TEE : » CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA OS (With an Atlas of A, B. C. and 76 Plates) Shee - FRANK SPRINGER | A ; ‘ , ’ LAS VEGAS, NEW MEXICO F ox ay : : AESOGTATE IN Peaks Sache U. Se nit re : 3 ! PUBLISHED BY A SMITHSONIAN bie pe i SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION is CRN @ubis Be Gisela (With an Atlas of A. B. C. and 76 Plates) BY FRANK SPRINGER LAS VEGAS, NEW MEXICO ASSOCIATE IN PALEONTOLOGY, U.S. NATIONAL MUSEUM PILATES (Publication 2501) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1920 Ch é , a 5 y y . . S ‘ Rag CT a . Ernst Mayr Library i ae pee Museum of Comparative Zoology | tes) Pris Se Harvard University ; 4 s - ‘ : wo ae . 3 hat e ‘ : The Lord Baltimore (ress att BALTIMORE, MD., U. 8. A. - sw tl ae } - 1 7 i : , 3 1a = ra — me we F A oe 4 * 7 = J + zt Ls * — =~ = 3 ‘ ~~ Ps “ is a x ee ry ad . EXPLANATION OF PLATES All figures, except those upon Plates A, B, C, and X XI, unless otherwise noted, are made from light prints of photographs direct from the specimens, finished with India ink brush drawings. They are reproduced by the heliotype process. Enlargements, if any, are indi- cated by an improper fraction placed at the right lower corner of each figure; if not so distinguished the figure is of natural size. Figures of each specimen have a common serial number, different views being designated by a small letter after the number. If but one figure is given, it bears a number without lettering; thus “fig. 3” indicates that there is no other view of that specimen, while “3a” shows that one or more other views are given. All specimens not otherwise noted are in the author’s collection, now at the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE A LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF EXISTING CRINOIDS Symbols on this and next two plates: B—=basal; R—radial; IBr—primibrach; RA =radianal; iR = interradial; An=anus; p=perisome; x—=anal (radianal). Fic. Fie. Fics. Fic. I. 6. Figs. 1-6. Antedon bifida (Pennant) [rosaceus auctt.]..............-+-+0-- Skeleton of Pentacrinoid larva at incipient brachial stage with orals opened; dried specimen, showing reticulate structure of the plates, with anal plate x in the zone of radials, resting on posterior basal and encroaching upon side of right posterior radial. (After W. B. Carpenter, pl. 41, fig. 1.) X 30. Pentacrinoid larva at later stage, with centrodorsal and cirri well developed, almost ready to cast off the stem. Anal x detached from the radials (which are nearly closed beneath it), and lifted from beneath them by the growth of the anal tube a, to which it is attached. See note on p. 81. (After W. B. Carpenter, pl. 40, fig. 2.) 30. Opposite view of same specimen, with one ray removed to show the oral apparatus; orals, 0, 0, now completely separated from radials, and relatively carried inward by the development of the membraneous perisome, p. (After W. B. Carpenter, pl. 40, fig. 1.) X 30. Skeleton of Pentacrinoid larva at stage with ventral side closed by the folding together of the orals, 0, 0; cirri just beginning to appear. (After W. B. Carpenter, pl. 30, fig. 1.) X 35. Early Pentacrinoid larva, spirit specimen, with orals opened but with tentacular apparatus retracted, showing basals, radials and rudimentary primibrachs; cirri not yet devel- oped. (After W. B. Carpenter, pl. 30, fig. 1A.) 15. Similar specimen at somewhat later stage than the last; showing incipient development of arms from the IBr, and the relative increase in size of radials. (After W. B. Car- penter, pl. 30, fig. IB.) X15. Hypothetical figure of primitive Flexibilia calyx ; with infrabasals, radianal, anal + between radials, and two primibrachs—for comparison with figures on this and two succeed- ing plates. (From author’s paper of 1906, Jour. Geology, XIV, pl. 5, fig. 9.) ick SseHolopusirancitc Orbiony asses ee aE eee Cee ee EereeEereree View of the disk with closed orals, 0, 0, perforated; small plates at base of arms separate the orals from the radials. (After P. H. Carpenter, Challenger Rep. St. Crin., pl. 3, 2) Bo : : Fig. (9) Lhaumatocrinus’ renovatus) PA srie Carpentemees- eee eee eerie oa,b. View of the disk from above; showing the pyramid of closed orals, marginal zone of 10. Il. small plates between orals and interradials, and the anal tube with its appendage of strong plates; the protuberances seen between the arm-bases are the interradials which separate the radials all around. (After P. H. Carpenter, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., 1883, Ok Wat, 1%, Gy) >< us Figs. 10-15. Promachocrinus kerguelensis P. H. Carpenter................... (Larval stages; to be consulted after the figures on Plates B, C) Prebrachial stage. Calyx composed almost exclusively of basals and orals; minute radials have appeared, that of the right posterior ray being smaller than the others; the radianal is larger than the radials, having evidently preceded them, and has passed from its primitive position toward the left of r. post. R. X 44. Slightly later stage. Radials are now as large as the radianal, which retains about the same position as in the last figure. XX 45. Early brachial stage. Radials much larger than radianal, which is still in the same zone as they are, indenting the left margin of r. post. R; two brachials, the primibrachs, have developed. X 45. Later stage, showing further increase of radial and brachial parts. X 35. Much later stage, in which radials and brachials have further increased in size, and inter- radials having to some extent the functions of radials have appeared between the regular radials. RA has passed upward beyond the plates of the dorsal side. X 35. Outline drawing showing the points of distinct IBB, which are frequently invisible. 22. Recent. Collection German South Polar Expedition, steamer Gauss. Near Kerguel Islands, Antarctic. ° ; PAGE 80 82 83 PLATE A SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA H. E. Wilson del. Fic. I. 2a. N 8a. 8b. 10. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE B DrvELOPMENT or RADIANAL IN LARVAE oF ExistinG CRINOIDS Figs. 1-10. Comactinia meridionalis (A. and EB. ©. Agassiz): ...29.5-2---545.5- Recent. Coast of Yucatan, Mexico. Pre-brachial stage. Calyx composed almost exclusively of basals and closed orals, with a few elongate stem ossicles; the plates consisting of a thin calcareous reticulation, translucent, and showing by transmitted light the oesophagus, stomach, and dextrally coiled intestine to which the radianal is attached in the right posterior rhombic space between the corners of radials and basals; patches of stereom smaller than the radianal appear in the other rhombic spaces, which are the incipient radials, but no such plate has appeared in the right posterior space, as yet occupied exclusively by the radianal, which thus preceded the radial in order, and occupies the primitive position at the foot of the right posterior ray. > 95. Another specimen in the same stage, with orals slightly parted, between the summits of which the oral tentacles, as yet unbranched, project; the radial of the right posterior ray is still wanting, its place being occupied by the radianal attached to the gut at its anal end. > 95. Outline sketch of same specimen as seen by transmitted light, showing the alimentary system as in fig. I, except that here the upper margin of the oesophagus is distended by the opening of the orals and therefore smooth instead of wrinkled as in the other specimen. >< 95. Specimen in same stage further advanced, with orals opened and tentacles projecting; the right posterior radial has now appeared, with the radianal, still attached to the gut, much larger than the radial and lying obliquely below it; the anal opening of the gut is well shown. > 57. Incipient brachial stage. Small points of stereom in the ray above the radial are the beginnings of the primibrachs; radials have increased in size until they exceed the radianal, which has moved toward the middle of the posterior basal while still strongly indenting the inner margin of r. post. radial. > 50. Brachial stage. Primibrachs developed and connected with radials by articulation; the anal end of the gut has grown upward to half the height of the orals, carrying the radianal to a level slightly above the radials. > 4o. . Anterior side of same specimen. The interradials have now appeared as small patches in the triangular spaces between orals and radials. > 4o. Specimen somewhat further advanced, to show the complete stem and its mode of attach- ment to a cirrus of the host. > 13. Specimen in about the same stage as last. The radials have now met beneath the inter- radials, and the radianal is about median above posterior basal, but still clearly con- nected with the right posterior radial by a curved margin. The radials have become larger than the basals. X 30. Specimen further advanced, with radianal carried still higher up by growth of the gut, and the two posterior radials almost meeting beneath it. X 30. Lateral view of same specimen, showing great protuberance caused by anal structures. X 30. Specimen still further advanced. Radials now meet at posterior side beneath the radianal, which has been lifted still higher up with growth of the anal tube, and other plates appear at either side of it. 26. Specimen in which the radianal is connected with radials only by short margins at their shoulders, and is lifted still higher up by the anal tube. X25. Note the great diminu- tion in size of basal and oral plates in this and next preceding specimens as compared with their condition in figs. 1 and 2. PLATE B SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA H. E. Wilson del. NELGCO>: map ins barr ae mm iis vienhar taf ie Lyi wi ; Rote wy Fe Wii ee pant ik Mirus PAY es on fay diya vy i yeas dit e ee met Satis mente ea er iis ISS, | Foe ue SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PEARENE FurTHER STAGES IN DEVELOPMENT OF COMACTINIA Figs. 1-7. Comactinia meridionalis (A. and E. C. Agassiz).................. Fics. 1a,b. Incipient cirral stage. Orals form a low pyramid around the mouth, separated by 2a, b. 3a, b. perisome both from basals and radials; short stumps of cirri appear upon the proximal columnal. 20. Specimen further advanced, with strong cirri and smaller orals; basals are now small plates lying almost flat. X 20. Pinnule stage. Visceral mass, greatly enlarged, enclosed by finely plated perisome, with orals reduced to small triangular plates surrounding the mouth, from which well defined ambulacra pass to the arms; basals have entirely disappeared, and radials are nearly horizontal. About the end of the “pentacrinoid” stage. > I5. Comatulid stage. Stem has been cast off; basals are fused into the centrodorsal, or “Rosette”; the radianal, now separated from the radials, is in process of resorption along with the interradials from which it scarcely differs. The cirri beyond their bases are omitted in the drawing. X 12. Tegmen of an adult specimen, consisting of the granular skin, subcentral anal tube, exocy- clic mouth with asymmetric ambulacra both permanently displaced by pressure of the rectum; orals have entirely disappeared. X 5. Migration of the radianal. Diagrammatic figure based on fig. 1a, with dotted line’ showing course of the plate in the successive larval stages here illustrated, from primitive position under the right posterior radial to the left and upward until eliminated from the calyz. > 20. Fragment of cirrus showing attachment of two the stem. XX I5. ‘ “pentacrinoids ” by the flattened base of PAGE 83 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA PLATE C H. E. Wilson del. Gt te ae Fics. Fics. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PALAIS, I ISS, Tog, UCCE@ETS PMNS Televi 35 onascoeocecsccasdsaanneus (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) 1a,b. Anterior and posterior views of the type. (28th Regents Rep., pl. 15, figs. 2, 3, 4.) Shows general form and proportions of calyx and anal plate. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. Waldron, Indiana. 2. Posterior view of abnormal specimen figured by Hall, supposing it to have two anal plates. <2. Same collection. Waldron, Indiana. 3a. The only specimen found with arms preserved; complete crown with part of stem showing alternating joints; lateral view as it lies in the matrix. N. Y. State Museum, Albany. Waldron, Indiana. 3b. The same, drawn in erect position to show proportions of calyx and arms. 4a. Basal view of specimen from Waldron, showing the shallow, saucer-shaped excavation for the column. X 2. 4b. Posterior view of same. X 2. 4c. Surface showing the fine reticulate markings. 5. Ventral view of another specimen at distal margin of RR, showing thickness of plates, wide fossee at articular face, and great strength of calyx. 2. Waldron, Indiana. 6,7,8. Lateral views of three specimens from Waldron, showing slight variation in contour. <2) g. Specimen from Waldron with part of rays in place, showing narrow calyx and more acute anal plate than usual > 2. 10. Basal view of abnormal specimen with 3 small IBB, and a fourth larger than the three combined. X 2. Waldron, Indiana. 11. Specimen from the equivalent shales at Newsom, Tennessee, with higher anal plate than ICEL S< a, : 12,13. Two other specimens from Newsom with the usual form of anal. Fig. 13, < 2. Niagaran, Waldron shales; Silurian. Indiana and Tennessee. Figs. 14-36. Lecanocrinus pisiformis (Roemer)....................2.-- 14a,b,c. Anterior, posterior, and distal views of an average specimen with arms complete, showing the great relative height of calyx to top of RR. X 2. 15. Another and similar specimen. > 2. 16. Flattened specimen with proximal part of stem, showing columnals of about uniform width. XX 2. 17. Posterior view of a specimen as usually found. 2. 18. Ventral view of specimen at distal margin of radials, showing the relative thinness of the calyx wall (contrasting with that of L. pusillus), and the fosse. 2. 19-25. Basal views of a series of specimens, showing the constant abrupt indentation of the column facet. X 2. Fig. 23, from the Gasport beds at Lockport, N. Y., varies from the others in the larger IBB. Fig. 24 is erroneously printed 24). 26. Small specimen with RA smaller than usual. X 2. 27. Small specimen with RA reduced to small triangle. 2. 28, 29. A small, and an average, specimen in which RA has entirely disappeared. 2. 30a,b. Roemer’s type, posterior and basal views. It is in the condition of the last two, and the base probably erroneously figured with 5 IBB,—the species being thus founded upon an abnormal and probably weathered specimen. From the same locality as the preceding, where the species is very abundant. Copied from Roemer. 31, 32. Types of L. hemisphericus Rowley, from equivalent horizon in Perry County, Missouri probably of this species. Collection of Prof. R. R. Rowley. 33a, b. Specimen of similar type from the Laurel limestone at St. Paul, Indiana. Anterior and posterior views of calyx. X 2. 34. Much larger specimen with arms complete, somewhat flattened, from the Louisville lime- stone, near Louisville, Kentucky; probably a variety of this species representing a mature stage. X 2. , PAGE I31 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA PLATE | KM .Ghapraan del. HeliotypeCoBosion CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Figs. 14-36. Lecanocrinus pisiformis (Roemer) (continued) Fic. 35. Another specimen from the same locality, not flattened, and with arms not so closely folded. X 2. 36. Similar specimen from same horizon in Perry County, Tennessee, considerably flattened. Niagaran, from Laurel to Louisville, but chiefly Brownsport; Silurian. Tennessee, Indiana, and Kentucky. Specimens not otherwise designated are from the Brownsport limestone, Decatur County, Tennessee. HENe:, 37, ICCAOOAINIS MGWEOIG, i, Seo ccocasovascosecsusagousaese Fics. 37a, b,c. Anterior, posterior, and basal views of the only specimen found, from the lower part of the Meniscus beds, below the horizon of the last species. > 2. Niagaran (Brownsport) ; Silurian. Decatur County, Tennessee. Unless otherwise stated the specimens figured on this plate are not compressed, and . are in the author’s collection. 140 10 _ SMITEISONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE II (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) nae icsui-n5seecanocrinusspillingsieAncelittee ener eelst-iienerrtr glo Fic. 1. Probably the original from which Angelin’s pl. 22, fig. 25, was composed, a much flattened specimen with arms complete; posterior view, showing the small RA. 2. Snackgardet, Wisby (d). 2a,b. Left anterior and posterior views of smaller specimen, flattened and injured. 2. 3. Ventral view of another specimen at distal margin of RR. Shows great thickness of plates; fossae on radial facet; and IBB from interior with trilobate rim around the lumen. X3. 4. Calyx of another specimen showing a faint wrinkled sculpture. XX 3. 5,6. High form, and 7, low form, of calyx. X 2. 8-15. A series of specimens showing irreguarity in position of radianal and anal plates: 8. RA very small and triangular. > 2. : 9. RA in primitive position in form of R. under r. post. ray. XX 2. 10. RA located vertically below anal x. X 2. 11. No RA; post. B large. > 2 (5 other specimens are in this condition). iz. No RA;r. post. B large. X 2. 13. No anal x, but RA is normal. X 2. 14. No anal x; RA in primitive position in form of R. X 2. 15a,b. Malformed specimen, with normal RA and anal +, but only 3 RR (marked J, II, III). In the ring of BB are 7 plates (marked 1-7) of varying size and form, and a quad- rangular plate (++) is seen on the right side between the rings of BB and RR. Out- line sketch not exactly drawn to scale. X about 3. (Out of 134 specimens in the Riks Museum 15—or over 11 per cent—are abnor- mally developed, showing a tendency to instability of characters much greater than in the preceding Tennessee species.) Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. ; All specimens are from Wisby, horizon (d), and in the Riks Museum, Stockholm, unless otherwise stated. Figs. 16-21. Lecanocrinus fascietatus (Angelin)....................... 133 Fic. 16. Specimen of the usual form; posterior view. 2. Nafdemse(c). ; 17a,b. Specimen of higher form; 1. ant. and post. views. X 2. Nafdem (c). 18. Specimen from Nafdem (c) with anal 4 not so much truncate as usual. > 2. 19a,b,c. Small specimen from Hablingbo (c) with high RR and plates thicker than usual ; 1. ant., post., and distal views. 2. tod. Granular surface ornament of same, near upper edge of a radial. S< 14, 20a,b,c. Anterior, posterior, and distal views of large specimen from Nas (d), the last show- ing thinness of calyx plates. 2. 2ta,b,c. Fragments of arm-ossicles from Wisby (c) ; a exterior, x 2; b, IBr, from proximal face, X 2; c, granular surface, 12. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. isi ostp22y2gheecanocrinis) lind Stromilnits pose eee eese eee eee 134 22a,b,c. The type specimen. Anterior, posterior, and right posterior views of perfect crown. <2, ; Hoberg (d). 22d,e. Basal and distal views of same. X 2. 23a, b, c,d. Various views of another specimen with a lower cup, from same locality; d shows the pentagonal periphery of cup at top of radials. <2, Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. PLate II SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 23b 24a aston Co Helictyp Lijevall end KM Chapraan del. uU CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA If PAGE Init, Zl, UCP EAT TS ErerAENGT) sol, Sn doanooananoossdenncemnaoons sie) Fic. 24a. Lateral view of large specimen from r. post. interradius; flattened, and with arms dis- placed. Dalhem (d). Riks Museum. 24b. Posterior view of same. 24c. Part of an arm, showing the angular median ridge; ILAx and IIIBr. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Figs. ABA, KCEMVYGHIS AA AIE) (SeIiGe WIS.) ctocacacosdesosppdn scan 138 Fic. 25. The type of Ichthyocrinus bacchus, Salter’s Catalog, p. 126, No. S, Sedgwick Museum; a= Cambridge, England; a flattened specimen, natural size. 6. Another spetimen in the Sedewick Museum, labeled under the same name by Salter. & . 7. Specimen with nearly complete stem. 2. British Museum. 28a,b. Ant. and r. post. views of a specimen in author’s collection, with perfect crown and nearly complete stem, showing the relatively small RR, and increasing width of IBr. S< Bs : Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Dudley, England. [2 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE III (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-18. Lecanocrinus macropetalus Hall........................+- Fic. 1. One of the type specimens, original of Hall’s pl. 45, fig. 1b. An individual of maximum size; posterior view. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Lockport, New York. (The specimens of this and following figures, if not otherwise noted, are more or less flattened by pressure.) : 2. Another type, original of Hall’s ta. Shows the characters of the stem; not enlarging at the calyx and with columnals alternating from the first. Same locality and collection. 3. Another of Hall’s types, fig. 1c; r. post. view. Same locality and collection. 4. Maximum specimen showing taper of the arms. Same locality and collection. 5. Basal view of specimen from Grimsby, Ontario, showing large IBB. 2. Author's collection. 6a. Detached IBB plates of specimen from Lockport, New York; exterior view. Author’s collection. 6b. Interior view of same, showing funnel; the lobes coinciding with IBB. 6c. Vertical section constructed from this and other: specimens, showing the relative positions of the calyx plates. Lateral view of very symmetrical specimen from Grimsby, Ontario. Coll. Sir Edmund Walker ; now in the University of Toronto. 8a,b,c. Anterior, posterior, and basal views of specimen from Grimsby, with a peculiar raised border parallel to margin of plates. Author’s collection. 9g. Small specimen from Lockport, with alternating columnals from calyx down. Author’s collection. 10, II, 12, 13, 14,15, 16. A series of specimens in author’s collection ranging from maximum to minimum size, from Lockport, all more or less flattened. 17,18. Two uncompressed specimens, anterior and posterior views; showing true contour of the crown in this species. Same collection. Niagaran, from the middle Third of the Rochester shale; Silurian. New York and Canada. NT Fig. 19. Lecanocrinus solidus Ringueberg...........-..-.--+--.-++-> Fic. 19. The type. Original of Ringueberg’s fig. 4. Author’s collection. Niagaran (lowest band of Rochester shale) ; Silurian. Lockport, New York. Figs. 20-25. Lecanocrinus waukoma (Hall).....................-.--. 20a,b. Lateral and basal views of type, after Hall. From an internal cast, the plates being dissolved by chemical action. 23. Basal and lateral views of three specimens from Milwaukee, all internal casts, showing the concave base. Author’s collection. 24a,b. Posterior and basal‘views of similar specimen with part of arms;—same locality and collection. 25. The largest specimen; figured by Weller, pl. 15, fig. 6. University of Chicago. Niagaran (Racine) ; Silurian. Chicago, III. Fig. 26. Lecanocrinus magnaradialis (Weller)........................ Fics. 26a, b,c. The type. Original of Weller’s figure (as /chthyocrinus) ; anterior, posterior, and right posterior views. IBB entirely within column facet. University of Chicago. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. New Jersey. Figs. 27-29. Lecanocrinus soyei Oehlert.......................----- Fics. 27a,b. Posterior and summit views of type, after Oehlert; showing surface ornament; IBB not visible in side view. (Musée d’Hist. Nat. Laval Mayenne, France.) 28b. Posterior and basal views of less conical specimen in author’s collection, with larger IBB. Same locality. 29. Lateral view of smaller specimen with strong surface ornament. Same locality and collection. Lower Devonian. Sablé, France. PAGE 129 I30 140 143 142 Prate III SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 23 24b HeliotypeCoBssion 30b KM Chapman del. aa : CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 13 PAGE igisies 0-32 au ecanocrinuseroement Schulizen. --- sie ciel seieeie eele) LAL Fics. 30a, b,c. The principal type specimen, original of Schultze’s figs. 8, 8a, b; posterior, basal, and distal views; IBB at bottom of basal cavity covered by column; very small RA. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 31. Lateral view of another type, Schultze’s fig. 8c; with larger RA. Author’s collection. 22. Another specimen with still larger RA. Schultze’s fig. 8g, showing the abrupt excavation of the base. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. Middle Devonian. Kerpen, Eifel, Germany. 14 Fic. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE IV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Bigssl-2255 Asaphocrinus ormatuss (call) peace error riecrirt ta. One of the cotypes, original of Hall’s fig. 2a, a mature flattened specimen; posterior view; shows proportions of calyx and rays, and the suturally connected anal x with incipient ridge followed by narrow, tube-like plates, the latter with space for perisome at either side. Collection Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 1b. Outline restoration of same specimen, showing correct contour if undistorted. 2. Another cotype, original of Hall’s fig. 2b; anterior view. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 3,4. Posterior views of flattened specimens, to show condition of anal x with the longitudinal ridge, and succeeding plates; the first has a misleading appearance of radiating ridges upon the basal plates, due to accidental pressure of foreign objects, or to work of parasites. X 2. 5. Similar specimen showing a number of small plates in irregular order above anal. 6a. Very young specimen with arms short and immature (perhaps recuperated), preserving the surface ornament; anterior view. X 2. 6b. Detail of same enlarged, showing character of ornament on radial. X 4. 7a. Another young specimen, with surface ornament. X 2. 7b. Ornament of aIBr. X 4. 8,9, 10, 11,12. A series of specimens with arms folded, in various attitudes and sizes, all more or less flattened, and all showing the tube-like anal and following plates. 13. Small undistorted specimen, showing contour of calyx, and proportions of alternating columnals. 2. : 14,15. Flattened specimens with arms more or less extended. 16,17. Specimens with arms separated from vertical pressure, showing rather wide iBr spaces; fig. 17 shows how the arms contract to very slender finials beyond the third bifur- cation. 18,19. Specimens with stem almost complete; also showing contraction of the arms beyond the secundibrachs. 20. Specimen but little flattened, with arms, stem, and branching root complete. 21. Young specimen with stem nearly complete, showing elongated columnals characteristic of that stage. 22. Type of Lecanocrinus nitidus Ringueberg, with arms completely extended to their hair-like finials, and lower part of stem with expanded, branching root. A minute specimen of Homocrinus parvus, with arms complete, is lodged in the right ramus of the middle ray. Rochester shales; Silurian. Lockport, New York. Figs. 23-29. Asaphocrinus excavatus (Ringueberg)....................-. 23. Ringueberg’s type specimen, with arms, stem, and root complete, somewhat flattened. 24, 25,26. Specimens with calyx more turbinate, and with straighter sides than most of the preceding. 27, 28,29. Specimens with wider interbrachial spaces, and remnants of perisome (poorly pre- served at this locality), showing tendency toward the Tennessee form. Fig. 27, r. ant. iR. X 2; fig. 28, r. post. iR; fig. 29, r. ant. iR. Rochester shales; Silurian. Lockport, New York. Fig. 30. Asaphocrinus incisus (Ringueberg).....................-+-- 30. The type, with arms and large part of stem attached; antero-lateral interradial view. A single IBr in two rays. Rochester shales; Silurian. Lockport, New York. All the specimens figured on this plate are from Lockport, New York, and all except Hall’s types, figs. t and 2, are in the author’s collection. 177 Prats IV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA | > ew } HeliotypeCoBoston KM .Chapraan del. 16 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE V (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) pa Figs. 1-3. Mespilocrinus forbesianus de Koninck and Le Hon................. 192 f e Fics. ta, b. The principal type specimen, after de Koninck and Le Hon, pl. 2, figs. 1a, c; left posterior and posterior views, “somewhat enlarged,” showing dextrose twist of arms, and unequal sides of IBr. Musée Royal d’Hist. Nat. Bruxelles. 2. Basal view of another specimen from the same locality and collection. By oversight, or owing to obliteration of sutures, the infrabasal disk is drawn as if it were undivided, although the generic diagram based upon these specimens shows the usual three plates. After de Koninck and Le Hon. Enlarged. 3a. Mature specimen with complete crown and part of stem, lateral view. The short columnals extend farther down than in the American species. British Museum Nat. Hist., No. 40125. 3b. The same crown placed in a more erect position. Lower Carboniferous, Tournai Stage. Tournai, Belgium. © Imes, ALG, Wespiloesing Iomieidt ISI, son cc5canc concepoounaanes 194 Fic. 4. The type, with crown drooping upon the stem; showing rapid lengthening of columnals. From a cast in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. 5. A specimen of average size, with drooping crown and nearly complete stem; showing the change in columnals from very short, cylindrical disks to very long spindles, ten times as long as their diameter at the sutures. 6,7. Similar specimens. 8 Similar but very young specimen; ihe long columnals beginning much nearer the calyx than in the others. 2. oa,b. Posterior and basal views of small crown. X 2. 10. Distal view of similar specimen showing twist of arms. X 2. 11. Basal view of very small specimen with 5 IBB. xX 2. 12. Large specimen, somewhat flattened, from r. post. radius. 2. 13a,b. R. ant. and 1. post. views of large, slightly flattened specimen; showing the unsym- metrical RR and Br, and the wedge-form columnals due to fixed curvature of the Stem yeaa: 2 14a,b. The type of M. scitulus Hall, showing 5 unequal IBB; posterior and basal views. 15a,b. Posterior and basal views of specimen from Sedalia, Missouri, figured by Miller and Gurley as M. blairi; Bull. Ill. St. Mus., pl. 4, figs. 13-15. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. All specimens except that of figures 4, 14 and 15, are in the author’s collection. Figs. 16-19. Mespilocrinus blairi (Miller and Gurley).................... 196 Fics. 16a,b. The type; basal and posterior views showing 5 IBB. After Miller and Gurley. Loca- tion of specimen unknown. 17a,b. Posterior and distal views of specimen figured by Miller and Gurley, Bull. 8, Ill. St. Mus., pl. 3, figs. 13, 14. After Miller and Gurley. 18,19. Two specimens from the same horizon and locality as the preceding, now in the Uni- versity of Chicago; showing the usual 3 IBB. Choteau beds; Lower Carboniferous. Sedalia, Missouri. igs 20, Mespilocrinussthiemeifna sp yeer eerste rier ianiele 198 Fic. 20a. The type, anterior view; IBr narrower than in the other species. <2. Author’s col- lection. 20b. Posterior view of same; anal x very short, probably followed by others. X 2. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. PLATE V SPRINGER; CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype Co, Bostin, KM Chapman del. CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 17 PAGE igsw2i-22 5 wiVWesprlocrinus romin geri) Spier )-))s- lois alece cele ee) LOO Fics. 21a,b,c. Anterior, posterior and basal views of type, somewhat flattened. 2id. Outline restoration, giving true contour of crown. 22. Another flattened specimen; anterior view. New Providence shales; Knobstone, Lower Carboniferous. Button Mould Knob, Kentucky. Both specimens are in the author’s collection. ioe sae espilocninussbordenimi isp seer rere neeen es LO7, Fics. 23a,b. Basal and distal views of the type, much distorted by pressure. Author’s collection. 23¢. Restoration from accurate measurements, giving form and proportions of the plates, and correct contour of crown. New Providence shales; Knobstone, Lower Carboniferous. Clark County, Indiana. iicow27 eee Mespilocrinusschapmaniens Spree eerie eee 199 Fic. 24a. The type. Nearly complete specimen with crown, somewhat flattened, and large part of stem; columnals become elongate but not spindle-shaped. Author’s collection. 24b. Outline restoration of crown, showing natural contour. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. 18 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE VI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-12. Homalocrinus parabasalis Angelin......................... Fics. 1a,b. The type, from 1. ant. radius and anal side; original of Angelin, pl. 16, figs. 29, 30, show- Fic. ing the two main divisions of the ray with ramules to the inside; RA barely visible between r. post. R.and IBr. 2. Riks Museum. Gotland (f). 1c. Basal view of same; BB covered by IBB, except small angular points. XX 2. 1d. R. post. view of base, showing small RA more distinctly. > 2. 2a,b,c. Posterior, basal and distal views of young specimen with RA and all BB covered by growth of IBB. <2. Riks Museum. Wisby (f). 3a. Specimen from Dudley, England, somewhat flattened, with RA under r. post. R; posterior view. 2. Author’s collection. 3b. Basal view of same, showing RA distinctly and BB well exposed. 2. F 4. Another specimen from Dudley, with RA prominently visible above IBB. 2. Author’s collection. 5. Similar specimen with RA and BB prominent; posterior view. Natural size. British Museum, E. 7426. Dudley. 6, 7,8. L. post., and post. views of specimens with only points of BB, and no RA, visible above IBB. Natural size. British Museum, E. 1422, 57258, 57476. Dudley. 9. Nearly complete flattened specimen, r. post. view; RA not visible and only small points of BB; showing also character of stem with strong, alternating joints diminishing from the calyx. 2. Author’s collection. Dudley. to. Anterior view of similar specimen with stem, showing well the heterotomy of the rays. Natural size. Author’s collection. Dudley. 11. Flattened specimen in same condition. Natural size. Same collection and locality. 12. Sketch constructed from the above specimens to show how RA may be concealed by the growth of IBB, while leaving points of BB visible—e. g. in cases where IBB reach the dotted line b—h, as in figs. 6, 7, 9; if they only reach a—a, BB will be seen connecting and RA well exposed, as in figs. 3a, 5; while if they grow higher than b—b, neither RA nor BB can be seen, as in figs. 2a, b, or only post. B, as in fig. 13D. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland and England. Eigse —1casesHomalocrinusiiljevallicnssp meee eree rece rerereeerrr 13a. The principal type, r. ant. radial view; all BB, except posterior, covered by growth of IBB; lower ramule enlarged and bearing secondary ramules; 2 rows of iBr in upper part of interradius. 2. Author’s collection. Wisby (d). 13b. Basal view of same. X 2. 14a. R. ant. view of smaller specimen, with more of BB exposed; IBB broken off. Author’s collection. XX 2. Wisby (da). 14b. Basal view of same, showing space formerly occupied by inner part of IBB, within ring of BB; RA concealed by IBB when in place. X 2. 15a. Specimen with calyx broken away just below the tegmen; lateral view of part of rays: o= outer ramus, i=inner. X $3. Riks Museum. Wisby (d). 15b. View of same from below, showing under side of finely plated tegmen with 5 oral plates in the middle, and ambulacra passing between them to the arms. X 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Prate VI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA rs” _hae ‘ sacinewat OOF } j “ os Ny Wubter neem ra DP OE (tbls \4-a HeliotypeCoBoston Sb iijevell and KM Ghapreen del. obi 20 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE VII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) : PAGE Higsed- 9a Cal piocrinus intermedius mm sp re eeae eae eeeeererne 156 Fic. ta. A complete specimen with stem and encrusting root, from I. post. radius; inner branch of dichotom reduced in size; all BB except post. covered by IBB; stem with strongly alternating columnals from calyx down. XX 2. Author’s collection. : Dudley, England. 1b. Posterior view of same removed from matrix. Natural size. 1c. Basal view of same, showing how RR meet above post. B; stem removed at fracture. X 2. 2. Larger flattened specimen, from 1. post. interradius, showing same structures. Natural size. British Museum No. 57470. Dudley, England. 3a,b. Exterior and interior views of fragmentary specimen from Gotland, perhaps of this species, with points of BB slightly exposed. 2. Riks Museum. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. England and Sweden. icae4= Calpiocrinus ovatus) Angelinke eee see eee reer reer 157 Fics. 4a,b. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 16, figs. 17-19; anterior and right posterior views. <2. Riks Museum. Gotland (f). 4c. Basal view of same showing all BB, except post., covered by IBB. X 2. 4d. Axillary brachial on exposed inner arm, at left in fig. 4a, with first plate of ramule, from above. X 2. 4e. The same from right side. 2. 4f. Similar axillary on inner arm at right of same figure, with first plate of ramule from right side, invisible from the dorsal side; fig. 4a also shows smaller size of ramules on the inner arm than.on the outer, where they are in plain view. X 4. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Fig. 5. Calpiocrinus heterodactylus Angelin......................55. 157 Fics. 5a,b,c. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 3, fig. 10; anterior, posterior, and left anterior views. x <2. Riks Museum. Gotland (f). 5d. Basal view of same; all BB covered by IBB. 2. 5e. Detail of arms, at a, b, c, of fig. 5a, showing presence of ramules on inner arms, b and c, but much smaller than those on outer arma. 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. (Gp Riise Ose Homalocrinus\peculiarisin cp eee ene ere eerreeEteeroe 15g Fics. 6a, b,c.. Right anterior, posterior, and basal views of an imperfect specimen, with infrabasals broken off. It has but one IBr, and-two IIBr; and has a large RA in form of a radial, in r. post. ray. 2. Author’s collection. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Wisby, Gotland, Sweden. Prare VII XIBILIA SPRINGER: CRINO{DEA FLE ery elastin Heliotype Co Boston, G Lijevall and KM.Chapraan del. bo bo Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE VIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-5. Calpiocrinus fimbriatus: Angelin....-5......:..:..-..:..-- 1a. One of the type specimens, original of Angelin, pl. 29, figs. 77, 77a; from r. ant. radius. Shows ray divided into 4 main rami bearing ramules; BB entirely covered by IBB. SA: Gotland (f). 1b. Basal view of same; points of BB exposed by removal of part of IBB, and only post. B visible naturally. X 2. 2a,b. Right anterior and posterior views of the other cotype, Angelin, pl. 29, fg. 77b. A much smaller specimen; no RA; and BB covered by IBB except small points. 2. Gotland (f). 2c. Base of same from 1. ant. radius, showing points of BB exposed. X 2. 3. Fragment of specimen in similar condition as last, but with unusually high IBr. 2. Wisby (f). 4a,b. Specimen with IBB broken away, showing how the greater portion of BB were covered by them; posterior and basal views. Original of Angelin, pl. 26, figs. 8, 8a, figured as C. heterodactylus. X 2. Wisby (f). sa,b. Right anterior and posterior views of large complete crown from Fara. All BB, includ- ing post. B, covered by IBB; part of column attached showing the large, rounded, nearly uniform columnals as in figs. 2a, b. Natural size. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in Riks Museum, Stockholm. Higsai6-85 .Calpiocrinussrotundatussnesp epee eee onetoeee 6a. Complete crown with greater part of stem, from right anterior radius. All BB and greater part of RR covered by IBB; stem with distally numerous intercalated thin columnals. 2. Author’s collection. Wisby (f). 6b,c. Posterior and basal views of same; stem detached at second nodal. X 2. 7a. Fine specimen in the Riks Museum, with crown still more rotund; r. post. radial view, showing same stem character as last. X 2. Bara (f). 7b. Basal view of same; BB, RR, part of IBr and iBr covered by extraordinary growth of BIR, Ska, 7c. Base of same with stem and part of IBB removed, showing the plates covered by IBB, and the absence of RA. X 2. 8. Vertical section from radius to interradius, showing relative proportion of plates; com- posed from figs. 4b, and 7c; IBB are shaded with vertical lines, too faintly shown in reproduction of the drawing. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All V x PLATE SPRINGER : CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA * A AO Nb ee QEN feo be a. y bag Me HE Re: 2 ton, Cy Bos! eliotype Ht Lljevall and K.M.Chaprnan del. Gl Fic. Ia. 4a. 4b. 4c. 4d. 4e. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE IX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-4. Cholocrinus obesus (Angelin).............-.2 eee eee ee The type of Angelin’s Forbesiocrinus obesus, original of his pl. 21, fig. 18; from right anterior radius, one of the smaller rays filling only about half the distal edge of R. X 3. ; Detail from the same view, showing the plated integument between the rays. X 3. Anal side of same (Angelin, pl. 28, fig. 2) ; the plates greatly displaced, and anal x pushed above line of RR; RA in plain view. 3. Outline sketch to identify the principal calyx plates of last figure. Anterior view of same, showing one of the large rays, filling nearly entire margin of R. x 4 Another specimen, from right anterior radius, showing the very small ray curved in under the adjoining ones; plated integument visible at either side. Natural size. Anal side of same, with anal + in position, and space for RA, the plate being broken out. x i. Posterior view of complete specimen, with arms, stem, and encrusting root; all plates of anal side in position, and the posterior rays filling almost the entire margins of RR. <2) A set of arms, broken off from the calyx below the tegmen; figured by Angelin, pl. 26, figs. 6, 6a, as F. divaricatus. Lateral view from right anterior side, showing the large anterior and right posterior rays, and the small right anterior ray curved under them. Xt Distal view of same specimen, anterior side above, showing the relative size of the rays, how completely dwarfed are the two antero-lateral rays and how enormously over- grown the other three. The respective rays are indicated in this and other figures, by the lettering a, ra., etc. (a in 4b omitted in printing). 3. The same specimen from the opposite aspect, being an interior view of the tegmen, anterior ray below; showing the under side of some ambulacra, and the finely plated inter- ambulacral integument of the disk. X %. Detail of central part of same. X 3. Fragment of the same tegmen, seen from the exterior. 3. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All from Follingbo, horizon (f), and in the Riks Museum. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBoston G Lijevall del cae ae ead ce Seay at I eneidcigiva Re ron ; aul age WBN agpeeete: othe tataehrs ay) 2, REPRE A oy eh 3} aah yee i f Shing ed 2 aa ints noel MERE Batre : j a a i v,, WB'e ONT v4 = ta ivi ase Sted ite ‘Apatil 35) ar : Si ‘ Fas ated =f ihe phe eo + 26 Fic. Fics. Fic. Fics. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE X (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-3. Anisocrinus interradiatus Angelin......................+-- 1a. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 22, fig. 18. Crown minus arms, posterior view; RA large, under r. post. R. X 2: Wisby (f). 1b. Basal view of same; smaller IB at anterior. 2. 2a,b. Basal and posterior views of similar specimen, found since Angelin. 2. Wisby (f). 3a,b. Complete crown found since Angelin, anterior and anal side; showing the full charac- ters of the genus. Note the huge iBr, and swelling of the calyx at the iBr zone, con- traction above, and square truncation of the crown distally. 2. Gotland (f). Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. Fig. 4. Anisocrinus angelini Wachsmuth and Springer. 4a,b. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 10, fig. 4, figured as Lecanocrinus macr pilin Com- plete crown of very small individual, anterior and posterior views. 3. Riks Museum. Gotland (f). Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. leg, 540, (2) Aimicnmainns mimeieisis Mm, Gdkooaco0ccdsncqongcn00dc0ns sa. Crown, with base injured; original of Angelin, pl. 19, fig. 3, and pl. 22, fig. 27, as Lecanocrinus macropetalus; posterior view. Has the habitus of the genus, but with heterotomous arms and no RA. 2. Riks Museum. Gotland (f). 5b. Anterior ray of same. X 2. 6. Small specimen, r. post. and 1. ant. rays. 2. Riks Museum. Lummelund (c). Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden, Fig. 7. Anisocrinus oswegoensis (Miller and Gurley).................... 7a,b,c. Left anterior, posterior, and right posterior views of type, figured by Miller and Gurley as Lecanocrinus. University of Chicago. Niagaran; Silurian. Oswego, Illinois. Figs. 8, 9. Anisocrinus greenei (Miller and Gurley)...................... 8. Right posterior view of type, figured as Lecanocrinus; the only view of the specimen obtainable, as it lies imbedded in the matrix. University of Chicago. Near Louisville, Kentucky. 9. Much distorted specimen perhaps of this species from Decatur County, Tennessee. Author’s collection. Niagaran (Brownsport) ; Silurian. Kentucky and Tennessee. Higss 10-04.) sAsaphocrinus) bassleri) ny sp... 1-11 eee aes toa. Mature flattened specimen, anterior view; showing strong perisome in iBr areas; 1 and 2 IBr, and 2 IIBr. tob. Posterior view of same. Shows the anal. structures, with tube plates somewhat dis- placed, and strong perisome to the left; anal + united by suture to post. B. and RR; strong perisome in 1. post. interradius; broad arms; and 2 IIBr. 11. Anterior view of large, nearly complete specimen, considerably flattened, having 1 [Br in the anterior ray, and very strong perisome. It shows the form and proportions of the arms almost to their extremities, and of the proximal part of the stem. 12, Flattened specimen with more of the stem attached, showing elongation and non-alternat- ing of columnals distally. It is a left posterior radial view, and shows the plates of the very large anal tube rising above the level of the second arm bifurcation; has 1 [Br in r. ant. ray. 13. A fine specimen much flattened, with arms complete; 1. post. interradial view. Shows large anal and succeeding tube plates with bordering perisome, rays with 1 and 2 [Br and I1Br. 14. Basal view of very large specimen. Shows especially the truncate posterior basal, and sutural connection with it of the large anal plate. Niagaran, Brownsport limestone; Silurian. Decaturville, Tennessee. All the specimens are in the author’s collection. . 163 164 163 SPRINGER; CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype Co-Boston, GLijevall and KM.Chaproan del. 28 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) ae Figs. 1-10. Pycnosaccus scrobiculatus (Hisinger)............-..--e++--- 183 Fics. 1a,b. The type; after Hisinger, Leth. Suec., Supp. IT, pl. 39, figs. 4a, b; lateral and basal views. . Locality unknown. 2a,b. Left anterior and posterior views of original of Angelin’s pl. 15, fig. 10, and of his recon- structed figure 11. %. Course of nerve cords is indicated by ridges, the transverse ridge showing the radial commisure. Klinteberg (f). 3. Weathered specimen with obscure ridges and higher calyx; anterior view. X3- ; Klinteberg (f). 4,5. Two specimens from Klinteberg (f) ; posterior view X $, distal view x +. 6a. Right anterior view of calyx, with IBr in place—not an axillary. X }. Klinteberg (f). 6b. Distal view of same. Shows IBr not axillary in both r. ant. and 1. ant. rays, proving that in this species there may be more than one IBr. X 3. 7. Large fragmentary specimen with calyx and arms. Shows 2 IBr in one ray and I in another; surface markings and general proportions of calyx similar to those of the others. Wisby (probably f). 8a,b. Broken specimen probably of this species, with 2 IBr in some rays; anterior and pos- terior views. Natural size. Wisby (probably f). ga,b. Right anterior and posterior views of specimen from Lau (f). It has very sharp surface markings, but lacks the usual depression at angles of plates and the horizontal ridge seen in other specimens. 3. oc. The distal edge of r. ant. R. and parts of adjoining RR; showing impressions of small perisomic plates in the interbrachial spaces between articular facets (af). X 3. od. Distal edge of anal x and parts of the adjoining RR, with similar impressions on anal plate, and on the shoulders of RR. X 2. to. Angelin’s figure of P. costatus, much enlarged; probably the young of this species. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. Figs. 11-16. Pycnosaccus nodulosus Angelin................-.......- 184 Fics. 11a,b. Right anterior and posterior views of type, original of Angelin’s pl. 16, fig. 14. Com- plete crown with part of stem; abnormal in 1. post. ray which has no IBr, the other four having a small, immature IBr under the axillary. > 3. - Follingbo (f). 12. Specimen with 1 IBr in 1. ant. radius, 2 in ant., and an immature plate below axillary in 1, post. ray. X #. Follingbo (f). 13. Specimen with 1 IBr in each ray. X 3. Follingbo (f). 14a,b. Small specimen having distinct ridges like P. scrobiculatus; distal view, natural size, posterior view x 3. Klinteberg (f). 15a. Broken specimen with stem, exposing inner side of two rays and part of tegmen. X 3. Follingbo (f). 15b. The rays and tegmen further enlarged, showing the ambulacra with extremely small covering plates, which can be seen also on the ventral side of the coiled arm. 4. i6a,b,c. An abnormal specimen perhaps of this species. Has RA in primitive position in form of a radial; anal + much reduced and pushed partly above the line of radials; _ anterior, posterior, and basal views. X 3. Lau (f). Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA CoBoston Liotype Hel G Lijevall del. YC haa eRe Pail rei MOTTE igh at 87 Adi Shere * de a a 3 Es Rb. 2 Stihitee ONew PLN Le | GS Sat > e aay 3 whe a carat 16 pinoyeeest th Lint ¢ + es ated! 30 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) * PAGE IEMES, TO, AVCMOREIGCIIS JOAUG I, Sidbosccenacecesadcoscccgendacoc0s Fic. 1. Mature specimen, not compressed; left posterior view. Shows about the average characters of the calyx ridges, radial facets, one IBr, and arms; distal ends of arms seen coiled in iBr spaces. The specimen was not quite vertically posed for drawing, and the calyx appears relatively too high. 2a. Smaller specimen showing plated perisome in iBr spaces; right anterior radial view. Natural size. g 2b. Right posterior interradius, showing detail of perisome resting on shoulders of RR; parts of distal ends of arms also visible. > 2. 2c. Posterior view of same specimen, giving almost the correct relative proportion of the calyx; height to width about 1: 1.5. 3a. Upper part of calyx, with arms, of specimen having interbrachial perisome intact in natural position. Note the sharp projecting nodes on some of the plates. Natural size. 3b. Detail of iBr area of same. 2. 4. Specimen with nearly complete stem. 5a,b. Anterior and basal views of strongly marked specimen, slightly compressed vertically. 6,7. Anterior and left posterior views of young and of mature specimen showing the general characters. The latter has an abnormal growth at posterior side, as if an anus through the calyx wall. 8. The largest specimen; having ridges obscure, but showing the relatively small, angular arms. Ga, b. Anterior and posterior views of much eroded specimen from same beds at another locality ; without ridges, and with much more rounded arms than the preceding. Niagaran (Brownsport) ; Silurian. Decaturville, Tennessee. All the specimens are from a bed of fine grained, shaly clay; and are in the author’s collection. Figs. 10-11. Pycnosaccus bucephalus Bather (MS.).................-.05- Fic. 10a. A very mature specimen, slightly flattened; posterior view. It has complete crown and large part of stem; surface ridges broad and rounded; plates massive, and arms heavy. British Museum, No. E5625. 10ob. Anterior view of same, showing ridges somewhat plainer. 11. Lateral view of a larger crushed specimen, with ridges more ohscute: IBr displaced. British Museum, No. E7427. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Dudley, England. 186 Prate Xl SPRINGER : GRINODEA FLEXIBILIA , Heliotype Co Boste KM .Ghapraan del. | ¥, “Noi \ f We ST ge yp BS Bi 4 Agee i i =) ee OM, CH Saeco Zeal mh Py Gt oe re pWrode: bt bahay ie. 4 ; ervieryoah) eae Sus iM oat \ elmber te 4 amie Meare ge ce Pe 7 " ih efi inks wna say. aye. rer ound Chios ° A rekeua y f ares Aral oy re iy Epes cid “ hur tiv eats aris Ftiin'd cPLA Y pee he egies Bib Sa, ai hg) Seca asaya - al. ; : ary han Hiei So ae Giglio eat, th eu an ; ony) te poe Loe te ' ay abit} mA a ode we ant Poe eit aing ‘iallawes RU haanldery at nt oiariney CM, pea aiid iS) SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION [SS) PLATE XIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) . Figs. 1, 2. Pycnosaccus tenuibrachiatus n. sp........... Seed CROC ORC Fics. ta,b. Left anterior and right posterior views of undistorted crown. Shows the small, short arms, and straight horizontal margin of radials; the surface markings are destroyed by chemical action, only a slight trace of the radial ridges remaining. Author’s collection. 2. A larger specimen, somewhat flattened, with ridges fairly well preserved; from r. post. radius. Author’s collection. Helderbergian, Keyser; Lower Devonian. Keyser, West Virginia. Higsueg=55 mycnosaccusiwelleriansspire roster erecee ener Fic. 3a. Nearly complete specimen with crown flattened, from r. ant. interradius. Shows the small IBB and BB, very large RR, long arms, and 3 or 4 IBr. 3b. Left posterior radial view of crown; anal plate displaced. 3c. Restoration of crown in natural contour. 4a. Right anterior interradial view of a larger flattened crown. 4b,c. Posterior and basal views of same. 5a,b. Lateral and opposite views of much larger, crushed specimen. Niagaran, Brownsport; Silurian. Decatur County, Tennessee. All the specimens are in the author’s collection. Figs. 6-9. Pycnosaccus calyculus (Hall) Fic. 6. The type. Posterior view of calyx. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. 7a. Specimen with arms and stem complete; posterior view, showing curved anal plate above the line of radials, and the rounded arms. Author’s collection. 7b. Anterior view of same. 8. Another calyx, showing form of anal plate. Author’s collection. Lockport, New York. oa,b. Posterior and basal views of specimen from Chicago, figured by Weller as Lecanocrinus waukoma, perhaps of this species. Niagaran; Silurian. New York and Illinois. Fig. 10. Pynosaccus americanus Weller Fic. 10. The type. Posterior view of calyx. University of Chicago. Niagaran, Racine; Silurian. Chicago. lsbieg, iti, (C2) AVCMOSACONS GHOSTS MM, SGdhocessscosucoccocecucoucu0cce Fic. t1a. The only specimen. It is complete, but the calyx plates are displaced, so that their arrange- ment cannot be fully ascertained; the anal side is entirely unknown. Author’s collection. 11b. Outline restoration of plates as far as possible; showing IBB, BB, large RR, 3 short IBr, and apparently no iBr. Niagaran, Brownsport; Silurian. Decatur County, Tennessee. | 188 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBoston apraan del. KM.Ch sil) ps i pars HG 7 on iy y 34 Fic. ta. w W Fic. 6. Fic. 8a. 8b. 8c. 8d. SMITIISONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XIV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-5. Hormocrinus tennesseesis (Worthen)..................-.+- Specimen with complete crown in almost natural contour, from anterior radius. Posterior view of same; showing anal plate with sloping shoulders and truncate apex connecting with a second range of 3 plates, and iBr with similar plates following. Distal view of same, showing short, stout arms. Basal view of same, enlarged, showing the angular effect produced by the radial ridges branching to the basals. X 2. Another specimen somewhat flattened, from 1. ant. radius; iBr plate broad, directly fol- lowed by perisome. Crown from same position, enlarged. Distal parts of coiled arms, and slight remnants of perisome visible in iBr areas. > 2. Right posterior view of same. Natural size. The largest specimen, somewhat flattened, with stem and arms complete; anterior view. The calyx above IBB is tilted back and foreshortened; stem like a string of beads, and tapering to a fine point. Smaller specimen with part of stem, having shorter proximal columnals; calyx tilted and foreshortened. Still smaller specimen with stem; proximal columnals relatively shorter. Niagaran, Brownsport; Silurian. Decaturville, Tennessee. All the specimens are in the author’s collection. Figs. 6-7. Hormocrinus anglicus n. sp.........--.--- Flattened specimen with arms and stem, from 1. post. interradius; IBr nearly as large as RR. British Museum, No. E1426. Lateral view of another specimen. Author’s collection. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Dudley, England. Fig. 8. Hormocrinus gotlandicus n. sp..........0--+eeee eee eens The type, in about natural contour seen from anterior radius. Has the arms nearly com- plete, and part of the stem; iBr probably directly followed by perisome; 3 IBr in ant. ray. 3. Riks Museum. Alskog (f). Same from left anterior ray with 5 1Br. X 3. Posterior view, showing broadly truncate anal plate; 3 and 4 [Br in posterior rays. x %. Basal view of same. X 3. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. PAGE . 167 . 168 Pratre XIV SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Co Boston, Heliotype man and G Liljevall del. ap KM.Ch 3C SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) ee Figs. 1-8. Nipterocrinus wachsmuthi Meek and Worthen.................... 203 Fic. 1a. The type. Mature specimen with arms complete, calyx flattened and vertically crushed; 3 [Br and 8 org IJBr. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 1b. Restoration of same, showing natural contour and length of arms; perisome restored from fig. 3. 2a,b. Two views of a similar specimen, comewnae flattened. ( 3. Small crushed specimen, showing some of the perisomic integument between the rays. 4. Base of crushed specimen with IBB separated from BB; showing undivided infrabasal Ghd, S 2. es collection. 10c. Interbrachial area at “x” on fig. 10b, showing detail of perisomic integument where it is partly broken away. X 3. 1od. Basal view of same specimen, showing undivided infrabasal disk. 2. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA SPRINGER: lOc typeCoBaston Helio KM Ghapraan del. 38 iGaeie 30. 3¢. 7. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XVI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-15. Temnocrinus tuberculatus (Miller)....................... The type: copied from Miller, Plate opp. p. 88, fig. 1. Enlarged. Posterior view of large, flattened specimen. Shows plates of anal area suturally united to adjacent rays; also the characteristic surface ornamentation, and extra plate (RA) in r. post. ray. Another large specimen, but little compressed. Note the linear arrangement of tubercles on anal and iBr plates, and on upper Br, in this and the last specimen. IBr2 and succeeding I]Br of same specimen enlarged, to show character of ornament and projecting nodes at the sides. X 2. : A series of JIJBr and IVBr of same, showing the tubercles becoming confluent, forming vertical parallel ridges. 2. Specimen with large part of stem preserved, showing the tapering upper part with thin ossicles. Right posterior view of crown, showing RA in form of radial in median line of r. post. ray and connecting with radial to the right. Left posterior view of small specimen, with finely plated perisome coming down from the tegmen between the rays, and connecting with iBr plates in lower part of areas. The anal structures, and full length of the arms coiled over the tegmen, are well shown. G2! Another specimen, posterior view, with perisome well preserved in anal interradius, and showing full size of radianal. Has a compound plate in 1. post. ray. Unflattened specimen, showing natural contour of crown; from r. ant, interradius. 8,9, 10, 11,12. Specimens more or less flattened, in different positions, showing radianal and various other characters of the species; fig. 12 is drawn with anal side to left. 13,14. R. ant. and anterior views of well preserved specimens, the latter showing the coiled 15. distal ends of the arm branches. Mature specimen, in which the lateral nodes on brachials become very prominent; winged buttresses at lateral margins of rays; anterior view. British Museum. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Dudley, England. All the specimens are in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. Pirate XVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA PASM, eliotypeCol ht KM.Ghapraan del. 40 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XVII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-3. Meristocrinus interbrachiatus (Angelin) Fics. ta,b,c. The type; original of Angelin, pl. 23, fig. 2a, and pl. 20, fig. 78. Right anterior, right ~ posterior, and posterior views; the specimen is abnormal from injury and reparation. 5 x 2 Faro (d). 1d. Perisome from interradius opposite lower I]Br. 3. 2a. A normal, somewhat flattened specimen from Wisby (f). Right anterior radial view, showing R + 3 IBr in the regular rays. 2b,c. Right posterior and posterior views of lower part of same; showing RA in form and position of a radial, the anal plate suturally connected, and the series following it. The r. post. ray has 4 IBr. 2d. Perisome opposite I[Br 1 and 2. X 3. 3a,b. Left anterior and posterior views of abnormal specimen from Faro. 3c. Perisome opposite IBr 2 and 3. 3. 3d. Perisome in third axil. 3. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All the specimens are in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. Tee, 7, Ge (CP) MUGEN ERIN) EINOHIS) Tl, Gdsavecccoccccascadacscussccs Fic. 4a. Broken specimen from Wisby (d), with pentagonal RA, and anal plates passing quickly into perisome. X 2. 4b. Restoration of same. X 2. Base of another specimen, posterior view. X 2. Wertlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. on ica ONn Ge) Meristocrinusmtuberosusmnsisp sacra Fic. 6. A crushed specimen with rhombic RA, anal plate suturally connected, and large anal tube probably free beyond that. Probably a variant of Gnorimocrinus. X3. Riks Museum. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Wisby (d). Gotland, Sweden. hice 72. MeristocrinussoLbigmyie Vin Coy) eee een oeee eee ce Fic. 7. Copy of the type figure, which is somewhat restored, being made from a wax impression from a natural mould. Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge, England. Upper Ludlow; Silurian. High Thorne, Kendal, Westmoreland County, England. ING, , ©, WITS OCHS MIMO TM, Sdbooosscnco0cnasoocen ago onenese Fic. 8. Distorted specimen, showing 3 IBr; anterior view. British Museum, No. 6721. 9. Posterior view of another injured specimen found associated with last; showing RA, and faint indication of anal plates buried in the interradius. Author’s collection. Wenlock shales; Silurian. Dudley, England. 214 . 214 213 ore enmmmmaneernadenel i VII Pirate KV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Pally) lotypeCoBoston I Heli GLilvevall and KM.Ghapraan dei. IDE dig 2a. 2b. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XVIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-9. Sagenocrinus expansus (Phillips).......................-- The type; copy of Phillips, Sil. Syst. pl. 17, fig. 9, reduced. From Dudley, England; formerly in collection of Benjamin H. Bright, near Dudley. It shows the interbrachial structure and arms very well. Whereabouts of specimen unknown. Large specimen, but little compressed, and having nearly the normal contour of mature calyx; posterior view. Shows 4 series of plates midway on the anal side. Dudley, England. Basal view of same; showing form and proportions of the principal calyx plates, especially RA within the ring of RR. Similar rotund specimen, with arms nearly complete, posterior view; iBr passing into tegmen between IIIBr. Dudley, England. Mature flattened specimen with arms complete and showing characters of stem; anterior view, base broken and distorted. Dudley, England. . Two smaller flattened specimens in posterior views, showing position of RA. Dudley, England. Smaller specimen with arms complete, anterior view; showing first iBr almost connecting with BB. Dudley, England. Very young specimen, flattened, anterior view; iBr connecting with BB—a stage which suggested the reference by some authors to Rhodocrinidae. Dudley, England. Very mature specimen, somewhat flattened, with plates marked by crescentic bands. Shows beautifully the full length of the coiled arms, and the iBr curving in upon the tegmen; lower part of calyx broken and restored in outline. Dudley, England. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. England and Gotland. All the specimens are in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. (Continued on Plate XIX) SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ie Case datbbari WV p- type CoBosior elid y KM .Ghapraan del. Fic. 1a. Fic. 4a. 4b. 4c. Fic. 5. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XIX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) by ae Figs. 1-3. Sagenocrinus expansus (Phillips), continued.................... 218 Specimen from Gotland, almost rotund; original of Angelin, pl. 15, fig. 8, and pl. 27, figs. 8a, b, from left posterior interradius. Riks Museum. Follingbo (f). Anal side of same. Flattened specimen from Gotland, from which Angelin’s pl. 28, fig. 8, showing coils of the arms, was composed; 1. post. view. Same collection. Slightly flattened specimen from Follingbo (f), Gotland, original of Angelin, pl. 15, fig. 6; 1. post. interradial view. Same collection. Anal side of same. Left posterior ray of same. 3. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. England, Gotland. HisaAwsacenocrinus clarkivnsSpseeeeeer enn ceeeeeeeneeO) Mature specimen much crushed, with arms and stem attached, left anterior view; showing the sharp median ridges along the brachial plates. Author’s collection. Detail of part of anal side, showing form of RA. A IIBr, enlarged, showing form of median ridge. X 2. Outline restoration of crown, showing actual contour of undistorted specimen. Niagaran (Brownsport) ; Silurian. Decaturville, Tennessee. Fig. 5. Sagenocrinus americanus Springer.........................- Ny to I The type, posterior view. Shows the large BB, sinuous sutures, small arms, and RA above ring of BB. Author’s collection. Niagaran (Waldron shale) ; Silurian. Waldron, Indiana. Prate XIX SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA yet aty} \ Se ~tg Uh 2 (enlargement fraction omitted on plate). Lower Carboniferous, Tournai Stage. Tournai, Belgium (except fig. 9). ING, WING, LOMOEHOEAIMINS Gog ooccossope connoe ob ooboncesuooNe Part of a ray reconstructed from isolated R and IBr plates, dorsal view ; showing angular sutural faces on R and [Bri and », for connection with solid interbrachials; and straight face of IBrs. Lateral margin of same; showing sutural faces with large fossae on R and IBr; and 2, and corrugated faces for attachment of perisome on upper half of [Br2, and on IBr;. Distal face of a radial. X 2. Proximal face of first primibrach. X 2. New Providence beds (Knobstone) ; Lower Carboniferous. Button Mould Knob, Kentucky, and Clark County, Indiana. All specimens figured on this plate are in the author’s collection. PAGE . 240 248 SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA KM .Chaprnan del. Prare XxIll Heliotype Co Boston, 54 Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXIV Figs. 1-27. Forbesiocrinus nobilis De K. and Le H. (continued)............... (Also on Plates XXI, XXII and XXIII) A series of specimens showing the form and mode of articulation of the principal calyx and arm plates. In general the arrangement of the figures is in the natural order, i. e. basal plates below and brachials of successive ranges in ascending order. Being mostly detached and weathered plates, and not all from the same individual, the size is not always proportionate to their relative positions. Note the deep fossae in the apposed lateral faces of all the calyx plates up to, but not including, IAx, and the change in mode of attachment from there up; also the marked thickening of the plates upward. For convenience of reference, the proximal view is always drawn with the dorsal side up, and the ventral view the reverse. Lettering in small type above the figures will help to identify the respective plates and the view given :—thus IBri.d means primibrach 1, distal view. All figures are X 2, unless otherwise indicated. ta. A regular basal, proximal view; showing articulation with infrabasals by broad, shallow fossae, with deeper ones at the lateral faces. tb. Another proximal view of same, showing lateral structure more plainly. 2a. A similar basal, dorsal view; showing surface ornament, and sockets for patelloid processes of radials. 2b. Distal view of same plate, showing deep fossae at basi-radial sutures. 3. Similar basal; direct view of upper sloping basi-radial suture. 4. Posterior basal, distal view ; showing articulation with plates of anal interradius. sa. First regular interbrachial, proximal view; showing lower lateral faces of union with radials. 5b. Distal view of same; faces of attachment by deep fossae to three interbrachials of second range. 6. Middle interbrachial plate of second range, distal face; showing entire change in mode of union with succeeding plates. Instead of fossae, as on the proximal face of this plate, there are rugose ridges extending the full thickness of the plate, probably for attach- ment of thick plated perisome; a fossa is seen at the lateral face for union with fellow interbrachials of the same range. 7a. A radial, proximal view; showing articulation with basals, and also the fossae at the brachio-interbrachial sutures. Thickness of plate less than one-third of the width. 7b. Distal view of same; fossa at lateral face meeting first interbrachial. 7c. Left lateral view of same; showing fossae and marginal crenulations. 8a,b,c. Primibrach 1; proximal, distal, and left lateral views. Note the three different modes of union at the faces of this plate, viz.: by deep fossae at the sides (with iBr) ; by bundles of ligament at the face meeting R; by paired ligamentous articulation at the face meeting the succeeding I[Br. ga,b. Primibrach 2; dorsal and ventral views. The former shows the indentation and pro- jection for the patelloid processes, and the latter the broad, smooth inner surface, without any appearance of median grooves. On this plate the lateral connection by fossae extends nearly to its full height. 1oa,b,c. Primibrach 2. Proximal, distal, and left lateral views of another specimen, in which the change in mode of connection with interbrachials from deep fossae to rugose ridges and furrows occurs about halfway up the plate. On the radial faces the elements of a modified articulation by paired ligaments are sharply defined, viz.: dorsal ligament fossae; transverse ridge; interarticular ligament fossae; median ridge with a groove along its middle. The median sinus is strongly marked with a rather deep cavity, which continues more or less defined throughout the ray—perhaps a remnant of perforation by a dorsal canal. 1ta,b,c. Axillary Primibrach 3 =JAx. Proximal, ventral, and dorsal views; showing radial articulation, the patelloid processes, and the sockets in which they engage. 12a,b. Axillary primibrach 3—=IAx. Distal and left lateral views of another specimen. The lateral fossae are no longer seen, but the rounded rugose ridges with furrows which seem to discharge, and sometimes to converge, toward the interior, are finely shown in this and the next following figures, 14 and 16. These plates are nearly half as thick as wide. PAGE . 249 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Pirate XXIV WlBra. VIBr. | “ome ( Guar he Sy | i a fis c NBraq |Br a.pr. RCT) CS a) -In KM Chapman del. HeliotypeCoBoston Ly, ms eg CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Loa U1 Figs. 1-27. Forbesiocrinus nobilis De K. and Le H. (continued)................ 249 Fic. 13. Secundibrach 1, proximal articulating face. The left side is truncated to meet its fellow above the axillary. 14. Right lateral face of another specimen of same rank. 15. Secundibrach 2, distal articulating face. 16. Left lateral face of another plate of same rank. 17a,b,c,d. Secundibrachs 3 and 4; dorsal, ventral, left lateral, and distal faces. The ventral surface is no longer concave, and has become marked by more or less distinct longi- tudinal ridges and grooves for the attachment of perisome, with which the transverse lateral grooves seem at times irregularly to connect (shown also in figs. 20-22). The rugose margin has become proportionally narrower, and the thickness of the plates has increased to two-thirds their width. 18,19. Tertibrachs 1 and 2, proximal articulating faces. 20, 21,22. Ventral surface of tertibrachs 1, 2 and 3; showing the varying appearance of the longitudinal grooves, and the rugosity upon the lateral face; this has become narrower and is gradually disappearing. 23. Quartibrach, distal face. The plates have now become as thick as wide, and the lateral rugosity has disappeared. : 24a,b. Brachials of fifth order; lateral and distal views. 25a,b,c. Brachials of sixth order; lateral, dorsal, and ventral views. 26a, b,c. Brachials of seventh order; lateral, dorsal, and distal views. The last three series of plates are dissected from the incurved arms of the specimen figured on Plate XXIII, figs. 1a, and te, and their position is authentic. The brachials have here become relatively very thick and narrow, with a well defined median longi- tudinal groove on the ventral side flanked by another one on either side. From what is observed in the corresponding parts of Synerocrinus incurvus (Pl. XLII, fig. 5b), it is clear that these grooves and the partition between them formed the lodgement for small plates of a perisomic integument, which may have taken the form of ambulacra over the median groove at this stage. They are enclosed by strong projections at the margins of the plates, producing a concave ventral surface, in contrast to the flatness, or even convexity, in the intermediate radial divisions. 27. Lateral face of brachials in a fragment of an abnormal ray from specimen figured ta, Pl. XXIII, showing a radial articulation, with rugose lateral face above and below it. Natural size. All the specimens are from the Tournai Stage, Lower Carboniferous; Tournai, Belgium; and are in the author’s collection. INS, AS, BO. WOR AS OSSMUIS FPoc0c0s0s00ccsvccc co sousguLod0de 248 Fics. 28a,b,c. A radial. Dorsal, distal, and lateral views of an isolated plate found in strata equivalent to the Kinderhook-Lower Burlington, at Lake Valley, New Mexico. It has the same deep lateral fossae seen in the Belgian specimens. Author’s collection. 29a,b. Secundibrach 1, from same locality. Distal and inner lateral faces, the latter being the sutural union with its companion plate above the axillary. Author’s collection. Fic. 3b. 3C. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-6. Forbesiocrinus agassizi Hall........................... (Also on Plates XXI, XXV1) The type, anterior view. Now in the Hall Collection, University of Chicago. A very large specimen, slightly flattened, with the normal number of 3 IIBr. Posterior view, showing plates of the anal interradius, filled with solid plates to the height of IlBr 2 or 3, in perfect sutural connection with the plates of adjacent rays; and the sinuate sutures, with patelloid processes, throughout the rays. Author’s collection. Flattened specimen with calyx plate somewhat displaced, anterior view. Shows character- istic gibbosity of plates. Author’s collection. Left posterior view of same, showing sutural connection of post. B with susesadtiay plates. Detail of left anterior ray, showing sutural faces of R and IBnm. X 2. A large specimen of the type of var. giganteus M. and W., with 4 I1Br in three 1 rays, and 3 I1Br in the others; somewhat flattened; left anterior view. Shows the extremely sinuate sutures throughout rays and arms, and patelloid projections on proximal face of separated brachials; also how the interbrachial plates run to an apex high up between the rays. Author’s collection. sa-6g. A series of specimens showing the markings upon the articulating and sutural faces of t=) 5a. various plates. All in author’s collection. Basal and radial plates from a single disintegrated specimen, dorsal view; used in the next following figures. Proximal face of basal. 2. Distal sloping face of basal at basi-radial suture. X 2. Proximal faces of radial. X 2. Distal face of same. X 2. Lateral face of radial. X 2. 6G: Plates from another specimen. All X 2. 6a,b. Proximal and distal faces of axillary IBrz=IAx. 6c,d. Proximal and distal faces of IIBr. 6e. 6f. 6g. Left lateral face of same. Lateral face of interbrachial iBr. Dorsal view of same. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, lowa; Washington County, Indiana. Pirate XXV \» ee Heliotype Co Boston, SPRINGER; GRINODEA FLEXIBILIA AS sitio EON \ » Es XM Ghapraan del. OL ioe) Fic. Fic. 1a. 1b. Ic. 2a. 2b. 2¢. 2d. 30. 3C. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXVI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-2. Forbesiocrinus agassizi Hall (continued)...................... (Also on Plates XXI, XXV) Lateral view of large, flattened specimen, showing nearly full length of arms. Dorsal view of IBr, showing form of patelloid process and socket of proximal and distal ends respectively. > 3. Axillary IBr, dorsal view; showing same structures. X 2. Proximal end of stem with IBB fused to top joint the full width of column exteriorly, but sloping to a small pentagon at the interior. Ventral view of IBB in same specimen, showing impression of BB and relative size of IBB pentagon at the interior. Interior of IBB enlarged, showing form and position of channels passing down into column. By oversight the suture between the two large IBB is drawn bisecting the septum, whereas it coincides with the angle of the large channel just above. This funnel is irregular in the apparent position of the small IB, which is probably a greatly reduced compound plate, while the simple infrabasal should be the one at the top of the figure, here enlarged to include the whole of the uncompressed lobe to the right instead of only half of it. x 4. Cross-section of base, showing flat position of IBB; composed from this and other specimens. Upper Burlington limestone. Burlington, lowa. All the specimens are in author’s collection. Figs. 3-5. Forbesiocrinus burlingtonensis n. sp........................ Mature specimen vertically compressed, showing three IBr; posterior view. Author’s col- lection. Basal view of same, drawn with anal side down. Author’s collection. Distal view of same, showing infolded arms. Anterior view of specimen but little flattened, showing extremely sinuous sutures and gibbous plates. Mus. Comp. Zool. Posterior view of similar specimen, showing tendency of anal plates to form a vertical series at the right (the apparent bifurcation shown in the drawing is misleading). The patelloid projections here occupy over half the width of the plates and strongly modify the form of the median elevation. Author’s collection. Upper Burlington limestone. Burlington, Iowa. PAGF 250 256 Prare XXVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Co Boston. Heliotype KM Chapraan del. 60 Fic. Te 3. SOI ARE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXVII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-8. Forbesiocrinus wortheni Hall.......................... The type, dorsal view; drawn after additional preparation exposing outline of basal plates not shown in original figure; infrabasals broken away and axial opening obscured by matrix. The specimen is vertically compressed, and shows the broad, flat rays and abundant interbrachials of the species. It is a very mature individual, with maximum development of interbrachials. University of Illinois. Similar view of another specimen with a few proximal stem joints attached, and showing tendency of anal plates to form a median series. Author’s collection. Mature specimen, laterally compressed; showing stem beyond the enlargement, and arms infolding beyond fifth division; anterior view. Author’s collection. Less mature specimen, vertically compressed; dorso-anterior view. Author’s collection. Posterior view of similar specimen, showing anal plates. Author’s collection. Specimen from Nauvoo, Illinois; right posterior view. Author’s collection. Young specimen from Niota, Illinois; left posterior view. Author’s collection. Mature specimen from Jersey County, Illinois; posterior view; showing profuse develop- ment of interbrachials. Type of Forbesiocrinus macadamsi Miller and Gurley. Their figure in Bull. 9, Ill. St. Mus., Pl. V, fig. 1, is not correct as to the basal plates. University of Chicago. Keokuk limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Keokuk, Iowa, and various localities on Mississippi River. PAGE a 5S} Prare XXVIII SPRINGER; CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype Co.Boston, KM Chapman del. Fic. Id. 1b. iN) ép SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXVIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) ee Figs. 1-19. Forbesiocrinus multibrachiatus Lyon and Casseday................ 255 (Also on Pl. XXIX) The type, laterally compressed; anterior view. The specimen is somewhat weathered, which along with the compressed condition gives the arms a flatter appearance than is seen in numerous well-preserved specimens from the same locality. Author’s col- lection. ; Posterior view of same. The compression has forced the left posterior ray partly over the anal plates, so that some of them are not seen. Very mature specimen, laterally compressed, posterior view; with stem very well pre- served, and arms to the fifth division. Shows anal and interbrachial plates, and the rounded character of the arms. Posterior view of a similar, but smaller, specimen; the crown is less flattened, but the stem is flattened distally, so that the normal taper is not preserved. 4, 5,6. Similar flattened specimens with profuse development of anal and interbrachial plates; showing tendency to form vertical series up the middle of anal area. Of the type figured by Meek and Worthen as F’. wortheni, Geol. Rep. Ill. pl. 4, fig. 2; 12, fig. 7. 7a, 8a,9,10. Smaller specimens in various positions, showing diminishing number of inter- brachials. 7b,8b. Anal areas of corresponding specimens. II, 12, 13,14. Smaller specimens in different views, showing still further diminution in number 14a. of interbrachials. Anal area of 14. 15a,16,17, 18a. Still younger individuals, with interbrachials reduced to very few. 15b,16a. Anal areas of the corresponding specimens; 15), X 2. 18b. Posterior view, enlarged, of specimen figured at 18a, showing the sutural attachment of 19. anal plates to posterior basal and adjacent brachials. 2. The above mentioned specimens from 2 to 18, all from the same locality and horizon, and belonging to a single colony, form an interesting series showing the development of the interbrachial system with growth of the individual, from very young like 14, 15, 16, with one to three plates, to mature forms like 2, with nineteen or twenty inter- brachials. Stem with IBB fused; drawn with small plate at right upper corner, instead of lower as usual. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Indian Creek, Indiana. All the specimens are in the author’s collection. a Pirate XXVIII =~ Prseees (| ‘ an OTS oe p SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ) vale. AS) ae eS aaa pe 19 7b Heliotype Co.Bostan, KM Ghapraan del. Sees ee 64 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXIX (All figures on this plate natural size) Figs. 1-3. Forbesiocrinus washingtonensis Miller and Gurley................. 256 Fic. ta. One of the types, slightly compressed. Anterior view, showing the flat, closely abutting arms; the high level to which the interbrachials extend; and the general convexity of the plates. University of Chicago. 1b. Postero-basal view of same; the IBB have been pulled away with the column. 2. Posterior view of cotype. University of Chicago. 3a,b. Right anterior and posterior views of another somewhat flattened specimen, showing the characteristic proportions of arms, and the limit of calyx to upper level of inter- brachials. Author’s collection. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Washington County, Indiana. Figs. 4, 5. Forbesiocrinus multibrachiatus Lyon and Casseday...............-- 255 (Also on Pl. XXVIII) Fic. A small specimen from same locality as last; right posterior view. Author’s collection. The type of Miller and Gurley’s F. speciosus, from the same locality and horizon. Drawn after further cleaning, so as to show posterior basal and anal plates, not visible in the original figure. University of Chicago, No. 6267. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Washington County, Indiana. ae Figs. 6, 7. Forbesiocrinus pyriformis Miller and Gurley................... 257 Fic. 6a. The type, from Muldraugh Hill, Kentucky. Anterior view, showing the pyriform crown and strongly rounded arms. University of Chicago. 6b. Posterior view of same, showing anal plates. za. Anterior view of a very large specimen from White’s Creek, Tennessee, slightly com- pressed dorso-ventrally. Shows the deeply rounded arms, and marked convexity of the plates generally. Author’s collection. 7b. Left posterior basal view of same, showing anal plates at the right. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. SPRINGER: CRINODBA FLEXIBILIA ee < meneeeeeed ay 2 Se a = KM Chaprean del. or Sasi a roar t : Si Li 66 IE, is Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE Figs. 1, 2. Forbesiocrinus greenei Miller and Gurley...................... 258 The type, posterior view. Shows the relative flatness of the plates, little depression of interbrachial areas, and their great vertical extent. University of Chicago. Another specimen from the same locality, from right posterior interradius; showing the rays to the third bifurcation, with iBr plates extending still higher up. Author’s collection. Basal view of same. The IBB have been detached, having been fused with the top columnal. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Edwardsville, Indiana. igs) 3-172 horbesiocrinustsattordieblallae sense nee eee cereeeres 250 (Also on Plates XXI and XXX1) A series of specimens to show the structures at the inner floor of the calyx, especially the form and course of the axial cords passing down into the column. Some are detached bases with one or more columnals in position, and some are proximal parts of stem with infrabasals fused to the top ossicle. Note that the small infrabasal, except in fig. 10, is at the anterior side instead of right posterior as usual inthe group. The central part of the infrabasals is occupied by a large, tri-lobate funnel coinciding in position with them, and converging toward the axial opening; the channels in the radial lobe and one of the others each divide by a septum into two, producing with the third five channels downward into the stem, interradially disposed. 3a. 4a. 5a. 6a. 70. Calyx with RR attached, dorsal view, X 2; 3b, ventral view, X 2; 3c, interior of IBB, showing funnel, septa, and channels. 4. Stem with fused IBB only, dorsal view, 2; 4b, ventral view, X 2; BB mostly re- moved, showing full size of IBB, and how small a part of them is exposed at the interior. IBB and BB with very thin upper stem ossicle attached, and sutures of IBB appearing faintly through it, showing their size exteriorly equal to the column, dorsal view, 2; 5b, ventral view, showing the much smaller part of IBB exposed at the inner floor, X 2; 5c, interior surface of IBB, X 4. IBB and BB with columnal, dorsal view, natural size; 6b, ventral view, natural; 6c, IBB, interior, X 4. Ventral view of calyx with RR attached, showing articulating faces, * 2; 7b, internal surface of IBB, X 4. 8,9. Specimens showing calyx with RR, and top stem ossicle attached. 10. Io Calyx with RR, showing surface of articulation, and of union with iBr; ventral view, funnel but little preserved. IBB only; funnel not preserved. 12,13,14. Distal view of stems at various distances from the calyx, showing forms of axial Te 16. 17/0 opening. xX 2. Proximal part of stem, with IBB fused to top ossicle, some BB attached; lateral view. Proximal part of stem with IBB and some BB attached, showing extreme thinness of the columnals. X 2. Specimen with post. B angular; from same locality, probably of another species; dorsal view. Warsaw limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Spergen Hill, Indiana. All specimens figured on this plate are in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. STE AK ~ En PL SIBILIA PRINGER; CRINODEA FLE:2 C 13) pac f// “ge LED WO lisliotype CoBosion, KM Chaprnan del. Jae mh res ‘ ie svt A i ¢ . 18 i ‘ Aeabaaanien Ber eect ot eR taal re Gis ey 68 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) ice Figs. 1-10. Forbesiocrinus saffordi Hall..........................-+ 259 (Also on Plates XXI and XXX) Fic. 1a. The type, presented to the author by Prof. J. M. Safford; right anterior view. It is a very mature specimen, showing the lobed calyx, arching of rays, and depression of anal and interbrachial areas; also the prominent gibbosity of the axillary IIBr fol- lowed by flat plates. White’s Creek, Tennessee. 1b. Basal view of same, anal side to the left; posterior B truncate, followed by one plate. 1c. IIIBr from same, showing pustulose surface. X 2. 2a. Young specimen from Spergen Hill, Indiana, posterior view. Shows plates of anal side perfectly. 2b. Basal view of same. IBB in place, with central part of thin columnal adhering. Note the large size of the interbrachial plates. 3a. Detached base from same locality, with IBB and proximal columnal attached, dorsal view. 3b. Interior view of same; showing the crenulations and small fossae upon the sutural margin of radials; small infrabasal located anteriorly. 3c. Lateral view of same, showing distal unpaired articulating face of radial, and sutural margins for attachment of iBr. 4a. Proximal part of detached column, with IBB fused to top columnal; lateral view. Spergen Hill, Indiana. : 4b. Ventral view of same, showing the tri-lobate funnel or raised rim of axial canal as it opens through the infrabasals. 5. Fragment of a ray, showing the prominent axillary I] Br, same locality. 6a. Another fragment from same locality, being part of a ray from ]Br up, exterior view. The plates are marked for comparison with the next figures—the brachials with figures, the interbrachials with letters. 6b. Interior view of same, with plates similarly marked. It shows by comparison with 6a how the brachials diminish in size inward, and the interbrachials are wedged in from the inside to fill up the spaces. 6c. Right lateral view of same, showing corrugated margin of the brachials for attachment of interbrachials. 6d. Lateral margin of I[Br I and 2 of same. 2. 7a-e. Another fragment from same locality, consisting of IBrs and following plates: 7a, exterior; 7), interior; 7c, distal face of Br and iBr; 7d, left lateral margin for attach- ment of iBr; 7e, proximal face of IBr:, showing paired ligament fossae. 2. 8. Proximal part of stem, showing extreme thinness of the columnals, and the crenulate profile of the radiating striae on their apposed faces. <2 (enlargement fraction omitted on plate). 9. Similar specimen, a little farther down. X 2. toa. Calyx of another specimen from same locality, showing a somewhat different style of marking on the articulating and sutural margins. 2. 1ob. Another view to show distal face of [Brz, with rather irregularly paired ligament fossae. <2 Warsaw limestone, Lower Carboniferous at Spergen Hill, Indiana; and highest Keokuk, White’s Creek, Tennessee. All specimens figured are in the author’s collection. SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Prare XXXI ida Ib !Ob KM .Ghapman del. Heliotype Co Boston, sues, Bet % ari = Fic. Ms 2a. 2¢. 2d. 3. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-13. Ichthyocrinus pyriformis (Phillips)....................... Phillips’s type specimen, having part of stem, and crown complete. After Phillips in Sil. Syst. pl. 18, fig. 6. Location of specimen unknown. Dudley, England. Specimen from same locality in author’s collection, almost identical in form and size of crown; r. ant. view. Shows 4 primary plates (RA-+R-+2 IBr) in r. post. ray; basals visible beyond column. Crown undistorted, showing natural contour. Enlarged view, from r. post. radius, showing the much reduced size of RA, while similar in form to radials in other rays. X 2. Basal view, showing IBB, BB, RR, and IBr in all five rays, and RA in r. post. ray. IBB entirely within ring of BB, and occupying only small space in center of column facet. Detail of IBr, showing pustulose surface ornament. X 4. Similar specimen from Dudley, r. post. radial view. %. Author’s collection. 4a,b. Lower part of crown of specimen from Dudley, anterior and basal views. British 5a. Museum, E6349. ‘ R. post. radial view of similar specimen with surface ornament well preserved. X 2. British Museum, E6353. Dudley, England. Basal view of same. Natural size. Less pyriform specimen, slightly distorted. British Museum, E5508. Dudley, England. Larger specimen with more turbinate calyx; anterior view. 3. Author’s collection. Dudley, England. Detail of IBr:, showing pustulose surface ornament, coalescing into lines parallel to margins. X 4. Similar and larger specimen, with plates relatively larger than in any of the preceding. <2. British Museum, E7424. Dudley, England. Original of Angelin, pl. 22, fig. 22, slightly distorted; from r. post. radius. Riks Museum. Gotland, (Wisby f). Same from left posterior radius. 2. R. post. ray of same to first division, showing RA. X 2. R. ant. radial view of same, for comparison of size of radial with RA in last figure. X 2. Outline of same specimen if undistorted. Similar specimen from r. post. radius. > 2. Riks Museum. Gotland, (Dalhem d). Basal view, showing RA in primitive position and other plates to first ray division in all five rays. X 2. Original of Angelin pl. 9, figs. 17a-c,flattened and distorted specimen from Faro, Got- land (d or f); fromr. post. radius. §. Riks Museum. Same from ]. ant. radius, malformed and injured by parasites such as Stylifer, or Eulima. X 2. Basal view, showing IBB within ring of BB, and RA. & 2. Same from r. post. radius, showing RA in primitive position. > 2. Detail of 1. post. IIBr 3 and 4, showing pustulose surface ornamentation. > 3. Part of 1. post. I1Brs, showing surface ornament in greater detail. 8. Outline restoration of this specimen to show actual contour; r. post. view. Fragment from Faro, containing part of two rays from the first axillary to IVBr, show- ing injury by boring parasites. 2. Riks Museum. Part of same further enlarged, showing the strong surface ornament. In the upper ranges of plates may be seen several of the “ patelloid” processes cracked in fossil- izing and appearing like separate plates. XX 3. Unusually large specimen, somewhat flattened, from Follingbo (f); lateral view of crown with stem. Riks Museum. Base of same, enlarged X 2. Outline restoration of this specimen giving correct contour; from 1. post. interradius. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. England and Gotland, Sweden. s a a Pas 4 By 2. Author’s collection. Lockport, New York. Interior view of basal plates; showing triangular funnel shaped opening projecting from the inner floor of IBB and entirely concealing them. 2. Same parts further enlarged, showing lobes of the axial canal passing down from the funnel interradially. > 3. See text-figure 1a for further detail. Complete crown with stem attached; medium sized flattened specimen, right posterior radial view. Author’s collection. Lockport, New York. Outline of crown if undistorted. A larger flattened specimen from Lockport, anterior view. Author’s collection. Outline of crown as in its natural contour. 12a,b. A still larger specimen, with similar outline. Author’s collection. 13a. 13D. 13¢. Lockport, New York. The largest known specimen, laterally compressed; right anterior interradial view, showing arms to sixth division. It has six bifurcations in some of the rays. Coll. Sir Edmund Walker, now in the University of Toronto. Grimsby, Ontario; Canada. Basal view of same; RA and greater part of BB included in column facet. 2 Outline restoration of the specimen, to show its natural contour. Niagaran, Rochester shales; Silurian. Lockport, New York, and Grimsby, Ontario. PAGE S60 27 a — Pratre XXXII SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCo Boston KM Chaprnan del. ey eye ee Fic. Fic. I. Ilda. rib. IIc. Id. Ile. If. I2a, 12b. 13a. 13b. 14. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXIV Figs. 1-10. Ichthyocrinus subangularis Hall......................... 281 The type specimen from which the species was originally described, subsequently figured in 20th Regents Report, pl. 11, fig. 16; somewhat flattened. Right posterior interradial view, showing RA, and the large BB visible in side view. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Waldron, Indiana. A normal specimen, with calyx preserved to the second bifurcation, antero-lateral view. It has no surface markings; IBB injured. Author’s collection. Waldron, Indiana. Postero-basal view. Shows relative proportions of plates of base and lower part of rays, especially the form and size of RA as compared with the regular radials. Posterior view of similar specimen with base perfect. Author’s collection. Waldron, Indiana. Lower part of calyx of another specimen, left posterior view; showing large size of basals. Author’s collection. Waldron, Indiana. Basal view of another specimen from same collection and locality. The original of Hall’s fig. 13, plate 15, in 11th Indiana Report; a very elongate specimen of maximum size, with 5 IIBr in one ray. New York State Museum. Waldron, Indiana. Hall’s Bridgeport specimen (20th Regents Rep., pl. 11, fig. 15), having the test partly preserved; base wanting. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. From the Racine dolomite. (Bridgeport) Chicago, Ill. A perfectly characteristic specimen from the same locality, internal cast; from right posterior interradius; RA visible to left. Author’s collection. Younger specimen from same locality, with more spreading calyx and shorter plates; left posterior view, RA visible to right. Author’s collection. Perfect crown perhaps of this species, from the Rochester shales, Lockport, New York, anterior view. Author’s collection. ; Basal view, showing plates of the base and two posterior rays. Niagaran; Waldron, Racine and Rochester beds; Silurian. Waldron, Indiana, Chicago, Illinois, and Lockport, New York. Figs. 11-14. Ichthyocrinus intermedius Angelin....................... 282 The type, original of Angelin, pl. 17, fig. 7; a complete crown, flattened; from left posterior interradius, showing extra plate in left anterior ray. $3. Riks Museum. Faro (d). Lower portion of calyx, from left anterior ray. The lower plate (radial) in this ray is of normal size compared with that in other rays. X 2. The same from right posterior ray, showing the diminished size of the lower plate (radianal) compared with that of 1. ant. ray. 2. Basal view, showing relative proportion of plates of base, and first ray division. 2. Surface of II]Br, showing merely granulation, or superficial meshes of stereom, and not a true ornamentation. 12. Outline restoration to show the true contour of crown. Lateral view of a fragmentary calyx, with probable outline of crown indicated. Riks Museum. Dalhem (d). Basal view of same. X 2. Right posterior view of smaller specimen from Nas (d). 2. Riks Museum. Basal view of calyx. 2. A specimen from Dudley, England, perhaps of this species. Author’s collection. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden, unless otherwise stated. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ay = 1Ob HeliotypeCoBosion G Liljevall del. MOAN anc. KM .Ghep: ital fein Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE Figs. 1-16. Ichthyocrinus gotlandicus Wachsmuth and Springer................ 275 1a. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 22, figs. 20, 21, as J. laevis; r. post. radial view. Shows BB barely exposed at their angles; RA under r. post. ray; and 3 IIBr. X 2. Likkershamm (c). 1b. Opposite side of same. 2a. Fragmentary specimen from same locality, lateral view. 2b. Basal view of same. IBB resorbed; BB and RA confined to column facet. > 2. 3a. Specimen from Vamlingbo (d), somewhat compressed vertically; from 1. post. radius. BB invisible in side view; has 4 I1]Br in some rays. X 2. 3b. Basal view of same. IBB resorbed. X 2. 4a,b. Anterior and basal views of another specimen from same locality. IBB resorbed, and BB invisible from side. X 2. 5. Another specimen from same locality in similar condition. BB and RA confined to column facet. X 2: 6a. Very young specimen from same locality; 1. ant. radial view. 6b. Same view enlarged. X 2. 6c. Same; ornament on I]Br and IIIBr. X 3. 6d. Basal view of same, showing IBB not yet resorbed. X 2. 6e. Cross-section of base, constructed from foregoing figures; showing IBB (indicated by vertical hatching) in form of a plug entirely within the ring of BB. X 5. 7. Another small specimen from same locality, showing more rotund form of crown in younger stage. 8,9a. Mature specimens from same locality, not compressed, showing normal outline. ob. Base of oa, showing surface ornament. X 3. 1o. Specimen from same locality not compressed, with calyx narrower below. 11. Compressed specimen from same locality with rather long IBr; from r. ant. interradius. PP, 12. IIBr and IIIBr of crushed specimen, showing ornament and traces of parasites. 3. Same locality. 13. Fragment; I]Br and IIIBr, showing ornament, with imbricated margins not seen on other specimens; same locality. 2. t4a. Variety with straighter sides and longer brachials; r. ant. view. > 2. Same locality. 14b. Right posterior view of same; radianal almost covered by the column. 2. 14c. Outline restoration of same. 15a. Variety from Amundi, horizon (f), with more pyriform crown, and arms preserved ; posterior view; mentioned by Angelin on p. 13, as J. pyriformis. >< 2. Museum Geol. Survey of Sweden. 15b. Anterior view of base; has an extra plate in ant. ray. X 2. 15c. Basal view of same, BB slightly visible beyond the column; IRB resorbed. X 2 (enlargement fraction omitted on plate). 16. Fragment of similar specimen from IIBr; up, showing detail of arms to at least the sixth bifurcation, and coiling of the ultimate ray divisions. Note the great depth of the brachials dorso-ventrally. > 3. Same locality. ; Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden, unless otherwise stated. All the specimens except fig. 15 are in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. igs iss lchthyocrinusadeyonicusinssspssee re ee reereerr reece nere 290 17a. The type, anterior view; a compressed specimen, surface considerably worn, but with faint traces of ornament in some places. BB entirely covered by the column. _ Author’s collection. 17b. Opposite view showing the arms to the last bifurcation. 17c. Outline restoration, showing contour of the specimen if undistorted. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Benton County, Tennessee. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA is} ie} 5 pra Chai evall and KM G Liye ee , 3 4 Seen Se t ; i i i 2 . oe Ei ji 5 ; | : ‘| ' ; i i 1 ; ee Sia iF. IGh 1. Fic. to 6a. 6b. 6c. NI 8b. 10. Il. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXVI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-7. Ichthyocrinus corbis Winchell and Marcy.................... A typical specimen in the condition as usually found in magnesian limestone, with all plates removed by chemical action, leaving a cast (made by the substituted matrix) of the inner surface of the test, with sharp ridges or fine lines at the sutures. The lower part of the calyx is unsymmetric, being thrown out of line of vertical axis by excessive convexity at one side, and corresponding concavity opposite. Basal view, showing small RA as inferradial under r. post. ray, smaller than RR in other rays; small BB, probably not larger than column facet, and cast of space for IBB which were probably resorbed. The convexity in this specimen is at the anterior side. Basal view of similar specimen, with the convexity at the posterior side, showing that the distortion is not due to anal structures; RA very small. Left posterior radial view of a maximum specimen, perfectly rotund except for the usual distortion at the base, where the convexity is at the right anterior side. Shows the general contour of crown; the 4 IIBr; and the space for the resorbed IBB repre- sented by a plug of the infiltrating matrix. Direct view of base of same, showing outline of BB, and plug filling space for the resorbed IBB. X 3. Smaller specimen, right posterior radial view; convexity at left anterior side. Note small size of RA. Still smaller specimen, basal and right posterior interradial view; convexity at left anterior side. A very large eee with part of the plates remaining; viewed from convex side of calyx, orientation not ascertainable owing to injury of base. Shows that the sutures are externally sinuous, although straight at the inner surface as always appearing in the casts; 5 I[Br in some rays of this specimen. View of same with convexity to the left, showing the original plates above the primi-- brachs, with obscure radial ridges. Outline vertical section; to show relative thickness of plates, especially their extreme thinness in lower part of calyx wall, indicating the probable manner of distortion from weight of viscera. Composed from specimens 3 and 6; shaded lines in base represent space of resorbed IBB. Young specimen figured by S. A. Miller (Jour. Cinn. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, pl. 4, fig. 5) as the true J corbis, having the plates preserved. Figured here for comparison; its elongate calyx, straight sides, and large BB, showing clearly that it belongs to I. subangularis, and not to this species. Chicago Academy of Science. Niagaran, Racine dolomite; Silurian. From quarries at what was formerly Bridgeport, now in the City of Chicago, Illinois. Figs. 8-12. Ichthyocrinus conoideus Ringueberg...............----+.--- The type figured by Ringueberg, |. post. radial view; appears more semnally expanding than the average of numerous specimens, partly due to flattening. Basal view of same, showing small, but well developed IBB; RA under r. post. ray. Cotype used in description, slightly flattened; showing the extreme narrowness and slight spreading of calyx as usually found; the absence of radial ridges; and the BB visible only as points. Large flattened specimen, showing crown to IIIBrs, and small size of BB in side view. Outline of a rotund specimen, showing about the normal contour of crown. 12a,b. Lateral and basal views of specimen with very high brachials, and yet the usual low BB. Niagaran, Gasport limestone; Silurian. Lockport, New York. Pirate XXXVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA l4d l4c eliotypeCoBoston i KM Chapman del. i 1s 7 | Ae eA Le hee, CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 79 PAGE Figs. 13-14. Ichthyocrinus phillipsianus n. sp......................00- 284 Fic. 13a. Lateral view of mature specimen; a complete crown showing about the natural contour, and the sharp prominent radial ridges. 13b. Basal view of same, with stem removed. Shows small, but distinct, IBB; BB entirely within the column facet, and the RA also, so that it could not be seen from the side; IIBr mostly 4. 14a. Distal portion of arms, from another specimen, crushed and much broken. 14b. IIIBr from another part of same specimen, showing the raised margin of the plates. 14c. Dorso-ventral section of same, showing the raised margin to be curved, and not imbri- cated. XX 2. 14d. Dorsal view of an arm near last bifurcation, showing the extreme angularity. 2. 14e (erroneously printed as c). Lateral view of arm a little higher up, showing the great depth of brachials, and the downward curving of the “patelloid”’ processes and their sockets. XX 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Dudley, England. Fig. 15. Ichthyocrinus bohemicus (Barrande MS.).....................- 291 Fic. 15. After Waagen and Jahn, pl. 61, fig. 7. 2, Collection Barrande, Prague, Bohemia. Lower Devonian, Stage F*. Koneprus, Bohemia. IFS: io), MANA MESH) Bbc oc oogn soacdnaaseec0dus0G0000uG0G0 SOO) Fic. 16. Specimen figured by Sandberger (Versteinerungen, pl. 35, fig. 17b) as Taxocrinus rhenanus, from the Lower Devonian, near Coblentz, Germany. Internal cast, perhaps of this genus, more probably of Clidochirus. (After Sandberger.) All specimens on this plate are in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. 80 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXVII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE Bissst-0.) | ClidochizusspynumeAngelingnnn etter eee errr et 206 Fic. 1. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 22, fig. 23, slightly flattened; posterior view with missing parts of base restored in outline. Shows the large BB; large RA under r. post. ray; and the anal series with rays arching over and abutting above it. 2. Riks Museum. Wisby (c). 2. Very young specimen, uncompressed, with proximal columnals attached and surface orna- ment in perfect preservation; right posterior view. 4%. Riks Museum. - Wisby (c). 3a. A perfect crown, but little flattened, with column probably nearly complete; figured by Angelin (pl. 17, fig. 6) as Ichthyocrinus pyriformis; right posterior view. The great increase in length of the distal columnals indicates that they are near the end. X#. Riks Museum. Wisby (c). 3b. Posterior view of lower part of crown after removal from the stone, showing the com- plete anal structure of this genus. $. i aa. Fragment of IIIBr from Snackgardet (Wisby d), showing character of the ornamenta- tion. > 3 (enlargement fraction omitted on plate). Riks Museum. 4b. IIIBr from the same, further enlarged, showing the strong vertical wrinkles upon a granular background. X 8. sa. A large and nearly complete, flattened specimen, with surface markings mostly removed by weathering; anterior view. Riks Museum. Tofta (c). 5b. Posterior view of same. 5c. Basal view of calyx. 6. A worn specimen with surface markings destroyed; rays a little more angular than usual. Natural size. Author’s collection. Wisby (c). Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Rigiss 7-05 Clidochiruswamericanus malspere eerste acerca zoS Fic. 7a. A nearly complete crown, anterior view. Author’s collection. 7b. Right posterior radial view, showing small size of RA. Another specimen from same locality with nearly complete stem; right posterior inter- radial view, showing the same small RA. Author’s collection. Clinton Gr.; Silurian. Dayton, Ohio. Bigs’ o-ri. (Clidochirus) keyserensis nsssp sys aeeeeeeeee 298 Fic. 9a. Specimen with complete crown, but little flattened; posterior view, showing the deeply rounded rays, and the long anal series. Author’s collection. 9b. Basal view of same. ( 1o. Anterior view of another specimen with brachials more angular. Author’s collection. tr. Outline restoration based upon the foregoing, and another specimen with column pre- served. Author’s collection. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Keyser, West Virginia. Bigcheese Clidochirus schuchertin @halbot) meereeane secre erence 299 Fic. 12a. The type, original of Miss Talbot’s Ichthyocrinus schucherti (Am. Jour. Sci., XX, Pl. III, fig. 1) ; anterior radial view. Complete crown in nearly natural contour, with part of | column. Yale University Museum. 12b. Right posterior view of same; anal side cannot be seen in the specimen, but the very large basals deny Ichthyocrinus. 13a. A specimen from Schoharie, New York, right anterior view. Author’s collection. 13b. Right posterior view of same, showing the anal and radianal plates. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Clarksville and Schoharie, New York. Fig. 14. (?) Clidochirus greenei (S. A. Miller)........................ 300 Fic. 14. The type. Original of Plate 8, fig. 3, Adv. Sheets, 18th Rep. Geol. Surv. Indiana, as Ichthyocrinus greenei; anterior view, anal side unknown. Jefferson County, Ken- tucky; said to be Lower Carboniferous, but may be Silurian. Coll. Mr. Geo. K. Greene, now in Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. New York. PiLare XXXVI SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA eliotype Co,Boston, tf CLijevall and KM Chapman del. WaT) Tete 7 (2 ea au ea: eh Fic. Fic. Ida. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXVIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-2. Cleistocrinus humilis (Angelin).......................-- A cotype, anterior side view of calyx; original of Angelin, pl. 23, figs. 28, 28a, as Cal- piocrinus humilis, Natural size. Riks Museum. Klinteberg (f). Posterior view of same. Basal view of same after stem ossicles removed. Shows IBB completely resorbed; BB, RA and RR wholly included in the column facet; anal x not connecting with B. x 2. Interior view of same; an interbrachial plate partly formed at right of +, but not reaching to the exterior. 2. Dorsal view of the other cotype; Angelin, pl. 23, figs. 28), c; pl. 26, fig. 17. All plates below IBr concealed by the column. X 2. Riks Museum. Interior view of same; IBB and part of BB resorbed; RR meeting below anal x. > 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Figs. 3-6. Synaptocrinus nuntius (Hall).......................05 The type, original of Hall, pl. IA, fig. 12; a crushed specimen, from 1. post. interradius, showing surface ornament and lateral projection of brachials. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Erie County, New York. Basal view of same, showing IBB within ring of BB, and the large post. B. A mature specimen with stem, and arms to fourth bifurcation, somewhat flattened; from r. ant. interradius. Lateral extension of brachials continued to highest plates. Author’s collection. Bellona, New York. Posterior view of same, showing large angular post. B with no anal plate succeeding. Restoration of crown, showing the normal contour. Diagrammatic view of base, composed from this specimen and the type; to show relation of basal plates. Posterior view of a small specimen from Erie County, New York, showing angular form of post. B. 2. Columbia University, New York. Anterior view of another specimen from Erie County, New York, showing characteristic form and sculpturing of plates. Author’s collection. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. New York. PAGE Pratre XXXVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBoston GLijevall and KM .Chapraan del. L AL me ia! ) pee j i Gy ea Toe ay { Ws 4 Es eve es ony bean Lue Fic. Fic. Fic. 2a, b. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XXXIX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-7. Metichthyocrinus burlingtonensis (Hall)..................... Maximum specimen with stem and arms complete, flattened. BB showing beyond column. Perfect crown of about average size, laterally compressed; lateral and basal views. Outline restoration, showing correct proportions, if undistorted, of the pyriform crown. Basal view of somewhat larger specimen. Base of same, enlarged. 2. 4a,b. Lateral and basal views of similar specimen, with proximal columnal concealing IBB NI Ilda. rb. Itc. 1d. 12, and most of BB. Smaller specimen, lateral view. Base of same enlarged, showing IBB and large BB. X 2. Basal view of a specimen with rays removed beyond IBr; IBB and all of BB except their angular points concealed by proximal columnal. 2. Interior view of same, showing IBB and BB. Note how much smaller the inner surface of IBB than the outer in the relatively smaller specimen, 5b. X 2. Section of another specimen vertically fractured, showing the probable limits of the Legmenmea2: Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. All specimens figured are in the author’s collection. Figs. 8-18. Metichthyocrinus clarkensis (Miller and Gurley).................. The type; from near Henryville, Clark County, Indiana. University of Chicago. Lateral view of a perfect crown, somewhat compressed. Author’s collection. Knobs south of Louisville, Kentucky. Opposite side of same, showing a few sporadic interbrachial plates; note also the imbri- cation at the sutures. Outline restoration of same as it would appear if undistorted, showing the pyriform shape. Complete nearly rotund crown, with part of stem attached. Author’s collection. White’s Creek, Tennessee. Base and lower part of a calyx from a knob south of Louisville, Kentucky; dorsal view, showing IBB and BB, the latter visible as small points beyond the column facet. Ventral view, showing inner surface of same plates. Note their diminished size at the interior. Basal and infrabasal plates of same, exterior view; showing small axial opening. X 3. Interior view of same; showing diminished size of the plates, and the funnel-shaped tri- lobate rim of the axial opening toward the interior. X 3. Vertical section through axial opening of another specimen from the same locality, show- ing relative proportions of IBB and BB, and two columnals below them filling the facet. > 2. 13a,b. Exterior and interior views of another specimen from same locality. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19a. 19b. 10¢. Specimen from Button Mould Knob, Kentucky; basal view. BB visible beyond the column facet. Base of specimen from White’s Creek with BB visible as small points beyond the column facet. Smaller specimen from the same locality; BB much larger. Distal face of IBr, showing articular marking. X 2. Distal face of two IIBr, showing articular marking. 2. New Providence shales; Lower Carboniferous. Indiana, Kentucky and Tennessee. Figs. 19-21. Metichthyocrinus tiaraeformis (Troost) Hall.................. The type; a perfect, undistorted crown of maximum size, showing the true form and proportions; lateral view. Troost collection; U. S. National Museum. White’s Creek, Tennessee. Basal view of same; showing BB entirely hidden within column facet. Distal view of same; showing full length of infolded arms, not branching beyond IIIBr. 20a,b, Lateral and basal views of a smaller specimen from same locality. BB entirely within 21. column facet. Base of a large specimen from same locality; BB entirely within column facet. New Providence shales; Lower Carboniferous. Tennessee. All specimens except those of figures 8 and 19 are in the author’s collection. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCo Boston KM Ghapraan dei. Fa oe bee Tica ang? fa 86 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XL (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) hee P Higshst-3unMUnyOCrinusMbarrisipneispeemere rece ctieeeeciccrnacer 316 Fic. ta. Calyx with two rays preserved to the axillary, showing 2 and 3 IBr, and a single small iBr, right anterior view; specimen water-worn and angles somewhat rounded. Author’s collection. Alpena, Michigan. 1b. Anterior view of same. ‘ 1c. Posterior view of same, showing anal plates. 1d. Basal view, with IBB entirely within column facet. ie. Cross sectional diagram of base, showing relation of the plates; IBB within ring of BB, entirely covered by the column. X 3. : 2a. Calyx of smaller specimen, with 3 IBr all around, right anterior view. The sharp, angular back of the rays well preserved. Same locality and collection. 2b,c. Left posterior and basal views of same. 3. A more mature specimen somewhat flattened, with arms and stem, right anterior view; shows an increase of iBr due to greater age. Author’s collection. New Buffalo, Iowa. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Iowa and Michigan. Bigs: 4) 5.) Hunyocrinussconcayus) bhillipseaseerereeeeeeeceeeceene 317 Fic. aa. The principal type specimen, original of Phillips, pl. 4, fig. 15; being a crown minus arms. Basal view, showing anal series, and the very narrow iBr; IBB almost entirely resorbed. Two of the BB are concealed by a fragment of upper stem ossicle, giving an appearance of only 4 BB. British Museum, No. E6984. 4b. Interior view of same specimen, showing remnants of IBB at left side, which are con- cealed by the columnal in the exterior view. : 5. Cotype; original of Phillips, fig. 14, a specimen with rays broken off at IIBr2 Basal view, showing the narrow iBr, and space for a wider anal series of plates, which are lost. British Museum, No. E6983. Lower Carboniferous. Yorkshire, England. Figs. 6a-c. Euryocrinus tennesseensis n. sp..............-..-+--e-+++ 318 Fic. 6a. The type; a much flattened crown, right anterior view. Author’s collection. 6b. Left posterior view of same. 6c. Basal view, showing BB almost covered by column. New Providence shales; Lower Carboniferous. White’s Creek, Tennessee. Figs. 7a,b. Euryocrinus rofei Bather and Gregory (MS.).............-...-- 319 Fic. 7a. Posterior view of type; a specimen with rays preserved only to first axillary. British Museum, No. E7423. 7b. Basal view of same, showing the large BB, and iBr plates, with IBB partly resorbed. Lower Carboniferous. Clitheroe, England. Higa 8) (2) Eunyocrinus)eranulosus (@ehillips) aeseeeeeee eee eee SLO Fic. 8. Basal view of the type and only known specimen; a fragment with only the base and radial plates preserved; IBB not resorbed. British Museum, No. E6982. Lower Carboniferous. Yorkshire, England. Pirate XL SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBoston aprean del. KM.Gh CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA 87 Figs. 9-11. Amphicrinus scoticus n. Sp..........-..0 eee cece eee 338 Fic. 9a. A mature specimen, vertically crushed. Posterior view, showing rays to about IIIBr:, and the single anal series. British Museum, No. E7422. Roscobie, England. gb. Basal view of same; IBB entirely resorbed, and axial opening cutting the faces of BB in radial position. Shows the single anal and double interbrachial series, with large column facet covering BB and part of RR. Space for first anal plate vacant. oc. Distal view of same, showing character of the arms. to. Another mature specimen from same locality, with only part of crown preserved; IBB only partly resorbed. Drawn with left anterior interradius at top. British Museum, No. E 640. 11a. A nearly complete crown, showing the closely abutting arms; from right anterior inter- radius. Collection Robert Dunlap. Lesmahagow, Scotland. 11b. Base of same, showing RR partly covered by column; anal plate broken out. Hurlet limestone; top of Lower Carboniferous. Scotland. 88 Fic. Fic. Fic. 5 Fic. Ta. Té. 4a. 4b. 6b. 6c. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) Rissa 1-200 Dactylocrinussoligoptlusm @eacht) rere rice nee The principal type specimen, left posterior view; after Pacht, pl. 1, fig. 1. Shows the anal structures, equal ray divisions and small ramules on every third or fourth Br. Loca- tion of specimen unknown. Costijetsi,-bank of river Schelon. Base of same, showing concavity with some proximal columnals attached, entirely covering IBB. Diagram of calyx; after Pacht. Cross-section of base, showing depth of concavity, and position of IBB and BB; after Pacht, pl. 1, fig. 2, slightly corrected. 3. Central opening at inner floor of base; from Pacht’s fig. 2, showing IBB, and triangular funnel leading to axial opening. X . An axillary IBr, from a smaller cotype, to show surface ornament. <2. Same locality. Upper Devonian. Pskow, Russia. Figs. 3-4. Dactylocrinus beyrichi (Dewalque in Fraipont)..................- The type, anterior view; after Fraipont. Ray divisions equal; the figure erroneously represents a ramule on every brachial. University of Liege. Larger specimen from same locality, left anterior view. Shows the arm structure in detail, with ramules from every second brachial; and the sharply concave base with a few tapering columnals resting in it. Author’s collection. Posterior view of same, showing anal structures. Upper Devonian. Senzielles, Belgium. Figs. 5-6. Dactylocrinus excavatus (Schultze)...... The type, original of Sclfultze, pl. 7, fig. 2; anterior view. Has no interbrachials. Mus. Comp. Zool. Kerpen, Germany. Posterior view of same, showing post B and some small anal plates; ramules at intervals of 3 or 4; no iBr. Basal view of same, showing deep cavity, involving part of RR. It is 12 mm. deep from level of the curved edge. Diagrammatic cross-section, to show the depth of basal cavity, with IBB at level of I1Br2; and the relative position of BB and RR. X 5. Specimen with interbrachials; type of Schultze’s var. interscapularis, pl. 7, fig. 3; r. post. interradial view. Mus. Comp. Zool. Steinfeld, Eifel, Germany. Posterior view of same. Basal view of same, showing deep cavity. Middle Devonian. Eifel Mountains, Germany. Figs. 7-9. Dactylocrinus concavus (Rowley)........-....++.0+-0-:es The principal type specimen, original of Rowley’s Aristocrinus concavus; r. post. interradial view; showing large iBr, smaller size of inner ramus, and ramules at intervals of about 3. Coll. Prof. R. R. Rowley. / Posterior view of same, showing arrangement of anal plates. Basal view, showing broadly rounded cavity, with IBB hidden by columnals; axial canal radial. 8a,b,c. Anterior, posterior and basal views of smaller cotype; a much younger specimen, 0. with ramules less developed. Coll. Prof. R. R. Rowley. Mature specimen with all anal plates intact; posterior view. Author’s collection. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Calloway County, Missouri. . 308 Prate XL] SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Ke) ica) aa, >. , i. HeliotypeCoBoston KM Ghepraan del. CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Hicsw Os Dactylocrinismalpenamnensp:eereee seis ceiiticoeeecniene Fic. toa. A flattened water-worn crown, with base broken off below radials; anterior view. Shows large ramules at intervals of about 4, and strong lateral buttresses on brachials. Author’s collection. 10). Posterior view of same, showing narrow post. B, and space for anal plates—enlarged by distortion of the rays. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Alpena, Michigan. Fig. 11. Dactylocrinus tardus (Hall) Fic. 11. Type of Hall's Forbestocrinus lobatus var. tardus; posterior view. Shows post. B and space for anal plates; sharp basal cavity filled by tapering columnals; large ramules at intervals of 6 or 7. New York State Museum, Albany. Waverly Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Richfield, Ohio. 89 PAGE 5 Bue go wd mS 6b. 8a. 8b. 8c. 8d. 8e. Sf. 8g. 8h. 8i. 8k, Ll. 8m. 8n. 80. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) Figs. 1-9. Synerocrinus incurvus (Trautschold)....................0.. (Also on Plate LXXV) One of the types, Trautschold, 1867, taf. 4, fig. 4; also 1879, taf. 14, fig. 11; posterior view. After Trautschold’s photograph of the original. Natural size. Mineralogical Museum, Breslau, Germany. Cotype, 1867, fig. 5; smaller specimen, posterior view. After Trautschold. Same collection. Basal view of same; after Trautschold. Shows IBB entirely covered by column. A very mature specimen, anterior view; some calyx plates restored as indicated by dotted lines; ant. ray slightly malformed. This specimen shows the strong development of iBr, extending not only to the third bifurcation but between the bases of ramules and the main trunks of the rays. Author’s collection. Adult specimen, left anterior view, showing iBr only to the second bifurcation; base of 1. post. ray restored. Author’s collection. Basal view of same, showing relative size of BB and IBB; drawn with 1. ant. ray up. IBB entirely within the ring of BB. : Smaller specimen, posterior view; a small iBr between II] Br. Shows the truncate post. B, and space occupied by first anal plate. Author’s collection. Ventral side of VIIBr of same specimen, showing perisome and the grooves covered by it. x 2. Young specimen with iBr extending only to IIBr; 1. post. view; plates of anal tube in situ; first anal plate united to IBr at the right. Author’s collection. Distal view of same, showing infolded arms nearly to the end. Sketch of anal structures, showing the limits of sutural union of first anal plate, perisome omitted; constructed from original of figs. 5, 6, 8. A dissected specimen with oral plates and tegmen partly preserved. Shows the posterior oral; calcareous integument; articular and sutural surfaces of calyx plates with deep fossae on many. Right posterior interradial view of calyx, and proximal part of stem, with r. post. and r. ant. rays removed; showing articulations on distal faces of BB and lateral faces of ant. R and IBr, and post. B; also the sutural connection of first anal plate with post. B and lower half of 1. post. R. xX 2. Author’s collection. Right sutural margin of r. post. R and IBr. X 2. Distal articular face of r. post. IBr:1, showing thickening toward the anal area where first anal plate was attached. X 2. Left sutural margin of r. ant. R and IBr; and2. 2. Distal face of r. ant. [Bre (axillary) and adjoining iBr. X 2. Left sutural margin of IIBr: and:. XX 2. Proximal face of 1. post. iBr, second range. X 2. Lateral face of iBr in second range. X 2. Distal face of IVBr. 2. _ Proximal and distal faces of VIBrs. 2. Ventral side of IVBr, showing calcareous integument. 2. Ventral view of calyx of same specimen, with r. post. and r. ant. plates replaced. Shows the large posterior oral perforated like a madrepore, and two smaller ones; and the space occupied by first anal plate, with sutural connection as shown in fig. 8a, and also for nearly full length of r. post. IBn. 2. Detail of posterior oral, photographically enlarged to show the pores. 8. Distal portion of arms of a mature specimen much more flattened than in others; perhaps a different species. Author’s collection. Kalkbruche. Upper part of Lower Carboniferous. All the specimens are from a single locality near Moscow, Russia, associated with Cromyocrinus, Eupachyocrinus, Phialocrinus, Stemmatocrinus, etc. The fauna is comparable to that of the Kaskaskia in America, and to that of the Hurlet lime- stone in Scotland. PAGE 335 SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXUBILIA re. Bosten, C, rae i ioty Hel .M Chapraan del. K : ay nee Me ee mG Sallie Teas, i ie vi : af (Saat it ie Q2 Fic. ta. Fic. Ila. 11d. 12. 13a. 13b. 14. 15. 16. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLIII (All figures on this plate are natural size) Figs. 1-10. Wachsmuthicrinus thiemei (Hall)....................... The type; a very perfect mature specimen, slightly flattened; has arms interlocking for several plates above RR, ramule on about every 5th to 3rd brachial; rays strongly angular. BB visible beyond column. Mus. Comp. Zool. Basal view of same, showing non-differentiation of BB. Similar specimen, with rays interlocking above RR. Basal view of same; BB visible as small points beyond-the column. Basal view of large specimen, with regular iBr resting on shoulders of RR, and two of them touching BB. Lateral view of two smaller specimens having iBr. Basal views of smaller specimens with iBr; showing BB larger and about equal all around, and IBB within the column facet. Medium specimen similar to the type, with nearly complete stem, and no iBr. Young specimen with stem, having iBr, and unusually long intervals between ramules. Diagrammatic cross-section of base; showing IBB with slight flange extending a short dis- tance under BB, but not to edge of column facet. This is the greatest extension of IBB found in the family Ichthyocrinidae. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Figs. 11-16. Wachsmuthicrinus spinosulus (Miller and Gurley)............... The type; a very mature and well-marked specimen, much flattened. Has nodes and transverse ridges strongly developed ; arms interlocking to above JIBr; ramules about every third Br. Large stem, covering BB and IBB. University of Chicago. Outline restoration, showing normal contour of crown. Base of similar specimen, with spiniferous nodes on RR. BB entirely concealed by column, Very young specimen, with relatively broad base and large RR; but basals nevertheless hidden by column. Opposite view, showing arms infolding at IIIBr. Mature flattened specimen from Lincoln County, Kentucky, with only obscure nodes. Note the interlocking of Br to above second bifurcation. Flattened specimen, with arms diverging on first brachial above axillaries; large ramules at long intervals. Smaller specimen, showing tendency to similar divergence of rays. New Providence shales (Knobstone) ; Lower Carboniferous. Clark County, Indi- ana; Bullit and Lincoln counties, Kentucky. All specimens figured on this plate, except the two types, are in the author’s col- lection. PAGE + 329 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA *' (i ey) al a ae OS OE eg ~ Ne \ u h i ial ib ooston LiotypeC Hel del KM.Ghapraan ‘i ae iw 94 Fic. Ia. Fic. 6. Fic. 8. Fic. ga. gb. Qc. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLIV (All figures on this plate except 9c are natural size) Figs. 1-5. Wachsmuthicrinus spinifer (Hall)........................ A nearly perfect mature specimen with stem attached. Has large iBr and illBr; spines on axillary IBr; ramules, after first two or three, on every second brachial. Original of Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Ill, V, pl. 4, fig. 1. Mus. Comp. Zool. Basal view of same, showing IBB entirely within ring of non-differentiated BB. Broken specimen, with part of rays well preserved, showing extreme size of spine on axillary IBr. Author’s collection. Very young specimen, with iBr and large spines. Author’s collection. Base of broken specimen from Lake Valley, New Mexico; one ray showing axillary spine. Author’s collection. Isolated axillary plates, from Kinderhook beds at Fern Glen, Missouri, showing existence of a similar species there. Author’s collection. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa, except as otherwise stated. Figs. 6-7. Wachsmuthicrinus bernhardinae n. sp...............-...---- A very mature specimen, with numerous iBr and illBr passing into perisome; very small spines on axillaries; ramules mostly on every second brachial. Author’s collection. Lateral view of isolated base and RR of another specimen; showing normal shape of RR and the deep patelloid sockets. Author’s collection. ® Basal view of same, showing proportions of BB and RR; IBB covered by top colummnal. Interior view, showing IBB; the semi-circular marks represent indentations on the inner surface, rather fainter than the drawing shows. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Fig. 8. Wachsmuthicrinus iowensis n. sp..............---...--+-.-- Oblique basal view of crushed specimen; showing very large first iBr, and widely diver- gent rays. Author’s collection. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Fig. 9. Wachsmuthicrinus ponderosus n. sp......---...-2-. +e esse eens A large specimen perhaps of this genus; with lower part of crown broken away. British Museum, No. 75696. Outline of plates of opposite side, from impressions of suture lines on the internal cast. Detail of surface marking on unworn part of a higher brachial. Lower Carboniferous. Sedbury, England. 333 SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype CoBoston KM.Chapraan Edith Ricker and A.H. Searles, del carts it 96 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) ine Fig, r. Protaxocrinus| elegans (Billings). ....°..5...-.:.2.--0-4- 5-6 346 Fic. 1. The type, original of Billings, Decade IV, pl. 4, fig. 4a; a flattened specimen, from anterior side. Shows stem with slightly alternating columnals; angularity of lower brachials; and peculiar flattening of distal ends of arms in upper part. Mus. Geological Survey of Canada. Trenton limestone; Ordovician. Ottawa, Canada. Figs. 2-7. Protaxocrinus laevis (Billings)...................-. e000: 348 Fic. 2. The type, original of Decade IV, pl. 4, fig. 3a; anterior view. Mus. Geological Survey of Canada. ; 3a. Specimen from Ottawa with fewer interbrachials, anterior view; has mostly 4 IIBr (3 in one ray). Author’s collection. 3b. Posterior side of same much distorted, showing large plates of the anal series resting in a socket on post. B. 4a,b. Anterior and enlarged posterior view of a fine specimen from Kirkfield, Ontario, showing the anal structures perfectly. It has mostly 5 IJBr (4 in 2 rays), and rather the proportions of P. elegans; but the arms are smoothly rounded. RA in form of a radial under r. post. ray; anal series resting in socket on right shoulder of post. B. Fig. 4b, & 2. Author’s collection. sa,b. Small specimen from Ottawa, with 3 to 4 IIBr, showing anal plates; anterior and posterior views. 2. Geological Survey of Canada. 6a,b. Similar specimen from Kirkfield, with 4 and 5 IIBr. 2. Author’s collection. 7. Anterior view of characteristic specimen from Ottawa, with stem attached. Author’s collection. Trenton limestone; Ordovician. Canada. Fig. 8. Protaxocrinus girardeau n. sp........-.......-22+-+2++++-- 349 Fic. 8. A specimen from near Thebes, Southern Illinois, of Richmond age; Silurian. A recur- rent form scarcely distinguishable from the Trenton species. Author’s collection. Figs. 9-11., Protaxocrinus robustus n. sp...........+-. cee ee cree eres 349 Fic. ga. The principal type specimen, from anterior radius. Author’s collection. gb. Posterior view of same; showing very large anal plate not attached at either side, and heavy arms, two of which do not branch so far as seen. 2. 1oa,b; 11. Anterior and posterior views, and anterior view, respectively, of two other speci- mens from same locality; showing presence of 3 IIBr, correlating with the short robust crown of this species. Author’s collection. Brownsport limestone; Niagaran. Decatur County, Tennessee. Fig. 12. Protaxocrinus virginiensis n. sp..........---2e++ ee eeeeeeeee 350 Fic. 12. Posterior view of the only specimen; having a very wide anal area, 3 I]Br, with much slenderer and more tapering arms than the last species. Author’s collection. Helderbergian; Devonian. Keyser, West Virginia. Pirate XLV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA y Nie RUT |) ep Ny \). maith, oany Heliotype Co Boston, CLiljevall and KM .Chaproan del. Fic. 12a. 13D. 13¢. 13d. 13e. 14a. 14b. 15. 16. CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Figs. 13-16. Protaxocrinus interbrachiatus (Angelin)..................... One of the type specimens, original of Angelin, pl. 20, fig. 9, and partly of 10; 1. post. inter- radial view. 2. Riks Museum. : Follingbo. Anterior view of lower part, showing interbrachial structures. X 3. : Posterior view of same; showing RA under r. post. ray, anal series rising from right shoulder of post. B, united for some distance to r. post. ray, and bordered by perisome on the left. X 3. Intersecundibrachs of.r. ant. ray. X 3. IVBr, showing ornamentation of the arms. 3. A fine specimen from Follingbo, in part original of Angelin, pl. 20, 10, posterior view; ' showing posterior rays and anal structures characteristic of the genus. 2 [Br, and RA in primitive position. Note the angular buttresses at lateral face of brachials as far up as can be seen, in this and the next three figures; these apparent angularities do not indicate that solid plates interlocked with them, for the perisome is actually seen occupying the space next to them, and attached at their inner margin; this is well shown in fig. 16. 2. Riks Museum. Interbrachials at first and second axils of r. post. ray. X 3. Broken specimen from Follingbo, showing plates of primary and secondary iBr areas, and how the perisome following the single iBr is attached to the inner margin of the brachials; coiled distal ends of arms seen at upper part. 4. Riks Museum. The same iBr structures in another fragment from same locality. > 4. Riks Museum. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLVI Figs. 1-7. Protaxocrinus salteri (Angelin)...................-..000 ta. The type specimen, original of Angelin, pl. 23, figs. 1, 1a; from r. ant. interradius ; showing less angularity than in the preceding species of lateral faces of brachials; 3 IIBr. Xie Faro (d). 1b. Posterior view of lower portion, showing post. B, and beginning of anal series. X#. za. Another specimen from Faro (d), from r. post. radius; has 4 IIBr in half of one ray. x}. 2b. Opposite view of same. 2c. First interbrachial area, showing plates and perisome. 3. 2d. Intersecundibrach area. X 3. 2e. IVBr, ornamented with small nodes. X 3. 3a. Abnormal specimen from Djeywick (c), posterior view. One IBr lacking in r. post. ray; but there are 4 I]Br in the ray, and the small plate next to BB represents the RA. Type of Taxocrinus distensus Angelin, pl. 26, figs. 7, 74. X#. 3b. Basal view of same. X 3. 4. Abnormal specimen from Follingbo (f), from 1. post. radius, in which it has but one IBr, compensated by an additional IIBr in each ramus of that ray. X 2. sa,b. Type of Taxocrinus tubuliferus Angelin, pl. 20, figs. 11, 12; posterior and basal views; a very young specimen probably of this species. X 3. Endre (d). 6a,b. Type of Taxocrinus austini Angelin, pl. 10, figs. 11, 11a, from Wisby (d). A very immature, much distorted specimen, wholly without diagnostic characters for specific description; perhaps of this species; anterior and posterior views. XX 3. 6c,d. The same views of this specimen as restored by Mr. Liljevall. 3 (enlargement frac- tion omitted on plate). 7. Specimen from Follingbo (f), perhaps a variant of this species, with 4 IIBr in the two ray divisions visible; r. post. view. XX 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. Figs. 8-11. Protaxocrinus ovalis (Angelin)................. 000-00: 8a. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 20, fig. 13, anterior view. Has 3-5 IIBr, but rather broad brachials without ornamentation, and lateral faces without prominent but- tresses. X 2. Follingbo (f). 8b. Posterior view of same, showing anal series but little attached at right side. XX 3. oa. Broken specimen from Follingbo (f), from r. ant. radius; 4 and 5 IJIBr, and iBr with perisome following. X 2. ° 9b. Lower part of same. 4. 1oa,b. R. ant. and posterior views of very young specimen from Sigdes (d), perhaps of this species. X 3. 11. Abnormal specimen from Follingbo (f) lacking one IBr in r. post. ray. RA distinguish- able by its small size. 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. eS Os Prate XLVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBoston GLijevall del. eige TOO Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLVII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) Figs. 1-6. Gnorimocrinus expansus (Angelin).............. 1. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 20, fig. 16; posterior view, showing rhombic radianal, and large anal tube resting in socket at right shoulder of post. B. X 3. 2a. Similar specimen, anterior view. X 2. 2b. Same from posterior side. X 3. 2c. Anal structures of same seen from the side, showing small plates of perisome bordering the tube. X 3. 3a. Another specimen from r. ant. interradius. X 2. 3b. Detail of r. ant. interradius, showing perisome. X 4. 4a. The largest specimen, from 1. ant. interradius. 2. 4b. Detail of r. post. interradius, showing perisome. X 4. 5. Specimen with abnormal anal side; very small RA, and tube-plates partly connected with Rat left side. X 2. 6. Basal view of abnormal specimen, with RA pentagonal and within ring of BB. X 2. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden, Follingbo (f). All specimens in Riks Museum, Stockholm. Migsa7-12) .Gnorimocrinusicirrifersnss paren aeereceecore 7. Mature specimen somewhat flattened, with nearly complete stem, and remnants of several whorls of cirri; anterior view. 8. Similar specimen; posterior view, showing anal tube. 9,10. Posterior and basal views of two small specimens. Fig. 9, X 2. Fig. 10, X 3. 11. Small specimen, with complete stem and branched root; 1. post. view. 12. Youngest specimen, with stem complete. 2. Brownsport limestone; Niagaran. Decatur County, Tennessee. All specimens in author’s collection. Figs. 13-17. Gnorimocrinus varians n. sp...............-.- 13a. Right anterior view of adult injured specimen; showing perisome in iBr areas, and 2 IIBr. 13b. Posterior view of same, showing anal tube. 14a,b. Posterior and basal views of crushed specimen, showing anal tube and strong perisome attached to its right side; 2 and 3 IIBr. 15. Anterior view of large specimen with 3 IIBr. 16. Small specimen, with very large RR. 17. Anterior view of small specimen with stem. Brownsport limestone; Niagaran. Decatur County, Tennessee. All the specimens are in the author’s collections. Fig. 18. (?) Eutaxocrinus perplexus n. sp................. 18a. Anterior view of type, an abnormal specimen; slightly flattened crown, with arms beyond the fourth bifurcation; iBr touching BB. Author’s collection. 18b. Right posterior view of same, showing the very large anal tube having some lateral con- nection with adjoining radials; r. post. ray malformed, producing a plate resembling RA, which is probably sporadic. Middle Devonian. Verviers, Belgium. ++ 355 TXT) W AAV II PLATE SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Ny rite) = ai ah Boston wets iy Helio moar Gel. and K.M Ghap Ajevall GLi 102 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLVIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE igs, 1-4) »Hutaxocrinussoblongatus(@Angelin) heen eerie cere 359 Fic. ra. The type, original of Angelin, pl. 20, fig. 17; a flattened crown with arms complete, having unequal bifurcations almost to the point of heterotomy; from 1. post. interradius. X 2. Faro (d). 1b. The same fromr. ant. radius; showing ilIBr. X 2. tc. Posterior view of same; anal series from right shoulder of post. B closely fitting to rays from effect of lateral pressure. X 2. 1d. Interbrachial plate in 1. ant. interradius. 2. 2a. Type of Taxocrinus rigens, Angelin, pl. 18, figs. 7, 8; a crushed specimen; posterior view, showing anal series free at left side. 3. Wisby (d). zb. Lateral view of base, showing space between IBB. xX 3. 3a. Fragment from Wisby (d), laterally compressed, showing post. B with anal series resting on its right shoulder. X 2. 3b. Basal view of same; showing notched free space at edges of IBB. X 2. 4. Fragment of small crushed specimen from Wisby (d), r. post. view; showing anal series partly detached from rays by pressure. X 3. Wenlock Gr.; Silurian. Gotland, Sweden. All specimens in the Riks Museum, Stockholm. Kigs: 5-10) Hutaxocrinus) rhenanus) (Roemer) pease eee ee 360 Fic. 5a. Roemer’s figure of the type, after Roemer, pl. 2, fig. 1; restored in distal portion of arms (see fig. 6) ; shows 4 IIBr and heavy arms. Slightly enlarged. 5b,c,d,e. Columnals and brachials in the order indicated; to show crenulations and tuber- cular surface ornament. 2. 6. Cast of the type; from the original natural mould in University of Bonn. 7, A smaller specimen from a similar natural mould; shows an irregular small iBr in one area. Author’s collection. 8. A specimen figured by Sandberger; copied from Verstein. Nassau, pl. 35, fig. 17a. g. Another specimen with stem, after Sandberger, pl. 35, fig. 17. Probably near natural size. 10. Copy of Sandberger’s text figure, p. 393, of another specimen under this name, but clearly not of this species. Lower Devonian. Coblentz, Germany. Rigcumicr2s eHutaxocrinuss sturtziin @Hollmann)/senAeneeeeeeeee eters 361 Fic. 11. Copy of the type figure, after Follmann, pl. 1, fig. 3; showing narrowness and great length of arms; calyx plates disarranged. University of Bonn. 12. A specimen in the author’s collection, with plates in good order. Hunsriicker slates; Lower Devonian. Bundenbach, Germany. Prate XLVI SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype Co.Boston, evall and KM Chapraan del. OLY hte oe end ae ik .] Hae 4) Aan ih He 1O4 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE XLIX PAGE Figs. 1-7. BEutaxocrinus whiteavesi m. sp...- 02.0020. seer essere G00 Fic. ta. Posterior view of type, flattened; showing lower part of anal tube displaced and pushed against r. post. ray; 3 I[Br. Author’s collection. 1b. Lower part of same, enlarged; showing form of posterior basal, and the flange-like curved edges of brachial plates. IBB not visible in side view. X 2. 2. A cotype, a well preserved specimen, considerably flattened; showing the arms complete, and flanged margins of brachials. Author’s collection. 3. Posterior view of smaller cotype, having remnants of anal structures. >< 2. Author’s collection. 4. Flattened specimen with column attached, and 4 I]Br; another cotype. U. S. National Museum. sa. Anterior view of abnormal specimen, in the University of Toronto. 5b. Anal side of lower part, showing irregular plates at either side of posterior basal. X 2. 6. Abnormal specimen, with one [Br in 1. post. ray, and none in r. post. ray—the bifurcation being directly on the radial. The base is apparently undivided. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 7a. Abnormal specimen with only 4 rays; view from |. post. ray, which has only two IBr. Shows well the peculiar turning up of the margins of brachial plates. Author’s collection. 7b. View from 1. ant. interradius, with 2 [Br to the right. 2. 7c. Posterior view, showing wide post. B with anal plates following, and 3 plates to the right of them which are all that is left of the right posterior ray. 2. 7d. Base, showing IBB in situ, within limits of column facet. X 2. 7e. Diagram of calyx, showing distribution of plates; 5 basals, mostly abnormal in shape; three rays with 1 IBr each, and one with 2. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Thedford, Canada. Fig. 8. Eutaxocrinus gracilis (Meek and Worthen)...................... 307 Figs. 8, 8b. Opposite views of the type and only known specimen; abnormal and much injured. University of Illinois. ; Hamilton Gr. Jackson County, Illinois. EigsaQ-105) Hutaxocrinus atinicn @Vinller) areeeeeee cree ener reoe 362 Fic. ga. The type, after Miller, Abhandl., 1857, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2; anterior view. Museum Anat. u. Min. Berlin. gb. Posterior view of same. toa. Original of Schultze, pl. 4, figs. 2a, b, a somewhat flattened and vertically compressed specimen; anterior view, showing the large, thick iBr, broad rays, and 4 IIBr. IBB visible below BB. Mus. Comp. Zool. 10b. Posterior view of same, after additional cleaning; showing more long anal tube-plates than appear in Schultze’s figure. toc. Basal view of same, showing the stout iBr plates. Middle Devonian. Kerpen, Eifel, Germany. Figs. 11-12. Eutaxocrinus juglandiformis (Schultze)..................... 363 Fic. 1a. One of the types, original of Schultze, pl. 4, figs. 4, 4a; anterior view; a very rotund specimen, somewhat crushed vertically. An arm fragment of some other crinoid is lodged in iBr area. Mus. Comp. Zool. 11b. Posterior view of same; r. post. ray broken away, and the remains of a broad anal tube with very short plates are seen toward the left. t1c. Basal view of same, showing IBB slightly smaller than basal ring but not enclosed within it. No iBr; perisome visible in one interradius. Anterior side up. 12. Cotype, original of Schultze, pl. 4, fig. 4b; r. post. radial and partly basal view. Shows large BB; numerous small perisome plates in 3 interradii; and the large anal tube in place to the left, resembling an arm. Author’s collection. Middle Devonian. Gerolstein, Eifel, Germany. higeigs es Hutaxocrnusieikelensissn sp see eeeeeere eee 308 Fic. 13. Lateral view of type; a complete crown with long stem. Author’s collection. Middle Devonian. Pelm, Eifel, Germany. Pirate XLIX SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ~~ SUUBUOUBESE CERES Tourere beset ret) HeliotypeCoBoston KM Ghapman dél. a 100 FIG. I. Fics. 2. Fic. 6. Fic. 10. Fic. 11. Fic. 20. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IPL NAME, IL, (All figures on this plate are natural size) PAGE Figs. 1, 3. Eutaxocrinus ithacensis (Williams)........................ 307 The principal type specimen; a mature, flattened crown with nearly complete stem, and root encrusting upon a large Spirifer; anterior view. This root was separated from the stem in collecting, but they were found together, along with a number of other stems of this species, and the root undoubtedly belongs either to this specimen, or to another one close beside it in the colony. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Younger specimen; irregular in having a single IBr in one ray. Author’s collection. Portage Gr.; Upper Devonian. Ithaca, New York. Figs. 2, 4, 5. Eutaxocrinus alpha (Williams)........................ 368 Supposed types of Taxocrinus ithacensis var. alpha Williams, in Cornell University Museum; 2 is anterior view; 4 is left posterior, and shows the posterior basal. The specimens are in form of natural moulds. Ithaca, New York. A very young specimen with stem nearly complete; showing juvenile character in the elongate, barrel-shaped distal columnals; natural mould. New York State Museum, Albany. Avoca, New York. Chemung Gr.; Upper Devonian. New York. Figs) 6-0; — Butaxocrinus) curtus) @Walliains) hee ence 369 The type; cast from a natural mould, as preserved in Cornell University Museum; arms with very slender branches distally. It is a young specimen, with but two or three thin columnals next to the calyx; the apparent prongs toward the distal end do not belong to this stem. Ithaca, New York. Another young specimen, perhaps of this species, with alternating columnals next to calyx. Same locality. Author’s collection. Mature individual with well-developed stem, somewhat flattened distally ; cast from natural mould. New York State Museum, Albany. Avoca, New York. Crown of similar specimen in same collection, posterior view; anal area compressed, and tube plates clinging to r. post. ray. Same locality. Chemung Gr.; Upper Devonian. New York. Bigs 105) (2) sHutaxocninissamplusisp seer eeece rr cece eee sO The type; cast from a natural mould. University of Chicago. Chemung Gr.; Upper Devonian. Binghamton, New York. Figs. 11-19. Eutaxocrinus fletcheri (Worthen).....................0.. 371 Worthen’s type; a rather small specimen somewhat injured. University of Illinois. A mature, slightly compressed crown, original of W. and Sp., Geol. Surv. Ill, VIII, pl. 15, fig. 6; with nearly complete stem, unshaded part being restored from another speci- men. Anterior view; showing iBr in 3 axils. Author’s collection. Another mature crown, slightly flattened; posterior view, showing anal tube passing into perisome. Author’s collection. Mature crown, with almost natural contour; r. post. radial view, showing same structures as last, also iBr, illBr, and ilIIBr. Author’s collection. Large flattened crown, |. post. view; showing perisome at right of anal tube, and form of post. B. Author’s collection. Smaller crown, flattened; r. ant. view, showing iBr plates. Author’s collection. Anterior view of smaller flattened specimen, with one primary iBr, and none in the higher axils. Author’s collection. Base of another specimen; showing IBB in place, nearly equal in size. Author’s col- lection. Another base, with IBB removed, showing the space occupied by them, and the size of their inner surface. Author’s collection. Kinderhook Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. LeGrand, Iowa. Fig: 20. Eutaxocrinus| montanensis n. sp..........-....----+--s--+. 372 Posterior view of specimen from nearly equivalent strata near Elder, Montana. U. S. National Museum. Pratre L SPRINGER; CRETODEA. FLEXIRILIA me Perr Tee LeSEneLEE Gy yay Sun Sas mm, N\ i Tanna aL Heliotype Co.Bostan, AM .Ghapraan del. K om ah se) 2 ee ‘eee wit af mite i islet aul EA) ‘ ree adel ae, i pe ms) B os fall te PS: [SH WoT eee i - 108 IDs te 4a. 4b. Fic. 5a. 5b. Sc. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) Figs. 1-4. Taxocrinus macrodactylus (Phillips)...... Fe OSAP ete ee The principal type specimen. After Phillips, Pal. Foss. Cornwall, pl. 15, fig. 41e. Base broken, but 3 [Br plainly shown. Pilton, England. The original of fig. 1, in its present condition; Museum of Practical Geology, London. “The only remaining specimen of Phillips’s types known, natural size” (Whid- borne). After Whidborne, Devonian Fauna, pl. 33, fig. 2. Another of the types, smaller specimen. After Phillips, pl. 15, fig. 41b. Evidently drawn from a natural mould in the rock. Specimen from Pilton; stem and base drawn from a natural mould in the rock. After Whidborne, pl. 33, fig. 4. Museum of Practical Geology, London. Wax cast of proximal part of stem and calyx of same specimen, restored above the radials. After Whidborne, pl. 33, fig. 4a. 2 (erroneously noted X 3 on the plate). Pilton beds, Devonian. England. Fig. 5. Taxocrinus stultus Whidborne...................-..-+-.+- The type, posterior view. Drawing from a natural mould in the rock; showing stem not enlarging at calyx. After Whidborne, pl. 34, fig. 2. 2. Porter collection, Pilton, England. Further enlargement of same view of calyx, from a wax cast, showing anal structures. After Whidborne. X 3. Anterior view of same, from wax cast. After Whidborne. 3. Pilton beds, Devonian. Pilton, England. 385 Prare LI SPRINGER : CRINODEA *F LEXIBILIA ‘ Th f OREN OAAeh.. ae vempier a type Co.Basten, Heliot KM Ghaproan del. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-4. Taxocrinus communis (Hall)........................... 1, The type, antero-lateral view; a flattened specimen, showing the rounded calyx, presence of iBr plates, and stem not enlarging at calyx but farther down. New York State Museum, Albany. 2, Left posterior view of smaller specimen; showing in side view the position of the first anal plate. Same collection. 3. Young specimen showing immature characters of stem, with less swelling on receding from calyx. Same collection. 4. A nearly complete specimen, slightly flattened. Shows in full the proximal contraction of the stem, followed by enlargement receding from the calyx (as indicated in the type), and subsequent diminution distally; also the unusual lengthening of the columnals in the swollen part, and at intervals below. Author’s collection. Cuyahoga shales; Lower Carboniferous. Richfield, Ohio. Fig. 5. Taxocrinus kelloggi (Hall)...............---.+--++--0 sa. The type, considerably flattened; anterior view. Showing the usual stem of the genus; wide iBr spaces; and nodes on the axillary brachials. New York State Museum, Albany. 5b. Left posterior view of same. 5c. Sketch of posterior basal, and anal structures. Cuyahoga shales; Lower Carboniferous. Richfield, Ohio. Fig. 6. Taxocrinus interscapularis Hall........................... 6. The type; showing the narrow calyx and rapidly tapering arms. The base is broken off. University of Illinois. New Buffalo, Iowa. . Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Towa. igsy 7 os ebaxocrinus; tellenuna sp sear eee sneer nae va. A nearly perfect crown; anterior view. Coll. Mr. E. E. Teller. 7b. Posterior view of same, showing anal plates. 8a. Abnormal specimen with seven rays; found associated with the last, perhaps a young individual of the same species; anterior view. In this specimen the entire base, both IBB and BB, is fused into a solid disk; the primibrachs are mostly 2; there are 6 per- fect radials, and the seventh is vertically divided; 6 rays bifurcate, and the seventh remains single. 2. Mr. Teller’s collection. &b, c. Posterior and basal views of same. X 2. 8d. Diagram of plates to first axillary. x 2. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Higs) O-10) Maxocrinuslobatusm ¢elall) peseeeee eee eee eee erre g. The type, anterior view. The specimen is poorly preserved, is much injured, and does not show the characters distinctly. In three visible rays it has but 2 IBr. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Canandaigua Lake, New York. 10. Posterior view of a fine specimen from the same locality, showing the perisome and other characters in great perfection. N. Y. State Museum, Albany. 11a. Another specimen from the same locality in author’s collection, anterior view. 11b. Posterior view of same; structures obscured by a gasteropod. © Since the figures and descriptions for this work were printed I have received from Miss Winifred Goldring, of the New York State Museum, a sketch of a fine column belonging to this species, preserved to a length of 20 cm., which will be figured in the forthcoming monograph of the Devonian crinoids of New York, now in preparation by the State Museum. This column has the usual proximal enlargement typical for the genus, but is remarkable for the regularly spaced enlarged nodals at intervals of about 8 columnals ; these become less prominent distally until all become substantially equal. No enlargement below the proximal cone. Hamilton Gr.; Middle Devonian. New York. 388 386 Prate Lil SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotype CoBoston KM .Chapman del. I1I2 Fie. Ida. 1b. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LIII (All figures, except 1b, are natural size) Figs. 1-6. Taxocrinus intermedius Wachsmuth and Springer................. Type specimen, figured with the first published description in 1888; posterior view, show- ing form of post. B, the anal tube rising from a socket at its right shoulder, and folds in the perisome at the side of the tube. The specimen is not flattened, and shows the natural contour of the calyx. Ventral view of the same, enlarged. Shows the tegmen in place; the five orals in their natural position, with calcified ambulacra entering between them and converging to an open mouth. X 2. 5 This is the famous specimen which first gave the clue to the tegminal structure of the Flexibilia; and is the only one ever found with the orals and ambulacra in their normal position and not sunken into the visceral cavity. The original figure has been copied many times. Another of the original types, a large flattened specimen; anterior view, showing the inter- brachials to the third order and perisome following their distal margin. Abnormal in having 2 IBr inmost of the rays. Posterior view of same; showing the exact form of posterior basal, the anal series rising from it, and the perisome leading to the tegmen. Basal view of same with stem removed; showing IBB extending beyond the column facet, nearly equal in size. Another type figured in 1888, flattened; r. post. view of complete crown. Shows distal margin of iBr, and connecting perisome following its curvature and rising high along the rays; the broad IBr, 3 IIBr, and rapidly diminishing size of the arms, with their coiled distal ends above the tegmen. Owing to pressure the 1. post. R has been pushed against the anal plates, giving an unnatural appearance, and the upper part of the tube is turned edgewise, appearing narrower than it really is. The fine specimen figured in 1890, Vol. VIII, Geol. Survey, Illinois, accompanying the description first prepared ; somewhat flattened. Left posterior view; showing the rays in full, the anal tube to nearly its full extent, and the other characters of the species. University of Chicago. 5,6. Smaller specimens found associated with the above; fig. 6 has 2 IBr. Kinderhook Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. LeGrand, Iowa. All specimens figured on this plate, except that of fig. 4, in author’s collection. SPRINGER: CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA KM Chapraan del. Prate LIll Heliotype Co Boston, tees ei th 114. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LIV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) oe iow Me Laxocrinussnopilisue Gahullips) meeemeeere reece cee ae 304 Fic. 1a. The type, left posterior view. Drawn from a plaster cast of the original specimen in the Gilbertson collection in the British Museum, made after additional cleaning to bring out characters of the base and anal side not shown in Phillips’s figures. 1b. Direct view of anal area, showing form of posterior basal. «x % 1c. Detail of the base, showing BB, and very small IBB. x3. Mountain limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Yorkshire, England. icky: haxochinussbeloicusiniEsD sss nee nec rn eet eeritee Pn00 SO Fic. 2a. A nearly complete crown, anterior view. > 2. Author’s collection. 2b. Posterior view; showing post. B, with first plate of the anal tube in situ. X 2. Tournai Stage, Lower Carboniferous. Tournai, Belgium. Imes, Gol, Wap ohs jens Cele) os scanccccovesbovcccseodcnD 302 Fic. 3. The type, lateral view. Mus. Comp. Zool. 4, 5,6,7,8,9. A series of specimens showing the usual habitus of the species, and the varia- tions in IJBr and IBr—fig. 9 having but 2 of the latter. Author’s collection. 10. A large specimen from the same beds apparently of this species, showing strong develop- ment of interbrachials, which are few in the condition as usually found. Author’s collection. 11a,b. Two views of a specimen with calyx distorted by a piece of a large stem pushed into it (11b), giving an entirely different form and proportions from the normal. Author’s collection. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. The, WAG, ATES CNAME IM, Gihogocoucovcansoovcavnsuoosccs 303 Fic. 12a. The type; a complete crown, anterior view; showing the full length of some arms, coiled to the extremity. Author’s collection. 12b. Left posterior view of same; showing the peculiar ornamentation, pustulose in lower part and passing into longitudinal ridges in upper. 12c. Detail of surface of IBr, showing pustules. X 3. 12d. Surface of IIIBr, with pustules replaced by ridges. X 3. 13. Fragment of arms of another specimen, showing same kind of ornament. Author's collection. Lower Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Figs. 14-18. Taxocrinus ramulosus (Hall)....................4....- 305 Fic, 14. A very mature specimen, with iBr profusely developed; anterior view. 15. Posterior view of a finely preserved specimen, showing the anal and interbrachial structures. 16. Lateral view of specimen with stem attached. 17,18. Smaller specimens associated with the foregoing. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Specimens in author’s collection. Figs. 19-20. Taxocrinus pustulosus n. sp..............0.0e0-0 eee eee 391 Fic. 19a. The arms from IAx up of a well-marked species characteristic of this horizon, of which the calyx has not been found; showing the strong pustulose ornamentation. Author’s collection. 19b. Opposite side of same, showing articulating surfaces of brachials. tg9c. Proximal surface of IBr from same, showing it to be of the Tarocrinus form. <2} 20a. Fragment of arms of another specimen, showing same ornament. Author’s collection. 20b. Detail of higher brachial, showing pustules. > 3. New Providence shales (Knobstone) ; Lower Carboniferous. Clark County, In- diana, and Button Mould Knob, Kentucky. Prats LIV SPRINGER : CRINODEA FLEXIBILIA rif " Ve -@ Ny tg, {ib 2a 10 !2c 2b I ye Co, Boston t U Helig KM .Ghapraan del. \ py i ‘ ) 2) Nally 4 116 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LV (All figures natural size) PAGE Figs. I-10. Taxocrinus ungula Miller and Gurley....................... 307 Fic. 1. The type, showing the characteristic claw-like aspect of the rays; posterior view. Uni- versity of Chicago. 2,3, 4. A series of perfect, mature crowns, all more or less flattened, posterior view; showing the prominent and claw-like rays, anal and iBr structures, and the uniformly 3 IIBr. 5. Anterior view of a similar specimen, with stem attached; showing the arrangement of iBr plates to the third order, and the stem characters. Infolding distal ends of arms shown above iBr. 6. A large crown, with less conspicuous change in the arms above the IIIBr. 7. A more elongate variation of the species; it has 4 I]Br in two rami not shown in the figure. -8a,b,9a. Characteristic young specimens, but little flattened, from the same colony as the preceding; showing small development of iBr; fig. 8 has 2 or 3, and fig. 9 only 1. 9b. R. ant. interradius, showing only 1 plate. 10. Young specimen with more elongate habitus than the others, having 4 IIBr in the anterior ray. ir. A very young specimen of Tavrocrinus colletti, witheno iBr at all, showing the contrast in contour with T. ungula, even at this young stage. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Indian Creek, Indiana. All specimens figured on this plate, except that of fig. 1, are in the author’s collection. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA HeliotypeCoBosian KM Ghapman del. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LVI Hiossa-10) Laxocrinus)collettiWihitesarne eter ere e rrr (Also on Plates XXI, LVII) (All specimens more or less flattened) 1. The type specimen, anterior view; having normal number of IBr in three visible rays, with variation of 3 and 4 IIBr; and showing abrupt contraction of stem below the tapering enlargement. After White, but corrected by inserting a vertical suture line above the salient angle of the axillary IBr in anterior ray; the original figure is care- lessly drawn. Whereabouts of specimen unknown. 2a. A perfect, mature crown, with 3 and 4 IIBr, posterior view. Shows pustulose ornament ; base of anal tube and remnants of perisome to the right; inner margin of rays facing it rounded and without sutural attachment. 2b. The surface ornament, enlarged. 2. 3a,b. Complete mature specimen, with stem and root preserved to the extremity, and some cirri attached toward distal end. It shows perfectly the abrupt change in the column near the calyx, and the beaded markings below, which are characteristic of the species ; it has 3,4 and 5 I1Br. 4,5a. Medium sized specimens with iew iBr; fig. 5 with nearly complete stem, having the pitted appearance due to more or less closely studded peripheral beads upon the edge of the columnals. 5b. Detail of stem on last specimen at the point of contraction, indicating 10 or 12 beads in the circumference, and showing the beginning of alternating columnals at that point. X 2. 6. Young individual, with only 1 iBr, and part of stem showing distinct whorl of beads or apparent pits between them; |. post. view. 7a,b. Anterior and posterior views of young specimen, b showing anal tube. 8. Young specimen with stem exceptionally without pitting, showing alternation of columnals below the contraction. 9,10. Young specimens from Indian Creek; figure to with no iBr, and stem about com- plete, showing the great elongation of columnals characteristic of the young stage. 11a,b,c. Recuperated specimen from Crawfordsville, with a relatively small crown upon a large stem. The crown was broken off during life, leaving only infrabasals and one basal, all parts above these being restored by a new growth; producing an irregular crown, with 3 new, very unequal BB, and 4 RR, two of which are axillary, thus giving 6 rays. a. R. ant. view, showing old basal, with distal faces still exposed. 2. b. L. post. view, showing large new basal. 2. c. Diagram, showing form and arrangement of plates; infrabasals and original basal are shaded. Keokuk Group, Lower Carboniferous. Crawfordsville, Indiana, unless otherwise stated. All specimens figured on this plate, except fig. 1, are in the author’s collection. LVI TE PLE SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Heliotyge Co Boston K.M.Chapraan del. aXe is iit i sa Leeks Pid cies fay gh cee 7 I20 Fic. 3a. 30. 6a. 6b. 6c. 7a, b 8a. 8b. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PAE eval (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) igs) 1-10. Laxocrinusmcollettim vy ihites enter ee reece eerie (Also on Plates XXI, LVI) (All specimens more or less flattened ) Very mature, perfect crown with stem, having stem markings and arcuate sutures finely preserved; left anterior view. Similar specimen showing distinct stem ossicles studded with beads; posterior view, with anal tube, and marginal perisomic plates at right side. Mature crown, anterior view; with surface well preserved, showing pustulate ornament, and plated perisome intact above distal margin of iBr plates. The surface markings, enlarged. X 2. Specimen with less perfect surface, posterior view; showing form of post. B and adjacent plates free from anal tube. Mature specimen, posterior view; with 1. post. ray removed, showing lateral sutural face of iBr adjoining it; also exposing left side of posterior basal, with lower plates of anal tube resting in socket half way down the plate, and marginal perisome at the right. Similar specimen, dissected by removal of 1. post. ray and part of right, showing remnants of tegmen underneath. The post. B with base of tube resting in its socket, and articu- lating margin of iBr to the left, are well shown. The removed parts are shown in accompanying figures. X 2. Part of r. post. ray of same specimen, ventral view, from axillary IBr upward; to show especially the longitudinal depression along the margin of brachials for attachment of perisome, commencing about the first secundibrach, or at the level of the last iBr. X 2. L. post. ray of same, lateral and ventral view. Shows left lateral articulating face of IBrs meeting the iBr exposed in fig. 6a; also longitudinal parallel grooves upon inner suface of plates passing to a more prominent median groove in the free arms; distal part somewhat displaced in the specimen, and brought into line here. X 2. Radial and two IBr from fig. 6c, showing opposite, or right lateral, face next to anal interradius. Note the total absence of sutural attachment. 2. Proximal face of radial from same. X 2. Distal face of IBr2, detached from same. X 2. ,¢, da,e,f,g,h. Detached brachials from similar specimen; to show their form and propor- tions in different parts of ray ;— 7a, IBri, proximal view; b, IBrz, distal; c, IBrs, proximal; d, IIIBr just above axil- lary, distal; e, f, g, h, higher II1Br, various proximal and distal views. All x 2. Calyx and lower brachials of a specimen entirely free from matrix inside and out; ventral side, with tegmen and arms broken off; showing especially the rounded crescentic distal margin of iBr, curving to meet the rays, and also the rounded margins of both posterior rays. Posterior view of same. Shows post. B and socket for support of anal tube, and the rounded right lateral margin of 1. post. ray, with total absence of sutural surface. A weathered specimen, with surface removed in some parts by erosion. Shows perfectly straight sutures between brachials in those parts, while corresponding sutures in the unaltered parts are sinuous (the so-called “ patelloid plates”)—proving that the arcuate suture pertains only to the surface. toa, b,c. A malformed specimen having 6 rays, and only 4 basals. The rays are irregular, and not all perfectly formed; and the basals are very unequal. a. Anterior view. X 2. b. Posterior view. X 2. c. Diagram showing form and arrangement of plates. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Figs. 1 and 2 from Indian Creek, the others from Crawfordsville, Indiana. All specimens in the author’s collection. PAGE 308 Prate LVI SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA it it CoBost Heliolype KM Ghaproan del. [22 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LVIII (All figures natural size) Higsy 1-94) Lhaxocrinus praestansinsspeaeeeeeee ieee ei Fics.1,2. Two mature crowns, more or less flattened, with enlarged proximal part of stem attached; anterior and left lateral views. Shows the 4 II1Br; profuse development of iBr plates and their characteristic arrangement, with crescentic distal margin; the tongue-like salient angles of BB; and the stem without any sudden contraction. Indian Creek, Indiana. 3. Posterior view of similar specimen, with most of anal series broken away; tube evidently merged in strong perisome. Same locality. 4. A very large, much flattened specimen, with BB more angular; from equivalent beds at Canton, Washington County, Indiana. 5.6,7. A series of young specimens, all flattened, with two, one, or no iBr plates; found associated with those of figures I, 2, 3. Fig. 5 has two iBr in r. post. interradius concealed by crushing; fig. 6, has three iBr in some areas. Indian Creek, Indiana. &a,b. Anterior and posterior views of a young specimen from the same beds and locality, with stem slightly constricted, and an extra bifurcation in r. post. ray. Perhaps T. colletti. Indian Creek, Indiana. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Indiana. All specimens in the author’s collection. PAGE 404 Pirate LY] SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Rae S Co Boston, Heliotype KM Chapman del. ' a iy ‘ ie a we . i ‘ i 1 t . af } a — : z 4c), thd gi iy Nik = f Kp Fic. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LIX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) igs) T-12l8 Raxocrinus ciddingei (Ela) ener seein t cient 1. The type, posterior view. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Boonville, Missouri. 2,3. Posterior view of specimens with the anal side well preserved; showing how the median series is bordered by rather strong, well-formed plates, resembling those of For- besiocrinus, yet originates on an indentation at the right shoulder of posterior basal as in Tarxocrinus. 4. Posterior view of another specimen with the anal series more distinctly of the Taxocrinus type. 5,6, 7,8,9. Anterior and lateral views of specimens showing the profuse development of inter- brachial plates; and how, instead of rising to an apex filling the area, they have a - crescentic distal margin connecting with perisome, and rising at the sides to meet the rays. Note especially figs. 5, 6 and 8 for this. 10. Enlarged anterior view of another specimen, to show the perisomic integument of small plates following the interbrachials. 2. Type of S. A. Miller’s “ Forbesiocrinus elegantulus.” A specimen from Canton, Indiana, perhaps of this species. Warsaw or Upper Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Boonville, Missouri, except as otherwise stated. = H = nb Figs. 13-16, 19. Taxocrinus shumardianus (Hall)..................0.-+: 13. The type, a rather large, flattened specimen showing iBr touching BB; anterior view. University of Illinois. St. Louis, Missouri. 14a. A very mature specimen from the original locality at St. Louis; dorso-ventral view. Shows the taper of the arms to the fourth bifurcation, the exact disposition of the interbrachial plates and how they connect by a broad truncation with the basals. 14b. Ventral side of same, completely freed from matrix except enough to hold the arms in place. It shows remnants of the tegmen, fallen to the bottom of the visceral cavity; the oral plates somewhat displaced, and not all equally exposed; one indistinct ambula- crum seen passing in between the orals; the distal margin of the posterior basal and the small anal tube following it, as well as the rounded margins of the posterior rays adjoining the anal area. j This figure and the last are drawn reversed from left to right, and certain arms lettered a, a‘, etc., for comparison; those at e, e' are distended and folded abruptly backward upon themselves to the dorsal side, while those at a, a', b, b’, etc., are retracted and folded inward ventrally. 15. Anterior view of specimen from same locality. 16. Basal view of small specimen. from same locality, showing iBr connecting with all BB by definite sutures; r. ant. interradius at the top. Drawn slightly expanded to show relation of all BB. 19. Lateral view of small specimen from Waterloo, Illinois. St. Louis Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Missouri and Illinois. igisiet7-25.eNaxocrinusihuntsvallae mals Dser ene ee reer eeeecrecrere 17a. Posterior view of small specimen, showing anal tube and bordering perisome. Huntsville, Alabama. 17b. Stem of this specimen detached, showing IBB fused to top columnal. X 2. 18. Posterior view of another specimen from same locality. 20. Anterior and lateral views of similar specimen from same locality; showing the iBr con- necting with BB in varying degrees. 21. Small specimen from same locality with stem nearly complete, showing the distal lengthen- ing of the alternate columnals; iBr in one area does not connect with B. 22. Small specimen from same locality in which none of the iBr connect with BB. 23, 24,25. Specimens from the higher Kaskaskia beds at the same locality. In these and several others from this horizon, but not in all, the iBr do not connect with BB. Lower part of Kaskaskia Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Huntsville, Alabama. All specimens figured on this plate, except those of figs. 1 and 13, are in the author’s collection. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA otypeCoBosion Li He aprean del. Gh KM . Pe ls yale : bas ase Bia ya + vs , 7 & Poe We Eire Gl ake aes ts ih E . Sais be ery: erate i ee Te ine Faaii: eikcaned ARETE 722 ae Ahitel on Ui csi Sa, eat} bhke Sexi a vi : ee ak 2 Bj any Psuelk a BY ieee ; ay solute TAT fu ay ay Se i bes! Naadhives', ae aty 6005) sat | i a m Dols t conieak tee hphoipn Depa me Me. i bot Ue Nie Maa Ae 7 B ark | i tay SMITE MeVey Atte ID he fort? Nae Sp WLy Pigkasecoua't fa pes ee Sayan Sree vit at aatiaoiiy TA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LX (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs i-ti 9 laxocrinus whitteldi = (elall) pase eee reeere ee eretee Fic. 1. Basal view of type; showing the large iBr and small anal tube; 2 IIBr all around. Fic. University of Illinois. Chester, Illinois. A very mature, rotund crown, basal view; drawn with anal side to the right. Anal tube, and weak perisome in posterior interradius in contrast with the solid iBr to the height of IIBr in other areas; some iBr touch BB. Pulaski County, Kentucky. 3a. Right anterior interradial view of a similar specimen from same locality. 3b. Basal view of same; iBr do not connect with BB; 2 IIBr all around. 3c. Distal view of same, showing the short, infolding arms. 3d. Outline of posterior radius, showing the division series, or intervals between axillaries. -R-+ 2 IBr occurs in this ray only; 2 IIBr only in inner rami. 4. Posterior view of similar specimen from same locality; showing anal area with tube bordered by perisome, but no solid plates; and the limit of iBr. 5. Large specimen with stem, anterior view; showing distal margin of iBr with perisome fol- lowing; 2 II]Br to inner rami. Same locality. : 6 (erroneously printed 6d). A laterally flattened specimen, showing structure and proportions of stem. Has 2 IIBr; 2 III]Br on inner rami; and exceptionally but 2 [Br (only 5 out of 34 specimens have 21Br). Same locality. iN) 7. A flattened specimen with normal IBr, r. post. view. Grayson Springs, Kentucky. 8. Basal view of smaller specimen, showing same structure as fig. 3; iBr connects with BB in one area. Pulaski County, Kentucky. ca. Young specimen, flattened; has 2 IBr; some iBr touch BB. Same locality. ob. Right posterior view of same. Ioa. Very young individual in the stage of Wetherby’s “ Forbesiocrinus” parvus; posterior view. Same locality. tob. Right posterior view of same, enlarged. X 2. 11. Type of Hall’s “ Forbesiocrinus” cestriensis, laterally compressed. University of Illinois. Chester, Illinois. Upper part of Kaskaskia Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Illinois and Kentucky. Fig. 12. Amphicrinus carbonarius n. sp.............2 000 eeeeeeeeeee 12a. A crushed specimen, with calyx plates displaced so that their arrangement cannot be definitely ascertained. It is the latest known occurrence of the Flexibilia in America, and the general facies of the specimen points clearly to an affinity with the form from an approximately equivalent horizon in Scotland, illustrated on Plate XL, figs. 9-11. 12b. Distal part of arms of the same. Pennsylvanian (Lower Coal Measures). Girard, Kansas. All specimens in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. PAGE . 408 Prare LX SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ton HetiotypeCoBos Ghaprnan del. KM Fic. Id. 1d. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LxI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-16. Parichthyocrinus nobilis (Wachsmuth and Springer)............... The type, distorted and imperfect as to base and anal side, being all that was known when the species was described; antero-lateral view. Shows rays from first bifurcation up, and the maximum number of iBr known in this species at the exterior. The same from radial view to the right. iBr plates in one interradius numbered for comparison with next figure; only three visible at the exterior. Inner surface of plates of the interradius marked in fig. 1b; showing the 3 iBr which appeared on the outside, here much larger in area, and 4 more which did not come through. Proximal face of plates shown in 1c, showing wedge form of iBr; the plate alongside of No. 1 narrowing to a point before reaching exterior of calyx wall. 2a,b,c,d. Dorsal, ventral, right and left lateral views of a fragment of 1. post. ray of same specimen, containing R, three I1Br, and one IIBr, being the plates next to the anal area; numbered for comparison; I1—R. They show the totally different form of these plates at the exterior and interior, and their singular modification by proximity of anal structures, from which some of the brachials are crowded entirely away; e.g. in this set No. 3 does not reach the inner surface, while No. 1, the radial, is enormously enlarged, and extended inward next to the anal area. The right margin (2c) is perfectly rounded, showing the complete absence of any sutural attachment to anal plates. 3a,b,c,d. Dorsal, ventral, distal and lateral views of another detached fragment from same rob. Il. 15. 16. specimen, having parts of 2 rays, and accompanying iBr. The 8 iBr that are visible at the exterior (3a) are numbered; 6 more besides these are well developed at the interior (3b); 3c and 3d show how those that do not come through are wedged in between the brachials, sometimes two deep, tapering to fine points or edges, while the brachials taper oppositely to fit them. This specimen explains the essential nature of interbrachials as supplementary plates, developed at the inner side of the test to fill up spaces between the rays and their divisions, as the growth of the visceral mass caused expansion of the calyx. Distal face of axillary IIBr, from same specimen. X 2. Proximal and distal faces of IJIBrs. 2. Proximal and distal faces of IVBrs. 2. Proximal face of VBr. X 2. These specimens show the gradual development of an ambulacral furrow, from none at all in the lower brachials, to a distinct groove with space for side pieces, toward the distal region. A remarkably perfect, mature specimen, somewhat flattened; anterior view, showing the close interlocking of the rays above the iBr areas. Posterior view of same; showing the small anal tube, not suturally connected with adja- cent rays, and how the posterior rays close above it. Basal view of another specimen, anal side to the left. Shows form of post. B, with anal series rising from a socket probably below its distal margin; and the rounded margins of posterior rays, not adapted to sutural attachment—a perfect Taxocrinoid. anal side. Note the small size of r. post. radial. Posterior view of a similar specimen, somewhat crowded, so that 1. post. R partly overlaps post. B, concealing the shoulder to left of tube plates. Anterior view of a mature specimen, showing maximum development of iBr. Less mature specimen, with part of stem, posterior view; showing post. B (partly covered by 1. post. R), the anal structures, and the much reduced r. post. R. Note the peculiar narrowing of one or more [Br toward the anal area, sometimes to a knife-edge, not reaching margin of the ray at all,—a feature common to this genus, resulting from the curvature of the posterior rays over the anal area. Young specimen with only one interbrachial. Still younger specimen, in which interbrachials have not been developed. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. All specimens are in the author’s collection. T LL PLATE SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ee HeliotypeCoBoston 7 de. ¥.M.Ghapraan. sriustoaini gia ¥ ye c Fic. Fic. ie 2a. 2b. 8b. 9. 10. at, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXIlI Bigs, 1-3) Parichthyocrinus) meeki (@Elall) eye rerteeteiteeir The type, after additional cleaning; showing form of anal area, not seen in Hall’s figure. University of Illinois. Warsaw, Illinois. A magnificent, mature, and almost perfectly rotund specimen, found by the late Lisbon A. Cox, at Nashville, Iowa; anterior view, with proximal part of stem attached, showing the relative shortness and great breadth of the crown. Author’s collection. Basal view of same with stem removed. Shows IBB entirely covered by the stem, but themselves overlapping BB; the greatly enlarged post. B, and the anal series follow- ing; the rounded margins bordering the anal area; and the maximum number of interbrachials for the species. A less mature, almost rotund, specimen from same locality, with stem nearly complete, antero-lateral view; iBr much fewer than in preceding. Author’s collection. Base of Keokuk limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Iowa and Illinois. Figs. 4-17. Parichthyocrinus subovatus (Miller and Gurley) (Also on Plates XXI; LXIII) The type, lateral view, University of Chicago. Near Salem, Indiana. A mature specimen, slightly flattened; from anterior radius, showing maximum number of interbrachials. Indian Creek, Indiana. Right posterior view of same, showing anal area. Distal view of same, showing closely infolding arms. Another mature flattened specimen from same colony, anterior view. Posterior view of similar specimen from same colony; lower part of anal area narrowed by pressure. Basal view of less mature specimen, vertically compressed, showing all the rays and anal structures in perfect condition; IBB smaller than column facet, but not within ring of BB. Note reduced size of r. post. radial as compared with that of Forbesiocrinus from the same beds, Pl. XXVIII. Distal view of same, showing close abutting of arms. A mature specimen with most of stem attached, same locality and colony. R. post. view of specimen with IBB visible as low ring below column; a, the anal area. Posterior view of similar specimen. 12, 13, 14,15,16,17. A series of successively younger specimens from the same colony as the seven preceding, showing the diminishing number of interbrachials. Upper part of Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Indiana. All except the type are from Indian Creek, Montgomery County. All specimens except that of fig. 4 are in the author’s collection. PAGE . 414 Prate LXIL SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA = HeliotypeCoBaston KM Chapraan del. 132 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXIII (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. 1-4. Parichthyocrinus subovatus (Miller and Gurley) cont................. (Also on Plates XXI; LXII) Fic. 1,2. Mature and young specimens from same locality as those on preceding plate, with stems complete, showing: the presence of cirri irregularly toward the root. Author’s collection. 3a,b. Left anterior and basal views of a specimen from the same locality and associated with the foregoing, having sporadically the anal structure somewhat similar to that of Euryocrinus. Author’s collection. 3c. Anal plates of same, showing perisome in upper part. 4. Base of a free calyx, showing relation of IBB to adjoining plates in many representative specimens. 2. Author’s collection. Upper part of Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Indian Creek, Indiana. Figs. 5-6. Parichthyocrinus crawfordsvillensis (Miller and Gurley)............. Fic. 5. The type; posterior view not figured by the authors; showing modification of anal struc- tures in the direction of Forbesiocrinus. A very mature individual, with strong devel- opment of interbrachials, and the base considerably distorted. From the Crawfords- ville crinoid bed, a different horizon from the preceding. University of Chicago. 6. Less mature specimen from same beds at Crawfordsville; lateral view, showing same characters as the last specimen, together with complete stem and distal cirri. Author’s collection. Keokuk Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Crawfordsville, Indiana. © . 416 Prare LX SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ay sun ny Sw.) shbiepbie e. =. by Heliotype Co.Bosten, Chapman del. KM Ris he oi) Corraeeah my INC, Tip 12. 13. 14. Fic. 15a. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXIV (All figures natural size) Figs. 1-10. Onychocrinus asteriaeformis (Hall)...................... One of the type specimens, anterior view; showing division of the rays into two main trunks, or rami, with ramules branching only to the outside of the dichotom. Author's collection. Dorsal view of cotype, with three complete rays preserved. A very mature individual, with the rami joined by suture for five ranges of plates above the axillary. Mus. Comp. Zool. A finely preserved, mature specimen with part of stem attached, and anal tube in place; posterior view; rami joined for four ranges of brachials. Author’s collection. Lateral view of specimen with infrabasals separated from basals and fused to the top columnal; ramules branching. Author’s collection. Right posterior view of a specimen with completely developed interbrachials. Author’s collection. Crushed specimen, showing form of posterior basal. Author’s collection. Basal view of specimen with infrabasals in position. Author’s collection. Specimen showing curved distal margin of interbrachials. Specimen with rami connected for a less distance than in the preceding. Author’s collection. Young specimen with rami free from the axillary up, and but a single interbrachial plate. Author’s collection. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. Figs. 11-14. (?) Onychocrinus polydactylus (M’Coy)..................00+ M’Coy’s figure of type: Carb. Foss. Ireland, pl. 26, fig. 7. This is a composite figure, partly restored. See fig. 12. The principal type specimens from which the foregoing figure was drawn, presumably belonging to the same individual; here placed in their probable relative positions, and the missing plates drawn in outline. Science and Art Museum, Dublin. Ballintrillick, Bundoran; county Donegal, Ireland. Cotype not figured by M’Coy; fragment with base and a ray having R-+5 IBr, the last not axillary; showing that there may have been six primibrachs. Same collection. County Sligo, Ireland. Phillips’s igure of “ Poteriocrinus” egertoni; Geol. Yorkshire, II, pl. 3, fig. 39; probably a young individual of this species, and the figure probably incorrect at ends of rays, the pointed appearance of which being due to incomplete removal of the matrix in preparation. Said to be from Enniskillen, Ireland. The.type specimen cannot be found either at London or Dublin. Mountain limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Ireland. TKS UG, 9 CHAPMOGSINIE) BDicocccucaocoudocn0c0 se da0cd0 000000 Fragment of ramus with bilateral branching of ramules, dorsal view. From the Knob- stone, base of Lower Carboniferous, Kentucky; showing the occurrence of the genus at that horizon. Author’s collection. 15b. Side view of same. 439 Prate LXIV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA jotype CoBoston Hel K.M Chapraan del. o eee ives a men cae prams hoes: ee ae Fic. I. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXV (All figures natural size) Figs. 1-7. Onychocrinus diversus Meek and Worthen.................... (Also on Plate LX VII) The principal type specimen, with one complete ray, and three others partly preserved; dorsal view. Main rami with ramules branching alternately in clusters; joined for four ranges of brachials. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cotype in same collection, after additional cleaning; ventral view showing infolding of distal ends of ramules. The posterior oral and displaced fragments of ambulacra are preserved, but the remainder of the tegmen is destroyed. Dorsal view of a mature specimen, with rays extended so as to show the exact mode of branching of ramules. Terminal rami of r. post. ray partly restored from another specimen; r. ant. ray abnormal and probably recuperated. Author’s collection. Posterior view of another specimen with rays not extended, showing the posterior basal, and origin of anal tube. Author’s collection. Young specimen, horizontally extended, with rami joined only to the second range above axillary; dorsal view. Some ramules partly restored in outline from another specimen. Author’s collection. - : A still younger specimen, with stem attached; has rami united only to first range above axillary. Author’s collection. Proximal part of stem of a very mature specimen, showing strong curvature of nodal columnals. Author’s collection. Upper Burlington limestone; Lower Carboniferous. Burlington, Iowa. SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Pirate LXV KM Chaproan del. Heliotype Co Boston, 128 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXVI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated ) Figs. 1-10. Onychocrinus ulrichi Miller and Gurley...................... (Also on Plates XXI, LX VII and LXVIII) Fic. 1. The type, after additional cleaning; posterior view. It shows the relatively shorter and heavier rami than in the last species, and a more mature developmental stage, with strong interbrachials between the rami. University of Chicago. Indian Creek, Indiana. 2. A remarkably perfect specimen from Indian Creek; posterior view. Shows the strong anal tube rising from the outer side of posterior basal, and the perisome connected with it extending far up the rays. Note that the tube, originating on the right side of the posterior basal, first leans to the left impinging upon the left posterior radial, in which by contact and motion of the flexible calyx it produces a vertical groove (see text-fig. 8) ; this does not occur in all specimens. Compare Pl. LX VIII, figs. 1, 4, 5, to show the amount of expansion of which this calyx is capable. 3. Anterior view of a similar specimen from same locality, showing extent of interbrachial structures and their crescentic margin, rising high up along the rays. Author’s collection. 4. Similar specimen from same locality and collection, with stem attached (only part of it is drawn). 4a. Diagram of a ramus from same specimen, showing the diminishing size of clusters distally. 5, 6,7, 8a,b. A series of successively younger specimens down to fig. 8, which has but one inter- brachial and the rami joined by only a part of one pair of brachials. Author’s collection. . Indian Creek, Indiana. 6a. Diagram of a ramus from fig. 6, showing the small development of clusters of ramules in young individuals. 9. Type of Miller and Gurley’s O. cantonensis, from near Canton, Indiana; representing a young form of this species or of O. diversus. University of Chicago. Exact horizon uncertain, possibly Burlington. 1o. A specimen with more slender rays than those from Indian Creek, from equivalent beds in Washington County, Indiana. Author’s collection. Keokuk Group; Lower Carboniferous. Indiana. Pirate LXV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA SK ) 4 ic) Q Lond 3 iS) n dij} Tay mss m)\ KM.Chapman del. HeliotypeCoBoston 150 Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXXxIlI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) Figs. I-12. Onychocrinus ramulosus (Lyon and Casseday)................... £ 1. The principal type specimen used in the original description; anterior view. From an unpublished drawing made by Lyon accompanying his MS. It shows the long, stout ray divisions and ramules; 3 Br; and 4 or more IIBr. 2a. Posterior view of an extremely mature and remarkably perfect specimen; showing the relatively small anal tube, and the extraordinary development of higher interbrachial structures, which continue in this specimen to the eighth axil; the bilateral ramules with subdivisions up to five; and the profuse occurrence of arcuate sutures, with the processes outlined so as to appear like plates. 2b. 4 (enlargement fraction omitted on plate). Kaskaskia Gr.; Upper beds, Lower Carboniferous. Pulaski County, Kentucky, unless otherwise stated. All specimens, except those of figs. 1 and 8, are in the author’s collection. IV we 7a / Prate LL rT Bs SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA ston HeliotypeCoBo KM .Chapman dei. 156 Fic. ta. 1b. WG. Fic. 2a. IMG, G, Fic. €a. 6b. lene, 9/5 ESTGaRO? SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXXV (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE Fig. 1. Ptilocrinus pinnatus A. H. Clark........................-- 49, 52 (For comparison of interbrachial structures and tegmens) Left anterior interradial view of calyx with part of stem; showing the interbrachial peri- some and the tegminal ambulacra in profile. X 2. Posterior view of same; showing anal opening at the apex; holes made by the boring parasite, Eulima ptilocrinicola Bartsch. X 2. Tegmen of same; the wide ambulacra, and relatively small orals separated from radials and pushed to the center by extensive growth of perisome, the posterior one differen- tiated by contact with plates surrounding the anal opening. X 4. Recent: 1588 fathoms. Albatross, Cruise of 1890, North Pacific. Hiss) 2-4, iCupulocrinusijewetti, Billimesie rye ee-riete crane 88, 89 (Illustrating a possible Inadunate ancestral type for the Flexibilia. Figs. 2 to 6 reproduced from the author’s paper on A Trenton Echinoderm Fauna, 1910.) Anterior view of calyx; showing the short and wide [Br and II Br with strongly arcuate sutures; and small plates of interbrachial perisome between the rays. Posterior view of same, showing large RA under r. post. R; and beginning of the anal series. Posterior view of a specimen with arms; showing RA, and the vertical anal series separated from adjacent rays by perisome; arcuate sutures strongly marked. Posterior view of another specimen, showing the anal tube, with dorsal median series of large plates, curving distally upon the perisomic integument which borders it for its full length. Trenton; Ordovician. Kirkfield, Canada. Fig. 5. Cupulocrinus humilis Billings........................... .88, 89 A specimen showing tapering stem, and interbrachial perisome beginning with a fairly definite large plate in the axil. 2. Horizon and locality same as last. isso sO CupUlocrinussminimusmn SD Eee eee eee EEE ne ete 88 Posterior view of specimen, with median anal series curving upon the tegmen and merging ~ into perisome only a short distance above the first ray bifurcation. >< 2. Distal view of same. 2. A recurrent Trenton type from the Waynesville formation of the Richmond group. Silurian. Waynesville, Ohio. igs 7A OqmReteockinus neal lil @lelall)) pee eee eee nett eere go (For comparison as transition type of Camerata) Posterior view of calyx, with undifferentiated tegmen of small plates;. median anal series bordered by perisome and leading to anal opening at margin of tegmen. X 2. Oblique r. post. view of another specimen, with tegmen more directly seen; anal opening at the left. Note the entire absence of ambulacra. Silurian. Waynesville formation of the Richmond group. Morrow, Ohio. Fig. 9 “Caleidocrinus”” multiramus, Barrande...........4.5.0.04 6462 442 (Also on Plate LXXVI, fig. 24) A specimen from Zahoran, Bohemia, in which the substance of the plates is preserved; showing the general form of crown and stem, low BB, and broad base. Belongs to Tocrinus; see Pl. LXXVI, fig. 24, for structure of anal side. Ordovician, Etage D4. Prate LXXV SPRINGER: CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA SE ty et aguas ey — eae Serer ee _~ mcr en ———s HeliotypeCoBoston KM Ghapraan del. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. Fic. CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA Kicsston) Hutaxocrinus pulcher nyspyeeee cic de eee ee ceeers 10. Lateral view of flattened crown with part of stem, showing flowing lines and graceful contour. New York State Museum. Chemung; Upper Devonian. Belmont, New York. Figs. 11a-d. Rhopalocrinus gracilis (Schultze).........-.............. 4 Ita. Posterior view of the type, with stem as in Schultze’s original figure. The infrabasal suture here shown, inadvertently copied from Schultze, is incorrect; the base is undivided. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard. 11b. Right posterior view of same, with ray and upper part detached, showing the strong ventral tube or sac. X 2. tic. Inner side of detached part, showing in oblique cross-section continuation of the ventral SaCue xe2. 11d. Left anterior interradial view of entire crown, showing interbrachial plates. Note the shortness of the first IBr. 2. Middle Devonian. Pelm, Eifel, Germany. Figs. 12, 13. Synerocrinus incurvus Trautschold........2............. (Also on Plate XLII) i2. A mature, flattened specimen; showing occurrence of this Russian species in Scotland. Coll. James Wright, Jr. Roscobie. 13. A young specimen from Ardross. Same collection. Hurlet limestone, top of Lower Carboniferous. Fifeshire, Scotland. Hig ee Ony.chocrinusmwrightimns spies eee icici ene 14. Posterior view of the type. Coll. James Wright, Jr. Hurlet limestone, top of Lower Carboniferous, Inverteil, Scotland. Fig. 15. Onychocrinus pulaskiensis Miller and Gurley.................... 15a. Distal face of a large radicular cirrus-bearing stem ossicle, showing mode of attachment of the irregularly disposed cirri, here three in number; surface crenulae arranged in two series, the cirrus crenulae in the triangular depressions radiating from the cirrus branches of the axial canal, and the stem crenulae in the sub-rectangular positions, radiating from the main axial canal. Shape of the axial canal is modified by the cirrus-canals, which diverge from it obliquely; owing to the presence of only three cirri it is here triangular in general outline, whereas if there were five cirri it would be pentagonal. 15b. Lateral view of same, showing cirrus depressions in profile, and deformation of the proximally attached stem ossicle. Kaskaskia Gr.; Lower Carboniferous. Pulaski Co., Kentucky. All specimens in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. 157 PAGB . 369 . 336 . 438 Hi on o4) Fics. Fie. Frcs. Fic. Fic. Fic. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PLATE LXXVI (All figures natural size except where otherwise stated) PAGE Figs. 1-5. Edriocrinus dispansus Kirk...............0.-se+e+es0++ 449 r. The type. Posterior view of calyx; anal plate projecting above RR. 3. U.S. Nat. Mus. 2. Ventral view of another calyx, showing great contraction at arm-bases. X 3. 3. Ventral side of basal disk; showing interbasal sutures and 4 BB; also angular ridges between depressions for radial and anal plates. X 3. Dorsal view of rounded basal disk, with indented cicatrix of attachment in younger stage. X3. 5. Dorsal view of another base which has far outgrown the shell to which it was attached. x 3. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Benton County, Tennessee. Figs. 6-12. Edriocrinus occidentalis n. sp..................-..-.----- 449 6-9. Silicified specimens from Covington, Virginia, showing different forms and sizes of base. 10,11. Similar specimens from Stewart County, Tennessee. X?. 12. Transversely fractured base from last locality, showing the position of interbasal sutures replaced by silicious partitions; and of the 4 BB. X#. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Virginia and Tennessee. Bigssnig-158 | Hdnochnusyexplicatusinsisp eee eeeeeeee eee erence 449 13. Lateral view of base; calcareous specimen, in which the interbasal sutures are visible at the surface. X 3. 14-15. Dorsal and distal views of similar bases, showing 4 BB. xX. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Perry County, Tennessee. Figs. 16-18. Edriocrinus adhaerens n. sp..............-----.----++-+ 451 16-18. Three specimens of bases attached to shells or other objects; showing the expanded lower surface, and the angular ridges (6 in number) between depressions for radials and anal plate. X ?. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Benton County, Tennessee. HicsanO-20qeeHdriockinusspyritonm Serial | Senne ee ee eee eee 451 19. One of the three types used in Hall’s description, original of fig. 1, p. 115, of the 15th Report. Left posterior view of calyx; concave surface of attachment at-lower end of basals. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. i 20. Distal view of another type, showing inward bending of radials at arm bases, and the projecting anal plate. Same collection. 21. Concave lower surface of another base. Same collection. Helderbergian; Lower Devonian. Oneida County, New York. IMSS, Aa, 2g, Waka MOGI mM, Gdsoncaccoconvcvocncccoccsence 452 22a. Anterior view of complete crown; showing 4 and 5 IBr, broad low calyx, and encrusting base. X 3. 22b. Basal view of same, showing course of interbasal sutures between 4 BB. 2. t 23a. Posterior view of another specimen with 6 IBr, showing projecting anal plate, short arms, and narrowness of crown. 23b. Basal view of same, showing traces of interbasal sutures. Fig. 24. Iocrinus (‘Caleidocrinus”) multiramus (Barrande)................. 442 (Also on Plate LXXV, fig. 9) 24. Posterior view of specimen showing series of anal tube plates originating on left shoulder of axillary r. post. super-radial. The stem proximal to the calyx is pentagonal, but somewhat flattened. Negative photograph of original impression left by decom- position of the fossil. «3. Ordovician. Zahoran, Bohemia. All specimens are in the author’s collection unless otherwise stated. PLATE LXXVI CRINOIDEA FLEXIBILIA SPRINGER Tr ee i eee 22a H. E. Wilson phot. ai MEMOIRS READ BEFORE THE TON SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY; gee BEING A NEW SERIES OF THE | : Dp VOLUME VII. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. ae } 1912. ; PUBLISHING COMMITTEE. | REGINALD A. DALY CHARLES S]INOt) as ‘ WILLIAM G. FARLOW / WILLIAM M. WHEELER — GLOVER M. ALLEN — xe. a STi US: CONTENTS. Y oF THE EcHINI, WITH A Reviston or PaLarozorc Species. 491 pages, 258 oe ures, 76 plates. By Robert Tracy Jackson. January, 1912. ; PHYLOGENY OF THE ECHINI, WITH A REVISION OF PALAEOZOIC SPECIKS. BY ROBERT TRACY JACKSON. “tle WITH SEVENTY-SIX PLATES. BOSTON: ARY — + 2010 N | = 3 , * as “f 5 : x i " i ‘ bites : Ke * ; s 4 ’, ; a Viet Ve * n z if bs ( r= ; . tis Sk sae fl t ‘ hh 2 ¢ ; ’ bi J = f wm 2 | ‘ % if | | i | Mbylog ip oy the Echdu, arm a ftws1 oF falavazore Specs 0s RITickson 991 fp ass Ags, Myphrs Co. SIR Poen/rs tf Be Coston Sacro MS atyen/ tt gg oa cond.- Un dund) Yeh,