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C ^>°\ UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

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„ UNIV. OF FL LIB
J30CJJ.MENTS DEPT.

DEPOSITORY

VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION AND GRADE OF COTTONSEED
PRODUCED IN THE STATES OF
ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TENNESSEE,
SEASONS OF 1934-35 TO 1937-38

By G. S. Meloy,
Senior Marketing Specialist

Washington, D. C.
June 1939

i

VARIATIONS IN THE COMPOSITION AND GRADE OP COTTONSEED
PRODUCED IN THE STATES OP
ARKANSAS, LOUISIANA, MISSISSIPPI, AND TENNESSEE,
SEASONS OF 1934-35 to 1937-38

3y G. S. Meloy, Senior Marketing Specialist

Cottonseed Quality Estimated

The cottonseed-crushing industry has grown rapidly since 1870.
In that year the industry consisted of 26 mills, which crushed only
about 2 or 3 percent of the seed produced. The crush had grown to
about a million tons, or 25 percent of the total production, by 1890;
and by 1914 more than 870 mills crushed more than five million tons,
or 80 percent of the seed produced.

During all of this period of rapid growth in the industry, at-
tention was centered on questions of processing technique and on im-
provements in the quality of the products of cottonseed. Little study
was given directly to the variable composition of the seed. Under
such conditions, it became the general practice for crushing mills to
estimate the average quality of the cottonseed occasionally during
each season and to base their purchase prices on such averages. In
addition, from time to time efforts were made by trade associations in
the industry to set up a basis for discounting, usually based on
adulteration or on exceptional spoilage.

Standard Grades Established

In 1925 the U. S. Department of Agriculture undertook a study
of the subject. As a result, on May 23, 1932, the first standards of
the United States for the grading of cottonseed intended for crushing
were officially promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture.

These standards provided not only a basis for equitable dis-
counts for off quality, but also a basis for equitable premiums for
superiority. A basis grade was established, of definite description
both as to the quantity of obtainable products and as to the condi-
tion of the seed that would affect the costs of processing and the
quality of the products (appendix A).

Elements of Quality in Cottonseed

The standard method of grading cottonseed is based, (l) on the
development of the seed, as indicated "by the quantity of oil and
protein elaborated during growth, oil and protein being the two most
valuable constituents; (2) on the deterioration that has taken place
in the seed between the maturing of the bolls and the time of sale,
as indicated by the percentage of free fatty acids in the oil; and
(3) on the quantity of moisture and foreign matter, in deleterious
quantities, that have been absorbed by or incorporated in the seed bo-
fore sale.

To measure the development of the seed constituents, a method
is provided for determining a quantity index. To measure the deterio-
ration and to take into account the excesses of moisture and foreign
matter, a method is provided for determining a quality index. To
determine the grade or relative value in relation to a base, a method
is provided for combining the quantity index with the quality index,
the result being the grade. In practice, the grade is used as a value
index related to the price quoted at the time of sale for cottonseed
of the base grade.

Sampling and Analysis Standardized

The necessity for the accurate sampling of cottonseed and for
the accurate chemical analysis of the samples was recognized as a
problem precedent to the establishment of the standard grades. There-
fore, coincident with the promulgation of the cottonseed standards,
approved methods were published for both the drawing and the handling
of samples and for the procedure to be followed in making chemical
analyses and calculating the grade of cottonseed, 1/

1/ United States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, The official standards of the United States for the
grading, sampling, and analyzing of cottonseed sold or offered for
sale for crushing purposes. U. S, Dopt. of xgri ■. Service and
Regulatory Announcements (B.A.E.) 133. 10pp. 1932.

Meloy, G. S, Development of standards for grades of cottonseed.
31pp. United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricul-
tural Economics, 1935, (Mimeographed.)

United States Department of Agr-'. culture. Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, Methods of drawing and preparing official samples of
cottonseed. For licensed cottonseed samplers. Approved by the Act-
ing chief... June 7, 1938, 4pp. 1933, (Mimeographed.)

United States Department .of Agriculture. Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, Methods of chemical analysis and grade calculations for
cottonseed, For licensed cottonseed chemists. Approved...
June 7, 1938. 11pp. 1938. (Mimeographed.)

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First Amendment to Standard Grades

The cottonseed standards are what are known as permissive
standards in that it is optional whether they "be used in the market-
ing of cottonseed. Nevertheless, since their establishment a largo
number of transactions in cottonseed, have "been "based on the stand-
ards. This has been particularly true in the cotton-producing
States in the Mississippi Valley, Each season since the establish-
ment of the standards, the grading of cottonseed has "become noro and
more popular as a marketing practice with producers, middlemen, and
managers of crushing mills. During the season of 1936-37, the number
of lots of cottonseed that were marketed on grade in the Mississippi
Valley was practically double that for previous seasons (table 2),
Moreover, the premiums and discounts based on the grades as an index
of relative value, became increasingly important, especially in the
minds of the sellers of cottonseed. It, being demonstrated that full
grades were too broad, the standards were amended on July 30, 1937,
to provide for half grades (appendix 3),

Supervision of Sanpling and Grading

Interest in the marketing of cottonseed became so keen that at
the beginnir.g of the season of 1937-33 the Department of Agriculture
undertook the supervision of both the sampling and the grading of all
cottonseed sold for crushing in the Mississippi Valley, including
that portion of Louisiana northeast of the Eed River; Arkansas, except
that part contiguous to Oklahoma and Texas; Mississippi; Missouri;
Illinois; Kentucky; and western Tennessee, This was done by means of
licensed and ocnd^d samplers and of licensed eheuists. The work of
both was supervised by a corps of inspectors regularly employed by the
Department for the ourpose. Chemists' licenses were issued only to
commercial and independent chemists who could demonstrate their ability
to analyze saiplos of cottonseed accurately and who agreed to have
their laboratories supervised by qualified agents of the Department,

This official supervision apparently gave all parties greater
confidence in the sampling and grading, for the number of . lots of seed
that were sampled and graded that season was greatly increased — in
fact, was again practically doubled in some of the States,

The season of 1936-37 in the Mississippi Valley was character-
ized as a late, w^t- cool cpring followed by a hot. dry summer, fre-
quently of drought intensity. Then cane a ecld, wet harvest season,
with a nunber of storms of heavy precipi taiicnB The adverse condi-
tions of growth and harvest were most intsnse in western Tennessee and
were least severe in Louisiana, The a.dverije growing conditions are
reflected in the quantity of oil elaborated in the seed; and the ad-
verse harvest conditions are reflected in the high percentage of in-
stances in which the quality index was lowered for cause. It is

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interesting that although noirture excesses were nigh and were found
in a large percentage of the lots of seed that were graded, relative-
ly little deterioration in the oil -/as found, probably owing to the
coolness of the harvest season. This is in contrast to the season of
1937-33 when, with little or no excess seed moisture, hut with com-
binations of high atnospheric temperatures and humidity during the
harvest season, serious deterioration occurred in the oil.

Second Amendment to Standard Grades

The cottonseed marketed in the Mississippi Valley States dur-
ing the season of 1937-38 was of the poorest quality or. record. The
intensity of the deterioration contrasted with that of the previous
season, however, in that it was most severe in Louisiana and contigu-
ous counties in Mississippi and le^..st severe in Tennessee, The con-
tinued rains and the warm, hunid weather during the harvest period
made it practically impossible to prevent spoilage. Many lots of cot-
tonseed were so badly decomposed when offered for sale to the oil
mills, that it was not possible to process thorn. In many instances it
was found that when these seed were graded according to the official
standards, the grades were no longer time indexes of relative value.
Since this contingency had not been anticipated when the standards
were established, the standards were again amended on Juno 7, 1938, by
providing that all cottonseed which, upon analysis, were found so low
in quality as to result in a grade below 25, should not be graded on
the standards but be left the subject of negotiation (appendix C), In
the early part of the 1937-38 season the industry had recognized that
grade 25 was the minimum that represented fair relative values and by
universal consent had adopted this modification in applying the
standards.

Analyses Reported to Department of Agriculture

Immediately after the establishment of the standards, in 1932,
arrangements had been made by the Department of Agriculture with all
chemists, both commercial and private, whereby a copy cf each cotton-
seed analysis and grade report, when made according to the official
standards, would be furnished the Department for its study.

Beginning with the season of l934-:-5, fairly complete records
have been kont of the factors of grade cf the cottonseed produced in
Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee, In most instances
these data are available for each cotton-producing county in these
States; but in this report, the data ^re given on a State-wide basis
for the seasons of 1934-35, 1935-35, 1936-37, and 1937-33 (tables 1, 2,
3, and 4), In addition to the grade reports considered in these tables,
other reports were received, giving the analysis and grade of seed be-
lieved to have been grown in Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, or

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Tennessee, but these data were so incomplete with respect to point of
origin of the seed in question, that it was thought "best to on it then
fron the tables. There were 900 of these reports for 1S34-35, nore
than 1,800 reports for 1935-36, and 787 reports for 1936-37, All
reports for the season of 1937-38 contained the identification of the
State and county in which the seed were produced, A tabulation of the
onitted data fron these reports has been nade, but they are not in-
cluded herewith, since it was found that they would nake no naterial
change in the results as given.

Although the seasonal variations and the averages of the grades
are of interest for general comparisons, it is believed that, fron the
producer's standpoint the distribution of the grades are of even
greater interest. Such data are extended in tables 5, 6, 7, and 8;
but, since the bulk of the graded lots was classified between grade 80
and grade 120, all lots falling below 80 in grade are grouped. Pro-
ducers should be particularly interested in the evidence that, in
spite of seasonal difficulties that result in reducing the general
quality of the cottonseed, a large nunber of shipments sold each nonth
of each season had been sr> carefully harvested and handled as to be
classified in the preniun grades,

For the information of those. who nay wish to estimate the
quantity of cottonseed covered by these reports, it nay be said that
each sample presumably represents an average carlo t or its equivalent;
that is to say, approximately 25 tons of cottonseed*

Explanation of Tables

In brief explanation of the tables, it nay be pointed out that
the yields of oil and cake given are the expected yields under stand-
ard^m^nu^acturing efficiency. Actual yields, therefore, may be slightly
^lightly less than the figures given in the tables; but the averages
are believed to be fairly close to the actual averages.

Referring to table 1, it will be seen, for example, that in
Arkansas 305 lots of cottonseed were sampled and graded during the
month of August 1934, The oil content varied from 14.2 percent to 21,1
percent and averaged 17,65 percent. The yields of til varied from 224
pounds to 366 pounds and averaged 294 pounds per ton of seed. The am-
monia varied from 3.04 percent to 4,48 percent and averaged 3,77 per-
cent which when converted into protein represented 15.63 percent, 23,03
percent, and 19,38 percent protein respectively. From these ammonia
contents it is possible to produce .cake of 41,13 percent protein con-
tent, ranging from 714.1 pounds to 1052,8 pounds and averaging 885,9
pounds per ton of seed. According to the official standards, the
quantity index varied from 82.2 to 109,5 and averaged 98,22. The
quality index of 148 lots was lowered for Cause. These were divided
as to cause as follows: 7 lots were found to contain excesses of free

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fatty acids in tho oil, one lot containing 13.1 percent of free fatty
acids and averaging 4.14 percent, resulting in an average reduction in
the quality indexes of the 7 lots of 11,70 units for this cause; 143
lots contained more than 12 percent moisture, the highest moisture
content being 20.4 percent, and the quality indexes of these 143 lots
being reduced an average of 2,77 units "because of excesses of moisture;
3 lots contained more than 3 percent foreign matter; the foreign
matter content in one of these lots being 11,2 percent, and the average
reduction in the quality indexes of the 3 lots, because of foreign
matter, being 3,50 units. It is ovident that the quality indexes of
at least 5 of the 148 lots were reduced for two or more causes.

Out of the 305 lots that wore sampled and graded, 7 were classi-
fied as of Superior Quality, The range of the 'grades was from 48 to
110, and the average of the grades was 96,6,

The number of lots of cottonseed that were sampled, analyzed,
and graded increased materially as soon as the Department of Agri-
culture undertook the supervision of the sampling and grading. In
Arkansas (table l) the number' of lots that were sampled and graded rose
from 10,093 in the season of 1934-35 to 15,748 in 1937-38, In Louisi-
ana, tho number was 2,220 in the season of 1934-35 and 8,577 in the
season of 1937-38 (table 2), In Mississippi, 12,760 lots were sampled
and graded during the season of 1934-35, contrasted with 36,445 lots
during the1 season of 1937-38 (table 3), In Tennessee 5,477 lots were
graded during the season of 1934-35 contrasted with 7,105 lots during
the season of 1937-38 (table 4),

SUMMARIZING STATEMENT:

Both the ranges and the averages for oil and ammonia contents of
cottonseed varied from month to month and from season to season in each
of the States included in this study as shown in text and. tables.
These variations resulted in variations in recoverable oil of more than
250 pounds and in cake (of 41.13 percent protein) of more than 500
pounds por ton of seed processed.

The reduction in tho quality index of the various lots of cotton-
seed sold on the basis of grade during the season of 1936-37 was great-
est in Tennessee and least in Louisiana; in contrast with the season of
1937.-38, when it was greatest in Louisiana and least in Tennessee.

In Tennessee and Arkansas, the grade of cottonseed is lowered
most frequently because of excesses of moisture and foreign matter;
whereas in Louisiana and Mississippi and in Southeastern Arkansas, the
greatest reductions in grade are caused by excesses of free fatty acids
in the oil in the seed.

The tables giving the distributions of the grades show that the
grades of cottonseed produced become progressively lower as the season

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progresses, particularly during the seasons of 1936-37 and 1937-38 in
the States of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, They show also
that, regardless of generally unfavorable seasonal conditions during
harvest, many shipments of seed are so carefully handled that they
are classified in the preniun grades when offered for sale. This is
notable in Mississippi where the average grade of the seed marketed
each month fell below basis rapidly during the season of 1937-38, be-
ginning with November, During October, out of 8,405 shipments, 5,408
were classified in the premium grades; and the average grade of all
shipments was 100.4, or four- tenths above basis. During November,
out of 5,422 shipments, 2,034 were of premium grades, and the average
grade of all shipments was 94.3. During December, out of 4,285 ship-
ments, 651 were found in the premium grades; and the average grade of
all shipments was 85.5. 3ven during February, when the'averago grade
of 2,600 shipments was 72.3, or 27.7 units below basis, 132 shipments
were classified in the premium grades.

Appendix A

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ORDER OF PROMULGATION

PUBLIC NOTICE ESTABLISHING THE GRADES, METHODS OF SAMPLING,
ANALYZING, AND GRADING COTTONSEED SOLD OR OFFERED FOR
SALE FOR CRUSHING PURPOSES WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

3y virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of Agriculture
"by the act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture' for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1932, and
for other purposes," approved February 23, 1931 (Public, No. 717, 71st
Cong.), I, Arthur M. Hyde, Secretary of Agriculture, do hereby fix,'
establish, and promulgate the following standards of class, quality, and
condition for cottonseed, which shall becone the official standards of
the United States for the grading and analysis of cottonseed sold or of-
fered for sale for crushing purposes, on the 1st day of June, 1932, and
be in force and effect as long as Congress shall provide the necessary
authority therefor, unless amended or superseded by standards hereafter
prescribed and promulgated under such authority.

SECTION 1. The grade of cottonseed shall be determined from the
analysis of samples, and it shall be the result, stated as the nearest
whole number without fractions, obtained by multiplying a quantity in-
dex by a quality index, as hereinafter provided.

(a) The basis grade of cottonseed shall be grade 100.

(b) High grades of cottonseed shall be those grades above 100.

(c) Low grades of cottonseed shall be those grades below 100.

SEC. 2. The following equations shall be used in determining
the quantity index of cottonseed:

(a) For cottonseed, that by analysis contain not less than 17
per cent of oil, the quantity index shall equal 4 times the percentage
of oil, plus 6 times the percentage of ammonia, plus 5.

(b) For cottonseed, that by analysis contain less than 17 per
cent oil, the quantity index shall aqual 5 times the percentage of oil,
plus 6 times the percentage of ammonia, minus 12,

SEC. 3. The quality index of cottonseed shall be a percentage
of purity and soundness, and shall be determined as follows:

(a) Superior quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis,
contain less than one-half per cont foreign matter, and more than 8 per
cent but less than 10 per cent moisture, and less than three-fourths
per cent free fatty acids in the oil in the seed shall be known as
superior quality cottonseed and shall have a quality index of 102 per
cent.

(b) Prime quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis,
contain not more than 3 per cent foreign matter, not more than 12 per
cent moisture, and not more than 1.8 per cent free fatty acids in the
oil in the seed, shall be known as prime quality cottonseed and shall
have a quality index of 100 per cent.

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(c) Subquality cottonseed, — Cottonseed that, "by analysis, contain
foreign natter, noisture, and/or free fatty acids in the oil in the seed
in excess of the percentages shown in section 3-D, or arc seed fron 3eed
cotton that has been processed in a boll breaker, or other device for
preparing snapped cotton or bollies for ginning, shall be known as sub-
duality cottonseed; and the quality index of such cottonseed shall be
found by reducing the quality index of prine quality cottonseed as
follows:

(1) Not to exceed five-tenths of a unit for each 0,1 per
cent of free fatty acid3 in the oil in the seed in excess of 1,8
per cent; provided that this reduction shall not exceed 50 units
of the quality index of prine quality cottonseed.

(2) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 per cent of foreign
natter in excess of 3 per cent*

(3) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 por cent of noisture in
excess of 12 per cent.

(4) Not to exceed 8 units when the so«d cotton has been
processed as snapped cotton or bollies before ginning.

(d) Off quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that have been treated
by either nechanical or chenical process other than the usual cleaning,
drying, and ginning (except such sterilization as nay be required by
the United States Dopartnent of Agriculture for quarantine purposes) or
that are hot or fomented, or that upon analysis are found to contain
nore than 25 per cent foreign natter, or noro than 25 per cent noisture,
or nore than 40 per cent conbined noisture; and foreign natter, shall be
known as off quality cottonseed and nay not be graded.

SEC. 4, Sanpling of cottonseed.— In the application of these
standards the following nethods shall be observed in the drawing and
handling of sanples of cottonseed.

(a) Sanpling before unloading, — Portions shall be drawn at dif-
ferent points in each end and in the niddle of the car with a suitable
cottonseed trier or sanpling device. In drawing sanples with a trier,
cross sections shall be taken fron the top to the botton of the car, if
possible. In the absence of a trier, holes shall be dug at various
points at least 30 inches deep with a snail (8-tino) fork and portions
taken fron the botton and sides of these holes,

(b) Sanpling during unloading, — Jor this purpose the sanpler
shall be provided with a suito.ble receptacle which he shall place in the
center of the unloading chute at regular intervals, as the seed are be-
ing ejected fron the car, to receive portions of the seed.

Whether drawn before or during unloading tho several portions
drawn fron car lots shall total not less than 50 pounds in weight,

(c) Sanpling of truck or wagon seed. — In drawing sanples of truck
or wagon loads of cottonseed, the sane nethods shall be usod as in sampl-
ing car lots before unloading. The total weight of the portion drawn
shall be not less than 2 l/2 pounds for each ton of seed in the load,

(d) Handling sanples,— Sanplers shall be provided with netal con-
tainers with close-fitting covers large enough to hold 60 or 70 pounds of
cottonseed. Each portion of a sanple as drawn shall be immediately
placed in such a receptacle and the covor pronptly replaced. As soon as

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the full Baople ha3 been- taken it siiall "be carefully weighed, then
cleaned of foreign natter, and carefully rowoighed. The loss in weight
shall "be calculated as foreign natter. After the sanple is cleaned the
seed shall "be nixed either "by neans of a suitable nechanical nixer or
"by heaping together and nixing by passing the hands or a snail shovel
up through the heap, repiling and spreading "by pressing. Finally not
les*3 than 2 quarts shall be packed in an air-tight tin can or Mason jar
and sent to the laboratory for analysis and grading. All cleaning, nix-
ing, and handling of sanples shall be done expeditiously and without un-
due exposure,

SEC. 5. Analysis. — The nethods for analyzing cottonseed recon-
nended fron tine to tine by the interburoau connittee of this department
on standard nethods of sampling and analyzing cottonseed 3hall be used.

In testimony '.Thereof I have hereunto set ny hand and
(SEAL) caused the official seal of the Department of Agriculture
to be affixed in the City of Washington, this 23d day of
May 1932.

(b) ARTHUR M. HYDE

Secretary,

(S. R. A.— B, A. E. 133) (issued August, 1932)

Appendix B
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PUBLIC NOTICE ESTABLISHING STANDARDS FOR GRADES OF
COTTONSEED SOLD OR OFFERED FOR SALE FOR
CRUSHING PURPOSES WITHIN THE UNITED STATES

By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of Agriculture
by the Act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938,
* * * and for other purposes," (Public No, 173, 75th Congress), I,
M, L. Wilson, Acting Secretary of Agriculture, do hereby fix, establish,
and promulgate the following official standards of the United States
for grades of cottonseed sold or offered for sale for crushing purposes,
the sane to supersede the standards f ort cgljt^nseed promulgated May 23,
1932, and to be in force and effect as/Congress shall provide the neces-
sary authority therefor, unless amended or superseded by standards here-
after prescribed and promulgated under such authority.

SECTION 1. The grade of cottonseed shall be determined from the
analysis of samples, and it shall be the result, stated in the nearest
whole or half numbers, obtained by multiplying a quantity index by a
quality index and dividing the result by 100 as hereinafter provided,

(a) The basis grade of cottonseed shall be grade 100, ~-

(b) High grades of cottonseed shall be those grades above 100,

(c) Low grades of cottonseed shall be those grades below 100,

SEC, 2, The following formulae shall be used in determining the
quantity index of cottonseed:

(a) For cottonseed, that by analysis contain 17 per cent of oil
or more, the quantity index shall equal 4 times the percentage of oil,
plus 6 times the percentage of ammonia, plus 5,

(b) For cottonseed, that by analysis contain less than 17 per
cent oil, the quantity index shall equal 5 times the percentage of oil,
plus 6 times the percentage of ammonia, minus 12,

SEC. 3, The quality index of cottonseed shall be a percentage
of purity and soundness, and shall be determined as follows:

(a) Superior quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis,
contain not less than 18,7 per cent oil, nor more than one-half of one
per cent foreign matter, 8 per cent but not more than 10,0 per cent
moisture, and not more than one-half of one per cent free fatty acids
in the oil in the seed shall be known as superior quality cottonseed
and shall have a quality index of 102,

(b) Prime quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis •
contain not more than 3 per cent foreign matter, not more than 12 per
cent moisture, and not more than 1,8 per cent free fatty acids in the
oil in the seed, shall be known as prime quality cottonseed and shall
have a quality index of 100 per cent.

(c) Subquality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis, con-
tain foreign matter, moisture, and/or free fatty acids in the oil in
the seed' in excess of the percentages shown in section 3-b, shall be
known as sub-quality cottonseed; and the quality index of such cotton-

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seed shall be found by reducing the quality index of prlno quality cot-
tonseed as follows:

(1) Not to exceed five- tenths of a unit for each 0,1 per
cent of free fatty acids in the oil in the seed in excess of 1.8
per cent,

(2) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 per cent of foreign
natter in excess of 3 per cent,

(3) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 per cent of moisture
in excess of 12 per cent*

(d) Off quality cottonseed, — Cottonseed that have been treated
by either mechanical or chemical process other than the usual cleaning,
drying, and ginning (except such sterilization as nay be required by
the United States Department of Agriculture for quarantine purposes) or
that are "hot" or fomented, or that upon* analysis are found to contain
13 per cent or nore free fatty acids in the oil, or nore than 25 per
cent foreign natter, or nore than 25 per cent moisture, or nore than 40
per cent conbined moisture and foreign matter, shall be designated as
"Off Quality Cottonseed, approximate oracle , "

SEC, 4, Sampling, analysis, and certification of sar.rples and
grades, — The drawing and preparation and certification of samples of
cottonseed and the analysis and certification of grades of cottonseed
shall be performed in accordance with methods approved from time to time
by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics,

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the
official seal of the Department of Agriculture to be affixed in the City
of Washington, this 30th day of July, 1937,

r„.Tx (s) M. L. WILSON,

^J>JuiUj' Acting Secretary.

(?. R. Doc. 37-2430; Eiled, July 30, 1937; 12:31 p.m.)
(Taken from Federal Register, July 31, 1937,
pp. 1611-12.)

Appendix C
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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Bureau of Agricultural Economics
Washington, D. C.

Public Notice Establishing Standards for Grades of
. Cottonseed Sold or Offered for Sale for Crush-
ing Purposes Within the United States.

By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of Agriculture
by the Act of Congress entitled "An Act making appropriations for the
Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1938,
* * * and for other purposes" (Public No. 173, 75th Congress), I,
H. A, Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture do hereby fix, establish, and
promulgate the following official standards of the United States for
grades of cottonseed sold or offered for sale for crushing purposes the
same to supersede the standards for cottonseed promulgated July 30,
1937, 1/ and to be in force and effect ag long as Congress shall provide
the necessary authority therefor, unless amended or superseded by
standards hereafter prescribed and promulgated under s\ich authority,

SECTION 1, The grade of cottonseed shall be determined from the
analysis of samples, and it shall be the result, stated in the nearest
whole or half numbers, obtained by multiplying a quantity index by a
quality index and dividing the result by 100 as hereinafter provided.

(a) The basis grade of cottonseed shall be grade 100.

(b) High grades of cottonseed shall be those grades above 100.

(c) Low grades of cottonseed shall be those grades below 100.

SEC. 2, The following formulae shall be used in determining the
quantity index of cottonseed:

(a) For cottonseed that by analysis contain 17 percent or more
of oil, the quantity index shall equal 4 times the percentage of oil,
plus 6 times the percentage of ammonia, plus 5.

(b) For cottonseed that by analysis contain less than 17 percent
oil, the quantity index shall equal 5 times the percentage of oil, plus
6 times the percentage of ammonia, minus 12.

SEC. 3. The quality index of cottonseed shall be an index of
purity and soundness, and shall be determined as follows:

(a) Superior quality cottonseed, — Cottonseed that, by analysis,
contain not less than 18,7 percent oil, nor more than one-half of one
percent foreign matter, 8 percent but not more than 10.0 percent mois-
ture, and not more than one-half of one percent free fatty acids in the
oil in the seed shall be known as superior quality cottonseed and shall
have a quality index of 102,

(b) Prime quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed that, by analysis,
contain not noro than 3 percent foreign matter, not more than 12 per-
cent moisture, and not more than 1,8 percent free fatty acids in the
oil in the seed, shall be known as prime quality cottonseed and shall
have a quality index of 100,

1/ 2 F. R. 1608 (DI),

- 14 -

(c) Subquality cottonseed. — The quality index of cottonseed
that, by analysis, contain foreign natter, moisture, and/or free fatty
acids in the oil in the seed in excess of the percentages shown in
section 3-b shall "be found by reducing the quality index of prime
quality cottonseed as follows:

(1) Not to exceed five-tenths of a unit for each 0.1 per-
j cent of free fatty acids in the oil in the seed in excess of

1.8 percent.

(2) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 percent of foreign
natter in excess of 3 percent.

(3) Not to exceed 1 unit for each 1 j>ercent of noisture
in excess of 12 percent.

Such cottonseed shall be known as subquality cottonseed,
except as hereinafter provided.

(d) Off quality cottonseed. — Cottonseed tnat have been treated
by either nechanical or chenical process other than tho usual cleaning,
drying, and ginning (except such sterilization as nay be required by
the United States Department of Agriculture for quarantine purposes) or
that are fomented and hot, or that upon analysis are found to contain
12 percent or nore free fatty acids in the oil, or nore than 10 percent
foreign natter, or nore than 18 percent noisture, or nore than 25 per-
cent combined noisture and foreign natter, shall be designated as Off
Quality Grade.

(e) Below grade cottonseed. — Cottonseed the grade of which when
calculated according to section 3-c above is below Grade 25 shall be
designated as "Below Grade Cottonsoed. " A grade shall not be indicated.

SEC. 4. Sampling, analysis, and certification of samples and
grades. — The drawing and preparation and certification of samples of
cottonseed and the analysis and certification of grades
of cottonseed shall be performed in accordance with methods approved
from time to time by the Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the
official seal of the Department of Agriculture to be affixed, in the
City of Washington, this 7th day of June 1938.

f _, (s) H. A. WALLACE,

^SEALJ Secretary

(P. R. Doc. 38—1600; Filed, June 7, 1938; 12:37 p.m.)
(From Federal Register, Volume 3, Number 111, June 8, 1938, pp. 1343-44).

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