^ 1 C gll/-^ j>. ^■■t^BBK~ ^» ^< tf 1 ^i^^i^^H I^^^Hv^ ^ '^pailPI K/-* ' ' ' f f ^p^^K^^^*" \ ^ r i i i 6^>> 1^ Ji ^M s^ • < ; > JK - A ^^^■'^■■9J^^V' S \ < r V 4 ' ^wssggfjf^Br ^9 - ^ '«i»"i^ f s i Sl ^ t LJ-^Jf^i' f '-^ ^ ^^ ^ w mmmmmtm ^^ < <_* i ^ JUNE, 1919 MEMOIR 25 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART I. DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIES CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY 337 JUNE. 1919 MEMOIR 25 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART I. DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIES CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY u CONTENTS PAGB Systematic position of the species 775 Economic importance 776 Distribution 778 Geological distribution 778 Geographical distribution 778 A summary of the crane-fly fauna of the world 778 Lists of the species of adjoining States and provinces 780 The crane-flies of New York 787 Family Tanyderidae 790 Family Ptychopteridae 790 Subfamily Ptychopterinae 790 Subfamily Bittacomorphinae 790 Family Rhyphidae 791 Subfamily Trichocerinae 791 Subfamily Rhyphinae 791 Subfamily Mycetobiinae 791 Family Tipulidae 791 Subfamily Limnobiinae 791 Tribe Limnobiini 791 Tribe Antochini 797 Tribe Eriopterini , ... 798 Tribe Limnophilini , . . . 805 Tribe Hexatomini 812 Tribe Pediciini 813 Subfamily Cylindrotominae 815 Subfamily Tipulinae 815 Tribe Dolichopezini 815 Tribe Ctenophorini 816 Tribe Tipulini 817 Distribution of the Tipulidae and related families by life zones 826 The Boreal region 827 The Arctic- Alpine zone 827 The Hudsonian zone 828 The Canadian zone 828 The Canadian-Transition zone 830 The Austral region 832 The Transition zone 832 The Upper Austral zone 832 The Lower Austral zone 833 The Tropical region 833 The Tropical zone 833 Seasonal distribution 834 Immature stages 837 The egg 837 The larva 837 The pupa 841 Rearing the immature stages 843 Aquatic forms 843 Mud-inhabiting forms 844 Fungus-inhabiting forms 844 Wood- and bark-inhabiting forms 845 j767 768 Contents PAGE The adult flies 845 Structure 845 The head 845 The sclerites 845 The mouth parts 846 The antennae 848 The eyes 854 The thorax 854 The legs 858 The transverse suture 860 The wings and their venation 860 The abdomen 870 Sexual dimorphism 876 Haunts 876 Activities 878 Feeding habits 878 Resting habits 879 Swarming and mating 880 Oviposition 881 Photophilism 881 Enemies 882 Keys to the crane-flies of northeastern North America 883 References cited 959 Index 903 THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART I. DISTRIBUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIES THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART I. DISTRffiUTION AND TAXONOMY OF THE ADULT FLIES » Charles Paul Alexander Tho crane-fly fauna of New York State may be considered as repre- sentative of that of northeastern North America. For more than half a century New York has been one of the favorite collecting grounds for students of this neglected group of insects. The original plan of the present paper was to include only the species that are actually known to occur in this State. However, it should be understood and appreciated that in groups of insects which have been long ignored by almost all students of entomology, such as the group under consideration, it is still impossible to give the exact range of any particular species, and forms that seem to be confined to certain sections of the country upset all calculations by reappearing in distant regions which had been considered as far outside the range of the species. Thus it is possible that almost any species occurring in northeastern America may be found within the limits of this State, altho some species are now known only from localities so distant as to make it seem improbable that they may be found here also. For this reason the scope of the present paper has been extended to include the northeastern United States and eastern Canada — Labrador and Newfoundland, south to Virginia and Kentucky, west to Iowa, Minnesota, and Manitoba. It is believed --that this area includes about all of the local probabilities, but there are undoubtedly new species yet to be dis- covered and lost species to be recognized. The number of species of crane-flies that should occur in New York State is probably not less than three hundred, and this figure seems similarly applicable to many areas of equal extent and equal diversity of ecological conditions in the North Temperate Zone. The student of this group of flies will find that there is still very much to be done in determining the exact seasonal and geographical distribution "This study was conducted in the entomological laboratory of Cornell University, under the direction ■Au: "iT*"^ ^- Needham, Dr. J. Chester Bradley, and Dr. O. A. Johannsen, to whom the writer is indebted for many helpful criticisms and suggestions. 771 772 Charles Paul Alexander of the species here included. Present knowledge of the biology and ecology of these species, and exact data on the duration of the different periods of the immature stages, arc still very meager, and it is this field more than any other that offers the greatest opportunities for research. The classification herein adopted is that of Osten Sacken, but it may be well to state that very many fundamental changes are to be expected when the immature stages are better known. In the course of the author's studies on the local Tipulidae, it was necessary for him to visit and examine most of the important collections in the East. In some cases in which it was impracticable to visit the museums, specimens were lent by the authorities in charge. The writer wishes to express his gratitude to the persons who kindly assisted in this manner. Among the collections studied were those contained in the following institutions: United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. This museum contains probably the largest collection of crane-flies in the New World, including the types of Coquillett and the Limnobiinae described by Doane, as well as much of the material determined by the author. The collection was examined on several occasions thru the kindness of the late Mr. Frederick Knab, custodian of the Diptera. United States Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. The collections here, examined thru the kindness of Mr. W. L. McAtee, are extensive, and are particularly rich in local forms and in material from the Pribilof Islands. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. These collections, examined on several occasions thru the kindness of the Director, Mr. Samuel Henshaw, include the types of Osten Sacken and Loew and are of the greatest importance on that account. The material is in a fine state of preservation because of the constant care given to it. Boston Society of Natural History, Boston, Massachusetts. These collections, examined thru the kindness of the Curator, Mr. Charles W. Johnson, are very fine, almost complete as far as the New England fauna is concerned, and of great value to the student. The type of Chionea valga Harris, as well as many of Say's species and the specimens determined by him, are to be found here. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The material here includes the collections of the American Entomological Society. The collections were examined thru the kindness of Mr. E. T. Cresson, jr. They include the type of Triogma exculpta Osten Sacken, and cotypes of many of the other Sackenian species as well as a good repre- sentation of other forms. American Museum of Natural History, New York City. This rather considerable col- lection, examined thru the kindness of Dr. F. E. Lutz, includes many of Williston's cotypes and is especially rich in Antillean and South American forms. Museum of the Brooklyn Institute, Brooklyn, New York. This collection was examined thru the kindness of the custodian, Mr. Charles Shaeffer. It is a rather small local collection, but the specimens have been authoritatively determined by Johnson and they form a good nucleus for future work. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 773 New York State Museum, Albany, New York. This is a good local collection, examined on several occasions thru the kindness of the State Entomologist, Dr. E. P. Felt, and the assistant entomologist, Mr. U. B. Young. \ Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. This collection is under the direction of Dr. James G. Needham and Dr. J. Chester Bradley. It is a very complete collection, including many specimens taken in the seventies by Professor J. H. Comstock and the late Mr. H. H. Smith and determined by Osten Sacken. The type of Rhabdomasiix flava is here. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. This is a very good local col- lection, made in large part by the author in 1913, under the employment of the Director, Dr. Charles D. Woods, and the Station Entomologist, Dr. Edith M. Patch. Department of Entomology of North Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina. This collection was examined thru the kindness of the State Entomologist, Mr. Franklin Sherman, and Mr. R. W. Leiby. It is a good collection of local material. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. This collection was examined thru the kindness of Professor James Hine, who collected the greater part of the material. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota. This is a good local collection, including most of the material mentioned in Washburn's Dipfera of Minnesota. It was sent to the writer by Mr. Simon Marcovitch. Considerable additional material from the region of Lake Itasca was given to the writer for determination by the collector, Mr. Samuel A. Graham. Washington State Agricultural College, Pullman, Washington. This collection is very important, as it contains many of the Tipulinae described by Doane. The writer was unable to visit the collection, but Dr. Axel L. Melander very kindly sent him the cotype specimens of three or four eastern species that were needed in the preparation of this paper. Canadian National Museum, Ottawa, Ontario. This collection was sent to the writer for naming, thru the kindness of the Dominion Entomologist, Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt. It is a rather extensive collection, from most parts of the Dominion. Uni/ersity of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. This is a small collection, mostly taken by Dr. E. M. Walker and including the types of Phalacrocera neoxena. It contains also a few additional specimens collected by Dr. W. A. Clemens and including the type of Tipula algonquin. New Brunswick Experiment Station, Fredericton, New Brunswick. This is a good local collection, taken by the Station Entomologist, Mr. John D. Tothiil. Nova Scotia Experiment Station, Truro, Nova Scotia. This is a very good local collection, taken by Dr. Robert Matheson. It is now in the collection at Cornell University. In addition to the public collections listed above, there are in the United States a few private collections of great value, as follows: The collection of Dr. W. G. Dietz, Hazleton, Pennsylvania. This is a very considerable collection of North American species, including the types of the species described by the owner. The collection of Mr. C. W. Johnson, Boston, Massachusetts. This is an exceptionally fine collection, and includes the types of many of the species described by the owner. The collection of Dr. J. G. Needham, Ithaca, New York. This is a good local collection, mounted in balsam. It includes the types of Dicranomyia whartoni and Dolichopeza americana. 774 Charles Paul Alexander The collection of Mr. M. C. Van Duzee, Buffalo, New York. This collection is very rich in local and Floridian species, and includes the type of Geranomijia vanduzeei. The collection of the author, Urbana, Illinois. This includes a good representation of local forms and many extra-limital species. The types of many of the species described by the author are in this collection. In addition to those named above, there have been examined several collections made by students in systematic entomology at Cornell Uni- versity dining the past few years. The more notable of these are the collections of Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, and Messrs. J. T. Lloyd, S. W. Frost, E. A. Richmond, W. C. Woods, and Hachiro Yuasa. The following very considerable collections, made in different parts of the countiy, have been of great value in determining the range of North American species: The two Beutenmiiller collections, one in the American Museum and the other in the collection of Dr. Dietz, from the Black Mountains, North Carolina. The Nathan Banks collections, from the same locality and from northern Virginia. The Karl P. Schmidt collection, made in Louisiana. The J. Chester Bradley collections, made in Georgia, New York, and the West. The R. C. Shannon collections, from the vicinity of Washington, D. C. The Axel Olsson collections, from North Carolina and New York. The H. H. Knight collections, from western New York. The H. M. Parshley collections, from Maine and Massachusetts. The Cordelia Stanwood collections, from Hancock County, Maine. Collections made in the vicinity of Georgian Bay, Ontario, by Dr. W. A. Clemens in 1912, by Mrs. John D. Tothill in 1914, and especially by Mr. H. S. Parish in 1915. The Bryant Newfoundland specimens in the collection of Mr. Johnson. Material from near Washington, D. C, and from Maine, collected by Mr. W. L. McAtee. The Ely (Connecticut) and Weidt (New Jersey) material in the collection of Dr. Dietz. The extensive collections made in Bergen County, New Jersey, by Mr. M. D. Leonard. Specimens collected by Oslar (Colorado), Munz (Colorado), and Woodgate (New Mexico), and other material in the collection of the author. To all the above-mentioned persons the author expresses his sincere gratitude for the privilege of seeing these specimens and obtaining the records. In addition to the collections that the writer has been able to visit, there are several others of high repute — the collection in the Carnegie Museum (Pittsburg, Pennsylvania), the private collection of Mr. Charles Duiy (Cincinnati, Ohio), the collections of the Illinois State Labora- tory of Natural History and the University of Michigan, and others — The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 775 which unquestionably will supply many new, chiefly local, records when their contents are made known. SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE SPECIES The families that make up the insects known as crane-flies are four in number — the Tanyderidae, the Ptychopteridae, the Rhyphidae, and the Tipulidae. All but the last-named of these families are very hmited in number of species, the total number of described forms being not far in excess of threescore. Crane-flies belong to the division Nematocera of the suborder Orthorrhapha. They are characterized by having six or more segments in the elongated antennae. The only famiUes of flies with which crane-flies might be confused are the Bibionidae and the Dixidae. Crane-flies are very often of large size. They are the largest of the Nematocera and are among the largest of all Diptera. The differences in size found in the fainily TipuUdae are very great, ranging from the giants of the family, Ctenacroscelis praepotens, Tipula brohdinagia, and others, down to such species as Erioptera parva and Molophilus ursinus, veritable pygmies. In the area considered in this paper, the largest species found are Longurio testaceus and Tipula abdominalis, and the small- est is Molophilus ursinus. In appearance crane-flies may be described as mosquito-Uke and they are very often mistaken for mosquitoes, the larger species often causing great alarm. There are no crane-flies, however, that have the biting habits of the Culicidae. The legs of all crane-flies are long and slender, in some cases being exceedingly so, and this feature has given most of the common names that are applied to these insects — crane-flies, daddy longlegs, and the like. The wings are many-veined (polyneura), and in most species they possess a completely inclosed discal cell (1st Mi). In all Tipulidae and in the trichocerine Rhyphidae there are two anal veins, a character never possessed by the more speciaUzed Nematocera. On the mesonotum there is a distinct, more or less transverse, V-shaped suture separating the prescutum from the scutum. In the Tanyderidae, the Ptychopteridae, and the Rhyphidae this suture is rather poorly defined. Ocelli are found only in the Rhyphidae. The large size, the inclosed discal cell, the presence of two anal veins, and the V-shaped suture, are sufficient to distinguish the local species of TipuUdae. 776 Charles Paul Alexander ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Economically, crane-flies are found to play a relatively important r61e. The adult flies are entirely harmless, but the larvae of many species are destructive to various crops. In Europe the best-known of such species is Tipula oleracea Linn. In eastern North America the smoky crane-fly, T. cundans Say (called T. infuscaia Loew by Hyslop, lOlO^), working principally on leguminous species, and T. bicornis Forbes working largely on grasses, often become serious pests; in the West the alfalfa crane-fly, T. simplex Doane (Essig, 1913), is often of exceedingly great importance, working on various legumes and grass species. Other species, as T. derbyi Doane and T. aspidoptera Alex., often do considerable local damage. In Japan, T. longicauda Mats, and a species that has been determined as T. parva Loew do very considerable damage to rice and sugar cane. It is to be noted that all these more destructive species belong to the tribe Tipulini, comprising the larger species of crane-flies, and the damage is done by the larvae's feeding on the roots and thus causing the death of the plants. The species of Tanyptera Uve in logs or stumps that are fairly sound and free from decay. The larvae of some species of Rhipidia, Limnobia, Trichocera, and other genera, affect stored roots and tubers. The species of Ula and some species of Limnobia live in fungi (Boletus, Armillaria, Hypomyces, and others), and in some cases may be of economic impor- tance in mushroom culture. As an element of food for vertebrates, crane-flies occupy a prominent position. The records of Dr. Dallas Hanna and those of the Whitneys, in the possession of the United States Biological Survey, state that larvae representing an unknown species of Tipula are abundant every- where thruout the summer season on St. Paul Island, of the Pribilof group in Bering Sea. These larvae are found around the roots of grasses and herbs, and especially under beds of moss, on the roots of which they feed, killing the moss over considerable areas. Under such a moss bed as many as twenty larvae to the square foot have been collected. The larvae must be of considerable ecological importance because of their food value to birds and foxes. Foxes will dig over large areas of moss beds to feed on them. Thruout the arctic regions the family Tipulidae * Dates in parenthesis refer to References cited, page 959. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 777 seems very abundant, both in number of species and in number of individuals, and the larvae are exceedingly numerous. The Biological Survey has kept a very careful record of the food of birds and other vertebrates, based on the examination of stomach con- tents, and thru the kindness of Messrs. W. L. McAtee and E. R. Kalmbach the writer has obtained a record of the species known to feed on crane-flies. Over a hundred species of birds, representing almost all the bird families, have been found to feed on the adult flies. The more notable and general of these birds are sandpipers, flycatchers, vireos, swallows, wood warblers, and thrushes. The species feeding on the larvae consist for the most part of ducks, shore birds, and thrushes. Dr. Alice A. Noyes has found in the stomach of a Wilson's snipe twenty-three head capsules of a small Tipula (possibly T. dejecta Walker), showing the importance of the larvae as food at certain seasons. Similarly the food of toads (Bufo) and of frogs (Rana) often includes an abundance of larval and adult crane-flies (Needham, 1905). The larvae of crane-flies are very tempting to many species of fishes. Certain of the larger larvae, such as those of Tipula abdominalis and Eriocera spinosa, furnish one of the best of baits for black bass and other game fish, being even more tempting in many cases than the better-known dobson (Corydalis). The skin of these larvae is very tough and leathery, hence their common name leather-jacket. The fishhook is run thru the body of the larva at about midlength, leaving the two ends wriggUng. Studies made by Needham (1908:172-188) on the food of the bullhead, the sunfish, and the red-belhed minnow, showed that crane-fhes were not eaten by these species, and the same is true of the brook trout in ponds (Needham, 1903 a). But the habitat of the larvae is not in the haunts of these fishes. They Kve in the leaf drift caught in the eddies, in the mud and gravel at the sides and the bottom of the stream, and in similar situations which are not readily accessible to the fish. It seems probable that it is due to the fact that the larvae furnish such choice titbits, that they cannot exist in the same haunts with the fish. Some species, as those of Eriocera, live in the chutes of the Mississippi River, and they are the only crane-flies known from such a habitat. The remains of crane-flies, such as wings, legs, and heads, are often found in fish stomachs, these being from adult flies that have fallen into the water and been snapped up by the fish. 778 Charles Paul Alexander DISTRIBUTION GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION The source of origin of the crane-flies is still largely problematical, but the preponderance of evidence now seems to indicate that they came from some neuropteroid ancestor far back in Mesozoic times. This is expressed by Needham (1908:221) as follows: ''The suggestion has been made before by others, and I think it very possible, that some Panorpidhke neuropteroid mutant got its center of gravity hitched for- ward, its hind wings reduced, and started the dipterous line of evolution." The first insects that can be definitely referred to the Tipulidae appeared rather suddenly in late Mesozoic times. They belong almost entirely to the subfamily Tipulinae, but the records are very scanty and for the most part unsatisfactoiy. The evidence that specimens of Tanyderidae, Ptychopteridae, or Limnobiinae occurred at that time is very doubtful. In the Tertiaries, however, the group was extraordinarily developed and it seems quite possible that the family reached its maximum of diversity in the Miocene period or a little later and is now a waning group. From the Oligocene period of British Columbia, Handlirsch (1910) has recorded a curious tanyderid under the name Etopty chapter a. The Florissant beds of Colorado were laid down in a lake that is supposed to be of the late Ohgocene or the early Miocene age. There have been taken from these beds hundreds if not thousands of specimens, representing about seventy-five species, indicating the extreme richness of the crane-fly fauna during that age. On one slab of the deposit Scudder found a specimen of his Dicranomyia inferna which was partly overlain by a specimen of his D. fontainei, a condition very suggestive of the remarkable richness of this fauna. The abundance of species in the amber fauna, likewise of the Tertiaries, was indicated by Loew in 1850 and more recently elaborated by Meunier. The present knowledge of the Florissant fauna is due to the work of Scudder, Cockerell, and Wickham. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION A summary of the crane-fly fauna of the world The four families comprising the crane-flies are represented in almost every part of the world where life is possible. Apparently the range of the group is restricted only by great extremes of temperature. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 779 The lesser oceanic islands (the Seychelles, the Fiji, the Hawaiian, and others) that have been at all studied are quite devoid of species of the subfamily Tipulinae, these species being of large size and often possessing considerable powers of flight; while the much smaller species in the Limnobikiae are often very numerous and may include a considerable range of species. Crane-flies in the arctic regions are very abundant and are represented by a few genera of Limnobiinae and many species of Tipula. Many of the latter have the wings atrophied so that they are incapable of flight. This condition is particularly true of forms along the coast or on wind-swept islands adjoining the mainland, and may be confined to the female sex alone or may be found in both sexes. It must be understood, however, that reduction of the wings is by no means confined to such environments or to the genus Tipula, since it occurs in almost all the major groups of crane-flies — in Limnobiini (Zalusa End.), Eriopterini (Platylimnobia Alex., Chionea Dalm.), Limnophihni (Zaluscodes Lamb, Alfredia Bezzi, Limnophila aspidoptera Coq.), Pediciini ( Tricijphona hannai Alex.), and many others — and is found in many different ]iarts of the world tho usually in arctic, oceanic, or mountainous situations. Tipula besselsi O. S., described from Polaris Bay, northern Greenland, is found above the 80th degree of north latitude and within a few hundred miles of the North Pole. The four families of crane-flies include, respectively, the following numbers of genera, subgenera, and species:^ Genera Subgenera 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 10 5 15 1 28 10 16 10 Species Tanyderidae Ptychopteridae: Ptychopterinae Bittacomorphinae Rhyphidae: Trichocerinae Rhyphinae Mycetobiinae TiPULIDAE : Limnobiinae : Limnobiini Antochini Eriopterini Linmophilini » This table is dated June 1, 1916. 12 4 22 26 365 160 410 290 780 Charles Paul Alexander Genera Subgenera Species TiPULTDAE (continued): Limnobiinao {continued) : Hexatomini Pediciini Cylindrotominae Tipulinae: Dolichopezini Cteiiophorini Tipulini Total 4 7 5 9 7 21 134 36 125 75 16 45 50 900 2,515 The Tanyderidae have two hving genera, one antipodal and the other (Protoplasa) with two Nearctic species. "The Ptychopteridae have three genera. One of these, Ptychoptera, is found in most parts of the world excepting Australasia, while the other two, Bittacomorpha and Bittacomorphella, are Nearctic. The Rhypliidae have seven genera, arranged in three subfamilies. The species, with few exceptions, are from the North Temperate Zone. Among the Tipulidae, the tribes Limnobiini, Antochini, Eriopterini, Limnophilini, Dolichopezini, Ctenophorini, and Tipulini are almost cosmopolitan. The tribe Hexatomini has the genus Hexatoma dominant in Europe, and the genus Eriocera cosmopolitan except for the Palaearctic and Australasian regions. The tribe Pediciini reaches its greatest develop- ment in the North Temperate Zone. The Cylindrotominae are holarctic, with one genus (Stibadocera) occurring in the Oriental region. Lists of the species of adjoining States and provinces The following lists of species are given to supplement the data on the New York fauna. Maine The data for Maine are based largely on the results obtained by the author from a study of the group during a period of fifteen weeks, under the direction of Dr. Charles D. Woods and Dr. Edith M. Patch. Very valuable collections in this State have been made by Mr. Charles W. Johnson, Miss Cordelia J. Stanwood, Dr. H. M. Parshley, Professor Herbert Osborn, Professor A. P. Morse, and others. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 781 Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S. Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Bitlacomorphella jonesi (Johns.) Trichocera regelationis (Linn.) Discobola argus (Say) Dicranomyia badia (Walk.) gladiator O. S. globithorax O. S. haeretica 0. S. halterata O. S. immodesta O. S. liberta O. S. longipennis (Schum.) ynorioides O. S. pubipctinis O. S. pudica O. S. rosirifera O. S. simulans (Walk.) Geranomyia diversa O. S. rostrata (Say) Limnobia cinclipes Say hudsonica O. S. immatura O. S. indigena O. S. parietina O. S. solitaria O. S. triocellata O. S. tristigma O. S. Rhipidia bryanti Johns. maculata Meig. Antocha saxicola O. S. Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S. Rhamphidia mainensis Alex. Toxorhina midiebris (O. S.) Cladura flavoferruginea O. S. Cryptolabis paradoxa O. S. Eriopiera armata O. S. armillaris O. S. caloptera Say chlorophylla O. S. chrysocoina O. &. needhami Alex. septemtrionis O. S. stigmatica (O. S.) straminea O. S. vemista O. S. vespertina O. S. Gnophomyia tristissima O. S. Gonomyia fiorens Alex. subcinerea O. S. Molophilus comatus (Doane) hirtipennis (O. S.) pubipennis (O. S.) Ormosia monticola (O. S.) nigripila (O. S.) nubila (O. S.) pygmaea (Alex.) rM6e«o (O. S.) Helobia hybrida (Meig.) Adelphomyia americana Alex. cayuga Alex. minuta Alex. Epiphragma fascipennis (Say) Limnophila adusta O. S. areolata O. S. breinfurca O. S. fasciolata O. S. fuscovaria O. S. inornata O. S. ieri^a O. S. Inteipennis O. S. macrocera (Say) montana O. S. munda O. S. nigripleura A. & L. novae-angliae Alex. noveboracensis Alex. osborni Alex. quadrata O. S. recondita O. S. rufibasis O. S. stanwoodae Alex. tenuicornis 0. S. tenuipes (Say) toxoneura O. S. ultima O. S. Mnico O. S. C/Za elegans O. S. Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.) Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) spinosa (O. S.) Pedicia albivitta Walk. Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex. flaveola O. S. tenuipes O. S. 782 Charles Paul Alexander Triq/phona autumnalis Alex. calcar (O. S.) inconstans (O. S.) katahdin Alex. vernalis (O. S.) Cylindrotoma americana O. S. Liogma ivodicornis (O. S.) Phalacrocera tipulina O. S. Dolichopeza americana Needm. Oropeza dorsalis Johns. obscura Johns. sayi Johns. venosa Johns. Ctenophora apicata O. S. Nephrotoma eiicera (Loew) ferniginea (Fabr.) incurva (Loew) lugens (Loew) peduncidata (Loew) punctum (Loew) sodalis (Loew) tenuis (Loew) vittula (Loew) xanthostigma (Loew) Slygeropis fuscipennis Loew Tipula abdominalis (Say) algonquin Alex. angulata Loew angustipennis Loew apicalis Loew bella Loew bicornis Forbes caloptera Loew cayuga Alex. cunctans Say fragilis Loew hebes Loew hermannia Alex. longiventris Loew macrolabis Loew mainensis Alex. nobilis (Loew) oropezoides Johns. parshleyi Alex. penobscot Alex. sayi Alex. senega Alex. serta Loew strepens Loew submaculata Loew sidphiirea Doane tephrocephala Loew trivittata Say ultima Alex. valida Loew New Brunswick (The collections of the New Brunswick Experiment Station, made by Mr. John D. Tothill and others) Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Dicranomyia morioides O. S. Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.) Limnobia dnctipes Say Erioptera armata O. S. Limnophila adusta O. S. imbedlla O. S. inornala O. S. quadrata O. S. recondita O. S. rufibasis O. S. Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) Liogma nodicornis (O. S.) Oropeza sayi Johns. venosa Johns. Ctenophora apicata O. S. Nephrotoma eucera (Loew) ferruginea (Fabr.) incurva (Loew) lugens (Loew) occipitalis (Loew) pedunculata (Loew) tenuis (Loew) xanthostigma (Loew) Tipula abdominalis (Say) angidata Loew angustipennis Loew caloptera Loew eluta Loew hebes Loew latipennis Loew macrolabis Loew parshleyi Alex. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 783 Tipula sirepens Loew sulphurea Doane tephrocephala Loew iernaria Loew (The collections of Dr. Plychoptera rufocincta O. S. Bitlacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Trichocera bimacula Walk. Dicranomyia haeretica O. S. halterata O. S. immodesta O. S. liberta O. S. Rhipidia maculata Meig. Limnobia solitaria O. S. triocellata O. S. Discobola argus (Say) Antocha saxicola O. S. Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S. Erioptera armata O. S. armillaris O. S. caloptera Say chlorophylla O. S. septemtrionis O. S. Gonomyia mathesoni Alex. sulphur ella O. S. Rhabdomaslix flava (Alex.) Cryplolabis paradoxa O. S. Ldmnophila adusta O. S. lenta O. S. macrocera (Say) noveboracensis Alex. recondita O. S. tenuicornis O. S. toxoneura O. S. Tipula trivittata Say ultima Alex. valida Loew Nova Scotia Robert Matheson, of Cornell University) Pedicia albivitta Walk. contermina Walk. Tricyphona inconsians (O. S.) vernalis (O. S.) Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) spinosa (O. S.) Liogma nodicornis (O. S.) Tanypiera frontalis (O. S.) Nephrotoma eucera (Loew) ferruginea (Fabr.) incurva (Loew) lugens (Loew) macrocera (Say) pedunculata (Loew) tenuis (Loew) Tipula abdominalis (Say) angustipennis Loew apicalis Loew hella Loew caloptera Loew cayuga Alex. fragilis Loew hebes Loew hermannia Alex. parshleyi Alex, saj/i Alex. submaculata Loew tephrocephala Loew tricolor Fabr. trivittata Say ultima Alex. valida Loew Quebec The published Ust for Quebec (Winn and Beaulieu, 1915) has been revised, certain species being dropped, a few others added, and certain parts of the synonymy corrected. The record for Dicranomyia distans 0. S., an Austral species ranging as far north as Washington, D. C, is evidently erroneous. The species of Trichocera and Tanyptera are 784 Charles Paul Alexander given as determined by C. flies of Quebec is due to the Fyles, Winn, and others. Ptijchoptera rufocincta O. S. Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Trichocera maculipennis (Fabr.) regelationis (Linn.) Dicranomyia immodesta O. S. liherta O. S. longipennis (Schum.) pudica O. S. lAmnobia cindipes Say indigena O. S. solitaria O. S. tristigma O. S. Rhipidia maculata Meig. Discobola argus (Say) Antocha saxicola O. S. Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S. Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. Chionea valga Harr. Ormosia monticola (O. S.) Erioptera armata O. S. armillaris O. S. caloptera Say chlorophylla O. S. chrysocoma O. S. septemtrionis O. S. venusta O. S. vespertina O. S. Molophilus pubipennis (0. S.) Gonomyia subcinerea O. S. Gnophomyia trisiissima O. S. Helobia hybrida (Meig.) Epiphragma fascipennis (Say) Limnophila adusta O. S. areolata O. S. brevifurca O. S. conlenipta O. S. fuscovaria O. S. imbecilla O. S. macrocera (Say) montana O. S. W. Johnson. Our knowledge of the crane- work of BeauUeu, Beaulne, Chagnon, Couper, Limnophila munda O. S. quadrata O. S. rufibasis O. S. tenuipes (Say) toxoneura O. S. ultima O. S. Pedicia albivitta Walk. Tricyphona autumnalis Alex. inconstans (O. S.) Liogma nodicornis (O. S.) Oropeza albipes Johns. obscura Johns. Ctenophora apicata O. S. Tanyptera atrata (Linn.) dorsalis (Walk.) fumipennis (O. S.) topazina (O. S.) Nephrotoma eucera (Loew) "ferruginea (Fabr.) incurva (Loew) lineata (Scop.) lugens (Loew) occipitalis (Loew) sodalis (Loew) tenuis (Loew) xanthostigma (Loew) Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew Tipula abdominalis (Say) angulata Loew angustipennis Loew 6eZ/a Loew bicornis Forbes caloptera Loew cincticornis Doane collaris Say dejecta Walk, eiwto Loew grato Loew hebes Loew hermannia Alex. iroqiiois Alex. latipennis Loew macrolabis Loew megaura Doane retorta v. d. W. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 785 Tipula sayi Alex. senega Alex. seria Loew sulyhurea Doane tephrocephala Loew Tipula trivittala Say ultima Alex. unibrosa Loew valida Loew vilrea v. d. W. Newfoundland (The Owen Bryant collections in the cabinet of C. W. Johnson) Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Erioptera chlorophylla O. S. Limnophila rufihasis 0. S. terrae-novae Alex. Tipula abdominalis (Say) hermannia Alex. mainensis Alex. trivittata Say unibrosa Loew valida Loew Tricyphona inconstans (O. S.) Nepkrotoma vittula (Loew) Labrador (Many of the types of Loew and Alexander, collected by Packard, Schneider, and Bryant) Dicranomyia halterata O. S. Tipula angustipcnnis Loew Tricyphona hyperborea (0. S.) imperfecta Alex. •"^ "^ labradorica Alex. Dolichopeza americana Needm. septentrionalis Loew Washington, D. C, and vicinity This remarkable local list is added here to indicate the southern species that may range into our limits. The pioneer collecting of Osten Sacken has been thoroly supplemented by that of W. L. McAtee, R. C. Shannon, Frederick Knab, and some others. Ptychoptera rufodncta O. S. Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) Bittacomprphella jonesi (Johns.) Trichocera sp. Discobola argus (Say) Dicranomrjia badia (Walk.) brevlvena O. S. distans O. S. diversa O. S. floridana O. S. gladiator O. S. globithorax O. S. haeretica O. S. immodesta O. S. liberta O. S. Dicranomyia macateei Alex. morioides O. S. pubipennis O. S. rara O. S. simulans (Walk.) Geranomyia canadensis (Westw.) rostrata (Say) Limnobia dnctipes Say immatura O. S. indigena O. S. triocellata O. S. trisligma O. S. Rhipidia bryanli Johns. domestica O. S. fidelis O. S. maculata Meig. shannoni Alex. 786 Charles Paul Alexander Antocha saxicola O. S. Atarba picticornis O. S. Elephantomyia westwoodi O. S. Dicranoptycha sobrina O. S. winnemana Alex. Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. mainensis Alex. Teucholabis complexa O. S. lucida Alex. Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.) Cladura flavoferruginea 0. S. • Erioptera arniata O. S. armillaris O. S. caloptera Say chlorophylla O. S. chrysocoma O. S. graphica O. S. needhami AJex. noctivagans Alex, parya O. S. septemtrionis O. S. venusta O. S. vesper tina O. S. Gnophomyia luctuosa O. S. tristissima O. S. Gonomyia hlanda O. S. cognatella O. S. manca (O. S.) subcinerea O. S. svlphurella O. S. Helobia hybrida (Meig.) Molophilus hirtipennis (O. S.) nova-caesariensis Alex. pubipennis (O. S.) ursinus (O. S.) Ormosia holotricha (0. S.) innocens (O. S.) nigripila (O. S.) nubila (O. S.) Trimicra anomala O. S. Adelphomyia americana Alex. Epiphragma fascipennis (Say) solatrix (O. S.) Limnophila adusta O. S. aprilina O. S. areolata O. S. Limnophila brevifurca O. S. contempta O. S. emmelina Alex. fuscovaria O. S. ^en. S. Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.). Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.). Erie County: Spring Brook, June 25 (M. C. VD.)- Fulton County: Mount Buell, June 13-18 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Little Falls, June 9 (C. P. A.). New York: (O. S.), T. L. Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C. VD.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 5-24 (C. P. A.). Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken Epiphragma fascipennis (Say) Albany County: Helderbergs, June 12 (C. P. A.); Albany, June 19-25 (D. B. Y.). Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 6-7 (J. C. B. and H. H. K.); Vandalia June 9 (C. R. C). Erie County: Colden, May 23 to June 7 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 10-23 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-21 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, June 20 (J. G. N.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.). Oneida County: Cincinnati Creek, May 26 (W. A. C). Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.). Queens County: " Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 14-30 (C. P. A.); McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.), Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.). E. solatrix (O. S.) Nassau County: Sea Cliff, June (N. B.), Genus Ula Haliday Ula elegant O. S. Fulton County: Pinnacle Mountain, September 16 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer Coimty: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 to June 20 (C. P. A.). U. pauper a O. S. Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 22 to August 24 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Johnstown, May 13 (C. P. A.); etc. Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13 (C. P. A.). Genus Ulomorpha Osten Sacken Ulomorpha pilosella (O. S.). Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: East Aurora, June 11 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Gloversville, June 3-9 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, June 13-17 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L.; Indian Castle, Jmie 9 (C. P. A.). Oneida County: Cyrus Brook, July 10 (W. A. C). Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.), T. L. Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 20 (L. W. C). 812 Charles Paul Alexander Regional species: Limnophila irrorata Johns., L. marchandi Alex., L. mundoides Alex., L. novae-angliae Alex., L. osborni Alex., L. poelica O. S., L. unica O. S. Tribe Hexatomini Genus Penthoptera Schiner Penthoptera albitarsis O. S. Chen:i,ngo County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Hamburg, July 10 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 27 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, Jul^ 19 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 11 to August 12 (C. P. A.), September 17 (J. G. N.). Genus Eriocera Macquart Eriocera brachycera O. S. Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Cortland County: Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.) ; Colden, July 25 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Pinnacle Mountain, altitude 2000 feet, August 4 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Old Forge, July 12-16 (J. G. N.). E. cinerea Alex. Fulton Coimty: Woodworth's Lake, Jxme 15 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared from larvae. May 16 (C. P. A.); Beai Creek, Freeville, May 16 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing, May 25 (H. H. S.). E. fuliginosa O. S. Erie County: North Evans, May 25 to July 4 (M. C. VD.); Colden, May 31 (M. C. VD.);etc. (Determined by Van Duzee; species not seen by writer.) E. fultonensis Alex. Fulton County: Sport Island, Sacandaga River, altitude 750 feet, June 15-27 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, reared May 30 to June 6 (J. T. L.), June 13 (C. P. A.), June 23 (H. Y.). E. longicornis (Walk.) Albany County: Albany, May 6 (D. B. Y.). Erie County: North Evans, May 14 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Fish-House, May 28 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.); Dolgeville, May 16 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 1-30 (C. P. A. and J. G. N.); etc. E. spinosa (O. S.) Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.), T. L. Oneida County: Tannery Brook, September 9 (larvae) (W. A. C). Tompkins Coimty: Ithaca, May 17 to August 5; etc. E. trisiis Alex. Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 1 (C. P. A. and C. I.), T. L. Genus Hexntoma Latreille Hexatrrma megncera (O. S.) Fulton County: Johnstown, May 24 (C. P. A.); Sport Island, Sacandaga River, June 15 (C. P. A.); etc. Tompkins County: Ithaca, Mav 15 (C. P. A.); North Lansing, June 1 (S- C. B.);etc. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 813 Regional species: Eriocera wilsonii O. S. Tribe Pediciini Genus Pedicia Latreille Pedicia albivitta Walk. Albany County: Indian Ladder, Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.). Broome County: Binghamton. Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 15 to September 11 (INI. C. VD.); etc. Fulton County: Gloversville, June 11 (A. O.), Mountam Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.); etc. Hamilton County: Middle Lake, September 12 (C. P. A.) Herkimer County: Trenton Falls (O. S.). Onondaga County: Manlius, August 27 (H. H. S.): B^^ldwinsville. September Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 1-12 (C. P. A.); etc Ulster County: Big Indian Valley, May 24 to August 23 (R. F. P.) Westchester County: Mosholu. P. contcrmini Walk. Tompkins County: McLean, May 13 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 1 (C. R P.); Jime 6 (S. A. G.). Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt Tricyphona auripennis (O. S.) Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 10-13 (C. P. A.). T. aulumnalis Alex. Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.). Erie County: Grand Island, September 6 (M. C. VD.). Essex County: Mount Marcy, July 30 (D. B. Y.). Fulton County: Pinnacle Momitain, August 5 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, September (C. P. A.), T. L. Hamilton County: Elm Lake, August 2 (D. B. Y.); Dug Mountain, August 8 (D. B. Y.). (Needham's record for T. calcar, Old Forge, August, probably belongs here.) T. calcar (O. S.) Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, altitude 2300 feet, June G (J. C. B ). Erie County: Colden, May 23 (M. C. VD.). Essex County: Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy, July 10 (C. R. C). Fulton County: Sacanda?a Park, June 1; Gloversville, June 3 (C P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Newport, June 6 (D. B. Y.). Tompkins County: McLean, May 22 to June 5 (C. P. A.); etc. T. inconstans (O. S.) Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Columbia County: Claverack, September 28 (J. S.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: Hamburg, May 31 to June 20 (M. C. VD.); Boston, September 3 (M. C. VD.);etc. Essex County: Uphill Creek and Opalescent River, foot of Mount Marcy, July 10 (C. R. C). Fulton Countv: Gloversville, June 10-27 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, June 16 to Au-ust 21 (C. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, June G (H. H. K.). Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A., 814 Charles Paul Alexander } Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt [continued) T. incoHstans (O. S.) {continued) Herkimer County : Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August (J. C. N.); Newport, August 31 (D. B. Y.). Onondaga County: Manlius, September 10 (H. H. S.). Monroe County: Rochester, October 10 (M. C. VD.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.). Queens County : Rockaway Beach, Jime 26. Schenectady County: Schenectady, June 14 (A. O.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 12 to September 28 (C. P. A.); etc. Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.). Wyoming Comity: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.); Portageville, June 13 (C. R. C). T. paludicoln Alex. Tompkins County: McLean, May 13-20 (C, P, A. and P. W. C), T. L.; Bear Creek. Freeville. May 16 (C. P. A.). T. vernalis (O S.) Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 13-15 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell, June 15 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff, April (N. B.). Tompkins County: Forest Home, May* 7 (S. W. F.); Taughannock, May 8 (R. H. T.). Genus Dicranota Zetterstedt Dicranota noveboracensis Alex. Fulton County: Dolgeville, May 16 (C. P. A.), T. L. Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 24 (S. W. F.); May 8 (C. P. A.); etc. D. rivularis O. S. Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 21 (C. R. P.). Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken Subgenus Rhaphidolabina Alexander Rhaphidolahis flaveola O. S. Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Erie Comity: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Gloversville, June 3-15 (C. P. A.); Mount Buell, June 13-17 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, August 22 (C. P. A.). Hamilton County: Wells, July 9 (D. B. Y.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August (J. G. N.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 30-31 (C. P. A.); etc. Subgenus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken Rhaphidolabis caijuga Alex. Fulton County : Johnstown, August 19 (C. P. A.); Mountain Lake, Sep- tember 2 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 22 (J. G. N.); McLean. May 13 (C. P. A.), T. L. Fulton County: Gloversville, altitude 900 feet, June 22 (C. P. A.), T. L. R. tenuipes O. S. Albany County: Indian Ladder, Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.). Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.). Erie County: North Evans, May 14 (M. C. VD.); Holland, IMay 21 (M. C. VD.). The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 815 Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken (continued) Subgenus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken (continued) R. tenuipes O. S. (continued) Fulton County: Gloversville, May 13 to August 5 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.); Old Forge, August 6 (J. G. N.). Oneida County: Field's Brook, August 30 (W. A. C). Saratoga County: Saratoga Springs (O. S.), T. L. Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 1 to August 12 (J. G, N.). Subgenus Plectromyia Osten Sacken Rhaphidolabis modesta (O. S.) Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.). (Van Duzee, auct.) Fulton County: Mountain Lake, altitude 1600 feet, June 13 (C. P. A.). Regional species: Dicranota eucera O. S., D. pallida Alex., Tricyphona hyperborea (O. S.) T. katahdin Alex. Subfamily Cylindrotominas Genus Cylindrotoma Macquart Cylindrotoma tarsalis Johns. Fulton Coimty: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.); Woodworth's Lake, altitude 1650 feet, June 17 to August 19 (C. P. A.), T. L. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Genus lAogma Osten Sacken Liogma nodicornis (O. S.) Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 to June 20 (M. C. VD.); Golden, June 7 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15-26 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.). Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: North Lansing, June 1 (C. R. C); Ithaca, June 10-14 (C. P. A.). Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.). Genus Phalacrocera Schiner Phalacrocera neoxena Alex. Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, May 17, dead in lake drift (J. G. N. and • E. M.), T. L. P. tipulina O. S. Essex County: Lake Tear of the Clouds, Mount Marcy, July 10 (C. R. C). Fulton County: Near Sacandaga Park, June 18 (C. P. A.); Canada Lake, June 23 to July 10 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Old Forge, July, August 3 (J. G. N.). Tompkins County: Ringwood Hollow, July 3 (H. Y.). Regional species: Cylindrotoma americana O. S., Triogma exculpta O. S. Subfamily Tipulinae Tribe Dolichopezini Genus Dolichopeza Curtis Dolichopeza americana Needm. Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-15 (C. P. A.): Mountain Lake, June 13-17 (C. P. A.). 816 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Dolichopeza Curtis {continued) Dolichopeza americana Needm. {continued) Herkimer County: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.), T. L. Queens County: Flushing, June 22 (C. R. P.). Genus Oropeza Needham Oropeza alhipes Johns. Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: Golden, July 3 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.); etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 28 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Old Forge, June 20 (J. G. N.). Suffolk County: Bellport, August 9. Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.). 0. obscura Johns. Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.). Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.); Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.). Chenango County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: East Aurora, Jime 16 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, June 23 to July 9 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Woodworth's Lake, June 15 to August 20 (C. P. A.); etc. Hamilton County: Wells, July 30 (D. B. Y.). Tompkins County: Ringwood Hollow, July 6 (H. Y.). Warren County: County-Line Flow, Griffin, July 26 (C. P. A.). O. sayi Johns. Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.); Boston, July 10 (M. C. VD.). Herkimer County: Old Forge, August (J. G. N.). Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 23. Tompkins County: Ithaca, August (J. G. N.). Cj ^itntl'is Johns Erie County: Gowanda, June 7-14 (M. C. VD.); Elma, August 20 (M. C. VD.). O. subalbipes Johns. Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.). Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 9 (S. W. F.) O. venosn Johns. Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD.). Cortland Coimty: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Erie County: South Wales, June 23 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 15-17 (C. P. A.); Northampton, June 25 (D. B. Y.);etc. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.). Regional species: Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.), Oropeza dorsalis Johns. Tribe Ctenophorini Genus Tanyptera Latreille Tanyptera frontalis (O. S.) Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 (J. C. B. and W. T. M. F.). Fulton County: Mountain Lake, June 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 30-31 (C. I.). The Crane-^lies of New York — Part I 817 Genus Tanyptera Latreille (continued) T. fumipennis (O. S.) Erie County: Golden, May 30 (M. C. VD.). Tompkins Gounty: Ithaca, May 30-31 (G. I.). T. topazina (O. S.) Erie Gounty: Lancaster, May 31 (M. G. VD.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 31. Genus Ctenophora Meigen Ctenophora apicata O. S. Fulton County: Mount Buell, altitude 1400 feet, June 29 (C. P. A.). Suffolk County; Long Island, July. Tribe Tipulini Genus Longurio Loew Longurio iestaceus Loew Chenango County: Near Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (G. P. A.). Cortland County: Lower Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Fulton County: Gloversville, altitude 1000 feet, June 27 (G. P. A.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff (N. B.). Genus Stygeropis Loew Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew Albany County: Albany, August 6 (D. B. Y.). Erie Gounty: East Aurora, June 11 (M. G. VD.). Fulton Gounty: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (G. P. A.); Mountain Lake, August 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, July 10 (G. P. A.); Ringwood Hollow, larvae in November and May (G. H. K.). Genus Nephrotoma Meigen Nephrotoma breviorcornis (Doane) Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (G. P. A.). N. calinota (Dietz) Fulton Gounty: Sacandaga Park, June 19 (G. P. A.). N. eucera (Loew) Fulton Coimty: Sacandaga Park, June 11-16 (C. P. A.). Onondaga County: Manlius, June 12 (H. H. S.). Suffolk County: Long Island. Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 29 to July 21. N. ferruginea (Fabr.) Albany County: Albany, June 7 (D. B. Y.); Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.). Cortland County: Gee Brook, July 20 (A. O.) ; Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo, June 26 (J. G. N.)- June 27 to November 11 (M. G. VD.); etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to August 24 (G. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, September 3 (H. H. K.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (G. P. A.). Jefferson County: Alexandria Bay, September 3. Monroe County: Honeoye Falls, July 4 to September 1 (C. R. G.). Onondaga County: Baldwinsville, June 14; Manlius, August 18 (H. H. S.). Ontario Gounty: Clifton Springs, August 23. Suffolk County: Astoria; Maspeth, June 1; Bellport, June 2; North Beach, September 18. Sullivan Goimty: White Lake, August 21 (J. L. Z.). Tompkins Gounty: Ithaca, May 7 to September 20 (G. P. A.); etc. 818 Charles Paul Alexander < Genus Nephrotoma Meigen (continued) ' N. gradlicornis (Loew) Onondaga County: Manlius, August 8 (H. H. S.). N, incurva (Loew) ( Albany County: Albany, July 1 (D. B. Y.). ' Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Erie County: East Aurora, June 12 to August 25 (M. C. VD.); South Wales, July 9-13 (M. C. VD.). Essex County: Keene Valley, July 26 (J. A. L.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, Jiuie 1-11 (C. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, July 22 (H. H. K.). Greene County: New Baltimore, May 29 (D. B. Y.). j Hamilton County: Lake Placid, August 7 (J. A. L.). Niagara County : Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C. VD.). I Onondaga County: Manlius, August 24 (H. H. S.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 18 to August 4 (C. P. A.); etc. N. lugens (Loew) Albany County: Karner, June 26 (D. B. Y.). Cattaraugus Coimty: Rock City, Jxme 16 (H. H. K.). Essex County: Elizabethtown, June 8 (D. B. Y.); Keene Valley, June 17 (J. A. L.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-16 (C. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, July 19 (H. H. K.). Herkimer County: Newport, May 29 (D. B. Y.); Indian Castle, June 13 (C.P. A.). Steuben County: Lake Keuka, Jime 15 (C. R. C.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 25 to Jime 29 (C. P. A.); Norton's Landing, June 2 (H. H. S.). N. macrocera (Say) Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P. A.); etc. Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16 (S. W. F.). N. pedunculata (Loew) Cattaraugus County: Four-Mile, July 4 (H. H. K.). Cortland County: Taylor, July 20 (C. P. A.). Essex County: Keene Valley, July 30 (J. A. L.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 15 (C. P. A.). Genesee County: Batavia, June 27 (H. H. K.). Suffolk County: Long Island, July. N. polymer a (Loew) Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P A). Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 9 (M. C VD). Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 16 (M. M. A.) Tompkins County: Ithaca, June 29. N. sodalis (Loew) Onondaga County: Baldwinsville, Jime 13. N. tenuis (Loew) Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 to July 4 (H. H. K.). Cortland County: Cincinnatus, July 21 (C. P. A.). Dutchess County: Poughkeepsie, June 4 (D. B. Y.). Erie County: Colden, July 10 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, July 23 to August 21 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, Jime 11-27 (C. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, June 22 (H. H. K.). Sullivan County: August (Dietz collection). Tompkins County : Ithaca, July 4 to August 2. Westchester County: Tarrytown, June 16 (S. W. F.). The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 819 Genus Nephrotoma Meigen {continued) : N. virescens (Loew) Fulton County: Mountain Lake, altitude 1500 feet, August 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Cascadilla Creek, near Ithaca, July 11 (H. Y.). N. xanihosiigma (Loew) Erie County: Colden, August 7 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, September 13 (M. C. VD.);etc. Suffolk County: Yaphank, June 28 (A. M. N.); Cold Spring Harbor, July 15 (A. L. M.); Bellport, August 1. Sullivan County: August, 1912 (Dietz collection). Genus Tip id a Linnaeus Subgenus Ciiiclotipula Alexander Tipula algonquin Alex. Essex County: Keene Valley, July 29 (J. A. L.); Elizabethtown, August 25 (D. B. Y.). T. unimaculata (Loew) Essex County: New Russia, August (J. C. B.) Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, August 24 (C. P. A.). Hamilton County: Hope Township, September 12-13 (C. P. A.). Onondaga County: Manlius, September 6 (H. H. S.). Tompkins County: Norton's Landing, September 6 (H. H. S.). Wayne County : Sodus, August 15. Subgenus Odontodpula Alexander Tipida imifasciata (Loew) Onondaga County: Manlius, August 29 (H. H. S.). Tompkins County: Norton's Landing, August 12 (H. H. S.). Subgenus Trichotipula Alexander Tipida oropezoides Johns. Erie County: Hamburg, May 28 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 (C. P. A.); Gloversville, June 6-28 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: McLean, May 22 to June 5 (H. E. S.). Ithaca, May 29 to June 10 (C. P. A.). Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus Tipula abdominalis (Say) Albany County: Coeymans, August 5. Delaware County: Arkville, August (F. N. H.). (In Kansas LTniversity collection.) Erie County: Gowanda, June 7-14, August 30 (M. C. VD.). Essex County: Keene Valley, July 1 (J. A. L.); Lake Placid, August 19; New Russia, September 12-30 (J. C. B.). Franklin County: Saranac Iim (J. G. N.). Fulton County: Gloversville, July 29 to August 20 (Brorame). Herkimer County: Old Forge, August 4 (J. G. N.). Livingston County: Hemlock Lake, August 29 (C. R. C). Monroe County: Rochester Junction, June 9 (M. D. L.). Oneida County: Brown Brook, July 14 (larvae) (W. A. C). Schoharie County: Sharon Springs (O. S.). Suffolk County : Long Island, July. Sullivan County: August (Dietz collection). Tompkins County: Ithaca, August 30 to September 10. Ulster County: Catskills, July (O. S.); Ellen ville, August 10 (A. M. N.). Wayne County: Newark, May 14. Wyoming County: Portage, May 24 (H. H. K.). 820 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Tipula Linnaeus (conUnued) Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus {continued) T. afflida Dietz Erie County: South Wales, July 9 (M. C. VD.). T. angustipcnnis Loew Albany County: Earner, May 22 to June L3 (D. B. Y.); Albany, June 25 (D. B. Y.). Erie County: Holland, May 21 (M. C. VD.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1-11 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Ilion, May 17 (D. B. Y.); Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 26 to June 20 (C. P. A.); etc. T. apicalis Loew Albany County: Albany, June 26 (D. B. Y.). Essex County: Keene Valley, July 13 (J. A. L.). Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 5-16 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 24-29; McLean, May 31 to June 5 (C. P. A.). Westchester County: Dobbs Ferry (O. S.), T. L. T. bella Loew Albany County: Albany, June 7 (D. B. Y.). Broome County: Binghamton (Dietz collection). Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.). Erie County: North Evans, May 24 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, August 21 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 1 to September 28 (C. P. A.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, September 1 (H. H. K.). Greene County: New Baltimore, August 16 (D. B. Y.). Monroe County: Honeoye Falls, September 1 (C. R. C). Nassau County: Sea Cliif, May (N. B.). Oneida County: Remsen, July 5 (W. A. C). Onondaga County: Green Lake, June 8 (C. P. A.). Queens County: May 16 to July. Suffolk County: Bellport. Tioga County: Willseyville, May 25 (W. A. H.). Tompkms County: Ithaca, May 1 to September 10 (C. P. A.); etc. T. bicornis Forbes Erie County: East Aurora, June 11-16 (M. C. VD.); Lancaster, June 19 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 29 (C. P. A.). Orange County: West Point (O. S.). St. Lawrence County: Potsdam, June. Tompkins County: McLean, May 31 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 5-12; July 3 (H. Y.); etc. T. caloptera Loew Erie County: North Evans, May 14 to June 28 (M. C. VD.); Golden, May 23 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Gloversville, May 18 to June 30 (C. P. A.); Sacandaga Park, June 1 (C. P. A.); etc. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Niagara County: Niagara Falls, June 23 (M. C. VD.). Oneida County: Mill Creek, July 7 (W. A. C). Rensselaer County: Brookview, July 16 (M. M. A). Suffolk County : Yaphank, June 28 to September 2 (A. M. N.); Bellport, September. Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 5-30 (C. P. A.) ; McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.) ; etc. Wyoming County: Wyoming, June 25 (H. H. K.). The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 821 Genus Tipula Linnaeus {continued) Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus {continued) T. cayuga Alex. Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9 (C. P. A.); T. L. Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 13-30 (C. P. A.). T. collaris Say Albany County: Albany, May 8 (D. B. Y.). Cattaraugus County: Little Valley, June 30 (M. C. VD ) Erie County: Colden, May 23 to July 1 (M. C. VD.); Gowanda, June 8 (M. C. VD.);etc. Fulton County: Gloversville, June 9-24 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May 20 (N. B.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 3 to June 20 (C. P. A. and L. W. C.)- etc T. cunctans Say ' Cayuga County: North Fair Haven, September 12 (C. P. A.). Erie County: Hamburg, September 11 to October 25 (M. C. VD.)- Buffalo September 25 to October 2 (M. C. VD.); etc. Genesee County: Batavia, September 12-28 (H. H. K.). Jefferson County: Alexandria Bay, September 3. Kings County: Flatbush, September 13. Niagara County: Niagara Falls, September 17 (M. C. VD.); Grand Island October 4 (M. C. VD.). Ontario County: Clifton Springs, September 12. Tioga County: Owego, October 24 (H. H. K.). Tompkins County: McLean, September 28 (C. R. C); Ithaca. October 4 T. dejecta Walk. Albany County: Earner, April 25 (D. B. Y.); Albany, May 3 (D B Y ) Erie County: Hamburg, May 14-22 (M. C. VD.); Colden Mav 23-29 (M. C. VD.). y o ^x, Fulton County: Gloversville, May 14 (C. P. A.). Nassau County: Sea Cliff, May 1 (N. B.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, April 26 to May 31 (C. P. A.). T. eluta Loew Dutchess County: Rhinebeck, July 27 (C. R. C). Erie County: Lancaster, May 31 (M. C. VD.); Elma, August 27 (M. C. VD.)- etc. ' ' Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 11-29 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 9 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, May 24 (E. T. W.); etc. Ulster County: Ellen ville, July 20 (A. M. N.). T. fragilis Loew Erie County: Lancaster, September 24 (M. C. VD.); Buffalo October 3 (M. C. VD.); etc. Essex County: Lake Placid, altitude 2000 feet (Johnson collection) Fulton County: Gloversville, September 7-20 (C. P. A.); etc. Greene County: New Baltimore, September 17 (D. B. Y.). Hamilton County: Big Notch Mountain, Hope Township, September 12 (C. P. A.). Tompkins County: Ithaca, September 29 to October 9 (C. P. A)- Taug- hannock Falls, October 25 (C. R. C). T. fuliginosa (Say) Albany County: Helderbergs, July 3 (C. P. A.). Cattaraugus County: Rock City, June 16 (H. H. K.). 822 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Tipula Linnaeus {continued) Subgenus Tipula Linnaeus (continued) T. fuliginosa (Say) (continued) Erie County: Lancaster, June 4 (M. C. VD.); East Aurora, June 11 (M. C. VD.); Colden, July 3 (M. C. VD.); etc. Fulton County: Sacandaga Park, June 13-27 (C. P. A.). Hamilton County: Mount Buell, June 13 (C. P. A.). Herkimer County: Indian Castle, June 13 (C. P. A.). Livingston County: Conesus Lake, June 22 (H. H. K.). Tompkins County: McLean, June 5 (C. P. A.); Ithaca, June 20 to July 4 (C. P. A.). Wyoming County: Portage, June 13-22 (H. H. K.). T. fultonensis Alex. Fulton County: Mount Buell, Sacandaga Park, altitude 1500 feet, June 15 (C. P. A.), T. L. T. georgiana Alex. Westchester County: > g 03 fl b-;5 03+? Q ^os. & PQ ■a • ^ CO -is --1 CO o3 03 +j ^ W o 3 ^ S M (JUS i^ a -^ a . 9 3 .9 ta M .2 c ^9 .3 « - pH -C 2 « l&H -C fl (-"O S'O <=« S .^ -^'-^ ^ Si-a CO dj w <3 ^ +^ 03 03 - 03 --3 < go M 9 •- -1^ "-^ rr' The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 841 THE PUPA The pupal stage is of short duration, usually a week or two, and is spent in or near the larval habitat. In the case of aquatic species the pupal existence is passed in the earth adjoining the water in which the larva lived, except perhaps in the case of Antocha, which may pupate directly in the water. The larvae of many species of Limnobiini, of Antochini, and in a slightly lesser degree of most other groups, spin a silken case, or cocoon, in which to spend the pupal period. The pupae are more or less active and often wriggle about with great agility. On the thoracic dorsum the pupa bears the two breathing horns (fig. 123), which are variously formed in the different groups. They are short, blunt, and flattened in the Limnobiini (fig. 123, b), moderately elongate and cyhndrical in the Eriopterini, the Limnophilini (fig. 123, c and d), and the Tipulini (fig. 123, h), short and truncated at their apices in the Pediciini (fig. 123, e). In the Ptychopteridae (fig. 123, a), one of the two horns is atrophied, while the other is enormously elongated and serves the same function as the extensile breathing tube of the larva. In addi- tion to the thoracic spiracles, the pupae of the Hexatomini (fig, 123, f), the Eriopterini, and some others have conspicuous lateral abdominal stigmata. The abdominal segments generally have rows of spines or chitinized points arranged transversely around the caudal margin (fig. 123, h), which help the insect in moving about and serve to keep the tender part of the abdomen from contact with the earth. In the Hexatomini (fig. 123, f) similar spines are developed on the thorax, on the head, and even on the face of the compound eye. In the Cylindrotominae (fig. 123, g) these spines are very highly developed. Smooth-bodied pupae, such as are found in the Limnobiini, are usually inclosed in a silken tube which keeps them from contact with the soil. When the insect is ready to transform to the final, or adult, stage, the pupa makes its way to the surface of the earth, to which it remains attached by the caudal part of the abdomen. The thoracic notum then splits down the mid-dorsal region in a straight line, and thru this opening the adult fly emerges. Before the chitin of the body hardens, the insect is very weak and pallid, but in a short time the body expands to its full size and becomes hardened and fully colored, and the dangerous period of transformation is over. 842 Charles Paul Alexander O Q O U to [V! "— ■ CO - - 03O Ci OS V a) o3 '^ C 03 '^ 5i -O— fc-.P. o3 ai L'^ -6 ^^iIi (U ,— - aj O t:^ 03 a; -f, -C — o- O Q^ 03 M ^ o S3 =3 t3 C o3 " c fi-e: .a p.^ '"^ r^ <-< The Crane-Flies op New York — Part I 843 REARING THE IMMATURE STAGES As has been stated elsewhere, the author beHeves the most important work yet to be done in entomology is the study of the immature stages of the various groups of insects. In most cases it is necessary to rear the immature stages thru to the adult in order to be certain of the species, and this process of bringing the larva to the perfect condition is often attended with many difficulties. The author has spent several years in rearing the local Tipulidae, and a general statement of the methods adopted is here given. It should be borne in mind that the bringing of the larvae from their natural habitat into the warmth of the laboratory accelerates their develop- ment, and the adults emerge in the breeding cages a week or two earher than in nature. Aquatic forms The aquatic forms are among the most difficult to rear, especially the species living in rapid, well-aerated water. It must be understood at the start that practically all crane-flies require earth, sand, or a similar soHd material in which to pupate, and it is often very difficult to provide rushing torrents for the larval life together with sohd earth for the pupal existence. Breeding cages, consisting of wire cyUnders the ends of which are covered with cheesecloth, have been used with considerable success. The mesh must be of sufficient fineness to retain the larvae inside, but not so small as to exclude the food that is carried in the current; however, since this food is microscopic or very small, a fine mesh is suffi- cient to allow its entry into the cage. The whole cage can be transferred to the natural haunt of the larva and kept imder observation until the adult insect emerges. The main difficulties with this method are the danger of smothering the insect by deposition of silt during high water, the washing away of the entire outfit during storms, and the inconvenience, in most cases, of having to make many long trips to the scene of rearing before the final result is obtained. In almost all cases when the species could be reared by the use of such breeding cages, the writer has been able to get adult flies by placing the full-grown larvae in medium-sized (four- ounce) shell vials together with some earth from their natural habitat. In order to prevent evaporation, small caps of cheesecloth may be fas- 844 Charles Paul Alexander tened over the ends of the vials by means of rubber bands, sufficient water bcinji; added every day or two to restore the balance lost by evaporation. If the specimens are fully grown or nearly so, they soon pupate and finally emerge. Species that live in extremely rapid waters (as the tipuline larva described on page 839) are almost impossible to rear. The best results have been obtained by placing the fully grown larvae in the folds of a saturated piece of cheesecloth in a jar, the jar being corked to prevent any evaporation — which is here, as elsewhere, the most frequent source of danger and death to the larvae. Several specimens of crane-fly larvae may be placed in a single vial except in the case of the carnivorous forms (Hexatomini, Pediciini), in which case care should be taken to isolate single specimens lest they kill one another and the decaying of their bodies destroy the remaining life in the vials. Mud-inhabiting forms The majority of crane-fly larvae are mud-inhabiting forms. Most of these belong to the small and inconspicuous Limnobiinae, and are rarely seen by the collector. To procure them it is necessary to sift the mud of their haunts and examine the contents of the sieve with great care. A small-mesh wire sieve is about the most satisfactory form to use, and the mud can be washed in small quantities and the remaining contents of the sieve easily scrutinized. As they are found, the larvae can be placed in water in small watch crystals and finally removed to individual breeding jars. The methods of breeding described above are applicable to these, and if the larvae are large and nearly grown it is not difficult to rear them. Fungus-inhabiting forms The forms inhabiting fungi (species of Limnobia and Ula, and some others) are easily reared by placing the whole fungus in a large pint or quart jar about one-fourth filled with pure sand. This sand takes up the juices as the fungus decays, and at the same time furnishes a good place for pupation of the species. The jars should be kept air-tight to retain a. balance in moisture conditions. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 845 Wood- and bark-inhabiting forms The forms inhabiting wood and bark (Ctenophora, Tanyptera, and others) may be reared by placing pieces of their natural habitations in a large closed jar and leaving them undisturbed. Pupation takes place in the burrows of the larvae. THE ADULT FLIES STRUCTURE The head The head is the first, or anterior, region of the body. It bears the mouth parts, the antennae, the compound eyes, and, when they are present, the simple eyes, or ocelli. The sclerites The sclerites, or segments, composing the head are approximately the same as in other insects, consisting of a prominent dorsal sclerite which surrounds the compound eyes, the epicramum. This is further divided into regions which may be located generally as follows: The fronto-clypeus is located on the dorso-cephalic aspect of the head, between the labrum and the region of the vertex. It consists of the united front and clypeus, the suture between them having disappeared. The labrum, or upper lip, is often present as a chitinized linear structure lying anterior to the fronto-clypeus and attached to the ventral margin of the clypeal region of the latter. The vertex occupies the dorsal region between the compound eyes, and, when they are present, includes the ocelh, or simple eyes. On or near its anterior part it bears the antennae (page 848), inserted in depressions, the antennal fossae. In many species with elongate antennae, especially in Eriocera, Macromastix, and some other genera, the vertex bears a distinct tubercle, the vertical tubercle, which is often deeply bifid. In Geranomyia cornigera Alex. (Philippine Islands) the vertex bears a curious elongate fleshy lobe. Very rarely this sclerite bears three simple eyes, or ocelli, which are discussed elsewhere (page 854). The genae, or cheeks, occupy the sides, or lateral parts, of the head, ventrad and mesad of the compound eyes. The ventro-caudal region of the head is made up of the postgenac. The dorso-caudal region is the occiput. 846 Charles Paul Alexander The mouth parts In many species in widely separated tribes, the anterior, or frontal, part of the head is produced into a short, cylindrical rostrum, which is in most cases nearly if not quite as long as the head itself. Such a frontal prolongation occurs in Rhamphidia (fig. 124, b and c), in some tropical species of Teucholabis (Antochini), in Opifex (Eriopterini) and Ornithodes (Pediciini), and in most Tipulini (fig. 124, e). In these tlaxillarLf palpi Paraqlossae ii^^^^\ Hay 1 1 lory pa/pi ^ ■ Maxillari^ palpi A/(7x///c7r(/ pa/pusjy p^?**»»*t»w*««» Fig. 124. mouth parts of various species of crane-flies A, Geranormjia canadensis, male, ventral aspect. B, Rhamphidia flavipes, male, ventral aspect. C, Rhamphidia maineiisis, male, ventral aspect. D, Elephantomyia westwoodi, male, ventral aspect. E, Tipula apicalis, male, lateral aspect cases the mouth parts are borne at or near the tip of the prolongation. In the Tipulini there often appears near the end of the prolongation, on the dorsal side, a small tubercle bearing a brush of long hairs (fig. 124, e). This is the nasus, or " nose." The most generalized condition of the mouth parts in this group of flies is seen in certain members of the primitive group Tanyderidae, in which the labrum, the maxillae, the labium, and possibly the mandibles, are distinct and styliform (Alexander, 1913 a: 332-333). The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 847 The mouth parts and the head capsule of the Diptera have been studied recently by Peterson (1916). The following summary of the mouth parts is taken largely from his paper: The maxillae are the paired organs lying below the labrum and above the labium, one on either side. In generalized forms, such as Trichocera, they consist of a small triangular cardo, an elongate stipes bearing the needle-like galea, and the palpus. The maxillary palpi are primitively five-segmented but in almost all crane-flies only four segments are apparent ; in certain cases the reduction in segments is rather extreme; this is dis- cussed more in detail below. In the Limnobiini (Limnobia, Geranomyia) the stipites are entad of the postgenae and have their proximal ends united. In the Tipulini (Tipula) the two stipites are completely united along their inner margin to form a single median plate. The galeae are prominent in Trichocera, but are very reduced in Geranomyia and are entirely lacking in Tipula. The labium, or lower lip, is the ventral, or posterior, unpaired organ. It consists of a basal immovable part, made up of the mentum and the suhmentum, and a movable part, or ligula, the basal scle rites of which are called by Peterson the thecae, the furcae, and so on, and the distal parts the glossae and the paraglossae. The epipharynx lies behind the labrum and fuses with it to form the lahrum-epipharynx. The hypopharynx is the prolonged cuticular lining of the opposite side of the mouth cavity. In such genera as Trichocera, Limnobia, and Tipula, studied by Peterson, the labrum-epipharynx and the hypopharynx are short, but in Geranomyia, which has an elongate rostrum, these parts are correspondingly elongated. There are two tribes containing one or more genera in which the mouth parts are greatly elongated, being in many instances longer than the remainder of the body. In the tribe Limnobiini the genus Geranomyia is thus characterized, and in the tribe Antochini the genera Elephantomyia, Rhampholimnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina. These may be dis- cussed briefly. In Geranomyia (fig. 124, a) the most evident parts of the beak are styliform and greatly elongated, consisting of the labrum-epipharynx, the hypopharynx, and the conspicuous divergent lips, the paraglossae, which extend far beyond the other ekniients; the maxillary palpi are located far back on the organ at about one-third its length, and are reduced in 848 Charles Paul Alexander number of segments from four in the jyeneralized subgenus Tctraphana to one in the subgenus Monophana. In Elcphantomyia (fig. 124, d), RhamphoHmnobia, Ceratocheilus, and Toxorhina, the rostrum consists of a much elongated tube which bears the reduced mouth parts and the maxillary palpi at the extreme apex; in Elcphantomyia the maxillary palpi are three-segmented, while in Toxorhina they are apparently single- segmented. Those species of Geranomyia, Elcphantomyia, and Toxorhina whose feeding habits are known, all feed on the nectar of tubular flowers, such as the Compositae, the Apocynaceae, the Ericaceae, the Umbelliferae, the Rhamnaceae, and the Lauraceae. The maxillary palpi are generally four-segmented; in the primitive group Tanyderidae they are five-segmented. By reduction there are found one, two (fig. 124, a), three, or four segments, respectively, in the four subgenera of Geranomyia; there are three in Elcphantomyia (fig. 124, d), and apparently only one in Toxorhina. The segments in most Limnobiinae are approximately subequal in size, but in the genus Pedicia and in the subfamily Tipulinae (fig. 124, e) the fourth segment is greatly elongated, whiplash-like, and usually longer than the three preceding segments taken together. The labial palpi are two-segmented and conspicuous in species of Trentepohlia. The antennae The antennae of crane-flies present many interesting conditions, both in the number of the segments of which they are composed and in their structure, and many generic names have been based on these conditions — Trichocera, Rhipidia, Trimicra, Rhabdomastix, Sigmatomera, Ctedonia, Polymera, Hexatoma, Eriocera, Cylindrotoma, Phalacrocera, Megistocera, Ctenophora, and others. The antennae are inserted on the vertex between the compound eyes. The diversity in their structure is considerable, and consists of great elongation of the organ, constriction of the segments, and the appearance of pectinations and flabellate formations. These are sexual characters only and are confined to the male sex. Elongation of the antennae occurs in many widely-separated tribes; moderate elongation is found in a wide range of native Ptychopteridae, in Trichocera, and in the tipuline genera Atarba, Ormosia, Molophilus, Limnophila, Penthoptera, Dicranota, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 849 Nephrotoma, and Tipula; great elongation, in which the organ may- be two or more times as long as the whole body, is found in a few native species of Eriocera (fig. 125, f), and in some exotic genera, as Rhabdo- mastix, sens, str., the Old World species of Megistocera, and a few species of Macromastix. The flagellar segments are constricted at their middle in the genus Polymera, producing the multi-segmented appearance which gives the genvis its name; in Sigmatomera some of the flagellar segments are reniform or shaped like a recumbent S. In many species of Ormosia {0. monticola, 0. divergens, 0. megacera, 0. mesocera) the elongated antennae are subnodulose and strongly suggest the beadlike condition obtaining in the Cecidomyiidae. In Trimicra the three terminal segments are abruptly smaller than the remainder of the flagellum; in some species of Stygeropis it is the terminal segment only that is so reduced. Pectinations and flabellate formations are found in the antennae in many genera — Rhipidia (fig. 125, A and b), Gynoplistia, Cerozodia, Ctedonia, most of the genera of the tribe Ctenophorini (fig. 125, l and m), and several genera of the tribe Tipulini, such as Ptilogyna and Ozodicera. The two basal segments of the antennae are quite different in shape from those that follow, and are called the scapus, or scape. The scape is often considerably enlarged, especially in those species with elongate antennae — in the genera Rhabdomastix, Eriocera (fig. 125, f), Megisto- cera, and others. The second segment of the scape is usually shorter than the first, and in the species with elongate antennae it is usually short and cup-shaped (fig. 125, f, g, and h), a condition known as cyathiform. The whiplike part beyond the scape is the flagellum. The flagellum is almost always clothed with a pubescence of varying character, from straight to uncinate, from appressed to outspreading and divergent, from short to long, and often longer in the male sex than in the female. In addition to these delicate hairs there are usually strong, bristle-like hairs arranged in a more or less complete whorl, or verticil (fig. 125, J and o). The Tipulinae (fig. 125, l-o) have a more or less complete whorl of these strong hairs, which are absent in Stygeropis (fig. 125, n) and in Holorusia and form good generic characters in a difficult group of the family. In many species of Gonomyia (G. sulphurella [fig. 125, e], G. manca, G. pleuralis, G. amazona, and others), and in some species of Erioptera (subgenus Empeda), the verticillate hairs on the male antennae are exceedingly elongated and conspicuous. 850 Charles Paul Alexander M Fig. 125. antennae of various species of crane-flies Limnobiinae : A, Rhipidia maculata, male; B, Rhipidiafidelis, male; C, Limnobia tristigma, male; D, Toxorhina brasiliensis, male; E, Gonomyia sulphurella, male; F, Eriocera spinosa, male, three basal segments; G, Hexatoma megacera, male; H, Hexatoma megacera, female Cylindrotominae : I, Liogma nodicornis, male; J, Phalacrocera tipulina, male, six basal segments; K, Cylindrotoma tarsalis, male, five basal segments Tipulinae: L, Tanyptera frontalis, male, five basal segments; M, Ctenophora angusti- pennis, male, five basal segments; N, Stygeropis fuscipentiis, male, four basal segments; O, Tipula mainensifs, male, six basal segments The Crane-Flies of New York — Fart I 851 The following additional notes on chiefly local species are presented: Tanyderidae: In Protoplasa fitchii, of the family Tanyderidae, the antennae are 16-segmcnted; the scape is enlarged, and the flagellar seg- ments are elongate-oval with a dense pubescence and verticillate bristles. In other Tanyderidae the number of segments ranges from 15 to 25. Ptychopteridae. — In the genus Bittacomorpha of the family Ptychop- teridae, the antennae are apparently 20-segmented. In the males they are elongated; the scape segments are short, the second one being short- cyathiform; the flagellar segments are greatly elongated, with a long outstretched pubescence and no bristles. In Ptychoptera the antennae are 16-segmented, with distinct scattered bristles and a short, somewhat uncinate, pubescence. Rhyphidae. — In the genus Trichocera of the family Rhyphidae, the antennae are almost hairlike, tho finely pubescent. Tipididae, Limnohiinae. — Limnobiini : In the tribe Limnobiini the antennae are 14-segmented. In Limnobia (fig. 125, c) the segments have numerous bristles and a close, dense pubescence; the terminal seg- ment is usually much attenuated, about as long as the two preceding segments taken together, often presenting a biarticulate appearance. In Rhipidia a curious modification of the organ is found, the flagellar segments being bipectinate in the subgenus Rhipidia (fig. 125, a), unipecti- nate in the subgenus Monorhipidia (fig. 125, b), and from subpectinate to almost normal in the subgenus Arhipidia. Antochini: As a rule the antennae are 16-segmented in the tribe Antochini. The first scape segment is rather elongated, the second is oval, not markedly cyathiform. The flagellar segments are rounded- oval or elongate (in the males of most species of Atarba), with bristles and a short, dense pubescence. The antennae are of this normal structure in the genera Rhamphidia, Antocha, Dicranoptycha, Atarba, and Teucho- labis. In Elcphantomyia there are 15 segments; the first segment of the scape is only a little larger than the second; the first flagellar segment is apparently formed by the fusion of two segments, and bears three strong hairs on the lower face in a line; the remaining segments of the flagellum are elongate-cylindrical, with strong verticils. In the genera Toxorhina (fig. 125, d) and Ceratocheilus there are but 12 segments; the second scape segment is larger than the first; the first flagellar segment is obconical, and is apparently formed by the fusion of five segments, 852 Charles Paul Alexander altho the segment is very short and is destitute of verticils; the seven succeeding flagellar segments are short-cylindrical, without verticils; the terminal two segments are more elongated and each bears about three very long hairs. Eriopterini: Normally there are 16 antennal segments in the tribe Eriopterini. In some genera both elongate and short antennae are found in the same group, as in Ormosia, sews. str. In Chionea, Cladura, Ptero- chionea, and Crypteria the number of antennal segments is reduced, due to the fusion of several segments to make up the basal segment of the flagellum — as in the case of Toxorhina, already discussed — this fusion segment including usually five segments. Limnophilini : In the tribe Lminophilini the antennae are normally 16-segmented; in the genus Ula they are 17-segmented. In Limnophila and Epiphragma are found some species with elongate and others with short antennae. In Limnophila nmcrocera and some other species, the segments of the flagellum are provided with abundant outstretched hairs. In Adelphomyia cayuga the basal segments of the flagellum are fused into an indistinct fusion-segment; the other local species of this genus have normal antennae. Hexatomini: In Hexatoma megacera (fig. 125, g) the antennae of the male are 6-segmented, the flagellar segments being elongate; in the female (fig. 125, h) the antennae are apparently 8-segmented. In Eriocera there are many species with short antennae (Eriocera brachycera, E. fuliginosa, E. fultonensis, and others) , species with the antennae intermediate in length (such as E. eriophora), and numerous species with greatly elongated antennae (E. spinosa, E. californica, E. longicornis, and others). In E. spinosa (fig. 125, f), E. longicornis, and others, the lower surface of the basal flagellar segment is provided with numerous spines, regularly spaced, pointing toward the tip of the organ; the manner in which these spines are used in extricating the organ from the antennal sheath of the pupa is described by Alexander and Lloyd (1914). In E. wilsonii the antennae are likewise elongated in the male sex, but are provided with a strong pubescence, the spines being quite lacking. Most species of Eriocera have short antennae in both sexes. Pediciini: In the genera Pedicia and Tricyphona of the tribe Pediciini, the antennae are 16-segmented; in the genus Dicranota and the subgenera The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 853 Plectromyia and Rhaphidolabis, they are 13-segmented; and in the sub- genus Rhaphidolabina they are 15-segmented. TipuUdae, Cylindrotominae. — The antennae are apparently 16-scg- mented in the genus Cyhndrotoma of the subfamily Cylindrotominae, and 17-segmented in the genera Phalacrocera and Liogma. In Cylindro- tovia tar sails (fig. 125, k) the flagellar segments in the male are elongate- cylindrical, with a dense erect pubescence and a very few scattered bristles. In Phalacrocera tipulina (fig. 125, j) the condition is fairly similar, but there is a distinct verticil of stiff bristles near the bases of the segments, a condition strongly suggesting that found in the genus Tipula. In Liogma nodicornis (fig. 125, i) the intermediate flagellar segments are rather strongly pectinate, with a dense, pale pubescence and several long bristles on the back face of each segment, and with shorter, weaker bristles at the apex of the pectination. TipuUdae, Tipulinae. — Dolichopezini : The antennae in Dolichopeza, Oropeza, Brachypremna, and other genera of the tribe Dolichopezini, are normally 13-segmented; in the American species of the genus Megisto- cera the antennae are S-segmented. The organ is often considerably elongated, exceedingly so in Old World species of Megistocera. In Brachy- premna the antennae are correspondingly short and tiny. Ctenophorini : In the tribe Ctenophorini the antennae are 13-segmented. In the male sex they are curiously pectinated or fanlike, tho differing in construction from those in Rhipidia already discussed (page 851). In Ctenophora angustipennis (fig. 125, m) the first segment of the flagellum bears a basal pectination and two apical pectinations, each tipped with a bristle; the second and succeeding segments have a basal pair of pectinations, each tipped with a bristle, and a pair of apical appendages, untipped. In Tanyptera frontalis (fig. 125, l) the first segment of the flagellum bears a basal and an apical pectination ; the second and succeeding segments have a basal pair of pectinations, each tipped with a bristle, and the single shorter apical pectination is not thus protected. Tipulini : Normally the antennae in the tribe Tipulini are 13-segmented ; in some species of Nephrotoma there are 16 or 19 segments in the male. In most species of this tribe each flagellar segment has a strong basal swelling armed with a verticil of strong bristles; this knobbed condition reaches its maxinunn dovolopnient in the species of the monilifera group (of tropical America), in which a beadlike form is produced. Other 854 Charles Paul Alexander species of Tipiila and some species of Nephrotoma have the segments deeply incised on the under face, producing a serrated appearance. In Stygeropis (fig. 125, n) and Holorusia, and to a les&er extent in Longurio, the verticils are lacking. Tipula mainensis (fig. 125, o) is a typical Tipula and illustrates this verticillate condition. The eyes On either side of the head, in all crane-flies, are the large compound eyes, made up of numerous facets, or ommatidia. In generalized forms the facets are large and coarse, so that the eye presents a coarsely granu- lated appearance ; in other species the ommatidia are so small and abundant that the surface of the eye appears very smooth and regular. In most species of Tipulidae the eyes are separated by a narrow strip of the front (dichoptic), but in the males of some they are contiguous (holoptic) or nearly so, as in certain species of Rhipidia and allied groups. In some species of Erioptera {Erioptera macrophthalma, E. vespertina, E. nyctops, and others) the eyes of the males are much larger than those of the females and are contiguous beneath. In most genera the eyes are large and extend backward onto the caudal part of the head. In Trichocera and Ischnothrix the vertex bears three simple eyes, or ocelli. The thorax The thorax is the second region of the body and lies between the head and the abdomen. This part of the body bears the legs, and, when they are present, the wings also. It is divisible into three subregions, as follows: the prothorax, or first segment, which bears the fore legs; the mesothorax, or second segment, which bears the middle legs and the wings; and the metathorax, or third segment, which bears the hind legs and the halteres. The upper, or dorsal, sclerites of these subregions are called the tergites, the notum, or the dorsum; the lateral sclerites, those on the sides of the body, are the pleura, or pleurites; those on the lower, or ventral, parts of the body are the sternites, or sternum. Each subregion has its own terminology, the prothorax having its pronotum, propleurites, and prosternum, the mesothorax its mesonotum, meso- pleurites, and mesosternum, and so on. The legs borne by these respective segments likewise have the corresponding prefix applied to their parts — as the precoxa (or fore coxa), the mesocoxa (or middle coxa), the pre- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 855 femora, the mesotibia, and so on. In addition to the thoracic segments there are some tiny sclerites between the head and the prothorax, called the cervical sclerites and comprising the neck, or microthorax. The prothorax. — In the Tipulidae the pronotum, or dorsal sclerite of the prothorax, consists of two regions which are usually interpreted as being homologous to the scutum and the scutellum of the mesonotum, described and illustrated below. In this paper these regions are called the pronotal scutum and the pronotal scutellum. The propleurites are made up of the usvial pleural plates, which are discussed in the description of the mesothorax ; these are termed the proepisternum and the proepimeron. The sternal region of the prothorax is the presternum. In the family Tipulidae the sclerites of the pronotum are usually small and insignificant, being encroached upon by the sclerites of the mesothorax. In some exotic genera, such as the tropicopolitan genus Styringomyia, the pro- thorax is large and of a generalized structure. In entomological literature the pronotum is usually spoken of as the ''neck" or the "collare." The mesothorax. — The mesothorax is the principal region of the thorax in the Tipulidae. The mesonotum, or upper part, is divided into two sclerites, which are again divided so as to appear as four — the prescutum, the scutum, the scutellum, and the postnotum. The prescutum is the anterior, or first, subdivision. In crane-flies it is the largest single region of the thorax, lying behind the pronotum and before the transverse, or V-shaped, suture. It may be very flat and depressed, as in the South African genus Platylimnobia, or very high and gibbous, as in Dicranomyia glohithorax, D. gibbera, and other species; or it may jut far cephalad over the pronotum, as in Conosia and in many species of Trentepohlia. In the subgenus Conorhipidia of the genus Rhipi- dia, which includes two species from tropical America, the prescutum is elevated into a high conical point, which is very remarkable but is sug- gested in other species of the same genus, as, for instance, Rhipidia domestica. The prescutum is usually striped in various ways, a common pattern being three stripes, one in the middle and two shorter ones on the sides. The spaces between these stripes often bear setigerous punctures, with setae of various forms and sizes. In many genera the prescutum bears two shiny dots, called tuberculate pits (fig. 126, b). In certain groups, 856 Charles Paul Alexander as in many species of Limnophila and in the eriopterine series allied to Gonomyia (Gonomyia, Ilhabdomastix, and other genera), these pits lie one on either side of the median line of the prescutum, at the extreme cephalic margin; in other groups, as in the eriopterine series allied to Erioptera (Erioptera, sens, str., Empeda, and other genera), they are found on the dorsum of the prescutum, about midlength of the segment. These pits are the double, or paired, dots of Osten Sacken. The pseudosutural foveae (fig. 126, b) are prominent depressions on the sides of the prescutum, in front, lying just above the anterior spiracles. Anferior" Spiraciti l^/'nq roof Mesepimeron Transi/erse \ suture \5cutellum,' ^- 3cufum\ \ /Postnofum M'onofum ■ tfalfer yt'lefanofi^m Tuberculoid Abdominal ^ ierqife I . /ibdominaf stern iteZ coxa- Fore coxa tliddle coxa Hesosivnurr) Mesep/sternum A B Fig. 126. thorax of tipula A, Lateral aspect; B, dorsal aspect. Adapted from Snodgrass Pseudosulural foi^eo -Mesonoial prescutum Jransyerse suture -5cutum Scutellurrt •-PostnofuiiTt usually in the area before the ends of the short lateral stripes and at the sides of the longer median stripe. These structures have been called the humeral pits. The scutum is the second subdivision of the mesonotum. It lies just behind the V-shaped suture and is usually divided into two lateral lobes by a shallow median depression. The scutellum is the third subdivision of the mesonotum. It is a small transverse segment, lying just behind the lobes of the scutum and before the postnotum. The postnotum is the fourth and last subdivision of the mesonotum. It is a large and prominent sclerite situated behind the scutellum, appearing The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 857 almost vertical in position. The dorsal part of the postnotum lies between the halteres, and the lateral part between the wings and the sciitellum in front and the halteres and the metapleura behind. This region is often erroneously considered as being the metanotum. The pleuron of the mesothorax (fig. 126, a) consists of the mesepister- num and the mesepimeron. The mesepisternum is the plate making up the anterior part of the pleuron. It is bounded caudad by the mesepim- eron and ventrad by the mesosternum. Its dorso-cephalic angle is close to the mesothoracic spiracle. The mesepimeron is the plate making up the posterior part of the pleuron. It is a long sclerite, lying underneath the wing base and bordered behind by the mesonotal postnotum and the metepisternum. The sternum of the mesothorax is usually prominent, lying beneath the pleura and bearing the middle legs. The mesothorax bears the wings of the insect, as well as the middle legs. The details of the wing venation are discussed under a separate caption (page 860). The wings are always present in crane-flies, but they are very tiny and reduced in the genus Chionea, and in many genera and species they are so reduced as to be useless for flight. This atrophy of the wing may consist of a reduction in width only, the length being unaffected and the organ taking on a straplike appearance (as in Tipula pribilofensis) ; or there may be a reduction in both the length and the width, the wing in extreme cases (such as Tipula chionoides, Platylimnobia, and others) being a mere pad which is shorter than the halteres. As a result of the distortion of the wing shape there is a corresponding reduction and atrophy of the venation. In the northeastern United States and eastern Canada, all the crane-flies are full-winged except the nearly wing- less Chionea, mentioned above. The wing surface is usually provided with a microscopic pubescence, to which are due many of the opalescent reflections in crane-flies (as in Antocha, Dicranoptycha, and other genera). In addition to this micro- scopic pubescence there is also found, in many scattered groups of genera, a strong pubescence, which is apparent with a hand lens. The writer regards the retention of this coarse pubescence as being a primitive char- acter. Its nature varies. In some genera it covers the whole surface of the wing — as in Ormosia, Ula, and Ulomorpha; in many species it is confined to certain of the apical cells of the wings — as in Dicranomyia 858 Charles Paul Alexander puhipennis, Erioptera (Empeda) pubescens, Gnophomyia luduosa, species of Adelphomyia, the subgenus Lasiomastix of Limnophila, Bittacomor- phella, certain Ptychoptera, and some species of Dolichopeza (Tricho- dolichopeza) , Tipula (Trichotipula, Cinctotipula) , and so on. In most crane-flies the wing veins hkewise bear long hairs, which in some genera, such as Molophilus, are very long; in some species, however, the hairs are so short as to be scarcely noticeable. The metathorax. — The only part of the metanotum, or dorsal sclerite of the metathorax, which is visible is the postnotum. This appears as a narrow, transverse sclerite between the mesonotal postnotum and the first segment of the abdomen. The pleural sclerites consist of the metepisternuin, a very small sclerite between the metathoracic spiracle and the hind coxae, and the metepimeron, a small sclerite behind the halteres. The metathorax bears the hind legs and the halteres, or balancers. The halteres are usually considered as being reduced hind wings, and serve an important function in flight. They lie just behind the wings and are of various shapes, in some species (as Dicranomyia halterata and Gonomyia fiUcauda, for example) being very long and slender and in other cases being short with prominent swollen knobs. In some groups with reduced wings (such as Platylimnobia) the halteres also are reduced and straplike. The halteres are retained even when the wings have been practically lost, as shown by the genus Chionea. The legs The legs of crane-flies are as a rule excessively elongated, which gives to the group all or almost all of its common names — crane-fly (from a comparison with the crane), daddy longlegs (the British name for the group), and so on. The leg is made up of nine segments, designated, respectively, from the body outward, as the coxa, the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the five tarsal segments. The coxa. — The coxa is the enlarged basal segment of the leg, that of the fore leg being called the fore coxa, precoxa, or procoxa, and those of the middle and hind legs having the corresponding prefixes. In the groups with great powers of flight (Megistocera, Trentepohlia, and others) the coxae are very small, while in the species with reduced wings and consequent need of walking (as in the genera Platylimnobia, Chionea, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 859 and others) they are very large and powerful. The coxae are often pro- vided with a dense covering of long silky hairs. The trochanter. — The second .segment of the leg, called the trochanter, Jies between the coxa and the femur and serves as a pivot between these two major segments. In Dicranoptycha, the distal margin is armed with a sharp blackened tooth which is directed inward. The femur. — The femur is the third segment of the leg, corresponding to the thigh of higher animals. It is the largest and most powerful single element of the leg, being in many cases greatly elongated and B Fig. 127. feet of crane-flies A, Limnobia indigena, male, last tarsal segment and claw. B, Dicranomyia morioides, male, last tarsal segment and claw. C, Rhabdomastix flnva, male, last two segment's and claw incrassated. In some groups (as Ctenacroscelis, for example) it bears a comb of approximated spines near the distal end. In other genera, especially in Trentepohlia, the femur is often armed with groups or rows of stiff bristles or short spines, which furnish valuable specific characters. The tibia. — The tibia is the fourth segment of the leg, situated between the femur and the first (metatarsal) segment of the tarsus. Next to the femur it is the longest single element of the leg. In many groups a pair of spines, or spurs, are borne at the tip, called the tibial spurs, and these 860 Charles Paul Alexander are of great importance in classification. These spurs are lacking in the tribes Limnobimi, Antochini, and Eriopterini, but are present in the remainder of the Tipulidae tho in some cases they are so small as to require a low-powered microscope for their detection. The tarsal segments. — The tarsus, or foot of the fly, is made up of the terminal five segments. The first of these segments is the longest and is called the metatarsus. The remaining segments gradually decrease in length to the last, which bears the claws, or ungues, and, when it is present, the emyodium between the claws. In Bittacomorpha the metatarsus is swollen and bladder-like. In one species of Lecteria the metatarsus bears a group of three stout spines at the extreme base. The claws of most crane-flies are quite smooth (fig. 127, c, Rhabdo- mastix), but those of species of the tribe Limnobiini have teeth on the ventral side (fig. 127, A, Limnobia; fig. 127, b, Dicranomyia) . A sim- ilar condition is found in certain Dolichopezini, such as Brachypremna and Tanyprenma, but not in Megistocera. The transverse suture The transverse suture is considered one of the important characters for use in distinguishing the Tipulidae from related families of flies, such as the Dixidae, the Mycetophilidae, and others. It is in the shape of a low V, and separates the mesonotal prescutum from the scutum. The wings and their venation The wings of crane-flies, with their remarkably constant venation and pattern, furnish the easiest and best characters for recognition of the various forms. In the great majority of cases a glance at the wing is sufficient for the determination of the species, and it is for this reason that considerable emphasis is here placed on these organs. This paper discusses only in a rather elementary way the essentials of the wing venation, but Needham (1908) has made a critical survey of the character in all the genera of the Tipulidae known at the time his work was pre- pared, and his paper is absolutely essential to the student of this group of insects. The wing is made up of a series of longitudinal veins running from the base to the outer margin and bound together at various points by cross-veins and by deflections of the longitudinal veins which produce The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 861 strong fusions at these places. The more specialized forms have an unusually strong series of cross-veins and deflections running trans- versely or obliquely across the wing at about two-thirds its length and generally in line with the ending of the radial sector and the inner end of the cell 1st Ah (discal). This strong fusion is called the cord, and a glance at almost any wing will enable one to pick it out immediately. The genus Pedicia (Plate XLII, 175) has the elements of the cord in almost perfect alinement, but very oblique, and here the principal parts entering in are the basal deflection of Cth, the basal deflection of Mi + o, and the r-7n cross-vein; in most crane-flies the deflection of Ri+5 adds another strong element to the cord, while in many genera (as Antocha, Plate XXXIII, 48, and Tcucholabis, Plate XXXIII, 52 and 53) the radial cross- vein is so placed as to become still .another strong element. Very often the radial sector enters in as the part nearest to the main radial vein (Ri), and here the stress falls either on the sector or on R2 + 3, or on both. As has been pointed out by Needham, in many species the closed cell of the wing {1st M2) is swung directly across the path of the cord, interrupting it like a ring on a line; the medial cross-vein and the outer deflection of M3 are quite necessary to complete this ring, and they are always present in such cases. It is only when the inner end of the closed cell gets into alinement with the other elements of the cord, so that the ring formed by the cell is no longer needed to strengthen the wing disk, that the medial cross-vein is lost by atrophy. The longitudinal veins. — There are six or seven longitudinal veins, named, respectively, from the front margin backward, the costa, the suhcosta, the radius, the media, the cubitus, and the anal veins. The costa (C, fig. 128, a) forms the anterior margin of the wing. It is usually much thickened, but thins out before reaching the wing apex. I It is strongly united with the vein beneath it, the subcosta, by the humeral cross-vein at the base of the wing. More distally other veins end in the costa, such as Sci, Ri, and usually other elements of the radial field. The subcosta {Sc, fig. 128, a), a weak vein lying between the costa and the radius, is often difficult to detect due to foldings and flexings of this part of the wing. In generalized forms it is forked, the anterior branch, Sci, going to the costa, and the posterior branch, Sc^ (the subcostal cross- vein of the older authors), connecting with Ri. In the subfamily Limnobiinae, Sci is usually present, and Sco may be close to its tip as in 862 Charles Paul Alexander Fig. 128. wing venation A, Protoplasafitchii. B, Bittacomorphaclavipes. C,/yicranomyiapubip^^^^^ saxicola E, Toxorhina muliebris. F, Enoptera septemtrionis. G, Umnophila subcoUaia. H, Dicranota vimlaHs. I, Liogma nodicornis. J, Tipmla umfasciala The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I . 863 most Limnophilini (Plates XXXVIII-XLI), or it may tend to retreat proximad toward the base of the wing as in many Eriopterini (Plates XXXIV-XXXVII), or it may be very far removed from the tip so that it lies before the base of the sector (as in the tribe Pekiciini, Plates XLI, XLII, and in the genus Ula, Plate XLI, 164). In some Anto- chini it is apparently lost by atrophy. In the subfamily Tipulinae only the more generahzed species retain Sci (Plate XLIII, 188 and 189), but Sd is present and is bent strongly into Ri at its tip, thus forming a good subfamily character. The radius (R, fig. 128, a) is the strongest vein of the wing, and, with its sector, one of the most plastic. Ri runs straight to the wing margin, but usually at about midlength of the wing it forks, sending off the radial sector (Rs). This is primitively twice forked, being forked and the branches forked again, dichotomously. These branches of the sector are numbered from 2 to 5, the upper fork carrying with it R2 and R3 and the lower fork carrying with it Ri and R^. The full complement of branches of the radial sector is found only in the Tanyderidae (Plate XXX, 1). In the Ptychopteridae (Plate XXX, 2-4) the upper fork, R2 + 3, is fused to the margin; in the Tipulidae (Plates XXX-XLVIII) it is almost always the lower of the dichotomous forkings, Ri+5, that is fused to the margin. The various ways in which the full complement of veins has been lost, by the fusing together of adjacent veins or else by the atrophy or dropping out of one or more of the branches, may be here discussed. In the Cylindrotominae (Plate XXX, 5-8) the appearance suggests the fusion of the upper fork of the sector (R2 + 3) with Ri, forming a long, backward fusion of R1 + 2 + S from the wing margin. As suggested by the author in an earUer paper (Alexander, 1914 b: 604-605) and later proved by the discovery of the Oriental genus Stibadocera Enderlein (Alexander, 1915 c: 178-179), the loss of these veins is by atrophy rather than by fusion, and the vein that simulates /?i + 2 + 3 is, in reality, R3 alone and corresponds exactly to this vein in other tribes of crane-flies. In the subgenus Leiponeura of the genus Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 86-88), the vein Ro + z is fused to the wing margin, or, possibly, R3 is atrophied after the fusion has proceeded almost to the margin. In the more generalized species of Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90), the fork of R2 + 3 is 864 Charles Paul Alexander relatively deep, but it gradually becomes shallower until in such forms as G. sulphurella (Plate XXXVI, 91) it is very small and only a step removed from the condition obtaining in the subgenus Leiponeura. The venation in the genus Cladolipes, of the tribe Hexatomini, is similar. The genus Paratropeza of the tribe Antochini is the only member of that tribe with Ro and R3 separate at the wing margin, and in keys to the Tipulidae this genus runs down to the Eriopterini; the species are all exotic and are evidently the most generahzed members of this aberrant tribe. In a few species of Gonomyia related to G. blanda (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90), R2 is very close to Ri at the wing margin, in some cases being actually fused with it; this is likewise the condition in the Neotropical group Psaronius, where the fusion is most emphatic. The fork of R2 + 3 is often very deep, this cell being in many instances sessile or with R2 even retreated back onto the radial sector (as in Molophilus, Plate XXXIV, 65-70; Tricyphona, Plate XLII, 178-185; Limnophila emmelina, Plate XL, 151; Rhaphidolabis, Plate XLI, 172-174), in which cases the anterior branch of the sector is simple and the posterior branch is forked, as in the Ptychopteridae already mentioned. These shiftings of the elements of the fork of the radial sector have been critically studied by Needham (1908). The radial cross-vein apparently is lost only by atrophy; the Cylindrotominae, discussed above, which appear to lose this vein by the fusion upon it of adjacent veins, in reahty have it present and elongated, but simulating a section of vein Ri. In Eurhamphidia and Rhampholimnobia, of the East Indies, the fork of the radial sector occurs far beyond the line of the cord, while in most other crane-flies it is before or at this line. The radial-medial cross- vein (r-rn) is usually present, but if lacking it is accounted for, apparently, only by the fusion of Ri + f,on Mi +2 (fig- 128, i); this fusion may be slight or extensive, and occurs in scattered genera in all the sub- families of the Tipulidae. The radial-medial cross-vein lies distad of the medial cross-vein in Conosia and in some species of Rhamphidia. In many DoHchopezini (Plate XLIII, 186 and 187), Tipulini (Plate XLVIII, 247 and 248), and CyUndrotominae (Plate XXX, 5-8), the whole tip of Ri is atrophied. In the remarkable genus Toxorhina (Plate XXXIII, 45 and 46), the radial sector is unbranched but the branch that persists is undoubtedly Ri + 5 alone, R2 + 3 having retreated back toward The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 865 the base of the sector and finally being lost by atrophy or by fusion with Ri] thr exotic genus CeratocKeilus shows this intermediate condi- tion very remarkably, and indicates clearly the manner in which this extreme reduction of the sector in Toxorhina was brought about. The media {M, fig. 128, a), or medial vein, like the radial sector, in the hypothetical type of an insect wing is twice dichotomously forked, the closed cell, 1st M2, lying in the first fork. There are no known crane- flies that show this condition except the^^doubtful fossil genus Rhabdino- brochus, which is apparently based on an abnormal and imperfectly pre- served specimen, and occasionally freak specimens of Tipula which indicate this condition by spurs of varying length. These specimens show that the single posterior branch of the media which persists is Mi, the spur always lying on the cephalic side and representing the atrophied M3. Corastock (1918:349, fig. 360) has interpreted the venation of Protoplasa fitchii as showing all four branches of media, Mi being fused with Cui dis- tally. That this is not the true interpretation is indicated by a study of the other species of Protoplasa. The vein in cell M3 which Comstock interprets as being the downward deflection of Mi is a supernumerary cross-vein. In this remarkable family of flies, such cross-veins are very often found in different cells of the wings. That the presence of a vein in cell Ms is a specific character only is shown by the fact that it is lacking in the related Protoplasa vipio O. S. Mi and Mi, comprising the anterior fork of the vein, are either separate or fused at the wing margin; such genera as Limnophila (Plates XXXVIII-XL) show a perfect succession, from deep forks as in the exotic Limnophila epiphragmoides (Alexander, 1913 b: 543), thru less deep forks as in L. montana (Plate XL, 148), to L. brevifurca (Plate XXXVIII, 125), which has a very shallow fork that is sometimes fused clear to the wing margin, and further to the numer- ous species of the genus (Plate XL, 150-157) in which there is a permanent and constant fusion between these veins extending entirely to the wing margin and obhterating the cell Mi. In all except the most generahzed species, including nearly all of the Limnobiinae, the medial-cubital cross-vein (ni-cu) is obliterated by the fusion of M3 + 4 with the upward deflection of Cui; this fusion may be short or long, and is discussed in connection with the cubitus. After breaking away from the cubitus, Ms generally runs free to the wing margin, but in some eases (as in Styringomyia and Phaiacrocera, Plate XXX, 8 and 9) it 866 Charles Paul Alexander unites with Ml +2 for a short distance, obliterating the medial cross-vein. In some genera — Bittacomorpha (Plate XXX, 3), Bittacomorphella (Plate XXX, 4), Hexatoma (Plate XXXVII, 112), Diotrepha, and many species of Trentepohlia — but one branch of the media reaches the wing margin, and in these cases the posterior branch has cither fused with the cubitus (as in Hexatoma) and reaches the margin by this fusion, or has been lost by atrophy. Needham (1908:227-229) beheves the posterior branch of the media is lost only by atrophy, and undoubtedly this is true in most instances; the series of Polymera, however, a tropical, American genus studied by the author (Alexander, 1913 b: 526-535), showed an interesting condition indicating that the veins may be vmited by fusion, and similar conditions may exist in the genus Rhaphidolabis and in the South African species Gonomyia hrevifurca. The entire end of M-i is lost by atrophy in four known species of Dicranomyia, one of these being D. whartoni (Plate XXXI, 15). The cell 1st M^ (discal) is in many cases opened by the atrophy of part of Ms, leaving the tip of Mz attached to the medial cross-vein (as in Ormosia, Plate XXXIV, 59-64, and in Gonomyia, Plate XXXVI, 92 and 93) ; in other cases it is the medial cross-vein (w) that is atrophied, opening the cell (as in Dicranomyia, Plate XXXI, 14 and 16, in Cryptolabis, Plate XXXVII, 101, and in many genera of the Pediciini, Plate XLI, 172-174). The cubitus (Cu, fig. 128, a), lying between the media and the anal veins, is the most constant and, after the radius, the most powerful vein of the wing. There are always two branches, which are never lost. At the fork, the anterior branch, Cui, is directed strongly forward, so that in all but the most generalized forms it 'simulates a cross- vein and from its conspicuous size it has long been termed the great cross-vein; this deflection is the basal deflection of Cui of the Comstock-Needham system, and the pars ascendens of Bergroth. In the more generalized groups, such as Tanyderidae (Plate XXX, 1), Ptychopteridae (Plate XXX, 2^), a very few Limnobiinae — as some species of Tricyphona (Plate XLII, 184 and 185) — and many of the TipuUnae (Plate XLIII, 195-197), the medial-cubital cross-vein (rn-cu) is persistent, but in the great majority of cases it is lost by the fusion of Cui and Ms + i. As already stated, this fusion may be very short — merely a point of contact (punctiform), as in most species of Tipula (Plate XLVI, 222) — ^ or it may be subequal in length to the cell 1st M2, the deflection of Cui entering the media at The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 867 its fork and breaking away from M3 at the distal end of the cell; this long fusion with M3 is the rule in the subfamily Limnoljiinae, but is very unusual in the TipuUnae, the South African genus Leptotipula being almost the only instance known. In some groups the deflection hes far before the fork of the media, as in the transient fusions of Nephrotoma (Plate XLIV, 198 and 202) and DoHchopeza (Plate XLIII, 187) or the longer fusions of many Gonomyia (Plate XXXVI, 89 and 90) and other genera. In the highly specialized condition obtaining in Orimarga and even more accentuated in the tropical -American genus Diotrepha, the deflection of Cui is retreated far toward the wing base, so that in the latter genus the fusion of Cui with M is about half the length of the entire wing. On the other hand, Cui may unite with M3 far out toward the tip of the wing, (as in Trichocera, Plate XLI, 165 and 166), so that Cui extends beyond M and is connected with it by the ni-cu cross-vein, which here runs longitudinally and simulates a section of one of the longitudinal veins. In the great majority of crane-flies, the fork of the cubitus is so deep that the branch Cih is longer than the deflected part of Cui; in some species of Limnophila (Plate XXXVIII, 113), however, and also and especially in the tribe Hexatomini (Plate XXXVII, 104 and 105), the condition is usually reversed and it is Cih that is the shorter element of the fork. Cih is usually free at the wing margin, but in most Old World species of Trentepohlia and in one species of Dicranomyia it is fused with the first anal vein for a varying distance back from the tip. The anal veins {1st A, 2d A, fig. 128) comprise in the generalized wing three simple veins, as apparently shown in the fossil genus Cladoneura; a single anal vein is found in the Ptychopteridae and in most of the Tanyderidae, and there are two in all the Tipulidae and in the fossil Ibanyderid genus Etoptychoptera Handlirsch. The anal veins are simple in all native forms; the second one is forked in the South African genus Podoneura, in some species of Styringomyia, and in abnormal specimens of Helobia. As indicated by Needham (1908), if the second anal vein found in Helobia (Plate XXXVII, 98) and that in Trichocera (Plate XLI, 165) were united, the condition would be remarkably like what is found in Podoneura, and the condition in these genera may have been brought about by the loss of the anterior l^ranch of the fork in Trichocera and the posterior branch in Helol)ia. In the Tipulini and some other tribes there is a strong vein lying close beneath Cu and often quite removed 868 Charles Paul Alexander from it. This probably represents the first anal vein in these species, in which case all three anal veins would be accounted for. The cross-veins. — The usual cross-veins of the wins have been indicated, for the most part, in the foregoing discussion of the longitudinal veins. The humeral cross-vein (h) is almost always present and forms a strong union between C and Sc near the wing base; it is of little systematic impor- tance. The radial cross-vein (r) lies entirely in the radial field, and con- nects Ri with either Ro or R-z +3, or it may lie exactly at the fork of the last-named vein. The radial-medial (?--m) cross-vein connects either Ri + 5 with Ml + 0 as in most crane-flies, or i?5 with Mi + 2 as in Molophilus (Plate XXXIV, 65-70), or Rs with Mi + 2 as in Tricyphona kuwanai oi Japan and in the genus Rhampholimnobia discussed above. The medial cross- vein (m) lies entirely in the medial field and connects either M2 or Ml + 2 with Mz + 4. The medial-cubital cross-vein (m-cu) connects either M or il/.T -I- 4 with Cui. The arculus (ar) is a strong cross- vein connect- ing M with Cu at the base of the wing. Supernumerary cross-veins and spurs are frequently found in crane-flies and furnish convenient characters for defining genera, subgenera, and species. In Tanypremna regina, of the Colombian Andes, there is an abundance of cross-veins and spurs in the basal cells of the wings; in the related species Tanypremna columhiana there is a single strong cross-vein in cell M. These supernumerary cross-veins are very constant in their occurrence and position, and may be found in almost any cell of the wing. Needham (1908:220) drew a primitive crane-fly wing and indicated on it all the supernumerary cross-veins that are known to occur in the group, and the composite resulting was remarkably like the wing of a neuropteroid scorpion fly, thus providing additional confirmation for the belief that the Panorpidae or some closely allied group gave rise to the dipterous line of evolution. Epiphragma (Plate XLI, 158) has the cross-vein in cell C; Geranomyia (Plate XXXL 10-13) and many Rhipidia in cell Sc; Helobia (Plate XXXVII, 98) and Dicranophragma (Plate XXXIX, 139) in cell R.; Epheha (Plate XXXIX, 137 and 138) and Idioptcra (Plate XXXVIII, 115) in cell M; Dicranota (Plate XLI, 167-169) in cell Ri, alongside of the r cross-vein; Discobola (Plate XXXII, 41) in the first anal cell, forming a strong union between the two anal veins; and so on in great variety. Strong spurs are frequently found at the origin of the radial sector (Plate XXXVIII, 115 and 116), or in a The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 869 few cases in other parts of the wing, as in Hoplolabis (Plato XXXV, 83), where a strong spur juts into cell 1st M2 from its outer end. Adventitious cross-veins, or veins which are inconstant and of sporadic occurrence within a species, being in some cases present in one and absent in the other of the two wings of a single individual, are rather frequent in the Tipulidae, the most notable cases being the genus Cladura (Plate XXXVII, 102) as noted by Alexander and Leonard (1912), and the species Tricyphona inconstans (Plate XLII, 177) as noted by Johnson (1901). The cells. — The cells of the wing take their names respectively from the veins lying immediately before or above them; in the case of fused veins the cell takes its name from the last element of the fusion. Thus the cell behind vein R3 is cell R3, that behind vein Mi is cell Mi, that behind vein Ri + b is cell R5, and so on (fig. 128, j). When the cells of a field are cut by cross-veins, either primary such as r and m or super- numerary, the proximal cell is the first and the distal cell is the second. Thus in many crane-flies the discal cell is present, being cut off by the m cross-vein at its outer end; and since both cells he behind vein Mi +2, both are cell M2, the proximal cell (discal) thus becoming 1st M2 and the outer cell becoming 3d M2. The same thing is true of the cell Ri, which in some cases (as in Dicranota, Plate XLI, 167-169) is divided into three cells, numbered outward from the proximal (1st Ri) to the distal (Sd Ri). In most cases the wing cells lying proximad of the arculus are so small and reduced that they cannot be readily homolo- gized; but in the tropical -American genus Peripheroptera they attain a remarkable development, occupying in the males of some species from one-third to one-half of the entire wing length. The anal angle of the wing is variously developed, being usually prominent in the family Tany- deridae (Plate XXX, 1), the genus Antocha (Plate XXXIII, 48), and the subgenus Sacandaga of the genus Rhabdomastix (Plate XXXVI, 97), and on the other hand being lacking or nearly so in some exotic Limnobiini, such as Thrypticomyia and the males of Peripheroptera. The stigma. — The stigma is a dark spot or area usually situated near the end of vein Ri and often bisected by the radial cross-vein. It may be either present or lacking in the various species of a genus, and in some cases is very large and pubescent, as in the males of the genus Empedo- morpha Alexander. 870 Charles Paul Alexander The abdomen The abdomen, the third and last region of the body, lies behind the thorax and is attached to the caudal parts of the metathorax. It is com- posed of nine apparent segments, or annuli, numbered from the basal (first) to the terminal (ninth). Each of these segments consists of three regions — a dorsal sclerite, the tergite; a ventral sclerite, the sternite; and a lateral region on either side, the pleurites, these being either integu- mentary or chitinized. The abdominal spiracles are located in this pleural conjunctiva. There is but Httle modification of the general type in the various groups of crane-flies. The first segment is very short and appears as a narrow ring closely attached to the metathorax; the second is the longest of the segments; the remaining segments are subequal in size, or, in the male sex especially, shortened and crowded toward the end of the abdomen. In many species of TipuUnae there are present on the abdominal segments rectangular areas of impressed punctures on either side of the median hne, which on the second tergite are about midlength of the sclerite and on the succeeding tergites are on the basal part; often there are smaller areas of punctures nearer the caudal margin of the sclerites. These areas are usually present on the sternites as well as on the tergites. The sexual organs are borne at the end of the abdomen in both sexes. The male hypopygium. — The hypopygium, or propygium, of the male sex is of extreme importance in the determination of species. In many groups and genera (Gonomyia, Molophilus, Tipula, and others) it is almost impossible to identify the species without considering the details of structure of the male genitalia, and in these groups the hypo- pygium is of paramount importance in specific determination. The structure of the hypopygium is relatively uniform and homologous thruout the crane-fly series. The organ has been discussed in considerable detail by previous authors, especially by Snodgrass (1904), whose termi- nology is adopted in this paper. The European authors still adhere largely to the cumbersome terminology of Westhoff (1882). In the generalized species the hypopygium shows but little complexity and enlargement, the terminal segments of the abdomen being of approxi- mately the same size and diameter as the preceding segments. In the specialized species of many genera (Gonomyia, Limnophila, Tipula, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 871 and others), the hypopygium is enlarged and complicated in structure, the enlargement often involving the terminal two or three segments. The modifications of the eighth and ninth segments are almost incon- ceivable in their variety, and only the more important types can be mentioned here. The Tipulinae: In the tipuline forms the pleura are intimately attached to the sternites, and their appendages lie parallel to each other, 9fh ierqite dih ierqife 9fh i^rg/fe Pleura/ suture 9th sterrrrfe 9^ jf^ern/fe B Qlh sternife Fig. 129. male hypopygium, tipulinae A, Tipula monticola, lateral aspect. B, T. parshleiji, lateral aspect. C, T. monticola, ninth tergite, dorsal aspect. D, T. sulphurea, ninth tergite, dorsal aspect work longitudinally, and act as claspers by jutting into the notch of the ninth tergite. The ninth tergite (fig. 129, c and d) is the terminal dorsal plate of the abdomen. It is of various shapes, but usually rectangular, and may be very large or correspondingly reduced. The caudal margin is variously modified (Plates XLIX-LII), being in some cases nearly straight across and in others notched by V- or U-shaped incisions, with the lateral lobes often produced into long-extending arms, and the appendages of the ninth pleurite jutting into the notch in a position of rest. In some cases the 872 Charles Paul Alexander caudal margin is prodiiccHl into a strong median lobe (Plate L, 287), or into two slender lobes (Plate XLIX, 271 and 272), one on either side of the median line. The writer regards the ninth tergite as offering the surest and easiest characters for identifying the species of Tipula, and its various forms are accordingly illustrated in this paper. The ninth sternite may be either prominent or insignificant. It bears on its caudal part the ninth pleurites, or pleural region. In primitive forms the pleurites are distinct, being cut off by the pleural suture (fig. 129, a) ; in other forms the suture is obliterated to a greater or less degree and the pleural region is thus immovably attached to the sternite. In very many Tipulinae (as in most species of Nephrotoma and many species of Tipula), the pleural suture is represented only by a short, curved impression on the ventral side of the fused ninth sterno-pleurite. In the genus Longurio the ninth sterno-pleurite is exceedingly elongated, the pleural region being situated at the caudal end and bearing at its apex the pleural appendages, which, in a position of rest, lie in the dorsal con- cavity of the elongate sterno-pleurite. In some species — Tipula parshleyi (fig. 129, B, and Plate LV, 354), T. trinidadensis, T. macrosterno, T. glad- iator, and others — it is the eighth sternite that is so greatly enlarged, the ninth sternite being comparatively small and often lying in the dorsal concavity of the eighth sternite. The ninth sternite is usually more or less incised on the mid-ventral line by a deep notch, which in some cases seems to bisect it; such deep notches are spoken of as profound incisions. The only paired element of the hypopygium consists of the ninth pleurites, there being one pleurite on either side of the organ. Usually the pleurites are small and oval, but in some cases they are greatly pro- duced, as in Tipida macrolabis and T. macrolahoides (Plate LIII, 322 and 323) ; in other species they are curiously twisted and semi-coiled, as in T. streptocera; while in many species an intermediate condition is found in which the pleurite is produced in a moderate degree only (as in T. loewiana, T. mandan, and others). The pleural appendages are usually two in number. The outer one is more or less fleshy and is of various shapes and sizes in the different groups. In the genus Nephrotoma it is Ijroadly oval to elongate-oval and usually pointed, in many species the tips being greatly produced and attenuated. In the genus Tipula it may be very tiny, cylindrical, and tending to be reduced, as in the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part 1 873 hicornis group (Tipula parshleyi, T. morrisoni, T. hicornis, T. megaura, T. johnsoniana) ; moderate in size and more or less cylindrical, as in the valida group (T. valida, T. hirsuta) and the umhrosa group {T. umbrosa, T. monticola, T. triton, T. mingwe, T. tuscarora); or broad, rectangular, and very flattened, as in the oleracea group (T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sulphurea) and the tephrocephala group (T. tephrocephala, T. cayuga). The inner pleural appendage varies in shape, but usually it has a heavily chitinized, spht apex jutting cephalad into the notch of the ninth tergite. The penis guard and the gonapophyses vary in size and shape. In some species, as Tipula tuscarora, they are small and shaped like a trident; in other species {T. triton, T. johnsoniana) the gonapophyses are very large and prominent, and subtend the penis guard. The central vesicles from which the penis arises arc often veiy large. In many species the penis is very long and slender, and when exserted is equal to half the length of the entire abdomen. In many species the eighth sternite is not at all produced and is unarmed {Tipula angustipennis, T. senega, T. serta, T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sulphurea) ; in other species it is provided with prominent chitinized spines on either side, which are decussate {T. tuscarora, Plate LIII, 328), or with large to small tufts of silvery hairs on either side of the median line, these often surrounding one or two small bristles (7". monticola, T. triton, T. mingwe, T. suhmaculata) , or with fleshy lobes (T. australis, Plate LIII, 326, T. umhrosa, T. valida). In the generalized members of the South American monilijera group {T. exilis, T. andalgala, and others) the sternite bears a prominent tripartite appendage. In several species the ninth tergite is fused with the ninth sterno-pleurite so that the entire ninth segment forms a continuous ring, as in Tipula ultima (Plate LIII, 333), T. perlongipes, T. kennicotti, T. sidphurea. The Limnobiinae: In the limnobiine forms the pleurites are prominent and have their appendages elevated above the level of the ninth sternite and the ninth tergite ; these appendages are very often decussate or contig- uous, work transversely across the genital chamber, and act as claspers by direct, pincer-like contact. In the genus Geranomyia (fig. 130, a) and others, the ventral pleural appendages are generally soft and fleshy, and the dorsal pleural appendages are sharp, more or less curved, chitinized hooks. In Gonomyia (fig. 130, b) the appendages are very complex in the 874 Charles Paul Alexander specialized forms, and are difficult to homologize even in species that are unquestionably closely related. This condition occurs in several other groups, as in the mycetophilous genus Sciophila and related groups, according to Dr. Johannsen, who has studied the family. In Acyphona and other genera the hypopygium is asymmetrical in relation to the remainder of the abdomen, the ninth abdominal segment being twisted half around. In some limnophiline forms (Phyllolabis, Oromyia, Limno- phila mundoides) the hypopygium is enlarged and complex, suggesting the condition found in many species of Tipula; in Phyllolabis the eighth Venfra/ pleura/ appendagew Dorsa/ p/eura/ appendage Venfraf pleural oppendai^e pleunte Dorsc7/ pleural appendage Dorsal pleural appendage A B C Fig. 130. male hypopygium, limnobiinae A, Geranomyia rostrata, dorsal aspect. B, Gonomyia amazona, ventral aspect. C, Chionea primitiva, dorsal aspect sternite bears a pale foliaceous appendage, while in Oromyia the ninth sternite is produced into a conspicuous lyriform plate. In Chionea (fig. 130 c), Cladura, and Pterochionea, there is a single powerful pleural appendage on each side. The normal type of structure in the Limnobiinae consists of short to elongate pleurites, bearing at or near the apices two or three appendages which are usually chitinized and decussate in a position of rest. The penis guard occupies the ventral area of the genital chamber, the anal tube the dorsal area. The female hypopygium. — The female hypopygium, or ovipositor, is characteristic in many species of the Tipulidae. In most cases it consists The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 875 of four horny or chitinized pointed valves, which are paired — there being two dorsal (tergal) and two ventral (sternal) valves. These valves are often acicular and are used for the insertion of the eggs in oviposition. In most species they are curved upward so that the concavity is on the dorsal side, but in the genus Trichocera (fig. 131, a) and some of its near allies the ovipositor bends downward, the concavity being on the ventral side. As wide a range in structure of this usually homogeneous organ as occurs in the group, is found in the genus Tipula. The tergal valves Tergal i^a/i^p STema/ ^a/ye ■Terqa/ i/cr/i/'e Fig. 131. female hypopygium, oh ovipositor A, Trichocera bimacula, lateral aspect. B, Tanyptera frontalis, lateral aspect. C, Tipula longivenlrvi, dorsal aspect. D, Tipula piliceps, dorsal aspect. E, Tipula parshleyi, dorsal aspect are usually longer than the sternal valves (fig. 131, c), and both tergal and sternal valves assume a variety of shapes. They are often slender to subacicular; the tergal valves may be sharply serrated on their outer faces, as in many Arctic and North Temperate species — Tipula ardica, T. lorigiventris (fig. 131, c), T. labradorica, T. serricauda; all the valves may be short and fleshy, superficially resembling the male genitaUa but l)eing smaller — as in the Cylindrotominae and Styringomyiini, and in Tipula bicornis, T.megaura, T. parshleyi (fig. 131, e), T. morrisoni, T. nohi- lis, and other species; all the valves may be short and truncated across their tips but strongly chitinized, as in Tipula mandan; or the sternal 876 Charles Paul Alexander valves may be very much reduced, as in Tipula serricauda. The ovi- positor in Tanyptcra (fig. 131, b) is normal, but the terminal abdominal segments are greatly narrowed and produce a saber-like appearance. sexual dimorphism Besides the differences between the two sexes in the shape of the antennal segments, already discussed, there are many other structural differences. In some species the eyes of the female are much smaller than those of the male, and in the latter the eyes may be contiguous (holoptic) or approximated. In species with elongated rostra, such as in the genus Geranomyia, the rostrum of the female is often much shorter than that of the male. The legs of the female are in some cases shorter than those of the male. The wings of the females of many species in widely separated tribes are often reduced so as to be incapable of flight; in some forms (Empedomorpha) the stigma of the male is much larger than that of the. female; in Tipula armatipennis of southern Brazil, the wing of the male is amied with an acute spur abov-e the stigma; many other species have the costal region strongly incrassated; in the genus Peripheroptera, with the greatly enlarged cells before the arculus described elsewhere, these cells arc much smaller in the female than in the male, and the anal angle of the wing is more prominent. Color dimorphism is found in the species of Ctenophora and Tanyptera, the specific hmits of which are very poorly understood at present. In at least three eastern- American species of Tipula {Tipula fuliginosa, T. annuliconiis, and T. taughannock) , the males are light yellow, while the females are from dark brown to brownish black and appear to be veiy different insects. As a rule the females are larger than their mates, but in some species (Teucholabis, Eriocera longicornis, and others) the male sex is the larger. HAUNTS The various species of Tipulidae are, within rather broad limits, con- fined to certain definite haunts or ecological situations. Some species are very closely restricted by their habitat, while others occur in a great diversity of situations. There is no crane-fly that can be called cosmo- politan; Helohia hyhrida is nearly so, ranging, as it does, over most of the New World, the Palaearctic region, and southward into the Oriental The Ckane-Flies of New Yokk — Part I 877 region. Conosin irrorata is another wide-ranging species, being found in almost all of eastern xVfrica, in southern Asia as far north as Japan, and thence eastward to Australia. Nephrotoma fcrruginea, one of the com- monest of the local forms, ranges over the whole North American con- tinent. The majority of species, however, have a very much more restricted range, the crane-fly fauna of eastern America being largely confined to that region, while the crane-flies found west of the Rocky Mountains are almost all distinct from those of eastern America. Natural barriers, such an large bodies of water, deserts, and mountains, serve to limit and restrict the range of the species. The presence of moisture is almost a necessity in crane-fly develop- ment, and conscciuently the species as adults occur in the vicinity of water, either running, standing, stagnant, permanent, or temporary. No species confined to sandy or arid conditions are known to the writer, the nearest approach being in Helobia, Trimicra, and Empedomorpha. A few typical situations are here outlined and the more constant inhabi- tants of these haunts listed: 1. Species inhabiting swampy (holophytic) situations: either grass swamps with httle woody elements entering in — Dicranomyia longipennis, Erioptera graphica, E. parva, Stygeropis fuscipennis, Tipula sayi, T. tricolor; or bush swamps with a certain shrubby element such as Alnus, Spiraea, and the like — Biltacomorpha davipes, Ptychoptera rufo- cincta, Addphomyia cayuga, Limnophila fasciolata, Rhamphidia mainensis, Tipula dejeda, T. sulphurea, Tricyphona inconstans, T. paludicola. 2. Species inhabiting wet meadows or grasslands, and found along the (usually) grassy bajiks of streams not nccessarilj' in deep shade — Protoplasa fitchii, Gcranomijia canadensis, G. rostrala, Antocha scxicola, Toxorhina muliebris, Rhamphidia flavipes, Atarha pidicornis, Erioptera chlorophylla, E. siraminea, E. vespertina, E. caloptera, E. armcda, E. venusta, Gnophomyia tristissi7na , Conomyia sacandaga, G. alexandcri, G. sulphurella, G. cognatdla, G. subcinerea, G. noveboracensis, G. ynalhesoni, Rhabdomastix flava, Cryptolabis paradoxa, Epiphragma jascipennis, Limnophila macrocera, L. unica, L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. imbecilla, L. luteipennis, L. inornala, L. quadrata, L. lenia, L. noveboracensis, Hexatoma megacera, Eriocera fultonensis, E. longicornis, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. pedimculata, N. tenuis, N. xanthostigma, N. eucera, Tipula anguslipennis, T. bella, T. caloptera, T. strepens, T. duta, T. Jraterna, T. cundans, T. bicornis, T. parshleyi, T. tephrocephala, T. umbrosa. 3. Species living under bog conditions (oxyloph3d;ic) , in proximity to Sphagnum — Limnophila laricicola, Phalacroccra tipidina. 4. Species inhabiting rocliy (Kthophytic) situations, usually clinging to the vertical faces of cliffs, hidi:ig in crevices of the rocks, or resting on vegetation growing in such haunts — Bittacomorphdla jonesi, Gercnovnjia canadensis, G. diversa, Dicramrmyia badia, D. stulta, D. simulans, Limnophila mon'M7ia, T.icyphona auripennis, Oropcza, DoUchopeza americana, Tipula macrolabis, T. senega; the species of Oropeza and DoUchopeza also lurk beneath dark bridges and under culverts. 5. Species Inhabiting open f^orges, foimd on the usually luxuriant vegetation of the talus slopes and along the floor of the ravines — Dicranomyia morioides, D. monticola, Geranomyia diversa, Limnophila cubitalis, Addphomyia minuta, Ula elegant, Tipula collaris, T. senega, T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, T. valida. 878 Charles Paul Alexander 0. Species inhabiting shaded, cold Canadian woodlands (mesophytic) , usually found on rank vegetation in the shade of hemlock, beech, yellow birch, sugar and red maples, and the like; they occur in close proximity to water, on herbage such as ferns, horsetails, Taxus, Streptopus, Clintonia, Smilacina, Medeola, Laportea, Coptis, Dalibarda, Impatiens, and Viola, from which they may be swept with a net — ■ Dicranomyia imtnodesta, D. gladiator, D. hallerata, D. pubipennis, D. globithorax, D. macateei, Rhipidia maculata, Limnobia soli- taria, L. indigena, L. parieiina, L. triocellata, L. tristigma, Elephantomyia westwoodi, Toxorhina vndiebris, Dicranoptycha germana, Atarba picticornis, Ormosia apicalis, 0. moniicola, Erioplera armillaris, E. megophlhahna, E. stigmatica, E. mjdops, Molophilus pubipennis, M. fullonensis, M. hirtipennis, M. comatus, M. ursinus, Gonomyia florens, G. blanda, Cladura delicatula, C. flavnferruginea, Limnophila alhipes, L. niveitarsis, L. tenuicornis, L. toxoneura, L. arcolata, L. adiista, L. nigriplcura, L. subcostata, L. alleni, L. brevifurca, L. aprilina, L. johnsoni, L. ftiscovaria, L. mfibasis, L. munda, L. sylvia, L. stamvoodae, L. osborni, L. noveboracensis, L. emmclina, L. cdwardi, Addphomyia americana, A. minuta, A. cayuga, Uloniorpha pilosella, Pcdicia albivilia, P. contermina, Tricyphona vernalis, T. kalahdin, T. calcar, Rhaphidolabis riibcscens, R. temtipes, R. flaveola, R. modesta, Cylindrotoma americana, C. tarsalis, Liogma nodicnrnis, Longurio testaceus, Tipula oropezoides, T. algonquin, T. senega, T. hcrmannia, T. fragilis, T. niacrolalis, T. mingive, T. moniicola, T. hirsuta, Trichocera bisinuata, Biltaco- morphella jonesi. 7. Species inhabiting shaded Transitional woodlands (mesophytic), often quite open, in shade of hornbeam, basswood, hickory, butternut, ash, and other trees, usually near running water, occurring on a variety of rank herbage and low vegetation such as Thalictrum, Podophyllum, Menispermum, Nepeta — Dicranomyia immodesla, D. pudica, D. rostrifera, D. brevivena, D. liherta, D. haeretica, D. morioides, Rhipidia fidelis, Limnobia jallax, L. indi- gena, L. cinctipes, L. immalura, L. triocellata, Discobola argus, Rhamphidia flavipes, Dicran- optycha sobrina, D. winnemana, Atarba picticornis, Teucholabis complexa, Ormosia nubila, 0. innocens, 0. nigripila, 0. rubella, O. meigenii, Erioplera septemtrionis, E. chrysocoma, E. chlorophylla, E. armata, Molophilus hirtipennis, M. pubipennis, Gonomyia alexanderi, G. sidphurella, G. cognatella, Cladura flavoferruginea, Limnophila macrocera, L. tenuipes, L. adusta, L. subcostata, L. ultima, L. fuscovaria, L. cubiialis, L. quadrata, L. Jenta, Epiphragma fasci- pennis, Adelphomyia americana, Dicranota noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Rhaphidolabis cayuga, R. tenuipes, Nephrotoma ferruginea, N. incurva, N. lugens, N. macrocera, N. tenuis, Tipula unimaculata, T. angustipennis, T. senega, T. apicalis, T. strepens, T. hermannia, T. collaris, T. nobilis, T. grata, T. hebes, T. longiventris, T. morrisoni, T. taughannock, T. fuliginosa, T. submaculata, T. tephrocephala, T. ultima. 8. Species found in the immediate vicinity of streams and rivers, on the rocks or on trees and bushes near by — • Dicranomyia immodesta, D. badia, D. stulta, D. morioides, D. simulans, Geranomijia diversa, G. canadensis, Antocha saxicola, Crypiolabis paradoxa, Hexatoma megacera, Eriocera brachycera, E. spinosa, E. longicornis, E. cinerea, E. fultonensis, E. tristis, Dicranota noveboracensis, D. rivularis, Tipula bella, T. caloptera, T. eluta, T. strepens. 9. Species found in southern gum swamps, where the forest cover is largely bald cypress (Taxodium), sweet gum (Liquidambar), sour gums {Nyssa aquatica and N. sylvatica), and the like, and the herbage consists largely of lizard's-tail (Saururus) — Gonomyia puer, G. manca, Limnophila recondita, L. luteipennis, L. irrorata, Penthoptera albitarsis, Eriocera wilsonii, Brachypremna dispellens, Tipula tricolor, T. perlongipes, Nephrotoma okefenoke, N. virescens. ACTIVITIES Feeding habits The species with elongate rostra (Geranomyia, Toxorhina, Elephanto- myia, and others) feed on the nectar of tubular flowers, the Compositae being chosen by most of the species, at least in eastern America. Knab's The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 879 (1910) very valuable paper cites in detail the feeding habits of the local species of Geranomyia, which sip the nectar from various composite flowers (Eupatorium, Solidago, Aster, Erigeron, Silphium, Rudbcckia, Verbesina, Cacalia, and others). A few other plant families (Apocynaceae, Ericaceae, Umbelliferae, Rhamnaccae, Lauraceae) are fed upon by various species of crane-flies. The food of the majority of crane-flies, or, indeed, their duration of existence in an adult state, is very little understood. Many species are presumed to be comparatively short-lived and would not require food before the essential functions of reproduction and oviposition were completed; other forms, however, are on the wing for so long a time that it is probable that some sort of food is taken during this period. Resting habits The Tipulidae vary in their resting habits and in the positions assumed, according to the species and to the habitats frequented. Some (as Molophilus and Erioptera) rest on the vertical or inclined surfaces of trees, cliffs, or buildings, with all the legs far outstretched like those of a spider. Many others habitually rest on the upper or the lower sur- faces of leaves. In such positions of rest the wings are usually held outspread, or divaricate, in- the Tipulinae, and folded over the abdomen in the Limnobiinae, But such broad generalizations break down even within a single genus. Thus, in Limnophila such species as niunda, areolata, and niveitarsis have the wings folded over the back, while L. toxoneura and the related Epiphragma fascipennis hold the wings divari- cate; in the genus Tipula, most species of which rest with outspread wings, the species of the marmorata group (fragilis, ignobilis, and others), as well as those of the related genus Longurio, hold the wings incumbent over the abdomen. Some exotic crane-flies (as the genus Thrypticomyia, Dicranomyia saltens, and several species of Trentepohlia) habitually rest on spiders' webs. All these species have conspicuously white feet; Dicranomyia saltens has a curious horizontal dance along a transverse strand. Species of Dolichopeza and Oropeza living in caves and beneath dark culverts, hang suspended from the roof by one or two pairs of legs. Limnophila montana, Dicranomyia badia, D. simulans, and some other species that live on cliffs, rest flat against the rock with all the legs on the support. Many species of Limnobiini {Geranomyia canadensis, 880 Charles Paul Alexander G. diversa, Dicranomyia simulans, D. hadia, D. stulta) practice a curious up-and-down bobbing while at rest or while feeding, their long, slender legs acting as springs. Swarming and mating Swarming usually takes place during the early hours of twilight or in the late afternoon. The swarming of the Limnobiinae is a familiar performance. The number of individuals participating varies from two or three to a dozen or twenty in Rhabdomastix flava, Ilia elegans, Limnophila hrevifurca, L. ultima, and Epiphragrrm foscipeniiis, several hundreds in most species of Ormosia and Erioptera, and vast swarms in species of Trichocera and in Eriocera longicornis, in which many thousands of individuals are involved. In practically all cases the start of the swarm is the same. It begins with one or two individuals and is gradually augmented by the arrival of newcomers. Usually the flight is not far above the ground, that of the smaller species (as in the genera Ormosia, Limnophila, Dicranota, and Rhaphidolabis) taking place under the low branches of a tree or the inclined trunk of a fallen log. In Eriocera, however, mating usually takes place in the open, often over the broad expanse of a river or a stream. The vertical height covered by the dance varies from a few inches in some species to many feet in Brachypremna dispellens, the "king of the dancing crane-flies." Mating takes place during the swarming, and the united pair generally leaves the main body of the swarm and flies away to a resting place. The tipuline forms and some of the Limnobiinae (several species of Dicranomyia, species of Hexatoma, Tipula macrolabis, T. fragilis, T. fuliginosa, T. taughannock, and others) seem to mate without the preparatory operation of swarming, the males searching diligently and unceasingly for their mates, walking and fluttering about until they encounter the hiding female and then engaging in copulation. As stated by Needham (1908:215) in the case of Dicranomyia simulans, the males of this species seem to be very short-sighted and apparently unable to see their mates even when very close to them; they seem to rely mainly on the tactile nature of their long, filiform feet, which, the instant they come in contact with any part of the female, apprise the male of its proximity. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 881 In some groups (Discobola, Liogma, Cylindrotoma, Tipula ultima, and others) the males mate with the females while the latter are still callow and teneral, in some cases even waiting beside the pupal case for the female to emerge, when she is at once engaged in copulation. In most cases, however, the female is fully developed and mature before mating takes place. When in copula most species rest quietly on some support, but nearly all species are quite capable of flying while still mated if disturbed; in such cases the larger sex takes the initiative — the female in the Tipulinae, the male in Eriocera longicornis and Teucholabis. Cases of mating between different species are rare, but in one instance the writer has noted the copulation of Phalacrocera tipulina with Liogma nodicornis. Oviposition The method of oviposition varies with the species and according to the structure of the ovipositor. In the forms with aquatic larvae (Eriocera, Hexatoma, and others) the eggs are laid directly in the water, the fly dip- ping during its flight. Many Tipula, such as T. iroquois, T. hella, and others, deposit their eggs regularly and methodically in algal beds at the edge of a stream. Tipula nohilis, one of the species having soft, blunt valves in the ovipositor, lays its eggs in soft mud or in moss. Many species of Limnophila deposit their eggs with great precision. The author has observed females of Limnophila alleni flying about low over the earth in cold, dark woods. They flutter along slowly and silently until a suitable place for egg-laying is found, consisting of a moss-covered, rotten log and the mud beneath it. The eggs are pushed firmly into their position by the acicular tergal valves of the ovipositor, considerable effort being made to place them securely. The rate of oviposition is not more than eight or ten eggs a minute, the female often pausing to rest for several seconds during the operation. When engaged in oviposition the fly is quite uncon- cerned with other agencies and may be picked up by hand. The species of Tipula with a serrated ovipositor, as described on page 875, undoubtedly have a specialized method of egg-laying, the what this may be is not yet known. Photophilism Many species of crane-flies, in widely separated groups, are attracted to light, such species being termed photophilous, or light-loving. It is 882 Charles Paul Alexander probable that this characteristics is fairly general among crane-flies. An interesting fact is that the great majority of specimens of photophilous species taken are either females, or males and females still in copulation, indicating a nocturnal or a crepuscular oviposition or mating habit for these species. There are many of these species, among them being Erioptera septemtrionis, Limnophila adusta, Pedicia contermina, Nephrotoma ferruginea, Tipula apicalis, T. trivittata, and T. collaris. It is these photophilous species that are so commonly found in houses, they being for the most part species that came to the lights at some earUer time. ENEMIES At all stages of their existence crane-flies are beset by enemies. The larvae and adults are preyed upon by a great variety of insect-eating birds and amphibia, and by many predacious insects such as beetles, asilid and empidid flies, Odonata, and the like. The larvae are parasitized by certain tachinid flies (Siphona, Admontia) , and many internal parasites (Gregarinidae, Bacteria) and fvmgous diseases (Entomophthora [Empusa]) often prove fatal to crane-flies in their early stages. It is at their periods of transformation and while still soft and teneral that they are most sus- ceptible to attack and injury of all kinds. The adult flies often serve as carriers of little red mites of the genera Trombidium and Rhyncholophus. This condition is very general and a great range of species are affected. Many species of the family (Geranomyia, Dicranomyia, Limnophila, and others) live on the faces of vertical cliffs which are often wet with percolating and dropping water, and this results in a certain mortality due to the insects' being struck by the falling drops and dashed into the mud. During heavy rainfalls the smaller crane-flies rest on the underside of the leaves of trees, while the larger forms escape injury by hiding in crevices of the rock or the bark or by remaining closely pressed against the trunks of trees. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 883 KEYS TO THE CRANE-FLIES OF NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA Tho species of crane-flies found in northeastern North America are included in four famihes, which may be separated according to the following key: 1. Five branches of the radius reaching the wing margin; a single anal vein Tanyderidae (p. 883) Less than five branches of the radius reaching the wing margin; one or two anal veins 2 2. Ocelli present Rhyphidae (p. 886) Ocelli lacking 3 3. A single anal vein Ptychopteridae (p. 884) Two anal veins (both running to the wing margin in all North American species; in some Old World forms the first anal vein fused with the second cubitus for a distance back- ward from the tip) Tipulidae (p. 889) Family Tanyderidae The remarkable primitive family Tanyderidae includes but two living genera — Tanyderus, of the antipodal regions, and Protoplasa, of the United States. Genus Protoplasa Osten Sacken 1859 Protoplasa 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. There are but two species of Protoplasa. The eastern species, P. fitchii, is discussed below. The western species, P. vipio, ranges from Colorado to California. Protoplasa fitchii O. S. 1859 Protoplasa fitchii 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. The species Protoplasa fitchii is of medium size and bears a curious superficial resemblance to the common tipulid Epiphragma fascipennis. It is a very rare insect, there being scarcely a score of specimens in the various collections, most of them from the Adirondacks of New York State and the Black Mountains of North Carolina. The fly is brownish gray, the wings being marked with an ocellate pattern of spots and bands (Plate XXX, 1). The anal angle of the wing, which is almost square, is very prominent. The immature stages are unknown but th(> writ(^r surmises that they occur in wet wood in the same situations as the larvae and pupac^ in the genus Epiphragma. 884 Charles Paul Alexander Family Ptychopteridae The family Ptychopteridae has generally been understood to include the tanyderid flies, as well as the three genera herein considered as con- stituting it. The resemblance between the Tanyderidae and the Ptychopteridae seems to be superficial only, however, and the differences are very considerable. The immature stages of the Ptychopteridae are very remarkable. The larva lives in an aquatic or a semi-aquatic habitat, and its caudal extremity is provided with an extensile elongated breathing tube which bears the spiracles at the end. The pupa has one of the two thoracic breathing horns enoraiously elongated, while the other is considerably atrophied. Both these elongated processes in the immature stages serve to provide the insect with air while the body is submerged beneath the mud and water. The larvae of Bittacomorpha are of a peculiar rust-red color; those of Bittacomorphella are almost black, with the short breathing horns yellow; those of Ptychoptera are more yellowish brown. The following key divides the family into its genera: 1. Antennae 20-segmented ; wings with cell M2 lacking; legs banded with black and white. (Subfamily Bittacomorphinae.) 2 Antennae 16-segmented; wings with cell M2 present; legs not banded with black and white. (Subfamily Ptychopterinae.) Ptychoptera Meig. (p. 884) 2. Apex of the wing not pubescent; metatarsi swollen Bittacomorpha Westw. (p. 884) Apex of the wing pubescent; metatarsi not swollen Bittacomorphella Alex. (p. 885) SUBFAMILY Ptychoptefinae Genus Ptychoptera Meigen 1803 Ptychoptera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S. 1859 Ptychoptera rufocincta 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. Ptychoptera rufocincta is the only eastern species of Ptychoptera. It is deep black, with rusty-red bands on the abdominal segments; the wings (Plate XXX, 2) have brown crossbands, presenting an appearance super- ficially very like that of Limnophila macrocera. SUBFAMILY Bittacomorphinae Genus Bittacomorpha Westwood 1835 Bittacomorpha Westw. London and Edinburgh Phil. Mag., vol. 6, p. 281. • The Crane-Flibs of New York — Part I 885 There are two described species of Bittacomorpha inhabiting the Nearctic region, one, Bittacomorpha clavipes (Fabr.), in the East, and one, B. occidentalis Aid., in the West. B. clavipes has been reported from Brazil but the record needs confirmation. Bittacomorpha, or the "phantom crane-fly," is among the most inter- esting of the local genera. The larger and commoner eastern species, B. clavipes, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed of the North American crane-flies, and inhabits wet swales, swamps, margins of ponds, and similar situations. The legs are curiously banded with black and white. The thoracic dorsum is deep velvety black with a white median line. The swollen metatarsi are unique among the local crane-flies. The wing is shown in Plate XXX, 3. The larva of this species is very similar in structure to that of species of Ptychoptera, but is easily distinguished by the rust-red tomentum which completely covers the body. Both these genera have the extensile breathing tube in the larva, and the single enormously produced breathing spiracle in the pupa. The larvae are common in rotting organic vegetable matter which is percolated and saturated with running water. The adult flies are very conspicuous and attract considerable attention even among persons who are not greatly interested in insects. The long, swollen legs, radiating out from the body like the spokes from the hub of a wheel and conspicuously banded with black and white, make the flies noticeable as they drift slowly thru the air, apparently as light as bits of down. Genus Bittacomorphella Alexander 1916 Bittacomorphella Alex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 545. The genus Bittacomorphella includes two known species, both of the Nearctic region. Of these, Bittacomoi'phella jonesi (Johns.) is eastern, and the larger species, B. sackenii (Roder), is western. The better-known of the two species, B. jonesi, is locally common in cold, shaded situations, as along dark ravines, near running water, or beneath dark bridges and culverts. The curious black larva is found in mud or moist earth, in haunts similar to those described for the adult. The flies are readily distinguished from those of the larger and somewhat similar Bittacomorpha clavipes by the metatarsi, which an^ not swollen and have no white near thv base but are marked with more or less white at the tips, these white markings being broadest on the fore legs and narrowest on the hind legs. 886 Charles Paul Alexander The tibiae are black, with a broad white band beyond the base. The second and third tarsal segments are pure white. The apically pubescent wings (Plate XXX, 4) are characteristic of the genus. Family Rhyphidae The family Rhyphidae includes an apparently heterogeneous group of three subfamilies which, until a very recent date, were placed in three widely separated families of the nematocerous Diptera. The Rhyphidae comprise about fifty species, arranged in some seven genera. The family has long been held to contain only the genus Rhyphus and one or two closely allied exotic genera. In 1916, Edwards (1916) removed the genus Mj'cetobia from the family Mycetophilidae and placed it with the Rhyphidae. A critical study of the immature stages of the genus Trichocera now demonstrates that this group, likewise, should be placed in very close proximity to the Rhyphinae. In general appearance the three groups or subfamilies herein considered as comprising the Rhyphidae differ greatly, but the larvae of all members are so unmistakably related that there can be no question of the close phylogenetic relationship. The Trichocerinae have the more generalized wing venation, there being three branches to the sector and three to the media, and two distinct anal veins. The local species of Trichocera have the m-cu cross- vein punctiform or obliterated by a slight fusion of Cui on M3. Trichocera trichoptera O. S., of the Western States, has the cross-vein very long and conspicuous. The second anal vein is long and subsin- uate in the subgenus Diazosma Bergr., but very short and recurved in the typical subgenus, in T. trichoptera being very short and reduced and narrowing the second anal cell. Edwards (1916) and Knab (1916) have recently shown the probable evolution of Mycetobia from the more generalized Rhyphidae such as Rhyphus and Olbiogaster. The most important venational feature to be considered is the reduction of the media in the Mycetobiinae, but two branches persisting in Mycetobia and the vein tending to be evanescent in the Ethiopian genus Mesochria. Species of Olbiogaster in some cases have the posterior branch of the media less strongly chitinized than the anterior fork, and probably indicate the manner in which the vein is reduced. An entirely comparable case is seen in the related family Ptychopteridae (comparing Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha) . In the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 887 Rhyphidae, the Trichocerinae are the most generaHzed, the Mycetobiinae the most speciahzed, of the groups. The subfamiUes may be separated l)y the following key: 1. Two distinct anal veins; radial sector three-branched Trichocerinae (p. 887) A single distinct anal vein; radial sector two-branched 2 2. Cell 1st Mi present Rhyphinae (p. Cell 1st M'i lacking Mycetobiinae (p. SUBFAMILY Trichocerinac The subfamily Trichocerinae includes but two genera — Trichocera, and Ischnothrix Bigot of Cape Horn. Genus Trichocera Meigen 1800 Petaurista Meig. Nouv. Class. Moueh., p. 15 (nomen nudum). 1S03 Trichocera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1911 Paracladura Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 6, p. 286. In the genus Trichocera there are about twenty described species, of which the majority are Holarctic in their distribution but a few are from India and the antipodes. The species of this genus are in a very chaotic condition taxonomically, and it seems difficult to remedy this until the European and American forms can be critically studied and compared. There can be little doubt that many of the species are Holarctic in their distribution and the three or four evident species within the limits here considered may be conspecific with the European forms. The larvae, so far as known, live in decaying vegetable matter (Johannsen, 1910). The adult flies are common in autumn and early spring, and appear in small swarms on warm, sunny days in 'winter. During the winter months they are often found in cellars, resting on the windows. They are also to be found in mines, and the writer has seen specimens from a Colorado silver mine taken at a very considerable depth by Dr. H. B. Hungerford. Some of the swarms of these flies number many thousands of individuals. The following key divides the local species of Trichocera: 1. Second anal vein subsinuate; veins long-hairy; ovipositor fleshy. (Subgenus Dinzosma Bergr.) [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 124-125, pi. 8, fig.'lO. 1916.] (Plate XLI, 166.) T. subsinuata Alex. Second anal vein short, incurved to the anal angle; veins not long-hairy; ovipositor chitin- ized, turned downward, the concavity being on the lower face. (Subgenus Trichocera Meig.) 2 2. Wings with two brown clouds. [List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 84. 1S48.] T. bimacula Walk. Wings unicolorous. [Winter Insects of New York, p. 9. 1848.) (Plate XLI, 165.) ■^T. brumalis Fitch Charles Paul Alexander Certain European species of Trichocera, such as T. macidipennis (Fabr.) and T. regelationis (Linn.), have been recorded from the Northern States and Canada; these records may be correct, since, as stated above, it is very probable that many species of the genus are Holarctic in their dis- tribution. If such is the case, the names used in the preceding key are very probably synonyms of the European species. subfamily Rhyphinat. The subfamily Rhyphinae includes but three genera. The two which are represented by North American species are Rhyphus, with about a score of principally Holarctic species, and Olbiogaster, a tropical group of five species. Within the limits of this paper three species occur, two of which — Rhyphus fenestralis and R. pundatus — are very widespread over the North Temperate Zone. Genus Rhyphus Latreille 1805 Rhyphus Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 14, p. 291. The adult flies of the genus Rhyphus are often found resting on the trunks of trees or on near-by vegetation. The immature stages are spent in decaying vegetable matter, manure, sewage, and similar situations. The venation of a typical Rhyphus is shown in figure 132, a. Baerg (1918) has recently published a key for the separation of the adult flies of the three eastern-North-American species of the genus. This key is here modified to conform with the other keys in this paper: 1. Basal deflection of M-i as long as, or longer than, m (that is, veins Mi, Mi, and Ms about equidistant from one another at cell 1st Mi) 2 Basal deflection of Mi much shorter than m; eyes of male holoptic: no yellowish spot near midlength of costal margin of wing R. pundatus (Fabr.) 2. Wing with a distinct yellowish spot near midlength of costal margin; subapical hyaline spots sharply defined; eyes of male holoptic; median prescutal stripe split by a narrow gray line, more distinct in the female R. alternatus Saj' Wing with the yellow and hyaline spots less distinct and more diffuse; eyes of both sexes dichoptic; median prescutal stripe only indistinctly divided, if at all. R. fenestralis (Scop.) subfamily Mycetobiinae The subfamily Mycetobiinae, so far as known, includes only the genus Mycetobia, discussed below, and the genus Mesochria of the Seychelles Islands. Other genera have been associated with Mycetobia in the Mycetophilidae, but so far as is known their larvae are quite normal for The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 889 the latter family and quite unlike the amphipneustic larvae of the Rhyphidae. Until additional data are forthcoming they should be con- sidered as being Mycetophilidae. Genus Mycetobia Meigen 1818 Mycetobia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 229. Johannsen (1909) recognizes six recent species of Mycetobia, and five others as fossil in Baltic amber (Eocene) . The larvae are found in decaying A B Fig. 132. wing venation in rhyphidae A, Venation of typical Rhyphus. B, Venation of Mycetobia trees and in fermented sap in the wounds of trees. A single species is known from New York State, Mycetobia divergens Walk. The charac- teristic venation of the genus is shown in figure 132, b. Family Tipulidae The family Tipulidae includes almost all of the local crane-flies. It is divided into three subfamilies, two of which are further separable into nine tribes — six belonging to the Limnobiinae and three to the Tipulinae. The tribes may be separated as follows: 1. Last segment of the palpi elongate, whiplash-like; nasus usually distinct; antennae usually with 13 segments; Sc almost always ending in R; m-cu cross-vein present or obliterated by the usually slight fusion of Cui on Ma+i. In the dolichopezine genus Brachypremna (p. 928) Sc is very long and ends in the costa, and the fusion of Cui and Mi+t is often extensive; but the antennae are 13-segmented, the palpi are elongated, the nasus is distinct, and the whole appearance of the fly is decidedly tipuline. (Subfamily Tipulinae.) 2 Last segment of the palpi short; no distinct nasus; antennae usually 14- or 16-segmented; Sc usually ending in costa but connected with R by Sci; m-cu cross-vein obliterated ' by the long fusion of Cui on Mi+t. In Pedicia (p. 923^ the palpi are elongated, but all other characters are limnobiine. (Subfamilies Limnobiinae, Cylindrotominae.) ... .4 890 Charles Paul Alexander 2. Vein Ri obliterated by atrophy (this is also the case to a lesser extent in Tipula sub- fasciala and T. penohscot), or else (as in Brachypremna) the second anal vein very short, not more than one-third the length of the first anal vein; legs very slender, filiform Dolichopezini (p. 928) Vein Ri present for its entire length (except in Tipula suhfasciata, T. penohscot, and other species); second anal vein longer, one-half the length of first anal vein; legs stouter and usually shorter than in Dolichopezini 3 3. Antennae without verticils (see Stygeropis, below); flagella of the male antennae pectinate Ctenophorini (p. 930) Antennae verticillate (except in Stygeropis and most species of Holorusia); flagella of the male antennae not pectinate (in some species of Nephrotoma and Tipula the ventral face of the segments is often deeply incised, producing a serrate appearance, but the antennae in the northern forms are never pectinate) 2'ipulini (p. 932) 4. Four branches of radius reaching the margin (see note on Gonomyia blanda, below) 5 Two or three branches of radius reaching the margin 9 5. Tibiae spurred at tip 6 Tibiae without spurs at tip. {Gonomyia blanda, p. 905, has R2 in close proximity to Ri at the wing margin, so that but three branches of the radius appear to reach the wing margin; the tropical antochine genus Paratropeza will also run to here, and has been mistaken by some authors for a Gnophomyia; the investigator must always be on the lookout for such aberrant genera and species, especially when dealing with tropical material.) Eriopterini (p. 901) 6. Antennae with from 6 to 10 segments Hexatomini (p. 920) Antennae with more tlian 10 segments 7 7. Sc> beyond the origin of i^s Limnophilini (p. 913) (except genus Ula) Sc2 before the origin oi Rs 8 8. Antennae 17-segmented; wings pubescent Genus C/Za, tribe Limnophilini (p. 913) Antennae 13- to 16-segmented; wings glabrous Pediciini (p. 923) 9. Tibiae spurred; an apparent fusion of Ri-\-2-\-3 to the wing margin so that but two branches of the radius are present (except in Phalacrocera neoxena, in which three branches are present). The European hexatomine genus Cladolipes runs to here but has only eight antennal segments; the South American species Psaronius ahnormis also comes here, but may be readily separated by the very elongate subcosta. Subfamily Cylindrotominae (p. 926) Tibiae without spurs; no contiguity of Ri and K2+3 at their tips 10 10. Antennae 12-, 15-, or 16-segmented; claws usually without teeth on their lower side.. . 11 Antennae 14-segmented; claws with teeth on their lower side Limnohiini (p. 890) 11. Cross-vein r lacking; Sc ending before the origin of the short Rs; Rz+d upcurved at the end, Ri+b bent strongly toward the apex of the wing producing a trumpet-shaped cell R3; cell 1st Mi, when present, pointed at the inner end. Subgenus Leiponeura, genus Gonomyia, tribe Eriopterini (p. 905) Cross- vein r present or lacking; if lacking, Sc ends far beyond the origin of Rs; /?2+3 not strongly upcurved at end, and 7^4+5 not bent strongly toward the apex of the wing; inner end of cell 1st M2 not pointed Antochini (p. 897) The nearly wingless snow fly, Chionea, belongs to the tribe Eriopterini (page 902). SUBFAMILY LiiTinobiinae Tribe Limnobiini The genera of the tribe Limnobiini may be separated by the following key : 1. Rostrum elongated, longer than head and thorax together Geranomyia Hal. (p. 891) ^ Rostrum not elongated, shorter than the head 2 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 891 2. A supernumerary cross-vein in cell 1st A, connecting the two anal veins. Discobola 0. S. (p. 892) No supernumerary cross-vein in cell 1st A 3 3. Often with a supernumerary cross-vein in cell Sc; antennae of the male bi-, uni-, or sub-pectinated Rhipidia Meig. (p. 892) No supernumerary cross- vein in cell Sc (excepting a weak one in Dicranomyia simulans); antennae of the male not pectinated 4 4. Sc usually short, ending opposite the origin of Rs; claws usually with but a single tooth on the lower side; ventral pleural appendage of the male hypopygium a fleshy lobe. Dicranomyia Steph. (p. 893) Sc always elongate, ending far beyond the origin of Rs; r often considerably removed from the tip of Rr, claws usually with two or three teeth on the lower side; ventral pleural appendage of the male hypopygium horny Limnohia Meig. (p. 895) Genus Qeranomyia Haliday 1833 Geranomyia Hal. Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 154. 1835 Limnobiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 683. 1838 Aporosa Macq. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 62. 1865 Pleltusa Phil. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, p. 597. The genus Geranomyia includes about seventy described forms, the species being most numerous in the Neotropical and Oriental regions. The species are readily distinguished from all other crane-flies by the curious elongate rostrum (fig. 124, a, page 846). The four species occurring within the limits considered in this paper are common and widely dis- tributed; further notes on their distribution have been given by the writer in an earlier paper on the genus (Alexander, 1916:486-496). Nothing is known concerning their immature stages, this being one of the most conspicuous gaps in the whole family. It is probable that G. rosirata, at least, is partly aquatic, living in moist earth or possibly in wet moss. The following key divides the local species of the genus: 1. "Wings heavily spotted with dark brown; tips of the tibiae black. [Limnohia rosirata Say. Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phil., vol. 3, p. 22. 1823.] (Plate XXXI, 10.) . G. rosirata (Say) Wings unmarked or with only pale indistinct seams along the cord 2 2. Sc short, ending opposite or just beyond the origin of Rs; cross- veins and deflections of veins faintly seamed with darker. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., p. 207. 1859.] (Plate XXXI, 13.) G. diiersa 0. S. Sc long, ending at about midlength of the sector; wings unmarked except for the stigmal spot 3 3. Body coloration yellow; wings with the stigma pale; legs dull yellow, the femora not darkened at their tips. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 186, pi. 7, fig. 13. 1900.| (Plate XXXI, 12.) G. distincta Doane Body coloration yellowi.sh brown, darkest on the scutal lobes and the postnotum; wings with the stigma oval, dark brown, well-defined; legs brownish yellow, the femora brown at the tips. [Limnobiorhynchus canadensis We.stw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 684. 1835.) (Plate XXXI, 11.) G. canadensis (Westw.) 892 Charles Paul Alexander G. canadensis is most commonly found along small streams near cliffs; G. diversa, restino; on vegetation along running water or clinging to vertifvl wet banks; G. rostrata, on rich vegetation in damp j)laces, where it is often extremely abundant (Alexander, 1912:67-68). The habits of the adult flies are discussed on page 878. Genus Discobola Osten Sacken 1865 Discobola 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 226. 1869 Trochobola O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 98. The genus Discobola is a well-defined group including eight described species with a curious discontinuous distribution — two species occurring in North America, two in Europe, and four in New Zealand. The species are readily distinguished by the presence of a strong supernumerary cross-vein between the two anal veins. The only local species is D. argus. Discobola argus (Say) 1824 Limnobia argus Say. Long's Exped., App., p. 358. 1865 Discobola argus O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 226. The species Discobola argus is a curious fly, with ocellate markings on the yellowish white wings (Plate XXXII, 41). The body coloration is yellowish, the thorax with three brown stripes, each femur with a brown subterminal ring. The immature stages of the American species are unknown but are probably spent in decaying pine stumps, as are those of the European D. caesarea; specimens of D. argus have been observed mating on the bark of stumps (in Ithaca, New York, October 3, 1912, by Ilg and Alexander). The fly is uncommon in May and June but becomes more numerous from August to October. Genus Rhipidia Meigen 1818 Rhipidia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 153. In the genus Rhipidia there are about twenty-eight described species, most numerous in the tropics of the New World. The character of the pectination of the antennae (page 851) varies in the different groups or subgenera as follows: Rhipidia Meig. (rnaculata, hryanti) — antennae of the male bipectinate. Monorhipidia Alex, (fidelis) — antennae of the male unipectinate. Arhipidia Alex, {domeslica, shannoni) — antennae of both sexes subpectinate to simple. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 893 The immature stages of the known species are spent in decaying vege- table matter, manure, or decaying fungi (R. maculata, R. domestica), in decaying wood or beneath the loose bark of trees (R. uniseriata, R. fidelis, R. hryanti), or perhaps in aquatic situations {R. maculata, according to Needham). The following key divides the local species of the genus: 1. Wings with an abundant pale brown or gray dotting in all the cells 2 Wings with the markings larger and confined to the vicinity of the veins 3 2. Body coloration grayish, the prescutum with a broad black median line; postnotum gray: wings with a heavy brown pattern along the costal margin, the marks about equal to the interspaces; legs brown; male antennae bipectinate. [Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 153, pi. 5, fig. 11. ISIS.] (Plate XXXII, 36.) R. maculata ]\Ieig. Body coloration yellowish brown, the prescutum without a broad black median line; postnotum black; wings with small black spots at the base, the subcostal cross-vein, the origin of the sector, and the stigma, these marks much smaller than the interspaces; legs yellow; male anteimae subpectinate. fProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 581, pi. 27, fig. 23. 1914.] (Plate XXXII, 39.) " R. shannoni Alex. 3. Prescutum reddish brown with narrow black lines; pleura dull j^ellow with two narrow blackish longitudinal stripes; antennae with segments 12 and 13 light yellowish; basal deflection of Cui usuallv far before the fork of M; antennae of the male subpectinate. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 208, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 40.) R. domestica 0. S. Prescutum gray with a broad black median line; pleura grayish or plumbeous, unstriped; antennae black thruout; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M; antennae of the male not subpectinate 4 4. Wings with the dark pattern beyond the origin of the sector only, a large rounded cloud at the origin and fork of the sector, the large rectangular stigma and the radial cells largely darkened; abdomen dark brown, the genitalia reddi.sh yellow; antennae of the male unipectinate. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 209. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 38.) R. fidelis 0. S. Wings with a series of about five large grayish brown blotches along the costal margin, two before the origin of the sector; abdominal tergites ^^ellow, the caudal half of each segment dark brown; antennae of the male bipectinate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 123, 124, pi. IG, fig. 20. 1909.] (Plate XXXII, 37.) . .R. bryanti Johns. R. domestica and R. shannoni are more southern in their distribution, R. fidelis and R. maculata more northern. Some of the species have a very extensive geographical range, R. domestica and its races occurring from Alaska to Argentina, and R. maculata being found thruout northern Europe and North America. Genus Dicranomyia Stephens 1829 Dicranomyia Steph. Cat. Brit. Ins., vol. 2, p. 243. 1830 Siagona Meig. Syst. Beschr.. vol. 6, plate 65, fig. 7. 1854 Numantia Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 470. Dicranomyia is one of the largest of the crane-fly genera, there being from one hundred and eighty to one hundred and ninety described species. 894 Charles Paul Alexander found on all the continents and on many of the oceanic islands. The species are rather small, are dull-colored, and are often difficult of exact determination. The immature stages are spent in a wide range of habitats, described on page 838 The local species of the genus Dicranomyia may be separated according to the following key: 1. Wings with but one free branch of the media reaching the margin. [23d Rept. N. Y. State Ent., p. 211-212, pi. 27, fig. 5. 1908.] (Plate XXXI, 15.) . . D. whartoni Needm. Wings with two free branches of the media reaching the margin 2 2. Wings narrow, lanceolate; cell 1st Mi open; thoracic pleura with a brown longitudinal stripe. [Limnobia longipennis Schum. Beitr. zur Ent., vol. 1, p. 104, pi. 1, fig. 2. 1829.] (Plate XXXI, 14.) D. longipennis (Schum.) Wings broad 3 3. Sc ending opposite, or before or slightly beyond the origin of the sector 4 Sc ending far beyond the origin of the sector 20 4. Antennae with at least the basal segments pale 5 Antennae with the segments dark thruout 9 5. Cell 1st Ml open (cross-vein m lacking) 6 Cell 1st Ml closed 7 6. Prescutum with a single brown stripe; dorsal pleural appendage of the male hypopygium a short hook. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 211. 1859.] D. immodesta O. S. Prescutum with three brown stripes; dorsal pleural appendage of the male hypopygium a long, saber-like hook, which is contiguous with its mate on the opposite side. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212, pi. 3, fig. 5. 1859.] D. gladiator 0. S. 7. Pale yellowish thruout, only the tips of the tarsi and the eyes darker; in life the abdominal segments somewhat greenish. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212. 1859.] (Plate XXXI, 22.) D. pudica 0. S. Brownish yellow, the antennae darkened at the tips; halteres brownish 8 8. Halteres pale, the knobs infuscated; abdomen brownish yellow. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 183, pi. 7, fig. 5. 1900.] D. isabellina Doane Halteres and abdomen brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 212. 1859.] D. diversa 0. S. 9. Cell 1st Ml open; Sc far before the origin of Rs, due to the shortness of the latter which is about equal to the basal deflection of Ri+i 10 Cell 1st Ml closed; Sc nearly opposite the origin of Rs, which is much longer than the basal deflection of /?4+5 11 10. Rostrum elongated, nearly as long as the head, brown; prescutum with a single dark brown stripe. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 65. 1SG9.] (Plate XXXI, 16.) p. rostrifera 0. S. Rostrum much shorter than the head, light yellow; prescutum with three dark brown stripes. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 66. 1869.] D. brevivena 0. S. 11. Thorax shining black, the pleura with a grayish pruinosity. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 17. I860.] (Plate XXXI, 23.) D. morioides 0. S. Thorax not shining black; gray, brown, or yellowish brown 12 12. Femora brown with the tips broadly yellow; wings marked with brown. [Limnobia badia Walker. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 46. 1848.] (Plate XXXI, 20.) D. badia (Walk.) Femora not banded with yellow; wings unmarked or nearly so 13 13. aS'ci much longer than Sci, being nearly if not quite the length of the stigma 14 Sci short, not more than one-half the length of the stigma 16 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 895 14. Halteres elongated (northern species). [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 71. 1869.] (Plate XXXI, 18.) D. halterata 0. S. Halteres short, of normal length 15 15. Prescutum reddish brown, with a narrow paler median line. [Joum. N. Y. Ent. Sec, vol. 8, p. 184, pi. 7, fig. 6. 1900.] D. brunnea Doane Prescutum dark brown with yellow and brown stripes. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 211. 1859.] D. distans 0. S. 16. Coloration gray, the prescutum with a broad median brown stripe; a narrow brown seam on cross- vein r. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 209, pi. 3, figs. 4, 4a. 1859.] (Plate XXXI, 21.) D. liberta O. S. Coloration brown or yellowish brown ; no narrow brown seam on cross- vein r 17 17. Basal deflection of Mi+2, forming the inner end of cell 1st Mi, arcuated so that cells 1st M2 and Ri are almost on a line. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 210. 1859.] D. stulta O. S. Basal deflection of Mi-f-2 not conspicuously arcuated, cell 1st Mi being conspicuously more distant from the wing base than cell Rs 18 18. Thorax brown, with three blackish stripes on the prescutum which are confluent, the lateral ones running caudad onto the scutal lobes; wings hyaline, unmarked. [Furco- myia monticola Alex. Psyche, vol. 18, p. 201-202, pi. 16, fig. 7. 1911.] (Plate XXXI, 19.) D. monticola (Alex.) {Dicranomyia monticola may not be distinct from D. stulta, which appears to be a somewhat variable species.) Thorax not so marked; wings with a grayish or brownish tinge 19 19. Thorax brownish yellow, with a darker brown median stripe; antennae black. [Mon, Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 70-71, pi. 1, fig. 3. 1869.] (Plate XXXI, 17.) D. haeretica O. S. Thorax light brown without a distinct darker median stripe; antennae reddish brown. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 184, pi. 7, fig. 8. 1900.] D. moniliformis Doane 20. Wings spotted with darker 21 Wings unmarked, except for the stigmal spot when it occurs 22 21. Wings with brown dots in all the cells; femora with a yellowish ring before the tip. [Limnobia simulans Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 45. 1848. J (Plate XXXI, 24.) D. simulans (Walk.) Wings with three large brown spots along the costa, the first at the origin of the sector, the second at the tip of Sc, and the third at the tip of Ri; wings grayish brown, paler near the stigma; cord and outer end of cell 1st M2 seamed with dark brown; femora without a yellowish ring before the tip. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 75. 1869.] (Plate XXXI, 25.) D. rara 0. S. 22. Wings with a distinct pubescence in the apical cells. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 211. 1859.] (Plate XXXI, 28.) D. pubipennis 0. S. Wings glabrous on all the cells 23 23. No stigmal spot nor brown seams to the veins; Ri strongly curved toward R2+3 at the tip; tarsi brown. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 74. 1869.] (Plate XXXI, 27.) D. globithorax O. S. Stigma evident, dark brown; paler brown seams to the cord and the outer end of cell 1st M2; R\ not incurved toward R2+3; tarsi whitish. [Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 42-43. 1916.] (Plate XXXI, 26.) D. macateei Alex. Genus Limnobia Meigen 1800 Amphinome Meig. Nouv. Class. ]\Touch., p. 15 (nomen nudum). 1803 Limonia Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 2(52. 1818 lAmnobia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 116. 1856 Limnomyza Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 185. 896 Charles Paul Alexander Limnobia is a rather small genus of usually handsome flies, including about thirty-five described species. The species are most numerous in Europe and North America, but a very few range into the tropics of both hemispheres. Most of the crane-flies described as species of Limnobia before the partition of the genus, do not belong here at all. The haunts of the immature stages, so far as known, include a con- siderable range of habitats, from possibly aquatic forms (L. parietina) to those living in moist earth near streams (L. fallax and probably L. solitaria), in decaying vegetable matter (L. indigena, according to Greene), in decaying leaves (L. nigropundata, L. Jlavipes, L. tripunctata) , in rotten wood (L. cinctipes, L. annulus, L. dumetorum, and others), and in fungi (L. triocellata, L. xanthoptera, and often L. cinctipes and L. annulus). The local species of Limnobia may be separated according to the fol- lowing key: 1. Cross-vein r at the tip of 72i 2 Cross-vein r removed from the tip oi Ri 7 2. Knob of the halteres black 3 Knob of the halteres pale at the apex 6 3. Femora yellow, the extreme tips narrowly dark brown; wings yellowish, with three eye- like markings. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 216. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 34.) L. triocellata O. S. Femora with one or more dark brown rings before the dark tips; wings without an ocellate pattern 4 4. Wings with four large dark brown spots in cell R that are about equidistantly spaced. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 289. 1861.] L. hudsonica O. S. Wings not with four large brown equidistant spots in cell R .5 5. Small, wing of female about 9.5 mm.; wings narrow, with a distinct dark brown pattern; spots in cell R small, clear-cut, dark brown. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 125. 1909.] (Plate XXXII, 32.) L. fallax Johns. Larger, wing of female about 11 mm.; wings broader, with the pattern paler brown, more diffused; spots in cell R larger, often poorly defined and sometimes confluent, medium brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 215, pi. 3, fig. 6. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 31.) L. solitaria O. S. 6. Femora with three brown bands. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 214. 1859.] L. immatura O. S. Femora with two brown bands. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 21. 1823.] (Plate XXXII, 29.) L. cinctipes Say 7. Wings with brown clouds and seams 8 Wings nearly clear, at most with three or four small brown dots along the costal margin 9 8. Large species, wing 15 mm.; wing apex very blunt; all the cells clouded and marbled medially with gray and brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 289. 1861.] (Plate XXXII, 30.) L. -parietina 0. S. Small species, wing under 12 mm.; wing apex normal; apical cell with the markings con- fined to the region near the veins. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 215, pi. 3, fig. 3. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 33.) L. indigena O. S. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 897 9. Wings with three small brown dots along the costal margin; head dark; antennae darkened toward the tips. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 216. 1859.] (Plate XXXII, 35.) L. trisiigma O. S. Wings yellowish, unspotted; head yellow, excepting the front; antemiae yellow. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 95. 1869.] L. sociabilis O. S. Limnobia cindipes runs very close to L. immatura and apparently cannot always be distinguished from it; the character of an ocellate, yellow, brown-encircled mark at the stigma in L. cindipes and a solid brown one in L. immatura does not hold in a series. L. hudsonica, L. solitaria, and L. fallax represent another group of closely related species. L. sociabilis is very rare and its exact status is still not well understood. Tribe Antochini The genera of the tribe Antochini may be classified in accordance with the following key: 1. Rostrum elongated, at least as long as the head 2 Rostrum shorter than the head 4 2. Rostrum about as long as the head or a very little longer Rhamphidia Meig. (p. 897) Rostrum about as long as the body 3 3. Rs with two branches reaching the wing margin Elephantomyia O. S. (p. 898) Rs with a single branch reaching the wing margin Toxorhina Loew (p. 898) 4. Gross-vein r lacking Atarba O. S. (p. 899) Cross- vein r present 5 5. Anal angle of the wing prominent, almost square; Rs very elongate, straight; basal deflection of Cui before the fork of M Antocha O. S. (p. 899) Anal angle of the wing feeble; Rs shorter, more arcuated; basal deflection of Cui at or beyond the fork of M 6 6. Ri beyond the tip of Sc long, longer than the sector alone; veins issuing from cell 1st Mi very long Dicranoptycha O. S. (p. 900) ^1 beyond the tip of Sc short, less than the length of the sector alone; veins issuing from cell 1st Ml short Teucholabis O. S. (p. 901) The author's key to the Antochini given in Psyche (volume 20, pages 40-41, 1913) is erroneous in the disposition of Dicranoptycha, which runs down into the couplet with Atarba as having the radial cross-vein lacking. The key was based on material that was not normal and should be emended as above. Genus Rhamphidia Meigen 1830 Rhamphidia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 281. About eighteen species of the genus Rhamphidia are known, and they are distributed thruout all the major regions of the world. The larva of Rhamphidia longirostris (Palaearctic) has been found in the stems of 898 Charles Paul Alexander Rumex aquaticus. The two local species live in organic mud in swamps, and both the larvae and the pupae are decidedly eriopterine in appearance. The local species of the genus Rhamphidia may be separated in accord- ance with the following key: Rostrum short; legs yellow, tips of femora and tibiae black; wings tipped with dusky. [Dipt. Exot., 5th supp., p. 17. 1855. Osten Sacken, Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 105-106. 1869.] (Plate XXXIII, 42.) R. fiavi-pes Macq. Rostrum long; legs uniformly dark brown: wings uniformly subhyaline, not tipped with dusky. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 498-499, pi. 25, fig. 14. 1916.] (Plate XXXIII, 43.) R- mainensis Alex. Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken 1859 Elephantomyia 0. S. Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila., p. 220. The genus Elephantomyia includes about eight species, found in North America, Europe, Africa, and eastern Asia. The complete wing venation separates the flies from all other genera with an elongate rostrum, except the Oriental genus Rhampholimnobia Alex. The immature stages of the known species are spent in decaying wood. Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S. 1869 Elephantomyia westwoodi 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 109, pi. 1, fig. 5. The species Elephantomyia westwoodi is a curious fly inhabiting cold Canadian woods and bogs, where it is found on the wing from late June into August. R. C. Shannon collected larvae at Washington in late November of 1912, and again on May 2, 1913, and reared the fly. It had been bred before by Johnson. The adult is yellow with the abdominal segments ringed caudally with brown and the wings having a distinct brown stigma. The large square cell 1st M2 is a conspicuous feature of the venation (Plate XXXIII, 44). Genus Toxorhina Loew 1835 Limnohiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 6S3. 1851 Toxorhina Loew. liinnaea Entomol., vol. 5, p. 400. 1869 Toxorrhina O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 109-114. The small genus Toxorhina includes about nine described species, most of which arc from tropical America. The exceedingly reduced radial sector is the most interesting characteristic of the adult. The larval The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 899 life is spent presumably in damp earth, a very different habitat from that of the closely related genus Elephantomyia. The following key divides the local species: Cell I'st M2 closed; bodv coloration brownish yellow; she, wing 6.5 mm. [Toxnrrhina magna 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 232. 1865.] (Plate XXXIII, 45.) T. mxujna (0. S.) Cell 1st Mz open by the atrophy of the medial cross-vein (closed in abnormal specimens only); body colon-^tion gray; size smaller, wing less than 5.5 mm. [Tnxorrhina niuliebris O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 233. 1865.] (Plate XXXIII, 46.) . . T. muUehris (O. S.) The small T. niuliebris is northern in its distribution, while the larger T. magna is much more southern. Genus Atarba Osten Sacken 1869 Aiarba 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 127-128. A small number of species (about eight) are included in the genus Atarba, most of them belonging to tropical South America. In many of the species, including the local A. picticornis, the antennae of the male are elongated and beautifully annulated with yellow and brown. As has already been pointed out by the author a number of times, many of the species of crane-flies described by various workers as species of Atarba are in reality members of the aberrant eriopterine genus Gonomyia, subgenus Leiponeura (Alexander, 1916:508-509). Atarba picticornis O. S. 1869 Atarba picticornis 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 128-129, pi. 1, fig. 13. Atarba picticornis is a rather common species, in suitable localities, flying in late June and July. The adult is reddish yellow; the antennae are yellow with the apical half of each flagellar segment dark brown; the abdomen is yellow with a black ring before the tip; the wings are pale yellow. Sc is short, the cross-vein r lacking; cell 1st AU is small, with the basal deflection of Cui inserted at its base (Plate XXXIII, 47). Genus Antocha Osten Sacken 1859 Antocha 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Rci. Phila., p. 219. The small genus Antocha includes about seven described species in the Northern Hemisphere. The immature stages are strictly aquatic, the pupae having branched pronotal breathing horns as in Simulium. 900 Charles Paul Alexander Both larvae and pupae live in cases on rocks, often in very rapid water, and the larvae are very pediciine in appearance. Mating takes place on the stones along the streams in which the larvae live. Antocha saxicola O. S. 1859 Antocha saxicola O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Pci. Phila., p. 219. 1859 Antocha opalizans O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 220. Antocha saxicola is a common fly, which may be mistaken only for a Dicranomyia but is readily distinguished by the very prominent anal angle of the wings (Plate XXXIII, 48), an uncommon feature in crane-flies. The milky-white color of the wings, and the very long, straight sector, are noteworthy characters. There are two distinct color phases which may represent distinct species when better known. The gray form has been described as A. saxicola, the red form as A. opalizans. Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken 1818 Marqinomijia ]\Ieig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 147. 1859 Dicranoptjicha 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 217. There are about nine described species of Dicranoptycha, six from North America, two from Europe, and one from Africa. D. signaticollis V. d. W. (of Java) is a Libnotes. The immature stages are spent in rather dry soil in open woods. The following key separates the local species of Dicranoptycha; 1. Large, wing over 10 mm.; wings deep reddish brown, the veins with short golden hairs; Rs elongate, nearly twice the length of cell 1st M2. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 217. 1859.] (Plate XXXIII, 49.) D. germana O. S. Smaller, wing under 9 mm.; wings light gray or yellowish subhyaline; Rs shorter, about as long as or only slightly longer than cell 1st Mi 2 ") Bodv coloration brownish gray; wings suffused with gray. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p.' 21s, pi. 4, fig. 1.3. 1S.59.J (Plate XXXIII, 51.) D. sobrina O. S. Body coloration pale yellow; wings pale yellow. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 500-501, pi. 25, fig. 12. 1916.] (Plate XXXIII, 50.) D. winnemana Alex. There are three additional Austral species that may occur within the faunal limits considered by this paper. Of these, Dicranoptycha nigripes O. S. and D. minima Alex, have the tips of the femora blackened; D. tigrina Alex, resembles D. sobrina, but has the abdomen conspic- uously cross-banded with brown and yellow, not uniformly brown as in sobrina. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 901 A conspicuous feature occurring in the flies of this genus is the presence of a fold in the first anal cell of the wing, which is most evident if the wing is held against the light. Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken 1859 Teucholabis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 222. There are about forty-five described species in the genus Teucholabis, two-thirds of which are from tropical America, the center of distribution for the group. The larvae of T. complexa are found underneath decaying bark, a habitat very like that of the related genus Elephantomyia. The local species of Teucholabis may be separated according to the following key: Wing over 6 mm.; wings broad; Sc long, ending beyond two-thirds the length of the sector; r inserted on Ri-ti; vein R2-t3 not upturned at its tip, the end of cell 2d Ri being much broader than the end of cell R3; prescutuin reddish with three black stripes. fProc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223, pi. 3, fig. 10. 1S.59.] (Plate XXXIII, 52.) T. complexa 0. S. Smaller, wing under 5 mm.; wings narrow; Sc short, ending before midlength of the sector; r inserted at or near the end of Rs; vein R2 + 3 upturned at the tip, the end of cell Ri being broader than the end of eel! 2d Ri ; prescutum shiny black, only the humeral parts of the sclerite light yellow. [Can. Ent., vol. 4S, p. 43. 191G. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 498, pi. 25, fig. 16. 1916.] (Plate XXXIII, 53.) T. lucida Alex. The vigorous, broad-winged T. co7nplexa is the northernmost local species. Tribe Eriopterini The genera of the tribe Eriopterini may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Wings very much reduced, microscopic, very much smaller than the halteres. Chionea Dalman (p. 902) Wings normally developed, much longer than the halteres 2 2. Three branches of the media reaching the wing margin Cladura 0. S. (p. 903) Two branches of the media reaching the wing margin 3 3. Ri shorter than Rz+s 4 R2 longer than R1+3 7 4. Radial cross- vein present 5 Radial cross- vein tacking 6 5. Rs elongate, longer than Ra+s, alone; tuberculate pits on the anterior part of the prescutum Rhabdomastix caudata (Lundb.) (p. 904) Rs shorter, not so long as Rt+i,; tuberculate pits retreated back on the prescutum. Erioptera, subgenus Empeda (p. 90S) 6. Sc very long, extending to the end of the sector; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M or beyond Rhabdomastix Skuse (p. 904) Sc short, not extending beyond midlength of the sector; if Sc projects beyond the base of the sector, the basal deflection of Cui is far before the fork of M. Gonomyia Meig. (p. 904) 902 Charles Paul Alexander 7. Rs long, normal in position; cell Isl Ri elongated 8 Rs shortened, its first fork with vein 7^2 +3 at an angle to the end of the sector so that cell Ul Ri is equilateral or nearly so Cryptolabis O. S. (p. 906) 8. Rs ending in cell Ri Molophilus Curt. (p. 906) Rs ending in cell R3 9 9. A supernumerary cross-vein in cell Ri; second anal vein strongly bisinuate. Helobia St. Farg. (p. 907) No supernumerary cross-vein in cell ^2; second anal vein not bisinuate 10 10. Cui tending to turn toward the wing apex; forks of the longitudinal veins very long and deep Erioptera Meig. (p. 908) Cwi straight or tending to turn away from the wing apex 11 11. Sides of the long cell tst M2 parallel; 1SV2 not far removed from the tip of -S>i; coloration of the local species black; basal deflection of C'wi beneath the middle of cell 1st M-2. Gnophomyia O. S. (p. 909) Sides of cell 1st Mi more or less divergent distad; Sd retreated toward the wing base so that Sci is usually more than two-thirds the length of the sector. .' 12 12. Deflection of Ciii meeting M far before the fork of the latter; Rs long and straight at its origin; the terminal three segments of the antennae abruptly smaller than the other segments of the flageUum; wings glabrous Trimicra 0. S. (p. 910) Deflection of Cui meeting M usually at the fork or on M3+4 underneath cell 1st M^; Rs shorter, tho straight; flagellar segments of the antennae gradually and uniformly smaller toward the tip of the organ; wings pubescent Ormosia Rond. (p. 911) Genus Chionea Dalman 1816 Chionea Dalman. K. Vet. Akad. Handl., vol. 1, p. 102. Chionea is a peculiar genus of subapterous crane-flies. There are about five European and six American species so far described. The possible evolution of the group from winged ancestors (Pterochionea Alex., Crypteria Berg.) has been discussed by the author in another paper (Alexander, 1916:529-530). The immature stages of the known species are spent in the soil. The adult flies are usually found crawhng about on the snow, being more conspicuous when snow is on the ground than at other seasons. In the spring and fall they are occasionally found in leaf mold. An interesting paper on the genus has been written by Johnson (1907). Dr. Dietz has in his collection a female specimen which was taken at Aweme, Manitoba, in September, when the temperature was below zero. All the earlier authors describe this fly as being wingless. This is not exactly true, however, the wings being present tho reduced to mere knobs, much smaller than the halteres. The generalized species have the normal number of antennal segments for this tribe of flies, this being sixteen — the two scapal segments, a basal fusion segment of the flagellum made up of five segments, and nine free flagellar segments beyond. In the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 903 specialized forms the number of free segments beyond the fusion segment is reduced to four or five, making a total of eleven or twelve segments. The following key separates the local species of Chionca: 1. Color of the body grayish. [Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 205-206. 1917.] C. noveboracensis Alex. Color of the body reddish yellow or yellow 2 2. Form long and slender, length of male less than 4 mm., diameter across thorax about 0.6 mm.; legs all very long and slender, not inerassated. [Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 206. 1917.] C. gracilis Alex. Form stouter, length of male over 4 mm., diameter across thorax over 1 mm.; male with at least the posterior legs inerassated 3 3. Antennae with 12 segments, there being 9 flagellar segments beyond the 1st, or fusion, segment; all the femora inerassated; size larger, length of male about 5.5 mm., diameter across thorax 1.5 mm. [Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 204-205. 1917.] C. ■primitiva Alex. Antennae v/ith 7 segments, there being 4 flagellar segments beyond the 1st, or fusion, segment; only the hind femora inerassated; size smaller, length of male about 5 mm., diameter across thorax 1 mm. [Ins. Injur, to Veget., 3d ed., p. 601, fig. 260. 1841.] C. valga Harr. (C. scila Walk, and C. aspera Walk, are probably synonymous with C. valga.) Genus Cladura Osten Sacken 1859 Cladura O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 229. There are but two described species of Cladura, both occurring within the limits considered in this paper. Cladura fuscula Loew (of Europe) is Adelphomyia senilis (Hal.) ; C. flavescens Brun. (of India) is doubtfully a member of this genus. It should be noted here that the antennae of Cladura have the basal segments of the flagellum united into a fusion-seg- ment so that the antenna seems to have less than sixteen segments. The immature stages are quite unknown but are presumably spent in the soil. The two species of Cladura are separated by the following key: Large species, wing of female over 7 mm.; reddish yellow, the thoracic pleura spotted with brown; wings yellowish, the cross-veins and deflections of veins clouded with brown; Sc long, ending opposite the base of Ri, Sci being about opposite the fork of R2+3; r at or beyond one-third the length of ^2; petiole of cell Mi short, not much longer than m. [C. flavoferruginea O. S., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pi. 4, fig. 34, 1859. C. indivisa O. S., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 291, 1861.] (Plate XXXVII, 102.) C. flavoferruginea O. S. Smaller species, wing of female under 6 mm.; pale yellow, no spots on the thoracic pleura; wings hyaline without dark markings on the cross-veins and deflections of veins; Sc short, ending about opposite midlength of R:-\-i, Sci being nearly opposite the fork of the sector; r at about one-fourth the length of Rz; petiole of cell Mi long, about twice the length of m. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 589-590, pi. 27, fig. 27. 1914.] (Plate XXXVII, 103.) C. delicntula Alex. These species are characteristic late summer and autumnal crane-flies, very common in some localities thruout September and October. They 904 Charles Paul Alexander frequent open woodlands and shrubbery often remote from running water. C. deUcatula is apparently a more local species than C. flavoferruginea, being more frequently found in mountainous localities. It should be noted that C. indivisa is a synonym of C. flavoferruginea 0. S. The remarkable variation in the venation of this species has been discussed by Alexander and Leonard (1912), Genus Rhabdomastix Skuse 1889 Rhabdomastix Skuse. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ser. 2, vol. 4, p. 829, pi. 22, fig. 15. (Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander) 1911 Sacandaga Alex. Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 349-351. Rhabdomastix is a small genus, including seven described species. The group is close to Gonomyia, but the male hypopygium has a very different structure and is of a distinctly primitive type. The subgenus Rhabdomastix, sens, str., which occurs in Australia and South America, has greatly elongated antennae in the male sex; the subgenus Sacandaga, with four species and a race, has the antennae short in both sexes. A key to the local species of Rhabdomastix follows: Cross- vein r present tho weak; veins issuing from the small pentagonal cell 1st Mi sub- parallel; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M; body coloration grayish; arctic species. {Goniomyia {Eiwpeda) caudata Lundb. Vidensk. Meddel. fra den naturh. Foren., p. 267, pi. 6, fig. 18. 1898.] (Plate XXXVI, 96.) R. caudata (Lundb.) Cross-vein r lacking; veins issuing from the hexagonal cell 1st M2 arcuated; basal deflection of Cui under the middle of cell 1st Mi; body coloration yellowish. [Sacandaga flava Alex. Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 351-352, figs. 1-3. 1911.] (Plate XXXVI, 97.). . .R. flava (Alex.). Genus Qonomyia Meigen 1818 Gonomijia Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 146. 1869 Goniomyia O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 176. In the genus Gonomyia there are about seventy-five described species, which are well distributed thruout the world, being found on all the conti- nents and on many of the oceanic islands. The writer places the species in four subgenera — Gonomyella Alex., Gonomijia IMeig., Ptilostena Bergr., and Leiponeura Skuse, the second and the fourth occurring within the limits considered in this paper. The coloration of many of the species is often contrasted brown and yellow, the pleura of the thorax being striped longitudinally. The immature stages of the species so far as The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 905 known are spent in wet earth or sand, and the larvae are of the usual elongate type of the Eriopterini. The local species of Gonomyia may be separated according to the following key: 1. Two branches of the radial sector reaching the wing margin. (Subgenus Leiponeura Skuse.) 2 Three branches of the radial sector reaching the wing margin.) Subgenus Gonomyia Meig.) 4 2. Outer deflection of vein Mi absent, the cell 1st M-i being open; costa conspicuously china- white; legs banded with white. [Elliptera alexanderi Johns. Psyche, vol. 19, p 3, fig. 6. 1912.] (Plate XXXVI, 86.) G. aleranderi (Johns.) Outer deflection of vein Ms present, closing the cell 1st Mi; costa not china-white; legs not banded with white 3 3. Pleural stripes conspicuous; stigma of the wings distinct; femora tipped with dark brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 587-588; pi. 27, fig. 25, wing; pi. 26, fig. 21, hypopygium. 1914.] (Plate XXXVI, 87.) G. sncandaga Alex. Pleural stripes lacking; no stigmal spot on the wings; femora not tipped with brown. [Goniomyia manca O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 178-179. 1869.] (PlaLe XXXVI, 88.) G. manca (O. S.) 4. Basal deflection of Cui far before the fork of M; subcosta long, ending beyond the origin of the sector 5 Basal deflection of Cui at or beyond the fork of M; subcosta short, ending opposite or before the origin of the sector 6 5. Wings clear, unspotted. [Ent. News, vol. 26, p. 170-172, figs. 1-3. 1915.) (Plate XXXVI, 89.) G. mathesoni Alex. Wings spotted. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 231, pi. 4, fig. 16. 1859.] (Plate XXXVI, 90.) G. blanda O. S. 6. Antennae orange at the base, the flagellura dark 7 Antennae black thruout 9 7. Cell Isl Ml closed; femora with a dark brown subterminal ring. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 230. 1859.] (Plate XXXVI, 91.) G. sulphnrella O. S. Cell 1st M2 open; femora without a dark subterminal ring 8 8. Male hypopygium with the dorsal angle of the pleurite stout, with numerous (about 15) slender hairs; ventral appendage simple, stout, tipped with a blunt black spine; second appendage a powerful, curved, subchitinized arm directed proximad. [Can. Ent. vol. 48, p. 316-317. 1916.] (Plate XXXVI, 92.) G. florens Alex. Male hypopygium with the dorsal angle of the pleurite slender, with a few (about 10) stout hairs; ventral appendage bifid, the arm with a long, slender, black spine at the tip; second appendage a slender, pale arm that is almost straight, and with two hairs at the tip. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 230, pi. 4, fig. 17. 1859.] (Plate XXXVI, 93.) G. cognatella O. S. 9. Subcosta short, ending before the origin of the sector, the distance between its tip and the origin of the sector being about equal to the r-7n cross- vein; vein Rz oblique, a little longer than the r-m cross- vein; male hypopygium with the gonapophyses and the penis guard fused into a large, prominent, cylindrical tube: thoracic pleura indistinctly striped. [Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 319-320. 1916.] (Plate XXXVI, 94.] . . .G. novehoracensis Alex. Subcosta longer, ending about opposite the origin of the sector; vein fi. elongate; male hypopygium with the gonapophyses and the penis guard not fused into a cylindrical tube; thoracic pleura without stripes. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 231. 1859.] (Plate XXXVI, 95.) G. subcinerea O. S. The above key is adapted from a revision of the American species of the genus by the author (Alexander, 1916:508-528). 906 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Cryptolabis Osten Sacken 1859 Cryptolabis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224. Cryptolabis is a small but well-defined genus, including three species, of which two are Nearctic and one is Neotropical. Nothing is known of the immature stages, but those of C. paradoxa, at least, are probablj'^ spent in moist earth. Cryptolabis paradoxa 0. S. 1859 Cryptolabis paradoxa 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 225, pi. 4, figs. 14, 15, 15 a. The species Cryptolabis paradoxa, a curious little fly, is dark brown, with the dorso-pleural membranes and the root of the wings more yellowish ; the whitish wings, with the apical cells pubescent and the sector short and straight or even slightly convex (Plate XXXVII, 101), easily distinguish the species. It is often rather common on rank herbage growing along wide creeks or on river banks. In these situations it may be swept in numbers from late June thruout July. Genus Molophilus Curtis 1833 Molophilus Cart. Brit. Entomol., p. 444. The genus Molophilus includes about forty-five described species, found in most parts of the world but better represented, apparently, in the temperate regions of both hemispheres. The immature stages so far as known are spent in moist earth. The local species of Molophilus may be separated according to the following key: 1. Size very small, wing about 2.5 mm.; basal deflection of R2+3 short, perpendicular, about as long as the radial cross- vein; basal deflection of Cui far before the fork of M. [Erioptera ursina O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228. 1859.] (Plate XXXIV, 70.) M. ursinus (0. S.) Size larger, wing over 2.6 mm.; basal deflection of ^^2+3 longer, oblique; basal deflection of Cu\ near the fork of M (as in M. nova-caesariensis) or beyond it on M 3+1. . . 2 2. Wings with a brown spot on the basal deflection of Mi. [Erioptera comata Doane. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 188, pi. 7, fig. 20. 1900.] (Plate XXXIV, 69.) M. comatus (Doane) Wings without such a brown spot 3 3. Antennae of the male elongated; coloration largely yellowish 4 Antennae short in both se.xes; coloration brown or blackish 5 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part 1 907 4. Size small, wing under 5 mm.; bright yellow, the abdomen yellow; antennae of the female short. [Erioptera pubipennis O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228. 1859.] (Plate XXXIV, 66.) M. pubipennis (O. S.) Size larger, wing over .5.3 mm.; abdomen dark brown; antennae of the female longer. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 505-506, pi. 27, fig. 37. 1916.] (Plate XXXIV, 67.) M. fultonensis Alex. 5. Size small, wing under 3.5 ram.; basal deflection of Cui near the fork of M. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 506-507, pi. 27, fig. 38. 1916.] (Plate XXXIV, 68.) M. nova-caesariensis Alex. Size larger, wing over 4 mm.; basal deflection of Ciu beyond the fork of M on Ma+i 6 6. Antennae dark-colored; body coloration grayish brown. [Erioptera hirlipennis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228. 1859.]' (Plate XXXIV, 65.) M. hirlipennis (0. S.) Antennae with the basal segments pale; body coloration pale brown. [Erioptera forcipula O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 163. 1869.] M. forcipula (O. S.) The species identified above as being M. comatus may not belong to this species, which was described from western North America. The writer has seen only females (from Maine), but he has compared this material with Doane's types (also females) and cannot separate the material on the female sex. Genus Helobia St. Fargeau et Serville 1825 Helobia St. Farg. et Serv. Encyclop. Method., Ins., vol. 10, p. 585. 1830 Sijmpleda Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, p. 282. 1865 Idioneura Phil. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, p. 615. 1886 Symplectomorpha Mik. Wien. Ent. Zeitung, vol. 5, p. 318. In the genus Helobia there are four described species, one of which, the local H. hyhrida, is probably the most widely distributed of all crane- flies, ranging from India over Europe and Asia, thruout North America, and southward along the Andes to Chile and Argentina. Future collecting will undoubtedly extend the range even more. The immature stages are spent in moist earth and sand. Helobia hyhrida (Meig.) 1804 Limonia hyhrida Meig. Klass., vol. 1, p. 57, pi. 3, fig. 17. 1818 Limnobia punctipennis Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 147, pi. 5, figs. 2, 3, 7. 1848 Limnobia cana Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 48. Helobia hybrida is a grayish fly, with three brown stripes on the prescutum; the wings are whitish, with a supernumerary cross-vein in cell i?2 and the second anal vein curiously bisinuate (Plate XXXVII, 98). The species is common everywhere. It is the earliest of the vernal 908 Charles Paul Alexander crane-fly fauna, appearing on the wing ih March. It is seen most commonly in spring and autumn, and is less numerous in July. It is presumably double-brooded. Genus Erioptera Meigen ISOO Poh/meda Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 14 (nomen nudum). 1S03 Erioptera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1856 Chemalida Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 180. 18.'i6 Limnaea Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 181. 1861 Limnoica Rond. Prodromus, vol. 4, Corrigenda, p. 11. The rather extensive genus Erioptera includes about ninety described species, most numerous in the Northern Hemisphere. The immature stages of the known species are spent in damp earth. The local species are distributed in five subgenera, separated by the following key: 1. Second anal vein arcuated so that cell 1st A is as broad at the middle as, or broader than, at the margin; cross- vein m absent, cell 1st M2 opening into cell M2 Erioptera Meig. Anal veins divergent, cell 1st A being broadest at the margin; cell 1st Mi closed, if open the outer deflection of Ms lacking, cell 1st Mi. opening into cell Ms (except in Empeda) 2 2. Fork of cell Ri short, about as long as its petiole (ffa+s); Sc\ short Empeda O. S. Fork of cell Rt long, at least four times as long as its petiole (fl.+s); Sci longer 3 3. Cell 1st Ml open, the outer deflection of Ms atrophied; if closed, the cross-vein m and the deflection of Ms about on a line Mesocyphona O. S. Cell 1st M2 closed 4 4. A spur from the outer deflection of Ms jutting into cell 1st M2 Hoplolabis 0. S. No spur from Ms jutting into cell 1st M2 Acyphona O. S. The following key divides the local species of Erioptera: 1. Cell 1st Mi open by the atrophy of the outer deflection of Ms. (Subgenus Mesocyphonn.) 2 Cell 1st Mi closed; if open, it is by the atrophy of the medial cross- vein 4 2. Wings pale gray, with small brown dots at the tips of the veins along the margins. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 79.) E. parva O. S. Wings grayish or brown, with white dots and spots 3 3. Wings with abundant white dots in all the cells; each femur with two brown rings. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 17. 1823.] (Plate XXXV, 77.) E. caloptera Say Wings with about twenty large spots that are confined to the region of the veins; each femur with a single brown ring before the tip. [Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 383-384. 1918.] (Plate XXXV, 78.) E. needhami Alex. 4. Cell 1st Ml open by the atrophy of m; second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first so that cell 1st A at its middle is about as bi'oad as or broader than at the margin. (Subgenus Erioptera.) (See also E. [Empeda] stigmatica, below.) .5 Cell 1st M-> closed; anal veins divergent 10 5. Knobs of the halteres dark brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 72.) E. septemtrionis O. S. Knobs of the halteres pale 6 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 909 6. Body and wings dark brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Rci. Phila., p. 226. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 71.) E. villosa 0. S. Body and wings yellow or green 7 7. Wings yellowish, the cross-veins and deflections of veins with tiny brown dots. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1S59.] (Plate XXXV, 74.) E. chrysocoma O. S. Wings yellowish or green, unmarked 8 8. Thorax reddish, the humeral parts of the mesonotum yellow; eyes of the male con- spicuously enlarged. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226, pi. 4, fig. 19. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 73.) E. vespertina 0. S. {E. megophlhalma Alex. [Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 60-61, 1918], described since the above was written, is entirely reddish without the yellow humeral angles to the thorax.) Thorax pale green or yellow; eyes of both sexes normal 9 9. Coloration of bodv and wings pale green. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 75.) E. chlorophylla O. S. Coloration of body and wings pale yellow. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 157. 1869.] (Plate XXXV, 76.) E. straminea O. S. 10. Cell R2 short, about as long as 722+3 alone. (Subgenus Empeda.) 11 Cell Ri deep, much longer than R2+3 alone 12 11. Cell 1st M, closed. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 503-505, pi. 27, fig. 36. 1916.] (Plate XXXV, 84.) E. nyctops Alex. Cell 1st Ml open. [Empeda stigmalica O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 184. 1869.] (Plate XXXV, 85.) E. sfigmatica (O. S.) 12. A stump of a vein in cell 1st Mi; no brown bands on the femora. (Subgenus Hoplolahis.) [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227, pi. 4, figs. 20, 21. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 83.) E. armata O. S. No stump of a vein in cell 1st M2; femora banded with brown. (Subgenus Acijphona.) . . 13 13. Wings with a broad brown band at the cord and a large brown basal spot. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227, pi. 4, fig. 23. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 80.). ...E. venusta O. S. Wings not so marked 14 14. Coloration of body and wings more yellowish; an uninterrupted brown band along the cord; brown bands on the femora less extensive, the yellow area between them broad; basal deflection of Cui at the fork of M. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 158. 1869.] (Plate XXXV, 81.) E. armillaris O. S. Coloration of body and wings more brownish, the markings on the wings less extensive and the band on the cord interrupted; bands on the femora very extensive, the yellowish area between them very narrow; basal deflection of Cu\ before the fork of M. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227. 1859.] (Plate XXXV, 82.) E. graphica 0. S. Erioptera (Empeda) noctivagans Alex. (Alexander, 1917:200-201), from Virginia, has been described since the completion of the above key. It is closest to E. stigmatica, but is larger and darker, the wing veins are dark brown with an indistinct darker seam along the cord, and the three pleural appendages of the male hypopygium are very unequal in length, the shortest being less than two-thirds the length of the longest and conspicuously bifid at its apex. The very long verticils of the antennae in the subgenus Empeda are present, but are less conspicuous than in E. stigmatica. Genus Qnophomyia Osten Sacken 1859 Gnophomyin 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223. 1867 Furina Jaenn. Abhandl. Senkenb. Ges., vol. 6, p. 318. 910 Charles Paul Alexander The genus Gnophomyia includes about twenty-eight species of medium- sized to comparatively large flies, mostly from tropical America. The immature stages so far as known are spent beneath the decaying bark of deciduous trees (Liriodendron, Populus, Acer, and others). Gnophomyia tristissima O. S. 1859 Gnophomyia tristissima 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224, pi. 4, fig. 18. Gnophomyia tristissima is a rather small blackish fly, with dark wings and the knobs of the halteres bright yellow. The venation is as shown in Plate XXXVII, 100. , , A second species of the genus, Gnophomyia luctuosa O. S. (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224, 1859), has recently been taken near Wash- ington, D. C, by Mr. Shannon. It is a southern species, with a wide range over Central America and northern South America. It may be readily distinguished from G. tristissima by its stouter build, entirely black halteres, and apically pubescent wings. Genus Trimicra Osten Sacken 1861 Trimicra 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290. The genus Trimicra includes about fourteen described species of rather inconspicuously colored flies of medium size. The species are found in all the principal regions of the globe, including many of the oceanic islands. The genotype, Trimicra anomala, was later considered by its describer as being the same as the European T. pilipes Fabr., but the two should be regarded as being distinct species until the question can be settled by the study of ample material. The immature stages are spent in moist earth. Trimicra anomala O. S. 1861 Trimicra anomala O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290. Trimicra anomala is a brownish gray fly. The prescutum has three dark brown stripes, and the abdominal segments are margined laterally and caudally with paler. The wings (Plate XXXVII, 99) are suffused with pale brown, the cross-veins being a little darker. The legs and the body are clothed with long, erect hairs. The species is more numerous southward and westward. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 911 Genus Ormosia Rondani 1856 Ormosia Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. ISO. 1X56 Ilisomyia Rond. Prodromus, vol. 1, p. 180. 1860 Rhypholovhus Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, p. 393. 1863 Dasyptera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 221. The genus Ormosia includes about sixty-two described species, of temperate zones, almost all occurring in the temperate regions of Europe and North America. The immature stages are spent in mud and damp earth. The local species of Ormosia may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Wings spotted or clouded with darker 2 Wings unicolorous or nearly so, the stigma only being darker 5 2. Anal veins divergent; wing markings produced by actual dark brown spots and blotches 3 Anal veins convergent, the second anal vein before its tip bent strongly toward the first; wing markings produced by dark-colored hairs on pale brown clouds 4 3. Wings with brown dots in all the cells. [Rhypholophus innocens O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 142. 1869.] (Plate XXXIV, 56.) 0. innocens (O. S.) Wings with three brown costal spots, the cord margined with brown, the base and the apex of the wing darkened. [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 200-201, pi. 16, fig. 6. 1911.] (Plate XXXIV, 55.) 0. apicalis Alex. (0. ntriceps Dietz [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 136-137, pi. 10, figs. 1 and 2, 19161 is apparently too close to 0. apicalis to be separated therefrom.) 4. An indistinct crossband along the cord. [Erioptera fascipennis Zett. Ins. Lapponica, Dipt., p. 831. 1838.] O. fascipennis (Zett.) Wings with three or four indistinct grayish crossbands. [Erioptera nubila O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,.p. 227. 1859.] (Plate XXXIV, 54.) 0. nubila (O. 8.) 5. Cell 1st M; closed. 6 Cell 1st M, open 10 6. Anal veins divergent 7 Second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first. [Rhypholophus arcuatus Doane. Ent. News, vol. 19, p. 201. 1908.] O. arcuata (Doane) 7. Antennae entirelv brown; thorax reddish brown, shining; basal deflection of Cm under the middle of cell 1st M2. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 137-138, pi. 10, fig. 3. 1916.] 0. abnorrnis Dietz Not colored as above; basal deflection of Cih before or at the fork of Af 8 8. Entire thorax and coxae yellowish red; antemiae pale vellowish, darkened toward the tip. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 138-139, pi. 10, fig. 4. 1916.] O. luteola Dietz Thorax not colored as above 9 9. Mesonotum reddish with a median brown line which in some cases is indistinct; antennae pale thruout or with onlv the extreme tip darkened. [ Trimicra pygmaea Alex. Psyche, vol. 19, p. 166, pi. 13, fi^g. 3. 1912.] (Plate XXXIV. 58.) 0. pygmaea (Alex.) (0. pilosa Dietz is the same as 0. pygmaea.) Mesonotum brownish gray; the four basal antennal segments yellow. [Rhypholophus nigripilus 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 142. 1869.] (Plate XXXIV, 57.) 0. nigripila (0. S.) 10. Medial cross-vein lacking, cell 1st Mi confluent with cell Mi 11 Outer deflection of Ms lacking, cell Isl Mz confluent with cell M.3 12 912 Charles Paul Alexander n Second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first. [Eriopt^a Zotricha O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1859. .0 holotncha (a S. Anal veins divergent. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 140, pi. 10, fig 6 1916] 0. pal-pahs Dietz 12 Antennae of both sexes shorter than the thorax , . ' , V M ' j,-i • : ■ • • ^^ Antennae of the male approximately as long as the whole body, beadlike m struc^ 13. Second anal vein arcuated, before its tip bent strongly toward the first 14 Anal veins divergent | 14. Thorax reddish Jg Thorax not reddish • ■ • ; • ■ ■ • • j' „^c, 15 Mesonotum with a dark median line; male hypopygium with two pleural appendages which are almost straight; gonapophyses elongate, black, profoundly bihd; penis guard not trifid. [Rhijpholophus ruhellus O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer part 4, p 144 pi 1 fig 15. 1869.] (Plate XXXIV, 60.) 0. rubella (O S.) Mesonotum without a dark median line; male hypopygium with the pleural appendage a single curved hook; gonapophyses strongly curved, entire hooks; penis guard tnhd at apex [Can. Ent.: vol. 49, p. 24-25. 1917.] (Plate XXXIV, 59.) '^ O. mmbipenms Alex. 16. Stigma distinct, dark brown, the marking continued down onto the cot± [Erioptera meigeniiO.S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. 1859.] (Plate XXXIV, 61_) O. meigenii (U. o.) 17 Stigma indistinct or lacking • ■ • „ V ' ' Vv r^il ' 'ij Uro 17 Thorax and antennae light yellow. [RMjpholophus parallelus Doane. Eht News ■ vol 19 p ''02 1908.] 0. parallela (Doane) Thorax brown, with a grayish pruinosity and a rather broad darker stripe; antennae brown. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 141. 1916.] 0 perplexa Dietz 18. Mesonotum with a darker line on either side; ninth sternite produced into a median spatulate lobe. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42. p. 142-143, pi. 10.^fig^| J^ia]^^^ Mesonotum reddish brown with a median brown stripe; ninth sternite produced into two flattened lobes that project far caudad. [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, voL 42, p. 14,i- 144, pi. 10, fig. 9. 1916.] 0. deviala Dietz 19. Anal veins convergent 2i Anal veins divergent • ; ,'A' " ^\ " ' V'AnL' oV 1Q17 1 20. Segments of flagellum shorter, without pale apices. [Can. Ent., vol. 49, ^-^-J-^^^J /p, . "V"V"VTV 63 "1 Tnttsuctiu /\ica. Antennal segments ' elongated," the ' segments attenuated and the apices pale. [Rhypholophus monticola O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 145 1S69. f PI te XXXIV 6"' ) ^- ^"''"^'^com (U. b.) 21 Reddrsh brown; meionotum' with' an' indistinct brown median stripe^ [Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 42, p. 144-145, pi. 10, fig. 10. 1916. • ._.0 dtvergens Dietz Dark brown; mesonotum with three darker brown stripes. [Can. Ent., vol. 4y, p. -D. 1Q17 1 fPl te XXXIV 64 ) ^' "^^f/^'cera Alex. (0 megaccra is probably the same as d.'diwns, the latter name preoccupied by 0. divergens Coq. [1905].) The small flies that make up this characteristic genus are very com- mon, appearing in small, swarms under overhanging ledges, along the lower face of an inclined tree, or in similar situations. The early sprmg species are Ormosia innocens, 0. nubila, 0. meigenii, 0. holotricha, and others; 0. apicalis, 0. megacera, and 0. mesocera occur in early summer; 0. nigripila, 0. nimbipennis, 0. monticola, and 0. abrwrmis are late The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 913 summer species. 0. rubella has a long flight period, from June to Sep- tember, and some of the early spring species (as 0. nuhila and 0. meigenii) brooded' '" ^^*^ '''°'"'^' ^""^ '" ^^' ''''*""'''' ^PP^^^"*^3^ being double- Tribe Limnophilini the^foIlow!ng\f ^^^ *"^' Limnophilini may be separated according to 1. 5ca before the origin of the sector; antennae 17-segmented; wings pubescent ''i:s:^^Am.::l^-:^^ -^-- ^^— ted i^.^X'^i^-^ 2. Wings pubescent, at least apically 2 Wings glabrous or with microscopic pubescence only.' I 5. A supernumerary cross-vein in cell C ^^"'"°^'^^^^' «"bgenus La.iomas«.x 0. S. (p. 916) No, supernumerary cross-vein in ceU C EpiphragmaO. S. p. 914) ^ Limnophila Macq. (p. 915) Genus Ula Haliday 1833 Ula Hal. Ent. Mag., vol 1 p 153 1864 Macroptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 224. The small genus Ula includes about six described species, all being Holarctic except one species from Java. The larval stages of the known species are spent in fungi (Alexander, 1915 a: 1-8). The species are subject to considerable variation in the wing pattern, but it now seems that in eastern America there are at least two species, which are divided by tne lollowing key: "^ Antennae short in both sexes- wi'n0-« wn-nV +k^ i j ' ' '; ^- V^Wera 0. S. ^th ..„„„. ,„„„. :, -r&. rr :;:!; z%. " le-r (priir,:' i&f- -^'^°' U. elegans 0. S. Genus Ulomorpha Osten Sacken 1869 Ulomorpha O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 232. In the genus Ulomorpha there is but a single described species, agreeing uperfieially with Ula m the ent.ely pubescent wings but' with /^ cl"e at the tip of Sc,. The immature stages are in rich organic earth, and are 914 Charles Paul Alexander very different from those of Ula and closer to those of the subgenus Lasiomastix in the genus Limnophila. Ulomorpha pilosella (0. S.) 1859 Limno-phila pilosella O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241. 1869 Ulomorpha pilosella O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 233. Ulomorpha pilosella is a shiny, reddish brown fly, with the wings faintly darkened. The sessile or subsessile cell 7^2 is a well-marked feature of the venation (Plate XLI, 163). The insect is common in cold Canadian woods thruout northeastern North America. Genus Adelphomyia Bergroth 1891 Adelphomyia Bergr. Mittheil. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1890, p. 134. The species of the genus Adelphomyia are among the smallest of the Limnophilini. The immature stages of the American species are spent in rich, saturated, organic earth in shady situations. There are two European and three American species thus far described. Adelphomyia cayuga and A. americana are commonest in late summer; A. minuta is a species of late spring and early summer, fairly common in rich Canadian woods, in gorges, and near wooded bogs. A recent study of the larval head in this genus shows a decided rela- tionship with the tri])e Pediciini, and it seems probable that the genus will have to be placed in that tribe despite the very limnophiline appearance of the adults. The local species of Adelphomyia may be separated by the following key : 1. Cell Ml of wings lacking; coloration of body dark brown; antennae with less than 16 seg- ments, the basal segments of the flagellum fused together. [Pomona Journ., vol. 4, p. 831, fig. B. 1912.] (Plate XLI, 162.) A. cayuga Alex. Cell Ml of wings present; coloration of body yellow or light yellowish brown; antennae with the basal flagellar segments distinct 2 2. Pubescence in cells of wings sparse; cross- vein r not evident; cross- vein 7n short or obliterated by fusion of Mi on Mi+-<; color of body light yellow. [Can. Ent., vol. 43, p. 287-288. 1911.] (Plate XLI, 161.) ' .4. minuta Alex. Pubescence in cells of wings conspicuous; cross-veins r and m usually distinct, the former in some cases little evident; color of body yellowish brown. [Pomona Journ., vol. 4, p. 829-830, fig. A. 1912. Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 353-354, fig. 4, as .4. senilis Hal. of Europe. 1911.] (Plate XLI, 160.) A. americana Alex. Genus Epiphragma Osten Sacken 1859 Epiphragma O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 915 Epiphragma is a small genus of handsome flies including about eighteen described species, which are most abundant in the tropics of America. The flies are of medium size and are among the most beautiful in the family, their wing pattern of ocellate spots and bands producing a striking efi"ect. The immature stages are amphibious, the larval life being spent in saturated decaying wood such as ash (Fraxinus) and buttonbush (Cephalanthus), in swampy situations, and in similar habitats. The following key divides the local species: ^lhfti^!lj ^''k Y""^ ^'•"ssbands which are margined with darker; a brown annulus at n IQ^ K^'fl m^'f fJ^f^««5^«/«-'">^n'^^-« Say. Journ. Acad.,Nat. Sci. Phila., vol 3, Wings with an irregular pattern of brown and tawny; a brown annulus' before tTrtip^'o m /\Tt- ,i^''r"P^'^'' '"^'^^'"^^ ^- ^- P^««- A^aJ- Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. 238 1859 (nate XLl, lo9.) ^ ^^^^^^:^ ^^ gj In many specimens of Epiphragma fascipenms the wing bands are more contmuous than in the wing shown, there being usually three such bands, the last lying across the wing tip distad of the cord. The wing pattern is strongly suggestive of that of the rare primitive tanyderid Protoplasa fiichii, and most of the specimens of the latter that have been located m museums were found pinned among series of Epiphraqma fascipennis. Genus Limnophila Macquart 1834 LimnophUa Macq. Suit, k Buff., vol. 1, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt., p. 95 Ibbl Lunnomya Rond. Prodromus, vol. 4, Corrigenda p 11 1888 Pilana Sintenls. Sitzber. Nat.-Ges. Dorpat., vol'. 8, p. 398. Limnophila is one of the largest of the crane-fly genera, the number of described species being between one hundred and ninety and two hundred, of which a quarter occur within the geographical limits con- sidered m this paper. The subgenera into Which the genus is divided are here recognized largely for convenience only, some of them being poorly definable. The larval and pupal characters will be found to be much more valuable in delimiting these groups. Limnophila mundoides and L. emmehna both represent groups which are as well defined as the sub-genera here recognized. Most of the forms of northeastern North America fly during the month of June and are to be found in cold Canadian woodlands. The immature stages of most species of Limnophila are spent in rich, saturated mud or earth. 916 Charles Paul Alexander The local species of Limnophila may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Cell Ml of the wings present 2 Cell Ml of the wings lacking 41 2. A supernumerary cross- vein in cell Ri or in cell M 3 No supernumerary cross-vein in cell Ri or in cell M 6 3. A supernumerary cross- vein in cell M 4 A supernumerary cross- vein in cell Ri. (Subgenus Dicranophrogmn O.S.) [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., p. 240. 1859.] (Plate XXXIX, 139.) L. fuscovaria O. S. 4. Wings interruptedly crossbanded with brown; costal region without equidistant brown blotches; Rs spurred at the bend; antennae of male elongated. (Subgenus Idioptera Macq.) [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 206. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 115.) L. fasciolata 0. S. Wings hyaline or spotted with brown; Rs slightly or not at all spurred at the bend; antennae of male short. (Subgenus Ephelia Schin.) 5 5. Wings hvaline. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 591, pi. 25, fig. 2. 1914.] (Plate XXXIX, 138.) L. johnsoni Alex. Wings spotted; a series of about 6 or 7 large brown blotches along the costal margin. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 235, pi. 4, fig. 25. 1859.] (Plate XXXIX, 137.) L. aprilina 0. S. 6. Apical cells of wings pubescent; antennae of male elongated. (Subgenus Lasiomastix 0. S.) 7 Apical cells of wings not pubescent 8 7. Thorax shiny black; wings banded with brown. [Limnohia macrocera Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 20. 1823.] (Plate XXXVIII, 113.) L. macrocera (Say) Thorax dark gray; wings unmarked. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 208. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 117.) L. lenuicorrm O. S. (L. subtenuicornis Alex. [Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 61-62, 1918], described since this key was made, has cell Mi lacking. It is a member of the subgenus Lasiomastix and is readily distinguished by the combination of pubescent wings and lack of cell Mi. There can be no doubt that L. tenuicornis and L. subtenuicornis should be coupled with L. macrocera in the subgenus Lasiomastix, both being notable by the distinct pubescence in the apical cells of the wings.) 8. Thorax shiny black 9 Thorax not shiny black 10 9. Wings with a brownish tinge; femora dull brownish yellow, narrowly tipped with dark brown; legs stout, conspicuously hairy; male hypopygium of the normal simple limnophiline structure. (Subgenus Prionolabis 0. S.) [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 226. 1869.] (Plate XL, 144.) L. munda 0. S. Win?s hyaline or nearly so; femora dark brown, only the extreme bases paler; legs slender, not conspicuously hairy; male hypopygium complex in structure. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 120-121, pi. 8, fig. 3. 1916.] (Plate XL, 145.) L. mundoides Alex. 10. Hind tarsi white; antennae of male elongated 11 Hind tarsi not white I'- ll. Thorax black with a gray bloom; R2+3 about equal to or slightly longer than the basal deflection of Cu,. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 209. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 118.") L. niveiUirsis O. S. Thorax reddish yellow; 7^2+3 about twice as long as the basal deflection of Cui. [Ent. News, vol. 24, p. 248-249, fig. 1913.] (Plate XXXVIII, 119.) L. albipes Leon. Xhe Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 917 12. Cross-vein r removed some distance from the tip of Ri, so that this distance is from one and one-half to two times the length of the radial cross- vein; tuberculate pits present 13 Ultimate segment of Ri curved to the costa and scarcely longer than the cross-vein r itself; tuberculate pits lacking in all species except fratria 22 (L. marchandi should be interpreted as coming in this division, from the evident relationship with L. aJleni.) 13. Cell 1st Ml verv much elongated, the inner end lying far inside the level of the cord. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 237. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 124.) L. areolata O. ?. Cell 1st Ml not greatly elongated, the inner end at the level of the cord 14 14. /?2+ 3 longer than cell /?: alone. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238, pi. 4, fig. 26. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 127.) L. ultima 0. S. Ri-\-3 not longer than cell R^ alone 15 15. Cell M\ very short, not longer than the basal deflection of Cui. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 237. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 125.) L. brevifurca O. S. (Specimens of L. brevifurca are rather frequently found in which the fusion of M1+2 is continued to the wing margin , in which case the species would run down to couplet 41 ; such abnormal specimens are rare, however, and usually have one of the wings normal.) Cell Ml long, more than twice as long as the basal deflection of Ciu 16 16. Head narrow, prolonged behind; cells Ri and 1st Mi longer than cell Ri, so that the cord is not in a straight line; radial and medial veins long, slender, arcuated; second anal vein incurved at the tip. (Subgenus Pseudolimnophila Alex.) 17 Head broad, not narrowed behind; cells Rs, Ri, and 1st M2 with their inner ends about on a level ; radial and medial veins stout and straight ; second anal vein not incurved at the tip. (Subgenus Eulimnophila A.lex.) 20 17. Wings with small brown dots on the cross- veins and at the forks. [Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila., p. 236, pi. 4, fig. 24. 1859.] (Plate XXXIX, 135.). . . .L. luteipennis O. S. Wings clear, unspotted 18 IS. Thorax clear blue-gray. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 219. 1869.] (Plate XXXIX, 134.) L. inornata O. S. Thorax brownish without gray color 19 19. Pleura of thorax grayish, unmarked; size small. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 218. 1869.] L. contempta 0. S. Pleura of thorax dull yellow, with a conspicuous dark brown stripe extending from the cervical sclerites to the postnotum; size larger. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 592, pi. 25, fig. 3. 1914.] (Plate XXXIX, 136.) L. nigripleura A. & L. (In the writer's key to the species of the luteipennis group [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 593, 1914], in couplet 4 L. contempta is given as being a larger species than L. nigripleura. This Is erroneous, L. contempta being the smallest species of the group. It is more southern in its distribution than L. nigripleura.) 20. Wings narrow, grayish; stigma distinct, hairy; antennae of male elongated. [Limnobia lenuipes Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., vol. 3, p. 21. 1823.] (Plate XXXVIII, ^1-1-) L. tenuipes (Say) Wings broader, more yellowish brown; stigma not distinct; antennae of male short. .21 21. Body opaque; front gray. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 237. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 122.) L. imbeciUaO. S. Body shiny reddish yellow; front yellowish red. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p 212 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 123.) L. recondita O. S. 22. Very large species, wing over 18 mm. (Subgenus Eutonia v. d. W.) 23 Smaller species, wing under 15 mm 24 918 Charles Paul Alexander 23. Large, wing of female 21.5 mm.; thoracic dorsum reddish brown with three velvety. brown stripes, the middle one narrowly split by a line of the ground color; ground color of wings yellowish and brown; basal abdominal tergitos yellow without prominent setigerous punctures; cross-vein r close to the tip of R\. 'Proc. Boston Soc. \at. Hist., vol. 34. p. 12G-127, pi. 1(), fig. 18. 1909.] (Plate XXXIX, 140.). . . L. nlleni Johns. Smaller, wing of female 20 nmi. ; thoracic dorsum gray with three narrow velvety-brown stripes, the middle one split by a broad pale line; ground color of wings hyaline; basal abdominal tergites gray with prominent setigerous punctures; cross-vein r more distant from the tip of Ru [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 118-120, pi. S, fig. 2. 1916.] (Plate XXXIX, 141.) : L. marchandi Alex. 24. R2+S very elongated, nearly twice the length of R2 alone; cross-vein r on Ri^s. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 238, pi. 4, fig. 26. 1859.] (Plate XXXVIII, 127.) L. ultima O. S. (L. rdlima is included in both sections of couplet 12 because the character of the position of the cross-vein r is slightly variable and there is a possibility of mis- interpretation.) Ri+3 shorter, not longer than R2 alone; cross-vein r on R2 25 25. Basal deflection of Cui at the inner end of cell 1st M:. (Subgenus Dadylolabis 0. S.) . .26 Basal deflection of Ciii near the middle of cell 1st M2 27 26. Wings spotted with brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 240, pi. 3, figs. 28, 28a. 1859.] (Plate XL, 148.) L. montana O. S. Wings unspotted. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 229. 1869.] (Plate XL, 147.) L. cubitalis O. S. 27. Wings spotted with brown or distinctly seamed along the cross-veins and deflections of veins 28 Wings clear, or with only the stigmal spot (in L. poetica with a tiny cloud at the origin of Rs and the basal deflection of Ri-\-;.) 35 28. Wings heavily irrorate with brown over the entire surface. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Mist., vol. 34, p. 127-128, pi. 16, fig. 17. 1909.] (Plate XXXIX, 133.) . . . L. irrorafa Johns. Wings not heavily irrorate over the entire surface, the markings appearing as broad seams to the veins or as dark tips to the wings 29 29. R2+3 short or very short, much less than R2 alone; cross-vein r at about midlength of R2; petiole of cell Mi longer than or subequal to this cell; brown seams to the veins more extensive ; antennae of male short 30 R2+1 very long, subequal to R2 alone; cross-vein r just beyond the fork of Ri+s; petiole of cell Ml distinctly shorter than this cell; brown seams on the wings limited to r-m and the deflection of 724+5; antennae of male elongated. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 205. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 114.) L. unica O. S. 30. Radial sector short, arcuated to almost square at its origin; cross- vein r situated at [about midlength of vein R2, which is oblique; outer end of cell 7?2 very broad due to the oblique nature of vein i?-; species with the cross-veins seamed with brown have the tip of the wings more or less infuscated. (Subgenus Phylidorea Bigot.) 31 Radial sector longer; vein R2 not oblique and the cell 7?2 not strikingly broadened at its apex; broad grayish brown seams to the cross-veins, deflections of veins, and along Cu, but the wing apex only slightly darkened if at all 33 31. Coloration of the body yellowish or reddish, the thoracic notum light yellow. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 235. 1859.] (Plate XXXIX, 128.) L. adusta O. S. Coloration of the body dark brown to almost black, the thoracic nctum con- colorous 32 32. I-egs yellow with the brown apices to the segments narrow; costal cell of the wing yellow. [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 195-196, pi. 16, figs. 4, 8. 1911.] (Plate XXXIX, 129.) L. similis Alex. Legs with the femora brown, only a little brightened basally; costal cell of the wings brown. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p. 123, pi. 8, fig. 7. 1916.] (Plate XXXIX, 130.) L. terrae-novae Alex. The Crane-Flies ok New York — Part I 919 33. Large species, wing of male over 0 mm.; male with the pleural appendage of the hypopygium pectinated. (Subgenus Prionolahis O. S.) 34 Smaller species, wing of male under 8..5 mm.; male with the pleural appendage of the hvpopvgium not pectinated, rather sharply pointed. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 24, p.' 121-122, pi. S, fig. 5. 1916.1 (T'late XL, 146.) L. terebrans Alex. 34. Large, wing of male about 13 mm.; costal and subcostal cells of the wings rich yellow; stigma dark brown; bases of femora bright yellow; anterior apical appendage of male hvpopygium bifurcate. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 239, pi. 4, figs. 27, 27a, 27b. 1859.] ' (Plate XL, 142.) L. rufibasis O. S. Smaller, wing of male about 11.5 mm.; wings uniform light yellowish gray; stigma rather indistinct, gravish; bases of femora brownish yellow; anterior apical appendage of male hypopygium simple. [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 198-199, pi. 16, fig. 10. 1911.] (Plate XL, 143.) L. simplex Ale.x. 35. Rs elongated and spurred at its origin; antennae of male elongated. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 207. 1869.] (Plate XXXVIII, 116.) L. voetica O. S. Rs usually shorter, if elongated not spurred at origin; antennae of male short except in L. laricicola 36 36. R2+3 elongated, more or less arcuated, longer than the basal deflection of Ciu 37 Ri+z not conspicuously arcuated, short, little if any longer than the basal deflection of Cih ' 38 37. Rs and R2+3 strongly arcuated; cell 1st M2 very broad; antennae of male short. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 236. 18.59.] (Plate XXXVIII, 126.) L. toxoneura 0. S. Rs almost straight; R2+3 feebly arcuated but elongate; cell 1st Mi narrow; antennae of male elongated. [Psyche, vol. 19, p. 167, pi. 13, fig. 4. 1912.] (Plate XXXVIII, 120.) L. laricicola Alex. 38. Coloration gray; wings with the base strongly yellow, this including Sc for its entire length; hind legs with the apical third of femora dark brown, fore femora with the apical two-thirds dark brown; Rs rather elongate and somewhat angulated at its origin. [Phylidorea subcostata Alex. Can. Ent., vol. 43, p. 288-289. 1911.] (Plate XL, 149.) L. subcostata (Alex.) Coloration not gray; wings with the base not strongly yellow; legs with the femora yellow, the tips narrowly brown 39 39. Coloration yellowish brown; tuberculate pits distinct; Rs nearly .straight; antennae of male moniliform. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 220. 1860.] L. fratria O. S. Coloration yellow to reddish yellow; tuberculate pits not evident; Rs short, strongly arcuated; antennae of male not moniliform. (Subgenus Phi/lidnrea Bigot.) 40 40. Large species, wing of male 9.5 mm.; abdomen of male without a black subterminal annulus. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 191. 1900.) (Plate XXXIX, 132.) L. I idea Doane Smaller species, wing of male less than 7.5 mm. ; abdomen of male with a black subterminal annulus. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 594, pi. 25, fig. 4. 1914.] (Plate XXXIX, 131.) L. novae-anqUae Alex. 41. Cell Rz of the wings broadly sessile. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 597, pi. '27, fig. 28. 1914.] (Plate XL, 151.) L. emmelina Alex. Cell Ri of the wings petiolate 42 42. Bases of cells R3 and 1st M-i conspicuously nearer the wing root than cell Ri,\ petiole of cell /?2 less than half the length of vein R^; vein Rz not short, oblique; veins issuing from cell 1st M2 about twice the length of the cell 43 Bases of cells R3, Ro, and 1st Mz about on a level; petiole of cell Ri more than half the length of vein Ri; vein R-z short, oblique; veins issuing from cell 1st M-i about equal to or a little longer than the cell, if longer (as in L. edwardi) not twice this length .... 44 43. Prescutal stripes not well-defined; tuberculate pits present; r far removed from the tip of Ri] basal deflection of Cu\ usually at from one-third to one-half the length of the cell Ut Mi. (Subgenus Pseudolimnophila Alex.) [Psyche, vol. 18, p. 196-198, pi. 16, fig. 3. 1911.] (Plate XL, 150.) L. novebwacensis Alex. 920 Charles Paul Alexander Prescutal stripes dark brown; tuberculate pits lacking; r at the tip of Ri] basal deflection of Cui usually at or close to the fork of Mi. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 534-535, pi. 27, fig. 46. 1916.] (Plate XL, 157.) L. sylvia Alex. 44. Rs short, about equal to vein R2 of the wings. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241. 1859.] (Plate XL, 152.) L. lenta O. S. Rs elongate, equal to about twice the length of vein R2 of the wings 45 45. Mesonotum and pleura yellowish or brownish yellow; wings pale yellow. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 595-596, pi. 25, fig. 5. 1914.] (Plate XL, 155.) L. stanwoodae Alex. Mesonotum and pleura not yellow 46 46. Pleura and mesonotum clear bluish black with a gray bloom, only the coxae conspicuously light yellow; wings with a yellowish tinge; cross- vein r beyond the fork of Ri-^, 3 on R^. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241. 1859.] (Plate XL, 1.53.) L. quadrata O. S. Pleura and mesonotum not so colored; cross-vein r at or before the fork of R2+3 47 47. Pleura of thorax with a conspicuous black dorsal stripe; mesonotum rich brown; wings with a brown suffusion; antennae of male short. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 596, pi. 25. fig. 6. 1914.] (Plate XL, 154.) L. o/^borni Alex. Pleura of thorax without a black dorsal stripe; mesonotum dull yellowish with three confluent dark brown stripes; wings without a distinct dark brown suffusion; antennae of male elongated. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 533-534, pi. 27, fig. 45. 1916.] (Plate XL, 156) L. edwardi Alex. Tribe Hexatomini The genera of the tribe Hexatomini may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Cell 1st Mi open; but one free branch of the media reaching the wing margin; cell Ri tiny Hexatoma Latr. (p. 920) Cell 1st M2 closed; two or three free branches of the media reaching the wing margin; cell Ri larger, more elongate 2 2. Feet (in the local species) white; stigma small; cell Mi present. Penthoptera Schin. (p. 921) Feet not white; stigma large; cell Mi present or absent Eriocera Macq. (p. 921) Genus Hexatoma Latreille 1809 Hexatoma Latr. den. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 260. 1818 Anisomera iMeig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 210. 1818 Ncmalocera Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 1, p. 209. 1836 Peronecera Curt. Brit. Ent., p. 589. The small genus Hexatoma includes seventeen described species, about all of which are European. They are mostly small species, with a reduced medial venation that is at first sight difficult to interpret; the manner in which this genus has been evolved from Eriocera is well shown in some of the plastic species of the latter genus, notably E. austera Doane, in which all gradations in venation between Eriocera and Hexatoma may be found in a small scries. From species such as these it is seen that the elimination of the posterior branch of the media is brought about by The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 921 fusion rather than by atrophy. The larvae are carnivorous, and hve in wet sand and gravel along the margins of streams (Alexander, 1915 a: 141-148). Hexatoma megacera (0. S.) 1859 Anisomera megacera O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 242. 1909 Hexaloma megacera Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 126. Hexatoma megacera is a small, blackish gray fly, the mesonotum having three darker stripes and the male antennae being somewhat elongated and filiform. The characteristic venation is shown in Plate XXXVII, 112. Genus Penthoptera Schiner 1863 Penthoptera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 220. In the genus Penthoptera there are seven species — four from Europe, two from tropical America, and one local species. The immature stages are spent in rich organic earth, a very different habitat from that of the larvae of the related genera Eriocera and Hexatoma. The larva is carnivorous (Alexander, 1915 a: 152-157). In the native species, Penthop- tera albitarsis, the feet are pure snowy white, which makes the insect a conspicuous one. Penthoptera albitarsis O. S. 1869 Penthoptera albitarsis 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 257. Penthoptera albitarsis is a brownish fly, with the thorax bluish gray, the wings slightly tinged with dusky, and the feet pure snowy white. The flies occur in cool, shady situations and are often very common. In the South (North Carolina) they are frequent in gum swamps. The venation is shown in Plate XXXVII, 104. Genus Eriocera Macquart 1830 Caloptera Guer. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., Ins., pi. 20, fig. 2. 1838 Eriocera Macq. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 74. 1838 Evanioptera Guer. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, p. 287. 1848 Pterocosmus Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 78. 1850 Allarithmia Loew. Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. 38. 1857 Oligomera Dolesch. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. 14, p. 387. 1859 Arrhenica 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 242. 1859 Physecrania Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 123. 1912 Androclosma Enderlein. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, part 1, p. 34. 1916 Globericera Matsumura. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 471. 922 Charles Paul Alexander Erioccra is ono of the larger fj;enera of crano-flios, including about one hundred described species which are most numerous in the tropics of both hemispheres. The larvae are carnivorous. They live in streams, and pupate in sand or gravel (Alexander and Lloyd, 1914). The habits of the common local species E. longicomis have been described by the author in another paper (Alexander, 1915 a: 149-152). The following key divides the local species of Eriocera: 1. Cell Ml present 2 Cell Ml lacking 3 2. Antennae of male greatly elongated, more than twice the length of the whole body; wings grayish brown; vertical tubercle prominent, brownish on the sides. [Arrhenica spinosa 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 244, pi. 4, fig. 30. 1859.] (Plate XXXVII, 105.) E. spinosa (0. S.) Antennae short in both .sexes, extending about to the wing root or a little beyond; wings darker brown; vertical tubercle low, grayish. [Bui. U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 3, p. 205. 1877.] (Plate XXXVII, lOG.) E. hrachycera 0. S. 3. Color of body yellow or yellowish red 4 Color of body brown, gray, or black 5 4. Antennae of male elongated, longer than the body; a blackish spot on the scutai lobes above the wing root. [Slow. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 255. 1869.] (Plate XXXVII, 109.) E. wilsonii O. S. {E. aniennarin Doane [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 194, pi. 8, fig. 12, 1900] is the same as E. wilsonii 0. S.) Antennae short in both sexes; no blackish spot on the scutai lobes above the wing root. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8. p. 194, pi. 8, fig. 13. 1900.] E. aurnta Doane 5. Thoracic dor.sum gray; antennae of male elongated 6 Thoracic dorsum brown or black ; antennae short in both sexes 7 6. Vertical tubercle of male very large and high, greater than length of eye; first segment of antennal scape uniformly dark; prescutal stripes broad, dark brown, the median stripes about confluent and continued cephalad to the pronotum; cell 1st Mi of wings short, pentagonal, usually with a spur into cell R; valves of ovipositor short, blunt, sub-fleshy. [Anisomera longicomis Walk., List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 82. 1848.] (Plate XXXVII, 107.) E. longicomis (Walk.) {E. gihbosa Doane [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 193, pi. 8, fig. 10, 1900] is a doubtful species; in its coloration and, especially, in its venation, it is strikingly like E. longicomis [Walk.], but there is no mention in the original description of the size of the antennae.) Vertical tubercle of male moderate in size, not so high as length of eye; first segment of antennal scape pale beneath; prescutal stripes narrow, pale brown, the two middle stripes separate, becoming obliterated at about the level of the tuberculate pits; cell 1st M'. of wings long, hexagonal; valves of ovipositor elongated, pointed, chitinized. [Psyche, vol. 19, p. 169-170, pi. 13, fig. 9. 1912.] (Plate XXXVII, 108.) . . E. cinerea Alex. 7. Cell R- short, cross- vein r inserted on Ri+z. [Psyche, vol. 19, p. 168-169, pi. 13, fig. 7. 1912.] (Plate XXXVII, 111.) E. fullo7iensis Alex. Cell R2 deep, cross-vein r inserted on Ri 8 8. Wings brown, the stigma small, rounded, brown; abdominal tergites brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia., p. 243, pi. 3, fig. 31. 1859.]. E.fuliginosa O. S. Wings blackish brown, the stigma oval, dark brown; abdominal tergites black. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 602. 1914.] (Plate XXXVII, 110.) E. tristis Alex. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 923 Eriocera longicornis, E. cinerea, and E. spinosa arc 6n the wing in late April and May, the last-named species flying in July. E. brachycera, E. fultonensis, E. fuliginosa, and E. tristis are on the wing during the summer months. Tribe Pediciini The genera of the tribe Pediciini may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Antennae with 16 segments 2 Antennae with 13 or 15 segments 3 2. Cord oblique; cell 1st Mi very short, pentagonal; size large, wing over 20 mm.; palpi elongated Pedicia Latr. (p. 923) Cord transverse; cell 1st Mi elongate; size smaller, wing under 18 mm.: palpi short. Tricyphona Zett. (p. 924) 3. A supernumerary cross-vein in cell i?i Dicranota Zett. (p. 925) No supernumerary cross-vein in cell R\. (Genus Rhaphidolabis O. S.) 4 4. Cell Ml absent Subgenus Plectromyia O. S. (p. 925) Cell Ml present 5 5. Antennae 15-segmented; cell 1st Ms closed Subgenus Rhaphidolahina Alex. (p. 925) Antennae 13-segmented; cell 1st M- open Subgenus Rhaphidolabis 0. S. (p. 925) The recent accession of several curious new venational types in this tribe indicates that the vein herein hold to be the radial cros.s-vein is in reality the upward deflection of R2, which, in most species, is short and transverse or but slightly oblique and is fused distally with /?i. A detailed account of this venational peculiarity may be consulted else- where (Alexander, 1918 d). Genus Pedicia Latreille 1809 Pedicia Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 255. 1916 Daimiotipula jMatsumura. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 463. Pedicia is a small genus including six species, four of which are North American. The species are among the largest of the Limnobiinae, and with their conspicuous browu-and-white wings attract considerable atten- tion. The larvae are carnivorous, living beneath moss in percolating water and in cold springs (Needham, 1903 b: 285-286). There are two regional species, both of which were originally described from Nova Scotia by Walker. The following ke}^ divides the local species of Pedicia: Wings with the costal margin brown; vein Cih seamed with dark brown. [List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 37. 1848.] (Plate XLII, 175.) P. albiviita Walk. Wings with the costal margin brownish yellow; no brown seam on ^'ein Cu^. [List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 38. 1848.] (Plate XLII, 176.) P. contennim Walk. 924 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt 183S Tricyphona Zett. Ins. Lapponica, Dipt., p. 8511 185G Amalopis Hal. Ins. Brit., Dipt., vol. 3, add., p. xv. 1860 Crunobia Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, p. 393. 1869 Amalopis O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 260. There are about forty known species in the genus Tricyphona. Almost all of these are Holarctic in their distribution, but two occur in the Australasian region. The carnivorous larvae live in moist earth. The following key divides the local species: 1. Cell M with a supernumerary cross- vein; wings heavily clouded and marbled with gray. [Amalopis hijperborea 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 292. 1861.] (Plate XLII, 182.) T. hijperborea (0. S.) Cell M without a supernumerary cross- vein; wings with the markings sparse, confined to the region of the veins 2 2. Cell /?2 short-petiolate; costal margin of wings infuscated. [Amalopis inconstans 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247, pi. 3, fig. 32. 1859.] (Plate XLII, 177.) T. inconstans (0. S.) Cell ^2 sessile ; costal margin of wings not infuscated 3 3. Wings subhyaline or hyaline, unspotted 4 Wings spotted or marked with darker 5 4. Stigma of wings brown; male hypopygium conspicuously hairy; wings of female sub- atrophied. [Can. Ent., vol. 49, p. 30-31. 1917.] (Plate XLII, 179, 180.) T. autumnalis Alex. Stigma of wings pale; male hypopygium small, not conspicuously hairy; wings of female normally developed. [Amalopis calcar O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247. 1859.] '(Plate XLII, 178.) T. calcar (0. S.) 5. Fusion of Cui with Ma extensive, subequal to the part of Ms before the cross-vein m. [Amalopis auripennis O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247. 1859.] (Plate XLII, 181.) T. auripennis (0. S.). Fusion of Cu\ with Mi transient if present at all, usually less than one-half of the part of Mi before the cross- vein m 6 6- Coloration of body light brown; m-cu obliterated by the fusion of Cui on Mz. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 598-599, plate, fig. 1914.] (Plate XLII, 183.) T. katahdin Alex. Coloration of body gray; m-cu present 7 7. Scape of antenna yellowish or brownish yellow, the flagellum much darker, brown; abdominal tergites brown, the margins of the segments pale producing a banded appear- ance; wings with large rounded clouds at the tips of the longitudinal veins and along the cross-veins. [Amalopis vernalis O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 291. 1861.] (Plate XLII, 185.) T. vernalis (0. S.) Scape of antenna dark brown, concolorous with the flagellum; abdominal tergites brown, imbanded; wings with the pattern almost obsolete, reduced to tiny dots and seams. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 538-540 pi. 28, fig. 53. 1916.] (Plate XLII, 184.) T. paludicola Alex. In the local fauna, T. vernalis and T. paludicola are early spring species, T. auripennis and T. calcar late spring species, and T. katahdin and T. autumnalis late summer species. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part 1 925 Genus Dicranota Zetterstcdt 1838 Dicranota Zett. Ins. Lapponica, Dipt., p. 851. In the genus Dicranota there are about fifteen known species, restricted to the northern Holarctic region. The species are readily distinguished from those of llhaphidolabis by the supernumerar}'- cross-vein in cell Ri of the wings. The larvae are carnivorous, feeding largely on Tubifex worms (Miall, 1893). The local species of Dicranota may be separated according to the following key, which is adapted from a key to the North American species already published by the author (Alexander, 1914 b: 601). 1. Cell M, absent 2 Cell Ml present 3 2. Halteres with the knobs darkened; antennae of male much longer than the thorax. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 281-282. 1869.] D. eucera O. S. Halteres pale; antennae of male short. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 249. 1859.] (Plate XLI, 169.) D. rivularis 0. S. 3. Cell Ut Ml present; color of body yellowish. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 599-600, pi. 27, fig. 31. 1914.] (Plate XLI, 167.) D. pallida Alex. Cell 1st M: absent; color of body gray. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 600. 1914.] (Plate XLI, 168.) D. noveboracensis Alex. Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sacken 1869 Rhaphidolabis 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 2M. 1869 Plcdromijia O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 282. The genus Rhaphidolabis includes about fourteen described species found in the Holarctic region and in the mountainous sections of the Oriental region. The larvae are carnivorous, and live in rich organic mud or in the streams near by. Needham (1908:212-214) has given a description of the larva of the species R. tenuipes. The following key, adapted from a key to the North American species of Rhaphidolabis already published by the author (Alexander, 1916:541-542), divides the local species of the genus: 1. Antennae 15-segmented; cross-vein m present. (Subgenus Rhaphidolahina Alex.) [IVTon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 288. 1869.] (Plate XLI, 170.) R. flaveola O. S. Antennae 13-segmented; cross-vein m absent 2 2. Cell Ml absent. (Subgenus Plectromyia O. S.) [Plectromyia modesta O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., p. 284. 1869.] (Plate XLI, 174.) R. modesta (O. S.) Cell Ml present. (Subgenus Rhaphidolabis 0. S.) 3 3. Cell R2 petiolate. [Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., p. 287. 1869.] (Plate XLI, 171.) R. tenuipes O. S. Cell Ri sessile 4 926 Charles Paul Alexander 4. Coloration grayish brown, the proscutum with three dark brown stripes; abdomen dark brown with paler caudal margins to the segments; wings very pale brown, the radial sector very short, arcuated, angulated, or spurred. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 543-544, pi. 2S, fig. 57. 1916.] (Plate XLI, 173.) R. cayuga Alex. Coloration reddish brown, the prescutum with three indistinct stripes; abdomen yellowish brown, the hyp^pygium bright yellow; wings nearly hyaline, the radial sector somewhat elongated, slightly arcuated. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 544-545, pi. 28, fig. 58. 1916.] (Plate XLI, 172.) R. rubescens Alex. SUBFAMILY CyHndrotominac The genera of the subfamily Cyhndrotominae may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Head and intervals of the prescutum with numerous deep punctures. Triogma Schin. (p. 926) Head and intervals of the prescutum smooth 2 2. Three branches of the radius reaching the wing margin. Phalacrocera Schin. (species neoxena Alex.) (p. 927) Two branches of the radius reaching the wing margin, caused by an apparent fusion of /?l-f2+3 3 3. Three branches of the media reaching the wing margin. . , .Cylindrotoma Macq. (p. 927) Two branches of the media reaching the wing margin 4 4. Cross-vein r-m present; cross- vein m obliterated by the fusion of Ms on Afi+2; antennae of male tipuline in structure Phalacrocera Schin. (species tipulina O. S.) (p. 927) Cross-vein r-m usually obliterated by the fusion of 7^4+6 on M1+2; cross-vein m present; antennae of male subpectinate, the individual flagellar segments almost cordate. Liogma O. S. (p. 927) Genus Triogma Schiner 1S63 Triogma Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 223. There are but two known species of Triogma, one occurring .in Europe and the other in northeastern North America. The larval life of the European species, the only one that is known, is spent on aquatic mosses growing in mountain torrents. The insects closely resemble the species of Liogma in all their stages. Triogma exculpta O. S. 1865 Triogma exculpta 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 230. Triogma exculpta is a rather small, dull brown fly, with the wings suffused with brown. The head and the sides of the thorax are deeply punctured. The fly is rare and is insufficiently known. The venation is very much like that in the genus Liogma. (Johnson, 1909: 13L) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 927 Genus Phaiacrocera Schincr 1863 Phaiacrocera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 224. The small genus Phaiacrocera includes but three described species — two North American and one European. They are of especial interest because of certain venat'onal features which they possess and which aid materially in explaining the remarkable venation of the more specialized species of Cylindrotominae (p. 863). The larva is aquatic, living on submerged plants. It is greenish brown in color, and the body is pro- vided with numerous long, flexib e filaments which are quite unlike the spiny armature of the more specialized members of the subfamily. The species are northern in their distribution and are most frequently found in bogs and boggy meadows. The local species may be separated by the following key : Vein Ri present and persistent to the wing margin; wings dark brown. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 603-605, pi. 25, fig. 10. 1914.] (Plate XXX, 9.) . . . P. neozena Alex. Vein Ri lost by atrophy; wings grayish brown. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 241. 1865.] (Plate XXX, 8.) P. tipulina O. S. Genus Cylindrotoma Macquart 1834 Cylindrotoma Macq. Suit, a Buff., vol. 1, Hist. Xat. Ins., Dipt., p. 107. The genus Cylindrotoma forms a small group of crane-flies, including two European and three North American species. They are all similar in color, being usually bright yellow with black stripes on the thorax, in this respect suggesting some species of Nephrotoma. The larvae live on the lower side of the leaves of various monocotyledonous and dicoty- ledonous plants such as Allium, Anemone, Trautvetteria, Stellaria, and Viola, the insect feeding on the leaf tissue. The larvae are green in color and are usually provided with fleshy points and processes. The following key divides the local species of Cylindrotoma: Tarsi dark brown. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 236. 1865.] (Plate XXX, 6.) C. americana O. S. Tarsi yellow. [C. iarsalis Johns., Psyche, vol. 19, p. 2, fig. 4, 1912. C. anomala Johns., Psyche, vol. 19, p. 2-3, fig. 3, 1912.] (Plate XXX, 7.) C. tarscUs Johns. Genus Liogma Osten Sacken 1869 Ldogma O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 298. In the genus Liogma there are three described species, all occurring in the North Temperate Zone. The coloration of the adult flies is 928 Charles IVul Alexander sordidly yellow and lihick, with the suifaco shiny. The antennae of the male arc siibnionilifonn with the seji;nients heart-shajXHl, as shown in figure 125, i ([xige SoO). The larva, whicii has been discussed by the writer in another paper (Alexan(l(>r, 1914 a), lives in certain terrestrial mosses (as Hypnuni). It is brij2;ht fj;reen in color, with darker stripes on the sides, and clos(>l>' sinuilates tii(^ app(virance of its host plant, the illusion being heightened by tlu> spines and excrescences that cover the body. Liogma nodicornis (0. S.) 1S65 Triogma nodwornis 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soo. Phila., vol. 4, p. 239. 1887 Liogma nodicornis O. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 31, p. 226. Liogma nodicornis is a common fly in Canadian conditions thruout North America. In color it is mainly yellow, th(> head black and shiny, the thorax yellow with tlnve nior(^ or less confluent shiny black sti'ipes on the dorsum, the pleura with one oi- two large black blotclu^s. The venation (Plate XXX, 5) is somewhat variable, esjxH'ially in the fusion of A'4+5 on il/] + 2, these being in some cas(\s bioadly fused (as shown in figure 128, i, page 862), in other cases with the cross-vein r-m apparent. SUBFAMILY Tipullnac Tribe Dolichopezini The genera of the tribe Dolichopezini may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Tip of vein Ri atrophied; Rs wery short, transverse, simulating a cross-vein; second anal vein long, about two-thirds the length of the first; Sc moderate in length, ending mR 2 Tip of vein Ri present, the vein almost perpendicular to /:?2+3 at its origin; Rs long, strongly arcuated at its origin; second anal vein very short, about one-third the length of the first; Sc very long, ending in costa Hrachiiprvmnn C). S. (p. !)2^) 2. Cell 1st Mi lacking; basal deflection of Cui in a long fusion with M , breaking away before the fork of M DoUchopcza Curt. (p. •)2'.t) Cell Isi M« present; basal deflection of Cui in punctiform contact with Mi+i beyonil the fork of M Oropeza Needm. (p. y2<)) Genus Brachypremna Ostcn Sacken 1886 Brachypremna 0. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 30, p. 161. The genus Brachypremna includes but seven described species, all of which are tropical American. A single species, B. dispellens, ranges The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 929 into the southern Hmits of the territory here considered. ThLs Ls a curious fly which is common all over the South, where in some sections it is called "weaver." The flies of this species have a remarkable dance over a vertical height of several feet, and have been aptly termed "the kings of the dancing crane-flies." The larval life is spent in decaying wood. Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.) 1R60 Tipula dispellem Walk. Trans. Ent. Poc. Lond., n. ser., vol. 5, p. 3.34. 1886 Brachypremna dispellens O. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. .30, p. 102. Brachypremna dispellens is a large, brownish fly. The pleura is silvery white with narrow brown stripes. The legs are very long, and the tibiae and tarsi are pale yellowish white. The venation is shown in Plate XLIII, 188. Genus Doh'chopeza Curtis 182.5 DoUchopeza Curt. Brit. Ent., p. 62. 18.30 Leplina Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 6, pi. 65, fig. 10. 1846 Apeilesis Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. 1, p. 8. The genus Dolichopeza includes about eighteen described species, only one of which occurs in the New World. The immature stages are spent in or beneath moist mosses. Dolichopeza americana Needm. 1908 Dolichopeza americana Xeedm. 23d Rept. N. Y. State Ent., p. 211, pi. 16, fig. 5. Dolichopeza americana is a curious fly usually found beneath bridges and culverts, or in similar darkened situations. The adults hang sus- pended from the roof by the anterior two pairs of feet, the wings being spread wide apart and the long, white-tipped hind legs dangling con- spicuously. The dark color of the body and the pure white tarsi easily serve to distinguish the species from the forms of Oropeza that may be found with it. The wing venation Is shown in Plate XLIII, 187. Genus Oropeza Needham 1908 Oropeza Xeedm. 23d Rept. X. Y. State Ent., p. 211. In the genus Oropeza there are seven described species, all occurring within the limits of this paper. While they are closely related to one another, most of them are apparently valid species. They occnn- in the 930 Charles Paul Alexander same type of situations as does the preceding species — beneath bridges, culverts, in crannies of cliffs, on the inclined sides of boulders along mountain streams, and in similar places. Their position when at rest is very different from that of Dolichopeza americana, as they hang from the roof by the front pair of feet only, the other legs dangling and the wings being folded over the abdomen. In this last-named feature they differ conspicuously from the often-associated Dolichopeza. The immature stages are spent in moist earth, or (in the case of 0. ohscura) in a dry moss, Hedwigia albicans, where they were first discovered by Hyslop. The lai-vae are sluggish and of a rather dark green color. The following key is adapted from one given by Johnson (1909:117-118): 1. Tarsi, at least, entirely white 2 Tarsi yellow or brownish 3 2. Digitiform appendages of male genitalia short or rudimentary; ventral margin deeply and narrowly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 121, p!. 15, fig. 12. 1909.] O. alhipes Johns. Digitiform appendages of male genitalia moderate in length; ventral margin broadly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 121-122, pi. 1.5, figs. 5, 11. 1909.] 0. subalbipcs Johns. 3. Halteres with the knobs dark brown 4 Halteres entirely yellow 7 4. Stripes of thorax distinct; ventral margin deeply emarginate 5 Stripes of thorax obsciire ; ventral margin but slightly emarginate 6 5. Pleura yellow, unspotted. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 119-120, pi. 15, fig. 6. 1909.] 0. dorsalis Johns. Pleura yellow, spotted. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 120, pi. 15, fig. 9. 1909.] 0. venosa Johns. 6. Thorax opaque. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 122, pi. 15, figs. 7, 10. 1909.] (Plate XLIII, 1S6.) 0. obscura Johns. Thorax shining. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 122-123, pi. 15, fig. 8. 1909.] 0. obscura polita Johns. 7. Ventral margin of male genitaha deeply and narrowly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 118-119, pi. 15, figs. 2, 3, 1909. New name for Tipula annu- lata Say, Joiim. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 25 (1823), preoccupied.] 0. sayi Johns. Ventral margin broadly emarginate. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 119, pi. 15, fig. 4. 1909.] 0. similis Johns. Tribe Ctenophorini The following key separates the two genera of the tribe Ctenophorini: Antennae of male with three pectinations on the flagellar segments, each segment with a single pectination on the apical half in addition to the usual basal pair; o\ipositor of female greatly elongated, saber-like Tamjptcra Latr. (p. 931) Antennae of male with two pairs of pectinations on the flagellar segments, one pair being subbasal and the other subapical; ovipositor of female short and of the normal tipuline structure Ctenophora Meig. (p. 931) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 931 Genus Tanyptera Latreille 1805 Tanyptera Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 14, p. 286. 1832 Xiphura Brulle. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 1, p. 206. In the genus Tanyptera there are supposedly twelve described species, of which three or four are from eastern North America and the remainder are from the Palaearctic region. The remarkable variation in color, however, is strongly indicative that the number of species is very much less than that given, and it is possible that there is but a single species within the limits of this paper. The question can be definitely settled only by the wholesale breeding of larvae to the adult stage. Until more is known about these flies it is best to recognize the full number of forms, always keeping in mind, however, the foregoing remarks. The larvae live in the wood of deciduous trees, often in prostrate trunks that are faii'ly sound. The adult flies are easily distinguished from all other crane-flies by the tripectinate antennal segments of the male and the elongated acicular ovipositor in the female. The flies are shiny, and often are brilhantly colored with black and reddish yellow, simulating Ichneumonidae and other hymenopterous insects. The following key divides the local species of Tanyptera: 1. Wings smoky black; body coloration black, the male with feet and abdomen also black, the female with legs and base of abdomen reddish yellow. [Ctenophora fumipennis O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 47. 1864.] T. fumipennis (O. S.) Wings not black 2 2. Wings tinged with topazine yellow, the stigma dark brown; body coloration varying from black to yellow, the feet reddish yellow. [Ctenophora topazina O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 47-48. 1864.] T. topazina (O. S.) ^^'ings hyahne, the stigma brown; head black; body coloration varving from black to yellow. \ClJiiwphirra frontalis O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 48-49. 1864.] (Plate XLIII, 191.) T. frontalis (0. S.) Genus Ctenophora Meigen 1800 Flabellifera Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 13 (nomen nudum). 1803 Ctenophora Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 263. 1910 Phorodenia Coq. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 37, p. 589. In the genus Ctenophora a condition exists which is similar to that in Tanyptera, there being fifteen described species which are very closely related and many of which are undoubtedly sjaionymous. Two forms are h(>re recognized, and even these may represent but one species. A nimiber of larvae of Ctenophora were found in a decaying tree by Johannsen (1910), who reared from them a considerable number of adults 932 Charles Paul Alexander which showed well the dimorphic nature of the flies of this group. Some of the specimens of each sex were entirely black, while others were reddish yellow with the wings tipped with darker. Specimens having hyaline wings are often taken. The larvae live in decaying wood. The adult flies are easily distinguished by the double bipectinate antennae of the male (fig. 125, m, page 850), and the serrate antennae and relatively short ovipositor in the female. The local species of the genus may be separated by the following key: Wings with the entire apex beyond the cord tinged with blackish: thorax yellowish brown with darker spots. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. .3, p. 45-46. 1864.] (Plate XLIII, 189, normal form; 190, black form, the wing not shaded in this drawing.) C. apicata 0. S. Wings nearly hyaline, with a large brown cloud between the cord and the wing tip but not reaching the apex; thorax yellow with a wedge-shaped median brown stripe. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 46. 1864.] C. nubecula 0. S. Tribe Tipulini The genera of the tribe Tipulini may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Flagellar segments of antennae not verticillate Stygeropis Loew (p. 932) Flagellar segments of antennae verticillate 2 2. Abdomen greatly elongated in both sexes, much longer than the wing alone; the male hypopygium simple in structure, the ninth sternite very long with the pieurites lying in this concavity 3 Abdomen not greatly elongated in the male sex, rarely so in the female sex {Tipula longiven(ris), not longer than the wing; the male hypopygium more complicated in structure, if simple the ninth sternite not shaped as described above 4 3. Cell Ml ses.sile; wings strongly suffused with reddish brown. . . Aeshnasonia Johns, (p. 933) Cell Ml petiolate, long-petiolate in Longurio minimus, short-petiolate in L. tefttaceus; wings grayish, the subcostal cell brown Longurio Loew (p. 933) 4. Rs usually very short, almost transverse, simulating a cross- vein; cell Mi sessile or short- petiolate; basal deflection of Cui or the m-cu cross-vein joining M at or before its fork; coloration usually yellow and black, shiny 5 Rs usually longer, not simulating a cross-vein; cell Mi always petiolate; basal deflection of Cui or the m-cu cross-vein joining M at its fork or underneath the middle of cell Isl Mr, coloration usually dull brown, yellow, or gray. (Genus Tipula Linn.) 6 5. Cells of wings glabrous Nephrotoma Meig. (p. 934) Apical cells of wings pubescent Subgenus Odonlotipula Alex. (p. 943) 6. Cells of wings glabrous Subgenus Tipula Linn. (p. 942) Apical cells of wings pubescent 7 7. Apical cells of wings with an abundant short pubescence; body coloration dull brown, as in species of Oropeza Subgenus Trichotipnla Alex. (p. 942) Apical cells of wings with a sparse short pubescence; thoracic dorsum dark-colored with paler stripes Subgenus Cindotipula Alex. (p. 943) Genus Stygeropis Loew 1844 Prionocera Loew. Stett. Ent. Ztg., vol. o, p. 170; preoccupied. 1863 Stygeropis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 298. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 933 The genus Stygeropis includes about ten species, all confined to the temperate and arctic regions. The species of Stygeropis are readily distinguished from those of Tipula by the lack of verticils on the antennae (fig. 125, N, page 850). The immature stages are spent in rich organic mud. The pupae have a peculiar character in their elongate unequal breathing horns. Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew 1865 Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 9, p. 129. Stygeropis fuscipennis is a medium-sized fly, with the thorax grayish brown, the pleura clearer gray, the abdomen brownish yellow, and the wings strongly tinged with brown. The wing venation is shown in Plate XLIII, 194, the ninth tergite of the male hypopygium in Plate XLIX, 255. These singular flies are characteristic inhabitants of marshy (heloph^^tic) situations, and appear on the wing in July and August. Genus Aeshnasoma Johnson 1909 Aeshnasoma Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 115-116. Aeshnasoma is a monotypic genus which is close to Longurio but probably separable from it. The fly is known only from the type station, New Jersey, where it is apparently not uncommon. Larvae were found in a cold stream near Riverton, New Jersey, by Johnson. They were not reared, but the striking resemblance to the larva of Longurio leaves no doubt as to their identity. Aeshnasoma river tojiensis Johns. 1909 Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 116 pi. 16, figs. 13-15. Aeshnasoma rivertonensis is a large fly, nearly resembling Longurio testaceus but with the body coloration strongly reddish brown, including the wings, and with cell M] sessile. The abdomen of the male is 30 mm. in length, the wing 22 mm. The ninth tergite of the male hypopygium is shown in Plate XLIX, 257. Genus Longurio Loew 1869 Longurio Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 3. 934 Charles Paul Alexander The small genus Longiirio includes about six described species from widely separated areas of the earth, two being from eastern North America. It is probable that the species recently described by Edwards from Formosa is not a Longurio, as its hypopygium is very different from the peculiar type characteristic of this group (Plate LIII, 329). The immature stages are spent in sand or gravel near running water, usually in mountainous conditions. The bulk}^ semi-transparent larvae of L. testaceus are proba- bly the largest crane-fly larvae to be found in eastern America; the writer is indebted to Mr. Hyslop for specimens which, altho not bred, can scarcely belong to any other species. The pupae are remarkable in their elongate breathing horns, these being nearly 20 mm. in length. The adult fly of L. testaceus is the largest crane-fly in eastern America, in the female sex even excelling the better-known Holorusia grandis of the West. It is found in cool, shaded woods, near streams, and is very wary and difficult to capture, usually alighting in the midst of a pile of brush or similar debris from which it cannot be swept with a net. The following key divides the local species of Longurio: Large, \dng of male about 2S mm., abdomen I?6 mm.; cell Mi with its petiole very short [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 3. 1869.] (Plate XLIII, 192, wing; Plate "XLIX, 256, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 329, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) L. testaceus Loew Small, wing of male about 15 mm., abdomen 18 mm.; cell Mi with its petiole elongated. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 605-606, pi. 27, fig. 32. 1914.] (Plate XLIII, 193.) L. minimus Alex. Genus Nephrotoma Meigen 1800 Pales Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch. p. 14 {nomen nudum). 1803 Nephrotoma Meig. lUiger's Mag., p. 262. 1834 Pachyrrhina Macq. Suit, a Buff., vol. 1, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt., p. 88. The large genus Nephrotoma includes about one hundred and twenty- five species of medium-sized flies, which present a great uniformity of size and color but a considerable diversity in the structure of the male antennae. In many instances the species run close to those of Tipula, and the two genera are undoubtedly very close together. The writer (Alexander, 1915 b: 466) has removed about six of the North American species of Nephrotoma from this genus and placed them in Tipula. As a rule the species of Nephrotoma are brilliantly colored with red, yellow, orange, or black, the body being shiny; in A^. macrocera and to a lesser extent in the tenuis group, however, the body is dull. In the genus Tipula the colors are brown, gray, and yellow, and are dull, the only shiny species The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 935 being the ones that have been removed from Nephrotoma and referred to Tipula on other characters. The immature stages of the known species are spent in moist eartlT and in decaying wood. The local species of Nephrotoma may be separated in accordance with the following key: 1. Thoracic stripes black or lareiely black 2 Thoracic stripes, if present, brownish or reddish. . 8 2. Prescutura with the anterior lateral angles of the lateral stripes and the ends of the V-shaped suture deep velvety black; pleura with faint, reddish markings. [Pachyrrhina virescens Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 62. 1SG4.] A'', virescens (Loew) Prescutum with the stripes uniform black thruout 3 3. Wings with the ground color hyaline 4 Wings strongly tinged with brown or dusky, at least basally 6 4. Lateral stripes on prescutum curved laterad at their anterior ends. [Pachyrrhina incurva Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 293. 1863.] (Plate XLIV, 204.) N. incurva (Loew) Lateral stripes on prescutum straight 5 5. A small black spot on the vertex between the antennal bases; wings tipped with brown; abdominal segments banded with black. [Pachyrrhina pedunculaia Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 293. 1863.] (Plate XLIV, 203.) N. pedunculata (Loew) No small black spot between the antennal bases; wings not tipped with darker; abdominal segments trivittate, the lateral stripes interrupted, the median stripe continuous. [Pachyrrhina vittuln Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 63. 1864.] N. vittula (Loew) 6. Lateral stripes on prescutum curved laterad at their anterior ends. [Tipula lineata Scop. Ent. Carniol., p. 320. 1763.] N. lineata (Scop.) Lateral stripes on prescutum straight 7 7. Prescutum with the ground color orange-yellow; scutellum and pleura mostly black; abdomen with black dorsal spots. [Pachyrrhina lugens Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. S, p. 63. 1864.] (Plate XLIV, 202.) N. lugens (Loew) Prescutum with the ground color obscure yellow; scutellum and pleura mostly yellow; abdomen with a black dorso-median stripe. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 467-468, pi. 16, fig. 1. 1915.] (Plate XLIV, 205.) A^ penumbra Ale.x. 8. Thoracic dorsum dull, opaque; antennae of male very elongated, the flagellum black. [Tipula rnacrocera Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 24. 1823.] (Plate XLIV, 200.) N. rnacrocera (Say) Thoracic dorsum more or less shiny; if at all opaque, the antennae of both sexes very short 9 9. Antennal segments uniform in color 10 Antennal segments bicolorous 17 10. A velvety black spot at the anterior end of the lateral prescutal stripe. [Pachyrrhina punctum Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 294. 1S63.] A'^. punclum (Loew) No velvety black spot at the anterior end of the lateral prescutal stripe 11 11. Occiput opaque with a shining triangular spot in the middle 12 Occiput shining 14 12. A black spot at each end of the V-shaped suture. [Tipula ferruginea Fabr. Svst. Antl., p. 28. 1805.] (Plate XLIV, 198.) N. ferruginea (Fabr.) No black spots at the ends of the V-shaped suture 13 13. Stigma pale, brownish yellow. [Pachyrrhina occipitalis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 65. 1864.] A'', occipitalis (Loew) Stigma dark, blackish brown. [Pachyrrhina gracilicornis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 66. 1864.] A'', gracilicornis (Loew) 936 Charles Paul Alexander 14. Head with a shining triangular spot. [Pachtjrrhina occipitalis Loew. Bed. Ent. Ztschr., vol. . (Subgenus Cinctolipula Alex.) 4 4. Antennae with the flagellum bicolorous, the basal swelling of each segment black, the elongate pedicel dull yellow; abdomen without distinct crossbands to the segments. [Pachyrrhina unimaculata Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 64. 1864.] (Plate XLIII, 196, wing; Plate XLIX, 259, ninth tergite.) T. unimaculata (Loew) Antennae with the flagellum unicolorous; abdomen with the caudal half of the segments dark brown, the basal half more yellowish producing a banded appearance. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 469-471, pi. 16, fig. 2. 1915.] (Plate XLIII, 197, wing; Plate XLIX, 260, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 324, eighth sternite.) . . T. algonquin Alex. 5. Coloration as in Nephrotoma — shiny, contrasting blacks, yellows, and reddish brownfe. .6 Coloration dull brown, gray, or blackish, not at all shiny 8 6. Head with a linear black median mark extending from between the antennal bases to the occiput, sides of the abdomen without patches of light silvery gray; female ovipositor, elongate, pointed, the valves chitinized. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 471-472. pi. 16, fig. 3. 1915.] (Plate XLIV, 209, wing.) T. pachyrhinoides Alex- Head without a black median line; sides of the abdomen with patches of light silvery, gray pruinosity; female ovipositor very blunt, truncate, the valves not chitinized, simulating the hypopygium of the male {collaris group) 7 7. Head orange-yellow, the occiput with a grayish black spot; prescutum orange-yellow with three dull gray-black stripes; posterior margin of the postnotum, and the apical half of the first abdominal segment, light gray. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 25. 1823.] (Plate XLIV, 207, wing.) T. collaris Say Head orange-yellow, with a large brownish orange spot on each side of the vertex touching the inner margin of the eye; prescutum shiny, light honey-yellow, with three shiny jet-black or reddish black stripes; posterior margin of the postnotum, and the apical half of the first abdominal segment, not light gray; wings yellowish, the cord and the apex narrowly seamed with brown. {Pachyrrhina nobilis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 62. 1864.] (Plate XLIV, 208, wing; Plate XLIX, 261, ninth tergite.) T. nobilis (Loew) 8. Wings striped or streaked longitudinally with brown or reddish brown, this including the costal region and along Cu; cell M usually hyaline or nearly so; male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring {tricolor group) 9 Wings not striped nor streaked as above, the costal margin in some cases darkened but if so with no brown seams on the other veins 14 9. Wings with cell R^ hyaline or nearly so, at least on its apical half, thus being continuous or nearly so with the area in cell M 10 Wings with cell Ri infuscated, concolorous mth cells Ri and Mi 13 10. Large species, wing of male over 20 mm.; base of cell R-, darkened 11 Smaller species, wing of male under 18 mm. ; cell Rb hyaline 12 11. Large, wing of male 25 mm., and darker-colored; prescutal stripes heaxaly margined with dark brown; antennae short, not attaining the wing base, dark brown thruout; abdominal tergites with a dark brown sublateral stripe; wings with the pattern clear- cut, a bright yellow spot in cell 1st Ri; cells Mi, Mi, Mi, and C'ui infuscated; male 944 Charles Paul Alexander hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 267) having a slender median lobe» truncated at the apex, with a conspicuous chitinized claw on either side of the tergal region. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 292. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 214, wing.) T. caloptera Loew (Two species are apparently confused under this name; true caloptera has the bases of cells Ml, Ms, and Mi pale, as figured, and the male hypopygium lacks the clawlike appendage on either side of the median lobe of the ninth tergite.) Smaller, wing of male 23 mm. or less, and paler-colored; prescutal stripes not heavily mar- gined with brown ; antennae longer, extending nearly to the base of the abdomen, bicolor- ous; abdominal tergites without a dark brown sublateral stripe; wings without a con- spicuous yellow spot in cell 1st Rr, cells Mi, M2, M«, and Cih hyaline basally; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 264) having a broad median lobe, rounded at the apex; no lateral claws on the tergal region. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 291. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 215, wing.) T. strepens Loew 12. Antennae short, with only the basal segments of the flagellum distinctly bicolorous; wing pattern more clear-cut, the costal stripe broader and darker brown, vein Cu and the basal deflection of Cut with a broad dark brown seam. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 291. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 216, wing; Plate XLIX, 265, ninth tergite.) T. bella Loew Antennae longer, with all except the terminal segments of the flagellum distinctly bicolorous; wing pattern less distinct and rather poorlv defined, the brown stripes and seams much paler. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 290. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 217, wing.) T. eluta Loew 13. White obliterative streak before the wing cord passing beyond cell 1st Mi and almost reaching the wing margin; male hypopygium having the region of the ninth tergite without a brush of bristles on its lateral part. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 56. 1864.] T. fraterna Loew White obliterative streak before the wing cord ending in the extreme base of cell M4; male hypopygium having the region of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 263) with a brush of long, stiff, reddish bristles on its lateral part. [Ent. Syst., vol. 4, p. 235. 1794.] (Plate XLV, 218, wing.) T. tricolor Fabr. (Tipula vitrea v. d. W. [Tijd. Ent., vol. 24, p. 150, pi. 15, fig. 5, 1881] is very close to T. tricolor but may be a good species. The description of T. vitrea calls for a tes- taceous abdomen with a brown lateral stripe, while in T. tricolor the abdomen is con- colorous thruout.). 14. Costal margin of wings dark brown; male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring 15 Costal margin of wings not dark brown 16 15. Wings with the brown costal margin including the base and the cephalic parts of cells R and R\; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 266) having a low, broad, depressed, median protuberance {tricolor group). [T. saiji Alex., Psyche, vol. 18, p. 194, 1911. T. costalis Say, preoccupied, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 23, 1823.] (Plate XLV, 219, wing.) T. sayi Alex. Wings with the brown costal margin including cells C and Sc only; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite fPlate L, 274) having a median notch. [.Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 23. 1823.] (Plate XLV, 220, wing; Plate LIII, 332, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. cunctans Say 16. Wings strongly tinged with yellow; a brownish cloud at the end of vein 2d A; male hypopygium with the sclerites of the ninth segment fused into a continuous ring and the tergal region (Plate L, 273) notched medially. \T. ultima Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. flavicans Fabr.", Syst. Antl., p. 24. 1805; written flavescens.] (Plate XLVII, 232, wing; the figure of the wing reproduced far too dark to give an idea of the pattern in this species. Plate LIII, 333, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. ullima Alex. Wings not strongly tinged with yellow, or if so without a brown cloud at the end of vein 2d A 17 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 945 17. Wings spotted, banded, clouded, or tipped with brown or gray 18 Wings unicolorous — ^ hyaline, yellowish, or dark brown, in many cases, however, with the stigmal spot present; usually with a pale vitreous obliterative streak at or before the cord, extending from before the stigma to the region of cell 1st M2 or beyond; in some cases the costal region a little darkened, and perhaps a vitreous spot beyond the stigma in the base of cell Ri 68 18. Tip of vein Ri atrophied 19 Tip of vein Rz present, reaching the wing margin 20 19. Wings long and narrow, in the male 14 mm. long; cell 1st Mt elongate, as long as or longer than cell Mr, blotch at the origin of the sector connected with the blotches in cell R. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 282. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 248, wing.) T. suhfasciata Loew Wings short and broad, in the male 11.6 mm. long; cell 1st M-i short and broad, about two-thirds the length of cell Mr, a small brown spot at the origin of the sector; a dark spot at the base of the wing. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 472-474, pi. 16, fig. 4. 1915.] (Plate XLVIII, 247, wing; Plate L, 275, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 334, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. penobscot Alex. 20. Wings with the apex broadly dark brown, extending from the outer end of cell R2 to the end of cell Mr, no brown markings proximad of the cord; body coloration yellowish brown; scape of the antennae bright yellow; wing under 15 mm. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 277. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 254, wing; Plate LI, 302, ninth tergite; Plate LIV, 342, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. apicalis Loew Wings with the dark markings not confined to the apex, or if the tip is darkened the coloration of the body is gray and the scape of the antenna is dark brown {T. iroqiiois) or the size of the fly is larger {valida group, wings over 18 mm.) 21 21. Wings banded brown and white, with a broad, uninterrupted white crossband beyond the stigma, extending from the end of cell 2d Ri to the middle of cell Mt, or beyond to the wing margin 22 Wings without an uninterrupted white crossband beyond the stigma 23 22. Smaller species, wing of male less than 15 mm.; antennal flagellum bicolorous; thorax gray with four broad brownish stripes; wings with the white fasciae narrow; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LI, 291) narrowlv notched medially. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 61. 1864.] (Plate LIV, 340, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. angulata Loew Larger, wing of male over 15 mm.; antennal flagellum unicolorous; thorax gray with an interrupted pattern of dots and narrow brown Hnes; wings with the white fasciae broad, the basal one especially broad; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LI, 294) broadly and shallowly notched caudally, bearing a more or less bifurcate median tooth. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 26. 1823.] (Plate XLVI, 226, wing.) T. trivittata Say 23. Large, length of male over 25 mm.; vertex light yellow; thoracic dorsum with a velvety black pattern margined with paler, producing an ocellate appearance; abdominal tergites bright orange with a broad brownish black stripe on either side; segments 7 to 9 dark brownish black. [Ctenophora abdominalis Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 18. 1823.] (Plate XLV, 210, wing; Plate LI, 299, ninth tergite.) T. abdominalis (Say) Smaller, length of male under 20 mm. ; not colored as above 24 24. Males (as known) 25 Females (as known) '. 49 25. Coloration bright orange, the thoracic dorsum without darker stripes; wings yellowish basally, more clouded with brown apically; a small brown spot at the base of the wing and another at the origin of the sector; antennae bicolorous; male hypopygium asymmetrical, the right pleurite produced caudad into a prominent two-cleft arm. [Ctenophora fuUginosa Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 18. 1823.] (Plate XLVIII, 245, wing of male; Plate LI, 289, ninth tergite.).. . T. fuUginosa (Say) Coloration not as above 26 946 Charles Paul Alexander 26. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergito (Phite L, 287) produced caudad into a com- pressed median lobe; antennae elongate, bicolorous; wings with an extensive brownish gray blotch before the cord, occupying the ends of cells R and M and the lower basal angle of cell Cui; a broad cloud on the petiole of cell Afi; prescutum light gray, with four broad dark gray stripes. [T. hennannia Alex., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 4S0, 1915. T.fasciata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279, 1863.] (Plate XLV, 211, wing; Plate LIV, 343, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. hermannia Alex. Male hypopygium not as above 27 27. Wings with a pale gray tinge, more brownish in cell M along vein Cu; hyaline spots in the anal cells, at two-thirds the length of cell Mi, before the stigma, and an interrupted band before the cord extending to cell 1st Mr, body coloration gray, the pre.'^cutum with four dark brown stripes; male hypopygium small, not conspicuously elongated or enlarged [marmorata group) 28 Wings brown or dark gray, with a pattern of white or hyaline spots and blotches .... 29 28. Stripes on the prescutum ending at the level of the pseudosutural foveae, the median pair blunt at their anterior ends; apical tergites of the abdomen not conspicuously darkened. [Berl. Ent.- Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 250, wing; the figure is much darker than in normal specimens. Plate LI, 297, ninth tergite.) T.fragilis Loew Median stripes of the prescutum extending about to the anterior margin of the .sclerite, deeply bifid at the anterior end; apical segments of the abdomen largely blackish. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 280. 1863.] (Plate LI, 298, ninth tergite.) T. ignobilis Loew 29. Male hypopygium with the ninth segment elongate-cylindrical, strongly upturned; eighth sternite with the caudal margin tripartite and clothed with yellow hairs; wings with a variegated brown, gray, and white pattern {hehes group) 30 Male hypopygium with the ninth segment not strongly upturned 33 30. Antennae elongated in the male, extending about to the base of the abdomen 31 Antennae short in both sexes, extending about to the wing root 32 31. Antennal flagellum bicolorous; bladelike processes of the male hypopygium not elongated nor spiraliform. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 285. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 249, wing.) T. hehes Loew Antennal flagellum uniform dark brown, at least apically; bladelike processes of the male hypopygium elongate, spiraliform. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 60. 1864.] (Plate LI, 293, ninth tergite.) T. latipennis Loew {T. ottawaensis Dietz is the same as T. latipennis Loew.) 32. Antennal flagellum yellowish brown; appendiculate process of the male hypopygium slender and pointed apically. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 281. 1863.] (Plate LI, 292, ninth tergite.) ,T. grata Loew Antennal flagellum dark brown; appendiculate process of the male hypopygium broad, obtusely pointed at the apex. [T. afflida Dietz, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, vol. 40, p. 351-352, pi. 13, figs. 5, 6, pi. 14, fig. 2, 1914, as T. suspecta Dietz.] . . T. afflicta Dietz {T. afflicta Dietz is close to T. grata Loew but apparently separable from it.) 33. Wing with four large brown subequidistant blotches along the radial vein, the second at the origin of the sector, the fourth on vein lis; male hypopygium with the ninth pleurite greatly produced into slender, chitinized, digitiform processes {macrolabis group) 34 Wings variously marked but without four large brown subequidistant blotches along the radial vein; male hypopygium with the ninth pleurite not greatly produced. . . .35 34. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 295) rather squarely truncated across the caudal margin, with a sharp median tooth; apex of the ninth pleurite ending in acute teeth (Plate LIII, 322). Northeastern North America. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 58. 1864.] (Plate XLVII, 233, wing; the brown blotches along R do not show clearly in the figure.) T. macrolabis Loew The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 947 Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 296) not square across the caudal margin; the sharp median tooth subtended on either side by a flattened divergent lobe; apex of the ninth pleurite rounded and blunt, not toothed (Plate LIII, 323). Western North America. [Can. Ent., vol. ,50, p. 69-70. 191S.J T. macrolaboides Alex. 35. Wings with the apex narrowly and irregularly darkened; narrow brown seams along the cord; antennae dark brown thruout; prescutum gray, with darker gray stripes which are narrowly margined with dark brown; pleura clear light gray; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite large (Plate LI, 30()), the caudal margin produced into two short, parallel lobes, one on either side of the median line. [T. iroquois Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. cincta Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288, 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 252, wing; Plate LIV, 344, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. iroquois Alex. Wings not colored as above 36 36. Wing apex infuscated; a dark spot at the origin of the sector; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 317) prominent, deeply notched, the lateral lobes acute; medium-sized, wing 18 mm. or less; antennae bicolorous. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 239, wing.) T. submaculata Loew Not as above; if the wing pattern is as described (valida group), the size is much larger — wing of male 20 mm 37 37. Large, wing of male 20 mm.; wings with the apices light or dark brownish gray; male hypopygium greatly enlarged {valida group) 38 Smaller, wing of male under 18 mm.; wings with a heavy brown and white or grayish brown and white pattern 39 38. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 303) with the lateral lobes more slender and pronounced; eighth sternite without a long brush of hairs: wing apex darker, brownish. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 237, wing; the reproduction of the figure is much too dark.) T. valida Loew Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 304) with the lateral lobes shorter and less evident; eighth sternite with a tuft of long yellow hairs; wing apex light gray, scarcely darker than the basal part of the wing. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 113. 1901.] (Plate LIV, 345, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. hirsuta Doane 39. Ninth tergite of the male with a dorsal black chitinized projection lying transversely at about midlength of the sclerite (in T. longiventris and others) ; remainder of the sclerite not chitinized 40 Ninth tergite of the male not chitinized, or else variously chitinized, either on the caudal margin, on the lateral margins, or with a conical tooth on the dorsal surface — in which case {T. balioptera) the cephaHc and lateral margins are heavily chitinized and toothed 41 40. Antennae bicolorous, the basal swelling of the flagellar segments black, the pedicels yellow; prescutum fawn-colored, with four light gray stripes partly margined with dark brown; prescutal interspaces with abundant brown dots; lateral margins of the abdominal segments broadly pale grayish silvery; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate L, 285) having the lateral lobes rounded, the median caudal notch indistinct. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278. 1863.] (Plate XLVI, 229, wing.) T. longiventris Loew Antennae unicolorous, the flagellar segments nearly uniform thruout; prescutum dull gray, with four dark brown stripes; lateral margins of the abdominal segments narrowly silvery; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate L, 286) having a deep U-shaped notch on the caudal margin. [Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 46-48. 1916.] T. caroliniana Alex. 41. Ninth tergite small, the caudal margin evenly rounded by a broad concavity which is very heavily chitinized; flagellar segments of antennae very deeply incised beneath, producing a serrated appearance 42 Ninth tergite not as above 43 948 Charles Paul Alexander 42. Coloration bluish gray, including the abdomen; ninth tergite (Plate L, 284) with the caudal margin bluntly toothed. [Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Regions, p. 77, pi. a, fig. 15. 1831.] T. arctica Curt. Coloration brown, the abdomen dull browni.sh yellow with an interrupted dorsal stripe; ninth tergite (Plate L, 283) short and broad, the caudal margin heavily chitinized, deeply concave, and slightly roughened in places, the lateral angles produced into conspicuous chitinized points. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278. 1863.] (Plate LIV, 338, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. seplentrionalis Loew 43. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 280) small, heavily chitinized, shiny black, the caudal margin with a deep U-shaped notch, a second tooth on either side, subbasal in position; wing of male 17.5 mm.; head light gray, with a narrow, impressed median line; antennae with the first three flagellar segments indistinctly bicolorous, the remainder uniformly dark brown; abdomen orange, with an interrupted dorso-median stripe. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 60. 1864.] (Plate LIV, 339, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. centralis Loew Ninth tergite larger, not as above 44 44. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 279) heavily chitinized, black, hollowed out in a shallow saucer, the dorsal surface near the caudal margin with a prominent median tooth that is directed backward; margin of the saucer denticulate, more strongly behind; wing 16.8 mm.; head light gray; thorax dull gray, the prescutal stripes margined with brown. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 284. 1863.] (Plate XLVI, 227, wing; Plate LIV, 337, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. balioptera Loew Ninth tergite not as above 45 45. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 282) very large and extensive, narrowed slightly toward the apex, which consists of a flattened yellowish margin bearing a deep tho small median notch, the broad adjacent lobes with about three tiny teeth, the outermost one the largest; the part of the tergite behind the yellow caudal margin elevated, black, and including the basal two-thirds of the segment; wing 15 mm.; antennae blackish; prescutum light grayish brown, with about five dark brown stripes; abdominal seg- ments dark brownish black, the caudal margin of each segment bright yellow, the lateral margins broadly gray; wings with a heavy pattern; a conspicuous dark spot at the base of the wing. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 57. 1864.]. . . .T. ternaria Loew Ninth tergite not as above 46 46. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 281) telescoped beneath segments 7 and 8; the sclerite not chitinized, very broad and short, the caudal margin broadly concave and provided with a uniform fringe of long yellow hairs; wing 15.7 mm.; antennae somewhat bicolorous, the basal enlargement of the flagellar segments dark brown, the remainder of each segment a little paler; prescutum whitish gray, with broad dull gray stripes narrowly and indistinctly margined with brown; abdomen dull yellow, with an indistinct dorso-median stripe which broadens out on segments 6 to 8; less distinct submarginal stripes on the sides of the abdomen. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 59. 1864.] (Plate LIV, 341, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. canadensis Loew Ninth tergite not as above 47 47. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 276) large, pale, not chitinized, with two rounded lobes separated by a narrow, deep notch; antennae elongate, the segments of the fiagellum not incised beneath; ventro-caudal angle of each pleurite bearing a prominent, pale, fleshy lobe. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 286. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 212, wing.) T. angusiipennis Loew Ninth tergite not as above, more or less chitinized caudally; antennae shorter, the flagellar segments deeply incised beneath , 48 48. Ninth tergite (Plate L, 277) with a broad median chitinized tooth on the caudal margin; adjacent lateral lobes terminating in small, acute, chitinized points; antennae moderate in length, extending slightly beyond the wing root; prescutum fawn-colored, with four broad grayish brown stripes narrowly margined with brown; abdomen dull yellow with a rather indistinct brownish median stripe which is clearer behind. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 283. 1863.] T. serta Loew The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 949 Ninth tergite (Plate L, 278) with a very broad, pale, median lobe; adjacent lateral lobes very prominent, directed caudad and slightly inward, the tips truncated and chitinized; coloration pale, yellowish, the lateral prescutal stripes and the scutal lobes grayish; the median prescutal stripe paler, more brownish; abdomen without distinct darker stripes; wing pattern pale. [T. senega Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. pallida Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 284, 1863.] (Plate XLV, 213, wing.) T. senega Alex. 49. Wing pattern dark brown sparsely marked with white, the dark brown including the wing apex and the anal and cubital cells, the white as a broad band before the cord and a blotch beyond the stigma; antennae bicolorous; prescutum with four stripes, the middle pair bifid at the anterior end; abdomen with three broad brown stripes; femora broadly tipped with dark brown (fuliginosa group). [Ctenophora fuliginosa Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 18. 1823.] (Plate XLVIII, 246, wing of female.) T. fuliginosa (Say) Wing pattern paler, brown or gray with the white more extensive 50 50. Only the tergal valves of the female ovipositor present, these lying transversely con- spicuously serrated along their outer edge {arctica group) 51 All four valves of the ovipositor present, not serrated along their outer edge 54 51. Abdomen gray or brownish gray 52 Abdomen orange or orange-yellow on the basal tergites 53 52. Coloration blue-gray; wing pattern pale, the brown and gray markings diffuse and ill-defined; length 24 mm. [Ross's Voyage to the Arctic Regions, p. 77, pi. a, fig. 15. 1831.] T. arctica Curt. Coloration light gray, the abdomen grayish brown with three indistinct brown stripes; wing pattern heavy, tessellated white and brown; antennae dark brown; head dark gray with a narrow brown median line; prescutum with three broad gray stripes margined with brown; length 27 mm. [T. labradorica Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. tesselata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 277, 1863.] (Plate XLVI, 228, wing.) T. labradorica Alex. 53. Abdomen very elongated; length of female over 30 mm.; antennae bicolorous; thoracic interspaces with tiny blackish dots. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 278. 1863.] (Plate XLVI, 229, wing.) T. longiventris Loew Abdomen short, normal; length of female 25 mm.; wing pattern pale. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 58. 1864.] T. serrulata Loew 54. Large species, wing over 22 nun. {valida group). [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287. 1863.] T. valida Loew [Journ. N. Y. Ent. See, vol. 9, p. 113. 1901.] T. hircida Doane Smaller, wing under 20 mm 55 55. Wings gray, the apex darker; a broad white obliterative streak before the cord extending into the base of cell Mi; a brown spot at the origin of Rs; antennae bicolorous; shiny basal plate of the dorsal tergal valves of the ovipositor very elongate, as long as the valves themselves and longer than the seventh and eighth tergites taken together. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 239, wing.) ...T. submaculata Loew Wings not so colored 56 56. Wings light gray, with a dark brown oval stigma and a broad grayish brown crossband extending from Rs across the wing; antennae bicolorous, at least basally; thoracic pleura with two longitudinal brown stripes. [T. hermannia Alex., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 480, 1915. T. fasciata Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279, 1863.] (Plate XLV, 211, wing.) T. hermannia Alex. Wings not so colored 57 57. Wings grayish subhyaline, the apex narrowly and irregularly dark brown, the cord seamed with dark grayish brown; antennae dark brown thruout; thorax light gray, with four dark gray stripes which are margined with dark brown; thoracic pleura clear light gray, dorso-pleural membrane yellowish. [T". iroquois Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. cincta Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288, 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 252, wing.) T. iroquois Alex. Wings not so colored 58 950 Charles Paul Alexander 58. Wings with about four large dark browa blotches alon^; the radial vein, the second at the origin of the sector, the third at the stigma; wing apex narrowly light brown; wing about 16.5 mm.; antennae bicolorous; head dark gray, with a narrow, impre.ssed, median line; prescutum dull gray with four clearly defined bright brown stripc3; abdomen dull yellow with three dark brown stripes; tergal valves of ovipositor acicular. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 58. 1864.] (Plate XLVII, 233, wing.) T. macrolabis Loew Wings not so colored 59 59. Thorax with the prescutal stripes concolorous with the ground color of the thorax, the lateral stripes broadly margined in front and on the sides with dark brown; median stripe broadly margined on the sides; wings with a variegated brown, gray, and white pattern [hebes group) 60 Thorax not so colored 62 60. Antennae bicolorous, at least basally. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 285. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 249, wing.) T. hebes Loew Antennae unicolorous 61 61. Cell R'o of wings usually white or largely so; antennae shorter. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 281. 1863.] T. grata Loew Cell R., of wings infuscated except basally; antennae longer. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr, vol. 8, p. 60. 1864.] T. latipennis Loew 62. Wings with a pale gray and hyaline pattern; cell Sc uniformly dark brown; m-cu cross- vein close to the fork of M {marmorata group) 63 Wings with the pattern darker gray and brown; if the pattern is pale, the cell Sc is not dark brown and the m-cu cross-vein is not close to the fork of M {angustipennis group) 64 63. Stripes on the prescutum ending at the level of the pseudosutural foveae, the median pair blunt at their anterior ends. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 279. 1863.] (Plate XLVIII, 250, wing.) T. fragilis Loew Median stripes of the prescutum extending about to the anterior margin of the sclerite, deeply bifid at their anterior ends. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 280. 1863.] T. ignobilis Loew 64. Abdominal tergites dark slate gray, narrowly margined caudally with bright orange- yellow; length 24 mm.; wing 18 mm.; antennae dark brownish black thruout; head dark gray with a narrow brown median stripe; prescutum brownish gray, the stripes darker brown, not clear-cut; thoracic pleura clear gray; wing pattern heavy; a distinct dark brown spot at the base of the wing. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 57. 1864.] T. ternaria Loew Coloration not as above 65 65. Valves of ovipositor short, about as long as the fifth tergite. [T. senega Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. pallida Loew, preoccupied, Bed. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 284, 1863.] (Plate XLV, 213, wing.) T. senega Alex. Valves of ovipositor elongate, acicular, much longer than the fifth tergite alone 66 66. Abdomen orange, with three dark brownish black stripes; no basal gray ring on the abdominal tergites. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 286. 1863.] (Plate XLV, 212, wing.) T. angustipennis Loew Abdomen not so colored; a narrow basal ring on the abdominal tergites, grayish and destitute of the scattered hairs found on the remainder of the segment 67 67. Abdomen long and slender, indistinctly trivittate with brown, the stripes interrupted by the smooth basal areas of the segments. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 283. 1863.] T. serta Loew Abdomen with the lateral stripes broad, continuous; lateral margins of the segments broadly pale grayish. [T. ignota Alex., Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 128, 1915. T. discolor Loew, preoccupied, Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 282, 1863.] T. ignota Alex. The Ckane-Flies of New York — Part I 951 68. Cell 1st Ml open by the atrophy of the medial cross-vein; wing of female 10 5 mm • coloration grayish brown, the thoracic stripes indistinct. [ripula aperta Alex. Can' Ent., vol. 50, p. G2, 191S. T. imperfecta Alex., preoccupied, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci Phila., p. 484-485, pi. 16, fig. 9, 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 235, wing.) ...T. aperta Alex" Cell 1st M« closed go 69. Color of wings almost uniformly dark brown (females only) 70 Color of wings hyaline, pale grayish, or yellowish 71 70. Size small, wing of female about 8 mm. ; abdominal tergites uniformly dark brown thruout- cell 1st M-z pointed at its outer end, due to the extreme shortening of the medial cross- vein. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 6, p. 151. 1829.] T. annuiicornis Say bize larger, wing of female over 10 mm.; abdominal tergites dark brown with broad bright yellow, median triangles, the points directed forward; cell 1st M^ not pointed at its distal end, the media! cross-vein of normal length, nearly as long as the petiole of cf)l ^'- , [Proc- Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 476-479, pi. 16, figs. 7, 8. 1915.] (Plate XLVIII, 244, wing.) 7^ taughannock Alex 71. Color of thorax light gray or blue-gray, with distinct clear-cut brown or black stripes- body clothed with long, pale hair; wing over 14 mm. Northern species 72 Color of thorax brown, yellow, or gray; if grayish {T. dejecta), the vAng is under 1'? mm" and the body is not clothed with long, pale hair 73 72. Color of thorax dull light gray, with four light brown stripes; median vitta of the head indistinct; dorsal abdominal vitta narrow; eighth abdominal tergite of female with the margins flattened and conspicuously expanded; tergal valves of the ovipositor long, pale. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 482H184, pi. 21, fig. 85. 1915.] Color of thorax blue-gray, with the stripes almost black, broad, the median pair tending to become confluent; median vitta of the head distinct; dorsal abdominal vitta broader more diffuse; eighth abdominal tergite of female with the margins not conspicuously expanded; tergal valves of the ovipositor smaller; wing pale grav, stigma dark brown- antennae black thruout; ninth tergite of male deeply notched mediallv, the adjacent lateral lobes broad, truncated, pale; outer pleural appendages broad, pale- wing of male 14 mm. [Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, p. 42. 1876.] ' »o T\T 1 / 1 \ ^- besselsi O. S. 76. Males (as known) y ^ Females (as known) Jqo 74. Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate L, 288) with a compressed ' median lobe pro- jecting caudad of the short lateral lobes; distal end of cell 1st M2 pointed, cross-vein ?m very short; size very small, wing of male under 8 mm.; antennae elongated, bicolorous- thoracic stripes indistinct. [Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 6, p 151 IS '9 ] (Plate XLVIII, 243, wing; Plate LIII, 335, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) -,,,..., T. (innuHcornis Say Caudal margin of ninth tergite without a compressed median lobe projecting beyond the lateral lobes; distal end of cell Isl Mo not pointed; size larger, wing of male 'over 10 mm n- 75. Sclerites of ninth segment fused into a nearly complete ring; caudal margin of the tergite truncate with a broad, depressed, median lobe or with two approximated slender, parallel Icbes, one on either side of the median line 76 Sclerites of ninth segment not fused, at least the tergite distinct; ninth tergite without median lobes on the caudal margin gg 76. Ninth tergite with two slender, finger-like lobes on the caudal margin' (fepiiroceMoZo group) '^ -j-j Ninth tergite with a single broad median lobe or with two short blunt lobes on the caudal margin (perlongipes group) _ 7§ 77. Antennal flagellar segments bicolorous, the basal swelling of each segment yellow the pedicel dark. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 8, p. 62. 1864.] (Plate XLVI, 221, wing Plate XLIX, 271, ninth tergite.) T. tephrocephala Loew 952 Charles Paul Alexander Antennal flaRellar segments bicolorous, the basal swelling of each segment black, the pedicel vellow. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 485-487, pi. 16, fig. 10. 1915.] (Plate XLVI, 222, wing; Plate XLIX, 272, ninth tergite; Plate LIII, 325, eighth sternite.) T. cayuga Alex. 78. Size small, wing 12 mm.; thoracic dorsum dull gray, with four brownish stripes; antennae unicolorous, dark brown; pleura clear light gray; sides of postnotum light yellow; ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 270) with two broad lobes, the notch between deep. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, fig. 99. 1901.] (Plate XLVI, 225, wing.) T. sulphurea Doane Size larger, wing 14 mm. or over; thoracic dorsum not colored as above 79 79. Antennae bicolorous; thoracic dorsum dull yellow with three brown stripes, the lateral pair less distinct than the median one; legs long; male hypopygium with the median lobe of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 268) entire or the bifid nature barely indi- cated. [7'. perlongipes Johns., Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 131, 1909. T. filipes Walk., preoccupied, List Dipt. Brit. Mus., p. 65, 1848.] (Plate XLVI, 223, wing.) T. perlongipes Johns. Antennae unicolorous or nearly so; thorax gray, with three broad, more or less distinct, stripes, the median one with a delicate dark brown line; legs short; male hypopygium with the median lobe of the ninth tergite (Plate XLIX, 269) bifid. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 480-482, pi. 16, fig. 6. 1915.] (Plate XLVI, 224, wing; Plate LIII, 331, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. kennicotti Alex. 80. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 309) large, the caudal margin with a small rounded notch on either side of a small acute median tooth; eighth sternite with broad, fleshy, lateral lobes directed proximad and with the ventral inner angle produced into a chitinized point and clothed with long yellow hairs; median area of the sternite with a prominent chitinized tooth on either side of the median line, broadly separated by a distance greater than the diameter of one tooth; size large, wing 18-20 mm.; antennae bicolorous. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 292. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 236, wing.) T. umhrosa Loew Ninth tergite not as described; eighth sternite, if with fleshy lateral lobes (7". australis, T. valida, and others), without two chitinized teeth on the caudal margin of the sternite 81 81. Size large, wing over 20 mm.; male hypopygium greatly enlarged; eighth sternite with elongate lateral lobes and a flattened median lobe (valida group; included also in the section with marked wings, because the tips of the wings are usually of a darker gray than the basal part) 82 Size smaller, wing under 18 mm.; male hj^jopygium not greatly enlarged; eighth sternite not as above 83 82. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 303) with the lateral lobes more slender and pronounced; eighth sternite without a long brush of hairs. [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 287. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 237, wing.) T. valida Loew Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 304) with the lateral lobes shorter and blunter; eighth sternite with a brush of long yellow hairs. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 113. 1901.] T. hirsxita Doane 83. W.ng apex a little grayer than the basal cells of the wings; a brown spot at the origin of the sector; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 317)_large, deeply split by a broad V-shaped notch, the lateral lobes acutely pointed. (This species is included also in the section with marked wings, because the tips of the wings are usually of a darker gray than the basal part.) [Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 288. 1863.] (Plate XLVII, 239, wing.) T. submaculata Loew Wing apex unicolorous or nearly so; ninth tergite not as described 84 84. Antennae unusually elongated, if bent backward extending to the base of the fifth abdominal segment; ninth tergite (Plate LI, 290) with the lateral lobes subacute, the median lobe situated in a deep, shield-shaped depression; eighth sternite unarmed; antemaae unicolorous; abdominal tergites bright yellow, with three distinct brownish The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 953 black stripes which are confluent across the bases and less distinctly across the apices of tergites 2 to 5; wing 15 mm.; cell 1st Mi elongate; wings yellowish subhyaline, the obliterative streak very reduced, appearing as a spot before the stigma and a linear dash in the base of cell Ht Mi and the end of cell R. [Proc. Acad. Xat. Sci. Phila p. 476-479, pi. 16, figs. 7, 8. 1915.] (Plate LIII, 336, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. taughannock Alex. Antennae shorter, not extending beyond the base of the abdomen; ninth tergite not as described; if at all similar {T. monticola), the eighth sternite armed with brushes of hairs or bristles 85 85. Ninth tergite (Plate LI, 301) small, with the caudal margin bearing a blunt median lobe and with a prominent divergent horn on either side; thoracic pleura clear light gray; eighth sternite unarmed; size small, wing 11.5 mm.; antennae uniform dark brown. [Ins. Saunders., vol. 1, Dipt., p. 442. 1856.] (Plate XLVIII, 251, wing.) T. dejecta Walk. Ninth tergite not as above 86 86. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 308) small, the caudal margin with a broad V-shaped notch; ninth pleurite produced caudad into a short, flattened, subspatulate lobe; eighth sternite extensive, narrowed behind, the caudal margin broadly U-shaped and bearing a row of prominent yellow hairs; color light gray, the thorax marked with brown; wing about 16 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 488-490, pi. 16, fig. 12. 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 234, wing.) T. loewiana Alex. Hypopygial characters not as above 87 87. Coloration of thoracic pleura light gray; thoracic dorsum gray or gra3rish, with brown stripes 88 Coloration of thoracic pleura yellow, in some cases whitish pollinose; dorsum yellow or brown 90 88. Ninth sternite with a stout pendulous lobe directed ventrad, bearing a dense tuft or pencil of long reddish hairs; eighth sternite large, prominent, extending far caudad and its concavity forming a sheath for the base of the ninth sternite, the lateral angles bearing dense tufts of long, reddish-silvery hairs which are decussate; between these lobes a broad median projection, the lateral angles of which are slightly recurved and the caudal margin is broadly concave; color grayish, with distinct dark brown thoracic stripes; wings light brown, the tips a little darker; a large vitreous spot before and beyond the stigma; wing of male 12.6 mm. Arctic species. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 496-497. 1915.) (Plate LII, 314, ninth tergite.) ...T. penicillata Alex. Hypopygial characters not as above. Austral species 89 89. Antennae short, the flagellar segments deeply constricted beyond the basal enlargement; six brown stripes on the mesonotal prescutum; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 305) almost straight across the caudal margin, with a deep and narrow impressed median furrow; lobes of the caudo-lateral angles of the ninth sternite pendulous, directed ventrad, the apices clothed with short golden hairs; eighth sternite (Plate LIII, 326) with four conspicuous lobes, the outer pair very broad and flattened, their apices oblique, the inner pair being the divaricate ends of a median process on the caudal margin of the sternite, their apices clothed with a dense brush of golden- yellow hair. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 104-105. 1901.] . . .T. australis Doane Antennae longer, the flagellar segments not constricted beyond the basal enlargement; three brown stripes on the mesonotal prescutum; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 306) having the caudal margin deeply and broadly notched medially; lobes of the caudo-lateral angles of the ninth sternite not pendulous, directed inward; eighth sternite (Plate LIII, 327) without lobes on the caudal margin. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 501-504, pi. 17, fig. 19. 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 238, wing.) T. dietziana Alex. 90. Coloration bright brownish yellow, the thorax with dark brown stripes; pleura dull yellow, whitish pollinose; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite (Plate LII, 307) broadly concave caudally, the lateral angles not prominent; antennae with the three 954 Charles Paul Alexander basal segments light yellow, the remainder of the organ more or less distinctly bicolorous; abdomen dull vellow, the tergites with a conspicuous dark brown stripe; wing 12 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 475-476, pi. 16, fig. 5. 1915.] (Plate XLVIII. 253, wing; Plate LIV, 346, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. mainensis Alex. Coloration not as above, the thoracic stripes not dark brown; hypopygium not as above 91 91. Nasus short; cell 1st Mi of wings very small and pentagonal; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite usually tumid, unarmed or provided with horns; in species in which the tergite is not conspicuously swollen and tumid (T. parshleyi), the cell 1st Mi is small and pentagonal, as above; in species in which the cell \st M2 is longer {T. jofmsoinana), the ninth tergite is tumid tho unarmed {bicornis group) 92 Nasus usually longer; cell 1st M2 of wings not small and pentagonal; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite not tumid (travslucida group) 96 92. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 321) not tumid; eighth sternite very long, sheathing the ninth sternite beneath, the tip with two chitinized points on either side. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 510-512, pi. 17, fig. 23. 1915.] (Plate LV, 354, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. parshleyi Alex. Ninth tergite tumid; eighth sternite shorter, not closely applied to ninth sternite for the entire length of the latter, the apex without chitinized points 93 93. Ninth tergite (Plate LII, 320) with four lobes or horns. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 112-113. 1901.] (Plate XLVI, 231, wing; Plate LV, 353, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. megaura Doane Ninth tergite with two horns or without horns 94 94. No horns on the tergite (Plate LIT, 318). [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 505-506, pi. 17, fig. 20. 1915.] (Plate LV, 351, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. johnsoniana Alex. Horns on the tergite 95 95. Horns on tergite (Plate LII. 319) directed upward. [16th Kept. State Ent. 111., p. 78, pi. 6, fig. 4. 1891.] (Plate XLVI, 230, wing; Plate LV, 350, lateral aspect of male hypo- pygium.) T. bicornis Forbes Horns on tergite directed caudad or slightly ventrad. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 507-508, pi. 17, fig. 21. 1915.] (Plate LV, 352, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. viorrisoni Alex. 96. Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 315) with three prominent lobes, the median lobe acute; antennae bicolorous; body coloration light yellow, the thoracic stripes reddish brown; abdomen with a series of about four conspicuous, rounded, brown spots along the sides; wing 13.5 mm. Southern species. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 487-488, pi. 16, fig. 11. 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 240, wing.) T. triton Alex. Caudal margin of ninth tergite not trifid 97 97. Caudal margin of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 316) deeply notched, the lateral lobes pro- duced into long, slightly curved horns; outer pleural lobe a conspicuous curved hook; antennae bicolorous; body coloration yellowish, the thoracic stripes very indistinct; wings vellowish; wing 17.2 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 493-495, pi. 16, fig. 15.' 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 241, wing; Plate LIII, 328, eighth sternite; Plate LV, 349, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. tuscarora Alex. Male hypopygium not as above 98 98. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite (Plate LII, 310) broad, squarely truncated; antennae more or less distinctly bicoloroup; coloration brownish yellow; wing 18 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 490-492, pi. 16, fig. 13. 1915.] (Plate XLVII, 242, wing.) T. mingwe Alex. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite not squarely truncated, more or less pointed or rounded 99 99. Lateral lobes of ninth tergite pointed 100 Lateral lobes of ninth tergite rounded 102 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 955 100. Inner pleural appendage produced caudad into an elongate, subacute, pale, fleshy lobe 101 Inner pleural appendage complex, consisting of a slender caudal lobe which is directed bacTvward and pointed, and a cephalic lobe which is compressed, black, and heavily chitinized along the margin; coloration yellowish; antennae bicolorous; head light gray; thoracic stripes rather indistinct, brownish orange; ninth tergite (Plate LII, 312) with the lateral angles tipped with a cylindrical, conical point; median lobe prominent, convex, rounded; eighth sternite large, prominent, projecting caudad, the posterior margin with a rounded notch bearing a dense tuft of long, silvery hairs on each side of the mid-line; wing of male 18-19 mm. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 492-493, pi. 16, fig. 14. 1915.] (Plate LV, 347, lateral aspect of male hypo- pygium.) T. monticola Alex. 101. Antennal flagellum dark brown; body coloration light gray; ninth tergite with the lateral angles subangular, not approximated; median lolje not prominent, shiny; thorax with three broad brown stripes; wing 12.5 mm. Southern species. [Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 134-136. 1915.] T. catawba Alex. Antennal flagellum bicolorous; body coloration yellowish, the thoracic stripes indistinct; ninth tergite (Plate LII, 313) with the acute lateral lobes approximated, the space between narrow. [Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 9, p. 109. 1901.] T. translucida Doane 102. Abdominal tergites 2 to 5 with a brown subbailil spot on the lateral margin; ninth tergite of male with a deep rectangular notch, the median area not convex; antennae indistinctly bicolorous; thorax brownish yellow without distinct stripes; wing 12.6 mm. Southern species. [Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 495-496, pi. 16, fig. 16. 1915.] (Plate LV, 34S, lateral aspect of male hypopygium.) T. seminole Alex. Abdominal tergites without a brown subbasal spot on the lateral margin; ninth tergite of male (Plate LII, 311) with the lateral angles conspicuous, the apices bluntly rounded; median area broad, highly convex to obtusely pointed, shiny chestnut brown to yellow; antennae usually bicolorous; thorax light brownish yellow, the stripes a little darker, pale brown; wing about 13 mm. [Insec. Inscit. Menst., vol. 3, p. 134-135. 1915.] T. georgiana Alex. 103. Lobes of ovipositor blunt, unchitinized biconiis group Lobes of ovipositor pointed, chitinized .... Females of other species with unmarked wings No attempt is made here to separate the females of the species with unmarked wings; many of the species have not been definitely associated with their mates and are not really known. In all cases in which pairs of flies are taken in copula, the two sexes should be pinned on the same pin, the male above. In many groups of the genus it is quite impossible to separate the females on the characters known at present. Since the above key was completed a few additional species of Tipula have been described. These are briefly diagnosed here in order to com- plete the data. Tipula aprilina Alex. (Alexander, 1918 a: 63-64.) Dejecta group; close to T. dejecta. Male hypopygium with the ninth tergite large, the posterior margin with the lateral angles produced caudad into prominent blunt lobes which are blackened and furnished with small tubercles, the caudal margin truncated; between these lateral lobes two parallel, u.sually longer and slightly pointed, lobes which are directed slightly ventrad, one on either side of the median line; outer pleural appendage very small and inconspicuous, elongate-cylindrical, yellowish; inner pleural appendage elongate, narrow; margins of ninth sternite not widely separated beneath, carinate, and with a narrow V-shaped posterior notch bearing a pair of small, fleshy lobes. Wing of male, 11.5 mm. (Virginia, April.) 956 Charles Paul Alexander T. conspicua Dietz. (Dietz, 1917: 119-150.) Tricolor group; close to T. eluta. Grayish white; anteiinal flagelhnn distinctly bicolorous; thoracic stripes nuir^inod with brown, the median stripe divided by a dark line; hyaline vitta of wings reacliing the outer margin; abdomen yellow, unstriped; ninth tergite with lateral pencils of hairs. Wing of male, 17 mm. (North Carohna, September.) T. sackeniana Alex. (Alexander, 1918 a: 62-63.) Tricolor group; close to T. tricolor. Coloration reddish brown; antennae bicolorous; male hypopygium without a pencil of hairs on either side of median lobe of tergite. Wing of male, 15.5 mm. (New York, Maryland, Virginia, and Georgia, July and September.) T. vicina Dietz. (Dietz, 1917:148-149.) Tricolor group; close to T. eluta. Grayish brown; antenna! flagellum unicolorous brown; mesonotal stripes margined with brown, the nedian stripe divided by a blackish line; hyaline vitta of wings extending thru cells 1st M- and /?5 to margin; abdomen striped laterally. Wing of male, 13 mm. (Isew York, May; ]\lichigan, July.) T. ento77}ophthorae Alex. (Alexander, 1918 c: 385-386.) Trivillata group; close to T. angidata. Mesonotal prcscutum gray with three brown stripes; wings gray with a broad white cross band beyond the cord; vein ^2 persistent for its entire length; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite deeply notched medially, the lateral angles obhquely truncated. Wing of male, 15.8 mm. (North Carolina.) T. flainbasis Alex. (Alexander, 1918 c:411-412.) Valida group. A small, pale brownish species, easilj^ distinguished from all its relatives by the bicolorous antennae, the basal enlargements of the segments being light yellow and the re:/!ainder black. Antennae of male long and slender, if bent backward extending to beyond base of abdomen. In coloration of antennae the species in the faunal limits of this paper is approached only by T. tephrocephala, a very different fly. Wing of male, 12 mm. (Kansas, Jiily.) T. huron Alex. (Alexander, 1918 a: 66-67.) Valida group; close to T. suhmaculata. Wings with a heavy brown pattern resembling T. trivillata or T. angulata. Wing of male, 15.6 mm. (Wisconsin, June.) T. margarita Alex. (Alexander, 1918 b: 243-244.) General coloration of head and thora:<' li.^ht gray; antennae short, black, the three basal segments orange-yellow; femora with a broad subterminal yellow ring, most distinct on the fore legs; ivings with four brown crossbands; abdomen yellow, the tergites with a broad dark brown median stripe and narrow sublateral stripes, the lateral margin of the tergites broadly light gray; male hypopygium with the ninth tergite large, subquadrate, with a deep median split, the ninth pleurite complete, the eighth sternite with a large tuft of yellow hairs on either side of the median line. Wing of male, 14.4 nmi. (New York, June.) T. fidtonenn.. globithorax. 28, Z). pidripennis 964 Mkmoir 25 Plate XXXII WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOBIINI) 29, Limnobia cinctipes. 30, L. parietina. 31, L. solitaria. 32, L. fnllax. 33, L. in- digena. S4, L. triocellata. S5, L. trisligma ^ ^ , ,. r,^. „ u ■ An j? 36, Rhipidia macidala. 37, A', fcryajiyi. 38, R. fidebs. 39, /?. shannom. 40, i2. 41, Discohola argu^ 965 Memoir 25 Platk XXXIII 42 /?*.«, l:- . '^'''''^ O^TIPULIDAE (ANTOCHim) ^A Tcucholabis complcxa; 53, T. lucida ^'^nncmana; 51, Z>. sohrina. 966 Memoir 25 Plate XXXIV WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eHIOPTERINi) 58^6 ^«rlQ ^^'^■fV^'^^^'-l- ^^•O.innocens. 57, 0.nignpila. Go Molophtlus hirtipennis. 66, M. pu6t>enn,;s. 67 M fw/tonensis 68, M. nova-caesanensis. 69 i»/. co,^,a/ws. 70, M ursiZs 967 Memoik 25 Plate XXXV WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eRIOPTERINi) 71, Erioptera villosa. 72, E. sepiemtrionis. 73, E. vespertina. 74, E. chryso- coma. 75, E. chlorophylla. 76, E. straminea. 77, E. caloptera. 78, E. need- hami. 79, E. parva. SO, E. venusla. 81, E. armillaris. 82, i?. graphica. 83, ^. armala. 84, £. nyctops. 85, £". stigmatica 968 Memoir 25 Plate XXXVI WINGS OF TIPULUDAE (eRIOPTERINI) 86 Gonomyia alexanden. 87, G. sacandaqa. 88, G. manca. 89, ^- /«a«Je- soni. m,GManda. 91, G. sidphurella. 92, G. Jlorens. 9S, G. cognatella. 94, G. novchoracensis. 95, G. subcinerea 96, Khabdomaslix caudata. 97, R. flava 969 Memoir 25 Plate XXXVII 112 WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (eRIOPTERINI, HEXATOMINi) ^^^^'Jf'^lobiajiybrida. 99, Trimicra anomala. 100, Gnophoymjia trisHssima ^^l^^^^'yV^o^^^^^ Varadoxa. 102, Cladura flavoferrugmen; 103, C. delicatula 104, Penthoplera albitarsis. 105, Eriocera spinom; lOG, E. hrachycera- 107 E longicorms; lOS, E. cinerea; 109, E. irilsonii; 110, E. trislis- 111 £' fuUonensis. 112, Hexaloma megacera ' 970 Memoir 25 Plate XXXVIII 127 WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOPHILINi) 113, Limnophila macrocera. 114, L. unica. 115, L. fasciolala. 116, L. po- etica. 117, L. tenuicornis. 118, L. niveitarsis. 119, L. albipes. 120, L. larici- cola. 121, L. tcnuipes. 122, L. imbecilla. 123, L. recondila. 124, L. areolata. 125, L. brevifurca. 126, L. toxoneura. 127, L. ultima 971 Memoir 25 Plate XXXIX WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOFHILINi) 128, Limno-pMla adusta. 129, L. similis. 130, L. terrae-novae. 131, L. novae- angliae. 132, L. lutea. 133, L. irrorata. 134, L. inornata. 135, L. luleipennis. 136, L. nigripleura. 137, L. aprilina. 138, L. johnsoni. 139, L. fuscovaria. 140, L. alleni. 141, L. marchandi 972 Memoir 25 Plate XL WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (lIMNOPHILINI) ., • 1 i-j r ^hjivkx 144, L. viunda. 145, L. mun- 142, LimnopMa rufihasrs. l^^'/'-^S 148 L. n^on^nna. 149, L. sub- doides. 146, L ^rrctrari,.. 14^ ^■^f'f'''^;^Ji^,„ 152, L. Zenia. 153, L. coslata. 150, L. novchoracemt_s. lol, -L; ""i^"- , /rf- 'arc/f 157, L. sylvia quadrata. irA, L. oshorni. loo, L. stanwoodae. lob, L. edn a, m. 973 JMemoik 2o Plate XLI WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (liMNOPHILINI, PEDICIINi), AND TWO SPECIES IN RHYPHIDAE 158, Epiphragmafascipennis; 159, E. solatrix. 160, Adelphomyiaamericana; IGl, A. nunuta; 102, A. cayugn. 163, Ulomorpha piloseUa. 164, Ula elegans 165, Tn'choccrabrumalis; 166, T. suhsinuata 107, Dicranota pallida; 168, D. novehoracertsis; 169, D. rivularis. 170, Rhaphidolabis J} areola; 171, R. tenuipes; 172, R.rubescens; 173, R. cayuga; 174, R. modesta 974 Memoir 25 Plate XLII WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (PEDICIINl) ]l^' P^'^i'^^ albiviUa. 176, P. contermina T. katahdm. 184, T. paludicola. 183, Tvemalis ^ ^^ ^^' 975 Memoir 25 Plate XLIII WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (dOLICHOPEZINI, CTENOPHORINI, TIPULINi) 186, Oropeza obscura. 187, Dolichopeza americana. 188, Brachypremna dispellens 189, Ctenophora apicata, normalform; 190, C. apicata, black form. 191, Tanyptera frontalis 192, Longurio testaceus; 193, L. minimus. 194, Slygeropis fuscipennis. 195, Tipula oropewidcs; 196, T. unimaculatn; 197, T. algonquin 976 Memoik 25 Plate XLIV WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi) im, Nephrotomaferruginea. 199, N. tenuis. 200, N. macrocera. 201, N. xanlhostigma. 202, N. lugens. 203, N. pedunculala. 204, A'', imurva. 205, N. penumbra 206, Tipula unifasciata. 207, T cullaris. 208, T. nobilis. 209, T. pachyrhinoides 977 Memoir 25 Plate XLV 220 WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi) 210, Tipula abdominalis. 211, T. hermannia. 212, T. anguslipennis. 213, T. senega. 214, T. calopiera. 215, T. sirepens. 216, T. beUa. 217, T. eluta. 218, T. tricolor. 219, T. sayi. 220, T. cuncians 978 jVIemoir 2.5 Plate XLVI WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPUI.INi) 221, Tipula tephrocephala. 222, T. coynga. 223, T. perlongipes. 224, 225, T. sulphurea. 226, T. trivittata. 227, T. balioplera. 228, T. labradoricn. veniris. 230, T. bicornis. 231, T. megaura 979 T. kennicotti. 229, T. longi- Plate XLVII WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINi) 232 Tipida nllinia. 233, T. macrolahis. 234, T. loetviana. 235, T. aperta. 236, T. umhrosa. 237, T. valida. 238, T. dietziana. 239, T. submnculata. 240, T. triton. 241. T. tuscarora. 242, T. mingwe 980 Memoir 25 Plate XLVIII 254 WINGS OF TIPULIDAE (tIPULINI) 243, Tipula annulicornis, male. 244, T. taughnnnock , iemale 245 and 246 T. M-ffW^ale and female. 247 , T . penohscot. 248, T^snbfasaata. 249, T^hebe.^ 250, T.fragilis. 251, T. dejecta. 252, T. iroquois. 253, 7. manwmis. 2o4, 1. apicalia 981 Memoir 25 Plate XLIX 256 257 260 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT 255, Sty geropis fuscipennis. 256, Longurio tcstaceus. 257 . A eshnasoma riverto- neiisis 258, Tipula oropezoides. 259, T. unimacuJata. 260, T. algonquin. 261, T. nobilu. 2G2, T. unifasdata. 263, T. tricolor. 264, T. strepem. 265, T. bella. 266, T. sai/i. 267, T. caloptera or closely related species. 268, T. perlongipes. 269, T. kennicotti. 270, T. sulphurca. 271, T. tephrocephala. 272, T. cayuga 982 jMemoiu 25 Plate L 277 280 281 279 283 284 282 285 286 287 288 NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT 273, Tipula ultima. 274, T. cunctnns. 275, T. penohscot. 276, T. angxistipennis. 277, T. serla. 278, T. senega. 279, T. baliopiera.. 280, T. centralis. 281, T. carmdensis. 282, T. Icrnaria. 283, T. septentrionalis 284, T. nrctica. 285, T. longiventris. 286, T. caro- liniana. 287, T. hermannia. 288, T". annulicornis 983 Memoir 25 Plate LI 290 289 292 293 295 296 294 297 298 299 301 300 302 304 NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT 289, Tipula fnliginosa. 290, T. taughannock. 291, T. angulata. 292, T. grata. 293, T. latipennis. 294, T. trivitlala. 295, T. macrnlabis. 290, T. mu- cTolaboides. 297, T. fragilis. 298, T. ignohilis. 299, T. abdominalia. 300, T. iroquois. 301, T. dejecta. 302, T. apicalis. 303, T. valida. 304, T. hirsutu 984 Memoir 25 Plate LII 319 320 321 NINTH TERGITE OF MALE HYPOPYGIUM, DORSAL ASPECT 305, Tipula australis. 306, T. dietziana. 307, T. mainensis. 308, T. loewiana. 309, T. umbrosa. 310, T. mingice. 311, T. georgiana. 312, T. monticola. 313, T. tramlucida. 314, T. penicillata. 315, T. triton. 316, T. tuscarora. 317, T. sv.hmacidata. 318, T. john- soniana. 319, T". bicornis. 320, T". megaura. 321, 7'. parshleyi 985 Memoir 25 Platk LI 1 1 334 MALE HYPOPYGIUM Apex of ninth pleurite: 322, Tipxda macrolabis; 323, T. macrolaboides Ventral aspect of eighth sternite : 324, Tipula algonquin; 325, T. cayuga; 32o, T.auslralis; 327, T. dietziana; 328, T. luscarora Lateral aspect of male hypopygium: 329, Longurio iestaceus. 330, Tipuia oropezoides; 331, T. kennicoUi; 332, T. cunclans; 333, T. ultima; 334, T. penobscot; 335, T. annulicornis- 336, T. taughnnnock 986 Memoir -25 Plate LIV 338 339 337 340 342 343 345 346 MALE HYPOPYGIUM, LATERAL ASPECT 337, Tipula baliopiera. 338, T. se-ptenlrionalis. 339, T. centralis. 340, T. angulala. 341 , T. canadeni'.is. 342, T. apicalis. 343, T. hennannia. 344, T. iroquois. 345, T. hirsuta. 340, T. maincnMs 987 Memoir 25 Plate LV 353 354 MALE HTPOPYGIUM, LATERAL ASPECT 347, Tipula monlicola. 348, T. seminole. 349, T. tuscarora. 350, T. hicornis. 351, T. johnsoniana. 352, T. morrisoni. 353, T. megaura. 354, T. parshleyi 988 INDEX (Page numbers in italics refer to the keys. When there is more than one page reference, the first number refers to distribution in the State. A PAGE Abdomen 870 Activities 878 Acyphona 908 Adelphomjna 9H americana 805, 91 A cayuga 806, 9H minuta 806, OH Adult flies 845 Aeshnasoma 933 rivertonensis 933 Antennae 848 Antooha S09 opalizans 900 saxicola 797, 900 Antochini, key to genera of 897 Arhipidia 892 Atarba 899 picticornis 798, 899 B Bittacomorpha 884 clavipes 790, 88S Bittacomorphella 885 jonesi 790, 885 Bittacomorphinae SS4 Brachypremna 9^8 dispellens 939 C Chionea 903 aspera 903 gracilis 805, 903 noveboracensis 805, 903 primitiva 805, 903 scita 903 valga 805, 903 Cinctotipula 943 Cladura 903 delicatula 805, 903 flavoferruginea 805, 903 indivisa 904 Cryptolabis 906 paradoxa 805, 906 Ctenophora 931 apicata 817, 932 nubecula 932 Ctenophorini, key to genera of 930 Cylindrotoma 927 americana 927 anomala 937 tarsalis 815, 927 Cylindrotominae, key to genera of 926 D Dactylolabis 918 Diazosma 887 Dicranomy ia 893 badia 791, 894 brevivena 792, S94_ brunnea 895 distans 895 PAGE Dicranomyia (ronf^nupd') divorsa 894 gladiator 792, 894 globithorax 792, 895 haeretica 792, S95 halterata 792, 895 immodesta 792, 894 isabellina 854 liberta 792, 895 longipennis 793, 894 macateei 793, 895 moniliformis 793, 895 monticola 793, 895 morioides 793, 894 pubipennis 793, 8^5 pudica 793, 894 rara 793, 895 rostrifera 793, 894 simulans 794, 895 stulta... 794, 895 whartoni 894 Dicranophragma 916 Dicranoptycha 900 germana 797, 900 minima 900 nigripes 900 sobrina 797, 900 tigrina 9G0 winnemana 900 Dicranota 925 eucera 925 noveboracensis 814, 925 pallida 925 rivularis 814, 926 Discobola S92 argus 796, 892 Distribution 778 Dolichopeza _■ 929 americana 815, 929 Dolichopezini, key to genera of 988 E Economic importance 776 Egg 837 Elephantomyia • • ^98 westwoodi 797 , SOS Empeda 908 Enemies 882 Ephelia ^\^ Epiphragma . oVi' o/ ff faseipennis 5*J^A> '"" solatrix 811, 575 Eriocera 921 antennaria 922 brachycera 812, 922 cinerea 812, 922 fuliginosa 812, 922 fultonensis 812, 9«« gibbosa. ■ , , , ^** 989 990 Charles Paul Alexander PAGE Eriocera {continued) longicornis 812, 9S2 spinosa 812, 923 Iristis 812, 9S2 wilsonii 922 Erioptera 908 Erioptora, kev to subgenera of 90S armata 801, 909 armillaris 801, 909 caloptera 801, OOS chlorophvUa 800, 909 chrvsocoiiia 800, 909 graphica 801, 909 n.egophthalma 800, 909 needhami 802, 908 noctivagans 909 nyctops; 802, 909 parva 802, 908 septemtrionis 800, 908 stigmatica 802, 909 straminea 800, 909 venusta 801, 909 vospertina 800, 909 villosa 800, 9rt9 Eriopterini. key to genera of 001 Eulimnophila 917 Eutonia 917 Eyes 854 F Families, key to S83 Feeding habits 878 G Geosraohical distribution 778 Geological distrioution 778 Geranomyia 891 canadensis 794, 891 distincta 891 diversa 794, S9/ rostrata 794:, 891 Gnophomyia 909 luctuosa 910 tristissinia 803, 910 Gonomyella 904 Gonomyia 904 alexandcri 803, 903 blanda 804, 905 cognatella 804, 905 florens 804, 9)5 manea 803, 9.).') mathesoni 804, V05 uoveboracensis 804 , 905 sacandaga 804, 905 subcinerea 804, 905 sulphurella 804, 905 H Haunts 876 Head 845 Helobia 907 hybrida 803, 907 Hexatoina 920 niegaoera 812, 921 Hexatoinini, key to genera of 920 Hoplolabis 908 Hypopygium 870 I Idioi)t7 coUaris 821, 943 conspicua 956 costalis 967 cunctans 821, 944 cuspidata 957 decora 957 dejecta 821, 953 dietziana 953 discolor 957 duplex 957 eluta S2l, 944 entomophthorae 956 fasciata 957 filipes 957 flavibasis 056 flavicans 957 fragilis 821, 946, 960 fraterna 944 fuliginosa 821, 945, 949 fultonensis 822, 956 fumoaa 957 georgiana 822,955 grata 822, 946, 960 hebes 822, 946, 950 helderbergensis 822, 956 herniannia 822, 946, 949 hirsuta 822, 947, 949, 952 huron 966 ignobilis 823, 946, 960 ignota 960 iUinoiensis 957 illustris 957 imperfecta 967 inermis 957 infuscata ,957 iroquois 8^3, 047, 949 jejuna 967 johnsoniana 954 kennicotti 962 labradorica 94!) latipennis 823, 946, 960 loewiana 963 longiventris 823. 047, 949 macrolabis 823, 946, 950 macrolaboides 947 maculipennis 957 mainensis 954 margarita 823, 956 megaura 954 mingwe 823, 954 monticola 823, 966 morrisoni 964 nobilis. 823, 943 oropezoides 819, 94^ ottawaensis 946, 967 pachyrhinoides 943 pallida 957 parshleyi 824, 954 penicillata 953 penobscot 824, 945 perlongipes 824, 952 piliceps 951 platy mera 967 puncticornis 967 resurgens 957 retorta 967 rohweri 824 sackeniana 824, 956 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part I 993 PAGE Tipula {continued) sayi 824, !)44 Seminole 055 senega ; 824, 949, 050 septentrionalis 04S serrulata 040 serta 824, 04S, 050 speciosa 057 spectabilis 9.57 strepens 824, 944 subf asciata 945 subniaculata 824, 947, 940, 052 sulphurea 825, 952 Ruspecta 957 taugliannock 825, 951, 953 tcphrocephala 825, 951 ternaria 948, 950 tesselata 957 translucida 955 tricolor 825, 944 triplex 957 triton 954 trivittata 825, 945, 966 tuscarora 954 ultima 825, 944 umbrosa 826, 952 unifasciata 819, 943 unimaculata 819, 943 valida 826, 047, 949, 962 versicolor , 957 vicina 826, 956 vitrca 944 winnemana 957 Tipulidae S89 Tipulidae, key to tribes of 8S9 Tipulinae 9^8 Tipulini, key to genera of 932 Toxorhina 898 mafiiia 899 muliebris 797, 899 PAGE Transverse suture 860 Trichooera 887 bimacula 791, 887 brumalis 791, 887 maculipennis 888 regelationis 888 subsinuata 791, 887 Tricliocerinae 887 Trichotipula 942 Tricyphona 924 auripennis ._ 813, 924 autumnalis. . .' 813, 924 calcar 813, 924 hyperborea 924 inconstans 813, 924 katahdin 924 paludicola 814, 924 vernalis 814, 924 Triniicra 910 anomala 803, 910 Triogma 926 exculpta. . . , 926 U Ula 913 elegans 811, 913 paupera 811, 913 Ulomorpha 913 pilosella 811, 914 V Venation 860 W Washington, D. C, crane-flies of 785 Wings 860 I ^t^^U Ci — JUNE, 1920 MEMOIR 38 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II. BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER ,,.^Gr^an in l^ SEP £7 1921 ^ ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY JUNE, 1920 MEMOIR 38 CORNELL UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II. BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY CHARLES PAUL ALEXANDER ITHACA, NEW YORK PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY Memoir 38 Plate XI THEODOR BE LING (1816-1898) KARL WILHELM THEODOR BELING No sketch of the life of Theodor Beling, the great German student of the immature stages of the Tipuloidea, has ever appeared in English. It was with considerable difficulty that the writer was able to get into communication with relatives and friends of Beling and obtain the data presented herewith.* Theodor Beling was born at Steterburg, in the Duchy of Brunswick, Germany, on March 26, 1816. He was a son of the district forester. From 1828 to 18:34 he attended school at Wolfenbuttel. At Easter, 1834, he began his chosen career as a forester, having served his prescribed apprenticeship of two years with his father at Danndorf. He attended the Royal Saxon Academy at Tharand from 1836 to 1837, and in the following year visited the University of Gottingen to round out his technical training in various branches relating to forestry. Beling's career as a forester extends from Easter, 1834, to October 1, 1888, when he was officially retired with a pension. In April, 1861, he was made Master of the Forest, a position which he held until his retirement. After his retirement from active public service, Beling long continued his vigorous researches afield and at home. When far advanced in years, he went alone on long trips to seek new stations for plants and to observe animal life in wood and field. He died on December 17, 1898, at Seesen, where much of his finest work was accomplished. During his lifetime Beling published one hundred and seven articles. The series of three papers which rank him as a pioneer in the field of crane-flj' biology were published in the years 1873, 1879, and 1886, respectively. In these papers the histories of sixty-nine species of crane-flies are discussed in detail, and brief notes on five additional species are included. The other pubhshed articles of Beling cover a remarkable range of subjects relating directly or indirectly to the science of forestry. His most important researches on the life histories of insects, in addition to those on the Tipuloidea, are on the coleopterous families Parnidae and Elateridae. His published articles are dated between 1850 and 1888, but practically all of his entomological studies were published in the seventies and eighties. Beling's excellent collection of dried plants, mounted birds, and sections of various woods, and his cabinet of insects — the last-named including the types of several species described by himself and by others — arc preserved in the collection of the Natural History Museum at Brunswick. It is under- stood that the insects in this collection, including the alcohoUc larvae and pupae of the Tipuloidea, are still in excellent condition. * Sincere thanks are here extended to the following persons, who have added materially to the value of this biosraphical notice: Landesforstmeister K. Block, son-in-law of Beling. who published in April. 1800 (in Allgemeinen Forst- unci Jagd-Zeitung). a complete obituary notice rclatinp; to his father- in law. and to. whom the writer is indobtf^rl for several additional unpublished notes and for the loan of the excellent portrait of Peling reproduced herewith. .1. Meerwartz. Director of the Natural History Mu'^eum at Brunswick, who has fur- nished data concerning the present condition of the collection of the immature stages of th'' Tipuloidea described by Beling. now preserved in the above-mentioned institution. William Prindle Alexander and Elsa MuUer Alexander, who have rendered valuable service in translating the account of Beling's Ufe. CONTENTS PAGE General considerations 704 Representative crane-fly life histories 704 Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) 704 Cylindrotoma splenderis Doane 708 Life activities of crane-flies 710 The adult 710 The egg '714 The larva 715 The pupa 719 Enemies 721 Predatory natural enemies 721 Vertebrates 721 Invertebrates 727 Parasitic natural enemies 730 External parasites 730 Internal parasites 733 Historical summary of the immature stages 735 Economic importance 736 Species affecting herbaceous plants 737 Species affecting woody plants 739 Methods of experimental procedure 740 Collecting 740 Killing and preserving 740 Study 741 Rearing 741 Types of the immature stages 743 External morphology 744 The larva 744 General features 744 Body form 745 Organs of respiration 746 The spiracular disk 746 Anal gills 748 The head 748 The pupa 752 General features 752 The head 753 The thorax 754 The abdomen 756 Internal morphology ._ 758 The digestive system 758 Herbivorous larvae 758 Carnivorous larvae 759 Respiration and circulation 760 The nervous system 762 The reproductive system 762 The muscular system 763 The fat bodies, or adipose tissue 763 The imaginal disks, or histoblasts 763 695_:] 696 Contents PAGE Phylogeny 763 The geological record 764 Comparative morphology 766 Phylogenetic considerations 766 Life histories of crane-flies, with keys and descriptions of the species 767 Family Tanyderidae 769 Family Ptychopteridae 772 Subfamily Ptychopterinae 773 Subfamily Bittacomorphinae 779 Family Rhyphidae 787 Subfamily Trichocerinae 789 Family Tipulidae 701 Subfamily Limnobiinae 793 Tribe Limnobiini 795 Subtribe Antocharia 799 Subtribe Ellipteraria 806 Subtribe Limnobaria 808 Subtribe Dicranoptycharia 828 Subtribe Rhamphidaria 830 Tribe Hexatomini 835 Subtribe Ularia 838 Subtribe Epiphragmaria 843 Subtribe Pseudolimnophilaria 848 Subtribe Dactylolabaria 852 Subtribe Limnophilaria 856 Subtribe Hexatomaria 876 Subtribe Polymeraria 893 Tribe Pediciini 894 Subtribe Adelphomyaria 895 Subtribe Pedicaria 899 Tribe Eriopterini 908 Subtribe Eriopteraria 911 Subtribe Elephantomyaria 952 Tribe Styringomyiini 957 Subfamily Cylindrotominae 959 Subfamily Tipulinae 974 Tribe Tipulini 981 Subtribe Dolichopezaria 981 Subtribe Ctenophoraria . . . ". 986 Subtribe Tipularia 990 Bibliography and references cited 1019 Index 1129 THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART n. BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENY THE CRANE-FLIES OF NEW YORK PART II. BIOLOGY AND PHYLOGENYi Charles Paul Alexander A preliminary classification of the immature stages of the Tipiilidae and related families, suggested to the writer by Dr. J. G. Needham in 1911, is presented in this memoir. But few of the sixty-odd famihes of Diptera, and comparatively few species of the Tipulidae, have as yet been studied from this viewpoint, and therefore the arrangement herein adopted must be considered as tentative. The majority of the specimens used in the study were reared in New York State, the crane-fly fauna of which is typical of a great area thruout northeastern North America. In 1913, thru the kindness of Dr. Charles D. Woods and Dr. Edith M. Patch, the writer was enabled to continue his investigations in Maine. It is the writer's purpose to outline the morphological characters avail- able for the classification of the larvae and the pupae, and to give preliminary keys for the separation of the various groups; such keys will, of necessity, require constant revision or complete remodeUng with the accession of new hfe-history material, but it is at least hoped that they may furnish a basis for future investigation. The most important work on the European fauna, that of Theodor Behng (1873 to 1887) ,2 is rendered incomplete by the total lack of illustration, the insufficiency of description of the details of the larval head, and the artificial nature of the keys. That this difficulty in using Beling's figureless descriptions is not confined to the writer is shown by the following criticism by one of his fellow- countrymen (Czizek, 1911:7): " Leider fehlen uns bis jetzt fast vollstandig gute Abbildungen der Larven und Puppen, ein fiihlbarer Mangel auch in Beling's Abhandlungen, da die genaueste Beschreibimg das Bild nie ganz zu ersetzen vermag." It is intended to include in this paper the following material: 1. Descriptions of all new life-history material available, with notes on the biology and occurrence of the species. 'Part I of The Criine-Flies of AVic York, dealing with distribution and taxonomy of the adult flies, was published in 1919 as Memoir 25 of the Cornell Univers'ty Agricultural Experiment Station. 2 Dates in parenthesis refer to Bibliography and licfircnccs Cited, page 1019. 699 700 Charles Paul Alexander 2. Brief summaries of published life histories of genera and important species not availal^le for study as specimens and included here to complete the data. 3. Summaries and tabulations of life-history records, larval habitats, economic importance, and related subjects. 4. Keys to the families, tribes, and lesser groups. The adult flies are not here considered in any tletail, since they have been discussed by the writer in an earlier paper (Alexander, 1919 d). The life histories remaining to be discovered in the Nearctic fauna are still numerous in species, tho few in genera. There are but four or five genera whose life histories when made known may upset the present ideas on arrangement. Until more is known of these missing groups, they must be classified according to the adult structure. It will be noted that a number of important changes in nomenclature have been adopted in this paper. The system hitherto in vogue, based entirely on the structure of the imagines, was conceived by Osten Sacken and represented the culmination of research on the structure and affinities of the adult flies. A casual survey of the immature stages is sufficient to show the impossibility of many of the groups hitherto generally accepted. The principal modifications adopted in this paper are as follows: 1. The erection of the family Tanyderidae to receive the genera Tanyderus and Protoplasa. These had hitherto been placed with the Ptychopteridae, a group to which they are not closely allied. 2. The removal of the genus Trichocera from the Tipulidae to the Rhyphidae, and the inclusion of the latter family as one of the four existing families of crane-flies. 3. In the TipuUdae, the eUmination of four tribes — Antochini, Limno- philini, Dolichopezini, and Ctenophorini — as being based on a con- glomeration of forms referable to other tribes or else separated on an insufficient basis. The former tribe Antochini included members which the writer now refers to the Limnobiini (Antocha, Rhamphidia, Dicranoptycha, and other genera) and to the Eriopterini (Teucholabis, Elephantomyia) ; the Limnophilini are too close to the Hexatomini; and the tipuline forms constitute a very compact group which cannot well be subdivided into tribes. 4. The erection of nineteen subtribes, or divisions, to include lesser groups of genera within the tribes. In the followmg pages these are The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 701 treated in what seems to be their phylogenetic sequence from the generalized to the speciaUzed. The arrangement of families, subfamilies, and lesser groups may be summarized as follows: Families Subfamilies Tribes Subtribes Representative genera Eoptychopteridae (fossil) . Eoptychcptera Architipulidae Architipula Tanyderidae ; Tanyderus 1 Protoplasa f Ptychopterinae. . . Ptychopteridae.. . Ptychoptera I Bittacomorphinae f Bittacomorpha \ Bittacomorphella r Rhyphinae \ Mycetobiinae .... Rhyphus Mycetobia Trichocera Antocha RhjTjhidae [' Antocharia 1 Ellipteraria Elliptera Limnobiini 1 Limnobaria Dicranoptycharia. . . Rhamphidaria Ularia Epiphragmaria Pseudolimnophilaria I Limnobia \ Dicranomyia Dicranoptycha Rhamphidia Ula Epiphragma Pseudolimnophila Limnobiinae 1 J Hexatomini 1 Dactylolabaria Limnophilaria Hexatomaria . Polymeraria Dactylolabis J Limnophila 1 Ulomorpha / Eriocera \ Hexatoma Polymera Tipulidae Pediciini f Adelphomyaria Adelphomyia f Pedicia \ Dicranota J Erioptera 1 Eriopteraria Eriopterini } 1 [ Elephantomyaria. 1 Ormosia Elephantomyia ^ Stvringomviini. Styringomvia Cylindrotominao. . ( Cylindrotoma ] Phalacrocera 1 Dolichopezaria 1 Dolichopeza 1 Brachypremna 1 Tipulinao I Ctenophoraria ( Ctenophora 1 ) Tanyptcra f Tipula \ Nephrotoma 702 Charles Paul Alexander A permanent series of the immature stages of the species studied has been carefully preserved in the writer's collection, wliile additional material has been placed in the principal collections of the United States. A series of two hundred and seventy microscope sUdes showing details of structure of the larvae and the pupae has been prepared, representing some seventy species arranged in forty genera. The typical larvae and pupae (nepionotypes and neanotypes) have been designated and preserved in alcohol for future reference. For the most part, the hfe histories discussed in this paper have not been described hitherto. Besides the reared material, the writer has in his collection a very large number of imknown larvae and pupae, many of them representing interesting and undescribed types. In this paper but three or four of these are considered, and these only because they introduce new features of organization (Eriopterine No. 1, TipuUni No. 1 and No. 2). A vast amount of work remains to be done on the immature stages of crane-flies. Exact, detailed hfe histories of individual genera and species are especially needed and the reward for effort will undoubtedly be great. Nothing is known of the tropical and the antipodal faunas, and their life histories will probably be imraveled but slowly, due to the inaccessibility of most of the regions. The majority of specimens studied in the preparation of this paper were reared by the writer during the past nine years. Many specimens were received from various sources, however, including many of the most desirable hfe histories, and these are herewith gratefully acknowledged: Dr. James G. Needham, Ithaca, New York. The extensive collections received from Dr. Needham include the material described in the various Adirondack reports, as well as numerous previously unrecorded specimens. In r.ddition, the writer has accompanied Dr. Needham on many of his field trips in quest of the immature stages of aquatic insects, and has received much encouragement and inspiration from this association. Charles W. Johnson, Boston, Massachusetts. Immature stages of Aeshnasoma, Elephant- omyia, Teucholabis, and other species. The late Frederick Knab, Washington, D. C. Immature stages of Rhipidia bryanti, Elephantomyia, Epiphragma solatrix, and other species. J. A. Hyslop, Hagerstown, Maryland. Longurio (larvae), Oropeza, Gnophomyia. J. R. Malloch, Urbana, Illinois. Rhipidia bryanli. C. T. Greene, Washington, D. C. Protoplasa (supposition). H. L. Viereck, Washington, D. C. Protoplasa (supposition"). W. L. McAtee, Washington, D. C. Protoplasa (supposition) ; numerous larvae from the Pribilof Islands. William Lundbeck, Copenhagen, Denmark. Helobia and other species. Dr. C. Weseaberg-Lund, Hillerod, Denmark. Phalacrocera, Ptychoptera paludosa, Tipula maxima, and other species. The Cra.ne-Flies of New York — Part II 703 William G. Dietz, Hazleton, Pennsylvania. Notes on larvae of Dicranomyia macateei Alex. Oskar A. Johannsen, Ithaca, New York. Hmnobia fallax, and other species. Carl Ilg, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Notes on Rhipidia fidelis. O. H. Swezey, Honolulu, Hawaii. Notes on Libnotes and Styringomyia. H. K. Munro, Pretoria, Transvaal. Notes on Trentepohlia and Styringomyia. Charles Bruch, La Plata, Argentina. Notes on Triraicra, Helobia, and Epiphragma. D. B. Young, Albany, New York. Notes on Gnophomyia. .'. T. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio. Eriocera. The late C. Gordon Hewitt, Ottawa, Canada. The Canadian-Arctic Tipuiidae, including Tipula arctica. A. E. Cameron, Ottawa, Canada. Cylindrotoma splendens. R. C. Shannon, Ithaca, New York. Elephantomyia, Brachypremna, Tipula fuliginosa, and other species. J. Speed Rogers, Grinnell, Iowa. Notes on Phalacrocera tipulina. Harold Morrison, Washington, D. C. Holorusia, and Tipula usitata. C. Hamilton Kennedy, Columbus, Ohio. Prionocera and Rhamphidia. J. Chester Bradley, Ithaca, New York. Longurio. H. S. Barber, Washington, D. C. Oropeza. Adam Boving, Washington, D. C. Tanyptera; notes on Helobia. In addition to the preceding, the writer acknowledges specimens or data received from the following: From Orono, Maine: Edith M. Patch, H. M. Parshley, Cordelia Stanwood. From Cambridge, Massachusetts: Roland Thaxter. From It-haca, New York: H. H. Knight, L. G. Brown, C. C. Hamilton, V. R. Haber, E. A. Richmond, Chih Ping, Waro Nakahara, M. D. Leonard, W. A. Riley, J. D. Tothill, Mrs. J. D. Tothill, W. P. Alexander, W. A. Clemens, W. C. Woods, P. A. Munz, P. W. Claassen, Axel Olsson. From Washington, D. C: C. H. Popenoe, E. R. Kalmbach, Alex. Wetmore, A. T. Speare. From Lawrence, Kansas: H. B. Hungerford, P. B. Lawson, H. L. Fackler. From Urbana, Illinois: T. H. Prison, W. P. Flint. The writer would express his great indebtedness to Dr. Ewald Bergroth, of Jamsa, Finland, for help in determining the derivation of some of the more obscure generic names in the Tipuhdae; to Professor T. D. A. Cockerell for notes on the stratigraphy of fossil-bearmg beds in many- parts of the world; and to Miss Lela G. Gross, assistant editor of the Cornell memoirs, whose critical work on this and the preceding part under this title has been of the greatest value in assuring uniformity and accuracy. Further acknowledgments of assistance in determining plant and animal associates of crane-flies are made thruout the text. In conclusion, the writer expresses his indebtedness to his wife, ]\Iabel ]\I. Alexander, for her untiring care and assistance in the typing and final preparation of this thesis. 704 Charles Paul Alexander GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REPRESENTATIVE CR.\NE-FLY LIFE HISTORIES The life histories of but few species of crane-flies have been studied in detail. The ^•erv nature of the habitat (mud or earth) required by most species of the family renders it a most difficult operation to rear the species from the egg to the adult and note the various stages, their molts, their halnts, and other features. The subfamily Cylindrotominae, the immature stages of which live on the leaves of various liigher plants and curiously resemble the caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, furnishes species whose habits are more readily studied than most others, and as a result the immature stages of tliis group are better known, perhaps, than those of any other section of the family. Two widely different species have been chosen, and their life histories as they are known at present are here outlined. The first is a species of Eriocera, a powerful, semi-aquatic carnivore; the second is a species of CyUndrotoma, a ter- restrial herbivore. In the text which follows, notes on the hfe activities of various other species are given, but the gaps in the knowledge of this phase of the subject are verj- considerable and there still remain innmner- able interesting facts to be ascertained. Eriocera loiigicornis (Walk.) The common crane-fly Eriocera longicornis is widely distributed over the northeastern United States and Canada. Altho the species is local in its distribution, the fhes may be found in abmidance wherever it does occur. The situations that favor the presence of these fhes are large streams or rivers with sand or gravel bottoms and banks. The following notes were taken, partly in Fulton County, New York, along the Sacan- daga River, and partly in Tompkins Coimty, along Fall and Cascadilla Creeks. Some of these data have already been published by Alexander and Lloyd (1914:12-18) and by the writer (Alexander, 1915 c: 14^^-152). On ]May 27, 1914, the adult flies were exceedingly numerous near the village of Northampton, Fulton County. They were present in untold myriads, and at every step they arose in clouds from mider foot or from the leaves of chokecherr\' on which they rested. They sat on the leaves with the head directed away from the observer, ready to take instant flight, and at the first approach of a possible enemy they darted up into The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 705 the air and far overhead. A few were in copulation on the leaves, but from observations made later it seems probable that mating begins in the air an.d the united pair seek a support later on. Toward twilight the flies may be found in great numbers in company with many kinds of caddice flies and may flies. The swarms vary in munbers from about fifty individuals to those including many thousands. Some of the larger of these swarms cover a vertical height of at least fifty feet, the lower individuals being about fifteen feet above the water. When danger approaches, the swarm either mounts into the air overhead or retreats before the breeze, never advancing nor moving sidewise. Out over the land in the smaller swarms, copulation was observed several times. The males in the swarm dart swiftly at the females and seize them almost instantly. They then usually leave the swarm and go sailing away, the male above doing the flying, the smaller female hanging limply beneath. The antennae of the male at this time are directed straight ahead and are slightly divergent, the legs hang downward, the wings vibrate rapidly. The female hangs downward with the legs trailing limply beneath, the wings nearly horizontal and motionless. The dead weight of the female continually pulls the male toward the water, and often both fall into the river. As a rule, copulation ends before the male is exhausted. The male opens his forceps and the female drops straight downward for a foot or so, quite like a parachute released from a balloon. If the pair are near the surface at the time of separation, the released female drops into the water. The male darts upward again and back into the swarm. The female slowly flies away, usually upstream but sometimes downstream, presumably to lay her eggs. She does not stop for swarms that she may encounter, and may even make a wide detour in order to avoid them. In a very few cases the female is the active partner and succeeds in pidling the male where she wills altho she is much smaller. No matings were observed during the hours of sunlight, and it was only at twilight or just after sunset that mating took place. Often a second male will seize a female already in copula and the three will come tumbling down into the water together. One such pairing of thi-ee individuals came down, and when they were about a foot above a board in the water the male in copulation dropped the other two. These rested for a moment, and then the remaining male attempted to engage the female in copulation. She resisted but finally he managed to seize her 706 Charles Paul Alexander with his forceps. Thou he attempted to fly away, but she seized hold of the board with all her feet and he was unable to disengage her. This seems to indicate that the normal place for copulation is in the air. The motions of the insects in the swarm were very rapid, almost Hke those of bees, and the sound produced was at a very low pitch, much lower than that made by Culex. The movements are on a horizontal plane, each individual flying mostly in the path of a figure 8, sometimes slowly and at other times much more rapidly. Many specimens were seen dipping down into the water, as tho engaged in laying eggs. All of the few specimens captured proved to be males, but why this sex should go thru these motions is not clear to the writer. This action has been observed several times in various species of crane- flies. It is very probable that the female lays her eggs in the water in this manner. The eggs are pale white or brown, not heavily chitinized as are those of Hexatoma but with the chorion feebly sculptured. They vary in number from 892 to 1034, with an average of 952. They are small, about the same size as those of Hexatoma. The ovaries almost completely fill the abdominal cavity, and the eggs are arranged in the ovaries like bananas on a stalk, with numerous pale nurse-cells in between. The larval life is passed in streams, usually under rocks. The winter is spent in the larval condition, but the larvae do not attain full size until the following spring. At tliis time they come to the land and live in the sand and gravel along the banks of the streams. By the alternate extension and contraction of the body and the inflation of the penultimate segment of the abdomen at the moment of extension, the larvae are capable of inflating tliis segment into an enormous globular structure which serves as an aid to progression thru the soil. The food of the larvae consists largely of animal matter, and often large species, such as chiro- nomid larvae, are swallowed whole. The almost total lack of chitinization of the mental region allows for great distension of this part of the body. The powerful mandibles and the retrorsely roughened esophagus serve the fimction of both holding the prey and preventing its ejection when once swallowed. Consideral)le gravel and particles of vegetable tissue are also found in the proven tricular region. When ready to transform to the pupal condition, the larva becomes sluggish. After molting the last larval skin, the pupa is disclosed, pale The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 707 yellowish white and very callow. The pupa forms burrows in the loose gravel, these being vertical, or, more often, a little oblique. The diaineter of the burrow is a little greater than that of the pupa. The length varies, the burrow for a young pupa being a mere chamber inclosing the individual and located from one-half to one inch below the surface. As the pupa becomes older, by a bobbing up-and-down motion it lengthens the burrow upward until finally it penetrates the surface layer and forms a small shot-hke opening. Here the pupa rests, often bobbing up and down with a rhythmic motion, but ducking down into the burrow when danger threatens. The length of the burrow is rarely more, but usually less, than twice the length of the pupa. A few of the pupae seem to be inclosed in a very deHcate silken tul^e and the saUvary glands seem to be well adapted for the purpose of forming silk; but the great majority of the pupae are entirely naked. The indoor pupal period varies from one hundred and seventy to one hundred and seventy-three hours, or a little more than seven days. The outdoor pupal period, however, is undoubtedly longer, unless the weather is very warm. The emergence of the adults usually takes place during the late hours of the morning, the greatest number emerging between ten o'clock and noon. When ready to emerge, the pupa pushes part of its body out of the earth, the posterior two- thirds or half remaining attached to the soil. If it projects farther than this, its transformation seems to be a very difficult operation. The pupa bends backward and forward constantly, flexing the body dorso-ventrally. This motion appears to exhaust it, since it frequently rests. The skin splits lengthwise up the mesonotum and the adult emerges. The male has difficulty in extricating its very long antennae from their sheaths. The tips of the fore femora are placed underneath the sharp spines of the flagellmn, and by raising the legs the insect pulls the antennae slightly outward. These spines are regularly spaced, and, since both fore legs work in unison, the spines function as cogs and the whole antenna is gradually forced from the pupal sheath. The body is ca-rried very straight and stiff during the operation, and the abdomen is very long and pale. The drawing out of the extreme tips of the antennae is usually accomplished l)y the insect flexing its whole body backward. When the antennae are freed, the insect walks a few steps from the cast skin, withdrawing its abdomen from the case. (The emerge-nce of E. spinosa is shown in Plate XII, 1.) A drop of nearly colorless Hquid is excreted 708 Charles Paul Alexander from the body at this time. The teucral achilt then waits quietly until it gams more strength and color. This condition of the insect is the most dangerous period of its existence, since it is defenseless against all enemies The insects are associated in the gravel with ground beetles of the genera Omophron, Sclaizogenius, Dyscliirius, Bembidion, Tachistodes- with click beetles of the genus Cryptohypnus; and with rove beetles of which Paederus, Lathrobium, and Gastrolobium are the commonest forms In addition, numbers of larvae of Tabanidae, Leptidae (Atherix), Eriocera spinosa E. fultonensis, E. dnerea, and Eriovtera armata were found Natural enemies of the pupae and the teneral imagines are the medium- sized black lycosid spiders, which preyed in numbers on the weak uncolored adults. Dozens of these spiders were noticed with individuals of the crane-flies in their grasp. When alarmed they would run rapidly away, but only in exceptional cases would they release their victims A few spiders of other famihes, notably the Attidae, were found with Erio- cerae. Dragon-flies appear to be the most serious enemies of the active adults. Helocordulia uhleri (Selys) has been observed capturing the crane- flies by dartmg back and forth thru the swarms of individuals. Cylindrotoma splendens Doane The hfe liistory of the species Cylmdrotoma splendens has been worked out m considerable detail by Dr. A. E. Cameron, from material obtamed near Westhohne, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, in late nlr,o^ f^^^«^"^g a^«o^"^<^ is abstracted from Cameron's detailed paper (1918) on tins interesting crane-fly: The adults first appear on the ^ving about the middle of May. Without food thpv ^^ wmMmmmmm r™u«^,„„* Nut J, (Ra„u„c„Vcter,tSt;e:'thto'Sdtpltj:"^ t' The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 709 are usually deposited in series along and just within the margin of the serrate, Palmately- fobed lea They are found m groups of one or more, all arranged Pf ^ "^^^r TCe^f. and wth their long axes perpendicular, or nearly so, to the margm of the leaf. .The e^s a?e oX par y Mdden beneath the epidermis, being exposed dorsally, he margms of the sht overlapping the egg laterally and, to a lesser degree, both anteriorly and posteriorly. Ais arraSemeut oi the eggs in series gives to the leaf margin a somewhat beaded appearance Wh n the Sgs are older, the leaf margin turns brown and the YT^T/ '^7S SnlfZ detected In ovipositing, the female rests on the under side of the leaf, %vith the tip ol the abdomen directed toward the leaf edge. The abdomen is slightly flexed ventra ly, and the marg^ of the caf Ts held between the bifurcated valves of the ovipositor which is app bed rthruoper surface of the leaf, while the paired cutting valves, with their blades, are appbed Lhistthrunder surface. These blades .are then moved to and fro, cuttmg a sht in the Sermi The eggs are then deposited. In no case do the eggs actually touch one another onSeaf In the breeding cages females lay their eggs indiscriminately on both the upper and the lower surface of the lefves. In some cases, when a leaf has been eaten earher in the season by larvae, the female wiU deposit her eggs along the ragged edge of this damaged ^"^The indoor duration of the egg stage is from fourteen to eighteen days, but in the field asTong a periofas t£ee weeks m'fy be required. When first deposited the egg is translucen gLyS whke and spindle-shaped, with the chorion unornamented, and measures on an 'ThTl'rvf r'e'qu'irefab'oit'S hours to emerge from the egg. The chorion of the egg splits longitudinally down the mid-dorsal line, the slit extendmg almost half the length of ?he egg In emergLg, the almost transparent, grayish white If ^''-^^/ibzes the body ubercles Is Ws ill freemi itself from the eggshell. As soon as it is freed from the shell, the ne.ly hatched larva begins to feed on the leaf tissue of the host plant. i iq v,,. The first-stage larvae are grayish white m color, are translucent, and measure 1.19 by 0 37 mnhmetef in sTze They feed on both the upper and the lower surface of the leaf, burrow ni thru the epidermal layer with their mandibles and feeding on the parenchymatous t™Sii The young larvL are very sluggish and are not readily disturbed when feeding the mandibles being firmly embedded in the leaf tissue. While engaged in feeding they assume various positions on the leaf surface. At the end of nme days the larvae ha e increased r length to 5.S4 millimeters, and show all the characteristic behavior of the fuU- S^Tntrv'ai. Xowth is very slow and before the first -olt the larvae become covered with particles of their excrement, which adheres readily to the skin, ihe first larval moit occurs after a period of from eighteen to twenty-one days; in some cases, however, it does not occur imtil five or six weeks have elapsed. ^- j. r a The sec^d-stage larvae gradually assume a leaf-green color as they continue to feed Toward the end of July, coincident with the dying-off of their food plant, the larvae, which haTe now reached a length of from 8.32 to 9 millimeters, become quiescent and cease to feed Teding and movement gradually cease completely and the larvae remam clinging motionleS to the leaves. As the leaves wither, the larvae drop off, and, m some cases, Attach themselves to the stems; under natural conditions, however, they usually fall among the dead leaves on the ground and under these they pass the winter in a dormant condit on. Many of these larvae match the brown color of the dead leaves, but some of them retain '^Tll'fySlZifr'^g larvae first show signs of activity in March of the ff o^ing sprmg when Trautvetteria grandis sends up its new shoots. Growth then P^.^l' .^^^ ^/"^^^ pupation in the middle of May. There seems to be one molt before hibernation a n^^^ after the last being the casting of the larval skin, previous to pupation. The fullj gro^sn farVae measure 17 milhmeters. They are invariably found on the upper surface of he leaf, anITnTheTpringaTe actively engaged in feeding. On a fresh leaf the larvae usually begm bv skeletonizTng it, leaving the lower epidermis intact. Later on, however, large holes may be eaten completely thru fhe leaf. The fully grown larvae, and to a somewhat lesser fgree the yo^ger larvae, progress by a looping motion, which may be aptly compared to that 710 Charles Paul Alexander of the measuring worms (Geometridae) , progression being accomplished by the aid of the mandibles and the ventral tubercles, or pseudopodia. In a quiescent condition the thoracic region of tlio body has a noticeable humped appearance. The fully grown larvae are very sluggish and inactive. When disturbed they relax their hold on the leaf surface and fall to the ground. Altho several hundred adults were reared, not a single parasite was discovered. Before pupation the larva attaches itself firmly to the surface of the leaf or to the leaf petiole, by means of its anal pseudopodia. The skin splits transversely behind but is only partially sloughed off. The head, the thorax, and the first four abdominal segments of the pupa are exposed, but the apex of the abdomen remains encased in the larval skin, tl>e terminal part of which, collapsed and wrinkled, is attached to the leaf surface. Pupation may take place on either the upper or the lower surface, but it occurs oftener on the former. If pupation takes place on the petiole, it is generally at the axil. In the breeding cages the duration of the pupal period was found to vary from six to ten days. When the adult first emerges it is of a pale green color, which is gradually replaced by the black and yellow of the fully colored insect. From one and one-half to two hours are required for the adult to emerge. After emergence is completed, the fly rests for a short period until the cuticle hardens and the wings expand. It seems that the adherence of the larval skin to the pupa is necessary for the emergence of the adult, at least in many cases. There appears to be a large disproportion of females over males, this sometimes being as high as five to one. Since a single male may copulate with several females, this disproportion ia not so serious as it appears at first sight. LIFE ACTIVITIES OF CRANE-FLIES The adult Emergence. — Emergence from the pupal hull may require but a few seconds (as described for GnophomyiabyHyslop in Zz7i., the whole operation requiring but eight seconds), or it may take several hours. The emergence of the strictly aquatic genus Antocha has not been observed, but it must be practically instantaneous as in Blepharocera and the lotic caddice flies. Mating.- — In several widely different species, the females as they emerge from the pupal hulls are at once seized in copulation by the males altho they are still callow and uncolored. Mik (1882 b: 40, and 1886 a) discusses this curious condition in considerable detail. In all the cases that are known to the writer — Dicranomyia irinotata, Discobola caesarea, and Cylindrotoma distinctissima (Mik, 1886 a, the last-named also cited by Mik, 1882 b), Liogma glabrata (Miiggenberg, 1901), Tipida rufina (Giard, 1895), and Tipula ultima (Caudell, 1913) — the abdomen of the female is elongate, flabby, and nearly colorless. In Dicranomyia trinotata the females scarcely have time to remove their legs from the pupal sheaths before they are seized in copulation. In other cases the males emerge before the females and wait beside the pupae for the emergence of their mates, when they at once seize them in copula. In most species of Tipula the males, when seeking the females, progress by a fluttering The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 711 motion, partly flying and partly walking, over the ground or up the trunks of trees. Tliis habit is discussed under the account of Tipula taughannock (p. 1013), and has been observed in other woodland-inhabiting species of this genus — as T. Jiiacrolabis, T. fuliginosa, T. fragilis, and others. In T. fragilis, when a male comes upon a pair already in copula he passes on without interrupting them. Somewhat similar mating habits are found in some species of Dicranomyia {D. trinotata, D. badia, and D. simulans), Discobola, Antocha, Chionea, Dadylolabis montana, some Pediciini as Dicranota, and the Cylindrotominae. Many crane-flies have developed swarming habits for the purpose of mating, these including representatives of most of the tribes of the Limnobiinae and a few tipuline forms. Dicranomyia morioides was observed by Needham (1908 a: 204) swarming in vast nimibers near Ithaca, New York, but here the swarms consisted only of males. Like- wise, Erioptera armata (Needham, 1908 a: 206) was found swarming near Lake Forest, Illinois; but, out of several hmidred individuals captured, all except three were males. The writer has observed swarming in numer- ous species of Ormosia, Molophilus, Erioptera, Gonomyia, Rhabdomastix, Limnophila, Ula, Epiphragma, Eriocera, Dicranota, Rhaphidolabis, Trichocera, and other genera, and here, too, the males were always predominant. The specific data may be consulted under these various headings. The males of Dicranota swarm in rather large numbers pre- liminary to searching for the females, which rest quietly on the branches of neighboring shrubbery. Limnophila ultima, as noted at Gloversville, New York, on September 7, 1916, was swarming at half past six o'clock in the evening. The swarms here consisted of from fifty to sixty individuals and took place from ten to eighteen feet above the earth. Mating took place frequently in the air, and as soon as a pair were in copula they flew away to some point to rest, many pairs being observed hanging on a clothesline a few feet away. There were three distinct swarms, which showed little tendency to fuse altho their flight area was very close. The vast swarms of Eriocera longicornis and of Trichocera are mentioned or discussed elsewhere in this paper. When pairs are in copula, they readily take flight, still imited, the female usually trailing the male after her; altho in a few groups, in which the male is the larger individual of the two, the situation is the opposite. Brachypremna, the famihar " weaver " of the Southern States, has a very remarkable vertical dance of several 712 Charles Paul Alexander feet in shady spots, and has licen aptly termed by Johnson (1907-12 [1909] : 123) " the king of the tlancing tipuhds." Doubtless many interest- ing facts remain to be discovered concerning the dances of the tropical species of Brachypremna, Tanypremna, and Megistocera. Dancing.' — The dances of Thrypticomyia saltens (Dol.) should be mentioned at this point. According to Doleschall (1857), Jacobson (De Meijcre, 1911:22-23), and others, tliis species is common in Java in shady places thruout the year. The insects have the habit of clinging to spider webs by means of the fore feet, or, if a fore foot is lacking, one of the middle legs is used. Often twenty or more of these flies are seen hanging close beside one another on a horizontally spun web, all seesawing rapidly up and down and at the same time swaying to and fro, sometimes rhythmically, sometimes not. This ludicrous tight-rope dance is con- tinued for a long time. Somewhat similar habits have been described for Trentepohlia pennipes, Rhamphidia venustissima Alex., and other species with white tarsi. Bobbing. — Species of Dicranomyia and Geranomyia, as well as a few other crane-flies, have the curious habit of bobbing up and down while resting, the long, slender legs acting as springs. The species of the latter genus practice this same oscillating movement while resting on a head of flowers and feeding. H. K. Munro has recorded tliis bobbiiig habit in a species of Trentepohlia (p. 943). Resting habits. — When at rest crane-flies assume various positions which are often fairly characteristic. Many species (Erioptera, Molo- philus, and some Dicranomyia) resemble spiders when flattened against a tree trunk or some other vertical support. Styringomyia resembles a bit of cobwel), the fore and middle legs stretched out in front, the hind legs directed backward. In a position of rest the tipuhne forms generally hold their wuigs outspread or divaricate, exceptions being in the genera Longurio, Oropeza, and others, and in a few species of Tipula, as T. ardica and the woodland-inhabiting species of the marmorata group {T. Jragilis and T. ignobilis). The limnol)iine forms usually fold the wings incumbent over the abdomen, but here again exceptions are found in Pedicia, Limnophila toxoneura, and other species, which normally rest with the wings outspread. Oropeza hangs to the roofs of bridges, culverts, and similar places, with only the fore legs attached to the support, the middle legs divergent, the posterior legs hanging loosely behind. The apparently The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 713 closely allied Dolichopeza, on the contrary, has the four anterior legs on the support, the hind legs dangling, the wings divaricate. Many of these species — as Oropeza, Dolichopeza, Dicranomyia badia, and exotic species of the genera Thrypticomyia and Trentepohlia — habitually rest on spider webs (page 982; also, Knab, 1912). During heavy rains, crane- flies rest on the lower, side of the broad leaves of deciduous trees or hide beneath loose flakes of bark. Feeding. — The acUilt flies feed but little, the majority of the species whose habits are at all known merely lapping nectar from open flowers. Knuth (1909:579) and Wahlgren (1917) record the plants frequented by a number of European Tipulinae as well as by Ptychoptera. These species are found on Umbelliferae (Aegopodiimi, Anthriscus, Heracleum, Carum, Anethum, and other genera), on Rosaceae (Spiraea, Rubus, and other genera), and on a few other plants. A few of the local Limnobiinae have the rostrum very greatly elongated — an obvious adaptation for sucking the nectar from tubular flowers. The species of Geranomyia feed on various composite, umbelliferous, and lauraceous flowers. Toxorhina frequents composite, rhamnaceous, apocynaceous, and erica- ceous plants. The exact plants frequented are discussed under the descriptions of the respective genera. Ovipusitioji.- — The females lay their eggs in the habitat frequented by the larvae. In the case of aquatic forms — as Antocha, Hexatoma, Eriocera, and other genera — the eggs are deposited in dipping down to the water surface, one or more eggs being deposited at each descent. Forms that live in mud or moist earth lay their eggs in these situations. Many species with acute ovipositors insert the eggs carefully into the soil or other substance. The oviposition of Lininophila {Eutonia) alleni as noted by the writer may be regarded as typical of this class of species: Observations made at Gloversville, New York, June 28, 1916. A female was noted ovipositing in low, wet spots along a small woodland stream. She flew about slowly and silently, just skimming the ground, until a place suitable for egg-laying was found. She finally chose a much-decayed log and the eggs were driven home securely by the acicular tergal valves of the ovipositor. Much effort is expended to place the eggs firmly and the rate of oviposition is not more than eight or ten a minute, the female often pausing to rest for several seconds. While thus engaged, the fly is entirely unconcerned with other agencies and may be picked up by hand. The females of most crane-flies usually live but a short time after egg- laying is completed. Indeed, the entire duration of life of the adult crane-flies is probably but a few weeks at the most. 714 Charles Paul Alexander The specialized methods of oviposition in the Cylindrotominae have already been discussed on page 709 under the account of Cylindroioma splendens. The species of Tipula and other genera the females of which have blunt valves to the ovipositor (Styringomyia, Macromastix, and others), all probably scatter their eggs promiscuously or else have a special- ized method of egg-laying. Similarly, the species of Tipula of the arctica group, in which the dorsal valves of the ovipositor are very large, placed horizontally, and with the margin finely serrated, undoubtedly have a peculiar method of oviposition, but this has not yet been observed. The egg The number of eggs laid by crane-flies varies from about forty-five in Styringomyia to some two thousand in the larger species of Eriocera. The following table indicates the general range in the group: Species Ptychoptera albimana . Styringomyia didyma . Eriocera longicornis . . spinosa Hexntoma megacera . . . Phalacrocera replicata . Liogma glabrata Ctenophora angustipennis . Tipula cunctans bicornis tephrocephala .... angustipennis .... collaris dejecta oleracea Number of eggs laid Maximum Minimum Average 587 45 1,034 2,061 372 60 60 400 297 255 eo2 329 366 600 520 872 1,824 316 200 282 251 554 45 952 1,942 347 60 60 300 300 289 255 602 329 309 600 Reference Topsent, 1914-16 Terry ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander, 1915 c Miall and Shelford, 1897 Miiggenberg, 1901 Lovett, 1915 Hvslop, 1910 Webster, 1893 b Webster, 1893 b Hyslop, 1910 Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Del Guercio, 1914 The eggs are in most cases elongate with the ends narrowed and rounded, or, in other words, spindle-shaped. The chorion in the species of Tipula, Hexatoma, and other genera is blackened and in some cases more or less sculptured. In Ctenophora angustipennis (Lovett, 1915) the egg is ebony black with deep purple reflection, elongate-oval, uniform, without pits or ridges, and measuring from 1.26 to 1.4 millimeters by 0.375 millimeter. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 715 In Tipula bicornis (Webster, 1893 b) the egg is 0.8 millimeter long by 0.3 to 0.4 millimeter in diameter, elon.gate-ovoid, with one side deeply concave, the surface highly polished. The egg of Nephrotoma ferruginea is smaller, with five distinct grooves. The egg of Tipula gladalis (Pokorny, 1887:53) is described as being 1.2 millimeters long and only 0.3 millimeter in diame- ter, cylindrical, the two ends equally rounded, the surface smooth, shiny black, with faint steel-blue or purplish red reflections. In many other genera of Tipulidae, especially the smaller forms, the eggs are soft and whitish or nearly hyaline. In a few species the eggs take on a decided green or greenish tinge. The egg of Cylindrotoma splendens is described elsewhere in this paper (page 709). The egg of Ptychoptera albimana, as described by Topsent (1914-16), measures 0.825 by 0.284 millimeter, and is pale yellow, slightly arcuated, and with the surface curiously ornamented. The larva As a rule, the larvae live in the hamits where the eggs are laid. The duration of the larval stage varies from about a month in Styringomyia (larva and pupa together, thirty-seven days — Terry ms.) to the greater part of a year in most crane-flies. Many of the smaller species of Eri- optera, Ormosia, Rhaphidolabis, and other genera are on the wing in the spring and again in the fall, and with little doubt are double-brooded. This would make the larval existence but a few months, but still probably longer than the other stages taken together. This problem of double broods should be worked out carefully. It often appears that there are two broods, when in reality there may be two developing generations, each passing the winter as larvae, but one attaining its growth much more slowly in the spring and summer and not maturing until late summer. Phalacrocera and Cylindrotoma splendens spend about eleven months in the larval stage (Bengtsson 1897, and Cameron 1918), while Tipula paludosa spends nine months in that stage (Rennie, 1917). It is probable that nearly all crane-flies in the North Temperate Zone winter normally as larvae. The growth during summer, fall, and winter is very slight, but in the spring it is greatly accelerated and in a month the larva may attain its full growth. Larvae of Tipula ignohilis taken at Ithaca, New York, on April 23, 1917, measured only 6.5 millimeters in length; on May 19 they had attained their full growth of 18 millimeters and were ready to pupate. Cylindrotoma splendens spends the winter as a larva, 716 Charles Paul Alexander 9 millimeters in length, but grows rapidly during the spring, attaining its full size (17 millimeters) in two months of growth. Liogma glabrata spends the winter as a very small larva, but in the spring its growth is greatly accelerated. The haunts in which the larvae of crane-flies occur are exceedingly varied. In the case of single large genera, such as Dicranomyia and Tipula, the species range from those that are almost strictly aquatic to others that are entirely terrestrial, living in decaying wood or even mining in the leaves of plants. The transition between strictly aquatic and terrestrial forms is very gradual, as was pointed out by Miall (1895:11) some years ago when he wrote: How did insects ever come to seek the water, seeing that their mode of respiration is primarily adapted to another element? We can see almost all the steps of the adaptation on the shores of our rivers, lakes and seas. We can see dipterous larvae which, like the " leather jacket " (the larva of the daddy-long-legs), burrow in the ground for their vegetable food, and devour the roots of grasses. Other larvae of the same family (Tipulidae) prefer moist earth in the neighborhood of streams. Others again live immersed in water, or mud saturated with water, though they come to the surface at times and push their tails, which carry the spiracles, into the air. Some few have become so completely aquatic that they seldom, if ever, come to the surface, and all their supply of oxygen is obtained from the water. The culmination of this latter condition is reached in forms such as Antocha and related genera and species. Crampton (1919:100) has made similar observations on the subject. The haunts of the larvae of crane-flies are best shown by the following table, in which the various species are arranged according to habitat, from the strictly aquatic to the various terrestrial forms: Habitat Species Strictly aquatic, in silken cases Antocha In very rapid water (lotic) on or in sub- Dicranomyia simulant, Pedicia, Triogma, merged mosses (hygropctric association) Tipuline No. 1, and others Aquatic, on submerged plants Phalacrocera, Triogma Semi-aquatic (part of life spent in water, Dicranomyia simulans, Eriocera, Hexatoma, but pupation taking place on land) Aeshnasoma, Longurio, Tipula ahdomi- nalis, T. caloptera, T. bella, and others On cliffs and wooden walls, usually in silken Dicranomyia simulans, Geranomyia, Ellip- cases covered by water tera, Dactylolabis, and others In cold springs Pedicia, Thaumastoptera The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 717 Habitat In stagnant water in the axils of bromelia- ceous and other plants Amphibious in decaying wood In mud or sand : a. In open swamps b. In shaded woods c. Along the margins of streams and other bodies of water In or beneath damp cushions of moss In or beneath dry cushions of moss In dry soil In fungi In decaying vegetables, plant stems, manure, and like situations In wood: a. In decaying wood, usually just be- neath the bark b. In nearly solid wood On leaves of terrestrial plants: a. On flowering plants b. On mosses Mining in the leaves of plants Species Trentepohlia, Gnophomyia rufa Protoplasa (supposition), Epiphragma Bittacomorpha, Ptychoptera, Rhamphidia, Erioplera septemtrionis, E. chlorophylla, E. vespertina, Limnophila adusta, L. macrocera, Pilaria recondila, P. tenuipes, P. quadrata, Tricyphona inconstans, Prionocera, Tipula dejecta, T. sayi, T. tricolor, and others .Bittacomorphella, Ormosia innocens, Eriop- tera megophthalma, Molophilus hirtipennis, Ulomorpha, Dicranophragma, Penthoptera, Tipula cayuga, and others Limnobia fallax, Erioptera (Hoplolabis) armata, Trimicra, Gonomyia (Leiponeura) alexanderi, G. kansensis, Eriocera, Hexa- toma, and others Dicranomyia badia, D. stidta, Tipula oro- pezoides, T. collaris, T. nobilis, T. ignobilis, and others Liogma, Dolichopeza, Oropeza, and others Dicranoptycha, Cladura, Nephrotoma ferrugi- nea, Tipula cunctans, T. angustipennis, and others Limnobia triocellala, L. cinctipes, Ula, and others Trichocera, Limnobia indigena, Rhipidia domeslica, R. maculata, and others Dicranomyia rara, D. macaieei, Rhipidia fidelis, R. bryanti, Elephantomvia, Teucho- labis, Gnophomyia, Limnophila unica, Brachypremna, Ctenophora, Dictenidia, Tipula trivittata, T. usitaia, and others Tanyptera Cylindrotoma Liogma, Triogma (in some instances) Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Feeding. — The various larvae of crane-flies show a considerable diversity in their habits of feeding. The majority of species, as known, are herbiv- orous, but a large group are decidedly carnivorous in their habits. The Tipulinae feed on the living vegetable tissue or plant remains occurring in their habitat, or, when pressed for food, they will eat earth- 718 Charles Paul Alexander worms (Patterson, 1908) and other soft-bodied animals. Dissections of Trpula abdmninalis show the food of this species to consist principally of small filamentous algae, diatoms (Diatoma, Navicula, and others), and rootlets of small plants. The alimentary tract is often crammed with sand or soil particles. The species of Tipula and Nephrotoma that are injurious to plants, considered later in this paper under the heading Economic Importance, effect their damage by devouring the living tissues of the roots. The Cylindrotominae feed on the living tissues of the plants on which they dwell; in the case of Phalacrocera, Triogma, and Liogma these are mosses, in Cylindrotoma they are the parenchyma and epi- dermis of higher plants (spermatophytes) . With this habit of feeding on plant tissues the extreme of sluggishness of motion is attained. The wood-l^oring species of Tipulinae (such as the species of Tanyptera and Ctenophora) feed on the ligneous tissue of the trees in which they occur. Other species of crane-flies injure young seedUngs by destroying the bark and the bast tissues. The hexatomine and pediciine forms represent the opposite extreme, being for the most part carnivorous or even cannibalistic in their habits. In order to capture their prey they are of necessity rapid of movement, and in this group the most graceful and active of all tipulid larvae are found. The motions of the species are, at times, exceedingly agile and snakelike. The food consists of a variety of animal forms. Dicranota has been recorded as feeding on worms of the genus Tubifex, Pedicia usually feeds on the larvae of small insects, especially Chironomidae, but the large species of this genus and of Eriocera are capable of capturing almost any insect of a size equal to their own. The larvae of Eriocera spinosa are able to inflict painful bites on tender parts of the skin of a man. Penthoptera, Eriocera, Hexatoma, and most of the limnophiline groups likewise feed largely on midge larvae. From one small larva of Limno- phila (Dicranophragma) fuscovaria the writer has dissected out the remains of two large midge larvae, whose heads were nearly half the size of that of the captor. The chitinized mentum in these predacious forms is very weak or is lacking, allowing for a tremendous distension of the gular region. The mandibles are always developed into powerful curved hooks which serve well their purpose of grasping and holding the victims. The esophageal region is often retrorsely roughened to prevent the egress of anything that has once started down the throat. In addition to the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 719 various chitinized jaws, legs, heads, and other insect remains, the dis- tended proventricular regions usually show a considerable amount of sand particles and much plant tissue. The pupa When ready to pupate, the larva ceases feeding and becomes much contracted and sluggish. The pupa is formed within the last larval skin, which is then shed completely except in certain Cyhndrotominae and a few scattered genera m other tribes, in which cases the larval skin adheres to the posterior end of the abdomen. The pupal existence is spent in or near the haunts of the larva. In the strictly aquatic genus Antocha the pupa lives in water in a silken case, respiration being accomplished by means of the many-branched breathing horns. The species of Elliptera and certain Dicranomyia (simulans, for example) approach this aquatic condition. The other species of crane-flies with aquatic larvae known to the writer go to the soil in order to pupate, this category including Eriocera, Hexatoma, Tip- ula caloptera, T. ahdominalis, and many others. The pupae of some, at least, of the Cyhndrotominae attach themselves to plant stems for the purpose of pupation. The leaf -mining Dicrano- myia foliocuniculator pupates within the larval passages. The majority of the limnobiine forms spend the pupal existence in silken cases to which pebbles and particles of debris or plant tissues adhere. The pupae of the Ptychopteridae have one of the two breathing horns enormously elongated, the tip of this being projected above the water level into the air for respiration. Certain tipuline crane-flies have a some- what similar development of the breathing horns, discussed later. The duration of the pupal existence is remarkably uniform thruout the group, averaging from six to eight days. The following table illustrates this for the more representative genera and species. Records which have not been determined sufficiently close, and which as stated are probably too long, are indicated by an asterisk. 720 Chahles Paul Alexander Species Ptychoptera rufocincla nibimana Bittacomorphella Dicranomyia badia stulta Rhipidia bryanti Limnobia cinctipes triocellata Rhamphidia mainensis .... Dicranoptycha winnemana . Ula elegans Epiphragma Pseudolimnophila Limnophila macrocera fuscovaria. . . . Pilaria Uloraorpha Eriocera fultonensis longicornis Hexfitoma megacera Pedicia rivosa Erioptera macrophthalma . . Molophilus hirtipennis .... Gnophomyia tristissima . . . Ormosia nigripila Teucholabis complexa Elephantomyia Cylindrotoma splendens. . . Liogma glabrata Phalacrocera repHcala .... Dolichopeza albipes Ctenophora angustipennis . . Diclenidia bimaculata Tipula maxima oleracea cayuga ignobilis , dejecta collaris Nephrotoma lineata lunulicornis . analis Duration of pupal existence (days) Maximum Minimum Average ^2 7 *8 7 9 6 '10 9 9 ^4 7 *9 7 7.3 6i '14 S '10 5 '11 9 8 10 11 s 6 7 '14 8 7. 8 7 7 '12 41 10 G 6 10 7 '10 7 11 6 8^ 8i 10 7 7 7.3 61 10| 7h 7 S 10| 7\ 6 10 7 '12 7^- 7.6 7i 8 7h 7' 7 '10 Reference Alexander ms. Topsent, 1914-10 Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Shannon ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander, 1915a Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Baling, 1879:46 Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Hyslop ms. Alexander ms. Johnson ms. Shannon ms. Cameron, 1918 Miiggenberg, 1901 Bengtsson, 1897 Beling, 1886(ass2/Zt;icoZa) Lovett, 1915 Beling, 1873 b Beling, 1886 DelGuercio, 1914:315 Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Alexander ms. Beling, 1879 (as histrio) Beling, 1879 Beling, 1886 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 721 ENEMIES Crane-flies have many enemies and but few means of combating them. Every stage of the crane-fly's existence is fraught with danger. The larvae of the majority of species are soft-bodied, herbivorous creatures, which form a choice morsel of food for carnivorous forms of many classes and orders. The period when the adult fly has just emerged from the pupal hull is imdoubtedly the one in which the greatest danger is found, for then the insects are teneral and incapable of rapid motion. The adult flies are sometimes drowned in the sea or other large bodies of water and their dead fragments cast up in windrows on the shore. A very unusual instance of this kind is recorded for Tipula oleracea by Patterson (1908). At their best, the adult flies are poor, awkward fliers and are easily captured by a wide range of species, as indicated in the foUowing pages. Predatory natural enemies Vertebrates Mammalia. — Undoubtedly many of the smaller mammals prey on the larvae of various species of Tipula. In another paper (Alexander, 1919 d: 776-777) the writer has discussed the value of the larvae of an undeter- mined species of Tipula in the Pribilof Islands as an article of food for the arctic fox. These larvae occur in enormous numbers beneath the lichens of the tundra and the foxes can easily get them at a time when other food is scarce or unobtainable. Mice, shrews, and moles find an important element of their food from this source. White (1914) states that in North Wales the European mole, Talpa europaea, eats, on an average, twenty crane-fly larvae a day, these constituting one of the main foods of this mammal. Aves. — Birds are well-known enemies of crane-flies, both in their imma- ture stages and as adult flies. Hyslop (1910:129-130) lists ninety-one species of birds which are known to feed on crane-flies. Baer (1913) describes ravens and starlings as feeding on the larvae of a species of Tipula. While working with the United States Biological Survey, the writer was given the opportunity to examine files for records. His thanks for assistance in this work are due to Messrs. Kalmbach, McAtee, and Wetmore. The records of the Svu'vey are based on an examination of the contents of tlie stomachs of many thousands of individuals, and furnish very valuable and fairly complete data on the North American 9 722 Charles Paul Alexander birds which prey .on various stages of the Tipulidae. These records are here arranged according to the latest check Ust of the American Orni- thologists' Union: •'' Longipennes: Laridae : Larus delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed gull L. franklinii Rich. Franklin's gull Sterna hirundo Linn. Common tern Anseres: / Anatidae : Mergus americanus Cass. Merganser Anas ■platyrhijnchos Linn. Mallard A. nibripes Brewst. Black duck Mareca americann (Gmel.). Baldpate Nettion carolinense (Gmel.). Green-winged teal Dafila acuta (Linn.). Pintail Aix sponsa (Linn.). Wood duck Herodiones: Ardeidae: Egretta candidissima candidissima (Gmel.). Snowy egret Butorides virescens virescens (Linn.). Green heron Limicolae: Phalaropodidae : Phalaropus fulicarius (Linn.). Red phalarope Lobipes lobatus (Linn.). Northern phalarope Steganopus tricolor Vieill. Wilson's phalarope Recurvirostridae : Recurvirostra americana Gmel. Avocet Himantopus mexicanus (Miill.). Black-necked stilt Scolopacidac: , Philohela minor (Gmel.). American woodcock Gallinago delicata (Ord). Wilson's snipe Arquatella maritima maritima (Briinn.). Purple sandpiper Pisobia aurita (Lath.). Sharp-tailed sandpiper P. maculata (Vieill.). Pectoral sandpiper P. bairdii (Coues). Baird's sandpiper Limosa fedoa (Linn.). Marbled godwit Totanus fiavipes (Gmel.). Yellow-legs Heteractilis incanus (Gmel.). Wandering tatler Bartramia longicauda (Bechst.). Bartramian sandpiper Charadriidae : Charadrius dominicus dominicus (Miill.). Golden plover Oxyechtis vociferus (Linn.). Killdeer Aphrizidae: Arenaria inierpres interpres iLinn.) . Turnstone .' I Gallinae: ^ Tetraonidae: Bonasa umbellus umbellus (Linn.). Ruffed grouse Raptores: „ J Buteonidae: • I Ictinia mississippiensis (Wils.). Mississippi kite i 'Check list of North American birds, 3d ed., p. 1-130. American Ornithologists' Union. 1910. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 723 Coccyges: Cuculidae: Coccyzus americanus atnericanus (Linn.). Yellow-bil.ed cuckoo C. erythrophthalmus (Wils.). Black-billed cuckoo Cuculus canorus telephonus Heine. Kamchatka cuckoo Pici: Picidae: Dryobates pubcscens pubescens (Linn.). Downy woodpecker D. nuttallii (Ganib.). Nuttall's woodpecker Sphyrapicus varius vnrius (Linn.). Yellow-bellied sapsucker S. thyroideus (Cass.). Williamson's sapsucker Melanerpes enjthrocephnlus (Linn.). Red-headed woodpecker Asyndesmus lewisi Riley. Lewis's woodpecker Colaptes auratus auratus (Linn.). Flicker Macrochires: Caprimulgidae: Antrnstomus carolinensis (Gmel.). Chuck-will's-widow Chordeiles virgininnus virginianus (Gmel.). Nighthawk C. acutipennis texensis Lawr. Texas nighthawk Cypselidae: Chaetura pelagica (Linn.). Chimney swift C. vauxi (J. K.Towns.). Vaux's swift Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated swift Trochilidae: Calypte anna (Less.). Anna's humming bird Selasphorus rufus (Gmel.). Rufous humming bird Passeres: TjTannidae: Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). Kingbird T. verticalis Say. Arkansas kingbird T. vociferans Swains. Cassin's kingbird M yiarchus crinitus (Lum.). Great-crested flycatcher Sayornis phoebe (Lath.). Phoebe S. sayus (Bonap.). Say's phoebe S. nigricans (Swains.). Black phoebe Myiochanes virens (Linn.). Wood pewee M. richardsonii richardsonii (Swains.). Western wood pewee Empiionax fl'wiventris (W. M. & S. F. Baird). Yellow-bellied flycatcher E. difficilis difficilis Baird. Western flycatcher E. virescens (Vieill.). Acadian flycatcher E. traillii traillii (Aud.). Traill's flycatcher E. minimus (W. M. & S. F.- Baird). Least flycatcher E. wrighlii Baird. Wright's flycatcher E. griseus Brewst. Gray flycatcher Corvidae : Pica pica hudsonia (Sab.). American magpie Cyanocitta cristata cristata (Linn.). Blue jay C. stelleri steUeri (Gmel.). Steller's jay Corvus brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos Brehm. American crow C. ossifragus Wils. Fish crow Sturnidae: Sturnus vulgaris Linn. Starling Icteridae: Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). Bobolink Molothrus ater ater (Bodd.). Cowbird 724 ' Charles Paul Alexander Passeres (continued): Icteridae (continued) : Xanthocephalus xanlhocephalus (Bonap.)- Yellow-headed blackbird Agelaius phueniceus phoeniceus (Linn.)- Red-winged blackbird A. gubernalor calijoniicus Nels. Bicolored redwing Sturnella magna magna (Linn.)- Meadow lark Icterus spurius (Linn.). Orchard oriole /. galbula (Linn.). Baltimore oriole /. bullockii (Swains.). Bullock's oriole Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer's blackbird Quiscalus quiscula quiscula (Linn.). Purple grackle Fringillidae: Leucosticie griseonucha (Brandt). Aleutian rosy finch Plecirophenax nivalis nivalis (Linn.). Snow bunting P. hyperboreus Ridgw. McKay's .«now bunting Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus' {hinn.) . Lapland longspur Passerculus sandwichensis savanna (Wils.). Savanna sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys leucophrys (J. R. Forst.). White-crowned sparrow Z. albicollis (Gmel.). White-throated sparrow J unco hyemalis hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored junco Passer domesticus (Linn.). English sparrow Melospiza melodia m^lodia (Wils.). Song sparrow M. lincolnii lincolnii (Aud.). Lincoln's sparrow M. georgiana (Lath.). Swamp sparrow Passerella iliaca iliaca (Merr.). Fox sparrow Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmiis (Linn.). Towhee Passerina amoena (Say). Lazuli bunting Tangaridae: Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.). Western tanager P. erythromelas (Vieill.). Scarlet tanager P. rubra rubra (Linn.). Summer tanager Hirundinidae: Prague subis subis (Linn.). Purple martin Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons (Say). Cliff swallow Hirundo erythrogastra Bodd. Barn swallow Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieill.). Tree swallow Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern \iolet-green swallow Riparia riparia (Linn.). Bank swallow Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). Rough-winged swallow Bombycillidae: Bombycilla cedrorum Vieill. Cedar waxwing Vireonidae: Vireosylva olivacea (Linn.). Red-eyed vireo V. philadelphica (Cass.). Philadelphia vireo V. gilva gilva (Vieill.). Warbling vireo Lanivireo solitarius solitarius (Wils.). Blue-headed vireo Vireo griseus griseus (Bodd.). White-eyed vireo V. bellii bellii Aud. Bell's vireo V. bellii pusillus Coues. Least vireo Mniotiltidae: Mniotilla varia (Linn.). Black-and-white warbler Helmitheros vermivorus (Gmel.). Worm-eating warbler Dendroica aesiiva aestiva (Gmel.). Yellow warbler D. coronata (hum.). Myrtle warbler D. auduboni avduboni (Towns.). Audubon's warbler The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 725 Passeres (continued) : Mniotiltidae (continued) : D. dominica domhiica (Linn.)- Yellow-throated warbler Oporornis tolmiei (J. K. Towns.). MacRillivray's warbler Geothlypis Irichas trichas (Linn.). Maryland yellowthroat Icteria virens virens (Linn.). Yellow-breasted chat Wilsonia pusilla pusilla (Wils.). Wilson's warbler Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). American redstart Motacillidae: Anlhus rubescens (Tunst.). Pipit Mimidae: Mimus polyglottos polyglottos (Linn.). Mocking bird Dumetella carolinensis (Linn.). Catbird Toxostoma rufum (Linn.). Brown thrasher T. redivivum (Gamb.). Californian thrasher Troglodytidae: Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi (Sharpe). Cactus wren Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus (Say). Rock wren Catherpes mexicanus punciulatus Ridgw. Dotted canon wren Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus (Lath.). Carolina wren Thryomnnes bewickii bewickii (And.). Bev/ick's wren Nanrms hiemalis hiemnlis (Yieill.). Winter wren Telmatodytes palustris palustris (Wils.). Long-billed marsh wren Paridae: Baeolophus inornatus inornatus (Gamb.). Plain titmouse Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus (Linn.). Chickadee P. carolinensis carolinensis (Aud.). Carolina chickadee P. gambeli gamheli (Ridgw.). Mountain chickadee P. hudsonicus hudsoniciis (Forst.). Hudsonian chickadee PsaUriparus minimus minimus (J. K. Towns.). Bush-tit Chamaeidae: Chamaea fasciata fasciata (Gamb.). Wren-tit Sylviidae:- Regulus calendula calendula (Linn.). Ruby-crowned kinglet Turdidae: Myadestes townsendi (Aud.). Townsend's solitaire Hylocichla mustelina (Gmel.). Wood thrush H. fuscescens fuscescens (Steph.). Veery H. aliciae aliciae (Baird). Gray-cheeked thrush H. ustulata ustulata (Nutt.). Russet-backed thrush H. ushdata swainsoni (Tschudi). Olive-backed thrush H. guttnta pallasii (Cab.). Hermit thrush Planesticus migratorius migratorius (Linn.). American robin The principal families that feed on the adult flies are the Caprimulgidae, the Cypselidae, the Tyrannidae, the Icteridae, the Hirundinidae, the Mniotiltidae, the Troglodytidae, the Paridae, and the Turdidae. Many species of birds feed on the larvae of crane-flies, the more notable of these being the water-fowl, Anatidae, the shore birds, Scolopacidae, and the thrushes, Turdidae. Sim (1907) has recorded the chestnut- sided warbler, Dendroica 'pensijlvanica (Linn.) as feeding on Tipula sp. 72G Charles Paul Alexander In Europe the raven and the starhng are important, as ab-eady stated. Patterson (1908) records the starhng as eating great numbers of Tipuln oleracea and as boring into the soil in search of the larvae of this species. It will be noted that in the foregoing list no species of doves or pigeons are recorded in this country as feeding on Tipulidae. The following note on an Australian pigeon shows the importance of the larvae as a food for these birds: ^ Mr. North exhibited the head, crop, and gizzard of a wonga-wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia picata Lath.) shot by Mr. H. J. McCooey in a myrtle scrub at Upper Burragorang on the 21st inst. The crop is absolutely crammed with dipterous larvae {Hahromastix cinerascens Sk.) and undigested portions of them mixed with seeds, berries, and earth appear also in the gizzard. As the larvae are known to be destructive to grass, the wonga-wonga would appear to be deserving of consideration. Amphibia. — Crane-flies, both larvae and adults, form a considerable element of the food of many Amphibia. The studies by Needham (1905:13) show this to be true in the case of the bullfrog, Rana cates- heiana Shaw. Mimz (1920) studied the food habits of eight species of Anura and found that five fed on crane-fly larvae or adults. These species were Rana clamitans Latr., R. sylvatica Lee, R. palustris Lee, R. pipiens Schreb., and Hyla crucifer Wied. The following additional records are given: Desmognathus fusca Raf. Dusky salamander. Wings of a Limnophila found in a speci- men from Ithaca, New York. (A. A. Noyes.) Rana clamitans Latr. Green frog. Two larvae of a Tipula, near dejecta Walker, foimd in stomach. (S. W. Frost.) Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei Girard. Centerville, Utah, April 27, 1912. Twenty-sLx per cent of the food of this species consisted of a large tipulid. (E. R. Kalmbach.) Bufo sp. Washington, D. C, May 17, 1890. One per cent tipulid larvae. (W. L. McAtee.) Pisces. — The larvae of crane-flies furnish favorite morsels for many carnivorous species of fish, and as a consequence they are in considerable demand with fishermen as bait for bass and other game fish. These include the larvae of the larger species of Eriocera and many large semi- aquatic species of Tipula, especially Tipula caloptera and T. abdominalis. Fragments of the adult flies are often found in the stomach contents of fish, notably species of trout, most of these pieces being of individuals that * Linn. Sor. New South Wales. Proc, ser. 2:9:585. 1894. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 727 had fallen into the water or were captured while newly transformed. Forbes (1888) records Coregonus and Hyodon as feeding on the eggs, and Notropis as feeding on the larvae, of crane-flies. Levander (1909:1) records Perca fiudatilis Linn, as feeding on larvae of Tipulidae. Invertebrates Arachnida. — Some spiders are notable enemies of crane-flies, which fall easy victims while in a helpless, teneral condition. These spiders represent many families, such "as the Thomisidae, the Lycosidae, the Attidae, the Epeiridae, and others (Alexander and Lloyd, 1914:15; also, Alexander, 1915 c: 144). An accomit of their preying on the larger crane-flies of the genus Tipula is given under the discussion of T. taughannock (page 1013). In a recent paper Bilsing (1920) has recorded four species of crane-flies eaten by spiders. These spiders represented thirteen species arranged in four families — the Lycosidae, the Attidae, the Epeiridae, and the Agelenidae. J. R. Malloch found a female Tipula angustipennis which was being eaten by a crab spider, determined by Mr. Banks as Xysticus ferox Htz. The spider did not release its hold until after it was placed in a jar of cyanide. Hexajjoda. — Odonata: The following records of dragon-flies found feeding on adult crane-flies are available: Gomphus vastus Walsh and G. ventricosus Walsh, found feeding on Tipula bicornis at South Bend, Indiana, May 30, 1914 (E. B. Williamson); Helocordulia uhleri (Selys), foimd feeding on Eriocera longicornis (Alexander, 1915 c: 152); Agrion puella Linn., found feeding on Erioptera flavescens (Campion, 1914:498). C. H. Kennedy has sent the writer a male and a female specunen of a small crane-fly, Teucholabis pabulatoria Alex., which he found in the mouth of a damsel fly, Hetaerina tricolor Burm., collected in Guatemala by Professor Hine. Needham and Hart (1901-03 [1901]: 47) record the nymphs of Anax Junius (Dru.) feeding on the larvae of Tipulidae. Diptera: The adult flies of at least three families of the order Diptera — -the Asihdae, the Empididae, and the Scatophagidae — and the larvae of a fourth, Anthomyiidae, are notable enemies of crane-flies. The records of Kirby (1892), Poulton (1906-O7), Bromley (1914), Alexander (1915 c), and McAtee and Banks (1920) on the first three of these famihes may be summarized as follows: 728 Charles Paul Alexander Asilidae (robber flies) Prey Lasiopogon ductus (Fabr.) Nephrotoma lineata (Scop.) (Poulton, 1906-07, as histrio [Fabr.]) Neoitamus cyanunis {L\\'.)(mcopu\a.t\onvfith. Tipula scripta Meig. (Poulton, 1906-07) female, the latter with the crane-fly) Proctacanthus philadelphicus Macq. Nephrntomn sp. (2 records, Bromley, 1914) Asilus sp. Nephrotoma ferniginea (Fabr.) (3 records, Alexander, 1915 c) Asilus flavofemoratus Jiuxe Tipula sp. (McAtee and Banks, 1920:30) Asilus notatus Wied. Nephrotoma ferniginea (Fabr.) (McAtee and Banks, 1920:31) Asilus paropus Walk. Epiphragma solatrix (0. S.) (McAtee and Banks, 1920:31) Asilinae Tipula lateralis Meig. (Poulton, 1906-07) The Empididae, or dance flies, are small, predacious flies which are closely related to the robber flies and largely replace them in moist shaded situations. They unquestionably play a most important part in the economy of the Tipulidae, since both groups are practically confined to the same general situations and, in the temperate regions at least, representatives of the two groups are invariably found together. Macquart (Kirby, 1892:229), discussing Empis livida Linn., writes as follows: " Among the thousands of pairs which I have noticed resting on bushes or hedges, nearly all the females were engaged in sucking some insect, sometimes small Phryganidae or Ephemeridae, but more often Tipulidae. They busy themselves with feeding and perpetuating their species at the same time." Howlett (1907) records Empis bnrealis Linn, as feeding on Tipulidae. The following records are from Poulton (1906-07:380-382): Empis tesselata Fabr. prej^s on Tipula lunata Linn., T. paludosa Meig., and other species; Empis livida Linn, preys on Dicranomijia sp. (It is probable that the long-legged flies, Dolichopodidae, likewise play an important r61e in the lives of the Tipulidae, but no records are available to the writer to conflrm this belief.) The Scatophagidae (Cordyluridae) , or dung flies, unquestionably play an important part in the lives of the smaller crane-flies (Limnobimae). The following records indicate this relationship, the last being supplied by Malloch: Enemy Prey Scatophaga suilla (Fabr.) Dicranomyia lulea (Meig.) (Poulton, 1906-07) Scntophaga sp. {stercoraria?) Brioptera sp., (Poulton, 1906-07) Scatophaga sp. Hexatomamegacera{0. S.) (Alexander, 1915 c^ Scatophaga stercoraria (h.) and squalidaMeig. Trichocera (Malloch, 1911) Comparatively recently the larvae of Anthomyiidae have been found to play a highly important role in the economy of other insects living in the same haunts. The very important paper by Keilm (1917) may be consulted in connection with this point. This student found the follow- ing Anthomyiidae associated with TipuUdae: Graphomyia maculata Scop., feeding on larvae of Ptychoptera contaminata (L.) (Keilin, 1917:354-360); Allognota agromyzina Fall., associated with and possibly feeding on the larvae of Ula macroptera Macq. (page 360-362 of reference cited); Phaonia cinda Zett., feeding on larvae and pupae of Mycetobia pallipes (page 362-375 of reference); Phaonia goherti Mik, associated with and possibly feeding on the larvae of Gnophomijia tripudians Bergr. (page The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 729 375-377 of reference); Mydaea pertusa Meig., possibly feeding on larvae of Tipulidae (page 393-396 of reference). A species of Phaonia with presumably parasitic habits is discussed on page 732 of this memoir. Coleoptera : The adults and the larvae of the following species of ground beetles (Carabidac) have been recorded as important enemies of crane- flies (Hyslop, 1910): Poedlus lucuhlandus Say; Micromaseus femoralis (Kirby); Platynus sp.; Harpalus pennsylvanicus Dej.; H. caliginosus Fabr. Most of these were recorded by Webster (1893 a: 241) as feeding on the injurious crane-fly Tipula bicornis. The larvae of Elateridae (wireworms) are enemies of crane-flies. The writer has seen several feeding on large larvae of Tipula trivittata. Hymenoptera: Ants (Formicidae) midoubtedly capture and devour many crane-flies, these generally being pupae or teneral adults. Hyslop (1910) cites the record of an Aphaenogaster fulva Roger which was observed dragging a hving adult tipuhd over the groimd. Chapman (1918:191) records feeding species of Myrmica on adult TipuUdae which were readily eaten by the ants in preference to most other insect food. On August 2, 1917, at Larned, Pawnee County, Kansas, along the bank of the Arkansas River, the writer noted a small ant which was dragging a still living pupa of Gonomyia kansensis from its bmrow in the sand at the bank of the river. The ant had the pupa about the head and carried it off despite its struggles. Both the Gonomyia and the fonnicid were conunon and the tragedy as described was not accidental. The Pemphredonidae (Mimesinae) and the Crabronidae, fossorial wasps in the Hawaiian Islands, bear an important relationship to the smaller Tipulidae dwellmg in the same haunts. Writing of the Mimesinae, a subfamily of the Pemphredonidae, Perkins (1913:bcxxv) says: All the Hawaiian species of both genera are true forest insects and most of them may be seen in large numbers, where thej^ occur, flying around ferns and bushes in sunny places. Tlie males are often much more numerous apparently than the females, but this is due to the more retiring habits of the latter, which, when they have begun to provision their nests, frequent dark, shady and damp places in search of their prej-. This consists of the endemic Limnobiidac or dadd.v longkgs, which live in such places. . . . Although I have often watched females of these wasps returning with prey to their burrows, it was always Tipulidae that they carrif^d to the nest. Their burrows are usually made in the ground and are often drilled down from beneath a stone, this no doubt serving to keep the burrow sufficiently dry. 730 Charles Paul Alexander Referring to Limnobiinae, Perkins says (page clxxxii of the same reference) : The specios of Dicmnomyia are endemic, and to the five described, others and perhang many more will, no doubt, be added. They are common insects, sometimes attracted by light and sometmies observed at rest in the daytime, or on the wing in the dark cavity of some hollow tree. In the latter case a number are usually seen flying together, rising and fallmg m their flight in the narrow space of a few feet. We have bred one or more spedes from decayed wood, overgrown with damp moss. These fragile flies are the favourite prey of the endemic predaceous wasps of the family Mimesidae, and some of the Crabronidae like- wise gather them. Consequently one may find the females of these wasps investigating damp, dark places, where the Dicranomyia are likely to be found, but which ordkiarilv would have but bttle attraction for such sun-loving insects. orcunaruy Writing of the Crabronidae, Perkins says (page kxxvi of the reference cited) : Xenoa-abro hawaiiensis on one occasion was caught carrying off Lispe [Anthomyiidae] and on another occasion a species of the Ihnnobud Dicranomyia! -^numjiiaaej De Meijere (1920:59) records Crabro (Rhopalum) tibiale as provisioning its nest principally with Molophilus armatus Meij. Parasitic natural enemies External parasites Besides the predatory forms just considered, the various stages of the existence of many crane-flies are threatened with parasites which are equally effective altho more insidious in their method of attack. There are unquestionably many parasites of crane-flies concerning which nothing at all is known at this thne. It is inconceivable that such species as Holorusia grandis, Tipiila abdominalis, and other large and common forms do not serve as hosts for parasites as yet unknown. It is this field of mvestigation that now promises some of the most valuable results. Hexapoda.— i:\ie only parasitic insects of which the writer knows are the dipterous Tachinidae. Glover (1874) states that in Europe certain Tipulae are destroyed by a proctotrupid parasite of the genus Diapria Latreille. Kieffer, in liis monograph of the Diapriidae (1911), does not mention this and the writer has not seen it referred to elsewhere. It is probable that the reference pertains to some of the smaller Tipula-Hke forms of another family. However, it is very strange that one or more of the many families of parasitic Hymenoptera do not infest some stage of the Tipuhdae, and it may be confidently predicted that such parasites will one day be discovered. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 731 Tachinidae: Most of the species of the interesting genus Siphona (Bucentes) are parasitic on the caterpillars of various Lepidoptera. Two have been recorded as parasites of the larvae of species of Tipula. The better-known of these is Siphona cHstata (Fabr.), a constant parasite of the larvae of Tipula maxima (Behng 1886, Czizek 1913, Riedel 1913, Thompson 1915). The method of attack by the parasite has been described by Roubaud (1906). The large, massive larvae of this species of crane-fly are amphibious or semi-aquatic, living near the margins of streams and other bodies of water. They live in the mud or in the water beneath the surface, at times coming up to breathe the air thru the two large spiracles at the posterior end of the body. It is at this time, when the spiracular disk is projected thru the surface film and the spiracles are open, that the tachinid is supposed to dart down and deposit its eggs in the open stigmata. The young parasite is somewhat elongated, yellow- ish orange in color, and about a millimeter in length, and is completely inclosed in a firm, membranous cyst. It is connected with one of the two principal tracheal trunks of the host by a sort of chitinized calyx which opens into the trachea. At the time of their pupation the para- sites detach their organs of fixation, and with their heads perforate the skin of the host and enter the humic earth. In nature this departure coincides almost exactly with the time of leaving the water by the host for the purpose of pupation in the earth. The pupal duration of the para- site is about three weeks. Rennie (1912) gives Siphona geniculata (De Geer) as a parasite of an undetermined species of Tipula. Species of the genus Admontia are important parasites of the larvae of crane-flies. In Europe, Admontia arnica (Meig.) is parasitic on species of Tipula, while in America A. pergandei Coq. is an important parasite of the smoky crane-fly, Tipula cunctans (Hyslop, 1910:128). In the collec- tion of the IlUnois Natural History Survey are several specimens of A. pergandei bred from larvae of the smoky crane-fly (larvae taken at Ur])ana, Illinois, parasites emerged October 9 to 25, 1900). Averin (1913) and Lutchnik (1916), in Russia, record the larvae of a Tipula, in one case at least — that of the economic species T. oleracea — as being very heavily infested by an undetermined tachinid which may have been the Admontia species mentioned above. A third genus of Tachinidae, Sturmia, has recently been reported to the writer by J. D. Tothill as being parasitic on the larva of a large crane- 732 Charles Paul Alexander fly, undoubtedly a tipuline form. The larva was found at Chelsea, near Ottawa, on May 27, 1906, by Dr. James Fletcher, the parasite issuing on June 27. The tachinid is to be described as Sturmia tipulensis Tothill. The genus Trichoparia is parasitic on Ctenophora and its allies. Altho the Tachinidae are the only dipterous parasites that are definitely known from the Tipulidae, the writer has a record of a species of Phaonia, of the family Anthomyiidae, which possibly is a parasite. Among some Diptera sent to Malloch for naming was one specimen of a Phaonia bearing the label " Bred from tipulid pupa, ace. no. 14022." The writer is indebted to R. H. VanZwaluwenburg for the following facts concerning this specimen: The material was taken by Harry L. Parker on June 6, 1916, on South Mountain, near Hagerstown, Maryland. Under litter and growth of Virginia creeper on rock a tipulid pupa was found. The pupa had lieen eaten out inside and there was a hole in the side of its body. About a half inch away from this pupa was found a newly formed pupa of an anthomyiid fly. The adult emerged on June 23, 1916, and was pinned. It is possible, of course, that the Phaonia was merely feeding on the tipulid, as recorded for this genus elsewhere in this paper (page 728), and that the species is a predatory enemy rather than a parasite. Arachnida. — Young mites of species of Trombidium, Rhyncholophus, and other genera of Arachnida, are frequently found attached to the body and the wings of adult crane-flies. This attachment is by anal filaments, and it is doubtful whether any real injury results to the host therefrom. These cases are probably instances of phoresy to provide a means of dis- persal of the mite. At various times the writer has found in northeastern America a large number of adult crane-flies so infested, and practically every genus and many species are included among the number. Fungi: — Among the enemies of crane-flies, both to the immature and to the adult stages, probably none are more lethal in their action than certain parasitic fungi. The largest groups of insect-fungous parasites are the Entomophthoraceae (Phycomycetes) and the Laboulbeniaceae ( Ascomycetes) . Dr. Roland Thaxter informs the writer that, altho the latter group infest other Diptera, he has never seen specimens on Tipuhdae, and none have been recorded in the literature. The writer is greatly indebted to Dr. Thaxter and to A. T. Speare, Government Mycoentomolo- gist, for data on this subject. Dr. Thaxter sent to the writer for deter- mination a considerable number of specimens of crane-flies with their para- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 733 sites, these including the types of many of his Entomophthoraceae and some new species not yet described. ' From these data and the htera^ture the following notes may be given: Class, Phycomycetes Family, Entomophthoraceae 1. Enlomophthora (Empusa) pachyrrhinae Arthur. On the larvae of Nephrotoma ferruginea; a manuscript name. 2. E. (E.) sepulchralis (Thaxt.). On an adult Tipiila of the subunicolores group. 3. E. (E.) caroliniana (Thaxt.) [= E. arrenoctona Giard]. On an adult male of Tipula enlomophthorae. 4. E. (E.) arrenoctona Giard. On male adults of Tipula paludosa (Giard 1888, Villeneuve 1910, Picard 1913). 5. E. (E.) iipulae Fres. On Tipula maxima (Lohde, 1872). 6. E. (E.) conglomerata (Sorokin). A species which is probably this one is recorded by Thaxter on larvae and adults of Tipulidae. 7. E. (E.) sphaerosperma Fres. Recorded by Thaxter from adult Tipulidae. 8. E. (E.) grylli Fres. Recorded on at least two occasions from the adxilt flies of Tipula ultima Alex. [= T. flavicans Fabr.]. 9. E. (E.) punctata Thaxt., ms. On adult females of Pseudolimnophila noveboracensis. 10. E. (E.) dipterigena (Thaxt.). On the adult flies of several genera of Limnobiinae, as follows: Molophilus hirtipennis, Limnophila aprilina, Pseudolimnophila nigripleura, Uhmorpha pilosella, Penthoptera albitarsis. 11. Isaria sp. On adults of Dicranomyia pubipennis. Additional undetermined species of this same genus on various tropical Tipulidae. Class, Hyphomycetes. Family, Alucediniaceae. 12. Sporoirichum densum Link. On Tipula cunctans Say [= T. infuscaia Lw.] (Hyslop, 1910:130). Internal parasites Crane-fly larvae and adults are infested by numerous protozoan and bacterial parasites, the more conspicuous and constant being the Sporozoa (Gregarinidae) and the Bacteria. General references to this subject may be found in Leger (1892), Labbe (1899), and Minchin (1903). More especial references are made to the parasites of Ptychoptera by Leger and Dul^oscq (1909), to those of Dicranota by Miall (1893: 237), to those of Ctenophora by Anthon (1908:542), and to those of Tipula l)y Mackinnon (1913). In the case of Ctenophora the parasites were frequent between the cells of the alunentary canal, especially in the proventricular caeca. The writer has fomid a large gregarine very abundant in the alimentary canal of the larva of Pedicia albivitta, many of the individuals being very heavily infested. Gamkrelidze (1913 b) records gregarine and nematode parasites in Gnophomyia larvae. 734 Charles Paul Alexander The more important recorded protozoan parasites are as follows: Class, Sporozoa. Subclass, Telosporidia. Order, Cocoidiomorpha. Family, Adcleidae. 1. Adelea tipulae Leger. In the intestine of species of Tipula. Order, CrcRarinida. Family, (iri'gariuidae. 2. Hirmoq/sti.s polijmorpha (L6ger, 1892:118). In the intestine of the larva of Limnohia sp. 3. H. ventricosa (Leger, 1892 :111). In the alimentary canal of Tipula oleracea, Nephrotoma pratensis, and other species. 4. Gregarina longa (Leger, 1892:117). In the alimentary canal of a species of Tipula. Family, Actinocephalidae. 5. Adinocephalus tipulae Leger (1892:141). In the alimentary canal of Tipula larvae. Probably the same species has been recorded from the larvae of a species of Ctenophora. 6. Pileocephalus striatus LSger & Duhoscq (1909:887-89^). In the mid-intestinal epithelium of the larva of Ptychoptera contaminata. The Pileocephalus live in the epithelium of the mid-intestine, attaching themselves to the epithelial cells and hypertrophying the adjoin- ing tissues. They obtain their nutriment from the food that penetrates into the cells. Family, Stylorhynchidae. 7. Near Stylorhynchus (Miall, 1893:237). In the stomach of larvae of Dicranota bimaculata. Subclass, Neosporidia. Order, Cnidosporidia. Suborder, Microsporidia. Family, Nosematidae. 8. Nosema stridum Monz. (Moniez, 1887). In muscles, conjunctive tissue, and other parts of Nephrotoma pratensis. 9. Gurleya francottei L^ger & Duboscq (1909:894). In the epithelium of the mid-intestine of the larva of Ptychoptera contaminata. Class, Flagellata. Family, Trypanosomidae (Herpetomonadidae). 10. Crithidia campanulata Leger. At the juncture of the mid- and hind-intestines in the larva of Ptychoptera contaminata (Leger & Duboscq, 1909:898-900). The writer is indebted to Dr. R. Kudo for assistance in determining the terminology used above. Bacteria are frequently found in crane-fly larvae. Leger and Dul)oscq (1909:900-901) record undetermined spirochaetes in the epithelial cells of the posterior part of the mid-intestine of Ptychoptera contaminata. Dr. Hugh Glasgow, of the Geneva Experiment Station, informs the writer that in Illinois a large tipuhd larva, probably that of Tipula abdominalis, living in the leaf-drift of prairie streams, is heavily infested with bacteria. Most of the specimens observed had an abundance of small coccus and spirochaete forms, with occasional specimens of a gigantic bacillus measur- ing from forty to eighty microns in length and disporous. These large bacilli infest the hind-gut of the larva. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 735 HISTORICAL SUMMARY OF THE IMMATURE STAGES The discovery and description of the immature stages of crane-flies has by no means kept pace with the taxonomic work that has been done on the adult flies. There are a very large number of common species in every countiy concerning whose early stages nothing at all is known, and the knowledge that exists concerning a comparatively small number results from the labors of a few students. Among these may be mentioned Beling, Mik, Brauer, Hart, Needham, and Malloch. Some other workers have given excellent descriptions of single species, while still others have contributed important treatises on the anatomy, morphology, histology, and related subjects of the different species. The descriptions of the earlier workers are, for the most part, of historical interest only, but in a few cases they are exceptional and are still the main source of informa- tion concerning certain species. Many of the foremost workers on the taxonomy of the adult flies have summarized the earlier writings on the immature stages but have themselves contributed little to the subject, among these bemg Schiner, Loew, Osten Sacken, Skuse, and Brunetti. The following chronological summary gives an indication of the more important work that has been done on this phase of the subject: 1722 Frisch Tipula oleracea 1740 De Reaumur Ptychoptera, Tipula 1776 De Gear Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, Tipula 1803 Schellenberg Cylindrotoma 1829 Stannius Limnobia xanthoptera [=bifasciata] 1832 (Posthumous). Lyonet Ptychoptera 1833 Bouche Dicienidia sp., Tipula sp. 1834 Von Roser Hexatoma nigra 1838 Boie Cylindrotoma 1840 Dufour Trichocera 1842 Zeller Cylindrotoma 1846 Bremi-Wolf Trichocera, Limnobia xanthoptera [-bifasciata], Nephrotoma 1849 Perris Trichocera, Limnophila dispar, Ula, Tanyptera 1854 Brauer, Ep:f!;er, and Frauenfeld Chionea 1867 Nowicki Dactylolabis wodzicHi 1872'. Weyenbergh Ctenophora, Dictenidia: anatomy and histology 1873-86 Beling The immature stages of (.9 species of European Tipulidae, including 20 species of Tipula 1875-76 Hammond Tipula oleracea : anatomy 1876 Grobben Ptychoptera: anatomy 187(3-1902 De Rossi Liogma glabrata, Tanyptera atrata 1880 Hermann Tanyptera atrata 1882-1900 Mik Discobola, Elliptera, Dactylolabis, Tipula rufina, etc. 736 Charles Paul Alexander 1883 Brauer Important work on the classification of the immature stages 1884 Gercke lihamphidia longiroslris, Tamjptera atrata 1890 Van Gehuchten I'tychoptera: histology of alimentary canal 1S93-97 Miall Dicranota, Phalacrocera 1895 [1898] Hart Pioneer American worker; Bittacomorpha, etc. 1897 Bengtsson Phalacrocera: anatomj'- 1900-09 Jolmson Teucholabis, Aeshnasoma, etc. 1901 Kellogg Holorusia grandis (as rubiginosa) : anatomy 1901 Miiggenberg Liogma glabrata 1901-08 Needham Dicranomyia simulans, Pedicia albivitta, Ehaphi- dolabis, Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 1907-08 Steinmann Triogma trisulcata 1908 Holmgren Phalacrocera: mouth parts 1908 Anthon Ctenophora angustipennis : anatomy 1908-09 Pastejrik Limnobia xatilhoptera, Ctenophora 1908-09 Miiller Triogma trisulcata 1900 Brocher Tipula lunata 1909 Greene Tipula triviitata 1909 Thienemann Dicranomyia trinotata 1910 Brown Tipula maxima: anatomy 1910 Hyslop Tipida cunctans (as infuscata) 1911 Vimmer Ctenophora, Tipula oleracea : mouth parts 1911-16 De Meijere Trentepohlia pennipes, Tipulodina pedata, and several European species 1912 Keilin Trichocera: morphology 1913 Caudell Tipula ultima (as flavicans) 1913 Gerbig Anatomy of the respiratory system of many European species of Tipulidae 1913 Picado Trentepohlia bromeliadicola 1914 Del Guercio Tipida oleracea 1914-16 Topsent Ptychoptera albimana 1914-19 Alexander Dicranoptycha, Ila, Eriocera, Hexatoma, Penth- optera, Liogma, Prionocera, Tipula arctica 1915 Swezey Dicranomyia foliocuniculator 1915 Lovett Ctenophora angustipennis 1915 Wesenberg-Lund Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Triogma 1915-17 Malloch Limnobia immalura, Gnophomyia, and, in his uncertain material, Antocha, Elephantomyia 1916-17 Rennie Tipula paludosa 1918 Cameron Cylindroloma splendens 1920 Hudson Gnophomyia rufa, Limnophila sinistra 1920 Lenz Thaumastoptera, Cylindrotominae ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE The larvae of some species of crane-flies, almost all belonging to the genera Tipula and Nephrotoma, often do considerable damage to various crop species, the injury being largely caused by the larvae devouring the roots and thus Idlling the plants. Certain of these crane-fly species, as Tipula oleracea, T. paludosa, and Nephrotoma maculata in Europe, and Tipula hicornis and Nephrotoma jerruginea in America, have long been known, but several others have come into prominence only within the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 737 past ten years, notably Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) in Japan, and T. cunctans and T. simplex m North America. The more important out- l:>reaks of this nature which have been recorded are as follows. Species affecting herbaceous plants Nephrotoma fcrruginea has been reported by Webster (1891, and 1893 a: 243-245) as injuring young wheat in Indiana, the injury in some cases being estimated at fifty per cent. Tipula oleracca is the best-known European species in this group, infest- ing a wide range of plants. The more important outbreaks of this species as recorded are as follows: Ewert (1899) reports from Germany an unusually severe attack, in which the larvae of this species and of Tipula nigra did a considerable amount of damage to the roots of grasses. They were so abundant that from ten to twenty could be found in the area of one square foot. Grasses in the infested area were completely destroyed. Ormerod (1885, 1886, 1900) records serious injury by T.oleracea to pastures and meadows in England, and recommends apphcations of guano either alone or mixed with salt, kainit, or superphosphate. This species ha.s been recorded also as being a serious pest in Ireland (Anonj^mous reference, 1904 b) in grainfields and meadows, and careful plowing and the use of fertihzers for its control are advised. Schoyen (1903), in Norway, reports serious injmy to meadows and pastures, as well as to cereals and young cabbage plants. Del Guercio (1914) records serious injury in the Italian rice fields. A few additional outbreaks of Tipula oleracea may be mentioned. Barthou (1913) records injury to canes (raspberry, strawberry, and others) in France. Desoil (1914) reports injury to meadows in France, and Ritzema Bos (1915) to meadows in Holland. Tipula paludosa is reported by Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn (1914 and 1915) as causing serious injury to oats and barley in Denmark, and Rennie (1916 and 1917) reports the same species as injuring corn and pastures in England. Tipula flavolineata is reported by Sopotzko (1916) as injuring clover in Russia. The specific identity, however, is probably erroneous, as this species lives almost entirely in decaying wood (Beling, 1873 b: 581-582). Onuki (1905) records Tipula parva Lw. (supposition) as one of the seri- ous rice pests in Japan, In some localities from sixty to nmety per 738 Charles Paul Alexander cent of the seedlings have })oon destroyed by this species. The larvae apparently cannot exist in water for any long period of time, and so may be killed by flooding the fields for from six to thirty-six hours. Del Guercio (1914) offers the same recommendation for the control of T. oleracea in the Italian rice fields. Tipida bicornis has been found in grass and clover lands in Illinois by Forbes (1890), and on clover in Indiana by Webster (1892 a). Tipula cundans, as recorded by Hyslop (1910:126, as T. infuscata), works largely on Japan clover and other leguminous plants. The larvae are often exceedingly numerous, as many as two hundred having been found in an area covering but little more than one square foot of soil. They destroy the plants by devouring the roots and sucking the juices. It is recommended that the infested fields be plowed under before the adult flies emerge (in the autumn), and the following season be planted to corn or potatoes or else left fallow. Tipula simplex has been foimd on pasture land and alfalfa in Cali- fornia by Doane (1908) and by Carnes and Newcomer (1912). Doane (cited by Hyslop, 1910:120-121) also reports an outbreak of this species on wheat and grass lands and in clover fields in central California in 1907, and states that thousands of acres of these crops were stripped of their verdure. The following summary gives the various species of plants that are damaged or destroyed by crane-flies in general. Very many of the injuries reported for Tipula oleracea, however, are omitted. Family Crop Species Authority Gramiaeae Wheat Nephrotoma ferruginea Webster (Indiana), 1891, 1893a Wheat Tipula simplex Hyslop (California), 1910 Wheat Tipulidae Stedman (Missouri), 1902 Corn Tipula paludosa Rennie (England), 1917 Corn Tipula sp Kirk (New Zealand), 1895 Barley Tipula paludosa Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn (Denmark), 1915 Barlev Tipula sp Wahl and JMiiller (Germany), 1914 Barley Tipula oleracea Goriatchkovsky (Russia), 1915 Oats Tipula paludosa Lind, Rostrup, and Kolpin Ravn (Denmark), 1914, 1915 Rice Tipula oleracea Del Guercio (Italy), 1914 Rice Tipula parva • Onuki (Japan), 1905 Cereals Tipula oleracea Anonymous reference (Ireland), 1904 b Cereals Nephrotoma pratensis. . Hollrung (Germany), 1898 I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 739 Family Crop Species Authority Gramineae Meadows and pastures Tipula bicornis Forbes (Illinois), 1890 Meadows and • pastures Tipula simplex Carnes and Newcomer (Cali- fornia), 1912 Meadows and pastures Tipula oleracea Anonymous reference (Ireland), Meadows and 1904 b pastures Tipula oleracea D^soil (France), 1914 Meadows and pastures Tipula paludosa Rennie (England), 1917 Meadows and pastures Tipula sp MacDougall (Scotland), 1915 Meadows and pastures Tipula sp Ritzema Bos (Holland), 1915 Meadows and pastures Tipula sp Marchal and Prillieux (France), 1916 Meadows and pastures Tipula oleracea Ormerod (England), 1885, 1883, 1900 Liliaceae Tulips (bulbs). . Nephrotoma macule ta . Collinge (England), 1911 Onions and gar- lic Tipula oleracea Vassiliev (Russia), 1915 Cruciferae Cabbage Tipula oleracea Schoyen (Norway), 1903 Cabbage Tipula oleracea Averin (Russia), 1913 Cabbage Tipula oleracea Goriatchkovsky (Russia), 1915 Cabbage Tipula sp Lutchnik (Russia), 1916 Cabbage Nephrotoma sp Lutchnik (Russia), 1916 Polygonaceae. . . . Buckwheat. . . . Tipula oleracea Goriatchkovsky (Russia), 1915 Rosaceae Roses Nephrotoma lineata. . . Schaufuss (Germany), 1901 Raspberry and strawberry.. . Tipula oleracea Barthou (France), 1913 Leguminosae. . . . Clover Tipula bicornis Webster (Indiana), 1892a Clover Tipula bicornis Forbes (Illinois), 1890 Clover Tipula flavolineata . . . . Sopotzko (Russia), 1916 Clover Tipula oleracea Del Guercio (Italy), 1914 Japan clover. . . Tipula cunctans Hyslop (Tennessee), 1910 Alfalfa Tipula simplex Carnes and Newcomer (Cali- fornia), 1912 Peas Tipula paludosa Lind, Rostrup, ai^d Kolpin Ra\Ti (Denmark), 1914 I Tmbellif erae . . . . Carrots Tipulidae Lesne (France), 1905 Solanaceae Potatoes Tipula oleracea Beling (Germany) , 1887 Potatoes Tipula lateralis Cameron (Scotland), 1917 Potatoes, stored Trichocera Johannsen (Maine), 1910 Potatoes, stored Trichocera Carpenter (Ireland), 1912 Compositae Cardoon Tvpida sp Lesne (France), 1908 Species affecting woody plants Species that injure or destroy living trees or shrubs are not common, and the damage that they do is ahnost entirely of a minor nature. 740 Charles Paul Alexander Ctenophora angusti'pennis is recorded as doing secondary damage to prune trees in Oregon' (Lovett, 1915). Fuchs (1900) records four species — Tipula scripta, T. marginata, Nephrotoma cornicinn [as iridicolor], and N. quadrifaria — as injuring young plants of both deciduous and conif- erous species. Taschenberg (1880:54) describes Tipula flavolineata and Nephrotoma crocata as destroying year-old seedlings of fir and larch. Matsuniura (1916:466) records the larva of Nephrotoma makiella as injurious to the mulberry (Morus) in Formosa. METHODS OF EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Collecting The larvae of the larger species of crane-flies, such as those of the genera Tipula, Pedicia, and Eriocera, may be readily discovered in the field, but the immature stages of the smaller Tipulidae are not so easily found. It is necessary to bring into the laboratory large quantities of the material in which the immature stages are supposed to be living, and there to examine it with considerable care. In the case of mud or earth, it is better to wash away the finer silt particles and examine the residue. The writer has found it most convenient to use a Simplex water-net, placing in it a handful of earth and holding it underneath a running faucet . The mesh of this net is of sufficient diameter to retain any crane-fly larvae except the very young stages. When the fine particles have been removed the residue can be examined in water in white enameled or porcelain dishes, and the larvae and pupae may be easily detected in the water. Numerous associated forms of life will be found, and these should be pre- served or recorded. The immature stages of wood-inhabiting species are most easily found in the field Joy a patient and painstaking examination of the removed bark and the exposed parts of the tree stump or trunk. Moss-inhabit- ing species, such as those of Liogma and many tipuline forms, may be shaken from their haunts onto a piece of white oilcloth, where they are easily observed. Killing and preserving The larvae and pupae to be studied should be dropped into boiling water for a brief instant. The larva, on contact with the water, at once expands to its maximum size, the spiracular disk is spread wide open, and the anal \ The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 741 gills are completely everted. The specimens should be placed in 4-per- cent formalin or, preferably, 70- to 75-per-cent alcohol. Large, fleshy larvae, such as those of the Tipulinae, should be slit at the third or the foiu'th abdominal segment to allow easy penetration of the preservative. Other notes on preserving material are given by Banks (1909) and by Wilhamson (1916). Study In the study of the gross material, both the binocular and the com- pound microscope may be used. A special word on the preparation of the head capsule of the larva may be helpful. In removing the head capsule from the body it is generally easiest to slit longitudinally the tho- racic segments back of the head and pull the capsule thru this incision. In forms with compact and massive capsules, the thorax and the head may be snipped off and the head everted after the manner of turning the finger of a glove. The capsule should be left in a 5-per-cent solution of caustic potash until all the fleshy parts have been removed. It should be dissected out so that all the mouth parts are isolated and rendered distinct for study. Then follow the usual processes of washing and dehydration, and the final mounting in Canada balsam. Various means are available for examining the spiracular disk. The specimen may be placed in a watch crystal under water and held firmly in place by a piece of glass, as, for example, a broken microscope slide. By holding a heavy piece of glass over the anterior end of the body, the posterior end may be bent at a right angle and bolstered in place by two or three other glass fragments so that the disk is directed straight upward and its details are easily examined. Other methods, such as embedding the anterior end of the larva in paraffin in a deep dish and submerging the body, may be followed. It must be emphasized that in alcoholic gross material the study should be conducted under alcohol or water. The measurements of the pupa — abbreviated in the text as d.-s. (dextro-sinistral) for the width and d.-v. (dorso-ventral) for the depth — are taken opposite the wing pad. Rearing In order to rear the immature stages of crane-flies successfully the natural haunts should be imitated as closely as possible. In the case of wood-inhabiting species, large pieces of the material in which the larvae 742 CiiARLES Paul Alexander arc working may be l^rought into the lal)oratory and placed in the breed- ing cages. Tliis method may be followed with species of Tanyptera, Ctenophora, and other genera. Fungicolous species, as a rule, also are easily reared. The entire fungns in which the specimen is found should be brought into the la])oratoiy and placed in a jar on a bed of clean sand. The sand takes up the liquidd; pi-oduced by the disintegration of the fungus and provides a place for pupation. Species of Limnobia, Ula, and other forms are reared in this manner. The chances for error in rearing are many. One must be certain that there are no other larvae in the breeding jar with the one that is being reared; else one of these other larvae might transform and emerge first, and the results would be altogether misleading. The writer has had tliis happen in his breeding cages, even after the utmost care had been used to guard against it. Beling, the great German student of the inunature stages of crane-flies, made a few mistakes in the same way; as, for example, in the case of his Trimicra, the larvae that he describes being pediciine and probably a species of Dicranota or the yoimg larvas of a Tricyphona. What happened, presmnably, was that Beling found these pediciine larvae and placed them in rearing; in the same cage, bub unknown to the breeder, was a larva of Trimicra which emerged, and naturally Beling thought it came from one of the larvae that he had placed in rearing. It is usually easy to check up such errors. Thus, the writer has placed in rearing the larvae of Penthoptera and, to his surprise, had adults of Limnophila adusta emerge. Obviously larvae of L. adusta got into the cage in spite of precautions, and emerged first. When closely related species are concerned, however, it becomes a hard matter to straighten the tangle. Hence a species cannot be reared too many times, since each rearing checks up the previous results. The precaution to be taken in the case of mud-inhabiting or sand- inhabiting species is to see that the mud or sand is baked or thoroly desiccated in order to destroy all life in it. Then it may be remoistened, and the larva or larvae chosen to rear may be put into the earth without the chance that some unknown larva may be lurking in the medium and may emerge first, and so bring about confusion. The writer has foimd that the most satisfactory way to rear small tipulid larvae fomid in earth or sand is to place a small amoimt of bake I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 743 earth from their haunts m a 4- or 6-dram shell vial, moisten the earth, and place a thin layer of moss over it. The vial should not be corked, but should be covered with a piece of cheesecloth held in place by rubber bands. In the case of carnivorous species, as the Hexatomini and the Pediciini, individuals should be isolated in vials, but the herbivorous species may be bred in large numbers in single containers. The predatory forms are usually distinguished without difficulty by their extremely active, snakelike motions, the other species being more sluggish in their actions. Strictly aquatic forms, such as Antocha, are reared only with great diffi- culty. These species can survive only in rapidly flowing, well-aerated water, and it is usually a difficult matter to imitate this condition success- fully. The best plan is to place rearuig cages in the natural haunts of the larvae. This can be done if a suitable location is sufficiently close at hand and free from disturbance by inquisitive passers-by. The chief source of danger to breeding cages in natural streams is that a sudden rise of water may suffocate the larvae or wash the cages downstream, or else may destroy the contents of the cage by a thick deposition of silt. Lotic species that are discovered in streams far removed from the laboratory can be transported alive for long distances in folds of wet cheesecloth. The writer has found this to be the most satisfactory way to keep advanced pupae alive until they are ready to emerge as adults. In general, the writer has foimd species of the tribe Pediciini the most difficult to rear, and the Limnobiini and the Eriopterini perhaps the easiest. Mud-inhabiting species are easily reared, l)ut species from rushing torrents are at the opposite extreme and it is almost an impossibility to bring some of these species -thru to the adult condition. TYPES OF THE IMMATURE STAGES The material on which this study is based was almost entirely reared. It seems desirable that these authentic specimens of the larva and the pupa should be so designated that they will have a value greater than that possessed by ordinary specimens. No terms for the designation of types of the immatiu'e stages are known to the writer, and the two that are needed in this paper are here defined as follows: Nepionotype, The type of the larva. Neanotype, The type of the pupa. 744 Charles Paul Alexander The type specimen should, of course, be selected only when there is absolute certainty of the identification, and in most cases this determination can be made only hy rearing the species. After the species has been reared (this should be done many times, if possible, in order to check up the identity) , a good representative specimen may be chosen as the type of the stage. In the cases in which the species is known only from a single specimen, the nepionotype may be the larval skin, the neanotype the pupal skin. The remaining specimens of the original series become para- types. The types of the immature stages possess fully the value of the type of the adult and should be as carefully preserved. The types herein designated are in the collection of the writer. They are preserved in alcohol, but the larval heads of most species have been removed, treated with caustic potash, and mounted in balsam. EXTERNAL MORPHOLOGY The larvae and the pupae of crane-flies show considerable diversity in their general form. The fundamental plan of structure remains much the same thruout the group, but the details are widely different and furnish the characters in use for the separation of the various tribes and lesser divisions. The immature stages of crane-flies have evolved more rapidly than have the adult flies, and in many features they show a greater specialization. The head capsule of the larva seems to be the most constant feature, the same fimdamental type of structure recurring in the generalized members of all the various groups, indicating a close phylogenetic relation- ship. On the other hand, the respiratory organs of both the larvae and the pupae vary greatly in the different species and are obviously molded by habitat. The often-repeated statement that the inside of an organism shows what it is, wliile the outside shows where it has been, is well illus- trated here. The larva General features The form of the larval body is, as a rule, moderately elongated autl usually terete. The head is eucephalous and non-retractile in, the three families Tanyderidae, Ptychopteridae, and Rhyphidae. It is incomplete and more or less retractile in all the species of Tipulidae. The body is shortest in the more generalized forms, becoming greatly elongated The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 745 in many Eriopterini and some Limnobiini (Dicranoptycha). It is mads up of the composite head capsule, three thoracic segmeiits, and nine evident alxlominal segments. In some species all the abdominal segments are subdivided, respectively, into a narrow basal and a usually broader posterior ring, or annulus; in other species only the basal segments are so subdivided. The integument is usually covered with a dense appressed jiubescence and often bears setae, or pencils of hairs, or, in some CyUn- drotominae, spinous projections. Respiration is characteristically metapneustic ; in the Rhyphidae it is amphipneustic, in Antocha apneustic. The typical metapneustic forms often show vestigial lateral spiracles, but these are not functional in any species known to the writer and the peripneustic type of larva is still unknov\'n in this group of Diptera. The spiracles are placed at the ends of the long breathing tubes in the Tanyderidae and the Ptychopteridae. In the Tanyderidae, the Tipulidae, and the Rhyphidae the disk is sur- rounded liy a varying number of lobes which are rarely indistinct, these ranging in number from two to eight. Anal gills are found in repre- sentatives of almost all the major groups of crane-flies, and their loss is a result of habitat and non-usage. In wood-inhabiting species the gills are often modified into blunt lobes, having the evident function of pro- pulsion by shoving. Body form As already stated, in the majority of crane-fly larvae the body is terete or approximately so, but in some species it is decidedly depressed with the ventral surface flattened. Such forms are Dactylolabis, some Cjdin- drotominae, and some Tipulinae. The integument is produced into elongate spines and blades in almost all species of Cylindrotominae, similar conditions being suggested in a few tipulines. A definite arrangement of setae (chaetotaxy) obtains. The basal abdominal ring is provided with a transverse creeping-welt in the Limnobiini and in some Hexatomini and Pediciini, as well as in a few other forms. In some genera, as Epiphragma, this welt is practically naked; in others it is covered with a microscopic scurfiness; while in still others (Dicranota) it is separated into distinct paired prolegs, which are armed with circlets of cliitinized hooks that lessen in size from the tips basally. The welts are both dorsal and ventral in position in, many Limnobiini and in some Pediciini (Rhaphi- 746 Charles Paul Alexander dolabina), or are ventral only (Rhamphidaria, Ularia, Epiphragmaria , and most Pediciini). In numljer they range from four (on abdominal segments 4 to 7) in most Pediciini, to five or six (on abdominal segments 2 to 7) in Ularia, Epipliragmaria, and other forms. Organs of respiration The spiracular disk. — The posterior end of the body is usually truncated, bearing the two spiracles and surroimded by a number of fleshy lobes. These lobes vary much in their shape and armature, and range in number from two in the Pedicaria and the Antocharia to six or eight in the Tipuhnae. The inner faces of the lobes are often fined with brown or black horny plates, which serve as points of attachment for the longitudinal muscles. Their arrangement and distribution are of great service in specific classification. The Limnobaria usually have the lobes surrounding the spiracular disk indistinct; the Antocharia have two long ventral lobes; the Rham- pliidaria five lobes; the EUipteraria and the Dicranoptycharia four lobes. In the Eriopterini, the Elephantomyaria and some Eriopteraria have four lobes; the majority of species of the latter division have five. In these last-named species the disk is almost squarely truncated, and the five lobes are subequal and stellate in appearance. The Hexatomini usually have four lobes, with the ventral pair longer than the lateral pair. In a few cases only (Ularia, Dicranophragma, Poecilostola) , a reduced mid-dorsal lol)e is present. In the more specialized forms the lateral lobes also tend to reduce, simultaneously with the elongation of the ventral lobes. In this tribe the disk is fringed with long hairs, which are sometimes excessively elongate, especially on the ventral lobes where they appear as long fringes of delicate hairs that spread out on the surface film of the water as broad fans. Such fringes are found in a large nimiber of Hexatomini and also in the Adelphomyaria (sup- position). Near the tips of the ventral lol^es, but inside this fringe of hairs, are often inserted one or more stiff sensory bristles. In the Pediciini, the Pedicaria have two lobes and the Adelphomyaria (supposition) have four. In the former division the lobes are ventral in position and are almost naked. The Cylindrotominae have six rather indistinct lobes in Cylindrotoma, and four in the other genera. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 747 The Tipulinae show six lo])es in practically all genera, the only exceptions being that there are eight in a few rare cases of Tipula and five in Doli- chopeza, and that lobes are indistinct or lacking in Tanyptera. In the Rhyphidae (Trichocerinae) the spiraciilar disk is very similar to that in many Tipulidae, and is surrounded by four lobes. In the Ptychopteridae the very reduced disk is borne at the tip of a slender, retractile breathing tube. In the Tanyderidae the condition is somewhat similar, but here the disk is larger and is surrounded by five lobes at the tip of a long, stout, non-retractile breathing tube. The spiracles vary greatly in size from very large to small and vestigial, or they may even be lacking in some species of Antocha. They consist of an apparently imiform middle piece surrounded by a radially folded margin, or ring, of various widths, called the stigmal ring. Many authors (De Meijere, Mik, Miiggenberg, Brown, Keilin, and others) hold that the middle piece is an imperforate chitinized plate and that respiration takes pl?.ce thru the stigmal ring. Gerbig (1913), however, shows that the middle piece is split across the disk, the cleft being closed by two overlapping membranes. Directly behind the spiracles the tracheae enlarge into the felt chamber, whose walls are provided with long, branched, treelike structures, the branches apparently anastomosing. Surrounding the felt chamber in many larvae are dense masses of air tubes, which make up the tracheal lungs. These tubes are arranged in bundles, which arise in special cavities of the felt chamber; thus, in Tipula paludosa, there are about fifty bimdles, each of about twenty tubules, maldng a total of one thousand of these air canals (Gerbig). The early stages of the larva are quite different from the later develop- mental stages, as Gerbig (1913:137-140), working on Tipula paludosa, has well shown. The prominent six-lobed spiracular disk of the more matured larva is represented in the first developmental stage by four heavily chitinized projections, which bear but few bristles on their outer margin. The dorsal lobes are not evident, but are replaced by eight branched bristles, about equidistant from one another. The spiracles are oval, not circular as in the grown larva, and project a little beyond the level of the disk. The writer has noted several first-stage larvae with an appearance almost as described l)ut showing several points of dilTerence. The immature larvae of Phalacrocera are described elsewhere in this work (page 963). 748 Charles Paul Alexander Anal gills. — In the Ptychopteridae and in the Tanyderidae there is but a single pair of anal tracheal gills. In the former these are very small and are cylindrical, in the latter they are large, branched, fanlike struc- tures. In the Tipulidae the anal gills number from four in most Lim- nobiinae to six or eight in the Tipulinae. The increase in number is brought about by a division of the original gill of each side. In generalized forms, as Antocha, Pedicia, and others, the anal gills are constricted into segments, the apical ones being more or less telescopic into the preceding ones. As a rule the anal gills are entirely or almost entirely retractile within the body. In the Tipulinae the gills vary with the genera, being blunt and con- structed for propulsion in the wood-inhabiting species, such as those of Ctenophora, Tanyptera, Tipula, and other genera. In the semi-aquatic species of Tipula the number of gills varies from four to eight. In the latter case each of the four principal gills is deeply bifid and the gills are arranged transversely, as in T. ignohilis', in species with six gills the posterior branches of the posterior gills are atropliied as a rule; in other species, which have but four gills, the four anterior branches are preserved, the posterior pair being usually atrophied. In Longurio and "Aeshnasoma the four anal gills are pinnately branched, each with aljout six lateral branches. A similar condition is found in the Tanyderidae. The head The primitive crane-fly head, was undoubtedly of the eucephalous, non-retractile type, as found in the Ptychopteridae, the Rhyphidae, and other families. The retracted head capsule of the Tipulidae is a derived condition. The massive, compact capsule is fomid in all of the lower groups of the three subfamilies of the Tipulidae. Such a head is easily derivable from the condition in the Rhyphidae or in the Tanyderidae, for instance. The dorsal median sclerite, the jprefrons, is almost as large and conspicuous in Ula as in the eucephalous families. The lateral plates that constitute the capsule are shaped like a mussel in the generalized groups, with the posterior incisions shallow. In the rAore specialized forms, with the capsule greatly dissected, the two plates of either side are entirely sepa- rated — the innermost, next to the prefrons, being the internal-lateral of De Meijere, and the outermost being his external-lateral. The prefrons The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 749 is found in all forms with the capsule compact and massive, and is even preserved in many species with the dissected capsule. In many cases, however, it is firmly fused with the internal-lateral plates; or, in some cases, all the plates of the capsule are firmly miited and their individual limits are ill-defined. In the generalized forms the clypeus and the labrum are entirely distinct from each other, while in other forms the two lose their individuality by fusion. The sclerites of the generalized primitive head bear bristles, or setae, of various types and arrangement. In the Tanyderidae the punctures are multisetose; in most Ptychopteridae the setae are branched or some- what plumose. The literature on the head capsule and the mouth parts is as follows: Ptychoptera. De Meijere, 1910:188-191, figs. 14-20. Bittacomorpha. Hart, 1S98 [1895]: 192, pi. 5. Trichocera. De Meijere, 1916: 191-194, figs. 21-23. Limnobia. De Meijere, 1916: 198-201. Dicranomyia. De Meijere, 1916: 197-198, figs. 32-35. Dieranoptycha. Alexander, 1919b; 71, figs. 2, 3. Elliptera. Mik, 1886 b: 339, pi. 6. Ula. Alexander, 1915 a: 5-6, pi. 1. Dactvlolabis. Mik, 1894:261-266, pi. 2; Nowicki, 1867:341 (as Rhicnoptila). Limnophila. De Meijere, 1916:204-206, figs. 49-51. Eriocera. Alexander and Lloyd, 1914:21-22, pi. 1. Hexatoma. Alexander, 1915c: 146, pi. 1. Penthoptcra. Alexander, 1915c: 155, pi. 1. Tricyphona. De Meijere, 1916: 195-196, figs. 29-31. Pedicia. Needham, 1903:286, fig. 19. Dicranota. Miall, 1893:237-238, pi. 10. Ormosia. De Meijere, 1916:201-204, figs. 37-47. Gnophomyia. Malloch, 1915-17 b: 230-231, pi. 34, fig. 10. Chionea. Brauer, Egger, and Frauenfeld, 1854:614, pi. 11. Phalacrocera. Miall and Shelf ord, 1897:344-345; Bengtsson, 1897. Cylindrotoma. Cameron, 1918. Liogma. Miiggenberg, 1901; Alexander, 1914:111, pi. 1. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:544. Prionocera. Malloch, 1915-17 b: 199, pi. 32, figs. 1-3. Holorusia. Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:55, 61-62. Tipula. Vimmer, 1906, and 1911:1-6. In addition to the preceding, the genera Helobia (Beling, Hart, Malloch), Rhaphidolabis (Needham), and Tanyptera have been discussed less fully. All of the above-named genera are considered in this paper, and the head capsule and mouth parts of the following genera are described also: Protoplasa (supposition), Bittacomorphella, Rhipidia, Rhamphidia, Antocha, Epiphragma, Pseudohnmophila, Pilaria, Ulomorpha, Elephant- oniyia, Teucholabis, Gonomyia, Erioptera, JVIolophilus, Adelphom^^ia 750 Charles Paul Alexander feuppo >t.on) RhapMolabma, Oropeza, Longurio, Aeshna^oma The e«-np„o„. for the go.icra are either entirely new or else the characters have heretofore been n.sufficiently described a„' ^--'^ of crane!fl£ :;': The labrumand the epipharym;.- The labrum is preserved in all crane- fly brvae It ,s usually broadly transverse or ova . The t ror marrin or papillae The lateral regions on the ventral, or epipharyngeal ,ide ■ZeZ "^ ""'""- '■'' '''''*"^"'' P™P^^ i/vari^sTy arn d m the different groups of crane-flies. T-Ae Za6f»„.-The labial region of the capsule is of vast importance in Z Sed"' Th "V'"" "' "" '•''"^•"™"' P-'^ should r r" appieciated. The confusion in terminology of the dipterous larval labium has been partly outlined by De Meijere (1910:253). The princh al synonyms are as follows: piincipai Submentum. (BSTniT luafpS'tT' '"""'• "' '"'"'" "" "*e teeth. In Bittacomorpha it is more or less distinctly bilobed but is untoo hed. In the generalized Tipulidae it is indistiifctly div ded Lo an outer plate and, immearently impressed lines. In many species, as for example those of the higher Hexatomini, the apical papillae are very long, tapering to the tips. In many Limno- biini, as for example Limnobia, and in many species of Tipula and related forms, the apical papilla is button-shaped, or diskhke, and is often very reduced. The 7nandihle. — In the primitive type, such as occurs in the eucephalous groups and in the generalized Tipulidae, the mandible is rather com- 752 Charles Paul Alexander plicated, usually having a considerable number of teeth on the cutting edge and a distinct sub-l)asal arm (prostheca) or prosthecal tuft of hairs. At the same time there are usually one or more setae on the outside of the mandible, near the " heel," or base, of the scrobal region. In the gcncrahzed tipulid type there are two apical teeth and two rows of cutting teeth. In other cases, as in the Limnobiini, there are but a single dorsal tooth, a single apical tooth, and a varying number of cutting teeth on the ventral face; in some species of Limnol)ia the number of teeth in the ventral cutting row is six or seven. In the Tipulini the mandible is often reduced in size (as in Tanyptera), there being but a single dorsal and a single ventral tooth in addition to the apical point; the prostheca, however, is usually well developed. In the Eriopterini but one row of teeth, the ventral, is strongly developed. In the Pediciini and the higher Hexatomini, the mandible is elongate and sickle-shaped, with the few teeth on the cutting edge at about midlength. In Ulomorpha the mandible is hinged at about midlength, the basal part being hollowed out on the inner face to receive the blade in a position of rest. The maxillae. — The maxillae are usually of simple form. In the generahzed types, such as the eucephalous families and the lower groups of the subfamilies of Tipulidae, they consist of a large and distinct trans- versely triangular cardo, a conspicuous stipes, and distinct inner and outer apical lobes. In the PecHciini the lobes are separate in the supposed Adelphomyia larva Ijut are fused together in the highest types (Dicranot'a) . In the Hexatomini the lobes are reduced to a single long, flattened blade. The outer and inner lobes are usually densely hairy, especially at the tip and on the inner face of the latter. The palpus is uni-articulate and antenniform in the generalized forms, is short-cylindrical with a varying number of tiny sense pegs at the apex, and bears on its face a circular auditory plate similar to that of the antenna. The armature of the inner lobes is varied, in some species being provided with stiif, comblike setae, or projections. The pupa General features The pupa of the crane-fly is of the so-called "free," or " munmiy," type. In only a few cases does the larval skin adhere to the end of the abdomen (Dactylolabis, Cyhndrotoma, and some other forms.) The head is usually small, and is ventral in position. Iimnediately behind the The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 753 head on the pronotiim are the two breathing horns, which are variously developed in the different tribes and genera and furnish invaluable bases for classification. The leg sheaths usually far exceed the short or but moderately elongate wing sheaths. The abdominal segments are often provided with a suliterminal armature of stiff setae, or spines. At the posterior end of the body, the last two segments (cauda) are variously modified to inclose the sexual organs of the adult flies. The head The head is usually small and flattened, occupying the anterior ventral part of the body. The eyes differ in size in the various groups, in some (Erioptera, Elephantomyia) being larger in the male than in the female; in the male sex they are approximated on the niedian line above or beneath. The front between the eyes is usually narrowed behind, dehmited by the iimer margin of the compound eye, narrowed at the posterior end, and bluntly rounded or pointed at the apex. This part is described herein as the labrum, or labral sheath. It contains the fronto-clypeus and the labrum of the imago. At its tip it bears two more or less diver- gent lobes, these being in some cases closely approximated so as to appear as a single lobe; these are herein termed the labial lobes or sheaths, and they contain the so-called paraglossae of the adult fly. On either side of the labral sheath, and usually divergent and lying along the posterior margin of its face, are the sheaths of the maxillary palpi, which in most cases extend beyond the knee joint of the fore legs. In almost all the Limnobiinae these are short and stout and almost straight, but in the majority of the tipuline forms they are curved at their tips, which in most species are actually recurved and offer an easy means of distinguishing members of this subfamily. In many of the Limnobiini the margins of the cheeks project as flattened ledges overlying the joint of the fore legs. The antennae arise from above or between the eyes and bend laterad and thence caudad around the eyes, in some forms, such as Elephant- omyia and the males of other species, lying across the face of the eyes. The antennae usually end just beyond the roots of the wings, but in the males of some species (Eriocera) they extend beyond the tips of the wings. The basal segments (scape) of the antennal sheath are often armed with 3 754 Charles Paul Alexander spines or tubercles, and very often the organ is angulated at the end of each segment of the atUilt antenna inside. At its vertex, between or just dorsad of the antennal bases, the head may bear a crest which is usually bilobed and setiferous. In some species this cephalic crest is quadrituberculate, there being a smaller secondary crest behind or before the primary one. In the Tipulini the crest is very inconspicuous and but weakly setiferous. In most of the Limnobiini it is lacking or nearly so. The head may be variously armed with spines, tubercles, or setae; in Eriocera spinosa, for example, there are spines or strong tubercles on the antennal scape, on the clypeal region, and even on the face of the eye. In some cases there are setae on the front between the eyes, on the clypeus, and on the cheek. The thorax The pronotum of the thorax is small. The ventral part is closely applied to the head and often has small setiferous tubercles close to the breathing horns. The pronotal breathing horns are variously developed in the different tribes and genera, and are discussed here in general terms only. Many species are propneustic, the pronotal horns alone being functional. Other species (in Hexatomini and Eriopterini) are peripneustic, the second to the seventh abdominal segments being provided with functional lateral spiracles in addition to the breathing horns; other pupae have lateral abdominal spiracles, but in most cases they are merely vestigial. Some pupae are amphipneustic, there being in addition to the breathing horns a conspicuous pair of spiracles on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment (Rhamphidia, Ula, Epiphragma; in the typical species of Lim- nobia these are present but they are small and are probably nonfunctional). In the Ptychoptei'idae the breathing horns are very unequally developed, one being enormously elongated and filiform while the other is abortive. In some Tipulini (Longiirio, Prionocera, Tipulodina) the horns are like- wise greatly elongated, but in these cases they are shorter than the body and are approximately subequal in size, or at least are not so disproportionately unequal. In the Limnobiini the breathing horns are usually stout and broad, in the typical Limnobaria (Limnobia, Dicranomyia) being subquadrate, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 755 subcircular, or even broader than long. In Elliptera they are earhke and very large. In Antocha a unique condition is found, in that the apparatus is divided into eight stout filaments. In the Eriopterini and the Hexatomini the horns are usually long and cylindrical or sUghtly flattened, and straight or but slightly curved. There are numerous deviations from type, how- ever. In Gnophomyia and some species of Gonomyia (alexanderi and kansensis, for example), the horns are trumpet-shaped; in Gonomyia sul- phurella they are compressed and flattened into fanlike structures. In several widely separated paludicolous genera, such as Ulomorpha, Pseu- dolimnophila, and Prionocera, the breathing horns are split at their tips into two conspicuous flaps with fimbriate margins, an obvious adaptation to an existence in mud. Often the breathing horns are very small (as in Elephantomyia, Teucholabis, and Trichocera) or even microscopic (Dicranoptycha). Limnophila hyalipennis (Zett.) is described by Beling (1886:198-199) as lacking the breathing horns, but this is presumably an error of observation which may be due to a defect in the material studied, or possibly the horns are sessile or reduced as in Dicranoptycha. In some species (Erioptera, Eriocera) the horns are stout at the base but taper rapidly to the acute points. In many PecUciini the tips of the horns are expanded and usually obliquely trimcated, with a row of breathing pores around the margin. The tipuline breathing horns are remarkably uniform in general structure, being usually elongated cylindrical in shape, of moderate length, and with the tips slightly expanded. The most conspicuous deviations from type are the short, flattened, and some- what clavate horns of Tanyptera. The thoracic mesonotum is very convex, or gibbous in many species (Limnobiini and some Hexatomini). In other species it is declivitous, with a high transverse crest (Eriopterini). This crest may be armed with numerous small spines (Helobia); from two to four powerful hooks (Molophilus, some species of Ormosia, some species of Erioptera, Teucho- labis); from six to eight tubercles set with stiff bristles (Gonomyia); or abundant small setiferous tubercles on either side of the median line, these being less conspicuous along the shoulder (most species of Ormosia and of Erioptera). In Eriocera longicornis there is a median spine or tubercle on the scutellum. In some Cylindrotominae the metanotiun bears spines. The extreme lateral or ventral margin is produced into a blunt or somewhat pointed angle just above the wing 756 Charles Paul Alexander root; this is usually armed with from one to three setae. Various other setae usually occur on the mesonotum. The leg sheaths lie along the ventral side of the pupa. There is, in the various groups, a considerable difference in the length of the sheaths, their position, and the relative arrangement of the ends of the tarsal segments. In the Bittacomorphinae, the fore legs overlie the middle legs. In the Rhyphidae the fore legs overlie the middle pair, which, in turn, overlie the hind legs. In the Ptychopterinae and in the Tipulidae, all three pairs of sheaths lie parallel along the midventral area, those of the hind legs being outermost along the wing sheaths, and those of the fore legs being on the inside and contiguous. In Gnophomyia the leg sheaths are very short, extending but little beyond the wing tips and reaching only the end of the second abdominal segment. In other crane- flies they are longer, in some species reaching the end of the fifth abdominal segment. Very often the tips of the tarsi are on a level. In the Limno- biini the hind tarsi are usually a little shorter, and the fore tarsi are a little longer, so that the ends of the sheaths form a bhmt V. In the Eriopterini the middle legs are usually (except in Gnophomyia) much shorter than the other legs; in Helobia, moreover, the hind legs are conspicuously longer than the fore legs, so that all three sets end at different levels. A somewhat similar and parallel development is foimd in the tipuline forms. The wing sheaths are moderately broad, usually ending opposite or a little beyond the apex of the second abdominal segment. The venation of the various species often shows clearly and with little distortion on the wing pad, and in such cases it is of very great help in locating certain genera. Species with a heavy pattern in the adult wings, such- as those of the genera Discobola and Epiphragma, show this pattern on the wing pad in the older pupae, and this helps to confirm their identity. The abdomen The abdomen consists of apparently nine segments, the last two being closely approximated or fused to form the cauda. The segments are usually plainly divided into a broad dorsal (tergal) and ventral (sternal) region, and a much narrower and more restricted lateral (pleural) area. The segments beyond the first are variously subdivided into rings, or annuli, by false constrictions, there being usually one, but in some cases The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 757 two or more, basal rings and a much broader posterior ring. The segments are variously armed with setae, or spines. In the Limnobiini and some Hexatomini these occur on the basal annulus, and consist of a transverse welt which is margined (as in Antocha and EUiptera) or covered with abimdant microscopic chitinized points. In some Pediciini the setae occupy both the basal and the posterior rings of the intermediate abdominal segments. In the Eriopterini and most Hexatomini, as well as in the tipuline forms, the setae occur on the posterior ring, just before the caudal margin, and consist of a single transverse row of small spines. In the Cylindrotominae the segments are often armed with prominent elongate body projections (Liogma, Triogma). In Phalacrocera elongate lobes are confined to the posterior segments of the abdomen. In the Pty- chopteridae the segments are densely covered with transverse rows of long tubercles which are replaced by chitinized plates near the posterior margin of the segments. In Bittacomorpha these tubercles are stelkite at their tips. The dorsum of the cauda in most crane-flies is armed with four, five, or six conspicuous lobes which are often spinous at or near their tips. These represent the lobes that surround the spiracular disk of the larva, and their number generally corresponds to the larval condition. Thus, in the Ptychopteridae there is a single lobe, in the Pediciini there are two, and in the Hexatomini and the Eriopterini there are four or five. In the Tipulinae there are often but foiu- evident lobes, the dorsal pair of the larva not being represented. In some generahzed groups, as the Limnobaria, the Rhamphidaria, and others as indicated else- where in this paper, the larval spiracles persist in a more or less functional condition. Abdominal spiracles. — In the Eriopterini and the Hexatomini there is a distinct and apparently functional spiracle on each pleurite of the second to the seventh abdominal segments, located near the base of the posterior ring. In the Eriopterini these spiracles are small and, in the cast pupal skin, appear tubular or elongate. Smaller vestigial spiracles are evident in most genera of the Tipulidae. As has been mentioned earlier in this paper, in certain primitive genera of Tipulidae — such as Rhamphidia, Ula, Epiphragma, and to a lesser extent those of Limnobaria — there is a pair of rather large spiracles on the dorsum of the eighth segment. In Dactylolabis cubitalis the lateral 758 Charles Paul Alexander abdominal spiracles are protuberant, notably the pair on the second segment. The genitalia. — The genital sheaths conceal the adult organs within. In the male the valves are usually subequal or the sternal valves are a little the longer. In the female the sheaths, or acidothecae, of the ovipositor usually have the dorsal valves considera]:)ly longer than the sternal valves and distinctly upturned at their tips. In the few groups with fleshy ovipositors, the female cauda is very difficult to distinguish from the cauda of the male. The valves are variously armed with spines or lobes, at or before the tips. internal morphology The internal morphology and anatomy of the crane-fly larva are here considered in general terms only. The two genera that have been studied in greatest detail by the writer are Eriocera and Antocha. The most important literature on the various systems of the body is cited in order to make reference to it more easily available. The digestive system The most important literature on the digestive system is as follows : Ptychoptera. Grobben, 1876; Van Gehuchten, 1890. Chionea. Brauer, Egger, and Frauenfeld, 1854:613-614, pi. 11, fig. 4. Dicranota. Miall, 1893:242-245. Phalacrocera. Miall and Shelford, 1897:347-351; Bengtsson, 1897. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:546-551, figs. 12-35. Holorusia. Kellogg, 1901 a; Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:56-57. Herbivorous larvae (Tipula, Holorusia, Ctenophora, Phalacrocera) In the larva of herbivorous species the alimentary canal extends the length of the body as an ahuost straight tube inclosed by the coiled, perforated sheets of adipose tissue. The esophagus is slender, opening into the hypopharynx. The proven triculus has a large esophageal invagi- nation at its anterior end. The ventriculus has at its anterior end four elongated ventricular caeca, these being of two distinct lengths in pairs (didynamous) in Ctenophora, and all four alike in Holorusia. In Cteno- phora there arc four small, pocket-like gastric caeca near the posterior end of the ventriculus, which are not mentioned as occurring in Holorusia. At the junctui'e of the ventriculus and the small intestine are the four The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 759 coiled malpighian tubules. Behind the^ventriculus lies the small intestine, with a caliber much smaller than that of the ventriculus. At the union of the large and the small intestine is a prominent diverticulum of very- large size (in Ctenophora three times as large as in Holorusia). The large intestine gradually dilates behind to form the rectum. Phalacrocera has the ventriculus without caeca and the hind intestine without a diverticulum, altho it is decidedly a herbivorous genus. The condition in Chionea is almost the same. In Phalacrocera, and probably in most other larvae, a peritrophic membrane (a secretion of the epithelium which incases the food and keeps it from direct contact with the epithe- lium) is present. There are four malpighian tubules in all the Tipulidae that have been thoroly studied (Chionea, Eriocera, Dicranota, Phalacrocera, Ctenophora, Holorusia, Tipula, and a few others). In the Rhyphidae, likewise, there are four tubules in both the larval and adult stages. In the Ptychop- teridae, however, there are five tubules, as in the Culicidae, the Psy- chodidae, and related families. This might indicate some basis for placing the Ptychopteridae in close proximity to the Culicidae, as has been done by Lameere (1906). The salivary glands consist of two large coiled tubules which pass into a collecting duct and unite to form the common collecting duct that opens at the base of the hypopharynx. Carnivorous larvae (Dicranota, Eriocera) The ahmentary canal in the carnivorous type of crane-flies is a short, straight tube, with a minimum of appendages such as caeca and diver- ticula. In Eriocera the esophagus is very long, and the ventriculus is short and without caeca. The malpighian tubules are yellow at their origin, soon passing into an orange-brown color. The intestine is short and straight, without a diverticulum. The salivary glands in the newly killed larva of Eriocera spinosa are very conspicuous by their opalescent color, which persists for a day or more after death. These glands consist of two elongate-oval or cylindrical glands, of the opalescent color just mentioned. From the anterior end of each of these glands passes the long, slender, salivary collecting duct, which unites with its fellow to form a conmion duct opening at the mouth cavity. From the caudal end of each gland is a flattened, almost hyahne, 760 Charles Paul Alexander elongate lobe which is indistinctly pseudo-segmented, in its posterior part being in intimate connection with the abundant fat tissue. Respiration and circulation The most important literature on the respiratory and circulatory organs is as follows: Ptychoptera. Grobben, 1876. Dicranota. Miall, 1893:245-248. Phalacrocera. Aliall and Shelford, 1897:351-356. Liogma. Miiggenberg, 1901. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1008:551-554. Holorusia. Kellogg, 1901 a; Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:57-58, 00. Tipula maxima. Brown, 1910. Tipulinae, Hexatomini (especially Tipula paludosa and Limnophila punctata) . Gerbig, 1913. General articles. De Meijere, 1895; Viallanes, 1880. The most important works on the structure of the tracheal system with special reference to the mechanics of the spiracles, are those by Miiggen- berg (1901), De Meijere (1895, 1902, 1916), Brown (1910), and Gerbig (1913). Miall and Shelford (1897:351-356) discuss in much detail the structure of the heart in Phalacrocera. In Eriocera spinosa, which may be considered as typical for this group of crane-flies, there are two principal tracheal trunks which lie in a dorsal position and run almost the length of the body. They are connected across by a very delicate, unbranched, simple, tracheal commissure, and send ofT branches laterally to supply the various organs of the body. Near the posterior end of the body they are approximated, and just in front of the spiracles they expand into the tracheal chamber. Directly cephalad of this chamber the first lateral branch passes off, numbering from the posterior end forward. Branches 2 to 8 are large and much forked. Just after leaving the main tracheal trunks, each of these sends off a ventral branch which supplies the alimentary canal and the fat tissue. Branch 3 supplies the region of the malpighian tubules; branch 4, the posterior part of the stomach; branch 5, the anterior part of the stomach; branches 6 to 8, the esophageal region — branch 6 supplying the pro- ventriculus, branch 7 and part of branch 8 the esophagus, and the remainder of branch 8 the pharyngeal region. The main part of each lateral branch continues laterad, at its first (anterior) fork sending a branch forward to the next branch, so as to The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 761 form a complete but much-branched lateral trachea. The branches are very diffuse and abundant and the skin is well supplied. As already stated, the cross-commissures are very delicate and are unbranched or nearly so, the dorsal regions of the body being supplied by branches from the lateral supply. The condition of the tracheae in Antocha, the only apneustic crane-fly larva among the species here considered, may be outlined as follows: The usual two principal trunks are present, joined across on each segment by delicate cross-commissures which send off two approximated branches except on the eighth segment. Laterad and ventrad of the principal trunks are the delicate lateral tracheae. These are joined to the main trunks by fine branches inserted about midway between the dorsal commissures, toward the posterior end of the body lying nearer the posterior commissure than the anterior one. At the ninth segment each trunk sends off a branch from its proximal side, these branches being connected by a long commissure and supplying the posterior pair of gills. The commissure is about as long as that part of the branch between it and the trunk. Immediately caudad of, or just at, the fork, but on the ventral side, a subcqual branch passes into the anterior gills; at the same point the delicate lateral tracheal trunk finally ends in the main trunk. Caudad of this triple forking the main trunk gradually widens out into a cylindrical structure which is truncated apically, at the tip passing out into two small elongate branches, near the base with about three delicate branches, two being dorsal in position and one more lateral. All of these tracheae, to the gills and to the caudal lo])es, send off many branched capillaries at frequent intervals, and the caudal lobes unquestionably function as tracheal gills. A comparison of Antocha with Dicranota as described and figured by Miall (1893:245-248) shows, in the latter, distinct spiracles and the gills similar but much smaller. The tracheal arrangement differs in that a single branch on either side supplies both gills of that side, while the caudal lobes are tracheated l)y a branch that leaves the main trunk close to the spiracles. (Plate XII, 2 and 3.) The arrangement of the tracheae at the base of the wing pad is described and figured for Bittacomorpha by Dr. Chapman in Comstock's The Wings of Insects (1918:36-37). 762 Charles Paul Alexander The nervous system The most important literature on the nervous system is as follows: Ptychoptera. Grobben, 1876. Dicranota. Miall, 1893:241. Phalacrocora. Miall and Shelford, 1897:350; Bengtsson, 1897. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:556-557. Holorusia. Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:58-59. In Holorusia the brain, or supra-esophageal ganglion, is composed of two principal lobes united posteriorly and lying above the esophagus. Beneath the brain and on the under side of the esophagus lies the sub- esophageal ganglion, which is connected with the anterior end of the brain lobe by the circum-esophageal commissures. The above-named organs form a complete ring, or collar, around the alimentary canal. The ventral nervous system leads backward from the subesophageal ganghon on the ventral surface of the body wall. In the thorax there are four closely approximated ganglia representing the thoracic and the first abdominal segments. Beyond these and located in the abdomen are six abdominal ganglia. The ganglia send off four large nerve trunks. The condition is similar in Ctenophora and in Tipula, there being seven abdominal gangha, of which the first is located in the thorax and the last six in the abdomen. In Phalacrocera there are eight abdominal ganglia, the first being usually found in the first abdominal segment and the eighth in segment 10. The head ganglia are all independent of one another, not fused into a complex. The longitudinal commissures between the first five ventral ganglia are double, and those between the eight abdominal ganglia are simple (Bengtsson). In Dicranota there are like- wise eight abdominal ganglia, the first being located in the first al^dominal segment and the others in segments 5 to 10, there being two close together in the tenth segment. The reproductive system The most important literature on the reproductive system is as follows: Ptychoptera. Grobben, 1876. Dicranota. Miall, 1893:248. Phalacrocera. Miall and Shelford, 1897:356-357. Holorusia. Comstock and Kellogg, 1904 : 58. The reproductive organs appeiar early in the larval development. In Dicranota the testes lie in the ninth segment and form elongate capsules, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 763 when sufficiently advanced giving off the vasa deferentia from the inner side of the hinder end. Even in larvae not fully matured, Miall found ripe spermatazoa mixed with spermatoblasts. No division of the testes into follicles is apparent. In Phalacrocera, also, ripe spermatazoa may be found in the older larvae. In Phalacrocera the ovaries form a pair of cylindrical bodies tapering to each end, lying on either side of the beginning of the intestine. The ovaries are very peculiar in structure, seeming to be adapted to the almost simultaneous discharge of all the eggs. The muscular system The most important literature on the muscular system is as follows: Body musculation Ptychoptera. Grobben, 1876. Dicranota. Miail, 1893:241. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:. 545. Holorusia. Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:59-60. Musculation of the mouth parts Phalacrocera. Bengtsson, 1897. The fat bodies, or adipose tissue The most important literature on the adipose tissue is as follows: Dicranota. M^all, 1893:241-242. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:554. Holorusia. Comstock and Kellogg, 1904 : 56. The imaginal disks, or histoblasts The most important literature on the imaginal disks is as follows: Phalacrocera. Miall and Shelford, 1897:357-358. Ctenophora. Anthon, 1908:555. Holorusia. Kellogg, 1901 b; Comstock and Kellogg, 1904:61. PHYLOGENY The origin and phylogenetic development of the various groups of crane-flies is still largely problematical. The evidence supphed by the adult flies of the most generalized living groups points to an ancestor which in many respects resembled the recent Mecoptera, or scorpion 764 Charles Paul Alexander flies. That this resemblance is presumably not fundamental is suggested by the immature stages of these same generalized forms, which show but few features that can be reconciled with those of a panorpid-like ancestor. Unfortunately the fossil record helps but little. At the begin- ning of the Tertiaries, crane-flies were already numerous both in species and in individuals, but in most cases they are clearly referable to existing genera. It is evident, then, that the investigator must go still further back for his evidence, and the fossil crane-flies of the Upper Mesozoic are, unfortunately, still largely unavailable. The phylogenetic develop- ment of the group may be considered from two standpoints, the geological record and comparative morphology. THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD The most important works on fossil crane-flies are those of Loew (1850), Scudder (1894), Handlirsch (1906-08, and 1910, a and b), Meunier (1906), and Cockerell (1910, 1913, 1916, and 1917, a and b). The writer is indebted to Professor Cockerell for assistance in determining the age of many of the fossil-bearing beds. Excellent accounts of the various deposits may be found in Cockerell (1913) and in Tillyard (1917). The Tipuloidea, representing the superfamily of cratie-flies, is herein considered as being constituted of six families, of which two, the Eoptychopteridae and the Architipulidae, did not survive the Mesozoic period. The Eoptychopteridae are known only from the Mecklenburg Lias (lowest Jurassic), and include but three monotypic genera. The Architipulidae are known from the same formation and include eight species arranged in three genera. The other four families contain recent forms and are included in this paper. The North American Eocene and Miocene, as represented by the White River and Green River beds and the Florissant shales, respectively, give evidence of having had a northern fauna, especially in the Eocene. This is well shown by the great development of the Cylindrotominae, which in the White River basin almost dominated the crane-fly fauna during the Eocene. It seems probable, moreover, that the group was forced into colder regions of the globe during the Oligocene, when the tropical element reached far to the north. No group of crane-flies that can be considered as being tropical has yet been found in the Florissant. On the other hand, the European Oligocene, as shown by the Gurnet Bay beds The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 765 and the lower Oligocene Baltic amber, has a considerable tropical element apparent — as, for instance, Styringomyia, found in both formations, and Trentepohlia, Polymera, and Brachypremna, the last two being amber records. In connection with these two last-named genera, as fossils known only from the Baltic amber, it should be noted that each is found living to-day only in America, where they are confined to the austral and tropical regions. The Tanyderidae are represented by the Oligocene Macrochile (amber) and Etoptychoptera. At present this is still a very small group, including but two genera and nine species. The Ptychopteridae include a Ptychoptera from the Bohemian Krot- tensee (probably upper Oligocene) and a Bittacomorpha from the Florissant. The Rhyphidae (Trichocerinae) are represented by two species from the Baltic amber and one or two additional species from the Miocene. The Tipulidae may be considered in general terms only. But one tipulid is hsted by Handlirsch as being known from the Mesozoic. In the earliest Tertiaries, however, a variety of species is found in this family which almost parallels their recent development. The Limnobiini first appeared in the Eocene (Dicranomyia, Gera- nomyia). In the lower Oligocene, numerous species of Dicranomyia and Rhipidia occurred. In the Miocene, Dicranomyia was common, tho probably not so rich in species as at present. Rhamphidia is found in amber, and Antocha has been described from the Florissant Miocene by Scudder; the latter record, however, seems very doubtful to the writer, judging from Scudder's figure and description. The Hexatomini are represented by Ula, Limnophila, Eriocera, and Polymera in amber, and by Limnophila in the Florissant shales. There is no record of the Pediciini being preserved as fossils. The Eriopterini are well represented in the Baltic amber by Erioptera, Gnophomyia, Gonomyia, and related genera, and also in the Miocene by Gonomyia, Cladura, and others. Toxorhina, an apparent relative of Elephantomyia, occurs in the Baltic amber. The Styringomyiini are represented by the only living genus, St5n-ingo- myia, a fly of uncertain affinities, in the Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Cockerell, 1917 c and 1919) and in amber, reappearing in the Pleistocene African copal. 766 Charles Paul Alexander The dominance of the Cylindrotominae (genus Cyttaromyia) in the Eocene and Miocene of the North American fauna has already been mentioned. No records of this group from the European Oligocene are available. The recent species of the subfamily are practically all forms belonging to cold, temperate regions, the few Oriental species of Stibadocera coming from mountains at considerable altitudes. The Tipulinae have been found as far back as the Mesozoic, but the records are not entirely satisfactory. In the lowermost Tertiaries, how- ever, undoubted tipuline forms occur. Species occur in the Green River shales of Colorado (Eocene). The group was well represented in the Oligocene (Baltic amber, Tulameen beds of British Columbia, Krottensee, and Gurnet Bay), and was very common in the Miocene (Radoboj, and especially in the Florissant of Colorado, where some twenty-five species of Tipula and closely allied genera or subgenera have been described by Scudder and Cockerell). Tipulidae of the Pleistocene are not numerous, only a few having been made known from the refuse of lake dwellings in England (Dicaera, apparently related to Ctenophora), and in the African copal, including such genera as Styringomyia, Elephantomyia, and Toxorhina. comparative morphology The morphology of the various stages of crane-flies has been detailed elsewhere in this paper and need not be repeated here. PHYLOGENETIC' CONSIDERATIONS The cucephalous familes of crane-flies are undoubtedly lower, phylo- genetically, than the Tipulidae, and the latter have been derived from the former. The generalized type recurs in all three subfamilies of the Tipulidae, and it is uncertain which of these three should be placed lowermost. Presumably all three groups arose from an immediate com- mon ancestor, or the Tipulinae and the Limnobiinae arose from one point of the tree, the Cylindrotominae developing from the Umnobiine stem at a somewhat later period. The accompanying phylogenetic tree (Plate XII, 4) graphically illustrates this apparent evolution of the group. The Limno- l)iini show but little deviation from the fundamental type. From the level of the lowermost Hexatomini (Ula and Epiphragma), in close proximity to the Limnobiini, the remaining groups of crane-flies can be The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 767 derived — the Pediciini and the Eriopterini on the one hand, the hexato- mine divisions on the other. The highest levels of development of their respective types are apparently Diotrepha (Limnobiini), Dicranota (Pediciini), Gonomyia (Eriopterini), and Hexatoma (Hexatomini). The immature stages of the Tipulidae of the antipodal regions (Australia and Chile) are entirely unknown, and their discovery may bring to light striking novelties that may well upset the present ideas of classification. The largest remaining gaps in the present knowledge of the Nearctic fauna relate to the genera Atarba, Toxorhina, Cryptolabis, Phyllolabis, and Megistocera, but it is not expected that any major groups will have to be created for their reception. LIFE HISTORIES OF CRANE-FLIES, WITH KEYS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES Various classifications and arrangements of Diptera have been proposed in the past, and the principal evolutionary changes in the entomologist's conception of classification are herein indicated. The groupings in the superfamily Tipuloidea have been very diverse. Brauer (1883) separated the eucephalous famiUes from the Tipulidae (Polyneura). Osten Sacken (1893) placed the Tipulidae in the Netnocera vera, the Rhyphidae in the Nemocera anomala. Coquillett (in Howard, 1912:85-86) included the Tipulidae in his superfamily Tipuloidea, but separated the Rhyphidae, placing the latter in Bibionoidea. Lameere (1906) gave a classification that had little basis in fact, the Rhyphidae being considered by him as Brachycera and the Ptychopteridae being placed with the Culicidae. Knab (1915), working on the respiratory systems of the larvae, demonstrated the hitherto unnatural groupings of the families of the Nemocera, and arranged the crane-fly famihes, along with a few others, in the group Polyneura, a group coordinate in rank with the previous conception of the Nematocera. The latest grouping, that of Malloch (1915-17 b), was based on a broad knowledge of both the adult flies and the immature stages; and here, for the first time, one gets the true conception of the superfamily hmits — the inclusion of the Ptychopteridae, the Tipulidae, and the Rhyphidae in a single major group. Malloch's arrangement is herein adopted, with the following exceptions: (1) the Limnobiidae are not held as constituting a separate family, but are united with the TipuUdae; (2) the family Tanyderidae has been 768 Charles Paul Alexander erected, to include the generalized Tanyderina which have hitherto been placed with the Ptychopteridae. The immature stages of the four families of the Tipuloidea are readily separable. The larvae of the Tipulidae can be confused only with those of certain low brachyccrous forms, as, for example, the Leptidae. In the Brachycera the mandibles work vertically and parallel to each other; in the Nematocera, including the Tipuloidea, they operate transversely or obliquely against the teeth of the mentura and the hypopharynx. The presence of fleshy lobes surrounding the spiracular disk is a character possessed by almost all Tipulidae. The larvae of a few groups of brachyc- erous Diptera, such as certain Leptidae, Sciomyzidae, and other families, possess entirely similar caudal lobes but are readily recognized by the small and very reduced head capsule. The eucephalous famiUes of the Tipuloidea may be distinguished by means of the characters indicated in the following keys: Larvae 1. Body eucephalous, head non-retractile; amphipneustic or metapneustic 2 Head incomplete behind, retractile; not amphipneustic Tipulidae (p. 791) 2. Caudal end of body prolonged into a slender breathing tube; metapneustic 3 Caudal end of body not prolonged into a breathing tube; amphipneustic. Rhyphidae (p. 787) 3. Breathing tube stouter, non-retractile; gills large, pinnately branched; punctures of head multisetose; found in wet decaying wood Tanyderidae, supp. (p. 769) Breathing tube slender, completely or partly retractile; gills slender, cylindrical, unbranched; punctures of head with simple or plumose hairs; found in wet earth. Ptychoptebidae (p. 772) Pv-pae L One of the pronotal breathing horns greatly elongated, much longer than the body, the other breathing horn very short, abortive. (Family Ptychopteridae, p. 772) 2 Breathing horns short, or, if elongated (some Tipulinae), not longer than the body and the difference in size not so apparent 3 2. Tarsal sheaths lying side by side, parallel Ptychopterinae (p. 773) The fore tarsal sheaths overlying the middle pair, the four middle and hind tarsi the longest, parallel Bittacomorphinae (p. 779) 3. Tarsal sheaths overlying one another in pairs Rhyphidae (p. 787) Tarsal sheaths lying side by side Tipulidae (p. 791) The pupae of the Tanyderidae are still unknown. It is possible that Bittacomorphella (page 779) has short breathing horns; in this case this genus would run down to couplet 3 above, but by the arrangement of the tarsal sheaths it runs out as indicated in couplet 2. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 769 Family Tanyderidae Larva (supposition).' — Body eucephalous, metapneustic. Integument smooth, shiny white. Last two segments of abdomen produced into a stout, non-retractile breathing tube, which is distinctly five-lobed at the tip. Tracheal gills two, very large, pinnately branched. Head with scattered punctures, which are multisetose; lateral plates of head united across venter. Mandibles opposed, narrow, tridentate. Maxilla with palpus two-segmented, the outer lobe digitiform, pubescent. Labrum small, semi-circular, with two punctures; clypeus with four punctures. Pupa. — Unknown. The Tanyderidae comprise a group of primitive crane-flies including but three recent genera, with ten species. Of these the genus herein considered, Protoplasa, with three known species, is found in the Northern Hemisphere. All that is known concerning the biology of supposed species of this group pertains to Protoplasa fitchii and is discussed below. Genus Protoplasa Osten Sacken (Gr. first + to form) 1859 Protoplasa O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. 1878 Idioplasta O. S. Cat. Dipt. N. Amer., p. 222. The genus Protoplasa is confined to temperate 1^5'orth America. There are three known species, of which P. vipio 0. S. and P. vanduzeei Alex, are v/estern in their distribution, while P. fitchii O. S. is eastern. The general characters of the supposed larva are given above; the detailed account in connection with the species P. fitchii follows. Protoplasa fitchii 0. S. 1859 Protoplasa fitchii 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. The remarkable insect Protoplasa fitchii is one of the rarest of the local crane-flies. There are scarcely a score of specimens extant in the various collections of the country, most of which are from the mountainous section of North Carolina. The fly has not been reared, but the writer has in his possession a larva that he refers with much confidence to this species. It is one of the most remarkal)le dipterous larvae that have ever come to the writer's notice, and, whether or not it belongs to Protoplasa, it should certainly be called to the attention of entomologists in the hope that it may some day be bred and its identity confirmed or ascertained. These peculiar dipterous larvae were discovered by H. S. Barber, C. T. Greene, and 770 Charles Paul Alexander R. C. Shannon, on the Potomac River near the mouth of Dead Run, Fair- fax County, Virginia. They were found during the latter part of May, 1916, in a much-decayed maple log, where they were associated with the 'larvae of the syrphid fly, Temnostoma bombylans (Fabr.) (Barber, 1913). Greene attempted to rear the larvae procured at this time, but did not succeed. In May, 1917, he sent the writer one of the preserved larvae for study. Later Dr. Viereck was interested in the matter, and on May 27 he procured one fine, healthy larva, which was sent to the writer at Ithaca, New York. It arrived safely on the 29th, and was at once placed in rearing. Unfortu- nately this larva died the day after it came into the writer's possession, and this remarkable insect still remains unreared. Associated with this larva in the pieces of decaying maple in which it was shipped, were larvae of Temnostoma and a larva and a pupa of the tipulid Epipiiramna solatrix. The evidences that this larva is that of Protoplasa are numerous It belongs, without doubt, to the Nematocera, and the immature stages of all the remaining families of that division have been made known Many features in this larva point strongly to the condition in other families of crane-flies. The eucephalous condition of the head, and the elongate breathing tube, are suggestive of the Ptychopteridae; the five-lobed spiracular disk, the anal tracheal gills, the metapneustic respiratory system, and other features, are very similar to conditions in certain Tipuhdae. However, there are conditions obtaining here that are found nowhere else m the Diptera, so far as is known to the writer, such as the combination of a eucephalous head of primitive organization, a stout non-retraetile breathing tube, the large, pinnately branched anal. gills' the multisetose punctures on the head, and the details of structure of the mouth parts. The multisetose punctures are suggestive of the branched or plumose hairs of Ptychoptera, and give a possible hint of the origin and ancestry of this condition in the latter group. The writer cannot but regard it as suggestive that the larvae are found in direct association with those of Epiphragma in saturated decaying wood. He has mentioned in other papers (Alexander, 1910:254, and 1919 d: 883, 915) the remarkable superficial resemblance that exists between the adult flies of Epiphragma fasapenms and those of Protoplasa, both forms having very hand- somely banded wings of a pattern not found in other species in the local fauna. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 771 The only observations on the adult flies that the writer has ever been able to make were in reference to five specimens taken in New York State in 1909 (Alexander, 1910:254). These were swept from rich vege- tation along the banks of the Sacandaga River in northeastern New York. The adult flics have never been recorded from the vicinity of Washington, but are regional, since the species ranges thruout the eastern United States as far south as Georgia (in the mountains). Larva. — Total length, 11.8 mm. Length excluding breathing tube, 5.6-6 mm. Length of breathing tube alone, 5.8-6.2 mm. Length of ninth segment of abdomen (chitinized part of breathing tube), -3.4-3.6 mm. Length of anal gills, 2-2.1 mm. Diameter of body, 2.3 mm. ^ Coloration pure white, head and apical two-thirds of breathing tube pale brown, chitin- ized. In the living larva there is a transparent, subcircular area on the dorsum of segment 7 thru which the beating of the heart can be clearly seen, but in preserved specimens this area is hard to perceive. (Plate XIII, 5 ) Body eucephalous, entirely smooth, shiny, dorsum of segments 2 to 9 each with a trans- verse group of tiny points. Thorax with the first segment longer than the succeeding two segments taken together, narrowed anteriorly, broader behind; mesothoracic segment about half as long as the first and about twice as long as the very narrow metathorax. Abdominal segments gradually increasing in length to the seventh; segments 8 and 9 abruptly narrowed into a stout, elongate breathing tube which is about equal in length to remainder of body; basal, or proximal, part of tube (segment 8) shorter than terminal part (segment 9) and not chitinized; segment 9 elongate, chitinized, with a deep transverse constriction a short distance before tip; this apical part, and the region just before the constriction, smooth, the remainder of the last segment with numerous doHcate transverse wrinkles. Spiracular disk (Plate XIII, 6) surrounded by five lobes, one dorsal, two lateral, and two ventral in position; dorsal lobe the smallest, lateral lobes the broadest; lobes tipped with sharp, chitinized spines, v/hich are continued for a short distance down the outer face of each lobe; fringes of long hairs along margins of lobes; disk with a brownish tinge around spiracles and an elongate-oval median mark between, and slightly below, the spiracular level; inner face of ventral lobes with indistinct, tiny, brown punctures. Spiracles large, separated by a distance about equal to diameter of one. Anal tracheal gills two, one on either side of the base of segment 8, very large and pinnately branched, there being about fifteen branches to each gill; each of these branches constricted into four or five lobules; lobes at their tips broadly obtuse (Plate XIII, 9). Head short and broad, epicranium chitinized. Across ventral face, the sclerite firmly united by a narrow transverse band; median part densely punctulate, this area delimited laterally and posteriorly by an indistinct curved line. On dorsum, the prefrons conspicuous and the clyptus distinct from the labrum. Head and mouth parts provided with numerous setiferous punctures, each of which is multisetose (from five to eight setae to each puncture). Chaetota.xy of epicranium (Plate XIII, 7) with three lateral groups of long bristles, the 772 Charles Paul Alexander posterior group being the longest and most dorsal in position; on ventral face, four punctures on either side (Plate XIII, 8); prefrontal sclerite apparently lacking setae, but on the epicranium proper, along margin of prefrons, a longitudinal group of six punctures on either side, the anterior pair the longest. Labrum semicircular in outline, outer margin fringed with long, stiff hairs; dorsal surface with two transverse punctures. Clypeus narrowly transverse, with four setiferous punctures in a transverse row. Dorsal median part of epicranium forming a subquadrate lobe whose lateral angles bear brushes of hairs; laterad of these angles a rounded hollo-w overlapped by a flat, bilobed operculum (this may be some modification of the antennae which should occupy about this position on the head). Mandible elongate, strongly chitinized, tridentate, the apical tooth the longest and more acute than the others, the middle tooth bluntly obtuse; inner posterior angle of mandible produced proximad beneath outer lobe of maxilla into a bluntly rounded lobe; mandible with a group of curved setae on scrobe near base, and a group of longer bristles lying distad and mesad of these setae on dorsal face of mandible. Maxilla with base, in a position of rest, concealed beneath head-chitin; palpus stout, antenniform, two-segmented, the basal segment short and stout, the apical segment much shorter and narrower, with a small, lateral, sensory papilla; outer lobe of maxilla produced cephalad as a stout, digitiform lobe which is densely hairy. Family Ptychopteridae Larva. — Body eucephalous, metapneustic, long and slender, the caudal end prolonged into a more or less completely retractile breathing tube bearing the spiracles at the tip. Lobes surrounding spiracular disk indistinct. Anal gills two, elongate-cylindrical, unbranched. Integument with tiny hairs (Ptychoptera), or with shght warty pro- tuberances (Bittacomorpha), or with conspicuous elongate tubercles (Bittacomorphella). Pseudopods on abdominal segments 1 to 3 each bearing a curved claw. Head complete; eyespots distinct. IMandibles opposed. IMentum many-toothed (Ptychopterinae) or merely bilobed (Bittacomorphinae). Pupa.' — Usually with one of the two pronotal breathing horns greatly elongated, much longer than the body (this may not be true in Bittacomorphella); in Ptychoptera and Bittacomorpha it is the right horn that is elongated, the left being degenerated; in Bitta- comorphella the right horn is degenerated. Tarsal sheaths all parallel in the Ptychopterinae, the fore pair overlying the middle pair in the Bittacomorphinae. Abdomen covered with setiferous tubercles arranged in transverse rows on tergites and stcrnites, and more or less in longitudinal rows on pleurites. Cauda with a powerful dorsal median lobe near base of segment 8. The family Ptychopteridae includes three genera falling in two tribes: the Ptychopterinae including the single genus Ptychoptera, and the Bittacomorphinae including the " phantom crane-flies," Bittacomorpha and Bittacomorphella. The habits of these species are discussed below in connection with the various genera. The following keys separate the subfamiUes of the Ptychopteridae: Vhe Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 773 Larvae Mentum wath outer margin finely serrated; mandibles with three large outer teeth; pseudo- pods small; coloration yellow or brown Ptychopterinae (p. 773) Mentum bilobed, not toothed; mandibles with a single large outer tooth; pseudopods prom- iiient, each with a conspicuous curved claw; coloration rusty red or black. Bittacomorphinae (p. 779) Pupae All tarsi lying parallel; wing pads with M branched Ptychopterinae fp. 773) Fore tarsi lying above middle tarsi; wing pads with M unbranched. Bittacomorphinae (p. 779) The immature stages of this group of flies have long been known, having been investigated by Reaumur (1740), Lyonet (1832), and other early workers. The immature stages of the common American species Ptychoptera rufocincta are herein recorded for the first time. The unknown Ptychoptera described by Malloch (1915-17b: 240-241) is evidently P. lenis O. S. and is here considered as that species. The most important literature on the Ptychopteridae is as follows: Ptychoptera paludosa Larva, pupa, general. . Reaumur, 1740, pi. 6. Ptychoptera paludosa General Wesenberg-Lund, 1915:348-351. Ptychoptera lacustris Larva Beling, 1886: 171-172. Ptychoptera contaminata Larva, general Van Gehuchten, 1890. (Histol- ogy of the alimentary canal.) Ptychoptera albiniana General Cameron, 1917:65. Ptychoptera alhimana Larva, pupa, general. . Topsent, 1914-16. Ptychoptera sp. {lenis supp.) Larva Malloch, 1915-17b:240-24L Ptychoptera sp General Leger and Duboscq, 1909. (Pro- tozoan parasites.) Ptychoptera sp Larva, general Grohben, 1876. (Morphology.) Ptychoptera sp Larva, general De Meijere, 1916: 188-191, figs. 14-20. ( External morphology. ) Ptychoptera sp General Lyonet, 1832. Bittacomorpha clavipes Larva, pupa, general. . Hart, 1898 [1895]: 189-195. Bittacomorpha clavipes. General Needham and Betten, 1901:574. Bittacomorpha clavipes General Howard, 1912:9.5-96. Bittacomorpha clavipes Larva, pupa Malloch, 1 9 15-17 b: 239-240. Bittacomorpha clavipes General Weston and Turner, 1917:53. Van der Wulp (1857), Miall (1895), Griinberg (1910), and Brunetti (1912) also give general accoimts of the immature stages of Ptychoptera, for the most part taken from the earlier works cited above. SUBFAMILY Ptychopterinac Genus Ptychoptera Meigen (Gr. fold + wing) 1800 Liriope Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 14 {nomen nudum). 1803 Ptychoptera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1856 Ctenoceria Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 187. 774 Charles Paul Alexander Larva. — Head oval to subpyriform, broadest behind, narrowed in front, not heavily patterned above; setae of head branched or plumose. Submenturn large, usually but a little narrowed posteriorly, the anterior lateral angles slightly produced; mentum broader than long, outer margin with numerous teeth (18-22). Prementum with palpi rather small, lying parallel, densely hairy on outer, or ventral, face. Mandible with three powerful outer teeth and about six smaller inner teeth. Maxilla with the cardines elongate triangular, with three setiferous punctures; maxillary palpi antenniform, cylindrical. Labrum broad, transverse, with dense tufts of hair beneath. Integument almost smooth, without prominent warty elevations. Pseudopods low, with small claws. Pupa. — Head .small, with a reduced cephalic crest. Sheaths of maxillary palpi elongate, the tips projecting around knee joints of fore legs. Leg sheaths with all the tarsi parallel, not overlapping one another. Wing sheaths with media branched. Pronotal breathing horns very unequal, one (usually the right) exceedingly elongate, longer than remainder of body, the other tiny, degenerate. Abdomen set with transverse and longitudinal rows of small setiferous tubercles on the segments. Ptychoptera is a small genus including sixteen described species, almost all occurring in the Holarctic region, with a few species in India and Formosa. Two species are found in tropical Africa, and another, an undescribed form, in southern South America; hence the genus is probalily found thruout the world in countries in the temperate zones, with the probable exception of Australia. The literature on the immature stages of this genus is summarized under the family account. Topsent (1914-16) has furnished the best account of any species of the genus Ptychoptera. His observations refer to Ptychoptera albimana. The following notes are extracted from Topsent's paper: The eggs range in number from .520 to 587, averaging 554. They are pale yellow, slightly arcuated, the surface curiously ornamented, the dimensions being 0.825 by 0.264 millimeters. The duration of the egg stage is seven days. The newly hatched larva measures 3.85 milli- meters, the respiratory tube 0.99 millimeters. The adult larva measures 77 millimeters, of which the respiratory tube is 20 millimeters. The growth of the larva is rapid. When fifteen days old it measures, when extended, 25 millimeters. When sixty-seven days old, it measures 45 millimeters. The pupal stage is from ten to twelve days, averaging eleven days. There are normally two generations a year. De Meijere (1916:188-191) gives a critical account of the structure of the larva of a European Ptychoptera. It agrees well with the description of P. rufocinda given below, the most conspicuous differences shown by De Meijere's species being as follows: labium with the submenturn having the sides straighter; mentum with the anterior margin evenly, but gently, convex, with only eighteen evident teeth. The details of the maxilla, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 775 especially of the setae on the cardines, are not the same. However, the generic characters given above include all the species to which the writer has been able to refer. Malloch (1915-17b: 240-241) describes and figures an American Ptychop- tera which is presumably P. lenis 0. S. It agrees closely with the other forms in most respects. The author indicates the mentum as having three distinct parts, the median part being projected beyond the level of the lateral parts and having more teeth (eight instead of six). Malloch's specimens were taken in the Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, in Augu.st, 1890. From the locality data it is almost certain that the larvae belong to the common Ptychoptera lenis of the western United States. Tonnoir (1919) describes a curious sexual dimorphism in the genus Ptychoptera. Ptychoptera nifocincta O.' S. 1859 Ptychoptera rufocinda 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 252. The species Ptychoptera nifocincta is common around wet swales and among open shrubl^cry. The adult flies are on the wing from May to early July, and again in late August and early September; they may be double-brooded. In appearance they are conspicuously unlike their relatives of the Bittacomorphinae, rather resembling certain large fungus gnats (Mycetophilidae). The larvae live in situations similar to those frequented by Bittaco- morpha, and often occur in the same associations — with larvae of Limnophila (Lasiomastix) macrocera, Pilaria tenuipes, P. recondita, and Erioptera chlorophylla, as well as with many Chironomidae, leeches, nematode worms, and mollusks. In appearance they are strikingly different from the larvae of Bittacomorpha, being pale, white or yellowish white, with the body almost smooth, not covered with the dense trans- verse rows of setiferous tubercles found in Bittacomorpha, and with the pseudopods on the basal abdominal segments poorly developed. The larvae of this species are smaller than those of Bittacomorpha, with the head proportionately much smaller. In structural details, however, they are rather similar to the larvae of Bittacomorpha. The larvae of Ptychoptera nifocincta feed on the decaying vegetable matter in their haunts. When fully grown, the pupa forms within the last larval skin, and the elongate pupal spiracle is coiled about the mesothorax, as described 776 Charles Paul Alexander for Biitacomorpha clavipes (Hart, 1898 [1895]: 191). Careful breedings of this species in 1913 at Orono, Maine, placed the indoor pupal life at four days and eighteen hours, and that in nature at probably five days — an unusually short pupal duration. Larva. — Length, when fully grown, 30-32 mm.; when fully extended, about 35 mm. Diameter, 2-2.2 mm. Head light reddish brown, not marked with darker spots as in Bittacomorpha; body whitish or pale yellow; tomentum short, pale; seventh and eighth segments of abdomen, and breathing tube, light brown. Body almost smooth, sparsely clothed with short, appressed hairs arranged in indistinct transverse rows, on intermediate segments of body there being about twenty of these rows; body not at all tuberculate, as in Bittacomorpha. Prothoracic segment short, not so long as mesothorax; metathorax nearly as long as preceding two segments combined. (In older larvae thsct are about to pupate, the right pupal breathing horn may be seen coiled under- neath the skin of the mesothorax.) First five abdominal segments swollen posteriorly into a ring that completely surrounds the segments; first three abdominal segments with low, indistinct pseudopods on either side of the median line, each with a small, recurved claw; pseudopods after first pair more widely separated than, and not so well developed as, in the Bittacomorphinae. Abdominal segments 4 and 5 more elongate, swollen posteriorly but not bearing pseudopods; segment 6 narrowed behind, with a few scattered, outspreading hairs; segment 7 narrower than preceding and telescopic within itself, a.t about two-fifths the length there being a transverse row of long hairs marking the limit of telescoping; when fully extended, segment 7 a little longer than segment S; segment S a little narrower, and telescopic basally into segment 7. (The parts of segments 7 and 8 which are exposed in the retracted condition are brown and subchitinized, and bear scattered, outspread hairs which are most numerous near the caudal end of the exposed part and here form transverse rows; similar rows of sparse, setiferous punctures are on the dorsum of the swellings on the first five abdominal segments.) Breathing tube (segment 9) retractile into segment 8 for about one-fourth its length; when retracted, completely concealing gills. Tracheal gills two, elongate-cylindrical, situated near base of segment 9; in normal position of rest, gills usually projecting about one-half their length beyond end of segment S. Apex of breathing tube truncated but without well-defined lobes. Head small, proportionately much smaller than in Bittacomorpha; oval to somewhat pear-shaped; narrow anteriorly, broadened behind, near posterior margin abruptly narrowed. Prefrons bread, conspicuous. (As noted by most earlier writers on the genus Ptj'choptera, the head bears numerous punctures with setae which are plumoso or have a branched appearance [Plate XV, 20]. The writer has examined numerous specimens under high magnification and is incUned to believe rather that in some cases several bristles arise from a single puncture and are closely approximated basally, altho free distally, and that the plumose appearance is here merely apparent. In other cases, however, actual basal fusion has taken place. The number of free tips from a puncture varies from three to six, five and six being common numbers.) Labrum broad, transverse, on disk two large setiferous punctures bearing branched setae; on either side beneath, conspicuous tufts of long hairs, these tufts continued The Crane-Fues of New York — Part II 777 obliquely proximad to near median line, where there is a median lobe densely covered with long hairs. Epipharynx small, subquadrate, margin almost transverse, with about seven blunt teeth; sides of organ with long hairs which are directed backward. Labium (Plate XIV, 12) with submentum much narrowed on basal half, sides subparallel, thence expanded so that cephalic end is about twice as wide as caudal end; anterior lateral margins produced into blunt projections; mentum (Plate XV, I7j broadly subquadrate, anterior margin nearly transverse and with from twenty to twenty-two teeth forming an irregular comb. (There is considerable variation in the shape of this comb and in the form of the individual teeth com- prising it; usually the median third of the mentum is produced outward beyond the lateral parts, but this condition is not always well-marked; the individual teeth may be blunt or acute. In the specimen shown the normal condition is illustrated; the central lobe includes six teeth, and each lateral part about seven teeth, the lateral teeth being usually a little the larger; in some specimens the median lobe has the teeth very indistinct, while in others there is a conspicuous tendency for the median pair to unite into a single broad tooth.) Prementum pale basally, indistinctly covered with pale papillae; palpi lying close together, subparallel, the lateral parts with short, dense hairs, the ventral face with shorter papillae; each lobe bearing at tip a small, blunt, cylindrical knob which is slightly chitinized. Antenna (Plate XV, 18) short, almost cylindrical but slightly narrowed basally, bearing on trimcate apex about five sensory papillae of various diameters, one being much the largest, two others being long and very slender; one of the papillae is bisegmented, the apical part being more slender than the basal part. (De Meijere [1916, fig. 14] shows his European Ptychoptera as having the antennae two-segmented and with the sensory papillae very different from the condition found in P. rufocinda.) Mandible (Plate XV, 19) strong and powerful; cutting edge sub triangular, with three large outer teeth and about six or seven small inner ones; of the larger teeth the outermost is the slenderest, the third is the largest and stoutest; small inner teeth subequal in length, the outermost stout, inwardly the teeth becoming more slender; mandible on ventral face near margin with two powerful setae, the posterior one often recurved, the anterior one directed forward. Maxilla (Plate XV, 19) with cardines roughly elongate-triangular, proximal angle acute, ventral face with three large setiferous punctures bearing several bristles of unequal length (the writer has not been able to locate setae on the middle puncture) ; outer edge of sclerite with a fringe of long hairs, longest at narrow inner end of segment; stipites roughly triangular, with a group of short spines at apex; palpi antenniform, stout, cylindrical, with sensory papillae at tip (one large papilla, about three of medium size, and three or four small ones); outer lobe of maxilla with a small, egg-shaped or subcylindrical, knob at its outer angle, below which the rounded lobe is densely clothed with long, pale hairs; caudad of these, along margin, a row of from six to eight powerful spines and a few long hairs. Pupa.— Total length, .34.3-40 mm. Length excluding kreathing tube, 14.5-15.8 mm. Length of breathing tube alone, 19.8-26 mm. Width of body, d.-s., 1.6-1.7 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.7-1.8 mm. Pronotal breathing horns reddish brown, dark brown at extreme base; thorax, wing sheaths, and leg she;iths dark brown; abdomen whitish, with small tubercles and broad 778 Charles Paul Alexander chitinized apices to segments dark brown. Pupa most readily distinguished from pupa of Bittacomorpha by the venation, the position of the tarsal sheaths, and the short, non- stellate abdominal tubercles. (Plate XIV, 13.) Anterior cephalic crest small, deeply bilobed by a broad V-shaped notch, the rounded lobules roughened and each terminated by a single long hair. Dorsad of these, two smaller and slenderer, very widely separated, tubercles, each lying just inside antennal sheaths. Antennal bases located on ventral side of head, between eyes; antennae bent dorsad and thence caudad around knee joints of fore legs, the tips lying just outside middle tibiae; apical antennal segments showing distinctly thru sheaths. Sheaths of maxillary palpi elongate, tips curved over knee joints of fore legs. Clypeus smaller and narrower than the conspicuous labium, transversely wrinkled. Labium rectangular, each half with tips obliquely truncated. (Plate XIV, 14.) Pronotum with lateral ventral angles almost square, each with about two small setae. Breathing horns very unequal in length; the right one greatly elongated, much longer than remainder of body, enlarged at extreme base, the outer part with numerous papillae which are more numerous and more approximated toward end of organ, these papillae lying in a single straight line which makes a long spiral around organ; left breathing horn very small and degenerate, only a little longer than sheath of maxillary palpi, curved, with about a dozen papillae which are closely crowded toward apex of organ. Mesonotum finely and transversely wTinkled, prescutum with a very acute V-shaped dorso-median mark, its apex directed backward; scutal lobes projecting, each with a few tiny hairs. Postnotum with two small tubercles at about two-thirds its length, one on either side of a pale median Hne. Metanotum short, sheath of halteres extending just beyond base of second abdominal segment. Wing sheaths clearly showing venation, the branched media being characteristic of the genus; wing sheaths extending almost to end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths with tips of fore and middle tibiae enlarged, and with inner apical angle of each produced into long points for the long tibial spurs of adult flies. Leg sheaths extending to just before end of third abdominal segment; all six legs lying side by side, not overlapping as in Bittacomorpha (Plate XV, 21). First abdominal segment chitinized above, apical half with a few weak tubercles. Dorsum of segments 2 to 6 with posterior margins each having a chitinized band set with about twenty-five to thirty setiferous tubercles, the outermost ones being the largest; remainder of dorsum of each segment with irregular transverse rows of scattered tubercles, on narrow, interrupted, chitinized bands; usually one of the bands, at about midlength of segment, broader and more strongly chitinized than the others; these bands obliterated on posterior segments, but caudal band here very wide; about fifteen of these rows on segments 2 and 6, and from twenty to twenty-five rows on segments 3 to 5; these bands not regularly trans- verse, but anastomosing rather freely, net occupying more than half of abdominal surface; segment 7 with the broad caudal band only; tubercles rather short, with three or four short, irregular spines at tip, these not presenting a stellate appearance as in Bittacomorpha. Abdominal sternites similar to dorsum, tubercles lacking where leg sheaths rest against segments 2 and 3; segments 4 to 6 with transverse rows similar to those of dorsum but weaker; caudal bands on segments 4 to 7 very broad, the caudal margin with tubercles, there being about twenty tubercles on segment 4, the number gradually decreasing to seg- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 779 ment 7, on which there are about fifteen. Abdominal pleurites with tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows, there being about six rows on each of segments 2 to 6, the rows being almost continuous for the whole length of abdomen; tubercles at caudal margin of each segment enlarged and powerful; on segment 6 the rows converging behind into a single powerful tubercle on caudal margin of segment; a similar enlarged tubercle on caudal margin of seventh segment; segment 7 and cauda narrov.-ed. Male cauda (Plate XV, 22) with a prominent dorso-median lobe projecting directly away from the body; dorsal sheaths short, indistinctly bilobed; ventral sheaths very elongate, divergent (Plate XV, 23). Female cauda (Plate XV, 24) with the same prominent dorso-median lobe; acidotheca of ovipositor long, straight, beyond its midlength a blunt, conical tubercle directed laterad and slightly caudad; sternum (Plate XIV, 15) with ventral lobe only about half length of tergal acidothecae, caudal margin with three lobules. Nepionohjpe. — Orono, Maine, June 24, 1913. Neanotype. — With the larval type. Paratypes. — Both larvae and pupae, June 24 to July 5, 1913. SUBFAMILY Bittacomorphinae The following keys separate the genera of the subfamily Bittacomor- phinae : Larvae Size small (total length under 20 mm.); coloration black, breathing tube light yellow; breathing tube entirely retractile; body covered with very long projections which are incased in a black, horny substance; mandibles with an inner comb of teeth. Bittacomorphella Alex. (p. 779) Size larger (total length over 40 mm.); coloration rusty red; body tapering gradually to the long, slender, partly retractile, breathing tube; body covered with transverse rows of shorter, stellate tubercles; mandibles without an inner comb of teeth. Biitacomorpha Westw. (p. 783) Pupae Size small (length, excluding breathing horn, under 12 mm.); right breathing horn small, degenerate; abdominal tubercles weak, tipped with several strong setae. Bittacomorphella Alex. (p. 779) Size larger (length, excluding breathing horn, over 14 mm.); right breathing horn elongate, filiform, longer than the body; abdominal tubercles strong, elongate, crowned by a circlet of four or five spines and tipped with a setiferous papilla. . .Biitacomorpha Westw. (p. 783) Genus Bittacomorphella Alexander- (Gr. diminutive of Biitacomorpha) 1916 Bittacomorphella Alex. Proc. Acad. >Jat. Sci. Phila., p. 545. Larva. — Body short, covered with very prominent projections which are longest on lateral and caudal parts of body. Pseudopods prominent, with very large, curved claws. Breathing tube short, entirely retractile within body. Head subquadrate, the foramen ventral in position; setae of head unbranched. Mandible with an inner comb of teeth. IMentum bilobed, cephalic margin untoothed. Coloration black; breathing tube light yellow. Pupa.' — Right breathing horn very short, degenerate. Fore tarsi overlying middle tarsi. Tubercles on abdomen moderately elongated, not crowned by a circlet of spines as in Bitta- comorpha, but tipped with a long seta. 780 Charles Paul Alexander The genus Bittacomorpholla contains but two described species, the genotype, B. jonesi (Johns.), and the larger B. sackenii (Rodcr) from western America, the immature stages of which are wholly unknown. There is no published literature on the biology of this group of crane-flies. Bittacomorphella jonesi (Johns.) 1905 Bittacomorpha jonesi Johns. Psyche, vol. 12, p. 75-76. Bittacomorphella jonesi is a curious little phantom crane-fly, not uncom- mon in cold Canadian woods thruout the Northern States, where it is usually found near running water or springs and often in small, dark ravines or along shaded runs. The adult flies sometimes lurk beneath low, dark bridges and culverts, where they are often associated with species of Dolichopeza and Oropeza. An account of the habits of the adults of this species may be found in an earlier paper by the writer (Alexander, 1916b: 545-546). The larval habitat is very different from that of other local species of the family, which, as a rule, prefer open swamps, swales, or wet meadows. The larvae of this species live in rich organic mud in shaded woods. They were first found on the Bool hillside at Ithaca, New York, beneath decaying beech leaves in wet or damp mud which was mixed with old beechnuts, hulls, acorns, butternuts, broken decayed twigs, and similar debris. The Bool area is a very steep hillside with a general northern exposure, heavily shaded with tall forest trees. In former days it extended far to the eastward and was connected with Slim Jim Woods, near the second bridge in Forest Home. The cut area is now a pasture, but patches of skunk cabbage and cat-tails still persist. On the shaded hillside the skunk cabbage occupies pockets or level areas where the soil is largely calcareous. The forest cover consists of beech, hard maple, basswood, yellow birch, red oak, butternut, elm, a fev/ large alders, a few aspens, and on the surrounding hillside a thick stand of hemlock. The shrubs include Ribes fioridum L'Her., Cornus alternifolia Linn, f., and similar species. The herbage at this season is of the dominant skunk cabbage, young seedlings of Impatiens hiUora Walt., Geum rivale Linn., and Cardamine Douglassii (Torr.) Britt. In places there are thick mats of mosses, Brachythecium rutabulum (Linn.) B. & S., on the limy soil, and Amblystegium on decaying prostrate limbs. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 781 The cuiious larvae of Bittacomorphella were here found associated with the following crane-fly larvae and pupae: Dia-anomyia stulta, Limnophila adusta, L. (Dicranophragma) fuscovaria, Ulomorpha pilosella, Penthoptera, MolophiJus hirtipenm's, Erioptera megophthalma, Ormosia innocens, 0. nigripila, Tipula collaris, T. oropezoides, T. cayuga, and others. In addition numerous other natural associates were found, such as the larvae of a carabid beetle, Nehria sahJbergi Fisch., sow bugs, mollusks, and a great variety of other organisms. On July 10, 1914, adults of Bittacomorphella were not uncommon in the same association, at which time they were flying with other crane-flies such as Dicranoptycha germana, Molophilus hirtipemiis, M. puhipennis, Erioptera vespertina, E. venusta, and Gonomyia blanda. The first larvae of Bittacomorphella were found on May 11, and at that time were almost fully grown. They present a very remarkable appearance, being black or very dark in color and covered with numerous long projections. The breathing tube, which is capable of entire retraction within the body, is very short, and is light yellow, in contrast with the remainder of the body. The larvae are, as a rule, very slow and sluggish in their movements, but when disturbed they become more active. Large and small larvae, of two distinct sizes only, were often found in the same situations at the same time. A fully grown larva was placed in rearing on June 11, 1917, and emerged as an adult male on June 24. This pro- vides for a pupal duration of not more than thirteen days, but the pupal stage is undoubtedly much shorter. Larva. — Total length, 15-17 mm. Length exclusive of breathing tube, 12.5-14 mm. Length of breathing tube, 2.4-3 mm. ; to base of gills, L3-L8 mm.; beyond gills, Ll-1.2mm. Greatest diameter across body, L7-2 mm. Coloration dark brown to almost black, breathing tube light yellowish; in young indi- viduals and occasional older specimens, coloration more rusty. Body short, stout, cylindrical but appearing depressed, covered with numerous elongate projections. Breathing tube very short and capable of complete retraction within body (Plate XVI, 25). Body appearing proportionately broader, and tapering more abruptly to breathing tube, than in other species of the family herein discussed, this appearance being due to great length of lateral body projections. The most notable single feature of larva consisting of the numerous projections from body (Plate XVH, 33), these being incased in a blackened, horny substance which is some- what brittle. Usual shape of body extensions cylindrical, slender, and generally simple 782 Charles Paul Alexander except for those near end of body, which are asymmetrically once-forked. Basal half of pro- jections heavily chitinized, but distal end almost transparent. Entire surface of projections beset with numerous transverse rows of short hairs, usually about nine to twelve hairs in each row, nine and ten being conmion, these hairs doubtless serving to hold the blackened, horny covering of the projection. Sensory papillae (Plate XVII, 34) borne at or near apices of pro- jections, each with a long bristle; these papillae narrowed at base, thence enlarged to form a head, on which bristle is inserted; usually one or two bristles to each projection, but occasionally an additional one present, which is much smaller and degenerate. Dorsal body projections occupying transverse rows across segments, those near lateral and caudal parts of body being long and powerful, those on median region being short and degenerate; segments of thorax and abdomen subdivided into false segments, these transverse rows occupying caudal margins of these segments, there being usually from four to six of the weak projections between the powerful lateral ones. In addition to these projections, sparse branched hairs lying in the same transverse rows (Plate XVII, 35). Projections at end of body surrounding base of breathing tube all long and powerful, and, as stated above, some weakly bifurcate. Ventral body projections similar to those of dorsum but relatively smaller. Abdominal pseudopods feebly chitinized at tips, with very large, slightly curved claws which are but little shorter than the pseudopods themselves (Plate XVII, 32). Breathing tube short and stout, surface before apex transversely wrinkled. Papillae rather numerous, bearing sense hairs scattered over surface of tube, those just back of apex short and spine- like, those farther back long and slender, very like and homologous to the bristles terminating the body projections, as discussed above. Gills two, stout, about one-third length of terminal section of breathing tube. Body projections incrusted with a black, horny substance, as discussed above; on lateral projections, apical setae likewise incased, at least basally, pro- ducing a bilobed or even a trilobed appearance; this black corneous incrustation brittle and easily removed, leaving projection and bristles intact. Head subquadrate, sides nearly parallel, occipital foramen ventral in position (Plate XVI, 2G); surface of head covered with numerous small, chitinized points which are longest on posterior angles; anterior ventral angle slightly produced; two setiferous punctures on ventral surface, one on either side just behind anterior angles, the other closer to foramen. Dorsum with setae arranged as shown in Plate XVI, 27; setae simple. Labrum (Plate XVII, 31) with four dorsal setiferous punctures along anterior margin, the median pair closely approximated; another powerful seta occupying each lateral angle on dorsal side; dense brushes of long hairs on either side beneath. Epipharynx (Plate XVII, 31) supported by two powerful chitinized arms connecting across midventral region and then extending laterad and expanding outwardlj^ to form posterior margin of labrum; surface of epipharynx with closely appressed teeth. Labium (Plate XVI, 28) with cephalic margin of mentum almost entire, the broad median part produced cephalad and feebly bilobed; palpi with a dense fringe of long hairs around base and with sensory papillae at tips. Antenna (Plate X\'I, 30) short, cylindrical, somewhat globular or barrel-shaped; about four elongate papillae and two or three shorter ones, these papillae terminal in position, the largest one occupy- ing the inner side. Mandible (Plate XVI, 29, 30) with the outer angle a powerful hook bearing smaller teeth on ventral face at about midlength; inner angle flattened, and, besides terminal blade, bearing a comb of about five teeth, the innermost being the longest and The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 783 slenderest; a dorsal line of strong setae extending from base of outer hook inward; outer edge of mandible with two strong setae, these protected at their bases by small dorsal ears, or projections, from the mandible; dorsal face of mandible with a powerful hinged prostheca; near base of mandible on dorsal face a curious five-lobed sensory organ. Maxilla (Plate XVI, 29) with the cardo triangular, the ventral or outer face with two closely approximated setilerous punctures; stipes triangular, w4th three strong setae near palpus; palpus antenniform, cylindrical, rather elongated, and with about six sensory papillae at tip, one being much longer than the others; outer lobe of maxilla with cephalic margin blackened and chitinized, inner angle with a dense brush of long hairs. Pupa. — Length excluding breathing horn, 9.5 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.7 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.4 mm. The following description is taken from the cast pupal skin of the only- specimen that was reared: Antennal bases approximated on front between eyes. Clypeus bluntly rounded at apex, transversely wrinkled. Lobes of labium (Plate XVII, 36) broad, rounded apically; maxillary palpi short and stout, broad at base, gradually narrowed to the short tip, which is not recurved. (The structure of the head and the eyes indicates some peculiar characters not possessed by the pupae of related genera, but the cast pupal skin is insufficient for accurate diagnosis.) Two bristles below eye and just above base of palpus, and a longer and more slender seta farther laterad. Sides of head behind antennae appear to be produced laterad into blunt points. Right breathing horn small, degenerate, much curved. (In the single pupal skin available, it cannot be determined whether the left horn has been broken off or is undeveloped.) Just laterad of each breathing horn a small tubercle bearing a long seta. Scutal lobes with about four stout seta*. Tarsal sheaths of fore legs, as in the subfamily, overlying the middle pair but shorter (Plate XVII, 37). Abdomen with chitinized bands extensive, as in Bittacomorpha. Arrangement of tubercles about as in other species of family. Tubercles shorter and weaker than in Bittacomorpha and not crowned by a circlet of spines, each being tipped with one or more (four or five) long setae (Plate XVII, 38); the pleural tubercles the longer and many of them multisetose. Cauda of male, in general features, similar to that in Bittacomorpha, the dorsal median lobe (Plate XVII, 39) stout, the ventral horns (Plate XVII, 40) short and powerful, directed laterad; horns on dorsal lobes apparently lacking. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, May 30, 1917. Neanotype. — Cast pupal skin, reared June 23, 1917. Paratypes. — Topotypic, May 15 to June 10, 1917. Genus Bittacomorpha Westwood (Gr. Bittacus + shape) 1835 Bittacomorpha Westwood. London and Edinburgh Phil. Mag., vol. G, p. 281. Larva. — Form elongate, body gradually narrowed behind into the partly retractile breathing tube. Integument with transverse rows of tubercles. Pseudopods on abdominal segments 1 to 3 prominent, with large curved claws. Head subpyriform, dorsum with rows 784 Charles Paul Alexander of prominent black spots converging behind. Mandible stout, with a single powerful outer tooth. Mentum bilobed, anterior margin not comblike. Color of body, rusty red. Pupa. — Right pronotal breathing horn very elongate; the left very small and short, subdegenerate. Fore tarsi overlying middle tarsi. Tubercles on abdomen very long, located on broad transverse bands of chitin, each tubercle with a star of four or five spines surrounding the apex, which bears a long seta. The genus Bittacomorpha, as here restricted, includes but two species — the genotype, B. clavipes (Fabr.), and B. occidentalis Aid. of western America, concerning the biology of which nothing has been recorded. The literature on the immature stages of Bittacomorpha clavipes is sum- marized under the family account (page 773). Bit'acomorpha clavipes (Fabr.) 1781 Tipuln clavipes Fabr. Spec. Ins., vol. 2, p. 404. 1835 Bittacomorpha clavipes Westw. London and Edinburgh Phil. Mag., vol. 6, p. 281. Bittacomorpha clavipes, the " phantom crane-fly," is a common and widely distributed species thruout North America east of the Rockies. It is easily recognized by the black-and-white-banded legs, with their" conspicuously enlarged and swollen metatarsi. The species is very characteristic of alder swamps and the wet margins of ponds. While in copulation the insects often fly, the female ahead, the male trailing on behind like the tail of a kite. When they alight on a plant stem, the female is invariably uppermost, the mafe often hanging free with none of its feet on a support. 'The swollen metatarsi are almost completely filled by the tracheae, and these serve to buoy the insects as they drift about in the wind. Brues (1900) descril^es these peculiar tracheal dilations in detail. He says, in part: When flying, Bittacomorpha uses the wings scarcely at all, relying in great measure upon wind currents for transportation. The legs are exceedingly light, as the exoskeleton is thin and dehcate, and encloses practically no tissue which can serve to increase their weight. In a letter from Dr. J. G. Needham, dated September 27, 1917, valuable data on this habit of drifting are furnished, as follows: Yesterday while crossing the Fall Creek bridge near my home on Cornell Heights, T made an observation on Bittacomorpha that interested me greatly. A breeze was blowing up the gorge, and on the breeze a Bittacomorpha was drifting rapidly upward in the usual flight attitude, with broadly outspread legs, the swollen metatarsi hanging vertically, all phantom-like in slenderne.ss and in strongly contrasting black and white. It came up from below the level of the rail, swept past within two feet of my face, and passed on upward with the breeze until lost to view, perhaps 100 feet higher than the bridge, and much farther upstream. Since The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 785 the creature can fly only very slowly and here was moving several times faster (I could not see whether it was using its winf^s), it was obviously drifting in the wind. Perhaps this is a normal function of the expanded metatarsi. The larvae are usually abundant in dccaj'ing vegetable matter in rich organic mud about ponds and in swamps. The writer has found them especially numerous in the Basin Swamp at Orono, Maine (in 1913), and near Round Pond at McLean, New York. At Orono they were associated with larvae and pupae of Phjchoptera rufodnda, Limnophila macrocera, Pilaria tenuipes, P. recondita, Erioptera chlorophyUa, a variety of chironomid larvae, numerous larvae of Trichoptcra in their cases, nematodes, and leeches. Needham and Betten (1901:574-575) give a summary of the larval habitat of this species as they found it in the northern Adirondacks. Weston and Turner (1917:53) have recorded the larvae as being scavengers and thus serving as important factors in the elimination of sewage in the Coweeset Stream near Brockton, Massachusetts. The immature stages of this interesting crane-fly have been well con- sidered by Hart (1898 [1895]: 189-195), whose account has been briefly summarized by Howard (1912:95-96). The larvae are found in shallow water that is filled with decaying vegetable matter. Here they Hve in the mat of dead stems of rushes, grasses, and willow leaves, in semi- stagnant or slowly flowing water. The larvae are elongate-cylindrical, with a long, partly retractile breathing tube. They are deep rusty red or brown in color, quite distinct from the pale whitish larvae of Ptychoptera or the black larvae of Bittacomorphella. They feed on decaying vegetable matter, diatoms, and mud that is filled with organic matter. They rest beneath the surface of the water, with the tip of the extended breathing tube at the surface film or just beneath the surface, in the latter case breathing by means of the small tracheal gills. When about to pupate, the very long, coiled breathing tube of the pupa is wound around the thorax beneath the larval skin. On pupation the tube soon straightens out into a very long, stiff, bristle-like structure. Like the larvae, the pupae rest beneath th(^ surface of the water, with the tip of the breathing tube projecting above the surface film. The pupal duration is apparently about a week. Larva. — Length when fully extended, about GO mm. Length of breathing tube, about 20 mm. Diameter of body, about 2.G to 3 mm. 78G Charles Paul Alexander Body tapering gradually at either end, posterior end prolonged into breathing tube. Usual color pale rusty brown, but the writer has found a few nearly full-grown specimens which were as pale in color as the larvae of Ptychoptera. Body covered with numerous transverse rows of small tubercles, or papillae, which bear short setae. Head broadly ovate, convex above, where it is conspicuously marked with rows of black spots, these interrupted lines converging behind. IMouth parts in general similar to those in Bittacomorchella, the main points of difference being as follows: mandible (Plate XVIII, 42) shorter and stouter, ending in a powerful outer tooth, the comb of inner teeth being reduced to about eight small tubercles, the two bristles on outer margin of mandible not overlapped by projecting" ears "; labium (Plate XVIII, 41) shorter and stouter, with a different arrangement of papillae; epiphar- ynx long, narrowed behind, distinctly bilobed, each half with parallel rows of long, comblike teeth projecting proximad; anterior comb of epipharynx with the anterior teeth the largest, the teeth gradually reduced in size behind; posterior comb with the rows of teeth widely separated anteriorly, approximated behind so as to be contiguous' or nearly so at their ends; space between these rows filled with long hairs; anterior teeth small and feebly chitinized, posterior teeth stronger. First three abdominal segments bearing conspicuous pseudopods, each terminated by a sharp, slender claw which fits into a groove on the face of the pseudopod. Pupa. — Total length, 40-GO mm. Length excluding breathing tube, 1.5.5-25 mm. Length of breathing tube, 25-35 mm. Degenerate breathing tube, length 2 mm., diameter 0.2 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.8 mm. Depth, d.-v., 2.6 mm. Breathing tube light brown; wing sheaths brown; leg sheaths hght brownish yellow and dark brownish black, alternated, corresponding to the leg markings of the adult fly. Abdomen pale yellow, rather uniformly covered with abundant brownish tubercles and transverse, chitinized plates, these brown areas scarcer on pleura and not especially abundant on apical margins of segments. Pupa somewhat similar in general structure to pupa of Ptychoptera. Anterior cephalic crest small, lobules rounded, each tipped with a long, stout seta; immediately behind anterior crest, a similar blunt, bilobed projection of front; laterad of crest, a slender, elongate tubercle on either side, immediately behind untennal sheaths, each with a long seta; two other setiferous tubercles on head behind antennae and maxillary palpi. Antennal bases approximated between eyes. Sides of head, laterad of eyes, with a small setiferous tubercle. Maxillary palpi not recurved at tip, as in Ptj'choptera, ending opposite knee joint. Clypeus elongate, gradually narrowed toward apex, transversely wrinkled; two hairs toward base near inner margin of eye. Each half of labium broad, roughly subquadrate, tips broadened and obliquely truncated (Plate XVIII, 43). Breathing horns almost as in Ptychoptera. (Nearly always it is the right horn that is elon- gated, but in about ten per cent of the specimens the left horn is elongated while the right is degenerated; Hart records one specimen in which both horns were developed, but unequally, the right measuring 23 mm. and the left 13 mm.; some of the specimens recorded by Hart are larger than any that the writer has ever seen.) Wing sheaths ending almost opposite tips of fore tarsi; media unbranched. Leg sheaths (Plate XVIII, 47) with fore tarsi much shorter The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 787 than the others and lying directly over middle tarsi; tarsi of hind and middle legs parallel and extending beyond tips of fore tarsi. Scutal lobes each with about four sctiferous tubercles. Thorax and first al)dominal segment transversely crenulated. Abdomen with transverse bands of chitin much broader than in Ptychoptera, so that they cover almost the entire abdominal surface; these bands with about twelve tubercles on segments 3 and 4, about ten on segment 5, and from six to eight on the posterior segments; tubercles of various sizes, small and somewhat degenerate ones being interspersed with larger ones; tubercles long and slender, each crowned by a circlet or star of from three to six (usually four or five) stout spines (Plate XVIII, 44-46), a setiferous papilla arising from the center of this circlet of spines; spines on pleura longer than those on remainder of abdomen, but not arranged in distinct longitudinal rows as in Ptychoptera, being usually more irregular, in some cases showing three or four more or less distinct rows; these pleural chitin- ized areas usually bearing from two to four tubercles, which are closely approximated basally so as to present a somewhat branched appearance. IMale cauda (Plate XVIII, 48) as in Ptychoptera, but dorsal median lobe very short and stout; tubercles on segment immediately before cauda long and slender, similar to those on remainder of abdomen. Nepionotijpe. — Ithaca, New York, May 15, 1917. Neanolype. — Orono, Maine, June 24, 1913. Paralypes. — With the type pupa. Malloch's figure of the pupa (1915-17 b: pi. 35, fig. 6) is diagrammatic. It was probably made from a female individual, the antennal sheaths being shorter in this sex than in the male. Family Rhyphidae Larva. — Body eucjphalous, amphipneustic. Mandibles opposed. Eyespots distinct. Spiracles on sides of prothorax. Thoracic and abdominal segments divided by false constrictions. Spiracuiar disk surrounded by two or five lobes (Rhyphinae) or by four lobes (Trichocerinae) , or unprovided with lobes (Mycetobiinae). Pupa. — Head with a bilobed setiferous cephalic crest. Palpi stout, straight. Prono- tal breathing horns short, not prominent. Tarsal sheaths lying in pairs, one above another, the fore legs lying on the middle legs, and these latter on the hind legs. Lateral abdominal spiracles small but distinct. r." ' The family Rhyphidae includes an apparently heterogeneous group of genera which are in reality very closely related. The adults are of diverse appearance, but the immature stages are exceedingly similar to one another and undoubtedly all three of the groups included in the family are closely allied. The immature stages of the Rhyphinae (Rhyphus) have been discussed by many entomologists, among others by Johannsen (1910:35-36, 788 Charles Paul Alexander Rhyphus pundatus) and by Malloch (1915-17 b: 243, jR. pundatus). The larvae are often handsomely banded and mottled with brown or purplish. Johannsen and other authors describe the cauda as ending in two short lobes, but Malloch mentions five such lobes. The general structural characters are those described above for the family. The larvae occur in decaying vegetable matter, in manure (especially horse and cow dung), in sewage, and in similar material. The Mycetobiinae are represented by Mycetobia, a curious fly which superficially resembles a mycetophilid rather than a crane-fly. Long ago Lyonet, Dufour, Guerin-M(§neville and others described and figured the larva of Mycetobia and noted the eucephalous condition of the head and the amphipneustic spiracles. Osten Sacken (1863) first suspected the affinities of this genus with Rhyphus. More recently, work by Johannsen (1910:31-32), Malloch (1915-17 a, and 1915-1713:244-245), Edwards (1916), Knab (1916), and others has definitely settled the relationship of this insect with the Rhyphidae. The larvae and the pupae agree closely with the general family characters discussed above. The larvae occur in decaying wood and about fermenting sap in wounds of trees. The genera Ditomyia Winn, and Symmerus Walk, are now placed in a separate family from Mycetobia, the Ditomyiidae (Keilin, 1919). Until recently, the Trichocerinae have been considered as being mem- bers of the family Tipulidae. They include only the genus Trichocera, with about twenty-five nominal species, and, presumably, Ischnothrix Bigot, represented by a single species from Cape Horn. From the general appearance of the adult, these flies have usually been referred to the tribe Limnophilini, in a position near the genus Limnophila. Brunetti (1912) referred them to the Pediciini, and most other recent workers have accorded them tribal or subfamily rank in the Tipulidae. Bezzi (1914:214), influenced by the work of Keilin (1912), referred Trichocera to the Rhyphidae, but later (1918a: 20) placed it back in the Tipulidae (as Lim- nobiidae). Malloch (1915-17b:234) likewise places Trichocera with the Tipulidae, but mentions the close resemblance of the larva to that of Rhyphus. The best discussions of the morphology of the larva and the pupa are those by Keilin (1912) and De Meijere (1916:191-194), both of whom were strongly impressed by the striking resemblance of the larva to that of Rhyphus. In the present paper, the Trichocerinae is the only group considered in detail. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 789 SUBFAMILY Trichocerinac Genus Trichocera Meigcn (Gr. hair + horn) 1800 Petaurista Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 15 (nomen nudum). 1803 Trichocera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1911 Paracladura Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 6, p. 28G. Larva.- — Body eucephalous, amphipneustic. Thoracic segments divided into two annuli. Spiracles on lateral margin of posterior ring of prothorax. Abdominal segments divided into three annuli. Cauda ending in four lobes, ventral lobes the longer and more slender; lobes bearing numerous stout hairs near tips on outer face. Eyespots distinct. Lateral plates of head widely separated on midventral line. Mandible with prostheca distinct. Pupa.- — Cephalic crest small, lobes with stout setae. Clypeus short; labrum dumb- bell-shaped; palpal sheaths stout. Antenna elongate. Leg sheaths lying in pairs above one another, gradually lengthening, fore pair the shortest, posterior pair the longest. Pronotal breathing horns short. Abdominal spiracles small, but distinct and functional. The small winter gnats of the genus Trichocera are rather familiar, since they are not rare during the winter months in cellars or even in the open on warm days, occurring in sunlit places in small, dancing swarms. They are abundant during fall and spring. They occur also in cool, shady places in summer, but are less in evidence at this season. Trichocera is found somewhat commonly and regularly in mines, often at very considerable depths. Boheman (1850) records specimens of T. regelationis in mines 600 feet below the surface, and Lampa (1890) also records the species as being found at considerable depths. Dr. H. B. Hungerford found numerous adults of a species of Trichocera in the Ameth^yst silver mine near Creede, Colorado, in 1914. Specimens that he obtained were taken at the sixth level, but the miners said the insects were to be seen in all parts of the mine; along the laterals at the sixth level they were noted 7000 feet from the entrance. It is supposed that these individuals breed in the animal waste which naturally accumulates in such places. Trichocera is also a characteristic inhabitant of caverns and grottoes, all stages being found in such situations (Schmitz, 1909:80; Bezzi, 191 1-12 :46-i7, 49, and 1914:214). The swarming and mating of these flies is well known. It has been ably described by Ainslie (1907), and is here discussed only in general terms. The insects swarm commonly in the autumn. Sometimes the swarms include but comparatively few individuals, but at other times many thousands participate. They swarm usually from five to twenty- five feet above the ground, all facing in the same direction, that is, 790 Charles Paul Alexander toward the wind or breeze. Mating takes place in the air, and united pairs then fly away or drop to the ground beneath. The swarms are often very dense, and individuals come in frequent contact with one another. When the breeze shifts, the swarm immediately readjusts its position and direction. The immature stages of Trichocera are spent in decaying vegetable matter, beneath dead or decaying leaves, in debris, in fungi, and in similar situations. Sometimes the larvae and pupae are rather numerous in stored roots and tubers, especially potatoes, in which cases they may assume an economic importance (Johannsen, 1910:34-35; Carpenter, 1912). The specimens used by the writer for study are part of Johannsen's material, determined as T. regelationis from Patten, Maine. The tax- onomic condition of the group is such that no specific identification of the adult flies can be attempted at this time. The immature stages of the generalized subgenus of Trichocera, Diazosma Bergroth, are unknown. The most important literature on the genus Trichocera is as follows: Trichocera regelationis General Dufour, 1840: 161. Trichocera regelationis Larva, general Schniitz, 1909:80, pi. 8, fig. 3. Trichocera rcgelalionis Larva, pupa Johannsen, 1910:34-35, figs. 51- 57. Trichocera regelationis Pupa De Meijere, 191G: 194. Trichocera hiemalis Larva, general Curtis, 1846b. Trichocera hiemalis General Cameron, 1917:63. Trichocera fuscata General Carpenter, 1912. (Damage.) Trichocera sp Larva Bremi-Wolf, 1846: 175. Trichocera sp Larva Perris, 1847: 37, pi. 1, fig. 3. Trichocera sp General Bezzi,1911-12:4()-47, 49. Trichocera sp Larva De Meijere, 1916: 191-194, figs. 21-23. Trichocera sp Larva, pupa Keilin, 1912. (Morphology.) Trichocera sp Larva Malloch, 19 15-17 b: 234-235, pi. 26, fig. 1; 306. Trichocera regelationis, supposition. Larva. — Length, 8-9.5 mm. Diameter, 1 mm. Coloration pale brown in preserved material, whitish in fresh specimens. Body rather short, cylindrical to slightly depressed (Plate XIX, 49). Pseudopods lacking. Head complete, non-retractile, strongly chitinized; lateral plates of head widely separated on midventral line, connected only by a narrow bridge posteriorly; chaetotaxy as shown (Plate XIX, 52 and 53). Mandibles opposed, of three parts, principal segments bearing on inner side near base an apparently movable appendage (prostheca) which has, besides the large apical tooth, three smaller teeth. Labrum bluntly rounded, with long hairs. Epi- pharynx with lateral combs of about six blunt teeth. Antenna two-segmented; basal segment The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 791 very short, disk-shaped, inserted on a large brown-margined plate which is part of the head chitin; second segment much narrower, egg-shaped; in addition to this segment there are several small sensory papillae on the end of the first segment. Segments of body divided into secondary annuli, thoracic segments with two such rings, abdominal segments with three; annuli bearing transverse rows of short setae. Anterior spiracles on posterior ring of prothorax near lateral margin conspicuous, smaller than posterior spiracles but constructed on same general principle. Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes; ventral lobes longer and more slender than dorsal pair, inner face narrowly chitinized, outer face densely clothed with abundant short yellow hairs (Plate XIX, 50 and .51); dorsal lobes shorter and blunter, with short hairs on apices of outer face. Spiracles large, at base of dorsal lobes. Pupa. — Length, 7.5-7.S mm. Width, d.-s., 1.4 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.4 mm. Coloration whitish; head, thorax, and sheaths of appendages brown. Anterior cephalic crest small, lobes widely separated, each tipped with a long, stout seta directed ventrad; a tiny seta just behind each anterior lobe. Antennal bases above and slightly between the ej'es, bent dorsad and thence caudad, passing behind joints of legs, in the female attaining to about one-third length of wing. Frontal region between eyes slightly tumid, somewhat shiny. Clypeus short, the sides parallel, the apex U-shaped; labrum broad, dumb-bell -shaped, the caudal margin concave. Maxillary palpi very short and stout, ending before knee joints of fore legs (Plate XIX, 55). A small tubercle just laterad of base of antenna. Each cheek produced into a long, blunt, wrinkled tubercle. Mesonotum (Plate XIX, 54) strongly gibbous, pale medially, narrowed in front, anterior margin truncated and sending a sharp median carina cephalad; sides of mesonotum opposite wing root with four small setae, in two slightly separated groups. Anterior angles of pro- notum with a short bristle. Breathing horns small, short and almost straight, broad basally, apical half narrow, inner face fused or closely approximated with pronotum, apex cleft. Wing sheaths attaining level of tips of fore tarsi; venation rather distinct. Leg sheaths with fore legs stout; fore tarsi overlying middle tarsi (Plate XIX, 55); middle tarsi overlying hind tarsi; terminal segments of tarsi swollen. Abdominal segments divided into about three false annuli; caudal margin of each segment fringed with short hairs. Tiny abdominal spiracles on pleural segments. Female ovipositor (Plate XIX, 56) with the dorsal valves short, widely separated, acutely pointed; ventral acidotheca elongate, approximated, bent slightly ventrad. Larvae and pupae. — Patten, Aroostook County, Maine, May 3 and 23, 1907. Family Tipulidae The family Tipulidae is the largest group of crane-flies, and possibly the only one to which the name is justly applicable. It includes a vast number of species (nearly three thousand), arranged in about one hundred 792 Charles Paul Alexander and forty genera. The species are found in most parts of the world, being restricted onl}' by intense heat and cold. Crane-flies require moisture in order to complete their development, and, as a consequence, are almost always found in the neighborhood of flowing or stagnant water. No species known to the writer are inhabitants of desert conditions, the nearest approach probably being some Eriopterini, such as Helobia, Trimicra, and other genera. The immature stages frequent very wide ranges of habitat, which are indicated elsewhere (page 716). They are readily separalile from other related species by the characters outlined on pages 744 to 758. The subfamihes of Tipulidae may be separated by the following keys: Larvae 1. Body provided with elonga,te spiues or leaf like projections. Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) Body without distinct spines 2 2. Form depressed, with more or less distinct lateral tubercles; terrestrial on spermatophytic plants Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) Form terete; if depressed, without tubercles 3 3. Spiracular disk surrounded by six or eight lobes Tipulinae (p. 974) Spiracular disk not as above 4 4. Spiracular disk surrounded by two, four, or five lobes 5 Spiracular disk with three lobes or without distinct lobes 7 5. Head capsule massive, the hypopharynx a flattened plate with few teeth; size large (aberrant Tipulinae) 6 Head capsule massive or dissected, if the former the hypopharynx not as above; size usually small Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 6. Spiracular disk with five lobes; lives in moss Genus DoHchopeza Curt. (p. 981) Spiracular disk with four slender, hornlike lobes; lives in earth. Tipula selene Meig. (p. 1016) 7. Size large (30 mm. or over); form very stout, terete; head capsule of the tipuline type; lives in wood Genus Tanyptera Latr. (p. 988) Size small (20 mm. or under); form slender, terete; head capsule of the limnobiine type. Limnobiinae, pars. (p. 793) Pajme 1. Basal abdominal segments unarmed with teeth or spinous projections before posterior margin 2 Basal abdominal segments armed with a transverse row of usually small teeth or chitinous projections before posterior margin .3 2. Last larval skin adhering to posterior end, attaching pupa to a plant stem or a leaf; coloration bright green Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) Not as above Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) 3. Maxillary palpi curved or recurved at tips; size large, usually 12 mm. or over. Tipulinae, pars (p. 974) Maxillary palpi not recurved at tips 4 4. Maxillary palpi long, slightly or decidedly curved at tips; size large, length usually 12 mm. or over 5 Maxillary palpi short, straight; size small, usually 10 mm. or under. Limnobiinae, pars (p. 793) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 793 5. Dorsal abdominal segments with two slender spines before margin. Cylindrotominae, pars (p. 959) Dorsal abdominal segments with four or more teeth or spines before margin. Tipulinae, pars (p. 974) SUBFAMILY Limnobiinae The subfamily Limnobiinae includes a vast assemblage of usually small crane-flies. Only a few genera approach the ordinary size of the other principal subfamily, the Tipulinae, such genera being Limnobia, Psaronius, Limnophila, Eriocera, Pedicia, and a few others. The writer has endeavored to key the immature stages of tribes, sub- tribes, and genera. As has been stated elsewhere, the keys are based almost entirely on material seen by the writer, and additional specimens of other species will undoubtedly modify the arrangement very con- siderably. It is believed, however, that the keys ai given will at least furnish suggestions or a basis for succeedinj work. The characters given in the keys, in so far as is possible, are tho33 that can b3 seen with- out making a detailed dissection of the specimen. However, for most species it is necessary to study the larval head, as already outlined (page 741). The character of " head massive " or " head rodlike " can often be detected thru the larval integument without dissection. The spi- racular disk is usually studied without especial difficulty. The immature stages of the majority of the species are spent in moist earth, usually near water. Some are nearly, if not quite, aquatic (Antocha, Elliptera, some Dicranomyia) ; others are fungicolous (Ula, some Lim- nobia); several live under the bark of trees (some Dicranomj'ia, some Rhipidia, Discobola, Gnophomyia, Teucholabis, Elephantomyia, and others); one, at least, mines in the leaves of plants (Dicranomyia). The habits of the various genera and species are discussed in greater detail under the respective titles. The following kej's separate the tribes and the subtribes of the subfamily Limnobiinae: Larvae _ 1. Spiracular disk provided with two long ventral lobes 2 Spiracular disk not as above 3 2. Spiracles lacking or vestigial; mentum not completely divided medially; hypopharynx a chitinized double comb; species aquatic, in silken ciises. Limnobiini, subtrlb:; Antochiri^ (p. 79.)) Spiracles large, prominent, exposed; mentum completely divided medi.ally; hypophcrynx labriform rediciini (p. S''4) 3. Spiracular disk surrounded by four or five lobes 4 Spiracular disk surrounded by three lobes or without distinct Lbcs 19 794 Charles Paul Alexander 4. Head capsule massive, compact, the posterior incisions usually shallow 5 Head capsule of four or six slender rods, the posterior incisions profound 15 •5. Mentuin completely divided, a toothed plate on either side; abdominal segments without distinct creeping-welts 6 Mentum, if present and chitinized, not completely divided; abdominal segments with bi.sal creeping-welts 8 C. Spiracular disk squarc-ly truncated, surrounded by five lobes Eriopterini (p. 908) 8piracular disk with four lobes 7 7. Each mental plate four-toothed; hypopharynx labriform. Pediciini, subtribe Add phomy aria (p. 895) Each mental plate with seven or eight teeth; hypopharynx a comhlike ring. Hexatomini, subtribe Pseudolimnophilaria (p. 848) 8. Spiracular disk with five lobes 9 Spiracular disk with four lobes 12 9. Anteimae almost globular, with two conical apical papillae; lives in fungi. Hexatomini, subtribe Ularia (p. 838) An+ennae elongate-cylindrical 10 10. Abdomen with dorsal and ventral creeping-welts; menium with more than five teeth. Limnobiini (p. 795) Abdomen with six ventrrJ welts only; mentum with live or fewer teeth 11 11. Mentum five-toothed; lives in earth Limnobiini, subtribe Rhamphidaria (p. 830) Mentum three-toothed; lives in wood Hexatomini, subtribe Epiphragmaria (p. 843) 12. Antennae almost globular, with two conical apical papillae; lives in fungi. Hexatomini, subtribe Ularia (p. 838) Antennae elongate-cylindrical 13 13. Abdomen with dorsal and ventral creeping-welts, the latter naked; mentum not three- toothed; forms aquatic Limnobiini, subtribe Ellipteraria (p. 806) Abdomen with ventral creeping-welts only; mentum with only three primary teeth; species not aquatic 14 14. Form long, slender; skin naked, shiny, transparent; apical segment of antennae elongate, as long as, or longer than, basal segment; mentum with a smaller tooth on either side; lives in earth Limnobiini, subtribe Dicranoptycharia (p. 828) Form short, stout; skin white, opaque; apical segment of antennae short, hemispherical; mentum without small lateral teeth; lives under hark. Hexatomini, subtribe Epiphragmaria (p. 843) 15. Blades of maxillae not produced; form long and slender 16 Blades of maxillae produced into flattened elongate appendages, the tips of which pro- trude from the thoracic orifice when the head is completely retracted; form short and stout 17 16. Spiracular disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five lobes which are fringed with numerous, usually short, hairs; esophageal region not conspicuously grooved. Eriopteri7ii , subtribe Eriopteraria (p. 911) Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes, each ventral lobe with a single elongate bristle; esophageal region elongate, grooved; lives under bark. Eriopterini, subtribe Elephantomyaria (p. 952) 17. Mental region a narrow, transverse, chitinized bar. Hexatomini, group Limnophilae (p. 858) Mental region not chitinized 18 18. Mandibles hinged; maxillae and labrum densely hairy; dorsal plates of head capsule united into a spatula Hexatomini, group Ulomorphae (p. 869) Mandibles not hinged; maxillae and labrum not densely hairj'; dorsal plates of head capsule separated Hexatomini, subtribe Hexatomaria (p. 876) 19. Head capsule massive, compact 20 Head capsule of six slender rods; lives under bark. Eriopterini, subtribe Eriopteraria (p 911) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 795 20. Mental plates not completely divided; abdominal segments with basal creeping-welts on both ventral and dorsal surface; spiracular disk indistinctly four- or five-lobed. Limnobiini (p. 795) Mental plates completely divided; abdominal segments without welts; spiracular disk obliquely truncated Eriopterini (p. 908) Pupae 1. Pronotal breathing horns eight-branched; forms entirely aquatic. Limnobiini, subtribe Aniocharia (p. 799) Pronotal breathing horns simple, unbranched 2 2. Rostral sheath elongated; lives in wood. .Eriopterini, subtribe Elephantomyaria (p. 952) Rostral sheath not ; longated 3 3. Pronotal breathing horns very minute, conical, visible only with a lens.* Limnobiini, subtribe Dicranoptycharia (p. 828) Pronotal breathing horns larger, not microscopic 4 4. Dorsal spiracles on eighth abdominal segment large and functional 5 Dorsal spiracles on eighth abdominal segment small or lacking 7 5. A large circular spinous area on abdominal pleurites; cephalic crest chitinized, acutely pointed; pronotal breathing horns directed ventrad; lives in decaying wood. Hexatomini, subtribe Epiphragmaria (p. 843) Not as above (> 6. Pronotal breathing horns large, flattened, the tips yellow; abdominal tergites with shagreened crossbands Hexatomini, subtribe Ularin (p. 838) Pronotal breathing horns slender, cylindrical; abdominal tergites with tran verse rows of small spines Limnobiini, subtribe Rhamphidaria (p. 830) 7. Abdominal pleurites with circular areas set with numerous microscopic spicules; pronotal breathing horns short, usually truncated at tips, which are margined with the breathing pores Pediciini (p. 894) Abdominal pleurites not as above, if with spines these large and few in number; pronotal breathing horns long, cylindrical 8 8. Abdominal segments with broad transverse bands or welts on basal rings of third to seventh tergites Limnobiini (p. 795) Abdominal segments with basal ring unarmed as above, posterior ring before margin with a transverse row of spines or stiff setae 9 9. A distinct crest on mesonotal prescutum armed with tubercles, spines, or setae; size small (usually under 9 mm.) Eriopterini (p. 908) No distinct crest on mesonotal prescutum (scutellum armed in some Eriocera); size large (usually over 10 mm.) 10 10. Leg sheaths very short, barely exceeding wings; lives under bark. Eriopteriin, genus Gnophomyia (p. 934) Leg sheaths longer, extending one or more segments beyond tijis of wings 11 n. Size small (under 6 mm.); abdominal armature weak, lacking on segment 7. Pediciini, subtribe Adelphomyaria (p. 89",) Size larger; abdominal armature stronger, spinous; if small in size (Dicranophragma), basal armuli of abdominal segments armed with naked tubercles. .Hexatomini (p. 835) Tribe Limnobiini A large group of crane-fli(^s, arranged in a few often extensive genera, comprise the tribe Limnobiini. At first sight the tribe appears to be a 5 In the genus Cladura (Eriopterini), reared while this paper was going thru the press, the breftthing pores are likewise microscopic, being entirely sessile (page 949). 796 Charles Paul Alexander heterogeneous assemblage, but in reality it constitutes a natural group. The tribe as herein arranged includes the old group Limnobiini, with the addition of several genera that were formerly distributed in the Antochini. The divisions of the tribe as now constituted are as follows: 1. Limnobaria — including the old tribe Limnobiini. 2. Ellipteraria — including the genus Elliptera. This is close to the preceding subtribe and may be a group belonging to it. 3. Antocharia — including Antocha and presumably allied genera, as Orimargula, Orimarga, Diotrepha, and possibly others. 4. Rhamphidaria — including Rhamphidia and its allies. 5. Dici^anoptycharia — including Dicranoptycha only. These groups are not far removed, phylogenetically, from the lowermost* divisions of the Hexatomini, such as the Ularia and the Epiphragmaria, and the two tribes are unquestionably closer together than their arrange- ment on paper would indicate. The separation of the two major groups was made largely on the characters of the imagines. The larvae have the bod}'' terete, moderately elongate or very long and slender (Dicranoptycha). The abdominal segments are subdivided into a basal and a posterior ring, the former with transverse welts of micro- scopic chitinized points or hooks. In the Limnobaria and the Antocharia these welts occur on both the dorsal aiid ventral surfaces in the form of microscopic hooks; in the Ellipteraria they are on segments 3 to 9 on the dorsal surface only, being indicated on the ventral surface but naked; in the Rhamphidaria the welts are ventral in position on segments 2 to 7; in the Dicranoptycharia they are similar, on segments 2 to 8. The body in Dicranoptycha is entirely glabrous. The head capsule is of moderate to large size and is massive and com- pact, consisting of a narrow dorsal plate which is usually indented behind, and two broad mussel-shaped lateral plates which are connected ante- riorly across the venter to form the mental plate. The mental plate consists of an outer plate which usually terminates in a single median point, and behind this an inner plate which contributes additional teeth to the mentum. ,In Dicranoptycha there is but one subequal tooth on either side, with an additional much-reduced tooth; in Rhamphidia there are two teeth, and in the other groups there are usually four or five. The hypopharynx is usually a double plate united at the ends to form a collar, with the anterior margins finely toothed. The maxillae are The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 797 large and simple in structure; the cardo and stipes are large; the palpus is flattened. The antennae have the apical segment or papilla ranging from elongate, in Dicranoptycha, to very flattened and disklike, in Limnobia and its allies. The mandibles are usually of simple structure, with one or two dorsal teeth and from three to seven teeth in the ventral cutting row. The spiracles are lacking in some species, at least, of Antocha. The spiracular disk is surrounded in Rhamphidia by five subequal lobes, in Dicranoptycha by four slender, naked lobes; in many Limnobaria the lobes are lacking or indistinct. The larvae of many of the species are able to spin silken cocoons or tubes in which they live. These tubes are open at both ends, and are usually covered exteriorly with particles of extraneous matter gathered in the larval haunts. The pupae usually lack a distinct setiferous cephalic crest, altho one is present in Rhamphidia and in Dicranoptycha. The pronotal breathing horns are usually large, and are either subcircular, or wider than long (most Limnobaria), rarely elongate (Rhamphidaria), very large, earlike, and contiguous or practically so on the median line (Ellipteraria), or branched into eight long filaments (Antocharia) ; in the Dicranoptycharia, how- ever, they are microscopic. The abdominal segments on the basal ring often show a transverse welt of small hairs or a double convergent row of chitinized hooks; in Discobola, Rhamphidia, and Dicranoptycha, how- ever, this is apparently not the case, the abdominal armature being more eriopterine or hexatomine in appearance. The eighth abdominal seg- ment often bears a pair of dorsal spiracles; these are apparently lacking in some species (Antocha saxicola) and are small in most Limnobaria, but are large and functional in Rhamphidia. The following keys separate the subtribes of the tribe Limnobiini: Larvae 1. Body ending in two long vertral lobes; spiracles lacking or very reduced; forms strictly aquatic Antocharia (p. 799) Body not as above; spiracles large 2 2. Body with ventral and dorsal welts on abdominal segments 3 Body with ventral welts only 4 3. Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes which are provided with long fringes of hair; dorsal welts microscopically spiculose; ventral welts naked; species aquatic. Ellipteraria (p. 806) Spiracular disk not as above; dorsal and ventral welts alike Limnobaria (p. 808) 798 Charles Paul Alexander 4. Body moderately elongated, covered with a long, dark pubescence; abdomen squarely truncated at end, surrounded by five lobes, presenting an eriopterine appearance; mentuin conspicuously five-toothed Rhamphidaria (p. 830) Body very long and slender, glabrous; abdomen surrounded by four narrow, glabrous lobes; mentum indistinctly five-toothed Dicranoptycharia (p. 828) Pupae 1. Pronotal breathing horns branched; forms entirely aquatic Antocharia (p. 799) Pronotal breathing horns simple 2 2. Pronotal breathing horns very tiny, microscopic, conical Dicranoptycharia (p. 828) Pronotal breathing horns large, conspicuous 3 3. Pronotal breathing horns large, earlike, contiguous basally; forms aquatic, in silken cocoons Ellipleraria (p. 806) Pronotal breathing horns not contiguous basally 4 4. Cephalic crest small or lacking; pronotal breathing horns short and broad, rarely elongated; a pair of small spiracles on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment. . .Limnobaria (p. 808) Cephalic crest large, setiferous; pronotal breathing horns long and slender, cylindrical; a pair of large spiracles on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment. Rhamphidaria (p. 830) The most important literature on the tribe Limnobiini is as follows : Antocha saxicola General Needham, 1908a: 205. Anlocha sp Larva Malloch, 1915-17 b: 236-237. Elliptera omissa Larva, pupa, general. . . Mik, 1886 b. Elliptera omissa Larva, pupa Griinberg, 1910:31-32. (Copy.) Elliptera omissa Larva, pupa Malloch, 19 15-17 b: 226-227. Thaumastoptera calceati Larva, pupa, general. . . Lenz, 1920a. Limnobia quadrimaculata General Von Roser, 1834 (as annvlus) . Limnobia quadrimacidata Larva, pupa Beling, 1873b: 590-591 (as annu- lus). Limnobia bifasciata Larva, pupa, general. . .. Bremi-Wolf, 1846 (as xanthop- tera). Limnobia bifasciata Larva, pupa, general. . . Paste jrfk, 1909 (as xanthoptera) . Limnobia bifasciata Larva, pupa De Meijere, 1916: 198-201. Limnobin decemmaculata General Loew, 1873:41. Limnobia decemmaculata General Verrall, 1912. Limnobia flavipes Larva BeHng, 1886: 202. Limnobia inustu General Belmg, 1886:202 (as macro- stigma). Limnobia sexpunctala Larva Beling, 1879: 54-55 (as nigro- punctata). Limnobia nubeculosa General Beling, 1879:56. Limnobia obscuricornis. . Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 55-56. Limnobia tripiinctata Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b: 591 -592. Limnobia triocellata . Larva, pupa, general. . . Johnson, 1906:2. Limnobia triocellata Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 215-216. Limnobia immatxira Pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 216. Libnoles perkinsi General Perkins, 1913: clxxxii (as Limno- bia). Discobola caesarea Pupa Mik, 1884. Dicranomyia trinotata Larva, pupa Thienemann, 1909. Dicranomyia trinotata Larva, pupa Grunberg, 1910:29. (Copy.) Dicraiiomyia dumetorum General Winnertz, 1853. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 799 Dicranomyia dumelorum General Belinp;, 187.3 b: 592. Dicranomyia dumelorum General Beling, 1879 : 56. Dicranomyia dumelorum Larva Beling, 1886:201-202. Dicranomyia sp General Schubart, 1854. Dicranomyia foliocuniculalor General Swezey, 1913. Dicranomyia folincuniculator Larva, pupa Swezey, 1915:87. Dicranomyia umbrala Larva De Moijere, 1916: 197-198. Dicranomyia simulans Larva, pupa, general. . . Needham, 1908 a: 214-217. Dicranomyia simidans Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 213-214. Rhipidia maculata Pupa Beling, 1873 b : 592. Rhipidia macidala Larva, general Beling, 1879:52-53. Rhipidia uniseriala Larva, general Beling, 1879:53-54. Rhipidia domestica General Johnson, 1910:704. Dicranoplycha winnemana Larva, pupa Alexander, 1919 b. Rhamphidia longiroslris General Gercke, 1884. Rhamphidia longiroslris General Griinberg, 1910:30. (CopJ^) Rhamphidia flavipes Larva Hart, 1898 [1895] : 197-199. Rhamphidia flavipes Larva Malloch, 1915-17 b: 231-232. Subtribe Antocharia The subtribe Antocharia inchides the genus Antocha and probably three or four related genera, such as Diotrepha, Orimarga, and Orimargula. The group is well-defined in all stages, so far as these are known, the larvae presenting a curious superficial resemblance to those of Pedicaria, while the pupae introduce a novelty of structure of the breathing horns, which is discussed in detail elsewhere (page 805). It is probable, however, that these peculiarities of larval and pupal structure are largely the result of habit and habitat, and a critical survey of the structure shows a close relationship with the other subtribes herein recognized. Genus Antocha Osten Sacken (Gr. close approximation) 1859 A7itocha O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 219. Larva. — Body slender, tapering behind, ending caudally in two elongate ventral lobes which bear a few hairs at their tips and at intervals along their length. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 each with a swollen area on basal ring densely covered with microscopic hairs. Tracheal gills four in number, large, constricted into three or four lobes. Spiracles lacking or rudimentary. Head capsule moderate in size. JNlentum with nine or ten teeth, deeply split behind. Maxilla conspicuous, consisting of two subequal lobes which are provided with dense brushes of hairs. Hypopharynx with chitinizod teeth. Pupa. — Anterior end of body large, tapering behind. Head with a small median lobe in front, on either side of which is a small tubercle;- genae gibbous. Pronotal breathing horns large, flattened, the margin branching into eight long filaments. Abdominal segments on basal ring with a double transverse row of small hooks which converge at the ends to incloso an oval depressed area; last segment of body terminating in two strong, recurved, chitinized hooks. 800 Charles Paul Alexander Antocha is a small genus of crane-flies (about seven species) whose specific limits arc still not well ^understood. The species are well dis- tributed thruout the Northern Hemisphere. The adult flies are of prim- itive organization, but the larvae and the pupae are highly specialized in many respects. The only previous record of the immature stages of any member of this group is the unknown Limnobiine No. 2 (Malloch, 1915-17 b : 236-237) , which surely refers to an Antocha, possibly A. monticola Alex. The main point of difference between the species described by Malloch and the species described in detail hereinafter is the small spiracles mentioned in the description of the former species. A. saxicola lacks spiracles, since it has no us3 for them, being confined to submerged cases often many feet below tho surfaco of the water. Altho nothing is known concerning the immature stages of the genera Orimargula, Orimarga, and Diotrepha, the writer believes that these genera will b3 found to have larvae of this same general type, since from the structure of the adults they are obviously derived from the Antocha stem. The larvae are curiously suggestive of the Pediciini (as compared with Dicranota), but the structure of the mouth parts, the smooth pseudo- pods, and the cauda, are quite different and indicate that the similarities are analogous only. The pupae are unlike those of any crane-fly as yet made known, in the very remarkable breathing horns; but this is possibly a condition brought about by the habitat rather than a fundamental feature. The apparently very different pupae of Elliptera are closely related to Antocha. Antocha saxicola 0. S. 1S50 Antocha saxicola. 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 219. Antocha saxicola has one of the most interesting life histories of any of the crane-flies yet discovered, not only because of the larval and pupal habitat, but also because of the peculiar structures that appear in the larva and in the pupa and have been found nowhere else in the immature stages of the family, sd far as is known. The larvae simulate strikingly the same stage in the Pedicaria, but are apneustic, entirely lacking func- tional spiracles and depending wholly on tracheal gills for their respira- tion. The pupae have the pronotal breathing horns split into eight long filaments, so that they bear a curious superficial reseml lance to the pupae The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 801 of the black fly (Simuliidae) , Both larvae and pupae spend their entire lives in cases on stones in water — usually in running, well-aerated water, and often in the most rushing torrents. The larvae, as already stated, lack spiracles, the entire respiration being carried on thru tracheal gills, four in number, and the rich tracheal development in the elongate caudal lobes. Thus the tracheal system is truly closed, and represents the maximum of specialization in the reduc- tion in size and final loss of the spiracles. In air-breathing, terrestrial forms, the spiracles are large and situated comparatively close together, gradually becoming smaller and more removed from one another as the creature becomes more and more dependent on blood gills or tracheal gills for respiration. This is the only truly closed tracheal system known to the writer to occur in the Tipulidae. It should be noted that the loss of the spiracles is accompanied by great enlargement of the gills and the taking on of the gill function by the two caudal lobes. The haunt of the larvae is in silken cases on rocks, often in the swiftest part of the stream, where it is impossible to breathe thru spiracles and where the associated forms of life (Ephemerida, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera) all, or practically all, depend entirely on gills for respiration. As a rule, the larval cases are made on rubble or rounded stones, a crevice or a groove caused by inequalities of the rock surface covered over being the simplest and commonest place chosen. The inequalities in the rock are bridged over by a silken, mud- or silt-coverod case, which is very delicate and laterally fimbriated with the young larva but becomes much firmer, thicker, and more compact with the older larva and pupa. The larval case is open at both ends and the larva passes back- ward and forward freely, showing considerable agility when disturbed. When the larva is still small, the case is correspondingly small and insignificant; but the case of the matured larva is conspicuous, measur- ing from 4 to 5 centimeters in length and about 1.2 centimeters across the lateral " wings," or fimbriations. The insect moves freely along the tube but is very loath to leave it unless actually ejected. As stated above, the late larval and pupal covering is very different from the flims3% silt-covered tube of the young larva, being smooth, compact, hard, and often covered with pebbles. The pupa has two powerful hooks at its caudal end, enabling it to fasten to the case. In most cases the pupa hangs with the current, head downstream, like the pupa of Blepharocera 802 Charles Paul Alexander and unlike the somewhat similar-appearing pupa of the Simuliidae, which rests with the head upstream, against the current, the pupal case being open at the cephalic end only. These curious larvae were first noted at Ithaca, New York, in mid- April, in Cascadilla Creek. They were common in situations such as described above. Larvae were found thruout most of April, May, and June; they would probably be seen in somewhat fewer numbers thru most of the summer season, since the adult flies have a long seasonal ajjpearance. The first pupa was found on May 15, 1917, but the season that year was very backward and undoubtedly the species pupates earlier in more nearly normal seasons. In Cascadilla and Fall Creeks, at Ithaca, the immature stages of Antocha are usually associated with a fauna of rapid-water (lotic) forms, the following being the more notable and constant: Planarians. Planaria sp. Ephemeridae. Nymphs of Baetis, Leptophlebia, Ephemerella, Ecdyurus, Epeorus, Iron, Heptagenia, Chirotenetes, and others! Perhdae. Nymphs of Pteronarcys, Perla immarginata Say, Acro- neuria, Neoperla, and others. Trichoptera. Larvae and pupae of Helicopsyche (abundant), Hydro- psyche, Hydropsychodcs, Ithytrichia, Rhyacophila, Lep- tocerus, Polycentropus, and others. Lepidoptera. Larvae and pupae of Elophila. Coleoptera. Larvae of Psephenus. Diptera. Larvae and pupae of Blepharocera, Simulium, Ortho- cladius, Tanytarsus, and others. Early in spring the rocks are plastered with dense coatings of Diato- maceae (Navicula, Synedra, Meridion, and other genera), which later in the season become much rarer or disappear entirely. It is often impos- sible to tell the case of Antocha from that of some very similar caddis- worm cases, especially some of the glossosomatine Rhyacophilidae. Dr. Noyes found larvae of Antocha in a small, rapid-flowing stream near Ringwood Hollow, and here the cases were covered with tiny pebbles and it was quite impossible to distinguish them superficially from asso- ciated caddis-worm cases. In Cascadilla Creek the little cases of Heli- copsyche often plaster the upper surfaces of submerged rocks, and the writer has found tubes of Antocha that were almost buried beneath these cases. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 803 Antocha is by no means confined to rapidly flowing streams, altho the insects arc very often found in such situations. The writer has found adults in his Umt traps set over the Sacandaga River, in Fulton County, New York, where the water was very quiet and at least ten feet deep. Needham (1908a: 169-170, 205), similarly, found adults in numbers in his tent traps set over Beaver Meadow Brook at Old Forge, New York, in August, 1905, but did not locate the larvae. In rapid-flowing streams the insects sometimes occur just at the surface in a few millimeters of water, or at greater depths. The immature stages seem adapted to live under almost any conditions of current, from moderate pressure to sit- uations where the water rushes by in torrents and where but few of the usual lotic organisms, such as Blepharocera, Simulium, Psephenus, and others, can exist. From Clemens' studies (1917:14-23) it is evident that the current is much more rapid just beneath the surface than at various lower depths, so that at a depth of one foot the current velocity is only about two-thirds of that at the surface. Thus these aquatic organisms are not constantly and entirely subjected to such tremendous pressures as on first sight they appear to be. Many of the larvae and pupae perish from desiccation, due to the lowering of the stream level and the conse- quent exposure of the rocks on which their homes are made. Copulation between the adult flies takes place on the exposed rocks in and along the margins of the streams where the larvae live (Osten Sacken, 1869:127). The eggs are deposited in the water, and the entire life, until the emergence of the adult fly, is spent beneath the water. The whole life cycle may require a year, altho the species is possibly double- brooded. At a single time, and even on a single rock, larvae of various sizes, from very small ones to those almost fully grown, may be found, and this probably explains the long flight-period of the adult. That the species is double-brooded remains to be proved. The food of the larva consists of microscopic plant organisms in the water, the curious maxillae, with their dense brushes of long hairs, undoubtedly being an adaptation for this type of food. Larva. — Total length, 9.5-10.5 mm. Length of caudal lobes alone, 1.1-1.2 mm. Diameter of body, 1-1.1 mm. Coloration of living larva, light greenish brown above, clearer greenish ventra'ly; contents of ahmentary canal showing clearly thru the thin skin; on segments 7 and 8, two paired, bright 804 Charles Paul Alexander orange bodies which are very conspicuous, these possibly being fatty in nature; welts on the abdomen dark brown; in preserved specimens general coloration fading to a dull yellow. Form elongate (Plate XX, 57), tapering behind. Surface with a dense, appressed pubes- cence and scattered erect hairs. Prothorax long, narrowed in front, anterior orifice margined with dense, fine pubescence; sides of prothorax with numerous long, erect, pale hairs. Mesothorax and metathorax indistinctly divided into two approximately equal annuli; anterior annulus with a few lateral setae. First abdominal segment short, the setae arranged as follows: dorsal, two small grouped setae near posterior margin, laterad of each of these, but in alinement, a solitary stout seta, proximad of each of these a stout seta, and cephalad of each of these another strong seta, the principal setae of each side thus forming a rough triangle; a long, delicate pleural seta on each side; ventral, two small groups of setae, with an arrangement similar to that of the grouped s°tae of dorsum. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 each indistinctly divided into two annuli by a transverse constriction, the anterior ring about half the length of the posterior ring and bearing medially a transverse elongate-oval (dorsal) to short-oval (ventral) welt, covered with microscopic points; ventral welts very convex and swollen; pleura with a long seta; posterior ring with setae arranged as described above for first abdominal segment; setae of posterior segments of body longer, but occupying same relative position; small solitary inner seta of dorsal posterior line becoming large and prom- inent on seventh segment; segment 8 with six powerful setae in alinement on ventral surface, situated at base of gills, two being pleural and four ventral in position; dorsum of segment 8 with a rounded median lobe. Gills four, long, delicate, divided into lobes by constrictions (the two caudal lobes, as well as the gills, have taken on a respiratory function). Caudal ventral lobes two (Plate XXI, 68) very long, parallel, with scattered setae arranged as fol- lows: at tips, sixer seven; atabout two-thirds length, three; at about one-third length, a tuft of from fifteen to twenty long and short setae on la,teral and dorsal faces; a small solitary seta, dorsal in position, at base of lobe; a similar bristle on ventral face at about midlength of lobe. Like remainder of body, Cauda covered with an abundance of delicate appressed pubescence; on dorsal side, at base of each lobe, a rounded spot, and just inside this a narrow, longitudinal line which is destitute of pubescence. Only dorsal lobe the median one of eighth segment, mentioned above. Spiracles lacking. Head capsule (Plate XX, 58) moderate in size. Lateral plates thin, double, inner one the longest, outer one forming mental plate. Dorsal plate broad in front, narrowed behind, posterior margin bluntly notched; in front of this plate, two broad plates, rather widely separated medially, presumably belonging to clypeus. Labrum broad, cephalic margin and ventral face with transverse rows of short hairs. Mentum (Plate XX, 69) conspicuous, deeply split behind but not entirely divided as in the Pediciini; an outer flattened, circular median lobe whose outer face is covered with small, scalelike roughenings; behind (dorsad of) this outer lobe the mentum proper, roughly triangular in outline, conspicuous, margin with a broad, blunt, median tooth which is sometimes (Plate XXI, 66) bilobed to form two subequal apical teeth; besides this median tooth, four lateral teeth, the outermost one broad with its lateral angle rounded. Hypopharynx (Plate XXI, 64) forming a ring into which ducts of sali- vary glands open; anterior part, somewhat resembling mentum in shape, a narrow blade with anterior margin having about eight teeth; posterior part a transverse, arcuated band with anterior margin having about twenty teeth. (In the figure, the two parts of the hypo- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 805 pharynx are shown diagrammatically and separated; in some specimens the lateral teeth are more acute, in others they are more rounded.) Antenna (Plate XXI, 65) elongate, cyhndrical, chitinized, apex pale, with two long, sensory setae and a few papillae. IMandible (Plate XXI, 63 and 67) strong, flattened, with two powerful bristles on back, or scrobal region, near base; inner face concave, tip ending in a long tooth, dorsad of apex a single smaller tooth, ventral cutting edge with four gradually smaller teeth, beyond the last of which the margin is crenuiated into four or five indistinct carunculations; viewed from inside, lateral teeth appearing blunt. Maxilla (Plate XXI, 6.3) large, consisting of two elongate-oval lobes, the inner one densely hairy; palpus, borne at tip of outer lobe on ventral face, shaped like one- half of a cylinder split lengthwise, several tiny hyaline sense pegs at apex; laterad of palpus and nearer base of outer lobe, a small elongate sensory tubercle with hairs at apex; inner lobe of maxilla subequal in size and length to outer lobe, but more densely hairy; on its ventral face, four or five long sensory tubercles which are expanded at their ends into setiferous heads; at base of maxilla, a long, slender arm with three setiferous punctures at apex and another puncture at about two-thirds length; setae of this arm very long and delicate. (A dorsal view of the larva is shown in Plate XX, 57.) Pupa. — Length to tip of cephalic crest, 6.2-6.8 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.4-1.5 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.1-1.2 mm. Head, thorax, and sheaths of appendages dark brown in fully colored individuals; abdomen pale yellowish white; terminal hooks of abdomen heavily chitinized. Head on margin above eyes with a blunt median lobe and on either side a small but prom- inent tubercle; gena gibbous. Compound eyes large, semicircular in outline. Front between eyes with margins almost parallel. Labrum with apex truncated or indistinctly bilobed. Labial lobes broad, appearing subtriangular. Sheaths of maxillary palpi not greatly elongated, slender, cylindrical. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XX, 61) flattened at base, each arcuated basally behind, bending laterad to form a concave hollow in front; base dark brown, chitinized, branched into eight long, pale filaments which are grouped more or less in pairs; the two ventral and the four dorsal filaments arising from a short common base, the other two being separate for their entire length; these filaments as long as, or longer than, antennal sheaths, varying in length from rather short to a longer type. Thoracic dorsum broad, ample, feebly wrinkled transversely. Leg sheaths (Plate XX, 60) with all the tarsi very long and slender, reaching almost to end of fifth abdominal segment. Wing sheaths comparatively narrow, reaching base of third abdominal segment; anal angle sharp; venation fairly distinct. Abdomen pale. Intermediate abdominal segments divided into two annuli, the posterior ring much the larger; dorsa of segments 3 to 6 (Plate XXII, 71), and sternum of segment 6, each with basal annulus tumid and with two transverse rows of small hooks converging at the ends to inclose a linear depressed area; these areas capable of contraction, so that the hooks of each row are united or approximated with those of the opposite row; from thirty to thirty-five hooks in each row, anterior row with hooks directed backward, posterior row with hooks directed forward; on seventh segment, only the anterior row of hooks present, very slightly arcuated, the lateral hooks smaller than those near middle of row; caudad of this 806 Charles Paul Alexander row on segment 7, a darkened, transversely rectangular area bearing setiferous punctures in two broken rows, the posterior row the more complete; posterior rings of other segments of dorsum bearing setae in somewhat the same arrangement. Pleural area pale, segments 2 to 8 with a long, delicate seta on each annulus. Dorsum of segnient 8 (Plate XXII, 70) with a large setiferous tubercle on either side, this tubercle densely covered with hairs that are longest behind and shorter in front; caudad of these large, blunt knobs, a slender, setiferous tubercle. Last segment with tergal valves chitinized, elongate, extreme posterior margin rounded medially and feebly bilobed, lateral angles produced caudad and dorsad into power- ful curved, heavily chitinized hooks; a few setae at. about midlength of these hooks (Plate XX, 62). Sternal valves shorter, slightly bilobed medially. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, June 4, 1917. Neanotype. — With the nepionotype. Paratypes. — Topotypic, May 1 to June 10, 1917. Subtribe Ellipteraria The present knowledge of the immature stages of the genus Elliptera is due entirely to the work of Mik (1886 b). From his rather detailed description and figures, it certainly appears that the group should receive coordinate rank with Antocharia, Limnobaria, and other divisions herein created. The genus Elliptera shows peculiarities of structure in all stages, but many features of its organization remind one forcibly of species of Dicranomyia (such as D. simidans and D. trinotata) on the one hand, and of Antocha on the other; and it may be that the genus Elliptera stands in closer relationship to Dicranomyia than is now believed. Genus Elliptera Schiner (Gr. I omit, or ellipse + wing) 186.3 Elliptera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 222. 1913 Ellipoptera Bergr. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., vol. 11, p. 576 (correct spelling). Elliptera is a small genus, including but five species which have a dis- continuous range, two being found in Europe and three in western North America. The commonest of the North American species, E. clausa O. S., was found oh wet moss in the spray of Vernal Falls, Yosemite Valley, California (Osten Sacken, 1877:198). The only information available on the immature stages of a member of this genus is that furnished by Mik (1886 b) on the European species E. omissa Egg. (quoted subsequently by Griinberg, 1910:31-32, and by Malloch, 1915-17 b: 226-227). The description and account as given below are based entirely on Mik's paper. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 807 ElUpfera omissa Egg. 1863 Elliplera omissa Egg. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 13, p. 1108. Specimens of ElUptera omissa were found by Mik (1886 b) along water- courses and near falls in mountainous regions. The adult flies were noted as late as September 10, swarming about the waterfalls. Larvae and pupae were found on July 30 and August 17 near Salzburg, upper Austria, living in elongate and somewhat depressed cocoons about 10 millimeters long and 4 millimeters broad which were arranged in longi- tudinal rows with short spaces between. These cocoons, which were placed with the current, occurred on the wet walls of wooden chutes or runways and also on dripping chalk cliffs. The immature stages spend their existence in these small cocoons of mud and silk. When ready to emerge as an adult, the pupa makes its way thru the end of the cocoon away from the current, leaving the cast skin attached to the opening. The margins of the large pronotal breathing horns of the pupa are finely ser- rated and are presumably used in making this opening thru the cocoon. The young larva probably creeps about on the floor of the runway, feeding on algae growing in the same situation. When nearly full-grown, the larva crawls to a less exposed place and spins its cocoon. Many larvae and pupae are killed by the drjdng-out of their haunts when the water supply becomes insufficient to cover them. Larva. — Length, 7 mm. Diameter, 1.5 mm. Body clearly depressed (Plate XXIII, 72), greenish white, scarcely shiny, with delicate appressed grayish hairs which are thicker at the two ends of the body, especially on last segment, where they become almost villous. Integument very transparent, so that intes- tine and contents show thru, the intestine narrowing on segment 6 and thru to segment 8, where it broadens out and almost entirely fills the ninth and tenth segments. On sides of prothorax a delicate, long, pale hair; on remaining segments two such hairs. On each of abdominal segments 3 to 9, on dorsum near anterior margin, a low transverse ridge which is thickly set with short, blackened points; on sternum of each of same segments, a similar welt which is destitute of points. In male larvae, clawlike appendages of genitalia of adults showing thru skin on ventral side. Head capsule (Plate XXIII, 73 and 74) massive, sHghtly longer than broad, black, some- what shinj'j all the sclerites compact and closely united; anterior projecting part of capsule with margins transparent, rust-browTi; median part with two small knobs, laterad of which are two larger projections which are crowned with short points; capsule weakly keeled behind on dorsum (Plate XXIII, 74), anterior to which are two swollen elevations; on hinder mar- gin of clypeus a styliform, bristly lobe, easily broken off, which is presumably the antenna. 808 Charles Paul Alexander Labium strongly chitinized, triangular, split longitudinally. Mandible (Plate XXIII, 75) clawlike in appearance, a little smaller than either half of labium, on inner face with a chiti- nized projection which is serrated. Maxilla indistinct, the palpi coroniform. Spiracular disk (Plate XXIII, 77) with four lobes whose inner faces are narrowly lined with black chitin; lobes provided with lashes of long gray hairs; dorsal lobes the shorter and broader, and bear- ing on their inner face two elongated stigmata which are margined with pale rust-yellow. Pupa.' — Length, G.5 mm. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XXIII, 76) large, ear-shaped; bright yellowish white in color, in contrast to dirty yellowish brown skin of head, thorax, and appendages; each horn consisting of two parts: the dorsal side, appearing smooth and homogeneous; and the ventral side, with two longitudinal furrows converging toward apices, and with abundant elongate tubercles, under low magnification this part appearing pitted because of the spaces between these tubercles. Alargin of breathing horn chitinized and very finely notched. On outer basal part of each ear a parchment-like lobe, which joins ear to side of prothorax; in addition to this, each ear at base is drawn out into an almost rectangular lobe which is closely approxi- mated to pronotum. Leg sheaths extending about to base of fifth abdominal segment. Abdomen distinctly depressed, greenish white in color; segments 3 to 7 on both dorsum and sternum near base with a double cross-row of spicules which present a comblike appearance (Plate XXIII, 78), those on dorsal segments being somewhat stronger. Female pupa with acidothecae grown together on inner face, at outer angle of each a chitinized hook which is curved upward. Male pupa with ventral side of last segment produced into two chitinized points which are bent toward each other and almost touch, these inclosing clasping organs of adult male and hooks of male larva as described above. Subtribe Limnobaria The subtribe Limnobaria includes about ten genera, which are very closely related to one another and whose limits are as yet not clearly defined. Many of the generic distinctions are based on male characters of wing form, venation, or antennal structure. The genera are often very large and it is difficult to give satisfactory characters to separate their immature stages. The keys to the genera, given below, will unquestion- ably need much revising when a larger number of forms are studied. Larvae 1. Form stout; teeth of mandibles and of mentum usually more numerous; mentum more pointed anteriorly Limnobia Meig. (p. 809) Form usually more slender; teeth of mandibles and of mentum usually fewer; mentum transverse or subtransverse 2 2. Mandibles very broad, flattened, with three ventral cutting teeth; mentum about trans- verse, with nine or eleven teeth Rhipidia Meig. (p. 825) Mandibles more slender, with usually four or five cutting teeth; mentum usually a litkle pointed anteriorly, with about eleven teeth Dicranomyia Steph. (p. 819) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 809 Pupae 1. The five basal abdominal segments on both dorsum and venter with a comb of small, blunt teeth; wing sheaths showing an ocellate pattern; pupae h\ing beneath bark of coniferous trees Discobola O. S. (p. 815) Abdominal segments provided with basal transverse welts of microscopic points on seg- ments 3 to 7 ; wing pattern not ocellate 2 2. Pronotal breathing horns long and narrow, about three times as long as broad. Rhipidia Meig. (p. 825) Pronotal breathing horns short and broad, length and breadth not greatly different. ... 3 3. Size large (usually over 10 mm.); breathing horns often broader than long. Limnobia Meig. (p. 809) Size smaller (usually under 10 mm.); breathing horns usually as long as broad. Dicranomyia Steph. (p. 819) Genus Limnobia Meigen (Gr. swamp + I live) 1800 Amphinome Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 15 {nomen nudum, preoccupied in Annelida). 1803 Limonia Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1818 Limnobia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 116. 1818 Unomyia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 116. 1856 Limnomyza Bond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 185. Larva.- — Form stout, terete. Abdominal segments with dorsal and ventrai transverse welts covered with chitinized points on basal rings. Spiracular disk surrounded by indis- tinct lobes, the spiracles large. Head capsule large, massive, the dorsal plate narrowed behind and more or less bifid at its tip. Labrum transversely oval, with sensory bristles near margin. Mandible blunt, with from four to seven cutting teeth. Maxilla simple, cardo and stipes large. Antenna with apical papilla button-like. Mentum broad, margin with from eleven to thirteen teeth. Hypcpharjaix a circlet of two chitinized plates, each with from twelve to fifteen teeth. Pupa.- — No cephalic crest. Pronotal breathing horns flattened, earlike, as broad as, or broader than, long. Mesonotum unarmed. Abdomen with transverse welts of fine hooks on basal annuli of tergites 3 to 7 and sternites 5 to 7. Two tiny ; piracies on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment. Limnobia is a rather small genus (comprising about forty-five species) of usually large and handsome flies. The species are most numerous thruout the Holarctic and Ethiopian regions. The immature stages have a wide range of habitat. Of the European species, Limnobia hifasciata Schr. [= L. xanthoptera Meig.] is characteristically fungicolous, the larvae occurring in various species of Agaricus and related genera as stated by Stannius, Pastejrik, De Meijere, and other investigators. L. decemmaculata Lw. occurs in fungi (Daedalea and similar species), as recorded b}'- Loew (1873) and by Verrall (1912). L. quadriinuculaia (Linn.) [= L. annulus Meig.] often occurs in tree fungi but is not confined to this habitat. This species, 810 Charles Paul Alexander L. macrostigma Schum., and L. obscuricorms Bel. are often found in decay- ing, principally deciduous, wood. L tn'pundata Fabr., L. sexpimdata Fabr. [=L. ru'gropimctata Schum.], L. Uavipes Fabr., and L. nubeculosa Meig. are found in humous earth and beneath leaves in woods. The pupal duration of L. quadrimaculata is from eight to twelve days, and this species, as well as others of the genus, pupates in the ground, inclosed in delicate silken cases which are covered with particles of earth and other matter. In America, L. triocellata O. S. is characteristically fungicolous. L. cinctipes Say, and presumably L. immatura 0. S., are found both in fungi and in decaying wood. L. indigena O. S. has been found in living tulip roots from Greenville, South Carolina (Greene, ms.). L. fallax Johns., and presumably L. solitaria 0. S., live in organic mud near water. L. parietina 0. S. probably has a similar habitat, since it was found in tent traps set over Beaver Meadow Brook in the Adirondacks (Needham, 1908 a: 171). Limnohia cinctipes Say 1823 Limnohia cinctipes Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 21, no. 4. Limnohia cinctipes is one of the largest and commonest American species of the genus Limnobia. It has been reared many times, some of the records being as follows: On July 23, 1883, Pergande collected larvae in an old fungus groA^ing on rotten wood. On July 20, 1886, the same species of larvae was found constructing silken cases thru the fungus, and later in the ground for pupation. The pupae were active, and were able to draw back and forth in their tubes. Adults began to issue on July 28, showing the pupal stage in this case to be not more than eight days. On April 25, 1912, a number of specimens of this species were received from W. H. Shideler, of Miami University, Ohio. The specimens were taken at Oxford, Ohio, on April 20, when several hundred larvae and pupae were found in an old dry log. The young pupae in the wood are not covered with particles of debris, but the older pupae are inclosed in a case which is covered with wood fragments, only the top of the head and the tip of the abdomen projecting beyond the case. When the pupae are about to transform, the insect emerges to about half its length and the The Crane -Flies of New York — Part II 811 skin splits down the dorsum, the pupal skin remaining in place after the adults have emerged. On September 15, 1912, many full-grown larvae were found in a fleshy species of Fomes near Gloversville, New York, where they were asso- ciated with a much larger number of larvae of Ula elegans and a much lesser number of Limnobia iriocellata. When about to pupate, the larva becomes pale green in color and incases itself completely in a silken sheath which is covered with particles of sand and other debris. As the pupa grows older, the case becomes harder and more rigid. Numerous little mites are to be found running up and down over these pupae, more especially at the head end, and possibly seeking ingress into the insect. One young pupa had a piece of cloth adhering to the side of its case. The pupal stage lasts about five days. Larva. — Length, 18-22 mm. Diameter, 2.5-3.2 mm. Coloration light yellow to greenish, the setiferous transverse welts at base of abdominal segments brownish. Body terete, abdominal segments subdivided into two narrow basal rings and a broad posterior ring. Abdominal segments 1 to 7 with a broad basal welt on tergites and sternites, that of the first segment much smaller; these welts densely covered with microscopic hooks; on the last two thoracic segments, welts indicated by very narrow lines. Cauda blunt, obliquely truncated. Spiracular disk (Plate XXIV, 83, and Plate XXV, 93) surrounded by indistinct lobes, the ventral margin projecting far caudad and indistinctly divided into two short lobes; lateral lobes very blunt; dorsal lobes short and blunt, often divided into two smaller lobes. Spiracles oblong or elliptical, placed obhqucly. Gills four, blunt and rounded, forme-;! for propulsion rather than for respiration. Head capsule (Plate XXIV, 70) very much as in Antocha, the dorsal plate narrowed behind and somewhat bifid at apex; lateral plates shaped like a mussel shell, curved around to form mentum. Labrum (Plate XXV, 86) distinct, oval, the anterior margin fringed with dehcate hairs, the hairs at the lateral margins longer and coarser; on either side near anterior margin, a blunt tubercle with three sensory bristles; just laterad of this a stout seta; along anterior margin, four sensory setae which are subequally spaced. Epipharyn.x densely hairy. Clypeus broader than labrum, with a seta at each outer anterior angle and two more on either side near posterior margin. Mentum (Plate XXIV, 81) elongate-triangular, not com- pletely divided into halves but deeply split behind, with an outer plate running cephalad into a long, broad point; behind this another plate with the margins toothed, there being about five or six long, acute teeth on either side. Hypopharynx (Plate XXIV, 80) with two rows of teeth forming a circlet, into which duct of salivary gland opens; anterior row having about nine large, blunt teeth, with about six smaller teeth on either side, these latter sharper- pointed and more crowded; posterior row having long, pointed teeth, about twelve in number. Antenna (Plate XXIV, 82) two-segmented, the basal segment chitinized, elongate- 812 Charles Paul Alexander cylindrical, the secona segment flattened, shaped somewhat like a door knob; a few sensory projections. Mandible (Plate XXV, 87 and 88) powerful, produced into a strong apical point, with about four or five blunt or irregular inner teeth and a strong dorsal tooth on outer margin before tip. Maxilla (Plate XXV, 87) large, the outer margin thickened, sub- chitinized; palpi at apex small, shaped Uke half a pill box, with a few sensory papillae at tip. Pupa. — Length, 18-20 mm. Width, d.-s., 2.8-3 mm. Depth, d.-v., 3.1-3.3 mm. Entire head and thorax, including leg and wing sheaths, light brown, the thoracic dorsum somewhat darker-colored, the wings more yellowish brown; abdomen pale light green, the segments with the submedian brown band interrupted on pleural region; tip of abdomen brownish, chitinized. Form stout (Plate XXV, 89); body destitute of noticeable setae. Head fattened (Plate XXIV, 84). Cephalic crest lacking; forehead with a shallow V-shaped notch between antennal bases. Eyes of male large, the front narrowed, with points of tentorium close to inner margin of eye; eyes of female more widely separated. Antenna rather short, ending just beyond wing root. Labrum short, obtuse. Labial lobes contigu- ous, divergent, blunt at their tips, posterior margin a little convex medially. Lobes of maxillary palpi large, subquadrate. Cheek with a large, flattened ledge overlying joint of fore legs. Thorax very gibbous. A distinct anterior median carina between breathing horns. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XXV, 90) flattened, earlike, broader than long, directed slightly proximad, margin with a row of breathing tubercles, outer face wi'inkled. Wing sheaths reaching base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths reaching base of fourth abdominal segment or a little longer; tarsi ending about on a level, or sloping gradually from short hind tarsi to long foie tarsi. Abdominal segments indistinctly subdivided into three rings; on tergites 3 to 7, and sternites 5 to 7, basal ring with a transverse welt which is densely covered with short hairs or hooks, these welts tapering gradually to ends; sternites of segments 3 and 4 having incom- plete welts on either side of leg sheaths; band on tergum of segment 7 not broken medially, but a little constricted in some specimens; in older pupae the other annuli, especially the posterior one, variously darkened on dorsum and venter. Female cauda (Plate XXIV, 85) with the acidothecae short, the sternal valves the shortest, the tergal valves a little longer; prominent lateral lobes at base of tergal valves, and a slightly smaller but very broad one on each side of tergal valves at about midlength. Male cauda (Plate XXV, 91) similar to that of female, but the dorsal lobes (Plate XXV, 92) much shorter, not longer than the ven- tral lobes, and separated by a U-shaped notch; ventral lobes approximated, each ending in a small, blunt tubercle. Two small circular spiracles on dorsum of segment 8, these a little more widely separated in male than in female. Nepionotype. — Gloversville, New York, October 26, 1012. Neanolype. — - Female pupa with type larva. Pnratypcs. — Several larvae and pupae with types and from Oxford, Ohio, April 20, 1912. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 813 Limnobia fallax Johns. 1909 Limnobia fallax Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 125. Limnohia fallax belongs to the solitaria group and is apparently more Austral in its distribution than the other members of this group (L. soli- taria 0. S., L. hudsonica O. S.). Larvae and pupae were found by Dr. Johannsen near Ithaca, New York, July 20-26, 1905. They were wrapped in silken cases covered with earthy matter, and were removed from the soil near a brook. Larva. — Length, contracted, 8-8.2 mm. Diameter, 1.2-1.3 mm. Coloration white. Form stout and short, body terete. Transverse welts with chitinized points on abdominal segments 2 to 7, those on dorsal surface broad, those on ventral surface narrower. Spiracular disk blunt, surrounded by four indistinct lobes, the lateral pair the largest and capable of close approximation, closing the large yellow spiracles. Anal gills indistinct. Head capsule of usual Limnobia type. Labrum (Plate XXVI, 95) broadly oval, lateral angles and disk of epipharynx with tufts of long hairs; anterior margin fringed with short setae; about eight sensory bristles and papillae along anterior margin. Mentum (Plate XXVI, 96) large, triangular, running out into a long median apical point; lateral margins with about six or seven flattened subacute teeth on each side. Hypopharynx as in this group: a collar formed of two chitinized, comblike plates; the first plate rectangular, its face covered with flattened scales, anterior margin with about fourteen acute pointed teeth, the two outermost much the smaller, acicular; the second plate a narrow band of chitin similarly toothed, the teeth at each end large, flattened, the next tooth very narrow, acicular, the remaining teeth, ten in number, flattened, acute, the middle teeth a little shorter and broader. Antenna (Plate XXVI, 97) with basal segment elongate, cylindrical, and apical papilla or seg- ment very tiny, disklike. Mandible (Plate XXVI, 98) large, moderately broad, with apical tooth prominent, two large dorsal teeth, and a row of about five or six comblike teeth along ventral cutting edge, the most basa! being short and blunt. Maxilla (Plate XXVI, 99) about as in this tribe, cardines and stipites large and simple; palpus large. Pupa.- — Length of cast pupal skin, 10-13 mm. Labrum (Plate XXVI, 100) triangular, apex obtuse. Labial lobes prominent, subquadrate. Posterior margin convex medially. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XXVI, 101) flattened, subcircular in outhne, with an outer marginal row of breathing tubercles. Leg sheaths ending just before apex of fourth abdominal segment; tips of tarsi about on a level, or those of fore legs a little the longer. Band of spicules on seventh tergite, slightly constricted medially. Female cauda (Plate XXVI, 102 and 103) with tergal valves a little longer than sternal valves, and more acute at their tips; a small tubercle on outer margin of outer lobes before tips. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, July 21, 1905. Neanotyve. — Cast pupal skin with type larva. Paratypes. — One larva and three pupal skins. I 814 Charles Paul Alexander Limnohia triocellata O. S. 1S59 Limnohia triocellata 0. S. Proc. Accad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 216. Limnohia triocellata is a common crane-fly in eastern North America. It is closely allied to the European L. bifasciata Schr., the immature stages of which have long been known. Johnson (1906:2) found larvae of this species in a fungus at Riverside, Massachusetts, on August 21, 1904, which pupated on the 22d and emerged on the 30th and 31st, thus giving a pupal duration of about nine days. Malloch (1915-17 b : 215-216) found larvae and cast pupal skins in an Agari- cus at Urbana, Illinois, in September of 1915. The writer found larvae of Limnohia triocellata in a species of Fomes, associated with the larvae of L. cinctipes and Ula elegans, at Gloversville, New York, on September 15, 1912. C. H. Popenoe found larvae at Great Falls, Virginia, on Sep- tember 8, 1912, in the fungi Hypomyces Lactifluorum (Schw.) Tul. and Armillaria sp., the adult flies emerging on October 7, 1912. Other speci- mens from the same place found on October 9, 1913, in a species of Clito- cybe, produced adults on October 20. Scores of specimens were taken in Boletus felleus at Bradley Hill, Maryland, the flies emerging on July 16, 1914. Larva. — Length, 10-18 mm. Diameter, 1.2-1.4 mm. Coloration a little more yellowish than that of Limnohia fallax. Species very close to fallax in all details. Ventral welt on abdominal segment 1 well developed, but dorsal welt lacking or very reduced. Spiracular disk (Plate XXVI, 94) rather large, exposed; circular spiracles large, separated by a distance less than the diameter of one; lobes surrounding disk small and indistinct. Pupa. — Length, 12-15 mm. Not very different from other species of genus described herein. Nepionotype. — Great Falls, Virginia, September 28, 1913. Paratypes. — With the type. Genus Libnotes Westwood (derivation obscure) f 1876 Libnoks Westw. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 505. Libnotes is a small genus (about thirty-five species) of rather large crane-flies, which are chiefly Oriental in their distribution altho three species occur in South and Central Africa. The species Lihnotes per- kinsi (Grimsh.) has been considered as being a Limnobia, but it seems The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 815 to the writer that the present p;en{u-ic reference is more nearly correct, altho the (hstinctions between Limncjbia and some species of Libnotes are very poorly marked. L. perkinsi was bred from larvae in damp moss (Perkins, 1913:clxxxii, as Limnobia), and in a letter to the writer Mr. O.H. Swezey states that he has reared this species from larvae in decaying vegetation and in the accumulation of debris behind old leaf-sheaths on banana plants (Musa, Scitamineae) in the Hawaiian Islands. Genus Discobola Osten Sacken (Gr. discus + I throw) 1865 Discobola O. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 226. 1869 Trochobola O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 98. Discobola is a well-marked genus including about eight described species, which are most numerous in the Australasian region, two species only being found in Europe and two others in America. The adults of the commoner American species, D. argus (Say), are not rare. They are most numerous in late summer, and are often found resting on the stumps and trunks of coniferous trees, especially white pine {Pinus Strobus Linn.). The immature stages of D. caesarea (O. S.) were found by Mik (1884) in Austria, living in decaying pine stumps from which the bark had been removed. The following account is taken entirely from Mik's paper: Male pupa.— Body cylindrical, slender (9.2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. in diameter). Head, prothorax, mesothorax, leg sheaths, and wing sheaths chitinized, dark brown, shiny, the last-named somewhat brigiiter than the others, the leg sheaths somewhat darker at their tips. Eyes kidney-shaped, strongly shiny, blackish, between them a small, triangular, blackish brown spot. Prothoracic breathing horns dull-colored, dark rust-brown at base,' becoming a bri,2;hter rust-brown more distally, compressed laterally, tuberculate, with margin indented. Prothorax carinate, rust-yellow, margined on both sides by dull reddish brown tubercles. In fully colored specimens, forehead and leg sheaths blackish brown, wing pat- tern indicated on sheaths as somewhat diffused rings. Leg sheaths reaching end of abdo^minal segment 3, wing sheaths reaching end of abdominal segment 1. Metathorax and abdomen thin-skinned, the former verdigris-colored, the latter white or somewhat yellowish green; metathorax resembling an abdominal segment, but its posterior margin is unarmed, wliile the first to the fifth abdominal segments on both dorsum and venter bear a comb of very small, short, blunt teeth, which are closely approximated; these teeth chitinized and rusty brown at their tips, giving to abdomen the appearance of having brown incisions; these transverse rows of teeth interrupted at pleura. Sixth abdominal segment pale thruout and lacking the comb. Seventh segment shorter and narrowed on dorsum, pale, bearing on sternum a rust-yellow chitinized plate which is narrowed anteriorly, leaving an uncolored triangular area on either side at base of segment. Eighth segment swollen to include genitalia, the 816 Charles Paul Alexander two basal parts ellipsoidal, strongly shiny, rust-yellow, somewhat darker at tips, the apical parts small and knotlike, bluntly rounded; segment bearing on dorsum a weak triangular piece at its base; between apical parts of genitalia are inserted two small chitinized shields; on venter, between basal parts, sheath of penis is inserted. Female pupa.' — Body resembling that of male, but longer and somewhat stouter (length 10.5 mm., diameter 1.8 mm). Leg sheaths extending to just beyond midlength of abdominal segment 2. Seventh abdominal segment shortened and somewhat narrowed, on dorsum largely pale, with a narrow chitinized margin only on lateral parts, so that the unchitinized part forms a triangle with the ape.x directed backward; on sternum this segment almost completely chitinized, rust-yellow, only a small triangular area at base on either side remain- ing uncolored; chitinized plate separated from plate of next segment only by an incomplete segmentation, swollen, and bearing two longitudinal impressions. Eighth segment bearing on its dorsal surface the dorsal valves of ovipositor, fused at their base, chitinized thruout, rust-yellow in color; segment bearing on its ventral surface a depressed conical chitinized plate of a rust-yellow color, and with transverse impressed wrinkles; on either side a small, dark, chitinized, lower valve of ovipositor. Other characters as in male. (When the pupae are placed in alcohol, the green of the metathorax and the abdomen disappears and is replaced by a yellowish white color.) Pupae were collected in large numbers in a pine wood near Hammern in Freistadt (upper Austria) in the latter days of August, 1882. The pupae live in pine stumps, near the ground, where the bark has been removed, more especially in situations where the wood is somewhat sappy and not yet completely decayed. Those found were not deep in the wood. Their preseiice was discovered by finding the teneral adults on and near a stump, and many cast skins of the pupae projecting horizontally, the caudal end of the body, up to the leg sheaths, adhering to the wood. No emergence holes were found on the cut surface of the stump. The adults at first have a very long, pale abdomen, which is of a verdigris color, most intensive at the base and paler toward the tip. The pupae that were found transformed as adults in from one to three days. Genus Qeranomyia Haliday (Gr. crane + fly) 1833 Geranomyia Hal. Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 154. 1835 Limnohiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 4, p. 683 (spurious name). 1838 Aporosa Macq. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, part 1, p. 62. 1865 Plettusa Phil. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, p. 597. Geranomyia is a rather extensive genus including about eighty species, which are most abundant in the tropics of America, Asia, and Australia. On the African continent the genus is apparently less common. The adult flies have an elongate rostrum which is used for sucking nectar The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 817 from tuliular flowers. The various species of the genus have been recorded as feeding on a wide range of plant species, which have been indicated by Knab (1910) and by Alexander (1916 b: 486^93) and may be summarized as follows: Species Plants frequented Geranomyia canadensis Compositae — Eupatorium, Solidago, Aster, Silphium, Rudbeckia, Verbesina, Cacalia, and similar species Geranomyia diversa Compositae — Solidago, Erigeron Umbelliferae — Daucus Geranomyia virescens Lauraceae — Persea Geranomyia roslrata Compositae — Eupatorium, Solidago, Heli- anthus For many years nothing was known concerning the immature stages of any species of Geranomyia. In 1917, J. R. Malloch found larvae and pupae of G. canadensis at Urbana, Illinois. Mr. Malloch and the writer have in press a detailed paper on the immature stages of this species, and the following brief account is abstracted from this paper and included herewith in order to complete the data. Mr. Malloch found the larvae on the grounds of the Floriculture Depart- ment of the University of Illinois. There is a small bubbling fountain here, the waste water from which flows along an open gutter. In this gutter the immature stages of G. canadensis lived among the vegetable growth and diatomaceous ooze in the bottom of the trough. Mr. Malloch and the writer found this same species in Union County, southern Illinois, in 1919. Here larvae and pupae occurred on the face of rocks where the surface was continually damp with percolating water. A railroad bank had been formed by piling up slabs of limestone to a height of about four feet. In the irregularities and crevices of these pieces of limestone, the larvae of Geranomyia were living in delicate silken tubes covered with a deposit of silt and diatoms. They emerged from their cases to feed on the exposed surface of the wet rocks during twilight, and even during the hours of sunlight, but upon being disturbed or alarmed they retreated with great agility into their tubes. The pupae are found in short, nearly vertical burrows in the same situations as the larvae; here they rest with only the long, conspicuous breathing horns projecting from the entrance to the burrow. When transformation takes place, the pupal skin projects from the mouth of the burrow nearly to the ends 818 Charles Paul Alexander of the wing sheaths. The number of larvae vastly exceeds the number of pupae, and this would seem to indicate that the pupal existence is of very short duration, else this stage would be found oftener. Larva. — Length, 12-12.5 mm. Diameter, 0.8-0.9 mm. Coloration grayish subhyaline; a large orange area on posterior lateral parts of prothorax; abdominal welts dark brown. Form moderately long and slender; thoracic segments gradually decreasing in length from prothorax to mesothorax; abdominal segments gradually elongated to the fifth, thence short- ened to end of abdomen. Ventral surface of meso- and metathorax and of first eight abdom- inal segments provided with a basal transverse welt which is densely set with microscopic points; on dorsal surface these bands smaller, occurring on metathorax and on abdominal segments 2 to 8, not connected with sternal bands except on metathorax and on eighth abdominal segment. Spiracular disk similar to that in Dicranomyia; the usual ventral lobes represented only by two small, dusky, setiferous areas. Spiracles large, elongate- oval, placed obliquely on the sides of a deep split and so capable of close approximation. Anal gills four, each short, tapering gradually to the blunt tip. Head capsiile compact, massive, as in tribe. Labrum transversely oval, margin with short yellowish hairs and a larger tuft on either side. Antenna two-segmented, second segment rather stout, cylindrical, slightly arcuate; apical papilla small but high. Mandible broad and flattened, with a small dorsal tooth and a row of five ventral teeth. JVIaxilla generalized in structure, as in tribe. Hypopharj^nx as in Limnobaria, consisting of a roughly circular chitinized collar provided with a crown of stout teeth. Mentum broad, undivided, anterior margin with eleven teeth. Pupa. — Length (including breathing horns), 8-9 mm. Length of breathing horns, 1.2-1.3 mm. Width of body, d.-s., 0.85-0.9 mm. Depth, d.-s., 1-1.05 mm. Pronotal breathing horns grayish subhyaline; head and thorax with sheaths dark brown; abdomen whitish, hooks and spines brown. Cephalic crest small, indistinctly bilobed, not setiferous; front long and parallel; rostral sheath very long and narrow, subtended on either side by sheaths of paraglossae, the latter projecting beyond tip of rostrum and ending almost opposite end of wing sheath; margin of cheeks flattened as in Limnobaria. Antennal sheaths short, ending slightly beyond base of wing pad. Pronotal breathing horns very large and prominent, not contiguous basally; about a dozen breathing pores along dorsal margin. Mesonotum unarmed; wing sheaths ending opposite base of third abdominal segment; leg sheaths ending opposite or slightly beyond midlength of fourth abdominal segment; tarsal sheaths ending about on a level. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 near base with two bands of chitinized hooks arranged in curved transverse rows inclosing an oval transverse area. Cauda chitinized, tergal region produced into two parallel curved hooks bending strongly dorsad. Found at Alto Pass, Union County, Illinois, June G, 1919. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 819 Genus Dicranomyia Stephens (Gr. fork +fly) 1818 Furcomyia Meig. Ryst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. lOG (nomen nudum). 1829 Dicranomi/ia Steph. Cat. Brit. Ins., vol. 2, p. 243. 18.30 Siagona Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, pi. G5, figs. 5-7. 18.30 GInchina Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, p. 280. 1854 Numantia Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 2, p. 470. Larva. — Form slender. Body nearly glabrous, abdominal and thoracic segments with dorsal and ventral transverse welts on basal annuli. Spiracular disk small, the five lobes indistinct but indicated, spiracles large. Anal gills four, slender. Head capsule massive, of the Limnobia type. IVIouth parts almost as in Limnobia; ventral cutting edge of man- dible with fewer teeth; mentum with anterior margin more transverse and with fewer teeth. Pupa.' — Cephalic crest lacking. Pronotal breathing horns broad, in D. simulans with a basal recurved hook on dorsal side, in other known species unarmed. Basal abdominal auuuli with transverse welts. Dorsum of eighth abdominal segment with vestigial spiracles. Dicranomyia is a very extensive genus including more than two hun- dred described species of usually small flies which are found in most parts of the world. The immature stages, which are found in a variety of habitats practically as extensive as is covered by the entire family of crane-flies, range from forms that are almost strictly aquatic, thru species living beneath the bark of trees, to still other species which are leaf miners. In Europe, Dicranomyia trinotata (Meig.) is a characteristic member of the hygropetric association, the insects living on rocks in streams, where they are covered with a thin sheet of water and are usually asso- ciated with such insect forms as Beraea, Tinodes, Stactobia (Trichoptera), Orphnephila testacea (Ruthe), Pericoma nuhila (Meig.), Dixa maculata Meig., Oxycera pulchella Meig., and other Diptera. The larva is cylin- drical, measuring from 10 to 11 millimeters in length and from 1.5 to 2 millimeters in diameter. The dorsal surface is greenish mottled with darker, the ventral surface brighter. The larvae live in loosely spun silken cases in which they pupate. The pupae are about 10 millimeters long, and live in cocoons which are almost horizontal in position. The mature pupa breaks thru the cocoon by means of its sharp-edged breathing horns, the adult then creeping forth and leaving the cast pupal hull behind. (Thienemann, 1909:64-65, and Grunberg, 1910:29.) Dicranomyia dumetorum Meig. lives in decaying, principally deciduous, wood. Winnertz (1853) found it in large numbers in a decaying beech tree, associated with Bremia cilipes (Winn.), 820 Charles Paul Alexander V A species of crane-fly doubtfully referred to Dicranomyia pilipennis Egg. (Schubart, 1854) has been found in ditch water in Holland. Dicranomyia umbrata de Meij., a Javan species, lives in the slimy green algae floating in stagnant, as well as flowing, water. The pupae live in cocoons in the algal sheath, with the cephalic end projecting. The larvae are from 10 to 12 millimeters in length, cylindrical, about 0.6 millimeter in diameter, and of a yellowish color. The head is almost entirely retractile. The body is almost smooth, having only an inconspicuous transverse welt on the s$cond abdominal segment near the posterior margin. The caudal end is somewhat enlarged and is truncated behind. De Meijere (1916:197-198) supplies a good description of the structure of the larval head capsule. Dicranomyia foliocuniculator Swez., of the Hawaiian Islands, is the only recorded leaf -mining crane-fly. It was found by Swezey mining in the leaves of a species of Cyrtandra (Gesneriaceae) in the island of Oahu. Pupation of the species takes place within the mines (Swezey, 1913 and 1915). In North America a number of species are known. Dicranomyia sim,ulans has been ably discussed by Needham (1908 a: 214-217) and later by Malloch (1915-17 b [1917]). This species is, for the most part, a member of the hygropetric fauna, dwelling in usually lotic water where it is associated with a characteristic rapid-stream fauna. Other con- ditions under which the species is found are discussed later. D. hadia and D. stulta live in and under saturated moss cushions. D. macateei Alex, has been bred from larvae in decaying wood (Dr. W. G. Dietz). D. rara O. S. -has been bred from larvae in a rotten willow, the larvae being taken on Plummers Island, Maryland, by H. S. Barber on Octo- ber 12, 1913, and emerging as adults on November 14. Dicranomyia simulans (Walk.) 1848 Limnohia simulans Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 45. The best account of the life history of the common and widespread Dicranomyia simulans is that by Needham (1908 a: 214-216), quoted below : It is abundant on the piers along the west shore of Lake Michigan. . . . This pier [at Lake Forest, Illinois] was built on heavy driven piling, covered outside with heavy plank. About three feet of surface was exposed above the water at its normal stage. The planks were old, and sheltered a scanty growth of short, stemmed mosses in the cracks, and bore The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 821 a heavy fringe of Cladophora and other algae just below the water lino, with a film of " skin algae " extending a little higher. All over the sides of the plank, in either sun or shade, the adult simulans could be seen throuffhou't the summer months, sometimes in considerable numbers. I was first attracted to notice them by their habit of running rapidly sidewise along the pier, and their resemblance to harvestmen (Phalangidae). They run habitually sidewise, apparently rarely moving forward except to escape an obstruction, and very rarely appearing on the top of the pier. They rest in an inverted position on the under surface of the overhanging plank on the top of the pier. They stiak to the surface so persistently that it is difficult to make one take flight; they may be driven all about on the surface, or poked with a stick; they can fly well enough when they will, but when induced to f'y they settle again almost at once, and within a few feet of their starting place. They are associated upon the piers with Geranomyia canadensis and with numerous midges and micro-caddis flies (Hydroptilidae) and a few larger caddis flies of the genus Hydropsyche. Males are more in evidence, but probably not more abundant in fact. The females come out from their resting places only to lay their eggs, and are only to be seen when busily engaged in the performance of this task. They stand on tiptoe, with the long ovipositor held in vertical position at the tip of the deflexed abdomen, and they swing the body up and down in rapid shuttlelike vibration, freely rising and falling on the long and widely outspread ^legs. Thus the point of the ovipositor is driven against the wet surface of the plank, thrusting almost as rapidly as the needlebar of a sewing machine; it is moved about over the surface, as if searching for soft spots in the wood, and occasionally it makes a deeper thrust when a suitable place is found, and an egg is deposited. The egg-laying process is often interrupted and is continuously interfered with by the too importunate males. When a male in running about on the plank comes upon a female ovipositing, he stands directly above her at the full upward stretch of his legs, while she goes right along with her work; but the instant she ceases her vibrating and lifts her ovi- positor, he is ready with his forceps, upturned and outspread at the tip of his decurved abdo- men, to seize her. Usually she does not want to be interrupted and moves away, while he tries to run parallel and maintain all the while his position of vantage above her. Often other males are encountered, and then the males engage in a rough and tumble fight. They push and shove each other in a most ludicrous manner, reminding one of pigs fighting, and often an encounter of this sort enables the female to escape and go on quietly with her work. The males have well developed eyes, but their sight must be very poor; for, while always searching for females, they seem quite unable to find them by sight, often passing females at work within a distance of a few centimeters. But their tactile sense seems more acute. V/hen a male in running to and fro had passed several times within six centimeters of a female without noticing her, was deflected from his course towa,rd her by an obstruction I purposely placed in his way, he instantly sprang toward her upon the slightest contact, even of tips of tarsi, but was quite unheeding until this contact occurred. If it did not occur he would pass on, even by the narrowest margin. All stages are found together on the piers. The eggs are laid in the soft spots in the old wood, where the surface of the pier is kept wet, but not continually covered by water, in the zone of the " skin algae." The larvae live exposed or thinly algae covered, and crawl about slowly over the wet surface. They are greenish in color and very inconspicuous. In a cavity among the stems of the dwarf mosses (Bnjnm binum Schoeb. var. varium Lindb. and Amhlijstegium orthocladon Lesq. and James) in a crevice at the upper limit of the wet area the larva spins about itself a sheet of tissue and fastens bits of moss stems and leaves to its outside, and transforms inside the tube thus formed into a pupa. The tube is longer than its body, and the pupa moves in or out at will, doubtless by the aid of the hooks at the ends of its body. 822 Charles Paul Alexander The following descriptions of the immature stages are adapted from those of Needham and Malloch: Larva. — Length , 10-15 mm. Diameter, 1.5-2 mm. Coloration green, with distinct brown marks on dorsum and with an interrupted mid- dorsal row of alternating paler dots and crossmarks; dark area made up of closely placed spinous hairs, clear areas for the most part devoid of hairs. Body cylindrical, abruptly tapering behind on last abdominal segment. Legs lacking, but a scurfy, pubescent creeping-fold on under .surface of meso- and metathorax, a similar one on first abdominal segment, and much larger, transversely placed, fusiform creeping-ridges on ventral surface of abdominal segments 2 to 7, on anterior ring of each .segment. Incisions between dorsal segments of abdomen margined with blackish spinules, which are slightly stronger than other hairs of dorsum. Spiracular di.sk vertically cleft, with sloping sides, folded together when under water, border of aperture fringed with short hairs and destitute of fleshy lobes. Spiracles oval. Anal gills four, fleshy. Head large, similar in general appearance to that of Limnobia, entirely retractile within enlarged prothorax; head showing a broad, pale yellow, median band, sides black from base of antennae backward. Ivabrum transversely oval, with a margin of close-set, scurfy hairs; clypeus one-fourth broader than labrum, yellow, with parallel sides but emarginate on front for reception of labrum; three recurved, stout setae on lateral margin of clypeus on each side, one on each angle and two on disk. Mentum slightly convex in outline, median tooth much longer and stouter than first lateral, second and third laterals as large as median tooth. Antenna long, the shaft about three times as long as its greatest diameter. Maxillary palpi short and inconspicuous. Pupa. — Length, 8-9 mm. Diameter, 1.5 mm. Body smooth and shiny, ends brownish. Front of thorax upcurved dorsally. Pronotal breathing horns broad, laterally flattened, obtuse at apex, each with a basal recurved, sharp hook on its dorsal side; breathing tubercles arranged in a semicircular row along obtuse tip of horns. Dorsum of thorax with a faint fretwork of raised lines on surface. Abdomen smooth, with transverse lines of scurfy pubescence, terminating in a pair of stout, sharply recurved hooks. Malloch (1915-17 b, pi. 33, fig. 5) has figured the peculiar pronotal breathing horn of this species. Dicranomyia stulla O. S. 1859 Dicranomyia stulla O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 210. Adults of Dicranortiyia stulta are often exceedingly abundant, flying about, or resting in close proximity to, rocky ledges or cliffs near streams. They are found commonly in June, associated with such crane-fly species The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 823 as Geranomyia canadensis, Dadylolahis montana, Tipida ignohilis, T. api- calis, and similar forms. The larvae live in and beneath the saturated cushions of moss (Amblystegium) that grow on the shale near the water's edge. The only associated crane-fly larvae found near Cascadilla Creek, Ithaca, New York, where this species is common, were Tipula ignohilis, the larvae of both species being exceedingly abundant. Larva. — Length, 10-12.2 mm. Diameter, 0.6-0.7 mm. Color pale whitish with a green cast; transverse abdominal welts dark brown. Form rather long and slender. In addition to dorsal and ventral welts on abdominal segments 2 to 8, a complete band at base of metathorax and ventral bands on mesothorax and first abdominal segment; ventral abdominal bands larger and more conspicuous than narrow dorsal welts. A few erect setae on body. Spiracular disk (Plate XXVII, 105) rather small, with a deep vertical split, the large ovate spiracles capable of close approximation; ventral lobes blunt, with a black spot on face, fringed with short black hairs and with two sensory setae; each blunt lateral lobe narrowly lined with a black crescent; dorsal lobes very small, dusky; spiracular disk fringed with short, dark hairs. Anal gills four, large and pale. Head capsule as in tribe. Labrum (Plate XXVII, 106) subtriangular; anterior margin broad, nearly straight across, with a dense fringe of hairs which are coarser at ends of lobe; near anterior margin of labrum two oval, hyaline areas, each with three short papil- lae; a few sensory setae along anterior margin. Mentum (Plate XXVII, 107) broad, anterior outline triangular, running out into a rather long apical point, each side with about five teeth. Hypopharynx (Plate XXVII, 108) as in this group of genera, consisting of a collar of two chitinized combs, each with about ten sharp teeth. Antenna (Plate XXVII, 109) short, cylindrical, the apical papilla very small, reduced to a tiny disk. Mandible (Plate XXVII, 110) broad, flattened, with a blunt apical point which is only a little longer than the teeth on either side of it; ventral cutting edge with about five blunt teeth, which are gradually smaller from the outermost toward the base; inner face of mandible with a blunt prosthecal tooth and an oblique fringe of coarse setae. Maxilla (Plate XXVII, 111) with the cardines large, with about three setiferous punctures; stipites short, cylindrical; outer lobe fringed with long hairs and bearing the short, flattened, disklike palpus, which has five or sbc hyaline pegs; inner lobe smaller, with dense, short hairs and a few sensory organs. Pupa. — Length, about 6 mm. Labrum very obtusely rounded at apex, not bilobed. Labial lobes straight across or very slightly convex across posterior margin. Maxillary palpi narrowed toward tips (Plate XXVIII, 112). Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XXVIII, 113 and 114) elongate-oval, earlike, the ventral margin more bulging, the apex a httle narrowed but obtuse; a row of breathing pores along outer margin, beginning on lateral face near dorsal margin, these few in number and widely separated, becoming more numerous toward apex of organ. Leg sheaths as usual in this group of genera, those of fore legs the longest, those of hind legs the shortest. Male cauda (Plate XXVIII, 115) with ventral lobes (Plate XXVIII, 116) large, bluntly rounded at tips; two small, brown, approximated tubercles at base of split on 824 Charles Paul Alexander ventral side; two blunt tubercles on dorsal surface near base and close to median line (Plate XXVIII, 117). Tergal lobes at outer angles of a flattened plate, very short, triangular, each with two small hairs on caudal face before tip. Nepionoiype. — Cascadilla Creek, Ithaca, New York, May 22, 1917. Nennotype. — Type locality, June G, 1917. Paratijpes. — Abundant larvae and pupae with types, May 22 to June 6, 1917. Dicranomyia badia (Walk.) 1848 Limnohia badia Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 40. 1859 Dicranomyia humidicola O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 210. Dicranomyia badia is a very common species thruoiit eastern North America, occurring in gorges and ravines and along streams. The adult flies may be found resting on perpendicular cliffs near these haunts. In a position of rest they have all six feet on the support, a very different resting position from that of the often-associated genera Oropeza and Dolichopeza. The larvae, as is frequent in this genus, live in and beneath moss, especially saturated cushions of moss growing in or near the margins of streams. They are of a clear light pea-green color, and simulate the moss to an astonishing degree. The writer found these larvae in Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York, on April 16, 1917, beneath wet cushions of Amblystegium irriguum (Hook. & Wils.) B. & S., a moss that covers all the rocks and stones near water. In these moss cushions the larvae were associated with tiny larvae of Tipula ignobilis and pupae of T. collaris. When ready to pupate, the larva spins a small, silken, silt- covered case, which is further protected by a covering of small pieces of moss stems adhering to its outside, this case being hung up in the moss cushion, with the cephalic end of the pupa projecting. The pupal duration is about seven days (April 21 to 28 in the cases observed). The dark- colored pupa, with its contrasting yellow breathing horns, is very handsome. Larva. — Length, 10.5 mm. Diameter, 0.6-0.65 mm. Coloration light pea-green, abdominal welts brown; after death general color fading to very pale greenish white. Form slender; body terete, dorsal and ventral transverse welts at base of abdominal seg- ments conspicuous. Spiracular disk (Plate XXVIl, 104) with lobes indistinct, suffused with dusky, lateral lobes very blunt; disk surrounded by a fringe of short, dark-colored hairs. Spiracles very large, ovate, dorsal ends close together. Anal gills long and slender, pale. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 825 Head capsule and mouth parts similar to those of D. slulla, already described, judging from the scanty material of D. badia available for study. Pupa. — Length, 8-8.5 mm. Width, d.-s., l.l mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.2 mm. Head, thorax, and appendages dark brown; pronotal breathing horns light yellow; abdomen greenish, the cauda chitinized, light brown. Labrum very broad, indistinctly bilobed at tip. Labial lobes large, broadly transverse, posterior margin almost straight across. Maxillary palpi broad, tips truncated (Plate XXIX, 119). Lateral margins of cheeks flattened into ledges. Pronotal breathing horns large, flattened, in lateral outline (Plate XXIX, 118) subcircular or nearly so, with a row of rather widely separated breathing tubercles along margin; as viewed from above, horns directed proximad, so as to be contiguous at tips. A high median crest on mesonotum behind breathing horns. Wing sheaths ending before apex of abdominal segment 2. Leg sheaths ending far before apex of abdominal segment 4; as usual in this division, the hind legs a little the shortest, the fore legs a little the longest. Abdominal segments with a distinct basal welt which is thickly margined with microscopic curved hooks. Lateral spiracles distinct, but small and probably nonfunctional. Female cauda with sternal valves shorter than long tergal valves, the latter (Plate XXIX, 120) almost straight, each with a powerful, acute spine on lateral margin at about midlength, this directed dorsad. Near the margin of segment 8, on dorsum, a pair of rudimentary spiracles. Nepio7ioiype. — Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York, April 16, 1917. (No. 5-1917.) Neanotype. — Type locality, May 7, 1917. Genus Rhipidia Meigen (Gr. a fan) 1818 Rhipidia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 153. 1911 Ceratostephanus Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 6, p. 271. Larva.- — Form rather stout, body terete. Abdominal sternites 1 to 7 and tergites 2 to 7 with narrow transverse basal welts of chitinized points. Spiracular disk with indistinct lobes. Head capsule massive, not unlike that of Dicranomyia. Labrum broadly transverse. Mandible very broad, flattened, with only three ventral cutting teeth. Maxilla of simple structure. Antenna with apical papilla or segment very flattened, disklike. Hj^popharynx of two chitinized plates, each with about twelve comblike teeth. Mentuni almost transverse across anterior margin, with from nine to eleven teeth, the outermost fused. Pupa.- — Pronotal breathing horns elongate for this subtribe, about three times as long as broad. Abdomen with transverse bands of spicules on tergites 3 to 7 and sternites 5 to 7, and on extreme lateral parts of sternites 3 and 4. Rhipidia is a small to medium-sized genus (about thirty-five species) having its center of distribution in the American tropics, with some species occurring thruout temperate Europe and America and a less number in Africa and the Oriental region. The genus is based on a sexual char- 826 Chaeles Paul Alexander VLctvr, the pectinate antennae of the male, and several of the species run inconveniently close to Dicranomyia. The immature stages are spent beneath the bark of decaying trees or in decaying vegetable or animal matter. In Europe the genotype, Rhipidia maculata Meig., has been recorded as living in old cow-manure. Beling found the insects in such a situation, associated with the larvae of Rhyphus punclatus (Faljr.) (Beling, 1879:52-53) and a staphylinid beetl(>, Platystethus morsitans Payk. (Beling, 1873 b: 592). R. uniseriata Schin. was found by Beling (1879:53-54) living in decaying beech wood, in company with larvae of Xylota lenta Meig. and X. segnis (Linn.) (Syr- phidae) as well as with larvae of a tipuline crane-fly, Ctenophora. The larvae of this species, like those of R. maculata, live in thin silken cases, open at both ends and covered with particles of wood and other debris. In America, besides Rhipidia hryanti (which is discussed in some detail) the following records of the immature stages are available: Rhipidia maculata, recorded in Europe as living in decaying organic matter, was found by Needham (1908 a: 170, 204) in tent traps set over the bed of Beaver Meadow Brook in the Adirondacks, the insects presumably hav- ing emerged from the stream bed or from the thin layers of moss covering the exposed stones. R. fidelis O. S. was reared from larvae in decaying wood near Ithaca, New York, by Carl Ilg. This species belongs to the same suljgenus (Monorhipidia Alex.) as the European R. uniseriata, which has similar larval habits. R. domestica O. S. has been bred, from larvae obtained in fermented sap of the sour gum {Nyssa sylvatica Marsh., Cornaceae) at Clementon, New Jersey (Johnson, 1910:704). Males and females of this species were bred by Popenoe at Washington, D. C, from larvae on more or less decaying roots of taro (Colocasia antiquorum Schott, Araceae) taken at Gough, South Carolina, on February 1, 1911. Specimens of R. domestica emerged on August 21, 1906, at Juneau, Alaska, in radishes infested with H-ylemyia brassicae (Bouche) . Rhipidia (Rhipidia) hryanti Johns. 1909 Rhipidia hryanli Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 123-124, pi. 16, fig. 20. Rhipidia hryanti is one of the largest and handsomest species of the genus, and is widely distributed thruout the eastern United States from Maine to Texas. The innnature stages are spent beneath the decaying The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 827 bark of trees. The material studied was collected by J, R. Malloch in Potomac Park, Washington, D, C, on May 11, 1913, and was reared by R. C. Shannon (No. 35-1913), whose notes on the subject are as follows: A small colony (about seven) of tipulids were found in a hollow of a tree behind the bark. The larvae were covered with slinie, whicli gathered debris as they moved about and so formed a case. TJie next morning one had pupated. Two larvae were boiled and pre- served in alcohol, while two otJiers were preserved in formal. As they move about they leave a path of slime behind them. On May 14, the one that had pupated on the 12th emerged. On May 18 another imago issued. There is an obvious error in the duration of the pupal stage as given ■ — only two days. It is possil^le that a pupa was included in the material and was overlooked in its case of debris. The date of emergence of the second adult would show a pupal duration of six days, which is probably nearly correct. Larva. — Length, 1.3.2-14 mm. Diameter, 1 mm. Coloration white. Form terete, rather stout. Stornites 1 to 7 and tergites 2 to 7 with narrow transverse wolts on basal rings; welts yellow, provided with long, transverse rows of microscopic roughened points, those along margins of welts coarser, those in centers very tiny; these rows inter- rupted along pleura. Caudal end blunt, with lobes of spiracular disk indistinct. Spiracles large, capable of close approximation. Head capsule massive, of the Limnobiatype. Labrum (PlateXXX, 121) broadly transverse, anterior margin almost straight across, near margin two oval areas which are provided with small sensory papillae. Epipharyngeal region with abundant hairs. Mentum (Plate XXX, 122) chitinized, the anterior margin almost transverse, with a large median tooth and about three lateral teeth on either side, the outermost of these an evident fusion of about three lesser teeth. Hypopharynx (PlateXXX, 123 and 124) asusualin this subtribe, a collar-like structure composed of two parallel combs united at the ends; the larger plate broadly elongate, surface with abundant scalelike plates, anterior margin with twelve teeth, the lateral ones narrow, the teeth gradually enlarging toward the middle, the middle pair a little shorter; second plate of hypopharynx broadly transverse, narrow, likewise with about twelve teeth, the two outer most on each side long, subacute, the middle tooth shorter and more flattened; between the two middle teeth a small triangular or conical point. Antenna (Plate XXX, 125) short cylin- drical, the apical papilla a very flattened disk or button which is much broader than long. Mandible (Plate XXX, 126) very broad, flattened, with the apical tooth rather long and slen- der; two smaller teeth dorsad and three others ventrad, the dorsal teeth blunt, the ventral teeth truncated, the most basal tooth very broad. Maxilla (Plate XXX, 127) of the simple generalized structure of this tribe; cardines large, with two setiferous punctures; stipites weakly chitinized basally; outer lobe of ma.xilla with the large flattened palpus at its tips; palpus surrounded by numerous long setae and having several hyaline sense pegs at its apex; inner lobe of maxilla smaller, with numerous long hairs, especially a slitlike brush near margin. 828 Charles Paul Alexander Pupa. — Length, about 12 mm. (cast skin). Labruin broad, rounded at apex. Labial lobes broadly transverse, caudal margin indistinctly trilobed. Maxillary palpi large, flattened, apex bluntly pointed; a rather angular tooth on margin near base (Plate XXXI, 128). Cheeks produced into flattened ledges. Antennae short and stout. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XXXI, 129) elongate for this subtribe, about three times as long as the greatest diameter, flattened, apical half slightly expanded, margin with tiny tubercles. Wing sheaths attaining base of abdominal segment 3. Leg sheaths attaining base of abdominal segment 5; tarsi ending about on a level, or hind tarsi a little the shorter and fore tarsi a little the longer. Abdomen with basal bands of setae on tergites 3 to 7 and sternites 5 to 7, and on the extreme lateral parts of sternites 3 and 4; these bands thickly margined with tiny, golden-yellow hairs or points, the median part of each band naked or nearly so. Male cauda (Plate XXXI, 130) with dorsal lobes (Plate XXXI, 131) very small, more or less flattened, divergent, rather blunt at tips; ventral lobes elongate, contiguous along inner face. Nepionotype. — Potomac Park, D. C, May 11, 1913. Neanotype. — Cast pupiil skin, with type larva. May 14, 1913. ParaUjpe. — One larva with type. Subtribe Dicranoptycharia The subtribe Dicranoptycharia, so far as known, includes only the genus Dicranoptycha. The division is close to the Rhamphidaria but is easily separated from it in all stages. Genus Dicranoptycha Osten Sacken (Gr. fork + fold) 1818 Marginomyia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 147 (nomen nudum). 1859 Dicranoptycha O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 217. Larva.- — Form very elongate, terete. Integument smooth, glassy, transparent. Abdominal segments 2 to 8 each with a basal transverse band or area of microscopic chitinized points on ventral surface; segment 8 with a similar band on dorsum. Spiracular disk sur- rounded by four lobes, the lateral pair more slender than the blunt ventral pair; dorsal lobe very low or lacking; a triangular brown mark on disk between spiracles. Spiracles small, widely separated. Anal gills a fleshy protuberant ring surrounding anus. Head capsule compact, massive, the prefrons large with a few marginal punctures; externo- lateral plates very broad. Labrum large, flattened, pale. Antenna two-segmented; apical segment almost as long as basal segment, gradually narrowed to the blunt tip. ]\Iandible with a blunt dorsal and two blunt ventral teeth. Maxilla generalized in structure. Hjrpo- pharynx a rounded cushion. Mentum deeply split behind but not completely divided, with three principal teeth and a small reduced lateral tooth on either side. Pupa. — Cephalic crest low, depressed, setiferous. Labrum tumid. Labial lobes oval, contiguous. Antennal sheaths ending opposite base of wing pad. Pronotal breathing horns microseopic, represented only by tiny triangular tubercles. Meson otum unarmed. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 829 Wing sheaths ending opposite middle of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending opposite base of fifth abdominal segment, the tarsi terminating on a level or nearly so. Abdominal tergites and sternites each with four transverse rows of microscopic setae; lateral spiracles on segments 2 to 7; no apparent spiracles on dorsum of segment S. Dicranoptycha is a principally Holarctic genus including twelve known species, six of which occur in the United States. The flies are of medium size and of a dull, inconspicuous appearance, and are rather difficult of taxonomic separation. The life histories of members of this genus have only recently been ascertained. The following notes are taken from more detailed accounts in earlier papers by the writer (Alexander, 1919, a and b). The habits of the immature stages of Dicranoptycha may be briefly summarized as follows: The larvae and the pupae live in rich humous soil overlain with a cover of leaf mold and other vegetable debris. They frequent open woods where there is more or less shubl^ery and tall herbage. Running streams or rills are not necessary for the development of the immature stages. The larvae live in the uppermost zone of the soil, where they are associated with a rather characteristic group of animal forms, such as dipterous larvae (Sciara), beetle larvae, and centipedes. They are characterized by the exceedingly long, slender body and the shiny glabrous skin, and may be confused with no other dipterous larva yet made known. The glassy appearance of the body suggests the shiny shell of a small univalve snail, the dead fragments of which occurred in some numbers in the same situations. The larvae of Dicranoptycha winnemana Alex., an Austral species, attain a length of from 20 to 22 millimeters, with an average diameter of only 1 millimeter. The larvae of the genus are herbivores. When ready to pupate they incase them- selves in compact earthen cells, which are 10 x 3.5 millimeters in size, firm in texture, and rather thick-walled but apparently without silk. There is a small opening at either end. The pupal period is about ten days or possibly a little less. Pupation takes place in the relatively chy soil that forms the larval haunt. The pupa of Dicranoptycha winnemana measures from 9.1 to 12.8 millimeters in total length. The width at the wing pad is about 1.7 millimeters. The diagnostic features are given above at some length for the genus and need not be repeated here. For other notes the reader is referred to the papers already cited. 830 Charles Paul Alexander ♦ The adult flies of the various species of Dicranoptycha are usually abundant where they occur. They may be found resting on the upper surface of leaves of shrubbery and tall herbage in open woods, often far from wat(>r, which is not so necessary for development as with most species of Tipulidae. Subtribc Rhamphidaria The division Rhamphidaria includes the genus Rhamphidia, with the possible addition of a few exotic genera. Rhamphidia is one of the con- stituent genera of the former group Antochini, but differs considerably from all others whose life histories have been made known. The closest relatives of Rhamphidia seem to be the Dicranoptycharia, on the one hand, and the lowermost divisions of the Hexatomini, on the other. The larvae and the pupae of Rhamphidia present a curious eriopterine appear- ance, but their structure indicates only a distant relationship with the Eriopterini. Genus Rhamphidia Meigen (Gr. rostrum) 1825 Megnrhina St. Farg. et Serv. Encyclop. Method., Ins., vol. 10, part 2, p. 585. 1825 Heiius St. Farg. et Serv. Encyclop. Method., Index, p. 831. 1829 Leptorhina Steph. Cat. Brit. Ins., vol. 2, p. 24.3. 1830 Rhamphidia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, p. 281. Larva. — Body terete. A transverse welt, covered with microscopic scabrous points, on ventral surface of basal annuU of abdominal segments 2 to 7. Spiracular disk surrounded by five short lobes which are fringed with abundant, rather long, hairs. Head capsule massive, generalized in structure. Mandible short and stout, ending in two subequal blunt teeth. Maxilla consLstrng of two rather short, densely hairy lobes. Antenna short. Hypopharynx chitinized, outer margin with about a dozen teeth. Mentum not completely divided, with five teeth. Coloration of body dark brown, produced by the dense appressed pubescence covering it. Pupa.- — Cephalic crest double, the anterior part low, the posterior part the larger; lobes setiferous, divergent. Two setae on front between eyes. Pronotal breathing horns long and slender, slightly curved. Mesonotum convex. Wing sheaths reaching end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending just before posterior margin of fourth abdominal segment; all the tarsi about equal in length, or those of fore legs a little longer. Abdominal segments with two narrow basal rings and a broader posterior ring having four narrow transverse bands of spicules and comparatively few setae. Spiracles rather large on pleurites 2 to 7, and a large conspicuous pair on dorsum of segment 8. Rhamphidia is a small genus of crane-flies (about thirty-five species), widely distributed thruout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. The larvae of the European R. longirostris Meig. were found by Gercke The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 831 (1884) in submerged stems of the water dock, Rumex aquaticus Linn. The eggs are described as l^eing rather long, white, and granulate. It is suggested that the developmental stages may be associated with water. The two local species have been reared and are discussed herewith. Rhamphidia mainensis Alex. 1916 Rhamphidia mainensis Alex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 498-499, fig. 14. Rhamphidia mainensis appears to be a rather uncommon form, much rarer than R. flavipes, the other local species. Adult flies were not uncommon in the Basin Swamp, Orono, Maine, on June 12, 1913. This swamp is a low, sunken area surrounded on most sides by hills, opening into the " Basin," an affluent of the Penobscot River. Cold springs of water percolate down from these hillsides, and the soil is very wet, boggy, and richly filled with organic matter. The chief floral constituents are a few elms and white birches and an abundance of alders, Spiraea latifolia Borkh., and S. tomentosa Linn. The herbage consists of ferns such as Onoclea and Osmunda, patches of Iris, Impatiens biflora Walt., and many rushes and sedges. Crane-flies associated with R. mainensis on the date mentioned included the following: Dicr-anomyia haeretica, Epiphragma fascipennis, Pseudolimnophila luteipennis, P. inornata, Limnophila fasciolata, L. macrocera, Pilaria recondita, Uloniorpha piloseUa, Tricyphona inconstans, Erioptera vespertina, and Tipula sidphurea, also an abundance of Ptychoptera rufocincta and Bitlacomorpha davipes. Larvae were first found on April 20, 1917, in the dark, cold swamp known as Larch Meadows, south of Ithaca, New York. Here they occurred in the thick, black, saturated organic matter comprising the soil of the swamp. The vegetation consists of the dominant alder {Alnus incana [Linn.] Moench.), the poison sumac (Rhus Vernix Linn.), and the marsh marigold (Caltha palustris Linn.), as well as an abundance of other plant species in lesser numbers. The earthy material in which the crane-fly larvae were found was full of the organic remains of plants, such as ferns, leaves, alder catkins, and the like. Associated with these larvae at this time were numerous small hydrophilid beetles, and a great abundance of larvae of a dascillid beetle of the subfamily Helodinae, of various sizes and ages. Numerous tabanid and stratiomyiid larvae, and the larvae of the crane-fl}^ species Bitlacomorpha clavipes, Pseudolimno- phila luteipennis, and Tipula dejecta, also occurred. 832 Charles Paul Alexander The larvae were conspicuous by their dark coloration and, when placed in water, by their active, snakelike movements, in this regard being very different from somewhat similar larvae of certain Eriopterini which they resemble superficially because of the five subequal lobes surrounding the spiracular disk. The indoor pupal period is six days (May 8 to 14, 1917). Larva. — Length, 9-1 1 . 2 mm. Diameter, 0.75-0.9 mm. Coloration dark brown, sutures pale; pale spots on dorsum and on sides of bod}'; spiracular disk pale, lobes marked with darker. Form rather stout, terete (Plate XXXI, 132). Body densely covered with a long, appressed, dark pubescence. Prothoracic segment narrowed in front, long, divided into two rings by a faint constriction; mesothoracic and metathoracic segments gradually longer. First abdominal segment shorter than last thoracic segment; abdominal segments 2 to 7 long, each divided into two narrow annuli by a deep constriction which is destitute of hairs but has just before it a sharp, transverse ridge of stiff hairs; short, incomplete ridges of these stiff hairs on dorsum of anterior ring; anterior ring about half as long as posterior ring; on ventral side of each of segments 2 to 7 on anterior ring, a transverse swelling, these swellings becoming more convex and prominent on posterior segments; swellings appearing almost smooth, being covered only with microscopic, roughened points; posterior ring with a sharp ridge of hairs at about two-thirds its length. Chaetotaxy as follows: dorsal segments with short setae at about midlength of posterior ring; a single rather stout, black bristle on pleura of anterior ring, immediately above transverse swellings; a similar seta on posterior ring; two groups of very long, delicate setae on ventral face of posterior ring, one on each side of the ridge of erect hairs; thoracic segments approximately similar to abdominal segments, but sternal setae at about midlength even more prominent. Last segment of body elongated, the spiracular disk (Plate XXXI, 1.36) surrounded by fiv6 lobes; dorsal lobe the smallest, rather blunt, irmer face with a brownish, triangular-oval mark; lateral lobes of medium length, inner face suffused with brown, which is darkest, almost black, on lower edge of lobe; ventral lobes the longest, inner face of each with two broad, parallel, blackish lines, separated by a somewhat narrower pale line; entire disk fringed around with long, dark-colored hairs, which are longest near tips of lobes, where they are strongly recurved, almost pencil-like; fringe continuous between dorsal and lateral lobes, but between ventral and lateral lobes, and between the two ventral lobes, hairs toward base of each lobe very short to lacking; ventral lobes just before tips with a single long sensory bristle. Spiracles large, subcircular, situated at base of lateral lobes, dark-colored, narrowly margined with pale. Anal gills consisting of two pairs of pale, stout, cyHndrical lobes, tapering toward tips, before which there i-s a slight constriction. Head capsule massive and compact, of the normal generalized limnobiine type. Labrum large, conspicuous, transverse, densely fringed with long hairs; on epipharyngeal region, a large, dense tuft of moderately elongate hairs on either side of median line. IMentum (Plate XXXI, 133) net completely divided, but with a very deep split behind, a large median tooth, and two smaller teeth on either side; behind (dorsad of) elongate median tooth, a slightly wider flattened lobe whose margins extend beyond those of outer tooth. Hypo- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 833 pharynx a broad semicircular band of chitin whose anterior margin is provided with about a dozen teeth, the intermediate ones more blunt and rounded, the lateral teeth longer and more slender. (The antennae of this species were not distinguishable in the specimens available, but are undoubtedly similar to those of R. flavipes described hereinafter.) Mandible (Plate XXXI, 135) of the generalized linmobiine type, short and stout, terminating in two blunt teeth; ventral cutting edge with about three teeth which are gradually smaller toward base of mandible; a dorsal row of two teeth, of which the basal one is the smaller; base of mandible on outer face (heel) prolonged into an acute flattened blade; a conspicuous tuft of hairs at prosthecal region. ]\Iaxilla consisting of two rather short, stout lobes which are shorter than the mandible, densely provided with short hairs; palpi large, shaped like a half of a short cylinder split lengthwise. Pupa.' — Very similar to that of R. flavipes, as described on the following pages. (The writer has only the cast pupal skin of R. mamensis, and it seems to agree very closely with the pupa of R. flavipes except that the lobes of the labial sheaths are longer and more pointed, and the labrum is a little longer to provide for the longer rostrum of the former species.) Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, April 20, 1917. Neanotype. — Cast pupal skin, May 14, 1917. Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. 1855 Rhamphidia flavipes Macq. Dipt. Exot., 5th supp., p. 17. 1856 Rhamphidia prominent Walk. Ins. Saunders, vol. 1, Dipt., p. 435. 1859 Rhamphidia brevirostris O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 222. Rhamphidia flavipes is a common and widely distributed fly thruout the eastern United States and Canada. The species is characteristic of cat-tail swamps and similar situations. It has been reared from leaves of bur reed, Sparganium, brought in by C. H. Kennedy from Ringwood Hollow, near Etna, New York, in September. These larvae were asso- ciated with larvae of Prionocera fuscipennis, likewise a characteristic inhabitant of open swamps. The specimens here described were taken in a small cat-tail swamp near Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York, in June, 1917. Here they were associated with a number of larvae of characteristic swamp-inhabiting crane-flies, such as Ptychoptera rufocincta, Pseudolimno- phila luteipennis, Limnophila macrocera, Pilaria recondita, Liogma nodi- cornis (in moss) , Prionocera fuscipennis, and Tipula tricolor. This is unquestionably the larva that was found by Hart and doubtfully referred ])y him to the genus Erioptera (Hart, 1898 [1895]: 197-199, also Malloch, 1915-17 0 : 237). Later, Mik (1898 : 62) doubted that this belonged to Erioptera because of the long lashes of hairs surrounding the caudal lobes, a character not shown by typical eriopterine larvae. The larvae that Hart found were living among rushes and other vegetation floating 834 Charles Paul Alexander on the surface of the water in the Illinois River. When submerged these larvae were very active, quite as noted in the account of R. mainensis. Larva.' — In all general features like larva of R. mainensis (with the material available the writer is unable to point out differences). Present species a little larger than R. mainensis, measuring from 12 to 13 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter. Mouth parts and head capsule almost exactly like those of R. 7nainensis, already described. Antenna (Plate XXXI, I'M) with first segment elongate, a little enlarged toward tip, and with an elongate, thimble- shaped papilla at tip whose surface is delicately sculptured; surrounding this papilla at tip of basal segment, a few microscopic tubercles and pegs; on face of basal segment on proximal half, a circular porous plate. Pupa.— Length, 7.8-8.8 mm. Width, d.-s., 1 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1 . 1-1 . 2 mm. Coloration light brown; abdomen paler, trivittate with dark brown; a broad, dorso-median line, and narrower, somewhat interrupted, pleural stripes; breathing horns yellow, darker at extreme bases. Cephahc crest (Plate XXXII, 137) low, the lobes divergent, their lateral angles with a stout seta which is directed cephalad. Just behind the anterior crest a much larger, low, appressed lobe, which is transversely wrinkled, bearing on its side a seta directed dorsad. Eyes rather large, widely separated by front; two setae on front between eyes. Labrum triangular, pointed at apex. Front a little elongated to provide for short rostrum of adult. Sheaths of maxillary palpi long, stout, almost straight. Labial palpi contiguous, lying side by side at tip of labrum. Antennae rather widely separated at their bases, ending just beyond wing root; in males lying across face of eye, due to the large size of eyes in this sex. Rlesonotum prominent, carinate medially (Plate XXXIII, 142). Breathing horns long and slender, slightly curved, transversely crenulated, a little enlarged toward tips; proximo- cephalad of base of each horn a small rounded tubercle bearing two setae. Lateral angles of thorax with about three short setae. Mesonotum convex, transversely wrinkled, with a few very short setae. Wing sheaths ending about opposite posterior margin of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths parallel, about subequal in length or those of fore legs a httle longer, ending ju.st before posterior margin of fourth abdominal segment. Dorsal abdominal segments (Plate XXXIII, 143) each with two narrow basal rings and a much broader posterior ring; ventral segments (Plate XXXIII, 144) with the two basal rings confluent; dorsal segments with each narrow basal ring having a narrow, slightly arcuated band of spicules, and posterior ring having a narrow basal band of spicules which is more or less arcuated, and a straight caudal band, immediately in front of which are four groups of two setae each, or, in some specimens, with the intermediate groups reduced to a single seta; ventral segments with posterior ring having a broad transverse band of spicules, with three setae in alinement at each end of this band; closer to base of segment, two strong setae on either side; anterior ring darkened. Pleura with large but apparently nonfunctional spiracles on segments 2 to 7, a strong ante-spiracular seta, and three post- spiracular setae, as illustrated (Plate XXXIII, 144). Male cauda (Plate XXXII, 139 and l'^), terminating in two acute tips which are directed dorsad; at base of these lobes on The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 835 dorsal face, two blunt, approximated, parallel lobes directed cephalad; at the base of long apical lobes, a shorter, pointed, setiferous lobe, directed laterad and dorsad, bearing on its side and near the apex a few setae. Dorsum of segment S with four prominent lobes surrounding a hollow, these lobes ending in acute tips, the posterior pair directed more dorsad, the anterior pair directed more laterad, at the base of the latter a pair of spiracles. Female Cauda similar but with acidothecae prolonged, bearing on the side prominent lateral lobes (Plate XXXII, 141), corrt-feponding to the setiferous lobe of male as described above; quadrangle of tubercles on dorsum of segment S (Plate XXXII, 138) about as in male, all the tubercles ending in chitinized points. Nepio7io(ype. — Ithaca, New York, May 11, 1917. Neanotype. — Ithaca, New York, June 3, 1917. Paratypes. — - Pupae with neanotype. Tribe Hexatomini The tribe Hexatomini, as here understood, comprises a very extensive group of mediinn-sized crane-flies, made up of the members of the former groups Limnophilini and Hexatomini. The more generalized members of the group are herbivorous, but the two highest subtribes, Limnophilaria and Hexatomaria, are carnivorous in their feeding habits. The larvae of the lower divisions have the head capsule massive and compact, the mentum chitinized and with the anterior margin toothed, and the hypopharynx usually well preserved. The mandibles are not formed into long, curved hooks, and the maxillae are of a generalized organization. The higher subtribes, Limnophilaria and Hexatomaria, have the head capsule long and slender and very much dissected, with the constituent plates very narrow and separate. The mentum is very reduced or lacking, in some of the Limnophilaria consisting of an articulated transverse bar which is grooved with parallel fine striae. In the group Ulomorphae and in the Hexatomaria the chitinized mental region is nearly, if not quite, lacking, allowing for great distention of this region of the head. The mandibles are powerful, curved hooks, bearing a few teeth at about midlength. In the group Ulomorphae the mandibles are hinged at about midlength, the basal part being deeply grooved on the inner face to receive the blade in a position of rest. The maxillae have the outer lobe prolonged into an elongate flattened blade which extends out of the thoracic orifice when the head is retracted. The pupae of the Ularia and the Epiphragmaria have a pair of large spiracles on the dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment, indicating a close phylogenetic relationship with the Limnobiini. Dactylolabis has 836 Charles Paul Alexander tho lateral abdominal spiracles protuberant, with those of the second S(\e;ment very lar^e and conspicuous. Pscnidolimnophila, the Ulomorphae, and Pilaria have the pronotal ])reathing horns very long and slender, with the tips split into divergent flaps. In the Hexatomaria the lateral abdominal spiracles are large and functional. The innnatun; stages of tho Polymeraria, including the single tropical American genus Polymera Wiedemann, are unknown. Their discovery might result in the inclusion of this subtribe with the Pediciini rather than with the Hexatomini. The following keys separate the subtribes of the tribe Hexatomini: Larvae 1. Mentum completely divided, each half with seven teeth on anterior margin; hypopharynx a semicircular chitinized ring with numerous teeth around anterior margin. Pseudolimno'philaria (p. 848) Mentum when present not divided; hypopharynx not shaped as above 2 2. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a basal transverse creeping-welt 3 Abdominal segments 2 to 7 without such a welt ^ 4 3. Mentum three-toothed; antenna elongate, the apical segment hemispherical. Epiphragmaria (p. 843) Mentum nine-toothed; antenna short, subglobular, the apex with two short papillae. Ularia (p. 838) 4. Body depressed; head capsule massive, compact; mentum heavily chitinized, seven- toothed; maxilla not projecting Daclylolabaria (p. 852) Body terete; head capsule of slender bars, not compact; mentum feeble, at most a narrow, transverse bar which is delicately striate; maxilla projecting from thoracic orifice 5 5. Mental bar present Limnophilaria (group Ldmnophilae) (p. 858) Mental bar lacking 6 6. Dorsal plates of head capsule firmly united; epipharynx and maxilla densely hairy; mandible hinged Limnophilaria (group Ulomorphae) (p. 869) Dorsal plates of head capsule widely separated, at most merely contiguous behind; epipharynx and maxilla not hairy; mandible not hinged Hexatomaria (p. 876) Pupae 1. Two large spiracles on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment 2 No large spiracles as above 3 2. Pronotal breathing horns subchitinized, directed strongly ventrad; abdominal segments without shagreened transverse bands; pupates in wood Epiphragmaria (p. 843) Pronotal breathing horns flattened, directed laterad; shagreened transverse bands on abdominal segments; pupates in earth Ularia (p. 838) 3. Abdominal segments with large protuberant spiracles, those on second segment very large Daclylolabaria (p. 852) Abdominal segments without conspicuous protuberant spiracles 4 4. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, split into two flaps at tip 5 Pronotal breathing horns not split into two such flaps 6 5. Abdominal segments with five or six rows of setiferous tubercles. Pseudolimnophilaria (p. 848) Abdominal segments without such rows of tubercles. Limnophilaria (group Ulomorphae) (p. 869) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 837 6. Head and thorax without spines or tubercles; lateral abdominal spiracles small. Limnophilaria (group Limnophilae) (p. 858) Head and thorax oftsn with tubercles on antennal scape, labrum, or mesonotal scutellum; lateral abdominal spiracles large, functional Hexatomaria (p. 876) The most important literature on the tribe Hexatomini is as follows: Ula macroptera Larva Stannius, 1829: 205. Ula macroptera Larva, pupa, general. . Perris, 1849:337-34L Ula macroptera General Alexander, 1915 a: 2. Ula macroptera General Pierre, 1919-20:76. Ula bolilophila General Loew, 1869:4-5. Ula elegans Larva, pupa, general.. . Alexander, 1915 a. Ula elegans Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17b:226. (Copy.) Epiphragma picta Lari^a Bremi-Wolf , 1846. Epiphragma picta. Larva, pupa Beling, 1873b: 589-590. Epiphragma fascipennis Larva, pupa, general... Needham, 1903:281-285. Epiphragma fascipermis Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 224-225. (Copy.) PsexidolimnophiJa luteipennis Larva, pupa, general. . . Hart, 1898 [1895]: 202-204. Pseudolivvwphila luteipennis Larva, pupa, general. . Malloch, 19 1.5-17 b: 222-223. Dactylolabis wodzickii Larva, pupa, general. . Nowicki, 1867:340-343. Dactylolahis denticulata Larva, pupa, general. . Mik, 1894. Limnophila ferruginea Larva, pupa, general. . De Meijere, 1916:204-206. Limnophila hyalipennis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 198-199. Limnophila lineola Pupa Beling, 1879:54. Limnophila lineola Larva Beling, 1886: 199-200. Limnophila nemoralis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886:200-201. Limnophila ochracea General Beling, 1886:202. Limnophila pallida Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 a: 556-558. Limnophila dispar Larva, general Perris, 1849: 331. Limtiophila pictipennis Larva, pupa, general. . . Beling, 1879:51-52. Limnophila pictipennis Larva Brauer, 1883:55. Limnophila punctata Larva SchetTer, in Rossi, 1848: 10. Limnophila puTictata Larva Osten Sacken, 1869:201. Limnophila punctata Larva, pupa, general. . Beling, 1886: 195-197. Limnophila punctata Larva Gerbig, 1913: 158-161. Limnophila punctata General Cameron, 1917:63. Limnophila bryobia General ]\Iik, 1881 : 205-206. Limnophila sinistra Larva, pupa Hudson, 1920: 33-34. Pilaria fuscipennis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 197-198. Pilaria fuscipennis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 164-166. Pilaria fuscipennis General Cameron, 1917 : 63. Pilaria discicollis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 163-1(54. Pilaria discicollis General Cameron, 1917: 63. Pilaria tenuipes Pupa Hart, 1898 [1895] : 204-205. Pilaria tenuipes Pupa Malloch, 1915-17b : 223-224. Eriocera spinosa Larva, pupa, general. . Alexander and Lloyd, 1914:27- 30. Eriocera spinosa General Alexander, 1915 c : 149. Eriocera cinerea Larva Alexander and Lloyd, 1914 : 21- 23 (as longicornis). Eriocera longicornis Pupa, general Alexander and Lloyd, 1914 : 23- 27. 838 Charles Paul Alexander Eriocera longicornis General Alexander, 1915 c: 149-152. Eriocera fultonensis Larva, pupa, general. . Alexander and Lloyd, 191-1: BO- SS. Hexatoma nigra General Von Roser, 18S4. Hexatoma mcgacera Larva, pupa, general. . Alexander, 1915c: 141-148. Penthoplera albilarsis Larva, pupa, general. . Alexander, 1915c: 152-157. Subtribe Ularia Tho division Ularia includes only the genus Ula. It represents a very primitive group of crane-flies, presumably the most generalized of the entire tribe. The head capsule of the larva is oval and very massive, with the prefrons large and distinct. Tht) head capsule and its arrange- ment of setae is not conspicuously unlike that of the eucephalous families of crane-flies, and this group of Tipulidae is presumably not very different from the early tipulid ancestors. The mentum is heavily chitinized, not completely divided behind, consisting of two plates, one behind the other. The outermost plate terminates in three teeth, while the second plate furnishes three additional teeth on each side. The hypopharynx is not chitinized. The antennae are very small; the basal segment is nearly globular, bearing at its tip two blunt, conical papillae. The mandibles are slender; the ventral cutting edge has about five narrow teeth; there is a distinct brush of hairs at the prosthecal region. Tho maxillae are of a generalized type, with the palpus large, flattened, and disklike. The abdomen is provided with six creeping- welts on the ventral surface of the segments. The spiracular disk is moderate in size, squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal lobes which are heavily marked with black on their inner faces. The pupa has the cephalic crest small and provided only with very small setae. The pronotal breathing horns are very long, tapering to the subacute tips. The abdominal segments have a basal transverse band of a shagreened appearance. The dorsal spiracles on the eighth abdominal segment are large and distinct. The closest relative of the division is apparently the genus Epiphragma in the subtribe Epiphragmaria. But this entire group of genera (those included in the subtribes Ularia, Epiphragmaria, and Pseudolimnopliilaria) is not far removed from the tribe Limnobiini. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 839 Genus Ula Haliday (Gr. soft) 1833 Ula Hal. Ent. Mag., vol. 1, p. 153. 1864 Macroptera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 224. Larva.- — Body covered with a short pubescence. Basal annuli of abdominal segments 2 to 7 with a transverse creeping-welt on ventral surface. Spiracular disk squarely trun- cated, surrounded by five subequal lobes which are fringed with very short hairs. Head capsule massive, prefrontal sclerite very large, tapering to a point behind. Labrum large, conspicuous, with tufts of hairs. Mandible slender; ventral cutting edge with five teeth; a tuft of hairs on prosthecal region. Maxilla simple; palpus large. Antenna very small; basal segment subglobular, with two apical sensory papillae. Mentum not deeply divided behind; outer pLate with three apical teeth; inner plate adding three additional teeth to each side. Hypopharynx not chitinized. Pupa.- — Cephalic crest small, setae tiny. Pronotal breathing horns long, tapering to subacute, flattened apices. Wing sheaths ending opposite base of third abdominal seg- ment. Leg sheaths ending at about midlength of sixth abdominal segment. Abdominal segments on tergites and on apical sternites with transverse bands of microscopic points, producing a shagreened appearance; dorsal spiracles on segment 8 conspicuous. The genus Ula includes only six described species, of which three are European, two are North American, and one is Javanese. The adult flies of the American species are commonest in spring and late summer. They frequent cool, shaded gorges and ravines, or dark woods in mountainous regions, and may be swept from beds of low vege- tation, such as ferns, yew, and other species. The larvae of all the known species live in various species of fungi, but go to earth for pupation. In Europe the common genotype, Ula macroptera (Macq.), has been discussed rather frequently in the literature. Stannius (1829:205) found the larvae in a species of Agaricus. Ferris (1849:337-341) furnishes a brief account of the species, from which the following notes are taken: The fungus in which the larvae were found was Hydnum erinaceum Bull., growing on the trunks of living oak trees. The larvae are gregarious and frequent galleries in the fungus, along which they progress by means of their mandibles, by their ambulatory feet, and by the short hairs that cover the body. They were found in the month of November. A month later they went into the earth, where they transformed as pupae. The pupae bear a strong resemblance to those of Limnophila, but differ in the shape of the pronotal breathing horns. In February and March the pupae come to the surface of the earth and the adults emerge. The 840 Charles Paul Alexander caudal end of the larva is described as having but four lobes; no mention is made of the median dorsal lobe found in the American species, and it is presumably lacking or very reduced in size. Pierre (1919-20:70) has reared this species from larvae living in Russula nigricans Fries. Another European species, U. bolitophila Loew, was bred from larvae living in fungi on beech trees in Austria (Loew, 1869:4-5). In America, the immature stages of Ula elegans have been discussed by the writer (Alexander, 1915a), the notes given below being in part supplementary to his earlier account. Ula elegans 0. S. 1869 Ula elegans 0. S. IMon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 276-277. Ula elegans is a rather common species in mountainous regions thi'uout the northeastern United States. The adult flies swarm in early spring and again in the fall. At Ithaca, New York, on May 14, 1912, the writer found them swarming at half past four in the afternoon. There were about fifteen to twenty individuals in a swarm within a foot or two of the ground. In some cases the swarms were reduced to two or three individuals, or in a few instances to a single specimen. In copulation the flies rest on the upper surface of near-by plants (Symplocarpus, in the instance cited), with all the legs on the support. Copulation is rather firm, and the insects fly for short distance^^ still united. The only crane-fly associated with Ula at that time was Limnophila ultima 0. S. On September 15, 1912, the writer found a fleshy species of fungus (Fomes) growing on a much-decayed stump close to the ground. This fungus contained a number of crane-fly larvae, including about thirty-five larvae of Limnobia cinctipes, a lesser number of L. triocellata, and many larvae of Ula elegans. The larvae of these species frequented the upper layers of the mushroom and had reduced the surface to a semi-liquid state. At the end of a week the whole fungus was reduced to a very decayed condition. The fungus, which was taken at Gloversville, New York, was then transferred to Ithaca, and was placed in large glass jars, with sand in the bottom to take up the liquids produced by decay and to provide a place for pupation. The first adults emerged on October 14. Emergence continued until the 27th, when the remaining pupae were killed and placed in alcohol. At that time they were very dark- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 841 colored and evidently nearly ready to emerge to the adult state. At times the larval movements are very active and eel-like, but at other times they are very slow and sluggish. At each movement forward, the terminal segment partly telescopes into the subterminal and is thrown violently backward. After transforming to the adult condition, the pupal skin is left adhering to the sand, with the posterior half, or a smaller portion, attached, often standing quite perpendicular to the surface and very conspicuous. Larva. — Length, 8.5-11.9 mm. Diameter, 1.4-1.8 mm. Color dull white; head capsule very dark brownish black. Form moderately slender (Plate XXXIV, 145), but the body not greatly elongated as in the Eriopterini and some Limnobiini. Integument covered with a fine, short pubescence. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 each divided by a constriction into a narrow basal annulus and a broad posterior annulus; basal ring at about midlength and at the end with narrow trans- verse rows of tiny setae; abdominal segments 2 to 7 on ventral surface of basal ring with con-picuous raised transverse creeping-welts which are covered with microscopic points; eighth abdominal segment suddenly constricted before spiracular disk. Region around anus protuberant, this evidently being an aid to propulsion. Spiracular disk (Plate XXXIV, 153) surrounded by five blunt lobes, of which the dorsal one is median in position and blunter than the others; iimer face of each lobe with a conspicuous brownish black mark; a fringe -of delicate blackish hairs surrounding disk, these hairs a little longer and more prominent at ends of lobes. Spiracles almost circular, widely separated, the distance between them being about three times diameter of one spiracle. Disk between spiracles with an indistinct arcuated line. Head capsule (Plate XXXIV, 146) massive and compact, rather narrow, posterior incisions not extending deeply into capsule. Prefrons very large, tapering gradually to a sharp point behind; numerous setae on prefrons and on other sclerites of capsule. Labrum (Plate XLXXIV, 147) large, conspicuous; epipharynx and lateral margins strengthened by narrow bands of chitin; lateral anhila, of Penthoptera, and of similar hexatomine genera, in their pale whitish yellow coloration instead of the deep saturated yellows and oranges of the genera mentioned. All, however, have the quick, restless move- ments so characteristic of this group of crane-flies. Larvae found on Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York, on May 14 and 23, 1917, transformed to adults on June 9. Larva. — Length, 8.5-9 mm. Diameter, 0.5-O.G mm. Coloration pale whitish yellow, the eighth abdominal segment suddenly whitish. Form slender. Body covered with a dense golden-yellow pubescence. A transverse fringe of stiff, erect, short hairs at posterior margin of prothorax. A number of pencils of setae or solitary bristles on sides of segments, one on each annulus, longest near posterior margins of segments. Behind these setae, tufts of small hairs. Spiracular disk (Plate XLVI, 219) surrounded by four lobes; ventral pair the longest, lying subparallel to each other, outer margin fringed with long, delicate hairs, those near tip coarse and easily broken, some of the hairs at tips exceedingly elongate; inner face of ventral lobes heavily suffused with dark brown, this color more intense proximally; lateral lobes short, with an apical fringe of coarse yellowish setae. Spiracles very small, widely separated, located at base of lateral lobes. Anal gills four, very slender, pale in color, the posterior pair a little the longer. On sternum of eighth abdominal segment, before gills, a transverse row of four long, coarse setae. Head capsule (Plate XLVI, 215) very long and narrow, the dorsal plate slender, at end expanded into a spatula; lateral plates a little shorter than dorsal plate. Labrum (Plate XLVI, 216) and epipharynx broadly transverse, projecting, the anterior margin narrower, truncated, on either side near base with a brush of long hairs; disk of epipharyngeal region with four setae, posterior pair a little the closer together; a few tiny papillae on ventral surface; clypeal region emarginate, with two large setae near anterior margin and another immediately behind base of antenna. Mental region not readily distinguishable in, the material available, but at the most with little or no chitinization. Antenna (Plate XLVI, 217) with basal segment cylindrical, a little narrowed medially, the truncated apex with about two or three long setae and a very long, hyaline, sensory papilla which tapers gradually to apex, this papilla about three times length of segment bearing it. Mandible (Plate XLVI, 218) hinged, the base slender but powerful, with the inner face deeply concave to receive mandible in a position of rest; blade of mandible produced into a very slender hook which is almost straight, a little curved at extreme tip, at its base a very large, acute, flattened blade which is more than half length of mandible itself; in its angle this blade has a second, microscopic, tooth; prostheca with about five long, stout, comblike teeth exceeding the mandible in length, and an additional shorter, flattened blade marked with parallel grooved J The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 871 lines. Maxilla with dense tufts of long yellow hairs; outer lobe produced cephalad as a hyaline, flattened blade which projects from prothoracic orifice when head is retracted. Pupa. — Length, 8..5-9 mm. Length of pronotal breathing horns, nearly 2 mm. Width, d.-s., 1 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1 mm. / Head, thorax, and appendages dark brown; pronotal breathing horns similar, but terminal half gradually paler, the tip almost yellow; abdomen pale brown. Cephalic crest consisting of two prominent lobes, each with three strong setae, the most ventral directed outward; just before primary crest and lying between antennal bases, a very low, slightly bilobed crest which is not setiferous. Labrum elongate, obtusely rounded at apex and separating labial lobes, the latter produced caudally into subacute points. Maxillary palpi stout at base, narrowed to tip (Plate XLVH, 221). Antenna short (in female sex, at least), extending but a short distance beyond knee joints of fore legs. PronotRim (Plate XLVn, 220) high, feebly carinate medially. Breathing horns separated basally, very long and slender, sinuous, transversely wrinkled, at tip split into two flattened divergent lobes (Plate XLVIL 222 and 223). Mesonotum very short and convex, with numerous black dots which are most abundant anteriorly. Two small setae on either side behind wing axilla. Lateral angles of mesonotum blunt, but tip produced into a slender setiferous tubercle. Wing sheaths ending opposite tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths short, ending just before tip of third abdominal segment, hind legs a little longer than others. Abdomen with a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring, the latter armed before posterior margin with a transverse row of small black spines, strongest on pleura, weakest on dorsum; on dorsum (Plate XL VI I, 224) the spines reduced in number, there being from one to five (or in some cases none), and occurring only at or near ends of row; ends of row with two setae; on either side of median line a group of three closely approxi- mated setae; usually segments 2 and 3 have the spines weak or lacking; segments 4 to 6 with two spines, and segment 7 with one spine, but in some specimens the number is slightly increased. Sternites (Plate XLVH, 225) with the intermediate segments (4 to 6) having about twenty spines in an almost continuous row which as a rule is uninterrupted; at each end of row about two strong setae; near base of posterior ring a narrow transverse area with two setae at each end. Pleura with a few powerful spines, small or lacking on basal segments, larger and more numerous on posterior segments, there being usually two on segment 4, thre^; on segments 5 and 6, and four on segment 7; on pleura at about mid- length of posterior ring and nearer dorsal side, three black setae in transverse alinement, these somewhat longer on basal segments; opposite basal ring a stout seta. Female cauda (Plate XLVn, 223) elongate; tergal valves slender, slightly upcurved, near apex with a sharp black spine which is directed dorsad, laterad, and caudad; two weak setae on either side before apex. Dorsum of segment 8 with four lobes; posterior pair elongate, slender, curved, and divergent; anterior pair blunt, small, and more approximated; just ventrad of these lobes a stout seta; pleural region with two powerful spines, above the more dorsal of which is a stout seta; a seta near ventral margin. Ncpionotype.— Ithaca, New York, May 30, 1917. No. 88-1917. Neanolype. — With tvpe larva, reared June 9, 1917. Paratypes.— Larvae,' May 30, 1917. Pupa, June 13, 1917. 872 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Pilaria Sintenis (Lat., derived from the long antennal verticils) 1888 Pilaria Sintenis. Sitzber. Nat.-Ges. Dorpat., vol. 8, p. 398. 1919 Eulimnophila Alex. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta., Mem. 25, p. 917. Larva.' — Form moderately slender. Spiracular disk surrounded by four unequal lobe.s, lateral pair in some cases very reduced, elongate ventral lobes fringed with long hairs. Head capsule of Ulomorpha type. Mandible hinged, blade with one or two acute teeth at base. Maxilla densely hairy. Mentum not chitinized. Pupa.' — Pronotal breathing horns elongate-cylindrical, tips split into flattened lobes. Abdominal segments with three or four pairs of naked tubercles. The genus Pilaria includes a group of species of the old genus Limnophila, comprising Limnophila tenuipes and L. pilicornis and their allies. Its relationships are plainly with Ulomorpha rather than with Limnophila. The genotype is Limnophila pilicornis (Zett.), of northern Europe. Other included species are L. tenuipes, L. recondita, L. imbeciUa 0. S., L. edwardi Alex., L. quadrata, L. stanwoodae Alex., and L. osborni Alex., of North America, and L. discicolUs (Meig.), L. fuscipennis (Meig.), L. subtincta (Zett.), and probably other species, of Europe. The immature stages are spent in mud or moist earth. In Europe, Pilaria discicolUs (Plate XLVIII, 232) has been found by Gerbig (1913: 163-164) and by Cameron (1917:63). P. fuscipennis is described by Behng (1886: 197-198) as Hving in mud near a ditch. Gerbig (1913 : 164- 166) found the larvae (Plate XLVIII, 231) in a similar situation. Brauer (1883:54) describes them as living between decaying leaves in swamps. Cameron (1917:63) states that the larvae are found in decaying wood, this record possibly being an error. According to Beling, the pupal dura- tion is not more than ten days. In America, P. tenuipes has been dis- cussed by Hart (1898 [1895]: 204-205) and by Malloch (1915-17b:223- 224), as stated under the discussion of the species. The species of the genus Pilaria may be separated by the following keys: Larvae Ventral lobes of spiracular disk elongate, heavily marked with brownish black; coloration pale yellow P. tenuipes (Say) (p. 873) Ventral lobes of spiracular disk short, pale; coloration deep yellow. P. recondita (O. S.) (p. 874) Pupae 1, Pronotal breathing horns short, black; lobules of cephalic crest blunt and rounded. P. quadrata (0. S.) (p. 875) Pronotal breathing horns elongate, pale, brownish yellow or yellow; lobules of cephalic crest elongate, finger-like 2 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 873 2. Antennal sheaths of male elongate; pronotal breathing horns longer, pale yellow. P. lenuipes (Say) (p. 873) Antennal sheaths of male short; pronotal breathing horns shorter, yellowish brown. P. recondita (O. S.) (p. 874) Pilaria te7iuipes (Say) 1823 Ldmnobia tenuipes Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 3, p. 21. 1869 Limnophila tenuipes O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 210-211. Pilaria tenuipes is a widely distributed crane-fly thruout eastern North America. The immature stages are commonly found in the mud of swamps, or near streams and other bodies of water. This is the unknown Limnophila described by Plart (1898 [1895] : 204-205), and also considered in much detail by Malloch (1915-17 b: 223-224), who found the pupae along the banks of the Sangamon River in Illinois. Larva. — Length, 16 mm. Diameter, 1.4-1.5 mm. Coloration of living larva, pale brownish yellow. Body covered with a long, dark-colored, appressed pubescence, more conspicuous on posterior segments. Lateral pencils of setae near base and apex of segments. Antepenultimate segment of body capable of globular distention, covered with numerous transverse rows of microscopic roughened points. Spiracular disk (Plate XLVIII, 230) moderately large, surrounded by four lobes; ventral lobes long and slender, inner face with closely approximated, transverse, brownish black lines which cause entire face to appear dark; near tips of lobes these black marks tapering out into a long point; basal parts of dark marks subcontiguously hollowed out interiorly to form a large pale area below spiracles; ventral lobes fringed with long, pale hairs, some of them exceedingly elongate. Lateral lobes very small, blunt, tending to be reduced, bearing short fringes of dark hairs. Anal gills slender, pale in color. Head capsule of LTlomorpha type and not very di.fferent from that of the type genus; dorsal plate broad basally, narrowed gradually behind to near tip where it expands into a very large spatula. Epipharyngeal region of labrum and maxillae fringed with dense tufts and brushes of long yellow hairs. Maxillary lobe relatively small but elongate, hyaline, tapering to flattened apex. Antenna (Plate XLVIII, 229) with basal segment elongate, bearing at its tip an elongate apical papilla which is a Httle longer than the segment, bluntly rounded at its tip, and delicately sculptured. Mandible (Plate XLVIII, 228) very long, hinged, at its base an acute tooth equal in length to about one-third length of mandible; in the type larva, the left mandible a little longer than the right mandible. Mental region not chitinized. Pupa. — Length, 10-15 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.5-1.6 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.6-1.8 mm. Coloration dark brown; pronotal breathing horns light yellow, extreme bases brownish. Cephalic crest small, composed of three slender, finger-like lobes which are tipped with strong setae; on front, before crest, two setiferous lobes. Labrum small, bluntly rounded 874 Charles Paul Alexander at apex. Labial lobes oval. Maxillary palpi slender. Antenna of female moaerately elongated, reaching to just beyond wing root. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate XLIX, 233) elongate, cylindrical, sinuous, transversely wrinkled, apex scarcely enlarged but deeply split on inner margin; a setiferous tubercle ventrad and laterad of breathing horns. Thorax with a very high anterior median crest. A slender, setiferous tubercle above wing axil, and two others on either side of median line. Sheaths of halter s long and slender. Leg sheaths ending about on a level, or those of hind legs the shortest and those of fore legs a little longer. Abdominal segments divided into two annuli. Tergites (Plate XLIX, 235) on posterior ring with a caudal row of blunt, naked tubercles; at end of row two setae; on either side of median area and just in front of row, a large setiferous tubercle; at base of ring two naked tubercles, one on either side of median lin&; two slender setiferous tubercles near margin of ring. Basal ring with four naked tubercles. (The third pair of tubercles found in the pupa of Pilaria quadrata is vestigial.) Pleura with four tubercles, two on each ring, the basal one of each ring setiferous, the posterior one naked. Sternites with six naked tubercles on basal ring, arranged in three transverse pairs; on posterior ring at base two setiferous tubercles, each with two bristles, directly behind last naked tubercle of basal ring; at caudal margin two or three large tubercles near end of row and about four or five small naked tubercles between. Female cauda (Plate XLIX, 234 and 236) very elongate, tergal valves slightly upcurved, terminating in a sharp spine and with two setae on outer face. Eighth tergite with four elongate lobes; posterior pair blunt, directed laterad; anterior pair elongate, slender, with two setae laterad of each. A blunt lobe on pleural region. Pleura with three or four powerful tubercles, with a seta located between the more dorsal pair. Sternal region with four small setae, two on either side of Taroad median area. Ne.pionotype.-~ Orono, Maine, July 1, 1913. No. 50-1913. Neanotype. — With type larva. Pilaria recondita (0. S.) 1869 Limnophila recondita 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 212-213. Pilaria recondita is a common crane-fly thruout the northeastern United States. The immature stages are swamp inhabitants, and are very frequently found in exactly the same situations as are those of P. tenuipes. P. recondita belongs to the same group as P. tenuipes, and the pupae of the two species are very difficult to distinguish. Larva. — Length, 15 mm. Diameter, 1.2 mm. Color a uniform light yellow. Body covered with a long, appressed, yellow pubescence and with a few long setae. Spiracular disk very small, in a position of rest almost closed, surrounded by four lobes; ventral lobes moderately elongated, fringed with long, golden-yellow hairs which are longest at tips of lobes; if bent backward these elongate hairs extending to beyond gills; inner face of lobes almost unmarked, with only a delicate brown line extending from tip toward base The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 875 for a distance equal to about one-half length of lobes; lateral lobes small, subdorsal in position, separated by a narrow notch, their inner faces opposed to each other, margin fringed with short, golden-yellow hairs. Anal gills four, moderately elongated. Head capsule as in P. tenuipes. Antenna with sculptured apical papilla tapering to blunt tip; besides this papilla, an even longer, hyaline, flattened blade. Mandible with apical biadelike part shorter and stouter, with two subequal stout triangular teeth at base (Plate XLVIII, 227). Pupa.- — Very similar to pupa of P. tenuipes, but smaller. Antennal sheaths of male short. Breathing horns a httle shorter than in P. tenuipes but still much longer than in P. quadrala, of a pale yellowish brown color. On abdominal tergites, along caudal margin of posterior ring, from four to seven naked tubercles between the setiferous tubercles (in P. tenuipes, four or five). Male cauda. (Plate L, 237) with dorsal lobes stout, cylindrical, narrowed at tips, divergent, direited caudad and ventrad; on outer face before tip a slender seta; ventral lobes blunt, with a flattened ventral tubercle at base of notch. Segments on dorsum with posterior lobes blunt, straight, directed caudad and shghtly laterad, but not so strongly as in P. tenuipes. Nepionotypc. — Orono, Maine, .July 3, 1913. Neanolypc. — Ithaca, New York, emerged June 11, 1917. No. 112-1917. Paratypes. — Pupa, Orono, Maine, placed in rearing as a fully grown larva, June 26, 1913; emerged as an adult male, July 3, 1913, showing a pupal duration of seven days. Larva, Orono, Maine, July 5, 1913 (No. 74-913). Pilar ia quadrala (0. S.) 1859 Limnophila quadraia 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 241. Pilaria quadrala is a widely distributed spring and early summer species. The immature stages are very similar to those of P. lenuipes and P. recondita. A pupa was found by Dr. Needham in the Indian Spring, Ithaca, New York, where it was found floating among the water cress. From this pupa an adult female fly was reared. On June 3, 1917, the writer found two fully matured male pupae in Chickaree Woods near Ithaca. There had been a very heavy rainstorm on the preceding day, and the low spots in the woods had been converted into small ponds, many of the insects that normally live in the mud or beneath the decaying leaves being forced to the surface. The pupae of P. quadrala, as well as an abundance of Tipula larvae, were found clinging to small islands of debris floating on these temporary woodland pools. The adult flies emerged on June 3. Pupa.- — Length of cast pupal skin, 9-12 mm. Coloration almost black, including pronotal breathing horns; abdomen more dusky gray. Cephalic crest small, black, trilobed, each lobe with a seta at apex. Labrum narrow, blunt at tip. Labial lobes rounded. Sheaths of maxillary palpi elongate, tapering to the 876 Charles Paul Alexander slender points. Antenna short in both sexes. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate L, 238) moderately elongate, cylindrical, transversely wrinkled, at tips smooth, flattened, and slightly enlarged. A tubercle with two long setae above wing axil. Two sstiferous punctures on dorsum on either side of median line. Wing sheaths ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending before tip of third abdominal segment, the tarsal sheaths ending about on a level or the hind legs shorter. Abdominal .segments with tergites (Plate L, 2.39) 2 to 6 provided with eight naked, discal tubercles, arranged in four transverse pairs, the third pair more approximated; laterad of third pair of naked tubercles, two small setiferous tubercles; on seventh segment one of the four pairs of tubercles lacking; near caudal margin of segments a transverse row of weak, setiferous tubercles; on either side of median line, in alinement with discal tubercles and just anterior to the transverse setiferous row, a large tubercle provided with three setae. Pleural region carinate, each segmant armed with four slightly curved tubercles: anterior one solitary, setiferous; sacond ons solitary, nakad; third one with two or three setae; posterior one bifid, naked. Sternites (Plate L, 240) with six naked, discal tubercles corresponding to those of tergites but reduced in number. Subterminal armature weak, ends of rows tuberculate; an isolated setiferous tubercle ventrad and laterad of ends of rows. Male Cauda (Plate L, 242) elongate; dorsal lobes elongate-cylindrical, directed caudad and slightly dorsr. 1, tapering to acute tips; three weak setae on outer ventral face; ventral lobes blunt, much shorter than dorsal lobes, with a blunt median lobule between them at their base; eighth segment on tergum provided with a large, blunt, median tubercle, with two large posterior lobes which are directed caudad and with two tiny lobes on either side in front; sternum v/ith a transverse row of four separated setiferous cubercles; caudal margin with a transverse row of about eight or nine pale tubercles on either side, the outermost the largest; a small seta above second tubercle at ends of row. Female cauda (Plate L, 241) very long and slender, subacicular, sternal valves a little shorter than tergal valves; tergal valves terminating in blunt cylindrical points. Neanotype. — Male pupal skin, Ithaca, New York, June 3, 1917. Paratypes.— Pupa, a male skin with type pupa; a female skin, Ithaca. Subtribe Hexatomaria The subtribe Hexatomaria comprises a well-defined division with but four known genera, three of which are North American and are considered in this paper. The only other group of crane-flies with which the species may be confused are certain of the Limnophilaria, especially the Ulomorpha group of genera. The larvae havo the labral sclerite of the head capsule large, separated from the remainder of the capsule by a distinct suture. The epipharyngeal region is restrict(Kl to the anterior median part of the sclerite, and is pro- vided with two large tubercles on either side, which are tipped with two or "".hree hyahne, cylindrical papillae. Between these papillae is a brush The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 877 of hairs surrounding two pairs of setiferous tubercles. The mental region is not chitinized. The dorsal plates of the head capsule are widely sepa- rated from each other by a median split. The pupae are often armed with spines or tubercles on or about the head and the thorax. The lateral abdominal spiracles are large and functional. The genera of the subtribc Hexatomaria may be separated by the following keys: Larvae 1. Coloration of body a deep saturated orange-yellow; spiracular disk with ventral lobes unlined with darker, bearing at tips a few very long hairs. . . Penthoptera Schin. (p. 891) Coloration of body pale yellow, whitish, or greenish; spiracular disk with lobes lined with dark brown or black 2 2. Size small, form slender (length 14-15 mm., diameter 1-1.3 mra.) . . Hexatoma Latr. (p. 877) Size larger, form stouter (length over 15 mm., diameter over 1.6 mm.) Eriocera Macq. (p. 881) Pupae 1. Pronotal breathing horns short and stout, red at base and apex, the remaining part dark-colored, transversely wrinkled; horns bent strongly toward each other at tips. Penthoptera Schin. (p. 891) Pronotal breathing horns not as above 2 2. Size small (length under 10 mm.) Hexatoma Latr. (p. 877) Size larger (length over 12 mm.) Eriocera Macq. (p. 881) Genus Hexatoma Latreille (Gr. six + I cut) 1809 Hexatoma Latr. Gen. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 260. 1818 Nematocera Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifi. Ins., vol. 1, p. 209. 1818 Anisomera Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 210. Larva. — Size small (length of Hexatoma megacera about 14 mm.). Spiracular disk sur- rounded by two pairs of lobes, ventral pair the longer, inner face marked with a narrow brown line which is expanded at its inner end. Head capsule with lateral angles of labrum elongate and densely clothed with hairs. Pupa. — Size small (length under 10 mm.). A large spinous tubercle on scape of antenna. No median projection on mesonotal scutellum. Pronotal breathing horns short and straight. Wing pads with cell Ri very small and M with but a single branch reaching wing margin. The genus Hexatoma includes a small number of forms with a chiefly Holarctic distribution, there being about eleven Palearctic, two Ethiopian, and one North American species so far described. The adult flies of the North American species, Hexatoma megacera, are common on vegetation along the banks of rather large streams. They are discussed herein in detail under the account of this species. The adult flies of some of the larger European species have habits quite like those of the genus Eriocera, 878 Charles Paul Alexander as discussed elsewhere in this paper (page 705). Riedel (1909:29) describes in some detail the habits and swarming of H. hicolor (Meig.), the males of which are very active in the forenoon during the hours of brightest sunlight, the females resting on the willow branches near by. Similar habits are recorded by Riedel (1910:30) for H. saxonum (Lw.). The immature stages of the European species are practically unknown, the only original reference being that of Von Roser (1834), who states that the larvae of H. nigra Latr. live in the sand along the banks of streams. Hexatoma megacera (0. S.) 1859 Anisomera mej2cera 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 21:2. The adult flies of Hexatoma megacera are on the wing during the months of May and June and may be swept from the rank vegetation along the streams from which their larvae emerged. The following notes on copu- lation, resting positions, egg laying in nature and in captivity, and other details, are quoted from published field observations (Alexander, 1915 c: 143-145) : May 14, 1911 — This usually rare insect was common on a grassy plot of land along Cascadilla Creek [Ithaca, New York]. The flies sit on the blades of grass, the long antennae of the male directed straight ahead. The males are very poor fliers and prefer to drop to the groimd when disturbed and clumsily work their way off along the ground. When approached from the side they are much more easily alarmed and fly away. When approached from above, they do not move until the stick, finger, or whatnot, is within a couple of inches, when they remove the fore feet from the support and, on nearer approach, fall to the ground. When in copulation, the female tries to disengage by rapidly vibrating the wings in attempted flight, repeating this often, from every one to five seconds until disengaged or exhausted. The male can disconnect himself at will. In copulation the female is always uppermost unless exhausted, when both sexes lie flat on a grass-blade. The female has the head up, the male the head downward; copulation always takes place on a vertical support, usually a blade of grass, sometimes a plant stem. The sexes remain in copulation for quite a long time and are perfectly motionless. All of the legs of both sexes are on the support unless in a position where this is physically impossible, in which case as many as possible are used; the hind legs of both sexes are held at right angles to the support, the forelegs in front. After copulation the female generally drops to the ground, the male, after a few moments' rest, flies away. Specimens in copulation were found in abundance from 2 to 4.30 p.m. when no more could be discovered. From 4.30 to 7 p.m. solitary males were common, but no females could be found on the grass-blades. At 4.30 p.m., a few females were found clinging to the trunks of the willow trees about two feet from the ground. At 5..30 p.m., females were noted in small groups over the water, evidently engaged in oviposition, as they frequently dipped down to the surface. These latter were in company with a large swarm of dancing empidid flies (Rhamphomyia). Of the great numbers that were picked from grasses in the after- noon a considerable proportion were females and toward 5 p.m. they commenced egg-laying on the sides of the containing vessel, large shell vials. By 7 p.m. the sides of the vials were black in places with the large, dark -colored eggs. This data would seem t3 place the time for oviposition at about sunset. The females are very good fliers and often travel for long The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 879 distances before alighting as is shown toward sunset when they fly for long stretches up- stream. The males are rather poor fliers, due in part, possibly, to the weight of the long antennae and, as stated before, this sex prefers to skulk rather than fly. When the males fly, they do so heavily and seize the first support that they collide with and hang on, occasion- ally flying on immc^diately to another support. When the male comes in contact with a stem, he very often ascends to the top by means of a part-flying, pan-climbing motion and, on reach- ing the summit, flies off to another place. As a rule the flies, especially the females, alight on a single grassblade, but very often the males are observed on two blades, the legs of one side on one blade and those of the opposite side on the other; when the body thus hangs between the stalks, the tarsi diverge from one another, whereas on a single support, the legs converge. Hexatoma was preyed upon by lirge numbers of a scatophagid fly that occurred in great abundance in this vicinity and seemed to be subsisting almost entirely on these Iflies. At least twenty of these pred'ice:}us flies were noted with Hexatoraae and this species seemed to constitute the principle insect enemy of the crane-fly. They would lurk on the grass blades and sally forth after their prey, carrying it back to some point to feed upon it. It is probable that the blood is taken since the body of the Hexatoma appeared almost uninjured when examined. On an old beam where males had a habit of walking up the vertical face, a small spider's web was found, in which eleven specimens were entangled, two being still alive; eight of these were males, the remaining three, females. The males especially can walk up smooth surfaces, as glass, moving the legs alternately and awkwardly. The first pair taken were in copulation but in placing them in the vial they became disengaged and ran about in the container. After a short time they began to copulate in the tube. May 15, 1911 — A pair were taken in copulation at 10 a.m.; at 8 p.m. they were still in coitu, but this is exceptional as most of the pairs disengage very readily. In the morning the species is very active and although the males do not fly far, they fly readily and it is difficult to pick them up by hand. The females are excellent fliers especially m the morning. Several pairs were taken in copulation and each pair was isolated in a separate vial in order to ascertain the number of eggs per female. The clutch was determined by dissection. When the captive insects began to oviposit, the eggs shot out from ihe body, at first slowly, then more rapidly, one per second, later much slower again, the eggs being extruded one at a time. The total period of o'l/iposition required seven minutes; at the end of sixty seconds, in the space between sixty and seventy seconds, eighteen eggs were laid, or 1.8 per second. Toward the end of egg-laying, the eggs appeared much more slowly, one in two seconds. The eggs are quite sticky or viscid and adhere to the glass. When the female is in danger of death, as when she falls into the water, she begins, at once, to deposit the egg-complement. In nature it seems probable that one egg is laid at each descent to the water. As soon as the female touches the water, although she has not deposited an egg all day, she immediately starts to deposit the oblong black eggs. After the last egg is expelled the muscles of the ovipositor still go through the motions of expulsion. One specimen was placed in the water and as usual began to deposit her eggs. She was decapitated, laid eleven eggs and tried to lay still more but failed. The number of eggs laid varied from 316 to 372 with an average of 347; the time required for ovnposition varied from seven minutes to seven minutes and forty seconds. In most cases the number of the egg-complement is probably between 300 and 400. J The greater part of the larval existence is probably spent in the water, and it is only when the larvae are fully grown and ready to pupate that they come to land. On April 26, 1914, gravel from the bank of Casca- dilla Creek was carefully examined, but no signs of larvae or pupae were to be discovered. On May 6, however, the same bank was examined and about ten larvae and seventy-five pupae were found. Sometimes the immature stages are very abundant. On May 12, 1917, near the place 880 Charles Paul Alexander just described, the writer found larvae and newly transformed pupae in great numbers, the former pupating in the dry sand rather distant from the water's edge. In one dry patch of sand on a rocky ledge, sixty specimens were found in six square inches of soil. The insects are often found in gravel or coarse sand that is thickly penetrated by grass roots and rhizomes, rarely in pure gravel. The}- are most commonly found in soil that has l)een recently deposited after freshets. The immature stages of Hcxatoma are associated ^^dth larvae of Eriocera spinosa, E. cinerea, Tipula bella, and Atherix probaljly variegata Walk., with pupae of Chrysops excitans Walk,, and with many beetle^ such as Paederiis littoran'us Grav., Gastrolohium bicolor (Grav.), Bledius sp., Omophron sp., Dyschiriics sphaericoUis Say, Tachistodes partiarius (Say), Anadaptus discoideus (Dej.), Laccobius agilis Rand, and other species characteristic of the sandy margins of large streams. The pupal duration of Hexatoma is six and one-half days. Larva. — Length, 14-15 mm. Diameter, 1-1.3 mm. Color of body, pale brownish yellow. Body covered with rather abundant appressed hairs, the subterminal distended part of abdomen with transverse rows of very short spines or setae, there being from thirty-five to forty such rows. Spiracular disk (Plate LI, 246) surrounded by four lobes; ventral lobes the longer, with a fringe of a few long hairs at apex; on inner face a long, narrow, brown mark, extending from the tip inward, the proximal end expanded; lateral lobes with numerous long hairs which are gradually shorter toward base of lobes. Spiracles circular, situated at base of lateral lobes; a dusky mark extending from spiracles dorsad. Head capsule of usual hexatomine type, as described for Eriocera longicoriiis (page 888). Entire general features and details of mouth parts very similar to those of Eriocera longicornis. Labrum (Plate LI, 243) transversely oval, with frame strong and chitinized, anterior median part produced into a small lobe (Plate Lll, 250) bearing two lateral papillae and two setiferous tubercles surrounded by short hairs; lateral margins of labrum produced into prominent lobes directed proximad and cephalad, densely hairy and entirely protecting anterior margin of labrum. Antenna (Plate LI, 244) with apical papillae shorter than segment, the largest papilla transversely sculptured (Plate LII, 251). IMandible (Plate LI, 245) long and slen- der, the lateral teeth more accentuated than in Eriocera; largest tooth with a flattened trun- cated blade in its axil, this in some cases broken up into two or three small blades; basad of largest lateral tooth a flattened lobe which is barely indicated in the species of Eriocera studied. Maxilla with outer flattened blade conspicuous; palpus near its base on inner side, similar to the condition obtaining in Eriocera; just laterad of palpus a powerful seta. Pupa. — Length, 9.2-9.6 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.2 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.4 mm. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 881 Pupa (Plate LI, 247) very similar to that of Eriocera longicornis, differing only in its small size, greater development of seapal spine, lack of projection on mesonotal prcscutum, and a few lesser characters. Cephalic crest (Plate LI, 248 and 249) as viewed from beneath, very different in shape. Fore pair of legs much shorter than the others, ending just beyond posterior margin of second abdominal segment; hind pair of legs extending far beyond the others, ending beyond midlength of third abdominal segment; in some .specimens the tarsal segments much closer to posterior margin of third abdominal .segment, but usually a marked difference in tips of tarsi of the various legs. Cephalic crest as viewed from side, triangular, ending in an acute point directed strongly forward. Viewed from beneath, lobes con.spicu- ously triangular, pointed, lying parallel or slightly divergent and separated by a deep median split. Spine on scape of antennae very large, conspicuous. Tubercle on labrum strongly developed. Antennal sheaths of male very long, those of female much shorter. Pronotal breathing horns short, straight. Mesonotum strongly wrinkled along median line; scutellar lobe not developed. Wing pads dark, venation not showing clearly but, if made out, the very short cell R' and the reduced M characteristic of Hexatoma alone. Posterior leg sheaths extending beyond level of middle legs, these, in turn, being longer than sheaths of fore legs. Abdomen (Plate LI I, 2.52) with about thirty-four spicules on sternite 4, about thirty in a straight, uninterrupted row on tergites 3 and 4, and about twenty on tergite 5. Chaetotaxy about as in Eriocera longicornis, but the seta lying ventrad of spiracle on pleuritea much farther ventrad and very weak. Male cauda with sternal lobes strongly rounded, enlarged, and bent suddenly dorsad. Female cauda as that of male; ovipositor viewed from side with an obtuse notch; from beneath, sternite obtusely pointed and with a deep median .split; from above, tergite almost flat across caudal margin, the lateral angles rounded, with a deep median split. Nepionnlype. — Ithaca, New York, May 6, 1914. K-eanotype. — Type locality. May 2, 191.3. Paratypes. — Several hundred larvae and pupae from type locality. Genus Eriocera Macquart (Gr. wool + horn) 18.30 Caloptera Gu^r. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., Ins., pi. 20, fig. 2. 18.38 Eriocera Macq. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 74. 1838 Evanioplera Gu^r. Voyage de la Coquille, Zool., vol. 2, part 2, p. 287. 1848 Plerocosmus Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 78. 18.50 Allarithmia Loew. Bernstein und Bernsteinfauna, p. .38. 1857 Oligomera Dolesch. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederl. Indie, vol. 14, p. 387. 1859 Arrhenica 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 242. 18.59 Physecrania Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, ser. 3, vol. 7, p. 123, pi. 3, fig. 1. 1912 Androclosma Enderlein. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, part 1, p. 'M. 1916 Globericera Matsumura. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 471. Larva. — Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes which are rarely (as in Eriocera cinerea, subobsolete, inner face lined with brown or black, tips with fringes of moderately long hairs. Head capsule long, narrow, the constituent plates very slender; dorsal plate completely divided tho contiguous or approximated behind. Labral sclerite large and conspicuous, sensory tubercles and papillae crowded on median cephalic region. Mandible long, acute 7 882 Charles Paul Alexander at tip, with two teeth at about midlength. IVTaxilla with outer lobe greatly prolonged into a flattened blade. Antenna cylindrical or clavata, with three or four long papillae at tip. Mentum not chitinized, in E. cinerea with a flattened rectangular plate on either side, this armed with numerous hooks and spines. Pupa.- — Cephalic crest of various shapes and sizes, very reduced in Erwccra spinosa. Antennal sheaths of males of several species (E. spinosa, E. lomjicornis, E. cinerea) very long, extending beyond end of wing pad. Pronotal breathing horns of various shapes, acutely pointed in E. spvnosa, short and blunt in several species. Head and thorax often wit i spines or tubercles on scape of antenna, on labrum, or (in E. spinosa) on face of eye; a tubercle on scutellum (in E. longicornis) , one on dorsum of second abdominal segment (in E. spinosa). Abdominal segments with a conspicuous transverse armature of spines near posterior margin. Lateral spiracles large, distinct. Eriocera is an extensive genus (including approximately 150 species) of medium-sized to large flies, most of which are tropical. The genus has not been found in Europe, but elsewhere it is represented by a host of species. The habits of the adult flies have already been noted (page 704). The immature stages are spent in sand or gravel near running water, more especially along large streams. A more complete account of the genus is given by Alexander and Lloyd (1914) and by Alexander (1915 c: 148-152). The occurrence of the flies is somewhat local. During an entire summer of collecting in Maine in 1913, the wiiter did not find a single specimen of any species; and Dr. Dietz has stated that the only living individual which he has found was a single male of Eriocera spinosa taken in the Pocono Mountains in Pennsylvania. On the other hand, the flies are often found in countless numbers, and several species may be found associated together. Thus, at Ithaca, New York, in the sandy gravel along Cascadilla Creek, the immature stages of four species of Eriocera and one of the closely related Hexatoma occur together in unlimited numbers. The species of Eriocera may be separated by the following keys: Larvae 1. Lobes surrounding spiracular disk obsolete or nearly so; a flat, chitinized plate with ser- rate margins on either side of mental region E. cinerea Alex. (p. S86) Spiracular disk surrounded by four slender lobes; no plate as described above on mental region 2 2. Very large (length 40-45 mm., diameter 4-5 mm.); spiracular disk with ventral lobes narrowly lined with black, iimer ends of each forked, Y-shaped; literal lobes narrowh- \ Uned with black, inner ends of marks expanded E. spinosa (O. S.) (p. SS.'j) Smaller (length under 30 mm., diameter under 2.5 mm.); spiracular disk not marked as above 3 The Crane-Flies of 5j^ew York — Part II 883 3. Ventral lobes of spiracular disk bearing one or two very long, dark setae in addition to the shorter yellowish fringe; inner face of each lobe with a capillary black line which is suddenly expanded at its inner end into a triangular brown mark, the two marks inclosing an oval pale area between their proximal ends; lateral lobes with a capillary black line E. fultonensis Alex. (p. 8^0) Ventral lobes of spiracular disk with apical fringe consisting of numerous long, pale setae; inner face of each lobe lined with pale brown, at about midlength gradually expanded into an elongate-triangular mark, the two marks inclosing a linear pale area betwp'^n their proximal ends; lateral lobes with a brown line E. longicornis (Walk.) (p. 888) Pupae 1. Size large (length 25 mm. or over); pronotal breathing horns tapering to acute tips; cephalic crest small, reduced to four small tubercles; cell Mi on wing pad present; a strong spinous tubercle on either side of median line at base of second abdomuial tergite; a tubercle on eye E. s-pinosn (O. S.) (p. 883) Size smaller (length under 18 mm.); pronotal breathing horns blunt at tips; cephalic crest prominent; cell Mi on wing pad lacking; no tubercles on second abdominal tergite or on eye 2 2. A tubercle on mesonotal scutellum E. longicornis (Walk.) (p. 888) No tubercle on mesonotal scutellum 3 3. Pleurites of abdominal segments with a transverse row of three setae ventrad and slightly caudad of spiracle; antennae of male elongated E. cinerea Alex. (p. 883) Pleurites of abdominal segments with two stout setae dorsad and caudad of spirarh; antennae short in both sexes E. fultonensis Alex. (p. 890) Eriocera spinosa (0. S.) 1859 Arrhenica spinosa 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 244. 1869 Eriocera spinosa O. S. Mou. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 252-253. Eriocera spinosa is the commonest of the large species of the genus in eastern North America. The larvae occur in great numbers beneath rocks in rapid water in the autumn, when they form a considerable pro- portion of the insect life in the streams. When about to pupate they go to the neighboring banks and live for some time in the sand or gravel. The habits of the larvae have been discussed by Alexander and Lloyd (1914:16-17) and by Alexander (1915c: 149). The larvae were found on May 1, 1913, along the banks of Fall Creek, Ithaca, New York, in considerable numbers. They were associated with young and mature pupae of E. longicornis, which were emerging in great numbers at the time. On May 27, both larvae and pupae of E. spinosa were found to be very abundant, the larvae being more numerous in the wetter places, the pupae in the drier spots. They occurred at various distances from the water's edge, from within a foot of the margin to as far back as eight or ten feet. The pupae are found in short, more or less vertical, burrows, from one to three inches below the surface. Not often 884 Charles Paul Alexander were larvae and pupae found in close proximity to each other. Pupae of E. spinosa, as well as of all other species of the tribe as known, are very active when removed from their burrows, wriggling rapidly to and fro, and are exceedingly tenacious of life: Larvae, as found on May 27, were mostly contracted; a fonv, however, were expanded and had the subtcn-minal segment of the alxlomen swollen. In this regard it may be mentioned that almost all of the larvae of crane-flies that live in the sand or mud along the banks of streams have this ability to inflate the end of the abdomen. Larvae of Eriopterini, of Pediciini, and of Hexatomini have been observed with this conspicuous enlargement. It is undoubtedly used to propel the larva thru the soil by alternate expansion and con- traction of the segment. Larvae of E. spinosa were placed in breeding jars on May 13 and adult flies emerged on the 28th. It is prolmble that the pupal stage is not longer than from ten to twelve days, at the most. On May 30 a large number of lai*vae and pupae were brought into the laboratory in a bucket of gravel. Some of the fully matured pupae transformed in the pail while being brought to the laboratory. The larvae are carnivorous. Their powerful, sickle-shaped mandible? are capable of inflicting a painful bite on tender parts of the hand. S. G. Rich placed larvae in dishes together with the nymphs of various dragon flies. The smaller of the nymphs were eaten by the Eriocera larvae, thus confirming previous observations on the carnivorous habits of the species. Larva. — Length when fully extended, 40-45 mm. Diameter, 4-5 mm. Color varying from very pale whitish to rather dark brown; in life, the skin showing conspicuous bronzy reflections. Spiracular disk (Plate LIV, 262) surrounded by four slender elongate lobes, one pair being lateral, the other ventral, in position; inner face of lateral lobes with a capillary black hne, this beginning as an enlarged black spot just ventrad of spiracle, reaching tip of lobe; dorsal outer edge of lobe with a dense fringe of long, conspicuous, reddish hairs, inner edge of row beginning just laterad of spiracle where the hairs are very short, gradually becoming longer to tip, where they are as long as the lobe itself; ventral lobe with a capillary black line on proximal edge, this dividing at base of lobe, the lower branch running along ventral margin of stigmal field and approaching its fellow of the opposite side on median line of body; a dense fringe of conspicuous reddish hairs at tip of lobe and continued on outer dorsal side for a short distance toward base; a few dusky brown spots on stigmal field between spiracles; two sniall hairs between spiracles. Spiracles rather small, widely separated. Underneath caudal lobes and behind penultimate swollen segjnent, four anal gills, shon, stout, cyhndrical. t The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 885 the lateral pair directed outward, the inner pair directed caudad. Head capsule (Plate LIV 267) broad in proportion to its length, measuring 3.5-3.S mm. by 1.8-2 mm. (across dorsal plates). Papillae at tip of antenna short, not n.ore than one third length of seg- ment. Mandible (Plate LIV, 271) lacking a prominent conical tooth at midlength, such as is found in E. cinerea and other species. Pupa.— Length: male, 20.5-27 mm.; female, 25-2S.5 mm. Width, d.-s.: male, 3.4-3.9 mm.; female, 3.4-4 mm. Depth! d.-v. : male, 4-4.2 mm. ; female, 3.-5-4 mm. In life pupae varying in color from very pale yellowish to dark brown or almost black, the deepest color being that of head and thorax of old pupae; body often showmg bronzy reflections. • . r Cephalic crest very reduced, scarcely projecting beyond level of antennae; viewed from beneath somewhat quadrate, the anterior lateral angles produced into small pomted lobes bearin- a small seta at apex; viewed from side a second pair of lobes is seen, these bemg subequal to anterior lobes in size, and likewise setiferous. Spine of antennal scape very large somewhat curved, directed ventrad. Inner caudal surface of eye with a conspicuous tubercle Tentorial region produced into a small median tubercle. Tubercles at ba.se of labrum very large, close together, their tips strongly chitinized; a small seta above each of these labral tubercles and another small seta on each cheek. Pronotal breathing horns Ion- slender broad at ba.se, flattened and rather pointed at tips, the organ arcuated so that apex is bent strongly ventrad. Mesonotal scutellar lobe (Plate LV, 280) prominent, rather stron-ly projecting. Wing pad light brown, venation showing very clearly, the presence of cell m[ in connection with elongate antennae in male sex being found in this species alone in eastern North America. Leg sheaths with tarsal sheaths ending on a level, about opposite end of third abdominal segment. Second abdominal tergite with a conspicuous basal tubercle on either side of median line. Abdominal segments (Plate LVI, 283) with subtermiiial rows of spines, there being about twenty to twenty-two on tergites 2 to 5; tergites 6 and 7 destitute of spines but with four subapical setiferous tubercles; tergites 2 to 7 with a conspicuous setiferous tubercle on ventro- cephalic angle of each posterior ring; eighth tergite concave on posterior margin, bearing a pair of strong apical tubercles on either side of -median line. Pleural region of abdomen rather restricted, longitudinally wrinkled. Spiracles large, elliptical, transverse, placed about opposite midlength of segments. Three small setiferous tubercles ventrad and caudad of spiracle, and another similar tubercle on dorso-cephalic angle of each pleuron. S.ernites on segment 3 with two spines on each outer angle; segments 4 to 6 with from sixteen to twenty spines- segment 7 with about ten spines; an isolated setferous tubercle caudad and dorsad of end's of row segments 4 to 7 with a setiferous tubercle about midlength of posterior ring; segment 8 lacking soft pleural region, bearing an apical row of strong spines which are inter- rupted only on dorsum and for a small space on median line of venter, there being about twenty of these spines in the circlet. Male cauda (Plate LV, 281 and 282) with ninth sternite rounded swollen, with a deep median furrow bearing a small lobe on ventral side at end of split- ninth tergite produced caudad into two strong conical points separated by a V-shaped notch these points directed caudad and slightly dorsad, each one a little split near tip on outer face and with a prominent lateral tooth at about midlength. Female Cauda (Plate ^^ Charles Paul Alexander A^epiono^ype.— Ithaca, New York Mav 1 lOH Ae«7i«////;e.— With type larva Para/^pes.- Numerous larvae and pupae with types. May 1-15, 1913. Eriocera cinerea Alex. 1912 Eriocera cmerea Alex. Psyche, vol. 19, p. 169-170 pi 13 fig 9 foutd'TMiTTe "iJlT"" ""'T","' "^'r '" ^'''' The larvae were It"!c-. Now York Tl!' ; , "'°"f "•' '""''^^ "f Cascadilla Creek, aiiica, JNew Yo k. They have been found at various dates durinir the past few yea,., but always in scanty numbers. Larvae found ilpri Atneux, and other insects. The larvae arc stouter than tho.se of E /««,«on« and are pale whitish yellow, ,uite devoid of the greelsh infs touale on May 16. Additional larvae and pupae were found on May 24, and a few pupae on May 30 1917 -^^ (IOm'zT ^T*^' 'r™ 1 ^; '""^--''-'rf-cribed by.Alexander and Lloyd later in this paper. Larva.— Length, 1 Diameter Color light yellow. Larva.— Length, 15-lfi mm. Diameter, 2-2.2 mm. Head capsule long and narrow, measuring about 1 '^ hv n ')7r, , j , , w.;tK prox,„,a, anterior a„g,e. produced if.:!:;.' I abL ; riitrurt; r"'° The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 887 genus (Plate LII, 254); this'structure located on either side of capsule on ventral face, a flattened, subrectangular plate whose surface, except at base, is densely set with small spines and large pits; inner margin provided with large, acute spines, beginning at about one- third length of sclerite, gradually enlarged toward tip, at inner angle acute; these teeth inter- rupted before outer posterior angle, which terminates in a blunt, flattened lobe. Antenna cylindrical, apex obliquely truncated, terminating in a slender apical papilla which is longer than the segment that bears it, broad at base, tapering gradually to tip; two or three long apical setae; small auditory plates at about one-third length of segment. Mandible (Plate IjII, 255) a powerful, slender, curved hook, at about midlength with a strong pointed tooth bearing in its axil a smaller tooth; as is usual in the genus, an egg-shaped chitinized piece isolated in one of the ventral tendons of mandible. Maxilla arising just ventrad of man dible, outer lobe persisting as a very elongate, bladelike organ. Pupa. — Length, 13-15 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.6 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.7 mm. Head and appendages dark brown, thoracic dorsum a little paler; abdomen with posterior rings of tergum and sternum dark brown, producing a banded appearance. CephaHc crest (Plate Lfll, 257) very large and conspicuous, consisting of two rounded lobes behind, each tipped with a strong seta; anterior part of crest directed ventrad and con- sisting of two lobes, the larger bearing a strong seta on outer face; viewed from front, these anterior lobes separated by a very narrow, U-shaped, median notch; crest of female a Uttle smaller. Two blunt tubercles on scapal segments of each antenna. Junction of clypeus and labrum with two tubercles, above and slightly laterad of each a strong seta. A strong seta on cheek below eye. Labrum broad, very obtusely rounded at tip. Labial lobes rectangu- lar, widely separated. Maxillary palpi blunt at tips (Plate LIII, 258). Antenna of male elon- gate, exceeding wing and ending opposite base of last tarsal segment of hind leg. Pronotal breathing horns short, slender, cylindrical, scarcely longer than cephalic crest. Two long curved setae and a smaller straight seta laterad and ventrad of base of each breathing horn. Lateral angle of thorax with two setae; two long setae above wing axil (Plate LIII, 256). A strong seta on either side of mesonotum and a group of two small setae in front of each of these. Wing sheaths extending to base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths extend- ing to base of fourth abdominal segment; tarsal sheaths ending about on a level, or those of fore legs considerably shorter. Abdominal segments (Plate LIII, 259) divide 1 into two subequal rings. Chaetotaxy as follows: pleura with a seta on dorsal margin of basal ring; a transverse row of three setae on posterior ring, lying ventrad and slightly caudad of spiracle (as in E. spinosa) ; tergum with basal ring unarmed, posterior ring with a subterminal row of sharp black spines; two long setae at each end of row and a few small setae at intervals along row; a solitary seta on basal lateral part of posterior ring; armature weaker on posterior segments, on segment 7 being reduced to four .separated groups of setae, the outer groups with a single spine; sternum with basal ring unarmed, posterior ring with a subterminal transverse row of stout black spines with two long setae at each end of row and an isolated seta laterad and caudad of end of row; at base of ring on either side a group of two setae, the lateral one the smaller. Male Cauda (Plate LIII, 260) with the sharp dorsal lobes directed dorsad, rather acute at tips, two 888 Charles Paul Alexander setae on outer face before tips; viewed from above, these setae seen to be separated by a deep U-shaped notch; eighth segment with a dorsal pentagon of five closely approximated lobes; just laterad of these a group of three setae, the posterior one long and slender, the anterior one short and stout; pleural region produced into a long lobe tipped with a slender seta; on sternum two small setae on either side. Female cauda (Plate LIII, 261) elongate, tergal valves very long and slender, two delicate setae on either side before tip and a stouter one at tip. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, April 28, 1917. Neanolype.— Fall Creek, Ithaca, May IS, 1917 Paratypes. — Larvae and pupae with types. Eriocera longicornis (Walk.) 1848 Anisomera longicornis Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 82. 1869 Eriocera lofigicornis O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 253-254. Eriocera longicornis is probably the commonest species of the genus in the eastern United States. The adult flies are sometimes very abundant, occurring in swarms in late afternoon and early evening in May, some of the swarms numbering thousands of individuals. At other times of the day, the flies may be found resting quietly on bushes. The larvae live in the sand near the water's edge. The pupal duration is seven days. The detailed life history of this species is given on pages 704 to 708. Larva. — Length, 17-19 mm. Diameter, 2-2.3 mm. Color, greenish brown. Body covered with a long, appressed, dark pubescence. Penultimate segment of abdomen capable of great distention and destitute of pubescence; last segment of body conspicuously narrowed. Spiracular disk (Plate LIV, 265) surrounded by four slender lobes, the ventral pair the longer, bearing at tip elongate hairs, some of which exceed the lobes in length; on lateral face at about midlength a small pencil of hairs; on ventral face one or two long setae; inner face of ventral lobes lined with pale brown, beginning as a narrow brown mark at tip, at about midlength gradually expanded into an elongate triangular mark, the two lines inclosing between their inner ends a pale linear mark; lateral lobes similar to ventral lobes, fringed with long yellow hairs which are longer than the lobes; inner face of lateral lobes lined with pale brown. Spiracles rather large, separated by a distance equal to about one and one- half diameter of one. Anal gills pale. A few setae in transverse alinement on last segment behind lateral lobes. Two pairs of short black setae behind gills. Head capsule and mouth parts very similar to those of Hexatoma, dorsal plates of capsule separate from each other, not fused as in the Ulomorphae; inner margins of dorsal plates straight and parallel. Labral sclerite broadly transverse, narrowed at ends, lateral margins produced into long lobes which are densely tufted with short, golden-yellow hairs. Median lobe of epipharyngeal region projecting, provided with two large sensory papillae, one on ether side, and a few other setilerous papillae near tip, surrounded by numerous hairs. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 889 Antenna elongate, a little narrower at base, at tip with three or four hyaline, seta-like papillae which are of various diameters and shorter than the segment, the largest of these papillae delicately sculptured with transverse lines. Mandible acute, curved, at about midlength with a blunt, flattened tooth, this with a smaller similar tooth in its axil. Maxillary blade very long and slender, about half length of capsule. Pupa. — Length: male, 13.2-15.2 mm.; female, 14-15.4 mm. Width, d.-s.: male, 2.1-2.2 mm.; female, 1.8-1.9 mm. Depth, d.-v. : male, 2.1-2.3 mm.; female, 2.2 mm. Young pupae very pale; soft abdomen almost white; chitinized anterior part of body very pale brown. Older pupae much darker, the chitinized part becoming black with a bronzy reflection; abdomen very dark brownish gray; breathing horns dark brown on apical half. Cephalic crest (Plate LV, 275) very prominent, elongate, tapering to the subacute tips; lobes with blunt tubercles behind, as well as four long setae on each lobe, three on dorsal margin and a longer one on lateral face at about midlength; viewed from in front, lobes separated by a broad, square or U-shaped notch; ventral part of crest produced forward between antennal bases as a depressed lobe bearing a stout seta on either side. Tubercle on antennal scape very prominent. A slightly smaller tubercle on either side of clypeus, with a small rounded knob cephalad of each. Labrum truncated. Labial lobes roughly diamond-shaped. Maxillary palpi very broad, rectangular, tips truncated. Antennal sheaths of male greatly elongated, enlarged at base; viewed from beneath, the swollen bases nearly contiguous on median line, just above and proximad of inner margin of eye, with scapal tubercle described above. Antenna of male exceeding wing pads, those of female ending just beyond wing base. Pronotal breathing horns short and stout, straight, trans- versely wrinkled, directed cephalad, dorsad, and laterad; when viewed from beneath, com- pletely concealed by large cephalic crest. Thoracic notum convex; me.sonotum transversely wrinkled (Plate LV, 277); median lobe of mesonotal scutellum projecting dorsad and cau- dad as a blunt point (Plate LV, 272). Two or three setae above wing axil. Lateral angles of thorax subacute, with a weak seta. Wing sheaths attaining end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending before caudal margin of third abdominal segment; tarsi of hind legs the longest, the two inner pairs ending about on a level (Plate LV, 273). Abdominal segments (Plate LVL 285) divided into a basal and a posterior ring; tergitea on posterior ring with a subterminal transverse row of spines, these varying from about thirty- two on segment 3 to about fourteen on segment 7; these rows of spines interrupted on dorso- median line; at each end of row, three long setae, and two additional groups of setae inter- spersed along row; two setae on either side at anterior -lateral angle of ring; tergites on basal ring unarmed; sternites on posterior ring with a subterminal transverse row of from twenty- four to thirty-two spines, with two setae at each end of row; an isolated seta on caudo- lateral margin, close to pleura; a group of two approximated setae near base of posterior ring, on either side, about at level of spiracles. Sternites on basal ring unarmed; pleuritos on basal ring with a solitary seta at about midlength, but slightly nearer dorsal margin; posterior ring with two setae dorso-caudad of spiracle, and a third seta ventrad of it. A'al • Cauda (Plate LVL 286) very blunt, much narrower than remainder of abdomen; ventral lobes very blunt; dorsal lobes short, stout, ending in sharp points directed dorsad, on out'^r face a long and a short seta; segment 8 with a dorsal trapezoid of four lobes, the posterior S^ r Charles Paul Alexander pair the longer, each with two setae; anterior pair of lobes a little more widely separated- laterad of latter pair of lobes, a tubercle bearing three setae; a long, powerful seta on pleura- two setae on either side of median line of sternum. Female cauda (Plate LV, 274) similar' but ventral lobes more pointed, sUghtly exceeding level of dorsal lobes. Nepionohjpe.— Ithaca, New York, April IS, 1917. Neanotype.— Fall Creek, Ithaca, May 2, 1913. Paratypes.— Several hundred larvae and pupae with types. Eriocera fultonensis Alex. 1912 Eriocera fultonensis Alex. Psyche, vol. 19, p. 168-169, pi. 13, fig. 7. Eriocera fultonensis is a rather common but usually local species thruout the northeastern United States. The larvae are found in the same situ-i- tions as are described for the other species of the genus, in sand or gravel near the margins of usually large streams. On May 30, 1913, larvae were found in considerable numbers along the banks of Fall Creek, Ithaca New York, where they occurred in company with numerous larvae and pupae of E. spmosa, a few large tabanid larvae, a small tabanid pupa and the following beetle associates: Bembidion, Schizogenius Tacliy-' Gastrololjium, and a few others. The pupal duration is seven days (froni May 31 to June 6, 1913). Larva.— Length, 18-26 mm. Diameter, 2-2.3 mm. Color, pale flesh yellow; anterior segments of body a little darker Body long and slender. Spiracular disk (Plate LI V, 266) with ventral lobes long and slender lateral lobes shorter; ventral lobes at their tips with one or two very elongate blackish hairs which are from two to three times length of lobes; in addition to these the usual apical fringe of yellowish hairs not exceeding lobes; near base on outer side a s:,iall pencil of hairs- each ventral lobe with a very delicate capillary black line which expands abruptly at its'inner end into a brown area, these two areas inclosing between their proximal ends a more or less oval pale area (in some specimens the inner ends completely encircLn- this pale area while in others the brown lines are not continuous over the disk); lat3ral lobes shorter, similarly fringed with yellow hairs which are longer than lobes; inner face of lobes with a capillar,- black hne. Spiracles rounded oval, widely separated. Head capsule and mouth parts almost as in Hexato^na nierjaccm and Eriocera hnguonns as already described; epipharyngeal region (Plate LIV, 268) produced into a hemisphe-.cal rounded lobe which is densely covered with fine hairs; two large papillae on either side near tip, between them a terminal tuft of long yellow hairs surrounding two long slender setif- erous papillae. Antenna with sensory papillae at tip short, about one-third length of segment. Pupa.— Length, 14-16 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.8-2 mm. Depth, d.-v., 2.5-2.7 mm. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 891 Fully colored pupae dark brown; cephalic crest paler; pronotal breathing horns pale yellow, darkening into brown at tips; wing pads light yellow, with dark venation showing clearly; pleurites of abdomen of a darker brown than stemites or tergites. Body somewhat similar to that of E. longicornis, but general form much stouter. Cephalic crest (Plate LVI, 287) prominent, tuberculate, consisting of four lobes, the posterior lobes somewhat the larger, on posterior and lateral faces with two stout setae; a stout seta on ventral face of anterior lobes. Scapal spine lacking. Clypeal tubercles large, blunt, with a small setiferous tubercle above each. Labrum bluntly rounded at apex. Labial lobes elongate, diamond-shaped, tips rather acute. Pronotal breathing horns rather long and slender, transversely wrinkled, longer than cephalic crest. Mesonotum (Plate LV, 279) more convex than in E. longicornis. Wing pads usually showing venation clearly on pale background; vein r connecting R\ with Ri+i distinctive of this species, lack of cell Mi separating this pupa from that of E. spinosa and E. brachycera. Legs sheaths ending. about on a level, the hind tarsi a little longer than the two inner pairs. Arrangement of setae on abdomen (Plate LVL 288) about as in E. longicornis. Pleura with two stout setae dorsad and caudad of each spiracle, and a weak seta ventrad of spiracle and close to it; basal ring with a single pleural seta; spicules on caudal margin of posterior ring small and numerous, on intermediate segments about forty in number; seventh sternite with about four to six spines at each end of row, the broad median area devoid of spines. Female cauda (Plate LV, 276) with tergal valves exceeding the long sternal valves, s^arce'y directed dorsad (this condition may be compared with that in E. longicornis). Male caada with abdomen bluntly rounded at tip. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, May 30, 1913. Ne n'tli/pc. — With type larva, June 6, 1913. Paratypes. — Larvae and pupae with types. Genus Penthoptera Schiner (Gr. sorrow + wing) ISGj Penthoptera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 220. Larva.- — Spiracular disk surrounded by four blunt lobes, the ventral pair a little the longer, inner face not marked with darker, at tip with one or more long setae. Head capsule about as in Eriocera. Coloration a deep saturated yellow. Pupa.' — Cephalic crest with lobes rounded, setiferous. No distinct tubercles or spines on head or thorax. Pronotal breathing horns short, stout, cylindrical, apex expanded into a flattsneJ heal, stem caarsely wrinkled, base enlarged. Abdominal armature weak. Spiracles not well developed. Penthoptera is a small genus which includes four European and three American species, two of the latter occurring in tropical America. The eastern North American Penthoptera alhitarsis, discussed below, has been considered in some detail by the author in another paper (Alexander, 1915c: 152-157). 892 Charles Paul Alexander Pentho'ptera alhitarsis 0. S. 1809 Pcnthoptera albitards O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Araer., part 4, p. 257-258. The larvae of Penthoptera albitarsis are usually not uncommon in rich organic mud in shaded places thruout the range of the species. Larvae of many sizes, some very small, others apparently almost fully grown, may be found at a single time. This would probably indicate that the species emerges at intervals thruout the summer, rather than that it is double-brooded. Larva. — Length, 10-12 mm. Diameter, 1-1.2 mm. Colbr bright chestnut-yellow, anterior half of body richer- and deeper-colored; thoracic segments suffused with brown; skin with a silky, iridescent reflection. Body provided with numerous long, appressed hairs. A few setae on body, the following being the most conspicuous: one on lateral do. sal margin of last segment, near base of lateral lobes; a series of four groups of one or two in each row across dorsal surface of the three thoracic segments at about midlength; a group of two or three long setae on sides near caudal margin of segments. Subterminal enlargement of abdomen with about twenty-five transverse rows of fine points. Bpiracular disk (Plate LVII, 292 and 293) with four blunt lobes; ventral lobes densely fringed with long, pale hairs, those toward ends of lobes longer; one or more elongate setae near tip of each ventral lobe, these being longer than lobes themselves; lateral lobes with a similar fringe of rather short, yellow hairs; spiracular disk almost free from dark mark- ings, a pale brown line extending dorsad from each spiracle and an indistinct brownish line along ventral margin of lateral lobes. Spiracles circular. Anal gills four, pale. Head capsule rather broad, dorsal plate with inner anterior angles rounded. Labrum (Plate LVII, 289) almost as in Eriocera spinosa, the extreme cephalic epipharyngeal parts with the usual papillae and seti'erous tubercles; lateral papillae bearing at their tips three or four slender pegs; between these papillae two pairs of setiferous tubercles, a basal larger pair and a more apical smaller pair. Mandible (Plate LVII, 291) a little more curved than is usual in this subtribe, inner margin with a double tooth at about midlength. Pupa. — Length, 10-10.5 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.4-1.5 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.5-1. G mm. Thorax dark brown, wing and leg sheaths paler; pronotal breathing horns dark brown, swollen bases and tips much paler, light orange; abdomen brownish yellow. Cephalic crest consisting of two widely separated rounded lobes behind, each bearing two setae; anteriorly the crest appearing as a large depressed lobe between antenna! bases, with a very large, stiff seta on either side. A powerful seta on each side of region of clypeus. A seta on genal region between eye and sheath of maxillary palpus. Labrum evenly rounded or a little truncated at apex. Labial lobes widely separated, roughly rounded or indistinctly pentagonal in outline. Maxillary palpi broad, ending bluntly beneath or just before antennal sheaths. Antennae endiag just beyond wing root in female, considerably longer in male. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 893 Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LVII, 294) short, stout, cylindrical, apex expanded into a flattened circular head, stem coarsely and transversely wrinkled, base enlarged; breathing horns widely separated at their bases, but bent proximad so as to be almost contiguous at their tips; two strong setae laterad of base of breathing horn and an additional one in front of it. Mesonotum transversely WTinkled, with a distinct carina anteriorly (Plate LVIII, 296). Two groups of two setae on either side of median line, with an additional solitary seta; two longer setae above wing axil. AVing sheaths ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheat'is ending at from two-thirds length to opposite end of third abdominal segment; tarsal sheaths ending about on a level, or, in some specimens, the hind tarsi a little longer than the Others (Plate LVIII, 297). Abdomen indistinctly divided into a narrow Vjasal ring and a broader posterior ring; basal ring further very indistinctly subdivided into two subequal annuli. Abdominal armature weak; on sternites a subterminal transverse row of delicate spines with two setiferous tubercles at each end of row; on posterior ring two setae on either side at about midlength; tergites with four groups of two or three setae near posterior margin and an additional group of two setae on lati'ral margin of posterior ring near base; pleural region with a stiff seta on extreme anterior part of basal ring. Spiracles distinct; a group of two setae caudad and slightly ventrad of each spiracle, with an additional solitary seta caudo-ventrad of these. Female Cauda (Plate LVIII, 298) with tergal valves of ovipositor only a little longer than sternal valves, at tip ending in a short, rather blunt point directed dorsad; on outer face before tip a short, stiff seta; segment S on dorsum with a close trapezoid of four irregular lobes; two setiferous tubercles on dorsal and lateral part of eighth segment, the more dorsal of these with two setae, the lateral one with a single seta; sternum with four stout setae, of v.'hich two are lateral and two are median in position. Male cauda (Plate LVII, 295, and Plate LVIII, 299) with sternal valves short and blunt; tergal valves slender, ending in an acute point directed dorsad; a few short setae on outer face before tip. Nepinnniype.— Ithaca, N-w York, May 25, 1917. Neanoti/pe. — Bool's hillside, Ithici, June 5, 1917. Paralypes. — Abundant larvae and a few pupae with types. Subtribe Polymeraria Genus Polymera Wieck-mann (Gr. many + part) 1821 Polymera Wicd. Dipt. Exot., vol. 1, p. 40. Polymera is a tropical American g(^niis including fifteen described species, one of which, Polymera ycoryiae Alex., occiu's in the southeastern United States. A single additional species, P. magnijica Meunier (1906: 385), has been deso'il^ed from the Baltic amber (Lower Oligocene). The only species concerning the ecology of which we have any record is P. geniculata Alex., which has hxm found living in crabholes beneath rocks in Porto Rico. In this connection the long-horned deinoceritine mosquitoes 894 Charles Paul Alexander which live in similar habitats should be considered. Howard, Dyar, and Knab (1915:213) say, in describing these mosquitoes: Those crab-hole inhabiting species possess peculiarly developed antennae in order, as we suppose, to enable them to detect the approach of iheir crustacean host and fly out of the h-.ics before being overwhelmed in the water in the bottom by the incursion of the crab whose body must completely fill the entrance to the hole. ' It is curious and suggestive that the males of Polymera should likewise possess elongated and very complicated antennae. Tribe Pediciini The Pediciini constitutes a small tribe which seems to be divisible into two well-marked subtribes, the more generalized Adelphomyaria indicating a relationship with the Hexatomini. The larvae of the Pediciini have the labrum broad and the epipharynx usually feebly armed. The mentum is completely divided into two parts, each halt with not more than four, usually three, teeth. The hypopharynx is labriform. The maxilla consists of two lobes, distinct and separate i:i the Adelphomyaria, more or less approximated or fused in the Pedi- caria. The mandible is powerful, ending in a strong apical point; the cutting edge has about four teeth; there is a simple tuft of setae on the prosthecal region in the Dicranotae and in Pedicia. The head capsule i3 very elongate, massive, and compact, with the posterior incisions very shallow. In the Adelphomyaria the cauda is surrounded by four lobes which are fringed with exceedingly elongate hairs; in the Pedicaria there are two ventral caudal lobes, each tipped with a very few setae. The anal gills are four in number and are segmented, the terminal segment being more or less retractile. In the Pedicaria prolegs are developed " on the abdominal' segments of some of the genera. All of the species of the tribe, so far as is known to the writer, are carnivorous in their larval state, which is spent in mud or earth close to water. The two subtribes of the Pediciini may be separated as follows: Larvae Spiracular lobes four in number, fringed with very long, delicate hairs. „ . , , , Adelphomyaria (n. 895) -Spiracular lobes two m number, ventral in position, each tipped with from six to eight setae. Pedicaria (p. 899) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 895 The most important literature on the tn\x Pediciini is as Mows: „ ,. . . Oenonl .. RchefTor, in Rossi, 1848:9. ^f - ~ ^™ r^' ^^""^' : : ^S!;, S'^ Pedjcia nvosa ^enej^ • Wesenbcrg-Lund. 1915: 335. Pedicia rwnsa general Need'.ia.n, 1903:285-286; 1905:8. Tri'-^/phont immaadata Larva, general ^ "/^; ' ' 10 Vfi- iq'^-19r, TrirlXna immacnlata Larva, pupa, generid, . l^eMeijc^-e 1916. 195 196. Tricyphonn schiurri Larva, pupa, genera . . Behng 18.9.47. Dicrnno,a bi.n.cuInU. Larva, pupa, general ^^^'^^..^.^^^ ,Copy.) Drcranota tnmaculata General ' " '. • Wesenbe?g-Lund, 1915: 342-343. Dicranota hmncuMa (general 1915-17 b: 219-220. Dicranota bimaculaia i^arva (Codv ) Rhaphidolabis tenuipes Larva, general Needham. 1908 a: 212-214. Subtribe Adelphomyaria The division Adelphomyaria, as known, includes but the single genus Adelphomyia Bergroth, a curious genus of small crane-flies which, in the general appearance of the adults, strongly suggest the hexatomme sub- tribe Limnophilaria. The immature stages have not been associated with the adult flies by rearing, and there is, of course, the possibility of a mistaken reference. The immature stages of the insect herein described are easily recognized, however, and, no matter to what group it belongs, it deserves subtribal rank under the Pediciini. Genus Adelphomyia Bergroth (Gr. brother + fly) 1891 Adelphomyia Bergr. Mittheil. Naturf. Ges. Bern, 1890, p. 134. Larva (supposition).- Body with pencils of stiff setae, producing a spiny appearance. Spiracular disk surrounded by four short lobes which are fringed with exceedingly elongate hairs. Spiracles large, separated by a distance less than the diameter o one. Head cap- sule long and massive, all the plates firmly united except behind. Mandible acutely pointed. Maxilla of two elongate separated lobes. Antenna two-segmented, the terminal segment with three small papillae. Hypopharynx labriform. Mentum completely divided, each half with four teeth, the middle pair on each side the largest {minula, supposition) or the second from the inside the largest {amerkana, supposition). Pupa (supposition^.- Cephalic crest small, each lobe with three setiferous tubercles. Pronotal breathing horns moderate in length, broadly tipped with light yellow. Mesonotum unarmed Wing sheaths extending beyond base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths extending to beyond base of fifth abdominal segment. Abdominal armature weak, especially on posterior segments. Adelphomyia is a small genus of crane-flies, including but four European and three North American species, and a doubtful species from Africa. The 896 Charles Paul Alexander insects resemble tiny species of the s^nus Limnophila. The adult flies are not uncommon on rank herbage, especially ferns, in woods and usually near running water. As already stated, the immature stages have not been reared, but larvae found by the writer in Maine are referred with considerable confidence to Adelphomyia americana and A. cayuga, while larvae and pupae of another species taken at Ithaca, New York, seem to be those of A. minuta. The larvae show a curious combination of tribal characters. The general appearance and the structure of the spiracular disk are altogether those of one of the Hexatomini; but the head capsule and the details of the mouth parts indicate a relationship with the Pedi- ciini that cannot be denied. Adelphomyia minuta Alex, (supposition) 1911 Adelphomyia minuta Alex. Can. Ent., vol. 43, p. 287-288. Adelphomyia minuta is a characteristic late spring species, common in boggy woods and on vegetation along rapid streams. Larvae and pupae which are referred to this species were sifted from organic mud taken on Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York, thruout May and early June, 1917. The pupae referred to this species strongly resemble those of Dicrano- phragma but in reality are very different. The species is discussed herewith in the hope that it may be definitely recognized in the future. Larva. — Length, 4.5-5 mm.; caudal fringe, 2 mm. additional. Diameter, 0.4 mm. Coloration, saturated yellow with a faint orange-brown tinge. Form narrow, body tapering gradually to both ends, spiracular disk narrowed. Body clothed with a delicate appressed pubescence and numerous tufts of conspicuous stiff hairs which produce a spiny or bristly appearance; the more conspicuous of these tufts located on pleural region, there being three such rows on abdominal segments — one on basal ring, the second and largest at base of posterior ring, and the third just before posterior margin of segment and more ventral in position; only the large intermediate tuft present on thoracic segments, the small brush on anterior annulus of abdominal segments lacking. Spiracular disk (Plate LIX, 305) with four lobes; ventral pair not more than three times length of lateral pair; inner face of lobes margined with brown; at tip of ventral lobes a fringe of exceedingly elongate hairs, which are from one-third to nearly one-half length of entire body and about fifteen times length of lobes bearing them; a stiiT sensory bristle located in black margin at tip of lobe; lateral lobes with fringe of hairs relatively much shorter, tho still long. Spiracles large, close together, separated by a distance less than diameter of one, the middle piece black, the ring pale yellow. Anal gills four, slender, hyaline, each subdivided by con- strictions into four lobes which are gradually narrowed from the base outward, the last being cylindrical. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 897 Head capsule very compact, lateral plates united with broad dorsal plate except for a short distance behind. Labrum (Plate LIX, 300) broadly transverse; cephalic margin truncate or very slightly concave; epipharyngeal region with about five transverse interrupted rows of setae. Mentum (Plate LIX, 302) of two entirely separated plates, each half with four teeth, those at the ends the smallest, the outermost tooth tending to be reduced, the two middle teeth of each side notably larger than the others; outside of mentum a thin plate, its inner proximal margins nearly contiguous at median line of body. Hypopharynx labriform, pro- jecting beyond level of both labrum and mentum; outer lateral angles densely hairy, median posterior area with about eightsmall, hyaline spines. Antenna (Plate LIX, 301), in caustic-potash mounts, hyaline; basal segment elongate-cylindrical, bearing at its tip about two papillae as follows: a long, slightly curved, cylindrical papilla which is finely sculptured, and immediately pro.ximad of this a slightly smaller second segment of the antenna, bearing near its tip three tiny papillae, an inner flattened subspatulate blade, and two longer cylin- drical papillae; near base of this second an tennal segment a long seta. Mandible (Plate LIX, 303) rather long and slender, apical point narrow; about four small lateral teeth near ventral cutting edge, the most basad of these acute; a large dorsal tooth on cutting edge and two very small acute teeth near base; on dorsal face of mandible two long setae, and two somewhat shorter setae near heel of mandible; about five or six stout setae at prosthecal region. Maxilla (Plate LIX, 304) consisting of two elongated lobes which are separate from each other, the outermost the longer, the pale rounded palpus terminal in position; inner lobe shorter, with three elongate setae, of which one is apical and the longest is sub-basal in position. Pupa. — Length, 4.5—4.7 mm. Depth, d.-v., 0.8 mm. Color light yellowish brown, the thoracic dorsum paler; pronotal breathing horns dark brown, apical quarter abruptly light yellow; abdomen brown, lateral and posterior parts of each segment darker. Cephalic crest small, each lobe with three small setiferous punctures on anterior face; ventrad of crest between antennal bases a prominent median lobe. Labrum broad; apex truncated, indistinctly bifid. Labial lobes large, with a deep LT-shaped median notch behind. Maxillary palpi rather short and stout, ending before joint of fore legs (Plate LX, 307). Pronotal breathing horns moderately elongate, curved slightly laterad, strongly divergent, cyHndrical, of uniform diameter thruout their length. Mesonotum not very gibbous (Plate LX, 306). Thorax ^vith a high anterior median carina. Wing sheaths extending be3'ond base of third abdominal segment, the venation indistinct. Leg sheaths rather long, ending at about one-third length of fifth abdominal segment; hind legs much longer than the others, middle legs a very little longer than fore legs. Abdominal segments indistinctly subdivided into two rings, a narrow anterior ring and a much broader posterior ring; abdominal armature very weak, lacking on segment 7; basal annulus on tergites and sternites with a number of small pits on sides, these sometimes sparss or lacking; posterior ring with a transverse row of numerous long, stout setae or delicate spines before margin. Spiracles weak, at base of posterior ring. Male cauda (Plate LX, 309 and 310) with sternal lobes elongate, contiguous except at extreme tips; tergal lobes terminating in very slender and acute curved points, directed caudad and dorsad; tergite 898 Charles Paul Alexander 8 swollen, with four blunt lobes, the posterior pair large, with their posterior faces setiferous. Female eauda (Plate LX,308) with sternal valves inueh shorter than tergal valves and rather blunt at tips; tergal valves broad at base, narrowed at tips, which terminate in acute black spines, situated on lateral margin before apex, the spines directed dorsad, laterad, and caudad. The larvae were common near Ithaca, New York, from May 10 to June 5, 1917. The pupae are described from one male and two females washed from mud from Bool's hillside, at Ithaca, on June 11, 1917. A little later in June adult flies of this species were common at this location. Adelphomyia americana Alex, (supposition) 1912 Adelphomyia americana Alex. Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 4, p. 829-831. Larvae that were rather common in the rich organic mud from the Standpipe Woods, Orono, Maine, from July 1 to 14, 1913, are referred with some doubt to Adelphomyia americana. They are unquestionably congeneric with the species last described {A. minuta, supposition) and with the form discussed in the following pages as A. cayuga. A short time after the larvae of these three species were obtained, the adult flies appeared in considerable numbers in the same situations and there seems to be but little doubt as to the reference. Associated with the larvae of this species in the organic mud were a few larvae of Penthoptera, Rhaphidolabis, and other species of crane-flies. The larva of the present species averages larger than that of A. minuta, when fully grown measuring 5.5 millimeters in length. In coloration it is light yellow. The ventral lobes of the spiracular disk have the dark markings on their inner face much more extensive, the apical half being suffused with brown. The mouth parts are similar to those of A. minuta as described, but the outermost of the two large teeth of each half of the mentum is reduced in size so that only a single tooth is of conspicuous size. (Described from larvae taken at Orono, Maine. No. 66-1913.) Adelphomyia cayuga Alex, (supposition) 1912 Adelphomyia cayuga Alex. Pomona Journ. Ent., vol. 4, p. 831. The supposed larva of Adelphomyia cayuga occurred with specimens of the preceding {A. americana, supposition) at Orono, Maine, from July 1 to 13, 1913. This is a smaller species than the preceding, measuring but 4 millimeters in length, and is much paler, the color being almost The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 899 white. The condition of the mental teeth is ahnost as in A. americana, but the outermost of the two large intermediate; teeth is a little larger. The larvae were rather frequent in the mud beneath saturated moss. (Described from larvae taken at Orono, Maine. Nos. 57- and 67-1913.) Subtribe Pedicaria The Pedicaria comprise a well-defined division of the tribe Pediciini, including two groups of genera — the more generalized Pediciae, with the genera Pedicia, Tricyphona, Ornithodes. and Hhaphidolabina, and the specialized Dicranotae, with the genera Dicranota, llhaphidolabis, and probably Polyangaeus. The genera of the Pedicaria may be divided in the main as follows : Larvae 1. Abdomen without prolegs, but with raised welts on segments 4 to 7, these covered with a microscopic scurfiness. (Group Pediciae) .2 Abdomen with conspicuous cylindrical prolegs on segments 3 to 7, those with circlets of conspicuous chitinized booklets around their ends Group Ihcranotae (p. 906) 2. Abdominal segments 4 to 7 with raised welts on both dorsal and ventr il surfaces; sid-sof hypopharynx not parallel, narrowed toward base Rhaphidolabina Alex. (p. 901) Abdominal segments 4 to 7 with welts on ventral surface only; sides of hypopharynx subparallel 3 3. Size very large, when fully grown 40 mm. in length; mental plates without a small lateral tooth Pedicia Latr. (p. 899) Size smaller, when fully grown under 30 mm. in length; mental plates with a small lateral tooth Tricyphona Zett. (p. 903) The writer is unable to separate the genera of the group Dicranotae with the material available, and is inclined to suspect the congenerousness of Rhaphidolabis with Dicranota. The characters given by Malloch (1915-17 b: 217) to separate the two genera do not hold at all in a series. It is impossible also to key the pupae with the present knowledge of the group. Group Pediciae Genus Pedicia Latreille (Gr. afield) 1809 Pedicia Latr. Hist. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 4, p. 255. 1916 Daimiotipula Matsumura. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 463. Pedicia is a small genus including but six described species, one occurring in Europe, one in Japan, and four in North America. Of the last-named, 900 Charles Paul Alexander two are eastern and two are western in their distribution. They include the largest and most beautiful species of the Limnobiinae. The European Pedicia rivosa (Linn.) was found by Behng (1879:45-46) living in brooks and springs, or in wet spots among saturated leaves and other debris, sometimes associated with the larvae of Tipida lutescens Fabr. The pupae live in cylindrical vertical burrows, clothed in the last larval skin, and are able to move up and down in these passages Pupation lasts from one to two weeks. Needham (1903:285-286, and 1905:8) was the first to describe and figure the larva of the commonest eastern species, Pedicia alhivitta Walk, Pedicia alhivitta Walk. 1848 Pedicia alhivitta Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 37. Pedicia alhivitta is a beautiful fly, common and widely distributed thruout the northeastern United States and Canada. The adults are on the wing in midsummer, and a few individuals may usually be found in June. The much rarer and more local P. contermina Walk, is a vernal species, on the wing in May and early June. The larvae of P. alhivitta live in cold springs and beneath saturated moss at the edge of streams. The writer has never succeeded in rearing this species to the adult condition. Larva. — Length, 40-44 mm. Diameter, 5-5.5 mm. Color dark grayish brown above, paler at sutures and on posterior half of body; paler beneath, more grayish. Body covered with a short, appressed, dusky pubescence. Thoracic segments with a pencil of small setae on pleural region. Abdominal segments with a few delicate lateral setae on posterior ring, at about midlength of segments. Ventral creeping-welts on abdominal segments 4 to 7 completely divided on median line, the welts covered with a microscopic scurfiness. Spiracles (Plate LXL 311) circular, separated by a distance about equal to diameter of one, situated on a slightly protuberi'.nt elevation. Spiracular lobes two, ventral in position, short, slender, each with about six setae at tip. Anal gills (Plate LXI, 315) short, stout at base, before tip a constriction cutting off the elongate conical terminal segment, which is partly telescopic within the next basal segment. Head capsule (Plate LXI, 312) massive, elongate, as in this division. Labrum broadly transverse, lateral parts a little enlarged and projecting anteriorly into blunt lobes, with a long seta near inner margin; median region of labrum with two widely separated setae, just laterad of each of which is a small papilla. Epipharynx roughened into a narrow transverse band of small spines. Mentum completely .divided, each half continuous with ventral plate The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 901 of same side; anterior margin of each half with three slender, flattened teeth, the middle one of which is slightly the shortest. Hypopharynx conspicuous, labriform; anterior margin with a deep notch to form distinct lobes at lateral angles, and with several rows of small chitinized tubercles. Antenna (Plate LXI, 313) small; basal segment elongated, slightly curved, a circular auditory plate near base, at tip with numerous papillae, two of which are very long, nearly as long as segment itself; in addition to these, three or four tiny cylindrical papillae. Mandible powerful; ventral cutting edge with a row of about four teeth which are succes- sively enlarged from tip to base; basal tooth very broad and Cat, with outer margin truncate or slightly concav(^; teeth on dorsal cutting edge indistinct; a pencil of moderately delicate setae on scrobal region of mandible, and another at prosthecal region. Maxilla elongate; outer lobe larger than inner lobe, chitinized, apex with a very flat circular palpus (Plate LXI, 314) which is provided with a few disklike papillae around margin and a few scattered sensory papillae over pale apex; inner lobe with a long, powerful seta on ventral face and smaller setae near tip. Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, June 1, 1917. P araty pes. ^LsLTVue from type locality. Genii.s Rhaphidolabina Alexander (Gr. diminutive of Rhaphidolabi^ DIG R'laphiMabina Alex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliila., p. 540-541. Larva.- — Body covered with an abundant, appressed pubescence and tufts of erect hairs which are more numerous on anterior end of body. Creeping-welts on dorsal and ventral surfaces of abdominal segments 4 to 7. Spiracular lobes two, moderately elongated, each with about six hairs at tip. Spiracles large. Anal gills four, long and diaphanous. Head capsule long and massive. Mandible powerful. Antenna short, with two elongate papillae. Hypopharynx labriform, anterior margin concave. Mentum completely divided, each half with three large teeth and a much smaller lateral tooth. Pupa.- — Labrum truncate. Pronotal breathing horns short-cylindrical or slightly flattened. Abdominal segments with circular areas of spicules on pleurites. Intermediate tergites with~ a broad transverse band of tiny spines. The genus Rhaphidolabina includes only R. flaveola, a curious pallid fly of the northeastern United States, serving as a connecting link between Tricyphona on the one hand and the Dicranotae on the other. The adult flies are common on rank vegetation in cold woods. The immature stages are spent in rich organic earth in the same situations as are fre- quented by the adult flies. Rhaphidolabina flaveola (O. S.) 1869 Rhaphidolabis flaveola 0. S. Hon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 288. The writer has found the larvae of Rhaphidolabina flaveola in Maine and in New York. At Orono, Maine, larvae were numerous in the rich 902 Charles Paul Alexander organic mud of the Staiulpipo Woods. One large larva was placed in a watch crystal with a fully grown larva of Adelphomyia cayuga (supposi- tion). It at once seized th(; latter in its mandibles at about the third abdominal segment, and carried it helplessly all around the dish, occasionally shaking it, quite as a terrier does a rat. Larva. — Length, 9.S mm. Diameter, 0.8 mm. Color, brown to orange-yellow on anterior segments of body, becoming darker on abdominal segments due to the increase of pubescence. Body covered with an abundant, appressed pubescence. Form terete; body moderately elongated, gradually narrowed toward both ends. Abdominal segments 2 to 8 divided into a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring; segments 4 to 7 with conspicuous dorsal and ventral welts, which are larger and more conspicuous on posterior segments; these welts occupying basal ring of segments, and bisected by a deep longitudinal median impression, their surface covered with microscopic points. Thoracic segments before mid- length with a transverse row of stiff, dark brown hairs grouped in tufts or pencils; these hairs occurring on abdominal segments also, but less prominent here and occupying posterior region of segments; pencils more numerous on ventral and pleural regions, much scantier on dorsal surface except on pronotum. On sides of last abdominal segment, between spiracles and spiracular lobes, several long setae arranged in a transverse row, lacking on mid-dorsal and ventral regions. Spiracular disk (Plate LXII, 321) reduced to two ventral lobes, as in this division, these lobes slightly united basally, not very elongate, blunt at their tips, which bear about six dark setae. The two spiracles large and conspicuous, entirely exposed on dorsum of last segment, separated by a distance a little less than diameter of one; middle piece of spiracles large, black; ring brownish yellow. Anal gills four, long and slender, nearly hyaline, divided into lobes by shght constrictions; posterior pair of lobes a little longer than anterior pair. Head capsule elongate, flattened, massive, as in this tribe. Labrum conspicuous, exceed- ing mentum and hypopharynx, the anterior margin fringed with long hairs. Mentum (Plate LXII, 316) completely divided, each half with three subequal prominent teeth and an additional much smaller lateral tooth; middle tooth of each side a little broader. Hypo- pharynx (Plate LXII, 317) labriform, anterior margin deeply concave, roughened. Antenna (Plate LXII, 3L8) short, the segment short-cylindrical, a little enlarged toward truncated apex; at tip several papillae, of which two are exceedingly elongate, very slender, about twice length of basal segment. Mandible (Plate LXII, 319) powerful, ending in an acute point; ventral cutting edge with about four teeth, the basal one of which is the largest, subtruncate, the next outer tooth a large, flattened, acute blade, two or three smaller flattened teeth just before tip; dorsal cutting edge with about two small teeth. Maxilla (Plate LXII, 3-0) short and very stout, the outer lobe much longer than the slightly smaller inner lobe. Pupa.' — (The following notes are taken from the cast pupal skins of the bred specimens. Labrum truncate. Labial lobes ovate. Maxillary palpi short and stout, broadest jupt beyond base, tips blunt (Plate LXII, 322). Antenna moderate in length, tapering gradu ally to tip. Pronotal breathing horn (Plate LXII, 323 and 324) short, cylindrical or The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 903 slightly fiattoned, with a row of circular breathing pores along margin of distal end, which is slightly enlarged. Wing sheaths short. Leg sheaths much longer. Pleural region of abdominal segments with circular areas which are armed with abundant, short, straight or slightly arcuated, rows of spicules, there being from five to seven spicul<-s in each row; under high magnification these appearing as flattened, scalehke tubercles, fringed with the spicules described above; dorsum of intermediate abdominal segments with a broad transverse band which is rather densely set with tiny, sharply curved spine^; on posterior segments these rows lacking or much weaker; dorsal bands lying posterior to level of lateral areas. Male cauda (Plate LXII, 325) with dorsal plate rather smal , each half indistinctly bilobed at tip; outer lobe minutely tuberculate and with a small seta; ventral lobes large, blunt at tips; eighth tergite on either side with a small tubercle bearing two setae. Nrmonotvve — Ithaca, New York, May 14, 1917. , ,. • at,„ii ivSC,^ Ithaca, May 2G, 1917. Cast pupal skin; larva placed m rearing May 14, ''p;™S;r^Saef'wiTMype larva. Pupae, taken as larvae May 27, 1917, pLaeed in rearing, emerged June 7, 1917. No. 79 - 1917. Genus Tricyphona Zetterstedt (Gr. three + hend) 1837 Triaiphona Zett. Isis von Oken, p. 65. 1856 Amahins Hal. Ins. Brit., Dipt., vol. 3, p. 15. 185G Bophrosia Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. l«.i. I860 Crunobia Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol 4, p. 391. 1881 Nasiterna Wall. Ent. Tidskr., vol. 2, p. 179, 191. Larva - Body moderately elongate, with ventral transverse creeping-welts on basal annul! of abdominal segments 4 to 7. Spiracular lobes two, moderately elongate Ana g.Us four, divided into two to four lobes by from one to three constrictions. Head capsule massive elongate. Eyespots distinct. Mandible powerful, ending in an acute point and with about four lateral teeth. Maxilla stout, consisting of two distinct lobes, the slender inner lobe closely approximated to the larger outer lobe. Antenna small; basal segment cylindrical at tip, with two exceedingly long, hyaline papillae (possibly lacking in T rnma^^data). Hypopharynx labriform. anterior margin concave, roughened. Mentum completely divided, anterior margin of each half with three large teeth. , , au^ • i Pupa -Pronotal breathing horns short and stout, blunt, angles rounded. Abdominal segments with transverse bands of spicules on tergites and sternites, and circular areas on pleurites. Tricyphona is the largest genus of the Pediciini, including more than fifty described species. Almost all of these species are found in the Holarctic region, but two or three are Antipodal. In the eastern Umted States Tricvvhona incmistans is the most widely distributed and appar- ently the commonest species. This species and certam others (as I. paludicola Alex.) are characteristic swamp inhabitants, but other species 904 Charles Paul Alexander occur along running streams (T. vcrnalis [O. S.]) or near cliffs (T . auripennis [O. S.]). The immature stages of the known species are usually spent in moist earth. In Europe, T. immaculata (Meig.) was reared by Beling (1879:47) from larvae taken beneath decaying vegetable mold in the bed of a dried-up woodland stream. Other specimens were found in old horse manure in beech woods. De Meijere (1916:195-196) found the same species in decaying leaves and other vegetable matter in wet spots near the banks of streams. T. schineri (Kol.) was found on August 19 in a wet spot in beech woods, where the larvae were associated with pupae of Pedicia rivosa in' damp earth beneath 'debris, adults emerging on September 6 and 12 (Beling, 1879:47). The only American species whose immature stages have been found is T. inconstans, described herein. Tricyphona immaculata (Meig.), the genotype, as described by De Meijere in the paper cited above, differs from T. inconstans as herein described in the following points: The antenna bears a very short terminal {)apilla instead of the two very long ones in the local species. The small lateral tooth on the mentum is not mentioned nor figured as appearing in T. immaculata. The anal gills are short and with but a single con- striction. The pupa has the pronotal breathing horns small, kidney- shaped, the outer margin rounded. The fore legs are a little shorter than the middle legs, and these in turn are somewhat shorter than the posterior legs. The skin of the abdomen is very delicate, with crossrows of very small spicules, arranged in numerous irregular transverse rows, at the posterior margins of the segments, about seven such crossrows being present. Tricyphona inconstans (O. S.) 1859 Amalopis inconslans 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 247. Tricyphona inconstans is an abundant species thruout eastern North America. It has been recorded also from Europe, but the latter records are almost certainly erroneous. The writer found larvae of this species in rich mud at Larch Meadows, near Ithaca, New York, on May 15, 1917, in association with larvae of Rhamphidia mainensis, Pseudohmnophila luteipennis, and P. inornata. Adults emerged on May 27, 1917 (No. 52-1917). An account of the association in which these larvae occurred The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 905 is givon in connection with the discussion of Rhamphidia mainensis (page 831). Larva. — Length, 17-17.5 mm. Diameter, 1.3 mm. Color pale yellowish white; anterior parts of body sometimes a more saturated yellow. Form moderately stout, body a little narrowed toward «nds; surface of body almost glabrous, the vestiture being a microscopic pale pubescence and scanty scattered hairs. Ventral surface of abdominal segments 4 to 7 with a prominent transverse welt, which is hollowed out medially so as to appear as paired prolegs, these being unarmed with hooks or points. Spiracular lobes short, divergent, tapering gradually to the blunt tips, which are provided with seven or eight setae. Spiracles (Plate LXIII, 330) on a transverse oval eleva- tion, small, rounded, separated by a distance greater than diameter of one; middle piece of spiracles large, black, rings narrow. Anal gills four, very long and slender, constricted into about four lobes which are successively narrowed from the base outward, the terminal division very slender. Head capsule of the usual elongate, massive type of this tribe. Labrum large, projecting beyond hypopharynx, anterior margin with long hairs. Mentum (Plate LXIII, 326) large, completely divided, each half with three subequal narrow teeth and an additional reduced lateral tooth; on proximal margin of each half of mentum, near base of innermost tooth, a few tiny notches dovetailing into those of opposite half. Hypopharynx (Plate LXIII, 327) projecting far beyond mentum, labriform; anterior margin deeply concave and provided with small rounded papillae; lateral angles smooth, rounded, subchitinized. Antenna (Plate LXIII, 328) small; basal segment cylindrical, bearing at its tip two elongate papillae which are about one-half longer than basal segment alone; besides these an oval papilla. Mandible (Plate LXIII, 329) of the usual pediciine type, powerful, the apex running out in. a long, curved point; ventral cutting edge very flat, cut into about five teeth, the two basal of which are very large; the most basal of these teeth squarely truncated, the left mandible with an additional small tooth on lower inner angle of this blade; the next outer tooth rather acute; outermost teeth small and flattened; dorsal cutting edge, as usual with this division, with two very small teeth located far out on apical point; a tuft of a few long setae on back of mandible near heel. Maxilla (Plate LXIII, 329) powerful, as in this group of genera, but not exerted from the prothoracic orifice when head is retracted; outer lobe very stout, feebly chitinized basally, hyaline at apex, which bears the flattened, diskhke palpus; inner lobe slenderer, shorter, with a few setae and small papillae. Pupa. — (The following notes are taken from the cast skins of the reared specimens.) Labrum with apex broadly triangular. Labial lobes large, ovate, tips narrowed and bluntly rounded (Plate LXIII, 331). Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXIII, 332 and .333) very short, stout, roughly cylindrical, the apices truncated; in lateral outline, pentagonal, with a row of breathing pores around margin of truncate apex. Thoracic dorsum trans versely roughened by short, irregular grooves. Abdominal sternites with broad transverse bands of spicules on segments 5 to 7, the last of these three bands the weakest; similar bands on tergites 4 and 5, these bands subequal in size; pleural region with a large, roughly circular area of short rows of microscopic spicules, 906 Charles Paul Alexander these areas near base of segments. Female cauda (Plate LXIII, 334) with tergal valves elongate, tapering gradually to the rather blunt tips; sternal valves very small, blunt at tips; at base, on dorsal side of eighth segment, two setiferous tubercles. Nepiotwlypc— Larch Meadows, Ithaca, New York, May 15, 1917. No. 52-1917. Neanotijpc. — Ithaca, May 27, 1917, a cast pupal skin. Group Dicranotae Genus Dicranota Zctterstcdt (Gr. a fork) 1838 Dicranota Zett. Ins. Lapponica, Dipt., p. 851, no. 164. Dicranota is a small genus of crane-flies (about fifteen described species) occurring thruout the Holarctic region. Four species arc found in eastern North AnKMica. None of the American species have been reared. In Europe, the life history and morj)hology of Dicranota bimaculata (Schum.) has been discussed in detail by Miall (1893) and by Wesenberg-Lund (1915:342-343). Larvae were found by Miall in numbers in the muddy banks of small streams and ponds, where they bury themselves in the mud and gravel. They creep about with ease and rapidity between the sand and gi'avcl, and are able to swim well by a looping movement. Their food consists lai'gcly of small worms, Tubifex rivulorum Lam., which abound in these haunts. The pupal stage is passed in damp earth. The larva is stated to be about 18 millimeters in length, but this seems to be a maximum figure. The body is dirty white in color and is covered with fine, appressed hairs. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 bear paired retractile pseudopods, which are circled with three rows of chitinizod hooks gradually decreasing in size from the tips inward. The anal gills, four in number, are distinctly segmented. The head capsule is elongate and massive, as in the tribe. The mentum is completely divided, its anterior margin having the usual six teeth. The mandible is of the usual pediciine t3'pe, with acute teeth on the ventral cutting edge antl a brush of hairs near the prosthecal region. (Plate LXIV.) The pupa is small, only about 10 millimeters in length, and has the pronotal breathing horns expanded and flattened at the tips. The dorsal surface of the abdomen is provided with roughened plates armed witli rather strong and dense spines, there being one such plate on the third segment, two on the fourth to sixth segments, and one on the seventh segment. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 907 Genus Rhaphidolabis Osten Sackon {Gr. needle + forceps) 1869 Rhnphidolahh 0. S. Mon. Dint. N. Amer., part 4, p. 2Sl:-2'7. 1911 Claduroides Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. (J, p. 288. Rhaphidolabis is a small genus, including about fifteen described species ranging thruout the North Temperate Zone. The larvae strongly resemble those of Dicranota, and the two genera are undoubtedly very closely related. Rhaphidolabis tenuipes O. S. 1869 Rhaphidolabis tenuipes O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 287. Needham (1908 a: 212-214) found adult flies of the species Rhaphidolabis tenuipes in great numbers in tent traps set over Beaver Meadow Brook in the Adirondacks in July and August, 1907. Larvae that almost cer- tainly belong here were found among the rounded stones in the creek bottom. Larva. — Length excluding caudal lobes, 8-9 mm. Length of caudal lobes, 1 mm. Abdominal segments 3 to 7 with prominent fleshy prolongations on ventral surface, these being retractile, unpaired, and widely separated on mid-ventral line, and bearing at tip a circlet of outcurved booklets, with series of smaller booklets beyond. Spiracular disk with the two ventral lobes long and obtuse at tips. (Further details are given by Needham.) Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex, (supposition) 1916 Rhaphidolabis cayuga Alex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 543-544. Larvae which the writer refers to this species were found in Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York, on March 30, 1916. Later in the season, in April and May, adult fli(;s of the species arc very numerous in this glen, and these account for the specific reference. Larva.- — Agreeing very closely with descriptions of both Dicranota and Rhaphidolabis tenuipes. Spiracles large, lying in a distinct longitudinal groove, by the closing of which they are capable of being entirely hidden. Antenna long and slender, tapering to apex, which bear; numerous short papillae. Mandible with third lateral tooth of ventral cutting row very long and acute, much exceeding second tooth; basal tooth shaped like a prun- ing knife, with the cutting edge sinuate; at prosthecal region of mandible, a small tuft of about seven or eight long setae. IMa.xilla having the two lobes firmly united except on apical quarter. 908 Charles Paul Alexander Tribe Eriopterini The tribe Eriopterini comprises a vast assemblage of usually small crane- flies whose geographical range is coextensive with that of the family. The lai'vae, so far as known, are herbivorous. They show a remarkable uniformity in the structure of the head capsule. In the generalizcnl members such as Molophilus and some Erioptcra, the ventral bars of the h(^ad capsule are toothcnl at their anterior ends and form mental plates which are apparently homologous with those of the Pediciini. In Chionea an appanuitly similar condition exists, to judge from Brauer's figures. In the majority of species, however, the ventral bars of the capsule are not enlarged nor toothed anteriorly and do not function as the mental plates. The hypopharynx is preserved as a hemispherical cushion which is densely provided with setae. The mandibles are small and are blunt at their tips; the teeth of the cutting edge are usually three in number and blunt, but in some species (Ormosia, Gonomyia) they are longer and more prominent. A distinct prosthecal lobe or hook is usually developed, and near the base of the mandible is a slitlike opening bearing a fringe of long, yellow setae. The maxillae are rather large, hairy lobes. The labrum and epipharynx is long and narrow, and densely hairy. The antennae are remarkably uniform thruout the group, consisting of a stout cylindrical basal segment with a slightly smaller apical papilla of an elongate-oval shape. In the Elephantomyaria the condition is somewhat similar, the mandibles being very small, and the esophageal region being conspicuously grooved with parallel lines and ridges. The spiracular disk is obliquely truncated and indistinctly lobed in Chionea and Teucho- labis; surrounded by four lobes in Elephantomyia; squarely truncated and surrounded by four (in Rhabdomastix) or usually five lobes. In the undetermined Eriopterine No. 1, the five lobes are spatulate flattened blades with the margins hooked. Anal gills are usually present and variously developed in the different genera. The pupa is rather slender, in the Elephantomyaria with the rostral sheath very long and the palpi strongly recurved. The head usually bears a small setiferous crest which is rarely lacking. The pronotal breathing horns vabiy considerably in form and relative size, being flattened into fans in some Gonomyia, small and trumpet-shaped in other Gonomyia and in Gnophomyia, elongate in most species. The mesonotum is usually armed at the crest with spines, hooks, or setiferous tubercles. The leg sheaths are very short in Gno- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 909 phomyia but are longer in other genera, and the middle tarsi are usually shorter than the other legs. The abdominal segments are subdivided into two rings, the posterior ring with a transverse row of spines and setae before the margin. The lateral spiracles are small, protuberant, and, in some cases at least, apparently functional. The dorsum of the eighth abdominal segment is provided with four or five lobes, which are in some cases (as in some Ormosia) spinous at the tips. The writer has subdivided the tribe Eriopterini into two divisions: the Elephantomyaria, with Elephantomyia and presumably Toxorhina and Ceratocheilus, and the Eriopteraria, including the other Nearctic genera as known. It is probable that Cladura and its relatives will require a division when their immature stages are better known. The genera of the tribe Eriopterini may be separated by the following keys : Larvae 1. Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes 2 Spiracular disk not as aoove ,' ' ' i j iV ' " ' i-' ' 2. Ventral lobes with a single powerful seta; coloration a saturated golden yellow; lives under bark - Elephantomyia O. S. (p. 95^) Ventral lobes fringed with short setae; coloration pale yellow; lives in earth. Rhabdomastix Sk. (p. 942) 3. Spiracular disk obliquely truncated, appearing indistinctly trilobed or without lobes. . .4 Spiracular disk squarely truncated, surrounded by five lobes 5 4. Mandibles with eight 'teeth; menial plates with seven teeth; lives in earth. Chionea Dalman (p. 9o()) Mandibles with less than eight teeth; mental plates not toothed; lives under bark Teucholabis O. S. (p. 945) 5. Spiracular disk ending in five flattened black plates which are finely toothed along their margins Genus incertus, Eriopterme No. 1 (p. 95b) Spiracular disk not as above • • 6. Ventral plates of head capsule expanded and toothed at anterior ends ' Ventral plates not toothed as above C" '-'t 7 Ventral plates with four teeth; coloration yellow; spiracular disk large, very heavily marked with black Molophilus Curt. (p. 911) Ventral plates with five to eight teeth; coloration green; spiracular disk very reduced almost unmarked Erioptera {chlorophylla 0. S ) (p. 91 S 8. Marks of all the lobes solidly black ". Tnmtcra O. S. (p. 9SJ} Some Ormosia Rond. (p. 9J2) Some of the marks more or less split by a pale Hne • ^ 9. The three dorsal lobes solidly dark, the ventral pair split by a pale line lU All paired lobes split by a pale line ^ "^ 10. Coloration saturated yellow; anal gills bluntly rounded; lives under bark. Gnophomyia O. S. (p. 9c5i) Coloration pale yellow; anal gills elongate; lives in earth. Helobia St. Farg. et Serv. (p. 928) 11. Lobes surrounding disk very stout, blunt; marks of lateral lobes surrounding sP'ra(;Jes and often suffusing disk Gonomyia Meig., subgenus Leiponeura bkuse (p. 9.i9) Lobes surrounding disk longer; marks of lobes not so extensive 12 910 Charles Paul Alexander 12. All the lobes with two lines Dorsal lobe solidly dark i A ■" ^' ;■ ; . 13 No dirk m..pL-o „n A\^\. K 1 •' ' ' ,' oome Ormosia Rond. (p. 922) Da^ktXt^tZn tSr ^'""'" '^^"^^ ^--- «-d- (P- 922) ^"*' sESnli^r H-t T^^ T^'"'' ^"^^ "P^*" "'^ ^'^'^- ■ • Erioptera (megophthalma Alex ) (p 915") Spiracular disk large; four or six spots on disk Helobia St Farg et Serv. (p. 928) Pupae 1. Rostral sheath very elongated; antennal sheaths lying across face of eye 2 lT'?! tr*' -\^>-gi^ted; antennal sheaths lying behindl;^'"'""''" "^^ '^ ^'^ ''% 2. Leg sheaths very short, barely exceeding wings; crestof mesonotum smooth or nearly so Mesonotum and tarsal arrangement not as above ' ^^ ^^''^- ^^^ ^-^j '• ""^SS^^^C'ui;: ^^^'* '''''''''' '-^^ with numerous-se^e; b^athin^ Mesonotum and breathing horns' not asabove """""^^^ ^'"^- ^P" ^^^ 5. Mesonotum at crest with four sharp spines or two phtes produced into spines 6 Mesonotum at crest without distinct prominent spLaes ^ o b. Alesonotum at crest with four spines ^ Mesonotum at crest with a plate on either side split at "tip" into three or' four teeth ' ' 8. Abdominal pkurites with 'a ,ra„sver« .„bte™i;u>l row o, ,roJ^e°^t'^''^J;We±l"l stout setae; dorsum of segment 8 with a pentagon of five lobes. Enopiera RIeig, (p. 914) The most important literature on the tribe Eriopterini is as follows- Mdopha,^bifilatu, Larva, general Keilin. 1613:4. (Hyp«lermal J/«( pAito ob^rm General BeftaflSTQ 56 fS™?!".2?!"° G"-"' : De iTeiierlfigM:?^ &*ttT:So.:.*.-::::;;;: ^^™' "-p^ b*., ,886:192 SzSLTr*-'^-.:;::::::; Jfe™r--- ■- ^' ^^-'^' Ormosia nodulosa General Ortnosia nodulosa General BeJing, 1886:202. Beling, 1886:202. Cameron, 1917:65. Ormosia varia --"^.c*. i^ameron, 1917: 65. urmosm vana Larva, pupa De Meijere, 1916: 201-204 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 911 Helobii hybrida Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:50-51. Helobia hybrida Larva Hart, 1898 [1895]; 199-200. Helobia hybrida Larva, pupa Malloch, 19 15-17 b: 229-230. Trimicra pilipes Larva, general Gerbig, 1913: 161-163. Gnophomyia rufa Larva, pupa Hudson, 1920: 32-33. Gnophomyia tripudians General Gamkrelidze, 1913, a and b. Gnophomyia tripudians General Keilin, 1913:3. (Hypodermal glands.) Gnophomyia tripudians Larva Keilin, 1913:4. (Hypodermal glands.) Gnophomyia tripudians General Edwards, 1919 b. Gnophomyia tristissima Larva, pupa, general. . . Malloch, 1915 17b: 230-231. Gonomyin lenella General Beling, 1879: 56. Rhabdoma.ttix schistacea Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 195. Trentepnhlia hromeliadicola Larva, pupa, general. . . Picado, 19 13:. 3.56-3.57. TrentepohUa leucoxena General Alexander, 1915 b. Trentepohlia pennipes Larva, pupa, general. . . De Meijere, 1911 : 50-51. Teucholabis complexa General Johnson, 1900. Chionea araneoides Larva, general Brauer, Egger, and Frauenfeld, 1854. Subtribe Eriopteraria Genus Molophilus Curtis (derivation obscure) 1833 Molophilus Curt. Brit. Ent., p. 444. Larva.' — Form long and slender. Spiracular disk squarely truncated and surrounded by five subequa! lobes; paired lobes of disk heavily lined with black; a black mark running proxi- mad from spiracles; dorsal lobe with an oval black area. Head capsule long and narrow; ventral rods flattened; anterior ends expanded, four-toothed, to form mental plates. Labrum narrow, densely hairy. Mandible blunt at apex; ventral cutting edge with about four teeth; a single subapical dorsal tooth. Maxilla large and blunt. Antenna large; apical papilla elongate-oval, sculptured. Pupa.— Cephalic crest setiferous. Pronotal breathing horns long and slender, sinuously curved. Mesonotum declivitous, at crest with four powerful teeth. Wing sheaths ending at about midlength of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending at about midlength of fourth abdominal segment; tarsi of middle legs the shortest. Abdomen with spiracles on segments 2 to 7; dorsum of segment 8 with four blunt lobes. Molophilus is a well-defined genus (including more than fifty species) of small and usually dull-colored flies, which are found practically thruout the world. The adult flies frequent shaded situations and may be swept from rank vegetation in such places. The swarming habits of this group are discussed later under the specific accounts. The immature stages of the various species are spent in wet earth. In Europe, Molophilus ohscurus (Meig.) (Beling, 1879:56) and M. ochraceus (Meig'.) (Beling, 1886:193-194) have been found in wet earth near running 912 Charles Paul Alexander water in shaded woods. The pupal duration of tiie latter species is not more than ten days. Keilin (1913:4) notes the presence of hypodermal glands in larvae of M. bifilatus Verr., but does not mention the larval habitat. Of the American species, M. hirtipennis has been reared from similar situations. Molophilus hirtipenms (0. S.) 1859 Erioplera hirtipennis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228. The little dark-colored cranc-flie- of the species Molophilus hirtipennis are common on vegetation in shaded woods in spring and early summer, or they may be found in small cUuicing swarms in similar situations. The larvae are exceedingly al)undant in wc^t organic mud or in cool, rich woods in the neighborhood of streams or springs. The writer has reared the species very frequently from specimens found in Needham's Glen and on Bool's hillside, Ithaca, Now York, in April and May, 1914 to 1917. The pupal period is prol)al)ly al)out a w.xk, l^ut in all the rearings of the writer this could not be ascertained closer than ten days. Larva. — Length, &-10 mm. Diameter, 0.4-0.5 mm. Coloration light yellow. Form long and narrow; body terete, noticeably constricted before spiracuL^r disk (Plate XLV, 344). Integument covered with a delicate appre.sed pubescence and a few transverse rows of very short, erect setae. Spiracular disk (Plate LXV, 351) squarely truncated, sur- rounded by five subequal lobes; ventral lobes on inner face with two heavy black parallel hues, separated by a capillary yellow line; lateral lobes with a similar double line running inward far beyond spiracle; these double lines not connected at distal end; dorsal lobe with a single oval black mark which is less intense outwardly; a black mark beginning at spiracle running proximad toward center of disk; lobes with a few short hairs at tips. (There is a little variation in the degree of intensity, but the general pattern is as described above.) Anal gills four, short and blunt. Head capsule (Plate LXV, 345) long, narrow, consisting of six chitinized rods, the ventral rods broad and flat, at the anterior end expanded to form the mental plates (Plate' LXV, 346), each rod contributing four teeth, of which the outermost is bluntly rounded, the middle pair the largest and subequal. Dorsal bars two on either side, one slender, at their anterior ends articulating with a transverse chitinized rod; the various bars connected by a thin membranous tissue. Labrum and epipharynx elongate, narrow, occupying the space between mandible and antenna on either side, the ventral face with abundant long hairs, on sides margined with numerous long, incurved, flattened setae. Mental plates as described above; behind them the hypopharynx (Plate LXV, 347), consisting of a semicircular cushion provided with dense, short setae. Antennae (Plate LXV, 34S) rather closely approximated on dorsum, promment, each 1-segmented but bearing a long apical papilla; basal segment moderately elongated, cylindrical, the apex obliquely truncated, the papilla hyaline, gradually narrowed The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 913 toward tip, shaped somewhat Hke an ear of corn, the surface delicately sculptured; besides this papilla, two or three much smaller cylindrical ones. Mandible (Plate LXV, 349) slender, ending in a blunt rounded lobe; ventral cutting edge with four blunt teeth, the second from the base very tiny and connected with the third from the base (in some specimens the teeth are very blunt and rounded, so that the cutting edge appears crenulated or wavy); a single tooth on dorsal cutting edge, immediately behind apex; prosthecal region of mandible with a longitudinal slitlike opening filled with a dense row of long setae. Maxilla (Plate LXV, 350) large and blunt, the outer lobe pale, roughly triangular, covered with numerous short hairs, and with a few small sensory papillae near apex, surrounding palpus; inner lobe a little shorter, densely clothed and fringed with abundant long yellow hairs. Pupa. — Length, 6.2-7.3 mm. Width, d.-s., 0.7-0.8 mm. Depth, d.-v., 0.8-1 mm. Head, thorax, and appendages brown, when fully matured almost black; breathing horns yellowish; abdomen pale yellowish white. Cephalic crest of moderate size, consisting of two conical lobes directed forward and bearing a stout seta on anterior face; immediately in front of these, a smaller transverse crest lying between antennal bases. Front rather broad. Labrum triangular; lobes of labium triangular, divergent; maxillary palpi elongate, moderately stout, narrowed at tips and extending beyond joints of fore legs. Thorax prominent, carinate medially before declivity. Breathing horns long and slender, sinuously curved, apices directed forward. Declivity of mesonotum (Plate LXVL 352) precipitous, at the crest armed with four powerful teeth, median pair the largest, somewhat divergent, separated by median line; a few tiny setae on mesonotum, includ- ing four in a transverse row at about the level of wing root. Wing sheaths ending opposite apex of second abdominal segment. (In fully matured pupae the characteristic venation of this genus shows on the wing pads.) Leg sheaths rather short, ending about opposite mid- length of fourth abdominal segment; hind legs slightly the longest, fore legs a little shorter, middle legs conspicuously shorter, ending about opposite apex of fourth tarsal segment of fore legs. Abdominal segments with two very narrow basal rings and a much broader posterior ring. Abdominal spiracles distinct on segments 2 to 7. Petae as follows: on pleura, one immediately caudad of spiracle, a second caudad and somewhat dorsad of spiracle opposite posterior ring, another opposite anterior ring. Tergum with two setae on sides of posterior ring. Segment 8 with four blunt lobes on dorsum. Male cauda (Plate LXVI, 353 and 354) with ventral lobe large, bluntly rounded at tips; dorsal lobes ending in two acute, chitinized points which are widely separated and directed dorsad and slightly caudad, on outer face with a small seta; near base of cauda on dorsum, surface tumid and bearing a small seta on either side. Female cauda (Plate LXVL 355 and 356) with sternal acidothecae much shorter than the very long tergal valves, these latter, just before apex, with an acute spine which is directed dorsad and with a seta on side. (When the pupa is nearly ready to transform to the adult, the long, coarse bristles covering the body of the adult, and the chitinized genitalia, show thru the pupal integument.) Nepionotype.— Ithaca, New York, May 11, 1917. No. 33-1917. Neanotypp. — Ithaca, June 1, 1917. Paratypes. — About one hundred larvae and pupae from type locality. 8 I 914 Charles Paul Alexander Molophilus ursinus (O. S.) 1850 Erioptera ursina 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 228. Molophilus ursinus is probably the smallest crane-fly in North America. The following notes on the swarming were made along Power House Creek, Gloversvillc, New York, on June 27, 1915: This species occurred in small dancing swarms over the little lateral streamlets that poured down the steep slope, some of the swarms influding scores of individuals. When not swarm- ing, they rested flat on the upper surfaces of leaves, their wings folded over the abdomen. Crane-flies associated with this species today included the following: Biltacomorphella jonesi, Limnophila toxoneura, L. areolatn, L. (Lasiomoftiix) tenuicornis, Liogma nodicornis, Dolichopeza nmericana, Tipula collaris, T. vohilis, T. iroquois, T. hermannin, T. macrolahis, T. submaculata, T. fuliginosa, Nephroloma macrocera, N. tenuis, Longurio tesiaceus, and others. Genus Erioptera Meigen (Gr. wool + witig) 1800 Polymeda Meig. Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 14 (nomen nudum). 1803 Erioptera Meig. Illiger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 262. 1818 Polyraphia Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 88. 1854 Octavia Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 474. 1856 Chemalida Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 180. 1856 Limnaea Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 181. 1856 Ilisia Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 182. , 1861 Limnoica Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., Corrigenda, vol. 4, p. 11. 1863 Trichosticha Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 221. 1864 Platytoma Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 10, p. 42. Larva. — Form elongate, in some cases very slender, terete. Spiracular disk tending to be reduced, in some species (as E. chlorophylla) very small. Anal gills blunt. Head capsule slender, consisting of six bars, four dorsal and two ventral; ventral bars in some species (as E. chlorophylla), at least, with five to eight teeth at their expanded anterior end, forming the mental plates. Labrum narrow, densely hairy. Mandible small, bluntly toothed. Maxilla blunt, hairy. Hypopharynx cushion-like. Pupa.- — Cephahc crest consisting of blunt or acute (in E. chlorophylla and E. vesperiina) lobes. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, the length many times the diameter, usually straight and slightly divergent {E. megophthalma, E. septemtrionis) , or acutely pointed and directed forward {E. chlorophylla). Mesonotal declivity along crest with very numerous setiferous tubercles or (in the European E. lutea) with four prominent teeth. Leg sheaths moderately long, reaching fourth abdominal segment; middle tarsi conspicuously shorter than the others. Subapical armature of abdominal segments strong on stornites and tergites but lacking on pleurites. Spiracles distinct, tubular. Lobes on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment not forming a distinct pentagon. Erioptera is a large genus of small flies, including more than one hundred described species, chiefly from the temperate regions. In the case of all species of which the immature stages are known, these stages are spent in wet earth. In Europe, Erioptera (Acyphona) maculata (Beling, 1879. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 915 49) was found under leaves in damp earth in woods. Pupae taken on June 8, 1874, emerged as adults on the 13th. The species was found also in the sandy mud of a small brook bed. E. (E.) flavescens (Beling, 1879:50) was found in sandy, damp earth, E. (E.) sordida (Beling;, 1879: 56, mention only) in wet, sandy earth along brooks, and E. (E.) lutea (Beling, 1886:192-193) in woods, in damp hollows, and along the margins of brooks, usually under leaf mold. Edwards (1919 a) has recorded a species of Erioptera as being associated with the larvae of the mosquito Taeniorhynchus at the roots of water grass {Glyceria fluitans) in England. In America, E. chlorophylla, E. vespertina, E. caloptera, and other species inhabit wet mud in open swamps; E. septemirionis and E. megoph- thalma, rich organic mud in cool, shady woods; E. arniata, E. near knabi, and other species, the soil along the sandy banks of streams. E. (Acyphona) graphica was considered by Hart (1898 [1895]: 197) to be semiaquatic. The writer has before him the larvae of only two species of the genus, E. chlorophylla and E. megophthalma. These are readily separated by their color, E. chlorophylla being pale green, E. megophthalma pale yellow and more elongate. The pupae of the Nearctic species of the genus may be separated by the following key: 1. Breathing horns and cephalic crest strongly pointed and curved forward at their tips; coloration light green E. chlorophylla O. S. (p. 918) Breathing horns and cephalic crest not as above; coloration not green 2 2. Breathhig horns elongate-cylindrical to slightly flattened, almost straight but slightly divergent, diameter subequ::! for entire length 3 Breathing horns not as above, more or less curved, or else blunt at their tips 4 3. Cephalic crest sharply pointed; ^yes large E. megophthalma Alex. (p. 915) Cephalic crest not sharply pointed; eyes small E. septemirionis O. S. (p. 920) 4. Breathing horns almost straight, enlarged distally, tips blunt. E. sp. (near knabi Alex.) (p. 922) Breathing horns curved, narrowed toward tips 5 5. Breathing horns widely separated at base, bent strongly proximad, contiguous medially; lobes of cephalic crest acute, vertical; eyes large E. vespertina O. S. (p. 910) Breathing horns curved gently forward; cephalic crest with lobes directed laterad, diver- gent; eyes of moderate size E. armata O. S. (p. 921) Erioptera megophthalma Alex. 1918 Erioptera megophthalma Alex. Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 60-61. The adult flies of Erioptera megophthalma are not uncommon in cool, shaded, and boggy woods during the months of early spring. 916 Charles Paul Alexander They may be swept from rich vegetation in company with such char- acteristic species as Limnophila hrevifurca, L. fuscovaria, L. suhtenuicornis, Adelphoniyia minuta, Rhaphidolabina flaveola, Molophilus hirtipennis, Erioptera venusta, E. stigmatica, Gonomyia Jlorens, G. suhcinerea, and Tipula oropezoides. The elongate larvae of this fly were very common in rich organic mud taken from Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York (as discussed under the account of Bittacomorphella jonesi, page 780), where the}^ were associated with a crane-fly fauna characteristic of such situations. The larvae, in life, are pale yellowish, with the food contents, of a chalky white color, showing thru the integument. The head capsule and the spiracular disk are very small ; the inner face of each lobe of the latter is very narrowly lined with black. The species was reared many times during late May and early June, 1917, the length of the pupal existence indoors being seven or eight days. Larva. — Length, 10.4-11.6 mm. Diameter, 0.7-0.75 mm. Coloration very pale yellow; contents of alimentary canal chalky white. Form terete, elongated, body tapering gradually to the posterior end, just beyond gills (Plate LXVII, 358) suddenly constricted; last segment elongate-cylindrical, tapering gradu- ally to the very small spiracular disk. Body covered with a short, appressed pubes- cence, on last segment this pubescence coarser and more erect, with a few elongate hairs interspersed; lateral parts of body at caudal margins of segments with short transverse lines of small, erect setae; a few other similar rows at about midlength of certain of the segments. Spiracular disk (Plate LXVII, 357) very small, tending to be eliminated by reduction; lobes short and blunt, dorso-median lobe the smallest; ventral lobes with two short brown lines, not connected distally, the proximal line a little longer than the lateral line of each lobe; the pale space between these lines a little less than diameter of one; lateral lobes with two similar divergent lines, the dorsal one attaining inner level of spiracles; dorsal lobe with two small, indistinct, brown lines; on disk between spiracles two small round spots which do not touch spiracles; lobes fringed with short hairs near tip, and capable of close approximation so that disk is often entirely closed. Spiracles large, nearly circidar. Head capsule small, very long and slender, greatly dissected, the three bars of either side long and delicate; dorsal bars at their articulation joined with a short longitudinal bar near whose anterior end the antennae are inserted; ventral bars of capsule not conspicuously expanded at their anterior end, and apparently not toothed as in other species of this gcnu.i and in Molophilus. Labrura and epiph:.rynx long and narrow, lying between antenniil bases; epipharyngeal region densely clothed with short setae at tip and with two parallel brushes on ventral face. Mentum apparently not formed as in E. chlorophylla, a slightly The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 917 arched transverse chitinized bar. Hypopliarynx about as in Molophilus. Antennae rather closely approximated, directed cephalad; basal segment moderately elongated, cylindrical; apical papilla relatively small, elongate-oval. Mandible very small, with blunt teeth; apical point short, blunt; ventral row of teeth about three in number, often very blunt. Maxilla as in Molophilus, but outer lobe with the vestiture of hairs rather longer. Pupa.— Length, 7.2-S.2 mm. Width, d.-s., 0.8-0.9 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1-1.1 mm. Head light brown; thorax anterior to declivity conspicuously darker brown; remainder of body hght yellowish brown; breathing horns hght yellow. (In fully colored individuals the head and the thorax with their appendages become much darker, almost black, but the breathing; horns retain their conspicuous yellow color.) Head short, face tumid. Eyes of male very large, widely separated by front; eyes of female smaller. Cephalic crest consisting of two prominent lobes; viewed from side, these lobes sharply pointed and directed slightly forward, with a seta on outer ventral face before tips; viewed from front, lobes rounded, ending in acute tips, separated by a deep, rather narrow, V-shaped notch. Front between eyes narrowed toward labrum, which is rather sharply pointed. Labial sheaths small, the lobes contiguous with their apices truncated, the lateral angles obtuse or produced into a tiny lobe. Sheaths cf maxillary palpi short and stout, tapering gradually to tips. Antennal sheaths moderately elongated, angulatod at segments, ending just beyond base of wing. Pronotal breathing horns stout, expanded at base, almost straight and only slightly divergent, somewhat compressed, transversely wrinkled basally; a small setiferous tubercle in front of base of breathing hern. Mesonotum precipitous, at crest (Plate LXVII, 359) on cither side of median line with abundant tiny setiferous tubercles bearing long, pale hairs, these tubercles continued back along shoulder. Lateral margin of thorax with two small setae. Wing sheaths ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths (Plate LXVII, 360) short, attaining base of fourth abdominal segment; tarsi of hind legs the longest, those of middle pair the shortest; fore legs with femora and tibiae very short. Abdominal segments (Plate LXVII, 361) divi.led into two annuli by a constriction near midlength, the anterior ring very indistinctly subdivided further into two lesser annulets; on segments 4 to 7, before caudal margin of po: terior ring on both dorsum and sternum, a trans- verse row of small, conspicuous, blackened, setiferous tubercles, which are more distant from one another near ends of rows; on basal abdominal segments t'.icse tubercles less evident but still present. Pleura with small but probably nosi-functional spiracles, which are very indistinct in young pupae but are more evident in fully colored individuals; these spiracles located near base of posterior ring. Setae on abdomen as follows: on sternal segments, one seta just caudad of end of row of spicules, a second at lateral end of this row, inter- mixed with spicules, two on posterior ring on a level with spicules; on tergal segments, a strong seta on a line with spiracles, another seta below end of row of spicules; on pleura, one seta just ventrad of spiracles, and two post-spiracular and one ante-spiracular setae. I\^a'e Cauda (Plate LXVII, 362 and 363) with ventral lobes obliquely truncated, blunt at tips, projecting beyond level of subacute dorsal lobes; dorsal lobes slender, slightly divergent apically, blackened before tips and with two setae at tips on outer face; at base of cauda, 918 Charles Paul Alexander on dorsal face of eighth segment, a close quadrangle of four rounded tubercles, placed on a slight elevation. Female cauda with tergal acidothecae elongate, subacute at tips; sternal valves short, blunt; quadrangle of tubercles on dorsum of eighth segment more distinct than in the male. Nepionotypc. — Ithaca, New York, May 14, 1917. Neanotype. — Ithaca, June 5, 1917. Paratypes. — Larvae and pupae in large numbers from type locality, May 14 to June 5, 1917. Erioptera chlorophylla O. S. 1859 Erioptera chlorophylla 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. Erioptera chlorophylla is conspicuous by its pale green color in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. It is a common and widely distributed species thruout eastern North America. Several larvae were found in organic mud at Orono, Maine, on June 13, 1913, one of which pupated on the 21st. When the insect is dropped into boiling water, the green color immediately disappears. The associates of this species are discussed under the account of Ptychoptera rujocincta (page 775). Larva. — Length, 9-10 mm. Diameter, 0.7-0.75 mm. Color uniformly pale green, fading to a pale yellow after death. Form moderately elongated, last segment of body elongate, gradually narrowed to bluntly rounded apex. Body clothed with numerous appressed hairs. Spiracular disk somewhat as in E. megophthalma but even more reduced, disk usually entirely closed, lateral lobes on either side capable of close approximation, tracheae before the opening into spiracles very large. Head capsule (Plate LXVIII, 364) of the Molophilus type, but longer and slenderer; the two dorsal bars of each side very delicate, the ventral bars broader and flattened. Mental plates (Plate LXVIII, 365 and 366) slender; anterior end of each ventral bar widely expanded and provided with several teeth; these teeth varying in number, in some speci- mens there being only five, in others eight, teeth to each plate; in the latter case the third from either side is larger, with two smaller teeth between. Hypopharynx about as in Molophilus. Antenna (Plate LXVIII, 367) large, basal segment stout, cylindrical; apical papilla elongate-oval, with apex bluntly rounded and surface weakly sculptured; laterad of this papilla a tiny cylindrical hyaline peg. Mandible (Plate LXVIII, 368) rather large; cutting edge with about four slender teeth, the second from base the smallest; dorsal face of mandible with a blunt subapical tooth and an oblique comb of about six stout setae or chitinized teeth. Maxilla similar to that of Molophilus, but the hairy vestiture longer and coarser. Pupa. — Length, 8.8-9 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.2 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.2 mm. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 919 Breathing horns reddish brown; thoracic dorsum green, with a brownish tinge; abdomen uniformly pale green, posterior half of each dorsal segment a little darker. Cephalic crest small and compact, consisting of two prominent but closely approximated lobes which are separated by a deep U-shaped notch, the tips acute and directed forward; on outer face before apex a short seta. Labrum broadly obtuse at tip. Labial lobes roughly triangular, divergent. Maxillary palpi short and stout, narrowed toward tip. Antennal sheaths with a slender tubercle at base above eye. Pronotal breathing horns broad at base, narrowed to the acute tip which is directed almost ventrad; viewed from above, horns very broad basally and with a dorsal carina; ventral side at base transversely wrinkled; a small setiferous lobe just in front of breathing horns, directed laterad. INIesonotum behind breathing horns with a high compressed carina, on either side of this produced into a lobe directed cephalad and laterad; mesonotum moderately decHvitous (Plate LXIX, 369), at crest with numerous setiferous tubercles which are fewer in number and more widely separated along shoulder. Leg sheaths reaching to about middle of fourth abdominal segment; hind legs a little longer than fore legs; middle legs very short, ending opposite base of last segment of fore legs. Abdominal segments divided into two narrow basal rings and a broad posterior ring; on pleura a distinct spiracle, opposite posterior annulus and nearer dorsal margin; posterior annulus, before caudal margin, with a dorsal and a ventral row of long, stout setae. Setae on abdomen as follows: on pleura, a seta opposite second basal ring, a second ventrad of spiracle, and two setae caudad of spiracle, the posterior one a little more dorsal in position; on tergites, two stout setae lying transversely on the margin opposite spiracle, a third seta at end of terminal rows of bristles; on sternites, a group of two transverse setae on posterior ring, slightly below level of spiracle and rather widely separated by the broad midventral area. Female cauda (Plate LXIX, 370) with dorsal acidothecae short, distinctly upturned, and ending in a small, subacute tip; before apex with two very short setae; a short blunt tubercle near base of valves; ventral lobes short, their tips very blunt; dorsum of segment 8 with two blunt median tubercles, one immediately behind the other. (Described from larvae taken in the Basin Swamp, Orono, Maine, June 13, 19L3; one pupa with the larva, July 5, 1913.) Erioptcra vcspertina 0. S. 1859 Erioptem vespcrUna 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 220. Erioptera vcsperlina is a characteristic inhabitant of open swan\ps and wet meadows. It has not been reared, but a pupa found in organic mud in the Basin Swamp, Orono, Maine, on June 24, 1913, undoubtedly belongs to this species. The associates are discussed under the account of Bittaco- morpha clavipes (page 785). Pupa. — Length, 8. .5 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.1 mm. Breathing horns reddish brown; thoracic dorsum reddish brown, with an interrupted whitish line running down posterior half of mesonotum; sheaths of wings and legs pale 920 Charles Paul Alexander brown; abdomen whitish yellow, posterior half of each sternite and tergite dark brown, basal half with two narrow transverse lines of same color. Lobes of cephalic crest widely separated, subtriangular, acutely pointed at tips. Pronotal breathing horns cylindrical, transversely wrinkled, tapering gradually to tips. (In the only specimen at hand, the horns are v/idely separated at the base but soon bend proximad and t'lence outward and ventrad, so that the two horns are closely approximated or almost contiguous on their distal part^.) Behind breathing horn-, mesonotum with conspicuous divergent lobes such as are described for E. chlorophylla; mesonotum at crest with abundant black setiferous tubercles, which are fewer in number, smaller, and more scattered along s'loulder, interrupted at mid-dorsal line. Hind legs a little longer than fore legs, which, in turn, are a little longer than middle legs. Abdominal segments with subterminal armature of posterior ring more spinous than in E. chlorophylla. Distribution of setae about as in E. chlorophylla. (Described from a pupa taken at Orono, Maine, June 24, 1913.) Erioptera septemtrionis O. S. 1859 Erioptera septemtrionis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. Erioptera septemtrionis is a widely distributed species thruout the northeastern United States and Canada. Tho larvae are not uncommon in rich organic mud in cool, shaded woods. The writer found them CDmmonly in the Standpipe Woods, Orono, Maine, in July and August, 1913. A larva placed in rearing on July 3 transformed to an adult female on the 16th. Other larvae placed in rearing on July 15 transformed to adult males on the 25th. This limits the pupal duration to not more than ton days, but it is probably much less, presumably about one week. Pupa.- — Length of cast skin, 7 mm. Cephalic crest low and flat. Antennal sheaths moderately elongated, individual segments showing clearly thru sheaths. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, cylindrical, almost straight but slightly diverging, transversely wrinkled, paler at tips, with a row of small breathing pores along apical margin; a few small setiferous tubercles before base of breathing horns. Declivity of mesonotum rather steep, at crest with numerous small tubercles and abundant pale yellow hairs which are less numerous along shoulder. Leg sheaths with middle pair conspicuously the shortest, as in the genus. Abdominal segments with subterminal armature of posterior ring consisting of stout, pale setae; arrangement of these setae about as in E. chlorophylla. Lateral spiracles distinct. Male Cauda (Plate LXIX, 371 and 372) with the ventral lobes blunt at tips, obliquely truncated, separated by an acute V-shaped notch; dorsal lobes separated by a U-shaped notch, each lobe terminating in a small tip, with two tiny setae on lateral face before apex; dorsum of eighth segment with four prominent, pale, fleshy lobes which are closely approximated, the anterior pair directed laterad and a little more distant from each other than the posterior pair, which are directed more dorsad. Neanotype.— Orono, Maine, July 25, 1913. No. 105-1913. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 921 (Subgenus Hoplolabis Oston Sackcn) 1869 Hoplolabis O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer,, part 4, p. 160. The subgenus Hoplolabis includes but three known species — the type of the group, Erioptera (Hoplolabis) armata, discussed below; E. (H.) bipartita 0. S., of western North America; and E. (H.) asiatica Alex., of Japan. Erioptera (Hoplolabis) armata 0. S. 1859 Erioptera armata O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227. Erioptera armata is a rather common fly thruout the northeastern United States. A larva was found in the sand along the banks of Fall Creek, Ithaca, New York, on May 16, 1917. This larva was of the typical eriopterine form, being elongate, terete, and with the spiracular disk surrounded by five subequal lobes. It was placed in rearing and transformed to an adult female on May 31. This larva was found associ- ated with numerous hexatomine larvae, such as Eriocera spinosa, E. longicornis, and E. cinerea. The following description is from the cast pupal skin. Length, about 7 mm. Cephalic crest consisting of two moderately large, slightly divergent lobes which are acutely pointed at tips; lobes directed strongly outward and bearing a seta on outer face. Labrum acutelj^ pointed. Labial lobes large , divergent, almost straight across caudal margin. Sheaths of maxillary palpi stout, rather pointed at tips. Pronotal breathing horns broad at base, tapering to slender apices, bases conspicuously wrinkled; a small setiferous tubercle before base of each breathing horn. Mesonotum at crest (Plate LXIX, 373) with numerous short, chitinized points. Lateral angle of thorax with two setae; a strong seta above wing axil. Leg sheaths with middle tarsi ending conspicuously before tarsi of other legs. Each abdominal segment before posterior margin with a transverse row of slender black spicules or short bristles on tergum and sternum, and smaller areas on pleura. Lateral abdominal spiracles distinct. »Setae on pleura just ventrad of spiracle, and on tergum just above transverse row of spicules. Female cauda with tergal valves elongated, gently upcurved, unarmed; sternal valves shorter, blunt; at base of cauda, on dorsum of eighth seg- ment, four small darkened tubercles which are produced into slender tips. Neanoiype. — Cast pupal skin, Ithaca, New York, May 31, 1917. (Subgenus Mesocyphona Osten Sacken) 1869 Mesocyphona 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 161. Mesocyphona is one of the larger subgenera of Erioptera, reaching its maximum of specific development in the Tropics of the New World. 922 Charles Paul Alexander The immature stages of Erioptera (Mesocy phono) caloptera (Say) and E. (M.) parva 0. S. are spent in wet mud along the banks of streams and other bodies of water. The species discussed below as Erioptera (Mesocyphona) species (n(^ar knabi), was reared from the sandy margins of a small prairie stream in Kansas. Erioptera (Mesocyphona) species (near knabi Alex.) Adult flies of a small species of Mesocyphona which is close to E. (M.) knabi Alex., of Mexico, were not uncommon along Buckner Creek, a small prairie stream flowing thru Jetmore, Kansas. These adults, especially the females, were photophilous, appearing in considerable numbers around lanterns which were hung in tents pitiched along the banks of this stream. A single pupa found in the muddy sand along the bank of the creek on July 20, 1917, emerged as an adult on the 22d. The following general characters of the species may be noted: PuTpa.- — Labrum small, apex rather sharp. Labial lobes squarely truncated, with lateral angles subacute. Sheaths of maxillary palpi slender. Pronotal breathing horns moderately long, cylindrical, curved slightly forward, enlarged outwardly, blunt at tips. Mesonotum at crest rather tumid and with a few long hairs inserted on stout black tubercles. Leg sheaths with middle tarsi the shortest, hind tarsi the longest. Neanotype.' — Jetmore, Hodgeman County, Kansas, July 22, 1917. Genus Ormosia Rondani (Gr. chain) 1856 Ormosia Rond. . Dipt. Ttal. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 180. I860 Rhi/pholophus Kol. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 4, p. 393. 1863 Dasypiera Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatsclir., vol. 7, p. 221. Larva.' — Form terete, moderately elongated. Spiracular disk squarely truncated, sur- rounded by five subequal lobes which are lined with double marks of brown. Anal gills blunt. Head capsule slender, very dissected, of six narrow bars, four dorsal and two ventral, the ventral bars broader. Labrum narrow, epipharynx hairy. Mandible with teeth moderately elongated. Antenna of the Molophilus type. Men turn without chitinized teeth. Pupa.' — Cephalic crest setiferous. Pronotal breathing horns rather short and stout, more or less flattened and with a row of tubercles along posterior margin. Mesonotum declivitous, at crest with a flattened, toothed, chitinized plate on either side (in 0. nuhila) or with abundant setiferous tubercles. Wing sheaths ending opposite or just beyond tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths varying in length with the different species, middle tarsi the shortest. Abdominal segments with a subterminal transverse row of spines or setae, these occurring on pleura (as small groups of eight to twelve) as well as on tergites and sternites. Lateral spiracles distinct, on segments 2 to 7; dorsum of segment 8 with The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 923 a pentagon of five lobes, these being unarmed (0. innocens, 0. meigenii) or spinous-tipped (0. nubila, 0. nigripila). Ormosia is a large and rather difficult genus (including more than seventy-five species) of small crane-fli(^s which ai'c characteristic of sub- arctic and temperate regions and apparently rare or lacking in the Tropics. The adult flies occur in small dancing swarms, usually in cool, shaded situations in or near woods or along brooks. They are most numerous in early spring and in late summer or early autumn, many of the species being apparently double-brood 3d. The innnature stages are spent in moist organic mud near water. In Europe, Beling records Ormosia haernorrhoidalis (Zett.) (Beling, 1879: 48^9, and 1886:191-192), 0. lineata (Meig.) (Beling, 1886:202), and 0. rwdulosa (Macq.) (Beling, 1886:202), as being found in wet earth in woods, usually beneath leaf mold. Cameron (1917 : 65) likewise records the last-named species as living in, mud. 0. varia (Meig.) was found by De Meijere (1916:201-204) among decaying leaves in a wet spot near a ditch. Of the American species, the writer has bred Ormosia innocens, 0. nubila, 0. meigenii, and 0. nigripila from larvae or pupae in entirely similar situations to those given above for the European species. The larvae of only two of these species, 0. nubila and 0. meigenii, are available to the writer at this time. 0. nubila is a large brown species; 0. meigenii is much slenderer, and is light yellow in color. The pupae of the known Nearctic species may be distinguished as follows: 1. Dorsum of eighth abdominal segment with a pentagon of five lobes which are spinous at their tips 2 Dorsum of eighth alxlominal segment with a pentagon of five fleshy lobes 3 2. Crest of mesonotum with a flattened chitinized plate on either side of median line. 0. nubila (O. S.) (p. 923) Crest of mesonotum tumid, with abundant coarse, yellowish setae on either side of median line 0. nigripila (O. S.) (p. 927) 3. Abdomen with large, rectangular, dusky areas on posterior annuli of segments 2 to 8, giving abdomen a banded appearance; pleural setae rather numerous. 0. innocens (O. S.) (p. 925) Abdomen without such dusky areas; pleural setae few in number. 0. meigenii (0. S.) (p. 928) Ormosia nubila (0. S.) 1859 Erioptera nubila 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 227. Ormosia nubila is probably double-brooded, since the flies are on the wing in the spring and again in the fall. The immature stages live in 924 Charles Paul Alexander organic mud that is usually covered over with a layer of leaf mold. On March 27, 1914, the writer found four lai'ge l)rown eriopterine larvae in rich earth from Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York. An adult female of the present species emerged on April 9. This makes the maximum pupal existence less than two weeks, bu,t it is undoubtedly very much less than this. Larva. — Length, 11. 5-11. S mm. Diameter, 1.1-1.2 mm. Color a deep reddish or cinnamon brown; incisures of segments paler. Form rather stout, body terete. Skin covered with a short, appressed pubescence. Spiracular disk (Plate LXX, 375) squarely truncated, surrounded by five subequal lobes; ventral lobes with two parallel dark brown lines which are narrowly united distally, the pale stripe between rather broad, distinct, especially near center of disk; lateral lobes with two parallel dark brown stripes which are indi.stinctly connected distally, the space between dusky with numerous brown spots; dorsal lobe with an elongate-oval mark inclosing a linear yellow center; lobes fringed with long hairs which are longest at tips, shorter toward base, and narrowly interrupted between lobes; di.sk between spiracles unmarked. Spiracles large; middle piece and extreme outer margins of ring blackish; spiracles separated by a distance about equal to one and one-half times diameter of one. Head capsule about as in Molophilus, but ventral bars of capsule not toothed to form the characteristic mental plate of that genus. Labrum and epipharynx about as in Molo- philus. Hypopharynx broad, flattened, provided with numerous transverse rows of short setae. Antenna short; basal segment stout, cylindrical; apical papilla rather small, elongate-oval. Mandible (Plate LXX, .374) ending in a rather long apical point, with about four long, flattened teeth along ventral cutting edge, the second from base very small; a short, recurved hook at prosthecal region and a den.se tuft of long yellow hairs in prosthecal slit; a dorsal appendage at heel of mandible. Maxilla about as in Molophilus. Pupa. — Length, 7.5 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.2 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.4 mm. Head, thorax, and appendages pale yellow; breathing horns yellow; chitinized plates on mesonotum dark brown; abdomen brown. (In mature pupae, the sheaths of the appendages are probably darker.) Cephalic crest (Plate LXXI, 381) low; lateral angles produced into conical, erect, spinous tubercles, each bearing a stout seta on outer ventral face. Antennal sheaths very angulated, almost serrate. Opposite each segment of antenna on basal half of organ, a conspicuous blackened tubercle, tho.se at base larger and more con.spicuous, the lateral one directed outward, above it a second tubercle directed cephalad and simulating a crest. Antenna extending to just beyond base of wings. Front broad; a blackish area on either side near inner margin of eye, probably indicating point of attachment of tentorium. Labrum triangular, apex subacute. Labial lobes triangular, tips blunt. Sheaths of maxillary palpi rather long, narrowed to the slender tip. Pronotal breathing horns short and slender, some- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 925 what flattened, pale yellow; a stout seta just before base of each breathing horn. Mesonotum precipitous; at crest (Plate LXXI, 380) on either side of median line, a heavily chitinized flattened plate projecting dorsad; this plate, at its tip, forking into two lesser teeth, the lateral one of these still further subdivided into two still smaller teeth (in one specimen the left plate is divided dichotomously into four teeth, the inner primary tooth being further subdivided); on shoulder laterad of these plates a slightly swollen plate which is parallelly grooved; two spines on lateral angle of thorax above base of wing; mesonotum with a few setae behind crest, as follows: an anterior solitary seta on either side of median line and close to it, a solitary stout seta above wing axil, two groups of paired .setae, one just dorsad of base of wing and the other midway between this group and the anterior seta first described. Wing sheaths rather short, ending opposite base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths rather long for this genus, ending opposite midlength of fifth abdominal segment; fore tarsi a little shorter than hind tarsi, middle tarsi very short, ending opposite or just beyond end of third tarsal segment of fore legs. Abdominal segments near posterior margin with transverse rows of short black spineg which are much smaller and more widely separated near ends of row; at intervals alona row a few elongate setae; on pleura a similar area of eight to eleven spines with a single sets in row; tubular lateral spiracles on segments 2 to 7. Chaetotaxy as follows: on pleura, just above dorsal end of row, one seta, another solitary seta cephalad of spiracle on anterior ring; on tergites, a solitary seta on posterior ring about opposite spiracle; on sternites, two small setae on either side of median line of posterior ring. Female Cauda (Plate LXXI, 3S2) with tergal valves long and slender, almost straight but slight^ upcurved near tips; on dorsal lateral margin, just before tip, a prominent tooth directed laterad and slightly caudad; about midlength of valves a somewhat similar blunt tubercle on either side near dorsal margin; at base of eighth tergite a pentagon of five chitinized lobes, the anterior one rudimentary, the four developed lobes ending in acute chitinized points and each bearing a subapical seta; anterior pair of lobes more widely separated and bearing on lower side near base a small, slender lobule. Nepimwtype. — Ithaca, New York, March 27, 1014. Neanotype. — Ithaca, with type larva, April 9, 191-4. No. 2-1914. Paratypes. — With types. Ormosia innoccns (0. S.) 18G9 Rhypholophus innocens 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 142. Ormosia innocens is a chai'acteristic early spring species, the adult flies being found in late April and during May. On May 12, 1917, a few pupae in an advanced stage of development were sifted from organic mud from Bool's hillside, Ithaca, New York. One of these emerged as an adult on the following day. The associated crane-fly larvae that occurred with this species on the date named were as follows: Bittaco- morphella jonesi, Dicranomyia stidta, Limnoj)hila adusta, L. fiiscovaria, JJlomorpha pilosella, Penthoptcra albilarsis, Rhaphidolabina Jlaveola, 926 Charles Paul Alexander Molophilus hirtipennis, Erioptera megophthalma, Ormosia nigripila, Tipula oropezoides, T. collaris, T. cayuga. Pupa. — Length, 7.5-10.5 mm. Width, d.-s., 0.8-1 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1-1.2 mm. (The smaller measurements are those of males, the larger those of females.) Head and thorax brown; mesonotum before declivity darker brown; abdomen pale yellownsh white, the sternal and tergal sclerites with broad, rectangular, darker areas, producing a banded appearance; breathing horns pale yellow. (In older pupae, the coloration of the head and the thorax is much darker.) Cephalic crest of moderate size, bilobed; viewed from side, lobes blunt, with two lateral setae; viewed from front, lobes separated by a very broad, V-shaped notch. Between antennal bases, forehead longitudinally grooved, these lines converging between eyes. Ivabrum triangular, subacute, separating the small labial lobes. INIaxillary palpi of moderate length, tapering to blunt apices. Antenna of moderate length, reaching to just beyond wing base. Pronotal breathing horns rather short and stout, almost straight and only slightly diverg- ing, subcylindrical, compressed, and slightly constricted just beyond base. Meso- notum precipitous, carinate medially; at crest (Plate LXX, 376) with numerous pale hairs, these narrowly interrupted on median line; lateral angle of thorax with two tiny setae; a strong seta slightly dorsad and cephalad of wing root; about four small setae in alinement across mesonotum. Wing sheaths moderately broad, ending at or just before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths short, tips of all the tarsi ending about on a level, or those of fore legs a little longer, terminating just before end of third abdominal segment. Abdominal segments divided into two distinct annuli by a constriction at about mid- length of segment; sternum and tergum of posterior ring of segments 2 to 8 near caudal margin with large, rectangular, dusky areas which appear subchitinized; caudal margin of this area with a fringe of long, black hairs, there being about seventy-five of these on inter- mediate segments; on pleural membrane a very small, similar area bearing from twenty-five to thirty-nine hairs, and near its dorsal margin a distinct black tubular spiracle on segments 2 to 7; the following additional setae on segments: on dorsal segments, rectangular darkened areas with sparse scattered elongate hairs ov'er surface, and two setae on each anterior ventral angle, their arrangement oblique; sternal segments similar, but the two setae on rectangular area arranged transversely; just caudad of ends of fringe of hairs, one or two isolated hairs; pleural membrane opposite basal annulus with a single seta; another seta opposite posterior annulus near ventral margin; a third seta on ventro-cephalic angle of pleural setiferous area just above level of spiracle; segment 8 on dorsum with five pale, gill-like lobes arranged in a quadrangle or a pentagon, the anterior lateral pair the longest, the median one rather the smallest; at base of anterior pair, two setae on cephalic face; at base of posterior pair, a single seta on lateral face. Male cauda (Plate LXX, 377 and 378) terminating in two very blunt ventral lobes and two separated, slender, dorsal lobes projecting caudad and dorsad. Female cauda similar to male cauda, but tergal acidothecae very elongate, much longer than sternal valves. Neanotype. — Tthaca, New York, May 12, 1917. Paratypes. — Seven pupae, with type. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 927 Ormona nigripila (O. S.) 1S69 Rhypholophus nigripilus O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Araer., part \, p. 142. The larvae of Orniosia nigripila are common in rich organic mud in shady places. Larvae found in Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York, on INIarch 27, 1914, emerged on April 18. Other larvae from Coy Glen, found on April 17, emerged on May 1. At Orono, Maine, large larvae were found on July 14, 1913, and were placed in rearing, emerging on the 26th as adult males. This limits the pupal duration to not more than two weeks, but it is undoubtedly much less, probably not more than a few days or a week. Pupa. — Length, 5.2 mm. Width, d.-s., 0.9 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1 mm. Head, thorax, and appendages hght brown, becoming darker in maturity; breathing horna and al:)domen pale whitish. CephaHc crest with lobes small, low, and rounded, with a powerful seta at tip, directed forward. Labrum blunt at apex. Labial lobes large, subtriangular, lateral angles obtusely- pointed. Sheaths of maxillary palpi stout, rather elongate. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXn, 3.S4) rather short and flat, compressed, slightly expanded beyond base; outer, or posterior, margin with about five small tubercles, at least one of which is setiferous. Mesonotum very steep and precipitous, as in this group of species; crest (Plate LXXII,383) tumid, extensive, on either side with abundant coarse yellow bristles; caudad of these, four stout setae in a quadrangle, two on either side of median line; lateral angles of thorax with two stout setae; a strong seta just above wing base. Wing sheaths reaching base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths mod?rately long, extending almost to midlength of fourth abdominal segment; tarsi of middle legs much shorter than the others, hind legs a very little longer than fore legs. Abdomen with segments (Plate L XX 1 1, 38.5) before their caudal margin bearing transverse rows of slender spines; pleura with a small area lying a little cephalad of tergal and sternal rows and margined behind with eight to ten spines. Spiracles distinct, tubular. Setae as follows: on pleura, a seta on anterior annulus, a stout seta just ventrad of spiracles, and a third lying a little ventrad and cephalad of spiracle; on sternites, two stout setae near base of posterior annulus; on tergites, two setae on posterior annulus, lying transversely at level of spiracle, and a third seta just cephalad of end of row of spines. Male cauda (Plate LXXII, 386) with ventral lobes rather slender, narrowed outwardly, and somewhat pointed at apex; dorsal lobes curved strongly backward, terminating in acute, chitinized points with a strong seta on outer face before tip and a second seta nearer base; dorsum of segment 8 with five brown, chitinized lobes which are crowned at their apices with a circlet of spines; posterior pair the longest and stoutest, broad at base, more slender outwardly, with a large lateral spine and about three smaller inner sp'nes; anterior pair more slender; median lobe slender, crowned with a circlet of about six small, subequal spines. Female cauda (Plate 928 Charles Paul Alexander LXXII, 387) with dorsal terebra elongate, almost straight or very slightly upturned; eighth segment with dorsal pentagon of spine-tipped lobes quite as in male. Ormosia meigenii (0. S.) 1859 Erioptera meigenii 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 226. Ormosia meigenii is one of the commonest species of the genus, occmring in small dancing swarms in early spring. Larvae of this species were taken on April 10, 1914, in organic nmd from Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York. An adult female emerged on May 4. Larva. — Length, 6.5 mm. Diameter, 0.5-0.6 mm. Color, light yellow. Form elongate, terete. Spiracular disk (Plate LXX, 379) about as in 0. nubila, dorso- median lobe the smallest, ventral lobes with brown lines rather close together, the distal line the broadest; lateral lobes with lines rather short, not contiguous at their distal ends and not extending past midlength of spiracles; dorso-median lobe with marks oval, solidly dark brown. Lobes fringed with moderately long, yellowish setae, which are almost lacking at extreme tips; disk between spiracles unmarked. Spiracles large, transversely oval, separated by a distance a little greater than the long diameter of one. Head capsule and mouth parts almost as in 0. nubila; mandible with the long, slender teeth of that species. Pupa. — (Described from a cast skin.) Cephalic crest consisting of low, rounded lobes, each with a seta on anterior lateral face. Pronotal breathing horns of moderate length, flattened, a little narrowed toward tip, outer margin with fine tubercles. Mesonotum not so declivitous as usual in the genus, with tiny roughenings at crest; the usual two setae at lateral angle of thorax present, another above each wing, and four more in a transverse row at level of axilla of wing; a seta on mesonotum, close to median line, just below crest. Middle legs much shorter than fore and hind legs. Subterminal rows of setae on abdominal segments consisting of slender, acute spines, with a few setae interspersed; on pleura the spines few in number. Spiracles elongate, tubular. Female cauda with tergal sheaths very long, sternal sheaths short, their tips blunt; on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment five small unarmed tubercles, which are blunt or nearly so, anterior pair more widely separated than posterior pair. (In the shape of the cephalic crest, the breathing horns, and the declivity of the mesonotum, this species resembles 0. nigripila; but the arrangement of setae on the abdomen, and the great reduction and unarmed condition of the lobes on the eighth abdominal tergite, are distinctive.) Nepionotype. — Ithaca, New York, April 10, 1914. Neanotype. — Cast pupal skin, Ithaca, May 4, 1914. Genus Helobia St. Farg. et Serv. (Gr. marsh + / live) 1825 Helobia St. Farg. et Serv. Encyclop. Method. Ins., vol. 10, p. 585. 1830 Symplecta Meig. Syst. Beschr., vol. 0, p. 282. 18% Idioneura Phil. Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 15, p. 615. 1886 Symplectomorpha Mik. AVien. Ent. Zeitung, vol. 5, p. 318. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 929 Larva. — Form moderately elongated, body terete. Spiracular disk surrounded by five subequal lobes which are marked with V-shaped brown lines, in some specimens the inner faces of the three most dorsal lobes being entirely brownish black. Anal gills moderately elongate. Head capsule as in the Eriopterini. Antenna with the apical papilla very short, subpyriform. Pupa.— Cephalic crest setiferous. Pronotal breathing horns elongate-cylindrical, directed ventrad and cephalad, with rows of breathing pores along dorsal face. Rlesonotum declivitous, at broad crest armed with numerous chitinized spines; an arcuated longitudinal row of six small pits extending from wing axil toward crest of thorax. Wing sheaths ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending about opposite tip of third abdominal segment; tarsi of hind legs the longest, those of middle legs the shortest, fore legs intermediate in length. Abdominal segments with a strong subterminal armature on ventral segments, much weaker to lacking on dorsal segments; lateral spiracles distinct on segments 2 to 7; dorsum of segment S with five blunt lobes. Helobia is a small genus (five species) of common and sometimes very widely distributed crane-flies. The only Noith American species, Helobia hyhridn, is apparently the most widespread tipulid known, ranging over practically the entire Holarctic region, southward in the mountains to India, and, in the New World, to Central America. The immature stages of the known species are spent in moist earth near water. Bruch {in litt.) mentions the rearing of H. macroptera (Phil.) in Argentina. Helobia hybrida (Meig.) 1804 Limonia hybrida Meig. Klass., vol. 1, p. 57. 1818 Limnobia punctipennis Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 147. 1830 Si/mplecla punctipennis Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, p. 283. 1848 Limnobia cana Walk. List Dipt. Brit. Mus., vol. 1, p. 48. Helobia hybrida is undoubtedly the most widely distributed North American crane-fly. Beling (1879:50-51) found larvae and pupae at the end of July, 1876, in wet, sandy earth along the margins of small brooks in deciduous woods. Adults emerged in his breeding cages on July 27 and August 6. Hart (1898 [1895]: 199-200) found the larvae in similar sandy situations along the Illinois River, associated with the larvae of Tabanus atratus Fabr. He suggests that it may serve as food for this horse-fly larva. Larvae of Helobia were especially abundant on May 17, and these transformed to adults within a month. Females were observed ovipositing along the shore, patting the valves of the ovipositor against the moist sand. Malloch ( 1915-17 b: 229-230) has given additional notes on the structural details of Hart's material. 930 Charles Paul Alexander Dr. Adam Boving found this species in Iceland and made careful notes on the burrows made h_y the larvae. Thru the kindness of Dr. Boving, the writer is able to include a translation of his manuscript. The writer is indebted also to Dr. Lundbeck, director of the museum at Copenhagen, for the loan of this material for study. These are the specimens discussed later in this paper. Boving's notes were made at Fell Station, southeast Iceland, in 1908. The translation follows: Inside the moraine of 1S77, in the low land where ice was standing in 1886, quantities of dipterous larvae were found in the moist sand on the bottom of flat hollows which at times are flooded by water and at times are partly drained, as was the case on the day when the following observations were taken. The whole dark, moist surface of the bottom was covered by an irregular system of slightly elevated, long, tubular galleries, some of which were rather straight, some formed broken lines, some peculiar arabesques, and some plain spirals. The width of the galleries was about the size of an ordinary pinhead, some a trifle larger, some a little smaller. In the anterior part of each gallery was found either a cylindrical white tipulid larva (llelobia) about one centimeter long, or another dipterous larva of the same general size and appearance. The larvae were found just below the surface. It was not always easy to capture them, for when I pushed my knife under the mouth of the gallery they moved quickly backward, and then, digging deeper into the soil, made a new gallery that branched off from the main one. It was not possible to distmguish the galleries of the crane-fly larvae from those of the other dipterous associate. Very often, from the mouth of the spiral galleries, one-third of a broken pupal skin stuck out; but larvae were found also in many of these galleries. The imagines of t!ie two Diptera were present in large numbers, some flying close to the ground, others resting on it. Both forms were long-legged and capable of running over the water film. I secured a pair of both in copulation. The eggs were foimd on the moist surface, singly or in small masses of two or three together. The larvae feed, of course, on organic particles in the sand. The imagines were not observed to take any nourishment at all; they copulated as soon as they had left the pupal skins, and I did not find them in any other place than on the bare, moist soil where the larvae lived; not, for instance, on flowers growing near bj'. A small carabid (probably Bembidion grapii Gyll.) was present in the locality in com- paratively large numbers, evidently preying on the larvae of the Diptera. A single cara- bid larva also was found; from its size and habitus it may very well be the larva of the Bembidion. A small black spider was probably feeding on the imagines of the Diptera. It did not make a regular web, but spun a number of single threads, each about two feet long, attaching them to a piece of gravel and proceeding from this as a common center, spreading the threads close to the ground like radii, and finally fastening the ends to small grains of sand. The adult flies of Helobia hybrida are very common. They are the first tipulids to appear on the wing in spring, some appearing in early March or, in open winters, even in late February, They remain until late in the fall. The writer has noted the females running about on tlic wet sand along the l)anks of the Kaw River at Lawrence, Kansas, and ovipositing quite as described by Hart (1898 [1895]: 199-200). Larva. — Length, 7.8-10 mm. Diameter, 0.6-0.7 mm. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 931 Coloration, pale brownish yellow. Form moderately elongated. Body covered with a sparse appressed pubescence. Spi- racular disk (Plate LXXIII, 388) surrounded by five lobes, the dorsal one notably smaller than the paired lobes; inner face of lobes with two subparallel brown lines, connected at their outer ends to form narrow V's; disk marked with about six spots Ijetween spiracles, the largest at base of ventral lobes; disk fringed with short hairs, which are interrupted for a short distance between lobes. Anal gills moderately elongated, pale. (Beling describes the three dorsal lobes of the disk as having the entire inner face shiny blackish brown, and the ventral lobes merely margined with brownish; there would thus seem to be some varia- tion in the character and degree of markings in this species.) Head capsule as in the tribe. Antenna with the basal segment stout, cylindrical, the apical papilla very short, subpyriform. Mandible flattened; teeth large but very bluntly rounded; apical tooth the largest, with a slightly smaller denticle cu either side. Pupa. — Length, 7-9 mm. Cephalic crest small; lobes pointed, directed ventrad, each bearing a short, stout seta. Labrum narrow. Labial lobes large, divergent, caudal margin almost straight across. Sheaths of maxillary palpi slender, narrowed at tip (Plate LXXIII, 390). Antenna moderately angulated, ending just beyond base of wing. Pronotal breathing horns elongate-cylindrical, directed ventrad and cephalad, with rows of breat'hing pores along dorsal face; ventral face transversely wrinkled. jNIesonotum moderately declivitous, at broad crest (Plate LXXIII, 389) armed with numerous black chitinized spines directed backward; these spines most num rous proximally, interrupted by a mediamspace, less numerous along shoulder; four setae in a transverse row across mesonotum, two on either side of median line; lateral angle of thorax broad and blunt, with two small setae, the outermost one the larger, the inner one about half its size; an arcuated longitudinal row of about six pits extending from above axil of wing toward crest of mesonotum. Wing sheaths short, ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending opposite or slightly beyond tip of third abdominal segment; hind legs much the longest, middle legs much the shortest, fore legs intermediate (Plate LXXIII, 391). Abdomen with a rather strong armature of stout black spines on sternal segments, on segment 3 this appearing as a small area of about ten spines, on either side of tips of hind tarsi; tergal armature much weaker or lacking; lateral spiracles very distinct, tubular, in cast pupal skin the principal tracheal trunks being very conspicuous. Female cauda (Plate LXXIII, 393) with tergal valves the longest, terminating in sharp cylindrical points; sternal valves much shorter, blunt at tips; dorsum of segment 8 with five blunt lobes. Male cauda (Plate LXXIII, 392 and 394) with dorsal valves the longest, each terminating in a long, subacute, chitinized spine directed dorsad and laterad and bearing before its tip two stout setae; ventral lobes stout and blunt, longer than dorsal lobes. Nepionotype. — Fell, between Oracfa and Heineberg, southeastern Iceland. Neanoti/pe. — • Cast pupal skin, with type. Paralypes. — Numerous cast pupal skins, with types (in the collection of the Copenhagen Museum). 932 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Trimicra Osten Sacken (Gr. three + small) 1861 Trimicra 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 290. Trimicra is a small genus of crane-flies, including about fifteen described species found in most parts of the world, almost all being forms of moderate size and obscure coloration. These various species bear a close resem- blance to one another and are hard to distinguish specifically. Bergroth and other European writers consider the genus Trimicra as being the same as Psiloconopa Zetterstedt, but at this time the writer is not entirely willing to accept this view. Beling (1879:48) described what he took to be the larva of one of these flies, and in his key to the larvae of crane-flies (1886:206) he included it in close proximity to the Pediciini. As mentioned elsewhere in this paper, it is highly probable that Beling described a pcdiciine larva, but by an accident had larvae of Trimicra in his breeding jars, the latter larvae emerging first and confusing the author. Gerbig (1913:161-163) describes the real larva of Trimicra pilipes (Fabr.), the best-known species of the genus. It is found along the margins of flowing streams with muddy banks. It is a dark-colored larva, about 15 millimeters in length and about 2 millimeters in diameter. The skin of the body is similar to that of the larvae in the typical subgenus of the genus Limnophila, being covered with chitinous, hairlike projections, which in Trimicra are longest on the dorsal surface of the body. On each segment^ there are solitary elongate bristles, above and below each of which is a gland. The spiracular disk (Plate LXXIII, 395) is surrounded by five nearly equal lobes, which have the inner faces marked with equal blackened, chitinized areas. On the lateral margins of each lobe, but occupying only the distal part of the lobe and not con- tinuous around the disk, is a fringe of moderately long hairs. At the tip of each ventral lobe are two bristles, and at the tip of each lateral lobe is a single bristle, these being inserted outside the line of hairs and surrounded by a bright circular area. The ventral sensory bristles found in some crane-fly larvae (as Tipula variipennis) are lacldng. At the base of the lateral lobes are the spiracles, which are generally similar to those in the subgenus Limnophila. Gerbig discusses in detail the structure of the spiracles, the felt chamber, and the musculation of this region of the body. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 933 Briich (ui lilt.) mentions the rearing of Trimicra redproca (Walk.) in Argentina from larvae very similar to that described above, occurring in the same type of habitat. Genus Empedomorpha Alexander (Gr. Empeda + shape) 1916 Empedomorpha Alex. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 507-508. Empedomorpha is a monotypic genus of flics, evidently related to Trimicra. It is very curious in its marked sexual dimorphism, the male having an extremely largo, hairy stigma, which encroaches upon the adjoining veins and often distorts them. The fly is still very insufficiently known. It is a prairie-inhabiting species, occurring from South Dakota to Texas and New Mexico. Nothing is known concerning the immature stages, and the following observations on the habits and occurrence of the adult flies are all that are available. Empedomorpha empedoides (Alex.) 191G (?) Trimicra empedoides Alex. Can. Ent., vol. 48, p. 44-45. Empedomorpha empedoides, as stated under the generic account above, is a prairie-inhabiting species. Adult flies were found running about on the sand flats of the Arkansas River, near Cimarron, Kansas, from July 13 to 15, 1917, l)y H. L. Fackler and the writer. The vegetation of the sand bars here is very sparse to almost lacking, a few psammophytic grasses being the main element. Associated with these flies on the sandy surface were a characteristic group of sand-loving insects, of which the following were the most constant: larvae and adults of tiger beetles, representing at least three species of Cicindela; ground beetles, Carabidae, including such genera as Omophron, Dyschirius, Bembidion, Tachys, and a few others; rove beetles, Staphylinidae, such as Stenus; Heteroceridae, Psammocharidae, Asilidae, Saldidae, and similar groups. In the cool of early evening, numerous small spiders that lurk in hollows and in deserted insect burrows during the day emerge from hiding and become active. The crane-flies were observed during the hours of bright sunlight, when the temperature registered over 100° F. in the sun. They run rapidly over the moist sand, their course being very shifting and zigzag, quite like that of tiger beetles. They fly readily but only for short distances, and prefer to alight on the sand rather than on the vegetation. They walk awkwardly over the sand, but are able to crawl up grass blades or 934 Charles Paul Alexander similar objects. Tho habits of the adult flies are strikingly like those of Helobia (page 930). Th(^ wiitcr is sure that the larvae are to be found in the sand in these same haunts. Genus Qnophomyia Ostcn Sackcn (Gr. darkness + fly) 1859 Gnophomyia O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223. 1867 furina Jaenn. Abhandl. Senkenb. Ges., vol. 6, p. 318. 1911 Dasymallomyia Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. G, p. 304. Larva. — Body slender, tapering toward ends, with transverse welts on intermediate abdominal segments. Spiracular disk surrounded by five subequal lobes. Anal gills con- sisting of four blunt, rounded lobes, constructed for propulsion rather than for a respiratory function. Head capsule moderately elongated, rather compact for the Eriopterini. Antenna rather small, apical papilla elongate-oval. INIandible slender, with a long apical point and three teeth along ventral cutting edge. Pupa. — Cephalic crest a low, blunt tubercle on either side of median line, each tipped with a long seta. Pronotal breathing horns small, narrowly trumpet-shaped. Mesonotum moderately declivitous, at crest practically unarmed; a strong seta at lateral angle of thorax and another on either side of mesonotum behind crest. Wing sheaths short, ending before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths very short, reaching just beyond wings, attaining end of second abdominal segment; all the tarsi ending about on a level. Abdomen provided with long setae; spiracles on abdominal segments 2 to 7. Gnophomyia is a small genus including about forty described species which are most abundant in the Tropics of the New World. The European Gnophomyia tripudians Bergr. has recently been reared by Gamkrelidze (1913, a and b) and l)y KeiHn (Edwards, 1919b). The former found larvae in large numbers in the viscous, semi-decomposed mass of tissue beneath the bark of a fallen Carolina poplar, associated with Miastor metraloas Meinert. These larvae were found near Paris, France, in March, 1911. Gamkrelidze records a gregarine parasite in the intestine and a nematode worm in the body cavity. The species was later reared in England from d(*ad oak by Kcilin, who has discussed and figured glands in the larvae (1913:3). The only American species that has been reared is the common Gnophomyia tristissima, discussed later. Gnophomyia rufa Hudson, of New Zealand, has recently been discussed in some detail by Hudson (1920:32-33). It is occasionally found in dense forests in the vicinity of Wellington. The larva lives in and feeds on the semi-liquid vegetable detritus which accumulates in large quantities at the bases of the leaves of Adelia Solayidri, a common and very conspicuous epiphytic plant in most of the primitive native forests. The length of 4 The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 935 the fully grown larva is slightly over 30 millimeters. It is subcylindrical, considerably flattened. Oval warts armed with minute teeth are situated on both surfaces of abdominal segments 2 to 7. The larva is very dark slaty gray in color, darker toward the extremities. The spiracular disk as shown by Hudson's colored figure is very small. Apparently only one larva inhabits the space between the two sheathing leaves of the Astelia, and only those leaves which are full of a thick, brown, coffee- like liquid are frequented. The pupa is inclosed in a rather tough, extremely elongate, silken tube situated between the sheathing leaves. It rests in an upright position in the midst of the semi-liquid mass. The pupa measures about 38 millimeters in length, being very elongate with the head and the thorax unusually small. The two pronotal breathing horns are shaped somewhat like a bivalve shell. Abdominal segments 3 to 6 at the base on the dorsal side have finely-toothed warts; the ventral surface has plain ridges. It is probable that the present species is not a true Gnophomj'ia, but until more is known of this species and its relatives it should be referred to this genus. The Gnophomyia pilipes referred to by Beling (1879:42) and by Gerbig (1913:161-163) pertains to Trimicra (page 932). G. tristissi7n.ah.SiS been recorded by Malloch (1915-17b: 230-231) as living in wet mud, but this is an error. The writer has material from exactly the same source as Malloch's, received from James A. Hyslop, and this shows that the haunt of the larvae is beneath the decaying bark of trees — an unusual habitat for one of the Eriopterini, which for the most part live in damp sand or earth near water. The rearing of this species in New York (by Young), Massachusetts (by Johnson), Maryland (by Hyslop), Virginia (by Shannon), Kansas (by Alexander), Illinois (by Malloch and Alexander), and Texas (by Mitchell), leaves no question that the immature stages are to be found beneath the decaying bark of the larger hardwood trees, the tuUp tree, Liriodendron Tulipifera Linn., being often preferred. CnophoTnyia iristissima O. S. 1859 Gnophomyia tristissima 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 224. Gnophomyia tristissima is an interesting 1)1 ack fly with conspicuous vellow halteres. It is common and widely distril)uted thruout the eastern 936 Charles Paul Alexander United States and Canada. As stated a])ove, the species has been reared on at least seven different occasions in as many States, the most com- plete account being that by Hyslop, whose specimens and manuscript notes were kindly placed at the writer's disposal. His data on this species are as follows: May 14, 1914. Wolfsville, Maryland. l^ndiT the b;irk of a rotten stump of a tulip poplar (Liriodendron) on the roadside near Wiirrenfeltz .schoolhouso, field on the left going to town. I found a great number of amber-yellow dipterous hirvae (three in alcohol), and also three pupae slightly shortened and with the thorax and lc>!?;s»ferruginous and the abdo- men pale amber. They were in a very moist nidus of rotted inner bark; placed in rearing in a tin box. May IG. One adult emerged today (pinned); pupal case in alcohol. May 18. Three adults emerged today (pinned); pupal cases in alcohol. Observed emergence of one adult. The swaying motion observed in Tipula infuscata was not observed, but the adult simply glided straight out of the pupal case by a wavelike contraction of the abdomen. The whole emergence took only about eight seconds. A larva pupated. May 23. Adult emerged. Pupal stage five days. Placed the remainder of the pupae (r41 had transformed from larvae to pupae) in alcohol. The pupae are quite active and move under a shelter if exposed. Just before emerging, the pupa takes on a black color on the thorax and smoky yellow on the abdomen. Shannon's material was reared from pupae taken under the bark of a dead tulip tree at Dead Run, Fairfax County, Virginia, on May 5, 1913. A larva that is undoubtedly this same species was found beneath the same tree on April 17, 1913. Johnson bred this species from larvae found beneath bark at Riverside, Massachusetts, on April 24, 1905. The Texas specimens were found l^y Mitchell beneath the bark of cotton- wood (Populus) at Victoria, on June 30. At Lawrence, Kansas, in 1919, the writer found a fow larvae under the bark of a box elder, associated with the following dipterous larvae: Pterocalla strigula Loew, Lonchaea laticornis Meig., Phaonia harti Mall. These associated species were kindly determined by Mr. Malloch. In 1920 the flies were bred from under the bark of several deciduous trees at Urbana, Illinois, by Mr. Malloch and the writer. Well-preserved specimens of the larvae are not available to the writer, and the following description is taken direct from Malloch (1915-17 b: 230-231) : Larva. — Length, 9-11 mm. Slender, slightly tapering toward both extremities, more decidedly towards the cephalic. Body yellowish testaceous, covered with dense decumbent pile. Head [Plate LXXIV, 39.1] more compact than that of Helobia, the lateral rods stouter; antennae very small; maxillie large, produced beyond the apex of the narrow labrum, the palpi stout ; labium not chitinized; mandibles slender, with a long sharp apical tooth and about three poorly defined teeth along the lower lateral margin. Locomotor organs consisting of rather The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 937 broad fusiform areas on anterior portion of abdominal segments except basal and apical; hairs alono; mirgins of segmental incisions more distinct than elsewhere because of their b^in"; sli'^htly curved upward; apical segment with five processes, their structure and mark- ings as in figure [Plite LXXIV, 397]; anal ventral blood-gills in the form of four short rouided protuberances. The pupa is described from four cast skins, kindly presented by Mr. Hyslop: Pupa.- — Length, 8-10 mm. Cephalic crest a low, blunt tubercle on either side of median line, each tipped with a long, stout seta. Labrum broad, elongate, obtuse at tip, completely separating triangular labial lobes. Sheaths of maxillary palpi moderately slender, tapering gradually to tip. Antennal sheaths moderately elongated, extending to about opposite wing root; basal segments angulate. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXIV, 399 and 400) small, trumpet-shaped, very flattened, median area lacking and hence the margins contiguous; just proximad of breathing horns a large, roughly triangular lobe on either side, immediately behind which are two small setae. Mesonotum moderately declivitous, at crest rather tumid, but unarmed, with a few parallel grooves on either side of median line; lateral angle of thorax very sharp, before tip with two setae, one very powerful, the more dorsal one abortive; a strong seta on either side of mesonotum behind crest. Wing sheaths short, ending just before tip of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths (Plate LXXIV, 398) very short, ending just opposite tip of second abdominal segment and thus projecting but slightly beyond wing tips; hind legs a little the shortest, but no striking difference in length of various sheaths. Abdominal segments subdivided into a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring; abdominal segments on dorsum with four transverse rows of tiny but stout setae, two on basal ring and two on posterior ring, one being subbasal, the other subterminal, in position; stsrnum with only the subterminal row of setae present, but this well marked, the other rows merely vestigial; on either side of dorsum, just cephalad of ends of subterminal row of setae, a powerful bristle; in alinement with these and subequally spaced, two smaller setae; a strong pleural seta on a raised papilla opposite basal ring and three opposite posterior ring, the two anterior being larger, the posterior one very small; tsternum with a strong seta on extreme lateral margin of posterior ring; lateral spiracles distinct, on segments 2 to 7. Male Cauda (Plate LXXR', 401) with ventral lobes small, blunt, rather widely separated basally but converging apically; dorsal lobes powerful, divergent, and rather acute at tips; at base of each near lateral margin a short bi.'id knob sending one arm dorsad, the other laterad; at base on cephalic angle a short, stout seta; two long, powerful, lateral setae on either side, and a single powerful seta on either side of dorsum, immediately behind which is a blunt tubercle. Female cauda with sternal valves elongate, powerful, at their tips ter- minating in slender, divergent points; dorsal valves small, blunt, divergent, located at base of sternal valves, at their tips with a short, slender spine directed backward; base of seg- ment about as in male. iVeanoOype.— Wolfsville, Maryland, May 10, 1913. No. 234. Paratypes. — Two male and one female pupae from type locality, May 18, 1913. 938 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Qonomyia Meigen (Gr. angle + fly) 1818 Gonomyia Meig. Svst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 1, p. 146. 185G Taphrosia Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 182. 1869 Goniomyia O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 176. Larva. — Form elongate, terete. Spiracular disk surrounded by five blunt lobes which are heavily marked with brown, in some species (G. alexanderi) the brown suffusing the disk between the spiracles. Head capsule of eriopterine type. IMandible with lateral teeth slender, flattened. Antenna with apical papilla elongate-oval. Alentum not chitinized. Pupa.- — Cephalic crest blunt, the surface with minute roughenings. Pronotal breathing horns flattened, fanlike (Gr. sulphurella), or short, trumpet-shaped. Mesonotum declivitous, at crest with an interrupted transverse row of six to eight tubercles which are densely beset with sharp black spicules. Wing sheaths attaining base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths moderately elongated, reaching base of fourth abdominal segment; tips of middle tarsi ending a short distance before apices of other tarsi. Armature of abdominal segments weak. Lateral spiracles distinct, tubular. Five blunt, fleshy lobes on dorsum of eighth abdominal segment. Gonomyia is a lar^c and diverso gsnus of small crane-flics (including more than one iiundrcxl known species) described from all parts of the world. They are divided into four recent subgenera, of which three — Gonomyia Meig., Progonomyia (new name for Gonomyella Alex., pre- occupied), and Leiponeura Skuse — occur in the Nearctic fauna. The immaturo stages of the known species arc spent in moist sand or earth, usually near water. In Europe, G. tenclla Meig. (Beling, 1879:56, mention only) was found in August in damp, sandy earth along the margin of a dried-up brook. The writer has found the immature stages of Gormmyia {Leiponeura) alexanderi and G. (G.) kansensis in wet sand near rivers. G. sulphurcUa and G. suhcinerea 0. S. occur in muddier and more stagnant conditions near ponds and small streams. Not enough larvae arc availal)lc for study to require a key at this time. The pupae of the known Nearctic species may be distinguished by the following kc}': 1. Pronotal breathing horns narrow at base, expanded distr.lly into a very flattened, fan- like blade with delicate and anastomoi^in.-? narvures G. sulphurella O. S. (p. £40) Pronotal breathing horns not as above, more earlike or trumpet-shaped 2 2. Pronotal breathing horns massive, trumpet-shaped; l^tsril margin of thorax before wing root produced into an angle; mile cj.uda small, elongate, dorsal lobes a little shortfir than ventral lobes, with two stout lobes on dorsil side fir removed from their b la'! G. alexanderi (Johns.) (p. 939) Pronotal breathing horns flattened, earliko or narrowly truimet-s'iaoeil; literal margins of thorax above wing root broad and blunt; male c luda s'lort, stout, dorsil and ventral lobes subequal in length, the latter closely approximated along median line, the former widely separated, at their base with two acute points G. kansensis Alex. (p. 941) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 939 (Subgenus Leiponeura Skuse) 1889 Leiponeura Skuse. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, set. 2, vol. 4, p. 795. 1915 Lipophleps Bergr. Psyche, vol. 22, p. 55. Gonomyia {Leiponeura) alexanderi (Johns.) 1912 Elliptera alexanderi Johns. Psyche, vol. 19, p. 3. The beautiful crane-fly Gonomyia alexanderi is locally common in the eastern United States. The adult flies may be swept from rank vegetation in the neighborhood of streams. When resting, the adults have a char- acteristic position, the fore legs st'anding straight ahead and almost parallel, the middle legs extended laterally and slightly forward, the hind legs directed backward but widely divergent, and the wings folded over the back. This is the characteristic resting position for the genus. The larvae were found in some numbers in rather coarse sand, around small pools of water near the Sacandaga River, Fulton County, New York, on June 5, 1914. The adults emerged on June IG, giving a pupal period of not more than eleven days and presumably much less. The description and figures of the pupa are made from the cast pupal skin of the male. Larva. — Length, 8.3 mm. Diameter, 0.4-0.5 mm. Coloration very pale yellow or yellowish white. Form terete, elongated, slender. Body with a sparse, pale pubescence, at posterior margins of segments with a transverse erect ridge of stiff hairs. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXV, 403) large, flattened, almost pentagonal in outline, surrounded by five lobes; dorso-medi ai lobe small, slender; paired lobes very short and blunt; margin between lobes almost straight or but feebly concave; when disk is partly closed, lobes appearing a little more prominent; ventral lobes a little larger than lateral lobes; lobes heavily suffused with brown; on ventral lobes a lateral dark brown hne running dorsad to near spiracles, at its dorsal end connected across disk by a paler brown suffusion; proximal stripes of ventral lobes shorter and paler, above their inner ends with a small brown spot; lateral lobes almost entirely suffused with brown, this entirely surrounding spiracles and in some specimens entirely suffusing disk between spiracles, this mark bifid at its distal end; dorsal lobe indistinctly marked with very pale brown; disk margincl with short, pale hairs which are not interrupted r,nd are only a little longer at tips of lobes. Spiracles widely separated, the distance between them being three or four times diameter of one; spiracles yellow, centers pale brown. Head capsule as in the tribe, the ventral bars broader than the slender dorsal bars, their inner ends not expanded or toothed to form the mental plate. Labrum-epipharynx moder- ately elongate, densely hairy. Men turn not chitinized; hypopharyngeal region a cushion, covered with delicate, short setae. Antenna as in this tribe, basal segment moderately elon- gate, densely hairj', apical papilla rather small, elongate-oval. Mandible (Plate LXXV, 402) 940 Charles Paul Alexander moderately large; apical point elongated, slender; ventral cutting edge with three flattened teeth, gradually smaller from outermost toward base; outermost tooth flattened, a little enlarged distally, about as long as apical point; basal tooth small, acute; a prosthecal append- age with a brush of hairs beneath it. Pupa.' — Length of cast pupal skin, about 5.5 mm. Cephalic crest of two prominent lobes, blunt at tips, their surface granulated. Labial lobes blunt at tips. Sheaths of maxillary palpi moderately stout, tapering suddenly to sharp apices. Antenna with basal segment very angulated. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXVI, 408 and 409) massive, short, trumpet-shaped, flattened laterally, and here margined with an elevated ridge, along which are scattered the rows of breathing pores; mouth of this trumpet wide. On thorax between breathing horns, large, rounded lobes which are minutely granulated. Declivity of mesonotum (Plate I.XXVI, 407) somewhat precipitous, at the rather narrow crest with about six small tubercles which are densely beset with spicules; along shoulder a similar, but more elongate, transverse welt; lateral margin of thorax before wing root projecting out as a sharp angle with a seta at its base. Wing sheaths reaching end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths moderately long, attaining base of fourth abdominal segment; fore legs a very little longer than hind legs; middle legs much shorter, ending just beyond base of last tarsal segment of fore legs. Abdominal segments divided into two narrow basal rings and a much broader posterior annulus. Armature of abdomen very weak. Male cauda (Plate LXXVI, 410 and 411) small, elongate; ventral lobes a Httle longer than the short, blunt dorsal lobes; on dorsal face near end of eighth segment, two stout lobes pointed at the tips which are directed dorsad and slightly caudad; eighth segment -ndth a close pentagon of pale, slender lobes, the posterior pair larger and closer together than the anterior pair, the median lobe the smallest. Ncpionotype. — Sacandaga River, Fulton County, New York, June 5, 1914. Nernoti/pe. — With type larva. Paratypes. — Two larvae with type. (Subgenus Gonomyia Meigen) Gonomyia {Gonomyia) sulphurella O. S. 1859 Gonomyia sulphurella O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 230. 1869 Goniomyia sulphurella O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 180-18L Gonomyia sulphurella is a handsome little crane-fly which is very common and widely distributed thruout the eastern and central United States. Larvae are not infrequent in mud along the banks of streams. The writer has bred this species from larvae sifted from sandy mud from the banks of Cascadilla Pond, Ithaca, New York, where they occur associated with numerous larvae and pupae of a tabanid (Chrysops itidiis (). S.), a stratiom\iid {Odontomyia sp.), and other forms. Larvae collected on May 14, 1913, emerged as adults on June 1. Adults have been reared as late as October 19 by E. A. Richmond. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 941 Pupa. — Length of cast pupal skin, about 0.5-7 mm. Cephalic crest small, blunt. Labrum triangular, apex obtusely rounded. Labial lobes subcircular, outer margin rounded. Sheaths of maxillary palpi short and stout, at apex suddenly narrowed (Plate LXXVII, 414). Antennal sheaths angulated at segments, the organ extending to beyond base of wing. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXVII, 413^ with extreme base expanded, the neck short, constricted, soon passing into a greatly expanded and very compresszd disk, the whole suggesting a fan or certain polypores; margin of this disk entire or gently crenulated, and sloping from ventral side outward; surface finely nerved and reticulated. Mesonotum somewhat precipitous, crest (Plate LXXVII, 412) tumid, v/ith rounded knobs arranged transversely along it, there being about eight isolated knobs and a more elongate one along shoulders, these knobs covered with minute blackened spicules. Lateral margin of thorax above wing root forming almost a right angle. Wing sheaths ending opposite base of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths comparatively short, ending opposite base of fourth abdominal segment; fore legs a little the longest, middle legs conspicuously shorter than the others. Abdominal segments divided into two narrow basal rings and a broad posterior annulus. Armature of abdominal segments weak, posterior ring with a narrow row of small black spines before caudal margin; on basal ring a broad band of microscopic scabrous points arranged in interrupted transverse rows, there being about seven or eight of these rows to a band. Spiracles small but distinct. Female cauda with tergal valves short, but little longer than sternal valves, slightly upturned, ending in short, cylindrical tips; near base with a small, blunt tubercle on either side; dorsum of segment 8 with five rather long, pale lobes, the anterior pair more slender and more widely separated than the posterior pair, which are sometimes closely approximated. Neanotype. — Cast pupal skin, Ithaca, New York, October 19, 1915. Paratypes. — Three pupae with type. Gonomyia (Gonomyia) kansensis Alex. 1918 Gonomyia kansensis Alex. Can. Ent., vol. 50, p. 158-160. Gonomyia kansensis is a prairie species of the cognatella group and appears to be common along the Arkansas and Kaw Rivers in Kansas. Living pupae were found at Larned on August 1, 1917, in sand along the banks of the Arkansas River, where they were associated with the typical sand-loving fauna, including Gelastocoridae, Saldidae, and Carab- idae (Omophron, Dyschirius, Bembidion, and Tachys). The observation of a small ant preying on a living pupa of this fly is discussed on page 729. Pupa.- — Length of cast pupal skin, 6 mm. Similar to G. alexanderi in mort essentials but showing the following differencea: anten- nal sheaths strongly angulate at -segments; a tubercle on ventral face of antenna at base, and another at inner cephalic margin of eye. 942 Charles Paul Alexander Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXVII, 415 and 410) flattened, earlike or very narrowly trumpet-shaped, with a thick marginal ridge, the disk restricted. Lateral angle of thorax above wing root very broad and blunt, setiferous. Leg sheaths of fore and hind legs almost on a level, those of middle legs shorter, ending a little beyond midlength of last tarsal segment of fore legs. Male cauda (Plate LXXVII, 417 and 418) with dorsal and ventral lobes very short and blunt, subequal in length; ventral lobes closely approximated on median line; dorsal lobes widely separated at their base, with two small acute points directed stro: gly dorsad, divergent at their tips, each with two small setae on outer face near base; dorsum of segment 8 with five lobes, the anterior pair a little more widely separated than the posterior pair, the median lolje slender. Neanotype. — Larned, Kan.sas, August 1, 1917. Genus Rhabdomastix Skuse (Gr. rod + lohip) 1889 Rhabdomastix Skuse. Proc. Linn. Sac. N. S. Wales, ser. 2, vol 4, p. 828-829. The genus Rhabdomastix includes nearly a dozen species, some of which have been previously described as Gonomyiae. The immature stages of Rhabdomastix schistacea (Schum.) were found by Beling (1886:195) in wet earth beside a stream in beech woods on May 6. The larva measures 6 millimeters in length; the greatest diameter is 0.8 millimeter. The body is strongly dilated in the anterior part and gradually narrowed behind. The integument is deep brownish yellow. The spiracular disk is short and blunt, and has four very small, tuberculate teeth, the lateral pair lying somewhat more cephalad than the more powerful ventral pair; spiracles small, circular, yellowish brown, separated by a distance about equal to four times the diameter of one. The pupa has the mesonotal declivity provided with an interrupted crossrow of small, unequal, chitinized teeth. (Subgenus Sacandaga Alexander) 1911 Sacandaga Alex. Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 349-352. Rhabdomastix (Sacandaga) Jlava (Alex.) 1911 Sacandaga flava Alex. Ent. News, vol. 22, p. 351-352. Rhahdomasiix flava is a curious fly which is apparently related to Gonomyia l)ut represents a quite different offshoot of the Eriopterini. The writer believes that the larvae might be found in moist earth along streams, but at present they are quite unknown. The following notes The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 943 on the swarming habits of this species have been pubHshed (Alexander, 1912 a: 72-73): On June 13, 1000, T found the species swarminj? [on Sport Island, in the Sacandaga River, New York] and made the following observations. The species came out at about 7.45 p.m. and at 7.51 p.m. began its flight in under an elm tree at the northeast end of the island. The flight was generally forward, but continually from side to side for a few inches. The flight was quite irregular, always toward the slight north breeze. The whole swarm would often move away and return, a little later, to the first place. It swarmed within four feet of tlu^ ground, generally much lower, averaging, perhaps, two feet. . . . The number of individuals participating in the swarm was about twenty. Other species swarm- ing nearby at the same time were Chironormis hyperhnreua, var. meridional is, Joh., and the may-flies, Ephemerella excrucians Walsh, and Siphlonisca aerodromia Ndm. Genus Trentepohlia Bigot (named after J. J. Trentepohl) 1854 Trentepohlia Bi'jot. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 474. 1011 Mongomioides Brun. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 6, p. 296. 1912 Mongomella Enderl. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, part 1, p. Gl. Trentepohlia is a tropicopolitan genus including about fifty-five described species arranged in six subgenera — Trentepohlia Bigot, Anchimongoma Brun., Mongoma Westw., Plesiomongoma Brun., Paramongoma Brun., and Neomongoraa Alex. Of these species, fifteen are American and the remainder are Old World forms. They are almost all species of delicate, ethereal structure, with long, slender legs. It is an interesting fact that Trentepohlia {Mongoma) pennrpes has been observed by Jacobson (De Meijere, 1911:50, and Edwards, 1912-13:211) to form chains on hori- zontal spider webs, as is noted herein for Thrj^pticomyia (page 712) and somewhat similarly for Oropeza (page 982). H. K. Munro has sup- plied (in litt.) the following interesting notes on the habits of Trentepohlia (Trentepohlia) humeralis Alex, as observed in eastern Transvaal at the end of April, 1920: Very inconspicuous when flying and resting. When flying resembles very much a small piece of thistledown. Invariably settles on under side of twigs, leaves, and similar objects. Usually found among bushy undergrowth, but also in grass. When at rest the wings are folded along back; very often on settling the insect moves itself up and down in the manner of the long-legged harvest spiders (Phalangiidae). Slow flier. A fossil Trentepohlia, T. cruciferella (Ckll.), has been described from the Gurnet Bay Oligocene (Cockerell, 1917b: 373-374). Observations on the immature stages of three species are available. 944 Charles Paul Alexander (Subgenus Mongoma Westwood) Trentepohlia (Mongoma) pennipes (O. S.) 1887 Mongoma pennipes O. S. Berl. Ent. Zeit., vol. 31, part 2, p. 204. The immature stages of Trentepohlia pennipes have been described by De Meijere (1911:50-51) as follows: Jacobson found the larvae at Semerang, Java, in January, 1903, in decaying plant stems. The only larva sent was 9 millimeters long and almost 1 millimeter in diameter, of cylindrical form, only slightly narrowed behind and brownish in color. The head capsule was entirely retracted. The entire body was thickly beset with fine, short, appressed hairs; in addition to these, on the ventral side of each of the six intermediate segments were transverse swellings where the hairs were shorter and even more numerous. Surrounding the anus were four long, cylindrical, anal gills, each constricted in three or four places; if bent forward, the anterior pair would reach the middle of the penultimate segment of the body, the posterior pair being somewhat shorter. The last segment of the body was truncated, the lower angles being somewhat produced and provided with a few somewhat longer hairs; the spiracles, situated in the upper part of the spiracular field, were relatively small and somewhat elongated. The pupa (Plate LXXVIII, 419) was about 9 millimeters long, elon- gate, of a yellowish brown color, the abdomen for the most part brighter. The thorax was almost smooth, with only a few short, brownish yellow bristles. The abdomen, except on the anterior segments, was thickly set with numerous tubercles. The apex of the abdomen had two short, thorn- like projections, curved outwardly; beneath these were two shorter tubercles, and four short tubercles formed a quadrangle on the dorsum of the last segment. The pronotal breathing horns consisted of flat- tened, leaflike lobes, the upper surface of which was scaly. (Subgenus Paramongoma Brunetti) Trentepohlia (Paramongoma) hromeliadicola (Alex.) 1912 Mongoma hromeliadicola Alex. Ent. News, vol. 23, p. 415-417. Trentepohlia hromeliadicola and T. leucoxena have a larval habitat which has not been found elsewhere in the family. They live in the water that gathers in the leaf axils of tropical bromeliaceous plants, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 945 ^ ■ r4 i spending their immature stages in this habitat, where they are associated with a remarkable fauna of other organisms. The adult females have the valves of the ovipositor grcuitly elongated, and the writer has sug- gested elsewhere that this may be an adaptation for laying the eggs in this hal^itat. T. hromeliaclicola was reared in Costa Rica by Picado, whose important paper (Picado, 1913) on the bromeliaceous epiphytes contains colored figures of the larva, the pupa, and the adult. From this paper it is seen that the larva (page 356, figure A, and plate 13, figure 4, of reference cited) is not unlike that of T. pennipes, described above, the four prominent anal gills of T. bromeliadicola (Plate LXXVIII, 420, of this paper) being a notable feature in common, altho here the constrictions are very numerous, there being twenty-five or thirty shown in the figure. The pupa (Picado, 1913:357, fig. 51, and pi. 13, fig. 2) has the pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXVIII, 421, of this paper) approximated on the median line, and the sheaths of the ovipositor (Plate LXXVIII, 423) greatly elongated to contain the elongated terebra of the adult within. According to Keilin (1913), the tegumentary glands of this larva are a provision against drought, which is the great source of danger to organisms living in this habitat. Trentcpohlia {Paramoyigoma) leucoxena (Alex.) 1915 Mongoma leucoxena Alex. Ent. News, vol. 26, p. 29-30. Trentepohlia leucoxena was reared by Knab in Mexico, from larvae found living in bromeliaceous plants quite as in the preceding species. Genus Teucholabis Osten Sacken (Gr. weapons + forceps) 1859 Teucholabis 0. S. Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Phila., p. 222. Larva.' — Form elongate, slender, terete. Body practically destitute of pubescence and setae. Spiracular disk surrounded by three very broad lobes, a flattened ventral lobe and two shorter lateral lobes at the base of which are the small black spiracles. Gills four, bluntly rounded and developed for propulsion. Head capsule of four elongate, slender rods or plates, interno-lateral pair forked at about midlength. Mandible rather small, with about three blunt lateral teeth. Antenna elongate, two-segmented. Pupa. — Cephalic crest setiferous. Pronotal breathing horns short, blunt, closely applied to thorax. Mesonotum precipitous, at crest with two powerful hooks and smaller serrated plates near shoulder. Wing sheaths reaching end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths reaching end of fourth abdominal segment, middle tarsi the shortest. Abdomen with a transverse row of setae before ends of segments. k 946 Charles Paul Alexander Teucholabis is a rather extensive genus of small crane-flies (including more than fifty described species) which find their center of distribution in the Tropics of the New World. A few species occur in Africa and the Oriental region. The genotype, Teucholabis complexa, is the only species that has been reared (Johnson, 1900). Johnson's material was kindly sent to the writer for study, and furnishes the basis for the following descriptions. Teucholabis complexa 0. S. 1859 Teucholabis complexa O. S. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 223. Larvae of Teucholabis complexa were found by Johnson in considerable numbers beneath the bark of a decayed oak l^elow Avalon, New Jersey, on June 8, 1899. They commenced pupating about the 13th, the imagines continuing to emerge from the 22d to the 27th. This gives a pupal duration of not more than nine days. Larva. — Length, 9 mm. Diameter, 0.55-0.6 mm. Coloration pale yellowish white, spiracles conspicuously darker. Form long and slender, body terete, tapering abruptly to the small prothoracic segment (Plate LXXIX, 424). Sutures between segments indistinct. Body practically destitute of pubescence and setae. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXIX, 427) with a broad, flattened, ventral lobe, which is very bluntly rounded to subtruncate at apex, and two very short, blunt, lateral lobes, at the base of which are the spiracles; spiracular disk without distinct markings. Spiracles small; middle piece black, ring pale horn-color; spiracles rather widely separated, the distance between them about equal to the long diameter of one. Anal gills (Plate LXXIX, 42ang wood as is shown by the three records avaUable to the writer. The larvae were found by Shannon in a very wet, rotten, willow log lying near the tidal flat above the brewery at Rosslyn, Virgmia, on May 21 1913 About eight larvae were found, well scattered thru the log. They were very active in their movements and were very beautiful m life being of a deep golden yellow color. These larvae were placed m rearing, and adults issued on May 27 and 29 and June 5 and 7, indicating a pupal duration of a week or slightly less. Larvae were found m thxs log also on November 23, 1912, and at that time they were ahnost grown, being about one-half inch in length. This shows that the species spends the winter as almost fully grown larvae. ^ Johnson found these larvae near Edge Hill, Pennsylvania, on June 25 1899 and on May 25, 1905, in a log, just beneath the bark. Larvae and pupae obtained by him were in the material studied in the preparation of this paper. , j i „+ Malloch found a single larva of this species m a much decayed log at White Heath, Illinois, on April 30, 1916 (Malloch, 1915-17 b: 236). Larva.— Length, 10-13.4 mm. Diameter, 1.2-1.3 mm. Coloration of body, a deep saturated golden yellow thruout. Body moderately elongated, terete, relatively slender, tapermg gradually toward either end but more noticeabfy and abruptly toward anterior end (Plate LXXX 432) ; the three horac. segments gradually increasing in size from the prothorac.c backward. Abdommal segmen^ 1 Ld 2 short, the third to the fifth the longest, remaiuing segments gradually shorter. Sur- 954 Charles Paul Alexander face of body densely covered with long, satiny, appressed hairs; thoracic and abdominal segments with a dorsal and a ventral transverse ridge of short, stiff hairs just before caudal margins of segments, these being longest on lateral parts of ridge; dorsal segments 6 and 7 with incomplete transverse rows at about midlength; on ventral surface of abdominal seg- ments 1 to 3, near base, two transverse rows of tiny spines with a depressed area between; segment 4 without this distinct double ridge; segments 5 to 7 with a very conspicuous mouthlike depression at base of each, with a liplike margin on either side, the anterior margin narrow with stiff hairs, the posterior margin swollen and densely set with tiny spines; on seg- ment 8 the transverse mouth lying near end of segment, its anterior lip with a dense fringe of long hairs directed backward. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXX, 434) surrounded by four lobes; lateral lobes the shortest, blunt at tips, inner face of each lobe slightly expanded at tip, a few short silky hairs on outer face of lobe, inner face slightly chitinized; ventral lobes longer, broad, tapering gradually to obtuse tips, notch between lobes deep, V-shaped, a narrow fringe of short, dense, golden, recurved hairs along outer face; at tip of each ventral lobe . a single long, powerful bristle. Spiracular disk unmarked. Spiracles large, very widely separated, situated at base of lateral lobes. Head capsule (Plate LXXX, 433) very small and narrow, the plates, four in number, being greatly elongated. (The exact details are difficult to see in the material available for study.) Labrum broad, anterior margin evenly rounded, with a few long hairs. Epipharyn- geal region provided with long setae directed backward. Mandible very small, base narrowed, tip produced into an acute point with smaller teeth at about midlength. Mental region feebly chitinized. Hypopharynx semicircular, rounded, anterior margin delicately grooved. Esophageal region elongated, inclosed by chitinized plates provided with parallel ridges running outward on one side and inward on opposite face, upon focusing produc- ing a latticed appearance. Maxilla densely hairy. Antenna two-segmented, conspicuous; basal segment short, apical segment larger, suboval. Sides of capsule on swelling behind the maxilla with a brush of very long hairs. Plates of capsule elongated, expanded and chitinized at tips and along margins; ventral plate near esophageal region with setae. Pwpa. — Length, 8.4 mm. Width, d.-s., 1.1 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.3 mm. Coloration light yellowish brown; abdomen darker; thoracic dorsum, sheaths of legs, and ovipositor more yellowsh. (In younger pupae the coloration is more uniformly pale.) Form slender, body narrow. Eyes very large, rounded (Plate LXXXI, 441). Antennal sheaths lying directly across face of eye. Vertex with a small but prominent crest lying transversely above eyes; cephalad of this crest and just proximad of the antennal bases, a setiferous tubercle. Front between eyes moderately broad, produced caudad into the very elongate rostral sheath, which is transversely wrinkled. Sheaths of maxillary palpi recurved, lying alongside rostrum. Sheaths of labium tiny, bilobed, lying at tip of rostrum. Two long setae on front between eyes. Eyes very large, narrowly separated on dorsum of head, the hinder part sunken under pronotum. Two conspicuous black tubercles behind antennal bases, each bearing a long, stout seta. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXX, 435) small, The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 955 short, clavate, yellow, constricted at bases, which are blackened; a prominent seta just above each breathing horn; two setae on each side of pronotum beneath eye. Mesonotal prescutum strongly convex, with six strong setae on each side, one just cephalad of base of wing, another at joint of wing, and two semitransverse groups in front of and behind level of wing base. Wing sheaths short, ending some distance beyond tips of hind tibiae and just beyond base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths (Plate LXXXI, 442) with fore femora strongly swollen, lying alongside rostral sheath; tips of middle tibiae ending just beyond tips of fore tibiae; legs very long, ending just before tip of fifth abdominal segment. Abdominal segments densely and microscopically punctulate. Segments 2 to 7 with two narrow basal rings and a broad posterior ring. Setae of dorsal abdominal segments (Plate LXXX, 437) en the posterior ring consisting of a caudal series of two strong outer setae and two smaller inner ones, the outer one of the inner series close to the proximal one of the outer series; lateral series of setae powerful; basal series in alineraent with anterior lateral seta, consisting of two powerful outer setae and a delicate inner one; pleural segments with a rudi- mentary spiracle on segments 2 to 7, each spiracle with a stout seta above it; setae of ventral segments (Plate LXXX, 436) with two strong bristles on each side near posterior lateral mar- gin, the outermost with a tiny seta above it; a single basal seta located on a level with ves- tigial spiracles. Female cauda (Plate LXXX, 439) with sternum of eighth segment having two sharp, curved, widely separated spines, and just laterad of these a stout seta; pleural region with another seta on same level; sternal valves of ovipositor only a little shorter than tergal valves; dorsum of segment 8 with two long teeth, above which are two slender, diver- gent tubercles; tergal valves broad basally, narrowed suddenly at tip, on either side with a small, subapical seta. Male cauda (Plate LXXX, 438 and 440) with eighth sternite hav- ing a strong median tubercle that is two-toothed; laterad of this a strong chitinized tooth bearing a powerful seta on outer face; a similar strong lateral seta; eighth tergite with four strong tubercles arranged to form a square; ninth sternite blunt, each lobe ending in two small tubercles; ninth tergite ending in two divergent lobes bearing at tip a large and a small seta and on dorsal face at about midlength another strong seta. Nepionotype. — Rosslyn, Virginia, May 21, 1913. Neanotype.— Edge Hill, Pennsylvania, May 25, 1905. Paratypes. — Larvae with type larva (two) and with type pupa (two). Genus Toxorhina Loew (Gr. boiv + nose) 1835 Limnobiorhynchus Westw. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 683 (spurious name). 1851 Toxorhina Loew. Linnaea Entomol., vol. 5, p. 400. 1869 Toxorrhinn O. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 109-114. 1910 Neoceraiocheiius Wesche. Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. 30, p. 358. Toxorhina is a small genus including about nine described species, almost all of which are from the New World. Two species occur in Africa and one in India. Toxorhina madagascariensis Meun. is described from African copal (Pleistocene). Nothing has been published con- cerning the immatui'e stages of any member of this genus. 956 Charles Paul Alexander Toxorhina muliebris (O. S.) 1865 Toxorrhina muliebris 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., p. 233. Toxorhina muliebris is the commonest species of the genus in the United States, with a rather wide range thruout the Northeastern States. The adult flies suck nectar from various flowers, such as the following: Rhamnaceae, Ceanothus americanus Linn. (Banks); Ericaceae, Clethra alnifolia Linn. (McAtee); Apocynaceae, Apocynum medium Greene (McAtee); Compositae, Solidago canadensis Linn. (Knab). The immature stages are unknown, but from Mrs. Tothill's tent-trap observations they are presumably spent in mud, since adult flies were found in her traps set over wet, sedgy spots near Ithaca, New York. It may be, however, that the insects live in fragments of decaying wood which might be buried in this mud, since such a habitat conforms more closely to that of Elephantomyia, which is apparently closely related to Toxorhina. Eriopterine No. 1 A very curious larva, which has not been reared, has been found in various places near Ithaca during the past few years. It is a small, pale larva, very delicate and almost diaphanous in appearance, at the posterior end with five flattened black plates with serrated margins, and with its thoracic segments capable of considerable lateral extension. The larva is undoubtedly 'an eriopterine, but it introduces a type of spiracular disk that has not been found elsewhere in the tribe. The writer finds it difl[icult to believe that this curious larva can belong to any of the eriopterine genera discussed in this paper, and yet there are very few possibilities remaining; and one of these (Cryptolabis) does not occur in the habitat frequented by this larva. The genus Atarba, whose immature stages are still wholly unknown, is a possibility. Empeda, which the writer considers to be a subgenus of Erioptera, has not been reared and must also be considered as a possibility. If this is the larva of Empeda, the group at once assumes full generic rank as given it by Osten Sacken, but occupying an isolated position and no closer to Gono- myia than to Erioptera. The larvae of this species were found commonly on Bool's hillside, at Ithaca, where they occurred in association with numerous other crane-fly larvae discussed elsewhere (page 781). The The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 957 larva is described here in the hope that it will be reared and its identity ascertained. Larva. — Length, 7-8.2 mm. Diameter, 0.4-0.5 mm. Coloration pale yellowish white; skin very delicate, almost diaphanous. Body moderately elongated, terete; raeso- and metathoracic segments (Plate LXXV, 404) and eighth abdominal segment capable of considerable expansion laterally, and, in death, usually greatly swollen; last segment of body narrowed, cyhndrical, with a number of long setae, including a group of five near base of lateral lobes. A few scattered setae along abdom- inal segments. Spiracular disk (Plate LXX\\405) surrounded by five equal elongate spatu- late blades, these blades flattened, jet-black in color, margins finely toothed; paired lobes near base with a subhyaline median spot; margins of lobes (Plate LXXV, 406) with twenty- five to thirty hooks, recurved ones alternating with others laterally directed; when blades are closed, these margins hooking closely together; at ends of blades and sparsely scattered along margin, long, delicate setae; at apex of blades, two bristles; no spiracles found at base of lobes. Anal gills four, lateral pair elongated, telescopic, inner pair shorter. Head capsule much as in other eriopterine genera, especially Ormosia and Gonomyia, dorsal plates slender, ventral bars a little longer. Labrum as in the tribe; epipharyngeal region with a large apical setiferous pad and two smaller pads nearer base. IMentum not formed of ventral bars of capsule as in Molophilus. Hypopharynx a semicircular cushion covered with long, dense setae, their tips a little recurved. Antenna with apical papilla very long for this tribe, about equal in length to basal segment, cylindrical, with tip rounded. Mandible moderately large, apical tooth not prominent, lateral teeth rather conspicuous, basal ones smaller but not so excessively reduced as in other members of the tribe; prostheca large. (Described from larvae, Ithaca, New York, May 11, 1917. No. 29-1917.) Tribe Styringomyiini The Styringomyiini comprise a small group of very peculiar crane-flies with a tropicopolitan distribution. There is only the single genus, Styringomyia, with about twenty-five described species. Most of the species are from tropical Africa and Asia, tho a few range into Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, and one, Styringomyia americana Alex., is found in tropical South America. Genus Styringomyia Loew (Gr. a kind of tree-gum -\- fly) 1845 ,'^tijringomyia Loew. Dipt. Beitr., vol. 1, p. 6. (Correctly Syringomjia — Berg- roth in litt.) 1903 Idiophlebia Griinb. Zool. Anzeig., vol. 26, p. 524-528. 1912 Pycnocrepis Enderl. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 32, part 1, p. 65. 1917 Mesomyiles Ckll. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., vol. 52, p. 377. L 958 Charles Paul Alexander The history of the genus Styringomyia is remarkable. It was erected by Loew in 1845, being based on the fossil species Styringomyia venusta Locw, from African copal. Many years later it was found to be still living in the Tropics of both hemispheres. The earliest fossil records pertain to the Oligocene of northern Europe (page 765). The adult flies have such a curious structure that it seems best to remove them from the former tribe Antochini, where they have long been placed. Concerning the first living species to be described, the Hawaiian S. didy ma Grimsh., Perkins (1913:clxxxii) says: It sometimes swarms at night aroimd the electric lights, sitting quietly on the walls and ceilings, with the body pressed closely to the surface, and the front and middle lege extended straight forward in front of the head in a characteristic manner. Annandale has made similar observations on the resting positions of S. ceylonica Edw., taken in India. He says (cited by Edwards, 1914-15 : 207) : *' This species rests on walls with the two anterior pairs of legs stretched out straight in front and the posterior pair behind, resembling a stray piece of cobweb." Jacobson has recorded much the same for S. jacobsoni Edw. (De Meijere, 1911:41^2, as S. didyma) in Java. The flies are attracted to lamps and are almost always to be found in copulation, the head of one directed away from the other; while thus engaged, some- times one, sometimes the other, will run forward for a short distance, producing a peculiar appearance. Munro {in litt) reports that the habits of S. vittata Edw. as observed in eastern Transvaal in late April, 1920, are very similar. He writes: "Two specimens taken 'in cop.' Settled on under side of a twig, heads in opposite directions, front legs of each stretched out in front along twig, wings laid flat along abdomen." Styringomyia didyma Grimsh. 1901 Styringomyia didyma Grimah. Fauna Hawaiiensis, p. 10. In Fauna Hawaiiensis, Perkins (1913:clxxxii) mentions the breeding of Styringomyia didyma by F. W. Terry. Before the reference could be investigated by the writer, Mr. Terry died. The following letters from 0. H. Swezey in regard to the matter were then received. In response to a letter sent on February 21, 1915, Mr. Swezey replied on March 26 that " no information on the rearing of the species is available in Mr. Terry's notes." The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 959 In a letter dated April 10 of the same year, however, the following notes were enclosed: About forty-five eggs deposited in tube December 5, 1910. Chorion jet black, shining and thick, resisting dryness, 0.3 mm. by 0.15 mm., very finely parallel-striate. One hatched December 10. The batch was placed with rotten apples and cow manure, hatching December 15. Larva long, head small, mandibles distinct and well chitinized. An adult male emerged about January 21, 1911. Mr. Swezey, thru whose kindness the above notes are available, adds: ''You see from the notes of Terry's that he did not breed Styringomyia didyma in its natural habitat. That is yet unknown, I guess." The striking feature of this life history is its brevity, the entire egg, larval, and pupal stages being passed in about a month and a half. The writer knows of no other crane-flies in which this is equaled, its nearest approach presumably being in the smaller Eriopterini. SUBFAMILY Cylindrotominae The subfamily Cylindrotominae constitutes a small, isolated group of crane-flies, with twenty described species arranged in seven recent genera. All the species are Holarctic in their distribution with the exception of five species of the Oriental genera Stibadocera Enderl., Stibadocerella Brun., and Agastomyia de Meij. The group is a decadent one, having been much better developed in the early and middle Tertiaries than at present (page 764). The adult flies are sluggish in their habits, occurring on vegetation in cool, shaded spots. The species of Cylindrotoma are brightly colored, yellow and black, but the other forms are somber in appearance and black or dark in color, the body being in some cases highly polished or metallic. The immature stages of the Cylindrotominae differ from those of all other Tipulidae, so far as is known to the writer, in being spent on various bryophytic and spermatophytic plants, on the leaves of which the larvae feed. The larvae are usually bright green in color and suggest a caterpillar in their general form. Most of them simulate their host plants to an astonishing degree. The immature stages of Cylindrotoma and Liograa are terrestrial, while those of Triogma and Phalacroccra are aquatic or nearly so. The genera of the subfamily Cylindrotominae may be separated as follows : 960 Charles Paul Alexander Larvae 1. Body appendages very long and filiform; aquatic Phalacrocera Schin. (p. 961) Bod}' appendages short, leaflike or tuberculate 2 2. Dorsal appendages all simple, on the terminal abdominal segments in a single row; ter- restrial on spermatophytic plants Cylindroloma Macq. (p. 966) Dorsal appendages with teeth on anterior convex side 3 3. Some of the dorsal appendages with three or four teeth on anterior face; aquatic on mosses Triogma Schin. (p. 973) Dorsal appendages with one (L. nodicornis) or two (L. glabrata) teeth. lAogma O. S. (p. 969) Pupae 1. Basal abdominal tergites without spines 2 Basal abdominal tergites with acute spines 3 2. Mesonotum unarmed; segments 6 and 8 each with two powerful dorsal hooks; segment 7 with a pair of strong ventral spines; pronotal breathing horns elongate, directed backward Phalacrocera Schin. (p. 961) Mesonotum with two flattened erect lobei; sagmsnts G, 7, and 8 naked; pronotal breathing horns small, directed slightly forward Cylindrotoma Macq. (p. 966) 3. Abdominal spines branched Liogma (glabrata) (p. r-69) Triogma (irisidcata) (p. 974) Abdominal spines not branched Liogma (nodicornis) (p. 971) The most important literature on the Cylindrotominae is as follows: General account of subfamily. Osten Sacken, 1897; Alexander, 1914:105-106; Malloch, 1915-17 b: 210-211; Lenz, 1920 b: 113-115. Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, pupa, general. . . De Geer, 1773; 1776: 135-141,r351. Phalacrocera replicaia . .' Larva Grube, 1868. Phalacrocera replicaia Larva Engel, 1884. Phalacrocera replicaia General Giard, 1895 b. Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, general Bengtdson, 1897. (Morphology of larva.) Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, pupa, general . . Miall and Shelford, 1897. (Mor- phology of larva and pupa.) Phalacrocera replicaia > Larva Bengtsson, 1899. (Morphology of heart.) Phalacrocera replicaia Larva Holmgren, 1908. (Morphology of head.) Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, pupa Griinberg, 1910:32-35. Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, pupa, general. . . Wesenberg-Lund, 1915:343-347. Phalacrocera replicaia Larva, pupa, general. . . Lenz, 1920b: 127-129. Cij'indro'oma distinclissima . . . . Larva, general Schellenberg, 1803:22-23. Cylindrotoma distinclissima.. . . Larva, pupa, general... Boie, 1838:234. Cylindrotoma disiinctissima .... Larva, pupa, general . . . Zeller, 1842. Cylindrotoma disiinctissima. . . . General Schiner, 1864:563. Cylindrotoma distinclissima . . . . Larva, pupa, general. . . Kaltenbach, 1874:7. Cylindrotoma distinclissima. . . . Larva Wesenberg-Lund, 1915:335 (as Tri- ogma). Cylindrotoma disiinctissima ... . Larva, pupa, general .. . Lenz, 1920 b: 115-117. Cylindrotoma splendens Larva, pupa, general. . . Cameron, 1918. Liogma glabrata Larva, general De Rossi, 1876. Liogma glabrata General Osten Sacken, 1878 a. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 961 I^o,n.,Mrata l:™'^^r"':: ^f^S^S^^'- Liogma glabrata Generkl Alexande;, 1914 : 10r,-107. Liogma glahrata Wvlpupa ' general .. . Lenz, 1920b:ll7-121. Liogma glabrata.. Larva, pupa, gn Alexander, 1914: 107-115. Lwgma nod^corn^s Larva, P^P^. f" Steinmann. 1907-08. Tnpgma tnsulcata Larva genera .^ im~m. Tnogma tnsulcnU^ Larva, P^Pf ^ g^'^^'"^ Wesenberg-Lund, 1915:347-348 (as Triogma tnsulcata Larva, general. ^^^^^ glabrata). Triogma trisulcata Larva, pupa, general.. Lenz, 1920b: 121-127. Genus Phalacrocera Schiner (Gr. hald + horn) 1863 Phalacrocera ScWn. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 224. Larvae Body covered with numerous elongate, trachea-bearing filaments, the posterior pair on dorsal segments deeply forked, the others simple. Spiracular d,sk w.th dorsal pa.r rf lobes formed bv rudimentary posterior branch of branched filaments of eighth abdommal segment. Head capsule compact. Mentum with about fifteen teeth. P^pa.- Cephalic crest low, not setiferous. Pronotal breathmg horns long, almo t straight. Dorsal abdominal segments with tubercles, those of sixth and eighth segments enlarged into spinous hooks; two pointed tubercles on seventh stermte. Phalacrocera is a small genus (four species) of medium-sized to large, dull-colored flies, of which the genotype, Phalacrocera rephcata, is i^uro- pean, P. mikado Alex, is Japanese, and the two remammg species are North American. u u + i The adult flies of the American species are not common, the best-known, P tipuUna O. S., being most frequently found in or near sphagnum bogs in mountainous localities. Needham (1908a:209) found the wings of an indi- vidual of this species in the pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea Unn., in the Adirondack Mountains, together with the wings of four specimens of Lle- phantomyia westwoodi and numerous other insects. Most of the specimens that have been found l^y the writer were taken in close proximity to bogs. The immature stages of Phalacrocera repUcata have long been known, having been described by De Geer and other early workers on insect biology More recently the hfe history, anatomy, and morphology have been discussed in commendable detail by several other writers (page 960)^ Both the larvae and the pupae are aquatic, living among submerged plants in quiet, but non-stagnant, water. , , • . The immature stages of P. tipuUna &re very much to be desired, as the adult shows some features in its organization not found in the other species of the genus.^ 6 The larva of this species was discovered by J. Speed Rogers in 1920. 962 Charles Paul Alexander Bengtsson (1897) erected for this genus the group Erucaeformia, which he considered as the primitive form from which the Ncmatocera and the Brachycera have been derived. This group, of course, has no standing whatsoever, Phalacrocera replicata (Linn.) 1761 Tipula replicata Linn. Fauna Suecica, 2d ed., p. 500-502. 1863 Phalacrocera replicata Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 224. The larvae and the pupae of Phalacrocera replicata have been discussed in such detail by Miall and Shelf ord, by Bengtsson, by Holmgren, and by Wesenberg-Lund, that they are considered here only in general terms. The habits of the immature stages have been discussed by many writers since the time of De Geer. They are oftentimes rather numerous among aquatic plants such as Ranunculus fiuitans Lam., Fontinalis antipyretica Linn., Hypnum elodes Schp., H. exannulatum Guenbel, and other species, feeding on these mosses and probably on other plants. These moss frag- ments give a green tinge to young larvae when seen thru the nearly trans- parent body wall. Older larvae are more opaque and are brownish green in color, indistinctly striped with pale and darker. The larva is extremely sluggish, remaining almost motionless for hours. It clings to moss stems by its large anal hooks, and, thus secured, it often sways its body from side to side as if to accelerate respiration. The larvae can go for long periods of time without fresh air. Miall and Shelford kept specimens alive for two weeks in bottles completely filled with water, and for a long time in water that had been boiled. The larvae can live for a long time out of water. Progression thru the mats of submerged vegetation is accomphshed by grasping with the mandibles and the anal hooks, alternately. When alarmed the larvae curl into a rounded ball, after the manner of many caterpillars. The skin, and more especially the long body processes, are often covered with ectoparasitic organisms, such as algae and infusoria, on which small fresh-water mollusks, Plan- orbis, have been observed feeding and creeping about over the body of the larva. This coating of organisms, the body outgrowths, and the general coloration of the larva, give it a striking resemblance to the mosses among which it hves. De Geer (1776:355) shows that the larva can endure excessive cold. He placed four larvae in a vessel at the beginning of winter, and examined them in the following May. During the winter The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 963 the water in which the larvae lived had frozen into a soUd mass, yet, on investigating the jar in the spring, De Gcer found two of the larvae still ahve and able to feed, and within a month both had pupated. The larval habitat is in ponds in which a moss vegetation flourishes and in which currents keep the water in constant motion. A female fly was observed by Miall and Shelford (1897:360) depositing her eggs in the leaf axils of a submerged moss. The eggs, about sixty in numl^er, are laid singly and adhere slightly to the moss; they are opaque, dark in color, and spindle-shaped, with the surface of the chorion irregularly pitted, and with a rosette-hke micropyle at one end. Bengtsson, Miiggen- berg, and others believe that Phalacrocera has but a single brood m a yeari the larval existence occupying about eleven months; Miall and Shelford, however, admit the possibility of a second brood. The egg stage requires from eight to twelve days and the pupal duration is seven or eight days, according to Bengtsson. According to Miall and Shelford, the pupal period is considerably longer. During the larval development there are numerous moltings, at least eight and possibly ten; the old larval skin is cast by a simple dorsal split extending from the first to the fourth segment. Just after emergmg from the egg the larva is from 2 to 2.25 millimeters in length and about 0.5 millimeter in diameter, excluding the body projections. The first larval stage (Bengtsson, 1897) lasts until the second molting. The body is provided with ten pairs of long, delicate, threadlike, lateral projections, which are located on the second to the eleventh body segments and are half as long as the body. The other projections of the older larvae are merely indicated. The attachment apparatus is placed immediately before the anus, and consists of from eight to twelve chitinized hooks, directed forward and arranged in an arcuated crossrow. The color of the body is white, almost transparent. The mouth parts show the mandi- bles without a prostheca and moving horizontally. The second larval stage lasts from the second until the fourth molting. The body appendages have appeared and are clearly developed, resembling in appearance and relative length those of the definitive stage. The attachment apparatus is post-anal. The body takes on a distinctly striped appearance. The mouth parts have the prostheca well developed on the mandibles, which are vertically placed and therefore have an up-and-down movement. The third larval stage represents the fully grown larva from the fourth r 964 Charles Paul Alexander molt up to the time of pupation. Here the dorsum of the body is a dirty brownish green with more or less distinct brighter spots, and the venter is bright green in color. The mouth parts and the attachment apparatus are as in the second stage. The pupa is comparatively active, moving about by flexion of the abdomen. Its usual position is vertical, with the tips of the breathing horns just reaching the surface of the water. This vertical position the pupa maintains by grasping the vegetation with its caudal abdominal hooks. At times the pupa descends beneath the water by clinging to the vegetation, but a submergence of six hours causes asphyxiation. The pupal existence was determmed by Miall and Shelford as eleven days. When the adult emerges, the cast pupal skin is left attached to a moss leaf by the dorsal abdominal projections at the posterior end of the body. Larva. — Length, about 25 mm. Young larvae distinctly greenish, especially on ventral side, this coloration caused, at least in part, by contents of alimentary canal showing thru body wall; older larvae more opaque, brownish green in color; dorsum with an indistinct striping of brown and whitish; ventral surface whitish. Head entirely retractile within prothorax and usually so retracted except when larva is feeding; opening transverse. Prothorax, viewed from above, roughly rounded, anterior margin convex; on ventral surface traversed by a weak suture. Meso- and metathorax narrow. Abdominal segment 1 indistinctly divided into two annuli, the more basal one very narrow; abdominal segments 2 to 7 divided into a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring, each of these annuli still further subdivided into two annulets^ Body pro- vided with numerous elongate trachea-bearing filaments, both simple and branched, giving larva a very bristly appearance (Plate LXXXTII, 448), these spines arranged as follows: tergites with both simple and bifurcated filaments; on posterior part of pronotum two short, simple filaments; on meso- and metanotum, two pairs of simple filaments; on abdominal segment 1, an anterior pair of simple, and a posterior pair of deeply branched, filaments; segments 2 to 7 with basal ring unarmed, posterior ring with an anterior pair of simple, and a caudal pair of deeply branched, filaments; segment 8 with only a branched pair, anterior branch long, slender, posterior branch very small, its outer face heavily chitinized and forming dorsal lobes of spiracular disk; ■pleurites with all the filaments simple; one on posterior part of prothorax, and on anterior part of each of the other two thoracic segments; posterior filament on these latter nearly vestigial; two unequal filaments on first abdominal segment; segments 2 to 7 with one filament on basal ring and two on posterior ring, the anterior one the longest; segment 8 with a single rudimentary filament; stenu'tes with all the filaments simple; prosternum without filaments; meso- and metasternum with a strong filament near lateral margins; abdominal segment 1 with two pairs of filaments, posterior pair the longer and more widely separated; segment 2 with three pairs of filaments, anterior pair very short; segments 3 to 7 with four pairs of filaments and an additional median one, arranged as follows: The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 965 two pairs of small filaments on basal ring, the anterior pair more widely separated, two pairs of much longer filaments on posterior ring, the last pair more widely separated, longer, and tipped with blackish, between them a tiny median filament. Chaetotaxy as follows: tergites with four solitary setae along anterior margin of prothorax, and two setae just laterad of each dorsal filament of prothorax and posterior filaments of meso- and meta thorax; abdominal segments with a seta laterad of each simple and branched filament; plourites with a stiff seta at base, and out toward apices, of middle lateral filaments; sternites with a group of about four stiff setae on either side of posterior ring of presternum, and a single stiff seta on either side of median line; meso- and metasternum with a lateral group of setae; a seta laterad, and another at about midlength, of each of the posterior pair of ventral filaments. iSpiracular disk with ventral lobes elongate, slightly recurved, the posterior face intensely blackened, chitinized, each lobe with two acute spines at tip, with two setae near them; a stiff seta on side of base of each ventral lobe; dorsal lobes as already described, the rudi- mentary posterior branch of last furcate dorsal filament much smaller than in ventral lobes, the posterior face heavily blackened; spiracular disk rhombic in form, white, and having almost the appearance of porcelain. Spiracles situated between bases of dorsal lobes. Skin about spiracles capable of retraction so as to form a deep recess. Head capsule rather short, almost conical, formed of two large lateral plates and a some- what smaller and shorter prefrontal plate. Mentum with an outer (ectolabial) part and an inner (endolabial) part; mentum a triangular or somewhat pentagonal plate, strongly chitinized, fore margin with about fifteen teeth; mandibles working against teeth of both endo- and ectolabia. Antenna of a single segment, bearing on its truncated apical end a few sensory papillae. Mandibles small but strong, curved inward at tip and furnished with a fringe of setae, which assist in closing the mouth opening. Maxilla expanded into flattened, shovel-like structures, inserted high on side of head; palpus with a number of sensory papillae at apex, and with a porous plate on outer side which seems to be an organ of hearing. Pupa. — Length, 16-18 mm. (Miall gives length up to 20 mm.) •Width, d.-s., 2.9-3.3 mm. Depth, d.-v., 2.7-2.9 mm. Coloration greenish brown, in alcohol a paler yellowish brown; a very broad dorso-median dark brown stripe which is narrowly margined laterally with yellowish; dorsum of abdomen suffused sublaterally with dusky, extreme lateral margins of body yellowish; ventral surface with two broader sublateral stripes and a very narrow ventro-median stripe. Anterior end of body very deep and thick, as is usual in this group of crane-flies. Abdomen greatly depressed, with lateral margins very thin and flattened. Cephahc crest low, non- setiferous, located between antennal bases. Labrum broad basally, narrowed toward ape.x, which is broadly rounded; two setae at base of labrum. Labial lobes subcircular in outline. Maxillary palpi elongate, bent strongly backward so as to lie along flattened cheek. Antenna rather elongated, extending far beyond origin of wing pad (Plate LXXXIH, -119). Thorax very deep, flattened above. Pronotal breathing horns, which are broken in the writer's speci- mens, seen from other descriptions to be rather elongate, almost straight, and slightly divergent; two small setae between bases of breathing horns; two groups of setae on anterior part of pronotura before breathing horns. Mesonotum (Plate LXXXIII, 449) with six 966 Charles Paul Alexander small, setiferous tubercles, one above each wing axil, the other four arranged in a trapezoid on dorsum with the anterior pair closer together; metanotum with six setiferous tubercles, four of which are median in position, the other pair at antero-lateral margin, near base of halteres. Wing sheaths ending about opposite apex of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending before apex of third abdominal segment. First abdominal segment similar to metanotum; segments 2 to 7 indistinctly subdivided into a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring; basal ring unarmed except for a seta on pleural margin and a trapezoid of tubercles on sternum; posterior annulus armed as follows: tergites with four tubercles arranged in a quadrangle and located in the dark median stripe, posterior tubercles with a stiff seta just laterad of each; a lateral seta on a line with anterior tubercles; two lateral setae on a level with posterior tubercles, the proximal one considerably the larger; these setae located in the yellow sublateral stripe; pleural margin with two setiferous tubercles with an acute subappressed spine between them; a seta immedi- ately ventrad of anterior tubercle; on segments 6 and 7, spine closer to caudal margin of segment, and tubercle beyond it lacking; sternites with a trapezoid of naked tubercles on basal ring, posterior pair the closer together; a trapezoid of larger setiferous tubercles on posterior ring, anterior pair the closer together; posterior punctures each having two setae, with an additional slender seta laterad of these in the lateral dark stripe; dorsum of segment 6 (Plate LXXXIII, 450) with posterior pair of tubercles replaced by two powerful lobes directed caudad and laterad; segment 7 unarmed on dorsum, sternum with two acute spines near caudal margin; segment 8 with lateral angles produced dorsad into slender lobes which are spinous on all the faces; caudal angles directed caudad into slender lobes, acute at tips and with anterior inner face spinous and bearing a few setae. Male cauda with sternal valves very blunt and rounded, on either side of ventro-median hne produced caudad into an acute spine. Female cauda with dorsal acidothecae a little longer than the more slender sternal valves, both pairs much exceeded by caudal angles of eighth segment. Nepionotype. — Larva, Denmark. Neanotype. — Pupa, Denmark. Paratypes. — One larva and one pupa. (The writer is indebted to Dr. C. Wesenberg-Lund for this material, as well as for several other interesting European crane-fly life histories.) Genus Cylindrotoma Macquart (Gr. cylinder + 1 cut) 1834 Cylindrotoma Macq. Suit, a Buff., vol 1, Hist. Nat. Ins., Dipt., p. 107. Larva. — Body covered with simple tubercles, a median dorsal row and a double ventral row. Spiracular disk large, surrounded by small lobes. Head capsule compact. Mentura with about fifteen teeth. Pupa.- — Pronotal breathing horns short, cylindrical, directed strongly ventrad. Meso- notum with two flattened lobes directed cephalad. Abdomen unarmed with spines or lobes. Cylindrotoma is a small genus including six species distributed thruout the North Temperate Zone, three of these species occurring in North America. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 967 The adult flies of Cylindrotoma tarsalis Johns., the only species that the writer has ever found in nature, are common on rank vegetation in cool, boggy, and swampy woods. The immature stages of the genotype, C. distinctissima (Meig.), have long been known, having been discussed by Schellenberg (1803), Boie (1838), Zeller (1842), Kaltenbach (1874), and others. The larva shows some resemblance to that of Phalacrocera, but is almost entirely terrestrial in its habits, feeding on the leaves of various spermatophytic plants such as Caltha palustris, Anemone nemorosa, Ranunculus repens, Chrysosplenium, Stellaria nemorum, Sanicula europaea, Viola biflora, Valeriana officinalis, Allium, and others. It attains a length of nearly 25 millimeters, and is narrow, depressed, tapering to either end, and of a grass-green color. There is a slight dorsal ridge from which a row of short, fleshy spines projects, these spines being directed backward and one spine on each segment being longer than the others. There is a broad lateral margin . bearing very short processes, and there are also eight pairs of ventral ridges without hooks and a pair of longer backward- directed processes near the anus. The pupa affixes itself to stalks or leaves by the caudal end, to which the remains of the last larval skin adhere. The larvae generally remain on the lower surface of the leaves, on which they feed, gnawing holes in them. When about to pupate they generally leave their food plants and fasten themselves on grass blades and leaves near by, usually pupating the following day. From the foregoing obser- vations it would seem that there are in the various locahties two genera- tions a year, one in the spring and the other in the autmnn. The life history of C. splendens has recently been worked out in con- siderable detail by Dr. A. E. Cameron, thru whose kindness the writer has received specimens for study. Cylindrotoma splendens Doane 1900 Cylindrotoma splendens Doane. Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vol. 8, p. 197. 1900 Cylindrotoma juncta Coq. Proc. Wash. Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 401. 1918 Cylindrotoma splendens Cameron. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 11, p. 67-89. Cylindrotoma splendens is an interesting crane-fly occurring from British Columbia northward to Alaska. Dr. Cameron's excellent notes on the life history of this species are abstracted in detail on pages 708 to 710 of this paper. The following descriptions were made from material sent 968 Charles Paul Alexander to the writer by Dr. Cameron, a few details being added from Dr. Cameron's published notes. Larva. — Length, 15-17 mm. Width, d.-s., 2.4-2.5 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.5 mm. Coloration light chlorophyll green, with two narrow, pale brown lines on dorsum, extending from posterior end, above spiracles, anteriorly, becoming more expanded and diffused on fore part of body. Body very depressed, both dorsal and ventral surfaces being flattened, lateral margins - sharp (Plate LXXXIV, 453). Head completely retractile within prothorax. Skin delicately reticulated and roughened. Thorax, viewed from above, semicircular in outline, margined with about four tubercles on either side, anterior pair the largest, separated by a V-shaped notch. Pronotum with an anterior pair of small tubercles and a larger median tubercle behind, directed backward; segments 2 and 3 each with lateral margins two-toothed, the anterior tooth the larger and more pointed; a blunt dorsal tubercle on anterior margin and a larger one behind. Abdominal segments indistinctly divided into four annuh which are poorly delimited; the two basal annuli narrow and corresponding to basal annulus of most crane-fly larvae, the third annulus the largest and bearing a slender lateral tooth; other segments less distinctly divided serrately on lateral margin; dorsum of abdominal segments with a row of blunt median tubercles, there being four on each segment, the first very small to vestigial, the third slender, the last the stoutest; on venter of abdominal segments 1 to 7, near posterior margin, a fleshy conical lobe (pseudopodium) on either side of median line, these being smaller on anterior segments (1 to 4), and much larger and paler on posterior segments (5 to 7). Spiracular disk very large and flattened, obliquely truncated, surrounded by six small lobes, the dorso-lateral pair small, widely separated, the ventro-lateral pair much larger, the ventral pair very small, slender. Spiracles very small, circular, widely separated, the distance between them about equal to six times diameter of one. Mouth parts with labrum linguliform, terminating in four teeth, external pair smaller than internal pair. Mentum with seven teeth on either side of small median one, the first and the third on either side being the largest. Hypopharynx with two rows of small teeth. Antenna two-segmented; basal segment elongate, pyriform; apical segment thimble-shaped. Mandible (Plate LXXXIV, 454) powerful; cutting edge with about five marginal teeth and two dorsal teeth; a large basal prostheca. Maxilla large; outer lobe fringed with stiff hairs; a few acute sensory bristles situated on elevated papillae, two on cardo, one on outer lobe of maxilla; maxillary palpi short, cylindrical, apex obUquely truncated and provided with numerous sensory knobs, on side near tip a circular porous plate (which as it appears in Phalacrocera is suggested by Bengtsson as probably being an organ of hearing). Pupa. — Length, 11.7-14 ram. Width, d.-s., 2-2.8 mm. Depth, d.-v., 1.4-2 mm. Color of live pupa, leaf green; preserved specimens much paler, yellowish; pronotal breathing horns grayish white; margins of abdomen nearly translucent. I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 969 Labrum narrow, apex evenly rounded. Labial lobes stout, separated by labrum, at tip narrowed and somewhat pointed. Maxillary palpi long and stout, just beyond base bent strongly backward. Antennae rather short, bases not widely separated (Plate LXXXIV, 456). Thorax very deep, much flattened anteriorly (Plate LXXXIV, 455). Pronotal breathing horns short, cylindrical, slightly divergent, apex of each a Uttle expanded. Meso- notum at declivity with two flattened plates, which are blunt and directed cephalad and slightly laterad; above wing axil a smaller tubercle. Wing sheaths ending just before apex of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending just before apex of third abdominal segment; tarsi ending about on a level. Abdomen strongly depressed, lateral margins carinate; segments distinct, unarmed, sub- divided into a narrow basal ring and a much broader posterior ring; segments 2 to 5 a little longer than segments 6 and 7. Male cauda with valves divided into two rounded lobes by a small median notch. Female cauda with dorsal valves straight, a little longer and much stouter than the slender sternal valves. Nepionotype. — Westhclme, Vancouver Island, B. C, May 15, 1917. Neanotype. — Female pupa with type larva. Genus Liogma Osten Sacken (Gr. smooth + furrow) 1869 Liogma 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 298. Larva.- — Body covered with elongate, leaflike projections, dorsal ones with one or two teeth on anterior convex face. Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes. Head capsule compact. Mentum with about fourteen teeth. Pupa.- — Metanotum and abdominal tergites with elongate spines, branched in L. glahrala, simple in L. nodicornis. The genus Liogma includes three known species, of which the genotype, Liogma nodicornis (0. S.), is American. The adult flies of this species are sluggish, and are found resting on vegetation growing in and about shaded ponds and similar situations. In Europe the hfe history of L. glahrata (Meig.) has been worked out by De Rossi (1876), by Wesenberg-Lund (1915:347-348), and in con- siderable detail by Mliggenberg (1901). The larvae were found in the woods near Berlin, in wet, grassy spots where the moss Hyimum squarrosum Brch. & Schp. occurs. The complete metamorphosis of the insect takes one year, the larval life requiring the greater part of this period. The egg stage lasts from eight to ten days and the pupal stage from eleven to twelve days. The duration of adult hfe is not known, but it is certainly short, occupying but a few weeks at the most. Near Berlin the flies emerge during the first half of July. The males appear first, the females later, and the latter are always seized in copulation 970 Charles Paul Alexander by the males just after they have forsaken the pupal skin and while still teneral and undeveloped. Each female lays about sixty eggs, and these are deposited singly on the leaves or branches, or attached Hghtly to the axils of the leaves, of Hypnum squarrosum. Egg deposition begins from one-half to one day after copulation, and may be extended, with many interruptions of greater or less extent, thru a whole day. The eggs are from 1 to 1.2 millimeters long, spindle-shaped, yellowish green in color, the chorion with a reticulate sculpturing. After the accomplishment of oviposition the exhausted female soon dies. The larvae when first hatched are 2 millimeters in length and do not yet possess the beautiful moss-green color of the later stage. With the exception of the chitinized head capsule, they appear ashy gray. The numerous thornlike projections are to be noted already in the same positions as those of the developed larva, but do not show the branching of the later stages. In the autumn the young larva grows very slowly, and dm-ing the winter it is still very small and difficult to detect. In the spring the growth is greatly accelerated, and the larva becomes fully grown during the latter half of June. While attaining its growth the larva molts several times, probably at least eight — the number determined for Phalacrocera by Bengtsson. Pupation occurs in the moss where the larva happens to be. In its green color, with brown blotches, the larva remarkably simulates its host plant and the effect of the shadows cast by the plant stems and leaves. The larvae are extremely sluggish in their habits. The American species Liogma nodicornis has been found in various mosses of the genus Hypnum (Alexander, 1914). The immature stages of this species are discussed below. The following keys separate the species of Liogma: Larvae Prothoracic segment bearing foxir conspicuous dorsal projections about on a line; meso- and metathorax with two pairs of dorsal appendages, each bearing two lateral teeth in front; second abdominal segment with four dorsal appendages, the last two bearing two teeth/ in front (Palaearctic) glabrata (Meig.) (p. 969) Prothoracic segment bearing four inconspicuous dorsal tubercles; meso- and metathorax with two pairs of dorsal appendages, the anterior pair small, both pairs simple; second abdominal segment with four dorsal appendages, the last two bearing a single small tooth in front (Nearctic) nodicornis (O. S.) (p. 971) The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 971 Pupae Pronotal broathing horns directed cephalad and dorsad; roesonotum bearing two pairs of spines, the more anterior being the smaller, situated just behind breathing horns, posterior pair the larger; metanotum with two pairs of spines; abdomen with first tergite bearing two pairs of spines, the first having two lateral branches, the second simple; second tergite bearing two pairs of spines, the first with two lateral branches, the second with one branch; third tergite bearing three pairs of spines, the first very short and simple, the second with two lateral branches, the third with one branch; tergites 4 and 5 with three pairs of branches, the first two similar to those of third segment, the last possessing two lateral branches glabrata (Meig ) (p. 969) Pronotal breathing horns directed cephalad and ventrad; mesonotum spineless; metanotum with one pair of spines; abdominal tergites bearing but a single pair of appendages, which' are unbranched and correspond in position to the last or more posterior of those of the European species nodicornis (O. S.) (p. 971) Liogma nodicornis (0. S.) 1865 Triogma nodicornis 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 4, p. 239. 1869 Cylindroloma nodicornis 0. S. Mon. Dipt. N. Amer., part 4, p. 301. 1887 Liogma nodicornis 0. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 31, p. 226. Liogma nodicornis, the only American species of the genus, is widely distributed thruout the Northeastern States. The larvae are found in moss — Hypnum cupressiforme Linn, and related species. They are the most sluggish of any crane-flies known to the writer, moving only with great slowness and much of the time appearing to be quite dead. They crawl about among the stems of their host plant and probably never leave it, even to pupate. The pupal duration indoors is not more than six days. Further details of the life history are given by the writer in an earUer paper (Alexander, 1914). Larva. — Length, 14.5-15 mm. Width, 3 mm. Depth, 2.5 mm. Color of live larva light green, the numerous spines covering the body darker; sides with seven black marks, the first on first abdominal segment, the last on seventh abdominal segment; the marks on ends the smallest and least distinct, the five intermediate marks large and conspicuous; these marks all lying parallel to one another; posterior face of ventral lobes surrounding stigmal field intensely black. Prothorax in front (Plate LXXXV, 462) sloping from anterior end, on ventral slope provided with liplike lobes, with a transverse slit from which head capsule is exserted; upper lip the higher, not strongly chit^nized, provided with a few small, scattered bristles, these more numerous on sides of lobe; lower lip not so high, with small, scattered bristles not arranged in a row as in L. glabrata: at angle of slit a small rounded lobe bearing a small bristle. Dorsal body appendages reduced to a pair of lobes in front, separated by a space a little greater than diameter of one, and a pair of smaller lobes behind, very widely separated; lateral body appendages long, conspicuous; ventral body appendages not apparent. Meso- and meta- thorax swollen and arched ventrally like prothorax; dorsal appendages two, a small conical 972 Charles Paul Alexander one in front and a much larger one behind bearing a small tooth in front and with its tip directed backward; lateral appendages, viewed from above, two in number, anterior one the larger, directed sharply backward, the second smaller, conical; ventral appendages, viewed from side, four, anterior pair the larger, posterior pair small, slightly behind the others. Dorsal appendages of abdominal segments (Plate LXXX V, 457) as follows : first segment with two pairs of appendages; anterior pair the shorter, conical, tips strongly recurved and bearing a tiny tooth on anterior face at about midlength; posterior pair much longer, with tips bent strongly backward, a small tooth on anterior face at about one-third length' from base; segments 2 to 7 with four pairs of appendages, the first pair very small, conical, the second exactly similar but larger, the third and fourth pairs similar to appendages of first abdominal segment; the tiny anterior appendage largest on second segment, gradually becoming smaller toward end of body. Lateral abdominal appendages as follows: first segment with three pairs of appendages, the first directed laterad, the posterior two more recurved and directed caudad; segments 2 to 7 with four pairs of appendages, the first very small, situated at antero- lateral angle of segment, the other three subequal and directed caudad. Ventral abdominal appendages as follows: first segment with three pairs of appendages, which are successively larger from the short anterior one to the large posterior one; segments 2 to 7 with five pairs of appendages, the first three small, the fourth intermediate in size between them and the enlarged fifth pair. Eighth segment bearing spiracular disk and its lobes; dorsal side of field with a pair of long, slender lobes bent conspicuously cephalad. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXXV, 461) small, oval, the two rounded-oval spiracles situated side by side and close to each other, inclined toward each other and capable of being closely appressed; ventral lobes of disk directed ventrad, inner faces of lobes with a conspicuous jet-black line, tip of each lobe endmg in a sharp recurved hook. (Miiggenberg regards these lobes as representmg the ninth abdominal segment.) Ventral surface of terminal segments with small protuberances. Head completely retractile into first thoracic segment. Mentum (Plate LXXXV, 45S) with about seven teeth on either side, terminal pair the larger, separated by a V-shaped notch Antenna (Plate LXXXV, 460) two-segmented, basal segment elongate-cylindrical, tip very short, thimble-shaped, with a diameter less than that of elongate basal segment. Mandible (Plate LXXXV, 459 and 460) many-toothed on inner face, with a prominent basal prostheca- mandibles working vertically against teeth of mentum. IMa.xilla (Plate LXXXV, 458) with palpi very short, broad, basal segment chitinized, tip narrow, pale. Pupa.— Length: male, 10.4-n.4 mm.; female, 10-13 mm. Width, d.-s.; male, 2-2.2 mm.; female, 2.2-2.6 mm. Depth, d.-v ; male, 1.9-2.2 mm.; female, 2.1-2.5 mm. Living pupae with pronotal breathing horns light yellow, the terminal half a little more brownish; a brownish black mark on prescutum; abdomen greenish, more yellow behind- dorsal spines clear light green thruout or with tips in some specimens a little infuscated' (In pupae preserved in alcohol, the greenish colors are lost, the dark brownish black mark of the mesonotal prescutum is irregularly U-shaped, with the arms of the U directed back- ward, and the dark color is produced caudad and cephalad along the dorso-median line- there is a triangular or rounded black spot on either side of the scutellar lobe- on the metano- tum IS a large blackish median blotch, which is continued cephalad onto the mesonotal postnotum; the abdomen has an interrupted brownish black longitudinal line along either side of the midline of the dorsum; the posterior margin of each tergite is suffused with The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 973 brown.) In old and fully colored pupae, bases of dorsal spines brown, with the tips paler; head and thorax with appendages brown, in some specimens very dark; abdomen yellowish. Cephalic part of head very flat and broad, without spines but with a small, blunt tubercle between antennal bases. Labrum transversely wrinkled, narrowed to the bluntly rounded apex. Labial lobes large, divergent, each lobe rectangular with angles rounded. Sheaths* of maxillary palpi rather long, curved strongly backward. Antennal sheaths rather enlarged, directed cephalad, bending around anterior margin of eye and thence directed caudad, ending just beyond knee joint of fore legs. (In older pupae, the peculiar nodose antennal segments of the adult show thru the sheath.) Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXXV, 464) 'large, conspicuous, directed dorsad and laterad, the terminal half bent rather suddenly cephalad. Rlesonotum transversely wrinkled. Metanotum (Plate LXXXV, 4(58) with two long, slender spines, arising beyond midlength of segment, directed caudad and slightly dorsad. Wing sheaths broad, reaching posterior margin of second abdominal seg- ment. Leg sheath ending just before posterior margin of third abdominal segment; fore legs the shortest, hind legs the longest. Abdominal segments with a narrow basal ring and a broader posterior ring; segment 1 about half as long as segment 2; tergites 1 to 7 with a pair of long, slender, spinous pro- jections, shortest on anterior segment, longest on seventh segment, these projections arising from near caudal margin of segment, directed dorsad and caudad, those of anterior segment almost parallel, those of posterior segments more divergent; segments 2 to 7 having lateral margins produced into three sharp spines, one on basal ring and two on posterior ring of each segment, these spines directed laterad and caudad, the terminal spines more sharply caudad than the other two; abdominal sternites armed as follows: segment 3 with a small, eubapical spine on either side, these spines very widely separated, segment 4 with similar spines but larger and more prominent, segments 5 to 7 similarly armed but with another pair of small spines about midlength of segment and much nearer midline of body, segments 2 to 7 with a subbasal triangular pit on either side, these pits widely separated; eighth tergite with caudal margin rounded, concave, the lateral angles produced backward, upward, and slightly outward as strong spines; suture on ventral surface incomplete; two small spines on either side of middle line of body; posterior margin of segment produced caudad as two strong spinous projections. Male cauda with sternal valves rather long, tipped with two to four acute spines, in some specimens with two spines on one of the lobes and only one on the other; tergal valves a little rounded at tips, sHghtly longer than sternal valves. Female Cauda (Plate LXXXV, 465 and 466) with sternal valves slender, feebly notched at tips; tergal valves broader, rounded at tips, and with a deep median split. Ncpionntype. — Coy Glen, Ithaca, New York, May 8, 1913. Neanotype. — Ithaca, May 30, 1913. Paratypes. — Larvae and pupae with types; others from Orono, Maine, June 17 and 19, 1913. Genus Triogma Schiner (Gr. three + furrow) 1863 Triogma Schin. Wien. Ent. Monatschr., vol. 7, p. 223. Larva. — Body covered with elongate leaflike projections, some of the dorsal ones with as many as four teeth on anterior convex face. Spiracular disk surrounded by four lobes. Pupa. — Dorsum of abdomen with elongate branched spines. 974 Charles Paul Alexander The genus Triogma includes but three known species, the genotype Triogma trisulcata (Schum.) of Europe, T. kuwanai (Alex.) of Japan, and T, exculpta O. S. of the eastern United States. The last-named species is very rare and its habits are entirely unknown. The first reference* to the immature stages of T. trisulaita is by Steinmann (1907-08), who discusses the larva as that of an unknown species of Phalacrocera. The true identity of this insect was made known by Miiller (1908-09). Steinmann found the larvae at Sackingen at the end of April, fourteen days after the melting of the snow. They were found in mountain streams, attached to and living among the stems of the aquatic moss Fonlinalis antipyretim Linn., to which they clung firmly l)y means of two strong chitinized hooks at the caudal end of the l^ody. The larva resembles to a startling degree the moss on which it lives. Along the dorsal surface are two rows of leaflike appendages, each of the abdominal segments having three such appendages, of which the most anterior one is the shortest and the posterior one is the longest. The anterior appendage is untoothed, the others have as many as four teeth on the anterior face. The pleural region likewise bears a row of leaflike structures, while the ventral surface shows a double row of small, knoblike leaflets. Thru the strong accentuation of the dorsal and the two lateral rows, there is produced a copy of the ternate condition of the leaf arrange- ment in FontinaUs. The larva of T. trisulcata (Plate LXXXIII, 452) is of a light green color marked with darker blotches, and measures 19 millimeters in length. The longest body appendage is 1.5 millimeters in length. Miiller found larvae and also pupae. The pupa is characterized by the possession of somewhat similar appendages to those of the larva, the dorsal row showing the pecuUar branched condition found in the larva. SUBFAMILY TipuHnac The subfamily Tipulinae comprises a remarkably homogeneous assem- blage of usually large species. It is made up of a relatively few but in some cases very extensive genera, which are found thruout the world. Efforts have been made in the past to maintain three tribes — the Dolichopezini, the Ctenophorini, and the Tipulini. It has become increas- ingly difficult, however, to define these groups on the constant accession of exotic genera and species. A study of the immature stages likewise I I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 975 I- -- .i I fails to substantiate the validity of these groups, and, for the present at least, or until other and better characters may be found, it is better to eliminate the Dolichopezini and the Ctenophorini, founded, as they are, on insufficient or sexual characters. The species of the Tipulinae include the largest crane-flies known, some exotic species of Ctenacroscelis attaining a wing expanse of nearly 10 centimeters. In North America the largest species are representatives of the genera Longurio and Holorusia. The great majority of the species in this subfamily are well above the average in size, this feature alone being sufficient to eliminate all but a very few of the other groups of Tipulidae. The smallest member of the subfamily Tipulinae known to the writer is Microtipula aniazonica Alex., of Brazil, in which the wing of the male measures but 7.2 milhmeters in length and is very long and narrow. Practically all of the common local species of this group belong to the two genera Tipula and Nephrotoma. The immature stages of members of the subfamily Tipulidae are found in a wide range of habitats. Some species of Tipula are almost entirely aquatic in the larval state. The majority of the known species live in moist earth near water, or beneath damp cushions of moss. Some, such as Oropeza, live in much drier mosses on exposed rocks. A rather con- siderable number of species (Brachypremna, Ctenophora, Dictenidia, and several species of Tipula) live in decaying wood or beneath the bark of prostrate trunks. Tanyptera lives in wood which is relatively sound, and this represents the extreme development of this tendency in the family. The larvae are never very slender, and are usually very plump and terete. In a few cases only is the body decidedly depressed. There is a definite arrangement of setae on the body, there being none on the anterior annulus of the abdominal segments except a single seta on the pleura of either side. The spiracular disk is surrounded by six lobes, a number not found in the Limnobiinae. In DoUchopeza the number is described as being five, the normal number in the Eriopterini, but all other features of the genus are essentially tipuline. In a few species the numl)er of lobes is increased to eight. In the genus Tanyptera the lobes are exceedingly reduced in size so that the caudal end appears almost naked and exposed. The spiracles are always present and in some cases are very large. The anal gills are almost always present and are variously 976 Charles Paul Alexander developed according to the habitat. The head capsule is remarkably iinifoT-m thruout the group, being l)road, compact, and massive, with the posterior incisions shallow and the prefrontal sclcrite very large and usually distinct. The labrum is usually conspicuous, transverse, with fringes of hairs. The mentum has from seven to nine teeth along the anterior margin, and is deeply split behind but not completely divided. The hypopharynx consists of a narrow, flattened plate, with the basal lateral angles produced into strong arms and the anterior margin having usually five teeth, the teeth being rarely more numerous aad in some cases obsolete. The antennae are cylindrical, and are stoutest in the wood-inhabiting species; in many species of Tipula and Prionocera they are long and slender, the length being about four times the diameter; the apical papilla, in some cases obsolete, is usually very small and is flattened. The mandibles are not large in proportion to the size of the capsule; they have few teeth, in some species only a dorsal and a ventral tooth in addition to the apical point; the prosthecal appendage is variously developed. The maxillae are simple and generalized in structure. The pupae are fairly uniform in structure thruout the subfamily. The tips of the sheaths of the maxillary palpi are strongly curved, or, in the majority of species, actually recurved. The pronotal breathing horns are variously formed, but in practically all species they are short, cylindrical, and with the tips but little expanded. In some genera (Longurio, Prionocera, and Tipulodina) the breathing horns are greatly elongated, and, in some cases at least, are slightly unequal in length, the longer measuring nearly half the length of the body. In some genera, such as Prionocera and Holorusia, the horns are spht at their tips into two divergent flaps. The only short, clavate horns in the subfamily are those of the genus Tanyptera. The mesonotum is often provided with four or six variously developed tubercles. The abdominal segments are almost always armed with transverse posterior rows of spines, these ranging in number from about four to twenty. The large size of the larvae and the pupae will, as a rule, easily separate this subfamily from almost all members of the Limno])iinac. The few large members of the latter group are readily separated by the characters outlined above. i The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 977 The following keys separate the genera of the subfamily Tipulinae: Larvae 1. Spiracular disk surrounded by five lobes; living in moss Dnlichopeza Curt. (p. 981) Spiracular disk surrounded by four or six lobes, or with lobes indistinct 2 2. Spiracular disk with lobes indistinct; living in nearly solid or semi-decayed wood. Tanyplera Latr. (p. 988) Spiracular disk with lobes distinct 3 3. Spiracular disk with four slender, hornlike lobes Tipula {selene Meig.) (p. 1016) Spiracular disk with six lobes 4 4. Anal gills pinnately branched Longurio Loew (p. 990) Aeshnasoma Johns, (p. 993) Anal gills not pinnately branched 5 5. Antepenultimate segment of abdomen with a strong lateral tubercle. Oropeza Needm. (p. 982) Antepenultimate segment of abdomen without such a tubercle 6 6. Dorsum of head behind antemia with a slender, fle.xible spine; living in wood. Clenophora (apicata O. S.) (p. 986) Dorsum of head without such a spine 7 7. Lobes surrounding spiracular disk elongate, digitiform, fringed with long hairs. Prionocera Loew (p- 995) Lobes surrounding spiracular disk less elongate 8 8. Size large (over 50 mm.); spiracular disk with the six moderately long lobes fringed with long hairs; mandible small, with a dorsal and a ventral tooth; found in western North America Holorusia Loew (^p. 993) Size smaller; if large {T. abdominalis) , the lobes surrounding disk bifid; mandible with two or three ventral teeth Tipula Linn. (p. 998) Nephrotoma Meig. (p. 1016) Pupae ■ 1. Pronotal breathing horns very long, slender, the longest one nearly if not quite half length of body 2 Pronotal breathing horns short, cyhndrical or flattened, subequal in size 3 2. Length 40 mm.; kmgest breathing horn 18 mm.; ma.xillary palpi not recurved at tips; venation with petiole of cell Mi very short Longurio Loew (p. 990) Length 20 mm.; longest breathing horn 9 to 10 mm.; maxillary palpi recurved at tips; venation with petiole of cell Mi longer Prionocera Loew (p. 995) 3. Pronotal breathing horns short, compressed, deeply bicrenulated; living in wood. Tanyplera Latr. (p. 998) Pronotal breathing horns cylindrical 4 4. Maxillary palpi not recurved at tips 5 Maxillary palpi recurved at tipy 6 5. Pronotal breathing horns with apices deeply split; mesonotum with two tubercles; abdominal segments with fourteen to thirty-four spines; found in Western States; living in mud Holorusia Loew (p. 993) Pronotal breathing horns short, slender, apices not split; mesonotum with eight tubercles; abdominal segments with four powerful spines near posterior margin; found in Southern States; living in wood Brackypremna O. S. (p. 984) 6. Mesonotum with two spines; ventral abdominal spines six to eight; fore and middle tarsi subequal, shorter than hind tarsi; living in wood Clenophora Meig. (p. 986) Characters not as above 7 7. Mesonotum with a large, roughly triangular, reticulated area on either side of median line; dorsum of cauda with four lobes Oropeza Needm. (p. 982) Mesonotum unarmed or with four or six lobes; dorsum of cauda with six, or rarely four, lobes Tipula Linn. (p. 998) ' Nephrotoma Meig. (p. 1016) 10 I 978 Charles Paul Alexander The most important literature on the Tipulinae is as follows: Dolichopeza albipes Pupa Beling, 1879:44-45 (as sylvi- cola). Dolichopeza alhipes Larva, pupa, general . . . Beling, 1886: 189-191 (as syl- vicola). Tanyptera airata General Ferris, 1840:92; 1849:333. Tanypkra alrnta General Nordlinger, 1848. Tanyptera atrata General De Rossi, 1882. Tanyptera atrata Larva, pupa, general. . . Gercke, 1884, PI. I, figs. 12-19. Tanyptera atrata General Hermann, 1880. Tanyptera atrata ruficornis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 150-158 (as Ctenophora flamcornis) . Tanyptera fumipennis Larva, pupa, general. . . Malloch, 1915-17 b: 194-195; 1919. Dictenidia bimaculata Larva Bouch^, 1834 : 32. Dictenidia bimaculata General Zetterstedt, 1851 : 4023, Dictenidia bimaculata Larva, pupa, general . . . Weyenbergh, 1872. Dictenidia bimaculata General Beling, 1873 b : 575. Dictenidia bimaculata General Czizek, 1913: 102. Ctenophora flaveolata Larva, pupa, general . . . Reaumur, 1740, PI. I, fig. 9. Ctenophora flaveolata General Zetterstedt, 1851 : 4016. Ctenophora flaveolata Larva, pupa, general . . . Weyenbergh, 1872. Ctenophora pectlnicornis Larva, pupa Bouche, 1834:29-31. Ctenophora pectinicornis General Fischer von Waldheim, 1838. Ctenophora pectinicornis Larva, pupa Weyenbergh, 1872. Ctenophora pectinicornis General Zetterstedt, 1851 : 4014. Ctenophora pectinicornis General Kaltenbach, 1874:202. Ctenophora jestiva Larva Kaltenbach, 1874:631. Ctetiophora f estiva Larva Czizek, 1911: 48. Ctenophora nigricoxa Pupa Lundstrom, 1906:7. Ctenophora apicata Larva, pupa Johannsen, 1910:32-33. Ctenophora angustipennis Larva, pupa, general. . . Anthon, 1908. Ctenophora angustipennis Egg, larva, pupa, injury. Lovett, 1915. Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Larva Johnson, 1906: 1-2. Aeshnasoma rivertonensis General Johnson, 1907-12 [1909]: 115- 116. Tipulodina pedata Pupa De Mei jere, 191 1 : 64. Holorusia rubiginosa Larva, pupa, general . . . Kellogg, 1901, a and b. Holorusia rubiginoia Larva Comstock and Kellogg, 1904: 54-62. Prionocera fuscipennis. Larva, pupa, general. . . Malloch, 1915-17b: 199-200. Prionocera parri, supp Larva Alexander, 1919 c. (Falaearctic species) Tipula caesia General Schiner, 1864 : 516. Tipula dilatata Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 176. Tipula dilalata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 169. Tipula flavolineata General Staeger, 1840: 23. Tipula flavolineata Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b : 581-582. Tipula flavolineata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 146. Tipula fulvipennis Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 22-24 (as lutes- ce7is). Tipula fulvipennis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 74. Tipula hortensis Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b: 578-579, Tipula hortensis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 154-156. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 979 Tipuld horlulana LarvA, pupa, general . Tipui Tipui Tipui Tipui Tipui Tipu, Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu TipUi Tipu, Tipui Tipui Tipu, Tipu. Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu Tipu Tipu Tipu. Tipu Tipu Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu Tipu, Tipu, Tipu Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu, Tipu Tipu, Beling, 1879:25; 1886:178- 179. '■a horlulana Larva, pupa, general. . . Czizek, 1913:90. a imbecilln General Loew, 1869 : 9. irrorata'' Larva, pupa Beling, 187.3 b: 586-587. 'a irrorata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913:98-99. lateralis Larva, pupa Beling, 1879 : 26-28. a lateralis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 153-154. 'a lateralis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 128. lateralis General Cameron, 1917: 61. ' / lunata Larva, pupa Brocher, 1909. a luteipennis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 181-182. a luteipennis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 143. a marmorata Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 182-183. a maxima Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 177-178 (as gigan- iea). a maxima Larva Gerbig, 1913 : 152-153 (as gigan- tea). a maxima Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913 : 70-71. a maxima General Wesenberg-Lund, 1915:335 (as gigantea). micans'' Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 183-184. ■a nigra Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 28-29. a nigra Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 132. a nubeculosa Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b : 575-577. a nubeculosa Larva, pupa '. . Czizek, 1913: 113. ■a ochracea Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b : 582-583. ■a ochracea Larva, pupa 'a oleracea Larva, pupa oleracea General . . . . 'a pabulina Larva, pupa a pabulina Larva, pupa a pagana Larva, pupa paludosa Larva paludosa Larva Czizek, 1913:157. Del Guercio, 1914. Patterson, 1908. Beling, 1873 b: 579-580. Czizek, 1913:86. Beling, 1879:29-31. pupa Beling, 1873 b: 583-585. Gerbig, 1913:136-151. a paludosa Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 136. a paludosa Larva, pupa Rennie, 1916; 1917. a parva, supp *. General Onuki, 1905. a peliostigma Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 33-34. 2 peliostigma Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 159. a pruinosa Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:31-32; 1886:184. a pruinosa ^ Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 148. 3 rufina Larva, pupa Mik, 1882 a. a scripta Larva, pupa Beling, 1873 b: 577-578. a scripta Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 110. a selene Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 34-35. a selene Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 160-161. a signata Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 32-33. a signata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 104. a simplex General Doane, 1908. a subnodicornis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 185-186. Tipula truncorum Larva, pupa. Beling, 1879:24-25. ' Tipula mieann is oonsid-red by Kertrsz and others as a synonym of T. irroratti, but Beling's descrip- tions indicate that ho had two distinct species before him. 980 Charles Paul Alexander Tijmla truncorum Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913:82. Tipula ujica Larva, pupa, general . . . Beling, 1886: 179-181 (as longi- cornis). Tipula unca Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 101-102 (as longi- cornis). Tipula variicornis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 173-174 (as annu- licornis). Tipula variicornis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 122-123. Tipula variipennis Pupa Beling, 1873 b : 580-581. Tipula variipennis Larva Beling, 1886: 186. Tipula variipennis General Westhoff , 1879. Tipula variipennis Larva Gerbig, 1913: 131-136. Tipula variipennis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913:91-92. Tipula vernalis Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:25-26. Tipula vernalis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 120. Tipula vittata Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 186-188. Tipula vittata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913: 78. Tipula winnertzii^ Larva, pupa '..... Beling, 1873 b: 585-586; 1886: 188-189. Tipula winnertzii Larva, pupa Czizek, 1913:84-85. (Nearctic species) Tipula abdominalis Larva Malloch, 1915-17 b : 200-201 (as Tipula sp. 2). Tipula arctica Larva, pupa Nielsen, 1910:57-59. Tipula arctica Larva, pupa Alexander, 1919 c: 18c, 19c. Tipula bicornis Larva, pupa Forbes, 1890. Tipula caloptera Larva Needham and Betten, 1901 : 575-576 (as abdominalis). Tipula cunctans Larva, pupa, general . . . Ilyslop, 1910 (as infuscala). Tipula cunctans Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 204. Tipula eluta Larva, pupa, general. . . Hart, 1898 [1895]: 212-214. Tipula eluta Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b: 203. Tipula serta (?) Pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b:205. Tipula trivittata Larva, pupa Greene, 1909. Tipula trivittata Pupa Malloch, 1915-17b: 204-205. Tipula ultima Pupa, general Needham, 1903: 280-281 (as flavicans). Tipula ultima General Caudell, 1913 (as flavicans). Habromastix cinerascens General Skuse, 1890: 95. Nephrotoma annlis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 172-173. Nephrotoma analis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911: 70-71. Nephrotoma cornicina Larva, pupa Beling, 1879 : 39-40 (as iridi- color) . Nephrotoma cornicina Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911 :76. Nephrotoma crocata Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:40-41. Nephrotoma a-ocata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911:87. Nephrotoma lineata Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:42—43 (as histrio). Nephrotoma lineata Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911 : 83-84. Nephrotoma lunulicornis Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:41-42. Nephrotoma lunulicornis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911:61. Nephrotoma maculata Larva, pupa Beling, 1879: 36-37. Nephrotoma maculata Larva, pupa Czizek, 191 1 : 80-81. Nephrotoma pratensis Larva, pupa Beling, 1886: 175-176. sRiedel (191.3:2.5) considers Tipula winnertzii as a synonym of T. truncorum, but Beling's descriptions indicate that the larvae he had before him represented two distinct species. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 981 Nephrotoma pralensis Larva, pupa Czizek, 1911: 8.5-80. Nephrotoma quadrifaria Larva, pupa Beling, 1879:37-30. Nephrotoma quadrifaria Larva, pupa Czizek, 191 1 : 66. Nephrotoma ferruginea Larva, pupa Hart, 1898 [1895]: 218-219. Nephrotoma ferruginea Larva, pupa Malloch, 1915-17 b:206. Tribe Tipulini Subtribe Dolichopezaria Genus Dolichopeza Curtis (Gr. long + feet) 1825 Dolichopeza Curt. Brit. Ent., p. 62. 1830 Leptina Meig. Syst. Beschr. Zweifl. Ins., vol. 6, pi. 65, fig. 10. 1846 Apeilesis Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. 1, p. 8. The genus Dolichopeza is a small group of flies including about a score of species, most numerous in the Oriental and Australian regions. The immature stages of the European Dolichopeza alhipes Strom, a species that is very close to the American species D. americana Needm., have been described by Beling (1879, 1886). He found larvae in and beneath moss cushions covering the piles of waste copper slag in the Harz Moun- tains. On June 11, 1878, larval and pupal material was taken from a tussock of the Jungermanniales liverwort Alicularia scalaris Corda. The pupal period was found to be six days. Females were noted depositing their eggs in these hummocks, and small swarms of males were observed dancing near by. It appears that the larvae feed on the upper side of the moss cushion at night, withdrawing into the interior at other times. A larva was found in earth, which shows that these larvae are not dependent on mosses. The larva is described by Beling (1886:189-191) as being about 12 millimeters long and 2.3 millimeters in diameter. The body is almost terete. The color is a rather bright green, the dorsum being marked with two zigzag dark brown stripes. The spiracular disk has but five lobes; the three dorsal lobes are long and narrow, the median tooth being formed by the apparent fusion of two teeth; the ventral lobes are very short, are tuberculate, and have a small, dark brown, triangular mark at the inner tip. There is a small dark cross-stripe at the base of each lateral lobe. The spiracles are small, are circular, and are separated by a distance equal to about one and one-half the diameter of one. Beneath each spiracle is a rather large, irregular, blackish brown spot. The anal gills are strongly protuberant. The pupa measures about 14.5 millimeters in length and 2.5 millimeters in diameter. The pronotal breathing horns 982 Charles Paul Alexander are directed straight outward and finally downward. The eighth segment has a circk^ of four dorsal, four ventral, and two pleural spines, which are finely l)ifid at their tips. The pupa is green, as is the larva, with similar angular dorsal stripes. This is the only tipuline larva known to the writer with five lobes sur- rounding the spiracular disk. This feature is the more remarkable when this larva is compared with that of Oropeza, apparently closely related but with a normal tipuline appearance. The immature stages of other species of Dolichopcza and related genera will be of interest. The resting positions of Dolichopeza arc described on page 713 of this paper, and the striking dissimilarities to Oropeza noted. It may be that Oropeza is not so close to Dolichopeza as has been believed. Osten Sacken (1886:157) describes the mating of a European Dolichopeza, presumably D. albipes, as follows: I had occasion to observe the copula (in Heidelberg, July 26) ; the female was hanging down from some support to which it held on by its front legs; it bore the whole weight of the male, who was fastened to it merely by the forceps, hanging head dov/nwards, with his legs stretched out. I have seen Bittacomorpha copulate in the same manner. Genus Oropeza Needham (Gr, mountain + feet) 1908 Oropeza Needm. 23d Rept. N. Y. State Ent. (1907), p. 211. Larva. — Form somewhat depressed. A strong tubercle on sides of body before spiracular disk. Spiracular disk surrounded by six lobes, the four dorsal ones slender, the ventral pair blunt. Anal gills blunt. Head capsule of the tipuline type. Mandible blunt, with about seven teeth. Hypopharynx five-toothed. Mentum seven-toothed. Coloration dark green. Pupa. — Pronotal breathing horns elongate-cyUndrical, slender. Mesonotum with a slightly elevated triangular area on either side of mid-dorsal line. Leg sheaths ending about on a level, or fore legs a little longer. Abdominal segments with two stout pleural spines; posterior armuii before margin with a transverse row cf twelve or fewer spines. Oropeza is a genus of crane-flies including ten described species, all of which occur in eastern North America with the exception of three Japanese forms. The flies are common beneath dark culverts and bridges, in outhouses, in crannies and crevices of rocky cliffs, beneath overhanging boulders along mountain streams, and in similar situations. The resting positions of ihv, adult flies are discussed on page 712. Many species show a notable predilection for resting on spiders' webs. The immature stages of Oropeza ohscura are spent in dry moss, as discussed below. Other species have been reared in sandy soil and in wet moss. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 983 Oropeza obscura Johns. 1909 Oropeza obscura Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 122. Mr. Hyslop has sent to the writer, at various times during the past two or three years, larvae of Oropeza obscura. Numerous larvae and one pupal skin were found under dry moss (Hedwigia albicans [Web.] Lindb.) on rocks in the South Mountains, Maryland, on November 4, 1916, by H. L. Parker. They were associated with the larvae of a dascillid beetle, Eunjpogon niger (Melsh.). Additional specimens were found in a decaying log, but the preferred habitat seems to be beneath moss. The dark green larvae are very sluggish. Larva. — Length, 11-12 mm. Diameter, 1.7-1.8 mm. Color dark brownish green, ventral surface clearer green. Form depressed; body short and stout. Dorsum covered with small, blackened points, producing the dark color of this region of the body. Segments much wrinkled, especially on basal ring. On each side of penultimate segment a stout tubercle which simulates dorsal lobes of spiracular disk. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXXVl, 469) moderate in size, surrounded by six fleshy lobes, dorsal pair short and slender, lateral pair long and slender, ventral pair very short and blimt; ventral lobes sparsely fringed with short, black hairs, and with a pale apical area bearing a sensory bristle; inner face broadly suffused with brown; at base of other lobes similar but smaller triangular brown marks; a dusky area ventrad of spiracles. Spiracles large, placed obliquely. Anal gills four, large and blunt, pale yellow. Head capsule of the massive tipuline type. Labrum broad, with a short, blunt lobe on either side; median epipharyngeal region with dense rows of stout setae and two small papillae on margin; lateral lobes with about four or five sensory bristles or papillae of various sizes. Mentum (Plate LXXX^'I, 467) seven-toothed, median point long and slender, a pro- longation of outer mental plate. Hypopharynx (Plate LXXXVl, 468) five-toothed, the three intermediate teeth the largest, lateral tooth on either side small. Antenna slender, cylindrical, with apical segment very reduced. Mandible rather slender, with about seven blunt teeth on margin. Maxilla with cardo large, triangular, with two setifero us punctures, the outermost very large and hyaline and with two long, powerful setae; lobes of maxilla fringed with dense hairs; palpus short, disklike, with a large group of tiny hyaUne papillae at apex. Pupa. — Length of cast skin, about 12 mm. Coloration brown; pronotal breathing horns dark blackish brown. (It ia possible that the pupae when alive are dark green in color, like the larvae.) Labrum triangular. Labial lobes large, separated by apex of labrum. Sheaths of maxillary palpi short and stout, apex recurved to beyond midlength. Antennal sheaths moderately elongated. Pronotal breathing horns elongate, slender, cylindrical, tips a little expanded. Mesonotum on either side of median line with a large, roughly triangular, reticulated area which is sUghtly elevated, with apex of triangle directed toward, mid-dorsal line. Mesonotum 984 Charles Paul Alexander transversely wrinkled. Metanotum (Plate LXXX VI, 470) near anterior margin with a trans- verse row of setiierous punctures, there being four on either side, the intermediate ones with two setae. Wing siieaths reaching base of third abdominal segment. Leg sheaths reaching beyond midlength of fourth abdominal segment, fore legs a little the longest, hind legs a little the shortest. First abdominal segment on dorsum somewhat similar to metanotum, with a transverse row of four punctures at about midlength, the lateral ones with two setae; remaining abdominal segments (Plate LXXXVI, 471) subdivided into approximately equal basal and posterior rings; on tergites, posterior ring with a transverse row of spines, basal ring unarmed; on sixth tergite, where best developed, spines on posterior ring numbering about twelve, with a seta at each end of the row and two others interspersed; on anterior tergites, spines very email; on seventh tergite spines large, elongated; on eighth tergite four powerful spines in transverse alinement; on pleurites, a strong spine on each ring, that of basal ring deeply bifid and with a strong seta in notch thus formed; posterior ring with a single spine bearing a long seta on its face; on sternites, condition generally similar to that on tergites, the spines a little more prominent but of about the same number, these spines slender at their sHghtly curved tips and lacking on sternites 2 to 4. Female cauda (Plate LXXXVI, 472 and 473) with acidothecae elongate, contiguous, on either side of tergites at base with a powerful incurved hook; posterior margin of eighth tergite with four spines, lateral pair a little the larger; ventral side at base with a median protuberance bearing two powerful lateral lobes and two smaller chitinized spines which are directed caudad and ventrad; base of segment 8 with a crossrow of eight spines; posterior ring of segment 8 with a powerful spine at lateral end. Nepionotype. — South Mountains, near Myersville, Maryland, March 31, 1916. Neanohjpe. — Hagerstown, Maryland, May 9, 1916; cast pupal skin in collection of United States National Museum. ' Paratypes. — Larvae from type locality. Genus Brachypremna Ostcn Sacken (Gr. short + trunk) 1886 Brachypremna 0. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 30, p. 161. Larva. — Unknown. Pupa. — Antennal segments enlarged at base. Antenna short. Sheaths of maxillary palpi short, not recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing horns short, slender, finely annulated. Mesonotum with eight prominent tubercles. Leg sheaths reaching beyond midlength of fourth abdominal segment, fore tarsi very short, other tarsi subequal in length. Abdominal segments each with four slender spines on posterior ring of both sternites and tergites, just before posterior margin; two pleural spines; eighth segment of male with four prominent, spinous lobes. Brachypremna is a small genus, including but nine recent species found in the Austral and Tropical regions of the New World. Brachypremna eocenica Meunier is described from the Baltic amber. The flies of the best-known species, B. dispellens, are Imown in parts of the Southern I The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 985 States as "weavers." They frequent rather shady places and have !t Lkable dlnce over three or four feet of ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ name "king of the dancing tipuUds " given them by Johnson. This species is the only one whose immature stages arc at all known. Brachypremna dispellens (Walk.) 1860 Tipula dispellens Walk. Trans. Ent. Sec. London, n. ser vol. 5 p. 333-334. 1886 Brachypremna dispellens 0. S. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 30, p. 162. Brachypremna dispellens is the most widely distributed species of the genus. It ranges from New Jersey southward thru North An.er.a -^^ ?hru South America as far as Argentma. A larva found by R. C- Sha-^o- in a rotten log by a stream near Washington, D C., on April 23, 1913 was placed in rearing and emerged in May as an adult male of this spe les. The badly mutilated pupal skin was preserved and is here described. No part of the larva was preserved. p.inn— Leneth of cast pupal skin, about 18 mm. Soltion browmsh yell; abdomen with a broad brown sublateral stnpe on both ventral and dorsal segments; each of pleural spines set in a brown spot. Head small Ant^mal spines very large and crowded at base, soon passmg mto the short, slender flagellum. Labrum (Plate LXXXVII. 474) blunt. Labial obes ^^^^^y^^^^^^^ so as to appear as a single large, transversely rectangular lobe at ^^^^^^^^^^^..^f ^^ of maxillary palpi short, not recurved at tip. Pronotal breathmg horn (Plate LXXX\ 11, 4/o) sLdl slender curved, ringed with fine annuli, tapering gradually to the small apex; margin o7al e wUh b^^^^^^^^^ pores. Mesonotum with eight conspicuous, blunt, naked tubercles; the'our Lrmediate tubercles larger, arranged in the form of a trapezoid; anterior median pa r high conical, located rather close to mid-dorsal hne. Wing sheaths reaching end of send abdominal segment. Leg sheaths (Plate LXXXVII, 476) extending beyond nud- length of fourth abdonnnal segment; fore legs very short, endmg opposite base of third tarsal segment of other legs. . . ^ Abdominal tergite 1 with a pair of long, slender spines before posterior margin; segn.ent 2 to 7 subdivided into a basal and a posterior ring, the latter with a transverse row of four long L der spines before posterior margin, the seventh tergite with about six such spines; stermtes t^Zl with four spines on posterior ring; pleurites with a slender spine on basal and posterior Tg at base of posterior rLg between spines, an indistinct, slightly protuberant spiracle^ Mat Cauda (Plate LXXXVII, 477) narrowed, small, valves blunt; on dorsa side near base four conspicuous lobes, each terminating in a slender, chitinized spine; a small acute spme on sides of ninth segment at base. Neanotype.- est pupal skin, Washington, D. C, May, 1913 (in coUection of United States National Museum). 986 Charles Paul Alexander Subtribe Ctenophoraria Genus Ctenophora Meigcn (Gr. comb + to bear) ?om ^["^'"f"'' ^/'S- Nouv. Class. Mouch., p. 13 (nomen nudum). lsU.5 Ctenophora Meig. Ilhger's Mag., vol. 2, p. 263. 1910 Phoroctenia Coq. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus'., vol. 37, p. 589. Larva.— Body opaque, integument rather thick. Spiracular disk surrounded by si.x lobes Pupa.— Sheaths of maxillary palpi recurved. Pronotal breathing horns long and slender Two spines on mesonotum. Fore and middle tarsi subequal, a little shorter than hind tarsi. Ventral abdominal segments with six to eight spines. Ctenophora is a small genus including about sixteen nominal species found thruout the Holarctic region. The larvae and the pupae occur m decaying wood. The early stages have long been known, having been described by Reaumur and De Geer. In Europe, Ctenophora flaveolata (Fabr.) is described and figured by Reaumur (1740) and "by Weyenbergh (1872). C. pectinicornis (Linn.) IS described or mentioned by Bouche (1834), by Fischer von Waldheim (1838), by Zetterstedt (1851:4014), by Weyenbergh (1872), and by Kaltenbach (1874). C. festiva Meig. was reared by Kaltenbach (1874:631) from larvae in decayed beech stems. C. nigricoxa Lundst. (Molpighia vittata Meig., auct. Frey) was reared by Lundstrom (190G:7) from pupae in rotten birch stumps. The immature stages of the various European species of Ctenophora are described as living in the wood of various trees such as willow (Salix), birch (Betula), cherry (Prunus), and other hardwood species. In North America, C. apicata is described by Johannsen (1910) from elm (Ulmus), and C. angustipennis Loew by Anthon (1908) in alder (Alnus) and in poplar (Populus). The latter species is recorded also as injuring prune trees (Prunus) in Oregon, by Lovett (1915), who gives an excellent account of all stages and the type of injury done. The female lays from 200 to 400 eggs, which hatch in from nine to seventeen days and the larvae tunnel into the surrounding dead wood. Here they feed and grow reachmg maturity the following spring. Pupation takes place in the burrows, the pupal stage requiring about ten days. Osten Sacken 1877:211) supposed that the larvae live in the stumps of redwood (Sequoia), but this has never been confirmed. Ctenophora apicata O. S. ISW Ctenophora apicata 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila., vol. 3, p. 46. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 987 The larvae and the pupae of Ctenophora apicata that were described by Johannsen (1910) have been studied by the writer in the collection of the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. They were collected at Orono, Maine, on June 23, 1909, by Dr. William C. Woods. In 1913 the writer examined the stump from which they were taken, and found a few cast pupal skins. The notes here given are taken partly from Dr. Johannsen's description and partly from the original material. Larva. — Length, about 30 mm. Color white. Body stout, cyhndrical. Antemia cylindrical, with an apical paoilla. On dorsum of head behind antennae, a slender, flexible spine. Spiracular disk surrounded by six lobes, dorsal and lateral pairs slender, finger-like; ventral pair blunt. Pupa. — Length, 25-27 mm. ^ Length of breathing horns, 3 mm. additional. Width, d.-s., 5.2 mm. Depth, d.-v., 5 mm. Pupa somewhat similar to that of Tanyptera, differing as follows: Form stout; abdomen a little depressed. Sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly recurved at tips. Pronotal breatliing horns long and slender. Mesonotum with a prominent tuberculate spine on either side of median line. Legs shcrt, ending before tip of third abdominal segment; tarsal sheaths ending about on a level, or those of hind legs a very httle longer. Abdominal segments 5 to 7 with six to eight spines. Female cauda with six powerful ventral spines or tubercles and two dorsal tubercles on either side. Valves of ovipositor short, tergal valves a Httle longer than sternal valves. Nepionotype. — Orono, Maine, July, 1909. Nennotype. — Orono, Maine, July, 1909. Paratypes. — Numerous pupae in collection of Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. Genus Dictenidia Brulle (Gr. double + comb) 1833 Dictenidia Brulle. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 2, p. 401-402. 1856 Ceroctena Rond. Dipt. Ital. Prodr., vol. 1, p. 186. 1863 Dicera Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 216. Dictenidia is a genus of Palaearctic crane-flies including three species, of which one is European and the others are Japanese. The genotype, Dictenidia bimaculata Brulle, is very well known. The immature stages are described or mentioned by Bouche (1834), by Zetterstedt (1851), by Weyenbergh (1872), by Beling (1873 b), by Czizek (1913), and by other investigators. Beling found the larvae in decaying birch (Betula). He describes the larvae as being grayish yellow, with four spiracular lobes. The pupal duration is seven days. Osten Sacken (1886:173-175) states that he has often found larvae in the wet detritus underneath the bark 988 Charles Paul Alexander of decaying trees. The larvae are much closer to Ctenophora than to Tanyptera, the skin being tough and opaque, with a fine pubescence, and the spiracular disk consisting of small but distinct lobes. The pupae like- wise are similar to those of Ctenophora, having the pronotal breathing horns elongate, five spines on abdominal sternites 3 to 6, and four spines on tergites 2 to 7. Genus Tanyptfera Latreille (Gr. extend + iving) 1805 Tam/ptern Latr. Hiat. Nat. Crust, et Ins., vol. 14, p. 286. 1832 Xiphura BruU^. Ann. Soc. Eut. France, vol. 1, p. 206. Larva. — Integument very thin, with numerous setae, those on dorsum very small. Spiracular disk with lobes practically lacking. Spiracles large, lying exposed on the face of last segment. Anal gills bluntly rounded. Mandible small, with one dorsal and one ventral tooth. Antenna cyUndrical, capped with an apical cone. Mentum with seven to nine teeth. Pupa.— Cephalic crest lacking. Sheaths of maxillary palpi not recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing horns large, broadly flattened, margin deeply crenulated. Mesonotum with two blunt tubercles. Abdominal segments with six to ten spines on tergites, three to five spines on sternites. Tanyptera is a small genus including about twelve nominal species whose limits and relationships are still but little understood. The imma- ture stages are spent in the decayed or partly decayed wood of various deciduous trees. In Europe, Tanyptera atrata (Linn.), the genotype, was found by Ferris (1840) and by De Rossi (1882) in decaying alder (Alnus) stems. Nord- linger (1848) found the same species in linden (Tilia) and in poplar (Populus). It has also been taken in oak (Quercus), beech (Fagus), birch (Betula), and other hardwood species. Gerbig (1913) discussed the variety ruficornis Meig. under the name Ctenophora fiavicornis. In America, Malloch (1915-17 b: 194-195) describes T. fumipennis (0. S.) from a much-decayed chestnut log (Castanea), and later (1919) in basswood (Tilia), where the species was associated with larvae of Xylota fraudulosa Loew and Chalcomyia aerea (Loew), of the family S)a-phidae. Tanyptera frontalis, discussed below, was found in red maple (Acer). Tanyptera frontalis (O. S.) 1864 Ctenophora frontalis 0. S. Proc. Ent. Soc. Phila, vol. 3, p. 48. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 989 The writer found numerous larvae of Tanyptera frontalis in a fallen log of red maple {Acer riibrum Linn.) near Beebc Lake, Ithaca, New York, on IMarch 22, 1913. Larvae of several sizes were found. They were worldng in wood which was well preserved, not entirely sound but still so hard that it had to be cut with a hatchet. The larvae pupated in April. A small male emerged on May 1. Other larvae of Tanyptera were found in a hickory log (Carya sp.) at Sandy Landing, Virginia (opposite Plummers Island), on September 9, 1913. Detailed drawings of the larval structure made by Dr. Boving are in the collection of the United States National Museum. Larva. — Length, 30-35 mm. Diameter, 7-7.2 mm. Coloration, pale yellowish white. Form terete, very stout. Integument thin. Numerous long black setae on segments (Plate LXXXVIII, 482), arranged in transverse rows before posterior margin; setae of dorsum (Plate LXXXVIII, 481) very tiny, one on either side of median line; a pair of setae laterad of these and in alinement; setae on pleural region very long and delicate; on thoracic segments, setae at about midlength; on abdominal segments, setae closer to posterior margin; mid-ventral setae very tinj^ four in number, on thoracic segments at about mid- length, forming a stiff pencil on sides of venter, with two small setae between; laterad of these four intermediate setae, a group of three setae, two long and one very short; ventral setae lying at a level posterior to that of pleural setae. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXXVIII, 483) with lobes practically lacking, the two large, oval spiracles lying exposed on trun- cated end of last segment; above and laterad of each spiracle, a small, blunt lobe with a blackened mark and three long setae; below spiracles, two narrow black lines representing the two ventral lobes; a small pencil of setae below each of these marks, and each mark having a sensory bristle; three or four long setae on sides of spiracular disk. Spiracles with small middle piece black, ring yellowish brown; spiracles separated by a distance a little greater than diameter of one. Anal gills four, bluntly rounded, very protuberant and evidently formed for propulsion. (In older specimens the anal gills are minutely roughened and are darker in color.) Head capsule of the massive tipuline type. Labrum rather broad; median epipharyngeal region with a small brush of hairs surrounding two sensory setae; lateral lobes large, on their ventral face densely hairy, surrounding four sensory setae and a flattened * hyaline peg. JMentum (Plate LXXXVIII, 478) rather small, broadly rounded, anterior margin with seven or nine teeth, in the latter case the outermost tooth on either side very blunt and reduced, the median tooth long and flattened. Antenna (Plate LXXXVIII, 479) short- cylindrical; apical papilla very small, hyaline, conical, with surface sculptured; in addition to this cone, three or four small hyaline sense pegs; the usual auditory organ located at about midlength of segment. Mandible (Plate LXXXVIII, 480) small, with one dorsal and one ventral tooth in addition to the apical point, ventral tooth flattened and with margin crenulated; a stout seta at heel of mandible; prostheca an elongated cone, situated at base 990 Charles Paul Alexander of mandible. IMaxilla rather small, simple; palpus large, antenniform, with apex bluntly rounded; inner lobe densely covered with short, stout setae surrounding a powerful bristle and a small brown sensory organ. Pupa.— Length, 30-33 mm. Width, d.-s., 5-6 mm. Depth, d.-v., 5.5 mm. Coloration pale yellow; pronotal breathing horns liver-colored. (In older specimens> the thorax and appendages are dark-colored, and the abdomen has broad brown sublateral stripes.) Head rather small, cephalic crest lacking. Antenna stout, rather elongate, extending far beyond ends o palpi, segments angulated. Clypeus and labrum tumid, transversely wrinkled. Labial lobes slender, divergent. Sheaths of maxillary palpi rather slender, tips curved but not recurved (Plate LXXXVIII, 485). Pronotal breathing horn (Plate LXXXVIH, 486) large, broadly flattened, slightly incurved, broader at apex than at base, deeply furrowed up middle of outer face, the broad margin thus formed deeply wrinkled to crenulate. JMesonotum large, transversely wrinkled, with two blunt tubercles provided with short setae (Plate LXXXVin, 484). Wing sheaths small, reaching end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths ending before tip of third abdominal segment; fore tarsi very short, hind tarsi the longest, those of middle legs intermediate. First abdominal tergite with two spines; segments 2 to 7 broad, divided into the usual basal and posterior rings; second segment on posterior ring with four spines; segments 3 to 6 with six to ten spines, the intermediate ones usually smaller; segment 7 with four spines; pleurites with a spine on each ring; sternites with similar arrangement to that of tergites, but spines usually fewer in number, segments 3 and 4 with only a single widely separated spine on each s.de, segments 5 and 6 with four or five spines, segment 7 with three spines; segment 8 has four small spines between the large lateral ones described below. Male cauda blunt, dorsal lobes very divergent, ending in sharp, chitinized points. Female cauda (Plate LXXXVIII, 487) with tergal valves elongate, narrowed to the moderately acute tips; sternal valves similar in shape but smaller; lateral lobes of ninth segment directed caudad and laterad, at tips running out into chitinized points; two small setae before tips; segment 8 with a powerful lateral lobe on either side, each terminating in a chitinized point; posterior lat- eral angles of segment produced into slender, blunt points. Nepionolype. — Ithaca, New York, March 22, 1913. N eanoly pe. — M&y 1, 1913. No. 11-1913. Paratypes. — Four larvae and two pupae with types. Subtribe Tipularia Genus Longurio Loew (Lat. a tall man) 1869 Longurio Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 2. Larva (supposition).- — ^ Body massive. Integument semi-transparent. Form clearly depressed. Spiracular disk surrounded by six lobes, dorsal pair very small, ventral pair very long; ventral and lateral lobes provided with but few setae at and near tips; spiracular The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 991 disk and lobes unmarked. Spiracles small. Anal gills branched. Mandible small, with but a single dorsal and ventral tooth in addition to apical point. Mentum with nine teeth. Hypopharynx five-toothed. Pupa. — Antenna short, ending opposite tips of maxillary palpi. Sheaths of maxillary palpi not recurved at tips. Mesonotum unarmed. Pronotal breathing horns very long and slender, one, at least, about half l.ength of body. Wings showing clearly the characteristic venation of Longurio. Abdomen elongate, posterior ring of individual segments with short, stout spines, including a few on pleurites; dorsum of eighth segment with four powerful lobes. Longurio is a small genus including al)Out ten described species, of which two occur in eastern North America. The genotype, Longurio testaceus, is the best-known species locally. The immature stages of this species are here discussed for the first time. They are spent in sand or sandy earth. The branched anal gills of the larva, and the excessively elongate breathing horns of the pupa, are notable features. Longurio testaceus Loew 1869 Longurio testaceus Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 13, p. 2. Longurio testaceus is probably the largest ci*ane-fly in North America, the females exceeding the lietter-known Holorusia of the Western States. The adult flies are difficult to capture, being very wary. When the insect is at rest the body generally hangs perpendicularly, with the wings folded incumbent over the abdomen. On November 9, 1916, Mr. Hyslop sent the writer two living larvae which are referred with little doubt to this species. They were found in wet sand in a bog on the top of South Mountains, near Myersville, Maryland. The larvae were very restless, the head capsule being con- stantly exserted and withdrawn. Waves of contraction start from the posterior end of the body and pass toward the head. A large pupa taken by Dr. J. C. Bradley at Tallulah Falls, Georgia, on June 17, 1910, undoubtedly belongs to this species, the venation being clearly apparent on the wing pad. An additional cast pupal skin is in the collection of the United States National Museum. Larva (supposition). — Length, 31 mm. contracted, 58 mm. extended. Diameter, 11-12.5 mm. Color whitish, subhyaline; thoracic segments more yellowish; in life the brown food contents showing clearly thru abdomen. Form very depressed, lateral folds prominent; body very stout and fleshy. Skin very thin and semitransparent, showing internal organs within, practically destitute of pubescence; 992 Charles Paul Alexander a few short setae on body, especially on thoracic segments. Spiracular disk (Plate LXXXIX, 490) large, flattened, surrounded by six lobes; dorsal pair very small, represented by two short, conical protuberances; lateral and ventral lobes slender, the latter a little the longer, each with three or four long, delicate setae at tip and two or three others before tip on outer face; a long seta on margin of disk between dorsal and lateral lobes; spiracular disk and lobes entirely unmarked with darker. Spiracles small, circular, stigmal rings very narrow; spir- acles separated by a distance equal to about three times diameter of one. Anal gills four, large, pinnately branched, each gill with six lateral branches. Head capsule massive, of the tipuline type. Labrum with a distinct, densely hairy lobe on either side. Mentum (Plate LXXXIX, 488) large; anterior margin with nine slender teeth, median one the longest, outermost teeth on either side blunt, flattened, evidently formed by fusion of two teeth. Hypopharynx (Plate LXXXIX, 489) five-toothed; teeth blunt, the three middle ones larger, the lateral tooth on either side a little smaller. Antenna long and slender, cylindrical; apex blunt and without distinct sense pegs or setae. Mandible small, with a large conical dorsal tooth and a single flattened ventral tooth in addition to apical point; prostheca distinct. Maxilla small; palpi large, cylindrical, truncated at apex and with a circular auditory plate near end; inner lobe of maxilla with abundant elon- gate setae. Pupa. — Length, 42-45 mm. Length of longest breathing horn, 18-19 ram. additional. Width, d.-s., 3 mm. Depth, d.-v., 4.2 mm. Color dark brown; pronotal breathing horns paler at tips; mesonotum chestnut brownj abdominal segments indistinctly ringed with pale and darker. Front between antennal bases swollen, finely tuberculate but without distinct setae. Antenna very short, ending opposite tips of maxillary palpi. Labrum large. Sheaths of maxillary palpi not recurved at tips. Mesonotum unarmed, with fine transverse wrinkles. Pronotal breathing horns (Plate LXXXIX,491) very long and slender, the right one, at least, exceedingly elongate, with tip expanded. (The left breathing horn was broken before the apex in both the pupae studied; it was almost as long as the right horn, and may, of course, have been longer.) Wing pads reaching end of second abdominal segment; characteristic venation of genus showing clearly on sheath. Leg sheaths long, extending to beyond mid- length of fourth abdominal segment; fore legs shorter than the others. Abdomen elongate. Abdominal segments 2 to 7 near posterior margin with a transverse row of short, stout spines which are interrupted only near pleura; pleural area with four or five spines; ventral and dorsal segments with numerous spines; dorsal row of spines more distant from posterior margin of segment than the other areas; dorsum of eighth segment with four powerful, chitinized lobes directed dorsad and caudad; posterior margin of these lobes with about five or six small teeth; two spines near base of pleural region on segment 8. Male Cauda consisting of two blunt sheaths, lying between posterior pair of lobes described above. Larva. — South Mountains, near Myersville, Maryland, November 6, 1916. Neanotype. — Tallulah Falls, Georgia, June 17, 1910. Paratypc. — Cabin John Bridge, Maryland, May 31, 1900. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 993 Genus Aeshnasoma Johnson (Gr. a dragon fly + body) 1909 Aeshnasoma Johns. Proc. Boat. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 115-116. Aeshnasoma is a monotypic genus found in northeastern North America. It is unquestionably close to Longurio and may be congenerous with it. The type, Aeshnasoma rivertonensis Johns., is apparently very local in its distribution. Johnson (1906 : 1-2) described an unknown tipuline larva which undoubt- edly pertains to this species. The larva was found on June 10, 1900, in a cold spring at Riverton, New Jersey. It was brought into the labora- tory but could not be reared, the change from the cold spring (about 60° F.) to warmer waters being fatal. The larva when fully extended measured about 45 millimeters in length. It was yellowish white in color and was translucent, the alimentary canal with its contents being clearly visible thru the thin skin. Johnson describes and figures the peculiar branched anal gills (Plate LXXXIX, 492) of this genus. The larva was doubtfully referred to Longurio, the adults of Aeshnasoma being undescribed at that time. In a later paper (1907-12 [1909] : 115-116) Johnson mentions the taking of several more larvae in 1902, and, on July 20, the capture of the adult flies on which the genus and species are based. The only larva that was preserved was kmdiy sent to the writer for study by Mr. Johnson. It is undoubtedly very close to Longurio, both genera showing the same peculiar spiracular disk and the branched anal gills, a condition that is found nowhere else in the Tipulidae so far as is known to the writer. Genus Holorusia Loew (derivation obscure) 1863 Holorusia Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 1. Larva — Spiracular disk surrounded by six moderately elongate lobes fringed with long hairs; inner face of lateral and ventral lobes with capillary black Hnes; disk between spiracles dusky. Anal gills six. Mandible small, with a single dorsal and ventral tooth in addition to apical point. Antenna with a conical apical papilla. Mentum seven-toothed. Hypo- pharynx six-toothed. Pupa. - Sheaths of maxillary palpi recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing ho^ns rather short and stout, the long apices flattened. Armature of abdominal segments almost as in Prionocera, but the posterior rows of spines more numerous (fourteen to twenty-four); pleurites with three spines, the two on posterior ring situated one behind the other. Cauda with six stout dorsal lobes. 994 Charles Paul Alexander Holorusia is a small gonus (about ten species) of New World crane- flies, only one of which — the genotype, Holorusia ruhiginosa — is Nearctic. This species and Longurio are the largest Nearctic crane-flies. The anatomy of th(^ "giant crane-fly" has been described in some detail by Kellogg (1901, a and b) and by Comstock and Kellogg (1904). The immature stages are spent in moist earth. The genus is undoubtedly closely related to Prionocera, and, presumably, to the Old World genus Ctenacroscelis Enderlein. Holorusia ruhiginosa Loew 1863 Holorusia ruhiginosa Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 1. 1888 Tipida (Holorusia) grandis Bergr. Ent. Tidskr., vol. 9, p. 140. Holorusia ruhiginosa is widely distributed thruout the western United States and Canada. A number of larvae were taken by H. Morrison near Stanford University, California, on February 22, 1915. They were shipped to the writer at Ithaca, New York, where the species was reared. The massive larva is used for purposes of dissection in the entomological courses at some of the western universities. Larva. — Length, 50-00 mm. Diameter, 6.2-6.4 mm. Coloration, dark greenish brown. Form stout, subterete. Integument covered with dense, short, erect, black hairs. A few weak and delicate setae, two on dorsum and on venter of each abdominal segment; two long setae on lateral margins of posterior rings. Spiracular disk (Plate XC, 496) moderately large, surrounded by six stout, elongate lobes which are similar to those of Prionocera but are stouter and less digitiform; ventral lobes a little the longest, dorsal lobes a little the short- est; all the lobes capable of close approximation, completely protecting spiracles; lobes fringed with long black hairs which are longest near apices, shorter between lobes; ventral and lateral lobes with a delicate black line down inner face, these Hues barely indicated on dorsal lobes; remainder of disk and lobes dusky. Spiracles very large, circular, separated by a distance a Uttle less than diameter of one. Anal gills six, short, slender, the two anterior gills of either side united basally, posterior pair simple. Head capsule of the usual massive tipuline type, prefrons running caudad as a narrow point, lateral plates broad. Labrum broad, with a densely hairy lobe on either side. Men- tum (Plate XC, 493) with a prominent median point; behind it on either side three flattened teeth, the innermost the broadest, the middle tooth more acute, the outermost formed by fusion of two small teeth. Hypopharynx (Plate XC, 494) about six-toothed, the intermediate teeth with a large notch between. Antenna (Plate XC, 495) with basal segment very long and slender; principal apical papilla conical; a number of small hyaline sense pegs. Mandi- The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 995 ble slender, with only two teeth, a stout dorsal tooth and a single flattened ventral tooth. Maxilla small, lobes covered with short, dense hairs. Pupa. — Length, 32 mm. Width, d.-s., .'5 mm. Depth, d.-v., 5 mm. Color brown; flattened lateral margins of abdomen broadly yellowish. Thorax terete; abdomen depressed, with lateral margins flattened, carinate. Cepharc crest represented by two low, parallel ridges, provided with one or two tiny .setae. Labrum large, tumid, transversely wrinkled, the blunt apex completely separating the diamond- shaped labial lobes. Maxillary palpi stout, extreme tip recurved. Antenna moderately elongated, extending some distance beyond maxillary palpi. Pronotal breathing horns rather short and stout, finely ringed, the rather long tips flattened, about equal to one-fifth length of entire organ. Mesonotum convex (Plate XC, 497), with transverse anastomosing wrinkles; on either side of median line behind, a blunt tubercle. Wing sheaths reaching end of second abdominal segment. Leg sheaths extending just beyond base of fourth abdom- inal segment; fore tarsi short, middle tarsi a little longer than hind tarsi. Abdominal segments with the usual basal and posterior rings; armature almost as in Prionocera; tergites with posterior row of spines numbering between twenty and twenty- four on intermediate segments, near anterior lateral angle two spines, basal ring unarmed; pleurites with one setiferous spine on basal ring and two similar spines on posterior ring, one placed considerably behind the other; sternites armed similarly to tergites, but the poste- rior row of spines larger and somewhat fewer in number (fourteen to eighteen) ; posterior ring on either side median line near base with two spines, the innermost very large and power- ful. Male Cauda with ventral lobes blunt, each armed with a slender black spine near pos- terior margin; dorsal surface of cauda almost as in Prionocera, armed with six stout lobes, which here are shorter and stouter, with tips abruptly narrowed; lateral margin of segment 8 with a stout lobe on either side, each terminating in a cylindrical spine. Female cauda similar to male cauda, dorsum with the same six lobes; acidothecae short, tergal valves slightly exceeding the more blunt sternal valves. Ncpionotype. — Stanford University, California, February 27, 1915. Neanotype. — April 5, 191.5. Paralypes. — Larvae and pupae with typed. Genus. Prionocera Loew (Gr. saw + horn) 1S44 Prionocera Loew. Stett. Ent. Zeit., vol. 5, p. 170. 1863 Stygeropis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 7, p. 298. Larva.' — Spiracular disk surrounded by six long, finger-like lobes fringed with long, deh- cate hairs; each lobe with a capillary black hne down middle of inner face. Spiracles large. Anal gills unbranched. Mentum seven- to nine-toothed. Hypopharynx five-toothed. Mandible with about two dorsal and three ventral teeth. Pupa.- — ]\Iaxillary palpi recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing horns very elongated, unequal, the longer one about half length of body; horns at tips split into long flaps. Abdom- inal tergites with a posterior transverse row of fifteen or fewer spines, and two small spines 996 Charles Paul Alexander near anterior lateral margin of posterior ring; pleurites with a spine on basal ring and two transverse spines on posterior ring. Cauda with six strong dorsal lobes. Prionoccra is a small genus (about a dozen species) of usually far northern flies of somber coloration. The only species found in eastern North America is Prionocera fuscipennis, discussed below. The immature stages arc somewhat similar to those of Holorusia. The apparent similarity of the pupa to that of Longurio is probably not indicative of a very close relationship. The immature stages have been discussed but little in the literature. The 'Tipula sp. No. 1" of Malloch (1915-17 b: 199-200) refers to P. fusci- pennis. The immature stages of a species supposed to be P. parri (Kirby) have been discussed and figured by the writer in his report on the Canadian- Arctic Tipulidae (Alexander, 1919 c: 19c-20c). The name Stygeropis has been in use for many years under the belief that the earlier name Prionocera was preoccupied in the Coleoptera. Dr. Bergroth states that this is not so and that Prionocera should be used. Prionocera fuscipennis (Loew) 1865 Stygeropis fuscipennis Loew. Berl. Ent. Ztschr., vol. 9, p. 129. C. H. Kennedy found two cast pupal skins among Sparganium stems in Ringwood Hollow, Ithaca, New York, on November 20, 1916. Several larvae had been found here in the preceding July, and some others were found on June 4, 1917 (No. 106-1917), in a cat-tail swamp near Bool's hillside, Ithaca, where they were associated with the characteristic helo- phytic crane-fly fauna (Bittacomorpha, Rham.phidia flavipes, Pseudolim- nophila luteipennis, Pilaria recondita, Tipula tricolor, and other species). Malloch's material was taken in Wisconsin in May. Dr. Needham has reared the species near Lake Forest, Illinois. Larva. — Length, 18-22 mm. Diameter, 2-2.2 mm. Coloration dark brown, in some cases with a pale dorso-median stripe. Form terete, tapering gradually to anterior end of body. Segments with several scattered elongate setae. Spiracular disk (Plate XCI, 502) surrounded by six long, finger-like lobes which are delicately fringed with long hairs; ventral lobes considerably the longest; lateral lobes a little larger and stouter than dorsal lobes; all the lobes broadly margined with dark brown, these marks expanding at inner ends; on ventral lobes, lateral margin expanded at inner The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 997 end and continued across disk, meeting its fellow of the opposite side between spiracles; dorsal margin of lateral lobes touching spiracles; each of the lobes marked with a capillary dark brown hne down center of inner face, this beginning near ends of lobes and extending almost to base; lobes fringed with long hairs, these very tiny near base, longer near tips of lobes, but scarcely, if at all, interrupted between lobes. Spiracles large, circular, sepa- rated by a distance a little greater than diameter of one. Anal gills six, long, slender, unbranched. Head capsule of the usual tipuline type. Labrum covered with dense, short hairs, those on lateral lobes longer. Mentum (Plate XCI, 498) u.sualiy seven-toothed, in some casess nine- toothed; median tooth slender, lateral teeth flattened, subacute. Hypopharynx (Plate XCI, 499) narrow, five-toothed. Antenna (Plate XCI, 500) long and slender; first segment a little enlarged near base; at apex several tiny sensory papillae; auditory plate near base of segment. Mandible (Plate XCI, 501) moderately large, with two large dorsal and about three ventral teeth; prostheca large. Maxilla small; palpus large, cylindrical, apex truncated. Pupa. — Length, 15-22 mm. Width, d.-s., 2.4 mm. Depth, d.-v., 2.6 mm. Coloration dark brown; lateral and posterior margins of abdominal segments paler. (In old specimens the general coloration is very dark brown; in younger specimens the abdomen is more or less distinctly lined with brown.) Thorax subterete; abdomen depressed, lateral margins flattened. Labrum broad, apical point narrow. Labial lobes broad, slightly separated on median line. Maxillary palpi short, stout, apex recurved. Antenna moderately elongated, extreme tip darkened. Pro- notal breathing horns long and slender, unequal in length, the longer about 9 or 10 mm. in length, the other 6 mm., at tips split into divergent flaps (Plate XCI, 504) almost as in the hexatomine genera Pseudolimnophila and Pilaria, which live in the same muddy sit- uations. Mesonotum (Plate XCI, 503) transversely wrinkled. Leg sheaths reaching posterior margin of third abdominal segment; hind legs the longest; middle legs a little shorter than fore legs. Abdominal segments divided into a basal and a posterior ring; tergites with basal ring unarmed; posterior ring with a subterminal transverse row of short spines, with a few setae located on lateral face of some of the spines; on second tergite, four to six spines, on ter- gites 3 to 7, three to fifteen spines; two small spines with setae near anterior lateral angle of posterior ring; pleurites with a small setiferous spine on basal ring, and two such spines on posterior ring located side by side; sternites with the basal ring unarmed, posterior ring armed similarly to that of tergites; in addition to posterior row of spines, a pale oval area on either side of midventral line, each with two transversely placed spines. Male cauda (Plate XCl, 505) with four powerful lobes on dorsum of last segment, directed dorsad and slightly caudad, lobes bearing three or four small spines before tips; between anterior pair of lobes, two additional slender lobes, each ending in two acute spines. Nepionotype. — Ringwood Hollow, Ithaca, New York, July 20, 1916. Neanotype. — Cast pupal skin, type locaUty, November 20, 1916. Paratypes. — Larvae and pupal skins, type locality. 998 Charles Paul Alexander Genus Tipula Linnaeus (Lat. a water-strider) 1758 Tipula Linn. Syst. Natur., ed. 10, p. 585. 1842 Pterelachisiis Rond. Mag. Zool. Ins., pi. 106. 1864 Anmnido'iAcra Lioy. Atti dell' Institut Veneto, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 218. . 18S7 Oreomijza Pokorny. Wien. Ent. Ztg., vol. 6, p. .50. 1894 Manapsis Scudder. Proc. Amor. Philos. Soc, vol. 32, p. 222. 1894 Rhndinohrochus Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 32, p. 223. 1894 Tipulidea Scudder. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc, vol. 32, p. 238-239. 1916 Nippotipxda Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 457-458. 1916 Plahjtiprda Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 459. 1916 Yamaiolipida Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 461-462. 1916 Togotipida Mats. Thous. Ins. Japan, add. 2, p. 4G5. Larva.- — Form generally stout, terete or nearly so. Integument with pubescence and almost invariably with a definite chaetotaxy. Spiracular disk surrounded by si.x or rarely eight lobes, simple, or in certain species (as T. abdominalis) more or less split at their tips. Spiracles small and widely separated (in T. abdominalis), or in other species large and rather close together. Anal gills almost invariably present, with six or eight branches, these branches simple, not pinnate. Head capsule compact and massive. Labrum broadly trans- verse. Mandible usually small, with few teeth, ventral cutting edge with usually two or three teeth. Maxilla rather complicated, of the generalized tipuline structure. Antenna usually elongated, basal segment two to four times as long as it is thick, stouter in species living in decaying wood. Mentum with seven to nine teeth. Hypopharynx a flattened plate, anterior margin usually with five teeth. Pupa.- — Form generally stout. CephaHc crest lacking or very small, with rudimentary setae. Mouth parts as in the subfamily, sheaths of maxillary palpi strongly recurved at tips. Pronotal breathing horns subequal in length, short, stout, usually straight, tips but little expanded. Mesonotum transversely wrinkled, in some wood-inhabiting species (as T. triviltata) with about four conspicuous tubercles. Wing sheaths and leg sheaths moderate in length. Abdominal armature usually strong, each segment with a posterior row of four to twenty spines; in some species a basal ventral row of spines on posterior ring of segments. Cauda with dorsal armature of four powerful lobes; eighth segment adding, as a rule, ten spines, of which six are ventral and lateral in position, and two or four are dorsal; dorso-median pair lying between anterior pair of lobes of cauda, as discussed above, and lacking or very reduced in some wood-inhabiting species {T. Iriviitala). Lateral abdominal spiracles lacking or merely vestigial. Tipula is the largest genus of crane-flies, comprising a vast assemblage of species (between six and seven hundred described forms) which are found on all the continental areas of the world but are few in the Austral- asian region and apparently lacking on many of the lesser oceanic islands. The genus is one of extreme interest, and its study will require many years of conscientious application. Subaptcrous species are not rare in this group, of which many are far northern forms, others are coastal spe- cies, while a few live inland and under influences that make it difficult to explain their subapterous condition. The Crane- Flies of New York — Part II 999 The immature stages of the various species are diverse in their habits, ranging from species that are nearly if not quite aquatic, thru the majority of the known forms which Hve in generally moist earth or mud along the margins of water bodies, to still others that live in the semi-decayed wood of prostrate tree trunks. Mellor (1919:64) has recorded Tipula larvae as breeding in manure. So far as is known, the larvae are herbiv- orous, tho they will eat animal food under stress (as described by Patter- son [1908] for Tipula oleracea, which feeds in considerable numbers on earthworms). In Europe, a great number of life histories in this genus have been worked out in commendable detail, mainly thru the efforts of Beling, who discusses no fewer than thirty species. His descriptions give a clear idea of the range in structure and habitat to bo expected in the genus. The number of lobes surrounding the spiracular disk varies from four (apparently) in T. selene and related forms, to as many as eight in T. suhnodicornis. Practically all of the known species show the normal tipuline number of lobes, six. A summary of the larval habitats of the Palacarctic species .s as follows : 1. Species living in saturated earth along watercourses or in debris at the water's edge, or species that are aquatic — Tipula fulvipennis de Geer, lateralis Meig., lunata Linn., maxima Poda, variicornis Schum., variipennis Meig., viltata Meig. 2. Species living in earth, usually in woods, underneath a mold of leaves or coniferous needles — Tipula caesia Schum., dilatata Schum., fulvipennis de Geer, hortensis Meig., hortulana Meig., nigra Linn., nubeculosa Meig., ochracea Meig., pabulina Meig., paludosa Meig., pruinosa Wied., scripta Meig., selene Meig., truncorum Meig., unca Wied., variipennis Meig., viltata Meig. 3. Species living in earth in gardens, pastures, or meadows, usually beneath turf — Tipula irrorata Macq., luteipennis Meig., nigra Luin., ochracea Meig., oleracea Linn., paludosa Meig., pruirwsa Wied., suhnodicornis Zett., truncorum Meig., vernalis Meig. 4. Species living in or beneath cushions of moss or in earth overgrown with a mossy covering — Tipula dilatata Schum., hortulana Meig., marmorata Meig., pagana Meig., peliostigma Schum., pruinosa Wied., rufina Meig., signata Staeg., truncorum Meig., uma Wied. 5. Species living underneath moss on logs — Tipula irrorata Macq. 6. Species living in decaying wood — Tipula flavolineata Meig., irrorata Macq., truncorum Meig. Bouche describes T. lunata and T. ochracea as living in decaying willow wood, and Sopotzko records T. flavolineata as injuring clover; but these records are presumably based on mistaken identifications. Comparatively few of the eastern American species have been reared, and it is not considered advisal)le to attempt a key to the larvae or the pupae at this stage of knowledge of the subject. Such a key would 1000 Charles Paul Alexander include but a fraction of the possible species and would be of little value. It will require the careful rearing of species for many years before a workable key to the immature stages of the eastern species of the genus can be produced. The characters that will prove of greatest value in the separation of the larvae and the pupae of the species of Tipula are as follows : Larvae 1. A7ial gills. (These are rarely lacking, and the number and arrangement of the branches, their form, and their function, are of primary importance.) 2. Spiracular disk. Number of lobes surrounding disk and whether they are simple or branched; character and nature of fringe of hairs around disk, if such is present; size, shape, and distance apart of spiracles; markings on inner face of disk and lobes. 3. Chaetotaxy. Arrangement, length, and number of setae on segments. 4. Body form. Terete, subdepressed, or flattened ventrally only; clothing of pubescence, and pattern formed on dorsum. 5. Head capside. (The head is remarkably uniform thruout the group, a condition to be expected in a group so compact as Tipula.) Shape of mentum and hypopharynx, and number, size, and shape of teeth along their anterior margins; shape of antenna, and other details of head. Pupae 1. General form, whether terete or depressed. • 2. Mouth parts. 3. Pronotal breathing horns, their relative length, size, and form. 4. Armature of mesonotum. 5. Wing sheaths and leg sheaths. 6. Spines on abdominal segments, their size and number; whether lacking or present at base of posterior ring of sternites; arrangement and number of pleural spines. 7. Cauda, shape of genital sheaths, armature of dorsum, and ventral margin of eighth eternite. Descriptions are given in the following pages of about ten life histories which are entirely new or have been insufficiently considered elsewhere. A few notes on certain other species that have been observed in the past few years may be added here: Tipula cayuga Alex. A conspicuous yellow larva, living in organic earth beneath leaves, in association with Bittacomorphella jonesi and other forms which are discussed elsewhere (page 781). The pupal duration is slightly over seven days. T. angustipennis Loew. Found living in rather dry earth beneath leaves in shaded woods (Lawrence, Kansas, Mrs. C. P. Alexander). T. umbrosa Loew. Occurs in garden soil in company with the larvae of Tipula hicornis Forbes. T. fuliginosa Say. Reared from larvae living in debris under the nest of a turkey vulture (Jackson Island, Maryland, May 23, 1913, R. C. Shannon). T. sayi Alex, and T. tricolor Fabr. In saturated mud in marshy or swampy situations. 2'. tephrocephcUa Loew. A large larva, nearly if not quite aquatic in its habits. The Crane-Flies of New York — Part II 1001 The life histories of other Nearctic species are recorded in the sum- mary of hterature on page 980. These are as follows: Tipula arctica Curt. (Nielsen, Alexander), T. eluta LoeW (Hart, Malloch), T. cunctans Say (Hyslop, Malloch), T. bicornis Forbes (Forbes), and T. ultima Alex. (Needham, Caudell). T. arctica, according to Nielsen (1910:57-59), was found commonly in eastern Greenland. The immature stages were dis- covered in circular holes from two to three centimeters deep in the ground, especially beneath tufts of Casdope tetragona (L.) D. Don. The pupae were found at the end of June, and empty pupa cases were found as early as the 25th of the same month. According to Nielsen, the larvae require two years to attain their growth. Tipula (Trichotipula) oropezoides Johns. 1909 Tiyula oropezoides Johns. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 34, p. 131-132. Larvae of Tipula oropezoides were first found on March 30, 1917, living beneath saturated moss in Needham's Glen, Ithaca, New York, where they were associated with larvae of Dicranomyia badia, Penthoptera albitarsis, Tipula collaris, and other species. Numerous additional larvae were found in the same locality on April 18, 1917. Some of these were placed in rearing and emerged on May 6. The larvae are nocturnal in their habits, being very sluggish and retiring during the day but becoming active after sunset. The adult flies bear a strong resemblance to species of the genus Oropeza, with which they arc sometimes found associated. They may often be swept from rank herbage in cool Canadian woods. Larva. — Length, 16.5-17 mm. Diameter, 1.8-2 mm. Coloration above, a deep velvety brown with mottlings of paler; on basal ring of tergitea six median transverse pale spots, posterior ring less regularly marked; pleura and venter pale. (The dark markings on the dorsum are produced by patches of dark-colored hairs, which cover the body densely in places.) Form subterete. Integument with an abundant pubescence, longest on dorsum. Chaeto- taxy as follows: dorsum (Plate XCIII, 516) on po.sterior ring with six stout setae, three on either side, the middle seta a little closer to the inner seta; ventral segments (Plate XCIII, 517) with four setae, two anterior and two posterior, the latter a httle more separated. Spiracular disk (Plate XCIII, 518) surrounded by six approximately subequal lobes, their inner faces heavily lined with dark brown; at tip of each lobe a pale rounded spot, largest on ventral lobes and here with a sensory bristle; lateral mark not reaching spiracles; lateral and dorsal lobes slightly paler medially; above and below each spiracle a transverse brown 1002 Charles Paul Alexander line; on disk, between spiracles, two indistinct dusky spots; lobes fringed with rather short, pale hairs which are narrowly interrupted between lobes. Spiracles irregular, roughly triangular. Anal gills four, slender, posterior pair the larger (Plate XCII, 506). Head capsule as in genus. Labrum and maxilla very densely fringed with long golden- yellow hairs. Mentum (Plate XCIII, 513) with two flattened lateral teeth, the median point elongated; mentum very deeply split behind. Hypopharynx (Plate XCIII, 514) with but three evident teeth, the lateral teeth very broad, flattened. (In some specimens these teeth are all very blunt, so that the anterior margin of the hypopharynx appears merely crenulate.) Antenna with apical disk very flattened. Mandible (Plate XCIII, 515) with a dorsal tooth and a powerful ventral tooth. Pupa. — Length: male, 12 mm.; female, 12.5-13 mm. Width, d.-3. : male, 1.6-1.7 mm.; female, 1. a-a 04 »i c3 -< c3 c3 1^ ^^ 0) e3 -3 IK Si «2 ui rs a o-o z -a a o eS T3-S r+^ fc '^^ ^ o .^ ft ^ to o Oj u 9r'^ 04 H ^2 -^1 m C of 0) —3 ^^ _r 08 ^s ■s^ - c3 CO (N^ .^^ "S^ S d ft 03 §s *— 4 03 m (i< in CM o Q 1047 o o p< >> 73 O X! CO*" CO ^ I w ^ ^ -6 9 3 8 S, n 3 oo" CO CO CD m a^ ^ "S s s £ =" S "^ fc s b 2 - - oT O I- u Ji. S S oj S fc ^ "^ S ? «3 - .2 o ■♦J 'O 1048 Memoir 38 Plate XVIII BITTACOMORPHA CLAVIPES Larva: 41, labium; 42, mandible and antenna, dorsal aspect Pupa: 43, ventral aspect; 44-46, types of abdominal tubercles; 47, arrangement ol leg sheaths; 48, male cauda, dorsal aspect 1049 IMemoir 3S Plate XIX l>**4SSSKJ?€l*B^3«f' ^i^^ry^i/st^"^ BsIF 49 50 TRICHOCERA SP. (rEGELATIONIS, SUPPOSITION) Larva: 40, dorsal aspect; 50, spiracular disk, lateral aspect; 51, spiracular disk, dorsal aspect; 52, head, ventral aspect (after De Meijere) ; 53, head, dorsal aspect (after De Meijere) Pupa: 54, lateral aspect; 55, female, ventral aspect; 50, female cauda, lateral aspect 1050 Memoir 38 Plate XX YvV - M / 'ISl ANTOCHA SAXICOLA Larva: 57, dorsal aspect; 5S, head capsule, dorsal aspect; 59, mentum Pupa: <»(), ventral aspect; 01, pronotal breathing horn, lateral aspect; (12, female cauda, lateral aspect 1051 pti tf x-o < c - tJ >•.-« ii m o ^^ a iH O o3 lO >< SI CO < ^ ^ M Jh -e'5. -IT GO* Z o. ;r A z> z^ X ti ^z:^ 6 1052 Memoir 38 Plate XXII 71 ANTOCHA SAXICOLA, PUPA 69, Lateral aspect; 70, male cauda, dorsal aspect; 71, fifth abdominal segment, dorsal aspect (diagrammatic) 1053 CM D. " b. „^ C b. a; +J > CI i) > Soo" U 01 a> u to , ~3 ^ o I s h^IAh 1054 Memoir 38 Plate XXIV LIMNOniA CINCTIPES Larva: 79, head capsule, dorsal aspect; SO, hypopharynx; SI, mentum; S2, antenna; S3, spiracular disk Pupa: 84, female, lateral aspect; 85, female cauda, dorsal aspect 1055 Memoir 38 Y.j,/k/iiii'»ww Plate XXV LIMNOBIA CINCTIPES Larva: 8G, labrum-epipharynx; 87, mandible and maxilla; 88, mandible; 93, spiracular disk, dorsal aspect Pupa: 89, female, ventral aspect; 90, pronotal breathing horn, lateral aspect; 91, male Cauda, lateral aspect; 92, male cauda, dorsal aspect 105G Memoir 38 Plate XXVI 101 102 LIMNOBIA TRIOCELLATA AND L. FALLAX S"£ ;X:!t™:^5!tb?ul:;;pthary.x; 90, n,e„.a,„; 97, antenna; 98, n^dible; ^C^'to /«««.. pupa: 100, mouth parts; 101, pronotal breathing horn; 102, female Cauda, doreal aspect; 103, female Cauda, lateral aspect 1067 1058 I ^ CD rM be <^ P- ^ «3 t) 03 E- -- of O c3 P -C O s - O o ^'^ !2 P5 o S O m'— £ ^ O ^ .^ ^ o OJ O) ^' a. X! & ^ =3 i3 — t; 03 o 38 c b o o UTS ft - c3 cc -^ 1-1 3 in 1059 Memoir 38 Plate XXIX DICRANOMYIA BADIA, PUPA 118, Lateral aspect; 119, mouth parts; 120, female cauda, dorsal aspect 1060 rvj o, - o 83 Ol s s 1061 Memoir 38 Plate XXXI RHIPIDIA RRYANTI, RHAMPHIDIA MAINENSIS, AND RHAMPHIDIA FLAVIPES Rhipidia bryanti, pupa: 128, mouth parts; 129, pronotal breathing horn; 130, male cauda, lateral aspect; 131, male cauda, dorsal aspert Rhamphidia mninensis, larva: 132, lateral aspect; 133, mentum; 135, mandible; 136, spiracular disk Rhamphidia flampes, larva: l.'U, antenna 10()2 ^ 00 '-'-5 o -a 1063 Memoir 38 Plate XXXIII 143 144 RHAMPHIDIA FLAVIPES, PUPA 142, Lateral aspect; 143, fifth abdominal segment, dorsal aspect (diagrammatic); 144, fifth abdominal segment, ventral aspect (diagrammatic) 1004 Memoir 38 Plate XXXIV 145 ULA ELEGANS, LARVA spiriicular disk 1035 1066 Memoir 38 Plate XXXVI EPIPHRAGMA SOLATRIX, LARVA 158, Head capsule, ventral aspect; 159, mentuin; 100, prcmentuin; IGl, hypopharynx; 102, maxilla; 103, spiracular disk 1067 Memoir 38 Plate XXXVII ^^ L \ p\ 5p 166 51- ^V7/7^^ ^N^^^^Ni^, 167 EPIPHBAGMA SOLATRIX 'AND E. FASCIPENNIS Ej)i]ihrnqma solalrix, pupa: IGi, lateral aspect; IGG, head of male, ventral aspect; 167, fifth abdominal segment (diagrammatic) Epiphragma fascipennis, pupa: 165, cephalic crest, lateral aspect 1068 00 < -T3 _- 3 r^ CD g '— < CO ^ ^'■ a "S o a G I' z of '^ < a_. 02 3 ca ft £ s - o z CI -Tl w CO p. c3 G S 3 OJ ->: 3 03 Pu t-i u XI < ~ 03 ^'S « Ui K Jo (u K, 00 » "^ .. '"' o3 a ;■ 3 ■2 P. s . ? « -fe "S e 1069 Memoir 3S Plate XXXIX PSEUDOLIMNOPHILA LUTEIPENNIS AND P. INORNATA PseudoHmnophila luteipennis, larva: 172, mentum: 173, hypopharynx; 175, mandible; 176, spiracuiar disk PseudoHmnophila inornala, larva: 174, antenna 1070 S S 1071 Memoir 38 185 184 186 187 189 Plate XLI 188 DACTYLOLABIS DE^fTICULATA, D. WODZICKII, AND D. CUBITALIS Dadylolabis denticulala (after Mik): 181, pupa; 1S2, larva, head capsule, ventral aspect; 183, larva, dorsal aspect Dactylolabis wodzickii (after Nowicki): 184, pupa; LS,'), larva, head capsule; ISO, larva, spiracular disk Daclylolahiii cuhi(nli, .3 . £ S a-3 ' *^ 'c^ !^ S~ S- 5- C ^ ^ ^ vS '^ ■'?^ "^ 0,0,0, a. 1079 Memoir 38 Plate XLIX PILARIA TKNUIPES, PUPA do;S- STe^'mtsrS: dT,S Zti '^'*'^' "^^'^ '''■ "" »'^-™' segment, 1080 1081 Memoir 38 Plate LI 243 245 244 246 248 249 HEXATOMA MEGACERA H-: m 247 Larva: 243, labrum; 244, antenna; 245, mandible; 246, spiracular disk Pupa: 247, lateral aspect; 248, male, ventral aspect; 249, female, ventral aspect 10S2 ^ 1 « - -: (N S J i6 g « o 1083 Memoir 38 Plate LIII 259 260 ERIOCERA CINEREA, PUPA 25G, Male, lateral aspect; 257, cephalic crest of male, ventral aspect; 258, mouth parts; 259, fifth abdominal segment, lateral aspect; 260, male cauda, dorsal aspect; 261, female Cauda, dorsal aspect 1084 Memoir 38 Plate LIV 267 (f ^^ 269 270 271 ERIOCERA SPIN03A, E. CINEREA, E. LONGICORNIS, AND E. FULTONENSIS Eriocera spinos'i, larva: 262, spiracular disk; 2C)7, h?ad capsule, dorsal aspect; 271, mandible Eriocera cinerei, larva: 263 and 2'U, spiracular disk; 270, mandible Eriocera longicnrnis, larva: 265, spiracular disk Eriocera fuUonensis, larva: 236, spiracular disk; 2'>S, labrum; 269, mandible 1085 Memoir 38 Pi-ate LV 278 277 273 274 279 276 282 280 ERIOCERA LONGICORNIS, E. FULTONENSI3, AND E. SPINOSA Eriocera longicornis, pupa: 272, male, lateral aspect; 273, male, ventral aspect; 274, female cauda, lateral aspect; 275, head of male, ventral aspect; 277, thorax of male, dorsal aspect; 278, female, lateral aspect Eriocera fuUonerisis, pupa: 276, female cauda, lateral aspect; 279, female, lateral aspect Eriocera spinnsa, pupa: 280, female, lateral aspect; 281, male] cauda, dorsal aspect; 282, male cauda, ventral aspect 1086 Mkmoir 3S Plate LVI 285 288 ERIOCERA SPINOSA, E. LONGICORNIS, AND E. FULTONENSIS Eriocera spinosa, pupa: 2S3, fifth abdominal segment, lateral aspect (diagrammatic); 28-1, female cauda, dorsal aspect . x Eriocera longicornis, pupa: 2S5, fifth abdominal segment, lateral aspect (diagrammatic), 2Si, male cauda, lateral aspect „:„„i irroccm fuUonends, pupa : 2S7, cephalic crest of male, ventral aspect ; 288, fifth abdominal segment, lateral aspect (diagrammatic) 1087 Plate LVII 292 294 295 293 PENTHOPTERA ALBITARSIS Larva: 289, labrum; 290, antenna; 291, mandible; 292, spiracular disk, dorsal aspect; 293, spiracular disk, lateral aspect Pupa: 294, pronotal breathing horn; 295, male cauda, lateral aspect 1088 Memoir 38 Plate LVIII 296 PENTHOPTERA ALBITARSIS, PUPA 296, Female, lateral aspect; 297, female, ventral aspect; 298, female cauda, dorsal aspect; 299, male cauda, lateral aspect 1089 Memoir 38 Plate LIX 304 300 305 ADELPHOMYIA MINUTA (SUPPOSITION), LARVA 300, Labrum; 301, antenna; 302, mentum; 303, mandible; 304, maxilla; 305, spiracular u; k 1090 Memoir 38 Plate LX 307 309 ADELPHOMYIA MINUTA (SUPPOSITION), PUPA 306, Female, lateral aspect; 307, mouth parts; 308, female cauda, dorsal aspect; 309, male Cauda, dorsal aspect; 310, male cauda, lateral aspect 1091 Memoir 38 Plate LXI 311 315 PEDICIA ALBIVITTA, LARVA 311, Dorsal aspect; 312, head capsule, ventral aspect; 313, antenna; 314, maxillary palpus; 315, anal gills, ventral aspect 1092 Memoir 38 Plate LXII 324 322 RHAPHIDOLABINA FLAVEOLA Larva: 31G, mentum; 317, hypopharynx; 318, antenna; 319, mandible; 320, maxilla; 321, spiracular disk Pupa: 322, mouth parts; 323, pronotal breathing horn, dorsal aspect; 324, pronotal breathing horn, lateral aspect; 325, male cauda, dorsal aspect 1093 Memoir 38 Plate LXIII TRICYPHONA INCONSTANS Q^n*'"''^' 'l^^. mentum; 327, hypopharynx; 328, antenna; 329, mandible and maxilla- .mU, spiracular disk Pupa: 331, mouth parts; 332, pronotal breathing horn, dorsal aspect; 333, pronotal breathing horn, lateral aspect; 334, female cauda, lateral aspect 1094 CM en 8§ o en I »-■ S CO CO tc * <« S S " s -o •J ° .. 03 a 1095 Memoir 38 Plate LXV 344 349 346 MOLOPHILUS HIRTIPENNIS, LARVA 344, Lateral aspect; 345, head capsule, ventral aspect; 346, mental plate; 347, hypopharynx; 348, antenna; 349, mandible; 350, maxilla; 351, spiracular disk 1096 Memoir 38 Plate LXVI 355 352 354 uJ 356 MOLOPHILUS HIRTIPENNIS, PUPA 352, Female, lateral aspect; 353, male cauda, lateral aspect; 354, male cauda, dorsal aspect; 355, female cauda, lateral aspect; 356, female cauda, dorsal aspect 1097 Memoir 38 Plate LXVII 357 358 363 ERIOPTERA MEGOPHTHALMA Larva: 357, spiracular disk; 358, anal gills, ventral aspect Pupa: 359, female, lateral aspect; 3(50, female, ventral aspect; 361, fifth abdominal seg- ment, lateral aspect (diagrammatic); 362, male cauda, lateral aspect; 363, male cauda, dorsal aspect 1098 1:^ J3 e3 a 3 o > 3 a d 2 3 c3 H cR CO C5 o t-l l-l X) o cfl % 1099 Memoir 38 Plate LXIX 372 369 ERIOPTERA CHLOROPHYLLA, E. SEPTEMTRIONIS, AND E. ARMATA Erioptera chlorophylla, pupa: 3G9, female, lateral aspect; 370, female cauda, lateral aspect Erioptera septemtrionis, pupa: 371, male cauda, lateral aspect; 372, male cauda, dorsal aspect Erioptera armala, pupa: 373, female, lateral aspect 1100 Memoir 38 Plate LXX ^=^ 376 378 ORMOSIA NUBILA, O. INNOCENS, AND O. MEIQENII Ormosia nubiia, larva: 374, mandible; 375, spiracular disk .^ Orv^oda innocens, pupa: 376, female, lateral aspect; 377, male Cauda, dorsal aspect; 378, male cauda, lateral aspect Ormosia meigenii, larva: 379, spiracular disk 1101 Memoir 38 Plate LXXI 380 381 OBMOSIA NUBILA, PUPA 380, Female, lateral aspect; 381, cephalic crest of female, ventral aspect; 382 female Cauda, dorsal aspect ' 1102 Memoir 38 Plate LXXII 385 >)wj£w/i»ryin»in\W^5^ 384 383 386 387 ORMOSIA NIGRIPILA, PUPA 383 Male, lateral aspect; 384, pronotal breathing horn; 385, fifth abdominal segment, lateral aspect (diagrammatic); 386, male cauda, dorsal aspect; 387, female cauda, lateral aspect 1103 Memoir 38 Plate LXXIII 395 HELOBIA HTBRIDA AND TRIMICHA PILIPES Helobia hybrida, larva: 388, spiracular disk Helobia hybrida, pupa: 389, female, lateral aspect; 390, mouth parts; 391, arrangement of leg sheaths; 392, male cauda, dorsal aspect; 393, female cauda, lateral aspect; 394, male Cauda, lateral aspect Trimicra pilipes, larva: 395, spiracular disk (after Gerbig) 1104 1105 U Mkmoir 38 Plate LXXV 403 402 404 405 406 GONOMTIA ALEXANDERI AND ERIOPTKRINK NO. 1 Gonomi/in alexanderi, larva: 402, mandible; -^lOI?, spirafular disk Erioptcrine No. I, larva: 40+, lateral aspect; 405, spiraeuiar disk and anal gills; 406, lobe of spiraeuiar disk, enlarged 1106 g 1107 d -2 a « ^ fe 03 ^ c« .S ~ Sg 03 .. a; ^ g ^ s ■^ J rf ^ 3 O .^O, t:^^ D. c3 c3 rvl sal a ranin , dor ro '^ -3 §■« dors iagr ida, "O 5 ..-vT o3 -M o ai +^ ^ S^ . a c3 ^ rt e -3-^ O 53 S-cT •5 c" D. OJ -fH m > Q O O 434, lent, ipect • -^ c ^ H CO ^il << ^^§1 IF. o Ct3 03 H OJ^-O iz; ^^ 2 153 Oi p v^ -u u c30 & J u oco T3'*^" e3 •-'^ o a-i- '^ O v- f^""^ % ^^g< -:c »3 o "S — ' Hi o o — -a a ^^ c3 X c3 2 - c3 t- o *^ cu S a "e8 "S o - o =<2 « ■^12 — -a rva: pa: in in, 3 O 03 3 C m >^^-^ 03 ■£i 1111 Mkmoir 38 Plate LXXXI 442 ELEPHANTOMYIA WESTWOODI, PUPA 441, Female, lateral aspect; 442, female, ventral aspect 1112 Memoir 38 Plate LXXXII 444 445 446 447 443 CHIONEA ARANEOIDES, LARVA (aFTER BRAUER) 443 Dorsal aspect; 444, mandible; 445, possibly mental plate; 446, spiracular disk, ' lateral aspect; 447, spiracular disk, dorsal aspect ^ 1113 Memoir 38 Plate LXXXIII 448 452 449 450 PHALACnOCERA REPLICATA AND TRIOCMA TRISULCATA Phalacrocera replicata, larva: 448, lateral aspect Phnlacrocera replicata, pupa: 449, male, lateral aspect; -0)0, male, dorsal aspect; 451, mouth parts Triogma trisulcata: 452, larva (after Steinmann) 1114 Memoir 38 Plate LXXXIV 454 45! 453 456 CYLINDROTOMA SPLENDENS Larva: 4.>5, dorsal asp-ct ; 454, mandible Pupa: 455, female, lateral aspect; 456, head of female, ventral aspect 1115 Ph t CD 2 S in O c| CO Z ^ ^ •J ^ — o 1^ in ^^J S 6 A -^ ) ^ -A~/l ) men ;464 ^^ '-< ) -M -A 1 00 o lO 1> -VL_J Tt< a y) M A y 7 al aspect; of larva lateral a A ID Larva: 457, dors; >2, lateral aspect Pupa: 463, male, ipect 1116 1117 Memoir 38 Plate LXXXVII 474 475 477 476 BRACHYPREMNA DISPELLENS, PUPA 474, Head, ventral aspect; 475, pronotal breathing horn; 476, arrangement of leg sheaths; 477, male cauda, ventral aspect 1118 IVIemoir 3S Plate LXXXVIII 482 TANYPTERA FRONTALIS Larva: ITS, inenturn; -479, antenna, 4S0, mandible; 481, fifth abdominal segment, dorsal aspect (diagrammatic); 482, fifth abdominal segment, ventral aspect (diagrammatic); 483, spiraciilar disk Pupa: 4SJ-, female, lateral aspect; 485, mouth parts; 48(5, pronotal breathing horn; 487, female cauda, dorsal aspect 1119 Memoir 38 Plate LXXXIX LONGURIO TESTACEUS AND AESHNASOMA RIVERTONENSIS Longurio testaceus, larva: 488, mentum; 489, hypopharynx; 490, spiracular disk Lonyurio'testaceus, pupa: 491, male, lateral aspect Aeshnasoma river tonensis, larva: 492, spiracular disk, showing branched anal gills (after Johnson) 1120 Memoir 38 Platk XC 496 497 495 493 494 HOLORUSIA RUBIGINOSA Larva: 493, mentum; 494, hypopharynx; 495, antenna; 496, spiracular disk Pupa: 497, male, lateral aspect 1121 Memoir 38 498 505 Plate XCI 504 503 PRIONOCERA FUSCIPENNIS Larva: 498, men turn; 499, hypopharynx; 500, antenna; 501, mandible; 502, spiracular disk Pupa: 503, lateral aspect; 501, tip of pronotal breathing horn; 505, male cauda, dorsal aspect 1122 Memoir 38 Plate XCII TYPES OF ANAL GILLS IN GENUS TIPULA, VENTRAL ASPECT 506, Tipula oropezoides; 507, T. nobilis; 508, T. caloptera; 500, T. dejecta; 510, T. usitata; 511, T. ignobilis; 512, T. iroquois (supposition) 1123 Ah 2 In in 22 In 'O M m