"ah a Me "Set at NM ae ae ie te ee ee Spe oe Hk Dotted Bam Spec. S sy oh Sef Re 2a Ye m0? ey ORAS et ihe N's Pgh Ae pie hab Ga > pp ett cients Se e: aaah eS UN se PENN Patio v. PS HEMMER Sushen 2 Tes ee ea Oe Se Syste fatne! % ace ye ete ne he rete ee oe DEIN es a ~ iv “~ — wo, —” 7 9 Does St eed,» . " os Te et seven Bias ae ek I ait . . . Se a a ree y= SS Or pe ne , et rer er Maeva iM TFG Seog Deicamtads : apeeepees Ti abe fe unt Peadir’s 2 AS a eR Yet as Gea! Rie beh tM. Ey te lL aI TIN RSD Ae EMITS TI Oar AAs PF i NE EN FE tee Pee ee en Oe) nn ea a et artery es epee hee rie S ot Pa Oa ty ee eh SO ee " 2 ae Rete OL teal Mg oe el ay bt cg Tica SEBS et Pa Sam ar ee ee en esperar ie Sah d+ Boe a a a oe Rte Pe tig Oe Re Caneel Sa i Me ate oS tal yh ee islets a SO Oe i - Sa" Oe eee ~ te S . ee eee & ee ee —<,-~- Fee ae Oo Te pata ime ae ee SE Oe i aed man ae oF ge ee of: So wee oh Pw ee ae aad ew a ae ee eT ay he tetas 3 ~ — : ; : ee Er eo - fae enn ee wee cr Or, ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from University of Toronto http://www.archive.org/details/cretaceousnonmar0Oruss FE SCIENCES Cent REBUT DON, 62 LORIS $." RUSSELL Cretaceous Non-marine Faunas of Northwestern North America rAE, ONTARIO MUSEUM «= -UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO ROYAL ON . iii RO veg LOR TS s,. RUSSELL Contribution No. 61 LIFE SCIENCES ROYAL ONTARIO MUSEUM UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO Cretaceous Non-marine Faunas of Northwestern North America LORIS S. RUSSELL is Chief Biologist, Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto. PRICE: 75 cents © The Governors of the University of Toronto, 1964 PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS INTRODUCTION In the northwestern plains and adjacent foothills of the United States and Canada, particularly in Montana and Alberta, the Cretaceous sequence is characterized by an alternation of marine and non-marine deposits. This condition has resulted from fluctuating shore lines in the Cretaceous interior seas. In the case of the marine formations, the invertebrate faunas permit a reasonably good correlation with the standard scale of western Europe, and the stage names of that region can be applied here with some success. For the non-marine deposits the position in the time scale has to be inferred from the relationships with the marine formations, a less accurate basis for correlation. It is the purpose of the present account to consider the Cretaceous non- marine formations of the northwestern interior of North America, and their contained faunas, and to propose a local sequence of stages based on these parts of the succession. Such a system has been of great value in the study of the continental Tertiary of North America, based almost exclusively on mammalian faunas. In the present study the stages will be established on the basis of their molluscan as well as their vertebrate faunas. Subjacent and superjacent marine faunas permit a somewhat better correlation with the European standard scale than is possible for the non-marine faunas of the North American Tertiary. BLAIRMORE FORMATION The oldest non-marine Cretaceous rocks of the region under consideration occur in southwestern Alberta and western Montana. The Alberta develop- ment is best known from the Crowsnest Pass area (McLearn, 1929A). The lowest Cretaceous formation here is called the Kootenay, which does not correspond precisely to the Kootenai of Montana (see below). The Kootenay formation of the Crowsnest Pass consists of about 200 metres of sandstone and shale, with coal seams and abundant plant fossils. No animal fossils have been found except some very large ammonites in the basal beds. These fossils indicate that the lowest portion of the Kootenay is of Late Jurassic age. The Kootenay is overlain by a thick bed of conglomerate, which is the basal part of the Blairmore formation. Above this are some 600 metres of sandstone and shale, without coal seams. In addition to im- portant floras that include angiosperms in the upper part, the Blairmore has yielded fresh-water mollusks (McLearn, 1929B), the revised identifica- tion of which follows. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Blairmore formation Pelecypoda Eupera onestae (McLearn) Corbula? palliseri McLearn Protelliptio douglassi (Stanton) P. hamili (McLearn) Tritigonia natosini (McLearn) Gastropoda Campeloma? sp. Planorbis? sp. Fossil vertebrates have not yet been obtained from the Blairmore formation. Some years ago a small dinosaur foot skeleton was discovered in supposed Blairmore beds (Gilmore, 1924), but later studies revealed that the specimen was from Upper Cretaceous rocks (Russell, 1949). KOOTENAI FORMATION The history of this name has to be considered in dealing with the formations to which it has been applied. The name Kootanie series was proposed by G. M. Dawson (1886, pp. 162-165) for plant-bearing rocks in the Crows- nest Pass area of southwestern Alberta. Upper and lower limits of the series were poorly defined. For this reason Dawson’s concept has been interpreted differently in Canada and in the United States. The Canadian Kootenay formation, as redefined by Leach (1912), has been briefly described above. The term Kootenai formation was introduced in Montana by Fisher (1909) for coal-bearing rocks below the Colorado shale in the Great Falls area. The Kootenai of western Montana is approximately the equivalent of Kootenay plus Blairmore in the Crowsnest Pass area of Alberta. In south-central and southeastern Montana the rocks to which the name Kootenai has been applied are different from those of western Montana and southwestern Alberta. In the former region the predominant materials are soft, clayey sandstone and clay, ranging in colour from bright maroon to nearly white. The basal portion consists of massive sandstone, frequently conglomeratic. Platy sandstones occur at or near the top. Signifi- cant coal seams are absent. In this region the thickness of the formation is about 100 metres. Very similar rocks are known in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, under the name Cloverly formation (Darton, 1904). In view of the varying usages of Kootanie, Kootenay and Kootenai, it would seem desirable to extend the use of the name Cloverly to those Lower Cretaceous rocks of south-central and southeastern Montana that resemble the type Cloverly of Wyoming, and to restrict the use of Kootenai to the more westerly development, predominantly hard sandstone and shale, with coal seams. The Kootenai/Cloverly beds have yielded dinosaur bones and supposed gastroliths at a number of localities. A good series of skeletons was col- lected from the Crow Indian Reservation south of Hardin, Montana, by Barnum Brown. This fauna has not been fully described as yet, but the predominant genus is known to be the small ornithopod Camptosaurus, which also occurs in the Upper Jurassic. Identifiable dinosaur remains have also been obtained from the Musselshell River valley near Harlowton. This area has also yielded a rich fauna of fresh-water mollusks from the “Kootenai” beds, mostly from one locality southwest of Winnicook, where the Lower Cretaceous rocks have been brought to the surface in a well- defined dome. This locality was discovered by A. C. Silberling, and the 4 fauna has been described by Stanton (1903) and Yen (1951). The follow- ing list is based on that of Yen, with some modifications to conform to the present author’s ideas of relationships. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Cloverly formation of Montana Pelecypoda Eupera onestae (McLearn) Protelliptio douglassi (Stanton ) Tritigonia natosini (McLearn ) Lampsilis farri (Stanton ) Gastropoda Mesoneritina nebrascensis (Meek and Hayden) Reesidella montanaensis (Stanton) Stantonogyra silberlingi (Stanton ) Mesochilina cretacea Yen Campeloma harlowtonensis Stanton Circamelania ortmanni (Stanton) Physa montanensis Yen Gyraulus cf. veternus (Meek and Hayden) Carinulorbis sp. The shells of Tritigonia natosini* do not occur in the same bed as the remainder of the fauna, but in an indurated bed about one-quarter mile to the west. The presence of Tritigonia natosini, Protelliptio douglassi and Eupera onestae in the Blairmore formation of Alberta indicates that the mollusk-bearing portion of the Blairmore is of about the same age as the Cloverly of south-central Montana. What this age is in terms of the European standard section cannot be determined precisely as yet. The stratigraphical relationships of the molluscan fauna to the floras of the Kootenay-Blairmore sequence suggests that the fauna is rather high in the Lower Cretaceous, and not older than Aptian, possibly as young as Albian. MCMURRAY FORMATION The Cretaceous section in northeastern Alberta (McLearn, 1917) begins with a non-marine unit known as the McMurray formation, or more popu- larly, the Alberta tar sands. The sediments consist almost entirely of quartz sand, held together by a bituminous cement. Maximum thickness of the formation is about 60 metres. The base rests upon eroded Devonian rocks, and the top passes conformably into the marine Clearwater formation (Mellon and Wall, 1956), which contains a Middle Albian ammonite fauna. The McMurray may therefore be dated as Early or Middle Albian. In places the McMurray sands contain a wealth of fossil shells, which can be freed from the tarry matrix with appropriate solvents. This fauna was described some years ago (Russell, 1938), and a revised list follows. *The systematic position of Unio natosini McLearn will be discussed in a forth- coming paper on fossil Unionidae. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the McMurray formation Pelecypoda Protelliptio biornatus (Russell) Murraia naiadiformis Russell Gastropoda Viviparus murraiensis Russell Lioplacodes bituminis Russell Goniobasis? multicarinata Russell Melania multorbis Russell Melampoides athabaskensis (Russell) The differences between the McMurray molluscan fauna and that of the Cloverly and Blairmore could be the result of geographical separation, but it is more likely that some age difference is involved. If so, the Cloverly/ Blairmore fauna is probably the older. DUNVEGAN FORMATION Sandstones and shales in irregular alternation make up the Dunvegan formation of northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Good exposures occur on Peace and Smoky Rivers in Alberta, along Pouce Coupé River on the Inter-provincial Boundary, and on Pine River in British Columbia. The formation is about 160 metres thick in its eastern development, and thickens to the west. It rests on the Shaftesbury shale of the Fort St. John group, which is probably late Albian in age, and is over- lain by the Kaskapau shale of the Smoky River group, mainly Turonian, but Cenomanian in its lowest part (Warren and Stelck, 1955). The age of the Dunvegan formation is probably Cenomanian. The fossils of the Dunvegan formation are mostly marine and brackish water pelecypods, predominantly species of Inoceramus. In places, how- ever, fresh-water forms occur, and the formation is evidently a large-scale deltaic accumulation, in which estuarine and fluviatile conditions alternated. The non-marine mollusks recognized to date are as follows. Non-marine molluscan fauna of the Dunvegan: formation Pelecypoda Protelliptio sulfuriensis (McLearn) Pleurobema? dowlingi (McLearn ) Gastropoda Melampoides caurinus (McLearn) Vertebrate remains from the Dunvegan formation consist as yet of obscure bone fragments, presumably dinosaurian. It is hoped that future work will make known a vertebrate fauna from this formation, as little is known of the vertebrates in the basal part of the Upper Cretaceous. EAGLE/MILK RIVER FORMATION Above the Dunvegan formation, or farther south, above the Blairmore and equivalents, there is a thick series of marine strata variously designated as 6 Colorado, Alberta, Smoky River, etc., covering a time span from Ceno- manian to early Santonian. These beds, mostly dark shales, grade upward into sandstones of predominantly non-marine deposition. In the western plains of Montana these sandstones make up the Eagle formation, which is divisible into a lower, massive sandstone, called Virgelle, and an upper portion of clayey sandstones and sandy shales, with thin coal seams. Irregular massive sandstones occur near the top. Total thickness of the formation is in the order of 100 metres. In southern Alberta the same formation is recognized under the name Milk River. The lower part of the Virgelle carries the Telegraph Creek marine fauna, of early Santonian age, but fossils in the Upper Eagle and Upper Milk River are mostly non- marine. However, the invertebrates listed by Stanton and Hatcher (1905, p. 12) from the Upper Eagle on Missouri River are all marine forms and closely related to members of the overlying Claggett fauna. Vertebrate fossils were also recorded from this area, including the type of a large theropod dinosaur, “Ornithomimus” grandis Marsh. In Alberta the Upper Milk River beds carry vertebrate fossils, which are not well enough pre- served to indicate more than genus or family. The following have been recorded (Russell, 1935). Vertebrate fauna of the Upper Milk River beds Chondrichthyes Myledaphus sp. Actinopterygii Lepidosteus sp. Reptilia Basilemys sp. Compsemys sp. Aspideretes? sp. Lacertilia Crocodilia Deinodontidae Ornithomimidae Stegoceras sp.* Hadrosauridae, cf. Kritosaurus sp. Ceratopsidae, cf. Brachyceratops sp. Nodosauridae, cf. Palaeoscincus sp. This fauna suggests that of the overlying Oldman formation, but there are important differences not obvious in a faunal list, which indicate that if better known the assemblage would be distinctive. As the Alberta expo- sures have been well prospected, it is likely that any future discoveries will be made in Montana. The Upper Milk River beds of Alberta have also yielded a few well preserved fresh-water mollusks, which have been named as follows. *Found by a Royal Ontario Museum expedition in 1949, Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Upper Milk River beds Pelecypoda Rhabdotophorus gracilis Russell Anodonta johnseni Russell Gastropoda Viviparus conradi (Meek and Hayden) Physa lacteana Russell As in the case of the vertebrates, this assemblage has suggestions of the fauna of the Oldman formation, but it is mostly distinctive, and has not been recognized as a unit elsewhere. JUDITH, RIVER FORMATION AND EQUIVALENTS Fossil vertebrates and fresh-water mollusks were obtained from the Judith River formation along Missouri River in Montana by F. V. Hayden in 1855 and by E. D. Cope in 1876. The real stratigraphical position of the formation was not understood until after the studies of Stanton and Hatcher (1905). The Judith River formation is the next non-marine unit above the Eagle formation, and is separated from the latter by the marine Claggett formation. The Judith River formation of the type area, the Missouri River valley south of the Bearpaw Mountains, consists of light-coloured clayey sand- stones and brown and grey shales. Coal seams occur at various levels, but especially near the top. The thickness in this area is about 160 metres. In the lower part and at the top of the formation there are brackish water and even marine fossils, but the predominant faunus are non-marine. The fol- lowing lists of mollusks is based upon that of Stanton (op. cit.), with some changes in generic reference. Non-marine molluscan fauna of the Judith River formation Pelecypoda Anodonta propatoris White Plesiellptio subspatulatus (Meek and Hayden) P. abbreviatus (Stanton) Rhabdotophorus senectus (White ) Fusconaia? danae (Meek and Hayden ) Quadrula? primaevus (White ) Q.? supenawensis (Stanton ) Sphaerium planum Meek and Hayden S. recticardinale Meek and Hayden Valvata montanensis Meek Viviparus conradi (Meek and Hayden ) Lioplacodes vetula (Meek and Hayden) L. judithensis (Stanton ) Hydrobia subconica Meek Goniobasis sublaevus (Meek and Hayden) G. invenusta (Meek and Hayden) G. gracilenta Meek G.? omitta (Meek and Hayden) G.? subtortuosa (Meek and Hayden) Menetus amplexus (Meek and Hayden) Physa copei White Aplexa subelongata (Meek and Hayden) A. atava (White ) Vitrina obliqua Meek and Hayden The vertebrate fauna of the Judith River formation is known mostly from incomplete or fragmentary specimens collected under pioneer condi- tions. On the basis of knowledge gained from the much better preserved vertebrates of contemporary formations we have to regard many of the species and even some of the genera described from Judith River specimens as undeterminable. Even further collecting in the Judith River beds, while most desirable, probably would not help to establish these genera and species on a firm basis. The last comprehensive list of Judith River verte- brates was that given by Hatcher (Stanton and Hatcher, 1905). This was accompanied by critical annotations, many of which have been proven incorrect by later discoveries. Hatcher also included the forms described by Lambe (1902) from Alberta; these are here listed separately under the Oldman formation. A revised list of the Judith River vertebrates would be somewhat as follows, but this must be understood to include species based on such inadequate material that they cannot be defined below the family level. Vertebrate fauna of the Judith River formation Chondrichthyes Myledaphus bipartitus Cope Dipnoi Ceratodus eruciferus Cope C. hieroglyphus Cope Actinoptery gii Lepidosteus occidentalis (Leidy ) L. haydeni Cope Hedronchus sternbergii Cope Amphibia Scapherpeton tectum Cope S. laticolle Cope S. excisum Cope S. favosum Cope Hemitrypus jordanianus Cope Reptilia Polythorax missouriensis Cope Basilemus variolosa (Cope ) B. imbricaria (Cope) Plastomenus costatus Cope Aspideretes foveatus (Leidy ) Uronaites cetiformis Cope Ischyrotherium cf. antiquum Leidy Champsosaurus annectens Cope C. profundus Cope Crocodilus? humilis Leidy Troddon formosus Leidy Deinodon horridus Leidy D. explanatus (Cope) Ornithomimus? tenuis Marsh Trachodon mirabilis Leidy Pteropelyx grallipes Cope Monoclonius crassus Cope M.? sphenocerus Cope Ceratops montanus Marsh C.? recurvicornis (Cope) Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy About 100 miles northwest of the Judith River badlands lies the valley of Milk River in the southern edge of Alberta. Here, and along the South Saskatchewan and Red Deer Rivers farther north, the equivalents of the Judith River formation are extensively exposed. These are divided by Canadian geologists into two formations, a lower Foremost and an upper Oldman. The Foremost is a sombre-coloured formation, with numerous coal seams. The fauna is predominantly brackish water in habitat, and includes thick accumulations of Ostrea glabra Meek and Hayden, but some fresh-water mollusks do occur. A representative list of these has been given by Russell (1940) and is repeated here with slight change. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Foremost formation Pelecypoda Plesiellptio priscus (Meek and Hayden) P. abbreviatus (Stanton ) P. supragibbosus (Whiteaves ) Rhabdotophorus senectus (White ) Fusconaia? danae (Meek and Hayden) F.? cryptorhynchus (White) Quadrula? subprimaevus (Dyer ) Proparreysia mclearni (Dyer) Sphaerium recticardinale Meek and Hayden Gastropoda Viviparus conradi (Meek and Hayden) V. nidaga Dyer Lioplacodes vetula (Meek and Hayden) L. praecursa (Dyer) Goniobasis williamsi Dyer G.? subtortuosa (Meek and Hayden) Menetus? paucivolvis (Whiteaves ) Physa canadensis Whiteaves 10 Some vertebrate material occurs in the Foremost formation, but it is too fragmentary to be identified below the family level. The overlying Oldman formation, corresponding to the upper part of the Judith River formation, is predominantly of fresh-water deposition. Coal seams are restricted to the top, as are such brackish water mollusks as are present. The characteristic rock is a pale grey clayey sandstone, interbedded with grey and brown shales. Lenticular beds of hard, calcareous sandstone occur. The formation is exposed in extensive badlands along Milk River and to the north, along Saskatchewan River and particularly on Red Deer River. A representative list of non-marine mollusks of the Old- man formation was given by Russell (1940) and is repeated here with minor changes. Non-marine molluscan fauna of the Oldman formation Pelecypoda Anodonta propatoris White Rhabdotophorus senectus (White ) Quadrula? primaevus (White) Pleurobema? humei (Dyer) Lampsilis? consueta (Whiteaves ) Sphaerium recticardinale Meek and Hayden Corbula confiniensis Russell Gastropoda Viviparus nidaga Dyer Lioplacodes praecursa (Dyer ) L. judithensis (Stanton) Micropyrgus higdoni (Russell) Goniobasis sublaevus (Meek and Hayden) G. gracilenta (Meek and Hayden) Physa canadensis Whiteaves Polygyra venerabilis Russell Prograngerella sperata Russell The known vertebrate fauna of the Oldman formation is large, mostly as a result of discoveries made in the badlands of Red Deer River, in east- central Alberta. Significant specimens have also been obtained in south- eastern Alberta, in the Comrey district. The following is a composite list, based on the collections from both areas. Vertebrate fauna of the Oldman formation Chondrichthyes Myledaphus bipartitus Cope Dipnoi Ceratodus eruciferus Cope Actinopterygii Acipenser albertensis Lambe Lepidosteus occidentalis (Leidy) Diphyodus longirostris Lambe Il Amphibia Scapherpeton tectum Cope Reptilia 12 Baéna pulchra Lambe B. antiqua Lambe B. fluviatilis Parks Boremys albertensis Gilmore Neurankylus eximius Lambe Basilemys variolosa (Cope) Adocus? lineolatus Cope Aspideretes foveatus (Leidy) A. maturus Lambe A. latus Gilmore A. rugosus Parks A. allani Gilmore ?Cimoliasaurus magnus Leidy Champsosaurus natator Parks C. inelegans Parks C. inflatus Parks Palaeosaniwa canadensis Gilmore Leidyosuchus canadensis Lambe Troddon formosus Leidy T. brevis Lambe Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe G. sternbergii Matthew and Brown Dromaeosaurus albertensis Matthew and Brown Chirostenotes pergracilis Gilmore Macrophalangia canadensis Sternberg Struthiomimus altus (Lambe ) S. samueli Parks S. elegans Parks Kritosaurus? marginatus (Lambe) K. notabilis (Lambe ) K. incurvimanus Parks Brachylophosaurus canadensis Sternberg Prosaurolophus maximus Brown Lambeosaurus lambei Parks L. clavinitialis Sternberg L. magnicristatus Sternberg Corythosaurus casuarius Brown C. excavatus Gilmore C. intermedius Parks Tetragonosaurus praeceps Parks T. erectifrons Parks T. cranibrevis Sternberg Parasaurolophus osborni Parks Stegoceras validus Lambe S. brevis Lambe S. lambei Sternberg Eoceratops canadensis Lambe Brachyceratops? dawsoni (Lambe ) Chasmosaurus belli Lambe C. kaiseni Lull C. russelli Sternberg Monoclonius lowei Sternberg M.? nasicornus Brown M.? cutleri Brown Centrosaurus apertus Lambe C. longirostris Sternberg Styracosaurus albertensis Lambe Palaeoscincus costatus Leidy P. asper Lambe Edmontonia rugosidens (Gilmore ) Panoplosaurus mirus Lambe Euoplocephalus tutus (Lambe ) Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus Parks Aves Caenognathus collinsi R. M. Sternberg Mammalia Cimolomys primaevus (Lambe ) C. major Russell Eodelphis cutleri (Woodward) Delphodon? praesagus Russell It is quite clear from the stratigraphical evidence that the Oldman forrnation is the equivalent of the upper part of the Judith River formation. However, a comparison of the two faunal lists of vertebrates from these formations does not suggest close similarity. The resemblance is probably much greater than appears, the differences being largely a matter of nomenclature. The vertebrates from the Oldman formation, known in most cases from excellent skeletons, cannot be closely compared with those of the Judith River, represented by isolated teeth or bones. It is probable but incapable of proof that Gorgosaurus is Deinodon, Ornithomimus? tenuis is a species of Struthiomimus, Corythosaurus or Lambeosaurus is Trachodon, and Centrosaurus is Ceratops. In northwestern Montana the marine Claggett formation is replaced by non-marine strata and the series Upper Eagle to Judith River is represented by a continental sequence which is not readily divisible, and which is known as the Two Medicine formation. From the upper part of this formation, in beds corresponding to the Oldman formation of Alberta, a small vertebrate fauna has been obtained (Gilmore, 1917). The published list requires revision in the light of more recent discoveries. The best known member of the fauna is the small ceratopsian Brachyceratops montanensis Gilmore. It is possible that this is based on immature individuals of Monoclonius sp. In any case, the age of the Two Medicine formation is not in doubt. Analogous to the Two Medicine formation is the Wapiti formation of 13 northwestern Alberta. This overlies marine shales of early Santonian age and may include in its upper part beds that are younger than Judith River. A few vertebrate remains have been found in the Wapiti formation, includ- ing the lizard Chamops, cf. segnis Marsh (Sternberg, 1951B). FDMONTON FORMATION AND EQUIVALENTS From Montana to central Alberta the Judith River equivalents are overlain by marine shales to which the name Bearpaw formation is generally applied. Stratigraphical evidence shows clearly that the top of this marine formation is progressively younger from northwest to southeast; in other words, the retreat of the Bearpaw sea in that direction was slow and oscillatory. The post-Bearpaw non-marine deposits on the north and west are therefore older in their lower part than those farther south and east. From a palae- ontological viewpoint the most important of these post-Bearpaw formations is the Edmonton formation of central Alberta. Lithologically this resembles both the Foremost and Oldman formations, consisting of light grey and brown clayey sandstones and shales, with numerous coal seams. Massive sandstone lenses occur at various levels. Brackish water fossils are present in the basal beds and at about the middle of the formation. In the upper part there is a zone of white and grey clays, with a persistent tuff bed at the top (Kneehills tuff). Beds above the tuff are distinguished as Upper Edmonton, and their fauna will be discussed in a subsequent section. The Edmonton formation is best exposed in the valley of Red Deer River from Drumheller northward. It also appears on Bow River and farther south, where it merges into the St. Mary River formation, as discussed below. Fresh-water mollusks occur in the Edmonton formation, often. asso- ciated with brackish water species. The following list is that published by Tozer (1956, p. 15), with slight modifications. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Edmonton formation Pelecypoda Fusconaia? stantoni (White ) Lampsilis? sandersoni (Warren ) Sphaerium heskethense Warren Gastropoda Viviparus prudentius White V. tasgina Dyer V. westoni Tozer Campeloma edmontonensis Tozer Liplacodes tenuis (Warren) L. sanctamariensis (Russell) L. whiteavesi (Russell) Goniobasis webbi Dyer Valvata filosa Whiteaves Pleurolimnaea mclearni Tozer This molluscan fauna has little in common with that of the Judith River 14 formation and equivalents. The vertebrate fauna of the Edmonton forma- tion 1s second only to that of the Oldman formation in wealth of genera and species, particularly of the dinosaurs. Vertebrate fauna of the lower and middle parts of the Edmonton formation Chondrichthyes Myledaphus sp. Lamna sp. Actinopterygii Acipenser sp. Lepidosteus sp. Diphyodus longirostris Lambe Reptilia Basilemys sp. Aspideretes sp. Leurospondylus ultimus Brown Champsosaurus albertensis Parks Leidyosuchus? sp. Albertosaurus sarcophagus Osborn A. arctunguis Parks Struthiomimus brevitertius Parks S. currellii Parks S. ingens Parks Ornithomimus edmontonensis Sternberg Anatosaurus edmontoni (Gilmore ) Edmontosaurus regalis Lambe Saurolophus osborni Brown Hypacrosaurus altispinus Brown Cheneosaurus tolmanensis Lambe Parksosaurus warreni (Parks ) Stegoceras sp. Anchiceratops ornatus Brown A. longirostris Sternberg Arrhinoceratops brachyops Parks Edmontonia longiceps Sternberg Anodontosaurus lambei Sternberg As the Edmonton beds are traced southward from Bow River they are seen to merge into the formations of southwestern Alberta. Tozer (1956) has shown that the white clay and the Kneehills tuff occur at the top of the St. Mary River formation, so that this may be regarded as the equivalent of the Lower and Middle Edmonton, while the Upper or Lance equivalent passes into the lower part of the Willow Creek formation. The St. Mary River beds consist mainly of hard, calcareous sandstone, interbedded with friable grey and green shale. They are very different lithologically from the typical Edmonton beds. Briackish water fossils occur only at the base, but there is a large fauna of non-marine mollusks scattered throughout the formation. Tozer’s (1956, p. 10) list is approximately as follows. 15 Non-marine molluscan fauna of the St. Mary River formation Pelecypoda Fusconaia? stantoni (White) Sphaerium heskethense Warren S. livingstonensis Russell S. gietzi Tozer Pisidium squamula Russell Gastropoda Dimorphoptychia mokowanensis Tozer Reesidella cf. protea (Yen) Valvata filosa Whiteaves Viviparus westoni Tozer Campeloma edmontonensis Tozer Lioplacodes tenuis (Warren) L. sanctamariensis (Russell) L. whiteavesi (Russell) Goniobasis webbi Dyer Pleurolimnaea mclearni Tozer Physa canadensis Whiteaves Oreohelix? obtusata (Whiteaves ) O. angulifera (Whiteaves ) Polygyra parvula (Whiteaves ) Holospira dyeri Tozer This fauna, while more varied, and including some terrestrial genera, is essentially the same as that of the Edmonton formation. Fossil bones are widespread in the St. Mary River formation, but seldom are well enough preserved for specific identification. From north- western Montana the incomplete skeleton of a small ceratopsian was des- cribed as Leptoceratops cerorhynchus Brown and Schlaikjer (1942). C. M. Sternberg (1951A) has produced evidence to show that this species differs markedly from the typical Leptoceratops, and has proposed for it the generic name Montanoceratops. Near Cardston, in Alberta, a large number of hadrosaur bones have been found in St. Mary River beds. At Scabby Butte, east of Nobleford, the lower St. Mary River beds are exposed in a small area of badlands, but the lithology is more like that of the Edmonton formation. From a small but rich bone bed, several incomplete skulls of the peculiar ceratopsian Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis Sternberg have been collected, as well as much other dinosaurian material now under study. Nearby some isolated mammalian teeth have been found, apparently repre- senting placental orders (Russell, 1962). A tooth of the multituberculate Cimolomys has been found in St. Mary River beds in the foothills farther west. The distinctive molluscan and vertebrate faunas of the Edmonton and St. Mary River formations do not occur to the east and south, where, as explained previously, the non-marine deposits are replaced by those of brackish water and marine origin. These equivalents make up an upper part of the Bearpaw formation and the Fox Hills formation of central and 16 eastern Montana. Going farther afield, the dinosaur fauna of the Mesaverde formation of southern Wyoming is analogous to that of the Edmonton formation, while the vertebrates of the Kirtland, Fruitland and Ojo Alamo formations of northeastern New Mexico have resemblances to both the Edmonton and the Oldman fauna. ELANCE EQUIVALENTS The typical Lance formation of eastern Wyoming is somewhat outside the region here under discussion, but it contains a characteristic vertebrate fauna that is recognizable over a wide area. In eastern Montana this fauna occurs in the Hell Creek formation, which overlies the Fox Hills formation of brackish water deposition. The Hell Creek beds are composed of grey and brown sandstones and shales, without coal seams. In the Missouri River valley the formation has yielded such characteristic Lance dinosaurs as Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, Anatosaurus annectens (Marsh), Tricera- tops serratus Marsh, Triceratops maximus Brown, and Ankylosaurus magniventris Brown. Also in this area Brown discovered a remarkable fauna of fresh-water pelecypods, which were described by Whitfield (1903, 1907). These were said to be from the Laramie group, 37 and 120 metres above the Pierre shale. In modern stratigraphical terminology this would be well within the Hell Creek formation. Fresh-water molluscan fauna of the Hell Creek formation Pelecypoda Quadrula cylindricoides (Whitfield ) Fusconaia? danae (Meek and Hayden) F.? gibbosoides (Whitfield ) Pleurobema? cryptorhynchus (White) Plethobasis aesopiformis (Whitfield) Rhabdotophorus aldrichi (White) Proparreysia holmesiana (White ) P. barnumi Pilsbry P. verrucosiformis (Whitfield ) P. retusoides (Whitfield ) P. percorrugata (Whitfield ) P. pyramidatoides (Whitfield ) P.? letsoni (Whitfield ) Corbicula subelliptica (Meek and Hayden) Sphaerium planum Meek and Hayden Gastropoda Viviparus plicappressus White Lioplacodes limnaeiformis (Meek and Hayden) Physa rhomboidea (Meek and Hayden) Whitfield also reported Unio vetustus Meek in this fauna, but the identification is improbable, as that species is based on specimens from the Bear River formation, near the base of the Upper Cretaceous. 17 The Hell Creek formation extends northward into Saskatchewan, where it is known as the Frenchman formation. This rests unconformably on the Whitemud and Battle formations, which are the equivalents of the clay beds that mark the top of the Middle Edmonton. The Frenchman formation may be very thin, or where pre-Frenchman erosion has been deep, may reach a thickness of 100 metres. In the latter case the rocks may weather in the form of badlands, and in such areas good vertebrate fossils have been discovered. Vertebrate fauna of the Frenchman formation Chondrichthyes Myledaphus bipartitus Cope Actinopterygii Lepidosteus occidentalis (Leidy ) Platacodon sp. Pappichthys sp. Amphibia Scapherpeton tectum Cope Reptilia Baéna hatcheri Hay B. longicauda Russell Basilemys sp. Adocus sp. Thescelus sp. A spideretes spp. Champsosaurus sp. Iguanavus teres Marsh Leidysuchus? sp. Tyrannosaurus? sp. Ornithomimus sp. Anatosaurus saskatchewanensis (Sternberg ) Thescelosaurus neglectus Gilmore Triceratops prorsus Marsh The Lance vertebrate fauna has also been found in the upper part of the Edmonton formation, above the white clay and the Kneehills tuff. The Upper Edmonton beds do not differ much from the middle and lower parts of the formation, except for the presence of massive sandstone lenses, which resemble the sandstones of the overlying Tertiary. No identifiable invertebrate fossils have been found as yet in the Upper Edmonton beds. — The vertebrate fauna is unmistakably the same as that of the Lance forma- tion, and contains the following species. Vertebrate fauna of the Upper Edmonton beds (Lance equivalent) Chondrichthyes Palaeospinax ejuncidus Lambe Myledaphus sp. 18 Actinopterygil Lepidosteus sp. Acipenser sp. Kindleia fragosa Jordan Stylomyleodon sp. Reptilia Champsosaurus sp. Tyrannosaurus sp. Anatosaurus sp. Thescelosaurus edmontonensis Sternberg Leptoceratops gracilis Brown Triceratops albertensis Sternberg Ankylosaurus sp. Mammalia Diaphorodon? sp. Stagodon sp. As noted previously, the white clay and Kneehills tuff occur at the top of the St. Mary River formation in southwestern Alberta, and the lower part of the overlying Willow Creek formation is correlated with the Upper Edmonton beds. Diagnostic vertebrates have not been found in the Willow Creek formation, although a dinosaur bone was found in the transition beds (Edmonton/Willow Creek) on Little Bow River. There is a good fauna of non-marine mollusks in the Lower Willow Creek beds, and this may be used as the standard for the Lance equivalents in Alberta. However, as listed by Tozer (1956, p. 24) this fauna has no peculiar elements, being mainly a survival of the St. Mary River fauna with some suggestions of the Paleocene fauna of the Upper Willow Creek. Non-marine molluscan fauna of the Lower Willow Creek beds Pelecypoda Fusconaia? stantoni (White ) Sphaerium heskethense Warren S. gletzi Tozer Gastropoda Dimorphoptychia cf. rutherfordi (Russell) Valvata filosa Whiteaves Reesidella cf. protea (Yen) Viviparus prudentius prudentius White V. prudentius willovensis Tozer V. westoni Tozer Campeloma edmontonesnsis Tozer Lioplacodes limnaeiformis (Meek and Hayden) L. sanctamariensis (Russell) L. cf. tenuicarinata (Meek and Hayden) Hydrobia sp. Pleurolimnaea mclearni Tozer 19 Physa canadensis Whiteaves Ferrissia sp. Polygyra parvula (Whiteaves ) Pseudocolumna? spitzia Tozer If, as seems well established on stratigraphical grounds, the Lower Willow Creek beds are the Lance equivalent, it is difficult to understand the absence from the molluscan fauna of the peculiar unionids described by Whitfield from the Hell Creek beds of Montana. Proparreysia holmesiana (White) does occur at one locality within the disturbed belt just east of the Rocky Mountains, associated with Fusconaia? stantoni (White), Plesielliptio brachyopisthus (White), and Viviparus westoni Tozer. Also found here was a mammalian premolar identified as Stagodon sp. Although originally thought to be well down in the Edmonton equivalent, this fossil bed may well be within the Lance equivalent. There are other occurrences of fossil mollusks in the disturbed belt of western Alberta in beds that must be part of the Edmonton equivalent but whether or not they represent the Upper Edmonton or the Middle and Lower, it is not possible to determine at present. The mollusks resemble those of the St. Mary River and Lower Willow Creek beds. SUMMARY On the basis of the palaeontological and stratigraphical data presented herewith, it is proposed to recognize seven provincial stages in the non- marine Cretaceous of the northwestern great plains and disturbed belt. These are named and defined as follows. Cloverlyan stage. Type section, the “Kootenai” formation of south- eastern Montana, particularly that of the Musselshell Valley southeast of Harlowton. Equivalents occur in the Kootenai formation of northwestern Montana and the Blairmore formation of southwestern Alberta. Charac- terized by the mollusks Protelliptio douglassi, Tritigonia natosini, and Reesidella montanaensis. Vertebrates include several species of Campto- saurus and the armoured dinosaur Nodosaurus. Represents late Aptian or Albian of the European section. Murrayan stage. Type section, the McMurray formation of northeastern Alberta. Characterized by the mollusks Protelliptio biornatus and Liopa- codes bituminis. Vertebrates unknown. Represents part of the Albian stage. Dunveganian stage. Type section, the Dunvegan formation of north- western Alberta and adjacent British Columbia. An approximate equiva- lent is the Bear River formation of western Wyoming. Characterized by the mollusks Protelliptio sulfuriensis and Pleurobema? dowlingi. Vertebrates unknown. Corresponds to part of the Cenomanian stage. Aquilan stage. Type section, the Upper Eagle beds of the Missouri Valley in Montana, near the mouth of Judith River. The Upper Milk River beds of southern Alberta are equivalent, and corresponding beds occur in the lower part of the Two Medicine formation of northwestern Montana. Characterized by the mollusks Rhabdotophorus gracilis and Physa lacteana, 20 and by a peculiar vertebrate fauna, the characteristic genera of which are still unnamed. Corresponds to part of the Santonian substage. Judithian stage. Type section, the Judith River formation of the Missouri Valley in Montana, in the vicinity of Cow Creek. The Foremost and Old- man formations of southern Alberta are equivalent, and corresponding beds occur in the upper part of the Two Medicine formation of northwestern Montana. Characterized by the mollusks Plesielliptio abbreviatus, Rhab- dotophorus senectus, Proparreysia mclearni, Lioplacodes vetula and Gonio- basis sublaevis, and by numerous genera of dinosaurs, such as Gorgosaurus, Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus, Kritosaurus, Chasmosaurus, Monoclonius, Centrosaurus and Panoplosaurus. Corresponds to part of the Campanian substage. Edmontonian stage. Type section, the Lower and Middle Edmonton beds, up to and including the Kneehills tuff, of Red Deer River valley, near Drumheller, Alberta. The St. Mary River formation of southwestern Alberta and adjacent Montana is equivalent. Characterized by the mollusks Fus- conaia? stantoni, Sphaerium heskethense, Viviparus westoni, Lioplacodes sanctamariensis, and by the dinosaur genera Albertosaurus, Edmontosaurus, Hypacrosaurus, Saurolophus and Anchiceratops. Probably equivalent to part of the Maestrichtian stage. Lancian stage.* Type section, the Lance formation of Niobrara County, eastern Wyoming. Approximate equivalents are the Hell Creek formation of eastern Montana, the Frenchman formation of southern Saskatchewan, the Upper Edmonton beds of central Alberta, and the Lower Willow Creek beds of southwestern Alberta. Characterized by the mollusks Quadrula cylindricoides, Proparreysia barnumi, Proparreysia holmesiana, and by a number of species persisting from the Edmonton fauna. The characteristic dinosaurian genera are Tyrannosaurus, Anatosaurus (also in the Edmon- tonian), Thescelosaurus, Triceratops, Leptoceratops, and Ankylosaurus. Believed to represent an upper part of the Maestrichtian stage. *This corresponds to the “Lancian age” proposed by Dorf (1948, p. 105). 21 REFERENCES BOWEN, C. F. 1918 Anticlines in a part of the Musselshell valley, Musselshell, Meagher, and Sweetgrass Counties, Montana. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 691-F, pp. L85=209> “pl 25. BROWN, B., AND E. M. SCHLAIKJER, 1942 The skeleton of Leptoceratops with the description of a new species. Amer. Mus. Novitates, No. 1169, 15 pp., 10 figs. DARTON, N. H., 1904 Comparison of the stratigraphy of the Black Hills, Bighorn Moun- tains, and Rocky Mountain Front Range. Geol. Soc. America, Bull., vol. 15, pp. 379-448, pls. 23-36. DAWSON, G. M., 1886 Preliminary report on the physical and geological features of that portion of the Rocky Mountains between latitudes 49° and 51° 30’. Geol. Surv. Canada, Ann. Rept.):s:;-vel..4> pt." By 169? pp:, 2 pls. DORF, ERLING, 1942 Upper Cretaceous floras of the Rocky Mountain region II: Flora of the Lance formation at its type locality, Niobrara County, Wyoming. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Publ. No. 508, pp. 79-159, figs. 1-3, pista ly: FISHER, C. A., 1909 Geology of the Great Falls coal field. U.S. Geol. Survey, Bull. 356, 85 pp.,.2: tigs.,.12 pls: GILMORE, C. W., 1917 Brachyceratops, a ceratopsian dinosaur from the Two Medicine formation of Montana, with notes on associated fossil reptiles. U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 103, 45 pp., 57 figs., 4 pls. 1924 A new species of Laosaurus, an ornithischian dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 3, vol. 18, sec. 4, pp. 1=6, pis. 1, 2. LAMBE, L. M., 1902 New genera and species from the Belly River series (Mid-Cre- taceous). Geol. Surv. Canada, Contrib. Canad. Palaeont., vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 25-81, figs. 1-24, pls. 1-21. LEACH, W. W., 1912 Geology of Blairmore map area, Alberta. Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept. 1916, pp. 193-200. MC LEARN, F. H., 1917 Athabaska River section, Alberta. Geol. Surv. Canada, Summ. Rept. 1916, pp. 145-151. 1929A Stratigraphic palaeontology [of the Blairmore region]. National Mus. Canada, Bull. No. 58, pp. 80-107. Ne) ho 1929B Cretaceous invertebrates [of the Blairmore region]. National Mus. Canada, Bull. No. 58, pp. 73-79, pls. 13-19. 1945 The Upper Cretaceous Dunvegan formation of northwestern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. Geol. Surv. Canada, Paper 45-27, 5 pp., 6 pls. MELLON, G. B., AND J. H. WALL, 1956 Geology of the McMurray formation. Res. Coun. Alberta, Rept. No. 72, 42 pp., 4 pls. RUSSELL, L. S., 1932 Mollusca from the McMurray formation of northern Alberta. Trans. OW SOC. Canada: scr. 3, Vol./26,sec. 4,:pp:, 1—S)-ply 1: 1935 Fauna of the Upper Milk River beds, southern Alberta. Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, ser. 3, vol. 29, sec. 4, pp. 115-128, pls. 1-5. 1940 Geology of the southern Alberta plains Part 1 Stratigraphy and structure. Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 221, pp. 1-128, figs. 1-21, 3 maps. 1949 The relationships of the Alberta Cretaceous dinosaur “Laosaurus” minimus Gilmore. Jour. Paleont., vol. 23, pp. 518-520. 1962 Mammal teeth from the St. Mary River formation (Upper Cre- taceous) at Scabby Butte, Alberta. National Mus. Canada, Nat. Hist. Papers, No. 14, 4 pp., 6 figs. STANTON, T. W., 1903 A new fresh-water molluscan faunule from the Cretaceous of Mon- tana. Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. 42, pp. 188-199, pl. 4. AND J. B. HATCHER, 1905 Geology and paleontology of the Judith River beds. U.S. Geol. Sur- vey, Bull. 257, pp. 1-123, pls. 1-13. STERNBERG, C. M., 1924 Notes on the Lance formation of southern Saskatchewan. Canad. Field-Naturalist, vol. 38, pp. 66-70. 1949 The Edmonton fauna and description of a new Triceratops from the Upper Edmonton member; phylogeny of the Ceratopsidae. National Mus. Canada, Bull. No. 113, pp. 33-46, fig. 1, pls. 2-7. 1950 Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis, representing a new family of the Ceratopsia, from southern Alberta. National Mus. Canada, Bull. No. 118, pp. 109-120, fig. 5, pls. 17-23. L9S51A Complete skeleton of Leptoceratops gracilis from the Upper Edmon- ton member on Red Deer River, Alberta. National Mus. Canada, Bull. No. 123, pp. 225-255, figs. 47-57. 1951B The lizard Chamops from the Wapiti formation of northern Alberta: Polydontosaurus grandis not a lizard. National Mus. Canada, Bull. 123; pp. 296-258, figs..58, 59: TOZER, FE. T., £956 Uppermost Cretaceous and Paleocene non-marine molluscan faunas of western Alberta. Geol. Surv. Canada, Mem. 280, 125 pp., 5 figs., 9 pls. WARREN, P. S., AND C. R. STELCK, 1955 New Cenomanian ammonites from Alberta. Res. Coun. Alberta, Rept. No. 70, pp. 63-75, pls. 4—9. WHITFIELD, R. P., 1903 Notice of six new species of Unios from the Laramie group. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 19, art. 15, pp. 483-487, pls. 38-40. 1907 Remarks on and descriptions of new fossil Unionidae from the Laramie clays of Montana. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 23, art. 26, pp. 623-628, pls. 38—42. YENY T..6., 1954 Fresh-water mollusks of Cretaceous age from Montana and Wyo- ming. Part 1: a fluviatile fauna from the Kootenai formation near Harlowton, Montana. U.S. Geol. Survey, Prof. Paper 233-A, pp. 1=9 «pl. 1. 24 ue te a ye vy i ma ‘h oh i PPL tA | ie i . _ ro od —_ aed > 4° vv = 6 aia gril “rt is "aii? n we rl ha ry, K 1) 7 ' ‘ pets “ ) MUSEUM. Pt hs +A were as mse eh ee eS Oh OG Vg Pays Se. ae nee OO Cer et ee ee TRAP SPAM Fh eee A etme Catan emit ee ge > Oe Ee gy OT Oe et "AT yan PPM yy Soin Sym, amy tl aie en Pad ag ete Sakae ate cnet otis cones cant al Ss : ERE RT ENE S ee ge re he tay on aaa oa ee no Fae ee oN ae So SNS Sen cry o eA RNS sd QTE PPP PRP So Ye ee FB Pe NO meee F ane oo at ae baleen tel ead bs x HIP a Sone Spots OTA ESE, TR Rey ms < te FN te ET a ay 7 7 : PEO APO AO LI SRI AO AOS ams epee on, Puritans Le eee eaeters; eR FA ine pe oa ws re % A mms Se ee me FEO I, AROS OES EY Sos et em me Senge GS OEAR re atta e, S NMEA 6 Re, 2 6 4 perce Sewres Oe OAS Ag gt nage ae SO ee 8 See or orks eee PR Up Te FE PS SLO I tine, we me | ETSI TA ETI Bay My fm et, Oey Sheledlie Cesc ta Les ta fs mn cadet ID ae Miche cthe © me ee PNA 9, Ryne se : SOR Oe ages Seer ane pee ewe EI 0 ON rey . SS ee NE LENE PLS PTL Pare eee ee Ap Tog aS A ETN EF TET TESS OY etd NO EE ST CSC ty ONO Ny eta Rie Son age OR LIL AO RP A SE eS PRET ETON 0 OF SP os Seip s Sonne BE Ne I eg RU LT LONE TORN * SNE EE AE, yt Ale at: Sa wh ee we a <= EIN A NO ont PT My SLE PLANO SEE PT Ae Rm En PAP STAs REA TERS PE Te EEE te ye ot REI Ret ESSN ar yO cera 3 tll x OE NRE Oe EEE ge EYES ae HTN RT re Ap NT IN mm SON pore, al id pet aed - Rae pth pital ee aa DEN FOE e a . — “Aer eet ~ RAE ey eS es SENT SN IS EO aa Ate el he Ay ogy Cae a ae a ae Zl Sgr ee Se ee a” ee eee i iateh ial AIOE BANE SM Lt ed Inte 60+ FO. EN FR en ne ee eres PUR pee Leee* Se ed ad wh Baal a Cs Tet peg LN Diem et ee eer I pt ty GY AS RS A See FS Sa ARENT meas oy Pon _ MeN I ey OP De Sebaachit k eaedeterme an a bees hho Shot a Yd - y aed - yo, pe wale ‘> on “See wot ~ ne reports ie seen hs bi heat, Soa peaieincs toes ean eines TN OU gn BL tom Be Oe ee oe ne ie ee . PE EA EST OOOO IIE EM ele ~~ oo OS nee acme, ~ ~ ou ee Tr Ee gy 8 OF SS one Z more Ori ini det See Ek Been ee ee SOS arses pe SO epee ween > Oe, Se ~~ ONL EP % POLE pe CO es OFA neste re tag ot SA ee Fe este oe ae ee geetorge &. POS OD PU a 2 OIA PA 0 RRP PET Ret Rat re oe Sore ee PTE ST SU SEES On Ae I ee eae Maes SIE sees Ree Sayer teny, ecertt y s i .—rw Pe OO ee PD CCR ge oe setae EN ey ee IO ghey Mat Sey al eel Meresigin wae e Veal FRA oe a cae heh en ened retinal sil ai (eae paren ena tS Kee D yore ee Sh Seen aliens talon Me tested) ena nila Milles Ma eet don” alent tanto, sis en, Sidi ane niall anon i: naiitie, Mda hit eteatnd Ban, 3 TASS een he, SARE ee oer, EE NS ORR SENT ON ee Se eed le ak aR Ye i eed ee a ee ee PARA a sth. Sacra ch epee Samed Cha alibi heat tieiaca ~ pred ~ gare A ta ry ne SE SNP ane wyTaryrumerys: PUP RES AAO T LORE POO PE Og OE ED FENDER rere eet Ne Sa erm = ae ~ net ae ie LARD EP hea oer wiree* hae wht oat” oer opm Se ee Seerr ~e Perens SS eA ast pleteaeree lorat owe arts TI Eee Patan he ceest ” oa, OE a FPP ROE ene eee atl - ae WEY OY SOR Pg CNet gta Trt SE wep VE CO LTE IAIN 1 0 ARE RF ETS oe BH . 2 Ce mgt! a Poteet at reper tears. teeter rn a FUME! ARENA Ad rare ras ak) ; whee! - : see g 42 re ttl ae Lageen eyead ne et Sipe eet = Spine aoe : , ey aa bennoetliitmagan ete dede dtuskittt te ee Seth hatte ibhetee aaa Ot ee Oe ee eo ee ena Pa gins eee feA ay. fee Oe > Fae} ee aE FC ane tn oT ha arc! ah: Lie) +a Paes h ban banion An inane : SAG RI BERN ne nm 5 oipniieaioeds eee fae AEE uly FR leas Ate A ear weenie p< SEE bh eoe th a en re Lk Lee tiae Leah Sea’ ATSC Y MEST tet tte a8 eee ny 4 paisa aad son ch, Mh ak Aoediune dk Sheen) ae Wlboeaiel * Res a tis i ieiie a maiel ir ne Wey Ur ere 4) tg pet teh ad Y