BO WER SHI iru s
VETERINAR y SU RGE RY :
ONDISEASES OF
HORSES CATTLE
SHEEP & SWINE.

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THE

COUNTRYMAN’S EXPERIENCE.

FARRIERY & SURGERY.

EMBRACING

A THIRTY YEARS EXPERIENCE OF THE AUTHOR BOTH IN
THEORY AND PRACTICE, TOGETHER WITH THE EX-
PERIENCE OF NOTED GERMAN AND INDIAN
DOCTORS; WITH A COMPLETE PATHOLOGY

OF ALL DISEASES TO WHICH THE

Horse, Cow, Sheep& Swine

ARE SUBJECT, WITH A FORMULA OF INSTRUCTIONS AND
MODE OF TREATMENT.

ALSO

A PRACTICAL THEORY OF THE GOVERNMENT AND MAN-
AGEMENT OF THE

HORSE

UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES.

BY
ISAAC BOWERSMITH,
ti
PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY SURGERY ETC.

PRINTED AT THE BANNER OFFICE, WESTERVILLE, O.

1872.

Entered according te Act of Congress, in the year 1872,
By ISAAC BOWERSMITH,

in the Office of the Librarian of Congrese, at Washington, D.C,

PREFACE.

THE HORSE.

Under this first division will be considered those
animals which aid the powers of man. It natural-
ly begins with considering the Animals which con-
stitute the most valuable part of the farmer’s prop-
erty; their origin &c.

It is hoped that this volume will ee heact to
the amusement, and the profit of the farmer and
better the condition both of himself and of the
animals entrusted to his care. 7

They may afford him a useful counsellor, when

2

employed in the labours of his station, and raise
his mind to a serious, but delightful contemplation
of the objects which Providence has spread around
us for our admiration and profit.

In the Sacred Volume, which, beside its higher
claims to stand at the head of the Farmer’s Libra-
ry, contains the oldest authentic record of past
trausactions, we are told that, so early as 1650
years before the birth of Christ, the horse had been
domesticated by the Egyptians. When Joseph car-
ried his father’s remains from Egypt to Canaan,
“there went up with him both chariots and horses.”

One hundred and fifty years afterwards, the
horse constituted the principal strength of the
Egyptian army. Pharaoh pursued the Israelites
with “six hundred chosen chariots, and with all
the chariots of Egypt.”

From the records of the Old Testament, we are
likewise enabled to ascertain the precise period of
time, when in Egypt and Canaan, and the neigh-
bouring countries, this_animal began to be domes-
ticated. 1920 years before the birth of Christ,
when Abraham, having left Haran, in obedience to
the divine command, was driven into Egypt by
the famine which raged in Canaan,(Gen. 12. 16.)
Pharaoh offered him sheep and oxen, and asses
and camels. Horses would doubtless have been
added had they been subdued in Egypt.

When, fifty years afterwards, Abraham journeyed
to Mount Moriah, to offer up his only son, he rode
an ass, which, with all his wealth and power, he
would scarcely have done, had the horse been
known. (22. 3.)

Thirty years later, when Jacob returned to Isaac
with Rachel and Leah, an account is given of the

:. | $

number of oxen, sheep, camels, goats, and asses,
which he sent to appease the anger of Esau, but
not one horse is mentioned.(Gen. 32. 14.)

It is not until twenty-four years after this, when
the famine devastated Canaan,(Gen. 14. 19. ) and.
Jacob sent into Egypt to buy corn, that horses are
first heard of. “Wagons” probably carriages
drawn by horses, were sent by Joseph into Canaan
to bring his father into Egypt. It would seem,
however, that horses had been but lately introdu-
ced, and were not numerous, or not used as beasts
of burden; for the whole of the corn, which was to
be conveyed some hundred miles, and was to afford
subsistence for Jacob’s large household, was car-
ried on asses.

It appears, then, that about I740 years before
Christ, horses were first used in Egypt; but they
soon afterwards became so numerous as to form a
considerable portion of the Egyptian army: and
when the Israelites returned to Canaan, the horse
had been introduced and naturalized there; for the
Canaanites “went out to fight against Israel with
horses and chariots very many.” (Joshua 11. 4.)

The sacred volume, therefore, clears up a point
upon which no other record throws any light—
namely, the period when the horse first became the
servant of man, at least in one part of the world,
and that the most advanced in civilization, and be-
fore Greece was peopled. A long time must have
elapsed befcre man was able toascertain the value
and peculiar use of the animais that surrounded
him. He would begin with the more subordinate
—those which were most easily caught, and most
readily subdued; and the benefits which he derived
from their labours would induce him to attempt

4

the conquest of superior quadrupeds. In accor:
dance with this the writings of Moses shew us
that, after the ox, the sheep, and the goat, man
subdued the ass, and then the camel, and. last of |
all, the horse became his servant: and no sooner
was he subdued, and his strength and docility and
sagacity appreciated, than the others were com-
paratively disregarded, except in Palestine, where
the use of the horse was forbidden by divine au-
thority, and on extensive and barren deserts, where
he could not live.

From Egypt the use of the horse was propaga-
ted to other and distant lands; and, probably, the
horse himself was first transmitted from Egypt to
several countries. The Greeks affirm, that Nep-
tune struck the earth with his trident, and a horse
appeared. The truth is, that the Thessalians, the
first and most expert of the Grecian horsemen,
and likewise the inhabitants of Argos and Athens,
were colonists from Egypt.

The Bible likewise decides another point, that
Arabia, by whose breed of horses those of other
countries have been so much improved, was not
the native place of the horse. Six hundred years
after the time just refered to, Arabia had no horses.

Solomon imported spices, gold, and silver, from
Arabia; but all the horses for his own cavalry and
chariots, and those with which he supplied the
Pheenician monarchs, he procured from Egypt.

In the seventh century after Christ, when Ma-
homet attacked the Koreish near Mecca, he had
but two horses in his whole army; and at the close
his murderous campaign, although he drove off
twenty-four thousand camels, and forty thousand
sheep, and carried away forty thousand ounces of

2 5

silver, not a horse appears in the list of plunder.

There is a curious record of the commerce of
different countries at the close ofthe second cen-
tury. Among the articles exported from Egypt to
Arabia, and particularly as presents to reigning
monarchs, were horses.

In the fourth century two hundred Cappadocian
horses were sent by the Roman emperor as the
most acceptable present he could offer a powerful
prince of Arabia.

So late as the seventh century, the Arabs had
few horses, and those of little value. These cir-
cumstances sufficiently prove that, however supe-
rior may be the present breed, it is comparatively
lately that the horse was naturalized in Arabia.

The horses of Arabia itself, and ofthe south
eastern parts of Europe, are clearly derived from
Egypt; but whether they were there bred, or im-
ported from the south-western regions of Asia, or,
as is more probable, brought from the interior, or
northern coasts of Africa, cannot with certainty
be determined.

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CHAPTER 1.
PATHOLOGY.

A general Pathology of acute diseases is made
the special object of this work.

The Horse is more like man, in regard to gener-
al structure, and the pathology of his diseases, than
any other animal.

Asarule, although not without some exceptions,
the causes which produce disease in man, operate
similarly upon the Horse, having the same effect
upon the one, as upon the other; and the same rem-
edies may be used for both with equal success and
effect. | |

In the long train of maladies to which the Horse
is subject, Fever, or acute action, occurs in nine
tenths of all the cases: and it is equally true; that
in all diseases of acute character, fever is present as
a primary,or as an attendant condition.

These causes are ever present and active in an attack
of acute diseases, and to which it may be wholly
attributed; viz:

First, a derangement of the sensorial or nervous
system. Second, a derangement of the circulatory
System—Blood. Third, a derangement of the se-
cretory and excretory functions—fluids.

THE DIRECT

morbid causes of Acute diseases in the Horse are
referable to four classes, namely:

1. The application of cold to the surface of the
pody, and to the lungs, producing recrementiceous

8. THE HORSE.

action, or a return of perspiratory matter from the
surface to internal organs, leaving the vessels of
the surface in a closed or spasmodic condition: this
is by far the most common cause of Acute disease.

2. Irritating substances generate within the body

of the horse, wholly independent of any organic ac-
tion: this class of causes is usually generated in
the passages, and consists of worms, acids, mucus,
and other irritating substances, resulting from un-
wholsome feed, creating suppressed bile, by fermen-
ting or by some putrefactive process.
3. Morbific agents generated out of the animal body,
consisting either of deleterious floatings in the air,
or of the sensible properties of the atmosphere, or,
finally of the mechanical causes, namely: miasma,
noxious gasses, heat, cold, electr icity, humidity,
and mechanical injuries.

4. Those which are generated by morbid organ-
ic action of the living system, constituting the va-
rious contagions; such as glanders, distemper, ete.

The principal causes embraced in the last two
heads are so extensive in their influence on the
horse, and so indispensable to be understood; that
a thorough investigation should be given them.

The different diseases are fully furnished with
the proper facts as they severally occur, in the after
pages of this book, it being too tedious for the pres-
ent subject. |

The inflammatory diseases of the horse are nu-
merous, but his fevers are few: a febrile state being
generally broughton by the inflammation of some
important organ. Inflammation may be considered
as general or diffused, and local or confined, and’
both seem to arise from an affection of the blood
vessels, and perhaps from a peculiar state of the

a

blood itself.

General or diffused inflammation constitutes fever
or extensive inflammatory affection, and appears to
consist in an increased action of the heart and ar-
teries, accompanied with an increase of heat. In
some instances where the fever is purely sympto-
matic, and dependent on the inflammation of some
important organ, as the lungs, or the intestines, the
circulation appears retarded rather than increased,
from interruption arising to its passage through
the heart.

Local or confined inflammation is also dependent
on an affection of the blood vessels, but confined
principally to the blood vessels of the part affected.

It is betokened by redness of the skin, tumor or
swelling, heat and tenderness, with pain. Inflam-
mations, both diffused and local, are brought on by
excitements, such as over feeding, excessive heat,
reaction produced after cold, and the reaction pro-
duced by inordinate exertion.

Those more exterior, arising from injuries, the
application of improper substances, &c. Inflamma-
tions terminate in various ways; but it is to be re-
- marked, that in consequence of the very large cir-
culatory system of the horse, his febrile affections
rage higher, and terminate sooner than in man.

The usual termination of inflammatory affection
in the horse, are by resolution, effusion, suppura-
tion, and gangrene.

PATHOLOGY. ° 9

10 THE EYE.

CHAPTER IL.

BowERSMITH’S RECEIPES AND FoRMULA
For the Cure and Treatment of

DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

A knowledge of the anatomy of the eye, which is
rarely understood by the uninitiated, would take
too much space in this small volume to write on in
detail. I will therefore be brief, giving on the sub-
ject what may be more readily understood by the
general reader, reserving further observation on
the subject to be given in this book.

INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE.
In the first stages of the disease, apply a Wash

or Lotion, according to the season of the year.
If the eye or eye-lid is much inflamed, bleed in the

THE EYE. 11
vein below the eye, and rowel about three inches
below the eye. Move the rowels every day; let
them remain ten or twelve days, apply the Wash
or Lotion every day until cured. It is, also, best
to use some of the Cleansing Powder every day.

The horse should be Kept on low diet, and not
over-heated or worked very hard. Bran mash is
the best to feed; do not feed corn. If there is a
white speck in the centre of the sight of the eye,
seemingly deep seated, there is no help, as the nerve
is affected; but if the eye-lid swells, or the eye runs
water, there is a good chance to cure, with atten-
tion. If there is a film over the sight, take 2 gers.
of Sugar of Lead, 4 grains Chloride of Lime, one
drachm Tincture of Opium, 2 ozs. soft water, and

apply every day.

EYE WASH FOR COLD WEATHER.

Linseed Oil 1 pint, Spirits of Ether 2 ozs., Gum
Camphor 40z. Mix and let it stand in some warm
place until the oil cuts the gum, then it is fit for use.
Apply every morning with a vial.

EYE WASH FOR WARM WEATHER.

Sugar of Lead 2 drachms, Sulphate of Zine 1 dr.
Tincture of Opium 4 oz., 1 pint of soft water.
Wash the eyes out well with cold water, and then
apply the medicine every day, as directed above.

INDIAN EYE WATER.

Take a small handful of what is called Eye bright,
several sage leaves, several privy leaves, and steep

12 THE HORSE.

them in a bowl of clean soft water; cover the bowl
and set it ina large kettle of water: let it boil 30
minutes, settle, take it offand add 2 chargers of
gun powder; stirring well, then strain, settle and
bottle for use. This is one of the best vegetable
Eye waters ever made for any and all sorts of sore
eyes. You can weaken it by adding soft water as
the case requires.

TO MAKE AN EYE WASH FOR
MAN OR HORSE.

By subsequent experiments, I have found the fol-
lowing remedy to work well with either man or
beast.

Take three hen eggs and break in a clean white
bowl, beat well, and add one quart of pure rain wa- ~
ter. Place it ina kettle of water and let it sim-
mer over a slow fire, stirring frequently until it
comes to a boil. Then take off and add + oz. sul-
phate of zinc, $ oz. tincture of opium, mix well and
strain through a fine cloth three times. Let it
stand in the same vessel in a cool place for two
days, when a curd will be formed, which will be
found to be an excellent poultice for inflamed eyes,
strengthening the lachrymal ducts and vision.

After the curd is removed, strain the liquid a-
gain and bottle for future use. It can be applied
by dropping into the eye from two to three times a
day after the eyes have been washed in cold water.

BLIND OR WOLF TEETH.

Blind or Wolf teeth. If such is the case, these
teeth may be discovered, the former by rubbing

THE EYE. 13
your thumb over the gum of the upper jaw, between
the molar grinder and the tusk; it never comes
through, but its presence is indicated by an unu-
sual lump. When such is the case, throw the ani-
mal as directed on a former page, and with a sharp
knife, make two deep incisions crosswise over the
tooth, and with a forceps take firm hold of the tooth
and extract it, if posible without breaking.

Wolf teeth are found immediately below the mo-
lar grinder, and should be removed in the same
manner as Blind teeth.

These teeth effect the sight by their fangs exten-
ding over the lachrymal gland or duct, leading from
the eye into the nostril, thus obstructing the usual
discharges through its natural passage, causing in-
flammation of the duct, and a film to cover the sight.

_ After the teeth are removed, in either case a cure
can be had by the use of the Eye Lotion and a dose
or two of the Cleansing Powder.

CATARRH OF THE LACHRYMAL, OR
POLYPUS IN THE NOSE

This disease is caused by an increased secretion
of the mucus in the lachrymals, which should flow
in watery substances from the eye, and pass off
through the ducts into the nostrils, but instead, it
runs down on the outside under the eye. It is‘in
fact, if neglected, as likely to lead to total blind-
ness as the Moon Eye. Its presence may be ascer-
tained by the eye lashes and hair on the side of the
head falling off. Its attacks are usuallyin both
eyes at the same time, and causes much fever.

The horse should not be fed corn or other grain,
but put on pasture. The best treatment for this

14 THE HORSE.

disease is to bathe the eyes frequently in cold wa-
ter, cause counter-irritation, as directed in the pre-
ceeding article, and use freely the Cleansing Pow-
der and Eye Lotion for at least two weeks. or un-
til a cure is seen to be effected.

The polypus is an enlargement about two inches
above the nostril, and frequently the size of a hens
egg, which is a cyst or sack being filled with water,
or thick fluid; this secretion on the lachrymal, in-
flames the eye. Ihave cured hundreds of cases by
slitting the sack open and syringing it nearly full
of corrosive linament; first putting on atwitch and
slitting it open at the lower end; so that the con-
tents can run out freely.

MOON EYES.

Which are known to Scientific practitioners as
Specific periodic opthaima is a disease more to be
dreaded than any other, to which the eye may be
subject.

The sclerotic or outer white coat of the eye wears
a deep seated, red appearance over the.entire cornea.
This may be attributed to a morbid condition of the
Blood, which effects more or less, all the weaker
members of the Horse, which if neglected will lead
to total blindness. |

The best treatment for this disease is to cleanse
the blood thoroughly, get up counter irritation, by
bathing under the throat with the corrosive lini-
ment; and use freely of the Cleansing powders.

DISEASE OF THE TENDON. 15

FISTULA.

A large tendon being connected with muscles,
and ligaments is situated upon the top of the shoul-
ders, immediately under the upper part of the
shoulder blade, where it acts as a sort of a pad for
the bone to rest upon, and thus prevents the fric-
tion of pressure against the ribs. The scientific
name for it, is the serrates major; but it is better
known as the tough “leather or whitleather:” This
ligament reaches over and across the back, and by
a cartilaginous substance, is joined to the points on
the vertibra or back-bone.

There are a great many causes which produce
Fistula, among which are a fevered and morbid
condition of the blood, in connection with many
other mechanical causes, which to enumerate would
be of no practical advantage to the reader, as the
management ofthe different diseases is our main
object, and our especial desire.

The reader can acquaint himself with the treat-
ment and management of this loathsome disease,
by reading with care and attention, the following
recipes.

FISTULA
oR Pow Evil, BEFORE IT BREAKS.

Examine the affected parts carefully with your
hand; if you think no matter has accumulated,
make acloth sack large enongh to cover the en-
largement; fill it with coarse salt, moisten the out-
side of it thoroughly with Corrosive Liniment: ap-
ply the sack thus prepared to the enlargement for

16 THE HORSE.

two or three nights. If there is no matter, the en-
largement will disappear rapidly under the action
of the poultice. Ifthere is matter present, the
sooner it is lanced the better, and the same treat-
ment may then be used, as would be required had
it broke and discharged without assistance.

In connection with the above treatment, I give
a secondary one, which in my practice I have used
with marked success in several difficult and doubt-
ful cases; effecting cures, where help seemed im-
posible. |

When the disease first manifests itself, and
swelling is perceptible, apply the Corrosive Lini-
ment once aday for three or four days, after clean-
sing thoroughly with castile soap and soft tepid
water: then use freely of the German Ointment;
after it has maturated and suppuration has set in,
run a seton from the top to the bottom; which can
be readily done by the assistance of a long seton
needle; wet the seton every other day, with the fol-
lowing Liniment: which can be easily prepared ;—

Mandrake Root 2 ibs.; boil slow for 30 minutes;
strain; then simmer slow until quite thick; then
_ add 1 oz. Corrosive Sublimate, 4 oz. of Balladonna;
shake freely before using. This application to be
used until the pipes are all destroyed and have
sloughed off and pure blood is seen to run freely;
then the rowel may be removed, the parts well
cleaned with Castile soap and soft water; when
with the German Ointment freely applied, the dis-
eased parts will be readily healed. During the
first stages of the disease a free use of the Clean-
sing powders should be made, to regulate the mor-
bid action of the blood.

17
CHAPTER III.

GLANDERS.

The next and the most formidable of all the dis-
eases, to which the horse is subject, is Glanders.

It was described by writers fifteen hundred years
ago. It was then and now is a loathsome and con-
tagious disease. The most expert Pathologists state
that there are about twenty seven different forms
in which this disease is said to manifest itself. It
has ever been considered to originate from impure
blood. A derangement of the Circulatory System;
namely, the blood. The foul and morbid matter
absorbed by the various tissues, and taken into the
blood is absorbed therefrom, by the secretive pow-
ers of the liver, and converted into bile, which is
conveyed into the duodenum or upper portion of
the small intestines, where it unites with chyme,
(or partially digested food) completes digestion
and separates the mass into refuse matter to be
conveyed away by the intestines; and the chyle, a
milky substance which is taken up from the intes-
tines by the lacteals and carried into the blood, in
which it circulates and is carried to every part of
the system, furnishing those elements necessary
to sustain a healthy growth of the different parts
of the animal. No matter what the external, in-
ternal or exciting cause may be, the real direct
cause of a large proportion of all acute, and chron-
ic or lingering diseases, are the fruits of bad blood.

The multifarious forms in which diseases mani-
fest themselves, would afford a theme upon which

_

18 THE HORSE.

I might write volumes; but as all the varied forms
of disease which depend upon bad blood are cured,
or best treated by such medicines as take up from
this fluid, and excrete from the system, the nox-
ious elements, it is not of practical importance that
I should describe each minutely: but as all blood
diseases require for their cure a similar treatment,
it is of no practical utility to know just what name
to apply to any certain form of diseases, so you
know best how to cure it which we will give in the
present work.

No disease will run into Glanders which has not
to a considerable degree impaired the blood and
broken down the constitution; and every disease
that does this will run on to glanders. It is proper
to state, that the left nostril is the one usually af-
fected with the disease, or even by ulceration of
the nostril for two or three years, when ulcers on
the membrane of the nose, have appeared, the con-
stitution will be evidently affected. The horse
will loose flesh; his belly will be tucked up; his
coat will be unthrifty and readily slough off; a
slight cough will be heard; the appetite will be im-
paired; the strength will fail; the discharge from
the nose will grow more perulent, discolored,
bloody, stinking; the ulcers in the nose will be lar-
ger and more numerous; and the air passages being
obstructed, a grating, choking noise will be heard
at every act of breathing. The lungs are now dis-
eased; they are filled with tubercles or ulcerations,
and the horse dies an emanciated and loathsome
object.

GLANDERS. 19

CATARRH OR COLD.

Catarrh or cold is many times mistaken by the
inexperienced, and called glanders. An acute ac-
tion with fever accompanies cold and loss of appe-
tite and sore throat, (causing quidding of the food,
and gulping of the water are sufficient indications
of the latter,) the discharge from the nose is pro-
fuse, and perhaps purulent: and the glands under
the Jaw, if swelled are moveable; and there is a
thickening around them; and they are tender and
hot. With proper treatment the fever abates;
the cough disappears; the swellings under the
throat subsides; and the discharge from the nose
gradually ceases, or if it remains it is usually very
different from that which characterizes glanders.

AN INDIAN CURE FOR GLANDERS.

i qt. of cider vinegar; 4 oz. honey; 2 oz. golden
seal; 1 oz. Elecampane: and a piece of rock alum
the size of a hens. egg; all plage and stewed
15 minutes; take off and add 4 4 pint lard. Give
your horse 4 spoonsfull in each ‘Hoste il with a little
horn, once a day for three days, holding the horses
head in such a position, that the contents will pass
into the stomach. I have proven this to be good
in cases of Strangles, Catarrh, Nasal gleet, and dis-
temper. All diseases of the glands are best treat-
ed and cured by Alteratives, or such medicines as
purify the blood, illiminates the morbid matter
from the see and carry off the disease.

20 THE HORSE.
A GOOD ALTERATIVE.

4 oz. of Jimson seed pulverized; 4 oz. oak bark
powdered; mix these powders with as much vin-
egar and flour as will make a stiff dough; work
them well and give one the size of a walnut each
day greased so it will slip down with ease.

A GERMAN CURE FOR GLANDERS, DISTEMPER,
SORE THROAT, STRANGLES, SURFEIT, HIDE
BOUND, MANGE OR GREASE-HEEL.

Take annis seed, cummin seed, fenigreek seed,
fine powder of elecompane roots; of each 2 oz. add
2 oz. of brown sugar; 2 oz. flour brimstone; 1 oz.
licorice ball; dissolve it on the fire in 4 pint of
white wine; when done take 1 oz. of oil of an-
nis, and 3 oz. colts foot, then take lard, oil, pure
honey, sugar, molasses, of each halfa pint; mix
the above in wheat flour, using enough to make a
stiff dough; place it in a hogs bladder and tie tight
and put it in a Jelly pot. They will last a year.

The manner of useing is this; make them into
balls, the size of a walnut; as you desire to use
them; grease well and give one each day.

Str angles are peculiar to young horses. The
early stages resemble common colds, with some
degree of fever and sore throat, gener ally with dis-
tressing cough, or at least frequent wheezing; and
when an enlargement appears beneath the jaws, it
is not a single small gland; but a swelling of the
whole of the substance between the jaws, growing
harder towards the middle, and after a while ap-
pearing to contain a fluid which breaks, and infla-
mes the membrane of the nose, until the same be-

: COLIC. 21
come intensely red. The discharges from the nose
are purulent or mixed with matter, almost from
the first; and when the tumor has bursted; the fe-
ver will abate and the horse will speedily recover.

TREATMENT FOR STAGGERS.

Poultice the threat well with a draught made of
flax seed meal and sprinkle well with ground mus-
tard. The nostrils should be well steamed with a
decoction made of vinegar, tobacco and mustard,
boiled in a quart of oats; and put in a sack and
tied to the horses head-stall. Renew your poul-
tice till the swelling becomes soft; then lance; be
careful to feed boiled oats or bran; adding a suf-
ficient quantity of Cleansing Powder to regulate
the System.

COLIC.

Colic, in general,is a severe pain in the bowels,
of which there are several varieties; as, Spasmodic
Colic, Flatulent Colic, Billious Colic, and many
others. The two first of which are the most prev-
alent among horses. They therefore demand our
special attention. To be able to treat either of
which successfully, one must needs be thoroughly
acquainted with its causes, symptoms, and reme-
dies. We take up the subject of Spasmodic Colic,
first, for it is more fatal in its results and of great-
er prevalency among horses than any other species
of this disease. It is characterized by sudden and
violent spasms. The animal appears to suffer the
most extreme pain; paws and stamps violently,
shifts his position almost continually, biting his

22 | THE HORSE.

breast and flanks, and assuming almost every po-
sition imaginable, will lie down, roll over on his
back, get up and frequently turn round once or
twice, and looking sorrowfully and wistfully at his
flank. The spasms usually last from fifteen to
twenty minutes, after which time the horse will
rest easy and apparently. comfortable. But this is
of short duration, and if relief is not immediately
given, the poor animal will be subjected to the
same violent fits and spasms as before, but with
increased streneth and severity.

The common causes are application of cold wa-
ter to the body while in a heated condition, drink-
ing too much water while the blood is heated, and
the stomach in a warm or feverish state, produced
by unwholesome feed, or over feeding. With the
following treatment I have met with marked suc-
cess. In the first stages of the disease, throw a
handful or two of Salt down the horse’s_ throat.
If this does not give relief within fifteen minutes,
give the following drench: 1 oz. Tincture Opium,
1 oz. Sulphuric Ether: 1 oz. Tincture Camphor; $
pint warm water. If not better in thirty minutes,
repeat. If it should become necessary, and the
nervous system can not be relaxed by the above
treatment, bleed freely from the neck vein, back
rake the rectum, and give warm soap-suds and to-
bacco clysters.

FLATULENT COLIC.

This is produced by an accumulation of gass in the
stomach and small intestines, causing the stom-
ach and belly to swell and extend, and the rectum
to protrude. When the swelling becomes great,

_ THE LIVER. 93

relief must be given immediately, or sure death will
be the result. Relief at this stage of the disease is
best given by raking, and the use of soap-suds and
tobacco clysters. The following compound will
be found good in all varieties of colic.

2 oz. gum Catecue; 4 0z. gum Camphor; 4 oz.
eum Asafoetida; 20z. gumOpium; 1 pint sweet
spirits Nitre; 4 pint spirits Amonia; $ pint Sul-
phate of Ether. Bottle well and set aside for sev-
eral days. Dose—l1l oz. in 4 pint of warm milk or
cider. Repeat every 30 minutes till relieved.

I might add here that this compound is also ex
cellent in lung fever. A thimble full put on the
tongue, once in two or three hours in connection
with the treatment given for this disease in other
parts of this work, will be found of great value.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER, OR
YELLOW WATER. |

In either case, the billiary or hepatic duct be-
comes obstructed from too frequent use of un-
wholesome feed or from noxious or impure air,
causing the eyes and the mouth to turn yellow;
the hair and mane to become loose, and drop out.

At this stage of the disease the horse is often
lame in the right shoulder, and usually costive.

Give the following ball every morning, until it
operates upon the bowels: 7 drachms Alloes, and
1 drachm Calomel, 4 drachms of Ginger, and mo-
lasses enough to make it into a ball; wrap it in
paper and give it. Give scalded bran and oats;
grass, ifit can be got. When the bowels have
moved, stop the physic, and give one ounce spirits
Camphor ina pint of water every morning for

24 THE HORSE.

twelve days. Rowel in the breast, and give a few
doses of the Cleansing Powders.

LUNG FEVER.

Symptoms.—The horse is taken with a chill or
shivering fit, stands back at the end of the halter,
breathes very hard, and never offers to lie down;
the lungs have a grating harsh sound.

This is a science in horse doctoring, of which but
little is known, but easily understood. Ifyou sus-
pect your horse of having lung fever, the fact can
be known with certainty by holding your ear close
and low, behind the shoulder. If he is so attacked,
(acute) you will heara heavy throbbing of the
pulse, with a grating sound, resembling the rasp-
ing of nails when a horse is being shod; his ears,
legs and sheath are cold, and he stands with his
legs wide apart to expand the lungs, the fever
causing inflammation, so as to render it difficult
to inhale the air.

The anatomy of the horse, shows that the-blood
flows to the heart from all parts of the body, it is
immediately forced out into vessels or arteries di-
viding a branch, which accompanies the windpipe
on one side, the other branch passing to the other
division of the windpipe. As often as the wind-
pipe divides, the blood vessels accompaning it di-
vide in like manner, ’till at last minute divisions
of the blood vessels reach the air cells, when they
pour their contents into the capillaries. The air
cells are filled upon the principle, that gravitation
causes air to rush into any cavity, hence, it is the
pulse acting as a valve in its perpetual motion, that
equalizes the temperature, by a regular fresh ins-

a PLEURISY. 25
pirations of air, which owing to the inflamed condi-
tion of the cells, cannot enter, thus the heated
blood brings on fever.

Treatment while in the chill state—Cover with
a blanket, and rub-the legs well. After the fever
has set in, control the action of the pulse by giving
40z. Tincture of Lobelia as often as may be re-
quired. Ifit gets bad, you will have to bleed in
the neck vein and blister behind the fore leg. Be
careful to keep the pulse near its natural state.
Do not give any powerful physic. I would also
recommend on first appearance of fever, a large -
handful of salt in a quart of water as a drench,
and in twenty minutes, treat and give the medi-
cine as directed. After rubbing the legs thorough-
ly with salt and hot water for ten minutes, to
cause circulation of the blood, it would be well to
bandage the legs well with hay ropes wet in warm
vinegar, all the way down from top to bottom
Give no corn or dry feed. Grass or bran mash is
best. If the fever lingers any length of time, give
3 drops of Aquenite, and 15 drops of Jesomine, in 1
oz. of water every three hours. With the above
treatment I have cured hundreds of cases. Give
your horse fresh cool air to breathe.

PLEURISY.

When the lungs partake of inflamatory action
it is termed Pleuro Pneumonia. There is so much
sympathy of the parts, that they are to a greater
or less extent involved. The attack may be sudden
or gradual; the horse will show indisposition for
many days before the attack. A hard drive; over-
heating; being exposed to the cold; bathing in

26 THE HORSE.

cold water, when the horse is in a state of perspi-
ration; or any thing that will cause respiration to
disappear. The horse will be dull and stupid for
a day or two; not wanting to lie down; pulse not
much disturbed; will grunt or groan in moving on
account of the pleuro of the lungs, and by the rub-
bing of the sides, as the disease increases the fever
increases, and the nose becomes ofa deeper red,
and so on till the horse is relieved. Blanket well;
put him in a warm and comfortable stall; all the
while keeping the air pure; rub strong stimulative
liniment on the legs; and also on the body and
on the breast. This is a good and sufficient lini-
ment: composed of Aqua Amonia with 4 water; or
if this cannot be procured, use any good liniment,
or apply mustard three or four times a day. Give
15 or 20 drops of Aconite and Veratrum’ as used
for inflammation of the lungs: keep up an irrita-
tion on the legs and body; repeat the medicine;
give internally every 20 or 30 minutes until relief
is afforded, lessening or increasing the dose in
quantity and frequency according to the severity
of the case; feed light for some time; give him
mashes, and give him crude Antimony and Sul-
phur, as in the treatment for inflammation of the
lungs. '

PNEUMONIA, OR INFLAMMATION
OF THE LUNGS.

An inflammatory or high condition of the
lungs, is caused by high feeding, keeping in close
and badly ventilated stables; then subjected to
violent exercise, or sudden changes from heat to

5 PNEUMONIA. 27
_ cold being applied to the external surface of a hea-
ted animal by which the blood is driven from the
skin and extremeties to the internal organs.

The disease is usually noticeable, first, by the
horse having a severe fit; he refuses his feed;
hangs his head between his fore legs, or upon the
manger; and will not move or lie down; the breath-
ing is quick and weak, scarcely preceptible; legs,
ears, and muzzle cold. If the attack is sudden,
coming on after violent exertion and the pulse is
quick, weak or scarcely perceptible, and if by put-
ting the ear to the side, no sound is discovered,
the disease is termed congestive pneumonia.

This disease requires speedy treatment. When
inflammation sets in, clothe warmly, and treat as
for Pleurisy, applying counter irritants to the
breast, sides and legs; and give the following mix-
ture: 4 0z. water; 4 oz. tinct. Veratum Viride; 4
oz. Aconite; (mather tinct.) Dose—from 15 to 30
drops on the tongue in from 20 to 30 minutes, ac-
cording to severity of the case, until relieved; also
a few swallows of water should be given. Ifthe
horse will drink, the medicine may be given in
water. He is improving if the pulse is full and
regular and his actions are lively. Oil or physic
of any sort must not be given, as there is so much
disposition to sympathy that any irritation excited
by physicing, would aggravate the disease, or
cause inflammation of the bowels and death. In-
jections are admissable. Diet must be low, for
some time, using a small quantity of bran mash,
or a few potatoes, carrots or grass; no oats or corn
and but little hay. Give bran mash daily for two
weeks in which a table spoonful of the following
mixture should be put, for the purpose of preven.

28 THE HORSE.

ting dropsy of the chest: 3 oz. sulphur, 4 oz. Ni-.
trate Potassa(Salt Peter) 1 oz. crude Antimony.

A WANT OF CONDITION.

The connection between the skin and a healthy
state of the horse generally, and particularly the
proper discharge of the digestive functions, is
much closer than horsemen seem at all times to
imagine. A soft, loose, mellow coat, easily raised
from the muscular substance beneath, and the hair
either curling naturally, or lying smooth, and pre-
senting a giossy appearance, are considered in eat-
tle, as indications of health, and a disposition to
thrive; and in horses they are proofs of condition
and capability to work; but the connection be-
tween these things and the stomach, is too much
overlooked, Condition in a carriage horse, the ra-
cer, and the cart horse, are very different things;
but they all agree in the particulars above men-
tioned; they all exhibit the same soft, elastic state
of the skin, and the same glossy smoothness of the
hair.

The skin is pierced by innumerable pores,
through some of which exudes an unctious matter
that gives the peculiar-softness and healthy skin.
If there is any mismanagement in the feeding; if
proper cleaning, clothing, or exercise is neglected
or improperly managed, the evil effects will soon
be manifest by the want of pliency and elasticity
of the skin, and the accumulation of scurfy matter
upon it, and by the roughness of the ‘hair.

Bad water, mow-burnt hay, musty oats, or foul
air, are frequent causes. Diabetes, or profuse stall-
ing is often brought on, causing the vagina in

2 GRAVEL, 29
mares and cows to distend and dilate, or the Far-
ciman to swell down both hind legs and along the
belly; and also a secretion of milk before foaling
or calving: garget is a disease of the udder.

By these means the condition of the animal be-
comes greatly reduced. It is requisite, therefore,
to inquire whether any of these errors are in exis-
tence, and if so toremove them. A sudden cold
often brings on a want of condition. Worms form
another cause of morbid condition. In case of ei-
ther, the cure must be directed in accordance with
the cause. Excessive fatigue is also productive of
a bad condition, which often proves obstinate.

The first thing indicated in the treatment of a
want of condition, unless it can be traced directly
to some one of the above causes, is a mild dose of ©
physic. A second or third dose may be necessary,
if the case proves obstinate, but otherwise, altera-
tive and tonic medicines, given for a short time,
with proper attention to diet, clothing and exer-
cise, will be all that will be necessary. Turning
to grass is among the best remedies.

STONE OR GRAVEL IN THE BLADDER.

Fortunately the stone is a disease not very com-
mon amongst horses; but whenever it makes its
appearance, unless some remedy is immediately
employed, its consequences are to be much dread-
ed. It consists in small gravel or stones being
lodged injthe bladder, which prevents a free dis-
charge of the*irine, and produces the most excru-
ciating pain. The horse will linger and pine away,
until he can scarcely support the burden of life.

As the stone is a disease which has but seldom

30 THE HORSE.

if ever, struck the attention of farriers, I consider
myself fortunate in being able to offer to the pub-
lic a simple remedy, which has been employed with
astonishing success by a gentleman in a neighbor-
ing county. In one case, when the following rem-
edy was used, three stones and a quantity of grit
was discharged from the bladder.

The spasms of the Ureta are the great difficulty.
I have a case which I am treating while I am wri-
ting this article, which was of long standing which
I restored with abundant success, by means of the
following remedy. 40z. Tincture Lobelia, 4 oz.
Tincture Opium, 40z. sweet spirits Nitre; in 4
pint warm water. Drench; if not better in an hour,
repeat; and make a bran mash; add 2 oz. water
melon seeds, 2 oz. pumpkin seeds; feed twice and
give Charm No. 7 as directed.

FOUL SHEATH.

Most horse owners pay too little attention to the
animals sheath, a neglect of which often results in
colic, inflammation of the parts which extend to
the bowels, and other serious consequences. When
first the sheath becomes foul, the horse runs down
in flesh, and frequently gets so low as to be on the
‘lift’. The complaint and its results are so fre-
quent, that within a short period I have been called
upon to prescribe in at least fifty cases of the kind.
By examination of the sheath you will find it swol-
len and feverish. The proper mode ofi»procedure
is, to draw out the penis, having your hands greased
rub as much of the foul matter off as you can, still
applying the grease. In the point of the penis is
frequently found a “bean” a hard substance formed

DISTEMPER. 3
by an accumulation of filth, which is sometimes
difficult to remove; it must, however be picked out.

When this is accomplished, after removing all
the filthy matter possible, wash the parts with a soft
rag, soap and water, finally greasing with hogs
lard, well salted and fried in Bittersweet. The
operation may have to be repeated two or three
times. A few doses of Cleansing Powders should
be given.

BLIND STAGGERS.

The term “Blind Staggers” indicates the two
principle eifects of the disease, and points out
its true causes and symptoms. Hence we need
do no more than name the disease, in order that
it may be known. We therefore go at once to the

TREATMENT.

Bleed in the neck until the horse is somewhat re-
lieved, then give a dose of physic. Give him bran
mash to eat, in which put daily a double handful of
green Rue. This will enliven him, prevent worms,
gross humors, and will purify the blood. Make
free use of the Cleansing Powders.

DISTEMPER.

Is brought on by a morbid state of the system,
usually engendered by exposure and want of care.
It manifests itself first by a swelling or tumor un-
der the Jaw, and by profuse discharges from the
nose. This swelling gradually increases in size
and hardness untilit renders the animal unable to

32 THE HORSE.

eat. At this stage ofthe disease relief must be af-
forded as soon as possible, or it will result fatally.

Lance the tumor as soon as suppuration sets in
and matter can be detected. Ifit should remain
hard and be slow in ripening, apply a poultice of
common brown sugar and bar soap. Give him the
Cleansing Powders for ten or twelve days. Turn
him out if you can on pasture.

NASAL GLEET, OR NOSE DISCHARGE.

The cause of this is neglect in distemper, or over
heat or cold. This is a white discharge; is not con-
tagious, and can be cured.

Take Alum $1b. $1b. Rosin; 1 oz. Blue Vitriol.
Grind and mix well withtlb. Ginger. Give one
large spoon full every night and morning. Make
awash of Privy leaves and Sage leaves; steep 15.
minutes, strain, then add 1 oz. Golden Seal, with
which swab the horse’s nostrils twice aday until
cured. Make free use of the Cleansing Powders.
Keep him out of the wet, and do not work him.

BUTTEN FARCY.

Cause.—Over heat, high feeding, and want of ex-
ercise.

Symptoms.—The lizabs swell and break out in
running sores. Tbisisa blood disease and you
must depend more on cleansing the blood with the
Cleansing Powder, and use the Healing Wash for
old sores, applying two or three times per day after
washing clean. Se careful not to get the matter on
a wound, or on your hand or it will vaccinate you.

WATER FARCY,

Ts a swelling under the belly, and forward to the
breast. Rowel in the breast, and along the swelling.
Apply the Healing Wash for old sores to the swell-
ing. Movethe Rowel every day, and let it stay in
until the swelling goes down. Give soft food—mash-
es with the Cleasing Powders in them.

MANGE,

Is a cutaneous disease, appearing in small watery
blisters on the skin, accompanied with an uneasi-
ness or irritation that causes the animal to rub itself
constantly. There is a difference of opinion among
authors, as to the cause of this disease. Some at-
tribute it to asmall insect, that may be found by
means of a microscope, in the vesicles, others toa
morbid state ofthe blood, generated by unwhole-
some food, or by want of proper care, or standing in
unclean and imperfectly ventilated stables. The
disease is taken only by contact or contagion.

TREATMENT.

Wash the horse thoroughly with Castile soap and
water, then take a pint of the Jimson Ointment,
add 40z. Red Percipitate and apply it to the affec-
ted parts. Give daily of the Cleansing Powders.

This will never fail to effect a permanent cure.

SURFEIT,

Is caused by over eating and drinking, and want
of sufficient exercise, and at times, by over fatigue,

34 THE HORSE.

or sudden transition from heat to cold. By means
of which the system becomes surcharged with mor-
bid matter which makes its appearance in the skin,
causing it to become scaly and scurvy. Treat-
ment should be the same as is given for want of
condition.

MARGINS, OR DUMBNESS IN HORSES.

This disease makes its appearance in different
forms. Frequently it is noticed by his dullness
in driving, and inclination to leave the road, or
bear upon one rein, and inclined to sleep while
standing; and, again, he appears to have lost all
feeling; pays no attention to the whip, and will go
to sleep with his mouth full of feed. In other in-
stances the horse is taken with jerking of the head
up, and will run back and fall down, lie a few min-
utes, and getup again. This is called by some, fits,
but it is the same disease in another form, caused
frequently by high feeding and want of exercise,
causing too large quantities of blood to pass to the
brain. Itis supposed by some to be dropsy of
the brain, but this is not the fact. Cure doubtful
in all cases.

TREATMENT for the dumb horse; bleed and pbys-
ic; give regular exercise and keep in a cool stable.
Reduce his flesh by taking strong feed from him
and give him fodder or blades of corn. Give 4 0z.
Tincture of Assofeedita every day for one week,
and then tie the gum upon the bits and wear it on
them all the time. The same is proper in all forms
of the disease. They call it sun stroke. Itis wrong
to keep horses in hot stables without being well
ventilated. The stable should be kept clean, and

HEAVES OR THUMPS. 35

lime applied every twelve days. The ammonia a-
rising from the filthy stable is bad for this and all
other diseases, and hard on the eyes.

HEAVES OR THUMPS.

The subject of Heaves or Thumps in horses has
engaged the attention of many of the best Veteri-:
nary Surgeons in England and America, without
being able to arrive at any conclusion as to its cause,
or a remedy for its cure.

From my experience I am caljaticd, that what is
termed heaves or thumps, is nothing less than heart
disease of a milder type. The disease is not direct-
ly in the heart, but in the Pulmonary artery, caus-
ing an obstruction of the blood from the ventricle of
the heart. ‘The Pulmonary artery, like every oth-
erin the body, is composed of three distinct coat-
ings—the outer, Peritoneal; the middle, or muscu-
lar; andthe inner, or serous. Its walls are very e-
lastic and flexible when in their natural state, and
expand to some extent, at.every pulsation. But it
so happens that they sometimes become grown
together and hardened, in which condition they do-
not admit the flow of blood’so freely as before. Or-
dinarily no disturbance is noticable from this change
in the coatings of the artery. The duct still ap-
pears to be sufficiently large for the passage of the
blood, until the horse is severely exercised, or oth-
erwise excited; and then the blood courses through
its chaunels with such rapidity that the dimin-
ished capacity of the pulmonary artery is found to
be a serious trouble. The vessel does not respond
to the growing demands upon the heart. The
-tlood now begins to accumulate in the heart com-

30 THE HORSE.

pelling that organ to put on extra labor to urge it
forward through the unyielding artery; and this
labored action of the heart often becomes so great
that the outer arterial channels sympathize, with
it, and a general throbbing of the internal viscera
is the consequence- This throbbing may be plain-
ly seen upon the sides and. flanks, and hence the ap-
propriate, though homely name, thumps.

TREATMENT.—The best temporary relief, frequent-
ly lasting for years, will be given the animal thus
affected, by giving a large handful of salt in about
eight quarts of cool spring water. Bleeding will
also give relief, by lessening the flow of blood, but
it should not be adopted unless in extreme cases,
and then only as a last resort. I give the German
cure, as follows, which I find in my practice to be
the most efficient, having cured numerous cases,
some of which were in the last stages- Take one
qt. unslacked lime, slack it in two gallons of soft
water, settle and strain off; then add 1 gal. Smith’s
Forge water, 3 oz. oil of Vitriol, mix Give two oz.
of this daily in chop feed,

In this disease all feed should be wet and care
taken not to feed mow-burnt. hay or any feed which
is tainted, as this is the originating cause of the
disease.

To cure heaves or to give temporary: relief take
oil of Tar 1 oz., oil of Amber 1 oz., Balsam-capzenia
1 oz.; mix and give 15 or 20 drops in feed daily.

INFLAMATION OF THE BOWELLS.
Symptoms very much like colic, followed by

purging, proceeding, too often, from over doses of
physic being administered, or from acid generated

WORMS. 3¢

in the bowels by food. In addition to tne purg-
ing, constant pain attends this disease, which is in-
dicated by the animal frequently looking around
to his flank, heaviness in his breathing, a quick fe-
ble pulse, hot mouth, ears and legs. The horse will
be much tucked up in the flank; by pressing a-
gainst the bowels with the hand, he will flinch, the
nostril will be almost a scarlet red, the tongue pur-
ple in the centre, and red on the edges. Large
quantities of water when overheated; sudden
change from warm to cold atmosphere; plunging the
horse when hot into cold water, are the principal
causes. High fed horses are most subject to this
disease.

TREATMENT.—Take 1 oz. of Calomel and make it
into four pills. Give one every two hours. In two
hours after you have given the last pill, give 1 qt.
of Linseed-oil. In the mean time, if the horse isin
pain, give him 4 oz. Tincture- Opium, and repeat if
necessary.

WORMS.

There are three kinds of worms which affect the
horse. The first and most troublesome are the
large white worm which resembles the common
earth worm, and is from six to ten inches long.
These are found principally in the small intestines.
A strong dose of physic will often expell great
numbers of them when the horse is apparently in
good health. The Tape-worm is not common in
the horse; sometimes, however, they exist. The
_Thread or Needle worm are the smallest and are of
a darker color. These are found in the large intes-
tines, and frequently in great numbers in the Rec-

38 THE HORSE.

tum, where they cause much uneasiness. The
symptoms by which the existence of worms are dis-
covered are a tight skin, a rough coat, an irregular
appetite, tucked-up belly, also a yellow mucus un-
der the tail. Curre:—Barbadoes Alloes, 1 table-
spoonful; boiling water, 4 pint. When the alloes
are dissolved, add Linseed 1 qt.; shake well togeth-
er, and after sweetening well, inject twice a week,
as long as any worms are discharged with the in-
jection. To use internally the cleansing powders,
mixed with hickory ashes, or corn-cob ashes about
one half in bulk, has been known to expel great
quantities of them.

BOTTS.

Many recipes are laid down in this book, most
of which will free a horse from Botts, if not too far
spent. The signs are, they will be knotted under
the upper lip, and when those knots appear to have
yellow heads, they are far gone, and can only be
cured by powerful remediess but when he sweats
and his breath is strong and hot, there is a doubt
of his ever being cured. They will likewise, if not
very bad, often strike their hind feet against. their
belly, show signs of colic, lie down and stretch, get
up hastily, and feed greedily. The cure is, first
bleed him plentifully in the mouth, that he may
swallow a large quantity of the blood, or for want
of it, drench with 3 pt’s of milk well sweetened
with molasses, blood warm. Let him stand near an
hour that the Botts may loose their hold, by filling
themselves with blood, or milk and molasses; then
take one pt. of Linseed oil: give him one halfand
remainder next morning. It is found by experi-

= ROARING. 39

ment that this oil is a deadly enemy to the Bott,
killing them in an instant. It has been tried by
other common oils, but the effect is not so quick,
yet most oils destroy them ofa certain texture,
With this treatment. you need not lose any .crea-
ture with this disease, and your horse will after-
wards thrive exceedingly well. It is well to give
it once or twice a year, especially in the spring just
before he goes to pasture. The decoction of Savin,
dissolved in Nitre and well sweetened with honey,
isa good recipe for Botts. Savin and hickory ash-
es mixed with their food, will both pr event their
breeding and destroy them.

ROARING,

Usually accompanies or preceeds broken wind;
and is one of the results of-Pneumonia. It is not
an affection of the lungs as is usually supposed,
but is the result of congealed blood lodged in the
Windpipe which obstructs the free passage of the
air to the lungs and renders the breathing heavy
and labored, causing a roaring and wheezing sound
that at times can be heard a quarter of a mile or
more. The roaring is invariably brought on by
hard work, or by any excitement that will heat the
blood. The disease should be treated in the first
stages, for after it has become thoroughly develop-
ed cure is doubtful, and we mignt add, with truth,
impossible. But in all cases, relief can be afforded
by applying counter-irritants to the throat. The
disease taken in its first stages can be cured by the
use of the German cure, as given for glanders. The
animal should have the best of care and attention.

40 THE HORSF.
BROKEN WIND.

The causes of this disease are not well under-
stood. It sometimes makes its appearance after a
severe attack of Lung Fever. It is also produced,
at times, by severe labor immediately after eating,
while the stomach is full. The principle of which
is this: A heavy load upon the breast ofthe ani-
mal while the stomach is full, causes the breast to
contract and cramps the lungs, and while in this
cramded and compressed condition, ruptures of the
cells occasionally take place, which become perma-
nent, and are the legitimate cause of the wheezing.
we might give other causes, but it would be of no
practical utility; hence we proceed at once to the

TREATMENT.—Feed light; Bran Mash is the best;
in which put from 15 to 20 drops of the following
mixture in each feed daily until consumed: Spirits
of Turpentine, Balsam Copzevia, Tincture of Cap-
sicum, oil of Tar, equal parts, and mix,

This mixture is also good for all cases of cough,
acute or chronic.

TETANUS, OR LOCK JAW,

Is produced by an affection of the Nervous Sys-
tem, which is generally brought on by the injury
of some small nerve, produced by a bruise, and
sometimes by the nerves being torn or lacerated.
Injury to the nerves of the foot, produced by bad
and unskillful shoeing, and sometimes by fast dri-
ving over rough roads, may be considered the chief
and principle source of this dreadful maledy.

Lock Jaw is not the necessary result or inevitable
consequence of bruised or conrused nerves; but

2 TETANUS, OR LOCK JAW. 41

this in connection with gross neglect and undue
exposure to cold and bad weather, will at times pro-
duce it, especially if the horse’s blood is in a dis-
eased and unhealthy state, and the system not in
proper tone and condition.

This disease affects the organism of the hor se ;
all the muscles become rigid and contracted, there-
by producing extreme nervous derangements, and
the most violent spasms. And as the muscles and
tendons become contracted, the skin tightens, the
joints become stiff, the breathing labored, until fi-
nally the powers of motion cease and the poor vic-
tim falls lifeless to the ground.

There is no reliable remedy for this malady. Af-
ter itis thoroughly developed, all hope of recovery
may be abandoned, for then it is that relief cannot
be given.

The fatality of this disease is attributed not
so much to bad treatment or want of proper care
and management as it is to actual starvation, pro-
moted by the fixedness of the jaws, which render
the animal unable to eat.

Treatment:—In the last stages of this disease
all treatment is vain and useless; but by proper
care and management before the disease becomes
fully developed, it may be checked and its dread-
ful results prevented. The prime object in the
treatment of all diseases, is to relieve the affected
parts, and to remove the cause, and as the nervous
system is toned up to its highest tension in this
disease, it is to this that we must look and procure
if possible a recation of the same. This can be
done by bleeding freely from the neck vein. This
has been proven tobe the most reliable treatment
for this complaint; for by a depletion of the blood,

49 THE HORSE.

the nerves and muscles are relaxed, and a healthy
and natural action ofthe various organs of the sys-
tem is procured. The blood should be allowed to
flow as long as the horse can bear it. Close atten-
tion should be given to the action of the pulse,
when it becomes low and feeble and its strokes slow
and irregular, the blood should be checked until it
(the pulse) resumes its natural measured strokes
and tone. When, if the jaws and muscles have not
relaxed, the blood may be let to run for the same
length of time. This repeated for a few times, will
by degrees, produce the effect desired. The bleed-
ing should be checked before the vital energies of
the horse become overpowered and his strength
fails him.

After a sufficient quantity of blood has been ex-
tracted, Opiates should be used to quiet and tran-
quilize the nervous system.

Give from one half to agill of landanum every
six or eight hours till the nerves become quiet and
the horse rests easy. During which time salts
should be given in sufficient quantities to produce
an operation of the bowels. In this disease an
evacuation of the bowels is very necessary, and
should be procured as soon as possible. Use in-
jections of corn meal and flour gruel every four to
six hours. <A quart at each injection will be suffi-
cient. This relaxes the bowels and gives nourish-
ment to the animal. |

As soon as your horse is able to eat, give him
bran, mash or any soft feed that is easy to masti-
cate and will not heat the system. Keep him well
blanketed; apply warm fomentations to the neck
every six or eight hours, until You have secured a
free perspiration when you may hope for recovery.

S BLEEDING 43

Too free use of this mode of treatment should not
be used.

A horse in a sound and healthy condition should
never be bled.

It doubtless greatly diminishes the longevity
of the animal, and weakens in a great measure his
constitution, impairing his vital energies and ren-
dering him more susceptible to colds and all kinds
of contagions.

The curative process in all deseases is to be car-
ried on through the medium of the blood; for it is
through the means of the blood that disease is il-
liminated and the system recuperated; hence to
extract from the system that medium through which
cure is affected and the system built up, is to any
sober and thinking man unreasonable and by such
never practiced except in extreme cases when the
veins become engorged and speedy relief absolute-
ly necessary. But when time can be taken for the
cleansing and purifyingof the blood, bleeding should
not be practiced. Make use of such remedies as
will purify and cleanse the blood, and you at once
remove the destructive and disaffecting elements.
Disease is not removed by bleeding; for the des-
tructive agent still remains in the blood unextrac.
ted. Any good altterative will accomplish this pur-
pose and renovate and make new, as it were, the
entire system. Never make use of the killing prac-
tice of bleeding, when the same end can be obtain-
ed by other and more reliable remedies.

The diseases which have been heretofore treat-
ed by bleeding, you will find treated of in other parts
of this work and the proper remedies therefor given.

44 THE HORSE.
HEMORRAGE,

Or bleeding at the nose is usually the result of
an injury, and at times proves fatal. . For which I
confidentially recommend the following

TREATMENT:—Take two small hemp cords and
tie them very tight just beneath the elbows of your
horse’s fore legs; this in a measure, will stop the
circulation of the blood; then lay cloths wet in cold
or ice water on the nape of his neck, which wet
frequently; this in mild cases will be sufficient.

When the bleeding is profuse, I would recom-
mend either or both of the following:

1st. Burn three or four linen rags on a pan; let
the animal inhalethe smoke. Pulverize the burnt
rags, and blow the ashes up the nostrils.

2d. Take 2 drams of Sub-sulphate of Iron; 2
drams of Tannic Acid; 2 oz. water; and shake
well, and apply to the bleeding parts.

Either of the last two remedies are excellent for
a bleeding wound.

SW EENY.

Its real cause is produced by a slip shoulder or
by the tearing of the Periostreal membrane from
the Scapula. This disease effects more or less
both the bone and the muscles in that region; but
at times, only the one appears to be effected pri-
marily, while the other is only effected through
sympathy. But when the bone is more or less af-
fected, the membranes surrounding are always in
a diseased and inflamed condition, extending from
the shoulder, to the foot, which is one of the prin-
ciple causes of foot-rot, and many other foot diseas-

SWEENY. 45

es. When this disease becomes deep seated, and of
long standing, it is always certain to produce dis-
eases of the feet, usually foot-rot.

TREATMNT :—Inflate the shoulder well. This can
easily be done by means of a small blow pipe, by
first making a small incission through the two first
membranes of the skin. Getupa strong counter-
irritation. The inflammation should be dispelled and
scattered as soon as possible.

No better remedy can be offered than the corro-
sive Liniment, and none that can be used with more
ease and safety, an application oncea day for three
or four days is sufficient to scatter the inflammation;
after which the German cure, No. 1 should be used,

which is an excellent restorative and one that has
long since proved itself, reliably in this lingering
disease, which we here give, German Charm Cure
No. 1. |

Take rusty bacon cut it small, and render the.
fat out, then add two tea-cups full of fine salt, and
three fresh eggs, to half a pint of lard; stir it well
until it is cold, and with this salve annoint the af-
fected parts on the third, fifth and seventh days af-
ter the new moon, it is a certain cure,

ANOTHER FOR THE SAME:—If your beast has the
Sweeny, rise the first Friday in the new moon, and
perform this cure speechless before sunrise: take
a sharp knife and cut a small bit of skin from the
affected part, so that it may bleed, and put the skin
with the blood into a small blank paper, then with
an auger, bore a hole.on the east side into an ap-
ple tree, put in the paper with some blood and drive
a pin upon it in three strokes, this you will find to

be the most certain cure.

46 THE HORSE.

INFLAMMATION, OR SWEENY OF
THE HIP.

This disease is not so frequent as the correspon-
ding disease in the shoulder, but is more easily
handled. Itis characterized by the same symptoms;
is as readily distinguished; and is produced by the
same causes. |

TREATMENT:—The same treatment as for Sweeny
in the shoulder should be used, omitting the pro-
cess of inflation. The same remedies that are giv-
en for Sweeny on preceeding pages, will be found.
the most reliable that can be used; either for dis-
location of hip joint, for big shoulder, or in the
case of hip being knocked down, in all of which
cases an entire or partial cure is insured, by which
treatment and special care the horse may again be
rendered useful in many departments of labor.

STIFLE SPRAIN.

We use the expression Stifle Sprain, from the fact
that a dislocation of the stifle joint, is of rare oc-
currance, indeed if it ever takes place. Should it
occur, it is very doubtful if the horse would ever be
able to walk again. The stifle, is however subject
to sprains, and is sometimes so badly injured, as to
produce swelling; inflamation, and lameness of
the most hopless character; causing the horse to
hold up his foot. He will tremble when moved and
at times give indications of the most intense pain.
This however occurs only in extreme cases; it is
usually not much complicated and easily handled.

TREATMENT :—Foment the stifle with warm water,
andrub dry. Then apply the Nerve and Bone Lin-

+ 0 eM

BIG SHOULDER. AT

iment every five hours, give bran mashes or some
mild physic. Never allow any stifle shoe or cord
to be placed on the foot or leg.

BIG SHOULDER.

This is properly Sweeny, and should be so term-
ed. Its name is derived from the swelled and ag-
gravated condition of the joint. It is accompanied
with all the symptoms and peculiarities; the same
loss of flesh; the same lameness; the same inflamed
appearance, as is peculiar to Sweeny, but of a more
aggravated character. The enlargement is produc-
ed by a diseased and unnatural growth of the scap-
ula; to which the prime cause of disfigurements
and lameness may be attributed.

_ Hip knocked down or Dislocation of hip. The
hip joint affords the best type of the ball and sock-
et to be found in the structure of the horse. And
this, in connection with the firm cartilages that en-—
case the bones on every side; and supported as they
are by strong and powerful ligaments; render a
dislocation of the same, very difficult; rarely occur-
ring except by sudden wrenching motions; whereby

the head of the Femur is wrenched fromthe socket. —

As it takes great violence and powerful agents to
produce a dislocation of the hip, so does it take
great skill and care to replace and treat the same.
The head of the Femur being hard to replace and
the horse diffcult to manage, renders it a particular
and doubtful case to handle. The horse should be
kept quiet, ifbad weather, kept in the dry; keep
on low diet and make free use of the cleansing pow-
ders, for the blood should be kept in a healthy con-
dition.

48 | THE HORSE.

ENLARGED OR CAPPED HOCK
AND HAUNCHES.

The cause of the enlargement ofthese parts is
generally that of a bruise; or some serious injury
to the joint. Theenlargement is usually filled with
a thin transparent fluid called Serum. This fluid
should bedrawn from the swelling, as soon as (it)
the swelling becomes soft and susceptible of im-
pression to the hand.

This is best done by running a seton through the
lower edge, for the entire contents of the enlarge-
ment may be extracted. After which strong coun-
ter irritants should be used. Among the best is
Corrosive Liniment. Nerve and Bone Liniment
and stifle Liniment, either of which thoroughly ap-
plied and well rubbed in once a day, for three or
four days will usually be sufficient. To reduce the
swelling use from four to six applications of the
Jimson Ointment daily, keep well in mind the con-
dition of the horse, and give if necessary freely of
the cleansing Powders.

INSTRUCTIONS ON SPAVIN, RING-BONE,
SPLINT, CURB, THOROWPIN, BOG
AND BLOOD SPAVIN.

In the treatment of any of the above named dis-
eases it is proper to exercise a good judgment in
ascertaining the length of time it has been standing,
and whether it is ossified bone, or merely cartila-
cinous swelling that arises from a burise, sprain,
or the breaking of the periosteum that forms over
the bone. These sprains which break the perios-
teum on the bone cause great fever in these parts

49

INSTRUCTIONS ON SPAVIN RIN@ BONE, SPLINT, CURB,
THOROWPIN, BOG AND BLOOD SPAVIN.

a pound of remedy. Hence, below I will give the
receipes which have cured all stages by their com-
bined treatment; and in the science of medicine we
challenge the world to equal them. —
Take of Cantharides, 2 oz; Mercurial Ointment,
4 oz; corrosive Sublimate, 4+ 0z; Euphorbium, 2 oz:
Croton oil, 1 dram; Camphor Gum, 4 0z. Take 2
lbs. lard, Mutton tallow, $lb; melt over a slow fire
until dissolved, then add the above after removing
from the fire; be careful to stand where you cannot
enhale the air arising from the mixture when stir-
ring. Stir and mix well until all is cold; then put it
in aglass jar, secure tight. If any case has been of
long standing, rub on more freely of the ointment;
any recent case, a less quantity will answer. Ap-
ply enough to merely grease the parts, rub in well
with the hand; in twelve hours squeeze the parts,
repeat the squeezing every four or six hours in
twenty-four hours; wash off clean with soft water
soap-suds and salt; if it is freezing weather bind
up the part with something to keep cold out until
it gets dry; then apply the corrosive Lin-
iment—merely enough to moisten the parts. This
Liniment has great power in restoring all sprains
and bone diseases, from the fact that it ossifies on
the bone, filling up the small pores in the bone.
To make the corrosive Liniment, take
1 pint of Turpentine; 1 oz. Camphor Gum; 1 oz,
Tincture of fodine; 2 oz. Stone oil; 1 oz. of finely
pulverized corrosive Sublimate; Cork in a bottle;
in twenty-four hours itis fit foruse. Every time
after applying the Liniment, use the salve to

50 THE HORSE.

strengthen the parts amd keep down fever. To make
the salve to be used after the Liniment, take a
large handful of what is called Bitter-sweet or Sar-
saparilla; 2 lbs. of Lard; 1 lb. Mutton Tallow; 2
oz. pulverized Jimson seed; wash the roots clean
and bruise under the hammer, then fry the roots
and seed for fifteen minutes over a slow fire; then
throw out the roots, and add to the above 4 0z, Tinc-
ture Iodine; 4 0z. Camphor Gum; 4 0z. Beeswax;
4 oz. Turpentine; stir well until all is cool. This
is one of the best salves ever made for any purpose.
It is good for all collar bruises, old sores of any
kind, and should be kept on hand by all farmers.
This is a sure healing salve for Fistulas and Poll-
Evil after the pipes are distroyed; and we have
healed some of the largest sores and cavities with
this salve, after removing warts, you ever saw

FOUNDER IN THE FIRST STAGES.

The horse is stiff, his feet hot and often trem-
bles, and is very thirsty. Give a pretty heavy dose
of physic, then $ oz. doses of Tincture of Lobelia
to control the action of the pulse as often as may
be necessary, keep the limbs cold by standing the
horse in water or winding the legs with hay ropes
and pouring water on until the physic has operated.

ACUTE FOUNDER.

A horse may be foundered by excessive hard rides;
permitting him to plunge deep into*cold water
while hot and sweating, and drinking his fill of cold
water; eating large quantities of grain and fodder,
and then being briskly exercised; over-feeding with

ACUTE FOUNDER. 51

bran alone, whilst performing hard labor; drinking
plentifully ‘it every stopping place in traveling:
feeding him more than he should eat, after being
half-starved; violent exercise on a full belly; or,
not permitting him, after traveling ina hot sun to
cool thoroughly before he is given as much as he
can drink.

The symptoms that indicate an approaching foun-
der are so common, that most persons .will rarely
be mistaken. Heat about the legs and ears, a sore-
ness in the feet, with a stiffness so great in all his
limbs, that the animal frequently refuses to move
unless forced; his flanks and lower part of his
belly drawn up; his hide becomes bound or stiff;
a constant thirst, etc.; considerable swelling on the
ankles.

Curr.—When the effect is confined to the body
mostly, and is not attended with fever on the fore
legs and feet, the disorder may be effectually re-
moved by giving first the following:

Barbadoes Aloes, half an oz; Root Ginger, half
an oz.; Jalap, half an oz.; Gum Myrrh, quarter oz.;
thoroughly pulverized, and add one pint of warm
water. Three hours after repeat the dose. If the
above cannot be obtained, give Warm Lard, one
quart; Molasses, half a pint.—Ifan operation does
not follow in from four to six hours, repeat the
dose. Should the case be attended with a partial
suppression. of urine, give the following:

Rosin, one pound; Ginger, half a pound; Sul-
phur, two ounces. Pulverize well; to two ounces
of this compound add one pint of warm water, and
repeat until relieved. This remedy seldom fails
to remove all obstructions from the urinary organs
without danger of inflammation or other injury.

52 THE HORSE.
FOUNDER IN THE FEET.

After asevere hard day’s work, or when very
much heated, if the horse gets a sudden chill by
standing in snow or cold water, it is not uncommon
for him to be seized with a general stiffness, and
every symptom of fever. By degrees, however, it
is observed that the affection is felt more in the
limbs than in the body. On feeling the feet, they
will be found intensely hot, and the pastern arteries
beat with force. The animal exhibits extreme
tenderness of the feet, and will scarcely move with-
out compulsion. The fore feet are usually most af-
fected. Of this, however, we can judge by feeling
and by the position in which’ the horse stands.
When he draws his fore-feet under him, the hind
ones are most diseased.

After a few days, unless the animal is relieved, a
separation of the hoof from the coronet takes place,
and it eventually falls entirely off.

CurEe.—I have treated many cases of this kind
with uniform success. First see that the bowels
are in a proper state.» Ifa physic should be nec-
essary, givethat recommended in the preceding
article, then if the urinary organs should be free
from obstructions, and the appetite natural, no oth-
er internal remedy will be required. The hoofs
must be kept soft. Should the appetite fluctuate,
the coat stare, and be attended with hide-bound,
give the Powder directed for Acute Founder. An
effectual cure has followed from taking off the
shoe, and applying lard raised to the boiling point,
to every part of the foot.

HOOF BOUND OR TENDER FEET 53
—CAUSES OF THIS.

Fever in the feet usually commencing in the
muscles of the leg or shoulder, and extending to
the feet. In allcases make the operation as for
stiff shoulders or sweeny, then have the horse shod
as directed in article on shoeing.

FOR BRITTLE HOOFS OR SPONGY FROGS
IN HOOFS THAT ARE DISEASED
AND CHALKY. |

Anoint them with equal parts of dog’s grease,
tar, turpentine, boiled together. Scrape out the
frog clean and anoint the affected parts also all
around the top of the hoof, every four or five days,
it will make them grow strong and tough and as-
sist in forming a healthy frog.

HOOF EVIL THRUSH OR GREASE HEEL.

The cause of this disease is over feed, want of
exercise, or filthy stables. Symptoms—a discharge
of offensive matter from the frog and around the
top of the foot. Put astiff shoe on the foot keep
it from contracting. Give the cleansing powders,
for ten days, wash the parts clean once a day with
Castile Soap, give gentle exercise then use the
healing wash for old Sores, three or four times a
day, or the corrosive Linimentin the same manner,
either of which are very commendable. Continue
the cleansing powders, and wash for several days
after there is no appearanee of disease. .

54 THE HORSE.
CERTAIN CURE FOR THE SCRATCHES.

The Scratches is a disease similar to the prece-
ding one, and also requiring similar treatment:
however, we give a receipe separately, which in all
cases proves a success.

Take 2 ozs. Sulphate of Zinc; 1 oz. White Lead;
1 oz. Goulard’s extract. Pulverize, and mix with
4 ib. oflard. Cleanse well the parts affected with
Castile soap; after which apply thoroughly the
mixture as given; after two or three days, cleanse,
and make the second application and so continue,
untila cure is effected.

A GOOD OINTMENT.

Take the Ointment of Rosin, 5 ozs.; +4 oz. of fine
ly ground Verdigris; 2 ozs. of Turpentine; Mut-
ton tallow 2 Ilbs.; 4 oz. Oil of Organum; 4 oz.
tincture of Iodine; mix well. This is one of the
best medicines for Scratches, Hoof Evil, Cuts, and
is good to apply on Fistula, after the rowls are ta-
ken out.

HOOF MEDICINE.

For tender feet, hoof bound, ete. Linseed Oil,
or Neats foot Oil 4 pt., of either, Turpentine, 4 ozs. ;
Oil of tar, 6 ozs.; Organum 3 ozs.; Mix and shake
well, apply it as the directions forthe Ointments.
This is the best if the horse has been lame long;
it penetrates the hoof sooner than the Ointment;
both of them should be applied at night, so the
horse can perform his daily labor.

an

HOOF OINTMENT. ay)

Take Rosin, 4 ozs.; Beeswax, 6 ozs.; Lard 2 lbs.
melt together; pour into a pot, add 3 ozs. Turpen-
tine; 2 ozs. finely powdered Verdigris; 1 lb. Tal-
low; stir until it gets cool. This is one of the best
ointments for the hoof ever used. It is good for
corks or bruises of the feet. For hoof bound or
tender feet apply it all around the top of the hoof,
down one inch every day, first have a stiff shoe on
the foot, and cleanse the cut or crack. Never cut
or burn it. 3
GRAVEL IN THE HOOFS.

The Gravel in the hoof is an incident that hap-
pens to horses in traveling, and is brought on by
smallstonesor grit getting between the hoof and
shoe, settling to the quick, and then inflame and
fester; it produces lameness and causes a horse to
undergo very excruciating pain. The first step
necessary for a horse’s relief is, to have his shoes
taken off and get the stone out. You may readily
ascertain where they lie, by pressing the edge of
the hoof with a pair of Pincers. After all the
gravel is removed, which may be known by a dlis-
continuation of the blackness of the place. The
. wound caused by cutting for the gravel may be eas-
ily healed by melting together equal parts of Bees-
wax, Rosin, fresh butter or Sweet-oil, and pouring
the mixture on the wound, warm as the animal can
bear it, without giving pain. Then warm a little
tar or pitch, and pour a small quantity over the
_ wound and its neighboring parts, to keep out the
dust and defend the foot from any hard substance
for a few days; makea free use of the Hoof Oint-
ment all around the top of the hoof, to keep. down
fever.

56 THE HORSE.
TO CURE CORNS.

Take off the shoe, cut out the cornsand drop on
afew drops of Muriatic acid. Then make the shoe
so it will not bear on the part affected; repeat ey-
ery three weeks. Apply the Hoof Liquid to the
hoof to remove the fever. This is a treatment that
never fails. In addition tothis make free use of
the corrosive Liniment tor three or four days.

QUITTER.

This is an inflamation on the Quitter, betwecn
the outer crust and soft structure of the foot; rais-
ing a largelump, or forming aring around the top
of the hoof; which at firstis very hard, but after-
wards forms a tumor, which gives the horse great
pain to walk. ‘Treatment.—Poultice the foot with
a poultice of flax-seed meal, covered with ground
Mustard; andapply for three days, or until it gets
soft; then wash clean, scrape out the frog, and an-
oint with the Hoof Ointment, as prescribed on pre-
ceding pages. With this treatment I have cured
over one hundred cases of this kind in the last
year; cases that are less obstinate, can be cured by
a free use of the corrosive Liniment, applied once a
day for three or four days, in the frog, and around
the top of the foot; after which make a free use of
the Jimson ointment, til a cure is effected.

WINDGALLS.
Six ozs. of pulverized blood root; 1 qt. of good

uniegas; simmer together until reduced to half the
quantity. Apply twice a day, and bandage with a

LAMPAS, 57

sponge of convenient size. If thisdoes not cure
use the spavin and ring-bone medicine.

LAMPAS.

All young horses are liable to this complaint. It
is nothing but inflamation of the gums. Bleed or
scarify the gums. Never burn, for it spots the
teeth; and adds to the cause of the disease. Give
mash; rub the gums with salt; give the cleansing
Powders.

BIG, OR MILK LEG,

Is brought on by a hurt, ora want of action in
the absorbent system; it is drospy of the muscles of
the leg. Apply the Liquid Blister every three hours
until it blisters; then in six hours grease with soft
oil of any kind. In eight days wash the part clean
and apply itagain. Repeat three or fourtimes and
then use the Iodine Ointment. Ifthis does not re-
move it all, apply the spavin medicine which will.

SCOURING.

Colts and horses frequently scour from to free
use of green feed; or from over exercise or expos-
ure to cold rains. Young horses will scour and some-
times without any apparent cause. They should
be kept quiet, and given the following mixture :—
Laudanum }40z.; thick Starch,1 pt.; and one hen’s
egg, give at singledose. Repeat if not better in
three or four hours; this former for a colt. For
an old horse, the following :—1 oz, tincture of Opi-
um; loz. tincture of Rhubarb; 1 oz. tincture of

58 THE HORSE.

Camphor, 2 ozs.; of starch or flour; combined with
oue half pt. of milk. Drench and repeat in half an
hour if necessary.

SHOEING.

It requires no little skilland practice to shoe a
horse properly. Every one who choses to term
himself a blacksmith should not be entrusted with
a valuable horse; fora great many hoof diseases
are the result of unskillfulshoeing. The first, and
indeed the most important operation in the shoeing
of a horse. and that too: which requires the most
skill and prudence, is the paring and triming of
the hoof. The hoof should be reduced to its nat-
ural size; the bottom rendered smooth and level
by the use of shoeing butress; the frog should be
trimmed neatly and carefully, in form a little convex,
and gradually taper to a point. The iron of which
the shoe is composed, should be rather tough and
of the first quality. The shoe should be an exact

SHOEING 59

fit; Should be smooth and level, so that it will fit
the hoof exactly, without first being heated and ap-
plied to the hoof, in order that its impression may
be made and a fit thereby effected. The nails
should be made with small heads, for they are not
50 liable to catch on obstructions and thereby
wrench the shoe and loosen it from the foot. The
nails should be driven with care, and regularity;
high enough to hold the shoe from two to four
months. ‘The points of the nails should be well
clinched, and the hoof neatly rasped below the nail
points. Shoes should be of different sizes and
weights. For draft horses they should be heavy,
strong, and rather light at the heels; for roadsters,
light, and rather of amedium size, with good sub-
stantial corks, but not too light at the toe. <A.
horse that is hoof. bound, should be shod i in the fol-

lowing manner:

Pare the toes down well and leave the heels as
high as possible. The shoe should be beveled to-
wards the outside of the heel, commencing from
the last nail hole back, and set well under the foot.
After the shoe is adjusted, use the Hoof ointment
or Hocf Liquid. This will spread the foot by a
gradual process, that will not be injurions to the
foot. Donot have the foot spread by an instru-
ment, or have it rasped above the nail holes, as it
will injure the foot.

HOW TO JUDGE A SOUND HOOF.

The hoofs ofa horse should be proportioned to
his size; ofa dark color, smooth, tough, and near-
ly round; not too flat nor too upright, and the hol-
low. White koofs are much more tender than any

60 THE HORSE.

other color, nor do they retain or hold a shBe so
well nor for so long atime. A foot that is some-
what flat, turning up at the toe or full of ridges,
or flat and pumiced on the under side, strongly in-
dicates founder or other injury. If the hair le
smooth at the top of the hoof, itis an evidence of
its being good, should there be nothing unnatural
in its shape; but if the hair stands up and appears
rough, and the flesh swelled a little beyond the
circle of the hoof, it is a proof the foot is in some
way diseased and aring-bone may be apprehended,
or a quittor, deep seated ulcer or a hoof disease of
some character |

I deem it proper to give here one of the most
prominent causes of the disfigurement of the hoof.
It is often the case that a horse is partially or oth-
erwise wholly ruined by the carelesness of leaving
old lumber lay about the barn-yard, through which
extend sharp nails and frequently the animal in
its playful moments, pierces the hoof with these
rusty nails, which is very poison causing acute infla-
mation contracting the hoof, producing narrow
heels or even an entire supuration ofthe hoof.

For corns, and burns, and frosted feet.
There’s not a cure that can compete

With ‘Bowersmith’s Liniments,’ all of which
May be obtained by poor and rich!

The Ointment and Liniments will ensure,
For man and beast a perfect cure,

And hence its praises should be sung
Throughout the world, by every tongue!

es ap eS MA Www ree

6]

‘CHAPTER, IV.

THE HOOF—ITS FORMATION AND
STRUCTURE.

The horse is more liable to unsoundness from de-
fects of the feet than any other disease to which
he is subject. It is therefore, a matter ofgreat im-
portance that we should become acquainted with
a knowledge of his hoof, its formation and structure.
And in writing for the information of the reader
on this point, we shall speak plainly, avoiding the
use of clasical phrases—too often resorted to by
authors on anatomical and other subjects, and so
little understood by the general reader, as to be tru-
ly to many a dead language.

The diseases of the hoof are various: caused
by fast driving on hard roads, strain by heavy
draughts, hard or plank floors or ‘filthy stables,
bad shoeing, &c. The diseases thus frequently en-
gendered, not, only effect the foot, but the entire
limb often producing corns, hoof rot, grease, scratch-
es, thrush, spavin, ring-bone, splint, &c.

In giving asynopsis of the anatomy of the foot
of the horse, we shall commence with the hoof,
which is the outside shell or horny substance cov-
, ering the different muscles, bones, blood-vessels,
nerves and other tissues, which form the foot prop-
er. Aneminent writer on this subject, in drawing
a comparison between the fore-leg of the horse,
with that of the arm of a man, says, whatever dif-
ference appears may be traced directly to that
economy in nature which adapts the simplicity or

62 THE HORSE.

complexity of structure and is due to the fact, that
its use is limited to the support of the body and its
progression. ‘The interior of the outer-hoof above
mentioned, containing the muscles &e., is the in-
ner-hoof encasing the coronet and coffin-bone, the
latter, asmall bone in the midst of the hoof. — Its
texture is light and spongy and traversed through
by numerous blood vessels which nourish the soft
and sensitive tissues by which it is surouded., Be-
tween the coronet and coftin-bones, and in the con-
cavity of the latter, is a small bone, styled the navr-

cular, from its boat shape form. From the upper .

edge of the coffin-bone are attatched laterally, two
eristly or cartilages substances, extending back-
ward, giving elasticity to the movement ofthe foot,
and as high as the pastern joint, and inwardly to
the sensitive frog attaches to its sides, the entire
uniting in one mass, filling the cavity around the
coffin-bone. The lateral portion of the cartilage
attaches with the horizontal, and passing inwardly
forms a hollow space behind the coffin-bone, that
contains the spongy matter of the heel,- also. the
several blood vessels, nerves, &¢c., which pass
through and nourish the sole of the foot. The Cy-
clopedia of Anatomy, says, “The upper surface of
the horizontal process of cartilage is full of scal-
rous elevations and depressions that defy dissec-
tion, among which is to be found a quantity of gel-
atina-ligamentous tissue. Beneath, or under the
surface of this horizontal layer, the sensitive sole
and bar are adherent. As it approaches the frog
or center of the foot, it looses its cartilaginous na-
ture and becomes coriaceous (resembling leather;
tough) or rather ligacento—coriaceous texture, (a
strong, compact substance, serving to bind one

a ee ee

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Phe

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ANATOMY OF THE HOOF. 63

bone to another,) agreeing in this with the inter-
nal frog.”

Nature has done much in displaying its handi-
work in the formation of the foot of the horse. And
although many of its parts seem delicate and frail,
all are calculated to meet the greatest demands for
strength, speed, and durability, with reasonable
care and attention. The entire formation of the
hoof, with the distribution, with its different lay-
ers of elastic tissues and soft cartilageous substances
between the inner-hoof andinner bones entirely
prevents any jar tothe limb, which it would neces-
sarily receive in traveling over hard roads. This —
combination of matter materially breaks the force
occasioned by the foot, while the animal is either
pulling heavily or running rapidly over hard ground.
Besides, the equal distribution of elastic cartila-
geous substance cuts as an elastic cushion, bring-
ing bearing upon the entire foot, and tending to
the free and easy movement of the animal, without
pain or shock to the system. Over the surface of
coffin-bones is a thick,tough substance of lacteal
matter, forming what is sometimes known as the
sensitive frog. This matter, itis said by anato-
mists produces the nails ofthe human hand, there-
fore its adaptation to the point here assigned it.

From the knee joint to the crown of the hoof the
skin on the leg gradually becomes thicker, forming
at the hoof what is known by writers, as the coron-
any band. From this band there is a finer forma-
tion of the skin extending downward and over the
coffin-bone richly suppressed with the nerves and
blood vessels, throwing out their secretions of
matter, which nourishes and gives growth to the
horny substancecompressing the inner hoof, and

64 THE HORSE.

also the minute projecting filaments covering the
surface of the coffin-bone, the internal frog and the
numerous cartilages around the inner surface of the
hoof, decreasing as it approaches the heels. This
matter, thus supplied to the harder portions of the
foot, lends elasticity to the entire, and aids greatly
in obviating the shocks to the limb, which would
otherwise be inevitable.

The wall or outer hoof which is that part of the
foot extending from the hair, or coronary band
downward, is generally in ordinary sized horses, in
depth from three to four inches in front, growing
gradually less toward the heels, and in thickness
in front about half an inch, becoming thinner as it
extends backward. This outer hoof is divided in-
to toe, quarters, heels and bars, of which the toe
constitutes about two thirds. Here is the thickest
shell and in most well formed, good feet, stands at
an average of elevation about 49 degrees. When
ata higher degree, it is generally admitted to be an
evidence of weakness. Flat feet are generally weak
and are common in heavy draught horses, brought
on, asis supposed, by the animals own weight,
causing a want of growth, from depression of the
inner walls of the hoof.

The portions of each side of the toe, between the
toe and heels, are known as the inside and outside
quarters. The wall hereis thinner as the quarters
approach the heels, and the grain of the crust dif-
fering from that of thetoe, which runs a straight
line up and down, is sloping obliquely downward
and backward.

The portions of the foot terminating backward
is known asthe heel, the wall of which is much
thinner and shorter than at any other point, being

ANATOMY OF THE HOOF. 65

only about an sy in length, and frequently less
than a quarter in thickness. The bars located in
the center of the foot on the under surface, are in
the form of an inverted V.

In a well formed healthy foot, that has never been
shod, the bars present the appearance of having
been sharpened, between the center of the foot and
heel. They are said to be well adapted to keep the
latter open, and prevent contraction of the former.

A well informed writer on the subject of the for-
mation and structure of the horse’s foot, says, “The
result of his mechanism is, that every step, as the
weight is thrown upon the foot, the coffin-bone de-
scends, elongating the elastic fibrous tissue connec-
ted with the sensitive laminar, and pressing upon
the highly elastic tissue of the sensitive sole, which
rests upon the arch of the herny sole, causes the
latter to yield and descend. The wall being elas-
tic, especially toward the heels, is easily pressed
outward, so that the ground surface of the foot is
larger while bearing the weight than when the pres-
sure is removed. Whenever the weight is taken
off, the wall springs, back, and the sole receives its
arched form. By this means the step is reridered
elastic, jaring is obviated, and injury to the sensi-
tive sole and sensitive frog is prevented.”

The frog consists of a series of elastic arches,
and not of abony substance as might seem to be
the case. It is of a wedge-like form, and not inapt-
ly compared to an elastic Keystone received into an
elastic arch, communicating in some cases, and
admitting inall, the springing movements of which
such an archiscapable. The base of the frog is
located between, and connects the posterior curved
pertions of the hoof; the sides connecting by their

66 THE HORSE.

upper edges with the bars, leaving two channels
between the lower border of the bars upon the
ground surface. The outer and inner surface of
the frog from three foldings, acting as springs to
keep the heels apart and foot spread.

The blood vessels of the foot, as well as the
nerves, are numerous and form a very intricate net-
work or vessels, some of them deeply seated, and
descending into the interior of the foot, passing in-
to the coffin- bone, through its minute chamber S,
entering into the edges of the sole, and the sensi-
tive parts of the foot.

CHAPTER V. 67

OPERATIONS.

THROWING AND CASTRATING COLTS.

In this more than anyother operation on the
horse, practice and confidence are essentially re-
quisite. Prepare yourself for the work by having
at hand a throwing apparatus, made of strong leath-
er, about two inches in width and in the style of a
Pennsylvania wagon breeching, with a strong inch
and a quarter strap, sixteen feet long, sewed to each
ring, a rope sixteen feet long, a paiggef pincers, a
sharp knife, clamps, needle thread, and grease. The
clamps should be strong and filled level on the in-
side with dough, or with equal parts of tallow, cor-
rosive sublimate and red percipitate, well pulver-
ized, sufficient to cover the dough and préssed
down with your finger.

Now, you are ready for the work. Catch your
colt, and lead him on to a smooth yielding surface,
slip the breeching over his head, the straps back
and between his legs, drawing the ends forward and
through the rings in the breeching from the inside,

68 2 THE HORSE.

one assistant to each strap holding tight, walking
backwards, while athird draws the colt forward
by the halter or bridle, urging him thus forward
and backward, he must come down, when he should
be securely tied. Take in your hand the Testicle,
drawing it as near its natural position as possible,
holding it firmly in your hand, make a straight cut
backward being careful not to cross the seam.
Open wellthe scrotum. Now foree the stone out
and cut the striffin skin sufficiently large, so as not
to hold any matter that may accumulate. Draw
down the Testicle and clamp well up on the
cord, dividing it equal in the middle of the clamp,
and with pincers draw close and tie tight. The
cord must be cut off about one eighth of an inch
below the clamp, anda little corrosive sublimate
applied to the end of the cord. Care should be
taken while castrating, to look for what is termed
a “water seed,’ found if it exists, between the
striffin and outer skin. It is a watery substance
and has the appearance of the white of anegg. If

found, run your knife around it and take it off clean, .

if allowed to remain, it forms a hard red lump, which
must in timg,be removed. Thereis also a whitish,
flabby, fatty substance in the same locality, which
should be cut away, taking care not to cut an arte-
ry. Ifanartery should be cut, immediately take
it up with needle and tie the ends. Examine the
Sheath and Penis, cleansing both and greasing well.
In the latter is frequently found a “bean,” a hard
matter which should be removed. If itis permit-
ted to remain it will greatly endanger the life of
the horse or colt.

The proper time to geld colts, is during the
spring or fall. The spring is the most favorable

SS

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a — >< » See

we

ee a

THROWING AND CASTRATING COLTS. 69

time if the colt is in good condition; if he 1s not,
wait until fall. The proper age for castrating is
about one year old. Afterthe colt has had suffi-
cient grass, to gain flesh, and cleanse the blood, and
gained sufficient strength to undergo the operation.
If the neck of yourcolt should be rather low and
his hinder parts slim and peaked, you had better
let your colt, run six or ten months longer till he
has filled out. Then geld in the fall when the colt
isin good condition. :

A NEW sysTtEM.—Of late years the country is be-
coming overstalked with unskillful operators in the
business of castration. I give the following as the
mode of operation employed by many such, and
submititto the judgment of all those in whose
hands this book may chance to fall, whether or not
it is the safest, surest, and best mode of practice.
It isa fact however, as experience in all cases prove,
that at least ten per cent. ofall the colts under the
process are lost. ‘The horse is required to stand
during the operation; the Testicles are removed as
stated above (except clamping) by using a. dull
knife, or the thumb nailto sever the cord by scra-
ping downward, thus bruising the arteries so as te
prevent excessive bleeding and cause immediate
suppuration and healing to set in. They use the
following mixture, (either powder or liquid;) 2
drams of sub-Sulphat of Iron; 2 drams of Tanie Ac-
id; 2 ozs. of water; which is applied as usual. to
the bleeding parts and which has proved itself
poisonous and even dangerons to the horse, should

he in any wise be ina bad condition.

HORSE.

THE

70

RUPTURE, OR HERNIA. 71

Rupture or Hernia, is a term applied in veterin-
ary Surgery to a protrusion of any of the abdom-
inal viscera through a natural or accidental open-
ing or rent in the abdominal walls covered by the
integuments.

The cause of Rupture in animals is most gener-
ally the result of an injury by a sharp implement,
which may rupture the inside wall and not the skin
of the abdomen, and thus let one or more folds of
the bowels protrude through, making an unsightly
tumor.

Rupture occurs along the flank, and along the
inside of the thigh, where it andthe abdomen join;
this being the thinest part of the abdominal walls.

Various names are given to these ruptures, de-
pending on the condition of the protruded bowels,
such as Reducible (or returnable into the abdo-
men.) Irreducible; Strangulated; that is subject
to some constriction which not only prevents their
return into the abdomen, but interferes with the
passage of their contents. |

The discrimination of Rupture from other tumors
is comparatively easy to a dextrous hand. — Still
Ruptures may be mistaken for tumors of a soft and
yieldable character located in the same place where
Ruptures occur. Such as Encysted tumors and
abscesses. The general symptoms of reducible
Rupture is when taken into the hand, Soft, elas-
tic and rounden when it contains only the intestine,
when pressed upon and worked around in the hand
to reduce the bowels, it returns easily. If howevy-
er, the net covering the intestine protrudes ‘with
the intestines, is flabby and unequal to the touch
and when pressed is slower and more difficult to re-
turn. ! |

72 THE HORSE.

Ruptures become irreducible after they are of
long standing and adhesions form between the
sack and its contents. Also by a constriction of
the rent so as to prevent its return, in either case
an operation must be performed to reduce the rup-
ture, which will be spoken of in our treatment of
rupture.

Strangulated hernia occurs in old as well as re-
cent ruptures, when it is constricted in such a way,
that the contents of the produced bowels cannot be
propelled onward, and the return of the venous
blood is impaired. The symptoms are the same
as incolic and obstruction of the bowels, and _ fi-
nally inflammation of the bowels, especially if
there is not relief given by an immediate operation
after every means has been used to reduee by man-
ipulation. The operation willbe spoken of in the
treatment.

THE TREATMENT OF RUPTURE,

depends on circumstances; whenthe rupture first
occurs the plan is to return the bowels, and pre-
vent its coming out with a pad and bandage, which
should fit so neatly as not to rub open the sound
skin. The trus should be made out of hard wood;
the size of from one half of a hens egg divided the
jong way, tothat of goose egg, depending on the
iength of the rent which can be felt through the skin.
The ball is nailed on a stiff strip of sole lether from
three to four inches wide and a foot long. For rup-
ture in the flank a strap or strong canvas is fastened
on the leather and passed around the body so as to
buckle on the top of the back with the ball on the
slit. When the rupture ison the inside of the thigh,

EUPTURE, OR HERNIA. 73

then another strap is fastened to the leather to pass
through between the legs and be fastened to the
strap on the top of the back. This should be kept
in place tillthe rupture has time to heal shut which
will be from two to four weeks. When this plan
does not succeed, then an operation becomes neces-
sary, which consists in cutting down to the rent
and sewing the inside slit up with a silver thread;
first freshing the edges with the knife, leaving the
silver thread permanently in place; then closing the
outside cut with common stitches, and placing a
bandage around the body of the animal, thus com-
pleting a cure. Light feed and great care must be
given the animal for two or three weeks until the
parts completely heal. An old rupture, where the
opening becomes large and round, requires a differ-
ent operation. It is then necessary to prepare a
silver plate, made one half to three fourths of an
inch larger than the opening, hammering the plate
concave or oval in the center to fitthe rupture. An
incision is made across the lower part of the rup-
ture large enough to admit the plate, the fascia be
ing dissected apart, the plate is placed over the
opening and left there permanently, the outside cut
is neatly closed up with common stitches and a
light bandage is placed over it. Then all that is
needed to complete the cure is rest, light feed, and
cold-water dressing. This is a good and. successful
plan of treatment, which I have performed a num-
ber of times successfully. | |

In irreducible hernia, where the contents are ad-
herent to the sac, these must be broken up by care-
fully cutting down to the rupture and with the
knife or the fingers breaking the adhesions; then
reduce the protrusion, and, where the rent is

74 | THE HORSE.

long and can be closed by silver thread, it is the
best plan to follow, but where the opening is round
a silver plate must be inserted as spoken of above.
In strangulated hernia, where there is great suf-
fering and danger of inflammation after failing to
reduce it by the hand, it is necessary to enlarge
the rent by cutting in on the lower edge to the
sack and witha blunt knife enlarge the opening,
then reduce it and proceed as spoken of above.

COLLAR BRUISES.

Young horses which are high spirited will pull
with such force, that they will bruise the coracoid
process of the scapula; and when the system is out
of condition and the blood either to thick or to thin
infirmation will set in to try and cast off the con-
gestive matter and fluids. In all such cases when
they enlarge make an orifice in the lower part
of the swelling by running a seton from the bottom,
upwards through the center, open the lower cut
sufficiently large that the contents may drain off
freely.

Treatment —make a free use of the Jimson oint.
ment, both on the outside of the affected parts, also
wet the seaton with the same twice per day and draw
it into the wound until you can see a healthy blood
runs from the orifice; the swelling abates; or a free
suppuration sets in; then remove the rowl and con-
tinue to use the ointment. For any case of this
kind of old standing or any hard callous that is de-
tached from the bone; such as collar bruises, If by
feeling of it with your finger and thumb, it is fouud
that the lump is detached and will move backward
and forward, the skin may be opened the full size

DOCKING. . 75

of the callous croswise, then peal and roll back the
skin, having a needle with a strong thread in it run
the needle through the edge of the callous to pull ©
open. and scrape the lump close until you can cut
it out. If it should bleed much apply the corrosive
liniment or warm vinegar with some alum init. It
can be healed best with the green ointment, before
annointing, wash clean with castile soap and warm
water. 1 have removed hundreds of detached lumps
of this kind, some of which would weigh ten pounds,

The animal should always be thrown or a twitch
applied, to secure them for the operation.

DOCKING.

Of the different modes in practice of docking a
horse, the best, andthe one which I generally adopt
as in my opinion the safest, and causing the least
suffering to the animal is as follows: Draw back
the hair from the point, where you desire to cut, ty -
ing it with a string, so as:to keep it out of your way;
then take a piece of two inch plank about 8 or 10
inches square and place it on the top of the hip,
(left side) and draw the tail back on to it, so as to
have the point where the cut is to be made, as near
the center of the board as possible.

Then feel for the joint, and take a sharp two inch
chisel and placing it on the spot, and with a mallet
strike so as to-seyer the parts with one blow. Im-
mediately bind up the wound with a cloth contain-
ing horse or hog.manure and allow it to remain for
about twenty-four hours. Then remove it and wash
off clean with salt and water. Then anoint it with

76 THE HORSE.

the Jimson ointment.. Three men should assist in
the operation. Docking is of great value where the
horse is weak in the spine, otherwise it is uncalled
for and in fact is injurious to the horse in many in-
stances; among which are the fighting of flies &e.

SEATON HOW TO APPLY.

Take a piece of leather string or white tape, the
former is preferable; then cut holes in the skin
where to be applied and introduce the string with
a large packing needle, leaving about eight or ten
inches of the string at each end, tying a toggle or
wooden button to each end so that you may draw
it back and forth to pull in medicines, to cause
suppuration anda free discharge of pus. Setons
are often useful in keeping up a drain to draw what
are humours from parts; or by this irritation on
one part, they lessen the inflamation in another part
not very remote, as when applied to the cheek for
opthalmia or inflamed eyes, They also in the same
way lessen old swellings by exciting absorption.

Another useful action they have is to make a de-
pendent or convenient orifice for the escape of lodged
matter; thus a seton passed from the upper part of
the opening of pole-evil, through the upper part of
the integuments of the neck, as low as the sinnews
run, will often effect a cure without further app-
lication. The same with fistular withers, which
sometimes run under the shoulder blade, and ap-
pear at the arm point; in which case a blunt seton
needle, of sufficient length to bé passed down to that
point and to be then cut down ‘upon, will form the
only efficient mode of treatment. ©

17
HOW TO DRENCH A HORSE.

Take a strong, long necked bottle, raise the horse’s
head by getting the halter over a beam in the sta-
ble, then take out his tongue on the right side, in-
troducing the neck ofthe hornor bottle from an
elevated position, taking care not to let him touch
it with his teeth. Ifthereis any difficulty in get-
ting him to swallow, place your hand tightly on his
nostrils, so as to interfere with his breathing, and
the drench will soon be swallowed.

It is not safe to drench through the nose, as there
is danger of the contents passing into the lungs,
which would result in the congestion ofthe same
or otherwise immediate death.

: FRACTURED BONES.

At no period in the existence of the horse, is he
so liable to accident by the fractuae of a bone asin
his colt-hood. We shall therefore give from our
experience such treatment as is best suited to acci-
dents of this kind, and those remedies most likely
to be successful. Fractures in the body above the
limbs and the larger bones, are difficult of treatment,
and frequently result fatally.. Fractures are of two
kinds—simple and compound. Simple fracture be-
ing merely the breaking of one bone, without la-
ceration of the flesh, while compound fracture in-
cludes one or more bones, often breaking the skin,
lacerating the flesh and ligaments, renderi ing treat-
ment exceedingly difficult, the healing process slow,
and the result in most cases very doubtful.

Where the skull receives a fracture, it is best to
abandon the idea of cure altogether, as no perma-
nent relief can be effected. Some cases have come

78 THE HORSE.

under our observation, where prospects of recovery
for a tinfe looked most favorable, but finally the
animal died from apoplexy. Such fractures are
generally the result of brutal treatment by passion-
ate drivers, who,as we have frequently observed,
strike a horse over the head with a heavy club or
the but end of a whip, with sufficient force to kill
the animal or produce concussion of the brain, the
latter generally terminating in permanent injury—
frequently blindness and deafness.

Fracture of the ribs isa matter of rare occurrence,
and generally the result of a kick from another an-
imal. Such an injury often passes unnoticed by
the owner, although the horse is apt to flinch from
the touch when being harnessed or curried. But
slight relief can be applied in such cases. When
discovered, the best plan is to rub the part gently
and frequently with nerve and bone liniment. Hot
salt and water, or strong vinegar, will answer the
purpose well, but the liniment is preferab‘e and
when it can be had should be applied.

Fractures of the bones of the nose or nasal or-
gan are not of unfrequent occurence, and often
pass unnoticed, unless where the bone is very much
out of place. In such cases the assistance of the
Veterinary Surgeon should be had, the bone replac-
ed and bandaged, as in distemper. The same
treatment as to bathing in rib fractures can be ap-
plied with advantageous results.

Fracture of the limbs are more frequent than any
other to which the horse is liable, occasioned gen-
erally by a fall a kick, or the horse getting his foot
fast in a bridge and such like occurrences. <A bro-
ken limb, particularly in an old animal, is a serious
matter, and to treat it requires, not only skill but

—,

FRACTURED BONES 719

close attention and care, without which the horse,
if he lives, becomes useless, or probably death en-
sues, The lack of experience in such cases even
among men who have owned horses all their life-
time, is a great impediment in the way of success-
fultreatment. Many suppose that ifa horse gets a
limb broken, that his suffering may as well be ter-
minated by putting a bullet through his head. This
is great error, for if he is promptly treated, his life
may be saved and he made useful for certain pur-
poses for many years. Mares for instance may become
good breeders as if nothing of the kind had ever
occured. In cases of simple fracture, the animal
is generally able to move around as_ before the ac-
cident., being only very lame and of course sore.
In such cases the parts should be well bathed with
nerve and bone, or other pungent liniments, and
bandaged carefully with strong strips of stiff cloth,
as tight as possible, without being so tight as to
retard circulation of the blood. (For bandages see
recipes on another page.) After such an accident,
a horse, as before stated, will move around, but af-
ter afew days becomes weary and will lie down if
permitted to do so. In order to prevent this, which
would in most cases be fatal to his recovery, as soon
as possible after the accident, arrangements. should
be made for his support, by placing a strong cloth
around his body, and by means of @ rope attached
thereto, suspended from the loft of his stable, suffi-
ciently high, so as barely to let the injured limb
touch the floor. To this cloth should be attached
breast and breeching straps to prevent it slipping
backward and forward. By this mode of proce-
dure and reasonable care and attention to constant
bathing with the liniment as before named, from

80 THE HORSE.

three to four times a day, in nine cases out of ten
the life of the animal will be saved. But the ban-
dage should not be neglected. They must be re-
moved frequently, say twice a week and immedi-
ately rebandaged; but before doing so, rub the
part gently with your hand and apply the liniment.

Should the accident occur in the field, or other
place, from where it is impossible to remove the
horse to a stable, a structure may be formed with
poles and chains, so arranged on both his sides,
that with the help of a few stout men he can be
raised to a proper position. In most cases it is
advisable to cover the structure over, to shelter
the horse from the weather. Both ends being
open is sufficient for air.

When the fracture is of the compound nature,
the bones displaced, etc., the limb should, as soon
as possible, be bathed copiously with warm water
and castile soap to reduce any inflammation that
may have taken place. If the bone is merely mis-
placed, after bathing, the limb should be gradually
and gently pulled until it is worked into place
again. Now apply a strong stiff bandage of cloth
about three inches wide; first lapping on a strip
of cotton, commencing winding on about four or
five inches below the fracture, giving the bandage
an occasional twist on the back part of the limb,
to cause it to press equally on all parts. If the
fracture isa bad one, thin splints of green pliable
wood, cut to the shape of the leg, and placed under
the bandage may be used with advantage, but care
should be taken not to allow them to press too
heavily onthe injured part. Ifthe bones are not
displaced, or the limb bent, simply bandaging and
bathing may answer the purpose. Great care

FRACTURED BONES. 8l

should be taken to prevent fever, which would in
most cases result in death. To obviate this, and
prevent costiveness, occasional doses of Cleansing
Powders should be given, with bran mashes, chop-
ped feed, or oats, but no corn should be allowed, it
being of too heating a nature. Ifin the Summer
season, a little fresh grass may be given with ad-
vantage.

The time of healing, depends much on the nature
and extent of the wound, also the condition of the
animal and season of the year. In general frac-
tures below the knee, in cool weather and with
good treatment knit in about a month. If above
the knee the healing process is more tardy, proba-
bly taking three times that time. Much is also ow-
ing in the several cases of fractures named, to good
nursing, without which you may not only lose your
patient but also your time.

TOSTRAIGHTEN A HORSES TAIL. It is often the case
that horses of the finest symmetry in every other re-
spect are disfigured and rendered unsalable by
means of crooked tail; caused by contraction of the
cord on either side, I use successfully the following
treatment. Take a sharp knife with the back of the
blade dull, insert the knife just beneath the cord the
side of the blade being to the cord, after inserted
turn the edge of the knife so as to be horizontal to
the cord, sever the cord in this manner in one or two
places, after which tie the tail around in the oppo-
site direction to a collar on the horse, let it remain
so until the cords unite or the wounds are filled up
by other matter.

CHAPTER VI.

STABLE MANAGEMENT.

The cost of a convenient and well ventilated sta-
ble, is no more than is required for the construction
of an inconvenient and illventilated one. My expe-
rience and observation in traveling for the past
thirty years, caring for my horses, in numerous sta-
bles, almost daily during this time, over an area of
nearly twenty states, has brought to my notice, both
unpardonable ignorance and carelessness, in the
awkward and unjudicious manner in which stables
are constructed and arranged. This kind of taste
and economy is similar to that which is exibited in
a great many dwelling houses. They are finely
adorned out-side and even expensively constructed
with regard to strength and durability while the
mmates suffer for want of that indispensable arch-
itectural arrangement—yventilation. Small apart-
ments after being used tosleep in, are very hurried-
ly, again arranged for its occupants, by spreading
the clothes on the bed; closely adjusting the win-
dows; shutting the door; all of which are suffered
to remain so, until again some unfortunate being
is obliged to occupy it. The old and time worn
feather bed becomes fetid and musty so as to be
very offensive to the smell, on the instant of entry
to the room. The air is poluted with these foul
elements and other excrementitious matter; there
is no circulation; the window usually being closed,
hence if opened exposes the person to a draught of

STABLE MANAGEMENT. 83

air, which of itself under the circumstances is very
unhealthy and dangerous. Beauty, refinement, in-
telligence and all the noblex qualities fade into
insignificance, when snbjected to the prostration of
a nervous head-ache arrising from such a manner
of sleeping. It is an unpardonable fault, that
should always be guarded against in the begining,
by making provisions for ventilation over doors and
admitting of the windows being hoisted or lowered
and surely every house-keeper or chamber-maid,
who posess any degree of intelligence, should see
that such apartments. are thoroughly ventilated af-
ter being used. It is believed that the fore-going
is a true theory for the arangement of the stable.

But as its management and practical utility, is
intrusted to that class of individuals, who for taste
and refinement are far inferior to woman; and who,
(it must be admitted, ) know less of stable manage-
ment, as a class, than woman about the regulation
of domestic affairs; hence I deem it no more than
proper, that I should proceed and give some prac-
tical hints, and particular instructions upon the
special matter, under consideration; that they who
wish to improve, may derive some practical benefit
therefrom, and by so doing assign to this noble
animal, (the horse.) the position and treatment he
undoubtedly merits, with relationto man. In the
arrangment of the greater number of stables, both
in the city and country, it is an observable fact,
that they are little more than a closed box.over a
pool, which perhaps is half filled with water and the
refuse of the stable; from which arises through the
floor a poisonous exhalation, that furnishes the basis
of disease. A large rack is filled with mouldy dusty
hay which is heaped against the horses nose. The

84 THE HORSE.

manger is partly filled with dirt and trash; the
meager bedding impregnated with foul amonia is
thrown beneath the manger in the morning, to in-
fect and poison evrything about it; and here the
horse is forced to stand and feed, continually breath-
ing upon the mass of filth and hay, which contains
amonia strong enough to make the eyes water and
smart in half a minute, which is continually rising
and poisoning the air. It should be borne in mind
that I have no selfish motive in view, more than
that of referring to defficiencies it is incumbent
upon humanity to correct, and it is my greatest de-
sire to bring to the attention of all entitled to my
services, these evils which may be remedied. A
stable should be of sufficient size; thoroughly ven-
tilated; yet comfortable and well lighted. The
standing room for work horses should be at least
five feet wide, and if the horse is worked but little,
the room should be large enough to enable him to
turn around freeely. If the stable is sufficiently
large, a box stall should be used in all cases, but it
should be well ventilated. The door should be
made loose, and a window above the head, arranged
so that it can be opened to give light and ventila-
tion. Ifamanger or rack, such as is now in com-
mon torm across the stall be used, I would suggest
an improvement. In the first place should the
construction of the manger be such, that the horse
will waste feed while eating, it should be replaced
by one, the top of which, is about three feet and a
half from the floor secondly, should the rack slope
out over the manger and horses head; making it
troublesome for the horse to pull the hay out and
and causing seed and trash to fall into his eyes and
mane; and the dust tobe brought tothe nose and .

STABLE MANAGEMENT. R5

inhaled; the front of the rack should be brought to
zn upright position and the back so slanted that
the hay will all the time be in the horses reach.
The most desirable manger I have seen in my trav-
els, both for conveninece and health, are those so
constructed that there is an alley or a floor in front
ofthe manger, with a good tight floor in the manger
being level with the floor in the alley. A manger
should be built as described above with the follow-—
ing exceptoins--the bottom board should be left off
on the side next to the alley; a lattice should be
prepared of proper length to fit inside of the manger
nail two cleats, one at each end ofthe lattice, so as
to support (it) the lattice one foot from the floor;
this affords a means for allthe seed, dust and trash
from the hay to fall through upon the floor, which
can be raked out into alley at intervals: thus doing
away with the presence of all dust and trash which
is so injurious to the horse, besides during the year
a great amount of grass seed may be accumulated
and saved, which to first class farmers, is of no lit-
tle financial moment. The feed box should be
firmly fastened to one end of the manger, and large
enough to prevent throwing feed out while eating.
The place for hitching should be on the farther side |
from the feed box, to prevent the strap being caught

by the foot. The manger should be a level with
the breast or shoulders. The nearer the horse is
made to imitate his position when eating the better.
Every stable should have an opening on the top, to
allow bad air to pass out freely. The light to a sta-
_ ble should be so admitted, that the ordinary work
of the stable can be done without opening the doors,
the windows should be arranged with shutters, so
the stable may be darkened if necessary, when flies

86 ‘THE HORSE.

are troublesome, orto give the horse a chance to
sleep in the day time, which is sometimes necessary
also the wall in front of the horses, should not be
whitewashed as is often done, for it is injurious to
the eyes, if such be the colors of the walls, it should
be changed by adding something brown or dark.
At an advanced age like this, when all men are sup-
posed to posess some degree of intellgence, it is
certainly high time, under ground, cellar stables,
which admit of little light and ventilation be dis-
carded, perhaps the wisdom of doing so, may be-
come more apparent to those who are weded to the
same, after loseing one or two norses with some
form of acute inflammation.

All stables should be built on high and level ele-
vated lands, so that the urinary substance and all
other filth would be washed from beneath them.
The flooring and side of a stable should be suffi-
ciently tight to prevent the bleak north winds from
piercing through the large open cracks, which is
the cause of alarge proportion of Lung complaints,
Pneumonia, or chronic coughs. Itis not desirable
to make the stable so warm as to shut out the cur-
rent of air, when a large number of horses are shut
up in a small, close and poorly ventilated stable
you can soon perceive the hot and fetid change in
the air. For each pair of lungs throws offa great
amount of carbonic acid gas, and with this carbon-
ate the air soon becomes greatly surcharged so as to
be infectively poisonous, it was this doubtless which
caused sucha great mortality among horses, in New
York city this present winter.

87
FEEDING

In the procuring of feed for horses, under all
circumstances, great discrimination and care is re-
quired in the selection of the same, which for qual-
ity and quantity, will impart the greatest amount

of strength, vitality and elasticity to the animal.

Food should be in proportion to the general con-
dition and. amount of labor to which the horse is
subjected. If there be any extra task, for the
horse to perform requiring more than ordinary ex-
ertion; the stomach should not be crammed with
food as the action ofthe heart and lungs, would
thus be much impeded, the result of which some-
times is conjestion and rupturing of the air cells
of the lungs. In the feeding of hay especially, this
defect should be guarded against. Horses of a
greedy nature will gorge themselves by eating so
much hay, even of a poor quality, as to unfit them
for labor and is usually found to result in heaves
‘or broken wind. This disease is more prevalent
among horses where there isnocare in the selec-
tion of feed. It is seldom found among horses of
the finer class, especially race-horses, for more pru-
dence is used in the selection of feed, and also fed
in less quantities so.asto harmonize with the de-
mands of the system. The quantity of hay, given
a horse should be regulated by the nature of the
horse, if not at all greedy he should not be allowed
more than eight or ten pounds in twenty-four hours;
further regulations should be made, taking into
consideration the size, condition, use and amount
of grain fed; roadsters require less hay than any
others. Dusty or mouldy hay should not be fed
under any circumstances, as it is the cause of nu-
merous diseases.

88 A THE HORSE.

In selecting feed for horses, it should be as near
perfect as possible, especially hay. It is generally
considered that hay is better when about a year
old, no doubt horses would prefer earlier, but it is
neither so nutritious or healthy. Hay should re-
tain a good color until a year old and be sweet to
the smell. In stacking or packing hay, about one —
quart of salt, should be used to each ton, this will
preserve the hay, keep out insects, render it nice
and bright, and give it a pleasant smell tothe horse.
But as has been remarked already in this article,
the amount of hay to be fed a horse, depends upon
the size, amount of work to be done, and also the
quantity and quality of grain to be fed, which we
will now consider.

Corn posseses more heating elements than oats,
while oats produce more muscle than corn. These
two points being established by experience, it
would naturaly follow that the colder the weather the
more corn may be fed and the harder the work, the
more oats may be fed. Age adds worth to oats
for feed. New oats will weigh from ten. to fifteen
per cent. more than old, but the difference for the
greater part is water. The reason why old oats
are better, it is claimed they are more easily diges-
ted, while on the contrary new oats in any consid-
erable quantity will produce flatulency and de-
rangement of the stomach and bowels. The same is
true of corn, only it is regarded still more danger-
ous when not sound and dry, of course if these
facts be disregarded in all respects, it is done at
the hazard of the effects heretofore named. As be-
fore stated the quantity of oats to be fed, should be
regulated by the size of the horse and amount of
labor to be performed, ranging from eight to six-

FEEDING. 89

teen quarts perday. The quantity of corn should
be regulated in the same manner, with some regard
to the condition of the weather, corn should always
be fed in the ear, from six to twelve ears area feed.
_In hot weather corn should be soaked from twelve
to twenty-four hours in some clean water, first ad-
ding a handful of salt and a handful of hickory
ashes; this will greatly improve the horses feed;
aid digestion, and also expel worms. Owing to the
ample time given for digestion through the night,
it is better to give the larger feed in the evening,
_for during the day if the work is very great there is
not time given. It is wellestablished by experi-
ence that some mild cooling laxative should be giy-
en occasionally, from eight toten quarts of wheat-
Bran covered with boiling water and let remain
until cool, and fed at night from one too three times
a week is the finest and best. JIusually feed Irish
potatoes, one or two quarts a week, with the usual
feeds of grain, and from my experience consider
them highly useful. Think their worth cannot be
overestimated in this regard. Bran mashes and a
small quantity of roots, keep the bowels open and
the system in a good condition, without the use of
them constipation is not improbable, which is one
of the primary causes of morbid evacuation, colic,
or inflamation of the bowels. It is often an eager
question with some, to know the most speedy and
best way to make a horse fat. Feed shorts and
corn meal with cut straw, to which add a pint of
sugar-cane molasses. This mixture, ifwe may so
term it, has no equals, in recruiting up a horse
which is out of sorts or poor. Ifthe horse is gree-
dy, and eats too fast, this may be remedied by put-
ting a few round stones in the feed box, he is now

90 THE HORSE.

compelled to pick the feed out from among the
stones, which requires more time, and of necessity
he is obliged to eat slowly. If the horse has per-
formed some heavy task orif when sufficient time
can not be allowed to eat and digest an ordinary |
meal, he may be very much refreshed by a small
draught of cold water containing a small quantity
of meal. In order to give some systematized man-
ner of feeding and watering, and alse to give some
idea of the extreme care and attention which may
be rendered a horse when necessary I include the
system of feeding and watering Mr. Bonnner’s fa-
mous trotting horse Dexter. ‘“At six every morn-
ing, Dexter has all the water he wants and two
quarts of oats. After eating he is walked for half
an hour or more, then cleaned off, and at nine has
two quarts more of oats. Ifnodrive is onthe card
for afternoon, he is given a half to three quarters of
an hour of gentle exercise. At one o'clock he has
oats again as before, limited to two quarts.

“From three to four, he is driven twelve to fifteen
miles; after which he is cleaned off and rubbed
thoroughly dry. He has a bare swallow of water
on returning from drive, but is allowed free access
to his only feed of hay, of which he consumes from
five to six pounds.

“Tf the drive has been a particularly sharp one,
he is treated as soon as he gets in, to a quart or two
of oat meal gruel; and when thoroughly cooled,
has half a pail of water and three quarts of oats,
with two quarts of bran moistened with hot water.
Before any specially bard day’s work or trial of his
speed, his allowance of water is still more reduced.”

91
PASTURAGE.

There is no species of feed more important to the
horse breeder than grass; and to select from the
different varieties whichthrive best and retains
their verdure longest, must be left entirely to the
judgment of the farmer, he being guided principally
in his selection by climate and soil. Almost all the
different varieties grow well and flourish for a while
the length of time ‘depending much upon the sea-
- son. The clover, a favorite grass in this country
as well.as in Europe, has become an uncertain crop,
being liable to freeze out in winter, or be parched
up by the summer’s sun, therefore can not be de-

pended upon as pasture for any season of the year.
Especially to the stock raiser is an early and cer-
tain supply of grass most valuable. In the breed-
ing season to mares and their brood it is important
giving to the dam that species of food, which yields
the largest supply of nourishment for their young.
Besides, colts soon learn to pick from the green
and tender herbage; redering them less burden.
some to their dam and promotes their growth more
rapidly. But to this end clover either red or white
species is objectional as pasture for horses. Either
will cause horses to slabber, more especially the
white and instead of giving nutr iments and strength
it has a contrary effect.

Timothy or as it is sometimes called Cat’s-tail
grass, generally esteemed the most valuable of all
grasses familiarly known in the middle States,
scarcely come up to our standard as offering relia-
_ ble pasture. Of late years the severity of the win-
ter has. been very damagingly to the growth, and
instances have frequently come under our observa-
tion, when the frost has been quite as destructive

92 THE HORSE.

to its plants as to clover. But in more genial climes
for instance, the Southern States, where biting
frosts are unknown and of course Timothy is not
damaged, will it there afford reliable pasturage?
We answer no! for this reason, that it is one of the
earliest, to start in the spring, is of rapid growth,
soon matures and once ripe, the hot sun of summer
and consequent parched soil, soon absorbs all its
nutritious qnalities, rendering it of little more val-
ue for sustaining animal life than dry stubble.

Timothy for hay, among all the varieties of grass
known in the Middle States has no equal, but
should always be cut before the seed is fully ripe,
and in this condition, when well mowed, horses and
cattle eat with avidity, and keep in good condition
without other sustenance. But to return to our
subject-pasturage:

In further consideration of this matter, we shall
be brief, noticing the varieties best known, and
most approved for this purpose of pasturage. And
among the first we will maintain the blue-grass of
Kentucky as having a pre-eminence over all others
for this purpose. It is remarkable for retaining its
green and verdant appearance the entire year round
it generally grows about a foot high, throwing out
from the bottom a great growth of fine green tender
herbage, forming a thick surface over the entire
surface rendering its roots equally impervious to
the Summers Sun as the winter frost. It is very
durable, remarkable for its verdure all seasons,
and unless covered with snow, prsenting a beauti-
ful appeaeance to the eye. It is a great favorite
with all animals, being very sweet and nutritious.
From its continuous growth, it is very valuable as
pasture at all seasons. We have known herds ot

PASTURAGE. 93

sheep to live on it and keep in good condition the
entire Winter, when it is even covered with snow
which they soon learnto remove with their fore
feet. Its value for early spring pasture cannot be
to highly estimated, Every farmer should devote
one or more fields to its growth.

Next in importance we shall mention red-top a
species of the bent-grass, sometimes called English
grass, and herds’ grass. This grass is so well known
as to require only brief notice. It is more prolific
in its growth than blue-grass, and partakes some-
what of its nature. It grows luxurantly on flat or
wet lands, and for meadowing purposes, yields a
heavy crop, which makes good feed for cattle. If
allowed to grow up after harvest it will afford fine
pasture during the winter months, and is relished
much better by stock, than hay.

These are the only grasses, possessing the prop-
erties of durability, sweetness and freshness at all
seasons and that can be recommended for gr azing
purposes the entire year round.

94 BREEDING.

CHAPTER VII.

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The time was, and novery distant period either,
when the finest horses on this continent, were to be

BREEDING. 95

foundinafew of the Eastern States and Canada.
Connecticut was famous in those days for produ-
cing the best stock, particularly what might be
termed fast. Canadatook the lead in roadsters, :
carriage and heavy draught horses, from English
stock. Of late years matters in this respect have
taken a change, a change brought about, by the en-
terprize and outlay of large amounts of capital by
Western and Southern stock-raisers, who devoted
their time and means in visiting points in the Old
World noted for its best stock, for which they paid
large sums of money. Whatis the result to-day?
- The fact is, that the West, aided by Kentucky and
Tennessee, are furnishing the principal markets
in the United States with horses, many of which
bring fabulous prices, because of their high breed-
ing, training and adaptability to the purposes in-
tended. Go to Saratoga, Long Branch, Cape May,
and allthe places of fashionable resort in the coun-
try. At each of these places and in New York, Bos-
ton and other cities you will see horses valued at
from one thousand to five thousand dollars each,
and many for which, even much larger sums would
not be accepted. Remember Dexter at one time
sold for over $30,000. Why is this? Thirty years
ago or less some of the best horses in the West
would not bring over, say one hundred an fifty dol-
lars, others not even one-fourth the amount, and
they were dear at that. The aggregate value of
horses in the United States, is in this year of grace
(1872) increased more than ten fold over twenty
years ago. Noother species of stock has made in
proportion so rapid an advance.

Stock raisers of the West, thisis a subject wor-
thy of your consideration. It is just as easy to

96 | THE HORSE.

raise a good animal as a poor one, and believing
that you profit by it, we will give you a few hints
on “breeding.”

The selection ofa horse from which to breed, and
the purpose for which the offspring is intended,
must both be considered. It isa trite adage, that
like begets like, and if true, as admitted, it is a self-
evident fact, that to have good horses, we must
have the best stock tostart with. By the term best,
we mean not only size, muscular developement,
symetry, action, color, temper &c., but the pedigree
of ancestry ought to be looked to, and in no case
should relationship exist between the dam and sire.
This latter is as important in the brute as in the
human creation. The matter of breeding in and
in, as it is termed, deteroriates the product so rap-
idly, that ina few years, if persisted in, would run
out the best stock in the country. Great care is
therefore necessary in this respect. Care should
also be taken to have the temper of both animals
at the time of copulation in as placid a state as
possible. Neither should be handled rashly, fret-
ted or annoyed, for, according to the adage before
quoted, the offspring is liable to be of vicious tem-
per, unmanageable and unsafe, if not worthless.

It is a well known fact, that the owners of stal-
lions, from mere avarice to make a few dollars, al-
low their horses to serve as many mares as they
can hunt up in a neighborhood. The offspring of
such must consequently be rickety, half-formed,
feeble animals, or probably none at all, which
would be better. To raise healthy, vigorous
strong colts, no horseshould be allowed to run to
more than a mare every other day. The practice
here assigned is why only a few of the colts gotten

BREEDING. 97

by blooded stallions partake of the perfect quali-
ties of the sire. Itdiffers but little as to the excel-
lent condition of the dam, when the productive
powers of the horse are exhausted, the progeny
will be a failure. We venture the assertion, with-
out fear of successful contradiction, that if our sug-
gestions in this respect are heeded thata more per-
fect offspring will be the result, and a failure to
impregnate of rare occurrance. And in this con-
nection we will state a fact well known to students
of physiology, and forthe correction of which we
can vouch, from an experience ofever twenty years,
observation, that in the art of copulation, the ani-
mal most designs, will beget the sex of the off-
spring—if the sire, the colt will be a horse, or vice
versa; so,if the physical powers of the horse are
over-taxed as they too frequently are, and the mare
warmand ambitious, the progeny in nine cases
out of every ten, will bea mare colt. These re-
sults are so certain, that the breeder may with al-
most unerring assurance secure the sex most de-
sired.

But to return more directly to our subject. It is
a strange fact, that while the most thrifty farmers
will have the best seeds he ‘can procure, yet in
breeding, with rare exceptions, and this will apply
to alldescriptions of farm animal, that any old,
broken down, ring-bone, spavined, coarse-haired,
ill-spoken horse, provided he is only sleek and fat,
will be selected to breed from, because a few dol-
lars will procure hisservice. This, to say the best
of it, ismiserable economy. What will the pro-
duct, ifany, be worth?—nothing; which, on the
other hand, if three. four, or even five times the
amountis paid for the service of a good horse, if

98 THE HORSE.

his energies are not over-taxed, the result will be
an animal, that will be a credit to his owner, who
may well feela pride in riding or driving him, and
for which he can always obtain ready sale and a
fair price. Breeding from good stock is always.
profitable, while the contrary is actual loss.

It is important that mares should be put to the
horse at such a time as to have colts come the lat-
ter part of April or early in May, when the weath-
er ismore pleasant and grass is begining to grow;
both the mare and colt will do better than at an
earlier season and be confined on dry feed. Itis
well known to most farmers and stock raisers, that
from the time of putting a mare to the horse until.
she brings forth her offspring, frequently varies,
The usual time iseleven months; some will even
run a month over, while others produee fully de-
veloped foals in ten months. A young mare, or
one which has not had a foal the previous year
should be put to the horse,

The principle qualities ina mare to constitute a
good breeder, are as essential asin the horse. The
form of body, length and breadth between the hips
and shoulders are important points. A little nar-
row bodied animal should never be bred from.
The reason is obvious, and needs no argument to
any man of common sense.

When a mare is dull, of sluggish habit, but pos-
sessing all the other good points necessary, she
should be put to a horse of more than ordinary am-
bition and vivacity. This will contract the lack of
life in the dam and the product generally possesses
a fair degree of life, spirit and action. If on the
other hand, the mare is of to lively a disposition,
select a horse of mere docile temperament and the

BREEDING. ~ 99

same result is-obtained.

It is not desirable in any case, unless the: object
is to breed small animals to put a mare to an
undersized.

-. The proper age at which a mare may be used for
breeding purposes is four years,some stock raisers
commenceearlier. Indeed, we have known them even
at two, but more frequently atthree. This is wrong
for the offspring is not only deficient in its mature.
powers but it generally results in breaking the
spirit of the dam, stops her growth, causes her to
be dull and stupid and mars her symmetry. As to
how long it is advisable that a mare should be kept
to breeding, depends much on her health and usual
condition, and the number of colts she has had
already. If in her early years she has not bred, .
she will do good service until she is fifteen. We
have known some, to produce colt sat even a great-
er age; while others who have had colts regularly
every year for four years up, broke down and be-
came unfit for breeding at eight or nine. When
good stock is the object, itis better not to risk
a mare, unless very healthy, after she attains her
ninth year. When she is known to be in season.
Mares that have just had colts, will take the horse
again in from eight to nine days, some sooner, ac-.
cording to condition. The most experienced stock
men contend that a mare, if attended, after she
comes in season to run a few days beyond, is liable
to loose her heat; or if she should continue to a
period, she becomes reduced by nursing her foal
to such adegree, that her powers of conception
may become dormant. Thus it will be seen, that
it is safer not to let her go at furthest, beyond the
tenth or eleventh day from the time of foaling, A.

100 THE HORSE.

mare often being put to the horse the first time,
lest her conception may not be perfect, should at-
tend the horse in nine days there after, when if her
heat still continues, she must make regular weekly
attendance for not less than three weeks thereafter.
Care should be taken during this period to give
her only moderate work, as with hard labor or fast
driving, she is liable to cast the conception. Run-
ning with other horses in a field: where she 1s lia-
able to be kicked. or to exercise to much, plowing
in roots or stony land, subjecting her to sudden
jerks, heavy and straining draught, or anything
calculated to shock the nervous system, or cause
unusual excitement should all be avoided, as fully
to cause a casting of the conception, or in more
advanced stages miscariage.

When the time of foaling arrives the mare
should not be kept in the stable. If the weather
is favorable, a dry even pasture, free from logs,
stones or deep cuts, is most suitable. In this
event of bad weather, around a straw stack, where
the ground is dry and has not been too much
tramped by other stock, will answer very well.
After foaling she acquires care, some nourishing
soft food to bring her to milk, and for at least two
weeks should not be workd and even then, and af-
ter for two months only gently. By this treatment
she soon acquires her strength, and the colt be-
comes vigorous and strong, It is a bad practice
and damageing to the colt, to allow it to follow its
dam on a hard road. Better far keep it at home
in a well enclosed lot, where it can receive no inju-
ry. Ifacolt has been well kept and is healthy
and strong, it should not be allowed to run with the
mare after it is six months old, some wean at five

BREEDING. 101

months; but we reccommend the larger period. It
is best in weaning to keep the mare and colt as
much apart as possible, the colt in a well fenced
lot, where he can receive no injury, as he will be
fretful and uneasy for a few days.

We adopt the opinion of the most experienced
stock raisers in the country, that colts should not
be stabled in the winter until they are two years old,
when it becomes necessary to handle them in order
to breaking. It is much better to keep them in a
dry pasture having an open shed, well littered to
stand in at pleasure and take their feed. No corn
should be given to a colt, unless cracked and even
little of that. Do not feed harsh«dry hay. It
should be borne in mind that a colts mouth is very
tender and that he cannot masticate such strong
stuff. Wellsaved green hay, with a little oats once
a day is very suitable food, and should be given
out of a manger raised some three feet or more
from the floor, so that he may not have to stoop be-
low the natural elevation of his head to eat. His
manger should be rather above, than too low, as it
tends much toward forming a good carriage.

THE HORSE.

102

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103
TO THROW A HORSE.

To little care is frequently taken in throwing
horses, which often results in injury to the animal.
To effect this purpose carefully, observe the follow-
ing directions, and the work is easily accomplished
and with perfect safety. Apparatus—have a cir-
cingle made of good strong leather, from two to
four inches wide, sewing a buckle to one end. Then
rings are to be attached to the circingle in the fol-
lowing manner: First ring is four inches from the
buckle; 2d. one inch from the first on the back
edge; 3d. six inches from 2d.; this ring is used, to
strap the left fore foot too. The fourth ring ‘six
inches from third, placed on the back edge. The
fifth and sixth are used to bring up and fasten right
fore foot, and to draw the horses head around to
side; place fifth ring five inches from fourth; sixth
three inches from the fifth, next, small ring two
inches from sixth on front edge; next eight inches
from seventh one the back edge; next nine inches
from the eighth; next three inches from ninth on
back edge; next one inch from. eleventh on back
edge. The 2d. and 7th. rings, are attached to front
edge and used for bringing the animals head on
his side, when performing surgical operations. The
first, fourth, eighth, tenth and twelfth are attached
to back edge, to fasten both hind feet to when nec-
essary.

Buckle this circingle on your horse; attaching a
crooper to ring nine, on the back edge, witha ring
sewed on the hips firm. Take theshank end of bit-
ting machine and pass it through six, the ring on
right side and ring on crooper. Then have two
straps, with buckles sewed on, strap up the left fore

104 THE HORSE.

leg to the eighth ring fromthebuckle. Stand rath-
er back of your horse on the left side and pull the
halter shank when he must come down with his
back towards you.

Caress the animal by kind words and patting
with yourhand fora short time, when you have
him in position to perform any operation neces-
sary, such as extracting wolf or blind teeth, cas-
trating &c., without danger of his releasing him-
self.

NEW BITTING- MACHINE,

In the first handling of a colt, it is important that
all your appliances be perfect, that the animal may
not be unnecessarily fretted or even excited. The
bitting machine is'to be applied, and of all those in
use, the following I have found the most simple
and effectual:

Take a well twisted cord of either hemp or cot-
ton, about twenty feet long and about as thick as a
pencil on one end tie a boler knot, leaving the loop
sufficiently large to slip around the under jaw of the
horse. Then pass your hand through the loop and
catch the cord and pull it through far enough to
form a halter; then slip the halter over the head,
and the loop around j jaw, with the shank toward you.
Now throw the headstall back of the mane, near
the shoulder, placing it well under the hair, drawing
the shank oradually, but firmly, until the animals.
neck is sufficiently bowed to look graceful. If he
submits to this quietly tie a slip knot under the
jaw and let him remain in that position for about
ten minutes. Should he become fretful, or attempt
to rear or throw himself, by a sudden jerk of the

PULLING ON THE HALTER OR BRIDLE, 105

halter shank, loose your slip knot, and let hishead —
down, speaking kindly until he becomes calm, when
you can by tightening the cord, again draw his head
up as before. By a daily repetition of this course
for some time, your colt willsoon become sensible
of the power of the bit, tractable and pany han-
dled afterwards.

TO LEARN A HORSE TO LEAD BEHIND
A VEHICLE.

Many so called trained horses refuse to be led,
by a man on another animal or behind a wagon.
To train a horse to lead well, adopt the tollowing
in his early lessons:

Take the bitting machine named in the previous
article, putting it on in the form of a halter, run-
ning the shank on the off side and across the loins
to the near side, then under the tail, and pass -it
back across the loins and up through the loop un-
der the tail; then take the shank in your hand, get
into a wagon or on a horse and lead right off. The
pressure of the cord under the tail and on the nerve
of the jaw, causes him to move forward without the
s -ightest resistance.

PULLING ON THE HALTER OR BRIDLE..

Many horses have a practice of cba on their
halter or bridle when tied in the stable, or hitc&ed,
when abroad, and thus get loose to the imminent
risk of the vehicle to which they are attached, by
running off. To the owners of such animals I rec-
commend the following treatment:

106 THE HORSE.

Put on the bitting machine as recommended in
the preceeding article, treating on the subject of
teaching a horse to lead behind a vehicle. Hitch
him to a post or tree and let him pull until he stops
of his own accord, which will not be very.long. If
the treatment is not disagreeable, so as to cause
him to pull, twitch him up quietly, and make him
- pull until he is satisfied.

TO TEACH A HORSE TO FOLLOW.

Put on the bitting machine named in the precee-
ding article, in the form of a halter, taking hold of
the shank nearly up to the jaw; stepping a little 'to
one side say, “come here sir,” at the same time
gently pulling on theshank; then change your po-
sition to the opposite side and address him as be-
fore, repeating the lesson several times. A roomy
barn where there is nothing to attract the animals
attention, is the best place to operate in. A few
such lessons, given at intervals of leisure will train
your horse to perfection. .

TO BREAK A HORSE FROM JUMPING
FENCES. |

No animal gives more trouble to the farmer than
a breechy horse, indeed to some, the best fences
are no impediment to this roaming wherever they
please. To prevent this, adopt the following plan:

Take a strong strap or circingle, with a ring firm-
ly attached, so as to come under the animals belly
when fastened around the body. Then take a
strong strap with a buckle at each end, first fas-
tening one endaround one of the animals fore legs

+
TO BREAK HORSES OF KICKING IN HARNESS. 107

below the knee; then pass the other end through
the ring in the circingle and buckle the other end
around the other fore leg in the same manner as
the first- Have a second strap of equal length,
with a buckle sewed to each end, fasten one end
around the hind fetlock, pass the other through
‘the ring under the circingle and fasten to the other
fetlock in like manner, when the horse walks, the
strap slides to and fro inthe ring. This will pre-
vent any horse from jumping, no difference how
old an adept he may bein the practice. It will
not however, interfere with his traveling over the
‘pasture to obtain food.

TO BREAK HORSES OF KICKING IN
HARNESS. .

A horse that kicks in harness is most unsafe and
should never be used for family purposes until
thoroughly cured of this dangerous practice. Man-
y remedies have been tried, but, none have I yet
found so efficacious as the following, by which I
have cured many “hard cases,” some of whom have
smashed more buggies than their heads were worth.

Use the circingle described in the foregoing
article, and take two strong straps, just of sufficient
length, with four rings firmly attached, one to each
hind leg at the fetlock; then take a strong rope
about six feet long, tie a knot to one end, and run
the other through the rings on the hind foot, then
draw the rope through the rings of the strap on
the other hind foot; draw the rope sufficiently
tight to prevent his kicking, but not so much so as
to interfere with his walking freely. Knot the

.)
108 THE HORSE,

rope so as to fasten it in that position, and cut off
any there may be left after the knot is tied. Now
take asmall strap or cord, fastening one end in the
ring of the circingle and the other tothe bridle-bit,
leaving him room to pull, but in the event of his
kicking so tight as to check on the bit. Thisrem-
edy never fails in the most obstinate cases, when
properly applied to break horses after a few les-
sons,

BREAKING RUNAWAY HORSES.

Next to the kicking horse, the runaway horse is
most dreaded; he is always unsafe, never to be re-
lied upon, and especially dangerous when used in
buggy or family carriages; the following method
of treatment will effectually break any horse of the
practice.

Put on the circingle, first attaching a ring on
each side opposite the lower part of the horses
shoulder. Taketwo short straps with rings, same
as used for kicking horses, and fasten them around
the fore legs above the fetlock joint; then procure
a rope about twenty-five feet in length; pass each
end of the rope through the rings in the circingle
and likewise through therings in the straps on the
fore leg, drawing tolerably tight, but giving lib-
erty to walk, tie the ends fast by knotting, so that
they will not repassthrough the rings. Now hitch
the runaway to a wagon beside another horse hav-
ing on the usual check lines which must be held
by a second party, another holding to rope before
named, which acts as an independent rein. Let
the party holding the regular reins order the team
on, when should therunaway attempt to run, the

TO CURE .A HORSE OF BALKING. 109

person holding the rope line, by a sudden pull can
throw him on his knees, or probably flat on the
ground. Let him recover himself, and each time
he attempts torun, serve him inlike manner. Re-
peat this treatment, andyou will give the most in-
corrigible runaway a distaste for his bad practice.

TO CURE A HORSE OF BALKING.

The cause ot a horse balking is generally owing to
his early training, andis more ofhistutor’s fault, in
loosing his temper, administering harsh treatment,
than the animals. <A horse will appreciate kind-
ness, by which you gain his confidence and even
break him of many vicious habits. A horse that has
been badly handled and become a constant balker,
must be treated kindly and carefully, when his dis-
position in this respect may be easily overcome.

Take and old balker and puton him the bitting
machine and his harness, rolling the shank of the
former to within abouttwo feet of the jaw around
your left hand, and with your right grasp firmly
his tail winding it around your hand tightly, which
places him entirely under your control. While thus
holding him, commence pulling with all your
strength on his tail, and with such force on the hal-
ter shank as may benecessary to swing him each
time around, repeating the exercise quick and often
until the horse becomes dizzy, which may be as-
certained by his actions. Immediately hitch him
to a wagon on the off side with a steady horse and
drive gently. Should he show any disposition to re-
fuse his work, unhitch and repeat the swinging pro-
cess. It is better not to load heavy until perfectly
cured of his balking propensities.

110 THE HORSE.

SUPPOSITIONS ON THE SENSE OF
SMELLING.

We might very naturally suppose from the fact
_of the horse’s apply:ng his nose to everything new
to him, that he does so for the purpose of smelling
these objects. But I believe that it is as much or
more for the purpose of feeling, and that he makes
use ofthis nose, or muzzle, (as it is sometimes call-
ed,) as we would of our hands; because it is the
only organ by which he can touch or feel anything
with much susceptibility.

I believe that he invariably makes use of the four
sences, seeing, hearing, smelling and feeling,
in all of his examinations, of which the sense of
feeling is, perhaps, the most important. And I
think that in the experiment with the robe, his
gradual approach and final touch with his nose,
was as much for the purpose of feeling as anything
else; his sense of smell being so keen, that it would
not be necessary for him to touch his nose against
anything in order to get the proper scent; for, itis
said, a horse can smella man the distance of a mile.
And, if the scent of the robe was all that was nec-
essary, he could get that several rodsoff. But, we
know fromexperience that if a horse sees and
smells a robe a short distance from him, he is very |
much frightened (unless he is used to it, ) until he
touches or feels it with his nose; which is a pos-
itive proof that feeling is the controlling sense in
this case.

GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE HORSE. 111
PREVAILING OPINION OF HORSEMEN.

“Tt is a prevailing opinion among horsemen gen-
erally that the sense of smell is the governing sense
of the horse. And Faucher, as well as others, have
with that view got up recipes of strong smelling
' oils, ete., totame the horse, sometimes using the
chestnut of his leg, which they dry, grind into pow-
der, and blow into his nostrils. Sometimes using
the oil of rhodium organum, etc., that are noted
for their strong smell. And sometimes they scent
the hand with the sweat from under the arm, or
blow their breath into his nostrils, etc., ete. Allof
which, as far as the scent goes, have noeficct what-
ever in gentling the horse, or conveying any idea
to his mind; though the works that accompany
these efforts—handling him, touching him about
the nose and head, and patting him, as they direct
you should, after administering the articles, may,
have a very great effect, which they mistake to be
the effect of the ingredients. used.

Now, reader, can you, or any one else, give one
single reason how scent can convey any idea to the
horse’s mind of what we want himto do? If not,
then, of course, strong scents of any kind are ofno
account in taming the unbroken horse, For every-
thing that we get him to do of his own accord with-
nut force, must be accomplished by some means of
conveying ourideas to his mind. I say to my
horse, “go-long! and he goes; “ho!” and he stops;
because those two words of which he has learned
the meaning by the tap of the whip and the pull of
the rein that first accompanied them, convey the
two ideas to his mindofgo and stop.

Faucher, or no one else, can ever learnthe horse

112 THE HORSE.
=
a single thing by means of scent alone. )

How long do you suppose a horse would have to
stand and smell a bottle ofoil before he would learn
to bend his keee and make a bow at your bidding,
“oo yonder and bring my hat,” or “come here and
lay down?” Thus you see the absurdity of trying
to break or tame the horse by means of recipes for
articles to smell of, or medicine to give him, of any
kind whatever.

The only science that has ever existed in the
world relative to breaking horses, that has been of
any account, is that true method which takes
them in their native state, and improves their in-
telligence.”

POWELL’S SYSTEM OF APPROACHING
THE COLT.

But, before we go further, I will give you Willis
J. Powell’s system of approaching a wild colt, as
given by him in awork published in Europe, about
the year 1814, on the “Art of taming wild horses.”
He says, “A horseis gentled by my secret, in from
two to sixteen hours.” He goes on to say: “Cause
your horse to be put in a small yard, stable, or room.
Ifinastable or room, it ought to be large in order to
give him some exercise with the halter before you
lead him out. Ifthe horse belongs to that class
which only appears to fear man, you must intro-
duce yourself gently into the stable, room, or yard
where the horse is. He will naturally run from
you, and frequently turn his head from you; but
you must walk about extremely slow and softly, so
that he can ser you whenever he turns his head to-
wards you, which he never fails todo in a short

GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF HORSES. 113

time, say in a quarter or half an hour, I never
knew one to be much longer without turning to-
wards me.

“ At the very moment he turns his head, hold out
your left hand towards him, and stand perfectly
still, keeping your eyes upon the horse, watching
his motions if hemakes any. If the horse does
not stir for ten or fifteen minutes, advance as slow-
ly as possible, and without making the least noise,
always holding out your left hand, without any oth-
er ingredient in it, than what nature putin.” He
says, “I have made use of certain ingredients before
people such asthe sweat under my arm, etc., to dis-
guise the secret, and many believed that the docil-
ity to which the horse arrived in so short a time,
was owing to these ingredients; but you see from
this explanation that they were of no use whatever.
The implicit faith placed in these ingrdients, though
innocent of themselves, become ‘faith ‘without
works.’ And thus men remained always in doubt
concerning this secret. If the horse makes the
least motion when you advance towards him, stop
and remain perfectly still until he is quiet. Remain
a few minutes in this condition, and then advance
again in the same slow and almost imperceptible
manner. Take notice, if the horse stirs, stop with-
out changing your position. Itis very uncommon
for the horse to stir more than once after you begin
to advance, yet thereare exceptions. He general-
ly keeps his eyes steadfast on you, until you get
near enough to touch him on the forehead. When
you are thus near him, raise slowly, and by degrees
your hand, and let it come in contact with that part
just above the nostrils as lightly as possible. If
the horse flinches, (as many will) repeat with

114 THE HORSE.

great rapidity these light strokes upon the fore-
head, going a little farther up towards his ears by
degrees, and descending with the same rapidity
until he will let you handle his forehead all over.
Now let the strokes be repeated with. more force
over all his forehead, descending by lighter strokes
to each side of his head, until you can handle that
part with equal facility. Then touch in the same
light manner, making your hands and fingers play
around the lower part of the horse’s ears coming
down now and then to his forehead, which may be
looked upon as the helm that governs all the rest.

“Having succeeded in handling his ears, advance
towards the neck, with the same precautions, and
in the same manner; observing always to augment
the force of the strokes whenever the horse will per-
mit it. Perform the same on both sides of the
neck, until he lets you take it in your arms without
flinching.

“Proceed in the same progressive manner to the
sides, and then to the back of the horse. Every
time the horse shows any nervousness return im-
mediately to the forehead as the true standard,
patting him with your hands, and from thence rap-
idly to where you had already arrived, always gain-
ing ground a considerable distance farther on ev-
ery time this happens. The head, ears, neck and
body being thus gentled proceed from the back to
the root of the tail.

“This must be managed with dexterity, as a horse
is never to be depended on that is skittish about
the tail. Let your hand fall lightly and rapidly on
that part next to the body a minute or two and
then you will begin to give ita slight pull upwards
every quarter of a minute. At the same time you

115

continue this handling of him, augment the force
of the strokes, as well as the raising of the tail, un-
til you can raise it and handle it with the greatest
ease, which commonly happens in a quarter of an
hour in most horses; in others almost immediately,
and in some longer. It now remains to handle all
his legs; from the tail come back again to the
head, handle it well, as likewise the ears, breast,
neck, etc., speaking now and then to the horse. Be-
gin by degrees to descend to the legs, always as-
cending and descending. gaining ground every
time you descend until you get to his feet.

“Talk to the horse in Latin, Greek, French, Eng-
lish, or Spanish, or any language you please; but
let him hear the sound of your voice, which at the
beginning of the operation is not quite so necessa-
ry, but which I have always done in making him
lift up his feet. Hold up your foot—‘Live la pied’
—‘Alza el pie’—‘Aron ton poda,’ etc., at the same
time lift his with your hand. He soon becomes fa-
miliar with the sounds, and will hold up his foot at
command. Then proceed to the hind feet and go
on in the same manner, and in short time the horse
will let you lift them and even take them up in your
arms.

“All this operation is no fain no galvan
ism; it is merely taking away the fear a horse gen-
erally has of a man, and familiarizing the animal
with his master; as the horse doubtless experiences
a certain pleasure from this handling, he will soon
become gentle under it, and show a very marked
attachment to his keeper.”

116 THE HORSE.

REMARKS ON POWELL’S TREATMENT
HOW TO GOVERN HORSES OF ANY KIND.

These instructions are very good, but not quite
sufficient for horses of all kinds, and for haltering
and leading the colt. He speaks only on the kind
that fear man.

To those who understand sie phylosophy of
horsemanship, these are the easiest trained; for
when we have a horse that is wild and lively, we
can train him to our will in a very short time; for
they are generally quick to learn, and always ready
to obey. But there is another kind that are ofa
stubborn or vicious disposition, and although they
are not wild, and donotrequire taming, in the sense
it is generally understood, they are just as igno-
rant as a wild horse. if not more so, and need to be
learned just as much; and in order to have them
obey quickly, it is very necessary that they should
be made to fear their masters; for in order to ob-
tain perfect obedience from any horse, we must first
have him fear us, for our motto is fear, love and
obey; and we must have the fulfilment of the first
two, before we can expect the latter, and it is by
our phylosophy of creating fear, love and confidence
that we govern to our will every kind of a horse
whatever.

Then, in order to take horses as we find them, of
all kinds, and to train them to our likings, we will
always take with us, when we go into the stable to
train a colt,a long switch whip, (whaie-bone bug-
gy whipsare the best,) with a good silk cracker,
50 as to cut keen, and makea sharp report, which
if handled with dexter ity, and rightly applied, ac-
companied with a sharp fierce, word, will be suffi-

GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF HORSES, 117

cient to enliven the spirits of any horse. With
this whipin your right hand with the lash pointing
backward, enter the stable alone. It isa great
disadvantage, in training a horse to have any one
in the stable with you; you should be entirely a-
lone, so as to have nothing but yourself to attract
his attention. If he iswild you will soon see him
on the opposite side ofthe stable from you; and
now is the time to use a little judgment. I would
not want, for myself, more than a half or three-
quarters of an hour to handle any colt, and have
him running about in the stable after me; though
I would advise a new beginner to take more time,
and not bein too much ofa hurry. If you have
but one colt to gentle, and are not particular about.
the leneth of time you spend, and have not had
any experience in handling colts, I would advise
you to take Mr. Powell’s method at first, till you
gentle him, which he says, takcs from two to six
hours.”

HORSE TALK.

If you desire your horse to answer “yes” or “no”
by anod or shake of the head, proceed as follows:

Take a sharp pin or needle between your finger
and thumb, aud when you desire him to respond
“ves” to some intzrogatory, prick. him slily low
down on tue breast, and he will knod his head, you
repeating audibly “yes.” When you desire him to
say “no,” prick him on the withers, you repeating
in the same manner “no.” By frequent repetition
of this practice, your horse will soon learn to nod
in response to“yes” or shake his head at: “no.”

CHAPTER IX.

POINTS OF THE HORSE.

The following cuts intended to represent the
points of horses, and fix in the mind a correct mod-
el by which to obtain a knowledge of their good
qualities, with the accompanying description of the
cuts and comments upon the same; we copy from
Wells & Fowler’s admirable work on domestic ani-
mals.

“Every one who has anything to do with the horse
should know something of the ‘points’ by means of
which a good animal is distinguished from a bad
one. It is necessary to understand this, no matter
for what particular service the horse may be requir-
ed; and the qualities indicated by these points are
universal in all breeds.

“To illustrate this subject and teach the unin-
structed how to correctly judge the horse, we in-
troduce the accompanying lettered outlines.

“It is evident that to be a good judge of a horse,
one must have in his memory a model by which to
try all that may be presented to his criticism and
judgment.

“Fig 1 represents sucha model. It is a thor-
oug-bréd horse, in which the artist‘has endeavored
to avoid every fault. Fig. 2 is designed to represent

118

POINTS OF HORSES. 119

ahorse in which every good point is suppressed.
It may not be common to see a horse totally des-
titute of every good point; but injudicious breed-
ing has so obliterated the good one, that the cut
fig. 2 is not a caricature, though we confess that
its original is little less than a caricature on the true
ideal of a horse. Such a head is common, so is
such a shoulder, such a back, quarters, and legs;
and ifthey are not very often all combined in one
animal, they are, unfortunately, often found distrib-
uted among the common breeds in such abundance
as to mar the beauty and the service ofthree quar-
ters of all the horses in ordinary use. The letters
are alike in both figures, and will enable the reader
to draw a comparison between the respective points
of each.

“The most important part of allis probably the
direction of the shoulder, from A to B. Next to
this, the length from the hip to the hock, C to D.
The point which next to these probably most con-
tributes to speed and easy going, is the shortness
of the canon bone between the knee and the pastern
joint, E to F, a point without which no leg is good.
A herse which has all these three points good wiil
necessarily and infallibly stand overa great deal of
ground, W to X, that is, the distance between his
fore and hind feet will be great; while one which
is deficient in all of them, or indeed, in the two
first, will as assuredly stand like a goat with all its
feet gathered under him, and will never be either a
fast horse or safe under saddle. A horse, not in
motion, may be more speedily judged of by this
feature than by any other. One consequence of a
fine receding shoulder is to give length in the hu-
merus, or upper arm, from B to P, without, which a

120 THE HORSE.

great stride can hardly be attained, but which will

Cc
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— Sd

seldom ifever be found wanting if the shoulder-
blade be well placed. A prominent and fleshy
chest is admired by some, probably because they
think it indicative of powerful lungs and room for
theiruse. We object to it as adding to what is de-

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POINTS OF HORSES. 121

sirable to avoid—the weight to be lifted forward
in the act of progression—while all the space the
lungs require is to be obtained by depth instead of
breadth, as from A to H, in which point, if a horse
be defficient, he will seldom be fit for fast work. The
other points which we have marked for comparison
are G to E, or the width of the leg immediately be-
low the knee, which in a well-formed leg will be equal
all the way down; ina bad one it will be narrowish
immediately below the knee, or what is called ‘tied
in.’ The shape of the neck is more important than
might at first thought be supposed, as affecting
both the wind and the handiness of the mouth; no
horse with a faulty neck anda head ill-attached to
it, as at Q to Kin fig. 2, ever possesses a good or
manageable mouth. The points of the face are not
without significance, a feebly developed counte-
nance generally showing weakness of courage if |
not of constitution. We therefore like to see a
large and bony protuberance above the eye, as at
L in fig. 1, giving the appearance of a sinking im-
mediately below, followed by a slightly Roman or
protruding inclination toward the nose. These when
present are generally signs of ‘blood, which is in
some proportion or other a quality without which
no breed of horses will ever improve or long entitle
itself to rank as other than arace of drudges, fit
only for sand or manure carts.

“Bearing these points in mind, you may, by obser-
ving and comparing the different animals which
fall under your eyes, soon qualify yourself to give
an intelligent opinion of a horse. One cannot be-
come perfect in this branch of knowledge in a week
or ina year. Certainly no careful student of this
little book will allow himself to be imposed upon

1392 THE HORSE.

in the purchase of an animal having many of the
bad points represented in fig. 2. The perfect horse
fig. 1) you will not expect to meet every day.

A badly formed horse is not profitable for any
purpose; because, if so formed, they are either clum-
sy, inactive, dull in mind, or tender and easily bro-
ken down. It costsjust as much to breed, raise,
and keep a poor horse as a good one, and the poor
one islow in value and unsalable: besides, he is
unable to do good service in any sphere, or to en-
dure.

“We copy from Lavater six heads of horses,

fig. 3. which indicate different tem-
peraments anda great diversi-
ty of character and disposition.

"ile ea a “fio, 3 has a slow, heavy tem-

; GET fH ‘iS, perament, is without” spirit,

ete: Hy u| mu) ‘ey kward in motion, lazy, stu-
tt inh Mh wy Na pid in intellect, difficult to

fi eis jy? teach, bears the whip and needs
Y/,’ it. though it is soon forgotten.

V7" He is too lazy to hold up his

ears or under lip,and is a
regular bog-necked, heavy- fig. 4.
footed animal. Ca

“fio. 4 has more intelli-
gence and spirit, a more
active temperament, and is ih
disposed to anger, will not @ jig"
bear the whip, and shows Ro
his anger, when teased or
irritated, in a bold direct
onset with the teeth.

“fio, D isa very active temperament; isa quick,
keen, active, intelligent animal, butis sly, cunning,

POINTS OF HORSES, 123

mischievous, and _ trickish;
will be hard to catch in the
field, inclined to slip the bri-
dle, will be a great shirk in
double harness, and will require
a sharp eye and steady hand to
drive him, and will want some- Ai
thing besides a frolicsome boy \WYg
for a master.

“Fig. 6 is obstinate, head-
strong, easily irritated, de-
ceitful, and savage; will be

: Hdl es to back, inclined to balk,

disposed to fight and crowd
his mate, and bite and kick

“fic 7 has a noble, proud
disposition, and a_lofty,
stately carriage, but he is

timid, restive, and easily irritated and thrown off
his mental balance. Such horses should be used
by steady, calm men, and on roads and in business:
which have little variety, change, ormeans of ex

fig. 8.

citement.

124 THE HORSE.

“Fig. 8 is a calm, self- possessed animal, with a
noble, “elevated disposition, trustworthy, courageous
good- temper ed, well adapted to family use, but not
remarkable for sharpness of mind or activity of
body.

“Kies. 9 and 10
show a great contrast
=== _—in shape of head, ex-
C—O pression of counte-
1" nance, temperament,
disposition, and in-
telligence. The first
is a most noble ani-
mal.

“Fio 9 is broad be:
salt tween the eyes, full,
rounded, and promi-
nent in the forehead,
indicating benevolence and intellect; broad be-
tween the ears, showing courage; broad between
the eyes, evincing quickness of 7 perception, memo-
ry, and capacity to fig. dad”
learn. He can be
taught almost anything,

Y Riaz ye
can be trusted, and loves W7/%¢ eee 4
and trusts man; is not

timid, will goanywhere,

Ye
. \ iB lace I
and stand without fas- «il iy, ¢ MN,
+ . Th | 7 4%
tening; never kicks, atl Wy :%>.
. ’ a4 z~ 4
bites, or runs away. EX My,
; Sie
“Fig. 10 shows a ARSON

marked contrast with
fig. 9 in almost every respect; his narrow and con-
tracted forehead shows a lack of intelligence, kind-

POINTS OF HORSES. 125

ness, and tractability; is timid and shy in harness,
vicious, unfriendly, disposed to kick, bite, balk, or
run away, and is fit only for a mill or horse-boat.
For all general uses he should be avoided, and by
no means should such an organization be employed
for breeding purposes.”

COLOR.

W. C. Spooner, author of several veterinary works,
has the following remarks on color as.a sign of oth-
er qualities in the horse:

“We have found both good and bad horses of ev-
ery color,and the only rule we can admit as cor-
rect is, that certain colors denote deficient breed-
ing, and therefore such animal is not likely to be
so good as he looks, but is probably deficient in
bottom or the powers of endurance. These colors
are black, which prevails so much with cart-horses,
and sorrel, dun, piebald, etc.; the possessors of
which come from the North, and possess no Eas-
tern blood. Black horses, unless evidently high
bred, are very often soft and sluggish, with breed
ing insufficient for their work; the pedigree of the
majority of them may be dated from the plow-taul,
whatever admixtures there may have been since.
White hair denotes a thin skin, which is objection
able when it prevails-on the legs of horses, as such
animals are more disposed to swelled legs and
cracked heels than others. Bay horses with black
legs are greatly esteemed, yet we have known man.
y determined slugs ofthis hue. Their constitu-
tion is however, almost invariably good. Chest-
nut is the prevailing color with our race-horses,
and consequently chestnut horses are generally

126 THE HORSE.

pretty well bred, and possess the good and bad
qualities which obtain most among thorough-breds.
The Suffolk cart-horse is also distinguished by his

4 Fetlock
Le“ cet Pol, pd slorn.

COMMON TERMS DENOTING THE PARTS OF A HORSE,

light chestnut color; and it is no recommendation
to find that this breed has, for several years past,
carried away the principal prizes at the annual
shows ofthe Royal Agricultural Society of Eng-
land. Gray is a very “good color, and generally
denotes a considerable admixture of Eastern blood.”

\)
WH)
NG MsN

CHAPTER X.

Ripa

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CON

CATTLE.

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commerce, none stand h

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128 CATTLE.

part. Even from our own continent, especially the
older settled portions, the demand on the Great
West, as is evident every day by the immense
trains laden with stock, passing eastward over our
principal railroads; and should prices continue to
reward the stock raisers, as within the past ten
years, ending in December 1871, the energies of
our farmers will be fully taxed to supply the de-
mand for this article of animal food. Notwith-
standing this constantly mecreasing demand, we
find that the supply has not kept pace with it in
the West. In the States of Ohio, Indiana, Michi-
gan and Wisconsin according to recent statistics
the number of cattle is not greater than four to
one of the population. Illinois is an exception,
rating somewhat higher; while Texas, since the
building of the Pacific Railroad, opening an access
of trade in this great product of her vast prairies
to the markets of the East, the stock of cattle is
estimated at four to one of the population. Texas
shipped northwest in 1870, two hundred and thir-
ty-two thousand head of beef cattle. The enor-
mous number were from the Northern and Central
parts of the State, while a vast number in addition
were shipped by sea.

The farmers of the North-west, to compete with
the vast resources of Texas cattle-raisers, when
land is cheap and fertile, and the severity of eith-
er unknown—green pasture being abundant at all
seasons, must secure more valuable breeds of stock.
They must select animals which, with the same
average of summer pasture and the same amount
of winter feeding, will yield beef in greater quanti-
ty, of finer quality, and of higher market value.

_ The more intelligent cattle-raiser in the older

GOUT. 129

states have already anticipated this necessity, by
replacing their common stocks with improved
breeds; and so apparent is it that the North-west
must follow the example in order to keep pace with
the increasing wealth and progressive civilization,
which is accumulating and diffusing itself through
more numerous classes of society, creating a de-
mand for better food. Thus much as to cattle gen-
erally, and the importance of improved breeds, we
shall devote a few pages on the disease to which
they are subject, their care, breeding, etc., commen-
cing with

THE COW.

The Cow, especially young cows, in condition at
the time of calving are very subject to a disease
ealled gout, a downfall of the udder. The complaint
is generally noticed by a swelling and hardness of
the part attended with fever and pain, when press-
ed. Secretion of the milk is apt to result, and
when drawn, is often accompanied by blood or
completed matter. Frequently the supply of milk
entirely ceases, when suppuration is certain to fol-
low. In many cases we have known the hard limbs
to become swollen and inflamed, reaching from the
aip to thé foot. In this condition they are apt to
get down, with an inability to rise again.

When the symptoms are at first discovered, bleed-
ing should be resorted to, taking in quantity, ac-
cording to the strength of the animal. In twelve
hours after bleeding, the following may be given'as
a purgative. JS

Gentian root powdered, half ounce; ginger, pow-
dered one drachm, Salts, two ounces. Mix with

130 CATTLE.

a pint of warm gruel and administer as a drench.
Repeat in twelve hours,

Keep the cow on spare diet. Bran or corn-meal
warm mashes, with but little hay, will suffice for a
few days.

In most cases the udder becomes very sore, and
when in that condition, should be rubbed with an
ointment composed as follows:

One pound of soft soap, two ounces of mercurial
ointment, one ounce of camphor, grated with half
an ounce of spirits of wine. Blend well together
and rub carefully the affected part, always. after
milking until a cure is perfected. Care should be
taken to wash the ointment off well with warm wa-
ter before milking. In order to keep the bowels
open and prevent fever or inflammation, continue
the mashes twice each day until entirely well, also
applying the ointment if necessary. Ifthe natur-
al appearance of the udder is not restored by the
foregoing remedies, and it continues swollen, hard
and sore, a close examination will become necessa-
ry, to ascertain whether corrupted matter has not
formed within, in which event, open a slight incis-
ion with a sharp pen-knife, and encourage the dis-
charge by occasional fomentations with warm wa-
ter. Do not cut the teat cross-wise, but downward.
It will heal readily. Death sometimes ensues from
mortification.

WEEDS.

This complaint in fresh calved cows is frequent,
and is the result sometimes of an overflow of milk,
or bad milking. The animal is taken with fits of
fever and shivering, hanging her head and having

PARTURITION. 131

a general dull appearance, refusing food, the udder
hot and swollen. Prompt measures are neces-
sary or an abscess is certain to form, keep the bow-
els open to prevent inflammation and reduce fever.
Foment the udder with warm water frequently, and
rub with a mixture of hartshorn and oil—equal
parts. If the shivering continues, have her cover-
ed with a warm blanket.

The: following, administered as a drench, fre-
quently effects speedy cure:

Powered ginger; half ounce; crawayseed, six
drams; alspice, half ounce. Mix in quart of warm
water.

SORE TEATS.

This disease is of pesyiactis occurrence, most
generally after calving, rendering the cow very dif-
ficult and unpleasant to milk, by the discharge of
matter from the cracks, passing through the hands
and into the milk. The following will be found
an effectual remedy:.

Two ounées of Beeswax, one ounce of Sugar of
lead, one ounce of alum and six ounces of elder
ointment. Place over a fire and stir until well mix-
Apply when cold by rubbing the teats each time
after milking wash in warm water and castile soap
i yt |

PARTURITION.
The process of calving is usually performed with-

out difficulty; sometimes, however, cross presenta-
tions take place, and sometimes a constriction of

32 CATTLE.

-parts prevents the natural passage of the calf To
act properly on these occasions, great patience is
required and much mildness; many cows have been
lost by brutal pulling; we have seen all of the men
and boys of a.farm mustered to pull at arope affix-
ed about acalf, partly protruded, which, when it
was thus brought away, was forced to be killed,
and the mother soon died also, from the protrusion
of parts this brutal force brought with the calf.

RELIEF.

Mares and Cows frequently die in course of par-
turition, when timely aid would save their lives. In
hundreds of cases in which I have operated I have
never yet lost an animal. The difficulties in their
bringing forth their young are numerous, seme
from the dam being to highly fed, others owing. to
weakness, from lack of sufficient nourishment. The
latter is the most prevalent.

In mos: cases the young are to weak to turn them-
selves, as nature intended, they should, to come
forth with ease. In all such cases there is but one
remedy, in which two stout men must act as accou-
cheurs. They should stand the animal, one having
greased his right hand and arm with lard, the oth-
er bis left, and standing so that the greased arms
come together. Inthis position they force their
arms gently into the vagina and discover the pos-
ture ofthe young. It so happens that the head is
turned wrong side up, or remains back on its side,
or the knees remain stiff so they will not straight-
en, aS nature intended.

Thus when labor and pain comes on, the young
lodges against the Pelvis bone. Care. should be

CASTING THE FUNDAMENT. 133

taken not to scratch with thenails. Its proper po-
sition is head foremost and back upwards. The
legs should be straight forward, being careful that
they are under part of the head and not crossed a-
. bove the neck. Then straighten the head. After
the dam has rested a few minutes you can gradual-
ly pull and assist when labor is on until the young
is romoved. Aftera few minutes you may remove
the calf-bed by holding the outer part with one
hand and introducing the other hand gradually
loosening the internal parts trom the folds, being
careful not to scratch with your nails; then grease
internally by mixing the bulk ofa hazlenut of gol-
den seal with a spoonful of lard, Warm drink
made of meal partly browned or scorched may be
- given with good effect. .

RETENTION OF AFTER BIRTH.

It sometimes happens that this is retained, be-
ing attached between folds or lapped around false
dogs. Treat according to instructions given above.

CASTING THE FUNDAMENT.

It frequently occurs, that mares im* good condi
tion, while with foal get foundered. In such cases
inflammation of the uterus or womb frequently
takes place, involving the organs of generation and
in some instances, the kidney and bladder, caus-
ing intense heat of the parts, which may be felt in
the rectum. The uterus becomes swollen and in-
flamed, producing what is termed “falling of the
womb,” and the hinder parts become swollen, pro-
trude and hang out endangering the life of the an-

134 CATTLE.

imal. The cause ofthis is feeding rotten, mouldy
fodder or straw, or rotton mouldy corn or oats.
With the following treatment I have met with
marked success and most heartily recommend its
use.

Take a small bundle of willow sprouts, dry them
well, burn them to ashes and run them through a
fine sieve. Wash the fundament well with castile-
soap and warm water, then sprinkle on the willow
ashes and turn thefundament back. Tie the tail of
the cow or mare asthe case may be, fast under the
belly to a circingle, or take a block of wood, bore
two holes in it, one on each side, fasten it under
the tail by tying two ropes in it, one on each side,
then fasten it tothe circingle. Let it remain in
this position for three or four hours.

A GERMAN CURE FOR THE SAME.

A beefs morrow bone burntin the fire and bea-
ten into fine powder is a good dryer and
healer, and will cause a new skin to form on any
wound, when sprinkled on as the case requires.

AN INDIAN CURE.
ie

In my practice I have thoroughly tested the fol-
lowing and found it reliable.

1 teaspoonful of golden-seal; 1 teaspoonful ot
gentian. Mix with four ounces of lard. Grease
the fundament well before turning. Give freely of
the cleansing powders to regulate the blood and
liver. |

AUGNe 135
INDIAN VEGETABLE CANCER CURE.

_ It may appear presumptious in a man of my
humble abilities to meddle in a matter in which
learned surgeons, in the different parts of the
world so widely differ, and in which almost all fail
to effect a cure, of that dreadful malady to the hu-
man family known as cancers. However, I enter
the field of competition, being satisfied that in nine
eases out of every ten, the following remedy, if ap-
plied in time, and the preparation made according
to my directions, that it will have the desired result.
I am thus confident, knowing at this time of over
fifty cures being effected by its application.

Take a large bunch of sour sheep sorrel, wash,
put into a clean linen towel and bruise thoroughly ;
then squeeze out the juice with a pair of clamps,
letting it drop on a piece of new zinc. Set the
zine in a shady place until the juice dries to the
consistency of a salve, then scrape off and put in a
vial for use. Spread the salve thinly on a piece of
fine linen, and apply to the part affected twice a
day.

In a short time the cancer will be seen to sepa-
rate from the healthy flesh, but continue the plas-
ter until it comes out by the reot. Then apply a
salve composed as follows:

Sheep suet, 2 ounces; fresh butter, 2 ounces;
golden seal, $ oz.; eyebright, + 0z; mix well, melt
over a slow fire, then strain through a cloth, and
itis fit for use. Apply twice a day. |

GERMAN VEGETABLE CURE.

This is one of the best caustics I ever made use
of for all deep seated ulcers, such as Fistulas or a

136 CATTLE.

necrosis of the bone. It causes speedy suppura- |
tion, removes proud flesh and all Fungal Tumors,
Warts, Cancers, &e.

I have cured several cancers, on the vagina of
cattle with the following:

“Peel 3 bushels of bark as follows; 1 of black oak,
1 of swamp ash, 1 of black hickory; dry the bark
in the shade, then burn it to ashesin a large kettle;
add soft water and boil 15 minutes; then leach
and settle carefully, after which boil down slowly,
until thick, then remove part of the fire and dry
down slowly to potash; putin a closely stopped
jar for use.

HORN DISTEMPER, OR HOLLOW HORN.

A disorder incident to horned cattle, by which
the internal substance of the horn, (commonly call-
ed the pith, which is the spongy part of the bone)
wastes away, &c. This disorder may be known by
a dullness in the countenance, a sluggish motion,
want of appetite, a desire to lie down frequently,
shake their head and appear dizzy, &c. To be
sure of this disease, take a small gimblet and per-
forate the horn two or three inches above the head ;
if it is hollow and no blood follows, it is the hollow
horn. This distemper is generally brought on by
poverty.

TREATMENT.—Bore the horn at the upper and
lower side that the drain may have vent, and ad-
minister at least two or three doses of salts or some
gentle purgative; inject into the horn strong vine-
gar and camphorated spirits of salt and vinegar;
this will cleanse the horn and effect a cure.

137
BLOAT.

This arises from different causes, cattle are sub-
ject to a flatulent colic, which is not unlike that of
the horse, costiveness or bloat and red-colic, which
in them is called glue-bound, forubel bound, or clo-
ver bound. Too free feeding on clover or green
corn, is liable to produce bloat in cattle and if not
promptly relieved, frequently die. It is not safe
in such cases to wait the tardy action of medicine.
Therefore, stabbing which should be performed
skillfully and promptly is always preferable. To
perform this, take a sharp pointed butcher knife
and make the incision about six inches deep in the
thin skin between the lower part of the hip bone
and the last rib. Here the knife will enter where
the Paunch is attached and where there is no mus-
cles to sever, where the acids will escape giving in-
stant relief.

TREATMENT.—Feed dry light feed, and plenty of
Cleansing Powders in a little bran or slop.

INFLAMMATION, OR RED COLIC.

This is by no means unknownin cattle Pathol-
ogy; the symptoms of which do not differ from
those common to the horse, and the treatment also,
isin every respect the same.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER, OR HOT
YELLOWS,

sometimes occur, in which case, in addition to the
symptoms detailed under hipatitis in the horse
there is, from the presence of systic bile in the ox,
amore determined yellowishness of the eyelids,

138 CATTLE.

mouth, and nostrils. . The treatment must be sim-
ilar.

TREMBLES, OR MILK SICKNESS.

This is one of the most fearful of all diseases
with which the cow or horse may be affected.

Its effects on the horses and cattle are equally
alike. ‘Tae milk or butter from a cow that has the
trembles, causes sick stomach in those who partake
of it, with severe vomiting and unless speedy re-
lief is afforded much may prove fatal. In my long
train of practice I have been called to treat hun-
dreds of cases of this kind in the quadruped, and I
am happy to be able to submit to the world the on-
ly successful remedy. In all such cases the stom-
ach becomes surcharged with morbific agents,
generated in the body by eating grass or drinking
water that becomes vitiated by deleterious matter
floating in the air; settling down on the vegetable
or waters, poisoning them and when taken into the
stomach, produces this trembling or vomiting,
bringing about a derangement of “the circulatory
and nervous systems. The animal hangs its head;
drops its ears, and shows symptoms of acute fever.

TReaATMENT.—I have cured hundreds of cases
with the following:

4 ozs. of sweet oil or castor oil; 1 pt. of lard
melted, add:10 drops of croton oil,and drench or
give 4 drachms of calomel with the above omitting
the croton oil, repeat every three hours until you
get evacuation, then all is right.

139
MISCELLANEOUS.

- It is stated that for several years past, there has
been a great loss of cattle in the mountains of New
Hampshire, from some unknown form of disease;
the cattle are generally found clead, some few cases
similar to this have appeared in Massachusetts, and
the cattle have died from eating too much smut corn.
(Pleuro Pneumonia has been very fatal for the
past twelve years. Since vaccination has been
practiced the loss has gradually diminished.) - I
find a new disease prevails among milch cows in
Frie county New York, and elsewhere. Symptoms
—watery eyes, yellow water running from the in-
testines, cramps; resulting in death in from 12 to
18 hours. A few cases have been saved by giving
calomelin doses of from 15 to 20 grinsin cold wa-
ter once in three or four hours, followed by 4 ozs.
of sweet oilor castor oil until you produce evacua-
tion.

It is aremarkable fact that in many districts
where diseases among horses and cattle have been
so destructive, during the last few years it has almost
entirely disappeared. The principle remedy ap-
plied appears to have been a complete renovation
of barns and stables, good ventilation with a free
use of lime in the stalls and a regular healthy diet.

MILK FEVER,

may be first noticed in a cow, sometimes before.
parturition, but most generally in a short time af-
terwards. Its symptoms are, refusing food, pro-
trusion of the eye, dulllook, heaving ofthe flanks,
with general restlessness and feverish appearance.
In this stage of the disease, if prompt remedies are

140 CATTLE.

not applied, the animal becomes weak and unable
to walk without staggering, the eye glassy, the pu-
pils dilated; her hind legs, from the hips down
paralyzed, and in this condition is liable to fall,
never torise again, Itis known in some sections
of the country as the dropping complaint.

It is found that there are two varieties of this
disease, one more severe than the other. In the
former, the spinal cclumn is affected, delirium ap-
pearing to extend to the brain; thus the stagger-
ing gait and wildness of look. In this condition
she becomes unable to discharge either water or the
contents of the bowels.

In both mild and most severe forms of this dis-
ease, it has been ascertained by post mortem ex-
amination that the stomachis loaded witii hard,
dry indigestible matter, and much inflamed. When
the secretions of milk has ceased, the case may be
considered hopeless.

It the animal appears lively, the eye clear, witha
strong pulse, she might be bled with good results;
the quantity of blood taken to depend on her
strength, say from two to four quarts. The great
hope however of cure is in cleansing out the stom-
ach by powerful purgatives, contnue at intervals
until relieved:

We have found the following most efficacious in
these cases:

Dissolve in warm water, one pound of salts, five
ounces of flour of sulphur; six drachms of ground
ginger, one ounce of spirits of ether; administer
in three doses, about six hours apart.

If the case exhibits the symptoms of the severe
type of the disease, add to the above ten drops of
castor oil and one pint of lard in the first dose. If

THE BLAIN. 141

this does not produce action on the bowels within
reasonable time, injections should be given to coun-
teract the torpor of the stomach.

If the animal survives forty-eight hours, the
prospect is favorable for recovery. During her
sickness, the cow should be carefully nursed, kept
comfortably warm and dry, with good bedding, her
fore quarters well raised, and give her warm gruel
as often as she will eat it.

THE BLAIN.°

This disease is most prevalent in Summer, and
among cattle in high condition. Its symptoms
are dullness, red, inflamed and watery eyes, heaving
of the sides and costiveness. These indications
should be tested by prompt examination of the
throat, where, at the root of the tongue, if the evi-
dences prove correct, will be found a number of
small pustules or blisters, which increases in size
rapidly from inflammation, causing a closing of the
wind-pipe and consequent inward into strangula-
tion.

_ The nature of this disease demands prompt at-
tention. If allowed torun for a day, death may
ensue. Many remedies have been resorted to, all
tending to the one objcct—to break the blisters,
but the simplest is with a penknife, to cut each and
let the glutinous and bloody matter, with which
they are filled escape. Should the tongue have be-
come swollen, the operation may be difficult to per-
form. In such cases the entire head is feverish,
and bleeding in the jaw should be resorted to, and
the mouth and tongue swabbed with a mixture
composed, in proportion, of one drachm of chloride

142 CATTLE.

of lime toone quart of water. Ifnecessary repeat.
Ifthe cutting has caused sores which do not heal -
rapidly, swab with a decoction of tincture of myrrh,
golden seal and water.

In this, as in all cases, in which fever intervenes,
care should be taken to keep the bowels free.

In extreme and neglected cases, the stomach of
the animal and the approach to the gullet, becomes
so swollen as to render it impossible to administer
medicine, or the animal to partake of food. In
such cases, we recommend the use of a piece of
half inch india-rubber passed below the
wind-pipe, by which, with the use of a funnel, both
food and medicine may be given. Ifasmall pump
ean be attached, so much the better. Every farm-
er should have an apparatus of this kind. It is
easy of construction, very simple and costs but a
trifle.

“THE BLOOD, OR BLOODY MURRAIN.

The symptoms of this disease are high fever, cos-
tiveness, dullness, restleness, etc., as decided in the
preceeding cases, with the exception, that the evac-
uations from the bowels, are high col-
ored and mixed with blood, we believe 1t to be more
prevalent in new countries, rich and uncultivated
soils, yielding a luxuriant growth of grass, than in
the older states. |

In Ohio and other Western states some thirty
years ago, almost entire herds were carried off by
its fatal ravages. It was generally confined to
young animals in good condition, and most fre-
quently in Summer, when grass was most luxuri-
ant. We have known it to be very fatal even a-

THE BLOOD, OR BLOODY MURRAIN. 143

mong old cattle, while stall feeding at other sea-
sons ofthe year. Its attacks are sometimes very
common on cattle removed from poor farms to those
yielding a profusion of nutricious and stimulating
herbage. Some farmers attribute its causes to the
rapid spring of verdure in the early summer, after
a severe winter with scant feed. Its ravages were
very fatalin England over one hundred and _ fifty
years ago when 70,000 head of cattle died from it
in one year, and the first account we have of it in
this country, was in 1768. A celebrated physician
ofthat day in describing its virulence and fatal ef-
fects, says, “The disease wasepidemic. It depen-
ded on some atmospheric influence which we
are unable to understand; but at the same time it
was contagious, and that to a very great degree. If
it once appeared on a farm, almost all the cattle
were sure to be affected; yet it was ascertained that
the power of infection did not extend more than a
few yards; and that a fence alone often separated
the dead from the living. The murrain seemed
mostly confined to cattle, for horses and sheep, and
swine and dogs, lived in the midst of the infection

and escaped, “and even some neat cattle seemed to
possess a security from infection.”

We fortunately of late years know little of this
terrible scourge in the United States, and should we
ever be visited by it again, Veterinary science has
made rapid progress, and its students attained such
skill in. their profession, that there is reason for
hope that its virulence would be confined to com-
paratively small loss.

_ The first efiort:in attempting to effect: a cure,
should be to abate the fever and produce action on
the bowels: Blood should be drianed freely, and

144 | CATTLE.

in quantity as the strength of the animal will ad-
mit. Ifthe blood flows easily and is of natural col-
or, the prospect of recovery is good.

In most cases of this kind, the greatest difficulty
is in causing adischarge from the bowels, and the
most effective agent we have ever tried to bring a-
bout this desirable result, was one pound of salts,
one ounce of salt peter, well dissolved and given in
two quarts of warm mealand water. In four hours
after give one pint of linseed oil, and again in two
hours another pint of oil, continuing the oil until
the bowels freely discharge.

We have cured some cases of murrain, exhibit-
ing all the worst symptoms of the disease by these
simple remedies and haveno fear of the result
when taken in time. If the disease is arrested, the
animal should be fed for some days on soft food,
bran or corn meal mashes etc., until the stomach
has regained its former strength and disuse for the

. aceustomed aliment.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER,

is of two kinds, of the bladder proper and of the
neck of the bladder, the former caused by eatied
noxious weeds and the latter, sometimes
from colds and eating acid herbs.

Inflammation in the neck of the bladder causes
such a revolting of the patsas to render passage of
the urine almost impossible, while the desire to do
so is evinced by constant effort, apparently giving
great pain to the animal. The symptoms in such
attacks are, loss of appetite, quick pulse, constant
straining and heaving of the flanks. The best rem-
edy in the case of inflammation of the neck of the

INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. 145

bladder isif possible to remove, which sometimes
can be done by copious bleeding to lower the sys-
tem. Should this fail to produce the desired _re-
sult, the catheter must be resorted to, and the oper-
ation should be performed by a skillful Veterina-
ry Surgeon. With acowit is easily accomplished;
but in an ox, from the curvature of the penis, it is
a difficult matter. Some Surgeons slit open the
uretha behind the bag, and so pass the instrument
into the bladder, while others puncture the bladder
through the rectum, and some through the belly;
but all ofthese systems to give relief are objection-
able and may terminate fatlly.

A more effectual and simple way in the case of
an ox is, to introduce the hand into the rectum and
with a gentle pressure on the bladder, the contents
may be forced out without danger.

In cases of inflammation ofthe bladder proper,
the animal should be bled and purged; but no
medicine to act on the kidneys given.

The following may be administered with good
effect:

Antimonial powder, 2 drachms; powdered opi-
um, onescruple; blend welltogether and mix with
a quart of gruel, repeating the dose twice a day
until the urine passes freely.

STONE IN THE BLADDER.

This is a common disease in cattle, more partic-
ularly in the ox, because ofthe smallness and curv-
ed form of the uretha, causing the detention of sol-
id matter, little sand and gravel taken in while
grazing.

The symptoms of stone, are a frequent turning of

146 7 CATTLE.

the head to the flank, a trembling of the hind limbs,
and an effort to urinate.

The removal of stone from the bladder is a very
difficult matter and can only be accomplished by a
skillful Veterinary Surgeon well versed in the anat-
omy of cattle, and even with such assistance the re-
sult would be doubtful. On discovering the actual
presence of stone, if the animalis in god condi-
tion, the best plan to save expences and loss, is to
slaughter him at once, as no medicine will dissolve
it.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

Opthalmia, so prevalent in other animals is of
rare occurrence in neat cattle. The ox, however,
is subject to injuries in the eye, and in such cases,
of a more serious character, bathing, fomentations
and cooling medicine will effect a cure.

Oxen ure also subject to tumors, and often bony
excresences about the orbit, or the bone around the
eye, which only can be removed by the use of the
knife, and even then, not permanently, as they
sometimes, like warts are apt to grow out again if
not properly treated. In case of soreness of the
eyelid, which, not only looks bad, but is a great
source of annoyance, a solution of white vitril, one
drachm to a pint of rain water, scarcely fails to ef-
fect a cure. In more intricate cases, the nitrated
ointment of quick silver, applied to the part with-
out touching the eye, will have the desired effect.
Warts may be cut off with a knife, immediately ap-
plying a little lunar caustic to the part, which pre-
vents them coming again.

When the horse receives dust, or even small

DISEASES OF THE EYE. 147

particles of gravel in theeye. Nature has provi-
ded him with the means of getting rid of it first by
wiping the surface with the haw, a small gristly
substance, growing under the nether eyelid and
washing with his tears. The haw not being so
prominent in the ox, he frequently suffers much
from these causes and often blindness ensues. Ex-
cressences of fungour growth often appear on the
eyelid, which in time, if neglected, cover the entire
vision, causing intense inflammation and _ total
blindness speedily follows. In the several cases
named bleeding from the jugular vein, is generally
resorted to wtih good results. A dose of Cleansing
Powders every other day for a week, with occasion-
al fomentations, and bathing the eye with a lotion,
composed of the following ingredients:

Extract of goulard, spirituous tincture of digi-
talis, and tincture of opium, two drachms, mixed
in apint of rain water. In more inveterate or |
chronic cases, white vitrol, one scruple, spirits of
wine, one drachm, mixed in soft water and applied
as before in most instances prove effective.

Should inflammation and the fungous excresen-
ces continue, touch them lightly with a solution of
nitrate of silver.

A-seaton made of black hellebone root, or a cord
well soaked in turpentine, inserted in the dewlap, —
or flesh that hangs from throat, is always beneficial.

HOVE, OR HOVEN.

This is a frequent complaint among cattle in
the Summer season, from eating too much green
food, such as clover and other rank vegetation,
causing excessive inflation from the gas generated

148 CATTLE.

inthe stomach by fermentation. It frequent!y oceurs
wien cattle are removed from poor pastures into
those of better quality, and sometimes, but in a
milder form and without such changes of pasture.
Swelling of the paunch is common among weakly
cows, Owing to generation of gas by fermentation
from acidious matter in the stomach are like dis-
tentions often following calving.

Animals thus attacked must be speedily relieved
orthey will die, and as medicine is scarcely prompt
enough in its action to cause discharge from the
bowels, the only remedy seems to be the knife.
The paunch being so distendedthere is scarcely
any diffiulty in performing the operation. Pass
your open hand from the hip bone forward to the
ribs and the stomach may be felt; here insert a
sharp pocket-knife from three to four inches, mak-
ing the orifice of sufficient extent toadmit the es-
caping gas to pass. We have known an incision
made large enough to admit the hand ofa man to
remove the contents. Leave the cavity open for
some time that ail gas may escape. If the opening
is large, a few stitches will draw the parts together,
and they will soon heal.

In mild cases of this character, when the indica-
tions first appear, if the animal is made to run on a
lively trot, the shaking of the stomach often pro-
duces the desired result.

Betore resorting to the cutting process, if the an-
imal does not appear to be too much distressed,
give one and a half ounce of hartshorn in a quart
of water. Potash, limestone, sulphuric ether and
other neutralizers of gaseous matter have been giv-
en sometimes with almost magical effect, the dis-
tended stomach in a very brief period of time as.

CHOKING. 149
suming its usual proportions.
CHOKING.

Cattle are very liable to choke from eating corn,
apples or potatoes. The attendant appearances are
great effort to cough up whatever it may be, and
generally, a copious discharge of saliva from the
mouth. Suffocation will speedily ensue if relief is
not promptly given. The location of the obstruc-
tion should at once be ascertained, and if at the
mouth of the gullet, it can be readily removed bv
the hand. Iflower down, then try to force it on-
ward into the stomach, which may be accomplished
with a flexible rod, resembling the limber handle of
a whip, first lubricating the throat with a pint of
oil or melted lard. In theevent of failure in these
efforts, the only alternative is tomake an incision
through the skin, longitudinally into the throat ot
sufficient dimensions to remove the substance; im-
mediately afterwards carefully sewing “up the
wound. Operations of this kind should never be
resorted to only in desperate cases. If skillfully
performed, all will be well. 7

LOCKED JAW.

This disease is not of frequent occurrence in cat-
tle, but more generally in oxen, and frequently
from an injury to the foot, which may pass unno-
ticed for some time and result in Locked Jaw. The
symptoms are stiffness of the joints, neck-and ears,
unsteady gait, walk unusually wide behind, and
tremulous motion ofthctail. In this condition the
animal may linger for many days without being

150 CATTLE.

able to eat a morsel, and will finally die from star-
vation.

Immediately on the complaint being discovered,
he should be copiously bled to cause a relaxation of
the muscles, when immediately administer the fol-
lowing:

One ounceanda half of Barbadoes aloes, ten
grains of the Kernel of croton nut, powdered; dis-
solve in a small quantity of boiling water, and give
when cool.

Should this cause a discharge from the bowels,
give

One drachm of camphor, grated into one ounce
of spirits of wine; one drachm of powdered opium.
Mix with gruel, and repeat three times a day,
in the mean time keeping the bowels free with salts
or aloes.

If not entirely relieved, bleeding should be again
resorted to, even to such an extentas to cause the
animal to reel and stagger from weakness.

In thts condition he must be kept very warm by
heavy blanketing. If he inclines to eat give him
bran orcorn meal mashes. If the muscles still re-
main rigid drench with warm thin gruel. If it is
yet found impossible to open the mouth, the med-
icine and gruel should be given by injection.

POISON.

_ When Vegetation commences in the Spring, cat-
tle frequently get poisoned from eating poisoncus
weeds, hemlock. buckeye, crows-foot, dropwort,
yew, etc.

The symptoms in each case vary. The animal
generally moans, suddenly becomes stupid and ex-

WOUNDS. 151

hibits great pain, often delerious, and sometimes
the stomach becomes swollen. The first object
should be to get rid of the poisonous matter, either
by drenching copiously with warm water to cause
sickness of the stomach. Then give Barbadoes
aloes, powdered croton nut etc., as directed in case
of lockedjaw. Moderate bleeding is sometimes re-
sorted too with good results.

When the poison seems to be evacuated, give

One ounce of caraway powder, half ounce of gen-
tian, powdered; half ounce of ground ginger and
twenty drops of essence of peppermint in a little
warm water. . |

WOUNDS.

All kinds of cattle are liable to wounds, and their
treatment requires more care than great. skill, ex-
cept in a joint. In the first place remove all dirt
and subdueany inflammation which may have ta-
ken place by fomentation with warm water. Ifthe
wound is a simple cut, draw the parts carefully to-
gether and sew it up; if lacerated and the flesh
mangled and torn, these parts should be cut away
with a sharp knife, and bring the skin together as
closely as possible, and held in that posi-
tion either by sewing, adhesive straps or bandage.
If the :atter place a little clean soft tow under the
bandage. This dressing should not be removed
for two or three days. Ifthe wound looks healthy,
dress with ointment, composed ofthe following:

Lard, two pounds; rosin, half a pound; melt to-
gether, and when partly cool, stir in half a pound
of finely powdered calamine. Should proud flesh
appear, wash with a strong solution of blue vitrol.

152 CATTLE.

In case oi protruded wound, use fomentations
of march mallows, or poppy herds boiled in water
for a few days to allow inflammation, and inject a
tincture of aloes and myrrh into the wound twicea
day. Should the wound be deep, and the pus can-
not escape, a seaton should be inserted below to
dzaw it off.

In cases of tumors on a horses shoulder from the
action of collar bathe with a solution of common
salt, or sal ammoniac. Ifnot too far advanced. this
may answer very well. If otherwise, make a lotion
of the following and rub the parts gently with it:

Four ounces of bay salt, oue pint of vinegar, one
quart of water, one drachm of oil of organum.

Ifthe tumor increases in size, a seaton should
be inserted running from the top to the lower part.

In case of joint wounds in either cattle or horses,
and especially when the joint itself is penetrated,
or laid open from any cause. First wash the part
carefully, removing all dirt, when it may be neces-
sary to use the probe to ascertain if a bone is frac-
tured. If doubt exists as to this, a poultice should
be applied, not only to allay inflammation, but to
ascertain if a fracture has taken place; if so, the
discharge on the poultice will be a yellowish fluid,
or joint water. This discharge must be immedi-
ately stopped, and the best way to accomplish this
is to bind together a small comperers on the part,
covering the wound and not remove it for many
day s. Should this not succeed, resort must be had
to ironing, thus: Heat red hot an iron rod and
draw it lightly across the wound, searing the en-
tire surface It may be nessary to again repeat
this operation, but in nine cases out of ten, the first
will suffice. The sore may after a day or two be

ANGLE BERRIES. 153

treated as a common wound.

In all joint wounds, moderate bleeding and a
dose of Cleansing Powders should be given to al-
lay fever and inflammation. _

ANGLE BERRIES.

This is a species of wart which grows on the eye-
lids of cattle and the teats of cows. If attended to
early and touched with nitre of silver, they will
soon disappear- If of full growth, tie a thread of
waxed silk firmly round the base, and tighten ev-
ery day. They will soon drop off.

FOUL FOOT.

This complaint is incident to cattle being pas-
tured long on marshy land, or in oxen driven on
hard stony roads, resembling quittor in the horse.
It is very painful and causes lameness. It gener-
ally first appears between the toes, causing great
inflammation and a discharge of offensive stinking
matter. It is sometimes very obstinate, and
should be treated in time, before it extends to the
coronet, between the hair and hoof, descending
down under the horn of the hoof. Immediately on
discovering the complaint keep the animal on dry
ground, clean out the hoof and pare off all the
loose horn and proud flesh, if any. Then dress
with butyor of antimony. With good care and at-
tention to cleanliness it will soon be cured. If
swelling or inflammation take place, peultice with
flaxed meal. Bleeding and a dose of Cleansing
Powders may be uscd with good effect.

154 CATTLE.
MANGE.

This disease frequently attacks cattle after poor
feeding in water. The complaint is contagious
and the animal should be removed from others,
The symptoms are recognized by the hide-bound
appearance, scurvness of the skin and looseness of
the hair. Make an ointment of the following, and
rub daily with the hand all the effected parts:

One pound of flour of Sulphur, two ounces of
mercurial ointment, half a pound of common. tur-
pentine, half a poundof lead. Melt the lead oint-
ment and turpentine together, and while cooling
stir in the sulphur.

A dose of Cleansing Powders will be a great ser-
vice to the animal.

WARBLES.

These insects are very annoying to cattle. They
are impregnated by the gad or ox-fly perforating
the skin of the animal, over the loins or back, and
there depositing an egg, which produces the warble
or maggot. The location of the warble is easily
discovered by passing the hand over the animal by >
the unevenes of the skin, the place where the
warble is located, resembling a tumor about the
size of a hazel nut. Each tumor has an opening
at the tep, covered over by a scab, which can be
easily removed by rubbing.

SPAYING, OR ALTERING.

Too little attention is paid to Spaying, or Alter-
ing calves at the proper time. Bulls should never

SPAYING, OR ALTERING. 155

be allowed to go beyond two weeks from the time
of birth, although many farmers defer that opera-
tion until they are ayear old. This is bad econo-
my; if neglected until that age they become stag-
gish, having arough appearance, thick bone and
will never bring within twenty-five per cent. of the
price of a clean, nice, smooth animal gelted at the
proper time. When altered young, but little skill
is requisite in the operator, while if allowed to run
for a year, the operation is frequently attended
with loss.of life if unskilfully performed.

It is a very common practice, and a bad one too,
to cut the end of the sack, if the animals are old
and strong, they are liable to bleed profusely. The
best plan at all ages, is to slit it on each outside,
from near the top down to the bottom; draw out
the testicle and scrape the cord up close and cut it
off. In spaying of heifers, practice and confidence
in your ability to perform the operation are essen-
tially requisite. The operation is similar to that of
spaying sows, in which a good knife, rather round-
ing at the point, a spaying needle and a supply of
good shoe thread is necessary. Take the heifer
lay on a board or the ground right sidedown, with
assistant to hold. Then feel for the end of the hip
bone, shave the hair off with your knife, make an
incission through the skin one inch below, and in
a right line downward one inch; then cut the inside
flesh lengthwise, making a hole sufficiently large
to introduce your fore finger, reaching up toward
the back bone, remove the “pride” and cut it off
close to the “calf bed.’’ Then follow the “calfbed”’
with your finger to the opposite end, where you will
find the other “pride,” which cut in like manner.

Now replace the “calf bed,” grease with hogs lard

156 : CATTLE,

and sew up rather slack, but strong, leaving room
for all matter that may gather to escape. The
proper age is from two weeks to two years old,
the earlier period however is preferable for reasons
heretofore mentioned in this connection.

TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT OF CATTLE.

The farmer often suffers loss by his lack of
knowledge in estimating the weight of cattle, an
art in which experienced drovers and butchers are
so well versed as to give them an advantage over
him in the sale ofstock. We append the following
method, by means of which the weight of cattle
may be so nearly ascertained, as to vary, if any-_

TO ESTIMATE THE WEIGHT OF CATTLE. 157

thing; but a mere trifle when put upon scales of
the most accurate mark:

With a tape line, or common string that will not
stretch, and rule, measure the girth of the animal
just behind the shoulder-blade, and in the same
manner obtain the length from the bone of the tail
along the back to the fore part of the shoulder
blade, multiply the given measure of each together;
then multiply the result by 23, the number of
pounds allowed to the superficial foot, you will
have the weight.

For example, the girth is 6ft. 8 inches.
Length Dies Sue “
Result 32 feet.
Multiply by 23

96
64
Net weight 736 pounds.

When an animal measures less than 9 and even
7 feet in girth, the number of pounds to the super-
ficial foot is 31.

‘Any farmer with common sense can understand
this, and if he is cheated by greater experts in the
art, it is his own fault.

Smaller animals, hogs &c., measuring say 2 feet
in girth, and 2 feet from shoulder to tail, the re-
sult is

Multiply by |
the number of pounds tothe superficial foot of an-
imals measuring less than 3 feet in girth.

Weight ofanimal. 4ft, 11 X 44 pounds.

The rule invariably works so accurately that it is

158 | CATTLE.

safe for any one, with an experienced eye, to either
buy or sell by it.

CALVES.

A few hints on the care of calves from their birth,
the diseases to which they are subject, and their
treatment, we deem of importance in this connec-
tion, and recommend every farmer, whose desire
should be to raise healthy cattle to pursue atten-
tively each, under its proper title in the following
pages:

BIRTH.

At or before the time of birth, according to the
season, the cow should be provided with a proper
place, clean, dry, well littered and. comfortably
warm if the weather is bad, but, if in the Summer
season, a pasture apart from other cattle will ans-
wer as well. After the calf is dropped and it ap-
pears to ordinary strength, it should be left entire-
ly to the care of its dam, until licked dry and clean.
This, not only benefits the calf, but the mother in
eating the cleansing, phich acts as a physic, soon
discharges all foul matter, a longer detention, of
which, ‘would render her feverish, consequently
her milk bad, and injure the calf. The most expe-
rienced cattle raisers take from the cow before the
calf i8 allowed to suck, a small quantity of milk,
lest it might purge the caf; the calf then having
liberty to suck all it may desire for at least three
or four days, unless the cow has a greater abun-
dance of milk than it should have, and in that e-
vent a part should be drawn off In case of an

BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL. _ 159

over supply of milk, and the calf is strong and able
to take it, he may gorge his stomach and become
sick, and if weak and notable to take it all, the
milk will remain in the udder, coagulate and cause
hardness, fever, soreness and consequent damage
to the cow.

After the third or fourth day it is advisable to
keep the cow and calf apart, allowing it access to
the cow three times a day, and at each time a por-
tion of the milk, according to supply, it at that
stage being fit for use, should be drawn, the calf
allowed the first. The frequent sucking from the
bumping of the calf’s head, causes a more free dis-
charge of milk, rendersthe bag soft, by the pre-
vention of secretions of milk, causing kernels in
the bag; which become sore and painful and make
the cow difficult to milk.

The calf should not be exposed to wet or cold.

BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.

Calves sometimes bleed from the naval string,
and if copious and not immediately stopped will
speedily end in death. Should such take place,
tie up close to the body with a strong thread.
Should inflammation ensue, foment with hot water
and rub gently with the hand around the part. If
the inflammation cannot thus be subdued, it will
become necessary to poultice to produce suppura-
tion, which may at the proper time be discharged
by the use of a sharp pen-knife. »

DIARRHEA.

Young calves are very subject to this complaint

160 CATTLE.

from various causes, in the majority of cases caus-
ed by exposure to wet and cold, feeding gruel, sour
milk, starvation etc., and in most cases the animal
runs down so rapidly that cure becomes difficult.
In such cases the matter discharged is frequently
accompanied by a bloody, and often fited mucus
with but little of the natural substance.
Prompt measures should be taken to stop the
cause of this trouble, by cleansing the bowels and
stomach of all acidity and asisting the too frequent
purgations. To effect this, in the first place give
from two to three ounces, according to strength
and age of the animal, of caster oil, and shortly af-
ter give the following astringent:

Two drachms of prepared chalk, ten grains of
powered opium, halfadrachm of catechu, half a
drachm of ground ginger and five drops of the es-
sence of peppermint. Mix in halfa pint of gruel.

The above may be repeated twice a day until
the discharge becomes natural.

Should the discharges cause straining and appar-
ent pain, an injection of a pint of blood warm gru-
el, mixed witha drachm of powdered opium, will
have a good effect. In cases ofthis character in-
flammation of the bowels is frequent and this may
be determined by the animals unweariness, getting
up, lying down, dryness and heat of the mouth, ete.
If the animal is very weak, recovery is almost
hopeless, but, if strong enough, it would be advyis-
able to bleed to the extent of one pint.

Starch is often administered with good results.

COSTIVENESS.

Calves, a few days after birth are subject to cos-

HOOSE, OR COUGH. 161

tiveness, caused by suffering it to suck too much
etc. The most effectual remedy we know when
young is to administer epsom salts in ounce doses,
dissolved in warm water, every six hours until re-
lieved. .

Constipation of the bowels in cattle, either young
or old, if not at once counteracted, is most dan-
gerous, causing fever and other serious com-
plaints. A little care and attention in this matter,
may prevent most serious loss. They should be
watched and as soon as the dung is observed to be
hard and dry, a dose of purgative medicine should
be given, in quantity as age and strength may

justify. Epsom salts is most advisable, but com-
mon salt and water will answer.

HOOSE, OR COUGH.

The presence of this disease may be ascertained
by violent coughing, and, as it is said to be conta-
gious, the animal should be immediately removed
from other stock, and placed under tolerably warm
shelter. Ina post mortem examination of a case of
this kind, should the wind pipe and air tubes be
filled with small worms, said to be engendered by
drinking water in which the leaves are deposited;
taken into the stomach, absorbed by the blood ves-
sels and thus enter the windpipe. Ina majority of
cases, if taken in time, moderate bleeding, follow-
ed by a mild purgative and a fever powder will ef-
fecta cure. Should the case be an extreme one,
exhibiting the worst symptoms, the following, for
animals from six to twelve months old is an excel-
lentremedy. -

One ounce of oil of turpentine, three or four

162 CATTLE.

ounces of linseed oil, one drachm of ground ginger.
Mix and repeat once a week as may be necessary.

_. CANKER IN THE MOUTH.

During the cutting of teeth, canker in the mouth
is not an unfrequent disease incalves. It is ac-
companied by soreness of the gums, with pimples,
which extend to the membrane of the mouth,
which often run together, causing considerable ul-
ceration, swelling of the gums and tongue and fe-
ver, with consequent.inability of the ealf to eat.
The most advisable treatment is first to cleanse the
bowels, with doses of epsom salts of two ounces
each, repeating daily until all inflammation is al-
layed. In the mean time, wash the mouth frequent-
ly with asolution of alum and water.

CHAPTER, XI.

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164 SHEEP.

the farmer as an improver of his lands, independ-
ent of their pecuniary profit from’ fleece and ani-
mal increase. It is a fault well known to all farm-
ers, that sheep subdue allcoarse plants from their
pasture, and will bring up a run-down farm sooner
than any other kind of stock. They like variety,
and if properly fed will return more value in flesh
than any otber of our domestic animals. Itis gen-
erally conceded that an average quality of yews
fairly kept, will yield four pounds of clean wool
annually and onelamb; and indeed itis held, that
not only in keeping down the growth of all noxious
weeds, briars and other underbrush, that they ful-
ly compensate for what they eat.

With this brief introduction, we shall proceed
to notice in detail the care of sheep, the diseases
to which they are subject, their cure, and such oth-
er matters as may occur to us, as being of interest
to the farmer, or sheep raiser.

The average age of sheep is ten years, but with
care as to feeding and health they often extend
that and continue their annual increase. The fe-
male goes with young twenty-one weeks.

BREEDS.

Of the great variety of breeds introduced into
this country from time to time, there is scarcely
any one breed at the present day, owing to the con-
stant crossing of each, that can lay claim to orig-
inal blood. Of the different varieties, we will
name the Spanish and Saxor Merino; the Leices-
ter or Bakewold; the South-Doun; the Cotswold,
the Cheviot and Lincoln.

165
THE SPANISH MERINO.

Of these there are several varieties, differing in
form, size, quality of wool. They are generally es-
timated as a hardy breed, and thrive well on our
soil and climate. They were originally introduc-
ed from France and Spain. The former is large
bodied, short-legged and yields a heavy fleece; the
latter smaller, less hardy, yielding a finer grade of
wool, and less in quantity.

The flesh of those two varieties, when allowed to
attain a proper age; not less than three years, is
of fine flavor and short-grained.

THE SAXON MERINO.

There are few of the full blood ofthis breed in
the country, having been crossed and recrossed
until they have nearly lost their identity. The
mixed breeds thus produced, particularly those
crossed with the Spanish Merino, yields a wool
equal in texture to the former. . In body and fleece
they are lighter, are not quite as hardy, and re-
quire more care, with better feeding and shelter in
winter.

THE NEW LEICESTER.

The principle recommendations of this celebra-
ted breed, according to Mr. Culley, the great Eng-
lish sheep breeder, are its beauty and fullness of
form, in the same apparent dimensions greater
weight than any other sheep, an early maturity
and a propensity to fatten equaled by no other
breed; a diminution of the proportion of wool and
the return of the most money for the food consum-

166 SHEEP.

ed.
After the first shearing the fleece will average
six pounds of woolof generally six inchesin length,
an excellent combing wool, for carpets, or other
coarse fabrics, but seldom usedin the manufacture
of clothes. In English markets the mutton is
much appreciated, and commands the highest price.

In this country, except on rich pastures they
are not considered a profitable breed.

THE SOUTH DOWN. |

This breed does not rate high as wool producers,
which in point of length is of the medium class.
It is hardy, and stands our climate well. In Eng-
land it matures atthe age of two years, when it
will generally average from eighty to one hundred
pounds of meat to the carcass. It is easily kept,
and is considered very profitable. |

THE COLTSWOLD.

This is one of the largest and heayy wooled
sheep we have; the length sometimes reaching from
six to eight inches, and the fleece weighing from
seven to eight pounds. .The mutton is of superior
quality. ‘The ewes are very prolific and good nurs-
es, and the young mature at an early, age.

THE CHEVIOT.

The Cheviot is, as yet, but little known in this
country. It is is however well adapted. to the cli-
mate; capable of enduring much cold and existing
upon but little food. » It.is of small bone, well pro-

THE LINCOLN. 167

portioned, fattens easily, and produces a fine, but
short aaa, of wool.

THE LINCOLN.

This breed derives its name from having been
first bred in. Lincolnshire, England, over sixty
years ago. The mutton is coarse grained. They
are remarkable for their long wool and heavy fleec-
es, three year pld well kept weathers, said to pro-
duce fleeces weighing from eight to fourteen pounds
each, the carcass from eighty to one hundred and
twenty pounds net.

“MANAGEMENT.

The management of sheep, more particularly in
the winter season, should be left entirely to the
judgment of their owner. In good open fair weath-
er, they will thrive and keep in good health better
in the openair. But, during snow andrain storms,
they should be proy ided with open, dry and clean
sheds to take shelter under, otherwise, with all
the food that may be given, they will lose flesh,
_and before the opening of Spring many are likely
tu die.

FEEDING.

In open dry weather, as we said before, sheep
will do better in the open air; they will pick up
their hay or other feed clean from the frozen or dry
ground, when, if the land is soft and muddy, they
will scarcely touch it. They should be provided
with moyable racks for coarse food, so that when

168 SHEEP.

the ground gets tramped up, it can be moved a-
bout from one place to another, and troughs, from
which to eat their meal or grain. Sheaf oats, with
short straw, is excellent food and highly relished
by them. Either corn or oats, when other food is
given, should be supplied spareingly. By judi-
cious feeding with grain, the fleece is largely in-
creased in weight Every sheep owner should har-
vest some oats before it becomes fulty ripe for his
sheep. It is more nutricious and sweet, and they
like it better in that state. When the weather will
admit, and grass 1s fresh and green, they will pre-
fer to run on pasture, but nevertheless, they should
have some grain each day to keep them in good
condition. We have fed turnips with good advan-
tage in Winter, but they should be kept where,
and fed when they will not freeze.

SALT AND WATER.

Sheep at all seasons should be supplied with
salt once a week while running on grass, but of-
tener in wintr when being fed on dry food; it aids
in digestion. A little sulphur mixed with it an-
swers a very good purpose.

In Summer, when grass is young and juicy, and
dews are frequent, sheep will get along very well
without water. At allother seasons they should
have free access to pure clean water. They are
very particular, and do not relish foul or stagnant
water.

| 169
SHADE.

It is very important to provide sheep with suffi-
cient shade during the hot months of Summer;
otherwise they will lose flesh by running from one
place to another to escape the scorching rays of
the sun. Trees answer the purpose best, but in
their absence temporary bound sheds will answer
well.”

LAMBING.

Every prudent stock raiser should manage to
have his lambs come at a season when the weath-
er is expected to be pleasant. This of course de-
_ pends on the latitude. In the South it is not very
material when, but in the North, from the middle
to the latter part of April is the best time. At
this season generally, the young grass is begining
to spring up, and will increase the ewe’s milk.—
Early grass should be reserved for this purpose.
It the weather is genial and pleasant, the open dry
pasture is bestfor lambing. Ifitcan be avoided
ewes In large numbers should never be housed at
this period; they are apt to get separated, the
lambs run over, and if the weather is cold, perish
before they are discovered.

WEANING.

It is agreat mistake toallow a healthy, strong
lamb to run with the ewe after it is four months
old. It is better that it should be then weaned,
otherwise the dam will become weakened and the
lamb not benefited by further nursing. When

170 SHEEP.

separated, the lambs should be removed to a dis-
tant, fresh pasture, where they cannot hear each
others bleating, causing them.to be restless. .An
old tame ewe or two turned into the field with them
will tend to keep them quiet, |

In order that the ewes may godry assoon as pos-
sible, keep them on short allowance of food, for a
few days, andif the udder becomes swollen from
the quantity of milk, it should be drawn off and the
bag washed and rubbed to softness. When entire-
ly dry, put them in good pasture to regain their
usual condition.

CASTRATION AND DOCKING.

If the lamb is healthy, at the age of two weeks
emasculation and docking should take place. The
operation is simple and easily performed. It is
best that two men should do the work to prevent
the lamb from struggle. One man hold the ani-
mal firmly down, with his four legs drawn togeth-
erand forward. .The operator prepared with a
sharp knife, may then slit open the bag on each
outside from top to bottom, so as to admit of the
testical being drawn gently out loosen the scrotum
from the lower end scrape the cord well up to the
small part with the knife and cut it off.

We have known many fine lambs greatly disfig-
ured by want of judgment in docking. Some cut
to short, while others do exactly the 1 reverse; eith-
er will mar the appearance of the animal. From
two to two and a half inches is the proper length.
Before severing the joint, draw the skin back, so
that when cut, it will form a covering for the end.

In cold weather no application is necessary, but,

DISEASES AND CURES. - Tit

if warm, smear the parts ath. tar; it will will ans-
wer the double purpose of accelerating the healing
process and keeping off flies.

Thus much in the different herds of sheep and
their treatment, we shall proceed to notice their

DISEASES AND CURES.

In the treatment of sheep for the various diseas-
es to which they are subject, the same medicines,
but in lesser quantities, are applicable to them as
to cattle; their internal structure nearly alike; the
deseases ‘of both, bearing great resemblance to each
other in their nature, cause, progress and treatment.
The difference in the quantity of medicine to be ad-
ministered to sheep is from one sixth to one eighth
part of the usual dose for cattle. When bleeding
has to be resorted to, the quantity of blood taken
will depend on the size and strength of the animal,
and nature of the disease. From a full grown sheep,
a pint, and a lamb one quarter ofthat quantity will
suffice.. The blood should be drawn from the jugu-
lar vein.

‘There is not a more destructive disease among
sheep, particularly young lambs than that of - ~~

DIARRHEA.

Lambs are frequently attacked with it when not
over a day, but oftenera week, and from that to
three months old, .When very young, the chance
of recovery is small, but with those of more ad-
vanced age and strength, care and proper treat-
ment will bring them through. The causes of di-
arrhea are various, exposure to cold and wet weath

172 | SHEEP.

er, want of proper support, and not unfrequently
the mothers milk seems to disagree with the lamb.
In such cases achange of food is desirable. It al-
so may be owing to feverin the ewe, causing her
milk to be purgative and unwholesome, when the
following should be given to the ewe, which will
likewise benefit the lamb:

Two ounces of Epsom salts, a quarter ounce of
ground caraway seed, dissolve the salts in a pint of
thin water gruel and mix.

Should the foregoing not check the disease, the
following, mixed with alittle thin starch and wa-
ter, should be given the lamb promptly night and
morning:

One drachm of compound of chalk and opium, a
scruple of gentian and three drops of essence of
pepermint,

If the purging should continue, it is in most
cases advisable to take the lamb from the ewe and
feed on boiled cow’s milk, let cool off and mix with
one pint a scruple of powdered chalk.

This is sufficient for each meal, feeding regular-
ly three times aday. It is always best when a
lamb is thus attacked to dock the tail, if that op-
eration has not previously been performed.

If the lamb is two or three months old, the med-
icine named should be increased in proportion.

COSTIVENESS.

This dieease frequently attacks sheep and should
be speedily remedied. It is generally an indica-
tion of existing or approaching fever, the evidence
of which is restlessness, heat of the mouth, foul
breath and heaving of the flanks. Bleeding in pro-

STAGGERS. 173

portion to age and strength should be resorted to,
and give two ounces of Epsom salts in a little gru-
el, repeating the dose every six hours until the de-
sired effect is attained.

Should the animal refuse to eat, drenches of eru-
el will afford sufficient nourishment: but in the
mean time the bowels must be kept free.

STAGGERS.

The most thriity in the flock are sometimes at-
tacked with this disease, the presence of which,
may be decided by heaving of the flanks, standing
still, with head protruded; or unsteady walk, and
frequently attended with costiveness. Bleeding
should be promptly resorted to, and give the fol-
lowing dose mixed with gruel twice a day until re-
lieved:

_ One scruple of powdered digitalis, ten grains of
emetic tartar and two drachms of nitre.

FOOT ROT.

_ This destructive disease in sheep is likened to
the human small-pox, and independently of all ex-
terior influences or of the individual constitution of
the animal, attacking young as well as old, heal-
thy as well as sick, its devastations are equally fa-
tal. 7

The more common breeds of sheep are not so li-
able to its attacks, as their hoofs are of coarser
texture, while the frame of the finer breeds, partic-
ularly the Spanish Merino, is not so well fitted to
resist the disease. Its causes are attributed to wet
pasture tending to soften the foot, or standing in

174 SHEEP.

filthy yards or stables. The locality of the disease
is in the capsule of the foot; in mild cases, only
the parts above the capsule are effected. Numer-
ous remedies, such as acids and caustics have been
tried with but indifferent results. The proper
treatment is tocut out with a small sharp knife all
the lose born which is separated from the hoof
and is suffused white matter; the object being to
lay bare the diseased suppurating substances, ‘and
to destroy the infectious matter on them. For this
purpose chloride of lime is the most rapid and efii-
cacious of all remedies. It should be applied to
the diseased parts, the cleft fillen with tow, and the
foot bandaged to keep it clean and protect it from
irritation. ~The diseased hoofs should be examin-
ed daily, the chloride of lime again applied and re-
bandage as long as may be necessary. Two or
three such applications generally effect a cure. The
pain and lameness soon disappear; the skin be-
comes thicker and more compact, every day form-
ing the new horn. The foot-rot being a purely lo-
cal disease, internal remedies are wholly useless.—

When the lameness has disappeared and a firm
horn renewed, the sheep can be returned to the
healthy flock, before which it isrecommended, that
he should be made to stand in a trough of water,
in which is mixed a pound of chloride ot lime to
each pail of water. Any virus clinging tothe hoof
is thus destroyed. The sheep can be kept stand-
ing in the water by the erection of a aot ort
fence around the trough.

175
RED-W ATER.

- This disease is frequent among sheep in ‘the
most thriving condition. Sometimes itis sudden
inits attack and speedily fatal. Its first symp.
toms are refusal to eat, slow to move, panting and
restless. It ismore common among lambs and
generally appears in the Spring. The first remedy
is bleeding. Then to ful! grown animals give the
following dose reduced from one four th to one half
for lambs:

‘One ounce of Epsom salts, one palin of cround
ginger; one drachm of gentian, one ounce of linseed
oil. Mix with a small-quantity of warm water.

If the animal should progress favorably, a change
of pasture would be advisable.

THE BLOOD:

The first symptoms of an attack by this disease
are dullness, hanging head, bloodshot eyes, with
‘considerable heaving of the flanks and staggering
gait. Ifneglected, a few hours will terminate in
death. It is more frequent in Spring and warm
weather. Bleeding promptly and freely is tue on-
ly hope. A simple purgative of two ounces of ep-
som salts administered every second hour until
the bowels are thoroughly cleansed should be giv-
‘en. Afterwards repeatthe physicnight and morn-
ing for three or four days. Some sheep raisers
‘when the disease appears iu the flock, bleed every
animal; give eacha dose of physic and remove
them to other pasture.

176 SHEEP.
GIDDINESS IN THE HEAD.

This disease is more in flocks pasturing on low
lands. Itis most prevalent in the Spring, and
continues throughtheSummer. Its symptoms are,
loss of appetite, difficulty in bending the neck to
eat, appears to be frightened at the least unusual
sound, and runs round and round, holding his head
on one side. It is not contagious, and having once
attacked the animal and loss of flesh commenced,
death is certain to ensue. Itis owing to pressure
onthe brain by a bladder like substance formed
between the skull and brain. Many efforts have
been made by Veterinary Surgeons to rupture this
substance, but few have proved successful.

As no certain cure is Known, prevention should
be resorted to. Shelter from storms of rain and
snow, and feeding on uplands is advisable.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN.

This disease in many respects resembles the last
case mentioned. The symptoms are delirium, ea-
ger and ferocious countenance, runs around, ‘aod
will bunt at any object he may meet. If ‘these
symptoms are not promptly assisted, violent infla-
mmation of the brain and its membranes ensues,
and the case is hopeless.

Immediate and copious bleeding, followed by a
dose of salts is the only remedy. If the animal
does not get worse, repeat the dose occasionally,
keeping the bowels free.

177
CATARRH.

This is acommon disease, well known by the
discharge from the nose of an offensivematter. It
is the effect of cold and bad treatment. It frequent-
ly runs intoinflammation of the lungs, consump-
tion and death. Cough frequently accompanies
this discharge; andif there is much fever, it will
be shown by loss ofappetite and rapidly growing
weakness.

This disease sometimes attacks whole flocks and
it is always safer to keep those infected-apart.

Bleeding and the usual purgatives should be re-
sorted to, with the change offeed, and shelter, if
the season is cold and wet.

In extreme cases of this disease inflammation
reaches the throat down the wind-pipe to the air
passages of the lungs, producing bronchitis, which
is very dangerous.

Experienced sheep-breeders recommend smear-
ing the nose frequently with tar. This is doubt-
less good if adopted in time. Carbonic acid ap-
plied in like manner has an excellent effect.

Itis a remarkable factinthis connection, that
sheep pastured on pine lands, where cedar and oth-
er resinous plants grow, are very seldom attacked
with this loathsome disease. |

INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS.

Sheep are subject to this disease, caused also by
cold and bad treatment. Its symptoms are the
same as catarrh. Iftheanimal isfull grown, take
one pint of blood from the neck and give two oun-
ces of salts. The following dose should also be
given once a day until the symptoms disappear:

178 SHEEP.

‘One scruple of powdered digitalis, ten grains of
emetic tartar and two drachms of nitre. Mix with
gruel.

INFLUENZA.

This disease is somewhat similar to the two last
named, with the exception, that the discharge from
the nostrils is more profuse. Itis attended with
great prostration of strength, closed eyes and a dis-
position at times to run in a circle.

Bleeding must not be resorted to. If the ani-
mal has not been purged, administer half an ounce
of salts with one drachm of gentian, dissolved in
gruel. If purged before, omit this and give the
following:

One ounce of prepared chalk, half drachm of cat-
echu, twenty grains of opium. Dissolve in gruel;
administer twice a day until the purging ceases.

THE HOOVE OR BLOWN.

Sheep are subject to similar attacks like cattle
and from the same causes. When first put on
fresh succulent pasture, such as clover, they should
be driven slowly along.and not allowed to gorge
their stomachs. The same remedy should be ap-
plied—piercing through the paunch on the left side
between the hip-bone and the last rib, to cause the
escape of the gas fermented. A small limber stick
with asmooth knob on the end and thrust gently
down the gullet into the paunch is preferable to
the knife, and is safer.

When first attacked, if the animalis put into a
bare pasture and kept moving slowly, it may be re-

JAUNDICE. 179

lieved, by the contents ofthe stomach being evac-
uated. It is desirable in allcases to physic, and
we recommend the following to be administered
every six hours until the bowels discharge freely.
One ounce of glauber salts dissolved in four oun-
ces of peppermint water, one drachm each of tinc-
ture of ginger and gentian; mix in boiling water
and give when cool.

JAUNDICE.

This complaint is frequently very destructive. It
is owing toa superabundant discharge ot bile, or an
obstruction of the bilary tubes, causing an overflow
of bile into the circulation, penetrating the capilla-
ry vessels. Cases ofthis kind are more prevalent
in well fed animals, scarcely ever attacking poor
half kept stock. The symptoms are yellowness of
the skin and eyes, sometimes purging, but more
frequently costive. On first discovery of this dis-
ease it will rapidly yield to proper treatment. In
the first place move toa bare pasture, then give the
following, repeating the same in half doses, each
morning for three or four days.

Two ounces of Epsom salts, quarter of an ounce
of ground caraway seeds; dissolve the salts in 4
little warm water and mix with thin gruel.

ROT.

This is most prevalent among sheep, pastured
on marshy land. On uplands or sandy soils it is
unknown. The earliest symptoms of this disease,
isone from which no certain conclusion can be
drawn, except that the animal is ill, labors under

180 SHEEP.

fever, and does notfeed well. Shortly a palish yel-
low pervades the skin, most evident in the
white of the eyes. As the disease progresses, the
bowels become relaxed, discharging a fetid matter
of unnatural color, which will not yield to all astrin-
gents; the wool becomes loose, a swelling some-
times gathers under the chin, which, if punctured,
exudes a watery fluid, the belly distends, and in this
condition the animal may live several months, but
death without reliefis certain. A succession of dry
weather has frequently been known to retard the
progress ofthe rot, or even a change to dry pasture.
The disease appears to be an affection of the liver,
and for which many remedies have been recom-
mended, and but few, if any, have stood the test of
extensive experience. An extensive and _ intelli-
gent sheep farmer, after all other remedies failed,
tried the virtues of common salt, with good results.
First of all the bowels should be thoroughly cleans-
ed with Epsom salts; then compound the following,
put the whole ina quart bottle and fill up; shake
well and give a tablespoon full night and morning:

Eight ounces of common salt, two ounces of pow-
dered gentian, one ounce of ginger, four ounces of
tincture of calomel. Mix and bottle as directed.

Another authority recommends adding to the a-
bove three ounces of spirits of turpentine, and
shake well each time before giving.

Administer two table-spoonsful night and morn-
ing; the latter before eating if possible.

SCAB OR MANGE.

The symptoms of this disease are first discover-
ed by the eagerness of the animal torub and scratch

SCAB OR MANGE. 181

against every post or tree, and biting at his fleece.
The wool becomes loose, raises up, and the surface
of the skin along the back is covered with a hard
dry scurf. The disease is contagious and the ani-
mal infected should be removed from others.

Various remedies are recommended for this dis-
ease, but the cheapest, safest, and as effective as -
any, is the following: 3 |
- Toastrong solution of tobacco water, say one
quart, add two ounces each of corrosive sublimate |
and copperas, making the quantity more or less in
proportion tothe number to be treated.

Take the sheep with head between your legs,
and lay the wool open along the bak from tail to
shoulder. It the scab forms a hard thick crust,
scarify with a penknife, or rub so asto raise it, and
pour on the liquid from the bottle with a large quill
inserted in the cork. Enough of the mixture
should be applied to saturate the scab; then rub
in. One dressing generally effects a cure. If
sheep are noticed to scratch after this, repeat the
application.

LICE AND TICKS.

_ These vermine in sheep are too well known to
stock raisers to require any lengthy description.—
The louse is of a brownish color, flat body, with
three legs on either side; the tick hasa round body,
and small head, which he buries into the skin,
which he holds with such tenacity as to be with
difficulty removed. ‘They are both injurious to the
wool and anoying to the animal, keeping it in a
constant state of torment from incessant itching
and scratching. After shearing is the best time

182 SHEEP.

to get rid of these pests. Some immerse the en-
tire body in a wash, composed of thirty gallons of
soft water, four pounds of soft soap and two pounds
of arsenic. When the animal is taken out, the wool
should be pressed, so as to take the wash as thor-
oughly as possible out of the fleece. Sheep thus
treated should be kept from cold and wet for a few
days.

We do not approve of this remedy, because of _

its troublesome application, and preter the follow-
ing as more effectual and more easily applied:

One pound of flour of sulphur, four ounces of
Venice turpentine, two pounds of rancid lard and
four ounces of strong mercurial ointment. Rub
well together. It may be made more fluid by ad-
ding an equal weight of neat’s-foot vil. A strong
decoction of Tobacco juice may be used with good
effect for both tick and lice.

DIARRHEA.

Sheep can scarcely be turned into fresh pasture
in Spring or Summer without being subject to this
complaint; but this in most cases is beneficial than
otherwise. If not too severe it rouses the digestive
organs and causes them to thrive more rapidly af-
terwards. Purging from young grass is generally —
of short duration, butif it should continue, they
should be taken off and put ondry feed, and the
following astringent given:

A quarter ounce prepared chalk, half a drachm
of ground ginger, half a drachm of powdered cate-
chu, two grains of powdered opium. Mix in a lit-
tle gruel and give once daily until the purging ceas-
es. Suet boiled in sweet milk is givcn in severe

INDIGESTION AND DEBILITY. 183

cases with good effect. As the diarrheea is liable to
return, the sheep had better be kept on old. grass,
orif that cannot be had, give daily a little corn and
hay. When the diarrhea is accompanied by chron-
ic cough, the complaint may be temporarily reliev-
ed, but never cured.

INDIGESTION AND DEBILITY.

The digestive organs of sheep are very apt to
lose their powers, when kept on scant feed, as well
as exhaustion from other causes. ‘They appear not
to relish food and fast loose flesh. If not neglected
too long, the proper remedy is to arouse the organs
to tone and action, by administering the following:
One ounce of Epsom salts, quarter ounce of ground
caraway seeds; dissolve the salts in hot water and
mix with thin warm gruel. Repeat as often as may
be necessary.

BLINDNESS.

Inflammation of the eye, the forerunner of blind-
ness may arise from various causes. At first a wa-
tery fluid and subsequently a mucus matter is dis-
charged and finally a white film covers the entire
eye, accompanied with fever. When first attacked
bleed from the corner of eye, by puncturing a-
bout an inch or less from the eye and let run freely.

Then give, two ounces of epsom salts, quarter oz.
of ground caraway seed; dissolve the salts in warm
water; mix with thin gruel. Repeat if necessary
in three or four days. A tea-spoonful of laudan um
mixed in halfa pint of soft water, will be found an
excellent wash for the eyes in such cases.

Ew
Mf
~# y;

; HOGS.

A few hints on the feeding and growth of hogs
may not be considered out of place as an introdue-
tion to this subject, their disease, treatment and
cure. First as to feeding, we believe, may be known
from experience, that-with a little more care in
their management and feeding, that they would be
a greater source of profit to the farmer, by matur-
ing in their growth much earlier than they do and
at less cost. In the first place, they should be kept
warm and dry in winter, and instead of throwing
out an ear or two of corn in mud and filth, prepare
their food and you will be rewarded for your troub-
le. Now we shall present to the reader the differ-_
ence between feeding raw corn and that prepared.
The most experienced hog raisers estimate, and in
which we fully concur, that a bushel of raw corn,
fed toa healthy hog, and under favorable circum.

184 ;

FEEDING. 185

stances asto shelter &c., will yield about nine
pounds of pork, while corn ground into meal in-
creases in value about 32 per cent. over that of
corn fed in the ear, and by thoroughly steaming
and cooking the whole corn raises its value to but
little less than that of cooked meal, which is not less
than 66 per cent. over raw corn fed in theear. It
is not the grinding, steaming or cooking the corn
will add to the element already existing, but ren-
dering the whole more nutricious and easier diges-
ted so thatthe maximum of nutrition is more cer-
tainly obtained. The proportions of difference in
each mode of feeding, taking as a basis of our cal-
culation that a bushel of raw corn fed in the ear
will produce nine pounds of pork, that the same
quantity of corn coverted into meal and fed in the
raw state will produce twelve pounds of pork, thir-
teen and a half pounds from boiled corn, and six-
teen and half pounds from cooked meal. This is
not more taan a moderate average to be realized
from a bushel of corn under ordinary circumstan-
ces of weather with dry and clean feeding pens.

With these few remarks as to feeding, we shall
proceed briefly to the consideration of the dfferent
diseases to which the hog is incident.

KIDNEY WORM.

The symptoms of kidney worm are too well
known to requireany explanation. It is quite fa-
talif not attendedto intime. In the first stages of
the disease small portions of arsenic occasionally,
mixed with meal and fed will effect acure. Corn
well boiled in strong lye has been given with good
results. Hogs should beas regularly salted as cat-

186 THE HOG.

tle, and if alittle wood ashes, and sulphur were
mixed with their salt, they would neither be troub-
led with kidney worm or any other disease,

COSTIVENESS.

Hogs confined closely to pens and fed on dry
corn are very subject to costiveness. ‘Three oun-
ces of epsom salts dissolved and fed in a little slop
and water and repeat day after day if necessary,
will give relief. When convenient a meal mash
well salted may be given.

MANGE.

This complaint, the result of half feeding and dir-
ty sheds is very prevalentamong hogs. No animal
can thrive with it. The wash for mangy sheep
given on another page will be found an excellent
remedy. Ifnot very bad nor of long standing,
wash thoroughly with strong soft soap and warm
water, rubbing in well.

LICE.—Hogs are very subject to lice and fre-
quently at the same time as mange. The same
treatment is recommended.

SORE EARS.

Some hogs are very subject to sore ears, particu-
larly the large lop-ear breed. They suffer much,
particular ly in warm weatber from flies and cannot
thrive while thus affected, and the soorer they are
cured the better. Apply the following as an ‘oint-
ment:

I'wo pounds of lard, half a pound of rosin. Mix

QUINSY. 187

and melt, and when cooling stir in half a pound of
finely powdered calamine.

QUINSY.

Hogs are frequently attacked with quinsy; an
enlargement of the glands of the throat, inflamma-
tion and enlargement of the cellular substances be-
tween the skin and muscles under the lower jaw.
Animals often suffocate from it. Purging and bleed-
are essential and should be immediately attended
to. Two ounces ofsalts administered every half
hour until the bowels operate freely, and a little
warm slop, milk &c., mixed with meal would be
beneticial.

MEASLES.

This disease, although often unnoticed until af-
ter death, to the great loss by the feeder, may be
easily discovered by the red and pimpled appear-
ance of the skin. Hogs are not known to die from
it. It is the result of large feeding of hot stimula-
ting food, such as distillers and brewers feed, fre-
quently from the animal being suddenly taken from
poor food and given quantities of dry corn. As
good a remedy as any is to feed with cold slops of
meal and water, sparingly for a while and in the
mean time dissolve and mix in occasionally a little
sulphur and salts.

CHOLERA.

This is comparatively a new disease, but quite
prevalent and disastrous in this country and Europe
for some years past, though many affections, caus-

188 THE HOG.

es, syinptoms, and results are probably classed un-
derthis generalterm. The estimate of annual 1 oss-
es in swine in the United states, all attributed to this
disease, is not less than from ten to fifteen millions
of dollars, an amount greater probably, than the
damage by all other diseases to any other kind of
animals and yet it seems to be but little understood
by Veterinary Surgeons. We claim however, hay-
ing made some progress in this direction. In our
“Formula of treatment of diseases of the horse” ete.
published in 1867, we recommended the use of a
painting material, known as “Venetian red,” mix-
ed with either sour or sweet milk in quantity as may
be requisite. Thoroughly stirring well together,
and place troughs, where the hogs may drink freely
for two or three days. The proportions are one
pound to five gallons of milk.

In all cases where tried it has proved successful.

BREEDING.

Before noticing the various breeds of hogs and
their crosses now extant in this country, in which
there is a great diversity of characters, ina greater
or less degree of importance to the stock raiser, we
shall proceed to give in brief some of the essential
points. Like other animals, they should be selec-
ted with special reference to the nature of the cli-
mate, kind and condition of thefarm. The main
points to be observed in judging ofthe breeds of
the hog, are the form or shape of the ear, head,
length and shape of body, girth, and length of legs,
and the fineness of hair. The large lop ear and
coarse haired animal, generally indicates big bone,
thick skin, and heavy eaters; while in the straight

THE BERKSHIRE. 189

erect ear, the size is smaller, quicker arriving at
maturity with a lessamount of food. The best
formed, are those which are not over lengthy, full
in the head and cheek, short neck, small in bone,
thick, round and compact in body, full in the quar-
ters, thin in skin; and of good size according to the
breed; disposed to fatten at an early age are essen-
tial points. :
Wewill now namethe different breeds known,
with some oftheir characteristics and leave the
breeder to make his own choice.

THE BERKSHIRE.

This breed was imported from England into this
country, in the year 1822, and is still a great favor-
ite among stock men. It is generally in color, a
yellowish white with black spots, short head, medi-
um sized erect ears, thick close body, short legs,
small bone, with hair having a rough appearance
and inclined to be curly. It fattens quickly, its
meat of fine quality, and weighs well.

THE SUFFOLK.

This is also a favorite breed; a cross between the
Chinese and original Suffolk. Itis smaller than
the Berkshire, with more proportioned body, and
full round quartes. In color it is white or flesh col-
or. They attain when fat at the age of one year
from 250 to300 pounds. A cross between this hog
and the Berkshire results in larger stock.

190 THE HOG.
THE CHINESE.

This, although the first improved breed imported
into this country, now over forty years ago, has been
bred onl y to a limited extent, owing to its size, sel-
dom attaining over 250 pounds in weight. It is
small in limb, roundin body, short head, broad
cheek, with very thin skin and fine hair. Being
* very tender, it is better adapted to the Southern than
the Northern States. The Chinese crossed by oth-
er breeds make an excellent hog. ‘They are easily
fed, mature early and their flesh is of fine and del
icate flavor.

THE ESSEX.

This breed is generally black and white-mixed,
mostly black. They are smaller inthe head than
the Berkshire, long, thin upright ears, short hair,
fine skin, good hind parts, and deep round body.
They have the reputation of being bad nurses, al-
though good breeders.

THE CHESTER.

The origin of this favorite breed of hogs, was thé
importation of a male and female from China, a-
bout forty years ago, into Chester county, Penn.,
where by judicious crossing, they obtained a high
reputation. They are generally known among hog
fanciers in most parts of the country. They have
a long body, square built, with small bone, and well
formed, and will produce a greater
amount of meat for the food consumed than any
other hog known. They fatten younger than any
hog we know of, and at the age of sixteen months

CROSSING. 191

with good care, will average from 500 to 600 Ibs.,
and at two years will run up to 700 or 800 pounds.*

CROSSING.

It is by judicious crossing of breeds that some
of our best varieties of hogs have been obtained.
A cross betweena superior and an inferior breed
results in the offspring to the latter, and, in many
respects often better than theformer. In breeding
‘from stock with qualifications of different descrip-
tions and in different degrees, the breeder will de-
cide what are indispensible or what desirable
qualities, and will cross with animals with a view to
establish them. He will, if necessary, submit to —
the introduction ofa trifling defect in order that
he may profit by a great excellence, and between
excellencies, perhaps somewhat incompatible, he
will decide which is the greatest, and give it the
preference. These remarks willapply to all kinds
of stock as well as hogs. A bushel of corn will
make twice as much pork when fed to a Berksbire,
a Suffolk or a Chester, as to a slab-sided, long-leg-
ged, long-nosed, self- sharpener breed, well known
in the Western country some years ago.

FEEDING.

Hogs shouid have their meals at regular periods,
never at any one time giving large supplies, that
they may gorge themselves. At all times they
should have only as much as they will eat up clean,
thus keeping their appetites sharp for each feed as
the time comes around. Hogs fatten most rapidly
in such a state of the atmosphere as 1s most con-

192 THE HOG.

-genialto their comfort—neither too hot or too
* cold; September, October and November are
the best months for making pork. The more agree-
able the weather the less amount of food is requir-
ed to supply the waste of life. Inthe first month
named, old corn may be scarce, but the new crop
then nearly fit or just cut should be given. Farm-
ers who have practiced this mode of feeding say it
is more nutricious, and the hogs thrive better on it
than on old corn. After feeding the first month,
they should have all that they can eat, but none to
waste; regularity in feeding, a little salt occasion-
ally, a comfortable place to lie and plenty of clean
water, is the great secret of success. Where fed in
open pens, in mud and mire, one-third, if not one
half the corn fed on the ground is lost and the hogs
are slow in fatting

SPAYING OR ALTERING.

Male hogs may be altered at any time from three
weeks after birth totwomonths. At the former
period there is no danger of accidents; they grow
up and make nice smooth hogs; while, if left to get
old, they will have a staggish appearance and nevy-
er make good pork.

In performing the operation of altering a male
hog; with a sharp knife, slit the scrotum sufficient-
ly large, according to the size of the animal, take
out the testicle, and draw on it gently, scrape the
cord uv close to the top and there cut it off. But
in old hogs care must be taken in this respect to
prevent rupture. With alarge needle and strong
thread—double if necessary, sew up, bringing the
parts together, being sure to take good hold with

SPAYING OR ALTERING. © 193

the needle and thread on the scrotum, but not
drawing too tight, that any matter created may es-
cape. Grease with lard; ifthe weather 1s warm,
smear with a little thin tar.

Sows should be spayed also at an early age, but
not let run onto a more advanced period; even
after pigging, they should be then spayed, and may
be without any risk, but more care is necessary.
To perform this operation it is better that they be
thin in flesh—a little gaunt. Unlike the altering
of male pigs, spaying sows requires some anato-
mical as well as surgical knowledge, besides prac-
tice and confidence in your ability. Prepare your-
self with a good knife, rather rounding at the point,
a Spaying needle and a supply of good sound shoe
thread, the latter double. Lay the animal on a
wide steady board, right side down, having an as-
sistant to keep her in that positon. Feel for the
hip bone and from oneinch below shave off the
hair and make an incision in of direct line down-
ward, one inch in length, through the outside skin,
then cut the inner skin straight with the grain
making the orifice sufficiently large tointroduce the
fore finger of your left hand, reaching up toward
the back bone, remove the pride and cut off closely
to the pig-bed. Then follow the pig-bed to oppo-
site side, where the other pride is located, and cut
it off in like manner. This performed, replace the
pig-bed, grease with clean lard and sew up the
wound, strong, but not too close, in order to leave
room for the escape of any matter that may accu-
mulate. Old sows without spaying, should never
be fatted; they require more food; their meat is in-
ferior and seldom sell for over half the price of
clear hogs.

194
THE
VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA.

RESCIPES,

THE VETERINARY PHARMACoP@IA.-The following formu-
la of recipes to be used in Veterinary practice have been com-
piled from the writings of the most eminent Veterinarians of
the present day ; as Youatt, Clark, White, Blaine, Lawrence,
Peel and others; together with all the more valuable recipes
which we have found by long experience to be the most effect-
ual in the several cases assigned them in the Pathology given,
And from our own experience canconfidently recommend the
selection to thenotice of Agriculturists and the owners of stock
in general. It would be prudent for all who make horses,
and the raising’of stock a speciality, to keep on hand the more
important ingredients necessary for the compound of the recipes
herein given. A few venders of horse drugs, keep on hand a
supply of Veterinary medicines; and where the mixtures can
be depended on, and the ingredients are genuine and good,
such an arrangement is avery efficient auxillary to every sta-
ble. The recipes necessary in the treatment of the diseases of
the Cow, SHEEP and SWINE are included in the arrangement.
Where any speciality occurs, or where distinct recipes are
requisite, they have been carefully noticed in the Pathology and
description of the disease and the proper recipes therefor giv-
en. It will therefore only be necessary to be kept in mind in
the preparation of the following recipes, that with the exception
of acid substances, as mineral acids, &c, which no cattle can
bear with equal proportions with the horse, the remedies given
require about the following proportions: A large ox will bear
the proportions of a moderate sized horse; a moderate sized
cow something less; a calf about athird ofthe quantity; asheep
about a quarter, or at most a third of the proportion directed
tothe cow. Swine requires about the same proportion as
sheep.

peter MIxTURES FOR DIARRHEA, LAX, OR SCOUR-
ING. 1. Powdered ipecacuanha, one drachm; do. opium half
a drachm, prepared chalk, 2 ounces ; boiled starch, 1 pint.

VETERINARY PHARMACOPOEIA. 195

2. Suet, 4 ounces, boiled in milk; 8 ounces boiled starch; 6
ounces powered alum 1 drachm.

The following has been very strongly recommended in some
cases, for the lax of horses and cattle. .

3. Glauber’s salts, 2o0unces; Epsom do. 1 ounce; Green vit-
riol 4 grains; Gruel, half a pint. When the lax or scouring at
all approaches to dysentery or molten grease, the following
drink should be first given.

4. Castor oil, 4 ounces; Glauber’s tac dissolved, two oun-
ces; powdered ‘vhubarb, half a drachm; ‘powdered opium, 4
grains; gruel, 1 pint.

ASTRINGENT BALLS FOR DIABETES or EXCESsIVE URINATION.

Catechu, (Japan earth) half an ounce; alum powdered, half

4 drachm; sugar of lead, 10 gr. conserve of roses to make a
all.

ALTERATIVES—1 Levigated antimony, 2 drachms; cream
of tartar, nitre, of each halfan ounce.

2. Ethiop’s mineral, levigated antimony, powdered resin,
each three drachms, Give inamash, or in oats or bran, a
little wetted every night, or make into a ball with honey.

Tonic ALTERATIVES——1. Gentian,aloes, ginger, blue vitriol,
of each one drachm; Oak bark in powder, 6 drachms.

2. Winter’s bark in powder, three drachms; green vitriol
do, one and a half drachms; gentian, do, three drachms; make,
either of these into a ball with honey and give every morning.

3. White vitriol. 1 drachm; ginger or pimento, ground, 2
drachms; powdered quassia, haif an ounce; ale 8 ounces. Mix
and giveas a drink.

4, Arsenic, 10 grains, oatmeal, 1 ounce. Mix and give in
a mash or moistened oats nightly.

ASTRINGENT PASTE FOR THRUSH, FOOT ROT, FOULIN THE
Foot &c.—l. Prepared calomine, verdigris, of each half an
ounce, white vitriol, alum, of each halt a drachm; tar, 3
ounces; mix.

ASTRINGENT WASHES FOR CRACKS IN TEE HEELS, WOUNDS
&c. 1. Sugar of lead, 2 drachms; white vitroil, 1 drachm;
strong infusion of oak, or elm bark, 1 pint; mix.

2 Green vitriol, i drachm: infusion of galls, half a pint
mix and wash the parts three times a day.

POWDER FOR CRACKS, &c. 1 Prepared calamine, 1 ounce;
Fuller’s earth, powdered pipe clay, of each 2 oun
and put within gauze, and saturate the moist surfac

196. VETERINARY PHARMACOPGIA.

sores frequently.

ASTRINGENT PASTE FOR GREASE. 1 Prepared calamine,
Tutty powdered charcoal, of each 2 ounces; yeast enough
to make a paste. To the above,if more strength be required,
add of alum and verdigris each a drachm; corrosive sub-
limate, 2 drachms; spirits of wine orbrandy, 1 ounce; soft
water, 10 ounces.

Rub the sublimate in a mortar with the spirit till dissolved,
then add the water. This is a strong preparation, and has
proved successful in very bad cases of grease which have re
sisted all the usual remedies,

CrysteErS 1 A laxative one. Thin gruel or broth, 5
quarts; Epsom or common salts 6 ounces. |

CLYSTER FOR GRIPES 2 Mash two moderate size onions,
pour over them oil of turpentine 2 ounces; capsicum or pepper
half an ounce; thin gruel, 4 quarts.

NUTRITIOUS CLYSTER—3 Thick gruel three quarts; strong
sound ale, one quart.

4—Or strong broth, 2 quarts;thickened milk, 2 quarts.

ASTRINGENT CLYSTER—5 Tripe liquor or suet boiled in
milk, three pints; thick starch 2 pints; laudanum, half an
ounce.

6 —Or alum whey, one quart; boiled starch, two quarts.

BuisTeRS—l1 <A general one. Cantharides powdered, 2
ounces; Venice turpentine, resin palm oil or lard, 4%
pounds; melt the three latter articles together, and when not
too hot stir in the Spanish flies.

2 A strong cheap blister, but not proper to be used in
fevers or inflammatious, as of the lungs, bowels, &c. Euphor-
bium powdered, 1 ounce; oil of vitroil, 2 scruples, Spanish
flies, 6o0unces, palm oil or lard, resin of each 1 pound; oil
of turpentine 3 ounces.

Melt the resin with the lard or palm oil, having previous-
ly mixed the oil of vitriol with an ounce of water gradual-
ly, as gradually add this mixture to the melted mass, which
again set on a slow fire for ten minutes more; afterwards
remove the whole, and when beginning to cool, add the pow-
ders previously mixed together.

STRONG LIQUID BLISTER—3 Spanish flies in glass pow-
der, 1 ounce; oil of origanum, 2drachms; oil of turpentine,
4 ounces; olive oil, 2 ounces.

Steep the flies in the turpentine three weeks, strain off and

VETERINARY PHARMACOPGIA; 197

add the oil.

Corp1at Batts,—Gention, powdered, 4 ounces; ginger do. 2
ounces; coriander seeds, do. 4 ounces; caraway do. 4 ounces;
oil of aniseed, quarter of an ounce. Make intoa mass with
honey, treacle or lard, and give an ounceand a half for a dose

Diuretic BALLs. —Resin, yellow, 1 pound; nitre, half a
pound; white turpentine, half a pound; yellow-soap, quarter
pound. Melt the resin, soap and turpentine over a slow fire,
when cooling add the nitre. For a strong dose, an ounce and
half, for a mild one an ounce. It should be kept in mind, that
mild diureties are always equal to what is required; and heavy
strong diuretics are always hurtful.

DivrEeric Powprrs.—Yellow resin, powdered, 4 ozs; nitre
ditto, 8 ounces; cream of tarter, do. 4 ouuces. Dose—8 or 10
drachms, nightly, which some horses will readily eat in a
mash.

Uveine Drinx.—Glauber’s salts, two ounces; nitre, 6
drachms, dissolve in a pint of warm water.

CHRONIC COUGH BALLS.—1 Calomel 1 scruple; gum ammon-
ica, horse radish, of each 2 drachms; balsam of Tolu,
Squills, each onedrachm. Beat all together, and make into
a ball with honey, and give every morning fasting.

DRINK FORTHE SAME.—2 Tar water, lime water, of each
half a pint; tincture of squills, halfan ounce.

POWDER FOR THE SAME.—3 ‘Tartar emetic, 2 drachms;
powdered foxglove, halfa drachm; powdered squills, halfa
drachm; calomel, one scruple; nitre, 3drachms; give every
night i ina malt mash.

EmBrocatTion—Cooling for inflammations.—1_ Goulards
extract, halfan ounce; spirit of wine or brandy 1 ounce; soft
water a quart,

For THE EYES.—1 Sugar oflead, 1 drachm; white vit-~
riol, 2 scruples; water 1 pint.

2 Brandy, 1 ounce; infusion of green tea, 4 ounces; tincture
of opium, 2 drachms; infusion of red roses, 4 ounces; excel-
lent for man or horse.

3 Rose water, 6 ounces; mindererns spirit, 3 ounces.

4 Sulphate of zinc, 4 grains; alcohol, 1 ounce; lime water, 1

int.
5 Alum, powdered, 1 drachm, calomel half a drachm.
Mix and insert a little at one corner of the eye. The cus-
tom of blowiug it in alarms the horse.

198 VETERINARY PHARMACOPG@IA,

SORE AND SCUMMED EYES. 6. Take fresh butter or rab-
its fat, honey and white of three eggs; well stirred up with |
salt, 1 spoonful in one powder; mix it well and apply to the
eye with a feather. Also rub above the eye, (in the hollow,)
with the salve. Wash freely with cold spring water.

WEAK EYEs. 7. There is no such diseaseas hooks—it is
only caused by inflammation, which causes the washer ot the
eye to become swollen, and protrude out, and some say that
this is hooks—they never should be cut. By roweling at the
side of the eye it will draw the inflammation from the eyeto the
surface, and cure the disease. Sometimes the eye becomes
weak from wolf teeth; these shonld,be extracted witha for-
cep.

FoR A BUISED EYE. 8. Take rabbits fat and use as
above directed.— Bathe freely with fresh spring water. We
have cured many bloodshot eyes with this simple remedy.

FEVER PowpER—1 ‘Tartar emetic, 2 drachms; nitre, 5
drachms.

2 Antimonial powder, 2 drachms; cream of tartar, nitre, of
each four drachms.

FEVER Drink 3 Sweet spirits of nitre, 1 ounce; mindererns
spirit 6 ounces; water 4 ounces.

4 Sweet spirits of nitre, 1 ounce; simple oxymel, 6 ounces;
tartar emetic, 3 drachms.

MazigNant Eprpemic FEVER.—5 Simple oxymel, Min-
dererens spirit, beer yeast, of each 4 ounces, sweet spirits of
nitre, 1 omnce.

FUMIGATIONS FOR PURIFYING INFECTED STABLES, SHEDS
&c.—1 Manganese, 2 ounces; common galt, do oil of vitriol,
3 ounces; water 1 ounce.

Put the mixed Manganese, and salt into a basin; then hay-
ing before mixed the vitriol and water very gradually, pour
then by means of tongs, or anything that will enable you to
stand at a sufficient distance, on the articles in the basin grad-
ually. As soon as the fumes rise, retire and shut up thedoor
close.

SCALDING MIXTURE FOR POLL EVIL—I1_ Corrosive subli-
mate finely powdered, 1 drachm; yellow basillicon 4 ounces.

Foot svoprincs—1 Horse and cow dung, each about 2 lbs.
tar half a pound.

HooF Ltiquip—1_ Oil of turpentine, 4 ounces; tar, 6 ounces;
whale oil, 8 ounces.

VETERINARY PHARMACOPGIA 199

This softens and toughens the hoofs extremely, when
brushed over them night and morning,

PuRGING MEDICINES.—Balls— very mild. Aloes powder-
ed, 6 drachms; oil of turpentine, 1 drachm. Mild, aloes
powdered, 8 drachms, oil of turpentine 1 drachm. Strong, Alves
powdered, 10 drachms; oil ot turpentine, 1 drachm. The aloes
may bebeaten with treacle toa mass, adding during the beating
the oil of turpentine.* Allspice, cream of tartar, jalap &c.
are uselessand often hurtful additions. . |

LiqUID PURGE—Epsom salts, dissolved, 8 ounces; cas-
tor oil, 4 ounces; watery tincture of aloes, 8 ounces; mix
the watery tincture of aloes is made by beating powdered
aloes with the yelk of an egg, adding water by degrees. By .
these means half an ounce of aloes may be suspended in 8
ounces, of water, and such a purge is useful when a ball can-
not be got down, as in partial locked jaw

Wash For Manece.—Corrosive sublimate, 2 drachm
spirit of wine or brandy, 1 oz.; decoction of tobacco, do.
white helebore, of each 1 pint; dissolve the mercury in the
spirits, and then add the decoctions.

Wash For Cortne Oot, AND Desrroyine Funevus, Or
Proup Fiess, &c.—Lunar caustic one drachm; water 2 oz.

For Manez.—Sulphur vivum, 8 oz; arsenic in powder, 2
drachms; mercurial ointment, 2 0z.; turpentine, 2 oz., lard,
8 oz. Mix, and dress with every morning.

OrntmMenTs For Heatine.—Turners cerdte, two ounces;
white vitriol powdered, half adrachm; lard, 4 ozs.

For Dicrestinc.—Turners cerate, 2 ozs.; white vitriol, 1
drachm, yellow basilicon, 5 ozs.

For ScaB OR SHas In SHEEP, MaLtENDERS AND SELLEN;
DERS IN Horses, Foun BLotcHES AND ERUPTIONS IN CAT-
TLE, IN GENERAL.—Camphor, 1 dr.; sugar of lead, 4% dr.
mercurial ointment 1. oz.

CLEANSING PowpErs.—This is good for all cases where the
blood is out of order. It will be found good for any derange-
ment of the liver or kidneys; also for mange, surfeit, farcy,
yellow water, grease-heel, indigestion, worms and loss of ap-
petite. It is to be used as a general cleansing or regulating
medicine. Take four ounces of golden-seal; 4 oz. powdered
gentian; 4 ounces pulverized blood root; 4 ounces powdered
sulphur; 2 ounces pulverized resin; 1 ounce of nitre; 4 oz.
crude antimony; 4 ounce calomel; 2. lb of ground flax seed,

200 VETERNARY PHARMACOPCIA.,

all pulverized, and well mixed; give one large spoonful in
any kind of mash or chopped feed. Give to cattle in salt, bran
slop; to sheep in salt and clay; to hogs in charcoal, ashes, or
slop. This is the great preventative from all diseases; it keeps
stock Jooking sleek and smooth and makes the farm pay.

Conpirion PowpEr.—For colds, coughs, and to strength-
en the horses wind when he is kept on dry food. Take the
bark from sassafras roots and sarsaparilla roots 3 oz. of each;
dry and pulverize; add 1 lb. of brown sugar, 1 0z.. potash 1
oz. white turpentine, pulverized; 4 lb. yellow clay; 4 lb oil
cake. Dose, one spoonful in wet feed.

To Cure Heaves.—Take one quart of blacksmith’s forge
water; add 1 oz. oil of vitriol; 1 oz. oil of amber; 1 oz. oil tar;
shake freely and give from 20 to 30 drops daily in soft feed. —

To Prevent Contracreous DisEasxes.—One oz, asafcetida; 4
oz ginger; 4 oz. sulphur; 2 oz. resin; 1 oz. saltpetre; 1 oz. an-
timony; 5 oz. hickory or corn cob ashes. Dose, one spoonful
twice per week.

For Ruevumatism.—Take alcohol 1-2 pint; oil of organ-
um; 1-2 oz.; cayenne, 1-2 oz.; gum myrrh, 1-2 oz; 1 tea-
spoonful lobelia: mix and let stand over night, then bathe the
part affected. This is the best medicine we ever used for
rheumatism.

German Rarcumatic Liyiment. The following is sure
cure for the Rheumatism. Neuralgia or stitch in the back,
contracted by cold. lpt. of Aleohol; $ of a large Beef’s
Gall; 1 oz. Spirits Amonia; 1 oz. Spirits Camphor; 1 oz. Oil
Hemlock; 1 oz. Sassafras; 1 oz. Capsicum. Combine and let
stand for 24 hours in a warm place, when it isready for use.
Bathe the affected parts at intervals of 4or 5 hours, and dry
in well by the fire.

Tue Inpians Most Speciric Cure For INFLAMMATORY
RHEUMATISM.—1, qt. aleoho1;1 teacup jimson seed, ground;
2 ounces sassafras oil; 2 oz. foxglove; 1 table spoonful cay-
enne pepper. After bathing thorough+y with the above mix-
ture apply mullen or cabbage leaves steeped in vinegar.

NERVE AND BoNnE LINIMENT.—One ounce spirits of turpen-
tine; 4 oz.organum oil; 1 oz. oilof spike; 1 oz. British oil; 1 oz.
tincture of myrrh; 2 oz. compound tincture of myrrh, or (tinc-
ture capsicum,) 2 ozs. tincture of camphor. For any old chronic
complaint add 1 oz. tincture cantharides. We have used this lin
ament for over 20 yearson man and beast, for sprains, bruises,

VETERNARY PHARMACOP@IA 201

cuts, burns, and rheumatism. It will pay every one to keep it
on hand.

A GerMAN Linimet.—To reduce swelled legs, and
strengthen the tendons after hard drives. 1 beef gall.; 1 oz. oil
of spike, 1 oz. gum myrrh; 1 oz. organum; $ oz camphor; add
to 1pt alchohol bathe the swelled parts freely every 4 four or six
hours; bandage the legs if itis freezing weather or cold winds.

1. Wash for Mange or Farcy. Vinegar 1 pt.; 4.0z. camphor;
blue ointment 20z.; spirits amonia 2 oz.; fish oil, 6 oz.

2. Linseed oil 7 oz.; turpentine oil 5 0z.; oil of tar 5 oz;
mix and wash the parts affected.

A cheap liniment for fresh sprains on any part of the ani-
mal. Take vinegar 1 qt.; carbonate amonia 4 ozs,; shake
and bathe freely; an approved remedy.

GERMAN VEGETABLE LINIMENT-For tetter worm, scald head,
salt rheum or any scrofula on theskin. Take 1 lb. burdock
roots; 4 lb. yellow dock roots; $ lb. tobacco; 4 lb. sarsaparilla,
roots;4 ozs. jimson seed; 4 oz. of white walnut bark. Boil
all these roots and barks together in 1% gallonsof water 20
minutes; strain off and boil down to 4 gallon; then add 4 oz.
of hemlock oil; bottle and cork tight. An approved German
cure for the above diseases.

RECIPE FoR GERMAN OINTMENT.—Take butier, 1 1b.; bees-
wax, 1 oz.; white turpntine, 1} oz.; olive oil,70z.; red lead,
4 ozs.; camphor gum, 1} oz,; melt and stir slow, vial or box
for'use. The German ointment is good for gathered or cake
breasts or lame back, or to annoint a cows bag which is affec-
ted with swollen udder.

GREEN OINTMENT.—Take6 lb.; oflard, put into a ten gallon
kettle; add 2. gallons of water; cut jimson weeds seeds and
all, fillthem in, and cook them slowly, from four to six hours;
and cook all the water out; then put into a jar; add to each
pound of ointment, 1 oz. of turpentine. This is cheap and
good stable ointment—good for scratches, galls, cuts, shoul-
der bruises, &e.

TopInE OINTMENT.—Excellent for man or beast. For
rheumatism, sprains, burns, swellings, bruises, or any infla-
mmation on man or beast; chapped hands or lips, black eyes,
or any kind of bruises. Take fresh butter, 2 lbs; tincture ef
lodine, 1 oz: oil of organum, 2 0z.; mix well for fifteen min-
utes, when it is fit for use. Apply every night and rub in
well with the hands. If for human flesh, lay on with warm

202 VETERNARY PHARMACOPGIA,

flannel.

LINIMENT FOR SwWELLINGs.—Linseed oil, $ pt. tincture
iodine, 3 oz; turpentine, 40z.; oilof organum, loz., Shake
well and apply every day. Rub it in well with your hands. —
Wash the part clean with soap and water before applying it.
This is good on any swelling.

LINIMENT FOR STIFLE SprAtn.—Take three oz. muriat-
ic acid,; 4 oz, oil of spike; 3 gills, spirits of turpentine; to
which add 1. pt. ot cider vinegar; bathe the stifle every four
hours until cured.

A Liyiment To use INTERNALLY AND EXTERNALLY FOR
Diseases oF THE BLADDER AND Kipneys.—Take 1 qt. fish oil;
2 oz. pulverized camphor; 2 oz. oil sassafras; 2 gills turpentine;
bottle, for use internally or externally; give onthe tongue 25
drops every hour.

CurE ror Erystpetis—Take blue flag root, grate fine one tea
cup full, add half pint of milk and boil moderately for about
halfan hour; this should be made into poultices of convenient
size: before the poultices are applied, however, the hands
should be thoroughly washed with soap and sand to bring
about a speedy circulation of the blood; after this rinse the
hands in cold salt water and sugar of lead, and lay them on
the parts affected; then wash the hands in fresh water, and so
continue until the painful feelings are abated. Then apply
the poultices; which should be cold. If necessary any number
of poultices may be applied in the same manner. The poison
of the blue flag, sugar of lead killsthe disease and the milk
prevents any injury that may arise from them.

How to Detect, AND CurE cotic.—When the prescrip-
tion laid down in the preceding instructions can not be ob-
tained. Place the horse in such a position that his hind feet
may be considerably higher than the fore ones. Ifhe is troub-
led with the colic, the position refered to will cause the pain
to cease, and he will stand quietly. Ifby trial it is found he
has the colic, then the following speedy treatment is necessa-
ry. Take 1 qt. of strong salt water, warm it and drench the
horse with it; then then give him moderate exercise.

Take one gill of turpentine, 1 gill of opium, dissolved in
whisky, add 10 drops of Belladonna; one quart of water, milk
warm. Drench the horse and move him about slowly. If
there is no relief in fifteen minutes, take a piece of chalk, a-
bout the size of an egg; powder it and put it into a pint of ci-

VHTERNARY PHARMACOPGIA. 2038

der vinegar, which should be blood warm, give that, and then
move him as before.

ANOTHER.—Take 1 ounce laudanum; 1 ounce of ether; 1
ounce of Tincture of Asafoetida; 2 ounces Tincture of Pep-
permint; add 10 drops Aconite; put all in a quart bottle;
shake it well and drench the horse. |

ReEcIPE FOR Maxine THE Coampion JvyorY CEMENT OR
ENGLISH GLUE.—Take 4 pts. of water; 1 lb. of white glue;
place in akettle; boilslow until thoroughly, meltedtake off and
have ready 4 lb. fine flour of white lead; stir in the above thor-
oughly; then take 4. ozs.; of alchohol, in which dissolve $ oz.
camphor gum; pour in the above stirring thoroughly; the
bottle for use. This cement is one of the best remedies i
use, as a secreter to stop blood. Its medical properties a
good to apply to any open wound; to make adhesive plaster
to hold any wound together, it has no equal: to mend an
furniture or glass ware that is kept in the dry, itis unequal
ed. To use, set the vial in some warm water until the cemen
is melted, then apply it as the case requires.

A Liquip HaRNEss AND SHOE PorisH.—Take 4 Ib. gu.a
shelac, 1 oz. of lamp-black, 2. oz. camphor gum; put ina bot-
tle and add alchohol enoughto cover well; let it stand in
warm.place three days. Harness should be prepared for pol-
ish, by taking apart,and washing well with soap and warm
water, so as to remove all gum and grease; after which the
polish should beapplied when the harness are nearly dry,
The application may be made with a brush or any thing con-
venient.

RECIPE FOR STOPPING BLOOD WHEN BLED IN THE MOUTH.
—Take a small linen or flax-cord, raise the upper lip, pass
the cord above the cut on the inner side, pass it to the front
and tie as high up as possible tolerable tight. It never fails
to stop the bleeding. 3

To INCREASE THE SEXUAL DESIRE IN STALLIONS WHEN
NEEDED.—1. Feed a tea cup full of midlings or shorts once
or twice a day for two weeks.

2. Take § pound of Fennigreek, powdered; divide into
twelve doses, give one every other day in the usual feed.

3. Take Spanish fly 4.lb. powder, divide into twelve doses,
give one every other day, which will produce the desied ef-
fect. |

CONTENTS.

:0:

PAGE

Preface. 1

THE HORSE.

Pathology of... emaqeae wneeed sumaue deunhcobiin ola neat ain
Eye, Inflammation of... vosnep han mndecenpeanhadegh 6aieheace Smaart ane 10
EG WE MAGA s conn san ccpcobidctcs chescusage tual eas ae 11
‘ ~ tor man or beast ca dabaacbepilacnormece ee 12
Folin’ Gr WOU Ta re cc akvccscnccccenenrecsarstcle ceteneenl 12
Catartlt of the ‘TaQntyaitals i... .0. sccecpact ananesensenscarencatane 19
Moon Eyes... venan eben seu pne 2eeaenedee nc tuettaicks ueak tae
PUTIN 0s has cc cnes ncncs teased coccce cxthet ettec een cera a ea 15
Fistula, or Poll Evil, (Recipes.).........::scccssesss senqeeves dee 15
Glanders ghabuctnde aanduhuattas'ns meena amemioreiaead wile aie socaunney hoankiaeee 17
CALMRTE OF CAE clucnetn copes eonemaes tootcs saateracenstt ee ee 19
CHATUGES, CONG. TU)... sceccoekutts ot tateaces bedeeeeden EMSS gy oud, © 19
BUEOTALEV Es vcnthscecincence tiae tenon veakcdeee ceases sac ttees aac 20
CGlatiders ‘tc. Germ ttire: ose on nee co eceeccaek teks 20
Staggers, i veatriérit,. 2 4 ies DEE hati un aan 21
CONS ons cate sah tine anata odeask ooarenieae dips pha oceania 2Y
CORE, FS Nee retenilas ocnncclanacecse beckee ceatancaus caeaeeaer ane 22
Liver or yellow-water, Diseases Of......... s.ecesses socccceee ove 23
Freer, SR ics arcs cence ans nel ennune comenties wecemeat totennet eine 24
Pleurisy Lande poldcine! SRURN OMA ba DREGE ahs aan TSEeREET EE Mena Te a gens tenet 25
Lungs, Inflammation Of: 01. 2)...'.. +00 sasepmecseds ce seeks Cte 26
Condition, WEEE OF ceeecannasecues arcues bevenuets qrccchas Siaret saan 28
Storie Gi CRRA VE) coc ccc. ce cces scecndash cz eaoepeaens ooeaoerenene eee 29
Sheakli Sil. jun ciemauaes os specs ames wen se araiees are ibe ee fan tena 30
Staggers, Tina. .ce sacuceacs seeoqhensetecneecan eset oesk nina 31
ar TL POASMIOTIG Ul. docec carsce occsbunea oceesespe SHaNTEINE Panaus 31
DUE Dee oo. ccs caactecics vs ok sore pene dodo on deubes ORs Canmense ana a1
Gleet, Nose discharge...... «cs. Faabate ache reRldaases MERON Lames 32

Farcy, PSU TEEN cla ccccnundee deccde us avoe wanbouxen cos Sanias peneatenninee 32

CONTENTS. 205

rare, OF DUMGHESS... 0.0 -.ciweveeeevcteecvane-vevess coweswens soe 34
Bowels, Inflammation = sinskdrweeneoaay ee eked veered tsaeusaqteues 35

MMM He eoe sbiic akc scutés wevebcdaw ds sies ausiecs stensede wre adeboes 39
SENG EREOIOR te icvosciea wide ick cevous'svevews-ovwcauds Gablvodwedede 40
pratt OF Lele JAW. sever vewoneced sii sie oclehedviidouces Leena vet 40
PR arctan sobs sous etebeinwestrnweweweernveds Stodls edbddeven dee :
PUCINGCURA RG foi. ta visicciee cadecd sete ceetcate concbiee weaedeaes gakictie a4

« Pmentament Of. 22. oss ce vit wes seen BR asses. on AD

5 of the ie ope bb tueUligs neta tent an bet aee 26
Stifle Sprain... pats Was nnceeemcebai tate uMeh sees eO
Capped Hock, « or ‘Haunches... Pa Meee saliletion AS
Spavin, Ringbone etc., Enateuctions re. 20040 de AB
Mipumeer, Mrsh’ HaAGes.. sive sowed kebwce eda new ecbeedecwee eos the snes OO

" Aettesrnerstvve rns stsnng entities nse 50

“ In feet... II ROM ks LORI eee BS
Hoof: Bound... EI AUUR a Somaey vcktoew sed CuRUT Mie ecvase OG
Hoofs, Brittle or + Spongy... ROE BI eee. i. OS
Hoof # vil, Thrush etce.. Bu cle near ees fMac. 647 baat isl Cee
Scratches, EE A one SE Sen at eae
MEE ac oo Jes ode cue cah GREEN nai san wdeadeaaiedethed decaceenscn OA
REE MEIVCERVENIAG 35545 5.35 56.3 052600 508 vacaco eee sceaaemrne ceeked bdbees cay 6 OM
RINE PNPEE MUR, oo ais tas ew ene ib nie npewie eal te venetwnees os delbay. PHED
Ne RREE LENE sco bos tired eae sates es davaceuney be wewansodensiiie eg O
Lampas... Se PAA Ob aa Had dil dTdne sovickninka Sex Got e ROE
Big or Milk < Leg. seas ebbued raz mudbscwsssccdesebandeLtibnlie Teme
RPMI TRPANSER 22 Foo Sen Cie die th Jasties woce bee vaanedvoulb.u JU alti cgduhecseenes EW
REMOETM GS. so svioaee fwtccttcinecstecesdceecee, Wa dehszendcceasbees ORS 58
Hoof Sound, How: to Jud see.is ici eiceetsecsssbbidebethetesccnessves 59
Hoof, Its formation and strUctULe...scscccsssssssscssssssssesseeeseee 61
Castrating Gee teen bern! os bias EE ELE AIS ete) Tee 67
= Seppe eho At neh ER RRA EP TRT RC RES EEL 58 a LE 71

eet W reatarpetyb Oe (oie chin nnenhaehaia DRUG Dee 72
oti stg ele eR ence once ERR SC PROTEC AR es 74
“2 ss aR ER ne epee RRC ihn ah REEL BE ~~ 79

206 CONTENTS.

Seaton, HLow. £0. apply rencevesyeienvocicauvany sieves bescee@ieeeeeaal 76
Pyactored, Bove sessivescapceesuseutesgeewaseveiaeniy eee ‘a
Stable manager euih isic« sive sesso aries tes eee 82
ROCIO. vecvovasandsecictvetac beds epee er a eee 7
PASth race ssccicacsna Pe TT ye 91
BST COMIIG vais cs spsceneescia's cerissenden ta pkbdes Meena ein ae 94
PERMA BO ORO isn cn canis naxcorcepnes Dae eee ikeiny 9 spbsb nolo ty 102
Eo Throw. 8, atgescsssvasntercceeesenspistsna eee n 103
Bitting Machine........scceseresecsseee soseee sseseeseees conse sanast 104
Brearning £0 Fea ncnpensosensaciavnesasyseeess oie sy spare 105
Pulling on Halter 07, .Bridle.s..:o:-seeers20cecla-sbeencaercameala 105
Weachiniy.t TOUOW sicocececescweaiivy savers cieereasaante eee 106
‘Lo Break from. HMA VIBE se iaeetsieeconsecan sei a 106
2 Kicking, in: Harness .cssssvvesescvesrss2990) sb ee 107
A FRUMAWAY cosns deecce sopeee'sspsebte=ddlessehbnaneae eaeane 108
BRAUN vo visi cusicevevers soeesessayspgkeenel eee 109
Sime} Li rim Be6 08. cccden vice pvesdseys.sawaeninyhenn boast ene 110
Horsemen, Prevailing opinion Of..........0. cesses cocsceseeeeees lil
Colt, Approaching the... siicchueseyivsphs sv Wicdtecdieeaeognaae 112
Dreatment,. Remark | O0s;)5 si +0s00s cppeargpeeewerkatdueiies Sine 116
BLOTS TR. ceived crntuessb oerseP i eo ee ee 117
4 Points of, Physical structure, &C....... ....ecese eeeee 118
2 NHLOH |G cas osounsnceubaran’ fee ben ee baeeary se rire ee 125
Terms. denoting parts 0f......ssacsedevgreaphis oepeneues 126
CATTLE
CREEL TG ARITIE soins cs anncrdeceanqace ceasing ayeeetaysane een 127
PRO | COO Wii ca pea an vedcuinceeaeseehaseese ceva tea po eee oko Man 129
TOR COLIB 1.00 bs Rau leeeee Sutan hash wie Uacoan ck da toles Ghaaes cxe nce an 130
Boirie: Teta ie cea c0 i sok ar ctdnn, tetas occu eienos ok ce 131
PATTI OD, MOM digs cad na snqx cain dan nnanndnngesh aschpmal ah pea 131
A fter Birth, . Retention: Of. civic cccesncecscuesetentesaniess cae 133
Fundament: \Camti ny, 00. ssinarssracehurnuskuch vonesesanensies ae 133
3 Fer AB, CUE: LOE join e ncdvdess'be oak weer bhes puckieeeee 134
. Tndian Qare £08 osdus tics uses dpppeh-dhieddcsowteh anaes 134
Cancer cure, Indian Vegetable...:....ciccsascccs.o+ogssnbaeeneny 135
POPPER os bai ny'vasi anne oa batons oe pany keene 135
Horn distemper.............+. \dsaivan'sewons ag by apueepiudiiase ita aan 136
Bloat 50.6 ccscs syne duane dace ymwtnn opebesapivce aap en ii cn anna 137
Inflammation, OF Red Colic...... sess cesses cress cesseeees conen 137

CONTENTS. 207

meres GE MMe SiCkMeGse vicccas ve oevesecscnscavwveesecscendolces 138
ED hod cy y cdisheuech buna AWcethee dhe eeu k wet ites 139
ak Be chee dda nn vv sdoduweane ss 1ddehinden xk kOe Us ellie 141
a aire cin uu ars sn unlewearoe rede uerabetrnenoeae lied 142
Bladder, Inflammation Of. ......0...0c0v0-sesese ovens Asn dtlhwese ets 144

“ Bianes WM ds Lie drakassdanenncodanae secu aaakee cadadedavtaee 145
SAREE 1 OL cece eicive es we'sidne! aveentcuiw gunmen ieeoweeve'sgeesviacs Lie 146
Re PEUN RE EO VOT io sce ied docu ances seectcaceaasecs tecdacace bos cceoldec 147
is his ec csth-wanend weiavence webwse «culos daandveubbde 149
Ee oe ca Lev cactabansn ces we ovate. Ma Meee iy elec 149
iil ee era dala cha cee cckgh= st cued tiinwae TRA Rwee thie camnahnd 150
I eli cit A Ud Bi lat 151
ON EET ose pian dios ce tigd apiesdeneiadstae sucasevea sastacraddidies 153
ac dS encrucgdadsrerarateurars acisead eda: Beene 153
NM Pe tira ere icitsa aaaleta es ch aawvrannbe-adewentonaveatte (4s 154
pagar farsa anid hire'slcten tre lad sbrerdawide epraedrek dee 154
oo ES) 07129 1) ee er ee 154
Bm EES OW CLG occas satin sare osteen aeirdevreraevniaaededoteuescees 156
ree el SIRS OTT CATO. oct ccc ccdsccvtaceades sadincces woven sfebie2 158
i SAS errr a oe GaP REAR MEN aT DEreae 158
eee NAVEL ec o555 ott ceava cee cevacd veasoeeze sees chies vee 159
Se NN ie ah ica in Gv ewnenaa davecue al 159
MMM or ARE Io a own aednicnce oedacavcnnatsee 160
Ie MAO 8 i ha Ua hes Senos cu mbiddlind weve 161
Peper ree: MGI secu cose deena sedevesee pokes ude aS are 162

SHESP.

Re REIS de ten ntatwchaastouwone desert ceawearabesensi dcr sees 163
ee eee aa hos sa crsncaagcase La sceaeddcdsces sive cicevan tie 164
eeeeite tii ECE 2 ica isd sss cescnaesaecaes sees ws auciwsuapainene 165
Saar RMCSEDIEG Hoek Sey cc zuchue vidis sic sasectae ones — 165
MReteSstee MENS ROW .2255scees sitar sasacavesswsace seasecnne oeesdeueest 165
MmemNN ANAND Sees Mh Sc noes ond 9 sala gals dd xn ta cauk wee decu@aeeees 166
MWR LE foo oeesecre rice dtduedane ow asic wee eesews ee a Tae: 166
nar Eat bth secs cee 2c fen asecdnay nes aes vagcrad nhapwe deedal cea tes 166
NE eLEDS 5s Aan ores 32's 9 cdo) paca ood auld Aa atone dunbains ates ow ce 167
PRPSIPAPCINCN Ef ocnis vi5s ic ccecksive sive egaascdec asieesaueses pene Ares Pe 197
mn sit Se bendes ens tease bseesueeg eancaiaes asag sarees egw 197
Se RAS WN BPs ioc 2c cuvid ne aaabwoesiiad Gaedereny wecaneacstenen tour: 168
RES thas ss aeddiwa duties aii covarwelewacwraswadpicar dee teees leah Gudi as 199

208 CONTENTS.

PU ABE fine isa ov inna nso ca vsdnvnsa jeans ante 169
Castration and Docking :iscokcss necacnees ose vsannveeneaccaee 170
FHQCGBCA RAGOUUT ER donc Gacnki 0k incinnaouaaiiecinscensde 171
DUE Cis okies nccvesn descends cadae teais ites 171

SIE FETS ow saxnarn Aniansarnniavaeannnacuns adaeaeucetenses od aetna 173

Tndammation.of€ the. Lan gseisnrscdnccecrertr>soreycens tees 177
TARGENGA 0 ckeviinxeccver pin eiesanct. ven) Ohana sandra 178

Bobs OF, Man WOisascs consoesciaveeevess creative edeeeeee 180
Rade er Lickdssiss ancpsiexnsseoaede ieee deel eee 181
BVO TENOR sis nad cn ck gach rxkan codec descenreuenvesoehineelis ieee 182
Endigeatian and DGD. cicccescees. shinee eerveseceescrers eel 183
BU INGN EMS | 5, onan se cucouan ooccenecuansededennnsses akuelanee saeeennee 183

THiints. on. Peeing, .Cb6 cncascas sancacsne.canvettda thee teboeee 184
Kid ay WY FOR oss oie in'sses consdignsiges atau che gecscelaeneneeee 185
ONSET CREE. 56 scice acces non sone np aueiaieaesioi pave) beuiahens en oan 186

ES TOSI scacs i ccccoxeiectnre ccnerdde nid. si hemeveoeon ieee
Pri hia i 55 hs ci ba Aicesasm. ane. e canseinn basen san ene cata
Cholera... see AP Sipanesseacimenmuee enema 187
Breeding... ni Rcinsisidia ness anh san esvesienitns AaaRmAiio nines eee wena
The Rerkshize.., Bc tiiun alae Xin onX‘onaluin aka ls detent
The Suffolk.. sb ad ith sting igang hb nhc cia eas a
The Chines og. i ee 190
Thee HBROST 0 ns cdectetin~pvad Wid iaiaie midis annie ee
Dhar e athe oh sae metiacinin so ann nacieae sv-doee sce Bansad ee=iecane
COOMA oi cdc 4 casotunn sean stn tesa 00h 40k nea es ce
BPC E ncisuisvndsvohiibenitarrnnadecerett ate ne 191

CONTENTS. 209

RECIPES.
Peretti ENATMACOPOEIA......; 1.00. 006265 sodeseaccoes conessee 194
ae gice ae 0k oes San bee ds Ws cece cawene've fopsisce sUeone 195
so 22 5 da pau Oet na cwilvinvads adacue'ssicclaaes 195
UN, SSENCE Go 0' 603 0. Golo ts gaa ha wcveweemiougns seedcean 195
Saeeeeenraneese VY OFTIGS. CUCL... os 4i)n0 esa. bauneedeccadlvonecnesoae 195
Rio die yr adlactl oy g dade wid siges ocddes Vee RCE ong actuewere 196
a ois fad sgn ovaisn pwdesn veowed cuca ee IN oi.
id Sos ces alo sa sban tank do. oSees Pagans ee nee 196
eae erdial Couch and Dutretic...... .......0:.0+ veces detects 197
EPEC CLIC 656 02! cc cova sc cine cecsev tones dus ucess Peete eae 197
NN occas a ons ig Sosice be nhc yontad sou gcules toate 197
NUE aed ose eho ars ale on dana/ced decd s~se-asdonseenten 197
SOR seo ooo sdaa atau oi sosa lecedsne uocees 197 198
Eyes—Scummed, Weak and Bruised............°° 7 Lee 198
eee ANE. OOTINK <5. 202. ace coksns sede sedes se deacioos cedees 198
Bae aire PIM EMIIC. LOyer ...<.2...c2< cores ccs cencseese sosersees 198
MMMM AICS CLC co, or. 25 hi 0/253. .velnpn Soe -0 Sec cde ec cbbe soesee cesses 198
WU INNA ooics 3 52k 5. oc Uiacdn We okec es wcectsads oo seve pate 198
Mone toppime— Hoof Liquid... ........205 oes0. deoese eoeceCeoeees 199
em ICINC 5. Siicec suiac o SYaae on vac see ne Uuscavise soedawses 199
Pe MN EIT os 6. oss ssn ons sss eSa dee ewes tw vniedlnaesbe oben ses ee 199
Coring out—Destroying Fungus—Wash for...............4.. 199
eee IAEII ONES 120 Los ans ode a he cae nae vvndad andes soe 199
aE odes 22 bac 0 se Mirman eet eee See osc iden woven edie 199
pm PN CAMISTIES 2. 2525s 545 28k waved dace rte tewodas suecneses 199
RR CEU) 3 cs. 252 2n do cae 3o Sea ic deegeb wee secene ceeces 200
eB OT ce esse al 22h | Bessie sash invented eSe csc. secon cheees 200
Contageous Disease—to prevent...... SOE) 28 2s Seep OER era 200
eee nee aaP ROUTE! LOT 04 oo vais. 54. Soc -ce Youn canna Posts cecvie ase 200
nnn) Nerve and Peme i. o eo. eicdei ces de ov soncs eens acece 200
Ea 11 1, eb nen eg te re At a 201
EEE SE 2a Ee gi” = Ae 201
Mere) Greets. Loditre 22.7. ttn dow Bed ease obo vee ota'nce 201
Temiments, Swellings, Sprains Cte..02 4... ide. ceed ccscecseeeee 202
EE Le ee ee | a ee ee 202 .
teehee Soe Seeds nag Sue Sed Sea ed wacene 202 203
ee mmen et, Le ARE PMON 2552 123. Sees 0 <at ea'vond sapek tina secepe os vebeacans 203
eerent,, Harness and hoes. css i000 ede eS 8. cece spe tewedens 203
RM PRETETINE hog hh cve ws cos edsanteen onesie Sadncd owen cs 203

reais IRA CERIN 06 Fn oun sive ne sncieedonse conse ven'caecsins 203

210

Anatomy of the Horse.

211°

Explanation of Cut on Opposite Page.

A—The head.

a—Posterior Maxillary, or under jaw.

6—Superior Maxillary, or upper jaw.

c—Orbit, or cavity containing the eye.

adl—Nasal bones, or bones of the nose.

e—Suture dividing the paristial below from the occipital
bones above.

f Interior Maxillary bone, containing the upper incisor teeth,

B—'the Conicat Vertebrae, or bones of the neck.

C—The Dorsal Vertebrae, or bones of the back.

D—The Lumbar Vertebrae, or bones of the loins.

/f/—The Sacral Vertebrae, or bones over the haunch,

ji’—Caudal Vertebrae, or bones of the tail.

G—Scapula, or shonlder blade.

H—Sternum, or fore part of the chest.

I [—Costae, or ribs.

-/—Humerus, or bone of the arm.

JC K—Radius, or bone of the fore arm.

L—Uina, or elbow.

MM M—Carpus, or knee,

WV N—Metacarpal bones.

Q—Haunch.

P P—Femur, or thighs.

Q—Stifle joint with the Patella.

AR &R—Thibia, or thigh bones.

SS S—Tarsal bones.

T T—tLarge Metatarsal bones.

hr h—Os Coronal.

& S—Os Suffraginis.

212

THE STOMACH.

———
——— se

213

(See Page 22. )

Explanation of Cut on opposite Page.

a@—The Asophagus or Gullet, extending to the Stomach.
6—Entrance of the Gullet into the Stomach. The circular
layers of the muscles,are very thick and strong, and which by
their contractions, render it difficult for the food to be vomited.
c—Portion of the Stomach covered by Cuticle or insensible
skin. |
ad d—Margin separating the Cuticular from the Villous
portion.
e e—Mucous or Villous portion, in which the food is princi-
pally digested,
—Communication between Stomach and first Intestine.
—The common orifice through which the Bile and Secre- -
tions from the Pancreas pass into the first Intestine. The two
pins mark the two Tubes here inserted. |
hA—A smaller orifice through which a portion of the Secre-
tions of the Pancreas enters the Intestines.

214

INTESTINES.

\\

\\\\\

A
ee

NII

/
|
QQ
=

/ Vi
{ {
/ Lf }/
| /

Wh by
linn
WILE Nige pe
sl

Vaal IT int
UW

Sh tay
7 Vig
sf f
fs

WIS

NAAN WS

\Wanyig

Z
7 Z I
<
OZ
== Gh

215

( See Page 35. )

Explanation of Cut on opposite Page.

a-—Commencement of Small Intestines, The Biliary, and
Pancreatic ducts a little below.

} b—The Convolutions or windings of the Small Intestines.

c—Portion of the Mesentary, a fold of Serous membrane,
which hanges over the greater part of the Intestines.

d-—Small Intestines, terminating in the Caecum

e—The Caecnm, or blind Gut, with the bands runniug along
it, puckering and dividing it into numerous cells.

f—Beginning of the Colon.

¢é—Continuation and expansion of the Colon, also divided

into cells.

h—Termination of the Colon in the Rectum.

7—Termination of the Rectum atthe anus.

216
REMARKS.

The three following cuts, representing the Head, and out-
side view of the Hip, from thence to the Tarsal bones of the
hind leg, showing the various muscles and arteries ; also anin-
side view of the same, will be found of great interest to the stu-
dent in Veterinary Surgery; and in order that they may exercise
their skill, we omit giving reference to the different points,
merely refering them to the skeleton given on a preceding page.

The Head.

217

Outsid
e View
of the Hi
ip.

TL:

SFE
YY Ze
Y WT, J S
YL OZ = SS \
Yi. LEE SSS N \
YY Zs = a SSH Sane WS . . “SS
; Fs SS SS
= SSC WW \ \ -
. ~ : SSsV7 . \=
WN
N 7
SS : SA LZ
MY» ZZ
by Z

WLKAA

218

Inside View, Anatomy of the Hip.

, *
See \ ‘ \ \ S SS
‘A, SAV
MANS ANS Nill ni
Bu

rN SSS
ANY:
\ As \ \ S
\) \ \\

RQ “WAY
Sil ‘4 \\\
C \ ‘Vb enh
WS \ \Y, Sy MA ‘
S\ .\ \\ ANY \\
AY
‘\ \ F f
ANY

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NWA \
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J EW AAWS
WE ANY VAAN
hi i | PIN RAW
i YE SD SI
“4 By) V NS NAY
vie iW) ‘4 Vis LY
ais a ’ \ 7 SS .
} MY? | At f/f; AN \\ .
; r Ly ties fA \
| LGA WAN
Z vr Ai" XN NX
4

Stes ay a

Persons desiring one or more copies of this werk,
will be supplied by addressing the Authcr,

Professor Howersiith,
WESTERVILLE, FRANKLIN CO... OHIO,

and enclosing the price, $3.00, for which it will be
sent POSTAGE FREE, to any part of the United
States.

CLUBS OF TEN, sentin one package, - $2500 ~

Remit by Post Office Order, or Bank draft on
New York.

wit

2M eee

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

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