan.

Feb.

March

April.

Maj-.

June.

Norfolk. . . . Raiufall.inch.

3-8.5

1-47

4-85

9-98

2-84

• 4-79

" JJo. days rain.

14

o

10

17

13

17

(High.

73U

6(50

'.7-0

830

9H-0

f9-i)

" Ther...<Low.

16-0

270

2H-0

3>0

430

590

i Aver.

39- 1

43- ■

47-4

5.5-0

63-1

7o-5

WiImingt'n.Rainfall,inch.

237

1-65

4-52

0-Gl

2-36

7-48

" No. days rain.

10

0

12

11

10

13

kHigh.

•' Ther...<Low.

/ Av- r

46- 1

4S-1

5S-4

6-'

R4-5

:6-5

Charleston.. Rainfall,inch.

4J4:

2-9G

7-80

1500

2-71

10-31

" No. days rain.

11

8

12

12

9

12

iHi h

" Ther.-.^Low.

f \vei-

71-

700

74-0

85- U

90- >

100-0

260

350

320

43-0

lUO

03-0

f)l-2

51-7

56- H

63- 1>

6 ■«

8-2

Augusta.. .Rainfall.inch.

4-7G

4-30

5-i)8

5-63

1-18

G-G7

" No. dajs rain.

15

7

11

15

8

1

( ■ gh

7^-0

730

79 0

85-0

94- 1

Ther...'Lo».

21-0

320

3 0

4'>0

4 0

{ ve' .

43-1

49-5

560

t'4-I

■;o-2

81-7

103

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

II

1877.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Atlanta Raint:ill,iiifli.

4-45

2-17

5;35

8-14

0-95

4-07

No.days i-aiii.

13

4

7

13

6

9

(HUli.

65- 0

60- 1

700

so-u

8 -0

920

" Tlicr... ■ Ljw .

!00

310

2J-0

46-0

40-0

600

( .ve-.

530

5.0

5 -0

670

711-0

b30

Savannah, .Kainfall,im-li.

2-(J3

1-71

4-25

8-82

201

8-52

No. (lays rain.

1(J

7

12

14

8

14

(Higli.

78-0

72 0

790

F5-0

94-0

9 0

" Tlier... L *.

27->)

35-1

3i-0

42-0

48-0

f.9-0

( wer.

5i-I

52-5

5 • .

6n-|

70-'v

81-3

Columbus. .Raiufall,iucli.

6-80

^•99

10-17

7-96

1-00

7-16

" No. days rain.

8

8

7

8

2

8

(High.

71-0

65-0

70-0

80-0

9 0

950

" Ther... ] i-ow .

lt>-0

37' 0

3.3-0

460

49-0

6-0

r > ver.

4ff-0

4^f0

55-0

65-0

72-0

82-0

Macon llainfall.iuch.

4-40

2-20

5-23

4-64

1-20

4-39

Ko. day 8 rain.

(High.

7'io

700

74-0

8''-0

9'o

96 0

" Ther... ■', ov» .

16-0

30 0

24-0

42-0

420

6 0

( Ave .

470

4 -0

53-0

yi-0

6 0

bO-0

Montsbm'J^Eainfall,incll.

C-07

2-68

7-17

10-36

0-82

2-94

" No. days rain.

l.T

8

9

16

3

13

iHi^ii.

7 -0

P8-0

7R-0

82-0

94 0

99- .

" Thcr... I ow .

J 6-0

31-5

2-0

4i-5

4-0

570

(f \'C .

49-.)

52-3

5 -3

64-4

72-0

nys

Mobile Rainfall.inch.

(J-30

1-40

5-94

8-40

1-68

7-07

" No. daj-srain.

16

.5

9

11

3

9

(H gh.

70-0

720

76-0

83-0

910

100-0

" Tlicr... I i-oiv .

1 -0

3 0

330

49-0

510

(20

( Wer.

50-1
'O-30

53-4

57-5

65-9

;2-H

82-8

N. Orleans. -Tlainfall, inch.

0-98

4-94

4-79

1-48

2-75

" No. days rain.

16

8

10

14

8

8

(High.

. .-

" Ther...-^ cw.

( Aver.

m'i

55'9

60-7

6-6

7 ■■5

M-3

Shrcveport . Rainfall .inch .

2-84

2-48

3-87

5-42

1-24

2-55

" No. days rain.

4

4

12

16

8

14

( ligh.

T2-0

720

83-0

H -0

('■'■0

96-0

" Ther... Low.

lH-0

350

310

48-0

470

5 -0

( ve .

440

i20

5.S-0

65- •

4. -11

800

Vicksburg.. Rainfall, inch.

3-61

3-26

4-83

8-88

0-69

3-7G

" No. days I'ain.

18

12

12

16

4

13

(High.

730

73-0

790

79-0

9-0

970

" Ther... Low.

1.0

31 0

29-0

4T0

46-0

^9-0

( .i>e .

4: -6

5.-S

57-2

64- 1

72-9

79-4

Columbus, Miss.—

Rainfall.inch.

2' 22

3-01

5-6 i

9-22

2-51

2-33

" No. (lavs r.iin.

"ll"

5

9

11

3

10

Little Rock. Rainfall, inch.

302

301

2-90

13-84

0-70

10-64

" No. days rain.

( igli-
Ther ..> . w .

C vei.

Nashville ..Rainfall.inch.

4-05

1-06

4-95

9-47

1-25

6-02

" No. days rain.

12

5

12

14

5

14

(High.

6H0

660

fOO

" Ther... Low.

—7-0

2 -0

38-0

( A\er.

a7-o

4 -0

47-4

f9-a

67-3

77-6

Memphis. ..Rainfall.inch.

431

1-.-J4

4-24

13-90

1-81

18-16

" No. days rain.

17

9

17

17

8

17

( >igh.

690

67-0

790

80-0

S'2-0

940

" Ther...- Low.

I'O

30-0

23-0

40-0

4 -0

f50

( 'Ver.

89- i

4t}l

500

0.-3

70 5

77-8

Galvestou. .Rainfall.inch.

4-.-)3

1-12

1-35

8-36

1-80

2-68

" No. days rain.

8

5

5

9

5

8

( Hieh.

640

6-0

"-•O

8'-0

P'-O

920

Ther...] ow.

iO-O

4H-0

3 0

540

590

640

( Avei-.

EO-7

562

e2-i

68-8

■.4-8

8!-5

Indianola... Rainfall.inch.

0!)1

1-.58

2-74

1-64

2-20

4-81

No. days rain.

9

7

10

6

5

8

(Hgh.

•;2'0

Ther.-.. Low.

4-0

( Aver.

496

£7-0

63-6

70-1

75-3

81-0

Corsicana. . .Rainfall .inch.

1-06

6-84

4-Hl

6-01

4-75

4-56

" No. days rain.

12

9

12

14

12

10

(High.

74-0

72-0

950

P60

" Thcr... \ LOW .

1 -0

3';o

470

50-0

( W r.

40-0

5!-3

5S-'l

63-. T

71-3

-,8-6

Dallas Kainfall.inch.

0-33

2-77

2-87

6-05

4-35

2-60

1

1

PL A XT IX G~CULTI VA TIOX—STA X T).

107

1
For tbo sake of easier comparisou, we here iusert the rainfall each

mouth for the p

1st four 1

•ears.

JIAINFALL

FOIt FOUK YE.\RS, J.^SCARY TO

HTNR, INCLUSrVK

STATIONS.

Jan.

Feb.

March.

April.

May.

June.

Inclifx.

IncTiefi.

Inclies.

Inches.

hi'hex.

Inclies.

Wilmiiiirtoii. ...

. 1877..

2-37

1-65

4-52

6-61

2-36

7-48

1.S7H..

0-52

304

4-54

2-82

3-44

12-44

"

1X75..

5-52

1-97

4-55

3 92

2-84

11-67

"

1S74.-

5-14

6-54

3-72

2-88

5 07

2-81

Charlc'stou

.1S77..

4-44

2-96

7-86

15-00

2-71

10-31

•'

1S7G..

063

2 43

2-54

4-93

3-77

14-98

"

1875..

7-77

4-27

6-37

4-56

8-51

3-15

"

1874..

3- 15

10-45

3-45

2-95

5-50

2-29

Augusta

.1877.-

4-76

4-30

5-9S

5-63

1-18

6-67

"

187G..

1-20

2-98

2-96

4-72

197

7-96

♦'

1875..

6-77

517

11-88

4-71

1-10

6-59

"

1874..

3-44

7-22

7-78

6-23

3-88

3-29

Atlauta

.1877..

4-45

2-17

5-35

8-14

0-95

407

"

187G.-

3-32

5-37

5-91

ti-01

5-00

3-25

"

1875..

5-60

6-92

10-27

4-79

1-84

4-58

"

1874..

314

6-86

7-38

10-42

3-00

7-71

Savannah

.1877..

2-63

1-71

425

8-82

2-04

8-52

'*

1876..

2-3i)

2-21

2-71

5-74

2-25

18-80

"

1875..

8-84

3-50

6-88

5-11

3-20

4-10

"

1874..

2-07

9 71

2-85

2-69

4-85

4-85

Columbus, Ga..

.1877..

6-80

3-99

10-17

7-98

1-00

7-Hi

1876..

4-63

2-42

7-90

9-19

4-45

4-8 L

1875..

5-88

5-57

14-44

3-47

3-68

3-62

Macon

..1877..

4-40

220

5-23

4-64

1-20

4-39

1876..

1-46

4-23

406

7-10

1-85

5-88

••

1875..

5-33

4-37

12-95

5-5i>

2-43

3-16

"

1874..

1-77

6-80

7-88

9-26

1-45

3-48

Mont^'omery. . .

.1877--

6-67

2-68

7-17

10 36

0-82

2-94

"

1876..

3-70

5-07

7-33

10-99

6-55

4-85

*'

■:'1875-.

6-71

7-86

11-56

3-54:

1-67

1-94

'•

1874..

3-69

6-57

10-66

9-45

2 03

4-31

Mobile -:,

.1877--

6-30

1-40

5-94

8-40

1 68

7-07

1876..

3-14

4-32

8 01

3-88

4 33

3-35

'•

1875-

5-79

715

8-39

7-51

146

2-45

'•

1874..

2-48

2-72

10-57

10-92

1-23

5-69

New Orleans...

.1877.-

6-30

0-98

4-94

4-79

1-48

2-75

'•

1876..

4-43

8-20

11-32

6-41

7-10

6-20

'•

1875..

8-44

13-85

10-84

8-05

2-53

4-92

•'

1874..

168

3-68

7-57

13-62

0-22

9-6-i

Shrevcport

.1877..

2-84

2-48

3-87

5-42

1-24

2-55

1876..

7-26

2-68

11-67

5-83

9-47

208

'•

1875..

393

2'()7

4-9 4

3-46

0-91

1-79

"

1874.-

3-51

7-58

9-27

10-64

1-19

1-35

Vicksbnrg

.1877..

3-61

3-26

4 83

3-88

069

3-76

••

1876..

3-81

5-18

11-21

4-89

6-24

1-74

"

1875..

5-48

7-01

14-51

5-07

1-69

4-05

"

1874..

5-27

3-47

9-86

2'2-24

0-16

3-43

Columbus, Miss

.1877.-

2'22

3-01

5-64

"9-22

2-51

2-33

1870..

4-6.>

3-41

0-57

6-79

4-96

1-86

<♦

1875..

8-14

11-45

7-61

6-52

1-30

• 8-39

, Little Rock....

.1877..

3 02

3-01

2-90

13-84

0-70

10-64

!

1876..

8-47

2 56

9-05

402

5-96

3-71

1 Nashville

.1877..

4-05

1-06

4-95

9-47

1-25

602

1876..

5- 16

2-32

5-70

2-86

4-94

5-76

«

1875..

6- 15

3 06

8-14

4-25

2-03

5-63

"

1874..

5-22

9-23

5-26

11-84

1-49

2-87

Mempliis

.1877..

4-31

1-54

4-24

13-90

1-81

18-16

1

1876..

7-65

1-33

11-03

4-51

8-49

2-70

1 "

1875..

7-4-,

3-34

8-60

3-4S

4-21

2-72

•"

1874..

2-88

4-10

6-61

10-16

0-63

2-22

Galveston

.1877..

4-53

1-12

1-35

. 8-36

1-SO

2-68

'•

1876..

1-49

4-79

5-94

2-65

10-27

2-63

1875..

4-31

2-94

3-51

2-55

1-50

0-89

I

1874..

1-37

3-11

3-09

3-38

5 -HO

1-68

! Indianola

.1877..

0-91

1-58

2-74

1-64

2-20

4-81

! "

1876..

130

1-89

5-86

0-32

0-32

1-19

'•

1875..

ia7

2-23

1-02

2-51

1-45

0-35

1 1 It

1 1

1874..

1-18

2-92

4-30

0-74

0-18

6-80

ll - i]

10S COTTOy FROM SEED TO LOOM.

CHRONICLE AVEATHEU REPORTS SUMMARY,

January.— T^xe■ weather duiiug Januarj- was unprecedented for sever-
it3', it being extremely eold all tliroiigli tlie raoutli, with heavy snow and
rain at very man}- points, iutei-fering with the movement of the erop and
making the roads impassalde. Snow fell to the depth of several inehes at
Slireveport, and iee formed three iuehcs thiek. Killing frosts were
reported from Texas and Florida. The enow in the northern part of
Texas was eighteen inches deep, the heaviest ever known at that point.
The cold was especially renwrkable in the Southwest ; the thermometer
at Little Rock fell to 4 degrees below zero. Ice and frost were general.
There were also vei-y heavy rains in some sections later in the month.

February.— VfaaXhev seasonable and warmer, with light rains through
the month. Ploughing and other preparations made good progress, and
an early start was anticipated, esiiecially in the Southwest. Ploughing
wasslightl}' retarded by rains in upper Texas the latter part of the mimth,
and at Dallas by frost. Hatching out of grasshoppers was reported
from Texas and caused considerable anxietj-.

March. — Weather fairly favorable during the month. The rainfall was
quite large in the Atlantic States, reaching at Columbus, Ga., a deiith of
lO'lT inches. Grasshoppers were still very abundant in Texas, and caused
considerable uneasiness, but very little hanii had been done. There were
killing frosts during the month at Corsicana, I>allas and Mobile, but no
harm done. Ice in Alabama and Corsicana, and snow at Little Rock.
Cold interfered a little with progress in Mis>sissippi and Arkansas. Work
generally well advanced, and ci ops made good progi-ess. Month closed
warmer.

April. — The mouth opened with seasonable weather and farm work well
advanced. After the first week heavy rains were very frequent, causing
a suspension of planting in upper Mississippi, Arkansas and Tennessee.
At Columbus, Miss., the lowlands were under water, and from Alabama
and Tennessee also came reports of lowlands submerged, and damage
was feared by overflow of the Mississippi and tributaries. The last of
the month the grasshoppers in Texas took wing and commenced migra-
ting northwest. The conditions towards the close were generally favor-
able in the Atlantic States and Alabama, and lower half of Lt)uisiana
and Mississippi. The heaviest rainfalls of the month were at Charleston ,
1 J inches, and Montgomery lO'oU inches. Also a severe storm at Gal-
veston.

Jfa?/.— The first two weeks of May contimted rainy, but much less so
than during April, with temperatm-e somewhat higher, though too low
at some points. During the remainder of the month the weather was
decidedly more favorable, there being vt>ry little rain, but the crop was
everywhere at least two weeks late. This dry time gave good oppor-
tunity for chopping out, and our correspondents generally reported the
fields well cultivated and the plant developing promisingly, though
small and backward.

Jioic— The month of June was showery everyNVhere, with verj- heavy
rains at a few phiL-es. Memphis reported thirteen inches and forty-four
hundredths on the 8tli and Oth of June. It proved to be quite local,
however, and crop reports continued inereasinglj- favorable 'iiTutil to-
wards tlie close of the mcmth, when some sections V)egan to complain of
too nmch raui. The Arkansas River overflowed tlie first of the month,
covering a very considerable section, but receded, and the hind was again
l)lanted, though late.

C'ironide acrcnjc report for June 10 says (see Chronicle, Juno 23):
" Generally speaking, the crop is everywhere, exceiit in the lower half of
" Texas, more backward than last year, say from ten to twenty days.

PLAXTIXG—CrLTirAIIOX—STAXD. 109

1

"That, hovrevtr, is, we tliinlc, the only uufavoralile circnmstance in the I
" present surroundings, outside of North Carolina, a part of South Caro- I
"lina, and the flood in the Arkansas Valley. Exeluding these limited sec- j
"tions, the plant is almost everywhere strong, healthy, nnnsuully elean,
" and well cultivateil, though small, but growing vigorouslj- since the
"late rains."

VUOM THE AGRICULTIKAI- liUKEAU KEPORTS.

The June report (for the month of May) says: "The condition of
" cotton was lower in June than at that date in the two past 3'ears,
" but higher than in 1.874." * * » * * " In a word, the season
" has been too cool for cotton, too wet at the time of planting, and too
"dry since in all of the area except Texas. The \^lnnt is now cjoicr-
" ally small, but health!/, free from iceeds, and in condition to improve
" rapidly with farorablc iceather."

The July report (for the month of June) says: "The Julj' returns,
" covering an area of 3GI of the best counties in the cotton belt, and
" representing six-tenths of the entire production, indicate a general
" courtitioir represented liy 93 4-10 — four per cent less than the Jtdy
" conilirton of 1876, and seven per cent better than the returns of 1873
" and 1874."

From the foregoing we learn : I

•First — That the early season was cold and rainy, and j
the seed was, in general, planted late ; that the crop was !
two weeks late in starting. Good weather in May gave '
opportunity for' chopping out, so that on the first of June
the fields were clean and well worked, and the showers i
in June, though very heavy at places, were more local
than usual and developed the plant, while sufficient time
was found to keep the weeds down.

Second — That the stand, though late, was at the same
time very satisfactory, with the fields almost everywhere
well worked and clean.

DEDUCTIOXS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS.

"We have, in the above, brought together all the import-
ant details of weather and crop development during the
first six months of each year since 1870. For the earlier
portion of this record some of our data are less full than
for later seasons, but they are all sufficiently complete to
illustrate the importance of special conditions in the culti-
vation and growth of the cotton plant. The account we
gave, in the opening of this chapter, of the habits of the
plant and modes of cultivation, prepared us for the results

no COTTOX FROM SEED TO ZOOM.

whicli are here made evident. A growth so tender in its
early life showed that it required careful working and
watching, and favorable conditions every way until it had
safely passed its younger days,, to bring out its highest
capabilities. If the reader will recall the trials from seed
to stand, enumerated in previous pages, and interpret each
season's weather record, given above, in the light of those
facts, the connection between those conditions and the
final results will be easily and clearly understood. To see,
however, just where our facts lead us, let us recapitulate
the leading features of the planting and germinating
season each year.

1871 April was more favorahle than the last half of March, the whole

of March bemg cold aud raiuy. May verj' cold and raiuy, except
Texas, where there was verj- little raiu. Jiirte very raiuy every-
where, except a portion of the Interior.

1872 A2)ril very favorable, except the second week, when there was a

severe storm, making the rivers overflow. J/a//, first three weeks
ttK) dry, but iho last wee)f splendid showers everywhere. June,
flue month for growth aud cultivation. The last week some com-
plaints of too much rain.

1873 ^_p?-t7 cold and dry, J/«//, first two weeks favorable everywhere,

hnt last two weeks rainy, more especially in coast half of States.
.Time, too rainy in about same half of tlie Atlantic and Gulf
States, but upper half, and almost all of Arkansas and Tennessee,
favorable.

1874 AjifU, like March, was very raiuy. All rivers overflowed. Worst

flood for 30 years. May, a severe ilrought in almost all the South,
except Atlantic States. June, more, favorable, especiiiJly last
half of mouth; but planting in the flooded district of the Missis-
sippi Valley and it-s tril>iitaries not completed till after June 1st.

1875 Ajtril, like March, was all of it too cold, especially th(^ first week;

otherwise the month favorable, tlie teniirerature gradually mod-
erating. Mai/ continued cold first two weeks, but subsequentlj'
was warmer aud otherwise very favorable. June, fine growing
weather nearly everywhere.

1876 April, excessive rains in the Western and Gidf States early part of

month, causing rivers to overflow, but they (juiekly receded in
good part; last twenty days generally favorable. May very
favora))le almost everywhere, except heavy local showers at few
point.-i ; fields well worked. June, some very heavy showers, but
almost wholly confined to the counties near the Atlantic coast ;
elsewhere favoral>le.

In connection with this suran>ary of the weather con-
ditions for the months nam(id, let us bring before us in
concise form the results as to each crop. We omit from

PLAXTIXG-CVLTIVATIOX-STAXD.

Ill

this table, as well as from the previous statement, this year's
record, as the actual yield is still a matter of estimate.

Year, i

Stand.

Plant ■well a<"vaneed and
1870 1 stand excellent. Fields
clean.

Acroajre
riauted.

y,!)85,0U0,

13 90 p. cr.

ihdease on

18G9.

Total Crop.

4 aS^'.OUO,

37 94 p. CI.

increase on

18G9.

Yield per
Acre.

191 lb.«

i Start early, but stand ver}'
poor. ' Fields grassy.
Plant weak and sickly.

8,911, OUU.

10-75 p. ct.

decrease on

1870.

2.974 tjuu,
ol 60 p. c-
deci'ease on
1870.

147 lbs.

1872

^tait about average date.
Stand very good. Fields
well worked and clean.
Plant strong.

9,780,M1U,

9 75 p. ct.

incr ase on

1871.

1873

Start was late. Stand was
gt)od and titlds clean in
two-tbirds of the Soutli; in
tile other third, poor and
grassy.

i0.8lG,000,

10-59 p. ct.

increase on

1873.

y.93u,rj00,

3213 p. ct.

increase on

J871.

177 lbs.

4,170,OuO,
0-09 p. CI.
increase ox.

1872.

109 IbF.

iStait late everywhere.
Stand generally very ir-
1874 regular and imperfect,
and in the Mississippi Val-
ley verv lat-e. Fields clean.

10,982 000,

1-54 p. ct.

increase on

1873.

3 833, UOO,

8 08 p. ct.

decrease on

1873.

154 lbs.

1875

start at titst late, but sub-
setpieiit progress rapid.
Stand excellent —the best
since, the war. Fields
clean and well worked.

11 035,01)0.

5-95 p. ct.

increase on

1874.

4,1,69,00 .

21-81 p. ct

increase on

1874.

177 lbs.

187r.

start late in Wist and
Southwest, nut elsewhere
early. Stand very good,
l)ut not quite as good as
la.st year. Fields generally
clean and well cultivated.

'.1,500,600,

1-16 p. ct.

decrease on

1875.

4,485,000,
3-94 p. ct.
decrease on

1875.

171 lb..

This table is very interesting. Of course, until the weather
data and progress of the plant during the subsequent
six months have been similarly analyzed, we cannot fully
read the lessons of the record before us. Yet, even now,
we can see that there is a wonderful coincidence betAveen
a stanti gained and a yield secured, the former being appar-
ently a guaranty of the latter. We can imagine, however,
that the conditions subsequent to June might be such as to
destroy this guaranty. All that can be absolutely affirmed
at this point in our inquiry, is, the subsequent conditions
never have been sufficiently unfavorable during the years
covered by our record; on the contrary, there is a constant

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

and remarkable relation each season between the final yield
and the reported stand. For instance :

In 1870 wiipn the Stand was perfect au increase in the acreage com-

paicd -with the previous year of 13'90 per cent gave au increase

in the yield of 37'94 per cent.
In 1871 when the Stand was jmor, sicJcly and gi-assy, a decrease in acre"

age compared with the previous year of 10-75 per cent gave a

decrease in the yield of 31'66 per cent.
In 1872 when the Stand was very good, an increase in the acreage com-
pared with the previous year of 9'75 per cent gave au increase

in the yield of 32-13 per cent.
In 1873 when tl:e Stand was two-thirds good and one-third poor, an

increase in the acreage of 10'59 per cent gave au increase in the

yield of 6-09 per cent.
In 1874 when the Stand was irrrgtdar and imperfect, hnt clean, an tx-

crease in the acreage of I'S-l per cent gave a decrease in the j ield

of 8 03 per cent.
In 1875 when tlie Stand was excellent, an increase in the acreage of 5*95

per cent gave an increase iu the crop of 21-81 per cent.
In 1876 when the Stand was very good, a decrease in the acreage of

1-10 per cent gave a decrease in the crop of 3-94: per cent.

But we shall gain more light on these points in subse-
quent chapters ; and before dwelling longer upon this
feature of the earlier growth, it will be desirable, perhaps,
to bring out in the same manner the later development.

SUMMEIt AXD FALL GROWTH. 113

CHAPTEK VI.

SUMMER AXD FALL GROWTH.

JULY TO DECEMBER.

Formation of tlie bud, itb sliape, etc. — The blossom, changes in color,
when it shuts and falls— Formation of the boll— Habits of the blossom
and plant in relation to the sun- The roots and their growth— Tho
tap root and what develops it — Definition of bottom crop, middle
crop and top crop— Cottou eneauies, lice, rust, shedding, boll worms,
caterpillars, etc.— Number of bolls to make a pound of lint, etc.—
AVeather data from July to December, 1S70 to 1877- Date of killing
fro.st and eiid of picking season in each State— Explanation of
influences affecting each crop, fi"om seed to picking, etc.

We liave next to consider the summer growth of
cotton, in conjunction with its later progress and ingath-
ering, that we may know the precise effect on the crop
of each successive condition, and may measure accurately
the relationship between the earlier and later develop-
ment.

"When the cotton plant is about twelve inches high it
begins to throw out limbs, with leaves about four inches
apart, having at every joint a form, square or shape; —
all these names being used for what is really the
bud. This bud, on its first appearance, is triangular in
outline, with three leafy bracts on the outside, the same
green leaflets so often found in the lint, being carelessly
picked off with the cotton. The blossom opens after
sunrise in the morning, pure white, with three petals,
being not unlike the hollyhock in appearance, though

114 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

more delicate. It begins to close at about two o'clock,
when a pale-red streak may be seen running up each
petal, and at sundown it is wholly closed. The next
morning, at about sunrise, it is again open as fresh as
ever, but, instead of being white, is now a beautiful
pink. It lasts the day out, but with the setting sun
again closes, — this time, however, wilting and falling off,
leaving at its base a little boll about the size of a small
bean.

Cotton is truly a sun plant. Cloudy, rainy, wet weatlier
is, at every stage of its growth, undesirable. Thus we see
the blossom opening and shutting with the sun; — a very
necessary provision, for if dew or rain falls into it, a gluey
substance forms at its base, wliicli makes it stick to the
boll, and it all rots together. The whole plant also
shows its nature and its longings by turning even its
o-reen leaves toward the east in the morning, and follow-
mo* the sun in its course, untd they face the west as it
sets ; and then they droop, as if the day's work were
finished, and nothing remained but to rest and await the
coming of the sun again. AFith its long tap-root deep in
the ground, it flourislies even when the weather is so dry
as to be very harmful to most other vegetation; and after
its limbs are grown so that the whole ground is well
shaded, it becomes even better able to endure prolonged
drought. Yet through the summer, showers are very
needful to secure the full fruit-bearing capacity of the
plant, that the development of fruit may be rapid and
uninterrupted after the blossoms once begin to set. .Vliout
six weeks are required for the little boll, which we
stated was found at the base of the flower whcji it dropped,
to mature and open, ready for picking, the general rule
being, during summer and early fall, from square to
bloom three weeks, and from bloom to open boll six

su2rAri:R axd fall growth. 115

j weeks. The cotton usually planted (the green seed or
i short staple) displays in each boll, when it opens, from
' four to five separate locks of the staple, though some
j descriptions show from eiglit to ten. Sea Island (the
I black seed or long staple) has a much larger stalk,
fewer and smaller bolls, with three lock.s, and a light-
yellow blossom, never changing. Of the green-seed
cottons thei'e are many kinds, some of them very pro-
lific in the production of bolls, but for good reasons their
cultivation has not extended.

The terms of bottom crop, middle crop and top crop
are in common use. To some minds they convey the idea
of distinct and separate growths. They are, however,
only imaginary lines. We may define them pretty accu-
rately by saying that the bottom crop is produced b}' all
the blossoms tliat come before or about the 20th of July,
and if the crop has a good, strong, clean start, this is
always a full one ; the middle crop is the portion which
blooms subsequent to that date and up to about the 1st
of September, and is frequently shortened by long-
continued drought, and this is especially so in seasons
when the stand was grassy and poor ; the top crop is the
portion that blooms after September 1st, and is often cut
off by an early frost or wholly destroyed, with a portion of
the middle crop, by the caterpillar. Of a good year's full
production, we may call the middle crop one-half the total
yield, and the top and bottom crops one-quarter each.

Many are the enemies of the cotton plant during the
summer and fall months. First are the lice, which come
upon it when it is from twelve to twenty-four inches in
height; they cover the plant entirely, and temporarily stop
i ; its growth, sometimes killing it, but not often. At a
later period is the disease called the rust, or, more properly,
the blight. Its nature apparently is not clearly under-

116 coTTOx from: seed to loom.

stood, as people accouni for it in different ways. Gen-
eral Toombs, whom many call the best planter in Georgia,
says '' rust 7neans 2:>overti/." Others claim that a want of
moisture and an excess of moisture are both at times its
cause. However this may be, its effect is to make the
plant drop its leaves, and the fruit withers and dies. Gen-
erally the damage done from this cause is not serious —
being less than reported under the influence of the fears
it excites; yet there have been occasions when the injury
was great. Next comes shedding; this is the same thing
that always happens to every kind of fruit-bearing tree
or plant, when fruit forms in excess of its strength to
ripen. Not more than a half to two-thirds of the blooms
make cotton. It would be impossible for the plant to
mature them all, as a square forms at every joint on every
limb. First, many of the Ijuds fall; next, some die while
blooming; then the bolls drop at all stages of develop-
ment. This is a natural and healthful mode of relief for
the over-burdened plant. Of course, very frequently the
shedding is in excess of the necessities of growth, as, for
instance, when a long wet period is followed by an
unusually dry time. But the harm done even then, is
seldom as serious as imagined, though the occasions when
it proves very serious are just frequent enough to make
the '' scare " always effective.

It is evident from this brief description, that all these
disorders would attack much less virulently a vigorous,
firmly-rooted plant, than one which, although apparently
healthy (for so long as it has moisture enough it may
grow luxuriantly), has less vigor because less depth of
root. In our previous chapter we have shown that rain
and grass in May and June prevented, or at least discour-
aged, the full growth of the tap root and mduced a largep
development of surface roots. This is only the common

SrM3fKR AXD TALL GROWTH. IV,

course of nature. The object of the tap root is to obtain
moisture. When the ground is full of it everywhere,
there is no need for deeper growth; the causes which
necessitate it are not present; hence it does not develop
fully. This same habit pervades all vegetable life, and
even may be observed in trees grown in swamps, the
excessive moistiire resulting in great increase of surface
roots and very little root lower down. AVe readily see
that such a tree or such a plant never can be strong to
resist disease, and especially such diseases as are intensi-
fied by the heats and droughts of summer. A study of
the seasons and of the trials cotton passes through every
year, will, we think, be much simplified if we keep in
mind the fact here illustrated.

But of all scourges cotton endures, none equals in
destructive force the ravages of the caterpillar. We must
not confound this pest with the, boll worm. The latter is
a small wofm that cuts a hole in the boll itself. As one
worm, however, is said by some to destroy only one boll,
and the worms are never very numerous, they cannot be
very injurious. The caterpillar or army-worm, on the
other hand, has an appetite which is never satisfied, and
destroys every green thing, sweeping through a planta.
tion from one end to the other in an incredibly short space
of time, leaving not a leaf, nor a small boll, nor a twig
behind. Their first appearance any season, is the very last
of June or in the early days of July. When fully grown
they are about one-and-a-half inches in length and as
large around as an ordinary lead pencil. As soon as
hatched they begin to eat and continue to eat until they
web up. In a few days the moth is out again, lays her
eggs and dies. The successive broods follow one another
at intervals of from three to four weeks, and it is only
when they have reached the third generation that they are

118 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM

sufSciently numerous to wholly strip the leaves from the
plant. Then they become an army, indeed, and well
deserve the name, for they leave absolute desolation behind
tliem, and can be gathered up by the bushel. In case
tlie}^ come in full force as early as the tenth or fifteenth of
August, they are very destructive to the crop. When,
however, it is not till tlie first of September that they
appear as an army, their power for evil is much shortened,
though still gi-eat.

Fortunately the caterpillar does not flourish in all kinds
of weather. Every year they are to be found in the cotton
fields, but they never multiply largely except m rainy
seasons. A wet July and August are pretty sure to fill
the fields with them. Experience, however, would seem
to teach that even caterpillars never make as thorough
work when the spring start and stand are perfect. There
may be several reasons for this. In the first place the
more natural and healthful the early growth is, the
more abundant the early crop must be, and, as the
caterpillar eats only the leaves and young fruit, in such
case there are more bolls matured, and hence more left
uneaten. Then again any shrub with a good root may be
cut, bruised, eaten off, and yet give it favorable weather
and it will send out a strong new growth bearing fruit,
while under similar circumstances a less sturdy weed
would die. But whatever the -reason or reasons may be,
the fact remains that a plant well started in the spring
never suffers so fatally even from caterpillars' visits, as one
that had an unfavorable beginning. They are very
destructive always, but fairly extinguish a weak plant.

In this connection it will be of use to remember that a
good crop can be made off of fewer bolls to each stalk
than many imagine. About three hundred full bolls, such
as an average season produces, will turn out a pound of Imt.

srM:iTER Axn fall gfowth.

119

Hence if on the poor soils there was a plant in every three
square feet, and nine well-developed Ijolls on eacli plant,
the product would l^e about a bale of cotton to the acre.*
Of course, there never is a good plant to every three
square feet, so the proposition is defective ; but it at least
serves to illustrate the possibility of some recovery in a
strong plant, if so small an average of fruit produces in
the aggregate so much ; also it explains why the farmer
after telling us, and honestly too, that all was lost by shed-
ding— because he saw so many bolls upon the ground —
often wakes up subsequently to find, perhaps hidden away
baneath the leaves, bolls enough to surprise even his prac-
ticed eye. Before, however, ^Dursuing this thought further,
it is necessaiy to analyze the weather data during the
summer and fall of the years covered by our previous

inquiry.

1871.

For the last six months of 1S71 the monthly record of
rainfall and weather is as follows :

RAIXF.VLr,.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Caarlestoii

isbi

6-49
600

2-71
8-61

" ■4-32

6-42
4-44
210
3-95

0-98

'3-3-i
"3-6G

4-76
1-62

3 O.T

209
0-.53
.5-33
909

"4 04
1-31

17-81

4-09

7-78
2-22
3-40
.')-80

H-m

714
3 04
2-23
2-13
.5-67

3-b7

AUiTiLsta

4-98

SavaiiiiJili

3-86
1-12
1-37
4-24
6-42

1-.59

Atlanta

3-30

Monts^<)m«;rv

3-00

Mobile

1-3H

New Orleans

Shi'evepoi't .

1-46
1-30

1-62

Nashville

1-65

Galve.stou

2-63

2-40

CriRONICLU WEATHER UEl'OUT.S .SUMMAKV.

July.— DnrUi'x tlii.s moutli the weather everywhere was extremely
favoralile, except a drought in Texas and an excess of rain at New
Orleans; con.sequeutly cultivation and growth progressed satisfactorily
and crop accounts greatly improved. The rains at New Orleans were
confined almost wholly to the iiiiaiediatt; coast. From the interior of
Texas complaints of drought continued.

August. — Vci'y heavy rains tiie fourth week of this month (from the
lOtli tT the 2Gth) at Savannah, Charleston and WiliniiigtoM, but did not
extend inland; on the contrary, a want of rain was complained of at

* Tiiere being 43,.560 square feet in an acre, one plant to every three
square feet would give 14,520 pl.-ints to the acre; 9 bolls to a plant,
therefore would make 130,680 bolls; which divided by 300 (the imiuber
re(iuired to yield one pound), gives the result — 135 pounds to the acre.

120 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

almost all other points (except in the immediate vicinity of New
Orleans), accompanying shedclino: and rnst.

September.— TiiXiiH injured very materially hy the continued drought.
Some counties se-.ircely any rain from May to the middle Of 8epte:nber.
Heavy rains along the Gulf aiul Atlantic coasts, but generally quite local
and not extending inland, except in the Atlantic States. The Sea Lslands
of Georgia and Florida reported greatly injui-cd from the rains and wind
of August and September. Frost, but not a killing frost, at Memphis and
Nashville, September 30.

Octobrr. — During the first week of October a very severe storm, begin-
ning in the Gulf and decreasing in violence, passed up the Atlantic ; was
not felt far inland. The remainder of the month the rainfall was
generally small, except in the vicinity of Galveston and New Orleans.
Cold weather on the l'2th, with slight frost over a large portion of the
South; we see it mentioned at Montgomery, Mobile, Columbus, Macon,
etc., but everywhere stated to be of no importance.

iVo»em6cr.— Slight frost at Galveston No\'. 4. A killing frost and
freeze on the nights of the 1.3th, 16th, 17th and 18th over almost the
entire South, entirely destroying vegetation. Snow fell at many points —
at Nashville, for instance. Picking generally finished before the close of
the month, except in Memphis district and in the neighboring sections.

December.— FaU of snow at Memphis, ten inches deep, on the last day of
November. On the 7th and 8th killing frost in Northern and Middle
Texas, and very cold all over South; for the week ending December 8,
average thermometer at Memphis 31. Last half of mouth weather
much more favorable and less severe.

FROAI THE AGIUCULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

From the August and September reports, issued as one : " There are
•'reports of injuries by the boll-worm and caterpillar, mainlj' in Missis-
" sippi and lyoiiisiana, but no evidence that a general or very serious loss
" from insects is probable. Rust is common in the Atlantic States an 1,
'•to some extent, on the Gulf coast. Drought has lieen injuiious in the
"Caroliuas and in Texas, though the reports of rdin/aU through the
" South indicate a fair suppf;/ of moisture, the distribution of which has
" been somewhat more unequal than usual."

From the October report : "The cotton returns are no more favorable
" than those of the preceding month. * * * * The injuries reported
"are fi'om rust, shedding of bolls prematurely, sufficiently low tempera-
"ture to check the development of b,)lls in more northern latitudes,
" Hoods and inundation in Florida and Georgia, sprouting or rotting of
" bolls from rains, drought iu some sections of Georgia, and the boll and
"army worms in portions of Mississippi and more western States. It
" does not appear that the losses from insects are geiieral or V(U'y serious,
"with a few isolated exceptions. Dronglit should be credited' tvilh a
"larger proportion of the depreciation than any other assiijjned cause,
"notwithstanding the fact that cotton endures lack of moisture better
" than any other crop."

From the November .and D^-cember reports, issued as one: "The
" November returns relative to the condition and yield of the cotton
" crop indicated a larger in-oduct than was expected in 0;-tober, prora-
"ising fully to make good the moderate expectations of July and
"August. There were no killing frosts up to the date of these reports.
" * * * The cotton returns received in December ai-e similar iu tenor
" to the Noveml)er reports, fully sustaining the moderate promise of
"improvement upim the somewhat gloomy views iu 0;'to!)er. Yet the
"change in condition is not so marked as to modify mat.'rially the pros-
"pect foreshadowed iu the monthly reports for July and September,

SUMMER AND FALL GROWTn.

121

" except that the growin'j season has been from seven to ten days longer
"than the avcra'je of seasons, increasin;/ the crop prospect at least
" 200,000 bales."

From the foregoing we learn —

First. — That July was generally very favorable ; that
August was also favorable, except — (1) a severe storm
along the Atlantic coast, not extending far inland ; (2) a
severe drought in Texas ; and (.3) severe shedding and
rust almost everywhere, the latter the result of too little
rain, although the records show that there was no want
of rain, and the Agricultural Bureau says, "the reports
" of rainfall through the South indicate a fair supply of
" moisture."'

Second. — That the picking season was entirely satis-
factory.

Third. — That the short crop of this year can therefore
only be accounted for by the fact that the stand was
defective, grassy and sickly, and, as a consequence, poorly
rooted ; so that when the ordinary summer weather came,
although the plant looked w(>ll, it succumbed and dropped
its fruit under conditions of weather which to a vigorous
plant would have been satisfactory.

1872.

The weather record, rainfall, (fee, were as follows for the
last six months of 1872:

187

o_

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Wilmingtou.

. Rainfall . . .

5-54

11-15

8 22

2-83

3-37

4-10

"

Av. tlierm.

8.S-6

80-8

75-7

62

4

51-7

41-5

Charleston...

..Rainfall ..

2-30

7-81

7-88

4

21

3-40

2-46

"

Av. tiierm.

81-1

81-8

77-8

64

8

53 8

45-8

Augusta

.Rainfall...

<5S7

4-10

1-33

1

36

3-90

3-48

"

Av. tiierm.

81 0

800

750

62

0

48-9

41-7

Atlanta

.Rainfall...
Av. tiierm.

3-91

5-84

2-26

0

74

2-12

4-48

Savannah. ..

.Rainfall...

i'iG

i2-'3i

3-52

3

85

2 43

2-29

'•

Av. therm.

83-0

840

700

64

0

540

46-5

Montgomerj-.

.Rainfall...

10-50

2-30

3 05

0

53

5-73

4-08

"

A v. therm.

63

3

50-2

45-5

Mobile

.Rainfall...

i3'37

1-69

2 15

2

77

5-65

3-70

.\v. tiierm.

80-7

81-2

77-6

65

(J

54-0

47-9

New Orleans

.Ra'iifall...

<;-43

3-75

2-10

3

18

7-43

5-25

"

.\ V. therm.

82-1

82-fi

79-3

68

4

57-4

51-4

Vick.sburg . . .

.Raiuf.iU...

2-11

0-49

0-72

1

74

1-85

10-41

"

Av. tlie"m.

83-5

84-«

79-7

65

1

51-3

45 0

Shreveport. .

.Rainfall...

1-62

0-40

291

3

41

1-39

703

**

Av. therm.

«40

84-5

78-G

65-5

50-0

42-0

122

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

18'

-2.

July.

Aiifr.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Deo.

..Rainfall...

4'23

0-54

3-62

3-23

1-67

3-47

Av. therm.

83-0

81-0

73-0

590

44-0

340

Xaslivillc . . .

..Kamfall...

4-90

1-65

4.50

1-58

2-25

2-48

Av. therm.

79-6

805

71-7

58-5

42-8

33-9

Galvostou. . .

..Kainfall...

0-34:

2-63

2-33

1-86

7-98

5-37

Av. therm.

85-6

84-9

82-1

719

58-2

51-4

Indiauola. ..

.Rainfall...

1-49

2-84

0-81

1-32

1-72

6 -.55

Av. therm.

84-8

83-4

81-5

71-5

57'5

50-3

CHRONICLE WEATHER REPORTS SUMMARY.

Julij.—yc.ry heavy rains this month, esiiecially durina; the second and
third weeks, over about one-half the South. They were most severe in
Alabama, the lower half of Louisiana and Mississippi, and about a third
portion of the Atlantic States; our Sclma, Montgomery and Mobile
correspondents speak of the great damage done by the overflow of the
Alabama, Bigbee, Warrior, Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers and their tribu-
taries ; other sections also complained of damage from rain, but the
better weather the last of the month relieved the fears. Caterpillars are
reported from Alabama and a few other points, but no damage as yet.

A («(/*<«<.— Complaints of damage by caterpiU irs in Montgomery dis-
trict and fears e.xpressed elsewhere, but all the wet section during July
was comparatively free from rains during August, so that the caterpillar
scare grew less thi-eatening. e.xcept in that portion of Alabama through
which the Selma, Rome & Dalton Railroad passes, and a few other
limited sections, whore considerable damage was done. In August there
were very heavy rains in Georgia, North and South Carolina, far more
severe on the coast, however, than inland; but from all parts of those
States, and also from some other districts, injury from shedding and
rust was reported.

Septeinb'if.—Oav Mobile and Montgomery correspondents telegraphed
the first week of September that the rains, the flood, the caterpillars,
and the rust have worked with prettj' severe effect on the cotton plant,
in some portions of the State leaving very little. Damage from same
causes also reported from Mississippi and parts of Georgia ; and from
the Memphis district in the same wcjek our correspondent stated that
by reason of drought, rust and worms the crop in that section would
be one-fourth less than anticipated August 1st. Unfavorahle estimates
of the yield continued to be received later in the month, but the weather
was fairly favorable for m ituring and gathering the crop.

Or<o&cr.— Weather everywhere fairly favorable for picking, and good
progress made. A frost, but not a killing frost, except at Memphis,
reported as low down as Mobile during week ending October 19.

Noveniber.—A cold month, particularly in the Gulf States, with con-
siderable rain in the same sections ; but picking progressed favorably,
though only moderately fast. The horse disease (epizootic) prevented
free marketing of crop from September to December.

Dccc»(6t'/-.— Considerable rain in sections and weather cold through
much of month, and closed very cold, with snow and sleet over a very
considerable portion of the Sovith.

FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

August and September reports in one.—" The county reports of the
"condition of cotton are less favoral)le in September than were the
" returns made in the earlier part of the season. Vigorous growth, stimu-
" lated by fertilizers and sufficient moisture, characterized the fields of
" the Atlantic States up to the season of the first picking, and gave
" promise of unusual fruitfulness. The plants were in many fields too
" stocky and succulent to withstand well the recent local droughts or to

SriI2[EIi AXD FALL OliOlVTIT, 123

"endure the draughts upou vitality couscauent upou the maturing of
*' their heavj- burden of bolls, causing forms to drop and young bolls to
'■ wither. In exposed bottom lands where sudden and heavy rains
" occurred, damage by flooding i-esulted. While a few reimrts allude to
" the presence of insects injurious to cotton, los-ses from that cause, in
" all the States east and north of Alabama, are less than usual. Local
"di-oughts uf considerable severity have pi-cvailed for several weeks in
" portions of the territory west of Alabama, while a sufliciency of
" moisture has been reported of the Atlantic States, and in many places
" an excess of rain is observed. * * * * * » Thus the pmspect
" throughout the entire cotton area, which favored (August ] ) a yield 5
"per cent larger than an average product, promises at the present time
" (September 1) 9 per cent less than an average."

October report: "The weather has been generally favorable for
" piclciug. Xo violent storms arc reported, and drought has not pre-
" vailed. * * * The devastations of the caterpillar have extended
" farther north, eveu into North Carolina, and have involved the top
" crop partially and in many places wholly. The influence of drought
" in the later summer montlis lias been cumulative in its eft'ects, and
" exhausted vitality is more apparent than in Septeml)er ; yet there are
"districts which repoit exenipti(m fnrai this prematiu'e decay, and
" promise enhanced results."

November and December reports in one.—" The present mny be clas.sed
"with the unpropitious seasons for cotton production, but it is not a
" more unfavorable year than the preceding one. It has been pro-
" ductive of .somewhat less than avernge results, not from the failure
"of the stand of plants nor from excessive cold and moisture in the
"spring, * * * but from the wide prevalence of iusect depredations
" and from local droughts of- more or less severity. » * * The weather
" has been fine for piclciug."

From the foregoing we learn —

First. — That July and August were much more rainy
in certain districts than July of the previous year, and
that the drought of August, 1872, was more severe over
a large section than the drought of August, IS71, the
rainfall at Vicksburg for August, 1872, being only forty-
nine hundredths of an inch, at Shreveport forty hun-
dredths, at Memphis fifty-four hundredths.

Second. — That caterpillars did more harm in IS 72 tlian
in 1871, and the fall seasons were not very dissimilar
being fairly favorable in both cases.

Third. — Under these circumstances can we account for
the difference in yield the two years — being on 9-75 per
cent increased acreage, 32-13 per cent increased crop —
except from the fact established in the last chaptei-, tliat
the stand in 1872 was very good, strong, clean and well

124

COTTOX FN02[ SEED TO LOOM.

rooted, and the very opposite of those conditions the pre-
vious year.

1873.

Far the las-t six months of 1S73 the montlily record of
rainfall and weather is as foUo-ws:

187

3.

July.

Aug.

Sept

Oft.

Nov.

Dee.

Wilmiugtou..

.Rainfall...

4-93

7-42

9-97

2-79

3-18

4-69

Av. therm.

81-1

79-6

74-1

61-4

52-5

49-2

Charleston ..

.Rainfall...

0-97

12-94

8-18

2-07

5-08

4-94

Av. therm.

80-9

, 77-7

76-0

63-9

54-8.

51-4

Augusta

.Rainfall...

3-34

, 5-36

3-27

2-58

4-70

2ti6

Av. therm.

80-8

78-8

74-4

GO -7

51-5

48-1

Atlanta

.Rainfall...
Av. tiienn.

3-87

2-08

5-40

1-23

3-15

2-41

Savannali. . .

.Rainfall. . .

" "5-44:

' 5-45

4-03

' 1-09

■5-74

"3-G8

Av. therm.

81-0

80-0

76-4

63-4

55-3

51-8

Montgomery

.Rainfall...

4-17

2-5G

2-38

0-47

4-58

2-Gl

At. therm.

8 I'M

80-2

75-0

64-4

■ 54-2

50-2

Mobile

.Rainfall...

8-75

10-35

8-07

1-85

3-23

2-97

Av. therm.

82-2

80-2

76-1

G5-2

57-7

54-1

New Orleans

.Rainfall...

(i-27

S-30

' 3-19

' 1-89

5-95

1-79

Av. therm

82-4

81-2

78-7

68 -2

61-2

56-6

Vickslmrg- . .

.Rainfall...

2-8G

3-67

l-(>0

2-20

1 2-91

2-05

Av. therm.

8-'-0

82-0

7G-0

63-0

57-0

52-4

Shreveport. .

.Rainfall...
At. therm.

3-31

81-G

1-59
' 81-7

2-31

75-7

4-15
i 62-6

8-35
56-5

4-93
49-9

Memphis.. ..

.Rainfall...

0-82

4-.'53

3-53

5-95

3-87

3-18-

"

Av. tlierm.

7S-0

79-0

71-0

56-0

49-0

44-0

Nashville

.Rainfall.. -

4-(53

2-3G

1-81

4-26

4-36

5-94

Av. therm

80-(>

801

72-5

56-8

47-1

44-6

Galvestou...

-Rainfall...

6-83

8-04

7-37

2-26

8-91

2-53

.Av. tlierm.

83-(>

83-0

80-O

71-0

77-0

77-0

Indiauola . . .

.Rainfall...

3-49

5-00

9-18

2-42

3-35

3-53

Av. therm.

82-a

&2-1

. 79-8

70-1

63-0

58-3

CIIRONICLIi AVEATIIER IlKI'OItTS SU.M.M.VUV.

jxIj/.—TUc first three weeks of the mouth werecpiitc favorable, except
too little rain at Memphis, giving e.xeellent opportunitie.s- everywhere to.
clean and cultivate the fields; after that it turned rainy, but did no
hann, as the showers were needed, and the crop closed the luouth iu
apparently good condition in almost every section,

A u{/ust.— For the first three weeks of Aujrust there was too much rain
in the lower half of the Gulf States, and considerable injury in all that
section and parts of Georgia by caterpillars was reported. In the other
portions of the South the weather was satis-factoiy-

ScptcDibcr.—Thove was generally less i-ain-fall during September,
especially the last half, l)ut the caterpillars were still complained of in
limited districts; the drier weather, however, iu some sections made
them less destructive than feared. Rust and shedding reported in
Memphis district. This was the mouth of tin; gi-e-.ii panic in Wall street ;
the failiu-e of banks and bankers North and South interfered materially
with the early movf;ment of the crop.

October.— This month was almost evei'5whei-e favorable for maturing
and gathering the crop, and crop reports grew increasinglj' favorable.
Tht! yellow fever at ShreveiK>rt and vicinitj' and the derangement in
money matters in con.sequeuce of the panic and failures, check the
free movement of the crop.

.VocfHi^t'/-.— Considerable rain fell the first and third weeks in Novem-
ber, and the weather was cold through the mouth. Ijut picking made
about average progress.

SrM^rER AXB FALL OROWTK.

125

December.— X fairly favorable montli for picking. Generally speaking,
but little rain fell, tlioiigU there were many cold days.

FROM THE AGRICXLTrUAL ISUHEAU REl'ORTS.

Report for August-September : "The present season can scarcely bo
" deemed (piite an average one for cotton; but when we recall the fact
'•that dnjught, severe rains, ^vind-storms, insects, rust— all these, or
" most of them— are recorded of every crop that is made, it will be seen
" that seasons worse than the present are almost jis numerous as tho.se
" that are better. Should the autumn prove luiusuallj' favorable, an
"average yield might yet be obtained. The only drawbacks are rahis
" and worms— the former no more destructive than .severe droughts of
" some former jears, the latter less so than in some former visitations.
"While caterpillars have been more abundant than last year, their
"ravages have been really disastrous or sweeping in few locations."

From October repoi-t : "The average condition of cotton in the first
" week of October, as compared with October reports of 1S71 and 1S72,
"stands as much higher than that of the former as it falls below the
" record.s of the latter, * * * * The average this year has fallen oflf
" * * to TS^s. * * * The general avei'age in October, 1871, was
"76; it was 82 in October last ye:u\ * * * * The season mu.st be of
" average length and comparatively favorable for picking to cusui'c a
"crop equal to that of last year."

From Xovember and December report: "The weather has been
" generally favorable for cotton picking during the past month, as well
"as for ripening of the later bolls. .Some of the reports are •exception-
" alily fa^■orable. lu the more northern portion of the cotton l)elt, fields
"that were planted late were caught by the frost, but the area thus
"injured has nowhere bcea large." After some other remarks and a
detailed estimate by States, the Bureau continues: "This aggi-egate,
" with the small quantity grown outside of the limits of the cotton
" States, will make the total estimate of the November returns as nearly
" as iKissible 3,7OO,0y0 bales."

From the foregoing we learn —

First. — That the weather during the months of July and.
August, 1873, was every way about as favorable to the
development of the cix>p as the weather during the same
two months of 1872. To compare the rainfall for the two
seasons, we bring together the following data:

Monthly

1872. [

1873.

Rainfall at—

July.

August.

Total.

July.

August.

Total.

Wilmington

Charleston

Augusta

Atlanta

Savannah

Montgomery...
Mol)ile

o-5i

2:s(t

6-87
391
4-36
10-.50
13-37
6-43
2-11
l-(i2
4-23
4-90
0-34
1-49

11-1.5
7-81
410
5-84

12-31
2-30
1-69
3-7.5
0-49
0-40
0-.54
1-0.5
2-63
2-84

1(5-69

10-11

10-97

9-75

16-67

12-80

15-06

10-18

2-60

2-02

4-77

6-55

2-97

4-33

4-93
6-97
3-34
3-87
5-44
4-17
8-75
6-27
2-86
3-31
0-82
4-63
6-83
3-49

7-42
12-94
5-36
2-08
5-45
2-56
10-35
8-30
3-67
1.59
4.53
2-36
8-01
5-00

12-35

19-91
8-70
5-95

10-89
«-73

19-10

Xew Orleans...

Vicksburg

8 breve port .. ..

Memphis

Xashvllle

Galveston

Indianola

14-57
6-53
4-90
5-35
- 6-99
14-87
8-49

1'2G COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

From this statement we see that rain was in some sec-
tions in excess of the needs of the plant both seasons, hut
that where it was in excess, except on the very coast of
South CaroHna, Alabama, Louisiana and Texas, less rain
fell in the two months of 1873 than in the same two
months of 1872. Rain was not in excess either year at
Vicksburg, Shreveport, ^Memphis and Xashville. So that,
in this particular, 1873 was as favored as 1872. Cater-
pillars were more widely reported in 1873 than in 1872,
but the main injury they did was confined to about the
same sections the two seasons, and the loss to the two
crops from this cause would not differ materially.

Second. — There was no excessively dry weather any-
where during any portion of the summer months, except
at Memphis in July; thus the sections where the plant
started weak, grassy, and short rooted, had sufficient
moisture all summer ; and hence the most that could be
obtained from a defective stand was obtained from it.
With a grassy start or stand, a very dry summer is, for
the reasons already stated, especially disastrous.

Third. — Do not these facts with regard to the planting
season and summer growth point to a yield very similar
to the residt reached ? In about one-third of the South
the stand in June was grassy and poor, but even that
portion was well cleaned and cultivated the first three
weeks of July. Elsewhere the season was fairly favorable,
except in the limited districts — mainly in Georgia and
Alabama — which the caterpillars injured; while the portion
where the stand was poor, having, as stated, been well
cleaned and improved in July, probably went through the
remainder of the summer better than it would have done
had it been a dry season. Consequently, although there
was an increased acreage planted in the richest cotton
sections of 10-59 per cent, there was an increase in the

SUMMER AXD FALL GliOWTU.

127

crop of only 6-09 per cent. Had the stand been every-
wliere perfect, we could have looked for a much larger
increase hi the crop.

1874.

The temperature, rainfall, number of days of I'ain and
weather summary for the last six months of 1874 were
as follows :

1874.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Norfolk.. . Kaiii Jail, inch.

8->l

5-04

3-78

0-04

3-39

4-58

'• >'u. dav.s rain.

15

14

9

4

11

12

f Hit;li

960

965

8 0

80-0

74-0

73-0

'• Ther...-, Low.

62 0

5S-0

54- '

41-n

:-l-0

24-.

( .\VP.

7(3 9

7.:C2

70-4

50-8

50-5

439

Wiliuiiiirt'u. Rainfall, inch.

0-81

4-04

9-35

3-38

0-91

2-G7

■• " >.'u. days rain.

15

12

6

5

5

13

I nigh

92 0

94-.1

9 -0

fo.,,

760

78-0

Ther...; Low

640

560

550

40- 1

.S3-i>

2«-0

f Aver

79 1

76-7

741

fSr*

566

49-4

Charleston . Rain fa 11 ,1m- h .

13-74

7-OG

G-G6

1-85

2-11

2-94

" No. ilay.« raiu.

1'/

10

10

5

7

8

(Hill

•20

92- 1

>7-0

PIO

780

73-)

" Ther...-^ i.tw

6 ■)

80

57- 1

4 -0

370

33-0

( .\Vbr.

79-3

79-1

75-8

C6-r

58-8

53-1

Augusta. ..Uaiufall.iucb.

5-35

«-Ml

5-85

1-09

2-21

4-04

•' No. daj's i-aiu.

13

10

9

G

10

11

( I'lgh

9ro

1010

920

800

7:j-0

77-0

" Ther... < Low.

6S-0

61-0

.'is-O

-JOO

30- n

2'-)

} vei.

7i o

78-8

74-7

f>3 5

06-7

49- 1

Atlanta. . . Rainfall, inch.

4-70

10-00

0-47

0-bO

3-19

3-00

No. days raiu.

9

9

5

3

9

11

■ £Hi?h

.900

980

8--0

8!-0

740

620

" Tlicr. . . \ LOW .
( Wer.

6-0

660

55-0

400

2S-0

290

8.5-0

8d-i)

780

700

000

to-0

Savaunali . Rainfall, inch.

lU-14

li-58

8-89

1-42

1-W

1-66

'• No. days rain.

16

14

14

5

9

11

cn.h

94- 1

96-0

90-

fOD

810

760

" Ther... \ Low .

(iSO

'50

570

42-0

37-0

370

( AVer.

790

79-0

75-3

66-3

5 1-6

54-6

Columbus . R..inf all ,inch.

6-45

3-82

1-37

3-02

GOl

G-92

" No. days rain.

10

9

5

G

4

16.

(Hgh.
" Ther... ^ Low.

( Aver

830

830

78-0

670

590'

50-0

Macon Rainfall, inch.

o-GS

5-23

5-^:7

1-42

2 03

4-09

" No. day.s rain.

( High.

910

97-^»'

87-0

si-'o

79-0

74 O'

" Ther... O.0W..

700

70-0

62-0

400

260

260

I Ave. .

86-0

8.0

81 0

720

660

5S-0

Moutgoni'y. Rainfall,inch.

3-87

1-25

0-39

1-97

2-GO

5-14

No. days rain.

10

10

10

2

R

15

( Ulgii-

97-0

103 0

900

f8-0

80-5

760

" Ther... ^ Low.

68-0

69-5

530

400

HIO

,3-3- 1>

( ^ve^

79- J

'2-6

76-2

lol'

58-2

■ 51-7

Mobile Rainfall, inch.

10-21

3-79

2-54

000

2 04

4-17

" No. daj's rain.

lo

8

10

0

7

14

( UiKh.

960

1000

91-0

860

90

71-0

" Ther. . . { Low .

690

71-')

54-0

44-)

32- >

340

( Aver

80-8

8.3-3

77-9

67-4

tO-2

54-3

N. Orleans. Rainfall,iuch.

12-93

4-82

4-21

O-oO

1-12

3-27

" No. daj's raiu.

17

13

18

*

10

14

( High.

930

96-»

8S-«

85-0

flO

76-0

" Thl;r...^Low

720

7 -■)

630

52-0

40-5

410

( Aver.

81-4

83 9

73-9

70-4

66-3

£iM-H

Shrevep'rt. Rainfall, inch.

5-59

0-19

G-33

0-10

•^-10

G-95

" No. dajsrain.

11

G

11

1

C

15

(H'gh.
" Ther... ^ Low

9 0

lO'tO

94-0

87-0

840

77-0

66-0

720

560

390

31 0

3.30

( iiver

830

860

-.5-0

66-0

590

530

Columbus, Miss.—

" Rainfall.lnch.

1-SO

2 -76

" No. days rain.

4

6

■ Two slight sprinkle*.

_l

128

COTTON FROM. SEED TO LOOM.

1874.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Fayette, Miss.—

" Rainfall.iucli.

7-GO

1-50

7-20

0-20

3-30

500

" No. diixA rain.

10

4

11

2

7

7

I High

930

1010

93-0

84-0

80 0

7.-0

" Tlier... ^Low

oso

71 0

51-0

40-0

30-0

3 -0

( Aver.

77-2

81-2

7! -3

63-1

5>-l

51-7

Vicksbui-g. Rainfall,iDcli.

7-39

0-OG

G-20

000

3-21

4-75

" No. days rain.

11

4

10

2

6

10

( High.

96- 5

98-0

ii3-0

86^

81-0

78-0

" Tlier. . . ^ L' w .

66-0

700

53-0

39-0

30-0

3:^-o

( Aver

81-1

84-6

77-0

64-7

58-6

53-3

Nashville. Rainfall.iuch.

2-05

3-52

3-12

2-63

6-12

4-19

No. daj-8 raiu.

8

6

7

5

9

12

i Hiuh.

101-0

106-0

91-0

80-0

77-0

75-0

" Ther... <Low.

620

66-0

490

34-0

24-0

27-0

( Aver.

83'4

815

73-4

59-8

49-8

44-0

Memphis. . .Kaiiifall.incli.

0-47

4-60

4-72

1-07

3-07

^•94

No. days I'ain.

5

5

8

2

12

3

(High.

97-5

101-5

90-0

82-0

80-0

72-0

" Ther... < Low .

66-0

66-0

52-5

34-0

25-0

27-0

( Aver.

82-8

82-9

73-2

60-3

52-0

45-6

Galveston. . Rainfall, iueh.

9-30

7-19

5-84

0-12

1-58

0-92

No. days rail).

14

7

15

2

9

18

( High

960

9H-5

91-0

83-0

81-0

72-0

" Ther... <i-ow.

720

73-0

660

5.-0

42-0

.390

(Ave .

W5

84-4

7i)-5

71-8

65-1

59-5

luiliiuiola.. Rainfall, inch.

5-7G

1-25

12-S9

002

2-56

4-86

" No. days raiu.

8

3

15

2

7

0

( High.

97-5

100-0

89-5

86-0

R3-5

77-0

Ther... ] Low.

71-0

73-0

650

51 0

3S-0

40-0

( ^\er.

82-3

84-3

79-2

73-2

66-4

59-1

Corsicana.. Rainfall, inch.

0-07

2-94

9-52

" No. days rain.

3

9

15

iH gh.

87-0

83-0

75-0

" Ther... \ Low

31-0

30-0

32-0

t Aver.

.. .

67-3

58-2

51-1

CHRONICLE WEATHER REPORTS SU.MMAUY.

Juhj. — During this month there were heavy rains on the Atlantic and
Gulf coasts) among them a very severe storm reported at Savannah,
doing much injury to buildings, but not reaching far inland except in a
much modified form. A drought also begiin in the Memphis district the
first of July, the rainfall there, being only forty-seven hundredths of an
inch during the month. Neither of these causes had, however, acted to
any considerable extent injuriously to cotton up to August 1. At that
date the crop may be described as developing very satisfactorily
almost every wherej^, »

A »</«.«<.— Towards the latter half of July the district where dry
weather prevailed extended beyond the Memphis district, taking In,
first, Nashville, then Vicksburg, Shreveport, Dallas, &c., — in a word,
covering (through the whole or the first three weeks of August) all of
Tennessee and Arkansas, aiul the noi-thern portions of Louisiana,
Alabama, Mississippi and Texas, being in great part the verj- section
where the May drought prevailed most severely. In portions of that
large section very considerable harm was done by shedding, and done iu
some cases in a wonderfully short space of time. The rain recorded in
our table, at Memphis and Na.-!hville, for August fell during the last week
of the mouth, too late to prevent injury. The Atlantic States had some
very heavy showers all through the mouth, but no special harm resulted
to cotton from them.

September.— H'MWiA returned early in September through aU the dry
district, doing good in some sections, especially in e;ise of a late frost ;
but iu othei-s the plant was beyond redemption. The weather, however,
was everywhere fairly favorable.

Oetoher.—ThXii month was as perfect as possil)le for gathering in the
crop. But iu the dry section, where expectations were being built upou
a second growth, and in the Mississippi Vallej% whei-e the plant was so

Sril^rEH AXD FALL GROWTH. 129

very late ou account of tlie flood, au early frost did great harm. At
Memphis aiul Nashville there was a killing frost October 13th aud 11th,
aud from October 29th to November 1st a Idlliug frost is recorded iu all
the remainder of the tlistrict referred to.

yneeinbcr. — Weather continued generally very favorable for picking.

December. — Montli favoralile for picking, but very little cotton any-
where left to pick.

l-UOM THE AGRICULTrilAr, IJUHEAU REPOUTS.

The August and September report, issued as one, says: "Our Septem-
" her returns indicate a heavy decline iu tlie prospects of the cotton
" crop in all of the States except Virginia. * * * In North Carolina
" the leading complaint in several counties on the coast and in the north-
" era part of the State is cold niglits, * * in some cases accompanied
" hy late rains, producing rust. * * * In several counties in the
"interior a damaging drought set in about the middle of August,
" which caused copious shedding of forms. * * * The same general
" conditions are apparent in South Carolina. * * * in Georgia * *
"protracted drought is the leading cause of this decline, but in many
"counties it was accompanied by extreme heat and hot, blasting winds.
" Iu Dooley couutj' some promising fields were parched within half an
"hour, 'i * * * In Florida, * * * iu .some counties, as Levy, alter-
" uate flood and drought ruined the crops ou the best lauds, causing
" great discouragement among farmers and a desire to emigrate. * * *
" III Alabama, though the injurious causes have been operative, the
" general decline * * has been smaller than in any other great
"cotton State. * * * Mississippi. * * The general cause of
"injury here was drought, which manifested itself more destructivelj^
" upon uplaud than upon bottom crops. * * * In Louisiana * * *
"the drought appears to grow in virulence toward the southwest.
" The intense lieat and blasting, hot winds are more frequently noted.
" * * * Texas. * * The untoward influences that had atfected the
" crop in the other Gulf States here found their culmination. In some
" counties no rain liad fallen since May. * * * In Arkansas and Ten-
" uessee the drought of August combined with that of tlie earlier season
" previously reported ; in several localities no rain has fallen since Api-il,
" a!id in some of these the injury was aggravated by liot winds."

The Octolicr report says : " Our October returns show a slight impi-ove-
" meiit iu the condition. * * * North Carolina, South Carolina and
"Alabama showed a decline; Mississippi and Louisiana remained
"stationary; Georgia, Florida, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee raised
" their averages."

The November and December report, issued as one, says: * * "Tlie
"weather for ripening and gathering the top crop lias been very favor-
" able. Tlu! reports are nearly uuaniinous iu stating that the proptn-tiou
" of lint to seed is large."

From the foregoing we conclude —

First. — That July was fairly favorable almost every-
where, so that on the first of August the plants, take the
country as a whole, were iu e.xcellent condition. This
does not mean that c(jttou in the Valley of the Mississippi
and its tributaries (the overflowed districts) was well
advanced, for much of it was a month late; nor does it

i:30

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

lueau that the very defective stands and poorly developed
roots by reason of the May drought, had been repaired;
they looked as if they were repaired, because the plants
had o-rown so large and luxuriantly under the abundant
June and early July rains as to conceal such defects.
Two harmful agencies, however, rain and drought, had
in this month in different sections begun to excite fears;
the first did not do the harm anticipated, mainly because
the fields were unusually clean when the rains began;
the second developed disastrously in succeeding weeks.

Second. — During .Vugust the drought continued, and the
heat, ni portions of the dry zone, became excessive. The
former point we have remarked upon above in detail; to
illustrate the latter, we give the following table, showing
the variations in the thermometer for August for four years:

TIIEKM(JMETER FOK AUGUST.

Stiitious.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

Stations.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

Norfolk.

N. Orleans.

His;:hest..

90-5

93-0 90-.")

940

Highe.st..

96-0

900

97-0

96-0

Lowest . .

oH-i)

(i()-0

(>3-(.

(iO-O

Lowest..

72'«»

70-0

69 u

<>(i-0

Avin-.a.are .

T6-2

70-1

78-2

77-4

Average.

83 9

".•d-S

82-2

83-1

■Wilniiiiift'iJ

Slirevep'rt

Highest..

94-()

92-0

Highe.st..

100-0

:040

96-0

99-0

Lowest - .

.nO-0

G.5-0

Lowe.st. .

72-0

<ii-o

69-0

65 0

Average.

70-7

7G-6

"78 -3

' 78-5

Average.

86-0

79-0

83-0

82-0

Charleston

Fayette.

Hijfliest. .

920

91-0

97-0

93-0

Highest..

101-0

90-0

91-0

88-0

Lowest . .

4m-()

()70

72-0

71-0

Lowest..

71-0

63-0

70-0

53 0

Average.

79-1

7d-9

8:^-4

82-3

Average.

81-2

74-1

77-2

72-1

Ausnsta.

Vicksbnrg.

Highest. .

lOl-O

91-0

970

H)00

Highest..

98-0

92-0

970

99-0

Lowest . .

(il-(i

(!.i-0

70-0

65-0

Lowest..

70-0

G5-0

67-5

66-0

Average.

16-S

7(J-2

81-1)

80-8

Average.

84-6

78-3

80-2

81-1

Atlauta.

Nashville

Highest..

9S-0

90-0

95-0

98-0

Higliest..

lOG-0

89-0

99-0

91-0

Lowest . .

(iO-(»

G6-«

72-0

67-0

Lowest..

G6-0

57-0

64-0

(i2-0

Average.

85'0

82-0

90 0

87-0

Average.

81-5

74-C!

78-7

77-4

Savauuiih.

Memphis.

Highest..

90-0

94-0

97 0

100-0

Highest..

101-5

91-0

95-0

94-0

Lowest . .

6.') ()

(>r)-0

70-0

71-0

Lowe.st..

660

63-0

65-0

62-0

Average.

79-0

78-4

82-1

81-6

Average.

82-9

75-0

7J-1

78-0

Colniiilms.

Galveston.

Highest..

90-0

960

95-0

Highest..

98-5

960

94-0

97-0

Lowest . .

(>4-0

70-0

73-0

Lowest..

73-0

71-0

71-0

700

Average.

' 83 -0

79-0

82-0

82-0

Average.

84-4

82-9

83-7

84-6

M'tgoinery

Indianola.

Higliest..

103-f)

940

9.5-0

99-0

Highest..

100 0

97-0

99-0

100-0

Lowest ..

«9-5

(J.5-0

^^s^T^

66-5

Lowest..

73-0

71-0

71-0

73-0

Average.

820

78-6

80-9

81-8

Average.

81-3

83-2

83-4

85-6

Mobik'.

Corsicana.

Highest..

1000

91-0

9.5-0

100-0

Highest..

101-0

101-0

103 0

Lowest . .

71-0

08-0

71-0

70-0

Lowest. .

64-0

68-0

Gl-0

Average.

8;j-:j

78-4

80-1

82-0

Average.

80-2

82-7

81-8

SUMMER AXD FALL OltOWTH. 131

This statement discloses what was meant by the "hot

winds " so frequently spoken of at that time in connection

with the drought, antl added to the want of moisture, indi-

I cates the extent of the trial to which the crop was subjected

I in August, 1874. But the reader will be surprised perhaps

j to see that it by no means struck all points injured by it

I with this extreme of severity; and judging from other

dry seasons, it ought not to have done the extensive harm

it did, had the plant been well rooted and staited in the

spring. In fact, if we leave out a few points, it has been

much hotter other years when the crop was an excellent

one ; compare, for instance, with 1876. Besides, even at

Memphis the average in 1874 was only 82-9. This is not

a high average for cotton.

Tliird. — Early frost prevented the matui'ing of the later
growth in the Yalley of the Mississippi and its tributaries
(the overflowed district) which was planted so late. An
early frost was especially harmful in 1874 in that district.
Fourth. — These facts furnish, we think, a full explana-
tion of the shoi't yield. 1. The stand was over a con-
siderable section very imperfect, irregular and short
rooted on account of the excessive and constant rains m
April, and the extreme drought in May. 2. The plant-
ings in all the overflowed district were very late, and the
frost in the fall was veiy early, so that the plant in tliose
rich sections did not have time to mature the later
growth. 3. The e.xcessive heat and drought together did
great harm, but their ^x^wer for harm was gi'eatly en-
hanced, because in nearly all that section tlie plant rooted
poorly in the spring.

1875.

Tlie weather summary, including temperature, rainfall
and number of days on which it rained, is as follows for
the last six months of 1875 :

132

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

- ■ . 1

1875.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dey.

1 N«:-f«ilc.... RaiufiUl.iueli.

4-72

10-37

2 05

3-21

3-64

3-11

i " Ho. days rain.

13

2i

10

9

12

14

1 iHiKh

101-5

sn-o

92-0

81-0

70-5

73- '

1 " Thcr... \ low

rt;-o

6:j-0

50-5

3S-0

270

17-0

: ( Avei-

81-3

7ti-l

68-7

5S-3

49-0

48-3

Wilmiu'^t'n.Raiiifall.iiieli.

l-!)5

7-41

2-2 i

2-53

1-77

3-20

No. days rain.

10

1.5

10

9

8

8

(HUh.

102-0

920

95-0

83-0

79-0

77-0

1 " Tlier. .. \ Low .

6S-0

65-0

50-0

art-0

28-0

18-0

f Ave-

81-9

7-5- fi

7L-5

60-0

53-5

51-8

' Cliarlestou. Raiufall.iueli.

1-05

1-91

4-lS

3-90

3-3S

1-92

" No. days raiu.

5

12

10

.0

15

14

I Hl=rh.

98-0

91-0

S'2-0

8-0

79-0

74-0

" Thcr... < Low.

75-0

67-0

570

41-0

33-0

25-0

( we-.

84-(5

79-9

75-1

63-3

5d-7

541

AugU!«ta Rainfall, inch.

2-3.3

5-11

3-12

1-06

3-31

3-55

1 " No. days rain.

12

16

11

8

12

13

1 (High

1000

9;-o

97-0

810

81 0

77-0

1 " Ther... < -ow.

71-0

(53-0

52-0

34-0

33-0

21-0

( ■ ver.

84-»5

76-2

73-4

600

5i6

52-:

Atlanta Rainfall,iue,h.

3-84

3-42

4-64

1-50

315

6-14

1 " No. days rain.

8

7

6

5

7

11

1 (High.

95-0

90-0

90-0

78-0

72 0

71-0

1 " Thcr... ■ 1.0W.

1 ( We ■.

75-0

630

500

3vo

29-0

120

90-0

820

74-0

66-0

5)-0

550

Savaijnaib...EiiinfaU,inoh.

l-.jl

6-11

3-95

2-87

1-49

1-41

' " No. days rain.

3

13

7

4

9

8

' i High

lOlO

94-0

95-0

85-0

82-0

80-0

; " Ther... ^ L,jw.

72-0

65-0

55-0

43-0

340

25-0

( .We .

81-7

78-4

74-7

63-5

60-9

580

! Columbus . Rainfall, incli.

l-()5

5-95

7-25

2-61

4-52

3-83

" No. days rain.

.5

4

7

7

10

8

1 (High.

9S-0

91-0

940

82-0

7.3-0

740

1 '• Ther. .. ^ Low .

78-0

6 to

51-0

40-0

33-0

92-0

1 ( A.ve'-.

88-0

7)0

75-0

61-0

57-0

540

' Macon Rainfall, inch.

i-yi

7-18

3-94

0-67

4-4S

1-63

1 " No. days rain.

^

(HVih.

9S-0

9 SO

92-1

7 -b

7-t-O

7'-0

" Thcr... •; Low.

740

6(3-0

570

3i-0

33-0

18-0

( We-.

9.S-0

83-0

79 0

6S-0

61 0

60-0

Mout.^oiii'y. Rainfall, inch.

0-99

2-11

8-13

1-68

5-90

60 4

' " No. days rain

9

10

12

8

16

15

(High.

102-0

94-0

970

78-0

79-0

75-0

" Ther...Kow.

72-5 '

65-0

53-0

40-0

.36-0

23-0

' ( > ver.

83-1

78-6

747

60-8

5)-3

548

■ Mol>ile Rainfall, inch.!

4-00

7-07

8-52

2-32

5->6

301

; •' No. days rain.

8

14

12

4

R

10

(High.

99-0 :

91-0

940

82-0

80-0

75-0

" Ther. ..■; Low.

7.3- 1

6S-0

57-0

44-0

41-0

300

j f Aver.

83-9

78-4

75-1

62-7

62-6

57-6

! N. Orleaas.Rtiiafall.inch.'

G-57 i

8-61

7-89

2-09

6-71

5-15

1 " No. days raiu

21

21

14

7

14

13

C il-h.;

92-5

90-0

92-0

8-2-0

80-5

78-0

! " Ther... < low.

73-0

70- ■

61-0

51-0

48- 0

38-0

; c >ver.

81-8

•;9-3

76-6

67-3

65-6

61-5

Shrevcport. RaiufalUinch.

2- 16

6-17

8-02

4-40

2-99

9-54

" No. days rain.

16

1.5

4

9

12

13

( igh-

lOT-0

104-0

9i-0

85-0

8t-0

79-0

" Thcr... ^ Low.

71-0

RIO

50-0

41-0

32-0

29-0

( Aver.

85-0

79-0

73-0

C3-0

580

55-0

' Favette, Miss.—

" Rainfall,incli.

1-10

7-90

7-30

4-10

5-90

4-20

" No. days rain.

5

11

6

6

7

1')

( Higii

940

90-0

900

800

80-0

78-0

« Thcr...- o-w.

71- • 1

63-0

520

41- 1

31-0

25-0

( V .

79-8

74-1

7u-5

5-i-3

:8-l

55-2

Vieksbur.g . Rainfall, inch.

l-'>2

8-85

7-55

3-76

4-55

5-61

" No. days rain.

G

12

6

8

11

13

( High.

9oO

920

91-0

83-0

81-0

79-0

•' Thcr. . . \ Low .

6-1-5

(15-0

500

3 '-5

320

2.5-0

( Aver.

80-a

78-3

73-4

62-0

59-7

58-8

ColuruUus, Miss. —

Uainfall.incli.

1-53

5-82

8-17

0-95

619

8-32

" No. days rain.

6

9

6

4

10

13

Little Uoek.R-.Mntiai,inch.

4-50

Nashville .. K;ilnfall,incli.

'8-49

1-86

2-SO

'3-06

3-'»2

4-55

" No. days raiu.

16

10

5

7

16

11

( High.

970

8')-0

i'3-0

80-0

750

73-0

" Ther... ^ Low

6;-o

5r-o

41-0

■MO

230

12-0

( wer

Sl-3

71-0

69- ■:

.5".- 4

50-4

40-2

1 11

I ..... _ . . 1

SrilMEU AXD FALL GROWTn.

133

1875.

Juy.

Ang.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Meiiipbis .

.RaiufaU.inch.

4-34:

2-39

2-94

2-38

9 CO

5-54

"

No. (lays raiii.

li.

s

3

.5

5

11

(Hgii.

990

910

930

790

760

74-0

"

Ther... ^ Low .

700

630

440

350

a7()

210

( Aver.

82-2

750

70-()

59- 1

51J-1)

49-8

Galvestou

.Kainfall.iucb.

1-11

CIS

18 41

1-79

5-Ul

9 71

No. daj's raiu.

10

11

10

6

12

13

(Hig.i.

970

960

940

84-0

82-0

730

**

Thei'... <Lo\v .

7;-o

710

59-0

5(i-0

470

400

( Aver.

850

a-ZM

74-7

700

65-7

61-6

Indianola

. Raiiifall.incli.

2-34:

2 03

1005

2 20

2-42

0-96

"

No. days r.iin.

9

5

10

4

8

8

^Hgh.

900

970

95()

8 -0

830

77-0

**

Ther... \iov,- .

710

71-0

610

560

40-0

40-0

( wer.

84- ■

b3-2

7b-6

71-8

650

620 .

Corsicana

.Raiufall,iueh.

3-05

G-84:

1-01

0-22

3J6

b-28

'•

-No. davs rain.

3

8

7

iJ

7

8

CH =h.

lOl-O

101-0

10-0

910

f-SO

760

"

Ther...^L)w.

710

64-0

46-0

410

•260

30 0

( wer.

80-0

80-2

73-5

63-9

55-6

54-2

Ballas....

. Rainfall, iiicli.

510

CHRONICLE WEATIIEIl KEl'ORT.S SU:VLM.\I!Y.

JiiJij. — The weather during July was, in general, f .lirly favorable, splen-
did showers visiting most sections of the South. In part-s of almost all
the States, however, there were complaints of drought, while at Mem-
phis and Nashville there was too much raiu ; but no considerable damage
was done from either cause. As the month closed, fears were enter-
tained of damage from the overflow of the Mis.sissippi.

J. (*</ws/.— Though .some sections ciuitinued to complain of drought, the
more general difficulty and complaint during August was excessive
rain. Shedding, rust, rot, mildew, and overgrowth of weed, were the
principal evils ;existiug and feared. The Mississippi 43verttowed its
banks at Memjihis and in that vicinity, but altlu)ugh great harm was
anticipated aud considerable harm was done to individuals, yet the
aggregate loss was so limited that its effect on the total crop was not
very material.

September.— The first half of September less rain fell, and during the
gi'eater portion of tliat time there was a decided improvement iu the
weather. But on the 16th a terrific cyclone struck Texas, lasting four
days, almost destroying Indianola aud doing great harm at Galvestou
aud iu all the Texas coast counties ; the rainfall at Galveston, during the
storm, reached ten aud fifty-three hundredths inches, at Shrevcport
seven and fifty-nine huudredths inches iu thirty-eight hours, and at Vicks -
burg, during two days, five and sixty-cme hundredths inches. The crop
in all the section of which these cities are the centre, suffered more or
less injury from the storm, but the harm done in the coast counties of
Texas (say from San Marcos river to the Sabine river, and from the
Gulf to a lino drawn thi-ough Austin, Crockett, and San Augustine) was
especially severe and so repotted. On the 25th of September there was
another storm at Galveston aud vicinitv, at which six and sixty -three
liimdredths inches of rain fell, which did further damage to the cotton
prostrated by the cyclone. Through Alabama, also, and parts of
Georgia, there were excessive rains this month, and much damage
reported.

Oc'oftf/-.— This nurath was generally favorable for picking the crop.
There were, however, light fro.sts at several points, and killing frost in
North Carolina and at Memphis and Nashville.

.Vofc»!6er.— Consideralile rain fell in November, e.'cccpt on the Atlantic
coast, and manj- complaints on that gronud were made, especially in
the Mis-sissippi Valley and the Gulf States, as the rain beat out the
cotton, rotted the bolls, and interfered with the picking. Sickness in

134 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

the same section also interfered with picking, while the election excite-
ment in Mississippi had the same effect,

7>tre»i?>(r.— The rains of last month were continued during December
and in much the same districts; the weather also turned quite cold
almost everywhere. Picking, therefore, made comparatively slow
progi-ess. For instance, it rained during November and December on
24 days at Vicksburg, 25 days at Shreveport, 31 days at Montgomery,
-7 daj-s at Xew Orleans, &c. See table above for details.

FROM THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

From the August and September reports (to September i) i.ssued as
one: — "The prevalent droughts of July were succeedetl by rains in
" August, too copious for the 1)est results in the Mississippi Valley, and
"quite injurious in heavy soils of the eastern belt, causing rust, shed-
" ding of leaves and fruit forms, and, to some extent, rotting of the
" lower boll.s. There i.s a rank i-ecent growth which will yield largely
" with a favorable and long autumn season, or prove a disappointment
" ill case of an early Idlling frost. In some parts of Texas drought con-
" tinned for nine weeks, but the seasonable rains since the middle of
" August have placed the fields in high condition in all except the most
" severelj' parched localities."

From the October report (to October 1): — "An improvement in the
" condition of cotton during the past month is indicated in Alabama,
" Louisiana and Arkansas, The depreciation iu Mississippi is slight,
" from 98 to 96, occasioned by storms. The destructive equinoctial
" storm wasted and stained much fibre in Southern Texas, reducing the
" State percentage of condition fi'om 94 to 88 In North Carolina and
"Tennessee, September was cold, and the harvest is late with less favor-
" able prospects of a top crop, A reduction of the percentage of Georgia
" from 76 to 71. is caused l)y storms and the increasing prevalence of
" rust. South Carolina is 3 per cent lower, from similar conditions. In
" several counties of Florida the caterpillar has been injurious. * *
" The harvest has been retarded in the Mississippi Valley by an unusual
" amount of sickness among the laborers. In the State of Mississippi
" there has been some loss of tiu#e on account of political disturbances."
From the November and December reports (to December 1) issued as
one : — " As former reports of condition have indicated, the States bor-
" deriug on the Atlantic all show a reduced product, and those in the
" Mississippi Valley an increased yield. * * * * There is much irregu-
" laritj- in the progress of picking. In some counties of Georgia and
" Alabama the harvest is neai'ly over. In iSIississippi the work has been
" delayed by political difficulties and by sickness. * * * Fine weather
" has been the ride, with a few exceptions ; but in Louisiana much fibre
" has been lost or stained by storms. The effect of the great September
" storm in Southern Texas pi-oves less disastrous than was at first
" represented."

From the foregoing we learn —

That from the first of August the rainfall was extremely-
heavy in a very considerable section of the South. The
following shows the aggregate rainfall in each of the dis-
tricts named during the five months (August, September,
October, November and December) for the years designated.
We have arranged the stations in classes, putting points

SVMMEn A XT) FALL OROVTR.

135

Oil t'.i3 coast together and those inland together. Storms
are apt to divide thoaiselve? up in that way, many confin-
ing themselves to the coast: hence the comparison becomes
more intelligible and instructive with this ai'rangement.

KAINFALL I5V SECTIONS.

A ur/iis( to D-c",mbe:', inclusive, (five months).

Stations.

1872.

1S73.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

NorfDlk, Va Iiiflies.

24-28

27-65

16-83

22-41

20-37

33-38

Wilniiiiirtou, X.C.

19-37

28-05

20-35

17-17

32-31

48-31

Cliarlestou, 8. C. "

25-7«!

33-21

20-62

15-29

37-88

24-62

Savuuuiili, Ga... "

24-40

19-9!)

20-85

15-86

24-62

25-9(!

Total "

93-81

108-90

78-15

70-73

115-18

132-2 7

Auffiista, Ga "

14-17

18-57

20-00

16-17

18-11

23-60

Atlanta, Ga "

15-44

14-27

17-46

19-15

15-04

14-92

Coiiuubus, Ga "

21-14

24-24

18-50

1716

Maeou, Ga "

18-04

17-90

16-22

18-87

Total "

1:9-01

32-84

70-04

77-46

67-87

7455

JFobilp. Ala "

15-9G

26-47

12-54

25-98

26-20

34-21

New Orleans, \ai "

21-71

21-12

13-42

30-53

18-86

30-44

Galveston, Tex.. "

20-17

2911

21-65

41-67

19-93

45-14

ludiauola, Tex... "

13-24

2.{-48

22-18

24-32

17-99

20-77

Total "

71-08

100-18

09-79

122-.50

82-98

142-50

Montgomery, Ala "

16-29

13-27

11-35

23-89

15-01

10-19

Shreveport. La..

15-14

21-33

15-67

31-12

13-63

26-94

Favette, Miss "

17-20

29-40

14-80

Viekslniiir, Miss. '•

15-21

12-43

1422

30-32

15-08

24-97

Colunitins, Misf*. . "

3103

16-36

33-52

T.itt'.e Rock, .^ik. "

13.56

29-35

Nashville, Tenn.. "

12-4()

18-73

19-58

16-19

14-69

19-59

Memphis, Tenn.. "

12-53

21-116

17-00

22-85

15-40

23-32

Corsieana, Tex.. "

18-91

9-90

22-16

Total "

71-03

86-82

95-02

203-71 |l28--13 1

19604

This statement is especially interesting because it proves
the existence of conditions in the fall of ISTo which were
of course harmful, and not very unlike those prevailing
during the same months of 1877 ; yet in lS7.i previous
favorable conditions (that is, something in its earlier
development) enabled the plant to produce a crop of
4,069,000 bales. We shall have reason to refer to this
point again.

1876.

The temperature, rainfall and number of days of rain
f.jr the last six months of 1876 were as follows :

1876.

July. Ang.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Norfolk Rainfall.iuch.

No. days i-aiu.

( High.

" Thcr...^ ow.

' Aver.

5-50 1 4-54

10 16

102-5 91-5

60-0 63-0

81-7 78-2

9-09
13
9.30
52-0
69-7

1-.52

7
730
31-0
5B-H

3-28
12
76-5
310
4!)- 4

1-94
11
59-0

no

3:3-6

136

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

— — — — ll

1870.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Wiimiugt'u . Iliiinf iill,incli.

7-62

«-5.3

9-41

7'22

1-65

5-48

No. days rain.

13

14

10

10

7

9

. High.

" Ther... <Low..

^Ave .

79-8

78-3

73-7

59-6

53-0

30-1

Charleston . Raiuf all,mcli.

11-26

5-10

11-20

14-32

1-35

5-85

No. days raiu.

10

15

12

13

0

11

(High.

970

97-0

940

820

65-0

" Ther... ^Low..

670

72-0

600

430

23-0

^ Ave .

83-6

83-4

77-9

634

56-'3

44-1

Augusta EainfalUiuch.

6'26

3- 6

2-50

3-18

3-.-.4

5-17

No. days rain.

14

14

7

7

8

11

(High.

9S0

970

950

860

65-0

" Tlier... ■{Low .

630

700

48-0

3ii0

300

(Aver.

83-7

81-6

75-3

60-1

52-4

391

Atlanta llainfall,incli.

3-49

5-32

0-80

1-81

3 07

3-44

•' No. days rain.

9

9

4

3

10

6

{ H gh.

96-0

950

88-0

78-0

750

60-0

" Tlier. . . < Low .

600

720

500

370

310

140

( -.ver

900

900

80-0

670

520

400

Savannah . .Rainfall, inch.

Gil

6-88

2-60

9-45

0-88

4-81

No. davsrain.

13

14

12

8

3

13

iH gh

100-0

970

960

850

81-0

65-0

" Thcr... N LOW .

600

70-0

550

440

35-0

200

( Wer.

84-5

82-1

780

61-7

56-4

44-9

CoUmilms . . Rainfall, inch.

436

5-31

0-40

3-90

2-00

0-17

" No. daj's rain.

10

12

2

2

.5

8

iUiih

960

960

94-0

78"o

700

680

" Ther... sLow.

680

70-0

50-0

360

330

20-0

^ Ave

840

82-0

75-0

64-0

51-0

440

Miicou Raiufall.iuch.

8-67

2-47

2-93

2-96

2-75

511

" No. days rain.

I High.
" Ther... -^ Low.

950

97b'

92-0

7fi 0

68-0

640

700

600

HOG

1 -0

f \ve-.

900

87-0

830

510

38-0

Montgom'y. Rainfall, inch.

6-24

3 0.5

1-01

0-96

3-42

5-97

'• Nij. days rain.

14

18

4

2

9

15

CH gh.

1000

95-0

950

86-5

78-0

69-5

" Ther... -iL )w .

6.S-0

68-5

51-5

42-0

320

20-0

( Avpr.

83-8

80-9

751

62-9

53-2

41-8

Mobile Rainfall.inch.

5-38

11-53

1-76

0-37

5-30

718

" N;>. daj's rain.

12

19

3

1

8

14

( High.

98-0

- 9.r0

020

82-0

790

Ther...-! J.ow.

[Ave .

740

710

55-0

43-0

35-0

83-3

80-1

76-8

04-4

55-7

44-4

N. Orleans .Raiuf all, inch.

4-73

4-44

0-26

0-24

4-35

9-57

" No. days rain.

21

16

7

2

7

18

(High.

Ther... ^ Low.

(Ave-.

83-4

82-2

7'J-l

67-6

59-8

48-1

Shreveport.R.aiufall.iuch.

1-87

2-22

0-02

5-42

2 99

2 38

" No. days rain.

9

"loT

6

0

9

8

(High.

93-0

96-0

95-0

850

78-0

70-0

" Ther... -^ Low..

o-;o

690

.52-0

380

32-0

170

(Aver.

84-0

83-0

750

640

53-0

410

Faj-ette, Miss.—

Rainfall.inch.

5-40

5-20

0-50

1-30

2-60

5-20

" No. days rain.

8

13

2

4

9

10

CHIfrh.

92-0

010

930

84-0

760

69-0

" Ther. . . ] low .

710

700

510

37-0

290

160

( Aver.

79-1

772

72-0

63-3

50-1

39-2

Viclisl)nrg . Rainfall.ineh.

3 34

2-56

1-95

2-21

2-(i2

5-74

No. days rain.

11

Hi

6

4

10

15

( 1 igh.

975

970

940

86-0

79-5

69-0

Ther. .. -^ Low .

71-0

67-5

51-5

35-0

.330

13-5

( Aver.

82-6

80-3

74-0

63-2

52-3

41-2

Columbus, Miss.—

Rainfall.ineh.

2-97

3-30

3-45

1-46

1-62

3-50

" No. (lays rain.

8

12

3

1

6

8

Little Rock. Rainfall.ineh.

5-89

2-65

0-04

6-95

1-32

2-00

Nashville . . Rainfall.ineh.

5-41

7-51

2 55

2i)0

0-93

0-74

" No. days rain.

11

1 I

5

7

9

9

(High.

970

990

Ther... < Low..

5V0

64-0

( Aver.

80-9

7S-7

63-2

56-'7

46-4

30-8

Meiuiihis. . . Rainfall.ineh.

4.!8

5-37

3-04

3-95

0-90

2-14

" No. davsrain.

13

14

9

11

10

15

CH'gh.

930

950

91-0

81-0

62-0

" Ther... -^ Low

6S0

05-0

46-0

20-0

3-0

( Aver.

81-3

79-1

70-0

53-5

47-1

320

'

SVMMEIi AXD FALL OliOWTH.

137

1876.

July.

Ang.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Guiveston. -Kaiutall.iuch.

3-22

10-19

0G4

l-il

3-98

3-71

" No. clavs rain.

8

11

3

3

9

8

1, High.

960

940

940

87-0

820

700

Ther.-.^Low.
( A\er

750

710

eao

510

:j90

260

850

83-7

79-4

71-0

001

50-3

Indianola .. Rainfall, iueli.

317

4G0

3-51

4-Jl

2 -76

2-48

Xo. days rain.

G

10

(j

7

G

8

CH^h.

980

99-0

930

85-0

750

" Ther... ^Low.
( wei-.

7;3m

710

670

50-0

230

84-3

79-4

(8-7

59-0

55-9

Corsicana ..Rainfall, inch.

3-27

1-5S

l-.JS

0-68

3-84

2-22

" No. days rain.

7

8

.T

6

7

6

;Hi-h.

1050

1010

980

91-5

770

72-0

" Ther...^ cw .

70-0

tW-0

50-3

36-0

2o'0

120

I ve-.

83-0

82-7

74-8

66-6

52-3

570

Dallas Rainfall, im-a

1-29

0-29

0-35

0-02

2-47

0-50

CHRONICLE AVEATHKU KEI'OUTS SL'.M.MAliY.

July. — Early in the moutli the overflow of the Arkansas River did
some damajre, taking off probably about twelve thousand bales from the
prospective yield of that section. Other than this, all the conditions
were during the mouth fairly favorable. In some sections there were
complaints of droughts, and in many others too much rain, but as the
plant was well started and the liclds clean, the harm done was inconsid-
erable. On the whole, the month closed with the crop in very good con-
dition almost everj-wherc.

August. — Some reports of caterpillars were current la.st month, but in
the earlj' days of this month they began to be more definite, and as the
month iirogressed it became evident that in some sections harm had
actually been done. This was especiallj^ true in the prairies and cane-
br.ike sections of ^Middle Alabama, and also in a portion of Mississippi
and the lower third of Te.xas. Rains were in excess in Tennessee
and in portions of the Atlantic an<l Gulf States ; but iu the caterpillar
district of Ahd)ama and Mississippi there was verj- little rain, and in the
last two or three weeks of August scarcely any, which helped in a
measure to check the growth of that plague there, though the loss in
Alabama was reported at one-third the crop in that section. Rust and
shedding widely complained of, especially in the West and Southwest.
Drought in Northern Texas.

September. — The weather this month was very favorable everj-where,
except some excessive rains on the vcrj- coast of the Atlantic States, and
a drought in a few sections, the most important of which was the
northern part of Texas. Caterpillars completed their work in Texas
the first week of the month, stripping the plants of leaves and of the
young bolls in the district between the coast aud as high up as Hunts-
villc, Brenham and Gonzales, it being reported that in that section
" the early plantings will make from a (luarter to a third, and the late
" plantings almost nothing."

Uc?o6f/-.— Drought continued in Northern Texas. The rainfall at Dallas
has only been one inch and twenty-six hundredths since the first day of
August (three months), and was only one inch and tweutj-nine hun-
dredths in July. The weather during the month has generally been
excellent for picking purposes. Killing frost was reported iu the West
and Southwest on the flr.st and sjcoud of October, destroying iu a con-
siderable section the later growth.

.V>pc/i&e/-.—ra3 weather was very favorable everywhere for picking,
the first ten or twelve days. A storm during the next four days in
Texas was said to have beaten out and destroyed much cotton. Tlic
balance of the month generally cold.

Deciiinher. -Weather (piite severe and cold, but not cf so much impr)rt-

138 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ance, as pielcing had beeu in large part finisliod. Towards the close of
the month it became very cold, ice being reviorted at Galveston and
Indianola, and heavy snow in north of Texas, M'ith the " coldest weather
" at Dallas ever known." Eleven inches snow at Memphis, &c.

FKOM THE AGRICULTURAL BUREAU REPORTS.

From the August and September reports (to September 1; issued as
one: — " The September returns, while averaging a higher condition than
" is usual in this month, are lower than those of August. * * * In
" North Carolina the decline has been from 96 to 93, caused by exces-
" sive moisture and rust ; in South Carolina from 97 to 91, from blight
" caused by great extremes of heat and moisture ; in Georgia from 104
" to 90 by drought mainly, and in less degree bj^ rust and caterpillars;
" in Florida from 89 to 83 by worms and rust ; in Alabama from 103 to
" 83 from causes similar to those operating in Georgia, with great
"prominence of the caterpillar; in Mississippi from 92 to 87, mainly
" from too much rain, with some iujurj' from the boll worm and cater-
" pillar ; in Texas from 106 to 87, from various causes, operating either
" together or separately in the ditferent sections, as drought, rains, I'ust,
" boll worms and caterpillars. In Tennessee and Arkansas the decline
" is scarcely perceptible, amounting to but one per cent, and in Louis-
" iaua there is a gain of one per cent."

From the October report (to October 1) :—" The October reports indi-
" cate a reduction of the condition of cotton during the past mouth in
" the ten principal cotton States from an average of 90-5 to 82'7.
4< * * * -pjjg impairment of the crop prospects has been caused bj' the
" equinoctial storm in North Carolina, drought and rust in Georgia,
" the caterpillar in Florida and Alabama, the boll worm in Arkansas,
" and frost in Tennes.see. The caterpillar is confined to the southerly
" portion of the Gulf States. Its depredations are most severe in Ala"
" bama. In most of the infested districts its reproduction was too late
" to destroy more than the top crops."

From the November and December (to Dec. 1) reports, issued as one : —
" The returns of November indicated an extreme'y favorable season for
" gathering cotton, except in some portions of North Carolina. * * -
" Frost has injured the top crop in the n(n-thern belt, notably in Arkansas.
'■ The fibre is cleaner than usual and of superior quality in the southern
"belt. Di ought in the Gulf States, rain storms in the Carolinas, the
" boll worm in the Southwest, and the caterpillar in certain locations
' near the Gulf Coast, are chief causes of injury to the crop. The har-
" vest will be completed at a nnich earlier date than nsual. The crop
" must be snialler than that of last year, however favorable and long the
" remaining season for gathering."

We learn from tlie foregomo- —

First. — That the summer growth this year was subject to
more than the usual misfortunes. July was favorable,
except the flood in Arkansas ; but after that, rains were
excessive over a considerable section, and extremely im-
portant districts were greatly injured by caterpillars,
more especially the prairies and canebrakes of Middle
Alabama and the lower third of Texas. There was also a
very severe drought in the northern part of Texas, and the

SVAIMEE AXD FALL GROTVTR,

135)

usual complaints from very many points of shedding and
rust.

Second. — The fall growth was also shortened by an
unusually early killing frost, on the 1st and 2d of October,
in the TTest and Southwest, but the weather for picking
was generally as fine as possible up to December, when
about all the cotton had been gathered.

Third. — Notwithstanding these serious drawbacks — (1)
the Arkansas flood, (2) the caterpillars, (3) excessive rains
in sections, (4) shedding and rust, (5) drought, (6) unusually
early frost — the crop raised was one of the largest ever
gathered. How can we account for this, other than by
accepting the fact that a good stand makes such a strong,
healthy plant, that it successfully resists ills that a poor
plant would succumb to, and. further, has so much fruit
forming constantly that it can afford to lose largely by
shedding and by caterpillars and by frost, and 3'et furnish
a good yield.

1877.
For the last six months of 1877 the monthly record of
rainfall and weather is as follows :

1877.

July.

Aug.

Sept

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Nocfolk .... RaiufaU.iiich.

7-97

3-78

11-90

7-82

5'54

4-34

No. days rain.

18

12

19

10

13

13

\Hig.

99-5

940

930

790

770

65- u

" Ther... < Low .

6 0

660

r4-o

4-0

2S-0

250

' We .

79-6

7;-4

m-7

62-1

52-2

4o-9

Wilmingt'n.Rainfall.iixli.

9-35

10-16

2010

6-68

4-94

613

" No. davs rain.

9

10

14

10

11

14

■■ vH.gn.

830

83- .

730

TIkt. . . w .

4.0

28-0

250

> \v 1

sdo

'.y-x

72-4

65-4

57-5

6. -6

Charleston. .Rainfall, inch.

10-21

2-21

C-30

4-87

7-02

4-22

No. day.s rain.

12

14

19

15

13

13

iHi h
" Ther... -^Low.

( 'ver

I'OO

iiSO

920

810

80-1

64-0

730

710

H3-0

.■^S-T

3'0

33-0

83- i

82-3

7 -2

691

i9-2

54-1

Augusta -. .Rainfall, inch.

1-85

5"J.^

4-09

4-98

B()6

3-22

No. days rain.

8

3

14

13

13

10

Ther.-.^Lo. .

9^0

10 -0

r70

83-0

77- i)

71 -0

18 1

65 0

=i 0

460

•60

2 0

( ^e .

8.^■.i

» ■■<

70-4

H5->)

5J-9

50-2

Atlanta Rainfall.inch.

3-29

0-77

3-19

3-87

319

3-90

No. days rain.

7

4

5

8

7

(5

i Hi^h.

940

980

r2 0

74-U

6 0

660

" Ther... ^L .w.

00

670

s;70

440

20)

21-0

/ .ver.

8:0

^7•0

. 680

5.=J0

550

Savannah . Rainfall, im-h.

5-67

3-69

8-92

5-57

3-72

4 06

No. days rain.

13

11

15

11

11

12

tH.gh.

100- 1

1. 00

«'<0

f30

SI i)

710

Thcr... Il " .

610

710

r.40

fOO

28-0

2110

' 'Ver.

Si-!i

8:-6

76 7

ri-7

59 t

55- 1

140

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ll

1877.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

Columbus. .Raiutall,mcli

1-34

2-24

3-30

l-_87

4-13

4-75

No. days raiu.

3

4

6

.5

6

6

\ Higli.

gso

9r0

9-0

^2-0

78-0

71-0

Tlier... Luw

750

730

6-3-0

4 -0

2130

2 -0

( ver.

^5■o

8-3-0

76-0

6-)-0

54-0

53-0

Macou llninfall.iuch.

4-17

2 0.5

3-28

3-ro

4-73

5-il

No. lUvys rain.

CHgh.
Ther... < ow.

9(5 0

94-0

("2-0

7.3-0

73 0

68 0

68-0

mo

6»-0

.0-0

220

•<.-o

/ Ave .

85-0

80-0

7,-0

37-0

53 0

4 -0

Moutsom'y. Rainfall, iuch.

3-43

1-07

4-07

2-51

3-75

4-79

No. days raiu.

9

9

13

10

12

9

(High.

102-0

9:t-0

97-0

83-.')

76-0

71-0

" Tlier... -^ -ow.

6 -5

« -5

61-0

4.-0

2'i-5

24-0

( A^er.

84- •!

81-8

75-3

65-5

f3-9

5 -.)

Mobile Rainfall.inch.

3-74

4-69

12-6,8

6-15

4-70

5-99

" No. days rain.

S

12

15

9

1(1

10

( H gh.

1000

lOO-O

P5-0

83-0

760

7 -0

" .Ther. .. \ ow .

6--0

70-0

63-0

48-0

270

2«-0

( wer.

84-8

82-0

7.-6

68-1

56-1

54-3

N. Orleans. . Rainfall, inch.

6-41

2-5i

13-21

9- 15

6-58

4-96

" No. days rain.

13

9

14

14

8

8

(High.

99-0

96 0

93-0

810

7-0

71-0

" Tiier...^ cw.

73'.)

6(1- 0

6t-0

530

38-0

3.-0

f ' ver.

8:1-7

83-1

78-4

;u-2

58-3

5.5-5

Shreveport . Rainfall.inch.

2-37

0-20

9-93

9-30

3-76

3-75

" No. days raiu.

10

1

12

11

8

7

( -igh

990

99-0

9-0

88-0

720

74-0

Ther... ] Low.

H4-0

65-0

1-0

43-1

m-0

2 -0

( ve.-.

8-3-0

82-0

76-0

65-4

51-7

51-2

Fayette, Miss.—

" Rainfall.inch.

4-80

11-20

6-60

" No. tLay.s raiu.

.5

14

10

( Hierii

94-0

88-0

920

Ther... s Low.

64-

a^-o

66-0

?Av .

7^-2

72-1

.6-2

Vicksburff. .Rainfall, iuch

2-95

1-14

6-94

5-00

9-03

2-86

" No. days ram.

9

6

11

10

10

6

(Hiah.

99-0

99-0

97-0

860

74-0

73-0

" Ther. . . \ Low .

n4-0

660

55-0

430

230

23-0

I .ve .

8-3-4

Sl-1

74-0

66-

53-3

54-1

Columbus, Miss.—

" Rainfall.inch.

4-92

0-47

12-83

282

7-29

519

" No. days rain.

7

3

10

10

11

10

Little Ro(!k. Rainfall.inch.

0-81

3-5G

7-72

6-46

4-93

6-68

" No. days i-ain.

8

4

7

7

8

8

(■ligh.

9J-0

9r-o

96-0

87-0

78-0

8!-0

Ther..]Luw.

7n-r,

600

51 0

.38-0

:oo

1-3-0

i ver.

80-0

8J-0

72-0

6)0

.■2-'i

50-1)

Nashville ..Rainfall.inch.

3-2.5

4-lG

5-40

2-61

4-93

2-49

" No. days rain.

10

8

12

8

13

11

(High.

9.5-0

91-0

80-0

83-0

6'-)-'>

690

" Ther... {Low.

66-0

62-0

f.r-0

38-0

17-0

17-0

('Aver.

81- i

7r-4

70-6

60-9

47-3

48-3

Memphis. ..Rainfall.inch.

622

6-05

311

3-75

5-97

4-44

" No. days rain.

13

10

13

13

15

15

( Ugh.

96-0

94-0

94-0

81-0

68-0

70-0

" Ther. . . I Low .

ii2-0

6-3-0

5!-0

41-0

16-0

20-0

f »ver.

80-4

78-0

71 0

62- H

47-6

5 -5

Galveston.. Rainfall. inch.

1-89

1-27

13-85

17-39

6-77

5-86

No. days rain.

11

7

8

10

7

11

(High.

9i-0

97-0

93-0

87-0

7 -0

68-0

Ther...] ow.

7 -0

70-0

60-0

49-0

,30-0

35-0

( Aver.

84-4

84-6

80-1

71-5

5-3

55-9

Indian()la... Rainfall.inch.

2-04

1-98

2-29

11-75

4-83

5-92

No. days rain.

7

7

6

13

8

13

\ H gn.

97 0

1000

96-0

93-0

^20

77-0

Ther... Low.

68-0

73-0

6'-0

49-0

28-0

:3-0

„ . f Aver.

)?4-9

8-V6

81-2

70- -3

60-3

56-5

Corsicana. . .Rainfall .inch.

3 00

2-8.5

2-33

6-81

6-21

3-90

" No. days raiu.

8

5

10

13

7

11

^"'g'l-

1080

10 .-o

100-0

98 0

75-0

75-0

Ther... < Low .

.■9-0

01-0

.0 0

40-0

14-0

220

^ „ f ^v p.

81-4

81-8

75-8

65-4

,51-4

5!-r

Dallas Rainfall.inch.

2-80

3-16

4-25

6-55

7-50

3-17

CHRONICLE

WEATH

ER REP

)KTs sn

MMARY.

Jit'//.— Tills month was g

enerallv

'■ very f.

ivorabh

for th

5 develo

pment

of the crop. lu some sec

tions tl

le temp

eralure

was toe

low fo

r rapid

SUMMER AXD FALL GROWTH. 141

progress, but about half the mouth -was hot and forcing, with just rain |
enough to give the plant a strong, healthy growth. More rain than need-
ful, however, fell in the Memphis districts, and also along the Atlantic
coast. Plant continues backward, say about two weeks later than last
year almost everywhere. In Texas the coast counties west of the Colo-
rado River reported great injury from caterpillars.

A M/;(f.s-/.— During August the weather was very favorable, with few
exceptions; on the coast of North Carolina and in Memphis there was
too nnich rain, and in parts of the Atlantic and Gulf States, and especi-
ally in the north of Texas, there were complaints of drought; the last
week of the month, Northern Texas was relieved by fine showers. Cater-
pillars were reported this month in many m!)re sections of Texas, and
doing harm in all the lower third of the State. Shedding and rust widely
complained of.

September.— The weather was fairly favorable for maturing and gather-
ing the crop, except in the third week. Burlier in the month consider-
able rain fell, all of which, on acount of the previous dry weather, w.as
needed; but in the tliird week there was a very severe storm of wind
anti rain in the Gulf, the rainfall being largest at Galveston, New Orleans
and Mobile (from eight to ten inches), but reached three and seventy-
eight hundredths inches .as high up as Viclisburg, and three and three
hundredths inches at Nashville. The remainder of the month was gener-
ally very favorable. In parts of North and South Carolina there was
more rain through the month than desirable.

Oc/')6fr.— During the first half of October, except as stated below, the
weather was very favorable for maturing and picking cotton. On the
7th there was a very severe local tornado in the northern and north-
eastern sections of Texas, but does not seem to have passed outside of
Texas with much severity, nor to have passed through the lower third of
the State. During tlie week ending on the 19th, there was another
storm ill the Gulf, of four or five days' duration, beginning in Lower
Texas and extending up into Arkansas, through much of Louisiana and
Mi.ssissipjii, but not reaching Mobile, the rainf.all being between three
and six inches at diflferent points. Again, in the week ending the '26th
there were two days of very heavy rain on the Texas coast, the rainfall .
at Galvesttm being nine inches and forty-three hundredths. Tliis storm
did not extend far, except in a modified form — that is, the rainfall i-apidly
became h-ss as it passed inland (being at Corsicana one inch and fcn-ty-
two hundredths, at Vicksburg one inch and one hundredth, at Slireve-
port oidy fifty-four hundredths of an inch, at Memphis fifty-five
hundredths of an inch), and yet over much of that section there was a
dense mist during the greater part of the week, which interfered with
picking and gave rise to very many complaints of ratting and siu'outiug
of bolls, <fec. On the Atlantic coast there were also some heavy rains,
but not extending inland witli any special severity. With the exception
of the districts named above, the weather was fairly favorable for crop
purposes.

Xr>ceiii')er. — Tho first ten daj's of November there was a continuation,
espi'cially on the Gulf coast, of the heavy rains so prevalent in October;
but later the weather improved, and the most of the remainder of the
month was fairly fa Torable for jiicking purposes; the principal excep-
tion was In the week ending No\-. 2.3, when it rained on from one to
three days at almost all points, the rainfall reaching, in the aggregate,
from one to three inches. A killing frost was repcn-ted Nov. 10 all over
Texas and, in fact, at about that date in almost all parts of the South.
Ice formed in m.iiiy places.

December.— The first three weeks of December, with the exception of

142 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

one to tliree of the first daj-s, were generally very farorable for picking
purposes, but tlie last week less so. Take tlie month as a wliole, how-
ever, there was less ruin than in the average years ; anil as the tenjpera-
ture was higher than usual in December, f ai-ni-work made better progress.

FUOM THE AGUICII.TUKAL liLKEAU JiliPOItTS.

August Report.—" On the Atlantic coast tliere is frequent mention of
inferior fruiting. In the Carolinas there has been much succulence of
growth in consequence of abundant moisture. In Georgia and Alabama
there has been some injury from drought, but the weather has lately
been more seasonable. It has been too wet in much of Mississippi ;
some cotton in bottom lauds in Tippali county has been abandoned from
this cause. In Louisiana the promise is extraordinary. In Concordia
parish the best crop since 1870 is expected; in Union 'the best since
I860.' The prospect in Texas is marred by the appearance of the cater-
pillar. More than half of the counties reported are infested, not sei'i*
ously as yet except in a few case.«. In Lavaca tlie bulk of the crop is
destroj'ed; in Gonzales, 75 per cent — ' a complete wreck where preven-
ti\'e? were not used.' "

September report.—" The ccmdition of cotton during the tirst week of
September averages for the whole cotton belt the same as in September
of last year. Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas and
Tennessee make higher averages thaninl87G. The Carolinas, Georgia
and Texas report less favorably, the greatest reduction being in Texas.
As compared with last mouth, Florida, Arkansas and Tennessee only
report improvement. The caterpillar is present in all of the Gulf States
and in South Carolina, but has done little damage as yet, except in
Texas. * * * * jn the Atlantic States there is nuich complaint of
rust, mainly resulting from drought, but in some counties from injury by
beating storms. In this section the growth is late, and the effects of
frost in shortening the harvest are feared."

October Report. — "The average couditicm is neorly as high as in 1876.
It is Sl'l, against 82-7 last year and 88 the year before. The decline in
condition during September is less this year than last. Georgia and
Tennessee make the same a\crage as in Sc]itember of last year; North
Carolina higher, and all other States lower, though Arkansas declines
but one per cent. The weather has been favorable generally up to the
middle of September, except upon soils liable to sutfer from drought.
In ]iortion.s of Arkansas, and in more limited ai-eas in Texas,
heavy rains prevailed in the early part of that month, and from
the 16th to the 20th a storm of great violence swept through
the cotton belt, to the borders of Texas, doing great damage by
beatiug out the tlbre, rotting the bolls, breaking down the plant
and overflowing low lauds. A loss of at least 20,000 bales is
reported from overflows of the Black Warrior and Tombigbee. In Ala-
bama, between the 20th and 30th of September, rains were frequent,
and in some localities nearlj' continuous, retarding or diseoutiuning
picking. Rust is reported throughout the belt, more in the east than in
the w^est, but in few places causing serious damage. The caterpillar has
done less damage than was feared, the most serious losses being in Texas
and Louisiana. In the more northern States they will cause quite as
much benefit as injm-y, by reducing redundant gro\vth of foliage and
hastening maturity of fruitage."

The foregoing indicates —

First. — That the summer growth was fairly satisfac-
tory, and on the first of September the crop was in good

SUMMi:if AND FALL GROWTIT.

average condition, and over a very considerable section
in excellent condition. Lower Texas, on account of cater-
pillars, was less favorably situated.

Second. — That September was a satisfactory month in
all but the Gulf States the third week, and in parts of
Xorth and South Carolina; that the first half of October
was also favorable, except a tornado on the 7th in the
upper two-thirds of Texas, and a severe storm on the
Atlantic coast on the 3d or 4th of the month; for the
remaining two weeks and for the first ten days of Novem-
ber there were unusually severe and frequent storms,
especially in the western and southwestern States, being
more severe on the coast, but extending inland so as to
interfere greatly with picking; that December was more
favorable than the average for that month. A killing
frost was reported in almost all sections by the I'ith of
November.

DEDUCTIONS FROM THE ABOVE STATEMENTS.

We have thus hastily passed in review the surroundings
of the cotton plant during the last half of each year fi'om
1871 to 1877, both inclusive. To complete the recoz-d one
further set of facts is. necessary, indicating the date of
frost and the limit of the picking season. The data with
regard to the latter point, we have mainly obtained from
our own correspondents; but as to frost, we liAve, in all
cases, relied upon the Signal Service Bureau's observations
when we could obtain them. Of course, in giving the exact
period when picking was finished, there is probably some
little difference in the mode of fixing the date ; the idea,
however, has been for each correspondent to designate the
time when that point in the season was generallij reached
in his district, not the day when the last man ]jicked his
last bale. "We have subsequently averaged each .section,
but first insert the full returns, as follows.

144

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

KILLING FKOST .\XD EXD OF PICKING SEASON.

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

187G.

1877.

Wiiiuiugtou—

First trust

Nov.lG

Oct. 15

Nov. 20

Nov. 2

Oct. 17

Oct. 17

Nov. 7

Killiiiir frost..

Nov. 16

Nov.lG Nov. 20

Nov. 2

Oct. 17

Oct. 17

Nov. 7

End of iiickiug

Nov. 20

Dec 20 Dec. 25

Dec. 10

Dec. 25

Dec. 25

Dec. 20

Cliaih-stoii —

First frost

Nov. 1.5

Nov. 15

Oct. 29

Nov. 1

Oct. 17

Oct. 17

Nov.ll

Killiii,n' frost..

Nov.lG

Nov. 17

Nov. 20

Dec. IG

Dec. 18

Dec. 1

Nov. 1.2

Kiul of picking

Nov. IS

Dec. 15

Dec. 20

Dec. 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 20

Dec. 20

Augusta —

First frost

Nov.lG

Oct. 31

Oct. 3

Oct. 14

Oct. IG

Oct. 8

Nov.ll

Killing frost..

Nov.lG

Nov. 15

Nov. 5

Nov. 1

Nov. 17

.Vov.lO

Nov. 12

Kudof picking

Dec. 15

Dec. 25

Dec. 31

Dec. 25

Dec. 10

Dec. 25

Dec 31

Atlauta-

First frost ....

Oct. 11
Nov. 15

Oct. 7
Oct. 29

Oct. 13
Nov. 1

Oct. 13
Nov. 17

Oct. 2
Nov. 10

Nov. 7
Nov.ll

Killing frost..

Nov IG

End of picldug

Nov. 15

Nov, 25

Dec. 5

Dec. 25

Dec. 10

Dec. 15

Dec. •J.U

Savainiab—

First fi'ost

Oct. 15
Nov. 15

Nov. 14
Nov. 20

Oct. 15
Dec. l(i

Dec. 9
Dec. 9

Nov. 10
Nov. 10

Nov. 10
Nov. 30

Killing frost.

Nov.lG

End of picking

Dec. 10

Dec 25

Dec. 10

Nov. 30

Dec. 15

Dec. 20

Dec. IS

Colunil)us, Ga. —

First frost

Oct. 12

Oct. 8

Oct. l4

Oct. 15

Nov. 11

Nov.lG

Killing frost..

Nov. 17

Nov. 15

Oct. 28

Nov. 1

Dec. 7

Nov. 11

Nov. 30

End of ineking

Nov. 20

Nov. 15

Dec. 20

Dec. 20

Dec. 25

Mil con-

First frost

Oct. 12

Oct. 15

Oct. 8

Oct. 14

Oct. 14

Oct. 8

Nov. 10

Killing frost..

Nov.lG

Nov. 15

Oct. 29

Nov. 1

Dec. 7

Nov.ll

Nov. 30

End of picking

Dec 12

Dec, 12

Dec. 12

Dec. 15

Dec. 10

Dec. G

Dec. 20

jMontironicrv —

Firsr frost

Oct. 12

Oct. 15

Oct. IS

Oct. 8

Nov. 10

Nov. 4

Killing frost..

Nov. 18

Nov. 10

Oct." 29

Nov. 2

Dec. 8

Nov. 10

Nov.ll

End of picking

Nov. 10

Nov.lG

Nov. 25

Dec. 10

Dec IG

Dec. 17

Dec. 20

Mobile-

First frost ....

Oct. 12

Oct. 15

Oct. 8

Oct. 14

Oct. 12

Oct. 2

Nov. 12

Killing frost..

Nov. 18

Nov. 13

Oct. 29

Nov. 2

Dec. 8

Nov. 8

Nov. 12

]<"nd(if picking

Nov. 15

Nov 30

Nov. 30

Dec 1

Dec. 25

Dec. 15

Dec. 25

New Orleans —

First frost

Nov. 18

Nov.lG

Oct. 8

Dec. 10

Nov, 11

Oct. 3

Nov. 12

Killin.iT frost..

Dec. 3

Nov.lG

Oct. 29

None.

None.

Nov. 19

Nov. 30

End of picking
Slireveport—

Jan. 10

Dec 20

Jan. 31

First frost

Nov. IG

Nov. 18

Oct. 20

Nov. 1

Oct. 19

Ocl. 1

Oct. 20

Killirg frost..

Nov. 16

Nov. 18

Oct. 28

Nov. 1

Nov.lG

Oct. 1

Nov. 7

End of idckLui;'

Dec. 1

Dec. 1

Dec 15

Dec 4

Dec 20

Dec. 24

Dec. 24

Vicksl.uig—

Fii-st fi-ost

Oct, 8
Oct. 29

Oct. 14
Nov. 1

Oct. 20
Dec. 7

Oct. 2
Oct 8

Nov. 7
Nov.ll

Killing frost..

Nov.lG

Nov. 17

End of pickinii

Dec 10

Deo, 20

Dec 31

Dec. 5

Dec. 31

Dec 10

Dec. 31

Fa.vcttc, Miss.—

First frost . . .

Oct. 7
Oct. 29

Oct. 14
Nov. 1

Oct. 31
Nov. 11

Oct 2
Oct. 2

Nov. 7
Nov.ll

Killing frost. .

End of pickiim
Little Rock-

Jan 10

Dec. 20

Dec. 25

First frost

Nov. 3
Nov. 3

Killing fi'ost.-

Nov.lG

Nov.lG

Oct." 29

Nov.""l

Nov.'lG

Oct." " '8

End of i)ickiug

Dec. 10

Dec. 31

Dec 20

Dec 10

Feb 1

Dec 15

Feb. 1

Naslivillc-

First frost

Sept.80

Oct. 10

Oct. 8

Oct. 13

Oct. 12

Oct. 2

Oct. 5

Killing frost..

Nov. 17

Oct. 11

Oct. 29

Oct. 14

Oct. 12

Oct. 8

Nov. 7

End of picking

Dec. 1

Dec. 31

Dec. 20

Dec. 1

Dec. 20

Dec. 5

Dec. 15

Memphis —

Fiist frost

Sppt.30

Oct. 10

Oct 8

Oct. 13

Oct. 12

Oct. 2

Oct. 5

Killing frost..

Nov. 17

Oct. 14

Oct. 8

Oct. 13

Oct. 12

Oct. 2

Nov. G

End of pickiu.-

Feb. 17

Beb. 24

Jan. 10

Dec. 12

Feb. 1

Dec. 15

Feb. 10

Galveslon—

First frost

Killinir frost..

Oct. 30
Dec. 2

Dec. 7
Dec. 7

Dec. G
Dec. G

Nov. 10
Nov. 10

Nov. 14

Oct." 29

None.

lOnd of picking

Nov. 18

Dec. 15

Dec. 10

Dec. 1

Dec 10

Dec. 7

Nov. 24

IndianolM—

Fii'st frost

Killing frost..

Oct. 30
Dec. 2

Nov. 12
None.

Oct. 20
Dec. 7

Nov. 13
Nov. 19

Oct. 19
Nov.io

Nov. 14

Oct." "29

End of pickini:

Nov. 18

Dec . 1 5

Dec. 10

Nov. 30

Dec. 1

Dec. 7

Nov. 24

1

.,,.,.. 1

Sr2I3rER AXD FALL GROWTH.

145

1S71.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

lH7fi. 1 J 877.

Coi'siciiua —
First frost .

Oct. 31
Nov. 2(1
Nov. 2U

Oct. 20
Nov. 1(1
Dec. 15

Oct. lloft. "2

Killing frost.
End of picking
Dallas-
First frost

Nov. l."i
Nov. 18

Nov. 17
Dec. 25

Oct. 28
Dec. 15

( )ct. 1
Dec. 2'o

Oct. 1
Oct. 1
Dec. 2':

Xov. f!
Dec. 10

Oct. 22

Killiiii^' frost..

Nov. <>

.Eiidof piclciug

IJec. 10

This table, with all its details, will frequently be found
of use, and in fact is necessary for comparison in any
close analysis or estimate of a crop secured. But our
present purpose will be better attained by having the
substance of these facts in a less extended form. "We
have therefore prepared the following, which gives, as near
as may be, from the foregoing, the average date in each
State of the close of the picking season for each year.

End of Pickiu^ Season in each State.

1871. 18T2. 1873. 18"4.

Nortli Carolina . Nov.20 Dec. 20 Doc. 25 Dec. 10

Soiitli Carolina .Nov. 18

Georgia [Dec. 5

Alabama -Nov. 12

Mississippi. . . .^. .Dec. 10

Lociisiana '. . Dec, 1

Arkansas [Dec. 10

Tennessee {Jan. 15

Texas | Nov. 18

Dee. lolDec 20 Dec. 10
Deo. ISiDec. 10 Dec. 15

Nov. 25! Nov. 30
Dec. 20' Deo. 31
Dec. liDcc. 15
Dec. 31 Dec. 20
Feb. 1 Dec. 31
Dec. 2o!Dec. 12

Dec. 5
Dee. 5
Dec. 4
Dec. 10
Dec. in
Dec. 1

187
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Dec.
Fi-l).
.fan.
Dec.

1877.

Dec. 20
Dec. 20
Dec. 22
Dec. 25
Dec. 25
Dec 24
Feb. 1
.Tan. 15
Dec. 5

In abridging the frost statements from the same table,
we designate two sections in every State where any im-
portant differences of date appear between the inland and
coast counties.

North Carolina
So. Camliua —

Coast

Inland

Georiria —

Coast

Inland

Alabama

Mississippi

Louisiana —

New Orlean.s..

Slireveport

Arkansas

Tennessee —

Nashvillo

Memphis

Tevas—

C irsicana

Cxil veston

Date of Killing Frost in Each State.

187-2

187 ,

'Xov.ieiNov.lti

Nov.
Nov.

Nov
Nov.
Nov
Nov.

Dec.
Nov.
Nov.

Nov.
Nov.

Nov
Dec

16lNov.l7
16 Nov. 15

1873.

Nov.20

Nov.20
Nov. 5

1874.

Nov 15 Nov 20
Xov.l5|Nov. 5
Nov. 13 1 Oct. 29
Nov. 17 Oct. 29

Nov.lfi'oct. 29
Nov. 18 Oct. 2SJ
Nov.llijOot. 29

Oct. 14 Oct. 29
Oct. 14 Oct. 8

Nov . 2

Dec. 16
Nov. 1

Dec. 16
Nov. 1
Nov 2

None.
Nov. 1
Nov. 1

187.5.

Oct. 1 /

Dec. 18
Nov . 1 .

Dec. 9
Nov. 17
Dec. 8
Dec. 7

None.
Nov. 16
Nov. 16

15 Nov 17 Oct. 28'
2 Nov 14'Oct. 291

Oct. 14iOct. 12
Oct. 13 Oct. 12

Nov.20Nov.10
None. I Dec.

1876.

Oct. 17

Dec. 1
Nov.lO

Nov 10
Nov.lO
Nov. 8
Oct. 8

Nov, 19
Oct. 1
Oct. 8

Oct. 8
Oct. 2

Oct.
Dee.

1877.

Nov. 7

Nov. 12
Nov. 12

Nov. 30
Nov 12
Nov. 12
Nov. 11

Nov 30
Nov. 7
Nov. 3

Nov.
Nov .

Nov, fi
GNov.lO

146 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

An examination of tliese figures will show that, by
itself and independent of other facts, neither the length of
the picking season nor the date of frost is an event con-
trolling the yield. They are both elements of some
importance in the problem to be solved, and at times
quite decisive, but chiefly because of previous con-
ditions. For instance, in 187-4 (the year of the great
spring flood), the start on the flooded low lands of the
Mississippi Valley was over a month delayed ; further-
more, the imperfect stands everywhere secured, and subse-
quently the unusual summer drought (both contributing
to lessen the yield of the plant) made it highly import-
ant that the full growth should be attained and a good
top crop saved. A late killing frost that year was, there-
fore, in every section, of the first importance. Yet the
date on which it visited Memphis was very early, Octo-
ber 13, and by the first of November, not only through-
out the whole of the Mississippi A^alley and its tribu-
taries, but almost everywhere else, vegetation was killed.
On the other hand, in 1875 and in 1876, the stand
was good and the bottom and middle crops were excel-
lent, so that when, during the first eight days of Octo-
ber, 1876, the frost stopped all growth in the West and
Southwest, and in 1875, during the first half of the same
month, checked vegetation in half of the Memphis and
Nashville districts, there was sufficient cotton already made
in most of those sections to keep the full working force
busy up to or beyond Christmas. Before, however, con-
sidering these points further, it will be well to recall the
controlling features of each year's progress and growth,
so that we can scrutinize as a whole the early as well as later
develcjpment and yield of each season. But first, for more
convenient reference, we have epitomized the conditions of
weather &c., for the last six months, given in detail above :

SVMMER AND FALL GROWTH. 147

1871 July, weaiber apparentlj' very favorable. A\igusi, also very favor.

able, witb lluiiteil exceptions, yet plaut sheddiug budly every-
■wbere. September to December, weather favorable, bu^ plant
sheds and little fruit ripened. KiUitig frost Novcuibcr IG and
13. Pickiny closed about November 15 to December 10.

1872 July, too rainy in about one-third the South. Alabama rivers

ovfi'flow; rest favorable. A (((/«sr, drought complained of in all
but a portion of Atlantic States, where there was too mucli rabi ;
bad shedding reported in extensive districts. ^vj/foiixT, unfav-
orable reports continued, but weather fairly favoralile. October
to December, fairly favorable ; horse disease delays crop. KiHuig
frost was delayed everywhere, except in Tennessee, till November
13tli to ISth. Picking closed from December 15 to 31, though at
some points earlier.

1878 Jiih) quite favorable. August, too much raiu ou the coast at
Charleston, Mobile, New Orleans and Galveston, elsewhere fairly
satisfactory ; caterpillars did injury in Central Georgia and lower
half Alabama; shedding badly in some districts. September,
except ou the very coast, no more rain than desirable. October to
December fairly favorable. Killing frost in the Gidf and western
States October 28 and 29, and in the Atlantic States Xovembi-r
5th and 20th. Picking closed from December 1 to 31, tliouga at
a few points earlier.

1874 July fairly favorable, except severe local storms on the coast and
drought in Memphis district. August, Memphis drought con-
tinued and extended nntil tailing in all Tennessee, Arkansas,
northern portions of Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas;
shedding very profuse. September, tine rains everywhere and
"weather favorable. October, killing frost at Memphis and Nash-
ville Octobei; 13 and 14, and almost everywhere else at close of
month Xovembcr MuX December tA\ovAh\i:^. Killi)ig fros' gener-
ally November 1. Picking closed generally before December 10.

1S75 July fairly favorable, though rains were more abundant at some
points than needed. August, rains very excessive at many points,
and Mississippi overflowed at Memphis ; shedding, &c., widely and
strongly complained of. September, less rain, except in Texas
uuainly the coast) and parts of Alabama and Georgia. October
to X>ccf»i&er— Excessive rains in November and December in Mis-
sissippi Valley and Gulf States, and the weather turned quite
cold in December. Killing frost at Memphis and Nashville,
Oftobcr 12, and elsewhere from November 10 to December 18.
Picking closed from about December 15 to 31.

1870^"'!/ fairly favorable, though the rains in considerable sections
were more abundant than needed. August, caterpillars reported
to have done great harm in lower third of Texas, parts of Ala-
bama and Mississippi, and rains excessive in some sections,
thoUgh not in the Alabama and Mississippi caterpillar districts.
September, caterpillars did great harm in Texas ; severe drought
in northern part of Texas ; excessive rains on the Atlantic coast ;
otherwise favorable. October, killing frost in Mississippi Valley
October 2d; drought in Northern Texas contimied; otherwise
favorable. Xovember, (piite favorable, except closed cold. De-
cember, cold. Killing frost in tlie West and Southwest from Octo-
ber 1 to 8, elsewhere November 8 and 10. Picking closed from
December 10th to 25th.

Such were the more prominent features of the con-

148

COTTOX FRO^r SEED TO LOO^f.

ditioii for the latter half of each reason. That we may
at a glance see the changing influences operating from
month to month for all the seasons, and be able to com-
pare them x-eadily, we give the following summary :

Year.

1870

Spi'iug Weather.

Stand. July to Sept.

Oct. to Dec.

J/a>'c/i coltL Ai>/v;fair- Standexcel- Favorable and Favorable wea-

: tlier
Icut, very

ly favorable. 2[uy
favorable. Junexery
favorable every-
■svlicve.

cleaa and
strong.

cdmplaiuts'Killiug fi-ost
from Oct. 20
few, except tn Nov. 20.

Picl<ing closed
shedding. Dcu. 5 to 25.

isri

March cold, rainy.
April less so. May
cold, rainy, except
Texas. June cold,
rainy.

Sickly, weak
and very
grassy ev-
ery where.

Rainfall gen-j Favorable wea-
erally an av-L-t'^fjfg f,.^^^
erage, but Nov. 16 to 18.
droughtveryP^^S{^«<^J
harmful. Dec.' 10.

1872

Marrli fairly favorable
April irenerally very
favorable. Jfai/ fa-
vorable. June gen
erallj^ very favor-
able.

Good, clean
and strong
almost ev-
erywliere.

Drought at Favorable,
some pointsJKilliiig frost
and e'ccess-j Oct. 14 and
ive rains at! Nov. 13tol8.
others. Shed-! Picking closed
ding, itc. Dec. 15 to 31.

1873

March favorable, ex- Two- thirds

cept last week. Apri
cold, dry. Man, tirst
t\V(» weeks favorable,
rest too rainy in
one-third the South.
Jane too rainy iu
same third.

good and
one -third
poor and
grassy.

Too mucli rain!Favorable wea-
on the coast, j ther.
Caterpillars j^j,,; . ^

in Alabama*^'""'" ""*"^
iindGeor;

Shedding
badly.

Oct. 28 to
Nov. 20.

Picking closed
Dec. 1 to 31.

1874

March cold, rainy; riv-
ers overflow. April
cold, rainy. Mai/.
severe drought, ex
cept Atlantic States.
Jane, last half fa-
v(»rable; first half,
drought iu some sec-
tions.

Very irreg-
ular and
imperfect,
but clean
and well
cultivat'd.

Great drought
iu Tennes-
see, Arkan-
sas, &c., with
high temper-
ature.

Favorable wea-
ther.

Killing frr>Rt
Oct. 13 to 31.

Picking closed
liefore Dec.
10.

1875

March cold. April,
first co'd; rest favor-
able. Ma;/, tirst two
weeks cold ; rest very
favoral)le. J"MHevery
favorable.

Stand excel-
lent and
clean ev-
erywhere;
never bet-
ter.

Aug. to Dec.,; Excessive rain.

rains very
escessive at
many points.
S h e d d i u
badly.

Killing frost

Oct. 12 to

Dec. 18.

Picking closed

j Dec. 15 to 31.

187.)

April, excessive rainslstand good
in western and Gulf j ji„(^ ^^^i;.^,!;
States; rivers over-'
fU>w, quickly recede.
Mail generally very
favorable. ./((ni?very
favoi-able, except
heavy showers near
Atlantic coast.

not quite
asperfcct,
though, as
year pre-
vious.

Caterpillars in] Favorable.

•■^''l-' r.?^'"*''-- Killintr frost
ind Texa

Drought
North Texas.
Killinsr frost
in Miss. Val-
ley Oct. 2.

Oct. 1 to 8,
except in At-
lantic States.
Picking closed
Dec. 10 to 25.

SniMER AXD FALL GROWTH. 149

The reader will, of course, refer back to the detailed
statements for the different 5'ears and months, using the
above only as suggestive of the full facts. As to the
conclusions to be drawn, there can be but one opinion.

In 1870 we see that the spring weather was almost
unexceptionable ; the stand was perfect ; the summer
growth was satisfactory ; the picking season was favorable ;
and the yield was 4,3o'2,000 bales, against 3,154,900 ludes
in 1SG9; or an increase of 37-9-i percent in the crop on
an acreage increased only 13-90 per cent.

In 1871 the spring weather was very cold and rainy ;
the stand was very poor and grassy ; the summer weather
gave the average amount of rain, and yet there were
complaints of drought and the shedding was very great?
as would be the case with any plant with only surface
roots in summer weather ; the picking season every way
favorable, but shedding still complaineil of ; the yield was
2,974,000 bales, against 4,3.32,000 bales in 1870; or a
decrease of 31 -06 per cent in the crop on an acreage
decreased only 10 -7 3 per cent.

In 1872 the spring Aveather was favorable ; the stand
was good and clean ; the summer weather was far from
favorable, drought in some localities, excessive rains in
others, and shedding reported everywhere ; and yet with
a good picking season the plant was found to be well
fruited still, and the yield was 3,930,500 bales, against
2,974,000 bales in 1871, and 4,352,000 in 1870, or, com-
pared loith 1871, on an acreage increased 9-75 per cent,
the crop increased 32-13 per cent, and compared ivith 1870,
on an acreage decreased 2-05 per cent, the crop de-
creased 9-69 per cent.

In 1873 the spring weather in about one-third of the
South was very rainy and in about two-thirds favorable ;
the stand was good and the fields clean in two-thirds and

150 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

poor and grassy in the other third ; the summer weather
was fairly favorable except too much rain on the coast
half of States ; caterpillars did injury in Central Geor-
gia and lower half of Alabama, and shedding was com-
plained of pretty generally ; the picking season was fairly
favorable, except an early frost in the western and Gulf
States; the yield was 4,170,000 bales, against 3,930,500
bales in 1872 ; or compared loith 1872, on an acreage in-
creased 10-59 per cent, the crop increased only 6-09 per
cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased
8-32 per cent, the crop decreased 4-18 per cent.

In 1874 the spring was first very rainy, so that in
March all the rivers overflowed, being the worst flood for
thirty years, and the waters did not fully recede till after
the first of June; then in May there was a very severe
drought everywhere except in the Atlantic States, continued
in many sections into almost the middle of June; March and
April were also very cold ; as a result of these conditions,
the fields were clean, but the start was late everywhere,
and very late in the flooded district, and very imperfect
indeed in all but the Atlantic States; in summer was the
great drought and the abundant shedding, but if the reader
will examine the comparative rainfall and thermometer, he
will see that, except in a portion of the Memphis dis-
trict, it was no more severe than has before occurred
when the result was very much less disastrous; so that we
can see no way to account for much of the injury, (the
actual kilhng of the plant in many sections), except by
saying that the plant never became well rooted in May and
June, and therefore was less able to resist drought; the
picking season was excellent, save an early frost in the
district of the spring flood, which cut ofi: much from the
later-planted crop in that section; the yield was 3,833,000
bales, against 4,170,000 bales in 1873 and 4,352,000 bales

SVAIITER AXD FALL GROWTH. 151

in 1870; or, compared with 1873, on an acreaoje increased
1-54 per cent, the crop decreased 8-08 per cent, and com-
pared u'ith 1870, on an acreage increased 9-98 per cent, the
crop decreased 11-93 per cent.

In 1875, the spring weather was favorable ahnost every-
where; the stand was excellent, never better; m the sutn-
mer, however, there were very excessive rains, the
Mississippi overflowed, and the plants were said to shed
badly; the picking season was generally extremely unfavor-
able and rainy, almost in that particular equal to the pick-
ing season of 1877; and yet the yield was 4,669,000 bales,
against 3,833,000 bales in 1874, and 4,352,000 bales in
1870; or, compared vnth 1874, on an acreage increased 5-95
per cent, the crop increased 21-81 per cent, and compaied
with 1870, on an acreage increased 16-52 per cent, the
crop increased 7-28 per cent.

In 1876, the spring weather was not everywhere as favor-
able as the previous spring, and yet generally very favorable ;
there was a Mississippi overflow in April, the wate", how-
ever, soon receding; stand was very good, but not quite up
to 1875, and the fields were generally clean and well cul-
tivated, in summer there was considerable rain in sections,
a severe drought in Northern Texas, and complaints of
shedding and of caterpillars in Alabama, Missisippi, and
coast half of Texas, the lat-ter doing considerable harm in
Texas, but not much elsewhere; the picking season was
fairly favorable, except continued drought in Northern
Texas, and also except a killing frost in the Mississippi
Valley October 2; notwithstanding these drawbacks, the
yield was 4,485,000 bales, against 4,669,000 bales in 1875,
and 4,352,000 bales in 1870; or. compared with 1875, on an
acreage decreased 1-16 per cent, the crop decreased 3-94
per cent, and compared with 1870, on an acreage increased
15-18 per cent, the crop increased 3-06 per cent.

152

COTTON FR03I SEED TO LOOM.

Such are the conclusions reached from a review of tlie
history of cotton production foi" seven years. Little more
oil this branch of our subject remains to be said. The facts
thus broiight together point to an almost controlling influ-
ence of a gocnl stand upon the results of the crop. The
character and nature of the plant and its growtli and culti-
vation^pi'eviously given— suggested such a relationship,
but this experience in production would seem to leave no
otlier possible explanation of the different seasons' results.
We conclude, then, that rain, drought, shedding and even
caterpillars are shorn of much of their power for evil, if
the plant on the first of July is well started ; and hence
reports of harm done from unfavorable conditions in sum-
mer and fall can only be correctly measured when inter-
preted in the light of the early development,

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's FIGURES OF CONDITION.

In this and the previous chapter we have intended to in-
clude the substance of the Agricultural Bureau's monthly
reports except the figures of condition. As tliese figures
are frequently needed for comparison, wj give them below,
adding the November percentages of yield and the estimate
of the crop each year worked out from them.

1870.

STATES.

Norm Caroliiiu ..
Soutli Carolina ..

Georgia

Florida

AlaV)ama

Mississippi ,

L >ui8iana

Texas

Arkansas

Touneaseo

Total

Actual
Product
of 1SC9,
ill bales.

Agric'l Bureau figures
of condition on tlie
first of eacli month.

July. Aug. Sept. Oct.

210,000
25(5,000
3.50,000
45,000
505,000
500,000
425,000
322,400
321,500
220,000

3,154.000

94

96
101

98
102

95
101

97
101

101 105
101 I 105
100 ' 103

110
102

95
100

97
110

90

115
100
100
108
109
110
100

107

101

99

102

96

99

92

105

105

97

Per Ct. Estiniat'd
yield, ^ Product
Est. of of Bureau
Bureau for 1870,
Nov. ' in I)alcs.

IKi
123
120
125
110
108
112
131
119
112

213,(i<»0
311,8-0
420,000
56,250
555,500
510,000
476,000
422,344
382,585
2 16,400

3,657,559

T.ie u.sual Jane report of couditiou was not prepared tuis year.

SUMMER AXD FALL GROWTH.

153

1871.

STATES.

Actual
Product
of 1S70,

Agricultural Bureau flgures of
condition on the first of each
month.

Per Ct.iEstimat'd
yield, : Product
Est. of of Bureau

Bureau for 1871,

in bales.

June.

July.

Aug. Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

in biiles

N. Carolina.

275,000

90

99

94

82

80

80

220,000

So Carolina

348,000

92

100

96

80

75

08

236,6)0

Geor.^ia

000,000

82

82

80

78

72

67

402,000

Florida ....

00,000

103

88

83

75

73

58

34,800

Alabama . . .

645,000

8{

81

81

80

75

73

470,850

Mi.s.sissippi .

650.000

84

80

80

80

76

72

468,000

1 Louisiana . .

600,000

90

75

83

77

73

65

300,000

Te.Kas

400,000

93

93

81

80

70

68

272,000

Arkansas.. -

474,000

83

90

93

95

82

85

402,900

Tennessee . .
Total . . .

300,000

90

98

100

90

94

90

270,000

4,352,000

3,167,190

1872.

STATES.

Actual
Product
of 1871,

Agricultural Bureau figures of
condition on the first of each
month.

Per Ct.
yield.
Est. of
Bureau

Estimat'd
Product
of Bureaix
f(U- 1872,

in bales.

June. July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

in bales.

X. Carolina.

175,000

96 1 94

99

101

90

121

211,750

Si. Carolina

255,000

92 ' 97

98

95

86

124

316,200

Georgia

328,000

96 101

104

96

88

119

390,320

Florida ....

' 40,000

95 102

96

92

75

102

40,800

Alabama. .

505,000

105 10:>

107

88

81

111

560,550

Mississippi

495,000

100 ! 103

112

90

78

112

554,400

Louisiana ..

396,000

104 103

101

86

72

121

479,160

Texas

280,009

100 105

103

94

85

126

352,800

Arkau.sas...

290,000

9S 95

96

78 75

105

301, ."500-

Tennessee . .
Total . - -

210,00)
2,974,00 »

101 lot

101

92 90

110

231,000

■

3,441,480

1873. 1

STATES.

Actual
Product
of 1872,

Agricultural Bureau figures of
condition on the first of each
moiitl).

Per Ct.

yield,
Est. of
Bureau

Nov.

Estinuit'd
Product
of Buri^au
for 1873,
in bales.

in bales.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.' Oct.

X.Carolina.

200,000

85

91

95

95

88

98

196,000

So. Carolina

260.000

88

82

87

86

80

92

239,200

1 Georjcia ....

505,000

94

94

95

90

82

97

489,850

\ Florida

60,000 102

99 103

85

76

97

58,200 i

' Alabama.. .

550.000 93

85

91

85

78

91

500,500

Mi.-<sis.sipin .

625,000 92

83

88

82

75

85

.531,2.50

1 Louisiana ..

52()..500 94

80

86

80 1

72

80

416,400

Te.vas

495,000 86

78

83

92

80

112

554,400

Arkansas. ..

455,000 92

100

93

93

83

102

461,100

Tennessee..
Total . . .

260.000 90

96

95

92

90

102-

265,200

3.9;{0,5i)0

1

l3,T15,100 II

'i

154

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

1874. 1

STATES.

Actual
Product
of 1873,

Agricultural Bureau tt-cures of
cimditiou on the first of each
month.

Per Ct.

yield,

E^t. of

Bureau

Nov.

89

Estimat'd
Product
of Bui-cau
for 1874

in bales.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

in bales.

N. Caroliua.

205,000

89

102

95

87

83

235,8.50

So. Carolina

350,000

81

88

97

88

80

92

322,000

Georgia ....

500,000

80

91

94

77

80

93

405,000

Florida

75,000

90

96

102

77

81

100

75,000

Alaba'.na ...

575,000

82

92

90

81

75

95

540,250

Mississippi

675,000

78

87

89

74

74

90

607,.500

Louisiana . .

510,000

70

73

83

62

62

85

433,500

Taxa.s

500,000

90

102

105

05

70

90

450,000

Arkansas . . .

420,000

90

94

87

47

55

00

252,000

Teuuessee . .
Total . . .

300,000

85

97

83

52

56

57

171,000
3,558,100

4,170,000

1875.

STATES.

Actual
Proluct
of 1S74,

Agricultural Bureau figures of
coniJition on the first of each
month.

Per Ct.
yield.
Est. of

Su;-eau
Nov.

Estimat'd
Product
of Bureau
for 1875,
in bales.

in bales.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

O-t.

N. Carolina.

273,000

92

95

99 90

85

91

248,430

So. Carolina

300,000

97

99

81 80

77

76

273,600

Georgia ....

460,000

91

97

86 76

71

74

340,400

Florida

• 55,000

94

101

85

75

70

90

49,500

Alabama . . .

520,000

101

102

93

87

91

102

530,400

Mississippi .

550,000

100

103

104

98

96

111

610,500

Louisiana . .

520,000

95

105

99

88

90

100

520,000

Texas

535,000

96

93

93

94

88

114

600,900

Arkansas . . .

400,000

90

104

lOS

GO

103

135

540,000

Tennessee . .

160,000

99

109

107

96

90

110

185,600

Total . . .

3,833,000

'3,008.330 1

lb7G.

STATES.

Actual
Product
ot 1875,

Agricultural Bm-eau figi
condition on the first o
month.

u'es of
f each

Per Ct.
yield.
Est. of
Bureau

E.stimat'd

Product

of Bureau

for 1876,

in bales.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

iu bales.

N. Carolina.

260,000

101

105

96

93

84

92

230,200

So. Carolina.

330,000

98

90

97

91

80

99

320,700

Gaor.;|ia ....

420,000

103

103

104

90

87

110

402,000

Florida

60,000

82

98

89

83

80

100

60,000

Alabama . . .

600,000

94

100

103

83

09

77

462,000

Mississippi -

070,000

92

94

92

87

83

78

522,000

Loui.siaua . .

650,000

89

89

89

90

82

83

539,500

Texas

690,000

90

99

106

87

91

100

690,000

Arkansas .. .

650,000

95

97

98

97

83

74

481,000

Teuuessee . .
Total ...

3:!9,000

93

103

120

119

91

101

342,390

4,669,000

4.125,390

t

Sr21MER AXD FALL GROWTIT.

155

1877,

STATES.

Actual
Product
of 1876,
in bales.

Agricultural Bureau figures ol
eoudition outlie first of each
mouth.

Per Ct.

yield,
Est. of
Bureau

Nov.

Estimat'd
Product
of Bureau
for 1877,
iu bales.

June.

July.

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

X. Caroliua.
So. Caroliua.
Geortria ....

Florida

Alabama . .
Mississippi .
Louisiaua . .

Texas

Arkansas ...
Teuuessee . .

225,000
315,000
478,000
55,000
560,000
639.000
578,000
735,000
590,000
310,000

82
91
89
92
90
91
98
91
94
94

88
87
90
95
94
93
102
94
94
96

88
88
85
93
94
90
106
96
93
90

83
85
77
94
91
88
92
70
99
100

85
79
77
88
83
80
77
64
98
100

91

90

92

97

105

92

97

82

110

115

204,750
283,500
439,760
53,350
588,000
587,880
560,600
602,700
649,000
356,500

Total . . .

4,485,000

1,326,100

In November the Bureau's figures are always intended
to indicate tlie actual yield. They are not made up from
the monthly statements of condition, but are " estimates
•' for each county of the total product of the year, expressed
''as percentages of the actual crop of last year." In using
the Bureaur-'s reports, however, we have always found that
a more useful and safer guide for crop estimates cculd be
obtained in October, one month earlier, from an average
of the condition figures for the five months, with the
changes of acreage incorporated. As an illusti'ation we
give a statement thus prepared for the present year.

STATES.

Production

1876-77,
Bales.

Couditiou this

year compared

vrith last.

Acreage this

year compared

with last.

Yield of

1877-78,

Estimat'd.

Better

Worse.

Incr'se.

Dec.

North Caroliua...
South Caroliua ...

225,000
315.000
478,000
55,000
560,000
639,000
578,000
735,000
590,000
310,000

60
1-4

6-6

1-0

110

5-2

13-8

1-2

11-6

9-2

1-0
1-0
20
4-0
6-0
150
50
20

40
30

191,250
289,170
416,816

Florida

58,850

Alabama

aiississippi

Louisiana

579,040
656,892
650,828

Texas

Arkansas

Tennessee

759,990
025,400

287,680

Total production..

4,485,000

4,515,916

156

COTTO:^ FROM SEED TO L002I.

The above indicates that the crop which is now being-
marketed will reach a total of 4,515,916 bales, or 30,493
bales more than last year ; this, according to present
appearances, will prove to be a pretty close approximation
to the actual out-turn.

AGRICULTURAL BUREAU's ACREAGE PERCENTAGES

To complete the record of the Bureau's reports, we give
in the following its statements of changes in acreage from
year to year.

ACREAGE EACH TEAR COMPARED WITH PREVIOUS TEAR.

STATES.

1870.

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

N'rtb Carolina
Soutli Carolina

Georgia

Florida

Alabama

Mississippi . ..
Louisiana ....

Texas

Arkansas

Tennessee

108-0
105-0
1070
107-0
113-0
112-0
120-0
125-0
1100
105-0

86-0
87-0
88-0
102-0
87-0
85-0
92-0
86-0
84-0
88-0

116-0
1090
112-0
llO'O
111-0
110-0
111-0
118-0
110-0
112-0

1140
102-0
114-0
103-0
1090
104-0
104-0
131-0
1100
115-0

89-0
91-0
90-0
91-0
86-0
88-0
80-0
1020
89-0
92-0

102-0

106-0

96-0

990

104-0

102-0

101-0

1080

101-0

92-0

98-0

99-0

94-0

89-0

1000

98-0

890

1000

1000

95-0

96-0
97-0
101-0
101-0'
102 0
104-0
100-0
115-0
105-0
102-0

erage

112-0

85-3

113-0

112-0

90-0

101-5

97-0

104-0

The unit of comparison in above is 100, so that 108 is
to be understood as 8 per cent increase, 96 as 4 per cent
decrease, &c.

PICEIXG AXD ilARKETIXG. 157

CHAPTER VII.

THE PICKES^G AND MARKETESTG
OF THE CROP.

Fall estimates must be baf=.e(l ou all the facts— Movement of crop
may help to remove flnal doubts — Eetisons for planters holdiiig
back cotton, liow> niiicli wei.ffbt can be given tbem— Early and late
crops, effeet [on movement — First l)loom, first bales and new cotton to
Septenil^er 1— Weeks of i<niall receipts — Difference in date between an
oai-ly and late croii — Xeeesjsities of planters Lave been a controlling-
influence, but less so hereafter— Height of rivers and effect on move-
ment— Ilow.niarketing has been influenced each year <<ince 1870 —
Dailj- anil monthly receipts and dailj' iicrceutages for Ave years.

In what has been ah-eady presented, we have the reason
pretty clearly developed for the wide differences in fall esti-
mates of the crop. There always will be room for some
discrepancy as to the actual yield, because a few of the
necessary data may be in dispute. A broad error, how-
ever, is a necessity where the estimate is based simply on
present appearances; for it is impossible to determine from
the apparent condition of the growing jilant in any fall
month, what the yield of a given field is to Ije. Acreage,
stand, summer growth and fall appearance must all be
used in forming a judgment ; the first two facts, however,
modifying to a considerable extent our interpretation of
the others.

But with all our study and observation, when the fall
season is reached we shall still have doubts (greatly nar-
rowed, but not removed), which the movement to the ports

158 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

alone can dissipate. It becomes important, therefore, to
analyze tins portion of the problem also, and account for
the varying comparative daily percentages, as far as we can
do so. Formerly there was more regularity from year to
year; but of late seasons there has been an increasing rapid-
ity in the mai-ketmg, not, however, with uniform progress.
For instance, in 1872-73 half of the port receipts had been
received on Jan. 8 ; in 1873-74, they were half in on Jan.
2; in 1874-75, the date of reaching the same percentage was
much earlier, being December l.i ; and in 1876-77 it was
December 8. Yet this irregularity is, in the main, the
result of causes which can be explained and understood if
the precise situation everywhere could be indicated.

First, however, we would state that little weight can be
given to the consideration frequently advanced, that the
free movement has, in the past, been disturbed by planters
holding back cotton. They have acted in this respect as
their interests dictated. Being usually under ad\'ances to
the factor at high rates of interest, a strong pressure has
led them to market their produce as rapidly as possible.
This same tendency was increased also by the custom,
largely practiced since the war, of paying laborers with a
portion of the crop, making necessary quick returns so as
to permit the adjustment of accounts and supply the f reed-
men's wants, which become intensely urgent as the possi-
bility of supplying them approaches. Then, again, while
the cotton is on the plantations it is lial)le to be stolen ;
and, furthermore, it cannot be insured, and is, therefore,
exposed to an absolute loss through fire from accident or
malice. Besides all this, no good purpose could be served
by holding on, for, if the planter really believed in liigher
prices for his staple later in the season, he could easily use
a portion of the proceeds of his sales in buying futures, a
far cheaper and safer way of carrying cotton.

PICETXG AND MARKETING. 159

Tliese reasons would seem to be unanswerable, so far as
the i)ast is concerned, and yet, clianging conditions may, to
some extent, eventually reverse this tendency. Planters
are every year becoming more independent of the influ-
ences whicla have heretofore forced them to hasten their
crop forward. Their cash capital is certainly nicreasmg,
and, consequently, not only are the needed supplies, each
succeeding year, bought less and less on credit, but the
practice of cultivating and picking on shares is 'passing out
of use. The abandonment of the latter custom is accele-
rated by a disposition among laborers to seek for cash
payment. Instances are noted the present season of freed-
men even abandoning the crop in which they had an
interest, to work for cash. As a class they are very
improvident, so that the prospect of future advantage has
little power to hold them as against money to supply the
wants of the moment. The planter also is each year
raising a ItWger proportion of the food products necessary
for the maintenance of his household, and approaching
more nearly the true ideal of the Southern farmer of
making cotton simply a surjilus crop. He is thus becoming,
in a measure, independent of the money lender, indepen-
dent of the laborer, and independent of the grocer, and to
that extent acquiring control of the cotton he has raised.
We experience too much of the disposition of other agri-
culturists to doubt that as he may he will liold back his
crop for higher priee.>, notwithstanding the many and ob-
vious benefits of marketing it early. As to the argument
growing out of the advantages of buying futures instead
of holding cotton, it does not apply in all cases, for very
many are on principle opposed to that kind of business,
and another large class, more especially the smaller pro-
ducers, know little about it. These considerations seem to
force one to the opinion that, under certain conditions of

IGO COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

tlie market, it is reasonable to expect, in the near future,
tliat the willingness or unwillingness of the planter to
sell, will, to some extent, control the early crop move-
ment.

At present the first positive influence which affects the
volume of receipts, is the early or late condition of the
plant. Upon this fact depends the movement, to a con-
siderable extent, during one or two months, and, conse-
quently, (other things being equal) the aggregate up to
Christmas. There is, however, always a disposition to
exaggerate the backwardness of a crop. It is frequently
stated that there is a difference of tlirea or four weeks in
this respect. The facts, however, woukl indicate that about
two weeks mark the extreme limits between an early
and a late season. Of course, this statement refers to
the general average in the same district. Some little
idea of the situation in this particular may be gath-
ered from a record of the first bloom. We have been
able to procure no regular late statistics ou this point
except the figures kept by the Mobile Prices Current.
Some other statements have been published, from time to
time, but as they appear to apply to no particular section,
but are given as an indication of condition for the whole
South, from the Rio Grande to the Potomac, we cannot
place any value upon them. At best, the first bloom is but
a faint guide, yet taken with other facts, forms a part of
the evidence, cumulative in character, which, as a whole,
should represent with considerable accuracy, from year to
year, the comparative maturity. The Mobile statement is
as follows, and applies simply to Alabama or its immediate
vicinity :

In 1877, the flrst bloom was from Sumter county Jmio 9

lu 1876. the lirst bloom wa.9 from Miirengo county Juno 9

In IST.j, tlie lirst bloom wa.s from Monroe county Juno 8

In 1874, the fir.st bloom was from Lowndes county Juno 3

PICKIXG AND MARKETING. IGl

In 1873, the first bloom June 11

In 1872, the first bloom June 4

I In 1871, the first bloom Jmie 9

In 1870, the first bloom June 11

I In 1869, the first bloom June 13

i In 1868, the first bloom June 1

I In 1867, the first bloom June 11

j In 1866, the first bloom June 23

[ A mere glance at the above suggests at once defective-
; ness in a conclusion founded upon it. And yet, such a
I thought may not do justice to this kind of evidence, for it
must be remembered that it applies simply to the district
named, and in substance says that the earliest portions of
I the last three crops there, were on June 8 at about the
1 same stage of growth This probably was true, inasmuch
j as the first bale was received at ^lobile the present year
I (1877) on August 11, in 1876 August 13, and m 1875
August 5. Granting this, we must conclude that with the
centres of this kind of information multiplied, some very
useful facts might be obtained. Our object, however, in
I introducing it now, is simply to illustrate the little differ-
ence in date it indicates between the earliest and latest
: crops. The extreme, if we omit 1866, is twelve days.
! But, as already stated, we do not claim for this evidence
'■' any great weight. A. much better and surer indicator is
found in the receipt of first bales and in the arrivals of
new cotton up to September 1 We have been at much
pains to prepare a statement on these two points for many
districts, as only through a multiplication of the centres
of observation can we draw any satisfactory conclusions.
, Complete records have not been kept except m a few
' cases; as, for instance, at New Orleans by the New Orleans
Prices Current, and at ]SIobile by the Mobile Prices Cur
rent. The facts we give, therefore, are derived from
various sources, in part from the local newspapers, in part
' from our own correspondents and from their old letters

162

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

wliicli we have on file, and in part from the Chronicle
reports. The compilation is as follows :

1871

1872. 1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

CharU'stou—
First ))ale rec'd.

Where from

Kecv'd to Sept. 1

Augusta-
First bale rec'd.

Where from

Recv'd to Sept. 1

Atlanta-
First balei'ec'd.

Where from

Eeev'd to Sept. 1

Savannah —

First Georgia

First Florida....
Recv'd to Sept. 1

Macon—
First bale rec'd .

Where fi-om

Recv'd to Sept. 1

Columbus, Gfa.
First bale rec'd.

Where from

Recv'd to Sept. 1

Montgomery-
First bale rec'd.

Where from

Kecv'd to Sept. 1

Mob.,e—
First bale rec'd.

Where from

Recv'd to Sept. 1

New Orleans-
First Te.\;a8

First Miss. Val.
Recv'd to Sept. 1

Shreveport —
First bale rec'd.

Where from

Recv'd to Sept. 1 1

Vicksburg—
First l)ale rec'd.

Where fi-oni

Recv'd to Sejrt. 1

Aug. 15

S. C.

Aug. 19

Aug.

S. C.

Aug. 10

Sept. 4 Sept. 5

Ga.

Noue.

Aug. 6
Aug. 6
871

Aug.ll
Ga.
20

Aug. 17
Ga.

Aug.ll
Ala.

287

Aug.l2
Ala.
40

July 27
11

Ga.

Noue.

.July 31

July 31

1,028

Aug 12
Ga.

212

Aug.
Ala.
124

Aug. 6
Ala.
217

Ala.
251

July 10
Aug. 4
1,641

Aug.21
La.

41

Aug. 19
8. G

Aug. 18
Ga.
568

Sept. 3
Ga.

None

Aug. 9

Aug. 10

1,254

Aug.l9
Ga.
304

Aug.ll
Ala.
67

Aug. 14
Ala.

288

Aug. 16
Ala.
47

July 10
Aug. 12
71

Aug.l9
La.
9

Aug. 13

S. C

Aug.lC
Ga.

22 (J

Sep. 14
Ga.

Noue.

Aug. (

Aug. ■;

1,421

Aug.l2
Ga.
195

Aug.
Fla.

Aug.ll
Ala.
190

Aug.l2
Ala.
175

July 13

Aug. 12

320

Aug. 13
La.
38

Aug. 14
S. C.

Aug. 1
Ga.
32

Ang.l4
Ga.

7

July 30
Aug.20
396

July 28
Ga.
506

Aug. 10
Fla.
51

Aug. 4
Ala.
247

Aug. 5

Ala

21

July 13
July 13
342

Aug. 7
La.
00

Aug. 13
S. C.

Aug. 17
8. C.
253

Aug. 2 2
Ga.
0

Aug. 2

Aug. 2
1,500

Aug. 2
Ga.

898

Aug. 9
Ga.
156

Aug.l2
Ala.
216

Aug.13
Ala.
114

July 10

Aug. 4

429

Aug. 6
La.
40

Aug.l4

Miss.
38

Aug.21

S. C.

'vug.27
S. C.
117

Aug. 2 8
Ga.

Aug. 7

Aug. 7

227

Aug. 3
Ga.
113

Aug.ll
Ala.
72

Aug. 10
Ala.
304

Aug.ll
Ala.
58

July 10

Aug. 10

419

Aug. 9
La.
50

Aug. 14

Miss.
46

PICKING AND MARKETING.

163

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875. 1 1876.

1877.

Col'bU!?, Miss.—

First bale rec'd.

Aug. 8

Aiig.29

Aug.21

Aug.28 Ang.l7

.\ug.24

Where frum

Miss.

Miss.

Miss.

Miss.

Miss.

Miss.

Kecv'd to Sept. 1

Nashville-

First bale rec'd.

Allg.22

Aug.22

Aug. 15

Sept. 3

Aug.30

Sept. 4

W'hei-e liom

Teim.

Teuu.

Teuu.

Teuu.

Teini.

Teuu.

Recv'd to Sept. 1

None.

1

None.

Memphis—

Fii'st bale re«'d-

Ausj. 3

Aug. 16

Aug.22

Aug. 12

Aug. 23

Aug.23

Sept. 1

AVhere from.....

Ark.

Ala.

Miss.

Miss.

Ark.

Miss.

Miss.

From Temi

Aug. 23

Aug. 12

RccVd to Sept. 1

20

75

28

86

48

1

Galveston—

First bale rec'd .

Jill J- 21

July 16 July 10

July 9

July 16

July 7

July 13

Where from

Rio G.

Rio G. Rio G.

Rio G.

RioG.

RioG.

Rio G.

KecVd to Sept. 1

1,967

7,975 1,989

2,706

6,218

5,282

1,051

To bring the result.s l)efore us more distinctly, we have
also classified and separated the above by first grouping
together the dates of the arrivals of first bales, and after
that the arrivals of new cotton to September 1.

Date of Receipt of First Bule.

1871. 1872.

1873.

1874. 1875. 1876. I 1877

8. Carolina—

( haiiestuu .- .
Georgi 1—

Augusta

Atlanta

Savauuaii —

From (ia

" Fla...

Macon ... . ..

Coliiuibus .. ..
Alabama —

Mcmtgomery .

Mobile

Louisiana —

New Oi'lean.s —

From Texas.

•• Miss.Val

Sarcvepiirt ...
Mississippi —

Vicksliurg.. ..

Columbus

Tennessee —

Nasliville

Memphis

Texas-

Galveston

,\ug.l5

Aug.
Sept.

Aug.
Au.g.
Aug.
Aug.

19

Aug. 7 Aug.l9 Aug.l3

Aug.l4 Aug. 13 Aug.21

Aug.lO Aug.18 Aug.l6 Aug. l;Aug.l7 Aiig.27

4, Sept. 5 Sept. 3 Sep. 14

Aug.l4 Aug.22 Aug.28

6!jiilv31Aug. UlAug. 6 July 30, Aug. 2 Aug. 7

6 JulV 31 Aug.lO Aug. 7Aug.20lAug. 2iAug. 7

lliAug.l2 Aui,'.19,Aug.l2 Jilly28 Aug. 2,.A.ug. 3

17 Aug. — Aug.ll Aug. SlAug.lO Aug. 9jAug.ll

Aug.ll Aufi
Aug.l2 Aufl

6 Aug. 14

7 Aug. 16

July2:

Aug.23
July 21

July 10 July 10
Autr. 4 Aug. 12
Aug.21 1 Aug. 19

.ll|Au°
.12 1 All"

July 13i July 13
Aiig.l2 Julvl3
Aug. 13 Aug. 7

-lug. 8|Aug.29 Aug.21

.\ug.22|Aug.22|Aug.l5
Aug.l6 ' Aug.22 1 Aug.l2

July 16 July lo! July 9

Aug.28

Sept. 3
Aug.23

July 16

.\ug.l2
Aug. 13

Aug.lO
Aug.ll

July 10 July 10
Aug. 4 Aug.lO
Aug. 6 Aug. 9

Aug. 14
Aug. 17

Aug. 30
Aug.23

July 7

Aug. 14
Aug.24

Sept.
Sept.

July 13

This statement would indicate that the earliest portion in
each section of the present crop vfas about a week later

164

COTTON FROM SEED TO L002L

than last year's crop, and from one to two weeks later than
that of the previous 3-ear. The arrivals of new cotton to
September 1, were as follows for the years named :

.VURH

'.iLS OF

NEW COTTON

TO SKPT. 1.

1871.

1872.

1873.

1874.

1875.

1876.

1877.

Augusta, Ga

AtliUitii, Ga.

275

None.

771

20

220

None.

1,028

212

121

217

251

1,641

41

"75
.5,975

568
None.
1,254

304

288
47
71

y

1,9^9

None.

1,421

195

74

190

175

320

38

■■"28
2,706

32

7

396

506

51
247
212
342

66

""""86
6,218

253

6

1,500

898

156

216

114

429

40

38

1

48

5,282

117

3

227

113

Columbus, Ga

72

Moutgonierv, Ala

Mobile, Ala'.

New Oilean.s, La

Slirevt'ixirt, La

287
40
22

304

58

419

56

Viclisbnrg, Miss

Naslnilk-, Tenu

Menipliis, Teau

Galveston, Tex

" "26
1,967

46

None.

1

1,051

Total all ports to
Sept. 1

3,402

9,784

4,597

5,373

8,163

8,981

2,467

This statement gives us a total of new cotton at all these
points of 2,467 bales to September 1, this year, against 8,981
bales to the same day in 1876, and 8,163 bales m 1875,
which is simply corroborative of the conclusions drawn
from the previous table. Slill another means for obtaining
an indication on the same question is by a comparison of
the weeks of smallest receipts at the ports, as we have done
in the following :

WEIiKS OF SMALLEST RECEIPTS FOR YE.\R8 NAMED.

Year.

Week ending-

Quantity
received.

In 1870,
lu 1871

smallest receipts were

August 18
August 18
August 8
August 29
August 14
August 13
August 4
August 17

5,287
7,630

In 1872
In 1873,

smallest receipts were

1,178
8,237

In 1874,
In 1875.
In 1876,

smallest receipts were

smallest receipts were

4,054
1,541
5,153

In 1877,

smallest receipts were

1,733

One fact appears to be brought out by all these com-
pai'isons, and that is that the extreme difference between
an early and a late crop is about two weeks. Still, the
effect on the receipts of even ten days' difference is very
considerable, showing itself through many weeks. The

PICKma AND 2IAIIKET1XG.

165

following statement of September percentages in a meas-
ui'e illusti'ates this.

SEPTEMBER PERCENTAGES OF TOTAL POUT RECEIPTS.

Day of Mouth.

1872.

1873.

1S74.

1875.

1876.

1

S.
0011
00-15
00 22
00-28
00-39
00-17

S.
00-04
00-78
OO-ill
01-01
01-21
01-33

S.
01-58
01-92
02-11
02-32
02-58
02-82

S.
0314
03-55
03-7.S
04-04
04-39
04-65 .

S.
0506

00-04
00-08
0013
00-17
00-23
00-27

8.
00-36
00-42
00-47
00-,) 3
00-61
00-68

S.
00-81
00-91
01-01
01-12
01-27
01-35

8.
01-50
01-76
01-89
02 07
02-27
02-45

S.
02-74
03-03

00-03
00-06
00- 11
00- 16
00-22

S.
00-32
0038
00-43
00-51
00-60
00-69

S.
00-86
01-00
01-12
01-23
01-41
01-60

S.
01-90
02-08
02-30
02-49
02-74
02-99

S.
03-36
03-50
03-84

00-02
00-05
00-10
0013

8.
00-22
00-30
00-37
00-46
00-55
00-63

8.
00-80
00-95
01-08
01-21
01-36
01-49

8.
01-70
01-S6
02-05
02-25
02-49
02-73

8.
03-14
03-44
03-73
04-03

00-05

2

00 09

3

8.

4

00-10

5

00-28

a

7

00-36
00-44

8 ;...

(iO-53

9

00-65

10

11

12

13

8.

00-88
00-99
01-19

14

15

01-34
01-53

Ifi

01-72

17

8.

18...

1}»

02-06

02-32

20

02-58

21....

02-82

<>'->

03-12

23

03-46

24

8.

03-95

2(5

04-28

27

04-65

28 ;

29

05-00
05-49

30

05-87

The foregoing percentages would furnish, as the month
closes, an expression of the relative maturity of the dif-
ferent crops, were it not that other conditions coming
in sensibly affect the movement to the ports. Prominent
among these we may mention the character of the picking
season, v.diich begins early to exert an influence, and may
finally become a very important consideration. This has
been the case this fall, and the same agencies were
also active as an obstructive force in the year of 1875,
when the crop was generally early. Very excessive rains
both seasons cut out so many picking days, that every
fair moment was of necessity devoted to gathering and
housing the cotton, to the neglect of ginning and baling.
This di-sposition of the planter is decidedly increased in
case the crop is a late one ; for in that event general pick-

=.i

IciG COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ing has of course to begin late, and a subsequent loss of
days by rain or otherwise, must compel a more eager
improvement of what is left, to the exclusion of other work.
On the other hand, with the crop early and the picking
season fine, the labor on the farm proceeds in a regular
routme, without interruption, and, other things being equal,
the movement to the ports will be rapid.

Another important consideration affecting the receipts
is the height of the water in the navigable streams of
the Southwest. Formerly tins was a point of very decided
consequence. But the great expansion in the railroad net
work since the war has made it a less controlling influ-
ence. Still, even at the present time there ai'e extensive
regions having no means of marketing their cotton other
than the navigable rivers and bayous. After a very dry
summer, many of these streams, including at times some
of the larger ones, fall so low that the smallest steamboats
cannot navigate them, and they remain in this condition
for weeks. The plantei's and factors who are dependent
upon them have no alternative but to wait until the
autumn rains cause a rise of water. It often happens,
however, that navigation remains suspended or obstructed
during all or most of the winter; in such instances the
spring rains give those sections their earliest relief, render-
ing possible then for the first time the marketing of their
reserves of cotton. It becomes very necessary, therefore,
for the observer to know the condition of these rivers
each season. Very little, however, can be learned on
this point, except by comparison with previous seasons.
We have, therefore, compiled the following from the
montlily reports of the Signal Service Bureau. It will be
noticed that wc include the data for points on the Upper
Mississippi and Missouri rivers ; this is done principally
for comparison when future floods threaten.

PICKING AND MARKETING.

107

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170

COTTOy FROM SEED TO LOOM.

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riCKTXG A^D MAItKETIXG.

171

The foregoing tables show the position of the rivers
named for the past four years. The object for inckuiing
the northern stations was, as stated above, that our readers
may have in their possession the condition of tlie rivers in
those districts at times of previous floods, so as to be able
to judge better of any future similar conditions. As vv-e
are, however, now considering the influences affecting the
movement of the crop during the fall months, the principal
facts from these tables which shed light on that point for
that period may be usefully brought together for comparison.

HEIGnT KIVERS AIJOVE LOW WATER, OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1873-77.

STATIOXS.

MississiiJjti.
St. Louis 1877

1876....

1875....

,1874....

1873....
Cairo r..l877

1876....

1S75....

1874. . . .

1873 ...
Memphis 1 877

1876....

1875....

1874....

1873....
Vicksburg 1877....

1876....

1875....

1874....

1873....
2fe^ Orleans... 1877* ..

1876*...

1875*...

1874*...

1873*...
Red Hirer.
ShrcTcpdrt 1877

1876....

1875....

1874....

1873....

October.

Higb'st Lowest
Ft. III. Ft. lu.

12 10
14 9
14 O

8 10
7 5

11 4
22 3
14 4

7 10

6 0
711

17 11

13 7
5 10
3 0

{

25 0

22 1

y 0

5 0

11 2

9 5

8 10

13 0

12 4

16 4

7 2

14 0
11 3

8 5

GIO
9 6

7 10
711

4 6
3 8
3 2
7 O

5 10
3 9
2 1

]

11 6
9 8
5 6
2 7

14 C

November.

Higb'st Lowest
Ft. In. Ft. In.

13 10

13 3

8 4

7 6

8 6
19 1
13 4

U 21 10

12 1

14 9

12 6

10 10

16 4

6 9

8 7

20 1

14 5

16 0

6 1

10 10

11 1

14 4

15 4
14 4

2 6

3 9
6 9
6 11

4 3

12 8
14 0

13 1

23 3
6 6
6 7
9 6

13 3

9 9
9 9

5 3

6 3

4 8
10 4

9 0

5 10
3 0

6 0

7 11

7 9

5 2

1 11

2 4

10 11

11 5

8 0

3 0
2 11

13 2

14 4

14 10

15 8
14 5

17 5
2 8
2 10

4 7

6 3

December.

Hi-

ll'St

Low't.

Ft.

In.

Ft. In.

16

9

9 5

14

2

6 9

7

4

3 11

7

8

3 4

16

4

4 6

24

4

14 4

12

4

0 3

29

3

13 1

16 11

6 10

34

6

14 5

16 10

10 2

9

2

2 1

19

9

11 4

9 11

4 11

27

0

8 2

26

5

19 7

13

1

3 11

25

0

16 9

11

3

6 6

35

5

6 6

8

8

11 3

13

8

16 2

10

3

13 10

13

6

15 5

5

0

13 4

24

1

20 8

6

9

4 0

12

6

2 11

12

4

7 3

22

8

12 5

Below bigh water mark.

t Receded from guage.

172 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

The comparison furnished in the above between ISTp
an.l 1877 will ba founl instructive.*

But still another fact remains to be considered; for,
notwithstanding late crops, poor picking seasons, and low
rivers, there appears hitherto to have been, as wo have
already seen, an almost constant increase from year to year,
down to the present season, in the rapidity with which
cotton has been marketed. In 1S7G-7 half of the port
receipts had reached the ports December 8, 1876, while in
1870-71 it was not till January 18, 1871, that the same
percentage had been moved. The possibility of such a
change is wiiolly due to the extension and increased
capacity of Southern railroads. Though of very late
years the number of miles of road has not been greatly
added to, the carrying capacity has been steadily enlarged.
Of course, cotton cannot be brought forward faster than the
railroads can move it. So it is always an important ques-
tion how much can the roads carry ? Last crop year we
had a pretty fair test of their capacity during the first few
months. But to say that no more can be brought to the
ports m any one month now, than was then, would be mis-
leading, because even if we admit that they did their
utmost during those months, there is and always must be
growth — very slow in miles probably for some years to
come, but, as the business demands it, there will l)e further
large additions to rolling-stock.

With these suggestions and explanations, we may now
witli profit recall the surroundings of each crop since 1871
during the picking season, and notice the helps and hin-
drances which hastened or retarded the movement to the
ports. Briefly stated, they are as follows:

* In above tables as to height of rivers, Now Orleans is I'eportctl below
higli-water mark of 1871 until Sept. 9, '74, when tlie zero of gauge was
changed to high-water mark of April 15 anil IG, '74, Avliieli is six-tentlis
of a foot above 1871, or sixteen feet above low-water mark at that point.

TICKING AND ^lAnKETIXO. 173

1871. — First. The crop was spotted, some ripening
early, which made the receipt of first l^ales misleading, as
the most of the crop was late, Georgia being very late,
^lacon correspondent telegraphed Sept. 9 that rcseipts to
Sept. 1 of new cotton had only been twenty bales. Sep-
tember receipts were therefore small. Second. — No
special influences after September affected the movement
to the ports, except so far as the closeness of the money
market, which was increased by the Chicago fire Oct. 8,
tended to hasten it.

1S72. — The crop was decidedly earlier, and September
receipts were therefore lai'ge, but the picking and move-
ment to the ports were after that checked : first, by the
general election and its after influence; second, by low
state of the rivers; third, and mainly by the epizootic
which ran all through the South and put an embargo on
all commerce.

187.3. — First. The crop was late, and therefore the
early receipts, especially in September, were small.
Second. — The yellow fever appeared at Shreveport in an
unusually virulent form, and was an epidemic over a
considerable section in the Southwest, and also for a
time at Montgomery, Ala., and elsewhere ; this also
checked shipments to the ports. Third. — The pr,nic, which
occurred the last of September, was the influence of great-
est importance ; its effect being to derange the exchanges
and make the obtaining of currency so nearly impossililo
as to clog the cotton movement for many weeks very
materially ; later (but not till December) relief came
through the same money pressure forcing the planters
and factors to push forward their cotton, as the actual
delivery was the only way of obtaining money.

1874. — First. The crop was generally earlier than tlie
last one, the drought hastening the maturity, and conse-

374 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

quently tli:e early movement was large. Second. — The
rivei's tributary to New Orleans were very low; ordinarily
tins would have considerably checked the movement, but,
for reasons stated below, it was of less importance than
the same situation ever was before. Thii-d. — Splendid
weather made this an unusually favorable season for mov-
ing merchandise; the roads were so good that in absence
of high water in the rivers it was possible for cotton to be
carried, and it was carried, very long distances, to ship by
railroads. Fourth. — An inducement for extraordinary
vigilance in pushing forwai'd the crop existed in the
unusual necessities of the j^lanters. The panic of 1873
rendered it impossible for the factors to- make the ordinary
advances, so that the producers were under a pressure
never before felt, to get money to procure even family
supplies. On the first of December thei'^ were about
350,000 bales more of the crop in sight than there was of
the preceding crop at the same* date, although the year's
yield was 337,000 bales less.

1875. — First. The crop over a considerable section was
later (especially where the drought of 1874 was severest),
but in a large portion of the South it was earlier than the
previous one. Second. — The panic year of 1873 was the
turning point in crop-raising in the South; since then it
has been carried on much less on credit, because ad^'^nces
could not be obtained, and consequently tlie producers
have been under much greater pressure than formerly to
push their cotton forward early, so as to lay in supplies —
such was the ease in 1S75. Third. — But the picking and
marketing season was bad, the rains being very excessive,
more like 1877 than any year in our record^ and to some
considerable extent this checked marketing.

187G. — First, The crop was all of it earlier than in
IS 74, being in August at about the same point of maturity

PICKING ASD MARKETING. 173

as the earlier portion of 1875, and in September the open-
ing of the bolls was further hastened by the liot, dry,
forcing weather, so that the first weeks of the season the
movement was large. Second. — There was a very marked
improvement on 1875 in subsequent weather, it being
decidedly favorable for rapid gathering and marketing
purposes. Third. — The crop, like those of 1874 and 1875,
was largely raised without the advances usual previous to
the panic of 1873, and a similar necessity therefore acted
upon producers for hurrying it to market.

1877. — First. The crop was late, generally believed to
be in August two weeks later than the previous year,
making September receipts small. Second. — The picking
and marketing season was very bad, e.specially in the
West and Southwest, and, as above stated, more like 1875
than any other year in our record, the temperature being
moderate and the rain excessive. Third. — The condition
of the planters as to advances was about the same as for
the previous year, but some claim that very many (f them
have a less urgent need for money, as their resources are
increasing.

We see from this review that in the past the crop move-
ment has always been under the control of well defined
influences. (1) The first in importance and weight has
been the necessity to pay debts, settle accounts and obtain
supplies — pressing needs not admitting of delay or. post-
ponement. (2) Next comes the maturity of the crop,
either hastening or delaying, but generally only during
early weeks. (3) This latter influence, however, is soon
swallowed up by the greater one, the character of the pick-
ing season, either rainy or fair. (4) Tlien we have the
other special conditions, such as height of rivers, the
epizootic of 1872 and the panic of 1873, &c. As in the
past these facts have determined the movement, so will

17G

COTTOX FliOM SEED TO LOOM.

they in the future, except so far as the changed circum-
stances of the planters may remove the stimulus for
pushing cotton forward.

With these explanations and suggestions, the reader is
in position discreetly to forecast the movement of any
j crop, through the fall and winter months, if he will only
inform liimself accurately with regard to the peculiarities
of the season on the points we have specified, and use
the tables which are given below for comparison.

MOXTHLY MOVEMENT OF THE CROP.

The followmg shows the comparative monthly receipts
for five years, and the percentages received at the begin,
ning of each month of total port receipts and of total crop.

Montlilj' Receipts.

September
October . . .
November .
December.

Total to Jau. 1
Jauuary

Year beginning September 1.

1S76.

236,
675,
901,

787,

868
260
392
769

Total to Feb. 1 .
February

Total to March 1.
March

Total to April 1.
April

Total to May 1.
May

Total to June 1.
June

Total to July 1..
July

Total TO Auiriist 1 .

August

Corrections

Total to Sept. 1.

1,601,
500,

289
680

,101,
419,

,551,

182,

909
686

655
937

,734,
100,

592
194

,834,
6S,

786
939

,903,
36,

030

,939,
17,

631

3,9"

,386
,462
,293

1,0*8,141

1875.

169
610
740

821

077
,316
,116
,177

;,340
C37

1874.

134,
536,
676,
759,

376
968
295
036

,686 2,106,
,067 444,

2,977,
479.

753
801

3,457,
300,

554

128

3,757,
163,

682
593

3,921,
92

275
600

1,013,

42,

4,056
29

,109
422

4,085
33
71

,531
,626
,985

675
052

2,550.
383,

324

2,934,
251.

051
433

3,185.
133,

484
508

3,319,

81,

3,400,
56.

082
780

862
010

3,456,
17

,872
064

3,473,

13,

9,

936
524
709

4,191,1423,497,169

1873.

115,255
355,323
576,103
811,668

1,858,349 1
702,168

1872.

184,744
444,003
530,153
524,975

,683,875
569,430

2,560,517

482,688

3,043,205
332,703

3,375,908
173,986

1,253,305
462,552

1,715,857
309,307

:,025,164
213,879

3,549,
127,

894
346

3,677,
59

240
"Ol

3,730,
31,

741
856

,244,043
173, (J93

,41", 730
72,602

,49n,338
83,515

3,768,597
,394
99

,573,853
46,467
31,026

12,
3,804,290 3,651,346

Year's port rcceipt.s.

Overlaud

Southern consump'n

Year's total crop. .

,038,
300,
147,

141
282
000

1,485,423

1,191
333
115

142
,146
000

3,497,
205,
130,

169
339
483

4,669,288 3,832,991

3,804,
237,

128,

290
572
520

,651,346
141,500
137,062

4,170,388 3,930,508

FICKIXG AXD MARKETIXG.

177

1 1870.

1875.

1874.

1873.

1872.

Per cent of total port

receipts to Jaii. 1 . .

G4-4-2

55-84

60-24

48-84

46-11

Ter cent of total port

receipts to Feb. 1.

70-82

71-05

72-93

67-30

01-71

Percent of total port

receipts to Mar. 1.

87-95

82-49

83-89

79-99

74-38

Per cent of total port

receipts to April 1.

92-48

89-66

91-08

88-74

82-85

Per cent of total port

receipts to May 1.

94-96

93-56

94-90

93-31

88-84

Percent of total port

receipts to June 1 .

9G-o7

95-77

97-24

96-66

93-60

Percentof U;t:ilpc)rt

receipts to July 1.

97-5G

96-77

98-84

98-22

95-59

Per cent of total port

receipts to Aug. 1.

98-00

97-48

99-33

99 06

97-87

Per cent of total crop

to Jan. 1

57-99

50-13

54-96

44-56

42-83

Percent of total crop

to Feb. 1

69-16

63-77

66-54

61-39

5732

Per cent of total c;op

to March 1

79-18

74-04

76-54

75-37

69-09

Per cent of total crop

to April 1

83-26

80-47

83-10

80-94

76-96

Per cent of total crop

to May 1 -:

85-49

83-98

86-59

85-12

82-03

Per cent of total crop

to June 1

87 03

85-96

88-72

88-17

86-95

Percent of total crop

to July 1

87-83

86-86

90-18

89-60

88-80

Per cent of total crop

to Aug. 1

88-23

87-49

90-63

90-36

90-92

Half the port re-
ceipts received

Dec. 8

Dec. 20.

Dec. 15

Jan. 2.

Jan. 8.

Ou which clay re-
ceipts wen^

2,032,132

2,090,674

1,745,630

1,909,958

1,822,525

Half the total crop
received

Dec. 16

Dec. 30.

Dec. 22.

Jan. 11. Jan. 16.

Ou which day re-
ceipts were

2,253,747

2,330,07()

1,916,767

2,083,115 1,978,164

The reasons for the varying dates at which lialf the
port receipts and half tlie crop had been received in the
years named, have been set out above.

DAILY RECEIPTS AND DAILY PERCENTAGES FOR FIVE YEARS.

We now give our statement of the total arrivals at the
ports each day for five years, and the percentage which liad
been up to the close of each day received of total port
receipts for the same years.

178

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

-* _H -i< I- 1- 1- c;r:;icx'M M-f — r~i- -? l- t -^s -Mr: -*m

o ,

-o

o

x" t- -_x ^ ^.-13!: ^.'^.'\~i".*.^ "-I^.^.i":^.— .^ ^.^.'^.'".1":L-jk o o

01

X'

C'^cicic-ici si-7"Oxoc3 X"t^-f-H» xo^sexx -#5^

10

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* 51
6

186

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

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1S8 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

The foregoing tables make tinnecessary the usual state-
ment of weekly receipts. In fact, as tlie corresponding
weeks of two succeeding years end on succeeding days of
the month, there is always a difference, when a series of
years are given, of several days in the comparison between
the close of the week of the first and last year. The daily
and monthly movements are, therefore, the only compila-
tions that are not misleading.

MARKETS AXD PRICES. 189

CHAPTER VIII.

SPOT AND FUTURE MAEIvETS
AND PEICE8.

•Cliauges l« tlie cotton trade— Routes by -wlaicli cotton was marketed
preTious to the war — New York's position dui'ing same period —
Changes the war made in rontes— Receipts and sales at New York
since — Fnture-delivery business — Future sales for eight years —
Reasons why business in futures is a necessity to the trade—Could
not be discontinued— The new arrangement as to weight of 100 bales
adopted by Liverpool conference — Prices of futures for seven
years— Change-s in mode of quoting siwt cotton, how and when
made — Spot quotations for seven jears.

The cotton trade in this country has made ver;" rapid
progress in organization and working-power during late
years. Previous to the war there was but little unity of
feeling or of action, and no market of any considerable
importance, outside of the Southern States, except New
York ; and even Xew York held a position of comparative
insignificance. Xew Orleans was then, as now, the leading
port for marketing the crop, Mobile coming next, and
Savannah and Charleston following them, some years
Savannah and some years Charleston taking the precedence.
The following statement indicates the percentage of the
year's yield which the net movement at each port bore to
the total movement, from 1854-55 to 1860-61. It will be
seen that, according to it, in 1860-61 New Orleans mar-
keted 45-78 per cent of the total; Mobile, 14-29 per cent;
Savannah, 12-48 per cent; Charleston, 8-79 per cent; and

190

COTTUX FnOZI SEED TO LOOM.

the other ports a muck less amount, varying from 3-79 per
cent to 1-47 j^er cent.

PERCENTAGE OF RI-TCEIPTS.

Rkceipts at—

1854-5

1855-6

1856-7

1857-8

1858-9

'59-60.

'60-61.

Wilniingtou.&c.N.C.

00-89

00-72

00-89

00-74

00-94

00-85

Oi-47

Korftjlk, &c., Va

01-06

00-5G

00-78

00-76

00-83

01-18

02-04

Cliarlestoa, &c., S. C.

17-03

13-61

1298

12-54

12-03

10-57

08-79

Savannah, Ga

12-91

10-63

10-54

08-74

11-91

10-89

12-43

A palacliicola, &e. ,Fla

04-C6

03-:)G

■04-47

03-78

01-34

04-00|' 03-lT

Mobile, Ala

15-50

1810

16-46

16-13

17-<i3

17-48| 14-20

Neve Orleans, La.,&c.

42-04

45-58

46-95

48-67

41-79

44-35 45-78

Galveston, <fcc.,Tex..

02-75

03-18

02-94

01-48

04-81

05-23 03-79

Total at porta

9(5-81

96-39

96-01

95-84

94-28

94-55 91-81

Overlanrl from Teun.

00-26

00-39

00-lG

00-30

02-14

02-25 03-75

From plantations bj

Sontli'u consumers.

02-90

03-22

03-83

03-36

03-58

03-20 04-44

Total crop U.S

100-00

100-00

100-00 100-00

100-00 100-OOJ 100-00

Even during the period covered by tlie above table^
New York handled annually several hundred thousand
bales, mainly received from the Southern outports, the
movement overland being very small. To illustra,te the
situation and position this city then held in the ti-ade, we
give the New York receipts, exports and purchases here
for home consumption, from September 1, 1849, to Sep-
tember 1, 1861:

COTTON MOVEMENT AT NEW YORK.

Total
Receipts.

Exports to

Sales

Years.

Great
Britain.

All

other

Coimtrie.s.

Total.

for

Cunsmnp-

tioii.

1849-50...

481,933

200,113

114,687

314,800

167,138

1850-51....

429.742

184,517

130,980

321,497

108,245

1851-52...

537,115

218,771

121,000

339,771

197,344

1852-53...

487,082

207,586

74,6.57

282,243

204,839

1853-54...

450,473

245,621

82,3.50

327,971

122,502

1854-55...

509,136

200,889

78,328

279,217

229,919

1855-56

424,712

181,045

75,419

256,464

168,248

1856-57...

402,625

143.938

50,617

194, .55 5

208,070

1857-58 ...

351,597

110,721

39,3(>8

1.50,029

201, .568

1358-59....

435,269

120,648

70,970

191,618

243,651

1859-60....

463,433

117,630

81,828

199,458

263,975

1860-61....

435,261

157,381

89,339

246,720

188,541

Total...

5,408,383

2,088,860

1,015,483

3,104,343

2.304,040

These figures represent the gross movement, not the

net

irARKETS AKD PRTCES.

191

movement, and show the average gross receipts for the
twelve years to have been 450,099 bales. With the break-
ing out of the war and the closing of the Southern ports, this
movement fell off, of course, because there was compara-
tively little cotton marketed ; but during that period a
much larger proportion of the total supply of American
staple reached spinners tlirough this city than before the
war. The nature of this change in the trade may be seen
from a statement of receipts, sales to home spinners, and
exports here and total receipts of American cotton in
Europe, from 180 1-2 to 1SG4-5.

NEW YORIC UIXKIPTS AND EXPOUTS, S.VLES TO SPINNERS, AND EUROPEAN
RECEIPTS OF A.MERICAN COTTON, 18ijl-18l)5.

Year.

Keceij)ts

fit

New York.

Total

Exports

from

New York.

Sales to
Spiniura

at
N(!W York.

Receipts of
Americau

Cottou
ill Europe.

1861-G2

1862-G3

Bales.
115,427
204,229
281,794
391,635

Bales.
9,328
27,052
30,954
54,203

JJal< 8.
125,(00
170,000
225,000
316,000

Ijales.

502,000

133,000

1863-G4 ....'.

242,000

1864-65

236,000

When the war closed, the route overland, which the
blockade of the Southern ports had up to that time made
necessary, continued m favor for the marketing of the
crops of a considerable section. In fact, for a time a
change back to the old routes was impossible, on account
of the condition of the Southern railroads. But even after
the old communications were restored and new connections
made, the movement north, across the Mississippi and
Ohio, received but a temporary check, growing subse-
quently even into larger proportions. As our readers are
aware, however, only part, not to exceed 20 per cent, of
the overland receipts, now pass through New York, the
remainder going to other northern cities or direct to spin-
ners. All other New York arrivals come through the
Southern outports, the total gross movement since Septem-

19:

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ber 1, 18G5, being as follows. We add, also, the stocks,
exports, and takings for home consumption, but do not
include in this table, nor m that for the ante-war period
sales of spot cotton on speculation, as they were, for most
of the time, very imperfectly reported.

RECEIPTS, STOCK AND SALKS OF

COTTON AT NEW YORK.

Stock

Stock

begiu-

Ecceipts

close

Cousuuip-

Sales

\eai'.

uiiig

for jear.

of

tiou.

Exiiorted

for the.

j-ear.

year.

year.

18G5-(J(>

40,000

863,497

88,042

319,393

495,402

814,855

18U(;-G7

88,642

674,232

41,497

251,709

469,008

721,377

18U7-(;8

41,497

632,328

23,4-10

275,051

374,734

050,385

1808-G9

23,440

002,780

7,307

331,015

327,838

058,853

1869-70

7,3G7

780,017

12,984

380,099

413,701

794,400

1870-71

12,984

1,101,591

38,875

407,742

007,958

1,075,700

1S71-7J

3S,S75

738,520

27,027

377 303

37;?,071

750,3;4

1872-73

27,027

1,005,080

1.7,746

411,403

573,498

9S4,961

1573-74

47,740

975,750

50,043

48 ! ,857

485,596

907,45.3

1874-75

50,043

805,012

34,712

381,771

445,172

820,943

1875-7(1

34,712

943,491

61,207

419,502

49-1,374

913,930

1870-77

64,267

959,955

07,402

522,002

434,158

950,820

Tot.-il . .

10,143,459

4,500,827

5,555,230

10,110,057

According to this statement the average of receipts for
the twelve years endmg September 1, 1877, was 845,288
bales, against an average of 450, G99 bales for the twelve
years endmg September 1, 1861. But such an exhibit m no
measure portrays the actual change which has taken place
m the relative position of this market, or in the spirit and
character of the trade, as it indicates only the dealings for
export and consumption m cotton actually handled, and
does not represent how the methods of conducting business
have been by degrees modified, during the war and since,
until the entire system has become essentially new. The
truth IS. speculative operations have gradually, constantly
and (comparing the earliest and latest dates) so very largely
incrensed, that now even spot transactions, which with
transit cotton were until recently the only transactions,
have come under the influence and almost under the con-
trol of sales for future delivery. To set out the history of

IMAREETS AXD PRICES.

193

this growth, and to give an idea of its present pi'oportions,
we have brouglit togetlier the actual niontlily transactions
in futures in New York since 1870, made up from the
daily cotton circular. Undoubtedly, in the last year or two,
these sales have been more fully reported, so that the totals
do not alisolutely represent the growth.

JIONTHI.Y S.\LE.S FOR FUTURE DELIVERY.

Yoar

! Year

! Year

Year

aiul

i Bales.

aud

Bales.

aud

Bales.

and

Bale-s.

MMith

;M'nth

M-ntli

M-utli

1876.

1S70.

1872.

1874.

Jim...

50.167

.Tau..

450,800

Jan..

642,150

Jan. .

505,500

Fc'i...

66,60.'-3

Feb..

480,900

Fe!) ..

409,450

Feb..

5 8,600

Mar'h

9S,.342

Mar .

479,350

Mar .

517,750

Mar..

701,650

April.

39,722

April

309,300

Avrll

471,700

April

677,900

May .

70,17.-^

May

417 650

May

608,050

May .

908,500

Juue.

67,233 J

June.

455,800

June.

655,900

June.

523,800

July..

51,401

July

492,100

July.

431,400

July.

395,900

Aug..

48,883

Aug..

325,-Ao

Aug .

556,400

Aug.

557,700

Sept .

89,883

Sept

497,300

Sept .

520,850

Sept .

410,500

Oct...

200,585

Oct..

433,900

Oct. .

748,400

Oct. .

441,100

Nov..

189,025

Nov .

r-08,100

Nov.

566,500

Nov.

696,300

Doc. .

237,125
1,209,149 j

Dec.

406,700

Dec.

937,250

Dee. .

475,300

5,317.550

7,125,800

6,862,750

1871

1873.

1875.

1877.

Jan...

219,375

Jan..

413,050

Jau .

651,700

Jau. .

877,200

Feb.

241,450

Feb ..

341, (!50

Feb..

537,700

Feb..

1,324,300

Mai'ii

447,700

Mar .

739,850

Mar.

588,700

Mar. .

1,948,200

April.

153,690

April

380,500

April

891,850

April

1,203,100

May .

3.-)0,183

May .

373,550

May .

723,400

May .

998,200

June.

331,450

June.

404,000 ^

June.

809,500

' June.

996,600

July..

273,000

July.

326,400

July.

699,850

July.

019,600

Aug..

327,600

Aug..

313,150

Aug .

468,750

Aug .

889,900

Sept .

350,750

Sept.

366,950

Sept .

596,200

Sept .

941,100

Oct...

450,350

Oct. .

434,550

Oct. .

883,700

Oct. .

1,161,500

Nov ..

343,314

Nov .

551,500

Nov .

500,700

Nov. .

1,099,300

Dec...

370,050
3,858,912

Dec. .

458,100

Dec. .

447,200

Dec. .

1,389,200

5,103,250

7,799,250

13,548,200

We here see that calling the present crop 4,300,000
bales, the future sales in New York during tlu^ last twelve
months were about three times the total year's ])roduction,
representing, at 10c. per pound, an aggregate value of
about $598,400,000.

Yet this is not the whole measure of the change recent

104 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

times liavG witnessed; a feature perhaps even more sur-
prising, the twin growth of tliis future-Jehvery business,
is the efiort made and the expense incurred in obtaining
facts of interest to the trade, and the wonderful extent
and accuracy of those facts. In the ante-war times the
only interchange of thought was between a few brokers
who were accustomed from day to day to meet on
'Change and communicate to each other points of infor.
mation. Out of it all,however, nothing could be gathered
sufficient even to form an official market. Different news-
papers often varied widely in their quotations. The
Journal of Commerce published the prices made up by
one firm of cotton brokers, the Courier and Enquirer those
made by another firm, and the Herald those of still
another. When, in IS 65, the Chroxicle began the first
effort at organization, by grouping together cotton intelli-
gence from all parts of the world in a weekly report,
although judged by present standards the early effort was
comparatively meagre, yet it was a considerable advance
and an indication of an existing want which has since
found expression in the establishment of Cotton Exchanges
all through the country, and in the remarkable growth of a
complete system of obtaining information. How visionaiy
would the man have been thought who, in 1866, when the
cable was first laid, should have prophesied that the trade
here would in a few years be in the receipt of several
reports a day by cable from Liverpool, Manchester, Havre,
kc, and by telegraph from all Southern towns of any
importance, conveying information with regard to every
changing condition of the gi'owing crops, every movement
of the staple, and every fluctuation, however trifling, in the
markets. And yet this is only a portion of the data
daily and weekly gathered and distributed by our Cotton
Exchanges.

JTAIiKETS AKD PRTCES. l<)r>

These facts, so briefly set out, show the extent of the
revokition which has been effected in business methods.
But the modifications made have only kept pace with, and
been mere adjustments to, the changes whicli have taken
place in physical science. Years since, wlaen it required
twenty to thirty days to reach Liverpool, it was
impossible to base a venture on facts at the moment
existing. New Orleans, as the centre of production,
might be ten days or more from us, while the interior
was many days from New Orleans ; and, on the other
hand, the market for consumption was twenty or thirty
days in the opposite direction. To bring these distant
points together, and to adjust the relation between
supply and demand, so as to be able to act intelligently
either as buyer or seller, required time ; and even
then the chances of a variation in the conditions before
the operation was completed were great, but must be
assumed. Under such circumstances, aciion could only be
slow. But when these distances were all very greatly
reduced by the substitution of railroad and steamship for
stage-coach and sails, mercantile movements necessai'ily
quickened, and with the telegraph and cable brought
into use, no other system than the present would be
possible.

It is folly, therefore, to decry future-delivery business.
To direct and control it, and, so far as possible, strip it of
evil, is of course needful; but one might as well attempt to
talk down the use of the caljle and telegraph as to seek to
suppress a system which is a voluntary outgrowth of such
quickened communication. Besides, it has great uses.
Through it the spinner is enabled, with confidence, to sell
his year's manufacture in advance, and ensure a steady
trade; for he can as soon as the goods have been promised,
buy contracts based on approved samples, for the delivery

196 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

as lie needs it, of the cotton which is to make them. If
he could not do this, he would be compelled either to pur-
chase at once, requiring a much larger capital for his busi-
ness and a loss of interest to be added to the price of his
goods, or else await the moment when he needs the cotton,
and take the risk of buying at whatever price may rule at
the time. These arc the days of very small profits; the
loss of interest or a slight rise in the staple would in many
cases absorb it all, or turn what promised to be remunera>
tive into an actual loss. Furthermore, this business in
futui-es encourages and assists the manufacturer with
limited resources. The tendency in this country now is
for capital to accumulate in the hands of a few. Business
naturally moves towards the larger houses; their superior
credit, beyond criticism as it is, and their greater means,
give them immense advantages, so that the number of
small traders is constantly decreasing. Such an absorption
of minor firms is very harmful, and anything that benefits
them or ensures them a stronger hold is an advantage to
the country at large. Then, again, the future -business may
be of great benefit to the producer. He can select his time
for disposing of his crop, and if he desires can find a pur-
chaser for it months before it is harvested. This gives him
a choice of time for selling, and a greater chance of profit
for his yeai-'s labor. Finally, the opportunity the spinner
and producer secure of purchasing and selling when they
deem it best, should tend to so distribute transactions
through the year as to impart to the cotton market greater
stability. Few conditions are more vexatious, and not un-
frequently disastrous, to the spinner, than fluctuations in
the price of the raw material. A rise is more likely than
not to catch him witli his contracts for goods made and
his cotton unbought, while a decline depreciates all his
unsold stock and deadens the goods market everywhere.

MAUKETS AXD PRICES. 197

A price as nearly uniform as possible reduces the risks of
his business to a minimum, and makes it what it slundd be,
an open trial of skill and economy in manufacture.

But notwithstanding all these advantages which are con.
nected with and grow out of this department of the trade,
there is a great evil fostered by it; we refer to a species of
speculation extensively practiced — so extensively, in fact,
that it exceeds in aggregate amount the legitimate future
sales — and ■v\-hicli we are far from advocating or justifying.
But to condemn the system because it admits of perversion
from its true purposes, would be very unreasonable. So
long as there are crops to be raised, and such uncertain
elements to be forejudged as acreage, weather, condition
and consumption, we shall find those who, trusting in their
information and foresight, will trade on the probabiliti(;s.
But such dealers are limited in number, and generally con-
servative in action. With, however, this kind of business
once begun, it soon finds almost numberless followers of
various classes : — one takes a turn for a point or two, an-
other hammers the market with a persistency worthy of a
better cause, and still another strives to screw it up by a
cornering movement. All this is, of course, objectionable,
but what can be done about it, except let the participators
punish themselves. They are on both sides of the market,
and on the average have very slight influence over it,
getting a little success for a time, but generally after a
brief existence are snuffed out. Tlie worst feature of it
is, that the South is constantly putting the gains on the
crops it raises into this same hopper which turns out chaff
only. A broker told us a short time since that ninety-nine
out of every one hundred speculative accounts he had
opened showed a loss to his clients; this is probably a fair
sample of the whole business. It is a lottery in which
every chance is against the ticket -holder. It will be a

198 COTTOX FR02I SEED TO LOOM.

blessed day for tlie South when it really learns this lesson
and acts in the light of it.

An important change in the business in futures has been
determined upon the past year, through the conference at
Liverpool. "We refer to the fixing of the weight at New
York and Liverpool of 100 bales at 43,200 pounds. Here-
tofore the <iverage conventional weight in the New York
market for deliveries under a contract has always been
considered 450 pounds per bale, but at Liverpool the
requirement has been that the bales should average within
5 per cent of 432 pounds. A fixed weight is very desir-
able. Under the old Liverpool rule, sellers regulated
their deliveries according as their contract was a profitable
or a losing one. The arrangement now agreed upon will,
when carried into effect, limit the possible variation from
the quantity contracted for to half a bale, or one half of
one per cent, and therefore prevent any advantage being
taken by the seller; and further, it facilitates the opera-
tions of the English spinner, enabling liim to cover his
sales of varn, which are made in pounds weight, by the
purchase of the exact weight of cotton required for that
purpose.

As the fiuctuations in prices for the years since this
description of business was begun, are of much interest, we
have compiled them, beginning with September 1, 1870, and
giving the highest and lowest prices of the sales each week
for each month down to September 1, 1877, all of which
will be found in the following nineteen pages. The reader
should remember in using these figures that previous
to September 1, 1875, future transactions were based on
Low Middling Uplands, old classification; since that time
they have been based on Middling Uplands, new clas-
sification. "We shall explain the change in classification
subsequently when speaking of the spot quotations.

2rARKETS AXD miCES.

191)

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218 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

It will be noticQd that with the last page of the fore-
going future quotations the form of the quotation is
changed. This is due to the fact that oh the first of
March, 1877, the decimal was adopted by the New York
Cotton Exchange for expressing the fraction, and has
been in use from that date.

QUOTATIONS FOR COTTON OX THE SPOT.

The business in futures in the New York market has
since its introduction overshadowed the transactions in
cotton on the spot, as we have previously shown. This
was a very natural result of its greater proportions. The
total receipts of cotton at New York have never reached
but a very little in excess of a million bales, and yet the
future sales last year aggregated over thirteen million
bales. Still, the spot transfers are considera^bly in excess
of the actual receipts, on account of the speculative trans-
actions.

But no little inconvenience has always 43een experienced
from the fact that quotations in the different markets of the
United States were on a different basis. Frequent efforts
have been made in the past to assimilate them, but always
without success, until the organization of Cotton Exchanges
throughout the North and South made it practicable. The
first step was taken at the National Cotton Convention,
held at Augusta on the 10th and 11th of June, 1874,
when the following report, made by Mr. Chaffe, of New
Orleans, was adopted:

First— That we recommend to the Convention the adoption of a
uniform classitlcation of cotton throuffhont the United States, to be
called the Standard American Classiflcation, and that the Convention
request ail Cotton Exchanges in the United States to appoint an expert,
who shall meet at some point designated by this Convention in response
to a call from the chairman appointed by this Convention, on or before
the 1st of September next, when they together shall proceed to make a
classification that shall be the American stanilard, which shall be
adoi)ted by all American Ex(;hanges, and official quotations from and
after 1 he 1st of October next shall be based on the types prepared and
established by said committee of experts.

MARKETS AXD PRFCES. 210

Seeoiul— The types to represent tlie followinfr grades, viz.: Good mid-
dlins, middling, low middliug, good ordinary, and ordinary.

In accordance with this rejjort a committee was appointed
by the Convention. Mr. J. T, Doswell, of New Orleans,
being chairman, to carry out the recommendation contained
in it. This committee met in New York on Tuesday, Sept.
1, 1874, and reached a satisfactory conclusion, fixing upon
types and forwarding duplicates to the various Cotton
Exchanges. AVith the 1st of October of the same j^ear
the new quotations, based on the American Standard of
Classification, became the official ones. In New York the
grades of fair and middling fair, as established by that
Exchange, were added; and up to Sept. 1, 1S75, the six
grades of upland cotton, on the types that ruled in New
York market previously, were also given, for the purpose
of settling contracts in futures.

At the next National Cotton Convention, which was
held at Greenbrier, ' TVhite Sulphur Springs, Va., in July,
1875, Mr. Pinckney, of Charleston, offered the following
resolution, which was adopted:

Resolved, That two grades be established, in addition to those adopted
at the last Convention, to be known as middling fair and fair, and that
the Committee on Classification of New York Exchange be requested to
put up same and forward to other Exchanges.

But even with all these changes, a difference still remained
betwe-en the American types and the Liverpool types.
An attempt was consequently made to secure an interna-
tional standard. In the fall of 1876 the Liverpool Cotton
Brokers' Association presented to the National Cotton
Exchange a case containing a complete set of their official
Standard Samples for American Cottons. The Types were
as follows: — Good Middling, Middling, Low Middling,
Good Ordinary of each growth, Uplands, Mobile, New
Orleans, Texas.

At the third Convention of the National Cotton
Exchange, held in July, 1877, this subject was brought

'220 COTTON FliOM SEED TO LOOM.

up, and the following report, made by Mr. Lafitte, of New

Orleans, was adopted:

No. 1.— They recommend the acloption of the Liverpool Standards, to
conform to the types sent out by the Liverpool Cotton Exchange, and
no^v ill possession of this Exchange.

No. 2. — Tlie types for upland cotton to be made up in New York by a
board of eight experts, two of whom shall be appointed by the New
York Exchange, two bj-^the Ojarleston Exchange, two ))y the Savannah
Exchange, one by the Norfolk Exchange^ and one from the Cinciimati
Exchange.

No. 3.— That the types for Mobile, Orleans and Texas cottons bo
made up by experts appointed respectively by the Mol>ile, New Orleans
and Galveston Exchanges. That the types so made up shall be consid-
ered as the " Ameiican" as well as " International Standards," and that
exact duplicates be forwarded to each Constituent Exchange, to the
Liverpool Exchange, and to all members of any Exchange who may
make application for the same upon pa\-ment of live dollarsfor each set.
The original types to be retained by the Exchange charged with the duty
of making up the tj'pes.

So far as tlie New York Cotton Excliaiige is concerned,
no action has been taken on this subject, so that the quota-
tions here are still based on the American Standard of
Classification. There would seem to be, however, great
advantages in having one standard everywhere; and we
have no doubt that, in the end, the objections now felt to
exist against the adoption of some such plan as here pro-
posed will be overcome and the simpler system go into
general use.

"We now add the daily price of cotton in New York
from September 1, 1870, to September 1, 1877. We first
give the quotations in the New York market of Low Mid-
dling Uplands (old classification) to September 1, 1875.
On and after the first of October, 1874, the official quota-
tions were of the grades of cotton established by the
National Cotton Exchange, as set out above, called the
American Standard of Classification. From that date,
therefore, to September 1, 1877, we give the daily prices
of three grades of the new American classification, viz.,
(1) Good Ordinaiy, (2) Low Middling and (3) Middling.
These prices will all be found on the following fourteen
pages.

2IARKETS AXn miCES.

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235

PRICES IX GREAT I5RITAIX.

We can only add a brief summary of the prices of
cotton at Liverpool, For very early dates the compilation
which is generally relied upon is found in Tooke's " High
and how Prices."'' That statement is scarcely of sufficient
interest to us to be inserted in full here and we therefore
give the range as he has it for each year from 1788 to 1800.

i.ivKui'Oor

PRICES

OF COTTOX,

EXCLl-SIVE

OF

DUTY.

Year.

West India

&C.

Bovr'd Georgia.

Pcnianibueo.

Bengal itSurat.

17S8. .

s.

d. s. d.

2 ® 2 9

0 ® 1 10

1 ® 1 9
1 5 2 (i
8 ® 2 G

0 ® 2 3

1 ® 2 2

3 ® 2 G

7 ® 2 G
.') ® 3 4
1 ® 3 4
<i « 4 7

8 tt 3 2

s.

d. s.

d.

s. d. 8. d.
1 G ® 2 7
1 4 ® 1 8
1 7 ® 1 10
1 (> il 2 7
1 10 ® 2 G
1 9 ® 2 3
1 6 ® 2 1
1 9 ® 2 G
1 10 ® 2 G

1 11 ® 3 5
3 1 ® 3 5

2 5 ® 4 8
2 9 ® 3 1

s. d. s. d.

1789. ..

1790.

0 8 ® 010
0 8 ® 1 3

1791. ...

179-'. ...

0 11 ® 1 3

1793. ...

1794. ...

1795

1796

1797. ...

1795. ...
1799. ...
1800.-..

i 1 ® i

1 0 ® 1
1 3 ® 2
1 O ® 2
1 0 ® 3
1 10® 3
1 5 ® 5
14 0-3

4
6
3
5
1
9
0
0

0 10 ® 1 4
0 9 ® 0 1 1
Oil ® 1 10
0 11 ® 1 10

0 10 ®. 1 11

1 8 @ 2 2
0 1 1 @ 2 4
0 10 ® 1 G

The average prices for subsequent years have been as
follows, according to the Liverpool Cotton Brokers' Circular.

Years

Midd'g
Upi'ds.

Fair
Siirat.

Years.

Midd-ff
Upi'ds.

Fair
Surat.

Years.

Midd'g

Upi'ds.

Fair
.Surat.

d.

d

d.

d.

d.

d.

1801..

18

16

1827..

eifj

519

1853..

534

419

1802..

IG

14

1828..

G38

453

1854..

538

358

1803..

121a

III2

1829..

v>%

4

1855..

558

4

1804..

14

Ilia

1830..

6-8

5

1856..

6oi6

434

1805..

IGI3

14

1831..

6

458

1857..

734

51-2

180G..

I8I4

1412

1832..

658

5

1858..

6^8

512

1807..

1413

13

1833..

81-2

Gl8

1859..

.634

5

1808..

00

1913

1 1834..

858

638

18G0..

6^4

;>

1809..

20

I8I2

1835..

10 14

7 '4

18G1..

8^*16

G»i6

1810..

I5I4

15

183G..

9^8

G14

18G2..

1714

12-8

1811..

12iii

12 !

: 1837..

7

434

18G3..

23 14

I9I4

1812..

1G34.

1-1 1

1838..

7

4^8

18G4..

271.J

21 13

1313..

23

I7I2

1839..

7-^8

5-8

18G5..

19

141.2

1814.,

29 "s

21

1840..

6

412

1866..

15I2

12

1815..

20:»i

17

1841..

6I4

459

18G7..

lO's

834

18 IG..

I8I4

I519

1842..

5:%

4

18G8..

lOlo

81-2

1817..

2018

17

1843..

459

31-

1869..

1218

93i

1818..

20

1534

1844..

479

35^ :

1870..

O'^lfi

8l8

1819..

I3I3

959

1845..

418

319

1871..

8«,o

51310

1820..

ilia

8%

184G.

i-s

31.2 !

1872..

109i6

7i<j

1821..

9^

77^,

1><17..

Gl8

41.J

1H73..

9

63, e

1822..

8I4

G-'s

1818..

419

314 1

1K74..

8

;j.'i6

1823..

SI4

6^4

1819..

518

s^s !

ist75..

733

0

1824..

S^

GSg

ls.-)0..

7

5 '4

1876..

6I4

4 la

1825..

lis«

8^8

I'^ni..

5I2

414

1877..

6»io

53i6

182G..

6%

5--S 1

1852..

S^ic

414

The full details for 1877 and the influences acting on the
market we have made up as follows from ElU.'^on & Co.

236

C0TTOW FBOM SEED TO nOOM.

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239

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240

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Messrs. Ellison & Co. also furnish the following state-
ment of the average value of all kinds of raw cotton
imported, exported, consumed, &c., in Great Britain for
the past ten years.

1877

1876.

1875. 1874.

1873.

1872. 1871.

1870.

1869.

18t>8.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d.

d. ,

d.

d.

Import

6I4

6l8

7I16

7I2

8^8

95io

8

95l6

III16

958

Export

513i6

514

5^8

6

7

778

7

S^s

10

813i(.

Coneuiup'ii

65i6

6^16

7l8

753

834

913l6| 8l8

9^16

ll^ie

978

C0\SU2IPTI0X IX ErnOPE AXD AMERWJ. 241

CHAPTER IX.

CONSUMPTION OF COTTON IN

EUROPE AXD AMERICA.

Year unfavorable for spiniifrs— Eastern war not the cause but the
developing influei'.co — How consuniytiou of goods was stimu-
lated—First, by cotton famine— Second, bj- speeulation and free
borrowing in United States— Third, speeulatiou and -vvasteftdness
everywhere- Fourth, rivahy among spinnexs— Sudden clieck in
demand and large decrease in consumptive power— Consumption
•of cotton in Europe for u series of years— More favorable outlook
for the manufacturing industry in the United States — Growth in
spindles in Etiropo and America— Ellison's revicT^" for 1877— United
States crop for 1876-77.

Tlie past year has been an extremely cheerless one t j the
cotton goods trade. It was, however, begun in hope, for in
its ea-rlier days almost every surrounding appeared to favor
a return of prosperity, and the little flicker of life which
marked the closing months of 1876 seemed to add an earnest
of new vigor in the months to come. And yet with all this
promise it is .scarcely necessary to say that the year's
business has been very disappointing, without prospect of
relief even to the very end. In fact, the cotton-consuming
world is to-day in the situation of a greatly reduced patient,
with apparently no recuperative power.

The cause of this condition is a question of tlie fir.st im-
portance; for it is a very essential point gained if we can
learn the nature of the disease we wish to cure. The pop
ular idea has been to charge it all to the war in Eastern
Europe. Only let us have peace and the revival will be

242 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

instantaneous, has been echoed from every side. Tliis is a
very natural inference, because the new depression began
with the war; and yet the argument that it will therefore
end with it is very inconclusive. Our own commercial
distress began with the panic of 1873, and although that
storm soon passed off, and in fact is at present almost for-
gotten, the disorder has really increased every year since,
until now it is universally admitted that there was a
disease which was not then recognized, and of which the
panic was only an outward sign.

Similar in some respects to this experience appears to us
to be the relationship which the war in Eastern Europe
bears to the present depression in the spinning world. That
conflict was certainly the developing influence, but the real
cause of the depression seems of deeper origin, accumu-
lating in force for years, and made up of divers elements
acting and re-acting upon one another.

Great Britain was for a very long period the manufac-
turer of cotton goods for the world. During the ten years
previous to ISGl the Continent however rapidly attained
in this industry an increasingly important position. From
an average consumption of 300,000,000 pounds for the five
years ending 185.5, an average of 027,000,000 pounds was
reached by the Continent for the five years ending with
1860; at the same time England increased her consumption
from an average of 570,000,000 pounds to 947,000,000
pounds. This very essential addition to the production of
cotton goods was decidedly in excess of consumers' wants,
and it is an acknowledged fact that when our war broke
out the markets of the world were largely overstocked with
European manufactures, the war saving English and Con-
tinental spinners fiom a great disaster.

Of course, from 1861 to 1865, the cotton famine checked
the progress of this rivalry among European manufacturers,

COXSUMPTIOX ly EUROPE ASD AirERTCA.

243

but during those year s another element was being intro-
iluced wliich was to exert a decided iijjfluence upon the
trade. "We refer to the very higli prices for cotton, wliicli
stimulated its production in all countries, especially in
British India, and through the great amount of capital so
distributed enlarged their capacity to consume and pay for
cotton goods. In our chapter on India we have shown how
the people there were literally flooded with ukjiuw, the
returns for their crops. These effects, as we know, con-
tinued for years after the war closed, and until the gradu-
ally falling price of cotton reduced that capacity very
materially.

But out of the same civil contest sprang other conse-
quences of perhaps even greater importance, Ijecause more
widely diffused. AVe are all familiar with the financial
expedients and results of that war; we know but too well
the vast amounts of money expended by the United States
Government -and people during the latter half of its prog-
ress and for six or eight years afterward, and of tlie
speculative forces which were thus set in motion. "We
know, too, how the lavish disbui'sements of the Government
and an inflation of the currency led to high prices of all
commodities and consequently to a seeming acquisition of
wealtli. which induced a very free purcha.se of the produc-
tions of all other countries. Extravagance and prodigality
were almost universal, and we were able to indulge these
weaknesses through the many hundi-ed millions of dollars
borrowed in Europe by sale of securities. All this acted
directly upon producing countries, for we lavishly bought
their goods and thus stimulated prices everywhere.

With such demands then, so eager and enlarged as
came from the United States and from thase countries
which had been producing and selhng cotton at very higli
prices, it is not surprising that European manuiacturers

•244

C<9TT0.V FROyr SEED TO L002F.

should receive an unhealthy impulse. Add to this, how-
ever, the further^facts contributinfj; to the same end — iirst,
that the values of the staple productions other than cotton,
of almost all lands, were at the same time and in the same
way enhanced ; and, second, that these countries, .and also
almost every European nation, seemed to partake of this
general feeling of prosperity, of wealth accumulating rap-
idly, and we can easily understand how extreme and unusual
the consuming power of the world would be, and how it
must have stimulated the spinner everywhere. The com-
mercial history of the American war and its a,fter-results is
yet to be written. When it is written, if done faithfully,
and the direct and indirect influences and results set out,
we shall find that in tliis day of steam and telegraphy the
world has a common centre of life, with a nervous system
acutely sensitive in all its parts to every disturbing in-
fluenca

But while the events we have related were in prog-
ress, :still another influence was at work, very decid-
edly contributing to an undue growth or enlargement of
ihe manufacturing industry. If all the spindles in the
world had been in Great Britain, as they substantially were
years ago, one can .easily see that there would be less
danger of their becoming excessive; but when we intro-
duce a rivalry on. the part of other nations, first to supply
their own consumers and then to secure possession of the
outside trade, we can readily understand how an incz-ease
once begun might go on in an arithmetical progression,
reaching a point finally which would bring the same con-
ditions of trouble in an .aggravated form, not in one
country alone, but in all. Precisely this has been the
history of the spinning industry since the close of our
war. Every nation in Europe has been building spindles;
consumers that England used to supply, are now not only

f ox.<-;r3rrTiox ix ETnorE axd amekka. 21.-

supplying themselves, but competing witli her everywhen;,
even in Liverpool Tliis fact was referred to by the Presi-
dent of the- Manchester Chamber of Commez'ce, at their
annual meeting held on the 4th of February, 1S78. He
stated that foreigii competition was one of the principal
causes of the present depression of trade. And speaking
of portions of the Continent, he farther remarked that
'• Germany, AuBtria, Italy and Holland had lessened their
'•imports of woven goods; while Belgium was so nearly
'• England's equal,, that it had exported both woven goods
"and yarn into. Great Britain for several years," and
much more to the same effect.

What a picture of quickened, unhealthy growth and of
certain final involvement do all these facts present. We
have first our own cotton ports shut up and such high prices
rulmg for the raw material as to make other producing
countries almost beside themselves over the capital pouring
in upon them for their produce. Next comes the United
States, with its delusion of inflation and fancied wealth,
borrowing its millions upon millions from Europe and
throwing theni back with lavish hand for- productions at
highly remTm^-ative prices. At the same time the feeling
of exhilaration consequent upon an apparent rapid increase
in wealth begins to widen; — in Europe, because they could
sell more than they cooild produce, at high prices, in China,
because their teas- had appreciated in value- and were in
active demand; and in other countries for similar reasons.
Every one of these agencfes, as- we can see,, must have
helped to enlarge the capacity of the world to consume
goods and thus to stimulate the' demand. Them arose
tie renewed rivalry — if we may call it such — among
manufacturing nations, and out of it all a gi-owth in
spindles necessarily everywhere very rapid, on the Con-
tinent, in England, in the United States, and finally in

:i6

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

India. To sliow in brief the progress made in the con-
sumption of cotton in Europe and America we give the
following summary of the average takings of spinners in
periods of five years.

COXSUMPTIOX OF EUROPE AXD AMEHICA, IN' MILT.TONS OF rorXPS.

Great Biitiiin...
Rest of Eiircpc.
United States..

'46-50.

5G9-fi
300-4
240-5

'51-55.

750-1
451-4

281-4

Total l,110-7|l,4S2-y

'56-60.

'61-65.

947-3 628-6
627-4 455-4
358-8 ^81-2

l,-933-5ll,265;:

•66-70.

I Two

•71-75. r^" will-
lb-It.

073-8 1,228-6 1,253-5

653-4

381-9

2,009-1

856-6 952-6
524-7 610-9

2,609-9 2,817-0

The extent of these takings compared with previous
periods we indicate in the following.

lucrease in

Coiiipari'd with 1846-50
Couipai-ed "with 1S51-55
Compared with 1356-60

1866-70.

1871-75.

80-89
35-48
03-91

134-98
76-00
34-98

1876-77.

153-62
89-97
45-69

This makes the increase in the takings since 18G0 over 45
per cent - and it will be remembered that even in 18 GO
the producing power was in excess of the consummg
(Capacity, and that manufacturers were only saved from
disaster at that time by the breaking out of our war.
But to set out the progress more definitely and plainly,
we have procured from Mr. B. F. Nourse, of Boston,
a statement of the probable actual consumption each
year since 1859-60, made up from the takings on the
basis of the spinning capacity and the presumaljle annual
increase in spindles. In the Chronicle of July 31, 1875,
we pul^lished a similar table for the five years (calendar),
1870 to 1874, inclusive. These have been reconstructed
for the seasons by the same rule that governed their first
computation, going back to 1859-60, and adding 1875-6
and 1876-7, to complete a period of eighteen years, for
comparison with the table of deliveries, imports, &c.. given
subsequentl)'.

coxsmrTiox i\ etjrove axd Mnuna.

Great Britain.

Continent.

Total.

Season.

Millions
of lbs.

5 •

1 =

,2 ?

1*

1'^

1859-GO.

2,457

429

1,053-9!

1,G35

418

688-3 1

4,092 426

1,742-2

18G0-G1.

2,404

42(i

l,o23-9,

1,631

415

677-0

4,0:}5'422

1,700-9

1SG1-G2.

1,481

393

588-7|

1,079

387

41()-8'

2,560 393

1,005-5

18G2-C3.

1,275 3G8

46:V8

997

3G5

3640

2,272J3G7

833-8

1863-G4.

1,501 355

532-5:

1,083

348

376-3

2,584 352

908-8

1864-G5.

1,918 3G1

691-7;

1,327

348

4G1-1

3.245 [355

1,152-8

ISGo-GG.

2,313 369

8.52-7'

1,G22

349

567-41

3,935 361

1,4-20-1

1866-G7.

2,738 374

1,024-0

1,947

350

681-4

4,685 3L1

1,705-4

18G7-G8.

2,6711355

947-5

1,977

350

691-9

4,648 ,'353

1,639-4

1868-69.

2,754 358

935-9!

1,694

345

584-4

4,448

3.53

1,570-3

1860-70.

2,7G0 3SG

1,065-4

1,712

370

6.33-4

4,472

380

1,698-8

1870-71.

2,911|38G

1,122-2

2,015

378

762-6

4,926

382

1,884-8

1871-72.

3,190378

1.205-8

2,253

365

822-8

5,443

373

2,028-6

1372-73.

3.229 382

l,2.>.j-.ji

2,202

309

812-7

5,431

37:

2,046-2

1873-71.

3,190 392

1,251-2;

2,221

371

8 -'5-6:

5,411

381

2,076-8

1974-7.5.

3,131 391

l,-235-3

2,346

382

896-2

5,477

389

2,131-5

1.S75-7G.

3,017

118

1,270-3

2,390

402

961-1

5,407

413

2,231-4

1376-77.

3,1 3C

40(;

1,273-3

2,402

396
371

951-2
12,1 74-2 1

5,538

402

2,224-5

Total.

4G,07G

387

17,827-Gj

32,533

78,609

382

30,001-8

These figures are intended to represent the actual con-
sumption. But the capacity of Europe to manufacture
goods is now very considerably in excess of these totals.
Mr. Ellison gives it as follows.

CONSUMING POWER OF ECKOrE.

Nmuber of
SiiiudU-s.

Pouuds

per
Spindle.

Total Pounds.

Bales of
400 pounds

Great Britain

Continent

39,500,000
19,500,000

33

53

1,303,500,000
1,033,500,000

3,258,000
2,584,000

Total

59,000.000

40

2.337,000,000

5.842.000

These statements show how many idle .spindles there are,
or (the fact of chief interest to us in this connection) the
actual extent to which the growth of the spinning power
has been forced. For instance, in 18.39-00 Europe con-
sumed 1,742,200,000 pounds of cotton. This was in
excess of the world's wants at that time. To-day the
position is about as follows: — (1) the spinners of Europe;
have the power to consume 2, .3.37, 000,000 pounds, wliich
is an increase of power equal to 1,. '300, 000 bales of 400

248 COTTOX FROM SEED TO L002r.

pounds each, (2.) the United States have the spindles to
manufacture fully 700,000 bales, and India about 200,000
bales (all of same weights) more than in ISGO. Thus we
liave in these countries an- increased spinning power during
the period mentioned of about 2,400,000 bales of cotton..

Sucli has been the progress made and the results reached
under the incentives we have briefly referred to. Of
course., there should be from year to- year a regular
increase in the demand for goods and in the world's
spinning power.. But here we have unusual stimulants
applied and an cxtraordinaiy development attained. Were
the producers and consumers confined to a limited
district we could easily see that a check to. a growth so
forced woi;ld be inevitable, for it is the history of almost
every decade. With, however, the whole world as the
field for obtaining eonsumer.s, we are apt to think of
a constantly growing, or at least of an unobstructed
demand, because of its extent and diversity, favorable
influences in one nation compensating for unfavorable
ones in another. To understand, then, the present situa-
tion, we must remember, in connection with this extreme
growth in spinning power, the wonderful changes which
have taken place in the condition of consumers almost
ever/where.

First, notice the effect of the decline in the price of
cotton. In 1862, Fair Surats averaged 12|d.; in 18G4 the
average reached 21 |d.; from that point the decline was
pretty regular, (with the exception of some recovery in
1872 and in 1873), luitil in 187G the average was 4^d. In
the delirium excited Ijy the hig-li rates during our war and
subsequently, India, out of her crops, liad money enough
even to waste on silver ploughshares; now the return barely
supplies the necessities of life. All other cotton-producing
countries are to the extent of their production of this staple

coxsuMriiox IX F.rnorE axi> ami-uha. 240

in a similar comparative condition, the very liig-h prices of
a few years ago giving tliem the idea of nnhounded weahh,
and tlie constantly shrinking prices later, and especially
since 1872, making them realize the urgency for strict
economy. Acting in the same direction also (only less in
degree) is the decline in the values of productions other
I tlian cotton. As a general indication of this, notice the
' lower wages prevailing in Europe now and the continued
1 downward tendency. It is unnecessary to specify a trade,
for it pei'vades almost all; but we may mention the iron
industry as a good illustration. Nor are the lower prices
confined to Europe alone. China, a great consumer of
cotton goods, is fair evidence of the wide extent of the
present depression, her teas liaving depreciated largely
during the Y)ast few years.

But, besides all this, suddenly the people of the United
States stop spending money in Europe. We have already
referred to the immense sums we so lavishly wasted there
because it was so easily borrowed. Now, we are all
economizing to make good the waste. But even when
that necessity for economy is passed, there will be no
revival in its full extent of the American demand on
Europe for cotton goods. In the first place, the c^ld
delirium will never return; and besides, even if that
were possible, we are in a condition to supply ourselves
more nearly and more cheaply than formerly, and think
we have also a very considerable surplus to furnish other
countries at prices which will enable us to compete with
the great producing nations. India, also, as we have
seen, is engaged in building spindles, and hereafter will
supply a larger share of her reduced consumption.

Thus, at the moment when tlie producing power had
reached so inflated a position, the consuming capacity is
found to be very materially contracted — not only shorn of

250 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

its over-excited element, but forced below even a normal
condition. This crisis, or concurrence of unfavorable
influences, lias not, as we have seen, been the outgi'owtli
of the Eastern war, but is the natural result of a disease
which is running its course. Undo\;btedly the war has
increased the disturbance; and just to tliat extent, but no
furtlier, will peace act as a restorative. The wliole issue
as to the future takings of spinners is wrapped up in the
inquiry, how far can the consuming world at this time
find the means with which to pay for the cotton fabrics
wliicli the existing power can produce. In one particular,
at least, the answer can be by no means uncertain: that is
to say, at old prices the old consumption cannot be for
the present re-established. The facts we have set out
above would seem to put this point beyond all controversy.
To what extent the lower prices now ruling will permit
it, time alone can determine. That inquiry we cannot
pursue, as it is wholly within the realm of conjecture.

For the pui^pose of further illustrating the points dis-
cussed above, we have prepared the following three pages.

The first page* is from Mr. Ellison's circular of October
last, and shows the World's total cotton supply, &c.f

The second page gives tlie European deliveries, as stated
by Messrs. Ellison & Co. and by ]\I. Ott-Trumpler.f

The third page shows the percentages of each kind of
cotton contained in these deliveries.

* Tills table iucludcs tbe total American crop for each season, and
conseijneutly tlic quantity lost at sea and that shipped to Mexico, ttc.
Tlie deliveries for European consumption therefore differ slightly from
those given in the table on the next page, which cjntaius the known
imports into Europe only. The American deliveries include cotton
burnt or lost within the United States, and also forwarded to Canada.

t In the second of these tabU s the European figures of deliveries for
seasons previous to 1870-71, and in the first table for the seasons
previous to 1873-74, do not include cotton other than American im-
ported into Spain and Russia. Ellison estimates the deliveries thus
omitted in the first table to l)e about 108,000 bales in 1807-08; 109,000
lialcs in 18(!8-fii); 98,000 bales in 1809-70; 120,000 bales in 1870-71;
170,000 bales in 1871-72; and 88,000 bales in 1872-73.

coxsr^riTiox ix evropt: axd aherica.

251

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254

COTTON FltOM SEED TO LOOM.

CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

There have been no mill returns obtained of the consump-
tion of the cotton mills in the United States later than our
own figures for 1875. Of course, the annual cotton crop
reports since then show the actual deliveries, but those
totals include the takings for all other purposes as well as
spinning. Tlie details of our figures for the year ending
July 1, 1875, were as follows: p

COTTON MILLS AND COTTON CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED STATES.

STATES.

No.of spindles.

'3

a

■■« ° ^

3 " .5
o o ST
;: 3 -
^ *- ^

o

^ .

NOUTHEKN —

No.

w'ks.

lbs.

lbs.

Bales.

o-

633,944

815,709

23-14

5050

53-00

33,603,230

57,320,120

72 421

N. Ilampsliirc.

36

22-66

50-22

70-25

123,535

Vermont

10

40,344

29-55

50-51

51-51

2,372,420

5,513

Massac Imsetts

200

3,775,63J

28-69

40- 17

55-33

208,894,352

450,204

KhodeLsland..

129

1,438,479

.33-88

48-00

42-60

61,409,470

132,348

Connecticut- ..

108

889,784

30-66

47-20

51-12

45,492,513

98,044

New York......

60

615,205

36-38

49-65

46-30

28,473,469

61,365

New Jersey...

22

178,928

2913

.50-83

57-62

10,114,300

21,798

Pennsylvania..

60

451,900

18-07

43-62

09-85

31,572,305

68.044

Delaware

8

48,270

23-17

52-00

69-96

3,358,162

7,246

Maryland

20

127,352

11-05

47-88

168-25

21,3GS,0'20

46,052

Ohio

^

13,000

22,988

8-00

43-50

135-69

1,764,000
3,201,340

3,802
7,029

Indiana

4

15-70

48-55
47-52

141-80

Total North..

694

9,057,543

28-42

56-25

509,009,613

1,097,001

Southern —

Alabama

14

58,480

12-75

45-50

114-51

6,756,170

14,561

Arkansiis

2

1,781

10-38

40-34

73-50

132.100

285

Georgia

47

131,340

12-87

40-35

177-39

23,299,303

50,214

Kentucky

3

9,514

6-92

50-45

254-40

2,420,362

5,216

Louisiana

3

2,200

8-50

50-00^315-50

713,033

1,537

Mi.s-sissippi

9

18,256

11-07

16-00 110-00

1,990,800

4,291

Missouri

3

19,700

11-85

10-05

140-52

2,810,185

6,057

North Carolina

31

54,500

U-28

43-97

121-72

6.094,641

14,428

Soatli Carolina

18

70,282

400

51-15,137-57

9,671,028

19,945

Tennes.see ....

40

55,334

11-60

43-17 121-85

0,701,718

14,443

Texas

2

5,700

12-00

50-63 172-34

982,365

2,117

Virginia

9

54,024

15-22

51-03

115-85

5,560,835

11,985

Total South..

181

481,821

12-67

49-07

140-57

67,733,140

145,079

Rkc.vpit'lat'n

Total North...

694

9,057,543

23-42

47-52

5G-25

509,009,013

1,097,001

Total South...

181

481,821

12 ()7

1907

140-57

oo-4r

67,733,140

145,079

Grand total.

S75

9,539,364

27-60

47-00

570,742,753

1,242,080

coxsrirPTiox ix Ernori: axd America.

For tlie sake of comparison, we bring forward our
figures for previous years, giving the totals of the main
items.

Spindles.

Yarn,
-Vverage.

Average

per
Spin flic.

Total Consumption.

Pounds.

Bales.

is: 5.

North

South. .

9.057,543

481,821

28-42

T'-fiT

50-25
140-57

509,oor),oi:5

07,733,140

1,097,001
145,079

Total 1875.
1874.

North

South

-9,539,304

8,927,754
487,0-29

2700

28-50
12-50

00-40

50-80
122-53

570,742,753

507,790,099
59,793,774

1,242,080

1,094,387
128,520

Total 1874..
1870.
North

9,415,383

0,831,779
202,2-Jl

27 73

2S-88
1--'J5

00-29

50-87
124-23

567,583,873

348,550,000
32,575,715

1,222,913

732.808

70,358

Total 1870..
1809.
North.

7,114,000

0,538,194
225,003

28-38

28-00

12-88

53 57

00-70
138-12

381,125,715

390,880,580
31,083,702

823,100
855,359

South

07,000

* Total 1809..

0,703,357

27-50

03-28

427,972,288

922,359

The actual hikinr/s f-or all purposes from 1873 to 1.S77
have been as follows.

j 1873.

1874.

1S7.5.

1S70. 1 1877.

Taken by— Bales.
Northern mills. 1,003.403
Southern mills. 137,002

Bales.
1,177,417
128,520

Bales.
1,002,322
143,079

Bales.
1,211,598
145,000

Bales.
1,288,418
147,000

Total takiiiirs

from erop.l 1,201,127

1,305,943

1,207,001

1,350,598

1.435,418

GOODS MAXUFACTUKED.

The statement of kinds and quantities of goods manu-
factured is necessarily incomplete. We do not claim that
these results are as exact as the returns of consumption.
Spinners are frequently unwilling to state their production
except in gross, which we are required to divide up on
information otherwise acquired. The statement may be
taken, however, for as close an approximation as the nature
of the case will permit, and is as follows for 1874 and
1875.

256

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

COTTON GOODS MAXUFACTUKED 1\ THI-; LXITliU STATKS [,000s Oiuiltcd.]

Year euding Julj- 1, 1875.

TJireads, yarns, aud twiues,
(U'S.)

Sheetings, shirtiugs and sim-
ilar plain goods (yds.)

Twilled aud fancy goods, Os-
iiabiirgs, Jeans, &c., (yds.) ..

Print elotUs (yds.)

Giuglianis" (yds.)

Ducks (yds.)

Bags (number)

45,000

54.0,000

180,000

610,000

30,000

12,000

8,000

!^

19,000
94,000

64,000
034,000

4G,OOOi220,000

109,000

5,000

16,000

2,000

749,000
35,000
28,000
10,000

o «

19,000
92,000
21,000

1^ ^

83,000

r26,000

247,000
'49,000
35,000
28,000
10,000

Year ending July 1, 1874.

Threads, yarns, aud twines,
(lbs.)

Sheetings, shirtings aud sim-
ilar plain goods (yds.)

Twilled and taney goods, Os-
naburgs, Jeans, (fee. (yds ). ..

rrint cloths (yds.)

Ginghams (yds.)

Ducks (yds.^

Bags (number)

32,000

29,000

61,000

18,000

520,000

90,000

610,000

97,000

204,000

80,000

284.000

22,000

481,000

107,000

588,000

30,000

3,000

33,000

14,000

16.000

30,000

5,000

1.000

6,000

79,000

ro7,ooo

300,000

}88,000

33.000

30,000

6,000

FUTURE PROSPECTS OF UNITED STATES SPINNERS.

There are reasons why spinners in this country appear
to us to bo much more favorably situated with regard to
the future tlian European spinners. The economies in
manufacture which the depression we have passed through
has taught us, added to the advancement we have made in
machinery during the ten years previous to the panic,
have put us into a position for more successfully competing
with European spinners than ever before, not only for the
trade of the United States, but also for that of other
countries. In the first x)laco, it is not likely tliat foreign
dry goods will ever again come liero in such abundance as
previous to 1873. And in the second place, we hold
decided advantages over Europe, if we only have the
wisdom to improve them, for all Xorth and South Ameri-

coxsrzrPTiox ix ErnopE axd AJfE/acA.

can trade; while in every other country where qitaVity is a
consideration, onr goods liave ah'eady made for tlieinselves
a market. Of course, any new trade is of slow gi-owth, hut
a close study of what has been done in this respect gives a
very hopeful outlook as to what may be done. The actual
figures of exports of cotton goods are as follows.

EXrOKTS OF COTTOX M ANIIFACTIIRKS FKOM IIXITKI) STATICS.

Year enrting June 30.

Colored goods .... ( Yd.s.)
do (Yal.)

Uueolorcd goods. . (Yds.)
do (Yal.)

Other manuf .s of. . 'Val.t

Total cotton luanufac
tures e.\poited...(Yal.) $10,180,984

1S77.

20,111,43-J
$2,440,145
70,720,260
$0,424,154
$1,310,085

187C.

10,488,214
$l,4i5,402
50,319,207
$5,314,738
$962,778

$7,722,978

1874.

4,600,447

$000,2()2

13,237,510

$1,680,297

$744,773

1873.

3,585,629

$59i;.912
10,187,145
$1,055,110

$695,500

$3,091,332 $2,947,528

Here is a rise in four years from three millions in value
to ten millions. The total even now is of course very small,
but it is highly encouraging, for time and experience alone
can accjuaint us with the wants of any trade; and besides,
this growth' has been reached in spite of the very many
obstacles which have been interposed by ourselves. AVe
must remember thai the margin for profit is of necessity
small. Hence every impediment, however trifling, to the
freest, cheapest intercourse with nations wanting our
goods, cripples or fetters to that extent the trade. AVliat
then we require is to have our navigation laws chaugcHl
and reciprocal trade fostered; or in a word, we need to
have every facility offered for making freights cheap- and
for securing the fullest and freest intercourse. When this
has been done, our country will experience an industrial
development hitherto unknown to us.

In the following pages we give in full the last annual
circular of Messrs. Ellison & Co., for the year of lS7(i-77,
with a brief notice of the results as to past and prospec-
tive consumption reached in their 1st of January circular.

258 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ELLISOX & CO.'S ANNUAL REVIEW OF THE COTTON
TRADE FOR THE SEASON 1876-'77.

Twelve mouths ago we stated that the seasoa 1875- '76 had
been one of the most disappointing and unsatisfactory periods in
the recent experience of tiie cotton industry. The season which,
has just closed has been quite as unsatisfactory and even more
disappointing than its immediate ]>redecepsor, inasmuch as after
several years of depressed markets and unprofitable trade, it was
thought that a change for tlie better cou d not be far distant.
Apparently, Europe was just beginning to recover from the
effects of the widespread crisis of 1873. brought about by the
excessive trading and extravagant speculations of 1870-'73, and
during the first three or four m nths of the season there were
symptoms of renewed healthy activity in various directions; but
these movements were based upon the expectation that the
threatened outbreak of hostilities b»^tween Russia and Turkey
would be averted; and the moment war bi-came certain a reaction
ensued which left tlie state of trade in a worse condition even
than it was before. During the last eight or nine months of the
s*'ason the markets have been in a chronic state of over-supply.
Tlie after-effects of the commercial and financial disasters which
commenced in 1872-'73 liave been everywhere visible in the
sh»»pe of forced reduced expenditure, which has led to a curtailed
consumption of all kinds of manufactures. The consumption of
cotton goods has not perhaps diminished, nor has it kept very
far behind production; but it has kept behind, and this slight
excess in production, comMned with constantly dragging mar-
kets, has made selling quite a one sided bargain, and almnst
invariably compelled tlie producer to part with liia goods at
unremuuerative rates. It was accepted as certain ihit peace and
settled politics would instantly reverse the positions of buyer
and seller, especi.illy as there was a deficit in the supply of the
raw material ; and this caused producers to keep up the out-turn
of their mills, and go on selling whai they could at the best
prices they could get, until the loss became so great and the
stocks of goods so burdmsome that (chiefly in July, August and
part of September) short time was adopted in tt^e leading manu-
facturing districts, while the elTort to reduce production was
further helped by a strike at Bolt in. By means of these measures
stocks were greatly reduced, and the margin between cotton and
goods materially improved — so much so, at all events, that it
became less unreniunerative to work full than short time, and
with few exceptions (a-^ide from the mills closed at Bolton) short
time was practically abandoned by the closj of Sep'ember.

COURSE OP THE MARKET, OCT. 1, 1876, TO OCT. 1, 1877,

The market closed quietly on September 30, 1876, with mid

CONSUMPTIOK IX EUROPE AND AMERICA^ 259

dling upland at 5 15 16d. An extensive business had beea done
during the first half of Aujrust, and price* had advanced to
6 3-16d. from 5|il touched in July. Thence to tLe tiiiiJ week
in Septembt r the demand had fallen off, resulting in a decline to
5 15-16J. There was a temporary increase in the demand in the
last week of September, but holders offered their stocks so freely
that prices did not g'in anything of moment. October opened
tamely, under tue ii.tluence of large receipts at the American
ports, (ind a very apprehensive feeling reprardiug the fuiuie of
events in Turkey Buyers operated very sparingly, holders
showed some eagerness to sell, and middling upland receded
(October 4) to 5^d., or ^d. to |d. lowtr than the prices touched on
August 17, and only ^d. on the spot, and 1-lGd. to 3-lGd. in
futures, higher than ihe low sales of July, which were not only the
lowest of the year, but the lowest since 1860 There was very
little change during the gu'jsequent fortnight, prices on the
20lh October being pre.ty much the same as on the 4ih of the
month.

More hopeful views, however, began to be entertained respect-
ing tlie efiFor's being made to preserve the peace of Europe. Tliis
caused the public to look more closely into the position of cotton
on its own meriis, and in vidw of the low price-) curre'it and the
probibility of a reduced American crop, buyers commenced to
operate with unusual freedom, both here ana in Manchester ; but,
although the sales for the week ended the 26r.i) October reached
117,820 bales, such was the freedom with which tbe demand was
met that p'ices only advanced l-16d. to ^d. per lb. on the spot,
and 3-16d. to ^d. for futures. After so large a business it was
thought a pause might en-iue, and for a day or two the upward
movement ceased, especially as some uneasiness was caused by
the ultimatum suddenly delivered to Tu k^y by Russia ; but the
new.s (received on 31st O^tob^r) of the final arrangement of an
armistice between tlie Porte and Servia removed all hesitation on
the part of buyers, and on the 1st and 2J of Xuvember the market
became quite excited, the sales on the kst-nained day l>eing esti-
mated at 40.000 bales, with an ad liiional lO.OOObihsafier official
hours. About the same q'lantity was sold for forward delivery,
making a total of 100,000 biles, an agrjrcgate never befo'-e Uniche I
in the history of the tride. The result was an ailvance of id. to
id. on tlie spot, and ^d. to 5 iGd. for futures. Tbe advance was
fully maintained on the 3d and 4th November, though the
demand fell off; but less strength was displtyed on the Gtli,
owing chiefly to the desire of speculators to reali/.e the late rise,
and a slight reaction took placii in futures ; but tbe fall wai fully
recovered on the 7'h. owing to a sharp upward movemi-nt in New
Yo k, and on the 8th tbe market airain becmi'i excited, closi .g
Btron<^ at an advance of |d. to ^d. per lb. on the week for both

260 COTTOX FROM SEED TO L002r.

spots aud futures, bringing middling upland up to G|d. on tbe
t-pot and 6$d. for distant delivery, or l|d. for " ordinary" and
|d. to Id. for " middling " upon tlui low sales of July. Mean-
vvliile, the low and medium counts of yarn gained Ifd. to l|-d.
per lb., and tbe current run of S^- lb. shirtings Is. per. piece.

During the subsequent week or ten days the demand fell off,
and prices gave way Ji. for American on the spot and fd. for
' ' futures ;" but the decline was fully recovered between the 20th
and 28th November, owing to the acceptance of tbe armistice by
Turkey, and tbe publication of the pacific assurances by the
Emperor of Russia to the English Ambassador — middling uplands
being quoted 6|d. on the spot andGjl. for distant delivery. Then
c^me a few days of quietness, during which prices gave way
about Jd. per lli. , owing to les? assuring Coniiueiital advices ;
the absence of any signs in tbe lonjr-expected reduction in the
American receipts, and the d -sire of sellers to get rid of cotton
declared against December deliveries. The decline, however,
again brought in buyers, and withd. cidedly assuring Continental
news, favorable Indian advices, and more activity in Manchester,
prces, with slight interruptions, tended upwards, until the Jail
quoted on 2d of December was more than recovered ; the
final quotations on the last market day of the year (Dr-cember 29)
b ing Q 11-16J. for middling upland on tbe spot aud 7d. for
distant " fiitur' s."'

This anima ion led to a large attendance of spinners during tbe
first week of Jauuary, especially as tbe American receipts were
falling off ?o rapidly as to bring the smaller estimates of tbe
crop to the fro t again. Tbe demand was so extraordinary that
the sales for the first six working days of tbe new year averaged
over 30,000 bales per day, and the confidence of operators was so
unbounded that prices advanced |d. per lb., middling upland being
pushed up to 7 3-lGi. on the spotaud 7|d. for June delivery, "while
as high as 7|d. was paid for distant shipments — the hijiest prices
of the season. A'ariaingly low estimates of the American, East
Indian and Egyptian crops were current; sanguine views of an
early settlement of the Eastern quesion were in vogue; the large
stock of c;)ttou accumulated by consumers was altogether over-
looked, and 8d. per lb. for middling upland was calculated upm
as certain to be witnessed during the course of the season; but
the exciteuK nt was too intense to last, and between the 8tLi and
17th of January the demand fell to very mode'ate dimensions,
speculators hastened to realze the late advance, the idea got
abroad that, after all, the American crop might not be very much
smaller than the previous one, and prices receded f J. per lb.
Tbe decline led to an improved demand and a recovery of 3-lGd.
per lb. between the 17th and 20th of January; but with aug-
mented receipts at the American ports (the weekly fiurures rising

cox.^r^rrTiox ix Ernoi-E axd amkrtca. 201

from 110,000 on the 2Gili of January to 143,000 and lU.OOO on
the 3 I and Otli of February respectively) the reaction recom-
lueucfd with more intensity than before, and middling upland
fell to 6 9-l(5d. on the 8th of F<:-bruary, wiiile the s>lt-s for the
week ended on that day reached only 40 000 bales; bu'. with
reduf d American arrivals, advancing piic'-s at New York,
utifavorable crop accounts from Bomljay and an improved busi-
ness in Mtrchester, confident revived, and prices gaii ed
3-16d. between the 8th and 15th of February — middling upland
being quoted 6|d. on the spot and 7 l-16d. for distant
deliveries.

The improvement, however, was only sliorl-1ived. The in-
creased business in Manchester was more apparent than real ; the
demand for cotton fell oft', and with a large impoit tlie stock here
increased from 829,000 bales on the 15ih Ft^bruary, to 1,070,000
ou the 23d March. During these five weeks the sales on the spot
averaged only 7,600 bales j.er day. There was no appreciable
reduction in the rate of consumption, but with a slow state of
trade in Manchester, spinners ftll back upon their large surplus
stocks. M'lreover, they were receiving: an average of nearly
11,000 bales per week, direct from the quay. During this period,
too, the market was injuriously affecied by the pressure to sell
March deliveries and cotton declared against shipments ; while
business in Manchester was re>tricted by au adverse turn in the
Tidian exchanges. The result was a decline of ^d. tofd. per lb.,
middling upland receding to G^d. on the spot, and 6 1-iGd. for
landiog cotton on the 32d March, against Gfd. and G U-lGd.
respectively, on tiie 13th February. At times there were t-ymp-
toms of imiroveraent, but tht y ended in nothing substaniial.
0,1 the 331 and 34th March there was a Ltile more inquiry, owing
to some advance in the Indian exchanges and a better demand in
Manchester, but the change for the better disappeared on the
36th, on the announcement of the failure of Messrs. Isaac Low&
Co. This event took the public quite by sur. rise, and fears were
entertaint-d that further mischief wou d follow ; the result was
an instant decline of 1-lGi. to ^d. per lb. Middling upland was
sold at 6i I. on the spot, and 6d. Imding. The low price attracted
buyers and the fall was recovered between the 37th and 29th
M^rch. The market was closed lor the Eister holi.lays between
the 29Lh March and the 3d April ; meanwhile (on the 31st March)
the Pro'ocol on Turkish affiirs was signed by the various
Powers. This yave rise to hopes of a speedy settlement of the
Eastern question, and, together with the low prices, led to a large
attendance of spuiners on the 3J April, resulting in a bu inessof
30,f!00 bales, and an advance of ^d. to 3-16d in sp't prices, and
3-16d. to id. in futures ; but the movement met with no response
in Manchester. The demand rapidly fell off, and the whole of

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

ilie advance was lost between the Gth and \\\h 9tli April. A f » w
days later came the rejection of the Protocol by Turkey, which
was taken not only as indicating the certainty of hostilities
between Russia and Turkey, but as threatening a general Euro-
pean war. For several days, therefore, the market was esceed-
ii'gly depressed, especially an t e gloom occasioned by political
disquietude was intensified by rumors of impending difficulties
in the market, and eventuallv by the announcement of the fail-
ure of Messrs. Lockhart & Dempster, wlio were largely engaged
in cotton operations. The result was that between the 9th and
the 17th April prices gave way ^J^d. per Ih. During the sub-e
quent four days rumors that renewed efforts were being made to
preserve peace caused an advance of 3-l(id. ; but the ac ual decla
ration of war by Russia dispelled all hopes of hostilities being
averted, while the non-committal character of the Einpemr's
manifesto led to the fear that, in certain eventualities, other
Powers besides Russia. and Turkey might be drawn into the con-
flict. The upshot wjs a demoralized cotton market and a fall of
Jd., middling upland selling on Apiil 27 at 5 13-16d. on the spot,
and 511 I6d. landing. During the subsequent week there was a
recovery of 1 16d. to 8-32d., but it was lost the week after ; and
on the lotli May the quotations for middling upland were 5f 1.
on the spot, and 5 lllGi. for near deliveries, the loioes' prices of
Uie season.

The fall in values had now reached nearly IU\. per lb. from
the highest prices paid in January, and the current rales were
only 1-lGd. to -^d. above the low irregular sales made duriny the
most depressed days in the previous season. Buyers, therfoie,
began to think that little, if any, further decline could reasonably
be calculated upon, especially as the prospects for the remainder
of the season pointed to the certainty of a serious deficit in sup-
plies, compared with the previous season. Accordingly, after the
Whitsuntide holidays (which occurred between the 18tli and 23d
of May) a rather better inquiry was experienced both here and
in Manchester. The improvement was slow at first, but made
d cided progress daring the first fortnight of June, ending in an
advance of 9 16d. between the 15 h May and the 14th June ;
middling upland being quoted at G 5-lGd. on the last named date,
against 5|d. on the former. The advance led to a pause ; buyers
in Manchestt r refused to follow the rise, aiid spinners having
increased their stocks of the raw material, cut down their pur-
chases to very small dimensions. Meanwhile the market was
adversely affected by continued apprehensions respecting ihe
future of the Eas'ern question, and by the increased gravity of
political affairs in France, both of wliich causes were injuring
tri;de i^i jjeneral throughout the world. Between the 14ih and
23d of June, therefore, prices lost 3-16 I. [er lb ; but the react on

coxsuMrnox ix Europe axd America. 2(i3

agaiu brouglit in buyers, and the fall was recovered bniween the
23d and 28th. Thw hardening tendency continued until the 19th
of July, on which day middling was quoted at Cfii. on the spot
and 6 7 16d. for distant deliveries.

The upward movement was due entirely to the unmistakal)]y
strong statistical position of tbe market, and receivrd no encour-
agt-ment whatever Irom Manchester, where trade was as dull as
it could be. It was as clear as anyihing could be tliat a further
advance in prices could not be prevented except by a reduction
in the rate of consumption; but although there had been much
talk of "short time" in tbe manufacturing diairicis, nothing of
importance in that direction h^d been done. At lei gth the true
position of aff lirs forced iis^-lf upon producers, and towards the
middle of July the "short time" movement began to make
decided progress, and continued to do so during the subsequ< nt
month, 80 much so that it w; s currenily esiima'ed that the
weekly rate of consumption for part ot July and the whole of
August did not materially exceed 50,000 biles per week. Mean-
wbile, the msrket was further weakened by the promise of a
large new American crcp, the failure of the food crops in import-
ant districts in IniJia, and by the apparent certainty of a pro-
longed war in Turkey. A very bad effect was produced, too, by
the stoppage of Mespis. Shorrock, Eccles & Co., of Darwen,
announced on the 13th of August. The upshot of these various
influences was, that the sales for the five weeks ended August
23 averaged only 41,000 tales per week, and that prices gave
way 7-16d. per lb. — middling upland receding to o 15-101. on
the ppot and 5|d. for near deliveries.

At last tl e reduced rate of production began to make itself
felt in Manchester, not in any very pronounced way, but still
sufficient to give firmness to prices. This circum-tauc^, and the
unfavorable turn taken by the American crop advices, brought
out buyers of yarns and goods, and led to a little more business
in cot'on, but the demand was so freely met th:.t prices gained
only 1-lG i. per lb. in the last week of August and the first week
of September. Little attention was paid to the Vad crop accounts,
! nd the improvement in Manchester was reported as being of a
very trifling character; but ?s the month of Septfmber advanced
the unfavorable cr< p news became too general to be altogether
ignored, while it was also clear that more business had been
doing in Manchester than appeared on the surfa-^e. Spinners,
therefore, became very large operators, especially as they bad
alowed their surplus stocks to be completely u^ed up, and dur-
ing the three weeks ended 'he 27th of S ptember the ral"S aver-
aged over 80,000 bal^-s per week and prices advanced |d. per lb.
After so large a business there was less nnimation between the
27lh and 29th of the mvn'h, «nd futures lost 1 IGd. to |d., but

264

COTTOX FROM SEED TO L002I.

sp)t prices remainfd steady, middling upland b' iiig quoted 6fd.
per lb. on the last day of the month, being 7-16(1. higher thnn
the opening, fd. higher than the lowest, and 13 IGd. lower than
the highest prices of the season. The average price for the
season is 6jcl., against G^i. Inst season.

The following is an account of '-he priucip il fluctua'ions during
the seasou iu tlie leading descriptions of ottou, an-l in 33's twist
and 8i lb. sliirtings :

1876.
Sept. 28
Oct. 10
N()V. 9

Dec.

18'
Jan.

Feb.

29...

11.

8...
17...
20...

8...
13...
22...
27...

Mar
Apr
May 15
Juiie 14
July 19
Aufj. 23
Sept. 29

5S

fl.

515i6

•)'8

058

(J 38

6^

6''i(;

6II16

Ol-*16

6f>16

684

6I4

5l:hG

534

6"'i6

O^S

515i6

6%

Deliveries

d.

5i:ti6

52^32

5IT32

6I4

6W16

Oo,l3

038

IHq.

0-iD.,o

ti29s2

6I16
5II10
3II16
6!>:{o I6i«

P Ph

rt.

5 '^8
5'^8
0^4
«i38

<i"l6

7

7I5
7032

'"16
631. J.

•^'i«i
6i:»

638

5-78

614

638

515,,.

6^16

1

0

ci

.2

u<

P4

3 .•

il

1.

0
a.

rH

W

<A

fl.

fl.

d.

534

6^8

4^1 r.

5i'8

6

438

6J.,

6 '8

5

6'ir,

63.*

413ifi

69i6

634

0^6

(3I0

(i-s

.>

-JlilG

634

5^16

7I8

7

534

7Mfi

(i'8

5i'8

634

6''8

oil,fi

(i'^H

(-■^8

591 c.

61-2

(i^-s

•'»ir.

6i^

(i38

ai8

63ir,

6I4

4Jii6

(U8

6 '8

4 "8

(!38

614

5^8

(i38

614

53ie

61 ir.

6

biifi

038

6 Is

c%

2's Twist.

d. (I.

838 to 938
8^8 to 958
10 to 11

958 to 105„
958 to 1058
958 to ]05h

10 to 10'^8

1058

lO^ij

lOlo

0-8

9"8
8^8
858
838
8 34

884
810
918

to 1158

tolHo

tolllo
to lO's
to 1034
to 95«

Shirtings

8I4 lbs.

(I. S. (1.

6 to 8 4I0

712 to 8 6

3 to 9 0
0 to 8 IOI2

3 to 9 0

3 to 9 0

4I2 to 9 0

7 710 to

7 41*1 to

7 4i2to

7 3 to

7 3 to

(! 101^3 to

6 9 to

6 3 10

6 7iiito

95s;o 6 to

9 '4 6 :5 to

9 '58 6 41^10

93n

9i.-(

3

0

0

3

3

9

9

6

0

6

II2

4iy

I.MPOKTS AND STOCKS.
The imports and stocks of the whole of Europe compare as
follows, in l,00')'s of bales:

Anu'i-i-
c;ui.

imufui. Bra.il.

Egypt.

Smyr-
na.

VV. Ind.
&c.

Total.

Import —

1876-77

1 875-76

3,019
3,206

187

.57.5
570

1,135
1,220

85

179
312

444
402

443

464

107
107

90
113

5,23Si
5,512

Decrease

Increase

Stocks, Sept.30—
1877

"42
127

21
67

17
21

23

30

38

274
1,001

1876

162 1 65

1,168

Decrease

Increase

' '5

133

35

2

4

0

167

DELIVERIES FOR SEVEN SK.VSOXS

The following is a comparative statement of the deliveries in
1,000's of bales during tlie past seven seasons, with the weight in
pounds:

COXSUMPTIOX IX EVROPE AXD AMKHICA.

265

Git EAT Britain

1876-7 11,990

1875-6 1 1,948

1874-5 1,606

1873-4 1,701

1872-3 1,654

1871-2 1,412

1870-1 1,925

407 416
4 79 238
(>(iS!4(!l

COXTIXKNT.

1876-7

1875-6

1874-5

187.S-4

1872-3

1871-2

1870-1

1,023

1,184
981

1.021
890
671

1,118

All Europe.

1876-7 3,0i:

1875-6 !3,13l

1874-5 2,5s-;

1873-4

1872-3

660
737
658
558

862
916
947
874
790
72(i

413
509
(568
379

63
1(»9
154
187
231
298

753 212

286
29S
245
285
306
239
241

Total

Totnl -woislit.
I'oiuids.

503,1 49 406 1,278.538,000

54 3,<)17 421 1.27(),2s7,(lO0
97 :i,(>77 3-^!»-(;il,i;ts.s:{s,()(io

9<) :i,i 19 :;!>l 1.2 lOwOii.ono

129 ;!,3;i5;3s4 l,2s(»,(J lo.dOO

155|3,132 3(iO 1,127,520.000

119l3,222|392 1,263,024,000

155 152 2,2551408
16() 17sl2, 5531402
85 174'2.341 3S-J
91 196 2,."(i9 ;;77
101 ISl 2.193 366
65 221 1.981 350
96 18612,365 380

920.0'52.000

1.026,374.000

s;il,2(i2.OO0

s'Xi.] in.ooo

S()2.63S.000
693.350.000
898,700,000

1,269 479 441 202 5,404 406-8 2,198,
1.395 347 4fi4 232 5,570 412-3 2.296,
1,<)15 615 s:50 271 5,4ls {{SO-;! I'.O!):!.

722 l.5:i 1 (ioo :i7t; 2S(; 5,5is :!s(;-7 -j,!;!:;.

544 1,527 ~40,407:J10„5,52s :{7(i-s-_'.Os:{.

1871-2 i2,083 1,384 966 304 376 5,113 356-1 1,8J0

1870-1 |3,043|l,311 591 337|305J5,587 386-9j2,161

620,000
661.000
100,000
s 10.000
27^,000
S70,000
724,000

The average weekly deliveries in

bales were as follows

1876-7.

1875-6.

1874-5.

1873-4.

1872-3.

1871-2

1870-1.

Gt Britain-.
Aiiicricaii .. .
East Iiidiau..
Other kiuds..

38,274

7,833

14,452

37,468

9,220

11,337

30,885
12,846
15,442

32,711
12,()92
15,154

31.808
14.173
18,1.54

27,154
12,6.54
20,423

37,019
; 0.731
14,211

Total

Continent.
Auieiieau .. .
East Iiiflian..
Other kinds..

60,559

19,681

16,574

7,110

58',025

22,773

17,607

8,719

59,173

10,865

18,212

7,942

00,557

19,635

16,807

9,116

64,135

17,115

15,192

9,866

60,231

12,904
13,961
11,231

38,096

61,961

21,500

14,481

9,500

Total

43,365 49,099

45,019! 45,558

42,173

45,481

Grand total

103,924 107,124

104,192 106,115U06,308

98,327

107,442

'I hr- avirage tceir//it oi American packages cousumed this y« ar
we estimate at 438 lb-., against 441 lbs. last year; of E>rypiian,
601 lbs., against G02 lbs; of Brazil, 164 lb!«., ai/ainst 160 lbs.; of
West Indian, «S:c., 205 lb?, for both years; of Smyrna, 370 lbs. for
Great Britain, and 3>) lbs. for the Continent, for boih years; of
Eisl Indian, 3S4 Ib^, against 380 Ib-t., for Great Britain, and 373
lb-*., against 307 lbs., for the Continent.

CONSUMPTION OF GKE.VT nRIT.\IN.

It is generally supposed that at the end of August English
spinners held only a bare working stock of the raw material.
During the four weeks of September th.y took 258,.'500 bales
(averasring 401 lbs. each) from Liverpool and London. Allowing
for the clo.sing of the mills at Bjlton, and for " shori timt" else-

266

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

where, it is thought that the actu:il rate of consumption did not
exceed an average of 56,000 bales per week, or a total of 224,009
bales for the four weeks. Thij would leave a surplus of 34,500
bahs, w< ipjhing about 13,800,000 lbs., at the ead of the month,
and also at cloie of the season, against 8,518,000 lbs. twelve
months previously, showing an increase in spinne-a' stocks of
5,282,000 lbs. this year ovjr 1 ist. If we de'luct ibis latter figure
from the w-ight of cotton delivere 1^1,278,53 ■<, 000 lbs — we shall
get 1,273,256,000 lbs. as the weight actually coisuraed, against
1,270,287,00J ibs. last season. Tbe movements for the pasi five
seasons compare as follows:

1872-73.
1873-74.
1874-75.
187.^-76.
1876-77.

Actual wei.glit Estim't'd w'glit
delivered. | coiismiied.

l,2S0.(il(>,()(l() ' l,'J27,4.''i:5,()()0

1,2 lu,70(i.()(i()
l,l!>-^.s:is.()(i{»
1,27(),L'>:7.(»00
i,27s,:):is,()()0

l,2r)',».,s:;(;,ooo
1,224,377,000
1,270.287,000
1,273,256,000

Surplus
pounds.

53,187,000
5,282,600

IX'ticit
pounds.

19.130,000
25,539,000

Our estimate of the requ'rements of the season was 1,297,0C0,-
000 lbs., or about 24,000 000 lbs. less than the weight actually
consumed; but the loss in spinning American cotton was from 2 to
3 per cent less than in the previous season, and 2i per cent on
the weight of American spun (1,930,260 biles of 43S lbs., or a
total of 871,733,880 lo-s.) comes to 21,793,000 lbs. So the weight
of yarn actu illy turned out was practically about the same a^i
our estimate.

EXPORTS OF YARNS AND GOODS.

The following is a comparative statement of the export of
cotton yarns and piece goods from Great Britain in each of the
past ten seasons, ended Sept. 80, in milliotis of pounds and yards:

Yarn
pounds.

1876-77 2'29-9

1875-76 223-2

1874-75 218-1

1873-74 218-5

1872-73 219-2

Goods
yards.

3,803
3,6:35
3,,546
3,530
3,526

1871-72
1870-71
1869-70
1868-69
1867-68

Yarn
l)ouii(ls.

200-5
194-0
181-5
169-3
179-6

Groods
yards.

3,449
3,432
3,412

2,908
2,980

The exports for the past season show an increase of 3 per cent
in yarn, and 4"6 per cent in piece goods, over those of 1875-76.

THE CONSUMING POWER OF THE CONTINENT.

The following table is based upon answers given to the ques-
tion, " What is the average consumption of cotton per spindle
per annum in your neighborhood when all the machinery is fully
at work?" and upon official accounts of the deliveries of cotton
for consumption in each country :

coxsvMi'Tiox IX j:rni)PE axd amehica.

No. of ^-~
sjuudles. i~

2,500,000

310.000

4,7ij0.000

1,55S.(K)0

l,8:>O,t>O0

230.000

800,000

5,000,000

1.775.000

«80,000

05
80
55
67
2.5
(>0
■60
48
48
67

Total
puuuds.

162,.500.000

24,><64.(M)0

25S, 500,000

lOUiisO.OOO

4S.250.00(I

i:{.so(»,oo()

4S.0(»0,0(I0

240,000.000

85,200.000

58,900,000

Bales of
400 lbs.

406,250
62.1(iO
0l(),25O
2(>0,iM;5
120.625
:M.500
120,000
IIOO.OOO

2i:{.0(to

147,-100

Avc'gt

lH'.l-
week.

7,812
1.105

12.128

5.010

2,320

(i63

2,308

11,538
4,006
2,835

Russia & Poland..
Sweilwi itNwway,

(ieruiaiiy

Aii.stria

ywitziTlaud

Holland

BelfiiuiH

Krauce

Spain

Italy

Total 1 10,603,000 ; 53-2 j 1,044,460,000 j 2,611,150 | 50,214

COXSUMl'TIUN OF TUhi CONTINKNT.

The above figures difier tliglitly from those given in the pre-
vious reports, but they are more correct. la the fol'owing table
we give au approximate estimate of the quantity of cotton
ac ualjy consumed in each country during the past season.'
Compared with the full rate of consumption as shown above,
there is a reductionof 12^ for Russia, 10 per cent for Switzerland,
Belgium and Italy, 5 per cent for Germany, France and 8paiii,
ard 2| per cent for Austna.

No of
spindles.

Russia & Poland..
Sweden »S: Norway

Germany

Austria ,

Switzeiland

Holland

Belgium

Frauee

Spain

Italy

Total ,

2,500.

310.
4,700.
1,558,
1,850,

230.

800,
5.000,
1,775,

880,

,000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000

80
53
65
23
60
54
46
45
60

Total
pounds.

142,500,000
24,800,000

249,100,000

101,270,000
42,5.50,000
13,800,000
43,200.000

230,000,000
70,875,000
52,800,000

Bales of
400 lbs.

19,603,000 .5002 979,895,000

306,250
62,000
622,750
253,175
106,375
34,500
108,000
575,000
199,687
132,000

2,399,737 46,148

Ave'ge

pel-

week.

5,889
1,192

11,976

4,X()8

2,046

663

2,077

11,058
3,s40
2,539

These figures show an increase of 1'8 per cent over the esti-
mated consumption of 187o-76, atrainst an average increase of .5
per cent in 1875 76 over 1874-7.5, and 1874-75 over 1873-74.
Compared with a ful' rate of coasumption, ihe qu intity of cotton
spui i 1 1876 77 shows a deficit of G"3 p.T cent. The movements
for the pnst four seasons compare as follows:

Actual wei.ght [Estim'fd Wglit
delivered, lii.s. cou.-iiinied, ihs.I

Surplius
Ifouuds.

1873-74 893. 1 13,0oo

1874-75 894,J(i-J.(iO'i

187.5-76 l,02(i.374.ooo

1876-77 920,032,000 ,

«72,00O.O()O 21,113,000

915,375,000 I

9(il, 143,000 05,231,000

970,895,000

Deficit.

21,113,000
59,863,000

It appears, therefore, that the surplus stock of 65,830,000 lbs.,
over and above ordinary working requirements, held by spinners
twelve months ago, hss been reduced to 5,368,003 lbs., or about

268

COTTOX FUOM SEED TO LOOM.

13,000 bales of 400 lbs., or about 150,000 bales less than at tbe
close of September, 187G.

But although the stocks of cotton at the mills are much
smaller than they were a year since, we should think, from the
tenor of our correspondence, that the difference is quite counter
balanced by increased stocks of yarns and goods.

CONSUMPTION OF THE UNITED STATES.

The consumption of cotton in the United Stales continues to

make rapid progress, the unsatisfacto'y state of trade notwit)i-

standing. In reference to the course of business during the past

season, the New York Financial Chronicle, in its annual crop

statement, issii'^d last month, says:

" The p'lst year h s proved far from a sttsfactory one for our spiuDers. not-
withs^t inning "they havr mamif.ictured goods in increiised qiiautiiies, and sold
them all. Several cin umstantes hive combined in produce this d faipoint-
ment (for a disappo ntment it has been siiiCL; they besjan the si-ason with a
favorable outlooli .■ nd very hopeful anticipations. In ihe fir t jilace, sill trade
inth-c lU'iiiy has lieen m re depressed imd sp ritle-s during tlie pa-t twelve
monthi than diirinar any sini:lar iieriod since ti e punic. Very naturally. th< re-
tore, ih'? diiuand for cotion goods ha-, iu genera , bien of n quiet naiare, not
fav rable t> uU price?; absorb ng the prodiictinn to be .sure, but in tuch a
Hlug;.'ish. h*nd-tomo!ith way, as to keep the seller netrly all the time to the
disadvantage of having to force his good". Ihen, I'gain, ihe vugaries <f the
cott'H market have hel Did to intensiff the indisposition to lurihase ainon;^
buyers. When he year beg m. the price of cottoa statisticitily api eared vi ry
low. The last seis'ou'-< consumption and this seasci's pTspective tnpply
cle.irly sh^weil a deficiency. Conseqaenily, spinners siocke I up, aii<l prices t.f
giiod-i improved. B:;t th • rumors of war in h-uroiM! and fiii;illy war itself,
chauL'ed entire y the situation, giving a droojiing tendency to cotton, an I of
course imparting' the same inclin li-m to manufactures. Noonebuysl rgely
or eag r y on a filling market, and especially when ail tiade is depres-ed."

Allowing for diff>-rence3 in stocks in the Northern interior

towns, and dtductlnuf the cotton sent to Canada, and that burnt

or lost, the deliverie;^ during the past five seasons were as follows :

Taken by Northern
mill.s

Taken by Southern
mills

Total takings from
crop 1,201,127

1873.
Bales.

1,063,465
137,662

1874.
Bales.

1,177,417
128,526

187;
Balei

1 ,062,522
145,079

1,305,943 1,207,601 1,356,598

1876.
Bales.

1,211,-598
145,000

1877.
Bales.

1,288,418
147,000

l,435,41i>

As spinners hold le.'-s cotton than they did twelve months since,

the consumption ha-< made preater progress even than that indi

cated iu the foregoing statemf^nt.

In reference to this iiicrea^^ed consumption, the CllRONTCLE says:

"These figuring verify our icmnrks and the mill-returns which we pnlili>hed
Fomi^ Wieki sine , stiouii g ihat the Nrrth ■m spinners wire using increa-^nd
am lunts of cotton. We should r^ niiinber, however, tint ii crea.-ed t ikings do
not ' f I'Ocessity :nd caie iiicre.ised >ards of cloth in nufactured. With cotton
lit 11 cents per "lb , the heavier make- bee ir.e relatively ilie cheapi r, while our
export moveinen to Chin^i, Afric i, and S n'h Am erii arnnsupon he ivy i; bric-.
Fuiihcrmore. as Wi- stated a year ago. hnv prii cs ar enlari/ing th • uses of this
stiipl . Fur instunce, in wiirsti d a d woolen mills aid knii goods there has
b en of It'"- years a constaiitly-increjisiig proportion of mtton Consumed. In
these and o In r way-, the demand f ir the sta.de is i;rowiiig, and i speci illy has
this been the case dnring the past three .-easons."

What becmes of a portion of the increased outturn of

CO.VSrjr/T/O.V 7.V EritOPK AXD AMKHICA.

269

American spindles and looms is shown in ilie following account
of the exports of cotton manufactures from tlie United States
during tbe years named, endintr June 30 :

PIKCK (5(>or>S.

Cotton

Mannf'rtiii-C8,

all liiiid.s,

Vain,-.

Years.

Plain.
Yaifls.

C()loii>(l.
Yards.

Total.
Yards.

1872

1S74

1876

1877

S,-<59,191
13.237.51(1
59.31 9.2ii7
76,720,260

2.S44.888

4,(!00.447

16.4SS.214

29.111,434

11,704,079

17,837.957

75,807,481

105,831,694

$2,30 1,330
3,091,332
7,722,978

10,1S0,984

The last complete count of spindles in the United States was
made two years ago. There were then 9.0iT,543 in tlie North
and 481,821 in the South. Since then about 415,000 new spindles
have been put up in th- North and 100,000 in the Soutli. fo that
th* re are now about 9,472,543 in 1 he one section and 581,821 in
the other, or a total of 10,054,364 in the United States.

THE AMERICAN COTTON CROP.

The last American crop reached 4.485,423 bales, against 4,669,-
283 bales in the previous season. The exports to Great Britain
amounted to 2,0-24,877 bales, against 2,08 ,711 biles, and to the
Contine' t 1,024.620, asninst 1.172 283. i^merican spinners took
1,435,418, againfet 1,3')6,59S bales. The weight of each of the
past four crops is estimated as follow.* by the New York FINAN-
CIAL Chronicle, upon returns received from the various
Southern pliippi'ig ports :

CROP.

.•Vverase

Weisiifr

ptn- Bale.

Season of—

Number, Bales.

WeiRbt, Pound.s.

mjCt-TT

4, 185,423
4,669.288
3,832.991
4,170,388

2,100.465,086
2,201.410.024
1,78(;,934.765
1,956,742,297

468-28

1875-76

471-46

1874 75

4(i8-00

1873-74

46900

The foregoing are gross weights, and include bands and wrap-
pers. •

THE COTTON SHLLS OP INDIA.

According to a recent offi-ial renort, there are now at work in
the cotton mills of India 1,231,' 00 spindles, and from 10.000 to
11,000 looms. It is not ea>y to ascertain the weight of cotton
consumed by these spimiles.as many of the mill companies have
declined t) fill up the Government forms with the Lecessary par-
ticulars ; but the returns received show an average of 75 lbs. per
spindle per annum. On the bacis of this averat'e the present
rate of consumption is about 92,395,000 lbs., or 237,000 bales of
390 Ihs., per annum. The extraor.liuary progress made by this
new bra'ichof Indian industry is shown in the following table :

270

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Spiiidles at
work.

Cotton Consumeo.

Year.

Pouiuls.

Bales of 390
pounds.

Bales
^ week.

1S(>1

3:i8,000
503,000

sse>,ooo

1,124,000
1,231,000

25,350,000
44,475,000

Oti, 150.000
S 1,300,000
02,325,000

05,000 1.2.50

1874

1875

1876

1877

114,000
17(».000
21(i,0(lO
237,000

2,190
3,270
4,150
4,5G0

It may be that soine portion of ihis increased production by
steam power lias talien the place of the native hmdraade yarns
and goods ; but most unquestioaably the bulb, of the out-turn
has gone to supply wants that would otherwise have been met
by imports from (ireit Britain.

STATK OP THE COTTON INDUSTRY ON THE CONTINENT.
' In September we forwarded printed forms, containing the fol
lowing list, of questions, to correspondents at eveiy cotton port
and cotton man u fact uring district oa the C )ntinent :

1. Has the chancter of the business of the pa>it sea'^on been siitisfaciory or
un-atisfactoiy, and what causes have iufltiei.cod the conrse of trade ?

2. What is I lie present state of the trade, and what are the pios-pects for the
coniiiia; s-easou '?

3. Has the c nsumption of cotton in yon" dii-trict incrfaserl or (Jecreased,
and \\\i t do yo . estimate the differLDueper cent compared with tue previous
Bcai-oii ?

4. Ae the stocks f raw cotton at th3 mills in your Tioighb'>'bood larsor or
sniMliL-r than they were at this time lasc year ? If so, whai is the approximate
difffi-eiiCe per cent ?

5 Are the stocks of yiirns and sroods larger or smal'er than they were at this
time la-t year ?• If so, whit i:- the approximate difference p •!• cent ?

b. Wh;it increase (if any) has there been ia ihe number ut tpiudles in your
1 ei>;hborhood ?

7. What is the total number of soindles now in e.x^s ence iu your country,
and how many (if any) are not running at the present time ?

8. What is the average con-^umpian of cotton per spindle per annum in
your neighborhood when nil the machinery is fully at w, rk ?

!). Please state th" number (if power looms in your couiiny. and the number
of hands employed in spinning and weaving, either by oflicial return oi approx-
imat ly.

!0. Your views on other matters of interest to the trade not included in the
above questions would al-o be gladly received.

We take tbis oppor unity of thanking our numerou.s corre-
spondents for the prompt and hearty manner in which they have
answer'^d our questions, and we trust tliat the perasal of our
report will affoid them some Pfcompense for the trouble which
they have been put to in complying with our wishes.

Past Season. — V^ery favorable for j-arns, owing to- reduced pro-
duct'on, belter also for goo Is but less bo thau for yarns, owing to
stocks of calicoes and prints being heavy at the opening of the
season, and the sale slow in consequgnce of the war. Producers
have benefitted by ihe low exchange, advanced duties, shorter
terms of credit, and gradual reduction of stocks.

No increase in spindles. Consumption of cotton reduced in the
Moscow district, but no change of moment in the St. Peterslxirg
district. Night work partially suspended during a portion of the

COXSrMPTIOX IX EUBOrE AXD AMKRICA.

rear, but now resumed. Reduced cousumption for all Ru.-»siA ;
piobub'y not m'>re than 10 to 13 per Crut. Stocks of cotton at the
mills coiisiderab y smiller than last yt-ar. Stock at St. Pettr:'-
burg nearly all sold. Stocks of yarus very small; spiunera uudt-r
contract for some monllis to come. Socks of goods much sraallpr
than last year, but large in proportion to yarns.

Prospects — Very uncertain. Everything dt pends on the chances
of peace and the improvement in exc'iauge. There is a fair
demnud, but the fear is that the rise in prices cannot keep pace
with ihe fall iu exchange.

POLAND.

Prt*i 6'erto/i.— Opened with litLle doing. The outbreak of the
war caused some activity, but the panic in Russia inundated us
a terwards with Russian manufac ures, and prevented prices
from rising. Now everything is better.

No increas • iu spindles. Consumption ab )ut the same ad last
year. S ocks of raw cotton at the mills 15 per cent to 20 | er cent
largt-r. Hardly any stocks of yarns or goods.

Pronpecta. — Not bad, but the war causes muc^ diffidence ; and
the depreciation of th« Russian currency is also a great drawback.
.SWEDEN AND NOHWAY.

Pa t Season. — Vt-ry favorable during the greater part of the
seasou, but not so favorable at the close.

A few new sjandles have been put up in several mills. The
consumption of cotton showa no change of importance. The
stock of cotton at the mills same as last jear. Stocks of yarns
and goods larirer.

Prospects. — Not favorable, owing to accumulation of stock?,
and dull trade-.

GERMANY.

T'uussi.v. — Past ti (ison. — Very unsatisfactory, owins ti the
slow sale and de, ressed prices of yarns and good-*, occasioned by
the war, and thn consequent stagnation in business. Coarse
counts of yarns (2's to 20's) worse thin ever known. All attempts
to bring about a better state of things, by reducing production,
have been frust rated by Manchester competition.

No new mills opened ; bat foiue new spindles added to old
mills last year have since been put to work. On the whole rather
more cotton has been spun this year than last. Stocks of cotton
at the mills decidedly reduced. Stocks of yarns and got ds very
greatly increased.

Prospects. — Present state very unfavorable, owing to the
unprecedcntedly ui profitable scale of pricts. Tbere has been a
rather better ioquiry within the past month, and a further
improvemt-nt is expected during the winter. If this hope should
not be realized, the present rate of production cannot be con-
tinued, as s ocks are already very excessive.

272 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Saxony. — Past Season. — Unsatisfactory throughout, owing to
the rise iu cotton in the early part, and th^^ poliiical disquietude
produced by the Eastern war and the criiical position of afEairs
in France.

No change in spindles. Consumptinn slightly diminished —
some BHy 5 to 10 per cent. St(icks of cotton at the mills reduced ;
but stocks of yarns and goods vastly increased.

Prospects. — Very discouruging. No signs of improvement.
Unless a change lOi* the better comes qu ckly, the out-turn of
the mills will have to be reduced.

Bavaria. — Past Season. -Yt^ry unsatisfactory, «^specially dur-
ing the second half of the season, owing to the continued after-
eflEects of the finai cial crisis, the decline in the iron industry, the
adverse influence of foreign tariflFs, and the unfavorable treaties
of commerce of the German Empire. Production in excess of
demand. Prices very unprofitable.

No increase in spindle.-^. Consumption of cotton diminished in
some mills, but fully maintained in the majority. More Ameri-
can used than last season Stocks of cot! on 30 to 50 per cent
smaller. St' cks of yarns and goods rather larger.

Pros/iects. — Very unfavorable, with little hope of any imme-
diate improvement, owing to the general depres.'^ion in all
departments of trade, and the unseasonable weather for tlie
potato, wine, tobacco and fodder crops.

Baden. — Pa t Season. — Fairly satisfactory at the opening, but
bad later on, and very bad at the close, especially for manufac-
turers. The adverse influences in operation have been — financial
losses, which have forced people to economize; yeneral depres-
sion in trade, owinuf to political disquietude ; and over production.

No increase of spindhs. One mill with 15,000 spindles burnt
down e.irly in the year, but now at work again. Con!^umption of
colton slightly diminislied. The quantity of cotton at the mills
much emaller than last year, most mills holding only a bare
working stock. Stocks of yarns moderate ; stocks of jroods enor-
mous in first hands, but very small in second and third hands.

Prospects. — Business lethargic, and no appearance of any early
improvement. No likelihood of any amendment until the war
is at an end.

Alsace. — Pust Season. — Unfavorable, from bad to worse,
owing to slow sales and accumulation of stocks, caused by th--
supp-ession of protective duties ; by the hiyh tariffs o France,
Austria sud Russia ; and by the commercial depression arising
out of the political uneasiuess occasioned by the crisis in France
and the uncertain eventualities of the war in Turkey.

No increase in spindle-^. Consumption of cotton about the
same as last season, thoujih possib y rather less, owing to some
mills having gone on to finer nurabirs. Minor < fforts have been

coysv2n'Tioy ix euhope axd ameiuca. 273

made t > n-duce production, but tht y have bet- n too uuiniportaut
to notice. Stocks of cotton at the mills greatly reducml ; in most
cases they now ou'y amouut to ordinary working requirements.
Sti'cks of goods largely increased, and now unusually heavy.

Prosp cts. — No sigus of improveuient. No improvement pos-
sible until the caus s enumerated above aie removed. The on'y
redeeming feature is tlie low price, whicli enab'ea producers to
ho d stock easier and with le:-s liability to loss than bt-fore, and
encourages tLe hope of increased consumption. Wiib peace, no
doubt a g'-tat revival of trade would take place, '.vhich, by
increasing employment for the working classes everywhere,
would ennble consumers to increase their expenditure in clothing.
Aside from this, Alsace also wants the establishment of import
duties equal to those of France,, as a protection against English
competition.

AUSTRIA.

Past Season. — Favorable during the first three or four
mouths, owing to advancing prices, good demand and ri.-ing
exchanges ; but unfavorable during the remainder of the season,
owing to declining prices, diminished demand, and falling
exchanges. On the whole there has been a fair sale of goods,
and stocks have not accumulateii Vf ry much, but prices have bcrn
very unsatisfactory, owing to the competition of English imports,
which have been forced off at low rates.

AbDUt 15,000 nt^w spindles have come into work, but a mill
witli 12,000 has bi^en burnt. The consumption of cotton has
diminished about 5 per cent in some districts, but has been well
maintain! d in other.-*. Average reduction perhaps 2.V per cent.
Spinners have gone on to lower counts of yarn, owing to foreign
competition in the higher counts. The stocks of cotton are larger
at some mills, but smaller at otber,-*, than last year. The stocks
of yarns are moderate. The stocks of goods are smaller at tome
mills, but much larger at others ; on the whole, possibly a little
heavier than last year.

Pnspecis. — The outlook is not good. The favorable anticipa-
tions based upon the bountiful harvest have not been realiz d.
The recent rise in cotton has not been followed by a corre.-pond-
ing advance in yarns and goods. Any movement of moment in
this re.^pect has been prevented by the competition of Engli-h
imports. Th^ result is that producers are working at a 1 'ss. Quo
of our correspondents says "spinning of high counts does not
l)ay, and requires a higher protec'ive tariff. Low numbers and
waste spiuiiiog pays, and has largely increased." Another says—
"The Eastern War, uncertainties of present situation, and
absence of demand from tho.se countries ; effects of the crisi.s
since 1873 ; differences in Austrian and Hungarian commerciil

274 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

and financial relations ; and dissatisfaction of spinners requiring
higher protective duties, — sadly disturb business."

SWITZERLAND.

Past Season. — Very unsatisfactory. Proiuction constantly in
excess of demand. Demand slow, owing to the influence of the
war in the East ; general political uneasiness ; the competition of
English products in our home market, and in those of our foreign
customers ; and the diminished buying by consumers who have
suffered heavy losses iu home railways and other speculative
investments.

No increase in spindles. The consumption of c )tton has been
reduced from 5 to 10 per cent. The stoclc of cotton at the mills
is reduced to a minimum, stocks of yarns slightlj', those of goods
considerably larger than last year.

Prospects. — Very unpromising. No chanca of improvement
umil the war is at an end. Switzr^rland usually dcjes a large
business with the East of Europe but at present this is seriouply
reduced. Improvement at home will increase slowly, as the
losses entailed by unfortunate investments are gradually made
up. With peace and a general revival of trade, it is expected
that English products will find profitable outlets elsewhere, and,
therefore, that the competition here will be diminished.

Past Season. — Un atisfactory throughout th'j year; the cotton
industry having suffered from the general distress experienced
during the past three years.

No increase in spindles. The consumption of cotton has been
5 to 15 pt-r c'tnt bt-low full rate. The stocks of cotton at the mills
are reduced to not more than half the quantity held last year.
The stocks of yarns and goo Is are nearly double what they were
a year since. ,

Prospects.— Tha position is bad, and the outlook not brilliant.
In ordinary times, when the price of the raw material is low, the
consumption of cuton goods WHild increase, but the present
times are bad, and it is to be feared that the general depression
will continue for a wuile.

HOLLAND.

Past Sea.son. — Unfavorable owing to the generally unsatisfac-
tory state of trade in Europe, caust-d by the slow recovery from
the effects of the last financial crisis, and by the unremunerative
condition of tbe business with India and China — particularly
with Java, where the stocks of goods are heavy. Suiuners liave
not done badly, except a few who, in the winter months, bought
largely of cotton at high prices ; but the season has been very
unprofitable to weavers, owing to their hAr\g constantly ham-

coxsr^mrox ix EvnorE axd America.

percd by exce.-eive stocks, which they have had to force off at
lotting- prices.

No iucreage in spindles. The con>»umption of cotton has not
varied materially from last season. The stocks of cotton at the
mills are smaller than last year. The stocks of yarn are also
smaller, but those of goods are much larger.

Prospic s. — Unfavorable, and no indication of any improve-
ment, as the siocks of goods everywhere are excessive.

FRANCE.

Past Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the dragging trade
caused by the apprehensions a ising out of unsettled Doiitica
abroad and at home ; while matters have been made still worse
by the continued competition of Manchester goods.

There is no increase in spindles ; a few thousands of new ones
have been put to work, but there have been counterbalancing
losses of others by fires. In some places attempts were made
during the year to reduce consumption, but they were shortly
abandoned, and the weight of cotton s[;un has probably not been
much short of a full rate of consumption. The stocks of cotton
at the mills are about the same as last year. The stocks of yarns
and goods are very much larger.

Prospects. — The present situation is bad, but a better state of
things is auticipated after the settlement of the present political
agitation, which upsets every department of business. The
change is more likely to occur because the prices of goods have
never been so low as they are now. Bat a substantial vevival
cannot be expected until the Russo-Turkish war is over.

SPAIN.

Past Season. — Unsatisfactory on account of general depression
in all branches of trade, and the consequent difficulty of selling
except at irregular and un remunerative prices.

Increase in spindles, 25 003 to 30,000 ; but this increase is
counterbalanced by short tiiile in some qu^irters, and the entire
stoppage of mills in others owing to insufficient water sup-
ply. On the wiiole, less cotton consumed this sea.^on than last.
Stocks of cotton at the mills less than last year. S ocks of
yarns and goods larger, e'pecially the latter.

P. aspects. — Unpromising, in consequnnce of the continued
absence of enterprise. The chances of improvement are uncer-
tain also, owing to the proposed changd in the customs and
excise duties. The industry of the country is suffering from the
effects of the late civil war.

IT.\LY.

Past Season. — Unsatisfactory, owing to the reduced consump-
tion occasioned by the pariiai failure of the grain and silk crops,
and the almost total fiilure of the olive crop; to the competition

276

COTTOX FROM SEED TO L002L

of English goods; and to the bad state of trade in general, aris-
ing out of the war in Turkey, and the unsettled condition of
politics.

The number of spindles is increased by about 80,000. Except
a few mills temporarily stopped owing to want of water, there
has been no " short time;" but it is doubtful whether the increase
in consumption has been in the same ratio as the increase in
spindles. Weavers have, in many instanc^s, reduced their pro-
duction 10 to 20 per cent. The stocks of cotton at the mills are
smaller, but those of yarns and goods are much larger than last
year.

Pro pects — The position remains as bad as during the past
season, and there is little chance of any improvement until steps
are taken to limit the competition of English goo !s. Peace might
reduce this evii, by divening Manchester fabrics to other mar-
kets; but the remedy really required is an increase in the import
duties.

THE CONSUMIXG POWER OP EUROPE AND THE UNITED STATES.
KEQUIREMENTS FOR 1877-78.

In round numbers there are in Great Britain 39^ million spin-
dlt-s, on the Continent 19^ millions, and in the United Stales 10
millions. The following is a statement of the consuming power
of this machinery ;

Number of
Spindles.

Lbs.
per

Sp'rtle

Total
lbs.

Bnlfs of
400 lbs.

Av. per
week.

Great Britaiu..
C'outiiMiiit

39,500,000
19,500,000

33
53

1,303,.500,000
1,033,500,000

3,258,000 02,000
2,584,000 49,700

Total Europe..
United States . .

59,000,000
10,000,000

40
03

2,337,000,000
030,000,000

5,842,000 112,.300
1,575,000 30,300

Grand total..

09,000,000

43

2,907,000,000

7,417,000

142,000

Judging from the experience of the past few peasons, the spin-
ners of the United States will require for 1877-78 about 1,500,000
bales o*f 438 lbs., or about 1,640,000 bales of 400 lbs. What
Europe will require will depend upon the course of politics in
connection with the war, and upon the chances of a recovery
from the present unsatisfactory state of trade in all departments
of industry. With peace we should no doubt see an extraor-
dinary revival in business, but with continued war and political
disquietude we may witness a repetition of the drarginir trade
experienced during the past season. The full ri-quirements of
Europe compare as follows with the actual consumption for the
past season:

coxsr^fPTiox IX Evnori-: axd A^^EhcA.

Great Biitaiu,
Pouud.s.

ContinfMit.
Pouiiils.

E.stiiiiiiti'd full rcninrciiK'iits l,:!(t3, .■)()(). Odo 1, (»:>;!. .")(t(),00()
t'ousmiiiitiuu i>ast .soasou | l.-JTS.'JoU.cuH*! !)7!>,S!t.'),0()(»

Aveiai

Bales of 400 lumiids.

AveraiTi' l>or woek. . .

i,'J8s.:{7s,ooo i,ooo.<;;)7,ooo

3,'J'il,000l ii, 51 7,000

62,0O0 4S,000

Total.
Poiiiuls.

'2,337.000,000

•_','-'.")3.1.">l,000

•J,2i)."),O7s,O00

5,73s,OO0

110,000

For the coming season, tberefore, Europe will require at least
110,000 bales of 400 lbs. per week, and may want more.

PROSPECTS OF SUPPLY.

Two or three mouths ago estimates of the probable yield of
ihe American crop most'y varied between 4^ and 4J million
bales ; sinc3 then the prevalence of caterpillars in some districts,,
drought in others, and the recent occurrence of heavy rain-
storms in nil, have reduced th • figures by at Itast a quarter of a
million nf bales, and n >w the estimates current range from 4J to
4| millions. The actual result depends upon the weather during
the r« ma nder of the season. Of this, of course, no one can
speak yositively, but as the crop is some two or three weeks
late, the risk of serious injury from frost is correspondingly
increased. Under the circumstances, 4^ millions is considered a
full estimate. Supposing this figure to be attained, American
spinners will take sbout 1,500,000 bales, leaving 3,000,000 for
shipment \ o Europe.

Last season the import of cotton into Europe from Ibdia
reached only 1,133,000 bal. s, against 1220,000 in 1875 -0, and
1,544,000 in 1874-5. Tbe following estimate chows that 1,250,000
bales would be a full estimate of the probable receipts for the
npw season :

Afloat commeuceuient of sea.s'u
Shipineut.s Oct. 1 to Sept. 30 ..

Supply

Afloat end. of season

Import into Europe, Oct. 1 to
Sept. oO

1877-78.

1-23,000
1.300,000

1S76-7

249,000

187.5-7(5. : 1874-75.

301,<)(M)| 200,000

1,000,000 1,204,00(» 1,570,000

1,432,000
182,000

1,250,000

1,258,000 1,.505,000 1,815,000
123,000 288,000 301,000

1,135,000 1,220,000 1,544,000

The estimated increase in shipments is 300,000 bales. The
inc ease is hirdly likely to be any more than this, and it may be
less. Ah the bulk of the increase will be late in the year, the
amount afloat at the close of the season will be much larger tban
at the opening.

From Egypt we shall probably get about 450,000 bales, against
443,000 ias-t season. From the Brazils probably not more than
400,000 bales, agHinst 444,000, the accounts from that quarter
reporting injury to the crop by drought. Sundry Mediterranean
sources may supply 100,030 bales, against 107,000. From Peru,

278

COTTOK FROM SEED TO LOOM.

the West Indies, etc., we may receive about the same as last
year, say about 90,000 bales.

A recapitulation of tlie foregoing gives the following as the
probable import into Europe, in bales and poundr^, in 1877-78 :

Bales.

Weiglit.

Pounds.

Auicru'iiu

Easst ludiau

Egyptian

Brazilian

Siuidry Mediterranean .
Peru, West Indies, itc..

3.000,000

1,2.50.000

450,000

lOO.OOO

100,000

'J0,000

43^
378
(!01
1(51
350
'205

Total

5,290,000

411

1,314,000.000

472,500.000

270,450,000

(!5,ti00,000

35,000,000

18,450,000

2,17(!,000,000

SUPPLY, DKSIAND A D PKICES.

We have shown above that on a moderate computation the
consumption of Europe in 1877-78 will reach:

Pounds.

For Great Britain } 1,288,000,000

And tor tlie Continent j 1,000,000,000

Or a total of

To meet wUicli we lia-\'e a supply of

Showing a deficit of (295,000 bales of 400 ll),s.)

2,294,000,000
2,170,000,000

118.000,000

If the consumption should not exceed that of tbe past twelve
months, the case will st'Hnd as follows :

Pounds.
1,273,000.000

Consumption of the Continent

980,000,000

Total

2.253,000,000

Estimated supply as above

2,170,000,000

Deficit (192,000 bales of 400 lbs.)

77,000,000

So that wi h a rate of c^nsumpti >n that pre-supp )ses a conlinu -
ance of bad trade, and with a supply that includes an American
crop of 4,500,000 baits, and an increase of 300,000 bales in the
shipments from India, we have to face a djficit of 192,000 bales of
400 lbs. each. Bir'sides this there is, compared with last year, a
reduction of 167,000 bales in the stocks in the ports, and Utl'y
150,000 bales in the stocks at the mills, or a total of 817,000
bales.

With a smaller prospective supply than even the retarded con-
sumption of last season, we must, in ihe ordinary course of events,
look for a higher range of prices in 1877-78 than ruled in 1876-77.
At the end of September, 1876, the price of middling upland was
5|d. In our annual report w? stated that we looked for an
advance during the course of the season. The average for the
season was G^d., and the closing price Cfd. Unless the war
spreads, the average for 1877-78 will not be lov/er than in
1876-77 ; how much higher will depend mainly upon the out-
turn of the American crop. A yield of four and three quarter

COXSVMPTIOX JX E TROPE AXD AirE/tTCA.

2T{>

millions might prevent any rise of importance, but in the absence
of any new political misfortune, such a crop would not lead to
any aver.ige decline worth mentioning ; while witli peace four
and three quarter millions would be found too small for t lie wants
of the world.

At the moment, the strong statistical position of the raw mate-
rial is weakened by the knowledge that the s'cks of goods sre
large, that the po>itioii of producers is very unsatisfactory, that
general trade shows no signs of revival, and by the fear that
m "i^ political c<implicatioiis may Hrise out of tLe Eastern war.
These weakening iitluences may continue in operation for some
time, and with sufficient force to retard or preveiit the advance
ill prices that would be inevitable if cotton w-is on its own
merits. Bur, taking a broad view of the situation, it would
appear that, whatever may be the extent of the flucnations in
the course of the twelve months, the average price of mi idling
upiand is more likely to be over than under that of the past
se son.

Mr. Ellison, in his 1st of January circular, says that the
consumption in Great Britain in 1877 was nearly 3 per
cent less than in IS" 6, and at least 5 per cent less than the
full rate; that on the Continent the average rate of con-
sumption the last three months of 1877 has been over 16
per cent short of the full spinning power. He estimates
the requirements for 1878 at about 7 per cent below the
full working power, and gives the following as a minimum
estimate of the requirements of Europe for 1878.

.

Pounds.

Per Cent.

Bales.

Per
Week-.

Great Britain

Continent

Total

1,275.0 0,0 0
v<7'|,OMJ,(UjO

2.f45.n00.O0O

5R 3
43- 7

100 0

3,187.5 Oof 4001b?.
2 425,0 Oof 4 )U lbs.

5.fil-2.-i00of 40 1b8.

6'.:'00
46,6lO

in7.9 0

"We now add our report of the United States crop for

1876-77.

COTTON MOVEMENT AND CROP OF 1876-77.
Our statement of the cotton crop of the United States for the
year ending Sept. 1, 1877, will be found below. It will be seen
that the total crop for the year ending that day reaches 4,48o,423
bales, while the exports are "d,049,497 bales, and the spinners'
takings 1,435.418 bales, leaving a stock on hand at the clo.se of
the year of 119,638 bales. The tables which follow show the
whole movement lor the twelve months. The first table indi-
cates the stock at each port, Sept. 1, 1877, and the total on Sept.
1, 1876, the receipts at the ports for each of the last two years,
and the export movement lor the pa.st y^ar (1876-77) in detail
and the totals for 1875-76.

280

COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Receii)ts year
ending

Exports year ending Sept. 1, 1877.

.'^tock.

Srpt.l

.877.

Sept. 1,

Sept. 1,

Great

Chan-

Other

1877.

1871).

firitain

nel.

Fr'nce

for'igrj

Total.

Louisiana. . .

1.195.03.5

1,4 ■5.9.5')

665.22.i

26,104

333.325

179,937

1,2 4,591

21,3.56

Alabima...

36 1,918

374.1)73

142,1.53

29.7.58

46 -192

2H. 03

2.4 6

So. Carolina

408, SI

41i'.3;2

2 3, '12

10,60-2

50.079

73,0-7

337,480

2.898

Georgia

491.8TI

524.8 5

204.605

5 750

14,'S7

73,498

298 540

1.90S

Texa-s

506 634

488,64 t

110.092

lb,65

u,rA

ii6.-,19

25.'*, -35

4,7. 8

Florida

23,089

! 7,4-4

],.36

1.3f;2

6

. Carolina

138.087

107.8.30

20,181

2 773

2.. 511

10,606

30.3.4

!^90

Viruinia . . .

5r.->,941

529, yii

116,.5.59

3. (H

1 00'

5-. 1.109

1,9 8

>Jew York*.

! 2 1.2 3*

]9'*.693*

3.58 44S

2!»,s 3

9,308

36,52^

434,1 8

67,102

Boston* ...

100,206*

71. .306*

75.2 9

91

7.5. HO

13.747

Phila'U'lp'a*

45 21^*

36,826*

3(1,01!

833

30,8 i4

2 ('84

Bailing ri'* .

7,8 1*

6,2!-.7*

l»i,89-2

15,4.4

32,3.6

64.)

Portland*...

4.105*

3,066*

S. Francisco

415

4:5' . ..

Tot. this yr

4C38,-4I

',024,877

'14.700

460,704

403 iiO

.3.049,497 119 6.33

Tot. List yr

4I9',i43

:j,o-o,;ii

68.5.7

45'.,8;-2

040 884

3,2 J2.994 12 i,3S0

^W * These figures arj only the poition of the receipts at, these port3
which arrive overland from Tenn ssee, &c. Tlu total recei])ts at Now York,
Baltimore, Boston ; nd Pliil dc'p'.ii:i, for tha year ending August 3', li77, are
given in a sub equent part t f this report.

By the above it will be seen 'hat ihe total receipts nt the Allan-
tic and Gu'f slapping j)orts this year have been 4,038,141 bales,
a-Jfainst 4,191,142 bales last year. If now we add the shipments
from Tennessee and elsewhere direct to ni inufacturers, we have
the fo. lowing as the crop statement for the two years:

. Yojir oiidiiig Sept. 1 — %

l,S7G-'77. lS75-'7().

4,038, 14i 4,191,142

Receipt.s at tlio .shipping port.* lialos

Add shipnicut.s from TenncsscCj it-c, direct to
mauufacturers

300, 2S2

333,146

Total 4,338,423 4,.52 1,283

M.aniifactnrf'rt .South, not inchiacd in ubovc. 147,000 14.5,000

Tot-.iJ cotton orop for tlie j car, baJef^i. 4.485,423 4,6G9,2S8

The result of these figures is a total of 4 485,433 bales as the
crop of the United Statea for the year ending August 31, 1ST7.

Overland and Ciiter-Statc ITIovesncnt.

To prevent any misunderstai ding of our bverland movement
we give a brief explanation of it. In studying these figures,
however, and, in fact, every other portion of our crop state-
ment, it must be remembered that it has alw-ays been our
plan to count each ha'e of cotton at tJte Southern outport where
it fir at appears. Tliis is a simple rule, applying to every part of
our annual cofon crop report. We in this way not only iireserve
• the unitj of the report, and therefore simplify it, but, as a con-
sequence, also make it m')re intelligible, and less lialileto error.
Hence, in the overland stattment, the reader will find three classes
of deductions from the gross amount carried overland.

coxsuiirnox jx EvnorE axd A3ii:nrc.i.

281

First, ail cotton shipped by rail from Souiliern outports to the
North. For instance, from New Orleans, Mobile, Savannah, &c.,
frequent shipmeu s are thus made, an account of wliicli is k pt,
but it is all included in the crop of New Orleans, or Mobile, or
Savannah, &c., as the case may be, when it first appears there,
and therefore when the same cotton ap])ears acain in the over-
land, it must of course be deducted, or it will be twicf* counted.

Second, we deduct from overland likewise the small amounts
taken from the Southern outports for Southern cousunipnon.
They also, for the sake of unify and simplicity, are counted at
the outports where they first apptar. But, as is well known, the
entire Souihern consumption is made uo in an item by iiself, and
addi d to the crop. Hence, unless these small lots which thus go
into Southern consumption from the Southein outports, are de-
ducted somewhere, they will be twice counted.

Third, we al:?o deduct the arrivals, during the year, bj'railrond
from the West and South, at New York, Boston, Baltimore, Phila-
delphia and Portland. Those receipts reached these ports by
coming acrcss the country, and appear in the weekly totals,
becoming a part of the receipts at the ports, under the heads of
' New York" and "Oiher Ports," but now have been divided up
and included ujder each separate city, accordinjj to the amount
thus received by it during the year, as indicated in the first table
of this report. All this cotton, then, having been counted dur-
ing the year,, must now be deducted as h is been done.

A Mo. Kan. & T'xa'» T'R. connection, i
B Spilngflol I <v I 1. SoullieaM r- UK.
C Iill .(.is t antral V.ll. aiMl branches. I
U SI. Louis « •- ouiti>:iist"VM Ull (Irom

Shawn'et'iwn luid KvansvUiO I
E alrj * Vlncenne< lUi.
K Evansvllle.is Crawfordsvlllnrvli.
Vr I., ulsvllle N w / IDnnv A Chic. KK.
U&K .Ie!Ier»onvilte Madson Hi- Indiuu-

apolls i;FJ. and Madison ranch.
I Ohio * Ml88. lili., Loulsvire Branch.
L ()iilo& M'BS. HR., in"!;! linn.
M Connections It Ohio of the UjUI-

mofj & .^blo RU.

O IJaltimore & Olilo IIU.

l" I.ouisviii- a Nash. i;lj. and Memphis
flrauch.

Q TliruUgli rTUto Mei nhh to Norfoll<.

It 1 hefapcHkc & Ohio liU.

T Ovangc Alctaiidria & .MaiiHssas UK.

U Wasliingt.n route, via K clnrond
Fredcrlckshurgd! Potomac KK.

V IJI.h'iiond Che. apeake & Yurk Uiver
l.'ai'roid.

W Sou hern route from IJIctimond and
Norfolk.

.X Sh')i • Lli.o ni:., Louisville to Cincin-
nati.

282 COTTOX FROM SEED TO LOOM.

By examining the preceding diagram, and wiih tlie aid of
previous expla-iationa, nolhiuif further will bw needed to
explain the following statement of the movement overland
for the year ending September 1, 1877:

Shipments for the year from St. Louis 212,651

Carried North over Illiuoi.s Central KaiUoad from Cairo, itc 48,429

C.'irried Xorth over Cairo it Viueeuues Railroad G5,.")SG

Carried over Mi.ssi.ssippi River above St. Louis 37,298

Carried Nortli over St. Louis ct Southeastern, less deductions

Carried Northover E\ausville it Crawfordsvillo, less re-shipm'ts. 13,974
Carried Xoith over Jettersonville Madison & Indianapolis RR.. .1.17,305

Carried Nortli over Ohio v<L- :Mississippi IJrajieh 48,023

Shipped thromih Cincinnati by Louis v. Cincinnati &Lcxinirt'uRR. 30,014

Receipts at Cincinnati by Ohio River 47,012

Shipped to mills adjacent to river and to points above Cincinnati 8,834

Total carried overland 630,886

Deduct—
i ! Receipts overland at New York, Boston,

Phihidelphia, Baltinuue and Portland 278,013

St. Louis shipments to Louisville, New Or-
leans, «.\:c 3.870

St. Louis receipts from Cairo. A-e 1 .36t'>— 283,875

Southern consumption aud shipmeuts inland
from* —

Galveston

New Orleans 4.994

Mobile 129.212

Savannah... 2,592

Charleston...

North Carolina ports 5.993

ViriTinia ports 11 ,250—154,041

Less shipments inland heretofore deducted—

Mobile from New Orleans 802

New Orleans from Mobile 85.403

Savannah from Mobile, &c 10,024

Charleston from Savannah, &c 743

Norfolk from Wilmington 3,080-101 ,312- 52.729

Total now to he deducted 330.004

Leaving the direct overland movement not elsewhere eouut'd.300,282

* As previously stated, these items are deducted— (1) so that " Southern
Cons\iniption" can be added to the crop hi one item : (2) because " Shii>
ments Inland " have once been eoimted as receipts at the ports named.

AccorUng to the above, the total carried overland this yeai
was 636.S80 bales, against 703,780 bales last year, and tiie move-
ment direct to manufacturers this year reaches 300,283 bales,
Bgainst 333,146 bales a year ajro. This shows a decrease over
la?t year of C6,891 bales in the gross movement, and of 33,864
bales in the net movement. We now ^ive the details of the
entire crop for the two years:

COXSTMI'TIOX IX EVnni'E AXD Ayr ERICA. 283

lioulsiana.

Esi)oi-t<Hl from N. Orleans : 187G-77 1875-70 ,

To fori-iu'ii jMHtM l,204,r>ni l,3ti.V»0o

To coiintwisc ports 188,003 212,375

To Noitliiiii pints l>v rail

and river 4,398 7,fi01

Biimt, iiiatitifacturcd.i^c. « 13 1,!»7'>

Stock at close of year 21,350— 1, U!>,1!»1 29, 107— 1,014,30-1'

Di^ihtrl :

Iic<vivc(l from MoI)ilf».,„ 85.403 G7,<;32

Ri'c<-i\-c(l Iroiri I'Miirida... 221 370
Kcci'ivcd fiimi (ialvcNtoll

and Iiidianola 100,125 • 120.417

Stock licgiuuiug ot year. 29,407— 224.150 9,080- 108.405

Tpt«l i»ro<liiot for year 1,105,035 1,415,950

Alabama.

Exiwi-ted from Moliilc ;*

218,703
144,53(5
312
2.456-

300.007

213,083
127,035
3(H
4,227—

To coastwise iiorts

Hunit and niauulact'd. . .
Stock at clo.sc of year

370.153

Receipts from X.Orleans

Stock at licgiuiiiiij? of

ycai-

802
4,227—

5.080

5.50
922—

1,481

otal product of jear

300,918

374,072

* Uuder the head of coastwise sbipmcnt.s from Mobile are includert (iii
addition to the amo-.tnt sliipped to and deducted at Xcw Orleans) 40,533
hales shipped inland by rail, which will he found deducted lu the over-
land luovemeut,

Texas.

Export<>d from GalvestoTi. ifcc :

To fori-imi ports, (except
Mexie.i) 250.028 235,304

To Mexico 1.307 1 .085

To coiistwisc ports* 249,079 251,951

JJurnt antl luanufact'd..

Stock at close of year... 4,708— 512,082 5,345— 403,74.5

DedivrJ :

Received f i-om X.Orleans 103

Stock at betriimini; of
year ; :.... .5,34.5— 5,448 5,10.5— 5,105

Total product for year ... . 500.034 488,040

* Coa.stwise expoils are made up as follows : 238,880 bales from Galves-
ton ; 9,933 bales to Xew Orleans from Indianola ; 200 bales from Brazoa
Sautia^o, of which 158 were to Xew York and 102 to Xew Orleau.^

Flori^la.

E.xported from Feniaudina, <fcc.:*

To forei-ii ports 1 ,302

Tocoa.«twise p.iTts 21,732 17,432

.Stockat close of year.... 0- 2.3.100 11- 17,143

Deft net :

St^tck at betrinninif of
year ;. 11- 11 9— J>

Total product of j^car 23.080 17,434

* These figures represent this year, as heretofore, only tlie shipments
from the Florida oulporls. Other Flori«lii cotttm lias pone inland to
Savaunali, Mobile, <V:c., but we have f<dlo\s'-d our usual custom of count- \
iiif? tluit cotton at the onlporl where it first appears. \ \

-J

'J84 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Georgia.

1870-

77. .

, 1875-

'^l!

i\}. ^

Exported froin—

Saviiiiuali :

To foreign ports — Uplrtiul

289,560

368,844

To torciKii ports— Sea Isl.

1,138

1,374

To coastwise ports — Up-

laiul

193,613

165,898

To coastwise porta— Sua

Islautl

4,733

5,493

Brunswick :

To toreiiiii iiorts— Upland

7,842

To coastwise ports— Up

land

6,876

1,449

Burnt

1,261

25

1 Stock close of j'ear— Up-

, land

1,869

2,858

Stock close of year— Sea

IsLmd

99-

506,991

181—

546,122

Dcflncf :

Received from Mobile

and New Orleans

10,624

13,505

Received from Beanfort,

CliarU-stoii, &c .

48

1,623

Re<-eivcd tiom Florida—

■ Uphnnl-

864

976

Received from Florida —

Sea Island*

616

4,292

Stock begiuniug year —

Ul)land.

2,858

859

Stock beiiinning year-

Sea Island

181— 15,191

491,800

pt!^ at Savannah from

42—

the Florida

21,297

Total produet of year

524,825
ontports.

"■ Tiicse arc only the recei

and being connted in the Florida receipts, are dedn^'ted liere.

Besides

tliese amonnts, there have j

Iso been 14,'

'31 bales

Uplands and 3,804 Sea

Island, from the interior of Florida, received at

Savannah during the

1 year.

Soiitli Caro

'ilia.

Exported from Charleston,

lVc.:'-

To foreign poits— Upland

331.803

276,604

To foreign ports— Sea Isl.

5,677

5,019

To coastwi-ic ports— Up-

land

132,573

135,994

To coastwise ports— Sea

Island

5,601

3,212

Exported from George-

town, Beaufort, A'C

473

996

Bunit at Port Royal

486

Stock close of year— Up-

land

1,949

1.417

Stock close of year— Sea

Island

949—

479,511

346—

423,678

Deduct:

Received from Florida-

Upland

134

84

Received from Florida —

Sea Island

7,013
roni Cliarleston this j

3.916

'ear are the following

* Included in the exi>orts f

exports from l\)i-t Royal : To Cork, 51 bales damaged Sea Isl

ands; to

coastwise ports, 27,589 bales Upland and 773 1

ales Sea Island. The

collector of the port, in gi

ving us the

foreign shipmc^iits, states that

6,464 ljal(!s additional w^ere

cleared for

Liveriiool in Dec(^nil>er (m the

Harvey Mills; l»nt, as onr re

aders are aware, this

V(!Sse,l got on

tire, and

siibsecpiently the vess(d, with 5,978 ball's of th(! cotton, was sent to New 1 1

York ; so, of course, it is not

included in

the forei

gn shipments. There 1

appears to have Ix'cn a loss

>y the fire of

ISO bales.

1 __ !

CONSVMPTIOX IX EUROPE AND A 31 ERIC A-

285

South Carolina— (Coiiclndcd.)

lS7tJ-77. ■ 1875-7(5. >

Reepived from Siivaunah,

\c 743 523

KiTovcrc'd from liark

Disco* 1,834

Stock iH'uiuuiug of yciU-—

UplaiHl 1,417 2,443

Stock l)c<;iiiiiiiiitof year —

Sea Islaud.... ..". 34G— 11,487 340— 7,300

Total iHoduct of year 4{!8,024 416,3 72

* The Disco cleaved from Charleston in Decenihcr for Havre, but was
wrecked oil the riuupkiu Hill Breakers. Of lur cargo, 1,834 bules of
cottou were recovered aud hrouirht back to Charleston.

Nortli Carolina.

E-Kported from Wiliuinsrtoii, &c.:

To foreiffu ports : . . . 36,374

To coaistwise ports 100,2 1 1

Takeu for cousumptiou . . 1 ,206

Burnt

Stock at cud of year 3U6— . 138,187

Deduct:

Stock bcgiuuing of year. 100— 100

Total product for year .... 138,087

27.267

7"J.77'J

1,148

100— 108,294

458- 458

107,836

Virginia.

E.xportod from Norfolk, itc.:'

To f(.r(ii,'ii ports 121 ,160

To coastwise ports '.. 445,774

Taken tor manufacture.. 11,100

Burnt 101

Stock at end of year,Nor-
folk, Jic 1,908— 580,052

Deduct:
Received from Wilmiiig-

ton 3,680

Stock begiiiJiiuj; of year. 431 — 4.111

Total product for year 575,941

108.603

412,043

10,385

431— 531,552

1,800
626— 2,426

529,126

* " Norfolk, &c.," cxpoi-tf. are made up this year as follows : To foreign
ports, all the. shii)ments are from Norfolk, except 4,314 bales to Liver-
pool from lUchmoiid; to coastwise ports, all the shipments arc from
Norfolk, except 53,936 bales from Richmond, Petersburg, ifcc.

Tenuexsec.

Shipments:

Fnnii .Memphis 384.160 484,545

From .N'aslivilh' 46,070 51,814

From other i>laces in

Tennessee, Mississippi

aud Texas, cV(- 346,209 349,166

Stock in Memphis and

Nashville ateudof year 6,241— 783,889 5,812— 801,337

Deduct :
ShipjM'd fi-om IMempliis

to New Orleans, Arc... 92,947 313,910

Shipped from Memphis,

cVe., to Norfolk, Ac .... 95,624 . 105,562

Shipped from Nashville

to Southern ports 10,611 17,886

Shipi)<;(l direct to manu-
facturers 300,282 333,146

286 COTTON'' FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Tennessee— Concluded.)

187G-7 ' 1S75-6-

Stoclc at Mempliis aud
Xasbville begiuuin;; of
year...- ;... 5,812— 505>276 4,546— 575,059

Total shipments to New

York, &c 278,613 316,278

Add shlpnieuts to mami-

factmers direct 300,282 333,146

Total produft from Ten-

uessee, &c.'^- 578,895 649,424

■* Ex(^ept the shipments to New Orleans, Norfolk and Cliarleston, which
are included in the New Orleans, Virginia and South Carolina crops.

Total product detailed above by States, for the rear ending

Sept. 1,1877 4,338,423

Consiuued in the South, not included 147,000

Total crop in the United States for the jear ending Sept. 1,
1877.... 4,485,423

Consiiuiptiou North andSoutli.

Our mills have even tliis year made a further considerable
advance in their takings, as may be seen in the following state-
ment of the consumption of cotton during the year, Noith and
Souih :

Total crop of the United States, as stated above bales 4,485,423

Stock on hand, commencement of
year (Sept. 1,1876)—

At Northern ports 76,057

At Southern ports 44.323— 120,380

At Providence, i&c. Northern in-
terior markets 9,661— 130,041

Total supply during j'car ending Sept. 1, 1877 4,615,464

Of this supplj- there has been—
E.xported to foreign ports during

the year 3,049,497

Less foreign cotton included. . . 6,413—3,043,084

Sent to Canada, direct from West. 2,872

Burnt North and South 3,597

Stock on hand end of j'ear (Sept. 1, 1877)—

At Northern ports 83,882

At Southern ports 35,750— 119,638

At Providence, &c., Northera in-
terior markets 10,855— 3.180,046

Total takings by spinners in United States, year ending Sept.

1,1877 1,435,418

Taken bj" spinners in Southern States, included in above

total 147,000

Total takings hy Northern spinners bales 1,288,418

The foregoing indicates that the North and South have to-
gether taken for consumption from this crop, 1,435,418 bales.
Tiiese figures verify our remarks and the Mill returns
■which we published, showing that the Northern spinners were
using increased amounts of cotton this year. We should

COXSUMPIIOX IX EVROrE AXD AMERICA.

287

rjmem'jer, however, that increased takings do not of necesiity
indicate increased yards of cloth manufactured. With cotton at
eleven cents ppr pound vhe heivier niilies become relatively the
cheaper, whils our export, mov -ment to China, Africa and South
Am rica runs upon heavy fabrics. Furthermore, as we seated a
year ago, low pricc'i are enlarging the uses of this staple. For
instance, in worsted and wo len mills and knit goods ih-re h^s
been of late years a constantly iucrea'?ing proportion of cotton
consumed. In these and other ways, the demand for the staple
is growing, and especially has this been the case during the past
three seasons, as is illus rared by the following statement of ihe
total takings for all purposes at the Xorth and by the mills at
the South, for a serie< of years:

182.
B ten.

]20,U0l

Taken l>y Northern mil is
Taken by Southern inilU

Total takings f i om croP| l,09r,.5 .Oj 1,201,127

1873
tiules

l,'ir.3.4 5
13r.C()2

1 74.
Bales.

1-75.
Ba-^s.

1,177.417 1.116 ?,5»2
128. 26 l4:),0-i9

1.30.J,9« I.SOT'.^OI

1876.
B t es

i,2ii,.-j;)8
14.5,(m;u

1,35 -.SI?

'.877.
Bales.

l.-:8i,418
117.0 0

,433,118

"Weight of Bales.

The gross weiglit ofb.iles andofthecro}) this year wehave made
up as fo lo^vs. We give last year's statement fo** comp'irison.

Crop of

Texas

L >aisiaDa. .
Alabama. ..
Georgia . .
S. Carolina.
Virginia ..
N.Carolina,
Tenn., Ac.

Total crop.

Yertr ending Sepfem'-cr 1, 1877. Y ar en':ing S'pt'm'^crl, 1 7)

Number
of b lies.

50ii,634
1, 95. 35
3o0.91 -i
491.8J0
463, .^4
51.3.941
13.*?,08T
74.-,«84

4.485, ti3

Weight,
in pounds.

i54,lo3,0r8
54.>,at7,131
178,838,4 •.'<
228,195,iC0
2lJ,0. 9,552
267,.=mO,6 i'.»
62.412 5 2
335,018.41';

3 I00.46%086

Aver'^e Number
weight, of bales.

501-67 I

453 7") I

495 51 I

464 00 I

4.)301 i

464 5S
4.J1 98

483,641
1,41 -.,95:)
374,t.72
524.82)
416,372
529,1.6
10;,8 6
811.838

474 to

46i 28 ! 4,669.2?8

Weight,
in pound!?

245,8 8,9 8
659,836.8 4
11.0.08;t,8:i9
243.6 4,-.61
1S4,8 9,16S
241,810,r,82
4:,232,16S
388,08^,1 -'4

2.201,410,024

Av'ge
wei ht

5)317
4660J
50 -S'.
464 22
441 00
43: 00
43S (0
473-CO

471-6

According lo the forej-oing, the average gross weight per
bale this season was 468 38 lbs., against 471-4(3 lb.-». in 1870, or
3-18 lbs. less than last year, w..ich indicates nearly -7 per cent
decrease iu weight. Had, therefore, as many pounds been put
into eacti bale as during the p^eviou^ season, the crop would have
aggregated about 31,0/0 bales less than tie present actual total.
The weights. how<^ver, w-n unusual last year, as may be seen
from the following comparison :

Cr n,

n'lm ' r b iles.

4.4S5 4-.'3

4 1169,288

Season

• •f
l'>7S-77
18:3 76
18.4-75
1873-7*

3 83 ,9«1
4,170,:J88

Crop,
wigli', lbs.
2. 10 '.46),' 86
2,201, 4 1 ,024
1,78 .931.765
],' 56 742,-J97

Av. weight

per Imli-.

468 ?8

4;i 4*!

M^^. 00

4, a- 10

It should be remembered that the above are gross weights.

288 COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Sea Island Crop aud Coii$uiup:ioii.

Through tbe kiudness of the various receivers and shippers of
Sea Island cotton, we are able to continue our annual report of
that 8 aple. As our readers are aware, no record is kept of the
export movement of Sea Islands except fur the ports of Charleston
and Savannah. For the Northrrn ports, Custom House manifests
furnish no guide. We have found it impossible, therefore, \o
perfect these figures except by spiicial correspondence in everv
case with the crnsignee or the shipper, and in this way following
every bale of Sea Island hfter it appeared at a S'^uthera outport,
until it either had actually been exported or taken for consump-
tion. We should also state that for the shipments of cotton
airect from Florida to ports other than Charleston and Savannah,
we have in the case of each consignment at the time of its
receipt procured Irom the receivers the exact number of bales of
Sea Island received. Hence in the following results thus
obtained there is but little room for error:

Florida.

. 187G-77. . . 1875-76. .

Receipts at Savaunali. .bales. 3,0.32 4,202

Receipts at Charleston 7,01 3 3^016

Receipts lit New York 1,005 '726

Receipts nt New Orlean.s 49 16

Sbiiuiieiits to Liverpool from

Florida direct 55

Total Sea Island crop of
l-'loi'ida 11,214 8.950

Georgia.

Receipts at Savannah 0,137 7,212

Deduct:

Received from Florida 3,032 4,384

Received I'rom Florida for
Chai-lestcin 1,388 1,523

Received from Beaufort,&c 48— 4,468 92—5,999

Total Sea Island crop of
Georgia 1,669 1,213

Soiitli Carolina.

Receipts at Charleston 11,057 8,188

Shipped from Port Royal,

coastwise 7G8 435

Receipts at Savannah from

Blutrton, &c 48

Shipped n-oin Beaufort to

Great Britain 51—11,924 49—8,672

Dedticl:

Received from Florida 7,013 3,916

Total Sea Islnnd crop of
South Carolina 4,911 4,756

Texas.

Receipts at Galveston 29 74

Receipts at Corpus Christi 29 3— 77

Total Sea Island crop of
Texas 29 77

Total Sea Island crop of the
United States 17,823 14,996

coxsryrPTiox ix europe axd America.

289

The distribution of the crop has been as follows:

Supply year eucliui;
.Sept. 1, 1877.

How
Distrilmteil.

Of which exported to

Pouts of

Sfik

Sep.l

'76.

Net 1 Total
Crop. S'pply.

Stock.
Sep.l.

'77.

LeaVjr
for rtis-
tiil)'t'n

lS.H-re

Total
ex-
ports.

So. Caroliuu*.

Georjtiu

Horitla

Texa^

New Orleans.
New Yorkt...

Bo.'^tou

Baltinioie .. ,
PiiiladelpUla

346
ISl

527

4,911

1,669

11.214

29

o,2;i <

1,8 0

11,214

29

949
99

4,308

1,751

11,214

29

5.037

1,090

5.5

41

2,710

411

2,442

52

640

48

681

5,677

1,138
55
27
41

3,391
411

2,442
52

Total

17,823

18.350

1.048

17,302

11,865 '1.369 13.234

* South Carolma exports were all from Charleston, cjccept 51 bales to
Cork from Port Royal.

t New York exports to Great Britaiu were all to Livcriiool, except 53
bales to Glasgow.

From the foregoing we see that the total growth of Sea Island
this year i-" 17,823 bales; and with the stock at the beginning of
the year 527 bales, we find —

The total supply has been bales. 18,350

The stock at the eud of the jear, Sept. 1, 1877, was 1,048

Milking the total distributed 17,302

Of which exported to foreign ports 13.234

Leaving consumed iii,'the United States 4,0C8

We thus reach the conclusion that our spinners have consumed
of Sea Island cotton this year 4,0G8 ba es, less whatever (if any)
stock there may be remaining in our Northern ports in excess of
last year. Why there has been this very considerable increase
in Consumption in this country the present season, we are unpre-
pared to state. The followiug very useful table shows the crops
and movement of Sea Islands since the war:

CROP.

EXP 'BTS.

Anil r-

m

Se-iEon .

Florida

Geor-

SoQih
Ciiro

Tex-

Total.

Great

Conti-

Total
ex-

Con-
sump-

^'i«

5?;?

gia.

Una.

as.

Britain

nent.

pi.rtH.

tion.*

■fi

1876-77.

:!,v14

1,6 9

4.911

29

17 8 3

ll,^65

1,369

13 2o4

4,06-<

l,f48

187 -76.

8,95J

1,213

4,7-6

77

)4.9«6

11.591

',:M5

12 93'

1.9i5

527

1-74-75

i-.ri 3

3,1.0

7,4 0

:M

17.027

1.3.1 9

1,90:

15.1 46

2.192

:«■•

'873 4.

8,8 J5

1,4 '8

^,7.5^

9W

lvs91vs

16.9St>

1.887

18,873

2,113

503

]87i-71

10.761

1.^69

1.3,1.56

1.10 1

26 289

22,847

m-i

2:<,4ii9

1.52:j

l,t.b;

1871-72.

5.6i4

1.5.7

8 7.55

899

16,815

14.991

i9i

15. .581

1,526

:<;o

1870-71

8 75:J

4 9>!4

7,218

704

21.t09

19,^44

61

9.9 5

1.672

(35

l.'.«9-70

9.9 !8

9. 2. '5

7.:«i

i6,.507

22.776

1,940

24.716

l.:9!»

603

ISWJ-tg

«,7(J3

6.37 1

5.608

18,682

1.5,3 8

l.^Dl

1 7.239

1,388

vll

18-.7-68

lC,40i

6,2t6

4,. 57 7

21,v75

19,7.1

15i

•9.859

1 t.70

151

186tj-67.

l\.ni

10.015

ll,(X)l

32,2'«

30,3 4

i9^

30.7(16

1.5!'7

41U

18.5-66

v,4 8

10,957

5,63 1

19,015

18,086

145

1C,-.31

1,101

485

Total . .

03 1.36

56,' ?A

89.105 3.933 252.208

217 .5.34

12.2-14

229.798

22.163

^" * The column of "American Consuniptiou" in this tabic includes
bami intbc Uniied States

290

COTTON FROM SEED TO LOOM.

Movement of Cotton at the Interior Ports.

Below we give the total receipts aud shipments of cotton at
the interior ports, and the stock on the 1st of September of each
year. The shipments in this statement include amounts taken
from lliesa interior ports for home consumption:

Yeir en

Receipts'.

172,592

din; Sept. 1
S lipments.

i;2.8fi5

, 1 76.

Stock.

035

Year ending Sept. 1

, 1877.

Receipts.
1^9 69!

Shipments

Stock.

Aui^Urtil, Gl

18'.733

595

CD'uiubu-^, Ga

51, S. 3

51,864

491

7-',531

72,2 ^2

7.6

Mucon, Ga, . -

54. 37

53,470

92.

-■.9,^2

79..- 70

468

Montgomery, Ala. .

72,727

7i,380

9j9

67,337

67.509

isr

Selma, Ala

8-'.5...

88 278

9l3

61.330

69,'i 9

324

Memphis, Tenn. .

487 3.0

.584,515

5,4f3

3e4,3M

3^ ,469

5,-. 9 ;

Nasliville, Tenn . . .

50,. 58

51,811

4.8

47,50 )

.^6,9.0

94 1

Total, old p irts. .

9. 7,409

975,il6

M,748

909,884

9M,452

9,161

Dallas, Texas. .

49,or.7

49,3:)6

273

44.104

44, -MS

13'

Ji fEc-rsoii, Texas.. .

40,333

40.119

2!3

36,926

37,f'59

80

Slireveport, La . .

1 4,095

104,' 2 i

1.5

1 1.835

!i 1,797

I'M

VlC.;^'burg, Mc?s...

60,784

60.: 84

1,5 8

55.048

5f),339

227

Columbu.-, Miss...

^'1,282

21,226

l2()

i2,042

22 2i

4i

Eufaula, Ali.

o7,078

;:,6,79{

300

4?, 195

47.095

40'

Giiffln, Ga

12,7. 2

12.786

3i

16,43-:

16,531

17

Atlanta. G i

60, 50

60 229

29'>

90.175

9ii,2)l

2 0

Rome. G I

.2,' 51

32,5 "8

53

33,100

33,016

57

Chariot e, N. U...

42,628

42,445

'85

48 236

48.357

li4

>t. L(iui<, M"

21 ,0)1

24-!,061

2.221

219 010

U7 5 9

l,f01

Cii.cinnati, 0

185,376

179,c.59

6,6; 2

175,527

17 1,^81

4.t5S

Total, new ports

891,807
1,^69. -.290

8S3,353
l.g5S569

12,079
21,8:7

8S9,(35
1 7.i9 4!.9

891,09:

7,879

Total, all

,802,144

1 ,040

Oross Receipts at New ITork, Boston, 6cg.

The following are the receipts of cotton at the ports named

New York.

BOSTOJf.

Philadelphia

Baltimore.

i87.i-77

163,192

9-;,i.7-

1.8,3,!:

;875-:6.

179 463

91, 20

'. 6,7ti3

4,060

7,271

10,5,16;

54,676

184 1 03

1 4.091

19..S6;)

4,188

94^491

1876-77.

1H;5-76

18:6-77

187.5-76.

1876-77.

1675- 6.

New Orleans. .

Texas..

Savannah... .
Mobile*

15,359

9,io7

27, ;7

10,895

"2,5':ii

'82;'42

106,825
i00,a06

55,355

19.10'i
k,593

31,8 6
0,483

' 1^870

74,0' 9

87,866

71.396

4

301,314

2 84'
52,3 2

15,263

7.b 9

39,;83

45,-2l8
132,76

43'
1,227

i;,i.io
13,3' 3

^,937
40,3i9

36,' 20

124,7'3

24,606

i'9;,522
13,1-1
0,,148

' 7,871
126,388

834

18.871

Fn.riiia. . . .
S. Carolina . . .
N. Car..lin.i...

Virgil, a.

Nor. hemp rt
'i'eLness,;e,&c.
Foreign

Tot:I

13, 93

10i).948
80,061

2i4.86u
l.,081

121,213
5,9.,8

959,955

11.138
a 1,381
57,yl4

" 6,297
116.4:5

* There hav.- b -en shipmouts
not appear in this statement, h:

for New York, &c., from Mobile, which do
iviiig bjen made by railroad, overland.

Exports.

In the first table given in this report will be found the foreign
exports the past year from each port to Great Britain, f'rauce and
other portsi, stated separately, as well as the totals to all the
ports. In the following we give the total foreign exports for six
years for comparison:

COXSUMPTIOX IX EUROPE AXD AMERICA.

201

Total Exports of

Fiom —

New Orleans baes..

Mobile .

South Carolina

Ue.irgii

T.sas

Florida

North Caroli.ia

Vir^iiiuj

New Yolk

Boston

i'hiladelphia

Baltimore ..

Portland, .Maine

San Francisco

Cottou to Foreign Ports for Six Year.^.

Expoits to foreign ports f r year ei'.diiii,' Aug. .^1.-^
18;o. 1876. 1877.
270 1,3 3,0.1.5 1,201,501

1S72. 1873. 1-71.

8S8,9-,6 l,177.i'58 1,147,314
]37,H77 132,l.i0 132,-i67
in,3S8 161,169
i9 > 798 375,.sa ,
116-597 310,43*

3.S07

373 071

13,123

2,1(16

14 311

143

12

1,652

7.722

5T.S,498

11.128

6, .92

30,!i4;i

2.2>7

3:4

217.8';6
429 571
274.:i83

6.:',*3
20.721
485,5!)6
25. ',99
28,248
41..-)i8

as2

4US

131,311
'<7.i,13l
4.-3,2 j5
22^,284

41

i.j.a75

4.5.17i
3li.2ot)
26,090
44,5ij7

243,i:8:J
281 7i3
;370.-.ii8
^36 449

27,267
108,693

4'.(4,.,74
5s07i
411,007
2.J,114

431

3dt

21\71'3

337,480

298 r,iO

258,235

I,36i

36.374

]2i,l;i9

434,158

7.i,3.0

30,844

32,316

" 415

Total from Uu. States. 1,957,311 2,679.936 2310,1.81 2,6Si,410 3,2:2,994 3,049,497
Below we give a detail, d statement of the year's exports from

each port, showing the directiou which these shipmeuts have

taken:

TO—

New

Orleans.

€65,225
23,101

Mo-
bile.

Gal-
veston

Char-
leston.

Sav'n-
nah.

New

York.

352,827

29.813

5,621

Bati-
more.

lf),892

Other
Ports*

244,C4;J

5,788

Total.

Liverpool .
Cork. Fal-

m.)Uth,ttc
Hull and

London...

120,618
21835

185,968
16,650

"4,124
24,-. 74

203,112
10,6 2

0i,60J
•:9,00i

1,993,290

1C9,795

5,621
4,121

Havre

Rouen ...
Bordeaux

Hud Dul.-

kirk

327,<'10
-6,315

•:6i

C8,6si

86,

4,17!

6,911

2,.t;1 •

19,:38."»

11,383

5.4(K
25.814
6,9'.)2

1.000
2,710
17.1.2

29,758

53,fa7.<

14,687

9,368

4,113

460, 89
6,315

261

BreniL-n . . .

Hamburg..

/intwerp

Ainsterd'm

Rotterdam

Reval .. .

Cro!;siadt,

15,972

"8,951

"3,800

2,025

956

1 1,783

19,920
2,25

"i.213

10,.590
2,150

"l'6,9;33
l,t49

1.470

15 590

' 7,829

"8,280

3,065

3,270
^04

1,493
' 3,676

15,211

2,878
IjU

' "836

ll.tus

900

35
4,014

' "566
250

14," 66

"'206
644

i,868

" 1,608
7,96j

162 3 .8
8,141
r.,879

48,. 87
6.881

43,270

18,846

Go.henb'g
&c

1 '

1 3'0 3.151

14,117

Barce'.oi'a.

M alaga . .

Santauder,

&c

3., 251
l,4:j0

680

14

81

io

1 5,981
8,4.2

3, 75

Gibr">.ltar
Genoa. &c

""729

"■ 780

2,7 '0
• 2A797

250

Br. No. Am.

""h,m '.'.'.".'.

''■*'V..:.":

8!

Mexico

W. Indies.

7,9 7
10

Total..

I.'e«\1..591 218.7 3

25S235 3 7,480

298,51(1

4.34,1.08 3?,316

.2.'i5,474

3,049,497

* "Other pnrt^" includes the following (Shipment-*

From Florida, 1,^.55 biles to Liverpool, and 7 to Diaidee.

From Wilmington, 2 1,4-4 bales t.> Liverpool, ^.773 to Cork and Falmouth,
2,5 1 lo Havre. l,K(;8to Bremen, 7.9>:3 to Amsterdam, at d 77510 .Xiiiwerp.

From Norfcjl;;, 1 12.-M5 bales to Liverpool. 3,0^8 to Cork, and l,t02 to Havre.

From Kithmond. 4,314 hale.« to Liverijool.

From Boton, 7o,2i9 bales to Liverpool, 81 to Nova Scotia, and 10 to otner
foreign ports.

From Philadelphia, 30,011 bales to Liverpool, and S-iS to Antwerp.

From San Franci-co, 41j bales 10 Liverpool.

IXDEX.

INDEX.

A.

Acreage figures in United States
— how far reliable — grounds
for accepting same— census of
1869— growth since, shown hy
total crops — progress not uni-
form, hut constant — planting
of 1870-71 compared with
planting of 1875-76 67-71

Acreage in cotton, in India. . .50-55

Acreage in cotton, iu United
States 67-82

Acreage, increase in, froml870
to 1876....: 73

Acreage, its growth from year
to year 15

Acreage of 1877-'78, the best
and the poorest yield possible
from 79

Acreage, production in bales
and pounds per acre in each
Southern State, 1869 to
1877 75,76,79

Acreage revision bj^ "Chroni-
cle " iu 1876, how made and
sources of information 71, 72

Aci'eage revision for 1876 made
in 1877 by Agricultural Bu-
reau at Washington 72, 80

Acreage (totals) planted, crop
produced, poundsper acre, net
weights 7-1

Agi-icultural Bureau's estimate
of crop, 1870 to 1877.. ..152-155

Agricultural Bureau's flgiu-es
of acreage 72,80

Agricultural Bureau's figures of
condition, 1870 to 1877.. 152-155

Agricultural Bureau's percent-
ages of increase and decrease
in acreage 156

Agricultural Bureau reports of
weather, January to June,
1871-1877, 92, 94, 96, 99,

102, 105, 109

Agricultural Bureau reports of
weather, July to December,
1871-'77 .120, 122, 125, 129,

r.U, 138, 142

Alabama, cotton acreage, pro-
duction in bales and pounds
per acre, 1869-1877 75,76,79

Alabama, date of receipt of first
bale 163

.\labama, killing frost and end
of picking season — from 1870
to 1877 145

Alaljama, percentage of total
acreage and of total crop
raised, 1869-1877 81

Alabama receipts of cotton,
1824-1877 30-37

America, Central and- South,
first using cotton 20

Apalachicola, receipts of cotton
at, 1826-1877 31-37

Arkansas, cotton acreage, pro-
duction in bales and pounds
per acre, 18G9-1877 75,76, 79

Arkansas, killing frost and end
of picking season —from 1870
to 1877 145

Arkansas, percentage of total
acreage and of total crop
raised, 1869-1877 81

Arkwright <fe Hargreaves' spin-
ning machines 28

Atlanta, first bale received and
receipts to September 1 162

Atlanta, killing frost and end of
picliing season — from ls70t<»
1877..'. 144

lyDEX.

Atlanta, rainfall and range of

thermometer, 91, 93, 95, 98,

100, 103, 100, 107, 119,

121, 124, 125, 127, 130,

132, 135, 136, 139

Aivirusta, first bale received and
receipts to September 1 162

Augusta, killing frost and end
of picking sea.son — from 1870
to 1877 144

Augusta, rainfall and range of
thermometer, 93, 95, 98, 100,
103, 105, 107, 119, 121, 124,
125, 127, l: 0, 132, 135, 136. 139
B.

Belgaum, of India, productions
and description of 54

Bengal nuislins 40, 41

Bengal Presidency, description
of the products, soil, rivers,
rainfall, irrigation, monsoon,
cotton production, consump-
tion and shipments 50, 51

Bengal, produc-tions other than
cotton pay best 57

Berars, of India, productions
and description of 54

Blight, cause of 115

Blooms,first, for ten years. 160, 161

Blossom of cotton plant, its
form, color and habits. ..113,

114, 116

Boll, cotton, how formed 114

Bolls, shedding of, a necessity
of excessive fruitage.. 12, 13, 116

Bombay exports to Europe,
1858-1877 62

Bombay exports to Europe,
1873-1877 59

Bombay mills, takings of cot-
ton by 58

Bombay, percentage of total
cotton receipts I'eceived each
mouth, 1872-77 63, 60

Bombaj^ Presidency, descrip-
tion of the products, soil, riv-
ers, rainfall, irrigation, mon-
soon, cotton production, con-
sumption and shipments... 52-55

Bombay, production, export
and consumption of cotton in
each districi , estimated 57

Bcmibay, receipts and exports
of cotton each month, 1872-
1877. 03-66

Bombay, receipts of cotton at,
1873-1877 61

Boston, New York and Balti-
more receipts, 1865-1877.. .30, 37

Bottom crop, meaning. and ex-
tent of 115

Bottom lands, nature, produc-
tion and preparation of 84, 85

Bowing cotton (with plate) 26

Bowed Georgia cotton 27

British Burmah, cotton export
and home consumption 57

Broach cotton, where pro-
duced 61

Broach, of India, productions
and description of 54

Burnt cotton in United States,
1829-1877 31-37

Calcutta, Carwar, Coconada,
exports from, to Europe,
1873-1877 59

Calcutta, exports from 57

Canada, cotton exported to,
from United .States, by rail-
road, 1868-1877 36, 37

Canals in India 50

Canebrakes (soils), nature, pro-
duction and preparation of.. 84

Caterpillars, their destructive
power 117, lis, 148, 149

Central Provinces of India, pro-
duction, description of, <fcc... 53

Charleston, early exports from 24

Charleston, first bale received
and receipts to September 1.. 162

Charleston, killing frost and
end of piclung season 144

Charleston, rainfall and range

of thermometer 93, 95, 98,

100, 103, 105, 107, 119, 121,
124, 127, 130, 132. 135, 136, 139

Charleston, receipts of cotton
at, 1826-1877 31-37

Choi)ping out, how and when
done 87,88

Clavigero's reference to cotton
in Mexico 20

Coconada, of India, exi>orts
from 57

Columbus, Ga., first bale re-
ceived and receipts to Sept. 1 . 162

Columbus, Ga., killing frost and
end of picldng season 144

Columbus, Georgia, rainfall
and range thermometer.. 98,
ICO, 103, 106,107, 127, 130,

132, 135, 136, 140

IXDEX.

Coluuibas, Miss., first bale re- I
ceived and receipts to Sept. 1. IGs]

Columbus, Miss., killing frost ]
aud end of i>icking season 144

Columbus, Miss., rainfall aud

range tbenuometer 101.

103, 106, 107, 127, 1.30, 132,

135, 136, 140

Columbus' report of finding the
cotton plant 20

Condition Reports uru-eliable.. 11

Consuming power ot Europe for
eighteen years 247

Consurapl ion and supply of cot-
ton in Europe and United
States, 1S45-1877 251

Cou.sumption of Cotton in Eu-
rope and America 241, 246

Consumption of cotton -in the
United States, 1826-1^77.. 31-37

Continental ports, exports of
cotton from India to 59, 60

Continent and Great Britain,
deliveries of cotton, 1859-77. 252

Coutinent, deliveries of India
cotton to, from 1865 to 1877. 60

Continent, exports to, from
United States, 1S26-1877 31-37

Continent, monthly exports of
cotton to, ' from Bombay,
1872-1877 ...63-66

Continent, percentage of each
kind of cotton contained in
deliveries to, 1859-1877 253

Continent, spindles and con-
.suming power 266-268

Coompta cotton, how received
at Bombay 62

Corsicana, killing frost and end
of picking sca.^on 145

Cor.sicana, rainfall and range

of thermometer 101, 104,

106, 128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 140

Cotton consumption Dy mills in
India 45

Cotton crop of 1871 (January
to June), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth

91-93

Cotton crop of 1872 (January
to June), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth.

93, 94

Cotton crop of 1873 (January
to June), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth .

94-9

Cotton crop of 1S74 (Janiiaiy
to June), weather, cidtiva-
tion and progress in growth.

97-100

Cotton crop of 1875 (January
to Juiu-), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth.

100-102

Cotton crop of 1876 (January
to June), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth.

102-105

Cotton crop of 1S77 (January
to June), weather, cultiva-
tion and progress in growth.

10.5-109

Cotton crops of 1871 to 1877
(January to June), summary
of weather, cultivation and
progress in growth 109-112

Cotton crop. United States,
lS76-'77 279

Cotton deliveries, weekly, in
Great Britain and Continent,
from'l870tolS77 265

Cotton, diseases and trials,
fi-om January to June 87-90

Cotton, diseases and tria.s,
from July to December.. 115-119

Cotton famine, etfect on produc-
tion of goods 243

Cotton goods exported from
United States 257

Cotton goods manufactured in
United States 257

Cotton in United States, where
first found 2o

Cotton mills and cotton eon-
sumption in United States,

254, 255

Cotton plant, when weak and
easily harmed 15

Cotton plant, summer growth. 113

Cotton production and mami -
facture, earliest in India 39-44

Cotton production, 1703-1826.. 25

Cotton production, 1825-1877.. 30

Cotton production in each
Southern State, 1869-1877.75, 76

Cotton tree, native in Amer-
ica 20.21

Crop, daily receipts of, for five
years 177-183

Crop, daily percentages of re-
ceipts, for five years 184-188

Crop estimates, uncertainty of

10-12

TyDEX.

Crops, 1870 to 1876, tabular
ptatcmont of stand, growth
and development, January to

December. .'. 1-48-1 52

Crops, first bale received, seven

years 162, 163

Crop, first bloom of 160, 161

Crops, hindrances in market-
ing 157-176

Crop, monthly movement of,

for five years 176, 177

Crop movement as influenced

by maturing early orlate 158-176
Crops of cotton in the United

States, 1621-1877 19-38

Crops of cotton in the United

States from 1825 to 1877. . .30-37
Crops on uplands, bottom lands,

<fec 84,85

Crop, receipts of new cotton to

September 1 164

Cultivation, early -work in... 84, 85
Cultivation of cotton, earliest in

United States 22

D.
Dallas, killing frost and end of

picking season 145

Dallas, rainfall and range of
thermometer, 104, 106, 133,

137, 140
Delaware, early cultivation of

cotton in 22

Deliveries of cotton in Europe. 252
Deliveries to spinners, not con-
sumption 10

Dharwar, production of cotton

in and description of 54

Dhollera cotton, where pro-
duced 61

Droughts, effect of, 12, 14, 148-152

Early and late crops, differences
in date of maturing 164

Early and late crops, influence
on receipts 1 58-176

Early growth of cotton plant,
its habits, &c 86, 87

Ellison & Co.'s annual cotton
review 258

Estimates of crop, why defec-
tive 12, 157

European and United States
supply and ecmsumption of
cotton, 1845-1877 251

European deliveries of cotton
from 1859 to 1877 252

Europe, exports of cotton from

India to, 1873-1877 59, 60

Euroi)e, imports of ludia cotton

into, 1865-1877 60

Europe.percent.age of each kind
of cotton contained in deliv-
eries to, 1859-1877 253

E.xports from United States,

earliest not all American 25

Exports of cotton from 1739 to

1793 24

Exports of cotton from United

States, 1791-1826 29

Exports of cotton from United

States, 1825-1877 30-37

Exi>oi'ts of cotton to Canada,

by railroad, 1868-1877 36, 37

Exjjorts of toreigu cotton from

United States, 1829-1877.. .31-37
Exports of United States cotton

to Continent, 1826-1877. . . .31-37
Exports of United States cotton

to France, 1826-1877 31-37

Exports of United States cotton

to Great Britain,1826-1877, 31-37
Exports, receipts and sales of
cotton at New York, from

1849 to 1877 190-193

F.
Factory system, when took its

rise 28

Fail and summer growth.. 113-156
Fayette, killing frost at and end

of picking season 144

Fertilizers, how and when used

85, 86
Florida, cotton acreage, produc-
tion in bales and pounds per

acre, 1869-1877 75, 76, 79

Florida, early cultivation of

cotton in : 22

Florida, machine for separating

cotton seed from fibre 22

Florida, percentage of total
acreage and of total crop

raised, 1869-1877 81

Florida receipts of cotton,

1824-1877 30-37

Foreign cotton exported from

United States, 1829-1877. . .31-37
Foreign cotton in our earliest

exports 25

Franccexportsfnmi India to, 59, 60
France, exports to, from United

States, 1826-1877 31-37

Frost, early, does not control
the yield 13, 14, 146

IXDEX.

Frosts, killing, in the South.144.

145, 148

Future-dplivery business, rea-
sons for its jiiowth 195-19S

Future tleliverj- prices at New
York, 1870-1877 199-217

Future ilclivery sales at Ncvr
York, 1S70-18T7 lo:

Galveston, first bale received

and receipts to Sept. 1 ICG

Galveston, killingfrost and end

of pieking season 144

Galveston, rainfall and range

of tberniometer. 91, 93, Do,
98, 101, 104, 10(5, 107, 119,
122, 124,128,130,133,135,

137, lie
Galveston . receipts of cotton at,

1835-1877 32-37

Georgia, cotton acreage, pro-
duction in bales and pounds

per .acre, 18(3 J-1 S77 75, 76, 79

Georgia, cotton cultivation in

1790 23

Georgia, cotton first planted in 22
Georgia, date of receipt of first

bale ; 16S

Georgia, killing frost and end

of picking season 145

Georgia, percentage of total

acreage and of total crop

raised, 18G9-1877 81

Georgia receipts of cotton,

1824 to 1877 30-37

Gbauts, Eastern and AVestem,

in India 49

Gin. cotton — earliest machine in

United States 22

Gin, cotton— India's first ma-

cliine 25, 26

Gin, cotton — Whitney's inven- I

tion 26

Grass and -weeds, their growth j

in rainy weather 90

Great Britain, exports of jam

and goods, 1 8(!8-1877 266

Great Britain, deliveries in, of

East India cotton 60

Great Britain, exports from In-
dia to 59,60

Great Britain and Continent,

deliveries of cotton, 1859-

• 1877 252

Great Britain, exports to, from

United States, 1826-1877.. .31-37

Great Britain, monthly exports
of colton to, from Bombay,
1S72-1S77 63-66

Great Britain, percentages of
each kind of cotton contained
in deliveries to, 1859-1 S77... 253

Great Britain prohibits the im-
port of cotton goods from
India 43

Great Britain, spindles in, and
consuming power of .20(i, 276, 277

Great Britain, supply and con-
sumption of cotton in Europe
and United States, 1845-
1877 251

Growth and development of
each crop from 1871 to 1877,
July to December 147

Growth of cotton in suiumer
and fall 113-156

Guzerat, of India, productions
and deBcription of 54

H.

Hargj-eaves' & Arkwright's
spinning machines 28

Herodotus on cotton produc-
tion and manufacture in In-
dia 39

Hingnnghaut cotton, where
produced 53, 61

Hoeing the crop, how and when
done 85-88

Holding back cotton, its influ-
ence on receipts 158-160

Hyderabad, of India, cotton ex-
port and home consumption.. 57

Hyderabad, of India, produc-
tions and description of 54

I.
India, Bengal muslin, superior

excellence of -,--- 40

India, bowing cotton 26

India, " Calicuts," fineness of. . 40
India, cost of raising cotton in

Central ^3

India cotton cultivation stimu-
lated aiul eiicoiii'agcd by Eng-
land, but limited I)y physical

conditions 56

India cotton districts, descrip-
tion of -""'O-SS

India cotton supply 17

India cultivators buying silver
ph.ugb Kb.ares and pushing
cotton cultivation 50

INDEX.

Ind;a "Dry Zone" 50

ludia, duties laid on English
manufactures 4-1

India, earliest cotton gin 2G

India, earliest cotton produc-
tion and manufacture and ex-
port 39, 40

India exports of cotton checked
liy coiisuniiition 58

India export of cotton goods. 43, 44

India exports of goods to Eng-
land i>rohibited 43

India cxi)orts to Europe fi-om
each port from 1S73 to 1877,

59,60

India, growth of spindles in,

44, 45, 46

India, its phj-sical features as
affecting the crop 47, 4S

India, largest cotton produc-
tion of 55

India, map of 4, 47

India, present production of cot-
ton iu 46

India, spindles in 269

India spinning and -weavin,
machines 41

India, the northeast and south
west UK 'usoous 48-50

ludinnola, killing frost and end
of picking season 144

Indianola, rainfall and range of

thenuonicter 95, 98, 101,

104, 106, 107, 122, 124,
128, 130, 133, 135, 137, 14C

Irrigation iu India 50-5r

J.

Jefferson on early cultivation

and mauul'acture of cotton, 22, 2:;

K.

Kandeish, productions, Ac, of. 5-1

Kolapoor, Kulladgee, Kittoon.. 55

Kurrachee, exports f i-om 57

Kurrachee, exports to Europe,
1873-1S77

Lice on cotton

Little Kock, killing frost and

end of picking season

Little Rock, rainfall and range

thermometer, 103, 106, 107,

132, 135, 136,

Liverpool and lA)ndou, expoi'ts

from India to 59

Liverpool, early receipts of cot-

tcm at. Iron: United States...

59
11.:
14-:

14C

,60

24

j Liverpool market and influences
affecting same 236-239

Liverpool prices of all kinds of
cotton, 1877 .236-239

Liverpool prices of upland and
Surat cotton, 1788-1877 235

Louisiana, cotton acreage, pro-
duction iu bales and per acre,
1869-1 877 75, 76, 79

Louisiana, date of receipt of
first bale 1C3

Louisiana, early cultivation of
cotton iu 22

Louisiana, killing frost and end
of picking season 145

Louisiana, pei-centage of acre-
age and crop raised, 1869-
1877 81

Louisiana receipts of cotton,
1824-1877 30-37

M.

Macon, first bale received and

receipts to Sept. 1 162

Macon, killing frost and end of

picking season 144

Macon, rainfall and range of

thermometer 98,101, 103,

106, 107, 127, 130, 132, 135,

136, 140
Madras, exports to Europe,

1873-1877 59

^Nl.'ulras Presidency, products,

soil, monsoon, &c 51, 52

Madras, production, export and

consumption of cotton 57

Manchester prices of cotton

goods, 1877 236-239

Manufacture and the factory

system 28

Manufacturing— business poor,

reasons for it 241-250

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton

in America 20-23

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton

in Great Britain 43, 44

Manufacture, earliest, of cotton

in India 39-43

Manufacture, how affected by

inventions of Hargreaves &

.Vrkwright 28

Marco Polo on India manufac-
tures 40

Marketing of crops, hindrances

iu, f roui 1870 to 1877 157-170

Slaryhmd, early cultivation of

cotton iu 22

IXDEX.

Memphis, first bale received and
ivecipfs to Sojit. 1 1G3

Memphis, killiuj,' frost and end
of piekinic season iii

Memphis, rainfall and raii^o of

thermometer 93, 95, 98,

101, lO.'J, lOG, 107, 119, 122,
124, 12S, 130, 133, 135, 13G, 140

Jlesieo, eottou tree in

r.Iexieo, early uses of cotton in. 20

Middle crop, meaning and ex-
tent of 11

Mills in India, 1869 and 1S77.. 45

3Iississippi, iua-ease, produc-
tion in )>ales and per acre,
1S69-1S77 75, 7G, 79

Mississippi, killiui; frost and
end of pickiuiC season 14.")

Mississippi, iiereenta.w of total
acreage and of total crop
raLsed, l.SG9-lSs77 81

Mississippi, receipt of lirst bale. 163

Mobile, lirst bale received and
receipts to Sept. 1 1G2

Mobile, killing fi-ost and end of
picking season 144

Mobile, rainfall and range of

thermometer 91, 93, 95,

9S, 101, 103, lOG, 107, 119,
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135,

136, 140

Mobile, receipts of eottou at,
1826-1877 31-37

Monsoons in India 43-55

Montgomery, lirst bale received
and receipts to Sept. 1 162

Montgomery, killing frost and
end of picking season 144

Mi>utgomery, rainfall and range

of thermometer 91, 93, 95,

98, 101, 103, lOG, 107, 119,
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135,

136, 140

N.

Na.shville, fli-st bale received
and receipts to Sept. 1 1G3

Nashville, killing frost and end
of picking season 14 1

Nashville, rainfall and range of
thermometc r, 93, 95, 98, 101,
103, 106, 107, 119, 122, 124,

128, 130, 132, 13.5, 136, 140

National Cotton Convention,
changes made in Classiflcii-
tion 218-220

New Jei-sey, early cultivation
of cotton in 22

New Orleans, first bale received
and receipts to Sept. 1 i(i2

New Orleans, killing frost and
end of picking season 144

Xew Orleans, rainfall and range

of thermometer 91, 93, 95,

98, 101, 103, lOG, 107, 119,
121, 124, 127, 130, 132, 135,

136, 140

New Orleans, receipts of cotton
at, 1825 to 1877 30-37

New York as a cotton market,

189-195

New York, Boston and Balti-
more receipts, 1S65 to 1877,

36,37

New York, future delivery
prices, 1S70-1S77 199-217

New York, prices of upland cot-
ton, 1870-1877 221-234

NeM' York receipts, exports
and sales of cotton from 1849
to 1877 190-193

Norfolk, rainfall and range of

thermometer 97,100,

103, 105, 127, 130, 132, 135, 130

Norfolk, receii)t8 of eottou at,
1826 to 1877 31-37

North Carolina, acreage, i)ro-
duction in bales and pounds
per acre, 1869-1877 7.5, 76, 79

North Carolina, killing frost
and end of i)ickiug season 145

North Carolina, percentage of
total acreage and of total
crop raised, 186'J-1S77 81

North Carolina receipts of cot-
ton, 1824 to 1877 30-37

Northern consnmi)tion, 1826 to
1877 31-37

O.

Oomi'aoltc cottoD, where pro-
duced and marketed 54, 61

Overland nuivemeut described
and detailed 280-282

Overland rciceipts of cotton,
183 5-1877 32-37

P.

Pennsj'lvania, early cnlti vation
of cotton in 22

Percentages of «'aeli kind of
cotton <-ontaincxl in deliveries
to Europe, 1859-1877 253

INDEX.

Percentages of increase and
decrease in acreage and crop,
1870-1 87G Ill, 112, 149-152

Percentage of total acreage and
of total cii^p raised, in eaoli
State, 1869-1877 81

Percentage of total receipts re-
ceived each daj' for five years,

184-188

Percentages (Bombay) of total
receipts received each luontli,
1872-1877 63, G6

Percentage of total yield re-
ceived at eacli Soutliern port,
I 1854-1861 190

Picking season, end of, each
year. 1870-1877, in the Sonth,

144, 14,5

Picking season, its nature and
length, and effect on crops,
fi-om 1870 to 1877 172-176

Picking season, tlie length of,
as affecting the yield 146-152

Phmting, cotton 83-87

Plants, how far apart when
stand.perf ect, &o 88

Ploughing, how and when done,

85,86

Ports, movement to, irregular-
ity of, and causes for 1 58i-176

Prairie-lauds, natm-e, produc-
tion and preparation of 84

Price of cotton and its influence
on the consumption of goods,

242, 248, 249

Price of cotton in 1621 21

Prices of cotton in 1747 24

Prices of cotton in 1790 25

Prices of cotton at Liverpool,
1877 236-239

Prices of cotton and cotton
goods at Liveri)00l, 1876-
1877 264

Prices of cotton goods at Man-
chester, 1877 236-239

Prices of cotton in Great Brit-
ain, 1788-1877 235

Prices of cottcjn on the spot, at
>;ew York, 1870-1877.. ..221-234,

Prices of future delivery sales
at New York, 18 70-1877. . 199-217

Pi'oduoiion of cotton, total and
per acre, in each State, 186J-
1877 75, 76, 77. 79

Punjaul), Scinde, Cutch and
Central India, description of,
&c 52,53

Q.

Quotations, change in, how
made, from Old Classiflcatiou
to American Standard of
Classiflcation 218-220

Quotations, future delivery, at
, New York, 1870-1877. . . .199-217

Quotations of cotton— See Prict s.

Quotations for upland cotton
at New York, 1870-1877..221-234

R.

Rainfall from January to June,
91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 100, 101,

103, 104, 105, 106, 107

Riiinfall from July to Decem-
ber, 119, 121. 122, 124, 12'i,
127, 128, 132, 135, 136,

137, 139, 140

Rainfall (monsoons) in India, 48-55

Rain., its effect on plant 14

Rain, its effect on stand and
chopping «>ut 89, 90

Rangoon exports to Europe,
1873-1877 59 '

Rangoon shipments of cotton . . 57

Ueci'ipts, daily, Hve years.. 177-183

Receipts, effect on, of holding
back, and other influences 158-176

Receipts, exports and sales of
cotton at New Y'ork from
1849 to 1877 190-193

Receipts, monthly, live j-ears,

176,177

Receipt of first bale for seven
ye.-irs 162, 163

Receipts of new cotton to Sej)-
tember 1 162-164

Receipts, percentage of total
yield received at each Soutli-
ern port, 1854-1861 190

Receipts, weeks of smallest, for
seven years 164

Rivers, height of, for four
years 1 66-171

Rust in summer 115

Salesf or future delivery, advan-
tages and disadvantages, 195-198

S.ilesfcn' future delivery at New
York, 1870-187 7 193

Sai<;s for future delivery, prices
of, at New York, 1870-1877,

199-217

Sales of spot cotton at New
York, 1849-1877 190-192

IXDEX.

Savaiiuali, lirst bale received

aud receipts to Sept. 1 162

Savaunab, killing frost, &c.... l-i-i
Savannali, rainfall.. 91, 93. 9.5,
98, 100, 103, 10(5, 107, 119,
121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132,

135, 136, 139
Savannali receipts, 1826-77.. 3 1-37
Sea Island cotton, crop, con-
snniption aud export from

1885 to 1877 283, 289

Seed (cotton), diflferent kinds.. 115
Seed (cotton), its nature and

growth 87

Shedding of cotton, 12, 13, 116, 117
Shedding of crops, 1870 to 1876,

148-152
Shreveport, first bale received

and receipts to Sept. 1 162

Shreveport, killing fro.st, &c... 144

Shreveport, rainfall 93, 95,

98, 101, 103, 106, 107, 119,
121, 124, 125, 127, 130, 132,

135, 136, 140
Soils— divl-sions in, &g., South.. 81
South Car(dina, acreage, pro-
duction in bales and pounds

per acre, 1869-1877 75, 76, 79

South Carolina cotton, 1666-

1733 .' 21, 22

South Carolina, cultivation in

1790 23

South Carolina, date of receipt

of first bale 163

South Carolina, early exports.. 24
South Carolina, killing frost.ifcc. 145
South Carolina, percentage of

total acreage, <tc., 1869-1877 81
South Carolina receipts of cot-
ton, 1824-1 S77 30-37

Seutheru cousuuiptiou, 1843-

1877.... 33-37

Spindles, causes of their in-
crease in Europe aud Amer-
ica 242-247

Spindles, growth of, in India,

44, 45, 46
Spindles in Euroi>e, their num-
ber and capacity 247, 266-268

Spindles in India 269, 270

Spindles in United States.. 254, 255
Spinners' takings, not consump-
tion 10

Spinning aud weaving ma-
chines in India 41, 42

Spinning machines of Har-
greaves &, Arkwright 28

Stand of eotton, differences in. 15
Stand of cotton, effect of, on the
final yield, 16, 109-112, 121,

123, 126, 130, 131, 135, 139,

143, 148, 152

Stand of cotton obtained, fnim
1871 to 1877 110, 111

Stand, how and when complete,
and when perfect 88

Stand, irregular, defective aud
sickly, causes for 89

Steam eugine fii-st applied to
cotton manufacture 28

Stocks of cotton in inteiior
northern ports, 1870-1877, 36, 37

Stocks of cotton in United
States, Aug. 31, from 1827.31-37

Suez Canal, e.x;ports of cotton
through, fi-om Bombay 63-66

Summer aud fall gi-owth.. .113-156

Supply aud consumption of cot-
ton in Europe and United
States, 1845-1877 251

Sui-at, productions aud descrip-
tion of 54

T.

Tap-root of cotton plant, 87,

114,116, 117

Tavernier on mamifaeture of
cotton in India 40

Teake on Georgia cultivation
in 1788 23

Tennessee, cotton acreage, pro-
duction, &e., 1869-'77..75, 76, 79

Tennessee, ixioeipt of first bale. 163

Teunes.seo, killing frost, &c 145

Tennessee, percentage of total
acreage, <fco., 1869-1877 81

Texas, cottou acreage, produc-
tion, &c., 1869-1877. . . .75, 76, 79

Texas, receipt of first bale 163

Texas, killing frost and end of
picldug season 145

Texas, percentage of total acre-
age, 1869-1877 81

Texas receipts, 1835-1877. . . .32-37

Thermometer for August, four
years 1 30

Thermometer, highest, lowest
and average in tin; South, 91,
93, 95, 97. 98, 100, loi, 103,
104, 105, 10(!, 119, 121, 122,

124, 127, 128, 132, 135, 136,

137,139,140
Tinnevelly, cotton export and
Uome consumption 57

INDEX.

Tinnevelly, production of cot-
ton, &c 51

Tookc's Prices of Cotton 235

Top crop, meaning and extent
of 115

Tuticorin, exports from 57

Tnticorin, exports to Europe,
1873-1877 59

Tj'pes of American Standard
of Classification, liow deter-
mined 219

TT.

United States and European
supply and consumption,
1845-1877 251

United States consumption,
182G-1 877 31-37

United States cotton crops,
1621-1877 19-38

United States cotton crop, 1876-
1877 279

United States, cotton goods
manufactured in 255, 256

United States, cotton in, Avlicre
first found 20

United States crops, 1621-1793, 20

United States crops, 1825-
1877 30-37

United States exports, 1825-
1877 30-3

United States, exports from, of
cotton ffoods 257

United States exports of cot-
ton, 1791-1826 29

United States, production of cot-
ton, total and per acre, in each
State, 1869-1877.... 75, 76, 77, 79

United States, spindles and
consumption in 254, 255

United States spinners, future
prospects of 256

Uplands, low middling, mid-
dling and good ordinarj',
rrices at New York, 1870-
1877 221-234

Uplands (soil), nature, produc-
tion and preparation of 84, 85

Vicksburg, flrst liale received
and receipts to September 1 . . 162

Vicksburg, killing frost and
end of picking season 144

Vicksburg, rainfall and range

of thermometer 93, 95, 98,

101, 103, 106, 107, 121, 124,
125, 128, 130, 132. 135, 136, 140

Virginia cultivation of cotton

in 1775 22

Virginia, first experiments in

cotton raising 21

Virginia, price of cotton in

1621 21

Virginia receipts of cotton,

1826-1877 30-37

TT.

War in Europe and its effect on
consumption 241, 250

War in United States, effect on
demand for cotton goods 243

Weather (January to June),
growth and stand of crops,
1871-1877 110-112

Weather reports fnnu " Chron-
icle " (January to June), 1 871-

1877 91,93, 95, 99, 101,

104, 108

Weather reports from •' Chron-
icle" (July to December),

1871-1877 119, 122, 124,

128, 133, 137, 140

Weather reports of Agricul-
tural Bureau (January to

June), 1871-1877 92, 94,

96, 99, 102, 105, 109

Weather reports of Agricul-
tural Bui-eau (July to Decem-
ber), 1871-1877 120, 122,

125, 129, 134, 138, 142

Weather, stand and growtu,
from Jamiary to December,
of crops, 1870 to 1876 148

Weather summary, July to De-
cember, 1871-1877 147

Weights of bales American in
Europe 74

Weights of bales in deliveries
to Great Britain aiul Conti-
nent 252, 265

Weights of bales in United
States 287

West India, cotton seed first
planted 21

Whitney's cotton gin 26

Wilmington, killing frost and
end of picking season 144

Wilmington, rivinfall and range

of thermometer 93, 95,

98, 100, 103, 105, 107, 121,
124, 125, 127, 130, 132, 135,

136, 139

Wilmington, receipts of cotton
at, 1826-1877 31-37

University of British Columbia Library

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FORM 310

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1"

AGRICULTURE
FORESTRY

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Title

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