‘ NN AR NAT i as WG Naeecaeen eens tt Et de $7 yes itor tele che ahntes Nees 3 Meher nash Seen : Ah, i iegeity -* Sethe tet bs OR ae eee ae SE san pt by) : - ee > at rete Beeb bens oeR enh iacaeees ob Ne ahi be oe te a vas ig hal iy 4 ) i Z t te \ aan ] _ cates 0 Bre? 2 un f Rene Pepe are lant Date Hi i a o i ia, at Isis ish ey i “ Hie tin ie } na Mi Nay 4 K ‘ Se Pane a . a i is s Co ee pabe O66 bb 66S BOe ED Be ee ee i Re ee itt i Reis ea a *~ tt Dita, Tiny v v if Dewy), ft ; earn ; ) i 5 f AEPGRitic sh IKEMISION ©F THE GENUS F.UCALYPTUS BY J? H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). VOM se PeIRIUS) I= IO) (WITH 48 PLATES). « Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.’’ Macautay’s ‘‘ Essay on MILTon.” Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svnnev ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET | * 459€0—A 1909. rn BE yinowuly LA > a7 "Ds lV S ) IN LEX [The names of Synonyms or Plants incidentally mentioned are in ééalics. The page containing the description is printed in heavier type where there is more than one page. | PAGE. PAGE. Aberrant Eucalypts ... a ae? ae 223 | Bibble ... te we aes re ah 539 Aconitum napellus, L. bs is .. 248 | Big-leaf ee ag Ae ee sco USS Agonis flexuosa, DC. ... ae ate Wee 18 | Big-tree ae sr Oh ue fie Bas 183 Almond-leaved Stringybark ... a 800) Bambill: seh Nae Ha: iat bh) and) Alternate-leaves a zs Po a 6 | Black Ash a ve ae 50: 127, 506 amygdalina, Broad-leaved ... af: soo GE Box aoe Sie ate ag 5. 930 Anderson, Dr. W. ... wid ahs aa 20 Gum a Re Se ee nL Angophora cordifolia, Cav. ... is Es 18 em Sallyees aN Ap Bas 54 7 LRT intermedia, DC. ... 49) = 19 | Blackbutt 5, 26, 33, 165, 184, 194, 300, 306, 322, 332 lanceolata, Cav. vey ...19, 137 : Bulli sae oes aoe ae 30 Anther ... = wz in $03 ast 10 Great se ae she ar 26 Apple, Smooth-barked fe as, son IY Red aa BG af so. 2 ESS Apple-tree Eucalyptus get Bek soe 19 Spurious... “in ae s. 183 Arbor versicolor Ay-alla... he abe 17 | Blackbutted Gum... Si cee ...26, 263 Arboreal form ae ay ae ... 278 | Black-topped Messmate toe Be Fa 09 Aromadendrum, Anderson ... Bee ace 20 Mountain Ash ad ae 161 Ash, Black ... ae oA ie 127,506 | Bloodwood ... fae a son 2,5, 334 Moreton Bay Pi Ae cae 2 | Blue Gum C00 ac Ss cp 24, 22 Mountain 165, 177, 184, 275, 289, 306, 522 Peppermint .., as Ses 191, 192 Rough-barked Mountain (Gippsland)... 308 | Blue-leaf Ironbark _ ... fea Ge a5 White *.4:; ae a Pes 279, 309 Stringybark a6 Bae 215, £16 White-topped Mountain ah =.) Lei |e Blumey =: oe in Ao3 se re 2 Bonpland, A. ... aa us oH ued 22 Baker, R. T.>-- cee ee a we 24 | Boree ... nee er is tie Jao Baker and Smith ... sae eye one 8 | Bour-rougne ... a. Ss oe 211, 302 Bark ... oe Se es he ne TE Box 7 os sist xe sia 4, 149, 332, 342 Bastard Box ... ae fee a ... 4, 340 Bastard ... Sue a uy ... 4, 340 Ironbark... Se Be SUS Black iis hs “a se s a00 Messmate ... oi mee me — ISD Drooping oe on whe ma 343 Peppermint ... ae ee sons IL Glossy or Shiny-leaved ... aoe 339, 341 Stringybark ee 52, 192, 194, 237 Gum-topped a ace He san 840 Baudin’s Expedition... He ee Lee LEG Ironbark ... sae ee ae ape) eA) Bee-lang a be a ids see 53 Mallee... ba die bis fac | 4D Bembil Box... is oe ore vo OAL Minty... Bs ba ae $35. EL Benaroon Fe oe +43 ks a 27 Pale Benarora aE vad =e its ce 39 Peppermint sa ses ae te 342 Bentham, G. ... oad eos srs ae 24 Poplar-leaved ° ... 60 sie she p42 Box, Red Rough-leaved White Box-tree Scrub Briosi, G. Brittle Gum Jack aoe Broad green-leaf Mallee Broad-leaved amygdalina Tronbark Mallee ... Messmate Rough Ironbark Stringybark White Gum Brown Barrel ... Gum-tree Stringybark ... Bull Mallee Bulli Blackbutt Bunurduk Caarambuy * Cabbage Gum ... Caley, G. Calyx Candolle de A. P. de Capitate Bab Casuarina torulosa, Ait. Catalogus plantarum horti Camaldulensis... Cattle Gum Cavanilles, A. J. Chrysanthemum Aragonense, Asso. ... Bocconi, Pourr. Classifactory characters Classification of timbers Colour Colouring matter Confusion between 7. stricta, Sieb., cneorifolia, DC. ... Congoo ... Considen, First Assistant Surgeon D. Cook’s Third Voyage ... Cortical classification Cotyledon leaves Cupula Cut-tail Deane, H. rN) INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. 4 | Dehnhardt 58 542 | Deraboyn 27 541 | Derrobarry A ; 327 340 | Dianthus attenuatus, Benth. 246 342 brachyanthus, Boiss. et Rent. 245 7 | Don, G. 20, 22 318 | Double operculum 10 318 | Doubtful species 12 33 Drooping Box 343 192 | Dthah-Dthaang 211 325 35 Egg-in-egg-cup 118 65 | Essential Oil Soe 8 327 | Eucalyptus acervula, Sieb. _..Odsu2a0 211 acmenioides, Schauer 27, 40, 44, 194 318 262, 263, 269,340 185 var. carnea, Maiden 265, 266 911 affinis, Deane and Maiden 331 211 alata, Hort. 12 93 alba, Reinw. 342 30 albens, Miq. aa 329 94 albicans, F. v. M. 12 albicaulis, Hort. ... 12 319 alpina, Hort. a 12 318 Lindl. 218, 259 27 R. Br. $e sites ky lS 11 ambigua, DC. 81, 151, 273, 278 6 amygdalina, Labill. 61, 81, 128, 135 22 140, 144, 149, 169, 172, 177, 183 239 188, 189, 190, 192, 202, 235, 314 194 amygdalina, var. angustifolia, 58 Link. we 170 ys colossea, F.v.M. 184 22 | dives, F.v.M. 190, 191 245 hypericifolia, 245 Benth, 159, 173 248 latifolia, Deane 4 and Maiden 190 4,9 191, 314 220 nitida, Benth. 151 189, 323 279 numerosa, Maiden 151 99 radiata, Benth. 151 312 regnans, F.v.M. 184 51 Schauer ... seep lhe 3 QUGeEps, ee Bie ver a0 ate 96 if Andreana, Naudin Ds A84 151 11 Andrewsi, Maiden . 184, 194, 316 angulosa, Schauer sea oh 96 24 angustifolia, R. Br. ... Boer ef. sl INDEX. 'y PAGE. Eucalyptus apiculata, Baker and Smith 274, 284 285 Baileyana, F. v. M. 243, 345 3 201, 212 ... 335, 341, 343 Pur purascens, Basxteri, R. Br. ... Behriana, I. v. M. var. 1B Ave Wl. cons oo 6 OBE 89, 251, 336 339, 343 var. parviflora, F.v.M. 340 bicolor, A. Cunn. Bcoormani, Deane and Maiden... 330 Bosistoana, F. v. M. 951,272 Bowmani, F. v. M. cae .. do44 Bridgesiana, R. T. Baker son |S SD buprestium, F. vy. M. ... .. 243 Caleyi, Maiden ... ie .. 93820 calyeogona, Turcz. cae 76, 95, 119 var. celastroides, ~ Maiden : 79 var. gracilis, Maiden 78 calyculata, Link. aes 151 27, 29, 34, 43, 53 139, 203, 211, 224, 225 capitellata, Sm. 230, 232, 239, 259, 299 var. (1) latifolia, Benth. ... sso, DUB carnea, R. T. Baker 263, 270 celastroides, Turez. *- ao 79 eitryandra, (?) Vilmorin sao ES} cladocalyz, ¥.v. M. ... ; 344 81, 98, 199, 280, 286 141, 142, 177, 203 var. parviflora, Benth. 143 cneorifolia, DC. coccifera, Hook. f. colossea, F. vy. M. a Se 185 concolor, Schauer a oe 110 congesta, R. Br. ae see LP conglobata, R. Br. ie 96 connata, Dum.-Cours. ... 173, 199 J. Schauer -... is 174 Consideniana, Maiden ... 309, 312 coriacea, A. Cunn. 53, 68, 128, 133 145, 166, 189, 275, 310, 323 hybrid act ee l40 var. alpina, Benth. ... 135 sylvicultriz, Ree vaove SO cornuta, Labill. ... 198, 329 corrugata, Luehmann ... elOS corymbosa, Sm. ... 153, 279 corynocalyz, F¥.v. M. ... . 344 PAGE. Bucalyptus cosmophylla, F. vy. M. 111, 260 (OSU IR, 1B. sor ae a 96 -cotintfolia, Lodd. aoe ea 12 crebra, I. v. M. 266, 324, 329, 332, 340 Cunninghamii, G. Don... 129, 286 * Sweet 129, 286 curbula, Sieb. ... oe Ba 12 cuspidata, Tausch. ae coo «LY Turez. fe aa 96 daphnoides, Miq. ee ops, eS) decurva, F. v. M. ee Ase 110 deglupta, Blume aE o) A, ils} 12, 117, 310 dextropinea, Baker 27, 31, 240 discolor, Dest. ... — at 31 diversicolor, F. v. M. ... Se 185 99, 106, 174, 197 214, 220, 231, 274 delegatensis, R. T. Baker diversifolia, Bonpl. [Hrratum.—E, diverstfolia, Bonpland, p. 198. I have followed Bentham in describing the anthers as reniform, and at fig. 6, Plate 36, I have figured them so. The anthers, however, have parallel cells, bringing this species into the parallelanthere. I will deal with the matter at length when the Eucalyptus Gunnii section is reached. | diversifolia, Otto Date eoaeelol 57, 70, 164, 185, 190 196, 285, 314 331, 332, 345 dumosa, A. Cunn. 81, 95, 199 var. conglobata, R.Br. 96, 213 dives, Schauer drepanophylla, ¥. v. M. punctilulata, Benth. vse 96 rhodophloia, Benth. £6, 98 seyphocalyz, IF. v. M. te 96 elata, Dehnh. 151 Giordano ... 151 elatus, Hook. f. ... ae Dil erythronema, Turcez. 110, 2 var. Loet, Maiden 1 36, 42, 67, 99, 211 218, 220,-225, 227, 232, 233 263, 272, 299, 303, 314, 345 eugenioides, Sieb. var. nana, Deane and Maiden... 234 Pera, We Mie Wile = coc ae 249 fabrorum, Schlecht sas CAO, 20S}, Paks vl PAGE Eucalyptus falcata, Turcz..... aco ... 14, 110 faleifolia, Miq. 57 fasciculosa, F. v. M. ... ... 86, 88 fastigata, Deane and Maiden 165, 183 184, 189, 196 fibrosa, IF. v. M... .. ol, 45, 325 firma, IV. v. M. ... fee oao LS) fissilos, Wve Mune. aa See 57 flezilis, Regel ... ae sis 14 floribunda, Hiigel eh on 2A foecunda, Schauer 76, 80, 88, 109, 112 var. lorophleba, J. G. Luehmann ... a 112 fravinoides, Deane and Maiden = 273 fruticetorum, F. v. M. 19, WV 119 galbulus, Hort. ... 34 gigantea, Hook. f. AS DOS: Ole (iG glandulosa, Dest. 151 glauca (1)... 153 Hofimg. He J 15 globularis, Hort. 25 mee evo globulus, Labill. 7, 54, 62, 115, 185, 260 glomerata, Tausch. ts ate 96 y mphocephala, DC. y LOL AIIE Los gontantha, Turez. wht ae 96 goniocalyx, F. v. M. 64, 100, 161, 289 gracilis, F.v.M. ... ae ait {hs \O)3) var. breviflora, Benth.... 79 Thozetiana, ¥.v. M. 79 Miq. we aus jon al grossa, I’. v. M. ... vex pe 96 Gunnii, Hook. f. oe or 62 var. acervula, Deane and Maiden SOB sca. BIE (OYy var. maculosa, Maiden... 320 hemastoma, Sm. 70, 139, 162, 191 196, 275, 284, 306, 309, 316, 317 hemastoma, var. capitata, Maiden elk ue a 319 hemastoma, var. micrantha, Benth. ... ae ... 194, 237, 317 hamastoma, var. montana, Deane and Maiden ... 163, 323 hemastoma, var. “ee ath 221 hemiphloia, F. v. M. 99, 330, 331, 337 341, 344 var. albens, F.v.M. 58, 329, 344 heterophylla, Miq. hirsuta, Link. me oF COT PAGE. Bucalyptus hispida, Sm. eh: ie Be 18 hypericifolia, R. Br. ... a es hypoleuca, Schauer P ses Al inerassata, Labill. be 86,.93, 117 var. angulosa, Schauer 96 conglobata, R. Br. 96, 200 dumosa, ¥. v. M. 85, 94 117, 338 goniantha, Maiden 96 grossa, Maiden ... 96 rugosa... nis 96 Sieb. ... ae aoe 31 inophiow, F. v. M. se wn 9 BE Kitsont, J. G. Luehmann 5 111 levopinea, Baker ee) Qi ole 220 var. minor, R. T. Baker ey 435221249 lamprocarpa, F. v. M. ... oe 96 largiflorens, F. v. M. ... fa 89 var. parviflora, Benth. ... .. 340 leptophleba, F.v. M. ... 331, 332 leucadendron, A. Cunn. ae 129 leucozylon, F.v. M. .. 108, 325 ligustrina, DC. .. 155, 233 Tindleyana, DC.... ee a lltsll linearis, Dehnh. ... ae ...14, 168 linopoda, R. By.... ube Ee 96 longifolia, Lindl. bbe noes Ubi loxophleba, Benth. 80, 112, 113 var. fruticosa, Benth. 113, 114 Luehmanniana, F. v. M. 273, 281, 284 287, 323 var. altior, Deaneand Maiden 288, 309, 323 macrorrhyncha, F. v. M. 29, 34, 43, 67 203; 211, 218, 224 225, 232, 240, 301 var. (1) brachycorys, Benth. ... ...43, 226 maculata, Hook. © ie 137, 278 Mahogani, F. v. M. es .. 242 marginata, Sm. 62, 116, 241, 266 media, Link. ... 7: .-- 19, 299 melanophloia, F. v. M. ... we oe melliodora, A. Cunn. . 102, 108, 272 micrantha, A. Cunn. ... Boe KO) DC. PG 319 mierocorys, F.v.M. 27, 29, 261, 263, 272 microphylla, A. Cunn. ... 129, 286 INDEX, vii PAGE. PAGE. Eucalyptus microphylla, Willd. is eae 18 | BLucalyptus phillyreoides, Lodd. sa a 16 moluccana, Roxb. ane ee 15 pilularis, Sin. 25, 67, 194, 220, 241, 262 Moorez?, Maiden and Cambage ... 286 271, 279, 299, 305, 326, 328 mucronata, Link. me ee 299 var. aemenioides, Benth. 43 Auellerz, Mig. ... BN ae 96 Muelleriana, Maiden Muelleriana, Howitt 27, 31, 214, 218 34, 203, 214, 219 219; 229, 231, 238, 240 pinnata (%), Hort. che a 143 multiflora, Poir. ae ee 32 piperita, Sm. 27, 28, 34, 40, 43, 67, 188 multiplinervis, Miq. ... ee I3.0 191, 194; 211, 235, 239 myrtifolia, Link. ise nee 15 240, 267, 272, 299, 306 nervosa, KF. v. M. 57 312, 315 Hofime. is wee 16 var. eugentoides, Benth. 304 nigra, R. T. Baker 43, 221, 264, 270 laxiflora, Benth.... 301 nitida, Hook. f. ... ae soo lp pauciflora, DC. 135, 273 nova-anglica, Deane and Maiden 238 301 numerosa, Maiden sae 151, 300 Planchoniana, F.v.M. 111,198, 203, 291 obliqua, L’Hérit. 36, 40, 44, 51, 174 platyphylla, F. v. M. ... sco aE 177: 183, 201, 203, 224, 233 polyanthemos, Schauer ... ano SD) 275, 290, 299, 305, 314 var. populrfolia, var. alpina, Maiden 176,177 Tava Meee 40 185, 310 populifolia, Hook. HS feces) oblonga, DC. ... Ace SOON 28 populifolius, Hook. ae son, ot obtusiflora, DC. ... es 273, 286 populnea, F. v. M. al 340, 343 ochrophloia, F. v. M. ... ae 79 Preissiana, Schauer... 104, 260 odorata, Behr. ... BY) IN} TEM Bi37/ procera, Dehnh. ... ue aN biG Oil industry hte an sco IL) prucnosa, Behr. ... 2 sg GS) Oldfieldii, F. v. M. es 198, 201 pulchella, Desf. ... ae ie 169 oletfolia, A. Cunn. apn | aa} pulverulenta, Sims ae 175, 274 oleosa, F. v. M. 88, 108, 110, 280 punctata, DC. ... o» 29, L285 34 oppositifolia, Desf. fas Oat 16 purpurascens, Link. ... on LT orbicularis, Lodd. ae ae 16 var. petiolaris, DC. 153 oreades, R. T. Baker ... 71, 285, 289 i petiolata, DC. 151, 153 ornata, Sieb.... re TOO OLD radiata, Hook. f. seo Wail Wh, aC pachyloma, Benth. me "198, 199 var. ... me A 409 pachyphylla, A. Cunn. ... a 96 Sieb. 112! 1355 150) Wb Bava Melee La 96 regnans, F'. v. M. 67, 70, 184, 135, 165 pachypoda, F.v.M. ... 5a: 96 167, 183, 189, 196, 222 pallens, DC. ee oe ode 57 var. fastigata... me. | LG paniculata, Sm. 86, 88, 299, 324, 328, 329. resinifera, Hort. wee wea 18 patellaris, F. v. M. a sda Sint, 218) 29s) 233%, 3268 329 paucifiora, Sieb. ysis despl an layst, ils) reticulata, Link. 363 16, 299 pedicellata, R. Br. ae sate DA rigida, Hofimannsege ... ose || US penicillata, Hort. Ms jee | Aah} RvB riwhaas he sco} perfoliata, Dumont a age) lyfe Sieh: 9... ‘iat 273, 285 Re Br Sieve ore, 4 var. Luehmanniana, F.v.M. 288 Tausch. ef ee Les Risdoni, Hook. f. Sone le? perforata, Behr.... dé See 81 var. elata, Benth. €9, 144 persicifolia, DC. ae 70s 325 153, 173 Lodd. ite -..oL, 263 robusta, Hofimg. 16 phlebophiylla, F.v.M. ... soa S35) SIM gon .. 93, 95, 241 Vili Eucalyptus Roei, Beck INDEX. PAGE. 110 | ZLucalyptus Rossii, R. T. Baker 320 rostrata, Schlecht. 201, 225, 228, 251, 328 var. borealis, Baker and Smith 249 rubricaulis, Dest. So oe 19 mugosa, KR. Br. °... i sen 96 salicifolia, Cav. ... 07 LDL, 233, 234 saligna, Hort., Berlin ... a 18 Sm. sa ee Bee 27 salmonophloia, F. v. M. ... 87, 198 salubris, ¥. v. M. 118 santalifolia, F. vy. M. 45, 61, 198, 199 218, 231 (2) Bazteri, Benth. 201, 212 var. firma, Miq. 199 Miq. ... . 80, 99 Sarassa, Blume ... Soe 2 16 scabra, Dum-Cours 60, 233 | scyphoidea, Naudin 226 | semicortata, F. v. M. 5 Psa sepulecralis, F. v. M. 244 32, 45, 198, 324 330, 331, 334, 345 var. glauca, Deane siderophloia, Benth. and Maiden... 325 rostrata, Benth. 34, 324 sideroxylon, A. Cunn. yl BPAs) Sieberiana, IF. v. M. 64, 68, 72, 196 221, 275, 284, 288, 290 306, 312, 315, 322 var. Oxleyensis, Deane 195 signata, F. v. M. ae 319 stellulata, Sieb. 99, 127, 133, 139, 141 158, 166, 227, 238, 306 var. angustifolia, Benth. 129, 286 and Maiden stenophylla, Link. sti Ba 17/ stricta, Sieb. 36, 159, 203, 273, 285 hybrids... Sse .. 283 var. angustifolia, F.v.M. 285 Luehmanniana, F.vy.M. 288 rigida, Deane and Maiden =. 286 Stuartiana, FB. v. M. ... son HL submultiplinervis, Miq. Bron eelkats) forma minor, Miq. 135 sulcata, Tauzch. ... eas on 96 PAGE. sylvicultriz, F. vy. M. ... 135 tenutramis, Miq. 151, 176 tereticornis, Sm. 198, 228,251, 328, 332 tesselaris, F. v. M. 82, 332 Thick-edged 241 Thozetiana, F. v. M. ... Sat 79 Todtiana, F. v. M. 243 torquata, J. G. Luehmann 109, 120 trachyphloia, ¥. vy. M. 302, 334 translucens, A. Cunn. ... 151 triantha, Link. ... aA 263 tuberculata, Parm, sollte iiss turbinata, Page ... sae IL// 44, 263, 265, 269 88, 106, 110 umbra, R. T. Baker uncinata, Turez. var. rostrata, Benth. 110 undulata, Hort. ... Az see If (1) Tausch. 233 verrucosa, Hort.... a nae 17 versicolor, Blume ee a Wi viminalis, Labill. 31, 60, 62, 98, 140 152, 157, 166, 278, 289 var. diversifolia, Benth. 199 virgata, Sieb. 29, 57, 68, 273, 275, 291 306, 309, 323 var. altior, Deane and Maiden, 68, 71, 288, 289 fraxinoides, Maiden 273 ‘ 290 Luehmanniana, F. vy. M. 288 obtusiflora, Maiden 273 stricta, Maiden ... 273 286, 316 triflora, Maiden... 273 vitellina, Naudin 141, 164, 188, 189 vitrea, R. T. Baker, 140, 141, 150, 164 188, 189, 193, 222, 307, 310 Wilkinsoniana, R. T. Baker 43, 221,249 Filgarnensis, Diels a oe 79 Ludesmia, R. Br. ... Bes 33% = 20 tetragona, R. Br. ae See 10 Bugenia Smith, Poir. 269 Ixudations 3) Fissility 4 Flintwood ss Le see Se, 26 Flooded Gum ... oer Bes aS sae 133 TFlower-bud : 10 Flowers Forest Oak Form with rugose buds Froggatt, W. W. Fruit Gaertner, J. Galls ate Genetic relationships ae Geral Giant Gum-tree Glassy Gum é a Glossy or Shiny- eased Boxtnes Great Blackbutt Blackbutted Gum Greater Ironbark Green Gum ‘Gum Black Blackbutted Blue Brittle : Broad-leaved White Cabbage ... Cattle Flooded Glassy Great Blackbutted Green Si Large-leayed White Lead Lead-coloured Mountain Narrow-leaved White Olive-green Peppermint Red Ribbon Ribbony oo River (Camden) ... River White Scribbly Ae Serubby (Blue Meuntaine) Smaller Blackbutted Snappy eee South-eastern White Spotted Stringy Stringybark Sugar > BT, 339, 341 156, 278 140 155 156 320 UT 27 139, 318 138 278, 319 ae 69 ...09, 178 322 ix PAGE. Gum, Swamp 163, 187 Tumble-down B3N322 Weeping ... else White 127, 133, 153, 184, 288, 310, 317 Yellow 289 York 113 Gummy Group ; 5 Gum-top .68, 308 Gum-topped Box 340 Ironbark 68 Stringybark 53, 177 Gum-tree, Brown 211 Giant 183 of the Brisbane 266 Habit 1 Hemlock 248 | Henslow a | Heterogenous ... 8 Hooker, J. D. ... 23 Wo di 23 Howitt, W. A.... : 24 Hybridisation 167, 245, 330 Hybridism ... 315 Hypanthium ll Hypogenous 8 lles Steriles : tee IMIL7/ Inflation of the base of the stem 1 Inflorescence ae 9 Insect-punctured buds ose Sey Bae Tronbark By Co Gn (ly Gay Bastard 308 Blue-leaved ... 325 IBXOp Goo ae 330 Broad-leaved 325 rough 327 Greater 324 Gum-top 68 Large-leaved 324 Narrow-leaved 228 Red ... mee eae ste 327 Rough-leaved rough-barked 327 She 324, 530 White 308 White-topped 306 Yellow 328 Isogenous 9 x INDEX. PAGE. Jarrah sies a 35, 116, 241 Group bas ee aoe ie 5 Jerrile ... 249 Katakatah 314 Kayer-ro re aa “iat me oD Kerner and Oliver 7 Kinos D Labillardiere, J. J. ... ee eh ra: 22 Large-leaved Ironbark at wre ae O04 White Gum 140 Larp 94 Laurus sassafras, L. ... 248 Lead Gum 127 Lead-coloured Gum see oF fey 128 Leaf ... Bet a sis oe ote § Leptospermum umbellatum, Gaertn. 317 Lerp 94 Lerp-amylum ... 94 L’Héritier “1, 51 Lignum F - a 557 any Woe Linitations of Breraholony and record of Oil-constituents considered in regard to the determination of species of Euea- lyptus 244 Lindley, J. 23 Link, H. F. 22 Link et Otto ... : 2: 22 Loddiges, Conrad, and Sons... 22 Luehmann, J. G. 1 Maalock is ae fu © 242 Mahogany, White .. 40, 65, 263, 269, 313 Mallee ... 4, 93, 336 Box 336, ae 341 Broad green-leaved 336 Broad-leaved 336 form a 278 habit of ae ae a cee 1 White 84, 94 Manna ane ase vise Has tie 6 McAlpine, D. ... ang 18 ah ae 6 Messmate ... 26, 36, 52, 132, 179, 191, 194, 266 269, 300, 306, 313 Bastard 192 Black-topped 309 Broad-leaved F 65 White-topped . 164, 185, 309 Woolly-topped 52 PAGE. Metrosideros aromatica, Salisb. _... aa OL salicifolia, Soland. ... 150, 151, 235 —~ saligna, Sm. Soe 18 Mica trees uae Ae <= ae is 3 Minty Box ae sas nas eau) ee Mitchell, T. L. ae = ee nee 23 Miquel, F. A. G. bed aoe oe 23 Moreton Bay Ash _... ae Sie = 2 Morphology, Limitations of, &e. 244 Mountain Ash ... 165,177, 184, 275, 289 306, 322 Mountain Ash Group de ‘ a 5 Mountain Ash (Gippsland) rough- parbane 308 Black-topped 161 White-topped 161 Gum +292 GL Peppermint 170 Stringybark 41, 211, 225 Mudstone tes at ae 176 Muehlenbeckia Cunninghami, F. v. M. 341 Mueller, F. 2, 23 Mutation or saltation oo & wie, 245 Muzzle-wood 128 Narrow-leaved Ironbark 328 Peppermint ... 156 White Gum ... re 318 Naudin 3 Mes sor ae Bee 9 Nelson, David... 51 Ngneureung ors is ss 211 Non-Eucalypts described as Eucalypts 18 | Oak 54 Forest anc so 300 194 Oil an accessory or adaptive character 248 Oil, variation in 250 | Olive-green Gum 127 Ooragmandee ... 112 Operculum —... ia 10 Opisthoscelis Mashelli, Froggatt 324 Opposite-leaved fad a ae dee 6 | Pale Stringybark ..40, 220 Parallelantherze 11 5, 133, 149, 191, 194 261, 286, 300, 313 Peppermint Bastard cudtee | dish! Blue 191, 192 Box 342 Gum 170 Mountain 170 Narrow-leaved 156 INDEX xi PAGH. PAGE. Peppermint tree 301 | Snappy Gum ... Se Ba ar 139, 318 Petiole : 6 | South-eastern White Gun si ae we l3S Pistacia lentiscus, L. 248 | Spondilaspis eucalypti, Dobson 95 Pocklington, H. 7 granulata, Froggatt ... 95 Pollen-grains ... 1 mannifera, Froggatt ... : 95 Poplar ... 339 | Spotted Gum .. ae as ... 137,278, 319 Poplar-leaved Boe 342 | Spurious Blackbutt ... 183 Populus (?) deglubata, Herb. Raa 12 | Sprengel, C. is ap ; 22 Porantherz 10 | Stomata sae Es See oe Sac 8 Pseudo-species 245 | Stringybark 3, 26, 36, 52, 149, 225, 232, 263 Psylla eucaly pti 94 270, 306 Pyrethrum Hispanicum, W ilk, 245 (Camden) ae ee eye 02 pulverulentum, Lag. 245 Almond-leaved ... 2 = 300 radicans, Cav. 245, Bastard ... 52, 192, 194, 237 sulphureum, Boiss. and Rese 945 Blue-leaf 215, 216 Broad-leaved eee aol Brown 52, 54, 211 Red Blackbutt ... 188 Group 5 Gum 35) Gum 59, 178 Ironbark ... Ne one aps Ea Gum-top SA, ITT Stringybark ..36, 44, 211, 225, 232 Mountain 41, 211, 225 Redwood 183 Pale steerer ten 0), YOO Remfrey, J. R. 6 Red . 36, 44, 211, 225, 232 Renantherze 10 Silver-top ee 28 = 36 Ribbon Gum ... 156, 278 White 36, 40, 52, 215, 232, 300 Ribbony Gum ... - 14¢ |. Yellow . 26, 30, 35, 220, 235 River Gum of Camden 155 Stringy Gum ... Ane an : a ee 69 White Gum oe : -- 156 | Sugar Gum... by . ak seo Oe) Rough-barked Mountain Ash of Ginpdlennies 308 | Supposed hybrid son DBS Rough-leayed Box 2B, ste 342 | Swamp Gum 163, 187 Rough-leaved rough-barked Ir onbar tk 327 Symphyomyrtus, Sihater 20 Ruby Group 5 Tallow Wood ... Sue ai a 729261 Sally 127 | Tarundea is ma a Bee tee 27 Black 127 | Tate, R: he BA: “ae 353 nae 1 Butt 127 | Tcheergun Bot & =e a, ahs 27 Schneider, Dr. ites ( \-Terri-barri ~-... ; a a sas OT Seribbly Gum ... 320 | Teucriwm Scorodonia, ‘be ae atte 1. 246 Scrub Box-tree : 342 | Thick-edged Eucalyptus ae Sb Sa 2 Serubby Gum (Blue Meteiains) 277 | Timber : S86 : 3 Selection ee Gi 245 Classification of vee = es 4 Sequoia sempervirens,. Endl. 183 | Toi as me A ae Bee ae 27 Wellingtonia, Seem. ot ... 183 | Tree-line 137 She Ironbark ... ane nee ii 324, 330 | True Stringybarks #€ 5) Silver-Top Hee 70, 185, 217, 308 | Tumble-down Gum 133, 322 Stringybark 36 | Turbid Group... 5 Smaller Blackbutted Gum 27 | Turczaninow ... es o3: Pas ahs 23 Smith, J. E. od 22 | Turpentine 261 Smooth-barked apple lai Uedvoheape UraRET oon 39 Xi Variation in oil plants induced by environment the genus Venation Walpers, W. P. Wang-gnara Weeping Gum Weir Mallee White Ash Box Gum Ironbark Limb Mahogany Mallee ... Sally Stringybark Top White-topped Ironbark Messmate 127, 133, 153, 184, 288, ...40, 65, 263, Mountain Ash ... Willdenow INDEX. PAGE. | 250 Willow 245 | Woolls, Rev. Dr. 1) Woolly Bark 8 | Bltteene Woolly-topped Messmate Works consulted 1 20; 23 155 | Yandee 133 | Yangoora sts 94 | Yangoura 279, 309 | Yapunyah = 341 | Yarrah 310, 317 | Yarr-warrah 308 | Yatthae 196 Yellow Gum 269, 313 Ironbark . 84, 94 Jacket ea 3 Stringybark ... 232,300 Yellowness of inner bark 26,161 | Yertchuk 306 York Gum 185, 309 Young stems 161 | Yowut ... 10 | Yudhulwan PAGE, 161 3, 24 ie 52 52, 196, 223 52 20 113 211 239 87 242 27 113 289 328 87 ... 26, 30, 35, 220, 235 220 313 113 8 306 332 A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS. BY Jo" MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). 2) (WITH FOUR PLATES). ee PRICE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svyuev ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1903. NOS aiGke® KEVISION OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS, BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). PARA (WITH FOUR PLATES). “Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.” Macautay’s “Essay on Mitton.” Pullished ty Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES, Svdnev : WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. * 11838 (a LOS: oie Ee ngs SYNOPSIS. Preface. (4) Variation in the genus Doubtful species Non-Eucalypts described as Eucalypts . Works consulted I, Euealyptus pilularis, Smith. Deseription Notes supplementary to the description. Synonyms (with descriptions) . Notes on the Synonyms. Range. Typical form Varieties Affinities Explanation of plates . ; radi ‘ ; PAGE. 18 20 26 3! PR EEE rE. DuRING the twenty years that have elapsed since the publication of Mueller’s ‘‘Eucalyp- tographia,” which added valuable information to Bentham’s masterly account of the genus Eucalyptus in the flora Australiensis, we have obtained a large accession of facts. It seems to me that the time has arrived when these additional facts should be incorporated with the labours of the old workers. I have spared neither time nor expense to obtain access to the types. I have spent many years in field observations on the genus in every State of the Commonwealth (though of course particularly in my own State of New South Wales), and thus have endeavoured to secure what is an essential qualification for the study of this protean genus. The admirable illustrations contained in the ‘‘ Eucalyptographia” have the defect that it is not always possible to say precisely what they depict—that is to say, whether a type or co-type, or, if neither, the exact locality whence the originals were obtained. In all cases I shall inform my readers as to the history of the specimens depicted, A very important departure in a work of this kind is the following :—While expressing my opinions as to affinities, synonyms, W&c., I shall in all cases give the original descriptions of the species whether considered to be synonyms or not. In this way my readers will be able to’ weigh the evidence for themselves, and, if they do not concur in my conclusions, they will at least be placed in possession of the data on which they are based. The genus Eucalyptus is the most important in Australia. he individuals which comprise it are all pervading, while the number of species and varieties is very large. As the work proceeds I will give my views as to the grouping of the species. The present part contains much prefatory matter referring to the genus. Then one species is taken in detail, and the other species will be treated in a like manner, the facts being grouped in the same way. The rapidity with which this work can be issued depends mainly on the plates ; I have only the partial services of one artist. JatsMs Botanic Gardens, Sydney, January, 1903. i (CRIMI UL) IRIS IES MONS MOe Tal 12, GENUS EUCGsE vr Us A.—Variation in the Genus. Tue genus Eucalyptus is such a large one that a number of schemes have been submitted for dividing it into sections with a view of associating those closely allied, or for arriving at the name of a species with facility. These schemes will be referred to in the bibliography, and I now propose to review each character, from timber to anther, to see if any satisfactory scheme can be evolved. In the Proc. Aust. Assoc. for Adv. of Science, Sydney Meeting, 1898, Professor Tate* and Mr. Luehmanny simultaneously gave prominence to the use of the fruit for purposes of classification. Both papers take cognizance of other characters as well. Both are the work of men who know the genus, and are valuable contributions to knowledge. Habit.—Tate defines two habits of growth, viz:—Trees, and shrubby, stocky trees, to which he applies the vernacular names of gums and mallees, names well understood in Australia. He points out that in young plants of the genus there is a large inflation of the base of the stem, either at the surface or just below the surface of the soil. In gums (2. rostrata, leucoxylon, viminalis, &e.) this is eventually outgrown; but in the mallees (inerassata, uncinata, &c.) it persists and increases in size proportionately with the development of the branches which are emitted from it—in the mallee this rudely globose bole is partly subterranean. “The umbrella-like disposition of the foliage of the taller mallees may be largely incidental to overcrowding, though it would seem to be an inherited character, as it is fairly pronounced in them when they are distinctly separated from one another.” This classification is chiefly of practical use in Professor Tate’s own State (South Australia) and in Western Australia. bP) It is, however, very difficult to group the species according to habit. Some are dwarf in their typical forms, but under different circumstances they take on a larger growth. Then, speaking generally, such species as are found in damp * Tate, R.—‘‘ A Review of the characters available for the classification of the Eucalypts, with a synopsis of the species arranged on a carpological basis.” + Luehmann, J. G.—‘‘ A short dichotomous key to the hitherto known species of Eucalyptus.” A 2 situations in good soil are umbrageous trees; such, for example, are stellulaat, aggregata, Macarthuri, but this character is largely a matter of environment. Then some species, ¢.g., viminalis, have a more or less drooping habit as a rule, but this species is often nearly erect in less congenial soil. And further, to show variation in habit, we have only to point to the Eucalyptus plantations of California and the South of France, where the species are cultivated almost out of recognition, Bark.—Mueller (Journ. Linn. Soc., iii, 99, 1858) arranged the genus in the following six groups in respect to their barks. With the additional information we have obtained since Mueller’s paper was published, we are able to recast his list of examples. It will be found, however, that no two botanists agree as to the sections in which to place some of the species, and as further field-knowledge is available and we know more about the variation of the bark in the same species, the same authority modifies his own lists. See Woolls, ‘‘On the classification of the Eucalypts” (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2), vi, 60). 4, Leiophloie.—Cortex post delapsum strati supremi undique laevis. (Vulgo, flooded gum trees, white gum trees, blue gum trees partim, red gum trees partim, yarra trees.)”’ Smooth barks (“gums” we call them).—Examples are—#. hemastoma, tereticornis, rostrata, leucoxylon, viminalis, Gunnit, maculata, latifolia, aspera, stellulata, coriacea, saligna, Behriana, punctata, stricta, fasciculosa. “ii, IZemiphloie.—Cortex in trunci parte inferiore persistens rugosus et rimosus, in parte superiore ramisque delapsu_ strati superioris lavvigatus. (Vulgo, Moreton Bay ash, blackbutted gum tree, box trees partim.)” Half barks, the barks of the lower part of the trunk persistent and the upper part smooth. Examples are—WH. hemiphloia, pilularis, bicolor, longifolia, melliodora, amygdalina, dices. The Moreton Bay Ash (tesselaris) is better in section iii or Vi. “iil. Rhytiphloie.—Cortex ubique persistens rugosus et rimosus intus solidus. (Vulgo, bloodwood trees, box trees partim, peppermint trees partim.)” With wrinkled persistent bark, rather solid. This is an unsatisfactory group, including heterogenous barks. Mueller intended it to include the bloodwoods (corymbosa, eximia, trachyphloia), also bicolor (which is better in ii) and ZH. micro- theca, leptophleba, ferruginea. Odorata, robusta, botryoides may be added, and also Stwartiana, pulverulenta, microcorys, acmenioides, resinifera, polyanthema, populifolia, piperita. Nos. ii and iii run into each other, and both of them into No. iy. 3 “iy. Pachyphloie.—Cortex ubique persistens rugosus intus fibrosus. (Vulgo, stringybark trees.)” “ Stringybarks,” with persistent, fibrous barks. A good natural group, including ewgenioides, capitellata, macrorrhyncha, obliqua, pilularis var. Muelleriana, tetrodonta. “vy, Schizophloie.—Cortex ubique persistens profunde sulcatus intus solidus. (Vulgo, ironbark trees.)”’ “ Tronbarks,’’ with hard, deeply-furrowed barks. Perhaps the best of all the groups. Hxamples—JL. siderophloia, paniculata, crebra, sideroxylon, melanophloia. “vi, Lepidophlowe.—Cortex saltem in trunco persistens lamellaris friabilis. (Vulgo, melaleuca gum trees, mica trees.)’’* With persistent bark on the trunk only, and forming scaly separate pieces. Mueller’s examples are miniata (aurantiaca), phenicea, peltata (melissiodora), to which I would add ¢esselaris. The Rev. Dr. Woolls (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. ., vi, 709) ignores section vi, and it certainly cannot be separately maintained as a section. The cortical classification separates trees that are closely allied, e.g., hemiphloia and Baueriana, the first being a half bark, and the latter having rough bark to the branchlets. Similarly 2. pilularis in its normal form has smooth branchlets, while its variety Muelleriana has rough branchlets. It places in juxtaposition those that are not closely related, as will be observed from the examples given under each section. Prominent examples are :— (a) #. paniculata, Sm., and F. fosciculosa, F.v.M.; and (b) EH. sideroxylon, A. Cunn., and F. leucorylon, V.v.M., respectively, nearly alike in leaves, flowers, and fruits, but utterly dissimilar in bark and wood. Absolute anomalies as regards barks are those of ironbark for Z. stellulata, Sieberiana, and viminalis ;+ a box-like bark for #. tereticornis, and observers will note many other anomalies within their own experience. At the sume time, in careful hands, the bark is the most useful character the forester can employ. Timber.—While the character of a timber is a matter of economic importance, its use in botanical diagnosis is very often overlooked. For many years I have insisted on the examination of the timber wherever possible, and recognition of this character has undoubtedly led to a better understanding of the genus. * The meaning of this, which is not quite clear as it stands, is explained by the following passage :—‘‘ The bark of both is very lamellar and friable, outside of a yellowish or greyish-brown, on fracture partly glittering, and somewhat resembling mica-schist.” (Hucalyptographia, under E. phenicea.) + See Luehmann, op. cit., page 524. A Timbers can be classified in different ways, e.g., according to— (1.) Fissility.—Some are fissile, such as stringybarks (4. eugenioides), &e., Mountain ash (2. Sieberiana), Victorian blackbutt (2. regnans), &e. Others are short in the grain, such as many gums, snapping off like a carrot; while others are tough and interlocked, like boxes and ironbarks. (2.) Colour.—In a lecture delivered in 1891 before the Sydney Architectural Association of New South Wales, I divided many of the Eucalyptus timbers into pale hardwoods, subdividing them into three groups— (a) Hard, interlocked; (0) Fissile; (¢) Inferior, such as Gums; which is a useful practical classification. In my “Notes on the Commercial Timbers of New South Wales,” (1895), I submitted the classification— 1. Ironbarks. 2. Pale hardwoods. 38. Red hardwoods. 1. Gums.—These timbers are short in the grain; dry to a brown or reddish colour; crack radially in drying; have many gum-veins; and, as a rule, lack durability. Their barks are smooth, and more or less ribbony. Examples— stellulata, coriacea, hemastoma, viminalis, Gunnit. They connect with the “ Boxes” (Bastard), and also with the smooth-barked members of the Jarrah group. 2. Mallees.—Examples—oleosa, Behriana, incrassata, This is a group based on geographical considerations. They are arid country species, and connect the “Gums” and ‘“ Red Boxes.” 8. Ironbarks.—These are fully described in my “ Notes on the Commercial Timbers of New South Wales.” They consist of— (a) True Ironbarks, viz., paniculata, siderophloia, crebra, sideroxylon. (b) Bastard TIronbarks.—Timbers very similar to ironbarks, but the barks belonging to the “Box” group. They include Boormani and affinis. Melanophloia, and, perhaps, microtheca connect the two groups. 4. Boxes.—These are tough, interlocked timbers, usually with fibrous bark on the trunk, and may be subdivided into— (a) Pale.——Examples—hemiphloia, melliodora, Bosistoana, Baueriana, populi- folia, quadrangulata, Cambagei, goniocalyx, tesselaris, leucoxylon, cory- nocalyx, globulus. (6) Red.—Examples—bicolor, microtheca, polyanthema, odorata, fasciculosa. These two groups include some smooth barks or ‘‘ Gums,” but their timbers are provisionally classified with the ‘‘ Boxes.” (ec) Bastard.—Examples—Stuartiana, pulverulenta, Macarthuri, aggregata. The timber of (c) is inferior, and closely resembles that of the Gums.” 5 5. Stringybark Group.—This includes a number of fissile timbers that pass into each other, and may be subdivided as follows :— (a) True Stringybarks —Exampies—eugenioides, macrorrhyncha, capiteliata, obliqua, Baileyana. (b) Blackbutts—Examples—pilularis (which absolutely connects with the Stringybarks through its variety Muelleriana), acmenioides. These are the most valuable timbers of the group. (c) Peppermints —Examples—amygdalina, regnans, dives, piperita. These timbers have gum-veins, and are altogether inferior in quality. Allied to these fe the— 6. Mountain Ash Group.—Fissile timbers usually pale in colour, and with bark not so fibrous as the preceding. Uxamples—Sieberiana, Planchoniana, virgata and its varieties, Risdont, cordata. 7. Tallow-wood and Spotted Gum.—microcorys and maculata (two valuable pale-coloured timbers), swi-generis. 8. Bloodwoods.—These have gum-veins, and are coarse-grained ; corymbosa is red, and ezimia and trachyphloia, which are pale, connect with maculata. 9. Jarrah Group.—Containing a number of heterogenous species, and which I name after the best-known member. Some have fibrous barks, others are smooth; but they are all deep-red, durable timbers. Examples—marginata, resinifera, diversicolor, propinqua, punctata, saligna, botryoides, robusta, tereticornis, rostrata, longifolia. This group connects with the Red Boxes. — The timber of the same species varies a good deal according to the soil and situation, and our knowledge does not yet enable us to discriminate between some timbers not closely allied botanically. In other words, a man who professes to discriminate between all species of timber attempts the impossible. Exudations.—In Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1890, I proposed examination of the kinos as an aid in the diagnosis of eucalypts, and I divided them into three groups according to their behaviour in water or alcohol (spirit). 1. Ruby Group.—Consisting of ruby-coloured kinos, soluble in water and alcohol in all proportions. Examples are—all Renantheree except microcorys. 2. Gummy Group.—Soluble in water, but insoluble in alcohol owing to the gum they contain. HExamples—the ironbarks. 3. Turbid Group.—These kinos are soluble in hot water or hot alcohol, but deposit sediments on cooling. Examples—most of the Parallelanthere. This 6 section, however, includes heterogeneous substances, and brings together species little allied. It is doubtless capable of further elaboration, but only serves to accentuate variation in the genus. Some kinos, eg., H. maculata, are characteristic in appearance, having an olive-green colour; perhaps also that of F. corymbosa, of an intense, almost vermilion colour. An exudation of less importance is that of Wanna. A number of species exude saccharine substances from the leaves and, a very few, from the trunk. The list is being added to slowly, but in most cases the mannas are mere scientific curiosities, and of little value in a scheme of classification. They include viminalis, Gunnii, punctata, pulverulenta, Stuartiana. Petiole.—D. McAlpine and J. R. Remfrey, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1890, published a paper entitled, ‘ The transverse sections of petioles of Eucalypts as aids in the determination of species.” The method of classification on the comparatively few experiments made is ingenious, but of little practical value to us for diagnosis, thousands of sections being required in order to obtain data for generalisation. The paper is, however, of more than ordinary value, and is well worthy of perusal. Leaf.—(a) Suckers. De Candolle (Prodromus, vol. iii, 1828), classified eucalypts according to the opposite or alternate character of the leaves, a character of special importance at that time, since species were often described from seedlings grown in pots. Field observations have, however, shown that all species have opposite leaves in at least an early stage. In seedlings this is best observed, but in many cases suckers show the character quite as well. In a few species, e.g., gamophylla, this opposite-leaved character persists through life. In many cases the young leaves are broad, and become alternate and narrower, with a lanceolate or faleate shape as maturity is reached. Often these young leaves are glaucous, becoming glabrous as growth proceeds. But there is a group in which the seedling and sucker leaves are narrow. Such species include amygdalina, pilularis, viminalis. The list is, however, so incomplete that it is impossible at present to use them as a broad basis of classification. For diagnostic purposes, I personally use the shape of the young leaf wherever possibie; it is an atavistic character, and data are accumulating by which we shall be in a better position to interpret it. The difference between suckers and mature leaves has been studied in Europe for many years, although in Eucalyptus the systematic comparison of such forms is of comparatively recent date. It is of practical importance to the Australian forester, for the reason that the occurrence of these young or sucker leaves is so very frequent in the bush. When a trunk is injured, new shoots make their appearance either from the “eyes” in the stem or from reserve buds of the branches and twigs, or by buds produced from the roots below the ground. The leaves of these shoots, or suckers, as they are called, differ very much from the stems or branches which have been broken, eaten, cut, or frozen off, 7 Instances of differences are given, and it is added :— Hundreds of trees and shrubs might be mentioned in which there is a distinct difference between the foliage of the suckers and of the normal branches of the crown. (Kerner and Oliver, ii, 515-6.) Nor has the description of species and varieties from suckers or seedling leaves been confined to writers on Eucalyptus :— Gardeners and descriptive botanists have frequently determined and described mutilated plants as other species, hybrids, or varieties. They are neither the one nor the other. The peculiar appearance of the altered members, resulting from mutilation, is exactly determined beforehand in each species; it is due to the specific constitution of the species, and thus is part of its being. It is not produced by the external influences which lead to the formation of the varieties, but is brought about by inherent necessity quite independent of the influence of climate and soil. (Op. cit., ii, 518.) Practically all the researches on the anatomy of Eucalyptus leaves have been made on those of the readily available #. globulus, in which species both sucker and mature leaves are readily available. The most complete research is the masterly paper of G. Briosi.* See also a study by H. Pocklington.+ Then Henslow? says :— The chief differences between the two forms of leaves I find to be as follows :—In the horizontal leaf the upper epidermis is composed of small cells, and there are no stomata. There is a palisade tissue of one layer of cells, with lax mesophyll below the lower epidermis. This latter has larger cells than the upper, and is provided with stomata. The pendulous leaf is a good deal thicker than the horizontal. Both epidermides are provided with a very dense cuticle, in which the stomata are deep-seated. There are four rows of palisade cells on both sides, with a chlorophyllous mesophyll between them. The petiole is flattened so that the leaf can swing much in the same way as that of the poplar. A useful paper by Dr. Albert Schneider§ speaks of the sucker (*‘dorsiventral’’) leaves with palisade cells on the upper side and stomata on the under side only. The mature leaves, ‘“‘isolateral leaves or phyllodes,” take a vertical position with the convex edge directed upward. ‘The epidermis is alike on both sides. It will be observed that his results do not agree with those of Henslow;—evidence of variation. The anatomical characters of the leaves of Eucalyptus offer, however, much room for research. See “ Stomata,”’ p. 8. (6) Cotyledon leaves.—The shape of the cotyledon leaves we know less about, and data are being collected. The work has been hindered because of the difficulty of obtaining seed from certain interesting forms. Mueller’s Hucalyptographia and Lubbock’s *‘ A contribution to our knowledge of seedlings,’ form the basis of our present available information on the subject. Other characters of Eucalyptus leaves we require to know more about are their size, texture, and prominence of venation. They are minor characters, and some species present much variation in this respect. * Ricerche intorno all’anatomia delle foglie dell’ Zucalyptus globulus. 23 pl., Milano, 1892. + The Microscope in Pharmacy; Eucalyptus globulus. Pharm. Journ. (3), iii, 990; iv, 549. A_useful histological study of bark, leaves, &c. £ Origin of Plant Structures, p. 68 (note). His ‘‘ horizontal” are sucker leaves, and ‘“ pendulous” the mature foliage. § Structure of Hucalyptus globulus leaves. Journal of Pharmacology, iv, 169. Pharm. Journ., 28th Aug., 1897, p- 191. 8 (c) Venation.—Messrs. Baker and Smith, in Proc. Roy. Soc. of N.S.W., 1901, have grouped certain Eucalyptus leaves into sections in regard to the disposition of their veins, pointing out that the oil-content of the leaves can in a measure be gauged from the venation. The suggestion is ingenious; but as the venation is, like other characters, variable within such large limits, the method will only be practically useful in the hands of experts. (a) Young stems.—Some eucalypts have marked quadrangular stems, e¢.g., globulus, Maideni, goniocalyx, quadrangulata, tetragona, and many others; but, as a rule, this quadrangular appearance, often well marked at an early stage of growth, passes away as growth proceeds. (e) Essential oil.—The perfume of Eucalyptus leaves is owing to the presence of an oil. It varies in different species in regard to both character and amount. In young it is commonly more abundant than in mature foliage, the high proportion of resinous matter in the former being, however, a drawback to distillation. In some cases the perfume is not easy to define, but the crushing of the fresh or even dried leaves in the warm hand has been used as a diagnostic character for many years. It affords a rough but ready test, which is always available and really valuable in skilled hands. Incidentally it may be mentioned that some few leaves, e.g., corymbosa, contain a substance allied to caoutchouc in their tissues, especially in their young state. Some years ago, when Superintendent of Technical Education, I determined to ascertain whether this qualitative test of Eucalyptus odour was capable of leading up to further results. Accordingly I obtained samples of commercial Eucalyptus oils, and also watched their distillation in the country, but found, as a general rule, that the various kinds of leaves were not rigidly kept apart. I therefore resolved, with the advice of Dr. T. L. Bancroft, of Brisbane, and the active co-operation of Mr. Owen Blackett, C.E., of the Technical College, to erect a model still capable of holding large charges of leaves, and to distil only those leaves obtained by my own collector or through agencies which permitted their origin to be precisely checked from a botanical point of view. In this way, and in this way only, could Eucalyptus oils of many species, absolutely true to name, be obtained for research. My transfer to the Botanic Gardens removed me from this domain of botanical technology, and the work thus initiated has been continued and extended by my late assistants, Messrs. Baker and Smith. (f) Stomata.—Mueller, in Hucalyptographia, under EL. pachyphylla and L. phenicea, has classified some of the eucalypts according to the number and distribution of the stomata. He styles the leaves— 1. Hypogenous, according to the presence of stomata on the under surface only. 2. Heterogenous, according to their presence on both surfaces, but less numerous above than below. o) 3. Isogenous, when they are present on both surfaces, but approximately equal in number above and below. “This almost equal distillation of the stomata coincides with the similarity of the colour of both sides of the leaves.” This method cannot, however, be used for diagnostic purposes with any degree of certainty, because of the variation in the distribution of stomata even in the same tree. Galls—At one time I inclined to the opinion that the shapes of the leaf-galls in Eucalyptus would be a useful character for classification. Mr. W. W. Froggatt, who has of late years been giving special attention to Brachyscelidse, finds that the same insect frequents so many species that no general grouping of the trees based on their galls can be made. Inflorescence.—Professor Tate points out that the usual form of inflor- escence is an umbel which, by lengthening of the axis, passes to the panicle or eorymb. The transition from one to the other is so easy, he goes on to remark, and often exemplified in the same tree, that it is obvious the form of the inflorescence is not reliable as a specific character. Bentham had previously drawn attention to the unsatisfactory character of the arrangement of the inflorescence from the point of view of the systematist. _Naudin’s grouping (second memoir) of fifty-six species (or reputed species) known to him as growing in the gardens of Provence, is mainly based on the inflorescence, but also depends on the fruits and leaves. It doubtless was of local value, but it is based on characters which present so much variation as to preclude its general application. Following is an abstract in Gardeners’ Chronicle, 7th February, 1891 :— Section I— Inflorescence in cymes or axillary umbels. Capsules longer than the calyx tube. Capsules shorter than the calyx tube. (a2) Cymes 3-flowered. Leaves uniform, opposite. Leaves uniform, alternate. Leaves of two shapes. (6) Cymes of 3 to 7 or more flowered. Cymes 7-flowered. Leaves uniform opposite. Leaves of two shapes, opposite at first. Leaves uniform, always alternate. (c) Cymes or umbels, axillary, more than 7-flowered. Leaves uniform. Leaves of two shapes. Section II.—F lowers in terminal panicles or coryimbs. Flowers.—With reference to individual flowers, there is much variation in the number of flowers in an umbel, and, to a less extent, in the colour of their filaments. The colour in the vast majority of species is white or cream, but in a few species, e.g., leucoxrylon, sideroxylon, viminalis, ficifolia, calophylla, pyriformis, it may be B 10 pink also. In some species, ¢.g., ficifolia, miniata, phanicea, it may be red, even a vermilion or orange-red. Ina few species, e.g., pilularis, the filaments of dried flowers turn red in course of time. The pedicel is normally rounded, but owing to compression it is very often strap-shaped, as in botryoides, and extreme cases are afforded by obcordata (platypus) and occidentalis. Flower-bud.—The shape of the operculum was first used as a classification character by Willdenow in his Species Plantarum, 1799. He divided the twelve species then known into two groups—‘‘operculo conico”’ and ‘ operculo hemis- phaerico.” It is undoubtedly a useful character for the purpose, but variable, like everything else about Eucalyptus. 7. tereticornis is usually looked upon as a species to be diagnosed by its operculum, but (Bull. Herb. Boissier, 1902, 579), I have shown that this character breaks down completely as between that species and EH. rostrata. B. capitellata and EF. macrorrhyncha were at one time separated by their opercula, but they pass into each other as regards those organs. As this work progresses it will be obvious how very variable the operculum is. At the same time, it will always remain, in the hands of a judicious observer, one of the most practically useful diagnostic characters we have. Some species possess a double operculum, or membranous bract, enveloping the whole of the young inflorescence. It was first observed by Robert Brown (see his description of Hudesmia tetragona), but a few years ago it was only recorded from a very few species. In some it is very early deciduous and in others infrequent ; but I have observed it in such a large number of species that I am inclined to the opinion that extended research will show that it occurs in all. Brown’s and Jussieu’s interesting observations on the single and double operculum will be found supplementary to the former’s description of Hudesmia tetragona (Bot. App. to Flinders’ Voyage). Anther.—Bentham (fora Australiensis) first grouped species according to the shape and mode of dehiscence of the anthers. He made five groups, but laid no stress on the importance of the dehiscence on the top on the anther. He, however, alludes (B.FI. ii, 186) to “truncate” anthers, and at page 189.to the truncate anthers of LH. lewcoxylon. Mueller, finding that Bentham’s five groups could not be separately maintained, reduced them to three, viz. :— Renanthere, the anthers large and the cells divergent at the base. This section mostly includes the stringybarks, although it includes several white gums,—plants otherwise very different. Poranthere, the anthers small and opening in pores. This section mostly includes boxes and some mallees, and includes the silver- leaved ironbark (melanophloia), while E. crebra, which is very closely allied to it, is placed in another section. ala! Parallelanthera, the cells parallel, and the longitudinal slits consequently parallel. This section comprises the remainder of the eucalypts, and a most heterogeneous and extensive coliection they are, variable in many ways. As a matter of fact, the anthers refuse to be rigidly marshalled into sections. They sometimes display such variation of divergence of shape of cell, size, and mode of dehiscence, that classification on the anthers alone becomes a matter of difficulty. In the old collections, the difficulty is enhanced through the partiality of insects for these organs; nevertheless, examination of the anthers is always carried out by me, and it is a most useful character. Pollen-grains.—Mueller (Hucalyptographia, under £. erythrocorys) has shown that the size of pollen-grains varies in different species, but we require very many more measurements than are available, to be in a position to place any interpretation upon the results. The shape of the pollen-grains also varies, but we have few data on the subject. Calyx.—The calyx, “cupula” of De Candolle and other botanists, the “hypanthium” of Schauer, is no longer used for classification purposes, having been proved to be so utterly variable. De Candolle (and his translator, G. Don) offered a classification of the eucalypts consisting of opposite or alternate leaves combined with a comparison of the size of operculum with cupula. Fruit.—While many botanists have more or less used the fruit as a diagnostic character in Eucalyptus, and it is undoubtedly the best character we have, it is due to Professor Tate to say that (op. cit.) he was the first to submit a scheme for classification of the genus based on the fruits alone. He deals with (a) shape; () external sculpture and ornament; (c¢) capsular teeth; (@) capsule cells; (e) fertile seeds. But examination of Professor Tate’s scheme shows (through no fault of his) how very imperfect and full of exceptions it is. Taking item by item we find the shape in cach species to vary within wide limits. The truth of this will be observed in contemplation even of the single species, &. pilularis, dealt with in this part. Personally, I very largely use the fruit (unripe fruits may be very misleading) for diagnostic purposes; but in many cases it must be carefully used, for it displays an enormous amount of variation. This much is proved, and I go further and say that some fruits only appear to have an approximately constant shape because we have so much to learn in regard to the range of the species and consequent possibilities of variation. Of course, I at once admit the fact that some species are “ stronger ”’ than others. To sum up, for herbarium work the anthers and fruits are the best characters to go by; for the scientific forester, the bark and the timber; but all characters display a puzzling amount of variation. 12 B.—Doubtful Species. Tre following list includes doubtful species and perhaps some nomina nuda. Some of them are probably indeterminable, and I trust that further inquiry will be made into them. It is quite possible that some of these so-called species of Eucalyptus may prove to belong to other Myrtaceous genera. 1. EH. alata, Hort. Ex G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit., p.198 (1880). New Holland, 1816. I cannot trace a description. 2. H. albicans, F.v.M. ‘The seedlings are described in Fragm., vii, 42, in the following words :—“ Caulis laevis, fere teres; folia rigidula, sparsa, brevi- petiolata, cordato-v. orbiculato-ovata, acutiuscula, 13-23” longa, 14-2” lata.” I cannot ascertain where the species itself was described. 3. H. albicaulis, Hort. Ex G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit., p. 198 (1830). New Holland, 1810. Does not appear to have been described. 4. H. alpina, Hort. ‘“ Native of Mt. Wellington, V.D L.” (Tasmania). Loudon’s « Trees and Shrubs of Britain,” p. 2567 (vol. iv.). wes . £. cotinifolia, Lodd. Ex G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit., p. 198 (1880). I cannot trace a description. 6. FL. curvula, Sieb. ‘ Operculo conico, pedunculis sub-3 floris incrassatis com- pressis divaricatis, foliis inaequaliter oblongo-lanceolatis acutis.” (Spreng. Syst., iv, Cur. Post. 195.) ‘The short diagnosis equally applicable to several species.” (Benth.) 7. EH. deglupta, Blume. Following is the original description :— “207. Eucalyptus deglupta, Bl., ramulis compresso-tetragonis marginatis ; foliis sparsis (plerumque alternis) breviter petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis basi acutiusculis coriaceis glabris penninerviis subtus tenuissime reticulatis.— Populus ? deglubata, Werb. Rwdt.—Arbor excelsa, corticem resinosum aro- maticum per magnas laminas delibrans; ramulis ncnnihil flexuosis, siccis obscure rubiginosis, pruinosis, glanduloso-punctatis, glabris. Folia alterna v. passim opposita, patentia, petiolis 3-5 lin. longis instructa, 43-7 poll. longa, 13 12-21 poll. lata, longe acuminata, sicca supra obscure fusca, subtus flavo- fuscescentia et nervo medio venisque prominentibus ramulis concoloribus.—In sylyis montanis Celebes.”” (Blume, Jus. Bat. Lugd. Bat., vol. i, p. 83, 1849.) It was therefore, as Bentham states (Jowrn. Linn. Soc., x, 143), described from a Celebes specimen in leaf only, which Blume found in Reinwardt’s collection under the doubtful name of Populus ? deglubata. Following is Reinwardt’s amplified account of the supposed species :— «103. E.? deglupta, Bl. Ramulis compresso-tetragonis foliis ovato- oblongis, acuminatis, integerrimis, glaberrimis, coriaceis, petiolo et nervis primariis flavis, graveolentibus, pellucido-punctatis.” Insula Celebes sec. Reinwardtii sched. mss. £. deglupta, Bl., Mus. Bot., i, p. 88. Mig. flor. ind., p. 398. An revera Eucalyptus ? Affirmare certo non audeo. Reinwardtii schedulae herbarii haec habent adscripta :— 1516. Populus deglubata (dein); Eucalyptus deglubata, Bl. Sylvae Celebicae prope Pogowat., m., Sept., 1821.” 1516. Habitat in sylvis insulee Celebes, prope flumina Pogowat., Taludujunam, ete. Tambuli-lato incolis Celebicis dicitur. Arbor Populi instar balsamea.”’ In relatione itimeris Reinwardtii in insula Celebe haec de hae arbore adnotata lego. “Die veneris, qui erat duode-trigesimus, m., Sept., 1821., ‘Pogowattam reliqui, iter facturus in loca ubi aurum colligitur, nempe versus Taludujunam. Inter alias arbores, quas vidi, una erat species trunco excelso, crasso instructa atque ad basin expansionibus laminaribus undique se expandens, vulgo epidermide destituta, glaberrima et versicolor quod super- ficiem attinet. Horum truncorum unum securi percutere jussi et visa mihi est haee arbor esse populi species, cujus magna est cum Populo balsamea analogia, tum quod attinet folia, tum vero luxuriem incrementi ramorum, flavicantem colorem petiolorum, ruborem ramorum et foliorum novellorum, sed maxime etiam propter odorem balsamicum quem folia juniora, ubi fricantur, spargunt.” Haec in sylvis Celebicis notavit jam beatus Reinwardtius. Quodsi in museo suo Lugduno-Batavo stirpem Celebicam examinavisset et si lentis augmenti ope eam conspexisset, nullus dubito quin folia pellucido-punctata botanico praestantissimo istiusmodi determinationem protinus dissuasissent. Cel. Reinwardt de planta illa haec adnovit. ‘1516. Eucalyptus? deglupta, Bl., Mus. 1, p. 82. Diospyros? P. foltis ovato-oblongis, acuminatis, integerrimis, glaberrimis. Arbor egregia, excelsa, protinus e longinquo dignoscitur trunco erecto, altissimo, deglubato, id est, epidermide plerumque exuto, variegato, flavo-virente, nudo. Cortex ipse tenuis est, intus (quod lignum) alba. Rami habent folia alterna; ramuli ultimi aiato-tetragoni sunt. Folia breviter sunt petiolata, crassa, coriacea, petiolis et nervo primario flavis. Foliorum et ramulorum contritorum odor est fortis, balsamicus,— Populi balsamiferae. Hanc ob causam, tum vero etiam propter habitum, ramosque juniores quadrangulares, turiones rubentes resinosos cet., praeterea etiam ob celere incrementum, Populum esse suspicor. Lignum est molle, inutile, populorum ligne simile, Folia optime descripsit Cl. Blume, 1 c., p. 83.” (Reinwardt in de Vriese Pl. Ind. Bat. Or., p. 65.) 14 8. H. flexilis, Regel. “ Eucalyptus flexilis, Rgl., Ramossima; ramis ramulisque flexuosis, teretibus, verruculosis; foliis alternis, anguste lineari-lanceolatis, plus minus faleatis, integerrimus apice acuminatis v. subuncinatis; umbellis lateralibus, 5-8-floris ; operculo conico, capsula tenuiore et eadem circiter duplo longiore. “Hin neuer Hucalyptus aus Neu-holland. Stark veriistelt. Aeste und Aestchen hin und her gebogen, stielrund, mit Wiirzchen besetzt. Blatter abwechselnd, schmal linien-lanzettlich, mehr oder weniger sichelférmig, ganz- randig, an der Spitze zugespitzt und zuweilen hakenformig, 23-3 Zoll lang, yo-3 Zoll breit, am Grund in den Blattstiel verschmiilert, lederartig, punktirt, einnervig oder ausser dem Mittelnerven mit 2 undeutlichen Seitennerven. Bliithendolden seitenstiindig, zerstreut oder mehrere zusammengedringt, 5-8 blumig. Bliithenstiel + Zoll lang, aufrecht, wie die Bliithenstielchen unmerklich zusammengedriickt und mit kleinen Warzchen besetzt. Bliithen- stielchen ungefiihr } Zoll lang; so lang als die Kelchréhre. Der Deckel des Kelches kegelférmig, réthlich, glatt, zweimal so lang als die Kelchréhre und schmiiler als dieselbe, Blumen mittelgross, weiss. “Schéner Kalthausstrauch aus Neu-holland, der, gleich den andern Eucalyptus-Arten, in eine mit Lehm versetzte Heideerde gepflanzt wird. * Steht dem Z. linearis, Dehnh. und JZ. falcata, Turez. zuniichst. Der erstere derselben unterscheidet sich durch driisigen Deckel, glatte Aeste und schwach geziihnte Bitter; der andere durch herabgebogene Bliithenstiele, die viel linger als die Blattstiele, und einen spitzen Deckel, der 4 mal linger als die Kelchréhre. (E.R.)” Regel in Gartenflora, vii, 284 (1858). Following is a translation :—“A new Eucalyptus from New Holland. Much branched. Branches and branchlets flexuous, terete, covered with warts. Leaves alternate, narrow iinear-lanceolate, more or less faleate, the margins entire, the point acuminate and occasionally hooked, 24 to 3 inches long, 3/5 to } of an inch broad, the base narrowed into a petiole, of leathery texture, punctate, one-nerved or with two indistinct side-nerves beside the mid-rib. Umbels of flowers lateral, scattered or several crowded together, with 5 to 8 flowers. Peduncle } of an inch long, erect, slightly compressed as well as the pedicels, and covered with small warts. Pedicels about } of an inch long, as long as the calyx-tube. Operculum conical, reddish, smooth, twice as long as the calyx-tube and narrower. Flowers of middle-size, white. “A beautiful green-house shrub from New Holland, which, like the other species of Eucalyptus, should be planted in a loamy, heathy soil. “Tt is nearest allied to LZ. linearis, Dehnh., and £. falcata, Turez. The former is distinguished by its warty operculum, smooth branches, and slightly dentate J-4 5 leaves; the latter by the peduncles being bent down and much longer than the petioles, and by the pointed operculum, which is 4 times as long as the calyx-tube.” The juxtaposition of L. linearis and L. falcata shows that the description has probably been based on horticultural considerations. 9. E. glauca, Hoffme. “(164.) Huealyptus glauca. Synonymon absolute nullum_reperio. Simillimus est #. piperitae, ut eundem diceres; at vere differre videtur diutius observata foliorum acumine parumper magis producto, substantia multo magis rigida et coriaced (fere ut fol. Lauri nobilis, vel Citri medicae), quod in E.p. non ita.” (Hoffmannsegg, Verz. Pfl. Nachtr., p. 215.) The name glauca was a favourite both with botanists and horticulturists during the first half of the 19th century, and before it was realised that so many species are glaucous at one period or another of their growth. Following is an instance of its use by Allan Cunningham in his Journal, dated 17th August, 1817, when near Bathurst from the west. “A species of Eucalyptus (gl/awea), with conical blunt deciduous operculum and angular umbel of flowers, forming a tree 30 or 40 feet high is frequent, and being now in flower induced me to gather specimens.” 10. #. moluccana, Roxb. “Lid conical, shorter than the calyx. fPanicles lateral, compressed of peduncled heads, of 6 or 7 flowers. Leaves alternate, petioled, lanceolate, entire, firm and polished. “A native of the Molucca Islands, differing from all the species described by Dr. Smith in the 3rd Vol. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, in having lateral panicles, composed of heads of 6 or 7 sessile flowers.” (Fl. Ind. ii, 498; Hort. Beng., 92.) * E. moluccana, Roxb., described from a tree in the Caleutta Garden, said to be a native of the Moluccas, but without any record as to when or by whom introduced, and I cannot find that any drawing or specimen has been preserved. Miquel refers it to #. alba, but that is mere guess work, and Roxburgh’s short description is quite at variance with that species.” (Benth. Jowrn. Linn. Soc., x, 142.) 11. ZL. myrtifolia, Link. “994. #. myrtifolia. Fol. pet. 3-4" longo, lamina cum pet. 2’ longa, 1’ lata acuta reticulata, nervis in margine connexis, punctata. [ab. in Australia. Non floruit.”” (Link’s Hnuwm. Hort. Berol., ii, 30; DC. Prod. ii, 222.) “Very doubtful.” (Bentham. ) 12. 13. 14. 15. 16, 17. 18. 16 H. nervosa, Hofimg. “*(165.) Eucalyptus nervosa. Foliis oppositis alternatisque petiolatis ovato-oblongisacuminatis uninerviis costato-venosis marginatis subrepandiusculis glabris (4-5’ lg., 2-22’ It.). (Hoffmg. Verz. Pfl. Nachtr., p. 215.) Ei. nervosa, ¥.v.M., is #. obliqua, L’ Herit. E. oppositifolia, Desf., “i feuill opposées N. Holl. or.” (Desf. Labl. Heol. Bot. Kd, 1, 1804, p. 222.) I cannot trace any ampler description. FL. orbicularis, Lodd. E. phillyreoides, Lodd. Both ex G. Don in Loud, Hort. Brit., p. 198 (1880). I cannot trace any description, Hf. reticulata, Link. “915. BE. reticulata, Fol. lanceolata subfaleata acuminata basi subovata obliqua 6-7’ lga., 2’ et uitra lata, subtus reticulatim venosa. Hab. in Australia. Nondum floruit. Nervi foliorum subtus non paralleli ut in pr.” (Link’s Hnuwm. Hort. Berol., ii, 29; DC. Prod. iii, 222.) “Very doubtful.” (Bentham.) HE. robusta, Hoffmg. ** (433.) Eucalyptus robusta. In Syn. ap. Willd. Sp. Pl. pedunculi com- pressi quidem dicuntur, et in mea (versus apicem) depressi sunt; at cogitans, plerosque scriptores hediernos terminorum veram acceptionem parum curare, puto, quod et hic compressus pro depresso sumtum sit, et hoe scrupulo (licet per se gravissimo) non morabor. Necesse est se temporibus accommodare. (!) Caeterum et aliae spp. tales habent petiolos. Certitudinem vero definitionis ullius HH. Sp. nemo acquiret, nisi qui opercula viderit, qaum pleraeque aliae partes, quibus plantae vulgo distingui solent, vix memoratae sint; quod igitur in plurimis manet ‘ seros nepotes.’ “‘Caulis teres, asper, cum petiolo < 6” lg., nervoque primario supra, pur- purascens. Folia coriacea, asperula, ad lentem punctis numerosissimis minutis, secus lucem albidis, contra eam pellucidis, tuberculisque rarioribus majoribus depressi subglabratis.” (Hoffmg. Verz. Pfl. Nachtr., ii, p. 115.) #H. Sarassa, Blume. * 209. Eucalyptus Sarassa, Bl. AKaju Sarassa Rumph. Herb. Amb. iii, p. 122. In montanis Moluccarum.” (Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat., i, 84, 1849.) “¢ Founded on Rumphius’ incidental mention of the Sarassa tree in the same article (see #. versicolor), all three species, this,—versicolor and deglupta, conjecturally referred by Blume to Eucalyptus on account of their resinous bark, described as detaching itself in particles.’ (Benth., Journ. Linn. Soc., x, 143.) U7) 19. #. stenophylla, Link, “926. FE. stenophylla. Fol, linearia basi attenuata obtusiuscula venosa punctata nervis ante marginem connexis. Hab. in Australia. Fol. pet. 4” lgo., lamina 8’ lea, 4” lata.” (Link’s Hnum. Hort. Berol., ii, 30; DC. Prod. iii, 222.) “Very doubtful.’’ (Bentham.) 20. ZH. tuberculata, Parm. “Parm. h. engh. ex Otto hort. Berol. foliis oppositis sessilibus, amplexi- caulibus oblongo-linearibus acutis membranaceis glabris, ramis filiformibus tuberculatis. In Nova-Hollandia v.s. sine fl.” (DC. Prod. iii, 221.) * Very doubtful.” (Bentham.) 21. L. turbinata, Page. By name only in Page’s Prodromus, 1818. I cannot trace where, if at all, it was described. 22. #H. undulata, Hort. 23. ZF. verrucosa, Hort. Both ex. G. Don in Loud. Hort. Brit. p. 198 (1880). New Holland, 1820. I cannot trace the description, if any. 24. FH. versicolor, Blume. “(208.) Eucalyptus versicolor, Bl., foliis sparsis v. sub-oppositis breviter petiolatis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis- basi acutiusculis coriaceis glabris penninerviis. Arbor versicolor Rumph. Herb. Amb., iii, p. 122, tab. 43. Ay-alla Amboinensium. ‘Truncus strictus, altissimus; cortice tenui, laevigato, albido, in lamellas secedente excellentem gerens colorem ex rubro luteo et viridi yariegatum, qui e longinquo iridis colorem refert. Folia 5 poll. longa, 2 poll. lata, laurina, nervo medio subtus argute prominente, sicca supra nigricantia. In Moluccis.” (Blume, Mus. Bot. Ludg. Bat., vol. i, 1849, p. 84.) From the Moluccas, taken up from Rumphius’ description and rude figure of Arbor versicolor Ay-alla (Herb. Amb., iii, p. 122, t. 80, not t. 53, which is an Eugenia) without flowers or fruit.” (Bentham, Journ. Linn. Soc., x, 143.) “44. Eucalyptus, nov. sp. ramulis rubellis, ete., e specimine incompleto non describenda. Van Diemen’s Land (Stuart n. 19).” Mig. in Ned. Kruidh. Arch., iv, 141 (1856). I have not been able to see a specimen of Stuart’s No. 19 from Tasmania, so that I cannot say if it wouid be possible to express an opinion as to the species to which it belongs. Cc 18 C.—Non-Eucalypts described as Eucalypts. THE following non-Kucalypts have been described or referred to as Eucalyptus. The following three specimens are from Herb. Vindob :— Jl. #. saligna, Hort, Berlin (labelled £. saligna, Sm.). 2. Metrosideros saligna (in 18th century handwriting), 3. Eucalyptus resinifera, Hort. Argentorat et Nessler (sic.) ded, Sept., 1828. These are all Agonis flecuosa, DC. The prominent wing on the young branchlets of the var. latifolia is often very faint on the common narrow-leaved form, but always discernible. Bentham omits this character in Fl. Aust. A. Ef. microphylla, Willd. “ BH. microphylla, W.E., 515. Fol. pet, 4” longo, lamina 1’ 4” Iga. 4” lata, apice faleata, in ramulis conferta parva.” (Link’s Hnum. Hort. Berol., 225.) Bentham says this is probably not a Eucalyptus at all. I have seen a specimen (in leaf only) in Herb. Vindob, doubtfully referred to this species, and I agree with him, 5, Sieber’s No. 471. * Ti. hispida, Sm. De la Nouvelle Hollande. No. 471, M. Sieber, 1825,” in Herb, Barbey-Boissier is Angophora cordifolia, Cav. 6. FH. hirsuta, Link. 229. H. hirsuta. Foliis subpetiolatis cordatis obtusis, subtus nervis pubescentibus ramis pedunculisque strigosis. Hab. in Australia. Rami strigis longis densis rubescentibus patentibus. Fol. petiolo brevissimo, lamina 3’ lga., l’ 6” lata, juniora pubescentia rubescentia, adultiora subtus tantum in nervis pubescentia discolora. Pedunculi 1’ longi triflori, pedicelli 8” longi. Operculum hemisphaericum.” (Link’s Hnumeratio Hort. Berol,, ii, 31.) This is Angophora cordifolia Cay, 19 7. #. media, Link. “219. #. media. Fol. pet. 6” longo, lamina lanceolata longe acuminata basi subovata obliqua, lata angustieraque 6-7” lga, 1’ 2’ ad 2’ lata, subtus nervis parallelis. Hab. in Australia, non floruit.”” (Hnwm. Hort. Berol., ii, 80; DC. Prod. iii, 222.) Specimens in Herb. Vindob. in flower, labelled “ Hucaiyptus media, Link., Ferd. Bauer, Hb. Bauer’’ are Angophora lanceolata, Cay. 8. 1846, No. 397. ‘Apple-tree Eucalyptus,’ sub-tropical New Holland. Lieut.- Col. Sir T. L. Mitchell,” Herb. Cant. ex Herb. Lindl. is Angophora intermedia, DC., with lanceolate leaves, also with broad cordate leaves (suckers). 9. #. rubricaulis. ‘ Ramis asperis; ramulis filiformibus; foliis alternis, angusto- lanceolatis acutis petiolatis. Folia uncias 2-3 longa, lineas 3 lata.” (Desf. Cat. Pl. Hort. Par., ed. 3, 1829, p. 408; also, Dehnh. Cat. Pl. Hort. Camald., ed. 2, p. 20.) A specimen in leaf only. ‘Eucalyptus rubricaulis, Desf. ex hort Celsiano, Paris, 1819,” Herb. Vindob. (Herb. Boos.) appears to me not to be a Eucalyptus at all, but probably a Proteacea. Underside of leaves reddish. 20 D.—Works consulted. Evcatyprus being naturally such a well-defined genus, it has very few generic synonyms. Those that are accounted synonyms are not synonyms of the whole genus, and comprise two only, viz. :— (a) Budesmia, R.Br., which was the name given to one species (tetragona) looked upon by Brown as connecting Lucalyptus with Angophora. (b) Symphyomyrtus, Schauer., which consists of a form of . cornuta, Labill., with the walls of the fruits fused together. Aromadendrum, Anderson (Dr. W. Anderson, the surgeon of Cook’s second and third voyages), is a nomen nudum. A second Aromadendrum (Blume) is a genus of Magnoliacez. The vast majority of species are Australian. The known exceptions are two species extending to Timor, and two or three or perhaps one single somewhat doubtful species from the Indian Archipelago; one from New Britain, Species have been described by Naudin from cultivated specimens in the south of France and by Kinney from California, but, in my opinion, they are referable to Australian species. The botanical literature of Eucalyptus is very scattered. Most of the original descriptions of Robert Brown remain in manuscript, while later work has rendered some of them of only historical value. Ido not hesitate to say that the suppression of these descriptions has been a heavy blow to British botanical science, whether this suppression eventually met with the acquiescence of Robert Brown himself or whether he was controlled, in this respect, by superior authority. The first published attempt to get the increasing number of species of Eucalyptus into order was by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in his Prodromus, vol. iii, 216 et seq. (1828). The Eucalyptus portion of Don’s “General History of Dichlamydeous Plants,” vol. ii, 818 et seq. (1832), is mainly a translation of the preceding. Then follows the important work of W. P. Walpers, “ Repertorium botanices systematicae.” (Leipzig.) Vols. ii and v contain an important series of descriptions of species. This work was continued as “ Annales botanices System- aticae,” and vols. i and ii also contain descriptions of Eucalyptus. 21 In 1866 appeared the third volume of Bentham’s Flora Australiensis, which will always remain a classic as far as the genus Eucalyptus is concerned. From 1879 to 1884 there was published Mueller’s Monograph of One Hundred Species of Eucalyptus, which is of the highest value. There can be no doubt that the time has arrived when a process akin to the consolidation of legal statutes is desirable as regards the National Genus of Australian Plants. The literature is very scattered, and so are the types; a few I have not been able to see, and do not even know where they are. Perhaps European botanists will kindly assist me with specimens or drawings, for which I will make the amplest recompense I can. Following is a list of herbaria of Eucalyptus examined by me. In a number of cases the collections have very kindly been remitted to me in Sydney :— Berkeley, University of California, U.S.A. Berlin, Royal Botanic Garden. Caleutta, Royal Botanic Garden. Cambridge, University. Edinburgh, Royal Botanic Garden. Geneva, Herbier Barbey-Boissier. ro *: De Candolle. Glasgow, University. Kew, Royal Gardens. Melbourne, National Herbarium. Natal (Durban), Colonial Herbarium. Oxford, University. Vienna, Imperial and Royal Natural History Museum. Washington, U.S., United States National Herbarium (Smithsonian Institution). Following are the works consulted by me up to date. Others will be referred to under separate species. L’Heritier. Sertum Anglicum, seu plantae rariores, quae in hortis juxta Londinum imprimis in horto regio Kewensi excoluntur.* This work contains the first description of Eucalyptus, the first species described being L. obliqua. *LHeritier de Brutelle, a French botanist, came to England in 1786-7, and studied the Kew collections, which appear to have been fully placed at his disposal, He published in 1788 at Paris a large folio with 34 plates. He brought over Redouté, the celebrated French botanical artist to make thedrawings. (Kew Bulletin, 1891, p. 296.) 22 Gaertner, J. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. 3 vols. 4to., 1788-1807. Cavanilles, Antonio J ose. Icones et descriptions plantarum, &c. 6 vols. Folio, 1791-1801. Smith, J. E. (a) A specimen of the Botany of New Holland. Vol. i. London, 1793. (b) Transactions of the Linnean Society. Lalillardiere, J. J. (a) Novee Hollandize plantarum specimen. 2 vols. Paris, 1804-6. (d) Voyage in search of La Pérouse (translated from the French and published by J. Stockdale, London, 1800). Bonpland, Aime. Description des plantes rares cultivées & Malmaison et i Navarre. A Paris de V’Imprimerie de P. Didot L’Ainé, 1813. Folio. Contains a description and plate of Bonpland’s /. diversifolia. Loddiges, Conrad, and Sons. Botanical Cabinet. (1817, &c.) Link, H. F. Enumeratio Plantarum Horti Regii Botanici Berolinensis Altera. Pars 1, Berlin, 1821. Pars 2, Berlin, 1822. Link et Otto. Tcones Plantarum Selectarum. 4to. Berlin, 1820-8. Sprengel, C. Systema Vegetabilium. (Vol. iv, Pars 2, Curee Posteriores), 1827. Candolle, Aug. Pyr. de Prodromus Systematis. Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Vol. iii (1828). Mémoire sur la Famille des Myrtacées. (Posthumous work). Genéve, Cher- buliez, 1842; Mém. de la Soe. de Phys. et d’hist. nat. de Genéve. Vol. ix. Don, G. General System of Dichlamydeous Plants. Vol. ii (1882). 23 Hooker, W. J., and Hooker, J. D. (a) London Journal of Botany. (4) Icones Plantarum. (ce) Botanical Magazine. Hooker, J. D. The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. Part 3. Flora Tasmanize. 1860. Lindley, J. Edwards’ Botanical Register. 1888, &ce. Walpers, W. P. (az) Repertorium botanices systematicze. i, 163, 924; v, 748 (1843, &e.). (5) Annales botanices systematice. i, 809; i, 619. Mitchell, T, L. (a) Three Expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia. London, 1838 (2nd ed., 1849). (6) Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia. London, 1848. Turezaninow. Bull. Phys-Math. Acad. Pétersb. 10. 1852. Miquel, F. A. G. Stirpes nova Hollandas a Ferd. Mullero Collectas, Determinavit F. A. G. Miquel.* Nedertandsch Kruidkundig Archief. Vol. iv, Part 2 (Vierde deel, tweede stuk), pp. 97-150. Leyden, 185€. The date of this part is 1856 and not 1859 as quoted in B.FI., iii. Mueller, F. (2) Proceedings, Linnean Society. Vol. iii (1858). (6) Fragmenta phytographiz Australi. SY (c) Eucalyptographia. (d) Western Australia. ‘‘ General information respecting the present condition of forests and timber trade of the southern part of the Colony, together with a report on the forest resources of the Colony by Baron von Mueller.”’ Perth, 1882. The report was previously published by L. Reeve & Co., London, in 1879. = In deseribendis et definiendis his stirpibus eximiis etiam annotationibus mss. cl. Miiller, ad vivum factis, usus sum, 24 Bentham, G, Flora Australiensis. Vol. iii (1866.) Woolls, W. (a) A contribution to the Flora of Australia. Sydney, 1867. (0) Lectures on the Vegetable Kingdom with special reference to the Flora of Australia. Sydney, 1879. Howitt, W. A. The Eucalypts of Gippsland. Zrans. R.S. Vict. Vol. i, Pt. 1, 81. Deane, H. and Maiden, J. H. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. 1895 to 1901. Maiden, J. H. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W.; of Roy. Soc., S.A.; of Roy. Soc., Tas.; Victorian Naturalist ; Agric. Gazette, N.S.W.; Bulletin, Herbier Boissier, Sc. [See also Deane and Maiden. | Baker, R. T. Proc. Linn, Soc., N.S.W. 1899 onwards. Al. EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS (Smith). 26 DESCRIPTION. Foutow1nge is the brief original description of the species :— Operculo conico medio constricto longitudine calycis, umbellis lateralibus, fructu globoso foliis lineari-lanceolatis. The leaves are much narrower than in the preceding,* and the flowers not half so large; neither is the cover, as in that, more in diameter than the calyx. The fruit is globose. I suspect that of L£. robusta to be turbinate with a reflexed margin, but I have seen it only half ripe.—Smith, in Z’rans, Linn. Soc., iii, 284, 1797. It has been more amply defined in Bentham’s Flora Australiensis (iii, 208), and in Mueller’s Hucalyptographia. Vernacular Names.—It is the tree which most usually goes under the name of “ Blackbutt,” and sometimes by way of distinction, for it attains enormous size, as will be seen presently, the ‘‘Great Blackbutt.’ It is a stately, shapely tree, and perhaps the best known of all the genus to Sydney residents, as it is so abundant. It belongs to the group of cucalypts called “ half-barked,” because its rough outer bark is confined to the trunk of the tree, the branches being smooth and white. From the latter circumstance it shares with some other species the designation of ‘ White-top.” The outer bark of this tree is fibrous and closely matted, forming, if I may make the comparison, a sort of middle link between such fibrous-barked trees as the Stringybarks, and such smooth ones as our White gum. I do not know that the term “black,” as applied to the butt, is particularly appropriate ; the word ‘“ grey’’ would be better, though exception could be taken to this adjective also, Before the term ‘‘Gum” was restricted to those eucalypts which have smooth or nearly smooth bark it was termed “ Blackbutted Gum.” “ Flintwood”’ is an old name for this species, in allusion to the hardness of the dry wood. It shades off imperceptibly into the Stringybarks, and forms of it are known as Yellow Stringybark (from the yellow cast of the inner bark, at some seasons), Messmate, and Stringybark. Other adjectives applied to Stringybark will be noted under the forms described. * FB. robusta, Sm, 27 Aboriginal Names.—< Yarr-warrah” of the Illawarra blacks, according to the late Sir William Macarthur. Another New South Wales aboriginal name was “ Benaroon.’’ By the aborigines of South Queensland it was known as * Tcheergun ” and “ Toi.” In a collection of specimens made by George Caley are three twigs which belong to this species and which are labelled as follows by him, Tarundea being the aboriginal name :—(a) “ Pilularis? Smaller Blackbutted Gum. Tarundea. Feb. 15, 1805.” (0) “Great Blackbutted Gum with large capsules. Tarundea. Jan., 1808.” (ce) “This is neither Deraboyn* nor Tarundea. I only know a single tree of it, nor do the natives know any other.” Seedling Leaves.—The seedling leaves are narrow (those of two forms are depicted on Plates 1 and 2), thus affording a ready difference from Z. capitellata, Sm., and Stringybarks in general. Those of the type form are toothed and hirsute (‘in the earlier stages those of #. Muelleriana are frequently more less beset with tufts of hairs.”—Howitt). Those of variety Mwelleriana that I have seen have the leaves a little broader ; but Howitt speaks of them as “ narrow lanceolar,” and the two forms run into each other. The width of some of those of #. pilularis are broader still, approximating to those of the true stringybarks. Mature Leaves.—They are often hooked at the tips, and sometimes are glossy, particularly in var. Wwelleriana. Usually there is no marked difference in the glossiness of the two sides. There are, however, more stomata on the lower side. As regards the type form, the venation is more prominent on the under surface of the leaf. This character, which appears to be almost confined to coast species, is shared by WH. acmenioides and LH. microcorys, of the Renanthere, and Li. saligna, #. resinifera, and several others of the Parallelanthere. The petiole is broadish and flattened. Mueller (Hucalyptographia) lays emphasis on the flatness of the flower-stalks, but this character belongs to many other species, to some to a greater extent than to H. pilularis. In the variety Muelleriana it is sometimes much less marked. IT am not aware that an account of the oil yielded by the leaves of typical blackbutt has yet been published, but Gildemeister and Hoffmann+ have published the following account of the oils of two trees which, as will be presently shown, are forms of this species. The oil of Hucalyptus dextropinea, Baker, has been prepared by Baker and Smith?, as has also the oil of £. levopinea, Baker, from the fresh leaves of these trees. Both are indigenous to New South Wales. The yield was in one case 0°825, in another 0°850 per cent. The deep, red-coloured, and strongly- dextrogyrate oil has the sp. gr. 0°8743-0°8763 at 17°. By distillation the following fractions were obtained :—156-162°, 62 per cent. ; 162-172”, 25 per cent. * EH. piperita, Sm. + ‘The Volatile Oils,” E. Gildemeister and F', Hoffmann (trans, E, Kremers), 1900. ~ Journ. Roy. Soc. N.S.W., xxxii, 195. 25 The oil consists almost entirely of d-pinene. The main fraction, finally boiling at 156-157°, had the sp. gr. +8: 08629 ; [a]Jp= + 41:2° at 18. For the identification of the pinene, the following derivatives were prepared :—Pinene nitroso- chloride (m.p. 103°), and from the nitrosopinene (m.p. 128-129°) further terpin hydrate, as well as pinene monohydrochloride (m.p. 121-124"). Besides pinene, the oil contains small amounts of cineol, which was recognised by the behaviour of the higher boiling fractions toward iodol and bromine. From the fresh leaves of Hucalyptus levopinea they obtained 0:66 per cent. of a reddish oil, having the sp. gr. 0°8732. The following fractions were collected :—157-164", 60 per cent.; 164-72°, 28 per cent. Just as the foregoing oil consists almost entirely of d-pinene, this oil consists almost entirely of l-pinene. The fraction boiling at 157—158°, which can probably be considered as fairly pure pinene, had the sp. gr. 08626 at 73: and [a]p = — 48°63°. The same derivatives of the pinene were prepared as with the foregoing oil. This oil likewise only contains small amounts of cineol. Operculum.—In the type form the pointed, even acuminate, operculum is associated with a globular narrow-rimmed fruit. In northern specimens (eé.g., E. semicorticata, F.v.M.), the pointed operculum is associated with a broad-rimmed fruit. In the variety Mueileriana the rounded (sometimes nearly hemispherical) operculum is associated with a broad, sometimes very broad, -rimmed fruit, and there is a very considerable amount of variation. Stamens.—tThe filaments often turn red. The dark colour of the stamens has already been referred to in B.FI. iii, 208. They are, however, not noticed in fresh specimens, but the colour deepens with age. Fruits.—Smith’s original description refers simply to “fructu globoso,” an expression which is not appropriate to the broad-rimmed forms. Smith’s specimens were in all probability collected in the vicinity of Port Jackson, and are our Form 2, Plate 4, to which the term globular or pilular, as applied to the fruits, is especially appropriate. Bentham (B.FI. ii, 208) speaks of the fruit as “semi-globose or sub-globose, truncate . . . therim rather broad,” &c. At page 190 he says, “ Fruit rim usually broad and flat.” Mueller speaks of the fruit as ‘‘semi-ovate or almost truncate-ovate,”’ and figures (Hucalyptographia) a broad-rimmed form. He adds, “the systematic name for this species is not happily chosen.” Again (doc. cit.), “Whereas the globular fruit of Z. pilularis, as aptly described in the Linnean Transactions of 1797, would not apply to that species as now understood, but to LH. piperita of the present day.” Mueller was not familiar with the typical pilularis, and his mistaken reference to HL. piperita will be dealt with when that species is under review. The fact is that &. pilularis displays very considerable variation in regard to the rim. It may be thin (narrow) or broad, and the absolutely imperceptible way in which the various forms run into each other is brought out in the drawings 29 (Plate 4). The variety MWwelleriana is a broad-rimmed form, but fruits are figured that have broader rims than any hitherto attributed to variety Muelleriana. Not only is the rim broad, but it may be domed, imperceptibly shading off into both £. capiteliata and FH. macrorrhyncha in this respect. The fruits vary in size from 2 to } inch in diameter, and also in the size of the opening. In some trees the fruits are large, ;%, inch in diameter, and nearly spherical, but with a small opening. In others, the opening is very wide. Many of our eucalypts have large fruited forms. #. resinifera, HL. punctata, E. virgata will occur to many in this connection. JZ. pilularis has one also belonging to the broad-rimmed section. I figure such a form collected by Mr. F. Williams at Dapto. (Fig. 18, Pl. 4.) The valves are quite sunk in the typical form. Variety I/welleriana shows exserted valves, and they are even evident in the form (Fig. 3, Pl. 4), which other- wise would be typical. The specimens of “ Mountain Gum” (Fig. 16, Pl. 4) show an extreme broad-rimmed form, with the valves exceptionally exserted, so that the size and shape of the fruits, the shape of the rim, and the valves all display considerable variation in this species, as will be at once observed if Plate 4 be studied. Bark.—Has fibrous bark on the butt, while the branches are smooth, like those of a gum. The variety Muelleriana, however, frequently shows more rough bark on the branches than does the normal species. Timber.— Characteristics.—Pale-coloured, more or less fissile, though sometimes quite interlocked in grain. It isa strong, durable, thoroughly safe, and well-tried timber. It is usually readily diagnosed by the presence of narrow, concentric gum-yeins, but sometimes these gum-veins are nearly or wholly absent. As arule, they are too narrow to cause deterioration. Sometimes, particularly on the Northern Rivers, it is free from gum-veins, and then presents considerable similarity to tallow-wood (£. microcorys), for which it is occasionally substituted. It occasionally, though rarely, shows pin-holes. In the Bateman’s Bay and Moruya districts, where it occurs plentifully, it is said that although white ants are found in the heart of the living tree, they never attack the timber when it is dry. Principal Uses.—It is one of the best hardwoods we have for house and ship building. It is useful for bridge-planking, though inferior to tallow-wood for that purpose. It has been tested for many years for blocks for wood-paving, with most satisfactory results; in fact, it is one of the best timbers we have for the purpose, both as regards wear and durability. It takes tar well. After ironbark, I would place this timber second only to tallow-wood, amongst our hardwoods, for 30 general purposes. Of late years it has been used for railway sleepers, and it has been exported to Europe for sides and head-stocks for railway waggons as an experiment. That variety known as Yellow Stringybark in Gippsland is not so well known as the Blackbutt, and, therefore, at page 35, I have given an ample account of it. It may be stated generally that all forms of L. pilularis yield valuable timber. Size.—It is one of the largest of our eucalypts, and giant. trees have been recorded over the greater portion of the area in which it abounds. A tree at Bulli was measured by me in 1891 with the following results ;— Girth at ground, measuring from buttress to buttress, 57 ft. 6 in.; the girth at 3 feet from the ground was 45 feet, and at 6 feet above the ground, 40 feet. The taper was then very gradual for about 90 feet (estimated), where the head is broken off. There are ten principal buttresses of an average diameter of over 2 feet, but they practically cease to flute the trunk at a height of 10 to 15 feet. This is, probably, the identical tree measured by the late Sir William Macarthur in 1861 at * Bullai, [awarra, still in full vigour, and with no external symptoms of decay, 41 feet in circumference, with the bole of immense height.” Mr. A. G. Hamilton speaks of “ Bulli Blackbutt, 22 yards in circumference at ground, and at stump height would be not much less, as it does not taper much.” One at Gosford was measured 156 feet high, and 23 feet in circumference at a height of 6 feet. Propagation.—It is well known that the blackbutt reproduces itself more freely and more rapidly than most other hardwoods, so much so that when a large one is felled, a dense growth of seedlings, growing into straight saplings, is the usual consequence. It, however, reproduces itself most, abundantly upon rich, moist flats, which is the description of land in greatest demand for agricultural pursuits, so that it will, no doubt, be necessary in future to revoke portions of the most easily accessible and richest land in the blackbutt forests in the interests of selectors and for encouragement of agriculture. Wherever practicable, I would recommend the retention of blackbutt forest reserves, even although the mature timber may have been removed therefrom, and also the proclamation of additional blackbutt reserves in suitable localities not likely to be required for settlement, and, at the same time, the preservation and conservation of other useful species of hardwoods, which are not so abundant as blackbutt. A self-sown seedling was measured at Gosford in 1889 on the land which was cleared for a nursery site. In eighteen months it had attained a height of 25 feet and a circumference of 18 inches. 31 SYNONYMS. . E. discolor, Desf. (probably). . E. persicifolia, Lodd. 3. E. persicifolia, DC. 4. EF. incrassata, Sieb. Nw = 5. FE. semicorticata, F.v.M. 6. E. fibrosa, F.v.M. Var. Muelleriana, var. nov. :— 7. E. Muelleriana, Howitt. 8. E. dextropinea, R. T. Baker. 9. E. levopinea, R. T. Baker. NOTES ON THE SYNONYMS. 1. E. discolor, Desf. Following is the original description :— “ Bucalyptus discolor. WRamulis teretibus, purpureis; foliis oppositis, sessilibus, connatis, lato- lanceolatis, acuminatis, subtus glaucis.” (Desf., Cat. Pl. Hort., Hd. 3, 1829, p. 408.) Tabl. Ed., 11, 198 (name only). I have recently seen a specimen belonging to the Vienna Herbarium. Following is the label :— “ Eucalyptus discolor, Desf. In Spreng. syst. deest. ex horto Paris, 1820.” In leaf only. I agree with Bentham that it is doubtful; but it resembles #. pilularis, Sm., a good deal, and I tiink it is that species. (See Fig. 1, Pl. 3.) 2. E. persicifolia, Lodd. Bentham (B.F1., iii, 240) states that #. persicifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 501, “from the figure,’ is 2. viminalis. If his surmise is correct, he refers to var. pedicellaris, F.y.M., which is multi-flowered. But De Candolle (who doubtless saw Loddiges’ specimens) referred them to Sieber’s Nos. 593 and 477, which I have dealt with below, p. 82. EE. persicifolia, Miq., is B. Gunnii, Hook. f. var. acervula, Deane and Maiden. 32 3. E. persicifolia, DC. Following is a copy of the original description :— 5 B 5 (Lodd. Bot. Cab., t. 501). Operculo conico cupula paulo breviore, pedunculis axillaribus et latioribus ancipitibus petioli longitudine, pedicellis brevibus compressis, foliis oblongis basi attenuatis apice acuminatis nervulo margine, subparallelo tenuissimo notatis. Nova Hollandia. Folii petiolus 4-5 lin. longus, lamina 3 poll. longa, 6 lin. lata. Umbelle 8-10-flore. 3 foliis paulo latioribus, pedunculis brevioribus Eucalyptus. Sieb., plant. exs. Nov. Holl. n. 593 (v.s.). v. foliis paulo longioribus pedunculis petiolum paululum excedentibus. Z. incrassata, Sieb., plant exs. Nova Holl. n. 477 FE. multiflora, Poir. suppl. 2, p. 5942 (v.s.). (Prod. iii, 217.) De Candolle, therefore, states that the umbels are 8-10 flowered. He quotes two varieties :— (a) With broader leaves and shorter peduncles. Sieber’s No. 5938. (b) With longer leaves, and the peduncles slightly exceeding the petioles, This is Sieber’s No. 477, and is stated to be #. multiflora, Poir. A specimen in Herb. Barbey-Boissier in bud and leaf only bears the label, “ Hucalyptus persicifolia, Lodd., DC. De la Nouvelle Hollande, M. Sieber, 1825, No. 593.” The leaves are broader than specimens of No. 477 in the same herbarium, but I can see no other difference. Specimens of Nos. 477 and 593 in the Berlin Herbarium are so similar that I cannot detect any difference between them, and they also are referable, in my opinion, to HL. pilularis. These specimens are all in bud only, and there is no doubt that the resemblance to specimens of /. siderophloia in bud is considerable, and deceived Mueller ; Bentham followed him. Mr. Backhouse, the Quaker botanical traveller, collected H. pilularis at Elizabeth Bay, Sydney, in February, 1836, and labelled it “ 2. persicifolia.” The specimens are at Kew. The late Rev. Dr. Woolls and other botanists, who worked prior to the publication of Vol. III of the Flora Australiensis, used to style the blackbutt 2. persicifolia. 4. E. inerassata, Sieb. Following is De Candolle’s description of this species :— “ Foliis paulo longioribus (than #. persicifolia, Lodd.), pedunculis petiolum paululum excedentibus. E. incrassata, Sieb., plant. evs. nov. Holl. n. 477. E. multiflora, Poir., suppl. 2, p. 594 (2)” (Prod. iii, 217). It is identical, of course, with Z. persicifolia, DC. An original specimen of Sieber’s No. 477 in Herb. Barbey-Boissier bears the following additional label :—‘‘ Eucalyptus inerassata, Sieb. De la Nouvelle Hollande, Sieber, 1825.” On the same label was added a little later, “‘ Hucalyptus persicifolia, Lodd., v.y., DC.” Like other specimens of No. 477, it is in leaf and bud only, and is #. pilularis. 33 5. FE. semicorticata, F.v.M. Arborea, ramulis angulatis, foliis alternis lanceolatis subfalcatis modice petiolatis sensim acuminatis opacis subtilissime venosis imperforatis, vena peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus et lateralibus solitariis 5-8 floris, pedicellis angulatis pelunculo compresso bis terve brevioribus calycis tubo yvix longioribus, operculo acuminato calycis tubum semiovatum ecostatum aequante, fructibus hemisphae- ricis 3-4 loculatis vertice planis, valvis brevissime exsertis, seminibus apteris. Hab.—In nemoribus montium fertiliorum ad flumen Brisbane (Illawarra, Macarthur, Sydney Woods, in Paris Exhib., No. 88, hb. Hook.). Anth. aestate. Arbor procera, “Blackbutt” colonorum, Cortice trunci extus nigrocinereo intus fusco fibroso, ramis denudatis albidis laevibus. Folia 2}-4” longa, 7-10” lata. Pedunculi 6-10” longi. Operculum 2”’ longum semiovatum subrostratum. Fructus 3-4’ longi. Semina fusca 1’” longa, angulata subtilissme punctulato- rugulosa. E. persicifolia Lodd., non Schl, hue forsan pertinet ex nomine vernaculari “ Blackbutt ” ad hane a Cunninghamino citato. (Journ. Linn. Soc., iii, 86, 1859.) T have seen the specimen, Paris Exh., No. 88, Herb. Hook. (Herb. Kew). Bentham endorsed the label “ Blackbutt of Brisbane River; long pedicels and a rim. (&#. pilularis.)” I have a specimen of the type, and the figure of the fruits (Fig. 6, Pl. 3) of HE. semicorticata showing that while undoubtedly conspecific with HL. pilularis, it is intermediate in character between it and var. Muelleriana, possessing the foliage and buds of the former and the fruits of the latter. “#H. persicifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 501, Syn. H#. semicorticata, F.v.M. (Proc. Linn. Soc., iii, 86).” Mueller, Fragm., ii, 61, gives the above synonymy, and gives the range from Moreton Bay to the Goulburn and Macalister Rivers, Victoria. He states that it is sometimes called ‘‘ Blackbutt and Ironbark.” The calyx-tube is 14 to 24 lines in length, and the operculum 23 to 3} lines, “acute et longuiscule rarius obtuse v. ancipiter rostratum.” Peduncles 4 to 1 inch, pedicels 2-3 lines; umbels 4-14 flowered.”’ The fact that Mueller speaks of the species as ‘‘ sometimes called Blackbutt and Ironbark” points to obvious confusion between two species. Bentham (B.F1., iii, 208) gives #. ornata, Sieb., as asynonymof L. pilularis, Sm.; but it is really a synonym of JL. siderophloia, Benth, and affords another instance of the confusion of LZ. pilularis with LH. siderophloia. In fact, #. sidero- phloia’s identity as a distinct species was not recognised until Bentham described it in 1866. 6. E. fibrosa, F.v.M. Arborea, ramulis compresso-tetragonis, foliis alternis modice petiolatis lanceolato-falcatis acuminatis. indistincte vel subtile venosis opacis imperforatis, vena peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus: solitariis geminisque vel terminalibus paniculatis 5-6 floris, pedunculo anguloso petiolum vix aequante, pedicellis calycis tubo semiovato aequilongis, operculo tenui-conico obtusiusculo quam tubus angustiore et duplo longiore, fructibus hemiphaericis 3-4 loculatis ecostatis, valvis infra marginem affixis breviter exsertis, seminibus apertis. Hab.—In montibus nemorosis ad flumen Brisbane. Anth. aestate. Arbor E od magna, suo tractu “Stringybark tree” colonis vocata, trunco recto cum ramis corticem extus rugosum nigrescenti cinereum intus fibrosum gerente. Folia 3-5” longa, }-1” lata. Calyx in pedicellum angulatum desinens, Operculum 3” longum ; fructus lignosi, 3-4” longi. (Journ. Linn. Soc., iii, 87, 1859.) - “ Hj. fibrosa, ¥.v.M., seems to be a variety of L. siderophloia with a longer lid— ‘Stringybark tree of Brisbane River,’ (Hucalyptographia, under J. siderophloia).” Bentham himself says:—‘‘ 4. fibrosa, F.v.M., from the Brisbane, is only known from specimens in young bud, in which state I am unable to distinguish them from var. rostrata of H. siderophloia. F. Mueller, however, designates it as a Stringybark. It may, therefore, prove to he distinct.” (See B.FL, ii, 220.) If the note in regard to the texture of the bark be correct (and there is no reason to doubt it), the plant would come under ZL. pilularis, besides which I have specimens of that species from South Queensland, which have a rather long operculum. ‘The balance of evidence is therefore, in my opinicn, in favour of it being a synonym of EL. pilularis. * Buc. galbulus, aff. hort. Neapol. Tenore’”’ Herb. Monac., is 2. pilularis, Sm. Var. Muelleriana, var. noy. We now come to the forms which, in my opinion, constitute a new variety of LE. pilularis, viz., Muelleriana. LE. Muelleriana, Wowitt, is the type of the variety, and the 7. dextropinea and Li. levopinea of Mr, R. T. Baker are identical with it. 7. E. Muelleriana, Howitt. Following is the original description of the species :— The bole is straight and rather massive, with moderately-spreading branches, and a fibrous and dark-grey bark, which is more deeply and coarsely fissured than that of #. piperita—in fact, resembling the bark of Z. capitellata where that species grows to a good size in favourable localities. The bark is persistent up to the small boughs, which are more or less smooth. The leaves of the aged trees are lanceolar, faleate, and more or less unequal-sided, rather dark green in colour, equally shining on both sides, and usually three to five times as Jong as broad, with a sharp apex. The seedlings have narrow lanceolar opposed leaves of a dark green, shining, but paler on the underside. In the earlier stages they are frequently more or less beset with small tufts of hairs. I have noticed that the leaves are still opposed in young plants 2 feet to 3 feet in height. In young saplings, and those some feet in height, the leaves are rather broad, lanceolar, or ovate lanceolar in shape, less shiny on the lower face, much dotted with transparent pores, and rather thin in substance. A marked feature in the saplings of this eucalypt, and one by which it can be distinguished almost at a glance from those of other stringybarks, is that the broadly lanceolar and pointed leaves have a tendency to assume a horizontal position rather than a vertical one, and this gives the saplings a shining appearance. The stems of these saplings and young trees are somewhat smoother than those of 2. piperita, FE. capitellata, or 2. macrorrhyncha. The umbels are usually solitary, and there is a marked tendency in the eucalypt for them to become strongly paniculated. The buds are from 3-12 in most of the umbels. The stalk is frequently slightly flattened, and not much longer than the buds, and the stalklet nearly as long as the calyx-tube, the lid semiovate to hemispheric, smooth, and occasionally slightly pointed, the stamens (rather sparse) are large and reniform like those of #. capitellata. Fruit almost hemispherical to approaching semiovate; the rim flat or even slightly inverted, not wide, valves deltoid, small, and inserted or, rarely, more slightly prominent ; 4-valved, less frequently 3 to 5-valved.—(Howitt, Trans. BS.) Vact., 1890). 55 Timber.—The timber of this tree is usually darker in tint than £. piperita. It is fissile, free from gum veins or shakes, clear in the grain, and enjoying a great reputation for durability. It is used for fencing and sawing, and, according to Mr. Macalpine, of Yarraville, who has lived for forty years in South Gippsland, fences are still standing with posts split from this eucalypt, which have been from thirty to forty years in the ground. I have myself observed posts of this timber standing in fences at Woodside since 1859. The local name of this tree is “ Yellow Stringybark.” —(Howitt, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1890). The late Mr. Clement Hodgkinson, a Commissioner of the Melbourne Harbour Trust, interested himself in ascertaining the value of the timber of the Yellow Stringybark, and there is no doubt that it is one of the best Victorian timbers. Following are extracts from Mr, Hodgkinson’s report to the Harbour Trust, of the 17th January, 1891 :— The Inspector-General of Public Works having (on the 6th December last, in reply to a letter from me to him on the 23rd November) informed me that the piles of the Welshpool Jetty were driven during 1859 and that, after the recent burning of that jetty it was repaired, “the stumps of the piles were found to be in such excellent preservation that they were not withdrawn, but short pieces were spliced on,” my colleagues and myself were able to obtain specific and reliable evidence to the effect that these piles were Yellow Stringybark cut during August, 1859, and driven during that year. We carefully scrutinised these old piles when the tide was low and found them to be perfectly sound, uninjured by sea-worms, and haying the appearance of clean, well-seasoned timber, in excellent condition, notwithstanding that these piles had been in sea water more than thirty-one years. With reference to the wharf at Port Albert, the Inspector-General of Public Works, in his letter to me, already alluded to, stated that “Yellow Stringybark and Gum are in use in the wharf and approaches to Port Albert. It is reported that, whereas the gum is fast decaying, the stringybark remains sound.” My colleagues and self, after examination of the Port Albert wharf, now corroborate this statement ; the Yellow Stringybark used in the construction of this wharf is quite sound. We also inspected many old posts and rails, beams, planks, weatherboards, &ec., of this kind of Eucalyptus and we all noticed that it seemed less liable to warp than any other kinds of Eucalyptus, a fact mentioned in one of my previous reports on Yellow Stringybark. As, in addition to the specially important quality of great durability in the sea water, Yellow Stringybark has a specific strength very much greater than that of Red Gum and than that of Jarrah (as shown in the tabulated results of my tests of Yellow Stringybark inserted in my report of 5th July, 1890), my colleagues and myself have arrived at the conclusion that this species of Eucalyptus may be used for piles and other purposes in the Melbourne Harbour Works. Determination by Commissioner Hodgkinson of the specific strength and specific gravity of five seasoned samples of Yellow Stringybark Timber, each being 6 feet 11% inches long, 1% inch square, and weighing 94 1b., the distance between the bearers being 6 feet :-— Number of Breaking : : Specific Specific Sample. Weight. Deflection: Strength. Gravity. lb. in. 1 952 4 | 2599 0-898 2 800 3k 2185 0-898 im | 3 866 32 2368 0-898 4 905 33 2472 0:898 5 | 1,016 4h 2775 0-898 Average ...| 908 OG 24.79 0-898 Reported to Harbour Trust, 5th July, 1890. 36 8: Eucalyptus dextropinea, R.'T. Baker. ‘ Messmate or Stringybark.” “A tree attaining a height from 60 to 100 feet or higher, and a diameter up to 5 feet. Bark dark or black on the outside, fibrous, and longer in fibre than that of the other species. Branches smooth for a considerable distance down, but this feature varies. Leaves almost identical with those of E. levopinea of this paper, and resembling also those of £. obliqua, L’Hér., and #. Muelleriana, A. EB. H. Young leaves broad, rounded at the base, and very acuminate, opposite or nearly so, on a short petiole, the venation well defined, the intramarginal vein being much removed from the edge. Mature leaves lanceolate, falcate, acuminate often very oblique, shining on both sides, rather thick, the intramarginal vein removed from the edge. Umbels axillary with about 8 flowers, peduncle flattened, operculum hemispherical, shortly acuminate. Calyx-tube obconical, stalklet 4-6 lines long. Buds longer and larger than those of “4. Jevopinea. Anthers reniform, connected above by.a prominent connective, valves opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary flat-roofed. Fruits 4-6 lines in diameter, hemispherical, truncate to rounded, occasionally domed, rarely countersunk, valves slightly exserted. “ Hab.—Monga, on granite formation, but in soil that is fairly rich (W. Bauerlen); Barber’s Creek, mostly in the gullies (H. Rumsey). “Tt is allied in some of its characters to Z. obliqua, L’Hér., viz., the shape of the mature leaves, venation, buds, and in one particular form of fruit which has a contracted orifice and countersunk rim, but their sucker leaves are quite distinct, and the fruits are mostly hemispherical and usually with a thickened convex rim. The individual fruit figured by Baron von Mueller in his plate of #. obliqua in the Eucalyptographia, much resembles the fruit of this species. The timber, bark, and constituents of the oils of the two species are quite distinct, but herbarium specimens of them might easily be considered as belonging to one species. The form of the fruit referred to above is common also to ZL. pilularis, L. stricta, B. Muelleriana, E. piperita, but its other specific characters are too marked for it to be ranked with any of these. It differs from 2. capitellata and EL. macrorrhyncha in the nature of its timber, its fruits, buds, bark, and oil. The leaves do not contain any myrticolorin. It bears in some respects alliance to LL. levopinea, but the bark is more fibrous and persistent, the timber is inferior, the fruits never so distinctly domed in the rim, and the valves much less prominent. Z. MJuelleriana has a much superior timber and a very different bark to 2. dextropinca. The leaves of the former are shining only on one side ; the fruits and buds are distinctly different. It differs from #. levopinea in the shape of its fruits, its inferior timber and nature of its bark, and the chemical composition of its oil. The buds and leaves are very similar ; in fact, are identical with several other species, and like the venation, no specific difference can be based on these parts of the eucalypt. As the investigations of cognate species are not yet complete its exact systematic position cannot be given at present, but provisionally it might precede E. obliqua. “Timber.—A dark brown-coloured timber. Seasons very badly, and is evidently worthless. “‘Kino.—See remarks under Z. levopinea.” (Proc. Linn. Soe., NS.W., xxiii, 417.) For an account of the oil, supra, p. 27. 9. Eucalyptus levopinea, R.'i. Baker. “ Silver-Top Stringybark.” “A very tall tree in favourable situations. Bark fibrous but brittle, a feature that distinguishes it from that of “ Red Stringybark,” EZ. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., and “ White Stringybark,” 2, eugenioides, Sieb. ; ultimate branches smooth. Young leaves alternate or scarcely opposite, broad at the base but not cordate, acuminate, about 5 inches long, the intramarginal vein removed from the edge, the lateral ones very distinct on the under side, scarcely showing on the upper surface. Mature leaves varying in size and shape, mostly very oblique, of a dark green colour, and shining on both sides, lanceolate, faleate, acuminate, the intramarginal vein removed from the edge, lateral veins fairly distinct. Petiole varying from 4 to 1 inch. Umbels axillary bearing about 5 to 7 flowers; stalk flattened, under an inch long, stalklet varying from 3 to 8 inches long, lid hemispherical, shortly acuminate, calyx not angular. Stamens all fertile, inflexed in the bud. Anthers divergent from the connective which surmounts them and is very prominent, opening by longitudinal slits. Roof of ovary flat and free from the placenta. Fruits hemi- spherical, petiolate ; the rim very variable, at first thick and flat, or truncate, and then, as it matures gradually becoming exserted, and eventually quite domed, when it is not easy to distinguish it from E. macrorrhyncha, ¥.v.M. 37 “imber.—A very hard, close-grained, interlocked, pale brown coloured timber, difficult to distinguish from £. pilulavis (Blackbutt), and no doubt of equal excellence. It is durable in the ground, and free from gum-veins as a rule. Suitable for bridge-decking, wood-blocking, posts, rails, and general building purposes requiring a hard, durable timber. In the case of “Red” and “ White” Stringybark, the bark soon becomes detached after the timber is felled, but in this species the bark remains attached until the timber decays. “ Kino.—The exudation belongs to the ruby group, consisting principally of a tannic acid and water. Contains neither gum, like the kinos of the “ Ironbarks,” nor eudesmin or aromadendrin, like the “ Boxes.” In constitution it is practically identical with that of #. deatropinea, described below. “ Qil.—A deep reddish colcur, and it could not be distinguished from that of Z. deatropinea, except by chemical analysis. The leaves gave a yield of 0-66 per cent., and it consists very largely of levo-rotatory pinene, chemically identical with the leyo-rotatory pinene obtained from trees of the Natural Order Conifer. “For the chemistry of this pinene, see paper by my colleague, Mr. H. G. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., Oct., 1898. “ Hab.—Nullo Mountain, Rylstone (J. Dawson), Never Never Mountain, Rylstone (R.T.B.), Gulf Road, Rylstone (R.T.B.). “This tree has always been regarded by local residents of the Rylstone district as quite distinct from any of the other ‘“ Stringybark ” trees in the locality, owing to its peculiar bark and tough wood, and the glinting of the leaves in the sun, making them appear glaucous, and hence its vernacular name of ‘ Silyer-Top Stringybark.” When seen growing in its native habitat it somewhat resembles #. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., and the mature fruits, with the domed rim and well-exserted valves, might easily lead one to diagnose it as that species ; but it differs therefrom in its hard, durable timber, and also from it and cognate species by its characteristic bark, as well as in its hemispherical operculum, terete calyx-tube, in its oblique leaves, and the physical constituents of its leaves and oil. Except for its domed fruits, there is little to connect it botanically with #. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., from the leaves of which is extracted (1) the dye myrti- colorin ; (2) an oil, very rich in the new solid camphor or stearoptene eudesmol, and also cineol. These bodies are entirely absent from the leaves of this particular eucalypt, and the oil is almost entirely composed of levo-rotatory pinene. “The presence of pinene of course allies it with the other species described in this paper, whilst the optical characters remove it from that species. It differs from L. capitellata and H. eugentoides in the shape of its fruits, its bark, buds, and leaves, and the chemical constituents of its oil, but yet it is a “ Stringybark,” and the timber shows affinities with that group of eucalypts, while the hemispherical base and size of the fruits are not unlike those of #. capitellata. In botanical sequence it may be placed after E. capitellata. “Tt is distinguishable from Z. obliqua by its fruits and timber as well as its oil, but resembles that species somewhat in the shape of its leaves and buds, It differs from ZL. dextropinea of this paper in its fruits never having a countersunk rim, the superior quality of its timber, and the presence of a dextro- rotatory pinene in its essential oil. The leaves and buds of the two are identical. The oblique leaves and immature fruits led me at one time to consider this species as ZH. obliqua, L’Hér., and I so recorded it.” (Proc. Linn. Soc., NS. W., xxiii, 414.) 38 RANGE. Typical Form. EXTENDING into Queensland on the north and to Twofold Bay on the south, from the coast up the slopes and spurs of the Dividing Range to the Table-land, but apparently not found more than 100 miles from the coast, and scarcely crossing on to the western slope in any place. This species attains its greatest development in New South Wales. The type came from Port Jackson and is the coastal form of the species as a rule. The variety Muelleriana is, in New South Wales, found further from the sea, extending to the ranges and table-lands as a rule. As a matter of geographical convenience let us deal with Victoria first. VICTORIA. In the forest near Mount Macedon (C. Walter), with coriaceous broadish leaves like var. Wuelleriana, but with globose fruits with thin sunk rims like the type. Mueller (Census) records 2. pilularis from Victoria, but the preponderating form in that State is, undoubtedly, var. Wuwelleriana. New Soutu WALES. Following are some Port Jackson specimens :— Sieber’s No. 593 (2. persicifolia, DC.) Sieber’s No. 477 (L. persicifolia, DC.) both labelled ‘ Noy. Holland,” and probably collected around Sydney. * Hucalyptus, near HB. oblonga, DC., black-butted gum, Colonies, 80 feet high, Port Jackson,” is a label in Allan Cunningham’s handwriting on a specimen collected by him in 1836 (xvi). Hi. pilularis is very common in the Sydney district, and even as regards specimens that are closer to the type than to variety MWvwelleriana, there is a certain amount of variation. For example, specimens from Gladesville (J. L. Boorman) have fruits smaller than those of the type; specimens from the National Park (J. H. Camfield) have ovoid fruits; and specimens from Kogarah Bay (J. L. Bruce) have the valves slightly exserted. 59 Following are some southern localities : —Twofold Bay (Oldfield) ; Mogo, near Moruya (W. Bauerlen) ; Currawang and Nelligen (W. Biuerlen); Conjola (W. Heron); Jervis Bay (J.H.M.) ; Otford (J.H.M.). Following are New South Wales localities north of Sydney :—“Stringybark,” St. Albans (A. Murphy), very small fruits; and near Booral (A. Rudder); Mount Seaview (J.H.M.); Macleay River, near coast (W. Macdonald). A “Stringybark,” Attunga, near Tamworth, growing on a hill of Serpentine formation (R. H.Cambage), has domed fruits and resembles both #. macrorrhyncha and LF. eugenioides. Moonambah (W. Biuerlen). The northern New South Wales and Queensland forms are, as indicated at page 41, intermediate in character between typical #. pilularis and its variety Muelleriana. (QYUEENSLAND. “ Benarora (?) Blackbutt, at the sandstone ranges towards Beroa.” *Turru Turru, a kind of stringybark, but not yellow.” The above are copies of labels in Leichhardt’s handwriting. The specimens are in leaf only, but referable, I believe, to L. pilularis. HE. semicorticata, F. Mueller, Brisbane River (collector ?); specimen examined by Bentham. Stradbroke Island, North Coast line; also Glass House Mountains and Highfield (F. M. Bailey). Variety Muelleriana. VICTORIA. Following is Howitt’s original account of the range of his #. J/uelleriana :— This eucalypt has an extensive range in the western half of Gippsland. It is a littoral species, and is principally found between the Hoddle Ranges and the sea coast. There it forms the bulk of the forest, growing upon sands and sandy clays, from the Monkey Creek, 20 miles from Sale, to Shady Creek, west of Alberton in an east and west direction, and from Currajung southwards to the coast. The area thus covered by this tree is about 300 square miles. It also occurs in lesser colonies on the ridges extending from Tertiary tracts up to the high ranges forming the spurs of the mountains. I have not observed it west of Toongabbie, where it ascends the hills of Upper Silurian sediment for about 6 miles northwards to a 1,000 feet in elevation. I have also seen it growing extensively on the hills across which the road- known as the Insolvent Track, runs from the Stockyard to Cobannah Creek. The formations here are Upper Devonian, resting on sediments which may be either Devonian or Upper Silurian. Its range north and south in this locality is at least 25 miles, and its highest elevation probably over 1,200 feet. I have noted a third locality where this tree occurs under precisely similar conditions, extending northwards on the spurs of the mountains skirted by the Tambo Valley Road. There it grows for several miles on the Silurian sediments, northwards from the edge of the Tertiary Marine beds, and reaches an elevation of at least 1,000 feet. I have little doubt that it will be found in the intervening localities, and perhaps further to the eastward, but of this I have no direct evidence.—(Z7rans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1890). On another occasion he said :— It appears to grow to the largest size on the sands and sandy clays of South Gippsland, where it forms most valuable forests. 40 And again :— It grows principally in the tract of country lying between Sale and Yarraville, commencing at a point about 20 miles from the former place, where the “ White Stringybark” (2. piperita) abruptly ceases to grow. Northwards it extends towards Tom’s Cap. A second area is at the Nine-mile Creek, between Alberton and Toora. These areas are in themselves not large, and have lessened so far as the supply of this tree is affected by alienation of the land. A small timber reserve, however, is reserved at Wonwron. Small colonies of this tree occur about 3 miles out of Toongabbie on the Walhalla Road, between Bairnsdale and Mount Taylor, along the “ Insolvent Track,” and atone place on the Tambo Valley Road, but none of these areas are of suflicient size to be of much economic value. Its maximum height is 170 feet or thereabouts, but more frequently from 100 to 150 feet.—( Howitt.) The following Gippsland specimens were labelled . Muelleriana by Howitt himself :— Agnes Creek Bridge ; Four-mile Creek, Port Road; Lily’s Leaf; Mount Morinch; Insolvent Track, 4 miles; Muddy Creek, Stockyard Creek Road ; Toongabbie; Long Cutting, Tambo Road; Woodside, German’s Creek, Port Albert Road; Bircham Road; Drouin West. Following are other Victorian specimens examined by me :—Grampians (C. Walter)—the young buds angular, showing transit to capitellata (Fig. 21, Pl. 4); the Wimmera (F. Reader)—From the Wimmera is no great distance to South Australia, the climatic conditions of which it much resembles. SoutH AUSTRALIA. Mount Lofty (March, R. H. Cambage; November, W. Gill). (Fig. 20, Pl. 4) Mr. Gill observes that the inner bark of this tree has not a bright yellow colour. This is not an infallible guide, as it varies according to the season of the year and with the district. Mr. Cambage labelled it “ Pale Stringybark.” * B. fabrorum, Schlecht. In montibus sterilioribus elatis. November, 1848, Dr. M.” This specimen was collected by Mueller, and labelled capitellata by Bentham. There is no doubt that the South Australian specimens show affinity to Hi. capitellata, Sm. (Most South Australian specimens labelled #. fabrorum, Schlecht., are #. obliqua.) New South WALES. ““Messmate,” south of Eden (J. 8. Allan); Twofold Bay (Oldfield), in Herb. Barbey-Boissier; also Herb. Cant. These are identical with the Barber’s Creek specimens. There is typical L. pilularis by the same collector, from the same locality, in the same herbarium. Currawang Creek, near Nelligen (W. Biuerlen). Typical for 1. dextropinea, R. T. Baker. (Fig. 6, Pl. 4.) In the Goulburn district (e.g., Box Point to Barber’s Creek, Wingello, &e.) it is known as “White Mahogany’’; but it is not to be confused with Z. acmenioides. Its branches are rough to the top, forming a ready local distinction between it and 41 the typical form. The bark is very yellow when freshly cut, also the timber, hence its Gippsland name of “ Yellow Stringybark.” The timber is valued for building purposes, being used for flooring and weatherboards, &c. It occurs in many places in the coast mountain ranges, both north and south. It is a very clean timber, and grows large. Mr. Crawford, of Wingello, who was born in the district, and who has been a worker among timber all his life, writes to me: ‘‘ While I call it ‘ White Mahogany, and sometimes ‘ Yellow Stringybark,’ the coast people call it * Blackbutt.’ ”’ “Towards and under Table Mountain, Milton;” also Mount Kembla (R. H. Cambage). Western New South Wales localities are :— “Stringybark,” Kanimbla Valley. A small-fruited form. Botanists may look upon as a large-fruited form of #. eugenioides, Sieb. (Fig. 7, Pl. 4.) The seedlings would settle the relative closeness to H. pilularis or H. eugenioides. Nullo Mountain, Rylstone, and Gulf Road, Rylstone (R. T. Baker) ; and typical of his #. levopinea. * Mountain Stringybark”’ (A. Rudder).* Identical with the Gulf Road specimen. The valves well exserted, and the rim exceptionally broad. (Fig. 16, PI. 4.) Moonan Flat (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). Large fruits. (Fig. 22, Pl. 4). Murrurundi (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). “* Stringybark,’ Warrah Creek (Jesse Gregson). (Fig. 17, Pl. 4.) Tenterfield, via Cottesbrooke, to Sandy Flat, just west of Dividing Range (J.H.M). (Fig. 25, Pl. 4.) Mr. Henry Deane (No. 302) collected a very interesting Stringybark or « Blackbutt ” from the Glen Innes District (Hartley’s Mill). (Fig. 19, Pl. 4). The fruits are larger than those of 2. ewgenioides usually are, and have a well-defined prominent rim, grooved on the outer edge, and show a tendency to exsertion of the valves. The specimens undoubtedly present affinity to H. eugenioides; but I think they come nearer to FL. pilularis, var. Muelleriana, the fruits being a little more pear-shaped than usual. They are identical with the small fruit from Warrah. (Fig. 17, Pl. 4.) ()UEENSLAND. The Tenterfield specimens were collected a few miles from the Queensland border, and I do not doubt that a precisely similar form extends into that State. The Southern Queensland forms (2. semicorticata, &c.), already alluded to, would by many botanists be placed under var. Wuelleriana. In fact, they help to prove that it is quite impossible to maintain LZ. pilularis and LH. Muelleriana as separate species. * These specimens were referred to by Deane and Maiden, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., 1896, 803. FE ANTUNES), Tuts species is an excellent one with which to study the variation so pronounced in the genus. I have shown, with evidence that appears to me quite incontrovertible, that E. pilularis and L. Muelleriana are not specifically distinct. The following extract (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1820) shows Howitt’s views in regard to the relations of his EE. Muelleriana with EF. eugenioides and 1. capitellata. This eucalypt, therefore, is to be placed between H. eugenioides and L. capitellata. It resembles both, but the dissimilarities are more marked than the resemblances. The characteristic distinctions are quite as constant as those which distinguish those two species, and the occurrence of these species over so large an area, as well as in independent lesser colonies, negatives the probability of it being a mere hybrid. The affinity of . pilularis and its forms with a number of species will now be dealt with seriatim. 1. E. eugenioides, Sieb.—The affinity of LW. pilularis, var. Muelleriana, and EH. eugeioides is closest than between any other species. These species are, indeed, frequently confused through omission to keep the typical forms in mind. The matter will be further dealt with when the type specimens of /. eugenioides are figured. Like many other species and varieties of Eucalyptus, there is more or less variation in the size and shape of the fruit of var. Muelleriana and EH. eugenioides, not to mention leaves and other characters. Thus some small-fruited specimens of var. Muelleriana are, in my opinion, inseparable from some large-fruited specimens of EL. eugenioides. ‘There will always be hesitancy in regard to placing these forms ; the same botanist may justifiably place them in both species at different times. In such cases a specimen should be labelled, I think, #. pilularis, var. Muelleriana, transit to H. eugenioides, or vice versa. These transit forms are very common in Victoria and also in New South Wales, south, west, and north. Often they are termed Yellow Stringybark (owing to the bright yellow inner bark at certain seasons), which is a common name for var. Muelleriana. In fact, almost typical ewgenioides is sometimes known as * Yellow Stringybark.” Bentham has cursorily referred to the affinity of 2. pilularis and E. eugen- ioides (under HL. piperita, B.Fl. p. 208), and with additional knowledge gained by so much field work, we are now able to amplify his remarks. AS Mr. R. T. Baker’s #. Wilkinsoniana, LE. nigra, and HL. levopinea, var. minor, are transit forms, but as, in my opinion, they are nearer to typical eugenioides than to the present species, I shall defer consideration of them. It will be found that not only have we connecting links between LH. pilularis and £. eugenioides, but L. pilularis also connects them with other stringybarks, LE. capitellata and H. macrorrhyncha. 2. E. piperita, Sm.—This species and 2. eugenioides are so closely related that any species possessing affinity to the one may be looked upon as possessing affinity to the other. The proper way to study the matter is to examine the series connecting LH. eugenioides and LY. piperita, such specimens being largely developed in Victoria and southern New South Wales. I have specimens from the National Park, 20 miles south of Sydney, collected by Mr. Julius Camfield, with the inflorescence in a dense raceme and the fruits large and ovoid, showing, in the latter respect, an approximation to #. piperita. (Fig. 1, Pl. 4.) The operculum is not as long as that of LH. pilularis usually is, and the filaments are white although they have been collected for a considerable period. Bentham alludes to the affinity of #. pilularis to EL. piperita in the following words. While the former is not related to the latter so closely as to some other species, the affinity is there and must not be neglected :— £. piperita is sometimes difficult to distinguish in the dried state from some forms of L. obliqua, and on the other hand it approaches £#. pilularis, differing from both of them generally but not strictly, as well in the foliage as in the bud and operculum, but more readily in the fruit. The variety ewgenioides (EZ. eugenioides, Sieb.) is, however, in some respects almost intermediate between E. piperita and £. pilularis, var. acmenioides (EL. acmenioides, Schauer).—(B.F., iii, 208.) 3. EF. capitellata, Sm.—Both in Victoria and South Australia plants have been named ZL. capitellata by excellent botanists which have proved to be E.. pilularis, var. Muelleriana ; for example, specimens from the Grampians and Wimmera in the former State and Mount Lofty Range in the latter. In our own State, specimens from Mount Wilson and other localities are nearer to yar. Wuelleriana than to EF. capitellata. Of course, true L. capitellata occurs in all three States. The most obvious characters of the latter species are its sessile, compressed fruits and angular buds, the former a consequence of the latter. 4. E. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M.—The affinity of H. pilularis to this species 3 so close that I must frankly say that I have a number of specimens which I hesitate to place under one species rather than under another. A connecting link is Bentham’s var. brachycorys of EH. macrorrhyncha of which I give some particulars under E. pilularis as a matter of convenience. EB. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M., var. brachycorys, Benth. New England, C. Stuart. A mountain species. Bark separating in fibres like the V.D. Land #. gigantea (C. Stuart). 44, In other words, a Stringybark like #. obliqua. The above is a copy of Stuart’s label with Bentham’s determination thereon. The following specimens are very near typical var. brachycorys :— 1. “Stringybark,” Emmaville (J. L. Boorman). 2. ‘ Stringybark,” Bluff River, near Tenterfield. Specimens collected by Mr. H. Deane and myself in this locality at different times show angular and rounded buds on the same twigs. 3. “Red Stringybark,” Moona Plains, Walcha (A. R. Crawford), shows rounded buds also. 4. Stanthorpe, Queensland (F. M. Bailey). The angularity of the buds so usual in /#. macrorrhyncha is not a constant character and breaks down in var. brachycorys, some of the leaves and buds being quite indistinguishable by me from the var. Wuelleriana of EF. pilularis. As a rule, the buds of var. brachycorys get more rounded as they get older. The rim of var. brachycorys is sometimes very broad and hardly angular, showing transit to the northern forms of pilularis, var. Muelleriana, as regards the shape of the fruits. The colour of the timber, texture of the bark, &c., of 2. pilularis and of FE. macrorrhyncha and the other stringybarks varies just as do other characters of the eucalypts. #. pilularis and L. macrorrhyncha both include trees whose filaments become red on drying. I propose to again refer to the affinity between H. pilularis and FL. macrorrhyncha when dealing with the latter species. 5. E. obliqua, I’ Herit—The “ 2. fabrorum, Schlecht., Lofty Ranges, 8.A. Ferd. Mueller, Pharm. Cand.” (collected in 1847 or 1848) is #. obliqua, but undoubtedly very close to H. pilularis, var. Muelleriana. The affinity of 2. pilularis (through its variety J/uelleriana) is too close to be neglected. The buds and leaves are frequently obviously a good deal similar, and there are other resemblances. The seedlings of Z#. obliqua are much broader. 6. E. acmenioides, Schauer—Bentham (B.F1, iii, 208) says, “ I have much doubt whether this might not be adopted as a distinct species, although it seems sometimes to pass into typical #. pilularis.” In the Hucalyptographia, Mueller recognised Schauer’s species, and, I think, rightly so. But of the affinity of HE. pilularis to EL. acmenioides there is no doubt, the transit being through the small-fruited forms of the var. Wvelleriana of the former. L. umbra, R. T. Baker, is another form referred by most botanists to #. acmenioides (and rightly, I think), but which has obviously a dash of the /#. pilularis strain in it. 45 7. E. santalifolia, F.v.M.—The affinity of Z. pilularis to this species is not close, but the shape of the fruits and the venation, &c., of the leaves show undoubted affinity to the variety Wwelleriana of the latter species which occurs in the State (South Australia) in which #. santalifolia is found. : 8. EF. siderophloia, Benth.—Herbarium specimens (in leaf, bud, and flower) of these two species are sometimes a good deal alike (unless the anthers be examined), and the species have hence been confused by the older botanists, who often described eucalypts on what we deem to be imperfect material for such a purpose; moreover, E. siderophioia was not defined until 1866. I have dealt with the matter under &. persicifolia, Lodd. and DC., while #. jfibrosa, F.vy.M., is really a form of E. pilularis, and not of L. siderophloia. See page 34. Finally, vid var. Muelleriana, E. pilularis shades off into the infinity of gum-topped stringybarks. Explanation of Plates. PLATE 1. Eucalyptus pilularis, Sm. Typical from Port Jackson. 1. Young shoot, portion of a seedling. Note the dentate margin and tufts of hairs. 2. Buds with pointed opercula. 3. The fruits are nearly globular (pilular). PLATE 2. Eucalyptus pilularis, Sm., var. Muelleriana, Maiden. Typical for FE. Muelleriana, Howitt. Drawn from Gippsland (Victoria), specimens collected and named by Mr. Howitt. 1. Young shoot (sucker foliage). The young foliage has tufts of hairs. See Howitt, page 34. This shoot is not so young as the corresponding specimen of E. pilularis. to . Buds more clavate than in typical pilularis. i) 3. The fruits are nearly globular, with rims of medium thickness, and with non-exserted valves. bo ims Se on 46 PLATE 3. Eucalyptus discolor, Desf. (ex horto Paris, 1820). Foliage only. Mature leaves and buds of Sieber’s No. 477 (E. persicifolia, DC., E. incrassata, Sieb.). Typical E. pilularis Mature leaves and buds of Sieber’s No. 595 (E£. persicifolia, DC.). Typical E£. pilularis. The leaf broader than (2). The opercula are pointed. 4a. Two heads of fruits from typical F. pilularis, from Hurstville, near Sydney. They are from the same tree ; in 4a the rim is thin and sunk; in 4 the rim is broad and the valves almost protruding. 5a. 5b, The fruits and buds are taken from the same tree of typical E. dextropinea (R. T. Baker), near Barber's Creek, Goulburn District, N.S.W. 5 closely resembles typical pilularis ; 5a shows the broad rim and slightly exserted valves so common in the species. The buds are nearly clavate, but some are more pointed than shown. 6a, The fruits and buds of typical E. semicorticata, F.v.M., Brisbane River, Queensland. The broad rims of the fruit are commonest seen in var. Muelleriana, while the pointed opercula are typical for pilularis. PLATE 4. A. Some forms of Fruits from the Sydney District to Jervis Bay. . Ovoid form, National Park, Sydney, showing transition to EZ. piperita. Large pilular fruits, common in the Sydney District ; rims thin and sunk. Kogarah Bay, Sydney ; narrow rim and exserted valves. Fruits of intermediate size, Hawkesbury River. Jervis Bay, N.S.W. All the above, with thin rims and more or less globular fruits, B. Some Miscellaneous Forms. Currawang Creek, near Bateman’s Bay, N.S.W. Typical for FE. dextropinea, R.T.B. Fruits nearly globular, and rim thicker than the preceding. Stringybark from Lowther Road, Kanimbla Valley, Blue Mountains, N.S.W. Thicker rim, but other- wise close to No. 3. Partakes of the characters of both £, pilularis and EF. eugenioides. Port Macquarie, N.S.W. Small fruits, hardly ripe. Mount Seaview, Upper Hastings River. Thick rim. . Kempsey, N.S.W. . Fruits. lla. Buds (both from same tree). W. MacDonald, Macleay River, N.S.W., near the coast The rim much sunk. Bolivia, near Tenterfield, N.S.W. Small fruits, with broad rims. C. Fruits with Flat Tops and Broad Rims. . Gladesyille, Sydney. . Fruits. 14a. Buds (from same tree). ‘‘ Stringybark,” St. Albans, Hawkesbury District, N.S.W. Note the pointed opercula associated with the broad rims of the fruits, . Tenterfield, N.S.W. Very broad rims, and slightly angled fruits ; valves prominent. . Fruits. 16a, Buds (from same tree). “ Mountain Stringybark” (A. Rudder). Figured as “ E. sp.” Figs. 11-12, plate LX. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1896. A very broad-rimmed form often seen in vary Muelleriana. 4a 7, Small fruit, with tendency to doming. I7a. Fruit larger, with flat top with tendency to doming, 17b. Buds all from same tree, Warrah Creek, Liverpool Plains, N.S.W. . Very large-fruited, broad-rimmed form, Dapto, N.S. W. . “Blackbutt,” Hartley Mill, Glen Innes, N.S.W. Small fruit, more pear-shaped than usual, and inserted at this place to show the resemblance to 17, and also to macrorrhyncha forms, e.g., 23, 24, 27. D. Domed Fruits tending to E. macrorrhyncha and capitellata, with and without Angled Buds. . “Stringybark,” Mt. Lofty, near Adelaide, S.A. (often referred to as E. capitellata). . Fruits. 21a. Angled buds (from same tree). Grampians, Victoria. The valves more exserted than 20; the buds resembling those of capitellata. 2. Moonan Flat, Upper Hunter River, N.S W. Large fruits, broad rims. . “Red Stringybark,” Moona Plains, Walcha, New England, N.S.W. Transit to macrorrhyncha (close to var. brachycorys). 23a. Mount Seaview, Upper Hastings River. Practically identical with 23. 24. Fruits. 24a. Larger fruits. 24b. Angled buds (all from same tree), with very broad rims, and the valves less prominent than macrorrhyncha ; near to capitellata. The angled buds nearer to capitellata. Bluff River, near Tenterfield. 25. Flat-topped fruits. 25a. Angled buds. 25b. Pointed buds (all from same tree). On the whole tending to capitellata. Bluff River, near Tenterfield. Rounded buds. From same locality as No. 25 and from similar trees. The same tree often displays much variation as regards the buds. j . Stanthorpe, Queensland. Fruits of macrorrhyncha, var. brachycorys, Bentham. It will be observed that the transit from typical pilularis to this form is quite gradual. Sydney ; William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer.—1903. Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. Sree irae cae TTS wiswaidnef f a9 sane Riri etiy Ae ii 4, Flocktom, del. ef bith. EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS, Sm. (Typical form from Port Jackson.) lab, B. Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. 4, Flockton, del. ef bith, MAIDEN. . var. MUELLERIANA (E. Huelleriana, Howitt.) Drawn from type. SM.; 'y EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS PL. 3. Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. YM, Flockton, del, of ith, EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS, Sm. (Miscellaneous type specimens, &c.) Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. PL. 4. MM. Fleckton, del, at bith. EUCALYPTUS PILULARIS, Sm. (Fruits illustrating variation in the species.) A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE | GENUS EUCALYPTUS BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botaunist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Par it (WITH FOUR PLATES). PRICE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. ‘ahisonian Inez : 131699 Syne : JUN 25 1903 WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1903. Nop “tonal Museu AGrmicss ak EVISION OF fan CENUS HWeALYETUS BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Part II (WITH FOUR PLATES). «Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are eniiiled to praise.” Macautay’s ‘‘Essay on MILTON.” Putlished ty Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svnnev ; WiLLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—-STREET. 14231 (2) 1903. 2. EUCALYPTUS OBLIOUA (L’Heéritier). II. Eucalyptus obliqua, LHeritier. Description Notes supplementary to the description. Synonyms (with descriptions) Notes ,on the Synonyms Range Affinities .. Explanation of plates DESC Tl LON: Tuts is the first species of Eucalyptus known to science, it having been originally collected by David Nelson, assistant botanist on Cook’s Ihird Voyage (1776-9), and described by L’Héritier in 1788. At the time of its collection, and for long after- wards, Tasmania was looked upon as part of Australia; moreover, like other early species, it was badly described, and the specimens themselves were imperfect and not easily accessible. The result was that it was not recognised, until the sixties, that #. obliqua is the common Tasmenian stringybark. Hooker, in his Flora ef Tasmania, was not aware of its identity, and consequently in that classical work it is not mentioned, but a new species, L. gigantea, takes its place. Following is the original description by L’ Héritier :— Eucalyptus.—Perianthium : Operculum superum, integerrimum, truncatum. Petalum: Calyptra obverse hemispherica, margini caleycis imposita, ante anthesin discedens. Filamenta numerosissima, calyci inserta. Germen inferum, turbinatum. Stylus unicus. Capsula subquadrilocularis, apice duntaxat dehiscens. Semina plurima angulata. Eucalyptus obliqua, Tab. 20. Habitat in Nova Cambria. Nelson. Guil. Anderson (L’Hérit. Sert. Angl., p. 18). A reproduction of the figures accompanying the description will be found at Plate 5. I have seen a specimen labelled “ H, obliqua, V. D. Land., D. Nelson, ex. herb. Lambert” in Herb. Cant. It is in leaf only. The following description of H#. obliqua from Sir J. E. Smith’s “ Specimen of the Botany of New Holland,” p. 43 (London, 1793) is interesting as an example of the brief descriptions formerly deemed to be adequate, and may be convenient for reference :— Lucalyptus obliqua, operculo hemispheerico mucronulato, umbellis lateralibus solitariis ; pedunculis ramulisque teretibus. Lid hemispherical, with a little point. Umbels lateral, solitary; flower-stalks and young branches round. Syn. Z. obliqua, Ait. Hort. Kew. v. 2, 157, L’Hérit. Sert. Angl. t. 20. From the only specimen we have seen of this, which is in Sir Joseph Banks’ herbarium, it appears the branches are all round to the very top. General flowering stalks round, the partial ones only slightly angular, not compressed. Bark rough from the scaling off of the cuticle, but this may be an unnatural appearance. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, aromatic, but without the favour of peppermint. A 52 Following is Cayanilles’ description :— Eucalyptus obliquus, 375. Eucalyptus foliis ovato-lanceolatis, nervo unico ramoso, nervulis ad ipsum raris: umbellis axillavibus. In hac specie folia non videntur coriacea; nervuli adsurgunt formantque angulum acutum cum nervo principali: umbellae quinqueflorae: et calyptra hemisphaerica. Videtur eadem species quam D, de Lamarck figuravit tab, 422, ill. gen. cujus descriptionem nondum evuleavit. (Cav. Jc. Vol. IV, p. 25, 1797). Lamarck’s figure is practically a copy of L’Héritier’s, with the details arranged differently on the smaller-sized plate of Lamarck’s work. Link, in the following brief description, attributed the species to Smith, and quotes Willdenow’s Bnumeratio :— 218, 2. obliqua, Smith, W. E., 515. Fol. ut in pr. parum breviora, ultra 2’ lata. Pedunculi breves 4” longi axillares 6 flori; pedicelli brevissimi. (Link. Hnwm. Berol. ii, 30.) The species is likewise attributed to Smith in the following label in Herb. Caleutta :—‘‘ Eucalyptus obliqua, Smith, Serres de M. Noisette, 6 Aott, 1816.” This specimen is 4. obliqua, L’ Uérit. Following is Hoffmansege’s bricf reference to the species, which is given DO here to save botanists searching after this rare work :— (4380.) Lucalyptus obliqua. Male in Willd. foliorum nulla mentio, id quod in Link Enum, probe emendatum. (Hoffmg. Verz. Pf. Nachtr. 2, p. 114.) It will be found to be fully defined in Benthain’s “ Flora Australiensis ”’ (ili. 204), and in Mueller’s “ Eucalyptographia.” Vernacular names.—lt is usually known as “Stringybark” in Tasmania and South Australia, and to a less extent in Victoria; in the last State, however, it is usually known as ‘* Messmate,”’ because it is associated or mess-mates with other stringybarks and fibrous-barked eucalypts. The same name is in use in southern New South Wales, as for instance at Sugar Loaf Mountain, Braidwood, and at Tantawanglo Mountain, near Cathcart. Apparently this is the most widely used name for it in New South Wales, and the term “ Stringybark” does not seem to be usually applied to it in this State. Because it is usually rough-barked to the ends of the branches, it sometimes goes by the name of “ Woolly-topped Messmate” in the Braidwood district (Monga, &e.). Other names are “ Bastard Stringybark,” “ Woolly Butt,” ‘‘ Woolly Bark,” and *' White Stringybark,” all in use in New England, New South Wales. For a note on the use of the terms Brown and White Stringybark in Tasmania, see p. 54, Cotyledon leayes,--Small, reniform to obtusely quadrangular, glabrous, triplinerved, thin, more or less suffused with purple. 53 Sucker leaves.—Broadly ovate. somewhat cordate, tending to become unequal, but not always so, and apparently always attenuate, as pointed out by Howitt. Venation well marked and more transverse than in the foliage of the mature tree. Mature leaves.—lIt is a coarse-foliaged tree, by which characteristic alone it can usually be distinguished from those species with which it is usually associated, or with which it is likely to be confused. Its strikingly oblique, unsymmetrical leaves have, no doubt, given origin to its name. Obliquity is a character of nearly all Eucalyptus leaves, but in the species under consideration, and in #. capitellata, it is particularly observable. Fruit.—Fruit ovoid, more or less pear-shaped, and slightly contracted at the orifice. ‘They vary in shape, however, from subcylindrical to nearly hemispherical. They are three to five lines in diameter. The drawings will make the shape of the fruit quite clear. The fruits depicted at Plate 7, fig. 4 have unusually thick rims, and show transit to #. coriacea. Perhaps they are L. coriacea. Bark.—Rough-barked to the ends of the branches; the bark of the trunk and branches is decidedly fibrous, but the fibres are not so clean and tenacious as those of the true Stringybarks, and the bark is not so suitable for roofing. In some districts, particularly in Tasmania, it tends to become less fibrous, forming one of the “ Gum-topped Stringybarks.” See p. 69. A figure of a basket (Bee-lang), showing good workmanship, and made by Yarra natives out of this fibre, is in Brough Smith’s “ Aboriginals of Vic‘oria,” i, 344, Timber.—That from New South Wales localities is a rather inferior, coarse, open-grained, porous wood, liable to shrink and warp. It is not esteemed for public works in New South Wales. Its open nature may be, at least in part, a consequence of rapid growth, for which, according to several authorities, H. obliqua has the reputation. It has been used in the Braidwood and Cooma districts for many years for building purposes. In Victoria and Tasmania it is largely used, and a recent official publication of the latter State says “It is our most valuable wood.” In considering the value of this observation, it should, of course, be borne in mind that neither of these States possesses a series of excellent timbers such as New South Wales can boast of. At the same time it is quite possible that Tasmanian and Victorian grown timbers of this species are superior to that grown in New South Wales. Howitt, a leading Victorian authority, groups it as a “second-class timber,” adding that “although a fairly durable and useful timber, it has generally the fault of being more or less full of gum-veins, and is thus unsuitable for many purposes.”’ 5A Another authority states :— Although of an inferior class, it is used for a great variety of building purposes, notwithstanding some liability to warp or twist. . . . . Supplies a good deal of second-class sawn timber in the market. (Mueller, in Cat. Tech. Mus., Rieibourne) As this work seeks to impartially report on the qualities of the products of the various species, in whatever State they are produced, some lengthy statements in regard to Tasmanian-grown timber are given at this place. Following is a report by Mr. Allan Ransome, of London, on a Tasmanian sample—(See Kew Bulletin, May, 1889) :— A very strong tough wood, with a straight grain, in SpEEMS somewhat resembling American ash. From its great strength and toughness it is well adapted for carriage, cart, and waggon building, wheel-work, and agricultural machinery, as well as for the framing of railway carriages and trucks. It is also a valuable wood for the stronger description of building constructions, and would make excellent railway sleepers. From the peculiar strength of the fibre of the grain, it will not maintain a good surface, as, even when perfectly dry, the grain rises, so as to render it impossible to polish it successfully. An official report says :— Stringybark can be obtained in patches all over Tasmania, but is most abundant in the south; like the blue gum it can be got of any reasonable length or size. It is of quicker growth than the gum, and is of a lighter and milder nature generally. The timber is much used in Tasmania and in the adjacent colonies for house-building, &e. To ensure durability the wood requires fair seasoning. The different varieties are—Gum-top Stringybark, Brown and White Stringybark (the brown being the older growth). The White Stringybark makes good palings and shingles. Another official report says :— Eucalyptus obliqua (Stringybark) is our most valuable wood. It differs from and is better than the Stringybark of Australia. The timber is light-coloured, and varies considerably, from a brown wood resembling oak to a much lighter-coloured wood resembling ash; and because of the great variety of its uses and its abundance is more valuable economically than blue gum. The bark might be made a source of income, as it is suitable for the manufacture of paper. The timber, as I have already hinted, appears to be more valued in Tasmania than on the mainland ; its utilisation, as a paper-making material, is not likely to have any commercial importance. The following account of #. obliqua timber is taken from Mr. A. O. Green’s pamphlet on “Tasmanian Timbers” (1902). It and the Blue Gum (#. globulus) are the two most valuable timbers of Tasmania, hence the comparison by Mr. Green and by the author already quoted :— Stringybark trees are very much more widely distributed through the Island than the Blue Gum (£. globulus), growing over large tracts of poor, hilly country. They attain to an immense size—up to 300 feet in height, and from 2 to 10 feet in diameter. The wood is, on the whole, of a lighter colour than Blue Gum, and varies from a pale straw to a reddish brown. In appearance Brown Stringybark is somewhat like oak, and it would be a difficult matter for most people to distinguish a picture-frame made of Stringybark from one made of oak. The timber varies considerably, according to the situation and soil in which the tree grows. In appearance it is freer than blue gum, but lacks the purplish tint, and is more subject to gum-veins. It is the most general timber for all sorts of constructive work in Tasmania. It makes excellent piles, especially for fresh water, but is not considered quite so good as blue gum for salt water, being more subject to the attacks of the teredo. 55 Ti is also used for shipbuilding, the construction of wharves and bridges, and for railway sleepers, for the dado, flooring, and fitting of houses, and for furniture ; it is also an excellent wheelwrights’ wood. When polished it very much recone: oak, but has a more spain grain ; it has a very pretty effect when used for a ballroom floor, or for wainscotting. Besides being sawn for almost every purpose, Stringybark is split into fence-rails, palings, and shingles. It is certain that if this wood and the blue gum, properly prepared, were exported to London, a ready sale would be found for it for the construction of carts and vans. It would very well take the . place of English oak and ash used for this purpose, which are every year becoming scarcer. In the Tasmanian International Exhibition before-mentioned, a Stringybark sleeper was shown by the Government that had been twenty-five years under trafiic. The usual life of this timber in bridges is from twehty to twenty-five years ; sleepers average about fourteen years ; and none of the Government railway buildings, some of which were built twenty-seven years ago, chiefly of this timber, have yet been renewed. Specimens of this timber from Bullarook Forest, Victoria, were examined by Mr. F. A. Campbell (Proc. R. S. Vict., 1879}. ILis values of the tensile strength in pounds per square inch are 8,500, 8, 500, and 8,200. They broke with a short fracture. ‘The wood was well seasoned, clean, but not quite free from shakes. Mr. Campbell, however, remarked that this should not affect its tensile strength to any extent. It was known locally as messmate. Rankin gives the following particulars in regard to the timber of L. gigantea (obliqua): Modulus of elasticity in aay on square inch, 1,709,000; modulus of pa 13,900; weight, 54 1b. per cubic foot. EXPERIMENTS on the transverse strength of the wood of #. obliqua by Baron Mueller and J.G. Luehmann. The specimens were 2 feet long and 2 inches square. l Deilection. ri) Specific Gravity. | Total weight Value required | evength | With the wteig | to break each gw ae | eauparatns 9 | ene Crisis Fee, S= 7p? uridrion! pel weighing 780 1b,| °f breaking. | dried. inches. inches. pounds. 12 =| 50 | 2,053 1,540 1-045 867 | E 14 48 1,776 1,032 935 ‘783 | | Some experiments by Mr. James Mitchell on Tasmanian stringybark will be found in Proc. Roy. Soc. V. D. Land, II, parti, p. 124 (1852). It has also been tested by Mr. James Mann (“ Australian Timber,” 1900), and by Mr. A. O. Green ( Tasmanian Timbers,” 1902). Essential Oil.—tThe leaves yield 0°5 per cent. of a reddish-yellow oil of mild odour and bitter taste; specifie gravity, 0°899. It boils from 171-195° (Wittstein and Mueller). An oil obtained in Portugal had the specific gravity 56 0'914 and the rotatory power az=—7° 28’. It was soluble in an equal part of 80 per cent. aleohol and contained cineol (iodo! reaction) and phellandrene (nitrite). (Gildemeister and Hoffmann, “‘ The Volatile Oils.’’) Messrs. Baker and Smith (‘ Research on the Eucalypts”’) give the specific gravity of this oil as 0°8902, its specific rotation [a]; 29°5, its saponification number as 8°03; it is soluble in one volume of 80 per cent. alcohol. It contains phellandrene, eucalyptol, and aromadendral. #. obliqua is, however, not a species whose oil will render it of commercial importance. This tree has been introduced extensively in India on the Nilgiris, and, on a smaller scale by way of experiment, in the Punjab, and in several places in the north-west Himalayas (Brandis). It has also been tried at Changa Manga, but has failed at Lucknow (Gamble). In the second edition of his “ Manual of Indian Timbers,’ Gamble says it is ‘cultivated in the Nilgiris, especially in Aramby, Rallia, and Coonoor Peak plantations.” 57 SVNONY Ms: fe . E£. pallens, DC. (probably). 2. E. procera, Delnh. | 3. EF. gigantea, Hook. f. 4. EF. elatus, Hook. f. 5. E. fabrorum, Schlecht. 6. EF. fissilis, F. v. M. 7. E. faleifolia, Miq. 8. EF. nervosa, F. v. M.° 9 . E&. heterophylla, Miq. NOTES ON THE SYNONYMS. 1. £. pallens, DC. non F. v. M. E£. pallens, operculo hemisphaerico submutico cupula breviore, pedunculis axillaribus compressis petioli longitudine, umbellis 5-7 floris, ramulis angulatis, foliis lanceolatis acuminatis subcoriaceis penniveniis, venis ante margines confluentibus. In Nova Hollandia, Sieb. plant. exs. n. 606. Petioli 5 lin. longi. Folia 5 poll. longa, basi vix obliqua, fere sesquipoll. lata, utrinque albida (De Candolle, Prodromus, vol. 11, p. 219). The specimens of Sieber’s No. 606 are in early bud only, ‘They very strongly resemble specimens of 7, obliqua from the Goulburn (N.S.W.) district. Superficially they perhaps as strongly resemble specimens ina similar stage from #, dives, but I have no hesitation in saying that the determination of H. dives is much less likely as the leaves possess very little aroma when crushed. Sieber was known to have collected in the Goulburn district. The specimen, figured in Plate 7, fig. 1, shows transit to H. virgata, and affords a very good instance of the difficulties surrounding many plants that depart from types in the Renuntheree. > The drying pale (referred to in the specific name) of the leaves is not unusual in many species of the Renantheree. 58 * Sieber’s No. 606. Short diagnosis, might perhaps do for either albens or dealbata. I have not seen it.” (Bentham in B. FI. ITI, 200.) *} Specimens labelled ‘“ #. pallens, DC., Broken River,” in Mueller’s hand- writing, in Herb., Kew, are 2. hemiphoia, var. albens. 2. FE. procera, Dehnh. Eucalyptus procera, Dehnh., E. foliis late-ovatis longissimis obliquis coriaceis parallele venosis marginatisve suberenulatis utrinque glanduliferis apice uncinatis, petiolis muricatis coloratis, ramulis teretibus glanduliferis rubicundis. Cortice laevi aestivo tempore in squamas secedente Nov. Holl, (Dehnhardt, Catalogus plantarum horti Camaldulensis. Fd. IT, 1832, p. 20.)* Bentham (B. F)., ii, 200), who had not seen any specimens, speaks of the description as ‘far too imperfect to render identification possible.” I have seen some excellent specimens, in bud, flower, and ripe fruit, communicated by Dehnhardt himself to the Vienna herbarium (Herb. Mus. Cees. Palat. Vindob.), which show that the species is #. obliqua, L’Hérit. The label states that the tree (Hort. Camaldul.) was raised from “unknown seed,” and that the tree (? that from which the original seed was taken) was 70 feet high. The seed probably came from Tasmania. Following is Walpers’ description :— Eucalyptus procerz, Dehnhardt, l.c., p. 174.—Operculo hemisphierico mucronulato, calyce breviore ; pedunculis subancipitib., umbellis lateralib., 5—9-loris parvis ; foll. alternis ovato-lanceolatis longissimis obliquis falcatis coriaceis parallele venosis, apice uncinatis, margine subcrenulatis integerrimisve, juniorib., utring., glanduliferis ; ramis teretib, rubicundis, Crescit in Nové Hollandidé. (Walpers’ Repertorium Botanices Systematice, ii, p. 164.) Mueller (in “ Eucalyptographia,’ under H. pauciflora) quoting Walpers’ wording of the description of the species, refers it to pauciflora (coriacea), but the specimens set the matter at rest. 3. E. gigantea, Hook. f.+ N. sp.; ramis ramulisque levibus elongatis gracilibus, foliis alternis sublonge petiolatis amplis oblique curvatis ovato-lanceolatis longe acuminatis basi valde inequalibus costa distincta, nervis lateralibus * The following information about Hortus Camaldulensis is abbreviated from Dehnhardt’s Preface to Ed. 2, of the Cat. Pl. Hort. Camaldulensis (1882). The hills of the Vomer (Ploughshare), and of the district of Camalduli, beneath which lies the city (Naples), are foremost amongst the most picturesque parts of Campania, The climate is especially mild. On those hills the Count of Camalduli has an immense farm, and excellently laid out gardens. The variety and plenteousness of the trees and vegetation—products both of practical utility and of pure delight—draw crowds of inhabitants and strangers; the immense size and joyous shapes of the truly exotic plants only to be found elsewhere in hot-houses, and which here are planted in the open air as though native of the soil, must cause the greatest delight and wonder in the spectator. The following particulars about the Count are given in his preface to Ed. I (1529), and from the last sentence it would appear that Dehnhardt was superintendent or head gardener of this garden :—‘‘ After the Count of Camalduli, Franciscus Riccardi, had obtained permission to retire from the splendid position whose duties he had most diligently performed, he withdrew to the beautiful hills of the Ploughshare and of Camalduli. The garden attached to the country house (described in poetry by those most noble knights Angelo M. Riccio, in the vernacular, and Jacobo Farina, President of the Supreme Court, in Latin), were given me to lay out and beautify.” + E. gigantea, Delnh., is 2. globulus, Labill. 59 divergentibus, pedicellis elongatis multifloris, alabastris lineari-clavatis obtusis, cupellis (florentibus) obconicis pedicellatis, operculo breviter hemisphrico obtuso v. subacuto maturo cupula equilata breviore, capsula majuscula pedicellata obconico-hemispherico v. turbinata ore paulo contracto v. subglobosa ore valde contracto,—“ stringybark ” colonorum. Hab.—Throughout Tasmania, very abundant, v.v.n. Arbor excelsa, 150-250 pedalis ; trunco basi num, 20-26 ped. diameter. Rami ramulique graciles, elongati. Folia 4-6 une. longa, 1-24 une, lata. Alabastra angusta, elongata cupula bis-terve longiora. (Hooker, f. in Lond. Journ. Bot., vi, 479, 1847.) This was amplified by Hook. f., in the following words :— 12. Eucalyptus gigantea ; arbor gigantea, ramulis gracilibus pendulis, foliis amplis gracile petiolatis e basi ovata lanceolatis sensim acuminatis opacis basi valde inzequilateris costa distincta nervis diver- gentibus, pedicellis elongatis multiflorus, calycibus subclavatis pedicellatis, operculo breviter hemisphzerico obtuso yv. subacuto, capsula majuscula pedicellata turbinata obconica hemispheerica v. subglobosa lignosa ore subcontracto intus plano v. abrupte depresso, valvis inclusis. (Gunn., 1,095, 1,104, 1,106, 1,965, 1,966.) (Tab. XXVIII.) Hab.—Abundant in most parts of the Island, forming a great proportion of the hill forests, ascending to 4,000 feet. (FI. Oct., Dec.), (v.v.), “ Stringy-bark Gum.” Distrib.—South-eastern Australia. This forms a gigantic tree ; specimens have been felled in the valleys at the base of Mt. Wellington 300 feet high and 100 feet in girth, of which a full account is given in the “ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania.” It is also a most abundant species, and forms the bulk of the forests of the elevated table-land of the interior and flanks of the southern mountains. It is difficult so to define its characters that it shall be recognised by them ; but it is a well-known and readily distinguished species in the forest. At all periods of growth it has a tall, straight trunk, and few terminal branches, never very leafy or umbrageous. In some varieties the young branches have a fine glaucous-purple bloom on them, especially in alpine localities ; such is the case with Mr. Gunn’s No. 1,095, from the banks of Lake St. Clair, where it forms a forest on one side of the lake only, to the exclusion of all other timber. Bark flaking off in stringy masses, used formerly by the natives for huts, canoes, &e. Branehlets slender, pendulous. Leayes broader than in most other species of this section, 4—7 inches long, ovate at the broad oblique base, then lanceolate, and tapering to an acuminate point, surface not polished, nerves diverging. Peduneles, flower, and fruit so variable that it is difficult to characterise them; usually the peduncles are stout, woody, as long as the petioles ; the flowers very numerous, and forming a capitate head ; the pedicels stout; calyx turbinate; operculum hemispherical. Capsule woody, gradually or suddenly contracted at the pedicel, spherical or oblong obconic, with a contracted, noé thickened, mouth, and sunk valves. As in other species, I have found very great differences in the flowers and fruits from upper and lower, older and younger, slender and stout branches. (The Botany of the Antarctic Voyage of H.M.S. Erebus and Terror, 1839-43. Flora Tasmanie. J.D. Hooker, I, 136). 1860. As already pointed out, #. obliqua, L’Hérit., was not known to Hooker at the time he wrote F/. Tus., nor clearly to Mueller in Fragm. ii, 44, 45, where the supposed differences between Z. obliqua, L’ Hérit., and LZ. gigantea, Hook. f., are discussed. See also Fragm. ii, 171,172. I am not quite clear as to the precise date when the identity of L’Héritier’s species was placed beyond doubt. Mueller (‘‘Eucalyptographia’’) says, “ As surmised by me (in the Fragmenta, ii, 45), it is this very species which was collected during Furneaux’s voyage at Adventure Bay, and this was proved subsequently by Mr. Rich. Kippist, who, at my request, compared the original specimen in the Banksian collection.” B 60 4. Eucalyptus elatus, Hook. f. — Gunn's specimen in Herb., Kew, bears the name in Hooker’s handwriting. Eucalyptus clatus, H. £.—Trunk erect, branching at top, only 140 feet high, 3,000 ft. alt. Dee tier very large tree, many dead. The fruits are not ripe, but the plant is H. obliqua, L’ Hérit., as so noted in Herb. Key. ‘Another of Gunn’s specimens (“ Kangaroo Bottom,” 9/25, 184.0), also bears the name “Eucalyptus elatus, J. D. H.,” in Hook. f.’s. handwriting. 5. E. fabrorum, Schlecht. 177. Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schidl.—Rami rigidi, ut reliquae partes glabri, ultimi angulati, aetate provectiores teretes cortice fusco. Umbellae brevissime pedunculatae in axillis foliorum inferiorum annotinorum, nec non in apicibus ramulorum hornotinorum paniculam brevem, ex umbellulis paucis, una scilicet terminali, reliquis oppositis brevissime pedunculatis aphyllis (foliis cito deciduis) compositam, formant. [Pedunculus communis 1-2 lin. longus crassus, 3-7 flores brevissime crasseque pedicellatos, pedicellis } lin. longis, ferens. Folia oblonga (c. petiolo 3-6 lin. longo, 4-6 poll. longa, 6—10 lin. inferne lata), ex inferiore paullo latiore in ipsa basi acuta parte sensim angustata, atque in acumen attenuatum acutum producta, inaequilatera, leviter faleatim curvata, crasse coriacea, obscure pellucide punctata vel impunctata, nervo medio utrinque et margine crassiusculo prominente et simul pallidius, vel ex rubro tincto ; venas emittit nervus laterales levissime prominulas in nervum marginalem, qui cum margine venulis transversis conjungitur. Pagina superior folii viridior, infera magis glaucescens. Alabasirum obovatum, basi leviter attenuatum, 34-4 lin. altum, tubo cupuliformi obconico, majore ; operculo obtuse et depresse conico. Stamina tubo calycino longiora, 2 lin. paullo longiora. Stylus brevior, linea paululum longior. |* EL. scabra similis, sed omnino glaber, viridior, floribus paullo minoribus, brevius pedicellatis, alabastris lacte viridibus laevibus nec canescentibus rugulosis, calyptra obtusiore. Hoher Baum, Walder bildend, an felsigen Stellen in den hoheren Berggegenden. Marz. Das Holz est nutzbar.—(Stringer Bark der Kolonisten.) (Linnea xx, 656.) The description in Walpers’ Annales Bolanices Systematice, i, 309, has the above portion [ | (my brackets) omitted. E. fabrorum, Schlecht. is referred by F. Mueller to /. obliqua, owing to the author’s stating it to be the ‘Stringybark of the Colonists, and very possibly some of Behr’s specimens many be of that species; but the only authentic one I have seen in a perfect state is evidently 2. viminalis—(B. FI. iii, 205.) The following specimens, however, show that Mueller’s view is correct :— 1. “ Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schlecht. Lofty Ranges (S.A.) Ferd. Miller Pharm. Cand.” (1847 or 1848.) 2. ‘Plantes Miilleriane, Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schlecht. Nov. Holland Méridional.” 8. “Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schlecht. Adelaide, Dr. F. Mueller, Herbar. W. Sonder.” I have scen all these specimens, which are identical, and all are #. obliqua. No. 2 was the specimen examined by Miquel for his paper in Ned. Kruidk. Arch., iv. * These brackets [ ] have been inserted by me. 61 I have seen specimens in European herbaria, “ Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schldt., Port Lincoln scrub, legit Carl Wilhelmi, exam. Dr. Ferd. Mueller,” which are H. santalifolia, F. v. M. In the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions of 1861 and 1866, the following specific gravities of timbers are given :— Eucalyptus fabrorum, Stringybark, ‘990, ‘941, ‘809 (steam-dried) respectively. 6. E. fissilis, EF: v. M. “ Messmate (Hucalyptus fissilis) has many of the characteristics of the white gum, is hard and straight-grained, and splits readily into posts, rails, palings, and shingles for fencing and building purposes. Wheelwrights use it for shafts and framing of drays, for plough-beams, and many similar applications.”’ (Inter- colonial Exhibition of Australasia, Melbourne, 1866-7, Official Record, 1867, p- 216.) The oil from the leaves of Hwcalyptus fissilis has the specific gravity, 0°928, and is optically inactive. (W. P. Wilkinson in Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1893, p. 198, where there are other data given in regard to this oil.) In quoting this, Gildemeister and Hoffmann have the note :— According to Maiden, Lucalyptus fissilis, F. v. M., is synonymous with £. amygdalina, Labill., the oil of which is strongly levogyrate. Its specific gravity also does not agree with that obtained by Wilkinson from £. fissilis. f understood for some years that JH. fissilis was a form of amygdal'na, but Mr. J. G. Luehmann has informed me that it is referable to L. obliqua. Mueller frequently used the name /issilis in his earlier reports (chiefly those referring to economic plants), but I cannot trace where he described the supposed species. 7. £. faleifolia, Miq. Following is the original description :— 28. Eucalyptus fulcifolia, Mig.—(ELue. fabrorum, Mill. Herb. et mss. non Schldt.): Ramulis tenuibus, supremis angulatis viridulis, ramis fuscescentibus, foliis longuiscule petiolatis e basi ut plurimum inaequali et inaequilonga ovato-lanceolatis vel lanceojatis inaequilateris vulgo falcatis attenuato-acuminatis pergamaceis, costa subtus prominula, venis patule adscendentibus ante marginem unitis utrinque praesertim subtus distinctis tenere reticulatis, umbellis 4-10 floris haud raro paniculato-confertis, pedunculis leviter compressis, floribus pedicellatis, calycis tubo turbinato operculum semiglobosum acutiusculum superante. In montibus sterilissimis memora aperta extensa constituens, arbor excelsa, rarius humilis, fl. aestate (idem).—Lofty Range trans. Fl. Murray (Mill. Herb.). Cortex rimosus nigricanti-cinereus. Rami mox nigrescentes. Umbellarum pedunculus passim 4 lineas longus, foliorum paginae concolores nitentes. Alabastra decolora. Fructus hemisphaerico-turbinatus. —(F. Miill.). Species Z. acmenoide, Schauer, aftinis, notis certis ab YZ. fabrorum tuto discernenda. Petioli vulgo 3-4 poll. longi ; folia 4-6 poll. longa, 4--1} lata. Pedunculi circiter 4, pedicelli 2 lin. longi. Hujus speciei formae videntur n. 13, 22, et 23, e New South Wales.—(Miquel, Ved. Arwidh. Arch, iv). 62 The description of the bark “rimosus nigricanti-cinereus” would apply to FE. Gunnii or £. viminalis, and not to #. obliqua, and there is evidently some confusion of notes here. The drawing (Plate 8, fig. 4) shows that the specimen in Herb. Kew is but a small one, and it is obliqua, although perhaps superficial examination of the specimen might lead some to look upon it as a form of FE. Gunnii, Hook. f., var. acervula, Deane and Maiden, not uncommon in South Australia. The specimen in Herb., Kew, is labelled “ Eucalyptus falcifolia, Miq., in Ned. Kruidk., Arch., iv. 1836 =obliqua, L’Hér.; fabrorum, F. Miller, near Adelaide, S. Australia,” and is in bud and with fully-developed flowers. It has kidney-shaped anthers, and it is #. obliqua, L’ Hér., as stated. 8. E. nervosa, F. v. M. Following is the description :— 38. Hucalyptus nervosa, Ferd. Miill,, ramulis teretibus, foliis ovatis, oblongo-ovatis, ellipticis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, vulgo obliquis, costé venisque adscendentibus prominulis, pendunculis 2-5 floris, foliis deciduis in paniculam etiam confertis, floribus pedicellatis, fructu ovato-truncato. Lofty Range, m. Nov. (F. Miiller). Proxima 2. Behrianae, a qua teste F. Miiller differt foliis fructibusque majoribus. Folia majora, 44-5 poll. longa, 14-24 lata. Fructus 2 lin. longi. (Miquel in Ved. Kruidk. Arch., iv, 138, (1856.) This is #. obliqua (B. FI. iii, 204). 9. E. heterophylla, Migq. This is described in Ned. Kruidk. Arch., iv (1856), 141, briefly as follows :— 45, Eucalyptus heterophylla, Mig., n. sp. foliis suboppositis ct eppositis, alternisve, longiuscule petiolatis, elliptico vel ovato-oblongis, sursum attenuatis, basi aequale vel inaequale acutis vel obtusis, coriaceis, 4-9} poll. longis, 14—3 latis, floribus. . . . Van Diemen’s Land (Stuart, n. 2). Bentham, while pointing out that it was described from barren leafy branches, states that it “appears to be one of the forms assumed by the saplings or by the adventitious shoots of #. obliqua (B. Fl. iii, 205).” Mueller, however, (‘‘ Eucalyptographia,” under #. globulus), thinks that it may be Z#. globulus. Stuart’s No. 2 isnot at Kew. The matter is not of the first importance, but I am making an endeavour to trace every described species of Eucalyptus, and would like to see the specimen. The plant labelled “‘ Hucalyptus marginata, Smith (?) Hab. near Sydney, New South Wales—imperfect specimens,’ in Wilkes’ U. 8. Exped., 1838-42— Botany, Asa Gray, i, 553), is probably #. obliqua. The original specimen in the United States National Museum has sucker leaves, mature leaves; also a few flowers ; no opercula. L. marginata is a Western Australian species. 63 RANGE. AxtTHoucm usually regarded as chiefly a Tasmanian and Victorian tree, it has during the last few years been found to extend over very large areas in New South Wales, though its curving boundary is a matter for further investigation. It is abundant in many places along the top of the eastern slope of the coast range from Mittagong south. ‘Thence there is a gap in our localities until the Upper Williams River and Eastern and Northern New England are reached. We do not know the connecting links between the southern and northern localities; it doubtless will be found in various spurs of the Great Dividing Range. It extends to South Australia. At the time of the writing of the “ Eucalyptographia,’ Mueller gave the range, ‘‘ St. Vincent’s Gulf to Gippsland, scarcely passing into the territory of New South Wales.” TASMANIA. As has been already stated, /. obliqua is common in hilly country all over the island, but chiefly in the south. Following are localities of some of R. Gunn’s specimens :— No. 1,095: Lake St. Clair. No. 1,104: Black River, Circular Head. No. 1,106: Locality (?). Lhotsky collected it in Van Diemen’s Land (Herb. Cant. ex herb. Lemann), and labelled it #. acervula (7), Sieb. The following specimens of this timber, exhibited by the ‘Tasmanian Government Railway, give some localities for merchantable timber :— No. 18: Deck plank from Bridgewater Bridge, fifty years old. No. 20: Sleeper, twenty-five years under traffic, cut in 1868, on the Western Tiers, for the Western Line. No. 21: Six split sleepers, from Fingal. No. 22: Two split sleepers, from Rhyndaston. No. 25: Twelve sleepers, from Mersey Line; barren land. No. 26: Sleeper, from Mersey Line ; good land. No. 30: Two planks of red stringybark, 6 feet by 83} inches by 5 inches, from Scottsdale Line. Further particulars in regard to Tasmanian localities have been already given. Ante p. 54. G4 SoutH AUSTRALIA. Mount Lofty Ranges, near Adelaide ; in places upon the southern slopes of the main range running through Kangaroo Island; along the coast from the Glenelg River to Lake Bonney in places around and near Mount Gambier; Mounts Burr and McIntyre Forest Reserves; Cave Range Forest Reserve; in places near Narracoorte, on the Kingston and Narracoorte railway line; and several other districts of less importance in the south-east. (“The Forest Flora of South Australia,” by J. Ednie Brown.) . The late Professor Ralph Tate gave the range in South Australia as “ Adelaide district, Kangaroo Island, and the volcanic area of the south-east corner of the State, or the Mount Gambier district.” “ Hucalyptus fabrorum, Schlecht., Lofty Ranges, Ferd. Miller, Pharm. Cand.” This is a specimen collected by Mueller, in 1847 or 1848, named as above by Schlechtendal, and referred to by Miquel in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. IV. 39 VICTORIA. “Tn vast masses, constituting on the more barren ranges in nearly all parts of our territory the prevalent timber.”—(Mueller, in Cat. Tech. Mus., Melbourne.) Mr. A. W. Howitt, reporting on Victoria as a whole, says :— The Messmate, also locally called “Stringybark” (#. obliqua), grows in almost all parts of Victoria, excepting the nerthern areas, from the sea coast up to about 4,000 feet above the sea. Tt is found extensively in Gippsland, in the Cape Otway Ranges, and generally in the mountains of the Dividing Range. It also occurs (so far as I remember) in the Ballarat and in the Creswick and Bullarook forests. The following refers to Gippsland only :— This eucalypt is principally found in the western and south-western portions of Gippsland, where it, in many places, forms the whole of the forests, or is in others mixed with Z. goniocalyx, EB. viminalis, E. Gunnii, and £. globulus. It appears to be essentially a littoral form, but ascends the mountains to considerable elevations in the cool, shady, moist gullies on the southern slopes. For instance, in the Great Dividing Range, where the Nicholson River rises, Z. obliqua follows up the damp gullies on the south side and forms part of the forest on the summit, together with 2. Sieberiana (b), LZ. viminalis (a), and E. amygdalina (b). It occurs also in Eastern Gippsland, as, for instance, at Buchan, Gelantipy, Bonang, and Bendoc. It varies but little in character, although the form of the fruit is, in some cases—as, for instance, near Port Albert, in the sandy coast country—not quite so truncate ovate as in the typical forms, yet in all cases the peculiar unequal-sided ovate lanceolar or even cordate lanceolar and pointed form of the leaves always marks the saplings and large seedlings from those of any other species. (7Z'’rans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1890-1, vol. II, p. 92.) New Sovurn WALES. It extends from south to north of the State. Its northernmost limit is a matter for further investigation, but it extends nearly tc the Queensland border. It is found growing in company with #. goniocalyr and other species on the Irish Corner Mountain, Reidsdale, Sugarloaf Mountain, and around Monga, both on the 65 eastern and western fall of those mountains. The trees are fairly abundant, and are to be found growing to a height of from 100 to 150 feet, with a girth of from 6 to 10 feet. In New England (Yarrowitch) it is associated with #. viminalis. Howitt (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict. II, Pt. 1, 1890, p. 92), makes the statement, as regards Gippsland, that “it appears to be essentially a littoral form, but ascends the mountains, &.’’ The first part of this statement does not appear to hold true in New South Wales. The tree grows right on the top of the ranges with us, and never in the littoral lands, as far as observed. It frequents situations where it can be reached and enveloped in the sea-fogs ; in this remote sense alone can the word “littoral” be applied to trees with us. On the Tantawanglo Mountain it grows abundantly, in company with ‘‘ Cut-tail”’ and other eucalypts, at a height of about 3,000 feet above the sea. At Reidsdale it occurs at an elevation of from 2,000 to 2,500 feet, and in New England nearly 4,000 feet. Southern. Tantawanglo Mountan (H. Deane and J. H. M.). +B) “Messmate,”’ Candelo (A. Rudder), ‘‘ Tororago’’ (? Tarago), Twofold Bay, S. E. Australia, No. 266, S. Mossman.” In Herb. Cant. ex herb. Lemann. Doubtless Tarago, via Braidwood, on an old route to Twofold Bay. “ Woolly-topped Messmate,” Irish Corner Mountain, Reidsdale, Sugar-loaf Mountain, and around Monga (Forester J. 8S. Allan). *“‘Broad-leaf Messmate,” Wingello. (J. H. M. and J. L. Boorman). Mr, Boorman’s note on another occasion is :—“ Large trees, wood of a yellowish colour. Fibrous bark to tips of branches. Inner bark pale yellow, leaves large.” “ White Mahogany,” Wingello (A. Murphy), but not to be confused with either #7. pilularis, var. Muelleriana or EF. acmenoides. Northern. Three miles past Myrtle Scrub (near Yarrowitch, Hastings River to Walcha), one comes across a handsome forest, in basalt country, consisting mainly of a smooth- barked eucalypt (viminalis), and a rough-barked one (obliqua). The discovery of the latter species in this part of the State was quite unexpected, and extends its northern range very considerably. The trees were over 100 feet high, and their trunks 3 feet and more in diameter, so that the trees are fine specimens, and not the depauperate forms of mere outliers or pickets. One of my travelling companions (Mr. J. F. Campbell, L.S., of Walcha), stated that this belt of country extended for 30 miles in a general direction of north and south, roughly following the county boundary, and he believed that this spezies occurred over the greatér portion of that county. Mr. Nivison, of Yarrowitch, states it occurs at least as far north as the Clarence River, and also in Callaghan’s Swamp. It would be interesting now to 66 collect the species at points intermediate between Braidwood and New England. In the latter district it is sometimes known as “ messmate ” and ‘ bastard stringy- bark.” At Yarrowitch it is known as “ white stringybark,” and has been used for building purposes, e.g., verandah floors; but it lacks durability in the ground. The sucker-foliage is very coarse. J have leaves 6 x 5 inches.—(Maiden in Proc. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science, 1898, p. 539.) Upper Williams River (A. Rudder). The following letter to me is interesting, not only because it brings the recorded localities of the species some miles to the west, but because it embodies other experiences of a well-known observer :— The eucalypt mentioned by you (Z. obliqua) is abundant here. In this country it is found on poor stony ranges chiefly. It attains a great size, up to 8 or 9 feet or even more in diameter ; such trees are usually short-stemined. It is said it will not last as posts, but I have never been given satisfactory proof as to its unfitness. A mile or two of fence is erected ; the posts are mixed, probably split from three or four different kinds of stringybark. Then twelve or fifteen years later, who can say which is the best ? Certainly not the average bushman. It is often, I know, too short to run into rails. I have seen trees that you could not run into 7 foot posts even if struck 6 inches thick. I split a tree of this species 85 feet in length of barrel by 2 feet in diameter ; it flowered here last season in January, the trees being great masses of bloom, very noticeable, although distant on the ranges from 1 to 2 miles. It is known here as Woolly-butt, Woolly-bark, or White Stringybark.—(A. R. Crawford, Moona Plains, Walcha, July, 1898.) I have a specimen collected by Leichhardt, in 1843, at the head of the Gwydir. It is in leaf only, but there is no doubt as to its identity. Mr. W. Baeuerlen has since collected it at Mount Mackenzie, near Tenterfield. This is near the Queensland border, and it may be expected to be found about Stanthorpe, in the latter State. 67 JME IC IUN Gers). Tue “ Messmate” from the Dandenong and other parts of Victoria is, according to F. Mueller’s specimens, also referable to #. obliqua, although it has the leaves rather thinner with the veins more conspicuous. (B. FL. iii, 205.) There is a certain amount of variation in the thickness of the leaves of HH. obliqua, as in other allied species of Eucalyptus, e.g., reguans. At the same time, I have never seen any well-marked-variety of 2. obliqua. The nearest approach to a variety is one of the “ Stringy-barked Gums”’ referred to at p. 69, but one would hesitate to add another name to this already long list, unless absolutely compelled to do so. Howitt says :— The seedlings of Z. obliqua are usually free from hairs, but are very commonly warty and the leaves are lanceolar, shining on one side, and thinner in texture than those of #. macrorrhyncha. They become scattered somewhat sooner than those of #. macrorrhyncha and very much sooner than those of £. Muelleriana, and soon show the marked unequal-sidedness which is so characteristic of this tree.— (Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., 1900-1, vol. 2, p. 93.) 1. E. pilularis, Sm.—A similarity to #. pilularis (in its var. Muelleriana) has already been alluded to. The similarity exists in leaves, fruits, bark, and other characters. The differences are not easy to define, except with considerable verbiage. and in doubtful cases I can only enjoin careful attention to the types. 2. E. eugenioides, Sieb.—I think the reason that #. obliqua has only been recognised in this State during recent years is because it was confused with this species. LH. eugenioides is a stringybark and shades off into the obliqua stringy- bark on the one hand and the capitellata stringybark on the other. The foliage of £. obliqua is less coarse than that of L. eugenioides, its opercula is less conical, its fruits less hemispherical and with thinner rims. 3. E. piperita, Sm. E. obliqua can be distinguished readily encugh from #. piperita by its thicker and usually larger leaves with more prominent and less divergent veins, the underpage of the leaves neither evidently paler nor less shining than the under side (hence the stomata are in almost equal number on either side of the leaves), in less crowded umbels, in calcyes less smooth, with shorter and blunter lid, the greater elongation of the calyx-tube into the stalklet and also the rather larger fruit with comparatively less constricted orifice. The two are the only species among closely-allied kinds which have the summit of the fruit very considerably contracted, hence no difticulty can arise for recognising #. obliqua.—(Mueller in ** Kucalyptographia.”) I hardly think these two species are likely to be often confused. The coarse, thick foliage of F. obliqua, its stringy bark, in contradiction to the sub-fibrous bark C 68 of L. piperita, are usually sufficient to at once distinguish the species in the field. The orifice of the fruit is sometimes a little contracted, reminding one in this respect, and in its general shape of the capsule, of some forms of #. piperita; but it is larger than the fruit of that species. Drying accentuates the contraction of the orifice in both. The two may be at once separated by the venation and shape of the leaves, shape of the buds, &e.; but the two species approach one another sometimes very closely in the shape of fruits. 4. EF. coriacea, A. Cunn.—The fruits of Z#. obliqua sometimes have great similarity to those of #. coriacea. This is shown in Plate 7, fig. 4, but very rarely is the rim so thick as depicted therem. Mueller says :— The veins of the leaves are occasionally so much longitudinal as to bring £&. obliqua thus far into close approach to 2. pauciflora (coriacea), which species is allied also in many other respects, but has a smooth, whitish bark, the outer stamens not all fertile, the fruit hardly contracted at the summit, the rim not so narrow, and the valves nearer to the orifice ; the wood of the two is also different. The calyx, however, is likewise somewhat rough in #. pauciflora. (** Eucalyptographia.” ’ S 1 u i gray They could never be mistaken in the field; one isa White Gum and the other is a Stringybark. The suecculence and thick rim of the fruits, and the straight (longitudinal) veins and suceulence of the leaves of L. coriacea, are usually quite suflicient to distinguish the species. 5. FE. Sieberiana, F. v. M. £. Sieberiana, in comparison with #, obliqua, can be easily recognised by its more rugged and solid bark, which partially secedes, by its less fissile wood, the less prominent veins of its leaves, generally broader and more compressed flower-stalks, outer stamens sterile, fruit less contracted at the orifice, with flatter rim and with valves near the summit. (Mueller, in “ Eucalyptographia.”) #. Sieberiana is our common Mountain Asi. 6. E. virgata, Sieb.—The variety altior of this species is closest allied to E. obliqua, and may readily be confused with the “‘ gum-topped ” form of the latter species (see page 69). The following paper, read by me before the Royal Society of Tasmania in 1902, and entitled, ‘‘ The Gum-top Stringybarks of Tasmania: a Study in Variation,” has a direct bearing on the affinities of 4. obliqua with other species. I would specially invite attention to ** C,” (#. obliqua), p. 69. The Gum-top or Gum-topped Stringybark appears to attain its greatest development in Tasmania, although it also occurs in Victoria and New South Wales. It isa tree which may have a smooth, or nearly smooth, bark, with all stages of fibrous covering up to nearly a normal stringybark. Apparently, as a general rule, the bark becomes more fibrous as higher elevations are reached. I brought the matter of these “‘Gum-tops”’ under notice of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at its Hobart meeting (January, 1902) ; gave considerable attention to the trees in the field in Tasmania; have received 69 most valuable information on the subject from Messrs. L. Rodway and T. Stephens, of Hobart, and R. H. Cambage, of Sydney, and now believe that I am able to offer a key to the better understanding of what has hitherto been considered a very difficult group of plants. A. H. Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elata, Bentham; (H. radiata, Hook. f., var. 4, non Sieb.). I have a specimen of Gunn’s No. 1,100, 1842, “J. D. Hooker, Marlborough, Tasmania, 17th October, 1840.” B. This is the var.4 of H. radiata, Hook. f. (non Sieb.). See Fl. Tas., I, 137, as follows :— 13. Lucalypius radiata (Sieb., Pl., Hxsice., p. 475); arbor mediocris, ramulis gracilibus saepe pendulis, foliis anguste ellipticis lanceolatisve mediocribus vix nitidis-nerviis rectis falcatisve, pedunculis subelongatis multifloris, floribus pedicellatis, calyece obeonico v. clavato, operculo brevi, capsula pedicellata. ra) ? ? ? 2 Variat insigniter. . . . . 4. foliis majoribus lanceolatis nitidis, capsulis ut in forma 3.—Arbor mediocris, ad Z. coriaceam tendens. (Gunn, 1,100, 1,110.) This is a tree which, e.g., on Mount Wellington, may be nearly a White Gum, with but a little ribbon at the butt. It is a variety of #7. Risdoni, Hook. f., namely, var. elatc, Bentham, (B. Fl. III, 203). In typical Risdoni the sucker leaves are more or less cordate; but in the varieties they tend to become oblong, and even nearly orbicular, and the leaves, as higher levels are reached, become more aromatic. My identification of Gunn’s No. 1,100 appears to be the key to the question, and all the Gum-topped Stringybarks may be looked upon as more or less closely related to this form. C. L. obliqua, L’ Hérit., var. “ Gum-topped Stringybark,” Waterworks, Mount Wellington, Tasmania. We have trees at an elevation of 1,100 feet, with the leaves, capsules, &e., of H. obliqua ; but bark-smooth from the base. The character passes in all forms from this to #. regnans, which in turn passes into broad-leaved forms of amygdalina. (L. Rodway.) This form undoubtedly shows affinity to #. obliqua. A second specimen Mr. Rodway labelled “The extreme form of #. obliqua, that Mueller considered a form of haemastoma.” (2) “Stringy Gum,” Huon Road (L. Rodway). The suckers are glaucous and lose their ‘‘ opposite”’ character at an early stage. (6) Guildford Junction, Tasmania, ‘‘ Something between /. amygdalina and Ef. oblique in bark; glaucous, wood pale.” (R. H. Cambage.) Another specimen of Mr. Cambage’s, from the same district, is labelled, * Bark something like 1, amygdalina for, perhaps, 20 feet, then gradually clear.” 70 An official pamphlet, issued by the Tasmanian Railway Department, refers to “Stringybark Gum, Luc. obliqua. No. 300, T.G.R. Two planks 6 ft. 6 in. by 9 inches by 5 inches, Scottsdale Line.” I believe this is the same as the following timber, sent to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 :— “Stringy Gum.”—This wood bears a strong resemblance in general appearance and texture to stringybark (Z. obliqua), but the grain is crossed diagonally with long spots of a lighter shade, which should show a good figure if the wood could be polished. Stringy gum, however, is open to the same objection as stringybark, but in a still more marked degree, for not only does the grain rise after the board is planed, but, unless it is absolutely dry, fibres of the wood become detached from the surface which renders this wood quite unfit for any but rough work. (Allen Ransome, in Kew Bulletin, May, 1889.) In Victoria also (e.g., Port Road, Gippsland, Howitt) the Gum-top Stringy- bark runs into F. obliqua. At comparatively low elevations the leaves of the Gum-top Stringybark are but little glaucous, and have but little aroma. Their affinity to 2. obliqua is undoubted: While, as a matter of classification, they may, perhaps, be looked upon as belonging to #. Risdoni, var. elata, I cannot say that those botanists who look upon them as belonging to £. obliqua are wrong. In fact I think they must be looked upon as a variety of L. obliqua. D. and E. #. regnans, F. v. M., and, therefore, since Mueller (wrongly, I think) has merged this species in 2. amygdalina, Labill., 2. amygdalina, also. “Sucker leaves (glaucous when fresh) from base of stem of typical /. regnans, 120 feet high; bark fibrous, but not thick, for about 40 feet. Mount Wellington, 1,500 feet.” (L. Rodway.) “Silver Top,” Darlimurla, 8. Gippsland, Victoria, “ Bark rough, resembling that of stringybark ; limbs smooth and white, hence local name.” (HH. Deane). There is justification for looking upon these trees as forms of 7. regnans. F. LH. dives, Schauer. [See EL. hemastoma, Sm., L. Sieberiana, F. v. M.] I have given reasons (Vict. Naturalist, July, 1901, p. 124; Aust. Assoc. for Adv. Science, Hobart, 1902) for looking upon certain Gum-top stringybarks as forms of H. dives; but while I now think that they may be considered to belong to JZ. Risdoni, var. elata, 1 think it is instructive to look upon them as forms of ZL. dives, with which they have undoubted affinity. G. EL. hemastoma, Sm.—I believe Mr. T. Stephens first drew attention to a **Gum-top stringybark,” and Mueller called it a form of #. hemastoma. The name is not now justifiable, and Mueller withdrew it as further information reached him; but as the determination has been so frequently published, it is desirable to draw attention to it now for completeness sake. In ‘“‘ Notes on a species of Eucalyptus 71 (2. hemastoma), not hitherto recorded in asmania,’’ by T. Stephens (/ voc. PR. S. Tas., 1881, p. 24), he refers to it as ‘‘ Gum-topped stringybark,”’ and speaks of it as follows :— The chief peculiarity of this tree is that while the lower part of the butt is clothed with a thick fibrous bark closely resembling that of the common stringybark (2. obliqua), the upper part, and the smaller limbs and branches are quite smooth, whence its popular name. The timber is highly prized by splitters, and, for general purposes, it is described by many competent authorities as second only to the blue gum, though opinions seem to differ as to its durability. It is found in most parts of the Colony, and appears to grow as freely on the tablelands of the interior, reaching an altitude of not less than 3,000 feet above the sea, as along the coast-line. It seems to be the same as the following timbers referred to in a Tasmanian official catalogue :—‘‘ Gum-topped stringybark, Hue. hemastoma (?).” No. 30 B., T.G.R. Two planks, 6 feet by 94 inches by 6 inches, Scottsdale Line. Lucalyptus hemastoma (Gum-topped stringybark), is more a builders’ tree for inside work or cart bodies. So far no determination has been made as to its strength and weight, though it is used extensively where it grows. It is not known, however, as a distinct timber in the market. Sce also “Tasmanian Official Record for 1891” (R. M. Johnston), p. 135. Mr. A. O. Green, in his useful paper on “ Tasmanian timbers,” also refers to the Gum-topped stringybark as Hucalyptus hemastoma, which should now be dropped. Following is a copy of a label in Herb., Melb.—‘* Buc. hemastoma, Sm.: Gum-topped stringybark of Lake Sorell, Tasmania (‘T. Stephens). Lower part of stem exactly like common stringybark, but if anything rather less furrowed, the bark being quite loosely fibrous, and easily rubbed into what bushmen call ‘bull’s wool.’”’ (a) Paraitah, Midland Railway, Tasmania, 1,200 feet above sea-level; also (6) Russell Falls River, 50 miles N.W. of Hobart, 500 feet above sea-level (T. Stephens). ‘These specimens were sent in response to my request for “ Gum- top stringybark.” “ BH. hemastoma. A messmate (fibrous bark), Mount Mueller, near Mount Baw Baw, Victoria (Jas. Melvin), so named by Mueller. H, £. virgata, Sieb. var. altior, Deane and Maiden, and K. LH. oreades, R. T. Baker, from the Blue Mountains, N.S.W., are further removed from #. Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elafa Bentham, but are still referable, I think, to the Gum-top stringybarks. Their affinity is towards odliqua. In my paper read before Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science (Hobart, 1902), I suggested that one form of the Gum-top stringybark was referable to #. virgata, and addressed an appeal to Tasmanian botanists to make further inquiries in regard to these trees, but I am of opinion that some of the Tasmanian stringybarks may be justifiably considered as extreme forms of virgata, should any botanist see fit to do so. 72 L, HL. Sieberiana, F. v. M. « Buc. Sieberiana, F. vy. M., Gum-topped Stringybark, East Mt. Field, 1,000-— 1,500 ft., 1869.’ (Mueller’s determination.) . Steberiana, F. v. M., Mt. St. Bernard, Victoria (J. H. M.). Reference to my paper on ‘The Occurrence of Hucalyplus dives, Schauer, in Victoria” (Victorian Naturalist, 1901, p. 124) shows that I submit that these specimens belong to #. dives. I have in that paper dealt with the matter so fully that I do not intend to repeat myself on the present occasion. M. ZL. delegatensis, R.'l. Baker, Delegate Mountain, N.S.W. (W. Baeuerlen). See Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S.W., 1900, p. 305. I do not give &. coriacea, A. Cunn. (#. paueiflora, Sieb.), as having been confused with . Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elata, Bentham, but the general resemblance of some herbarium specimens of the Gum-top Stringybarks to #. coriacea is so marked that botanists may well be reminded of it. Hooker first noted the resemblance. (See #. radiaia, Hook, var. 4, Fl. Las. 11). To sum up, we have the following names for the Gum-topped Stringybarks of Tasmania (which extend to Victoria and Southern New South Wales) :— Lt. Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elata, Bentham. (0) #. radiata, Hook. f., var. 4., non Sieber. E. obliqua, L’ Hérit. (d) H. regnans, F. v. M. (e) HB. amygdalina, Labill. (f) #. dives, Schauer. (g) LE. haemastoma, Sm. (h) #. virgata, Sieb., var. altior, Deane and Maiden. (4) LH. oreades, R. T. Baker. (1) #. Sieberiana, F. v. M. (m) E. delegatensis, R. T. Baker. The Gum-topped Stringybarks have, therefore, been duly named, and have been given ten synonyms in addition, not hastily, but by men who haye worked on the genus, and have given reasons for their determinations. The great majority of the determinations can still be defended, and the trees may be looked upon as forms of the species referred to. Study of the Gum-topped Stringybarks presents one of the best instances of variation in the genus that I have met with, and affords a most instructive example of the necessity, in this protean genus, of endeavouring to ascertain what is the type, and of bearing it closely in mind. 73 Explanation of Plates. PLATE 5. Fac-simile of L’Héritier’s plate of Z. obliqua, Sert. Angl. t. 20, which was reproduced (only with rearrange- Ow bo ee 6. oo bo et or He oO LO oe ment of details) as Pl. 422 of Lamarck’s “Recueil de Planches de /’Encyclopedie Méthodique ” (Botanique). It was labelled “ Eucalyptus obliqua,” and the numbers are those in L’Héritier’s original plate, see p. 51. The original drawing was by L. J. Redouté, and the pen-and-ink drawing, from which the lithograph was made, was the work of Miss M. Smith, of Kew Gardens. PLATE 6. Eucalyptus obliqua, Li’ Héritier, . Twig bearing mature leaves, buds, and flowers. . Fruits. . Sucker leaf. Nos. 1-5 are from near Yarrowitch, New England, N.8S.W. See p. 65. . (Partly in shade). Seedling of a few months’ growth from Agnes Bridge, Gippsland, collected by Mr. A. W. Howitt. SPUAT HT. . Sieber’s No. 606 (Z. pallens), from a type specimen. See p. 57. . Twig in bud. Immature fruits. Mature fruits (with exceptionally thick rims). Perhaps #. coriacea. . Anthers. (Nos. 2-5 are drawn from specimens on one sheet in the Kew Herbarium, labelled “ Eucalyptus giganteus, Hk. f., Hobarton, Sassafras Valley, J. D. H.” by Miss M. Smith, Kew.) See p. 58. Fruits (smaller than usual, and displaying slight angularity) from Nine-mile Creek, Gippsland, A. W. Howitt. PLATE 8. . Twig, bearing buds and two flowers. . Fruits. . Top view of a fruit. (Nos. 1-3, “Eucalyptus fabrorum,” Schlecht., Plante Muelleriane, Nov. Holl. Coll., Lofty Ranges, Ferd. Miiller, Pharm. Cand. This specimen was examined by Miquel). Sce p. 60. 4, Twig in flower. i) . Anthers. (Nos. 4 and 5 were drawn from a specimen in the Kew Herbarium, bearing the following label :— “ Eucalyptus falcifolia, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 136=obliqua, L’Hér. fabrorum, F. Miiller, nr. Adelaide, South Australia.” See p. 62. . Seedling showing cotyledon leaves, raised by Mr. W. Forsyth, Centennial Park, Sydney. . Seedling, younger than Plate 6, fig. 4, and, like it, collected at Agnes Bridge, Gippsland, by Mr. A. W. Howitt. Figures 1-5 are from drawings by Miss M. Smith, Kew. Sydney ; William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer.—1903. Yy } WP Z yj \ yz /} { = an Gi hi FULL WOT SV“ KS SSS . SS == WS Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. Z > SS = ——4 —S> EE = Zip =sS SEE = SSSR SSS NY SSNS WN aN . ——S YG g = y LL——_———————— Z ——= : F =F — Fi Z 2 “itfhy Z Z Lis UY oe Go CH, Vy Z SS EEE =— SS Sy, —FSSsSsass5 ——f —— hag —= VEZ ZZ = SSX SS —= Za Uff} SSS W= — Z gs WN SS ——— LE Z Z SSS Z——E S=S SS Ss f SS S>= SS: of L’Heritier’s or BUGCALY PLUS OBLIOUA, lier ng.) iginal drawt (Facsimile Btn (6) Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. So - / i i t ON, ", f BUGCALY PT US JOBLEIOWA, EE Herin: (Northern N.S.W. chiefly) Rinwse Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. BUCAEYRT US OBLIOQUA, Lier (E. pallens, DC., and E. giganteus, Hook. f.) Rinedt Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS OBLIQUA, L’Henrit. (E. fabrorum, Schlecht.; E. faleifolia, Miq.) oa He Pork. _ PRICE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. — f Published Autor f National MO@RiIiiCAl. IKEVISION. Of THe GENUS) EWCALYPruUS BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). lease JOE (WITH FOUR PLATES). «* Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.”’ Macautay’s ‘Essay on MILTon.” Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES, Syne : WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. 17880 (a) 1908. a EUCALYPTUS CALYCOGONA (Turczaninow). III. Eucalyptus calycogona, Turczaninow. PAGE. Deseription . : ; ; ‘ bi Notes supplementary to the description. Synonyms (with descriptions) . : ; : 5 eS) Notes on the Synonyms. Range . : : : i : : , . 83 ATH MIGICS 2s : : : : : : : : - 786 Explanation of plates. ; A : : : eS) DESCRIP PION: FoLLow1nge is the original description :— 49. Hucalyptus calycogona (Drum. 5, n. 184), E. glabra; ramis teretibus ; foliis alternis lineari- lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis acuminato-mucronatis: mucrone interdum uncinato, marginatis pellucido- punctatis ; umbellis lateralibus 3-6 floris; pedunculis angulatis petiolo paulo brevioribus ; cupulis © obpyramidatis tetragonis, nigro-punctatis subsessilibus vel cum pedicello confluentibus, pedunculo longioribus ; operculo conico laevi, cupula plus quam duplo breviore. #. foecwnde, Schauer, cujus operculum ignotum, stirps nostra aflinis est, sed folia minora, pellucida et cupula angulis 4 acutis marginata. Filamenta alba. Capsula 4-locularis, cupula duplo brevior. Folia bipollicaria, 24 lin. lata. (Turez., Bull. Phys.—Math. Acad. Pétersb., 10, 1852, p. 338.) The type is, as Turezaninow states, No. 184, of Drummond’s 5th collection. I have not seen this publication; I doubt if there is a copy in Australia, and I am indebted to Kew for the extract. It is probably that quoted in Scudder (Catalogue of Scientific Serials), “3707(6). St. Petersburg. Académie impériale des sciences. (Bulletin de la classe physico-mathématique. 1 vol., 1-17, 1842-59 (1843-59). 17 v. 4°.” Mueller (‘‘ Eucalyptographia”’) quotes the reference as ‘‘Turezaninow in MWélanges biologiques tirés du Bulletin physico-mathématique de l académie impériale des sciences de St. Petersbowrg, tome i, 417.” Scudder, under No. 3707, gives (g) “ Mélanges biologiques tirés du bulletin physico-mathématique. Vol. 1-9, iv. 1849-75 (1853-76). 9 v. 8°.’ So that, according to Mueller, the date of Turczaninow’s species is 1849, three years earlier even than the date quoted by Kew. Leaves.—In #. calycogona and its varieties the venation of the lower leaves is spreading ; the top or young leaves, are more penniveined. This is a matter of considerable importance, and, speaking generally, it may be stated that the lower leaves of eucalypts are usually more characteristic than the terminal ones. When fragmentary, or small specimens are alone available for examination or figure, one requires to be very careful to interpret the venation in consequence. I have referred to the variation of venation in Eucalyptus at page 8, Part I, 78 Oil.—“< The oil of Eucalyptus gracilis, F.v.M., has the sp. gr. 0°909; [¢|p = +93” (W. P. Wilkinson). Baron von Mueller found that 1,000 Ib. of fresh twigs of this plant (comprising, perhaps, 500 lb. of leaves) yielded 5443 oz. of essential oil. Probably var. gracilis was experimented upon in both these cases. Messrs. Baker and Smith (‘‘ Research on the Eucalypts’’) give the following in regard to the oil of this species. Probably the #. gracilis referred to by them is Hucalyptus calycogona, var. gracilis, but the authors add, “‘ The species shows very little variation in specific characters wherever it occurs on this continent,” an expression of opinion which I will presently show is very unfortunate. Specific gravity at 15° C., 0°9098; specific rotation [a@]p=-—+ 1:48°; saponi- fication number, 6°17; solubility in alcohol, 1 vol. 80 °/,. Constituents found— pinene, eucalyptol, aromadendral. 79 SYNONYMS. (a) Var. celastroides, Maiden. 1. E. celastroides, Turez. 2. E. fruticetorum, F.v.M. (4) Var. gracilis, Maiden. 3. FE. gracilis, F.v.M. 4. EF. gracilis, F.v.M., var. breviflora, Benth. 5. E. yilgarnensis, Diels. Doubtful varieties :— (c) E. gracilis, F.v.M., var. Thozetiana, F.v.M. (E. Thozetiana, F.v.M.) (d) E. ochrophloia, F.v.M. NODES VON, DHE SY NONMNS: Variety celastroides. 1. E. ecalycogona, Turez., and E. celastroides, Turez., were omitted by Bentham from the Flora “ Australiensis” by accident, together with seventy-five other species of Myrtaceze described by Turczaninow. (Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Sc. St. Pétersb., p. 321, 1852.) Mueller (‘‘ Eucalyptographia,” also Fragm., viii, 184) simply gives H. caly- cogona, Turez., and H. celastroides, Turcz., as synonyms of L. gracilis, F.v.M., but makes no reference in the text to them, the date of publication of Turezaninow’s species being presumably unknown to him. (See p. 77.) Following is the original description of #. celastroides, Turez. :— 50. Eucalyptus celastroides (Drum. 5, n. 34). E. glabra; ramis teretibus superne subangulatis ; foliis alternis lineari-lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis abrupte et breviter acuminatis subinaequilateris, 80 marginatis, obscure trinervlis venosisque ; umbellis axillaribus 3-6 floris ; pedunculis angulatis petiolum subaequantibus, pedicellos triplo, cupulam paulo superantibus ; cupula obconica 4-costata, operculum depresso-hemisphaericum muticum quadruplo excedente. Folia bipollicaria aut parum longiora, 3-3} lin. lata, punctis aliis opacis, interdum nigricantibus, aliis paucioribus pellucidis conspersa, petiolus fere trilinealis. Filamenta alba. Cupula fructus parum aucta, prope orificium leviter constricta. Capsula inclusa, vertice plana 4-locularis. Ad descriptionem 2. amygdaline, Labill., in multis accedit, sed nullam reticulationem in foliis video, folia breviora, operculum depressum nec subconicum, forsan etiam operculi forma prae caeteris dignoscitur. LH. cneorifolia et LF. stricta floribus sessilibus recedunt. &. pallens pedunculis compressis et foliis 5-pollicaribus, 2. obtusiflora calycibus ecostatis. (Turez., in Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. Pétersb., 10, 1852, p. 338.) The type is, as Turezaninow states, No. 34 of Drummond’s 5th collection. There is a glaucous form with fruits slightly urceolate, slightly rimmed, and showing slight angularity. I think it is a well-marked variety of H. calycogona, Turez., and therefore proposed the name of var. celastroides for it in Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1902, p. 222. 2. EF. fruticetorum, F.v.M. I do not think that the original description of 2. /ruticetorum, F.v.M., had been published in Australia until I transcribed it for the Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1902. 17. Eucalyptus fructicetorum, Ferd. Mill. MSS: frutex vel arbuscula, ramulis angulato-teretius- culis, foliis nitidulis lanceolatis vel lanceolato-linearibus acuminatis crasse coriaceis, tenuiter patule venulosis, pedunculis lateralibus et axillaribus 4-6 floris, floribus sessilibus, calycis tubo obconico anguloso ruguloso quam operculum hemisphaerico-conicum acutatum triplo longiore. Frequens in deserto ad fl. Murray, fl. vere’ (F.M.). Decempedalis. Petioli semipollicares. Folia 24-3} poll. longa, 3-6 lin lata. Pedunculi 2 lin. Alabastra operculata 2} lin. longa. Affinis Z. strictae Sieb. foliis latioribus lanceolatis vulgo rectis et operculo magis conico differt. (Mig. in Wederl. Kruidk., Arch. IV, 131, 1856.) IT am aware of the confusion that has gathered around #. fruticetorum, but Mr. Wilkinson’s specimens, named L. fruticetorum by Mueller himself, although gathered many years after the original type specimens were collected, answer the description very well. Bentham (B.Fl. iii, 252) states that the West Australian specimens referred to by Mueller in Fragm. ti, 57, are referred to H. loxophleba, Benth., (2. foecunda, Schauer). They are also stated to be the H. santalifolia, of Miq., (op. cit.) and Mueller in Trans. Vict. Inst. i, 35. Examination of old herbarium specimens has shown me that confusion of material, such as that indicated by Bentham, is by no means rare. E. fruticetorum, F.v.M., is glaucous, and is so very close to H. celastroides, Turez., that I think its proper place is under ZL. calycogona, Turcz., var. celastroides, Maiden. The H. gracilis, F.v.M., figured by Mueller in the Eucalyptographia is not typical #. calycogona, but in part a slightly angled form nearest to H. fruticetorum. 1 Variety gracilis. 3. E. gracilis, F.v.M. Fruticose; leaves coriaceous, alternate, shining, narrow-lanceolate, hooked-acuminate, a little oblique, thinly veined-dotted ; umbels axillary and terminal pedunculate: flowers small, short-stalked ; lid blunt, depressed-hemispherical ; tube of the calyx obconical, bell-shaped, a little broader and three times longer than the lid ; fruit nearly hemispherical ; not contracted at the top ; valves of the capsule almost enclosed. In the desert on the Murray River, where it forms the mallee scrub, together with 2. dwmosa, santalifolia and other species (Z'rans. Vict. Inst. 1, 35, 1855). Miquel’s description is in the following words :— 3. #. gracilis, Ferd. Mull, 2. perforata, Behr. Herb. partim ; arbuscula gracilis, ramulis teretibus apice angulatis lanceolato linearibus vulgo subfalcatis in acumen vel apiculum uncinatum excurrentibus glabris coriaceis crebro pellucido-punctatis; umbellis axillaribus et lateralibus 3-6 floris, calycis tubo turbinato operculum depresso-hemisphericum apiculatum triplo excedente. Ab £. amygdalina proxime afline differt foliis non venosis, ab #. ambigua operculo vix apiculato, petiolis longioribus, umbellis plerumque 5-floris ab #. eneorifolia floribus breviter pedicellatis (Miller). Frutex vel saepe arbuscula gracilis 5-8 pedum altitudinis, partem magnam fruticetorum extensorum aliquot millaria a fl. Murray remotorum sistens, wstate florens, ramuli juniores rubri (F. Miiller Herb. et observ. manuscript; Stuart Herb. Tasman. n.3). Folia 2 poll. longa, 14 lin. lata. Calycis tubus pallidis 3-2 lin. lata (Wed. Kruidk., Arch. TV. 1856). C. Stuart’s Tasmanian specimens No. 3 are H. amygdalina, Labill. I have seen them. Miquel’s statement that #. gracilis, P.v.M., is near to #. amygdalina, Labill., applies with a good deal of force to Tasmanian specimens, the superficial resemblances of herbarium specimens being frequently very considerable. The type of #. gracilis, F.v.M., is a South Australian specimen, and was collected by Dr. H. Behr. It was labelled by Mueller in Herb. Melb. as ** Kucalyptus gracilis, Ferd. Muell., Murray Scrub., Dec., 1848, Behr, Nov. Holl. Austr., Dr. Ferd. Miller.” It will be observed that neither in Mueller’s nor Miquel’s description is there any mention of an angular calyx which is so obvious a feature of the typical LE. calycogona, Turcz. It, however, passes by insensible gradations into the angular form. 4. E. gracilis, F.v.M., var. breviflora, Benth. Calyx-tube scarcely angled, 1} to nearly 2 lines long. Fruit about 2 lines only, but the deeply-sunk capsule and the stamens entirely as in the ordinary form,—Darling and Murray Desert, also F. Mueller’s Spencer’s Gulf specimens, which being in fruit only are somewhat doubtful (B. Fl. ITT, 211). Bentham’s specimens cannot be traced in Herb. Melb., but I am indebted to Kew for a fine drawing of the original specimens (Plate 12) and for fragments of the specimens which place its identity beyond doubt. I am of opinion that Z#. gracilis, F.v.M., and #. gracilis F.v.M., var. breviflora, Benth., are so closely allied that it is impossible to separate them even as two varieties. I think that they should form one variety readily noted by its 82 hemispherical operculum and almost entire absence of angularity in calyx or operculum. I proposed the name gracilis for this variety, i.e., H. calycogona, Turcz., var. gracilis, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1902, p. 223. 5. Eucalyptus yilgarnensis, Diels. ** No. 332, Plante Australie occidentalis, v. (May), 1901, Yilgarn and Cool- gardie Goldfields in silvis valde apertis, E. Pritzel,” is referable to the above variety. Doubtful Varieties. (c) E. gracilis, F.v.M., var. Thozetiana, F.v.M. (£. Thozetiana, F.v.M.) In the “ Eucalyptographia’”’ (under ZH. gracilis) the following passage occurs :— Hither as a variety, or perhaps even as a species can be distinguished from #. gracilis, an Eucalyptus gathered by the lamented late Monsieur A. Thozet in his last botanical journey to Expedition Range. This Eucalyptus, which should bear his name, can be distinguished by its longer leaves, narrow- ellipsoid flower-buds, smaller, more or less conspicuously angular calyces and also smaller and particularly narrower fruit, irrespective of the size of the tree, which rises to a height of 60 feet, according to Mr. E. Bowman and Mr. P. O’Shanesy, who noticed it near the Mackenzie and Comet River.” All the localities mentioned are in Queensland. I have examined specimens from— (a) Expedition Range, Queensland. (M. Thozet, in Herb. Melb.) This is the specimen referred to in the preceding passage. (6) “ Eucalyptus from the Mackenzie River, Queensland. It sheds all the bark except that on the butt of the trunk.” (W. Woolls, who labelled it LE. tesselaris.) (c) and (d) Warrego and Flinders River, Queensland (F. M. Bailey). The fruits are small, narrow, and sub-cylindrical, but perhaps not perfectly ripe. The buds are very narrow and pointed when young; as they become mature they become plumper, and somewhat resemble those of H. odorata. The leaves are coriaceous and with inconspicuous veins. While these specimens probably belong to £. calycogona, in my opinion these Queensland trees appear to show transit to the narrow-leaved forms of #. odorata. Additional material, including ripe fruits, and further particulars as to habit, bark, timber, etc., are necessary before the position of this tree can be stated without doubt. (d) For a second doubtful variety, further removed (if a variety) from #. calycogona than E. Thozetiana, see FB. ochrophloia, F.v.M., below p. 86. 83 IK A ING J. Typical Form. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. THE original specimens came from “‘ Swan River to Cape Riche,” Western Australia. I have examined co-types from many herbaria. [See Plate 9 (a).] L. Diels, No. 766, Kent Facup Creek. Coolgardie (L. C. Webster). South AUSTRALIA. tT have seen a specimen from the Murray Desert, and labelled 2. gracilis, by Mueller. VICTORIA. ‘**The Mallee Country” (a very angled, coarse form). Lake Albacutya (also a very angled, coarse form. Both from C. Walter). Swan Hill, Murray River (J. G. Luehmann). [See Plate 9 (8).] Lake Hindmarsh (C. Walter). The Wimmera (F. Reader). Very coarse form. Kamerooka, ‘“‘ No. 1 Mallee” (A. W. Howitt). “Tall, up to 15 feet, bark smooth.’ Broad, shiny, thick leaves, with angled buds and fruits. The coarsest form of the species I have seen. [See Plate 9 (¢ and d). | “‘Kamerooka is near Bendigo, being on the fringe of the country where Mallee is found, not in large tracts, but in patches.” (A. W. H., in litt.) Variety celastroides. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. | It appears to be mainly confined to Western Australia. Following are some specimens in the National Herbarium of New South Wales :—Elder Exploring Expedition, camp 63, W.A., 27/9/91, and 40 miles N.W. of Fraser’s Range B 84, (R. Helms, 4/11/91). These specimens were labelled FH. fecunda by Professor Tate. They have leaves rather broader than the Coolgardie specimens, see Plate 10 (0) ; * Goldfields ’’ (Conservator of Forests, Perth). Coolgardie (L. C. Webster), see Plate 10 (ce). VICTORIA. Two specimens in Herb., Melb., collected by W. Perey Wilkinson, and obtained from (a), Mildura; (4), Lower Avoca scrub, Wedderburn, Victoria. They were labelled 4. fruticetorum, F.v.M., by Mueller. See above, p. 80, and also Plate 11 (g and h). Variety gracilis. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. “No. 2848, Arbor ca. 8m. alta, floribus minutis albis. Southern Cross in limoso-lapidosis, 19th May, 1901” (L. Diels). See Plate 12 (g, 4, 7). 332, Hucalyptus yilgarnensis, Diels. Yilgarn and Coolgardie Goldfields ; in silvis valde apertis, May, 1901.” (EK. Pritzel.) Coolgardie (Nos. 100 and 101, 1899; R. Helms). Sap-green leaves, very shiny ; fruits small, pear-shaped, constricted at the mouth, but not ripe ; operculum a little pointed. See Plate 12 (4, /). Fifty miles west of Golden Valley, W.A. (E. Merrall, 1888; in Herb. Melb.) The two last specimens show transit to 2. odorata. SoutH AUSTRALIA. Murray Scrub (Behr.), ante p. 81. York Peninsula. (J. G.O. Tepper, 1880, No. 938.) ‘‘ Middle-sized trees, 10-20 feet by 3-8 in., coast plain.” Herb. Melb., labelled #. gracilis by Mueller. *“ White Mallee,’ Flinder’s Range, foot hills of Mt. Brown (Port Augusta) ; W. Gill, Conservator of Forests, with the note, “‘as figured in Brown’s ‘ Forest Flora of South Australia.’ ”’ Ninety-mile Desert. ‘‘ Clear bark, wood brown.” (R. H. Cambage, March, 1901.) The Ninety-mile Desert is the modern name for the Murray Desert, where the type of the variety was collected. Specimens from South Australia [no locality] (W. Gill, 1896 and 1900) are very close to the Coolgardie specimens above referred to. 85 VICTORIA. Mildura (A. W. Howitt’s No. 180). See Plate 9 (e). ‘he Wimmera (C. Walter). See Plate 12 (e, f). Swan Hill (Dr. Griffiths). New SoutH WALES. Gol Gol, near Wentworth (“No 3 Mallee,” A. W. Howitt). With slender, rather tapering fruits; the leaves and buds precisely those of Tepper’s 938 (South Australia). Mt. Hope Road to Euabalong, Condobolin district (August, 1899; R. H. Cambage). ‘The Mallee referred to (see Plate 11, a, 6) in Mr. Cambage’s paper, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1901, p. 209. 86 APEITN] Tlie: 1. E. ochrophloia, F.v.M. I have some doubts, as already stated, that 2. ochrophloia may not be a variety of H. calycogona. Following is the original description :— Arborea, ramulis parum angulatis, foliis sparsis faleato—v. oblongo-lanceolatis concoloribis utrinque nitentibus irregulariter poroso-punctatis, venis parum patentibus cum venulis anastomosantibus, peripherica a margine remota, umbellis axillaribus solitariis vel corymboso-confertis, pedicellis pedunculo haud dilatato longioribus sensim in tubum calycis obconicum longiusculum leniter quadrangularem transientibus, operculo conico acutato longitudinem tubi calycis vix semisquante, staminibus exterioribus anantheris numerosis, antheris cordatis v. renatis saepe truncatis, stigmate crassitiem styli haud excedente, fructibus clavato-ovatis truncatis trirarius quadri-loculatis, margine orificii tenui ultra valvas alte protenso, seminibus sterilibus perbrevibus. Ad ripas et in planitiebus secus fluveos Warrego et Paroo. if g Arbor 50-pedalis v. humilior. Cortex laevis, dilute fuscescenti-flavidus quare arbor ‘Yellow Jacket” vocata (Giles, Bailey). Folia 4—6” longa, seepe inter 2 et 1” lata, parum inaequilatera, in petiolum vix longiusculum angustata ; venee haud crass, sed prominule; pore copiose, difformes, nec in modum copioso-oleigerarum regulariter rotundatz, sed anguliter effluentes et magnitudine variantes, quo charactere sicut modificatione column, placentigerse species seepe clare separabiles. Calycis tubus addito pedicello ad pollicem usque longus, passim brevior. Operculum fere 3’” altum. Stamina ante expansionem inflexa. Antherae utrinque rimula irregulari swpe verticali dehiscentes. Stylus staminibus conspicue brevior. Fructus circiter semipollicares, vix ultra 3’ crassi, minus angulati; valve perbreves. Semina pleraque (saltem sterilia) vix }’” metientia. Haec nova species ab #. gracili removetur foliis majoribus prominule venosis minus, perspicue punctatis, pedicellis calycibusque longioribus, filamentis pallide flavidulis procerioribus, antheris majoribus distinctius rimigeris, operculo acutiore, fructibus bis terve majoribus sensim conice contis ab #. paniculata* divellitur foliis magis nitentibus, venis eorum crassioribus minus patentibus, peripherica parum a margine remota, calycibus longioribus, staminibus sterilibus valde numerosis, stigmate haud peltato, fructibus magis elongatis sensim in pedicellum contractis, nec non corticis coloratione et structura. (Hragm. XI, 36.) Mueller himself observed the affinity of 4. ochrophloia and FH. calycogona (gracilis) in the following words :— £. ochrophloia, F.v.M., is removed from #. gracilis on account of its larger leaves, with rather prominent veins and less conspicuous oil-dots, its larger flowers, more pointed lid, fruits of larger size, and more tapering into an elongated stalklet, also its outside yellowish bark, which gave rise to its odd vernacular appellation ‘‘ Yellow Jacket,” by which it is known from the Darling and Lachlan Rivers to the Paroo and Warrego. (Eucalyptographia, under £. gracilis.) Luehmann (Proc. Aust. Assocn. Adv. Science, Sydney Meeting, 1898, p. 528) also surmises that it may be a variety of 2. gracilis. I have specimens from River Darling (W. Woolls and others). Dr. Woolls looked upon it as #. incrassata. Also from Paroo River (E. Betche), both New South Wales localities. * EB. fasciculosa, F.v.M. 87 Its Queensland aboriginal name is “ Yapunyah,” but its common name in western New South Wales and Queensland is ‘‘ Yellow Jacket,’’ owing to the colour of its bark. Its wood is of a brownish colour, hard, heavy, and close-grained, and it is said to attain a height of about 50 feet. The leaves resemble in a marked manner those of the more coriaceous forms of E. calycogona, and particularly the Kameruka specimens. But the buds are less blunt and less angled than those of H. calycogona. The fruits of EH. ochrophiloia, while angled, are not so much so as those of #. calycogona; they are also more slender and tapering, with a rim at the top, though this last character is sometimes seen in #. calycogona, e.g., F. Reader's Wimmera, Victoria, specimens. ; EF. ochrophioia, as regards buds and fruits, might be looked upon as a coarse form of Z. calycogona, var. (?) Thozetiana. The leaves of the latter are much more narrow than those of the former usually are. With narrow-leaved forms of #. ochrophloia (e.g.), some from Thargomindah, which show but little venation, the resemblance of such leaves to those of var. (?) Thozetiana is so great as to be worthy of note. E. ochrophloia differs from incrassata in the leaves, which, although very thick and shiny as in the latter species, have more marked venation, the spreading veins and intramarginal vein (at some distance from the edge) being alike conspicuous. I trust that more evidence will be forthcoming both as regards L. ochrophloia and B. calycogona, var. (?) Thozetiana. We want herbarium specimens from more localities than we have at present, and we require notes on, and specimens of, the bark and timber and other particulars, in order that a final judgment may be pronounced. 2. E. salmonophloia, F.v.M.—It is worthy of note that specimens in bud or with undeveloped fruits of this species may very pardonably be confused with LZ. calycogona, var. gracilis. The notes concerning the following species, which are in italics, are taken from Mueller’s “ Eucalyptographia,” under H. gracilis, except No. 3, whicb is under 2. fecunda. Where gracilis is given H. calycogona var. gracilis should be read, and Mueller’s references were doubtless given with that variety in mind. Typical H#. calycogona could not be confused for a moment with any of the species named. 88 3. F. feeunda, Schauer. E. fecunda might from great external resemblance be confounded with £. gracilis, but the latter has the outer stamens sterile, the anthers roundish and opening by pores, and the fruits shorter as well as comparatively broader. The fruits of #. fecunda are larger than those of var. gracilis, and may be usually at once distinguished by the style which persists until the fruit is well advanced, and the prominence of the midrib. The calyx of var. gracilis is dotted. At the same time the superficial resemblance is undoubted. 'Turezaninow originally drew attention to it, and Tate labelled some specimens 2. faecunda. 4. E. fasciculosa, F.v.M. £. paniculata, particularly in its variety fasciculosa, coincides also in many of its characteristics with Z. gracilis, with which it is intermingled in the mallee scrub: but the leaves are larger, less shining, slightly paler beneath than above, not distinctly dotted, with several times less stomata above than beneath, and have the margin slightly recurved, as is customary in the species with heterogeneous and hypogenous stomata ; the circumferential vein is rather nearer to the margin of the leaf, while the lateral veins are more spreading and prominent, the flowers are on the whole larger and mostly paniculated, the anthers truncated and open with terminal pores. It is generally recognised now that £. faciculosa is a good species. Its fruits and flowers are much larger than those of 2. calycogona, var. gracilis, while its comparative dullness of foliage at once renders the two plants little liable to be confused. 5. E. uneinata, Turez. E. uncinata, another of the mallee species, is best separated from £. gracilis by its often narrower leaves with more spreading veins, usually still more abbreviated stalklets, not at all angular calcyces, less inequality in the length of their tube and lid, not flexuous filaments but all fertile, anthers opening by terminal pores, proportionately longer style, upwards very narrow acutely pointed and partially emersed capsular valves and thicker rim of the fruit, which as a rule is smaller and more roundish. EF. uncinata may most conveniently be distinguished from 2. calycogona, var. gracilis, by the reflexed filaments of the former. It is also more erect in its habit than the latter. 6. E. oleosa, F.v.M. E. oleosa, recedes from #. gracilis in having the veins of the leaves rather more transverse, the marginal vein closer to the edge, the calyces never angular, the lid very seldom shorter than the tube of the calyx, the latter often more suddenly contracted into the stalklet, the stamens all fertile, the anthers opening rather by slits than pores, though amply so, the style longer, the fruit more contracted at the orifice with pointed and partly protruding valves, the latter forming a conical summit before expansion and the rim thicker ; moreover the bark of #. oleosa remains persistent on aged stems and becomes finally rough. EE. oleosa has the anthers opening in slits; it has a far longer operculum and duller foliage than #. calycogona. Z 89 7. E. inerassata, Labill., var. duwmosa. E. dumosa, in comparison with #. gracilis, can mainly be recognised by the absence or extreme shortness of the stalklets, the calyces not or less angular, the stamens all fertile, larger anthers opening by ample slits and mostly larger fruits. Nearly the same characteristics remove 2H. imcrassata, but that species is, besides, larger in all its parts, its leaves are broader, the flower stalks very much flattened, the calyces often furrowed-streaked ; both form the transit from the parallelantherz to the micranthere. If anthers be available, those of H. calycogona, which open in pores, cannot well be confused with those of any variety of H. incrassata. Some of the smallest forms of the variety dwmosa are not unlike specimens of #. calycogona, var. gracilis, but the more pointed operculum of the former serves at once to distinguish them. 8. E. bicolor, A. Cunn. (#. largiflorens, F.v.M.) £, gracilis differs from #. largiflorens in shining leaves not of a greyish hue, more numerous and still finer veins and more perceptible oil-dots in the numerous sterile stamens, anthers opening laterally, less copiously paniculated, more angular calyx, the lid not rarely pointed, often somewhat larger fruit with not distinctly contracted summit, and also in not extensively persistent bark ; but seemingly a variety of £. largiflorens from Northern Queensland exhibits also shining leaves of vivid green. LE. bicolor is a large tree with red timber and dull-coloured foliage. ‘These characters are usually sufficient to distinguish them from the species under consideration. 90 Explanation of Plates. PLATE 9. A. Drummond’s No. 184 (5th collection, 1849). Type of #. calycogona, Turcz. B. Specimen, showing buds, from Swan Hill, Murray River. (J. G. Luehmann.) C, D. Coarse form, from Kamerooka, Bendigo, Victoria. (A. W. Howitt.) [B, C, D are #. calycogona, Turez. ; typical form. | E. > vulpes Whe een > aes on an F fa hy Gk ; hatin + a Crit. Rey. EUCALYPTUS. Prsd2: M.Smitk. EUCALYPTUS CALYCOGONA, Turcz. Var. GRACILIS, Maren. (E. gracilis, F.v.M., partim.) an * 7 iin - Price SIX SHILLINGS. PP Crimci: INEWISION OF THE GENUS UCALYPITUS BIG J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). ~ Part IV (WITH TWELVE PLATES, AND ONE ILLUSTRATION IN THE TEXT). “Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they jail, are entitled to praise.’ Macautay’s “Essay on MILTON.” PRICK SIX SHILLINGS. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svpnev : WiLLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. #33791 A 1904. A. OU GCALVPTUS INCRAS SAMA - (Labillardiere). S EVUCALVPTUS FOECUNDA (Schauer). IV. Eucalyptus incrassata, Labillardiére. PAGE. Description . , : : d : B ‘ : 93 Notes supplementary to the description . 93 Synonyms . : 5 : : : ; : 96 Notes on the Synonyms. = : ‘ : : 97 Ranges; ; : 5 : , 4 ; 3 TOs Affinities . : : : A , : ; : > S06 Explanation. of, plates = ; 3 : : ; voy et V. Eucalyptus fecunda, Schauer. Deseription . ; : : : : : ; : ee Synonyms . : é F : : : : om, Lie Notes on the Synonyms ‘ : : : ene Ranges. : : : : : : : ; : - Ses Affinities : : ; ; : : A : ; etal — Explanation of plates : ; : | ghee “DESCRIPTION. E. incrassata, Labillardiere. FoLtowtne is the original description of the species :— Eucalyptus opereulo conico, calycis longitudine ; umbellis ancipiti pedunculo axillaribus ; foliis oblongis, crassiusculis, subacuminatis. Sesquiorgyalis frutex, ramulis angulatis. Folio oblonga, acuminata, in petiolum subdecurrentia, crassiuscula, coriacea, nervulis exarata depressis, alterna. Flores pedicellis brevibus umbellati, ancipiti pedunculo longitudine petiolorum axillares. Calyx turbinatus, subangulatus, germini adnatus, ultra productus, subcampanulatus. Operculum coriacem, calycis latitudine. Stamina numerosa, summo calyci affixa ; antheris subglobosis, bilocularibus, apici filamentorum pedicellatis. Germen calyce immersum. corticatum ; stylus vix staminibus longior, subulatus infra dilatatus, tetragonus ; stigma acutum. Capsula oyato-turbinata, corticata calyce ultra producto, dilatato, quadrilocularis, intus et apice quadrifariam dehiscens ; seminibus numerosis, oblongis, angulatis, ferrugineis, affixis receptaculo subcrustaceo-fungoso, oblongo, ad singuli loculamenti angulum internum, axi fructis adnato. Habitat, in terra Van-Leuwin. 1. Calycis sectio longitudinalis, intacto pistillo. Obs. Quantum differat, praesertim foliis, ab Eucalypto rostrato, Cavan., ic. 4, p. 23, tab. 342 (E. robusta, Sm. J.H.M.), et ab Eucalypto marginata, Smith, Linn. Trans. 6 p. 302, omnibus patet. (Labillardiere in Wov. Holl. Pl. ii, 12, t. 150.) See also an abbreviated description in DC. Prod. iii, 217. Vernacular names.—lIt is a “ Mallee.’ A mallee has a large massy stock or dwarf trunk, from which spring a large number of stems. These stems sometimes take on a circulararrangement. Mallee roots or stumps are an esteemed article of fuel wherever they can be obtained, and the following gives a good idea of their massiveness and toughness. A well-established bull mallee is a problem to the ordinary grubbing contractor. The butt is a great flattened bulb of curly timber, sometimes 8 or 10 feet through. It is set firmly into the soil, and even if all the roots were cut off, the tree would stand in its place just the same, as the upper growth is very insignificant compared with the base. Chopping a mallee out is an obvious impossibility, and as the wood is full of moisture it would be an almost endless task to attempt burning it out. Dynamite and rack-a-rock have proved equally useless. Before or rather behind the traction engine the difficulty disappears. For the rapid removal of timber from Jand there is nothing to equal it. The only preliminary trouble lies in obtaining rope and tackle sufficiently strong to enable the power of the engine to be exerted. The cable used for hauling out the mallee stumps, at Mildura, is a steel-wire rope having a breaking strain of 100 tons, and the shackles and anchoring gear are correspondingly stout. The first operation is to cut down all the trees, leaving the stumps about 2 or 3 feet high. The trunk and branches are chopped up: for firewood, and the leaves and litter are raked up into heaps and burned. The traction engine, with an attendant gang of a dozen men, then comes on the scene. The front end of the engine is first moored up to a stump, and the hind wheels are chocked up with heavy billets of wood carried for the purpose. The main axle carries a revolving drum 94 on which is wound the steel cable before referred to. The engine being securely fastened forward, the cable is unwound from the drum and is then carried back to a stump, and the running noose at the end is dropped over it. Then the drum is set in motion, and when the rope straightens the stump starts up out of its resting-place and hurries towards the engine. It must come. Sometimes it is necessary to try back and give a few tugs, but the stump has finally to come up. It facilitates the work to cut the surface roots and clear away the earth to the depth of a foot or so round the biggest ones, but with the small stumps this is not necessary. When the timber is light, the rope is carried round in a semicircle to a stout stump, and as it is straightened by the strain the intervening small fry are literally ‘rubbed out.” Belar and pine are easily cleared in this way, and the gang makes short work of a 10-acre block, unless the mallee is extraordinarily heavy. When all the stumps are uprooted, the adhering earth is knocked off, and they are readily burned. The holes are then filled and the firewood carted off, and the work of clearing is completed. (N. B. McKay, of Mildura, in Viet, Roy. Comm. Vey. Prod., 8th Annual Report, pp. 118-119, 1889.) = Var. dumosa is usually known as “ White Mallee” because of the paleness of its smooth bark. It was called ‘‘ Weir Mallee”’ by: Victorian aborigines, and “ Bunurduk ” by the aborigines of Lake Hindmarsh Station, Victoria. Fruits.—The fruits vary in size, shape, constriction of orifice, smoothness (ribbed or not), shininess, prominence of rim, exsertion of valves (they are usually sunk). Oil.— Baron von Mueller found that 1,000 lb. of fresh twigs of this tree (comprising, perhaps, 500 Ib. of leaves) yielded 140 oz. of essential oil. Lerp.—tThis mallee yields a kind of manna, called Lerp, or Larp, by the aborigines. It is probably formed on the leaves of other species. This substance occurs on the leaves, and consists of white threads, clotted together by a syrup proceeding from the insect (Psy/la eucalypti) which spins those threads. It contains, in round numbers— of water, fourteen parts; thread-like portion, thirty-three parts; sugar, fifty-three parts. The threads possess many of the characteristic properties of starch, from which, however, they are sharply distin- guished by their form. When lerp is washed with water the sugar dissolves, and the threads swell slightly, but dissolve to a slight extent, so that the solution is coloured blue by iodine. The threads, freed from sugar by washing, consist of a substance called Lerp-amylum. P Lerp-amylum is very slightly soluble in cold water, not perceptibly more so in water at 100°, but entirely soluble to a thin, transparent liquid when heated to 135° in sealed tubes with thirty parts of water. This solution, on cooling, deposits the original substance in flocks, without forming a jelly at any time. The separation is almost complete. If the material employed in this experiment were entirely free from sugar, the liquid left after the separation of the flocks will also be free from sugar. The flocks deposited from solution are insoluble in boiling water, therefore lerp-amylum suffers no chemical change on being heated to 150° with water. Heated in the air-bath to 190° while dry, it turns brown, and is afterwards merely reddened by solution of iodine ; at the same time it becomes partly soluble in hot water, hence it appears that lerp-amylum undergoes a change similar to that which occurs when starch is converted into dextrin. By oxidation with nitric acid it yields oxalic acid, but no mucic acid; it is neutral to vegetable colours, and is not precipitated by lead acetate, and is, therefore, not to be confounded with the gums, &e. It gave, by analysis, 43-7 and 43-07 carbon, 6:6 and 6-4 hydrogen, agreeing with the formula Cg Hyp O; (44-4 C. and 6-24 H.). Like starch, lerp-amylum rotates the plane of polarisation to the right, and on digestion with dilute sulphuric acid, &c., forms a crystallisable carbo-hydrate which ‘agrees in its properties with dextrin. It is insoluble in ammonia cuprate, and is homogeneous. i : i f ? 2 3 i f iM 95 Though the behaviour of lerp-amylum to iodine and to water, and its insolubility in cupr-ammonia distinguish it from cellulose, it is to be borne in mind that there are forms or conditions of cellulose which are blued by iodine and dissolve in water. (Fliickiger, in Watts’ Dict., v1, 2nd Suppl., 733.) See also a paper “On a new kind of manna from New South Wales,” by Th. Anderson (Journ. fiir Prakt. Chemie, xlvii, 499); Edin. New Philosoph. Journ., July, 1849, reprinted in Papers and Proc., R.S., V.D. Land, vol. i, 1851. A modern analysis of Lerp is a desideratum. The Lerp described by Dobson is now Spondilaspis eucalypti, Dobson. Mr. W. W. Froggatt informs me that he has described two more species, viz , S. granulata on HL. robusta and S. mannifera on L. gracilis (calycogona) and FE. dumosa. We is about to describe a fourth species. Exudation.—For analyses of the kinos of two mallees belonging to this species, collected by the Elder Exploring Expedition, see Trans. Roy. Soc. S.A., YOlxviy pa Timber.—This is not a timber tree, although its massive stock or “root” is a common article of fuel. Its stem or stems are too small to be used as timber. The sap-wood is white, and the remainder of the wood is brown, of one shade or another. 96 oY NONYSIS: (a) Typical form. 1. EF. dumosa, A. Cunn., var. seyphocalyx, F.v.M. (6) Var. dumosa, F.v.M. (by implication, in Hucalyptographia under E. incrassata). 2. FE. dumosa, A. Cunn., with perhaps var. punctilulata, Benth., and var. rhodophloia, Benth. 3. EF. lamprocarpa, F.v.M. 4. EF. Muelleri, Miq. 5. E. glomerata, Tausch. (c) Var. conglobata, R.Br. (E. dumosa, A. Cann., var. conglobata, R.Br., in B.FI. iii, 230). 6. EF. conglobata, R.Br. 7. £. anceps, R.Br. 8. HF. pachyphylla, F.v.M. (d) Var. angulosa, Beuth., B.FL. ii, 231. 9. EF. angulosa, Schauer. 10. FE. euspidata, Turez. ll. £. costata, R.Br. 12. E. linopoda, R.Br. 13. EF. rugosa, R.Br. (EF. inerassata, Labill., var. rugosa of some herbaria). 14. EF. suleata, Tausch. 15. FE. pachyphylla, A. Cunn. (e) Var. goniantha, var. nov. 16. E. goniantha, Turez. (fy) Var. grossa, var. nov. 17. E. grossa, F.v.M. 18. FE. pachypoda, F.v.M. NOLES, ON? THE SYNONY Ms, (a) Typical Form. 1. FE. dumosa, A. Cunn., var. seyphocalyx, F.v.M. (a) In B.FI. iii, 230, we have :— E, dumosa, A. Cunn., var. scyphocalyx, F. Muell. Leaves narrow ; flowers large ; operculum very obtuse, broader than the calyx; peduncles very short and thick. This approaches in some measure £. gomphocephala. On Plate 13 a specimen of this form, named by Mueller himself many years ago, is figured. I do not think it is sufficiently removed from the type of £. incrassata to be even called a variety. It shows transit to var. dumosa, and is one of the intermediate forms. Mueller worked under great difficulties in the early days, and as late as 1860, when he wrote Fragm. ii, 59, I doubt if he had seen complete specimens of typical znerassata. (2) Var. dumosa. 2. E. dumosa, A. Cunn. 3. E. lamprocarpa, F.v.M. 4. FE. Muelleri, Miq. 5. E. glomerata, Tausch. Mr. J. G. Luehmann, speaking of Z. incrassata, says* :— An extremely variable species. £. dumosa seems to pass into it by almost imperceptible degrees, although it can generally be distinguished by smaller flowers and fruits and less flattened peduncles. I agree with him, and point out that the large fruited form of Z. dumosa very closely approaches the typical form of J. incrassata. Iam of opinion that much of the hesitancy of some writers to place £. dumosa with #. incrassata arises from the fact that they have not realised what is the type of the latter species. The var. angulosa is by many people looked upon as typical incrassata. The large drawing to the left in the Eucalyptographia plate of L. incrassata is really var. angulosa. The drawing in the centre of the plate is one of the intermediate forms between the type and var. angulosa. The left hand of the two small drawings to the right of the plate is the only specimen close to typical incrassata, while the fragment to the extreme right is var. dwmosa. There is, in fact, an absolute series between E. incrassata and var. dumosa. *Proc, A.A.A,S, Sydney meeting, 1898, 98 2. FE. dumosa, A. Cunn. Following is an extract from Allan Cunningham’s Journal, under date 28rd May, 1817 :— Eucalyptus dumosa.—Leaves alternate, ovate lanceolate, fruit rough, This plant forms the principal shrub in a tract of confined bushy scrub. A little later, Oxley made the entry :— June 10th, 1817.—Mr, Cunningham named those thick brushes of Eucalyptus that spread in every direction around us Hucalyptus dumosa, ov the dwarf gum, as they never exceed 20 feet in height, and are generally from 12 to 15, spreading out into a bushy circle from their roots in such a manner that it is impossible to see farther than from one bush to another, and these are very often united by a species of vine (Cassytha), and the intermediate space covered with prickly wire-grass, rendering a passage through them equally painful and tedious. (Jowrnals of two Expeditions, Oxley, 1820, p. 63.) About this time, say between 28rd May and 10th June, Allan Cunningham was mainly between 383° and 34° S. lat. and 146° and 147° E. long., i.e., in the Wyalong-Booligal country. , In 1828 A. De Candolle described (Prod. iii, 220) . eneorifolia, but unfortunately there are two species in the Prodromus Herbarium under this name. IT am obliged to M. Casimir De Candolle for permission to examine the specimens. The following, which is figured at plate 16, is 2. incrassata, var. dumosa, Its original label reads— Eucalyptus viminalis, Nouvelle Hollande, Coté Orientale, Musée de Paris, 1821. An additional label bears the words— 34. L. eneorifolia, DC., altera species. (2) Species foliis oblongo-lanceolatis. I think the following is the first formal description of 7. dumosa, A. Cunn. :— Fruticosa : ramulis rigidulis teretib. ; foll. coriaceis firmis oblongis lanceolatisve, basi subobliqua in petiolum attenuatis, breviter acuminatis, utring. levib. pallide virentib. subopacis imperforatis ; umbellis axillarib. 3-5 floris; pedunculo tereti v. subangulato petiolum equante; pedicellis angulatis cupula breviorib. ; operculo coriaceo subdepresso-hemispherico apiculato radiatim costato cupula cyathiformi vix costata nonnihil latiore vix longiore et cum ea nitido. Foliorum lamina 2-3 uncias longit., 6—9 lin. latit., petiolus 8 lin. long. metientes ; alabastra adulta cum pedicello 5 lin. longa, operculo 2 lin. alto. In fructitetis Nove Cambrix australis interioris. A. Cunn., Herb., No. 206, 1817. Schauer in Walp. Rep. ii, 925. Var. puncticulata, Benth. Leaves copiously black-dotted, flowers small. W. Australia, from Gordon River, Oldfield, to Mount Barren Ranges, Wanwell. (B.F 1. ii, 230.) Var. (?) rhodophloia, Benth. Bark salmon-coloured, leaves black-dotted, flowers rather small, the operculum conical or almost acuminate. Capsule on a level with the rim of the fruit. Possibly a distinct species. W. Australia, Phillips Bluffs, near Eyve’s Relief, Maxwell. (B.FI. iti, 230.) ; Both the above were described by Bentham as forms of #. dumosa. I have not seen them to my recollection. At Plate 21 I- submit drawings indicating essential parts of these so-called varieties. It is not an uncommon circumstance for the leaves of #. incrassata to be black-dotted. See additional observations at p. 122. 99 Backhouse’s Blue Mountain specimens (Herb., Kew) referred by Bentham (B.FI. ii, 230) to #. dumosa, A. Cunn., are in plump bud and in early fruit, with a few stamens remaining on the specimens. The opercula are blunt, nearly hemi- spherical, and the calyces are somewhat angular by compression. ‘They are referable to L. eugenioides, Sieb., and the materials available exhibit a remarkable superficial resemblance to some specimens of #. dumosa, A. Cunn. A specimen collected by Backhouse on the Upper Hunter, N.S.W., No. 9 (Herb., Kew) has the buds so swollen by the punctures of an insect that the specimen presents an appearance so peculiar that it has been referred doubtfully to FE. dumosa. It, however, belongs to #. hemiphloia, ¥.v.M., and this swelling of the calyx is not uncommon in the genus. It will be figured when LZ. stellulata is dealt with. Speaking of synonyms of #. dwmosa, Bentham says :— E. santalifolia, Miq. 1.c. 133 (except the var. firma), not of F, Muell. (B.FI. iii, 230.) With regard to the confusion of Z. santalifolia, Miq. with 2. dumosa, var., I will deal with the matter when treating of 2. diversifolia, Boupl. Bentham makes the very pardonable statement (B.FI1. ii, 230) that Z. Sruticetorum, F.v.M., is partly referable to £. dumosa. I have shown that it belongs to #. calycogona, Turez. See Part III of this work; p. 80. Bark.—The blacks in South Australia powder the bark of the root of this, and, perhaps, other mallees, and eat it alone, or mixed with portions of other plants. They call it “Congoo” (Proc. R. 8., 8.A.). Eyre in his overland journey from Adelaide to King George’s Sound had this fare :— At night we all made up our supper with the bark of the young roots of the green scrub. It appears to be extensively used for food by the natives in this district (Fowler Bay), judging from the remnants left at their encamping places. The bark is peeled off the young roots, put into hot ashes until nearly crisp, and then, the dust being shaken off, it is pounded between two stones and ready for use. Upon being chewed, a farinaceous powder is imbibed from between the fibres of the bark, by no means unpleasant in flavour, but rather sweet, and resembling the taste of malt ; how far a person could live upon this diet alone I have no means of judging, but it. certainly appeases the appetite, and is, I should suppose, nutritious. (Journ. of Exped. of Discovery, 1, 371.) He repeats his account somewhat at ii, 250, and adds,— Several of the roots of other shrubs are also used for food, and some of them are mucilaginous and very palatable. At page 251 he speaks of the natives feeding on “the bark from the roots of many trees and shrubs.” Oil.— Messrs. Baker and Smith (Research-on the Eucalypts, p. 285) give the following particulars in regard to the oil of this variety. Specific gravity at 15°C., 0°9016 to 0°9151; specific rotation, [a] D — * 244° to + 634°; saponification number, 2°93; solubility in alcohol, 13 vols., 70 per cent.; constituents found, eucalyptol, pinene, aromadrendral. 100 Messrs. Gildemeister and Hoffmann (The Volatile Oils, Kvemers’ translation) have the note :—Hucalyptus dumosa* yields about 1 p.c., sp. gr. 0°884 to 0°915, %)~ * 0° 6’ to * 6° 30’. It contains large amounts of cineol.+ 3. E. lamprocarpa, F.v.M. 14. Lucalyptus lamprocarpa, Ferd. Miill., ramulis rigidis nunc rubello-fuscis quadrangulis, foliis haud raro per paria subadproximatis e basi acuta subaequali lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis attenuato- acuminatis crasse et rigide coriaceis, costa utrinque distincta, venis erecto-patulis fere obtectis, pedunculis axillaribus et lateralibus compressis crassis 2-5 floris, floribus sessilibus, calycis tubo obconico striato nitido operculum breviconicum radiatum subacutum paullo superante. In desertis Murray Scrub, Salt’s Creek, Traveller’s Rest (perhaps an inn ‘“ Traveller's Rest,” J.H.M.) Ponindi, Angas park, &ce. Novae Holl. Austr. (I. Miller), Fl. autumno. Fruticosa ad modum E. odoratae teste cl. Behr. Petioli circiter semipollicares antice leviter sulcat, transverse rugulosi. Folia 23-3 poll. longa, 5-7 lin. lata. Pedunculi 1-14 lin. longi. Calycis tubus 2 lin. aequans. Ab E. angulosa foliis minoribus minute glandulose perforatis differt. Mig. in Wed. Aruidk. Arch. TV, 129 (1856). I have examined a co-type (“Plantae Mullerianae—Murray Scrubs ’?)—in herb. Vindob. It is ordinary dumosa. 4. E. Muelleri, Miq. 15. Eucalyptus Miilleri, Mig. n. sp. ramulis teretiusculis superne angulatis, gracilibus, foliis anguste lanceolatis attenuato acuminatis, basi aequali acutis, aequilateris, crasse coriaceis, costa utrinque distincta, venis erecto-patulis subobtectis, pedunculis axillaribus et lateralibus cylindraceis 3-6 floris, floribus sessilibus, calycis tubo obconico sulcato, operculo conico 10-costato sulcato paullo latiore. Madam Pepper-weath{ ad fl. Murray (I. Miiller). EK. lamprocarpae valde aftinis, ramulis cylindraceis, operculo longiore et acutiore diversa. Petioli semipollicares. Folia 2—4 lin. long. [sic] 4-4} lin, lata. Pedunculi 2-3 lin. longi, Alabastra cum operculo 3} lin. longa. Antherae ellipsoideae. Ved. Aruidk. Arch. TV, 130 (1856). T have examined the type. Like damprocarpa it is sessile-flowered. Bentham places it under var. angulosa, but although it is smaller than var. angulosa, and rather larger than typical dumosa, I think it is better placed under dumosa. 5. E. glomerata, Tausch. Coll. Ferd. Bauer, ex herb. Bauer in herb. Vindob. is var. dumosa. (c) Var. conglobata. 6. E. conglobata, R.Br. 7. E. anceps, R.Br. 8. E. pachyphylla, F.v.M. 6. E. conglobata, R.Br. Peduncles shorter than broad. Flowers closely sessile, the calyx-tube shorter than broad, angular, and operculum conical, as in #. goniocalyx, but leaves of EF. dumosa. Port Lincoln, Wilhelmi; S Coast, R. Brown (B.FI. iii, 230, as var. conglobata, R.Br.). * The Useful Native Plants of Australia, Maiden, p. 267. + Bericht yon Schimmel & Co., Oct., 1889, p. 26. } An amusing misprint for In modwn pepper-menth (like peppermint). 101 I have seen the specimens described by Bentham, and have, indeed, duplicates of them. Robert Brown’s specimens bear the labels, in his handwriting, * Fucalyptus conglobata,’ and the localities ‘‘ Bays 9 and 10, South Coast,” 1802-5. * Tsland vill, South Coast,” 1802-5. Wilhelmi’s specimens are identical, and so are those from Mr. W. Gill, both from Port Lincoln, South Australia. 7. E. anceps, R.Br. No. 4748. Kangaroo Island, South Australia, R. Brown, 1802-5, labelled by him L. anceps. A specimen in Herb., Kew, has buds and fruits, and from the drawing (Plate 17), it is seen that the fruits are of the smaller fruited form (27. dumosa, A. Cunn.) or £. incrassata, Labill., but would have become (when ripe) larger than those of typical 2. dumosa. The fruiting specimen is detached from the specimen in bud. The specimen in bud is var. conglobata. The specimen in fruit (8b), is nearest var. dumesa. As the specimens are separate I prefer to say no more. The affinity of this variety to other species will be dealt with below. 8. E. pachyphylla, V.v.M. « B. pachyphylla, Ferd. Mueller, Port Lincoln propcr, legit Carl Wilhelmi,”’ communicated to the Vienna herbarium, probably by Mueller himself, is var. conglobata. The name above may be a slip of the pen for pachyphylla, A. Cunn., the foliage of which it resembles. See also No. 15 (2. pachyphylla, A. Cunn.), p. 103. (d) Var. angulosa, Benth. 9. FE. angulosa, Schauer. 10. E. euspidata, Turez. 11. F. costata, R.Br. 12. FE. linopoda, R.Br. 13. E. rugosa, R.Br. (£. inerassata, vay. rugosa). 14. E. suleata, Tausch. 15. E. pachyphylla, A. Cunn. 9. E. angulosa, Schau. Ramulis angulatis ; foll. firmis rigidis lanceolatis v. oblongo-lanceolatis in petiolum contractis, a basi sensim in acumen attenuatis v. breviter acuminatis, utring. levissimus nitidisq. imperforatis ; capitulis axillarib. sub-5-floris; pedunculo valido compresso brevi; alabastris adultis obovatis, jugis subdecem elevatis ineequalib. costatis nitidis; operculo coriaceo hemispherico obtuso v. subacuto, cupula obeonica paullo latiori et breviori. Lamina foliorum 3-4} poll. longa, 9-12 lin. lata, petiolus 6-9 lin. longus ; alabastra cum pedicello crasso continuo adulta 5 lin. circiter longa ; operculo 3 lin. fere equante. Species valde insignis, cum £. dumosa ex aftinitate LZ. gomphocephale, DC. In Nova Hollandia (Walp. Repert. ii, 925 (1843).) 102 I have seen the type, which is similar to Z. costata, Behr. Specimens I have also examined are labelled “£, angulosa, Schauer, Murray R., F. Mueller,” “22. angulosa, Schauer, 8.W. Bay, W.A. (Oldfield)” (Herb, Barbey-Boissier). 10. E. cuspidata, Turez. Eucalyptus cuspidata. Caule ramisque teretibus, cortice fusca laevi obtectis, ramulis subquadran- gulis ; alternis petiolatis ovato-lanceolatisve basi foliis contractis, apice in cuspidem abrupte attenuatis, opacis, marginatis ; pedunculis compressis cuneatis petiolo duplo brevioribus bi-rarius uni-trifloris ; pedicellis subtetragonis pedunculis cupulisque brevioribus ; alabastro grosse costato rugoso; cupula turbinato- obeonica operculum conicum acutum duplo fere excedente ; staminibus exsertis (rufescentibus). Pedicelli cupulis duplo breviores, alabastra majuscula 8 lin, longa. Drum. 4, n. 75”. (Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 22, 1849, pt. 2, p. 22.) The type is therefore No. 75 of Drummond’s 4th Collection. 11. £. costata, R.Br. The plant is thus described by Mueller :— Shrubby, leaves alternate, rigid, coriaceous, shining, ovate or narrow-lanceolate, uncinate-acuminate, thinly veined, with scanty pellucid dots ; umbels axillary, on a valid compressed peduncle ; flowers large with a short and thick pedicel ; lid from a hemispherical base contracted into a narrow cone, with radiating ribs; tube of the calyx campanulate, slightly constricted in the middle; generally twelve-ribbed, a little longer than the lid ; fruits large, nearly bell-shaped, with scarcely contracted orifice ; valves of the capsule inclosed ; seeds blackish without streaks. In the Mallee scrub, from the Murray River to Spencer’s Gulf. The nearest alliance of this species appears to be with 2. cuspidata. (Trans. Vie. Inst., 1855, 33.) The following year it was again described in the following words :— 27. Eucalyptus costata, Behr. et Miill. mss., Fruticosa, ramulis angulatis, foliis lanceolatis apice longiter attenuatis, basi inaequali in petiolum angustatis, coriaceis nitidis, tenere venosis, pedunculis axillaribus angulato-compressis petiolum subaequantibus 3-6-floris, pedicellis angulosis, calycis tubo conoideo- cyathimorpha costato, apice amphato viridi, operculo fusco-nitente depresso hemisphaerico rostro brevi issimo obtusiusculo acuto quam tubus duplo breviore. Locis arenosis Sand-Scrub dictis prope Angastown (Behr). Frutex 15 pedalis. Folia usque 4 poll. longa, 1 lata. Calycis tubus circiter } pollices longus, 4 lin. in diam. operculum 2 lin. aequans. £. angulosae Shauer [sic] in Walp. Repert. ii, 925, affinis, operculi forma autem diversa. (Mig. in Ved. Kruidk. Arch. IV, 136, 1856.) I have seen a specimen labelled by Brown himself, as follows :— E. costata, South Coast, Memory Cove and Bay 10, No. 58. It will be observed that Brown’s name was adopted by Mueller or Behr and Mueller, and following old precedent (e.g., that of 2. melliodora and EH. dumosa, named by Cunningham, but described by Schauer), the authority for the name is that of R. Brown. Ei. costata, Behr and Miiller, Boston Point.* (Herb. Barbey-Boissier. Label in Miquel’s handwriting; “Plante Milleriane.”) * Port Lincoln, South Australia, a 103 These specimens were probably collected by Wilhelmi; I have seen specimens collected by him at this place, also from localities “coast opposite Tumby Island” and “Galway.” “ EF. costata, Behr et Miller, Marble Ranges, Nov. Holl. Austr. Frutex 10-12’. Leg. Dr. Ferd. Miller, Herbar. W. Sonder.” Herb. Cant. ex Herb. Lindl. 12. FE. linopoda, R.Br. From Memory Cove. Collected by Robert Brown. 18. EF. rugosa, R.Br. Collected by R. Brown at “ Bay iii, 1802.” 14. F. suleata, Tausch. Coll. Ferd. Bauer in herb. Bauer, ex herb. Vindob. is Z. incrassata, Vabill. 15. £. pachyphylla, A. Cunn. non. F.v.M. Eucalyptus pachyphyllus, Cunningh.* MSS.“ Grand arbrisseau croissant par les bateaux. Le passage de Roi George (Cunningham).” No. 40, D’Urville. Evidently a specimen presented by Allan Cunningham. In flower and early fruit. It is #. inerassata, var. angulosa. (e) Var. goniantha, var. nov. 16. E. goniantha, Turezaninow. Eucalyptus goniantha vamis teretibus; foliis lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis viridibus opacis impunctatis ; umbellis axillaribus 6-8 floris in paniculas collectis ; pedunculis deflexis camplanatis ; pedicellis, cupulis operculisque angulatis rugosis ; pedicellis clavatis operculisque conicis obtusis cupulam duplo excedentibus, latitudine zqualibus.. Nova Hollandia, Drum., n. 71. (Turez. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Jose. xx [1847], pt. 1, p. 163.) Discussing the affinity of 2. goniantha and L. incrassata, Mueller says :— £, goniantha comes still nearer (than £. oleosa) to £. incrassata, but the leaves are somewhat more distinctly sickle-shaped, not so shining nor of such even smoothness, but slightly reticulated on their surfaces, the tube of the calyx is comparatively still more deeply furrowed, the attenuated upper portion of the lid broader and more blunt, while the anthers seem invariably heartshaped-globular, so far as this plant, of which we have as yet no ripe fruit, is known. (Eucalyptographia under 2. incrassata.) J am not aware that fruits of this form have been described ; I have not seen them. But this form (from buds and flowers) is apparently so closely allied to var. angulosa (and particularly to certain Victorian specimens, that I scarcely hesitate to describe it as a new variety of F. incrassata, The operculum is bluntish and the ribs of the buds are very pronounced. * Probably identical with “ 2. pachyphylla, Cunn. MSS., from King George’s Sound (No. 231 of 4th voyage).” Footnote, Journ, Linn. Soc. iii, 98. 104 (f) Var. grossa, var. noy. ioeHeagrossa, K.v.M. 18. £. pachypoda, F.v.M. dip e. grossa, i.v.MM. F. Muell. Herb. A stunted shrub (Maxwell); leaves from ovate and obtuse to lanceolate and acute, very thick and shining, under 3 inches long, the veins oblique, rarely conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge ; peduncles axillary or lateral, often recurved, thick, and much flattened, with usually three large sessile flowers ; calyx-tube turbinate, prominently ribbed, 4 to 5 lines long ; operculum oblong, very obtuse, thin and smooth as in the Cornutze, as long as or rather shorter, perhaps sometimes longer than the calyx-tube ; stamens half an inch long, inflected in the bud ; anthers ovate-oblong, with parallel distinct cells ; ovary short, convex in the centre; fruit not seen. W. Australia, Phillip’s River and its tributaries. Maxwell. I feel uncertain as to the affinities of this species, the smooth cylindrical obtuse operculum is like that of the Cornute, but the stamens are much inflected in the bud, and the flowers are otherwise quite those of the larger forms of #. incrassata, (B,FI. ii, 232.) 18. E. pachypoda, V.v.M. Fruticosa, divaricata, glabra, ramulis, validis mox teretiusculis apice sensim acuminatis crasso- coriaceis concoloribus nitidus copiose et pellucide angulari-porosis, venis primariis lateralibus leniter patentibus cum venulis anastomosantibus, vena peripherica a margine tenuiter cartilagineo modice distante, pedunculis crassis solitariis vix latitudine propria longioribus 4-8 floris pedicellis nullis, calycis supra medium circumscissi tubo semiovato-cylindrico vix angulato operculo semiovato .coriacco-chartaceo filamentis flavidis praefloratione infractis omnibus fertilibus, antherarum oblongo-ovalium loculis parallelis longitudinaliter dehiscentibus, fructibus truncato-ovatis, margine orificii tenui, valvis 4 inclusis deltoideis, seminibus fertilibus parvis apteris, (Mueller, in /’ragm. vii, £1.) Mueller gives a reference to B.FI. iii, 238, where Bentham says :— In a specimen sent by F. Mueller from a tree grown in the Melbourne Botanic Garden from W. Australian seeds, and named by him /. pachypoda ; the leaves are acute, as in Maxwell’s specimen, but the peduncle is very thick and scarcely flattened, bearing more than three flowers, with ovoid calyces, The tree had not yet fruited, but it will probably not prove specifically distinct from #, Preissiana, Mueller says :— E. grossa (from which #. pachypoda, F.v.M., Fragmenta Phytographie Australi vii, 41, anno 1869, is only separable as a variety) can best be distinguished from Z. incrassata by its not distinctly compressed though stout umbel stalks, by the slightly angular but not furrowed tube of the calyx, by the semicllipsoid even lid, by the filaments inflexed near or towards the summit only, and by its not angular fruit with no narrow apex of the valves. (Eucalyptographia under Z. incrassata.) Ido not think that 2. grossa is specifically different from LE. inerassata. Compared with the type it is a coarser form, and the buds and fruits have fewer corrugations. The operculum is less conical, the whole bud being nearly oval in shape. The fruits are more nearly cylindrical than those of the type, and the rim is more marked. RANGE. Ir extends along the coast of Western Australia and South Australia from near Shark Bay (the extreme northern range is as yet unknown) to near the Victorian border. In dry inland localities it is found in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, and western and south-western New South Wales. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Labillardiére’s type is from ‘‘ Terra Van Leuwin,” probably from the vicinity of King George’s Sound.. No, 65 (8rd) Drummond, with sub-cylindrical fruits, shiny and not much corrugated. Between Albany and William Rivers; Webb. (These specimens are very near to KR. Brown’s No. 4748, and to Drummond’s 65/1843.) 2990. Hucalypius incrassata, Lab., Arbor parva, 2-3 m. alt., trunco gracili. Stirling Range in fruticetis lapidosis collium.” IL. Diels, 830th May, 1901. Var. scyphocalyx, F.v.M., Eyre’s Relief Camp. Mueller’s label is ** Hucalyptus dumosa, A.C., var. seyphocalyx.” The above are all near the type, and are figured on Plate 13. Sand plains N. from the Stirling Range, 10 feet. A small fruited form near var. dumosa. See Plate 16. “ Shrub, 6-§ feet. Bark, red. Limestone Hill, Lynton, Pt. Gregory, W.A.” (Oldfield), Herb. Barbey-Boissier. A small fruited form, 2. dumosa. Elder Exploring Expedition Camp 49, Victoria Desert. Rk. Helms, 12/9/91. Blunt operculum, smallish fruit, he above are nearest to var. dumosa. Coolgardie, R. Helms, June, 1899. Large sub-conical fruits, opercula blunt. Near Coolgardie, E. Lidgey, Nov., 1900. Very similar to the preceding, but with smaller buds and fruits. The above are connecting forms approaching var. angulosa. Cc 106 Specimen collected by R. Brown (1802-5), South Coast. Coarse foliage, and approaching the blunt operculum form (27. rugosa). No. 75. Drummond. Coarse foliage, broad foot-stalk, corrugated calyx, and conical operculum. See Plate 14. §448. 5th Nov., 1901. ‘‘Frutex 2-2 m. alt. foliis glaucis. Gregaria in planitiebus limoso-arenosis subsalsis. Cirea 50 km. N. of Esperance”’ (L. Diels). In bud only. 3465. 19th July, 1901. Frut. 2-3 m. alt., ramis adscententibus. In humosis arenosis prope Cape Riche, una cum aliis Eucalyptis” (LL. Diels). Large, ribbed fruit with broad foot-stalk. Very close to No. 75, Drummond. S.W. Bay, W.A., Oldfield, in Herb. Barbey-Boissier, labelled “ 2. angulosa, Schauer.” “S.W. Bay, Australia” (Oldfield) Herb. Barbey—Boissier. A coarse form in flower only. Reminds one of #. tetragona, but the anthers different. - “« Hucalyptus pachyphyllus, Cunningh. MSS., King George’s Sound (D’Urville).”’ Doubtless a specimen collected by Allan Cunningham, and presented by him to the French Expedition. From Herb. Mus. Paris. No. 40. In flower and early fruit only. Foliage coarse and thick, with thick marginal veins; twigs angular. Not #. pachyphylia, F.v.M., which is 2. diversifolia, Bonpl. The above belong to var. wagulosa. I have var. grossa from W. Australia. Bentham gives the locality ‘ Phillip River and its tributaries (Maxwell). I know no other. Soutn AUSTRALIA. Sandy ridges, near Murray Bridge, W. Gill, 3/6/08. Fruit rather larger than typical var. dwmosa, flattened foot-stalk and nearly sessile. Gawler River (Dr. Behr), labelled dumosa by Mueller. Gosse’s Range, Central Aust. (Revd. Messrs. Schwartz and Schulze), with small fruits. The above are near var. dumosa. I haye received some Red Mallee from Mr. W. Gill, from Redhill, Hundred of Redhill, 8.A., 30th November, 1901. Also from Halbury Station, between Gladstone and Balaklava, 50 miles south of Redhill. ‘The valves are slightly exerted and it is indubitably yar. dwimosa, with even smaller fruits than the type. It seems to show some resemblance to F. wncinata, and I may further refer to it when dealing with that species. 107 Then we have var. conglobata, specimens of which have been collected at or near Port Lincoln by Wilhelmi and Gill. Probably the “Bays 9 and 10 and Island viii,’ of Robert Brown’s labels are in the vicinity. Eucalyptus costata, Behr and Mueller, “ Boston Point”? (Port Lincoln). Described by Miquel in his Plantee Miillerianee (Ned. Kruidk. Arch IV, 1856). Leayes very thick and highly polished and the fruits very ribbed. Ninety-mile Desert, Murray Desert, Tintinarra (W. Gill and R. H. Cambage). Varies a good deal in shape of fruit. Sometimes it tends to hemispherical, in others to sub-cylindrical and to be urceolate. Length of pedicel varies; sometimes it is nearly sessile. The above are referable to var. angulosa. Emu Flat, Ninety-mile Desert, W. Gill, 4/01. Smallish conical fruits, with valves slightly exserted ; blunt opercula, which are markedly ribbed and the buds show a marked constriction between operculum and calyx. This specimen connects with var. dumosa, also with the conical fruited and blunt operculum forms, : 179, Eucalyptus inerassata, Labill., DC., Pr. iii, 217, No. 7. Differt a specimine auctoris ; foliis fere crassioribus, in altera tantum pagina venas primarias nervumque marginalem conspectui praebentibus (in icone nimis fortiter et perspicue delineabantur), longius et fere subulato acuminatis, umbella paullo longius pedunculata, Attamen eandem habeo speciem, cujus calyptram in specimine unico non vidimus. Auf kalkig-sandigem Boden (Sandplaine) bei Bethanien, Strauchartig, die Blitter yoll yon atherischem oele. (Schlecht. in Linnea, vol. 20, p. 658.) IT haye not seen this specimen. VICTORIA. Lake Hindmarsh (Bosisto) typical var. dwimosa. Lake Bogan, River Murray (A. W. Howitt). The Wimmera, also Murray River (Mueller). A coarse form of yar. dwmosa, intermediate between it and the type. Dimboola (F. Reader). Fruits a little smaller than the preceding, a little ribbed, and the valves slighly protruding. Another intermediate form. Lake Hindmarsh, C. Walter, Oct. 1899. Sub-conical fruits and intermediate in character between var. duwmosa and the type. All the above are, perhaps, nearest to var. dumosa. 108 Dimboola (1°, Reader). Fruits tending to hemispherical and sessile or nearly so. Of medium size. Very similar to those from South Australia. (Murray Bridge, W. Gill, 6/03.) Wimmera. F. Mueller. Euston to Swan Hill (A. W. Howitt). Lake Hindmarsh (C. Walter). Fruits of medium size. Similar to Ninety- mile Desert.(S.A.) specimens. Dimboola (St. Eloy D’Alton, I’. Reader, and H. B. Williamson). Opereulum more or less rostrate, buds and fruits ribbed and rather large and show much constriction in drying unless fruits are quite ripe. Typical var. angulosa. Nhill; St. Eloy D’Alton, with fruits less ribbed and with purple bases to the filaments. Rim well defined, reminding one of Z. leucoxylon and melliodora. All the above are referable to var. angulosa. New Soutn WaALzLESs. Thave no record of typical var. angulosa, the large-fruited form of incrassata, being found in this State, all the forms being referable to var. dwimosa. I have already pointed out that A. Cunn.’s 2. dumosa came from what is now the Wyalong—Booligal mallee country. Much of it is in the county of Bland. The mallee country (it is by no means all yar. dumosa) probably covers 15,000 or 20,000 acres, Wyalong (H. Deane, W. 8S. Campbell). Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. PL. 14. EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA, Lasitt. (Variety ANGULOSA, BenrtuHas.) PEA: Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. jas ad WAS A HUR hN EUCALYPTUS INCRASSAT A.) VABILe. (Miscellaneous forms.) PE 46: Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. oc EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA, Lasict. (Variety DUMOSA, and forms near thereto.) . EUCALYPTUS. Crit. REY LABILL. (except 8b). EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA, CONGLOBATA, R.Br. Var. = ue PLAS Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. LaBILL, 9, A nov. EUCALYPTUS INCRASSAT Ile var. GONIANTHA, Za PUCACYETUS) INC RASSAITA, Var. LAPILL. nov. GROSSA, var. Var. PL. 19. Crit. Rey. EUCALYPTUS. LABILL. INCRASSATA, F.v.M. INCRASSATA, LABILL., and I. Young foliage of EUCALYPTUS Var. DUMOSA The ‘remainder are forms connecting E. E. FCECUNDA, SCHAUER. vy. EUCALYPTUS Crit. RE Forms (larger than those of Plate 19) connecting E. INCRASSATA, LABILL., and E. FCECUNDA, SCHAUER. Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. Pie Ap M.F pastm I—3. Varieties of EUCALYPTUS INCRASSATA, LABILL. 4. EUCALYPTUS FCECUNDA, SCHAUER. be, 772 PITTI per WD RRORRIESTRCO RU he nipnonesasiaitieicsteeeel D yA PARTON NE MMPs Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS FCECUNDA, Scuauer. Ub, 7A Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS FCECUNDA, Scuauer. (EZ. loxophleba, BENTH.). Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. Pie24 anit Ly EUCALYPTUS FCECUNDA, ScuHauer. (E. loxophleba, BENTH.) A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE rg BY (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). 3 : , PART V ; (WITH FOUR PLATES) PRICE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Rr # i : cS “ y or x Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. SvVUeyV ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 400A sonlan INSLiti \\ 7 1g }) ¢ !96869 yy ational Huss a SS ee one eGrRitievwe IKEVISION OF THE Genes LUC Meyenus BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Part V (WITH FOUR PLATES). “* Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation, enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.’ Macautay’s ‘‘Essay oN MILTON.” PRICE TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published ty Authority of TIIE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svpnev : WiLLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. 936755 A 1904. 6. EUCALYPTUS STELLULATA (Sieber). Te EUCALYPTUS CORIACEA (A. Cunn.). S EUCALYPTUS COCCIFERA (Hook. f.). bo VI. Eucalyptus stellulata, Sieber. Description Notes supplementary to the description . Synonyms Notes on the Synonyms Range Affinity VII. Eucalyptus coriacea, A. Cunn. Description Notes supplementary to the description . Synonyms Notes on the Synonyms Range Affinities VIII. Eucalyptus coecifera, Hook. f. Description Notes supplementary to the description . Synonyms Notes on the Synonyms Range Affinities Explanation of plates PAGE, 135 141 142 142 143 143 144 144 145 DESeRVE TION: E. stellulata. Sieb. FoLLowI1ne is the original description :— Sieber, plant exs. nov. holl. No. 478. | Operculo conico cupule longitudine, pedunculis lateralibus breyissimis subteretibus, umbellis 15-20 floris, foliis oblongis utrinque attenuatis basi 3-5 nerviis. Nova-Hollandia. Pet. et pedune. 3 lin. vix longi. Folia 3 poll. longa semipoll. lata subcoriacea sublucida. Alabastra oblonga utrinque attenuata 2 lin. longa. (v.s.)—(DC., Prod. iii, 217.) It is more fully described in Bentham’s Flora Australiensis and Mueller’s Eucalyptographia. E. stellulata is an easy species to determine, with its straight-veined leaves and star-like umbels of buds. The specific name is rather happy, referring to the disposition of the buds. It is a forest-tree of medium size in the Monaro, e.g., in the Snowy River Valley, forming a shapely tree 50 feet in height and more, with a stem-diameter of 2 to 3 feet, and with dense foliage. In New England it attains a scarcely less size, As a rule it is a straggling tree of half the size, while the narrow-leaved variety is frequently only a tall bush. Vernacular Names.—“ Black Sally,” Gippsland and Southern New South Wales at least as far north as Goulburn; also New England Ranges. ‘Black Gum,’ Bombala. It is often called “ Black Ash” in New England. The above names have been given on account of the rough, hard black bark on the butt. “Sally Butt,” between Bathurst and Orange. The name “ Sally,” without a qualifying adjective, is in use at Bombala, Boro, Braidwood, and Yass. The name is in allusion to the species being often found on the banks of streams, like a Sally (sallow or willow). ‘‘Olive-green Gum” (Leichhardt). ‘‘ Green Gum,” county of Argyle and Blue Mountains (Macarthur); New England and high land near Braidwood (Dr. Woolls). ‘‘ White Gum,” county of Argyle and Blue Mountains (A. Cunn.). “ Blue Gum,” (Forester Mecham, Tumut). ‘Lead Gum,” county of Argyle and Blue Mountains; Berrima (Macarthur), Hartley and Mudgee (Woolls). 128 All the above names, “ Olive-green Gum,” &c., are attempts to describe the appearance of the smooth portion of the bark, which varies from white with a bluish or lead-coloured cast to even a dirty olive-green. The species is a stunted gum growing at high elevations, smooth-barked (except at the butt), and looking as if it were blue or lead-coloured with the cold. There are so many white gums that I think the name “ Lead-coloured Gum” is a useful one, while Black Sally is better still, and the most widely spread of existing names. It is sometimes called “ Muzzle-wood,” as on account of its toughness it is often selected for making muzzles for unweaned calves. Seedlings or Sucker Leaves.—Ovate-acuminate, larger in size and thinner in texture than the mature leaves. ‘The average dimensions of some seedling leaves in my possession are 3} inches long by a width of 1? inch. When travelling in New England I made the following notes* on this species :—‘‘ The sucker leaves present a variety of shapes and sizes. In their early stages they are more or less stem-clasping and orbicular. Others are nearly reniform, while some might be described as almost bilobed, or with the outline more or less emarginate. Very many are about as broad as long, and scarcely acuminate, and from these shapes the gradation into the normal shape of the mature leaf is very gradual. Measurements gave up to 23 x 2} inches, and even a little more.” Mature Leaves.—the tips are often hooked like those of #. coriacea, and of some forms of other species, e.g., amygdalina. The leaves of both species when dry are smooth, and usually show black dots (like 2. punctata), while the parenchy- matous tissue is more or less channelled. These appearances are also seen in some forms of #. amygdalina and other species, and I draw attention to them in order that too great importance be not attached to them. In H. punctata these black dots were considered to be of specific value. The shape of the leaves is lanceolate to broadly lanceolate. The leaves are smaller than those of #. coriacea. The venation springs from the petiole, and the primary veins are prominent and roughly parallel to the mid-rib. Messrs. Baker and Smith (Research on the Eucalypts) give the following particulars in regard to the oil of this species :— | Specific gravity Specific rotation, Saponification Solubility in . at 15°C. [a]p | number. Alcohol. Constituents found. | | 0-871 — 26-1° 2-1 Insoluble _ Phellandrene, sesquiter- pene. * See Proc. Aust. Ass, Adv. Science, vii, 538. 129 Buds.—tThe calyx is sometimes swollen, while the operculum remains stationary in size. (See figure 7, pl. 25.) Mr. Froggatt informs me that this is the work of probably a parasitic wasp (one of the Chalcidee). I have noticed the same appearance in the buds of some other species. Bark.—This tree attains its fullest development in the alpine country of North-eastern Victoria and South-eastern New South Wales. There the butt is rough, more or less furrowed, hard and black, almost like an ironbark, with the upper part of the trunk and the branches quite smooth. This species is remarkable for the large quantity of chlorophyll in this smooth portion, it being the greenest barked of all Eucalypts, but in many districts the smooth portion is rather of a lead colour. In districts where the tree is stunted the amount of rough bark is usually very small, so that it passes for a ‘‘ gum” (?.e., a smooth-barked tree). Timber.—Pale coloured, rarely free from gum-veins, warps seriously; a sound log of any size very rare; of little value for purposes other than fuel. Timber that shrmks much in drying may do so regularly or irregularly. Those of the first class have, when dry, practically the same shape as the original piece, but those of the second class take on irregular shapes. The timbers of ZH. stellulata and Ff. coriacea belong to the latter class. SYNONYMS. 1. E. leueadendron, A. Cunn. Var. angustifolia, Benth. 2. E. microphylla, A. Cunn., partim. 3. E. Cunninghamii, Sweet, partin. 4, E. Cunninghamu, G. Don, partim. NOLES ON LHE SYNONYMS: 1. “ Eucalyptus leueadendron, C. (Allan Cunningham). “White Gum of the south-western interior, New South Wales, 1824.” Specimens collected by Allan Cunningham are in Herb. Kew, and also in Herb. Cant. (ex Herb. Lindl.), and are ZL. stellulata, Sieb. 130 Variety angustifolia, Benth. Leaves narrow, very thick and smooth, scarcely showing the venation.—(B.FI. iii, 201.) This form occurs in the highest parts of the Blue Mountains, also in the southern ranges, e.g., near Braidwood, often occurring with the normal form. The variety angustifolia is usually shrubby, but it grows into a small tree. In the highest parts of the Blue Mountains it has the fruits sometimes in dense globular umbels. 2. EF. microphylla, A. Cunn. Foliis lineari-lanceolatis subfalcatis acutis: margine incrassatis, umbellis multifloris foliisque confertis, Forming brushes upon the more elevated parts of the (Blue) Mountains.—(Mield’s New South Wales. p- 350.) In Allan Cunningham’s MS. Journal under date 9th April, 1817,-we find the entry :—‘ King’s Table-land.*—This exposed situation is covered with a shrub of the Hucalyptus (2. microphylla), forming thick brushes of underwood.” On a specimen of ZL. stellulata, Sieb., var. angustifolia, Benth., collected by himself, Allan Cunningham has the label—* Hucalyptus, apparently L. punctata, Sieb. DC. King’s Table-land, N. 8. Wales, 1827, A.C.” showing that he was uncertain as to the designation of the form. 3. EF. Cunninghamii, Sweet. The meagre description is :— 46. Cunningham (white), N.S.W., 1825. Greenhouse shrub. Jicrophylla, F. T. non Link (Sweet Hort. Brit. ed. 2, page 209). 4. FE. Cunninghamii, G. Don. Leaves linear-lanceolate, rather falcate, acute, with thickened margins ; umbels many-flowered, and are as well as the leaves, crowded. Native of New Holland, forming bushes upon the more elevated of the mountains. #. microphylla, Cunningham in Sield’s New South Wales. p. 350. Cunningham’s Eucalyptus, Cult. 1824, Shrub.—(G'en. Syst. ii, 821.) Bentham (B.Fl. iii, 821) has already pointed out that Cunningham’s specimens of #. microphylla consist of a mixture of leaves of the narrow-leaved form of E. stellulata and of HE. stricta, Sieb. It is often impossible to separate the narrow-leaved forms of these species when foliage is alone available. The same remarks apply to Sweet’s and G. Don’s species. * Near the modern Wentworth Falls. 131 RANGE. Ir is very partial to the depressions in shallow, rounded, grassy valleys, with good soil and a moist bottom. It is confined to Victoria and to New South Wales, being far more extensively distributed in the latter State. VICTORIA. As regards Victorian localities, Mueller states :— Along elevated river-valleys, or flats, and in cooler mountain regions up to the sub-alpine zone ; thus on the Upper Hume River (Findlay), on the Mitta Mitta, around the Barkly Range, towards Lake Omeo, and on the Upper Genoa (Mueller), Dargo Flat (Howitt).—(Lucalyptographia.) Howitt says ;— This is also an alpine species, ascending almost, if not quite, to the same elevation as Z. pauciflora Pp } 2 5 ? q e) y ov (coriacea), but does not descend, according to my observations, lower than 700 feet at Dargo and Ensay. ? f=) ? 5 No varieties occur as far as my observations go.—(7rans. Roy. Soc. of Victoria, 1890, p. 84. v t=} y ? ? I have specimens collected by Mr. Howitt at Buchan and Omeo. New South WALES. As regards New South Wales it follows the tops of the ranges on the New South Wales—Victorian border, thence following the Dividing Range and its spurs at least as far north as the New England Ranges, and as far west as 18 miles west of Bathurst, on the Silurian; also at Rylstone. I have specimens from these localities, but it may be reasonably expected to be found further north and further west, in mountainous districts. Following are some specific localities :—Mount Kosciusko district (J. H. Maiden and W. Forsyth), Kiandra (E. Betche), Bombala (J.H.M.). Here it is called “ Sally,” and Mr. Ronald Campbell says: ‘‘ Not much used because scarce, except on flats.” Occurs all over the Monaro, “Sally” or “Black Gum” timber very cross-grained, of a soapy nature, knotty; of a flesh colour when fresh. Diameter, 2 to 3 feet; height, 30 to 50 feet; Haydon’s Bog, Delegate—(W. Baeuerlen). Tumut (J.H.M.), Braidwood, together with the narrow-leaved form (W. Baeuerlen) ; Queanbeyan (H. Deane), Yass (W. W. Froggatt), Goulburn (H. Deane), Wingello, ‘ Bastard Peppermint”? and “Sally” (J.H.M. and J. L. B 132 Boorman). ‘ Lead-coloured Gum” of Berrima, No. 35, London Cat., 1862; 226, Paris Cat., 1855. Diameter, 18 to 30 inches; height, 30 to 40 feet. “ Of no value for timber, but excellent for fuel.” The above are all southern localities. Following are western localities:—Wentworth Falls, narrow-leaved form (J. H. Camfield); Blackheath, narrow-leaved form, also aform with the fruits in dense globular umbels (J.H.M.) ; Mount Victoria and Kanimbla Valley, normal and narrow-leaved forms (J.H.M.); Mount Wilson, narrow-leaved form (Jesse Gregson); Jenolan Caves, “ Black Sally” (W. Blakeley); Wallerawang (H. Deane and J.H.M.); Rylstone (R. T. Baker) ; ‘“‘ Messmate,” trees from 30-50 feet ; bark rough, dark; sap-wood white; the heart-wood dark brown and gummy, branches pendulous, tips of the branches and buds yellow, branches slightly ribbony.—Sunny Corner (J. L. Boorman); Charlton, Bathurst (R. H. Cambage); Millthorpe (A. W. Howitt). Coming to the north, I have not seen it north of Sydney or Bathurst until New England is reached, but doubtless there are intermediate localities. It is more or less plentiful all over the table-land. There are copses or thickets of it at Yarrowitch, also umbrageous small trees. At Tia, and elsewhere, the trunks are 2 to 3 feet in diameter. These localities are on the Port Macquarie—Walcha road. On the Grafton-Armidale road I followed it from Bald Hills to Guy Fawkes and right on to the Round Mountain. Its furthest northern locality is a matter for enquiry. ee laey Ivs only real affinity is with 2. coriacea, A. Cunn., but the two species will rarely be confused. 133 DESCRIPTION Eucalyptus coriacea, A. Cunn. FoLLowIne is the original description :-— Schauer MSS.—Ramulis elongatis pendulis teretib. nitidis; foll. firmis rigidisq. lanceolatis oblongisve breviter petiolatis acuminatis, apiculo subfiliformi saepe deflexo, nervosis imperforatis viridib., untrinq. lucidis ; capitulis axillarib. 5-8—floris ; pedunculo petiolum aequante subtereti ; cupula (fructus) turbinata truncata; operculo . . . ,? capsula 3-4 loculari. Planta insignis valida; foliis 4-6 poll. longis, 1-2 poll. latis ; fructib. 4 lin. altit. totidemq. diametro metientibus nitidis. In Novae Cambrie australis interioris planitiebus——A. Cunn. Herb., no. 35-1824.—(Schauer in Walp. Rep. ii, 925.) It is fully described by Bentham (B.FI. iii, 201), and also by Mueller, in the Eucalyptographia; by the latter under the name ZL. pauciflora, Sieb. I have adopted the name given in the Flora Australiensis. Sieber’s name, H. pauciflora, has doubtful priority, and it is especially inappropriate (no Eucalypt flowering more freely than this), while Cunningham’s name is remarkably appropriate. Vernacular Names.—One of the ‘“‘ White or Cabbage Gums,” but not to be confused with . hemastoma, var. micrantha, which goes by the same names. Its usual name'with us is “* White Gum,” though it is very frequently called “‘ Cabbage Gum” also. In New England apparently not known as ‘‘ White or Cabbage Gum,” but ‘“‘ White Ash,” in contradistinction to H. stellulata (Black Ash). The species goes under the name of ‘‘ Weeping Gum” in Tasmania, owing to its scrambling habit ; the name is also in use at Uralla, N.S.W. At Glen Innes it is locally known as “Tumble-down Gum,” also by reason of its aspect. ‘ Glassy Gum” is a name in use at Guyra, on account of the vitreous appearance of the bark. ‘‘ White Sally ” is a name in use at Queanbeyan. On the Monaro I have known it to be called “ Bigleaf,’ for obvious reasons. Sometimes it is called “Cattle Gum,” because cattle feed on its leaves when grass is scarce. The names ‘ Flooded Gum” and “ Peppermint,” under which this species is known in Victoria (B.Fl.) would not appear to be in use in this State, and may, perhaps, have arisen through a misapprehension. Suckers or Seedling Leaves.—Broader than the mature leaves; more or less ovate. Near Yarrowitch (New England) I noticed the leaves of some seedlings which were 2 or 3 feet high. The foliage was very coarse, being both large and thick. Following are actual measurements of individual leaves :—7+4 x 34 inches, 84 x 3; inches, 6; x 83 inches, Large leaves such as these were not scarce. They 134 are a little oblique, acuminate, nearly ovate, occasionally nearly circular, and then pass through all gradations up to ovate lanceolate.-—(Proc. Aust. Ass. for Adv. of Science, vii, 538.) Mature Leaves.—Coriaceous, yet often succulent, and hence eaten by stock. They are comparatively large, 6 inches being a common length, while 5 inches is, perhaps, under the average. The width is usually about 13 inch. They are usually shiny, but in the coldest districts often glaucous. The venation is as stated under stellulata, and in this respect not only shows affinity with that species, but also with regnans and allied species. Besides cattle, opossums have a predilection for the young foliage of this tree, so that they often kill trees of this species. Mr. F. B. Guthrie (Agric. Gazette, Oct., 1899) has analysed the leaves, with the view to ascertain their value for feeding stock, and following is his analysis :— Ether : Albu- : = é : = Albumen-| Carbo- | Nutrient a Tannin Water Ash. Fibre. (Gea oids. hydrates. | Value. peel (Oak Bark). “Cattle Gum”...) 36°76 2:90 -| 8-57 6:02 8°75 37°00 59 1:52 15 As regards the oil obtained from the leaves, I have three authenticated analyses before me. No. 1 is from Messrs. Baker and Smith’s “ Research on the Eucalypts,” and Nos. 2 and 3 are by W. B. Wilkinson.* Sp. gravity Sp. rotation, Saponification Solubility in : at 15° C. [a]p number, Alcohol. Constituents found. 1. 08947 | — 328 4°62 1 vol. 807 Phellandrene, peppermint ketone, eucalyptol, ses- quiterpene. 2... :8943 +16-7 | seoccsae | | Maeenenenaee No phellandrene. | 3. °9200 + 60 J" Sccopadios =] Gepoanbac Do. Mr. Wilkinson aiso gives columns “ Refractive index” and “Specific refractive energy.” It is remarkable how these analyses vary. My view is that we require hundreds of analyses of the oils of each species, taken under circumstances as different as possible, before we shall be able to make accurate generalisations in regard to them. These should be made in all the States, just as the material for botanical diagnosis is obtained over areas as wide as possible. Timber.—Pale coloured, full of gum-veins; warps a good deal. Some notes on the timber will be found under “ Range.” * Preliminary survey of Eucalyptus Oils in Victoria.—(Proc. Roy. Soc., Vic. VI. (New Series), 197-8, 1894), 135 Ss CN@N WINES: 1. EF. pauciflora, Sieb. 2. E. piperita, Sm.; var. pauciflora, DC. . £. submultiplinervis, Miq.; iss) Do forma minor, Miq. 4. E. sylvieultrix, F.v.M. 5. E. phlebophylla, F.v.M. There is a variety, alpina, Benth.—(B.FI. iii, 201). NODRESSON AEE SSN ON WMS: 1. FE. pauciflora, Sieb. The original description is— paucifiora, Sieb. 26. E. operculo conico, pedunculis abbreviatis sub—6 floris, foliis oblongo- lanceolatis falcatis nervosa-venosis elongatis.—(Spreng. Syst. 1V. Cur. Post., 195.) A specimen of the type in Herb. Barbey-Boissier bears the following label :— Sieber’s No. 470. Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sbr. De la nouvelle Hollande, M. Sieber, 1825, with the addition later on, ‘“‘ Eucalyptus piperita, Sm.; E. pauciflora, DC.” Tt is figured on Plate 26, and there can be no doubt that it is correctly referred to #. coriacea, A. Cunn. I have seen a further specimen, stated to be Sieber’s No. 475, and labelled Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber, from Herb. Berol. It consists of a leaf and a cluster of buds. The leaf is narrow, and has rather straight veins, which one reasonably associates with #. coriacea, A. Cunn. But the buds do not belong to that species, and careful examination of the specimens shows that they probably belong to one of the New South Wales “ Messmates.” E. omygdalina and E. regnans are so closely allied that it is not possible to say absolutely from the material available which species it is, since it matches E. radiata from the Blue Mountains, which we know Sieber visited, and E. regnons frora southern and western localities. The texture of the leaf is amygdalina, or regnans, and not coriacea. Nothing further need be said, as there is apparently a misplacement of a label. 136 2. E. piperita, Sm.; var. pauciflora. This is the name as given in DC. Prod. iu, 219, 3. E. submultiplinervis, Miq. 34. Eucalyptus submultiplinervis, Miq., n. sp., ramulis gracilibus teretiusculus vel hic illic angulatis, foliis e basi attenuata lanceolatis breviter acutis, herbaceo-coriaceis, venis plerisque adscendentibus versus basin adproximatis utrinque distinctis submultiplinervis, marginibus subincrassatis subfuscescentibus, pedunculis rugosis 5-10 floris, floribus subsessilibus, calycis tubo obpyramidato-turbinato striato-sulcato glanduloso, operculo brevi-hemisphaerico subumbilicato quam tubus breviore, antheris albidis didymis. Van Diemansland (Stuart n. 10, 13, 14, 15)—Petioli circiter semipollicares antice canaliculati, angulosi. Pedunculi 3-4 lin. longi. Flores 24 lin. equantes. Forma preesertim quod a flores minor: Z. sylvicultria, Mill. Herb.—(Wederl. Kruidk. Arch., iv, 138, 1856.) 4. F. sylvicultrix, F.v.M., is briefly referred to in the preceding paragraph. Bentham also noticed it :— EL. submultiplinervis, Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch., iv, 138, or E&. sylvicultriz, F. Muell. in Herb. Sond., is a narrow straight-leaved variety, with the flowers of the ordinary size.—(B.FI. iii, 201.) Following are the specimens on which the names submultiplinervis and sylvicultrix were founded :— (a) Specn. No. 34 (species number in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv). “ Hucalyptus sylvicultriz, Ferd. Mueller, Tasmania, in Mueller’s handwriting, and JL. submultiplinervis, forma minor,” in that of Miquel, have buds, and are undoubtedly coriacea as so marked by Bentham on the specimen. I fail to see that Miquel’s forma minor is really smaller than other specimens. (6) “ #. sylvicultrix, F.v.M. Syn. #. coriacea, A. Cunn., var. sylviculiriz, F.v.M. (Herb. Melb.). Syn. 2. multiplinervis, Miq. (Herb. Melb.) (a slip of the pen for submultiplinervis). No. 765, near Woodhall, Tasmania, March. Charles Stuart.” The material of (%) is in twigs bearing leaves, very young buds, and flowers. The specimens, as far as they go, in the venation of the leaves and their hooked apices, their length and breadth, in the very young buds, in the calyces and flowers, resemble many from New South Wales. 5. E. phlebophylla, F.v.M. 40. Eucalyptus phlebophylla, Ferd. Miill., Herb. ramulis teretibus fuscescentibus, foliis longiuscule petiolatis lanceolatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis in apiculum tenuem fuscum curvulum exeuntibus, basi attenuata inequilateris, vulgo totis falcato-curvatis, rigide coriaceis, punctatis, venis plurimis e basi ortis submultiplinervis, umbellis axillaribus et terminalibus confertis, 3-5 floris, pedunculis pruinosis, floribus sessilibus, calyce obovato-turbinato. Crescit in montibus Buffalo Range (F. Miller). Van Diemansland (Stuart). Petioli }—?poll. longi rugosuli, in siccis pallidi vel fusculi; folia 3-7 poll. longa, 14 lata; pedunculi 2-3 lin. ; calycis tubus in fructu 2 lin. equans.—(Ex. Migq. in Wederl. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 140, 1856.) 137 I have seen the type from Mount Aberdeen, which is a very markedly veined, large, young leaf ; also specimens marked “ Gippsland, Mueller,” in flower.—(Herb. Calcutta.) I have examined a specimen (Van Dieman’s Land, C. Stuart) bearing, in Miquel’s handwriting, the words “ 2. phlebophylla, M.,” with the words “ 2. submultiplinervis affinis’’ cancelled.—(Herb. Melb.) Some of Gunn’s specimens in European herbaria labelled ‘* Hucalyptus radiata,” with glaucous buds, really belong to H. coriacea. Some of them are labelled “very common about Hobart Town,” and “‘ Weeping Gum of Norfolk Plains.” The true #. radiata, Sieb., is much less likely to be confused with E. coriacea, A. Cunn., than the forms (Z. radiata, Hook., f. non Sieb.) that Hooker took to be Z. radiata. Var. alpina, F.v.M. (B.FI. iti, 201). Leaves short and nearly straight. Flowers rather smaller and peduncles shorter. Mountains on Macalister River, Vic. (B.F1.). Specimens of this variety from Mount Kosciusko, in our own State, are very glaucous. Leaves 2 inches long, or a little more. Following is an account of the Mount Kosciusko trees :—The Snow Gum is a small-leaved form of H. coriacea, resembling ZL. stellulata a good deal in leaf outline, and might be mistaken for it. At low elevations it is a large tree; as the mountain is ascended it becomes smaller and smaller, till at length it becomes a dense whip- stick scrub, and finally (at 6,000 feet, about) disappears altogether. It forms the limit of tree vegetation. It is usually as glaucous as if it had been sprinkled with flour, but not invariably so, and at the Jindabyne level it is frequently scarcely glaucous. * * Forming the ‘ Tree line.’—The trees of this species at the highest elevations are remarkable for their bare stems, surmounted with a dome or flattish top of leaves. The bare stems are, doubtless, the consequence of winds, the leaves being concentrated on the top as a thin ‘layer,’ and offering minimum resistance to the wind. These dwarf trees are in masses of a fairly uniform height; a different arrangement would result in the crown of leaves of the smaller plants being beaten against the bare stems of their taller brethren, and denuded of their foliage. The grotesque leaning forms of the stems, like guys or supports to resist wind-pressure, are shown in one of the illustrations. -In many cases the butt of the tree forms a huge protuberance at the ground level, taking on a peculiar plastic appearance often seen in the coast districts in L. maculata (Spotted Gum) and Angophora lanceolata (Smooth-barked Apple). In £. coriacea, from this protuberance there spring out as many as four (and even more) stems of equal diameter, such stems being equi- distant from each other, or nearly so.”’+ * J. H. Maiden : A Contribution towards the Flora of Mount Kosciusko (Agric. Gazette, N.S. W., July, 1898). +J. H. Maiden: A Second Contribution towards a Flora of Mount Kosciusko (Agric. Gazette, N.S. W., October, 1899). 138 RANGE: Tuts tree is confined to Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales. In Tasmania it is common, except the extreme south and south-west (Rodway). I have examined the following classical Tasmanian specimens :— (a) Gunn’s No. 684, 1,105 (Plenty Bridge) ; 1,107 (Glen Leith) ; 1,108 (Glen Leith, also road foot of Grass-tree Hill); 1,109 (Marlborough) ; 1,111, ‘Weeping Gum,” Formosa. These are typical #. coriacea and are EH. piperita, var. pauciflora, DC., Prod. iii, 218, as pointed out by Hooker in Fl. Tas. i, 136. (d) Col. Paterson ex. Herb. Lambert in Herb. Cant. VICTORIA. As regards Victoria, Mueller gives the south, north-east, and east. Speaking of Gippsland, Howitt says :— This Eucalypt is extremely constant in character, whether found in small isolated colonies in the littoral tracts, as at Providence Ponds and Morwell, or forming forests over large areas in the Gippsland Alps up to an elevation of 5,000 feet, as on the Wonnongatta Plains, at Omeo, Woolgulmerang and Delegate. It appears to be essentially an alpine species, yet able to maintain itself, to some extent, in localities but little elevated above sea-level. Following are some Victorian localities represented in the National Herbarium, Sydney :— Mount Hotham, Victorian Alps (J.H.M., var. alpina). Buffalo Mountains (Mr. West, comm., C. Walter), “ Cabbage Gum,” Caledonia River ; Upper Broken River, Wando Dale, Hotspur (A. W. Howitt). Hills near Mansfield, Strathbogie (HH. B. Williamson); Camel’s Hump, Mount Macedon (C. Walter). SoutH AUSTRALIA. J. E. Brown figures it in his Forest Flora under the name “The South- eastern White Gum :’— In this State the species is as yet only known to exist in the south-eastern district, and there merely in patches within a short distance of the sea-coast. The localities are—Dismal Swamp (Rev. J. E. Tenison- Woods) and Benara Estate (Beale). The late Professor Tate records it from the volcanic area of the south-east corner of the Province, or the Mount Gambier district. Both in Victoria and South Australia it is recorded from the coast, a habitat I believe to be quite unknown in New South Wales. 139 New Sourn WAtgEs. It occurs usually at fairly high elevations, preferring undulating grassy country in the ranges and high table-lands, from south to north of the State. As already indicated, it ascends to the greatest elevation of any tree in the State. It consequently forms the limit of arboreal vegetation—the ‘ tree-line ”’—which, on Mount Kosciusko, is about 6,500 feet. Following are some southern localities :— Mount Kosciusko has already been dealt with in referring to var. alpina. In the Delegate district the bark is scribbled like H. hemastoma, and the young leaves are sometimes larger and thinner than those of the type. This scribbling of the bark is observed in other localities also. Again, in the same district we have a small fruited form, the fruits being hardly larger than those of H. stellulata. Leaves thinner and dull looking. It may be that these trees show the effects of hybridisation. | Then again, in the Cooma district (Cooma-Braidwood Road), we have leaves straight, or nearly so, about 43 inches long, seldom faleate, fruit more nearly sessile ; sometimes glaucous, and apparently connecting with variety alpina. The bark is smooth, grey, and striped, and marked with scribbles. * Cattle Gum,” because eaten by stock. Gungahleen Estate (Gungarlin is an older spelling), Goldsbrough, Mort, & Co., Sydney. Yarrangobilly Caves, and Adaminaby to Cooma (E. Betche). Tumut (J. H. Maiden and J. L. Boorman) ; top of Dividing Range, Nimbo River, Cooma district (H. Deane). This is a small- leaved form, showing transit to variety alpina. Jingera Mountains, Michelago (W. Baeuerlen) ; “‘ White Sally,” Queanbeyan (H. Deane); Rob Roy (H. Deane). On the Monaro, where it is known as “ White Gum,” “Cabbage Gum,” “ Big Leaf,” it is looked upon as the best firewood and best to stand in the ground for wire fences. There is not much timber in the Monaro of good quality; at the same time testimony to its value is not universal. I have specimens from the top of Mount Tabletop, Kiandra district (E. Betche). The fruits are of unusual form, being nearly hemispherical and compressed, after the fashion of H. capitellata, Sm. A tendency for fruits to take on a similar character is shown in specimens from other elevated localities in southern New South Wales. In the Braidwood district of New South Wales this tree goes by the name of “Cabbage Gum,” on account of the softness of its timber; and reports from that district are consistent in stating, “ Very durable underground, though of no use above it.” It there attains a diameter of 5 feet and a height of 80 feet, extending from the lowest level up to the highest elevation (5,000 feet). Jembaicumbene, Araluen to Braidwood (J.H.M.); Gidley, Bungendore (W. Forster Rutledge) ; No. 370, S. H. Mossman, from Twofold Bay, herb. Cant. ex herb. Lemann (probably from near Tarago). Barber’s Creek (H. J. Rumsey); “Snappy Gum,” Paddy’s River and Wingello,—“ used for posts and rails in the district” (J. L. Boorman). C 140 At Berrima (on the banks of the Wingecarribee, opposite the Rectory) is a Ribbony Gum, with rough black bark up to the first fork. The rough bark is much like that of ZL. viminalis. The habit of the tree is more erect as to foliage than: that of the normal coriacea close by. The timber is white and full of gum veins, like coriacea. ‘The fruits are more hemispherical than the rest of the trees in the neighbourhood. The species is, however, very close to H. coriacea; and in all my travels I have not previously seen an 2. coriacea a real Ribbony Gum as this is. HH. coriacea is a species that does not present much evidence of variation as a rule, and I am inclined to think that this particular tree may present evidence of hybridisation, perhaps with 2. amygdalina. It may be conspecific with Mr. Baker’s LL. vitrea. Following are some western localities :—‘‘ Snappy Gum,” Jenolan Caves.— Bark smooth and mottled; there are two or three tints of slate colour with white streaks (W. F. Blakely). ‘Cabbage Gum,’’ Capertee.—Large trees plentiful all through the low lands of the district. Tendency to be pipy. Ribbony at base and clean for the most part throughout. Timber soft, useless (J. L. Boorman.) Tarana.—A large white shining gum tree, considered in the locality a great lasting timber in the ground (A. Murphy). ‘“‘ Large-leaved White Gum,” Sidmouth Valley. —Cattle and horses are fond of the leaves (W. Woolls). Sidmouth Valley was formerly called Lowe’s Swamp, and is described in Wells’ Gazetteer, 1848, as ‘a broad and very difficult morass, in the county of Westmoreland, 102 miles from Sydney.”? The Sidmouth Valley Creek, a small southern tributary of the Fish River, runs through it. Millthorpe. “ White Gum,” thin bark, stands well in ground (R. H. Cambage). Top of Canoblas, about 4,500 feet above sea-level (R. H. Cambage) ; this is var. alpina. Canoblas, near Orange (Elliott Bros., Sydney).—Transit between the normal and alpine form. Kervr’s Creek, near Orange.—‘ Cabbage or White Gum,” found in broken, sour, pipe-clay country. ‘Timber soft, inferior, does not stand the ground well; used for rails (Forest Ranger Martin). Peak Hill (J. M. Curran). As regards the north, it is found all over New England, as far north as Tenterfield. I expect it will be recorded from elevated localities between Orange and New England. In New England we find about Walcha (J. F. Campbell and J.H.M.) the ordinary and the alpine form. It is called “‘ Weeping Gum” at Salisbury, Uralla (H. Deane), and ‘‘ Glassy Gum,” Guyra (H. Deane). It has not been recorded from Queensland, but I should not be surprised if it were to be found in the ranges about Stanthorpe. I 141 Evils TIN Wiis: 1 E. stellulata, Sieb. As already indicated, the closest relations of #7. coriacea are with FZ. stellulata, of which, in some respects, it strongly resembles a coarse form. 2 E. coccifera, Hook. f. It seems to me that the alpine forms of LH. coccifera are very close to the Tasmanian ZH. coccifera, Hook. f., and this word of caution may be useful to the student. 3 E. vitrea, R. T. Baker, or L. vitellina, Naudin. In a specimen from the Blue Mountains in Herb. F. Muell. the leaves are long and almost linear lanceolate, but very thick with the longitudinal veins of H. coriacea, of which it has also the flowers. —(B.FI. iii, 201.) In the above passage Bentham is doubtless speaking of specimens very similar to those J have from Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakely). They are nearest to Mr. R. T. Baker’s #. vitrea, though not typical. #. vitrea is, in my opinion, a hybrid between &. coriacea and HE. amygdalina. I will go into the matter at some length when dealing with 1. amygdalina. Suffice it to say, at this place, that the tree referred to in the Flora Australiensis could not be confused, in the field, with #. coriacea; the former being a rough- barked tree and the latter a specially smooth gum. 142 DES CME TOIN: Eucalyptus coccifera, Hook., f. Fottowinc is the original description :— Ramis ramulisque teretibus levibus plerumque glaucis, foliis alternis parvis uniformibus lineari- ellipticis lanceolatis v. anguste ovatis acuminatis utrinque attenuatis apicibus juniorum unicinato-hamatis, pedunculis brevibus 3-floris rarissime 4—8-floris, alabastris ancipiti-compressis obovato-obconicis, operculo depresso apice concavo capsula latiore rugoso, capsula obconico-hemispherica latiore quam longa basin versus bicarinata brevissime pedicellata, pedicello compresso, ore plano dilatato rarius convexiusculo vy. concavo, valvis axi capsule parvis. Tops of mountains, Lawrence, Gunn. Arbor parva, 10-pedalis, e basi ramosa. Folia coriacea, sublonge petiolata, petiolo } unc. longo, lamina 14-24 une. longa, $-1 une. lata, elliptico-ovata v. lanceolata, v. lineari-lanceolata, omnia 1-nervia. Pedunculi breves, fere omnes 3-flori. Alabastra longitidine et diametro varia, longiora + uncialia, obovato- sbeonica, pedicellata, breviora } unc. longa, sessilia, breviter obconica, omnia compressa. Capsule 4-} unc. latae, utrinque carinatie, carinee cum angulis pedicelli continue, nune ad orem capsule product, nunc supra basin evanide—(ZLond. Journ. Bot., vi, 1847, 477). It is described by Bentham in B.F1, iti, 204. This plant received its specific name because its foliage was infested with a Coccus, which circumstance was drawn attention to by Mr. Lawrence, who first sent it to the deseriber. This condition is by no means peculiar to this species, nor is this species particularly liable to such attacks; debilitated Eucalypts of perhaps any species may become thus infested. It is a hardy species as regards temperature, and has succeeded in many parts of the United Kingdom. Its glaucous foliage renders it a pleasing object ; its foliage also emits a more than ordinarily pleasant fragrance. It is quite a small tree, of under 20 feet in height. It has a smooth white bark, and except occasionally for firewood, I know of no use to which it is put. Its leaves do not appear to be distilled for oil. It has no vernacular or aboriginal name that I know of. a es 143 SYNONYMS. fj! . £. alpina, R.Br., MS. bo . E. daphnoides, Miq. (oN) . E. eitryandra, (? Vilmorin). 4. E. pinnata (?). Var. parviflora, Benth. NODES SON THE) SYNONYMS: 1. £. alpina, R.Br., MS., top of Table Mountain (Robert Brown, 1802-5). 2. E. daphnoides, Miq. 22. Eucalyptus daphnoides, Miq. n. sp., ramulis densis glauco pruinosis subangulatis, veteribus fuscescentibus, foliis longiuscule petiolatis lanceolatis utrinque attenuatis apiculo curvulo terminalis, rigide coriaceis impunctatis, marginibus incrassatis, venis obtectis ; pedunculis axillaribus et lateralibus 3-5 floris, floribus sessilibus, calycibus obconicis pruinosis, fructibus brevissime pedicellatis semiglobosis truncatis, capsula 5-loculari (p. 133).—Van Diemensland (Stuart n. 9.) Petioli 2—5 lin., folia 1-2? poll. longa, 2— vulgo 3 lin. lata. Calyx 2lin. longus. Opercula desunt. (p. 134).—(Wederl. Kruidk. Arch., iv, (1856), 133.) Stuart’s specimens are from Mount Laperouse. 3. In Herb. Barbey-Boissier is a specimen of L. coccifera, labelled “ Eucalyptus citryandra, Verriéres prés Paris, 27 Avril, 1891. Cult. Vilmorin, Gélé, 1890-1891.” 4. I have received a specimen of a Californian-grown Eucalyptus from Santa Monica, labelled HL. pinnata, which may be this species. I have seen neither ripe buds nor ripe fruits. Var. parviflora, Benth. Flowers much smaller, the peduncles exceedingly short. Mount Fatigue, Guwnn.—(B.F1, iii, 204.) I have not seen authentic specimens of this form. 144 RANGE. THIs species is confined to Tasmania, and to the highest tops of the mountains. It is readily obtained on Mount Wellington, Hobart, where it is abundant at about 4,000 feet. Following are some specimens examined :—JZ. alpina, R.Br., MS., Mount Wellington (R. Brown, 1802-5). Robert Gunn, Nos. 411 and 1,076; tree, 120 feet, Mount Wellington (Oldfield, in Herb. Barbey-Boissier). No. 53 of “ Voyage de V Astrolabe et de la Zélée, 1838-40,” M. le Guillou, 1841.—(Herb. Paris). Mount Laperouse (C. Stuart). Hartz Mountains (A. H. 8. Lucas). APEINIITES, 1. E. amygdalina, Labill. This species has much the aspect of some thick-leaved forms of #. amygdalina, but is readily known by the depressed operculum and longer calyx.—(B.FI. iii, 204.) On Ironstone Range the buds are shorter in proportion to length, the operculum though flat, less rough, and the fruit about 4 lines diameter, thus approximating to forms of 2. amygdalina.—(The Tasmanian Flora, L. Rodway.) The affinity of this species to the alpine Tasmanian forms of #. amygdalina is undoubtedly great. The leaves of both species are very similar as regards the venation, etc. Further observations are required to absolutely settle their relations, though ZL. coccifera is quite a distinct species ; the seedling-leayes settle this. 2. FE. Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elata, Benth. This variety and Z. coccifera are so similar, as regards dried specimens, that it is frequently difficult to separate them unless a full suite of specimens be available. 145 3. E. coriacea, A. Cunn. The affinity of 2. coccifera with L. coriacea, var. alpina, is so pronounced as to be apparent to the most superficial observer; but it is distinguished from that species by its more prominent and more spreading veins, showing its closer relation- ship to #. amygdalina. The tuberculate-corrugate surface of the flower-buds reminds one slightly of those of 2. globulus, but the flat shape of the operculum of H. coccifera is quite different. The buds are very different to those of E. amygdatina and #. coria ea. The fruits of #. coccifera ‘often display a puzzling similarity to those of L. coriacea. Both may have sunk and domed rims, but I do not call to mind any fruits of #. coriacea so angled as those of LH. coccifera sometimes are. Explanation of Plates. PLATE 25. Lucalyptus stellulata, Sieb. la. Leaves ; 1b, buds of the type (Sieber’s No. 478). 2a. Immature fruits, conoid in shape, but quite normal ; 26 ripe fruits from Nimitybelle, N.S.W. (J.H.M.). 3a. Juvenile leaves ; 5b, mature leaf, Jindabyne, N.S.W. (J.H.M.). 4. Juvenile leaves, Yarrowitch, New South Wales, New England, N.S.W. (J.H.M.). 5a. Twig in flower; 54, front and back view of anther, of var. angustifolia, Benth., Mount Victoria, N.S.W., February 10, 1901 (J.H.M.). Fruits of var. angustifolia in dense heads. Blackheath, N.S.W. (J. H. Camfield). Buds deformed by insect galls, Jindabyne (J.H.M.). ( o — oO i=) bd > td os E [<2] oO EUCALY PIS; SRE PE WEA A. SiEB = bd =~, ) ‘ee * : : ‘a oe ; AT bs a > * ‘ » a a 1 a PL. 26. Crit. REY. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS CORIACEA, A. Cunn. Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. Pie 77. EUCALYPTUS CORIACEA, A. Cunn. Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. PL. 28. 1 and 2. EUCALYPTUS CORIACEA, A. CUNN. 3 to 5, E. COCCIFERA, Hook, f "ta ® CRITICAL REVISION OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Parr VI (WITH FOUR PLATES) PrIicE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. SvVUEV ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1905. eC RiItiClle KEVISION OF THE» CENUS) & UCtEwerus BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Iara WI (WITH FOUR PLATES). «’ Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.” Macau.ay’s ‘Essay on MILTon.” PRICE TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Sudnev : WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. * 44236 A 1905. Q. EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA (Labillardiere). WO}, EUCALYPTUS LINEARIS (Dehnhardt). ble EUCALYPTUS RISDONI (Hook., f.). IX. Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill. Description Notes supplementary to the deseription . Synonyms Notes on the Synonyms : : E. numerosa, n. sp. or var. of FE. amygdalina Two hybrids of £. amygdalina and E. coriacea, AS ‘Cunn., viz. vitellina, INawdin: FE. vitrea, R. T. Baker Range Affinities X. Eucalyptus linearis, Dehuh. Description Notes supplementary to the deseription . Synonym Notes on the Synonyms Range Affinity XI. Fuealyptus Risdoni, Hook., f. Description Notes supplementary to the description . Synonyms Notes on the Synonyms Range A ffinities Explanation of plates and PAGE. 149 150 151 152 LIS) 104 160 164 172 N72 173 173 176 177 179 DESCRIP MON: FE. amygdalina, Labill. THE following description is based upon Bentham (B.FL, iii, 202), but by no means literally follows the classical work referred to :— A tree, usually small or moderate-sized, but sometimes attaining a considerable height ; the bark fibrous and persistent—not so fibrous as that of a “Stringybark,” and of looser texture than that of a “ Box,” —of the character usually known in Australia as “‘ Peppermint,” since it was originally observed on trees at Port Jackson whose foliage emitted a peppermint odour when crushed. The fibrous bark occurs only on the trunk, or, at most, on the largest branches. The branches are usually quite smooth or ribbony. Juvenile Foliage.—Opposite, narrow-lanceolate. Probably all forms have the twigs more or less rusty glandular ; sometimes the leaves are in threes. (See Fig. 3, pl. 29.) The variation in width of the transit forms will be alluded to at p. 163. The under side is often purple. Mature Foliage.—From linear to broadly lanceolate, straight or falcate, mostly acuminate, and 2 to 4in. long; when narrow rather thin, when broad thicker, the veins few and oblique, but often inconspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge, or rarely near to it. This species varies in the size, shape, and texture of the leaves. The usual shape in New South Wales is lanceolate, or even broadly lanceolate, but the typical form is linear-lanceolate, or even linear, comparatively thick, and the veins very oblique at the base, not prominent. Sometimes the foliage is quite dense, in other cases it is sparse. he various forms have leaves which have a pleasing, yet strong (sometimes very strong), odour of peppermint, to which circumstance they owe their commonest vernacular name. The aroma is least evident in var. nitida. Buds clavate, often glandular and rough. Calyx-tube turbinate, about 2 lines diameter, tapering into a pedicel often as long as itself. ” Operculum hemispherical, shorter than the calyx-tube ; very obtuse, or slightly umbonate. Peduneles axillary or lateral, terete or nearly so, with 4 to 8, and even more, flowers. Flowers.—Stamens under 2 lines long, inflected in the bud, all perfect ; anthers small, with diverging, more or less confluent cells. Ovary flat-topped. Fruit.—Subglobose-truncate, usually under 3 lines diameter, but larger in some varieties ; slightly contracted at the orifice, the rim flat or slightly concave and rather broad ; the capsule not at all, or only slightly, sunk, the valves flat or slightly protruding. Following is a general description of them as far as New South Wales is concerned :—They are of a pilular shape, though with some tendency to pear-shape. They are wide at the mouth and almost hemispherical, the rim thin and also thickish and well-defined. As compared with New South Wales forms the Tasmanian specimens have often more domed fruits, and the rim thicker and more conspicuous. Bentham’s ‘‘sub-globose truncate” applies to some of the forms. The tips of the valves are some- times slightly exserted. Timber.—Pale-coloured (nearly white) when newly cut, but drying to a pale brown. Often liable to gum-veins, which tend to form thin concentric rings. Of inferior durability and strength as a very general rule, but there are some apparently well-authenticated instances of the comparative durability of this timber for posts and shingles, and other purposes which will be duly noted. Habitat.—Tasmania is the home of the type, but it is very abundant in Victoria and New South Wales, occurring in the colder districts of the last-named States. 150 Following is the original description of the species :— Eucalyptus operculo hemisphrico, mutico ; capitulis lateralibus terminalibusque, solitariis ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis. Arbor mediocris altitudine, ramulis subteretibus. Folia lineari-lanceolata, utrinque acuta, subpetio- lata, alterna, plurima acuminata, palmaria et amplius, juniora glauca. Flores vix pedicellati, capitulorum pedunculo communi subtereti. Stylus vix calycem superans ; stigmate obtuso. Capsula subglobosa, inclusa, quadrilocularis. Alias ut supra. Habitat.—In capite Van Diemen. Obs.—Haec est fortasse Metrosideros salicifolia, cujus figuram descriptionemque fructus tantummodo invenies in Gaertn., Sem. 1, p. 171, tab. 34, fig. A.—(Lahill., Nov. Holl., Pl. ii, 14, ¢t. 154.) The original specimen described by Labillardiére therefore came from Tasmania (see Fig. 1, pl. 29). The following is Don’s translation of the species description as given in DC. Prod. iii, 219 :— Lid hemispherical, nearly mutic, shorter than the cup ; peduncles axillary and lateral, nearly terete, length of the petioles; umbels 6—8 flowered, nearly capitate ; leaves linear lanceolate, attenuated at the base, and acuminately mucronate at the apex. Leaves 3 inches long and 3 lines broad ; some unequal at the base, and some equal. Petioles and peduncles, 3 lines long. Fruit globose, size of a grain of pepper. The following particulars in regard to the oil of this species, and of allied forms, are quoted from Messrs. Baker and Smith’s Research on the Hucalypts :-— Whence Specific | Specific Saponifica- | Solubility Species. collected Gravity at | Rotation tion in Constituents found. | for oil. 150° C. | (a) Number. Aleohol. | amygdalina .... Moss Vale 0-9012 — 11:37° 3°76 | 14 vol. 70% | Eucalyptol, pinene, and Monga, to to to phellandrene, pep- N.S. W. | 0-905 — 13°53° 2 vols. 70% | permint ketone, eudesmol, methyl, | ethyl, isobutyl, and | amyl alcohols. — =~ | ae ae es |e s s radiata (non radiata, Wingello ; O-8695 —74:48° |2-8 to 4:37) Insoluble | Phellandrene, Sieb., but var. mu-- and Monga, to to | pinene, eucalyptol, merosa, sp. or var.| N.S.W. | 08747 — 89-4° peppermint ketone. novy.).* | | | Pa | 7 iS lee vitrea, a suggested Crookwell, | 0-886 — 33:92° 54 1 vol. 807% | Phellandrene, euca- hybrid, amygdalina| N.S.W. | lyptol, peppermint x coriacea.* | ketone. | * T am responsible for the notes in this column.—J.H.M. ! 151 SYNONYMS. THIS is not a specially variable species, but it went early into cultivation in Europe, and for many years was abundantly despatched thereto. Many of the names were given to immature specimens, growing in pots; it is consequently one of the species richest in synonyms, and I do not suppose for a moment that I have ascertained the whole of them. by ty oy ty oy ty hy ty ty ty by . salicifolia, Cav. (Metrosideros salicifolia, Soland.) . angustifolia, R.Br. . tuberculata, Parm. . radiata, Sieber. . purpurascens, Link., var. petiolata, DC. . globularis, . glandulosa, Desf. . Lindleyana, DC. . longifolia, Lindl. . gracilis, Mig. . tenuiramis, Miq. Var. numerosa, var. nov. (vel. EF. numerosa, sp. nov.). 12. E. amygdalina, Labill., var. radiata, Benth. (partim). calyculata, Link. diversifolia, Otto. elata, Dehnh. . elata, Giordano. . translucens, A. Cunn. . Andreana, Naudin. Var. nitida, Benth. 19. E. nitida, Hook., f. 20. E. radiata, Hook., f. (non, Sieb.), var. 5. 21. E. ambigua, DC. (?) 152 NOTES ON THE SYNONYMs: 1. E. salicifolia, Cav. Ic. iv, 24 (Metrosideros salicifolia, Solander), probably ** Metrosideros salicifolia”’? a and b, Soland., MSS. a. Calyx subglobosus (a) truncatus, edentulus. Semina parva; (4) angulata, ferruginea. Embryo. . . . (Gaertner, De Fructibus, I. 172, with tab. xxxiv.) Fig. 3 (a) of this plate consists of two fruits, which may be #. amygdalina, Labill. (See also Labillardiére’s original description); 8 (%) consists of seeds. According to specimens in Herb. Vindob., labelled ‘ Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill., Metrosideros salicifolia, Gaertn., Ins. van Diemen, Herb. Bauer, Ferd. Bauer,” the above is 1. amygdalina, a view in which I concur. ‘The specimens are in leaf and fruit. A plant in early bud from Tasmania, labelled “ Eucalyptus salicifolia,” in Fraser’s handwriting, is in Herb. Oxon., and cannot be distinguished from No, 25, Gunn. It is #. amygdalina. 2. E. angustifolia, R.Br., No. 4,800 6. 2. angustifolia, R.Br., MSS., Derwent (Tasmania), from Herb. Brit. Mus. 3. E. tuberculata, Parm. DC. Prod. (No. 48) iii, 221. ‘The Prodromus specimen is labelled “ Jard. de Berlin, Mr. Otto, 1826,” and consists of juvenile foliage. 4. E. radiata, Sieber. (Sieb. plant exs. nov. holl. n. 425) operculo hemisphaerico mucronata capsula breviore, pedunculis axillaribus et lateralibus subangulatis petiolo subbrevioribus, floribus 15-20 umbellatis breviter pedicellatis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis, venis tenuissimis in nervum margin parallelum confluentibus. In Nova- Hollandia, Fructus globosi 3 lin. diam. Petioli 4 lin. longi. Folia 4 poll. longa, 6-7 lin. lata (DC. Prod. iii, 218). De Candolle figured the Prodromus specimen in DC. Mém. Myrt., t. 7. Bentham (B.FL. in, 203), quoting the Prodromus and Mém. Myrt., names this plant 4. amydalina, Labill., var. radiata. He, however, quotes Sieber’s number as 475. A specimen of Sieber’s No. 475 I received from the Botanical Museum, Berlin (labelled L. pauciflora, Sieb., by the way) is L. radiata, Sieb., and probably De Candolle’s quotation of 425 is a mere slip of the pen. I have also an original specimen of Sieber’s Fl. mixta, No 604 [there are, of course, two series, “plant eas.” (plante exotice) and Fl. mixta], which is obviously similar to De Candolle’s drawing of #. radiata, Sieb., Mém Myrt t.7. I am, therefore, in a position to speak with authority as to the identification of E. radiata, Sieb. Under £. viminalis, Bentham (B.FI, iii, 240) refers Sieber’s 153 Fl. mixta, 604, to E. viminalis; there has been some confusion of numbers here which I do not pretend to be able to unravel, and which is of no particular consequence. E. radiata, Sieb., appears to be nothing more or less than a form of E. amygdalina very common in New South Wales, and I see nothing distinctive enough to warrant its being called a variety. The typical amygdalina from Tasmania, with its linear-lanceolate, often thickish, leaves, with hemispherical opercula and hemispherical, usually broad-rimmed, fruit, doubtless appeared to Sieber to be sufficiently different from the New South Wales form. Sieber’s type probably came from the higher parts of the Blue Mountains (I have matched it completely from Wentworth Falls to Mount Victoria). It is also common in some northern localities. The specimens distributed by Sieber have fruits not dead ripe; when they are quite ripe the tips of the valves are slightly exserted. . Much confusion has gathered round L. radiata, Sieb. Hooker (FV. Tas.) attributed four forms to #. radiata which I will, later on, show to belong partly to #. Risdoni, Hook., f., var. elata, Benth., and partly to EL. amygdalina, Labill. Then Bentham (B.FI. iii, 203) described a var. radiata of H. amygdalina which is a combination of (a) # radiata, Sieb., of (6) Hooker’s Tasmanian supposed forms of radiata, and of (c) the “* White Gum” of Bent’s Basin and the Nepean River, N.S.W. (Woolls). The ‘* White Gum ” of Bent’s Basin I will presently deal with under the name nwmerosa, var. or sp. nov. 5. E. purpurascens, Link. 230. E. purpurascens. Fol. amplexicaulibus lanceolatis longe acutatis subtus glaucis. Hab. in Australia. Rami purpurascentes. Folia 4’ longa, 10” lata juniora subtus saltem nervis purpurascentia.— (Link’s Enumeratio, p. 31.) E. purpurascens (Link, Enum. 2, p. 31), foliis oppositis amplexicaulibus lanceolatis longe acutis subtus glaucis. In Nova Hollandia. Rami et nervi foliorum purpurascentes. Folia 4 poll. longa 10 lin. lata. Forsan varietates 2 sequentes sunt tantum ejusdem forme ut in Z. glauca diversissime. Flores ign. Var. petiolata, foliis breviter petiolatis lineari lanceolatis acuminatis.—(DC. Prod. iii, 221.) I have seen the original specimen in the Prodromus herbarium. It bears the label ** #. purpurascens, Link, Hnum., Jard. de Berlin, M. Otto, 1826,” and again, “ E. purpurascens, Link, var. petiolata, DC. (DC. Prodr., n. 42).”’ It isin juvenile foliage only, but Ihave no doubt that it is referable to EZ. amygdalina. E. purpurascens, var. petiolaris, DC. is EB. corymbosa, Sm. A specimen of £. purpurascens, Link, in Herb. Vindob. is in the opposite- leaved stage, and is probably #. amygdalina, Labill. The under side of the young foliage of this species is often purple. B 154 The following, referred to #. purpurascens, Link, is doubtful :— (766.) Eucalyptus purpurascens. E. textu Link, Hnuwm. definita, q.1., at bene convenit. Folia horizontalia cordata (quod jure semper basi tantum intelligitur ; v. Fl. Port.) semiamplexicaulia tantum (ad Link, Znwm.), at cum opposita sint, junctim sane amplexicaulia (quod tamen utrumque non plane idem arbitror), subrepanda, margine nervis que supra quoque purpurascentia ; subtus sane glauca, et mihi albide, purpurascentique admisto. Margo tenuiter subrevolutus.—(Hofimg. Verz. Pf. Nachtr. 3, p. 36.) 6. E. globularis, Hort., Ex. DC. Prod. iii, 219, under E. amygdalina. E. globularis, hortul. (7). Folia 3 poll. longa, 3 lin. lata, alia basi eequalia alia hine ineequalia. Pet. et ped. 3 lin. longi. Fructus globosus grani Piperis magn. 7. E. glandulosa, Desf. Ramis tuberculosis ; ramulis filiformibus ; foliis oppositis, connatis, lanceolatis, acuminatis. Folia glaberrima, uncias 3-5 longa, lineas 4 lata, in acumen longum attenuata. An ZH. tuberculata, DC., Prodr.(?.) (Desf., in Cat. Pl. Hort. Par. Ed. 3, 1829, p. 408.) See also :— Ramis tuberculosis, ramulis filiformibus, fol. oppositis connatis, lanceolatis acuminatis. Folia 4-5 uncias longa, 4 lin. lata. #. tuberculata (?) DC. Crescit . . . (1%). (Walp. Repert. ii, 926.) There are specimens in Herb. Barbey-Boissier bearing the label “ Hucalyptus glandulosa, Desf., Culta.” 8. E. Lindleyana, DC. Operculo hemispheerico submutico, pedunculis teretiusculis flores 3-5 umbellatas gerentibus, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, aliis petiolatis basi cuneatis subsequalibus aliis sessilibus basi obtusis. In Australasia (?). E. longifolia, Lindl. in Bot. Reg. t. 947. Phrasis ex icone, sed descriptio nulla edita ob fruticem in hortis mox post anthesin mortuum.—(DC. Prod. ii, 219.) According to Bentham (B.FI. ili, 202) this is referable to L. amygdalina, Labill. An old specimen in the Vienna Herbarium (Collection Reichenbach, fil.), labelled with an old label, ‘‘ Eucalyptus Lindleyana, DC. Prod. 3, 219. #. longifolia, Lindl. c.” is B. amygdalina, var. numerosa. 9. E. longifolia, Lindl., in Bot. Reg., t. 947. The brief description is :— E. longifolia; operculo hemispherico submutico, foliis lineari-lanceolatis basi cuneatis subinzequalibus, umbellis paucifloris pedunculatis axillaribus. Bentham refers it to 2. amygdalina. I have seen it, and concur. 10. E. gracilis, Miq. non F.v.M. Specimen No. 3 (from Tasmania, C. Stuart) attributed to the above species by Mig. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv. 11. E. tenuiramis, Miq. 11. Eucalyptus tenuiramis, Miq. n. sp.: ramulis tenuibus gracilibus teretiusculis, foliis e basi attenuata subzquali lanceolatis vulgo subfaleatis, apiculo recto vel curvulo terminalis, subcoriaceis, punctatis, venis tenuibus adscendentibus tenere reticulatis utrinque cum costa subdistinctis, pedunculis 6-10 floris, floribus subsessilibus, calycis tubo obovato-conico striulato pruinoso, filamentis rubellis et flavis (in sicco) antheris didymis. ; 155 Van Diemen’s Land (Stuart, n. 11, p. 16). Ramuli fusculi. Petioli tenues subsemipollicares. Folia 3-5, vulgo 44 poll. longa, 4-7 lin. lata, nune glauco-pruinosa. Pedunculi subsemipollicares. Alabastra clavata. Calycis tubus fere 3 lin. longus. (P. 129.) Species venis adscendentibus (p. 129) a plurimus diagnoscenda. Anne cum E. uncinata, Turez. Bull. Mosc. xxii, part ii, p. 23, comparanda (?).—(Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 128, 1856.) EF. tenuiramis, Miq., is described in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 128 (1856) from Tasmanian specimens (“Stuart No. 11, p. 16,” sic). I have examined the type specimen (“unicum in Miquel’s handwriting”’) in Herb., Melb. #. tenwiramis, Miq., “ Van Diemen’s Land, C. Stuart.” It has broadish leaves with thickened margins, is in flower, without buds or fruit. I cannot see any difference between this specimen and R. Gunn’s No. 1,112 (see Fl. Tas.). E. ligustrina, DC., surmised by Bentham (B.Fl. ii, 203) as probably amygdalina, is, im my opinion, a form of LH. eugenoides, Sieb. It will be dealt with in due course. Variety numerosa, var. nov. (vel. #. numerosa, sp. nov.) In allusion to the very large number of flowers in the umbel. 12. E. amygdalina, Labill., var. radiata, Benth. In the Catalogue of Indigenous Woods of the southern districts of New South Wales, prepared by the late Sir William Macarthur for the Paris Exhibition, 1855, we have, under No. 109 :— Eucalyptus radiata, (?) “ Kayer-ro,” “ River Gum of Camden.” A small, quick-growing species, very elegant when in blossom; is found only on the immediate sandy banks of rivers ; the wood of no value; the inner bark used for tying grafts, and other similar common purposes. Height, 30 to 50 feet; diameter, 12 to 18 inches. 3 The name was supplied by Kew, and it will be observed that it was doubtfully referred to #. radiata. In the Flora Australiensis, as I have already pointed out, Bentham included it with some other trees under his variety radiata of amygdalina. It is the tree included by Mueller under #. amygdalina in “ Eucalypto- graphia,” where, quoting Howitt, he speaks of the ‘* Wang-gnara”’ of Gippsland. Subsequently Howitt refers to the tree* in some detail. It was figured and deseribed by Deane and Maiden,y as var radiata, Benth. The Rey. Dr. Woolls, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., v. 448, and on other occasions, protested against 7. radiata, Sieb. (as he understood the species) being merged in * <“The Eucalypts of Gippsland.” Trans. Roy. Soc. V , Vol. ii, Pt. i, p. 86, and Plate 10, fig. 1-5. + Proc. Lin. Soc., N.S. W., 1895, p. 606, Plate LVI. 156 FE. amygdalina, Labill. It will, however, remain an open question with some botanists as to whether this form is looked upon as a variety or as an independent species. It certainly is closely related to #. amygdalina, and different authors hold different views as to the amount of variation necessary to constitute a species. So that, as far as aboriginal and vernacular names are concerned, it is the “ Kayer-ro”’ of Sir William Macarthur, the “ White Gum” of Bent’s Basin and the Nepean (Woolls. See B.FI. iii, 203), and the ‘“‘ Wang-gnara” of Mr. Howitt. It goes under the names of “ River White Gum,” “ Ribbon Gum,” and also “ Narrow- leaved Peppermint.” Its favourite habitat is on the sides of gullies, or on the steep banks of rivers, often some distance from the bed of the river or creek, but usually on a well-drained slope leading to a watercourse. It sometimes occurs on flats. It is often seen as a graceful sapling, but may attain the dignity of a large tree. In this State I have it up to 3 feet in diameter and more, with a height of 150 feet. It has rather sparse, drooping foliage, which gives it, at times, something of a willow-like aspect. Bark.—It is nearly a White Gum when very young, but afterwards the bark of the upper part falls off in thin, long ribbons (hence the name ‘ Ribbon Gum”), and the lower part of the trunk becomes covered, to a varying height, with fibrous bark of the character known to many as Peppermint bark. In its most marked form the bark at the butt is more rugged than that of amygdalina usually is. Sir William Macarthur spoke of the fibrous bark, and subsequently Mr. Howitt pointed out that the aborigines of Gippsland similarly used the bark for tying and lashing, hence their name for the tree “ Wang-gnara,” which signifies ‘“ bark-string.” Seedling or sucker leayes.—The young stems have a rusty, glandular appearance, and the leaves are very narrow. I do not note any difference between them and the leaves of the normal species. Mature leayes.—Thin; though usually narrow, up to 14 lines broad, often from four to 7 inches long. Although the leaves of this form are very thin, specimens from Bateman’s Bay to Wagonga are especially thin. These specimens also have unusually narrow leaves. Fruits.—Large numbers (commonly twenty or more ; Mueller counted as many as forty-three in the umbel. See “ Eucalyptographia ” under amygdalina. I have often counted them with forty (but I have not figured an umbel with so large a number for clearness sake) in an umbel, borne on rather long, often filiform pedicels. They have a very regular, umbellate appearance. Mostly pale-coloured when dry. Very uniform in size, 2 to 24 lines (barely) in diameter, and pilular, or nearly pear-shaped. Sometimes they tend to close at the orifice. The rim varies in width. In some specimens it is comparatively broad, well-defined, and reddish. Timber.—It is a white, fissile timber, rather tough when freshly cut, but afterwards of inferior strength. It is easily worked, but is not durable on exposure. SYNONYMS. 13. EF. ealyculata, Herb. Link. (where described 7). A specimen in Herb. Berol. examined by me in that collection in 1900. 14. E. diversifolia, Otto (Hort. Berol.). A specimen in flower in Herb. Vindob. 157 15. FE. elata, Dehnh. Specimen from “ Hort. Neapel”’ (Herb. Vindob.) from Dehnhardt. “A giant of 100 feet high and 8 feet in circumference near the root” (Hort. Camaldul., Dehnhardt). 16. F. elata, Giordano. A specimen in Herb. Barbey-Boissier bears the following label :—‘‘ Eucalyptus elata, mihi, in Cat. H. (hort.), Camuldensis, Giordano.” A specimen labelled #. elata in herb. A. Braun, in herb., Berlin. There is a similar specimen in herb., Monae. (Munich), labelled ‘ Aff: Hucal. radiata, Sieb. Hucalyptus elata, exsice. Dr. Krumer, hort. Monae, 23rd Jan., 1849.” 17. £. translucens, A. Cunn., MSS. Specimens examined by me :—“ River bank, County Argyle,’ Herb., Kew. (There is a similar specimen in Herb., Oxon., labelled ‘‘ Kucalyptus translucens, Argyle”); also, Cowpasture River, =, April, Herb., Kew. I have examined specimens similarly labelled in other herbaria. 18. FE. Andreana, Naudin,* Revue horticoie (1890), p. 346. C’est probablement une des especes auxquelles on a donné le nom d’#. amygdalina, mais il ne m’est pas possible de l’identifier 4 aucune d’entre elles. Elle existe dans plusieurs jardins de la région, notamment dans ceux de M. H. de Vilmorin et de M. Edouard André, au Golfe—Juan, qui en a été Vintroducteur en France. Cet Eucalyptus est vaguement biforme, en ce sens que les premieres feuilles, 4 état juvénile, quoique opposées, ne sont pas tout a fait sessiles et qu’elles ressemblent a celles de Page adulte, étant comme elles longuement lancéolées. Ces derniéres, un peu molles pour un Eucalyptus, sont souvent rapprochées deux par deux, un peu aigués a la base, davantage au sommet, droites ou un peu arquées en faux, vertes, pendantes, longues en moyenne de 10 centimetres, sur une largeur de | a 13. Liinflorescence rappelle celle de ! #. amygdalina, étant, comme dans de dernier, composée d’ombelles axillaires un peu capituliformes et pluriflores, ot le nombre des fleurs peut aller de 15 a 25, peut-étre quelquefois plus. Leur bouton est claviforme, atténué en pédicelle et terminé par un petit opercule hémisphérique, plus court que le tube du calyce, obtus ou terminé par un court mamelon. Le fruit, a peu pres de la grosseur d’ une graine de cheénevis, est pyriforme-tronqué, et sa capsule, 3-4 loculaire et incluse, narrive pas tout 4 fait au bord du tube calycinal ou réceptacle. TE. Andreana est un arbre élégant, surtout a lépoque de sa floraison, quand ses longs rameaux, gréles et pendants, ressemblent 4 autant de guirlandes de fleurs blanches. Nous ne le connaissons encore que par des exemplaires de 8 410 métres, qui deviendront sans doute beaucoup plus grands avec les années. Dans la planche de l’ Eucalyptographia du baron Ferd. von Miiller (fascicule V, No. 1), qui est zensée représenter l’#. amygdalina, une partie des figures pourrait, 4 la rigueur, convenir a |’ E. Andreana, mais celle qui en représente la forme juvénile ne me parait pouvoir s’appliquer qu’d lL. viminalis, ou a quelque autre espéce biforme 4 feuilles sessiles comme dans ce dernier. * Perhaps identical with the species quoted in Index Kewensis (Durand’s Supp.) as HZ. Andreana (Carr), in Rév. Hortic. (1890), 346, fig. 104 et 105, but said to be from Tasmania. I have not seen the description. 158 Variety nitida, Benth. 19. E. nitida, Hook, f. :— Arbor mediocris, ramulis pendulis, foliis anguste lanceolatis longe acuminatis coriaceis nitidis vernicosis nervis divergentibus, pedunculis validis multifloris, floribus brevibus subsessilibus, calyce breviter clavato v. obconico, operculo brevi lato, capsulis sessilibus parvis subglobosis ore contracto v. subdilatato, marginibus crassis planis angustive. (Tab, xxix.) (Gunn, 808.) Hab.—Hobarton, Circular Head, Currie’s River, east of Georgetown ; A. Cunningham, Gunn. I have great doubts as to the distinctness of this species, which I have at one time been inclined to refer to HL amygdalina, and at others to E. radiata (Risdoni, var. elata, in part, J. H. M.), but from both of which it differs in very small sessile fruit, and very shining, coriaceous leaves. Gunn says that at the Currie’s River it forms a bush only, 5 feet high ; and that at Circular Head it grows 10-20 feet high, and appears more of a shrub than a tree. It approaches LZ. stellulata, Sieber, in many points, but wants the three parallel nerves of that plant, and the large operculum.—(Hook., f., Fl. Tas., 1, 137, with plate.) 20. E. radiata, Hook., f. (non Sieb.), var. 5. Fl. Tas., i, 187. 5, Foliis angustis elongatis, capsulis parvis obconicis. Arbor elata, ad #. nitidam tendens.— (Hook. f., loc. cit.). A label by Hooker is “A large dense tree near the sea at Port Arthur,” which also is a locality for his 2. nitidus. The two are, in fact, identical. Messrs. Baker and Smith (Research on the Eucalypts, p. 169), say— It is now shown that its (2. amygdalina) leaves, timber, bark, fruits, chemical constituents, &e., differentiate it clearly and distinctly from . . . . #. nitida, Hook., f., but no evidence is furnished in support of this statement. When reducing 2. nitida to a variety of L. amygdalina, Bentham has a note : Leaves broader and more rigid. | Peduncles and pedicels shorter. | Flowers rather longer. (BE. nitids, Hook. f.). In the dried specimens this variety appears to pass into the variety elata of EB Risdoni.—(B.F. iii, 203.) Rodway (The Tasmanian Flora, p. 56), defines var. nitida as— Differing from small-statured individuals only in the leaves -being broader and more rigid, running absolutely into the type. There is no doubt that the species passes imperceptibly into var. nitida, which has thicker, broader leaves, broad, domed, red rim, fruits in heads; but all these points are variable. It is, indeed, not a strong variety; it is especially close to the shiny and coriaceous amygdalina so common near the coast in many parts of Tasmania. 21. #. ambigua, DC. :— E. ambigua, operculo hemisphrico mucronulato cupu breviore, pedunculis axillaribus compressis petioli longitudine, umbellis 8-9 floris capitatis, foliis lanceolatis subcoriaceis basi eequaliter attenuatis apice acuminato-mucronulatis. In Nova Hollandia. Labillardiére. Affinis 2. ligustrine et amygdaline. Fructus subglobosus dupld major. Pet. et pedunc., 2-3 lin. longi. Folia 2-3 poll. longa 6-12 lin. lata rigidula venis lateralibus vix perspicuis.—(DC. Prod. iii, 219.) 159 Bentham (B.FI1. i, 203), thinks that— E. ambigua, DC. Prod. iii, 219, from the diagnosis taken from Labillardiére’s specimen, may perhaps be identical with 2. amygdalina, Labill. var. nitida. There is no specimen at Kew. Mueller says it— May be a West Australian species, the somewhat leathery leaves, the compressed flower stalks, and the almost globular fruit not really pointing to #. amygdalina.—( Eucalyptographia, under E. amygdalina.) A specimen from the Prodromus herbarium, lent me by M. Casimir De Candolle, bears the following label :— E. ambigua, DC. Eucalyptus obliqua? (Manu Labillardieri). Nouy. Hollande, Labillardiére (Manu DC. ei). Misit, 1808. I think it is probably HL. amygdalina, tending to var. nitida, as suggested by Bentham. L have seen a specimen from Herb. Paris: “26. Hucalyptus ambigua, DC. Prod. ii, 219, ex Nova Hollandia. Specimen Billardieri comm. cl. Webb, Anno, 1840.” This is #. amygdalina, var. nitida. I have also seen L. ambigua, Dehnhardt. Specimens in flower and early fruit from Dehnhardt, Hort. Camaldul. in Herb. Vindob. are Hue. amygdalina, var. numerosa. On the label Dehnhardt says the species resembles /. elata (amygdalina, var. numerosa), but is satisfied that they are different, and addressing (? Director of the Gardens at Vienna) adds, ‘‘ Your superior botanical knowledge will probably solve this puzzle.” IT have seen a fourth cultivated specimen. It is ex. Herb. Lindley in Herb. Cant., and is labelled, ‘ Eucalyptus ambigua,” in Lindley’s handwriting. It is in flower and early bud, and seems to be FZ. stricta, Sieb., the venation perhaps a little accentuated under cultivation. Leaves thick, lanceolate, veins very pronounced, opercula pointed, pedicels flattened, anthers reniform. I think it may be accepted that #. ambigua, DC., is allied to #. amygdalina, Labill., var. nitida. It may, however, be L. stricta, Sieb.: another of the Renan- therz. Better material may be in existence. Bentham’s var. (?) hypericifolia (B.F 1. iii, 203), of amygdalina is, in my opinion, referable to H. Risdoni, var. elata. 160 RANGE. Tasmania is, of course, the home of the type. Labillardiére figured his plant, and this should be borne in mind. The species is also found in Victoria, New South Wales, and in south-eastern South Australia. TASMANIA. Gunn’s No. 25 come from Point Effingham, ‘near Launceston, Distillery Creek, small tree.’ Specimens bearing the same number are also from New Norfolk. Two forms are under that name, one near var. nitida, and the other the ordinary thin-leaved amygdalina. We have here additional evidence of the impossibility of keeping the type and var. nitida apart. (See Fig. 2, plate 29.) I have seen specimens also from Col. Paterson ex. Herb. Lambert in Herb. Cant.; also some collected by Dr. John Lhotsky. ‘ No. 94, Voyage de l’Astrolabe et de la Zélée (M. le Guillou, 1841),” is #. amygdalina. Much of the common Hobart amygdalina (e.g., Sandy Bay and Mount Wellington), has coriaceous leaves; so, indeed, have R. Brown’s specimens of /. angustifolia from the Derwent. I have also collected it on the east coast. It is, indeed, found more or less all over Tasmania. VICTORIA. Mueller (Hucalyplographia) defines its range in Victoria as “from the southern and whole eastern humid districts, extending to the base of the Alps.” Howitt states that it ascends to about 4,500 feet. Mr. Howitt has given much attention to the species, particularly in Gippsland, and following are two of his specimens; others will be referred to later :—(qa) Lilydale, with very small fruits, A.W. Howitt; (4) Sand-hills, near Stradbroke ; rim very marked ; the coastal form, inclining to be coriaceous ; narrow leaves; near var. nitida. From a correspondent of Mr. Henry Deane I have received it as ‘‘ Peppermint,” from Darlimurla, South Gippsland. It has small fruits, and its leaves are very broad. This tree certainly shows affinity to #. regnans. SoutH AUSTRALIA. The late Prof. Tate says that a shrubby form is found in the Mount Gambier district. I have not seen it. New Sovutn WALzEs. In this State it extends from the Victorian to the Queensland border (Tenterfield), and I have no doubt that it will be found in Queensland, probably in the Stanthorpe district. Westerly it extends to the Jenolan Caves and the Capertee Valley. Asa rule, it is found in the colder and more mountainous parts of the State. 161 Southern Districts.—It occurs in the mountains from the Victorian border to the Braidwood district. Other specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney, include :—‘“* Peppermint,” Braidwood (H. Deane) ; ‘‘ Narrow-leaved Peppermint,” near Goulburn, (H. Deane); Hilltop (J.H.M.). The following show affinity to var. numerosa :—Little River, Braidwood, and Araluen to Braidwood (J. 8S. Allan and J.H.M.); ‘ White-topped Mountain Ash, inferior to Black-topped Mountain Ash,” Kangaloon (J. L. Bruce). Western Localities.—Blackheath, Mount Victoria, and the higher parts of the Blue Mountains generally. Walking over the Blue Mountains with Mr. R. H. Cambage, the first tree of this species we noticed is at the top of the big hill, Lawson to Wentworth Falls. Valves slightly exsert when fruits thoroughly ripe (J.H.M.). Capertee Valley (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). The most westerly locality known to me is Mullion Creek, Orange (R. H. Cambage). See also var. nitida, p. 162. Northern Localities.—The ‘* Willow ” of Wilson’s Downfall is a form with smaller fruits. “Messmate.” Very abundant. Coming from the Bellinger River, first seen about Tyringham, and then at least as far as Wollomombi. Found on the very summit of the Round Mountain. At Bald Hills station, Mr. Walter Beauchamp showed me posts of this timber which had been down from ten to fifteen years, and which were still sound. This timber lasts even longer in damp ground. This is worthy of note, as #. amygdalina is not usually considered durable for the purpose stated.—(J. H. M., Agric. Gazette, N.S.W., 1894, p. 611.) Yarrowitch to Tia, New England (J.H.M.); Moona Plains, Walcha, valves slightly exsert (A. R. Crawford). The northern specimens, as a rule, are closer to Sieber’s H. radiata than to typical L. amygdalina. : Variety or species numerosa.—It appears to be confined to Victoria and New South Wales. VICTORIA. Boggy Creek and Tambo River, Gippsland, called “ Wang-gnara”’ (A. W. Howitt); Darlimurla, 8. Gippsland (correspondent of H. Deane). ‘‘ Flourishes on poor flats; stunted in appearance.” New Sourn WaAtgs. Found from south to north of this State. Some specific localities are given, for definiteness. Tantawanglo Mountain, (W. Baeuerlen) ; Eden (J.H.M.); Wynd- ham (A. W. Howitt); Deua River, Moruya (J.H.M.); Ryan’s Creek, Monga (W. Baeuerlen); “ Blackbutt,” Narrabarba (J.S. Allan). “Easily worked, but worthless. Sometimes substituted for ‘Mountain Gum’ (/. goniocalyx) in the Braidwood district” (J. S. Allan); Runnymede, Nelligen (W. Baeuerlen); Currawang Creek (W. Baeuerlen; J.H.M.); Shoalhaven River, Badgery’s Crossing to Nowra (W. Forsyth and A. A. Hamilton); Kangaroo Valley (J. L. Bruce); Marulan, Barber’s Creek, and Wingello (H. J. Rumsey, W. Forsyth, J. L. Boorman, J.H.M.); 3 miles from Marulan; about 4 feet in diameter; called “ White Top” or ‘‘ Ribbon Gum” c 162 (A. Murphy) ; Nattai River, Burragorang (R. H. Cambage) ; Exeter (F. Jensen) ; Mittagong (J. L. Boorman and J.H.M.); Hilltop (J.H.M.); County of Camden (Macarthur) ; Mount Kembla (R. H. Cambage). The above are all southerly localities. Westerly localities are the Nepean River (Woolls and others), and the most westerly point known to me is Mount Tomah (Jesse Gregson). Northerly it appears to be rare. “Mr. Baker (Proc. Linn. Soc. NS.W., XXVIT, 540, 1902) quotes Mr. Barwick as having found it at Putty, south of Singleton. He calls it #. radiata. Var. nitida.—I have a specimen of Gunn’s No. 808 (the only one mentioned by Hooker as typical). It is labelled “Cireular Head, road to Forest, 10th December, 1836, and 21st January, 1837." Some specimens were labelled by Gunn ‘808 (?),” although it is evident that they are typical, from the localities quoted by Hooker himself. 808 (2). Eucalyptus radiata (“radiata, var. 5,” in Hook. f.’s handwriting). “I think this is the same as my original No. 808. At Currie’s River it formed low bushes, about 5 feet high, but occasionally a few feet higher. It grew in the poor, sandy land near the sea.” Another label of Gunn’s reads— Currie’s River, east of George-Town, 24/10/43. (6) The label of another specimen reads— 808 (?), from Currie’s River, east of George’Town: a small tree, 5 feet high; on sandy land, 24/10/43. The following specimen is identical with that from Currie’s River :-— Granite Hills, Cape Barren Island, low, shrubby tree.-_(J. Milligan.) 1078 Gunn. “ Risdon, river side, 10/10/40” (Hobart, of course) precisely matches the type, except that the leaves are narrower, which is of no import- ance, as the leaves vary if taken from the top of the tree or from the lower branches. I may observe that the form figured by Hooker (fl. Tas., Pl. xxix) as Hi. nitida, varies a little from that of the specimens of Gunn’s No. 808 that I have seen, but that is nothing to be surprised at. (a) “ H. amygdalina, Swamp Gum, Tasmania, F. Abbott, 1878,” in herb. Melb. in. fruit only, and (0) “‘ 2. hemastoma, Deal Island, Bass’ Straits, Exped. of Field. Nat. Club of Victoria, 1890,” in fruit only. Both have coriaceous rather rigid leaves, and appear to be practically identical. They were originally labelled by Mueller as stated, and are in my opinion both very close to var. nitida. They are a little more pedicellate than the type. Typical amygdalina has sometimes coriaceous leaves, but the shape is linear- lanceolate, and the fruit more hemispherical than that of var. nitida. At the same time (e.g., at Deloraine, Tasmania), I have collected from the same tree some leaves which strictly match those of typical amygdalina, and some which would be typical for var. nitida. The fruits, however, belong to the normal species. 163 VICTORIA. ‘“ Peppermint,’ Hesket, near Mount Macedon, 2,000 feet (J. M. Griffiths), is identical with the ‘Swamp Gum” (Abbott), and Deal Island specimens. It is worthy of remark that this is from an inland locality. New Sourtn WALES. In 1901 (Proce. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., p. 125), Mr. Deane and I described, under the name of 2. hemastoma, Sm. var. montana, a shrubby plant, only two or three feet high, from Mount Victoria, collected by myself. The bark of so small a shrub was no guide, and the blood-red rims decided us to place it with #. hemastoma, a pardonable error, as it obviously strongly resembles that species. Since then, however, I have obtained typical H. amygdalina, var. nitida, and I find that these specimens closely resemble Gunn’s No. 808, e.g., Currie’s River, Tasmania. ‘The pale brown fruits, with the dark red-brown rims, arrest attention. The only point in which I can distinguish the Mount Victoria specimens from those of Currie’s River consists in the more obvious oil-glands of those from Mount Victoria, but this may be in a measure owing to the age (over 60 years) of the Tasmanian specimens. The similarity of the specimens is remarkable, when it is borne in mind that the Tasmanian specimens are mostly from the sea-coast, while Mount Victoria is an inland mountain locality. In a paper* I have given very definite evidence of the absolute similarity of many Tasmanian and New South Wales plant forms, and this is an additional example. I have specimens from the Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakeley) which are the nearest approach I have yet seen in New South Wales to Hooker’s figure of #. nitida, which, as already pointed out, varies somewhat from Gunn’s 808. From the south, e.g. Wingello (J. L. Boorman, Noy., 1899), I have specimens with fruits smaller than those of var. nitida, and with filiform pedicels like those of (although shorter than) var. nwmerosa. Also, from the south I have from Monga, near Moruya, on the coast (W. Baeuerlen, July, 1898), a remarkable form which resembles that of var. nitida a good deal. Some of its leaves are, however, exceptionally broad, and their shape and venation reminiscent of H. stellulata. Fruits with valves slightly exserted and more pedicellate than the type. From Mount Wilson (Jesse Gregson and J.H.M.) I have obtained specimens with coarser fruits than those from Wingello, and more pedicellate. They come nearest to var. nitida. Thus we have additional evidence of the evident impossibility of drawing a hard-and-fast line between the species and its varieties. second contribution towards the Flora of Mount Kosciusko”—(Agric. Gazette, N.S. W., 1899) 164. ATA ARLES: 1. With £. Dives, Schauer (this will be referred to under Z. dives). 2. With two trees which I look upon as hybrids of #. amygdalina and FE. coriacea (pauciflora), 1 therefore write them ZL. vitellina x Naudin, and EL. vitrea x R. T. Baker. Naudin was of opinion that #. vifellina is a hybrid. I have seen specimens, and they are remarkably iike some specimens referred to #. vitrea. It would bea remarkable coincidence if the types of the two species were identical in every respect, for we must remember that the parent species are both variable, and their progeny may further vary according to the preponderating influence of a variable parent. Eue. vitellina, Naudin, 2nd Mem. p. 65 (1891). Arbre biforme, 4 trone blanchatre et lisse aprés la chite de la vieille écorce, bien caractérisé par la gracilité de ses rameaux floriféres, généralement pendants, et par létroitesse de son feuillage, d’une verdure vive, sans glaucescence. Je n’en connais jusquici qu'un seul exemplaire vivant, dans de jardin de M. Nabonnand, au Golfe-Juan. C'est un jeune arbre de 8 a 9 métres de hauteur (en 1889). A Vétat juvenile, qui ne parait pas étre le longue durée, les feuilles sont opposées, sessiles, linéaires, aigués, raides et luisantes, longues de 3.45 centimétres, sur une largeur de 2 a 3 millimétres. A Vétat adulte, elles sont alternes, pétiolées, étroitement lancéolées, presque linéaires, longues de 8 a 12 centimetres, sur 4 4 5 millimétres de largeur. Les nervures secondaires, quoique obliques, sont rapprochées de la nervure médiane et dirigées dans le sens longitudinal du limbe, de maniere 4 rappeler d’assez prés la nervation des feuilles de 2. pauciflora. Les ombelles, axillaires et pédonculées, contiennent communément de 9 A 13 fleurs, courtement pédicellées, dont les boutons claviformes et criblés de glandes oléiféres portent un opercule déprimé, presque plat, surmonté d’un court mamelon. Le fruit, de la grosseur d’un pois, est pyriforme-tronqué, et ses bords dépassent quelque peu la capsule, le plus souvent quadriloculaire, qui y est incluse et dont les valves redressées & la maturité n’arrivent pas au niveau du pourtour de la capsule calycinale. LE. vitellina a des analogies, une part avee lL. pauciflora, dautre part avec l’E. amygdalina. On pourrait presque le considérer comme intermédiaire entre ces deux especes. The specimen of #. vitellina in my possession is nearest to “ H#. vitrea, Jenolan Caves, N.S.W., July, 1900 (W. F. Blakeley),’’ but with the leaves less thick in texture. Eucalyptus vitrea. R.T. Baker, in Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1900, p. 303. “White ‘Top Messmate.” A tall tree, with a roughish bark, similar to 2. amygdalina, Labill., the extremities of the branches being smooth. Sucker leaves alternate or opposite, with a short petiole or sessile, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, lateral veins diverging from below the middle of the midrib, prominent on both sides, intramarginal vein removed from the edge, not shining ; under 6 inches long, 14 inches broad. Mature leaves narrow lanceo- late, about 6 inches long, and 6 to 9 lines wide, petiole short ; shining on both sides, a dull green when 165 fresh, but drying a light slate colour; lateral veins few and almost parallel to the midrib, two generally commencing at the base of the midrib and running the whole length of the leaf almost parallel to the midrib, Oil-glands very numerous. Peduncles axillary, short, 2-5 lines, bearing generally from 5-8 flowers. Buds from 2} to 4 lines long, operculum hemispherical, shortly acuminate. Ovary flat-topped. Anthers kidney-shaped, connective 5? prominent. Fruit hemispherical, about 3 lines in diameter; rim thick, red, slightly convex, shining ; pedicel about | line long. Timber.—A hard, close-grained timber, full of shakes and gum-veins, and apparently of little economic value. It possesses none of the good qualities of H. amygdalina, Labill., which is fissile, soft, and easily worked. The venation of the leaves resembles that of Z. amygdalina and E. coriacea, but more particularly the latter species. The immature fruits are difficult to distinguish from those of 2. amygdalina, whilst the mature ones bear a strong likeness to those of H. coriacea. The bark is almost identical with that of EZ. amygdalina, but the timber is quite distinct, resembling more closely that of 2. dives, from which species, however, it differs in the shape and venation of both sucker and mature leaves, fruits, and constituents of the oil. From £ cortacea it differs in the nature of its timber, bark, oil, and leaves. Summarised, this species has—(a) a bark similar to that of #. amygdalina ; (b) timber similar to that of H. dives ; (c) leaves and venation similar to those of EZ. coriacea; (d@) fruits approaching in form to those of EH. amygdalina ; and (e) sucker leaves differing from those of any species above enumerated. It is most closely allied to E, coriacea and £. dives, but yet distinct from both (op. cit ). I had this form under observation for some years before Mr. Baker described it, and its puzzling affinities to more than one species attracted my attention as, indeed, they did that of Mr. Baker. In Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1901, p. 123, Mr. Deane and I wrote of it :— LE. fastigata, Deane and Maiden.—£. vitrea, Baker, is, in our opinion, a form of the above species. The type of £. fastigata as figured (these proceedings, 1896, p. 809), has smaller fruits and the valves somewhat exserted, but the size of the fruits and the amount (or absence) of exsertion varies a good deal. We have specimens from the type locality of #. fustigata which precisely match #. vitrea. Since the above was written, both Mr. Deane and I are of opinion that LE. fastigata is simply a rough-barked form of #. regnans, so that the above remarks may be considered to apply to &. regnans. 1 am of opinion that the buds and fruits of the specimen of “ Cut-tail”’ strongly resemble those of #. vitrea, while the leaves are those of H. regnans. Specimens of typical vegnans from the Blacks’ Spur, Victoria (H. Deane, Jan., 1900), locally known there as “‘ Mountain Ash” and “ Blackbutt,” have fruits which are absolutely identical with those of vitrea. Other specimens of regnans have fruits not domed and approaching those of vitrea.—Source of Teapot Creek, Gippsland (A. W. Howitt). Similar as regards fruits, but foliage dull—Boggy Creek, Gippsland (A. W. Howitt). I can quote other specimens from Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales to illustrate this point. Fi. vitrea is undoubtedly allied to #. dives, Schauer, as regards fruits, and to some extent as regards the leaves. The leaves of H. vitrea are usually shiny, 166 “ whereas those of #. dives are usually dull, but those of the latter are sometimes quite as shiny as those of the former. Indeed, the Peppermint-trees of the Renanthere present many points of contract. At Berrima (on the banks of the Wingecaribee, opposite the Rectory) is a Ribbony Gum with rough black bark up to the first fork. The rough bark is just like that of H. viminals. The habit of the tree is more erect as to foliage than that of normal coriacea close by. The timber is white, and is full of gum-veins like coriacea. The fruits are more hemispherical than the rest of the trees in the neighbourhood. In all my travels I have not previously seen an J. coriacea a real ribbony gum as this is. E. coriacea is a species that does not present much evidence of variation as a rule, but I am inclined to think that this particular tree presents evidence of hybridisation. The other parent is probably #. amygdalina. It is remarkably like EL. vitrea. A specimen obtained from Wingello (A. Murphy, April, 1899), a locality where abundance of typical vitrea may be found, has smaller fruits, broader leaves than the type, more spreading veins, and the oil-dots are less prominent. The leaves also are less hooked at the tips, a marked coriacea character abundantly evident in the Berrima specimen. The Wingello specimen has, in my opinion, more of the amygdalina character than has the Berrima specimen. The Wingello specimen has an undoubtedly strong resemblance to /. dives,—e.g., Wallerawang, Tarana, and other places. A specimen from Delegate River, N.S.W. (W. Baeuerlen) is very interesting. It was collected 13th April, 1889, and the collector’s note was “ 2. pauciflora and H. stellulata hybrid.” I afterwards placed the specimen under L. dives; but I think its proper place is with vitrea, although it is not typical. It shows the parentage of both amygdalina and coriacea. The fruits are smaller than those of typical vitrea. Some of the leaves are broad (53 x 2} inches) and strongly reminiscent of HH. coriacea. “ Hills near Mansfield, Victoria (Strathbogie)’’ (H. B. Williamson, No. 938). * From a tree of 30 or 40 feet, stem 1 foot in diameter; bole of the tree covered with persistent bark; upper stem and branches smooth; bark like large saplings of Ei. dives.” Tn sending the specimens (in 1900), Mr. Williamson makes the following observations, which are very interesting in connection with my view of the origin of #. vitrea :— It is very scarce, and is always interspersed with No..959 (2. coriacea, A. Cunn.—J.H.M.), and E. amygdalina. The flowers are very scanty, contemporary with those of No. 939, now a mass of bloom. E. amygdalina now only shows occasional blooms. The specimens are nearest to LH. vitellina or H. vitrea, though with rather thinner leaves than the type. It must be borne in mind that variation also takes place in individuals extended over a large area. 167 I have similar specimens (in fruit only) from a Stringybark forest 15 miles north-west of Mount Gambier, South Australia. I have tested all the following points as regards F. vitrea,—viz., its sucker foliage (medium lanceolate, dull, even glaucous) ; mature foliage (thickish, shining, straight-veined, veins prominent, tips hooked); duds (operculum pointed, pale brown, shiny); fruits (pale brown, rim well-defined and reddish-brown, shape and size); bark (hard scaly, sub-fibrous, and smooth branches); timber and oil ; and its characters are possessed in about equal proportions by H. coriacea and EE. amygdalina. I think I have produced sufficient evidence (and more will be forthcoming as soon as field botanists inquire with an open mind into the hybridisation question) to show that my suggestion as to the hybrid character of H. vitrea is a very reasonable one. That hybridisation occurs in the genus, and that there is much evidence of it, I consider to be absolutely proved. Some illustrations of FH. vitrea will be given in the next Part, which deals (inter alia) with EF. regnans. 3. With EF. regnans, F.v.M. This will be more conveniently gone into when EF. regnans is reached. 168 DESCRIP T LOW E. linearis, Dehnhardt. THe following description has been drawn up by me :— A slender, umbrageous, somewhat serambling small tree of 20-30 feet, usually with an absolutely smooth bark, hence called a “ White Gum,” sometimes, however, slightly scaly at the butt. It may be described as slender and graceful in all its parts. Juvenile Foliage.—Linear. Mature Foliage. -Linear to linear-lanceolate, say 3-4 inches long and 1-2 lines broad. Symmetrical, gradually tapering at the base into a petiole of say half an inch, and gradually at the apex into a point. Texture rather thick, consequently the main vein only, the midrib, can be readily seen. Buds.— Umbels singly in the axils of the leaves, the common peduncle of about half an inch, the calyces tapering into short pedicels. Clavate in shape, and the operculum slightly pointed. Flowers.— Renantherous. Fruit.— Usually from 5 to 10 in the umbel, the individual fruits almost sessile. Small, somewhat pear-shaped, slightly contracted at the orifice, rim well-defined and sloping inwards (sunk), valves well insert. Valves 3 or 4 in the specimens seen. Timber.— White, and moderately fissile. Habitat.—This tree was originally described from trees raised from seed near Naples, Italy (hortus Camuldensis), but it is believed that the seed was originally obtained from trees growing on Mount Wellington, Hobart, Tasmania. It is not abundant, and is put to no special industrial employment. Following is the original description by Dehnhardt :— E. ramosissima. Ramulis viminalibus teretibusque levibus ; foliis alternis linearibus subfalcatis subcrenulatis rugosiusculis in petiolo decurrentibus apice uncinatis; cortici laevi punctato. Ramulis debilibus paniculatis. Folia uncias 3—4 longa, lineam 1 lata. Species haec differt ab illis quae descriptae sunt in Catalogo Horti Parisiensis : phrases quibus utilitur cl. Desfontaines ejus Catalogi Auctor hic transcribo.—(Catalogus plantarum horti Camuldensis, Ed. 1, 1832, p, 20.) Walpers gives the following :— E. linearis, Dehnhardt, Rivista Napolitana, 1, 3, p. 173.—Operculo conico glandulifero ; umbellis lateralib. 5-8 floris parvulis albidis; ramulis viminalib. teretibq. levibq. ; foll. alternis linearib. angustissimis subfaleatis rugosiusculis subecrenulatis, in petiolum decurrentib., apice uncinatis, cortice laevi punctato.— Crescit in Nova Hollandia (Rep. Bot. Syst. ii., 154). I received for study, from the Imperial Natural History Museum of Vienna, a type specimen of Dehnhardt’s species, which is, however, in bud only. The orginal label in Dehnhardt’s writing is in German, of which the following is a translation :—‘‘I pray you read my description in the Catalogue. The tree is 40 169 feet high, with a slender stem, and flowers the second time.” ‘The reference to the “Catalogue” is doubtless to the “ Catalogus plantarum horti Camaldulensis,” which contains the description of the species. The work in question was published at Naples, and the Hortus Camuldulensis * was a garden near that city. The first edition was published in 1829, and the second in 1832, and should be noted in case any claims for priority arise. Dehnhardt’s plant is, without doubt, a cultivated one, and bearing in mind the marked way in which seedling Eucalyptus plants differ from their parents, it is not likely to be absolutely identical with the Mount Wellington plant to. which it has been referred. The idea becomes stronger with me that #. linearis, Dehuh., may prove to be a perfectly smooth-barked form of H. amygdalina, with unusually thin, linear leaves. If so, this form of #. amygdalina might be named var. linearis. + SYNONYM. E. pulchella, Desf. My researches in European herbaria in regard to this genus has brought to light another named species which seems to be con-specific with #. linearis. It is EL. pulchella, Desfontaines. The original work not being in any Australian library, I obtained a copy of the description from Kew. It is as follows :— Eucalyptus pulchella, Desf. Ramulis filiformibus, foliis alternis, lineari-subulatis; floribus axillaribus, umbellatis, operculo convexo, mucrone obtuso, brevissimo. Ramuli filiformes, paniculati. Folia uncias 2 longa, lineam | lata, utrinque acuta. Petioli breves. Flores in umbellulas axillares dispositi. Pedunculus communis folio multoties brevior, 10-12 florus.—(Cat. Hort. Paris. Ed. 3, 408, 1829). Dehnhardt contracts this description into :— Eucalyptus pulehella. Waroulis filiformibus ; foliis alternis lineari-subulatis. Ramulis filiformibus paniculatis. Folia uncias 2 longa, lineam | late-—(Dehnh. Cat. Pl. Hort. Camald. Ed. 2, p. 20.) Walpers’ description, published in 1845, is also adapted from the original, and is as follows :— Ramulis filiformib, foll. alternis lineari-subulatis, florib. axillarib. umbellatis ; operculo convexo, mucrone obtuso brevissimo.—Crescit ————— 1” _( Repert iii., 927.) Bentham perhaps saw the species, but he pronounces it to be ‘ very doubtful.” * See p. 58, Part II. of this work. + Note on Hncalyptus linearis, Dehnhardt (a supposed Tasmanian species).—Maiden in Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1902, D 170 I have recently received some specimens from the Vienna Herbarium labelled “ #. pulchelila, Hort. Kew.” They are in bud, and appear to be identical with #. linearis, Dehnh. Undoubtedly the name pulchella was well bestowed, for the specimens have long, narrow, linear leaves, which are very graceful.* I think my determination will be found to be correct, but in view of the paucity of the material and of the amount of doubt surrounding FH. linearis, I hesitate to suppress H. linearis until further information is available. 1,079 Gunn, referred to LH. amygdalina by Hooker, is a very narrow-leaved form, which in some herbaria bears the label ‘“‘ #. linearis, Cunn., environs of Hobart Town ; is one of Lhotsky’s amygdalina vars.” I cannot find that Cunningham ever published a species of that name; the plant appears to be, however, identical with what goes under the name of H. linearis, Dehnh. A Kew label has “ Z#. linearis, Hobart Town, 85/1819, A. Cunn.” Another specimen of Gunn’s 1,079 is labelled ‘‘ Peppermint Gum,” and Backhouse calls it the “‘ Mountain Peppermint,” of Oyster Bay. I have received cultivated specimens of what is either H. linearis, or a very narrow-leaved form of H. amygdalina, from California, under the name of E. amygdalina, var. angustifolia, Link, a variety name I am unable to trace. There is, however, in Link’s Hnumeratio ii, 30— No. 227, #. angustifulia, Desfont. Par. Fol. subsessilia 2 ft. 6 in. lga., 2 in lata acutata attenuata, which may be £. linearis, Dehnh. Specimens labelled “ #. angustifolia, Desf., in herb. Berol (1900) are BE. viminalis, Labill. I observe that Don (Gen. Syst. ii, 819) refers HL. angustifolia, Desf. Link, to #. saligna.” I may mention that 2. angustifolia, Desf., has also been quoted as E. angustifolia., Spreng., et Candolle and #. angustifolia, Link, Enum. ex Spreng.t There is, of course, an /. angustifolia, R.Br., which is LZ. amygdalina. Then we have— E. amygdalina, Labill., Nov. Hoil., ii, p. 14. Tab. 154, DC. Prodr., lic. 219, n. 25. In Tasmanize sylvis, locis arenosis, Buffalo Range, N. H. Austr. (sic)—(Stuart, No. 18, Miller.) Arbor 50-60 ped., peppermint-gum tree incolarum, vere florens, foliis usque 4 poll. longis } latis. B. foliis angustioribus ibidem (Stuart Herb., No. 8)—(Miq. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 124.) Thus Miquel noticed the very narrow leaves (? of linearis, Dehnh.), but I do not know of a narrow-leaved form of amygdalina (or linearis), from Buffalo Range, Victorian Alps. * Note on Z. linearis, &c. (op. cit.). +See ‘‘ The Common Eucalyptus Flora of Tasmania and New South Wales.”—Maiden, Proc. Austr. Assoc, Adv, Science, 1x, 364, 171 Rodway, in his Zasmanian Flora, p. 56, puts H. linearis, Dehnh., as a separate species and states :— A small to medium-sized tree, bark smooth and white, or sometimes scaly on the lower portion of the stem. Leaves similar to those of £. amygdalina, only still narrower and the fruits smaller, slightly constricted, and the capsules usually slightly sunk. Very common, and although presenting a different appearance, hardly morphologically distinct from 2. amygdalina. To summarise, /. linearis, Dehnh., is a smooth-barked tree, and, in my opinion, in spite of the fact that there are connecting links between it and E. amygdalina, it will be convenient to retain it as a species, at all events for the present. We must look to Tasmanian botanists for a full investigation of it with reference to other forms. Mr. Rodway tells me it is not uncommon in Tasmania. I must admit that I cannot always determine the species on herbarium material alone, and specimens collected by me from a White Gum, on Mount Wellington, have by no means narrow leaves. The bark is stripy; the leaves are strict, and inclined to be succulent. My own note, made in the field, is that they seem to have an odour of oil of geranium when crushed.* For a number of years a White Gum, referred to H. linearis grew (under cultivation) in the Government Domain, Melbourne, but it has recently died. RANGE. EF. linearis is confined to Tasmania. ASE UNITS The closest affinity of #. linearis is, as has been abundantly indicated, to Z. amygdalina. “ Tf this be confirmed, the evidence in favour of separating H. linearis from EH. amygdalina would be, in the aggregate, sufficient. 172 DE SOME TLON: E. Risdont, Hook., f. THE following description has been based upon Bentham (B.FI. ii, 203) though differing from it :— A glaucous foliaged and beautiful tree of 20-30 feet, the variety elata attaining a height of 50 feet and more. The bark smooth (hence known as a “Gum”), ashy grey, scaling in irregular patches, the branches more or less pendulous. The timber pale-coloured and rather fissile, but too small and inferior in quality to be of economic importance. Juvenile Foliage.—Markedly cordate and connate. Mature Foliage.—The juvenile foliage frequently persists and sometimes all, even on the flowering branches, remains opposite, ovate-cordate and more or less connate, or sometimes those of the latter shoots alternate, broadly lanceolate and falcate, rather thick with oblique veins, moderately conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. In the variety e/atv the cordate and connate foliage is absent or rare, except in the juvenile stage. Buds.— Obovoid-clavate. Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or angular, bearing each an uwunbel of 4 to 8 or even more. Calyx-tube very open, attaining 3 lines diameter. Operculum hemispherical, obtuse, shorter than the calyx-tube. Flowers.—Larger than those of #. amygdalina. Stamens nearly 5 lines long, inflected in the bud, all perfect ; anthers with divergent confluent cells (7.e. Renantherous). Ovary flat-topped. Fruit.—Subglobose-truncate, attaining 4 lines diameter, slightly contracted at the orifice, the rim rather sharp, sloping inwards (sunk), the valves flat or slightly protruding. Habitat.—In its typical form it is confined to the Hobart district, but the variety elata has a wider range, though confined to Tasmania. Following is the original description :— Foliis oppositis ovato-cordatis acuminatis sessilibus vy. basi lata connatis junioribus ramulis alabastrisque pulvereo-glaucescentibus, pedicellis axillaribus 6-10-floris, alabastris breviter clavatis, operculo depresso hemispherico umbone nullo, capsula breviter pedicellata obconica rotundata, ore paulo contracto margine plano latiusculo valvis inclusis. Hab. Risdon, on the Derwent; Gunn. v. v.n. Arbor 20-pedalis, e basi ramosus, aspectu glauscescente, ramis patentibus divaricatis, ramulis gracilibus, cortice levi. Folia 13-2 uncialia, rigida, acuminata, latiora quam longa, obtusa cum mucrone. Pedunculi }-$ unciales. Alabastra }-+ unc. long. Capsule { unc. longa, extus leves v. paulo rugose nitide.—(Hooker’s Lond. Journ. Bot. vi, 477 (1847) ; Fl, Tas. i, 133 t. 24.) Leaves.—Oil.— Messrs. Schimmel & Co., of Leipsic, report :— Under the name of Hucalyptus Risdoni a pleasant and mild-smelling eucalyptus oil was introduced in 1874 in London. Sp. gr. 0-915-0-916;“D = - 4° 49. It contained cineol and phellandrene.* * Bericht, von S. & Co., Apr. 1894, p. 29. 173 Messrs. Baker and Smith (Research on the Eucalypts) give the following particulars of an oil from the same species :— Specific Specitle Saponifica- | Solubility Whence collected for Oil. Gravity Rotation, tion in Constituents found. at 15° C. [a]p. Number. Alcohol. | { Tasmania (specific locality) 0-9145 — 0:33 | 27-09 1} vols. | Eucalyptol, phellandrene, not given). 70 %. pinene, peppermint ketone. SYNONYMS. E. hypericifolia, R.Br., also of Dum.-Cours. E. amygdalina, Labill., var. hypericifolia, Benth. E. perfoliata, Dumont, and of others. 99 po E. connata, Dum.-Cours., also of Schauer. var. elata, Benth. E. radiata, Hook., f. (non Sieb.), partim. ol NOME SONG ELE, SY NO NNMS: 1. E. hypericifolia, R.Br. This species is in Index Kewensis referred to as “ex Benth., B.FI. iii, 208.” The reference is as follows :— 2. FE. amygdalina, var. (?) hypericiolia, Benth. Leaves of the fruiting branches all opposite, oblong-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, and sessile or nearly so. Risdon Cove. R. Brown. EL. hypericifolia, R.Br. Herb.—The specimens are larger and good, but in fruit only. To this form may belong also some of the garden plants described from the foliage under the same name.—(B.F'. iii, 203.) In a letter to me Mr. Rodway speaks thus of var. hypericifolia :— Fruit rather smaller than in var. nitida. These, with #. Risdoni and £. Risdoni, var. elata, form a quite uninterrupted series. In his Tasmanian Flora he says :— L. amygdalina, var. hypericifolia. Leaves rather broad, opposite and sessile. Fruit rather large, often pear-shaped. A very unstable form, approaching forms of FH. Risdoni. I cannot separate any specimens I have seen from H. Risdoni, or its var. elata. 174 3. E. perfoliata, Dum.-Cours., described as follows, from leaf specimens only, is “ very doubtful.” —(B.FI. iii, 200.) It may be convenient to draw attention to Dumont’s imperfect descriptions at this place, especially as he says his plant is the /. hypericifolia of English gardens. With the aid of Kew I have been successful in obtaining Dumont’s original description, which is instructive, as showing how Eucalypts were described in the early days. I have not been able to see the type :— Eucalyptus hypericifolia, Dum.-Cours., Bot. Cult, ed. 2, vii, p. 279. E. a feuilles de millepertuis, E. hypericifolia, Hort. angl. Cette espéce ne me semble former qu’un arbrisseau. Ses rameaux sont tres menus et n’ont guere, surtout vers leur sommet, que la grosseur d’un fil. Feuilles opposées, lancéolées, oblongues, pointues, trés-entiéres, glabres, d’un beau vert en-dessus, un peu glauques en-dessous, de 4 centimetres de longueur, et de 44 5 millimétres de largeur. Lieu id [lua Nouvelle-Hollande]. Toujours vert. EB. hypericifolia, Link, according to a specimen in the Prodromus herbarium is 7. cneorifolia, EH. perfoliata, R.Br. (B.FIL. iii, 253), isa Northern Territory shrub. There is, however, H. perfoliata, R.Br. in Herb. Kew, which is 2. Risdoni, Hook. f., HE. perfoliata, Tausch, in the Vienna herbarium, ex Herb. Ferd. Bauer, is also EH. Risdoni. The name perfoliata was loosely employed in regard to Eucalypts by the early botanists. (See Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1901, 550.) 4. FE. connata, Dum.-Cours. EK. 4 feuilles connées, #. connata, Hort. angl. Tige droite, grisitre, d’un rouge brun, ainsi que les rameaux dans leur jeunesse, cylindriques et glabres. Feuilles connées, presque perfoliées, ovales & leur base, oblongues, pointues, légerement ondulées a leurs bords, trés-entiéres, glabres, relevées en-dessous d’une nervure rouge et saillante, trés-ponctuées de points transparens, longues d’un décimetre environ (4 pouces), larges de 16 & 17 millimétres (748 lignes). Lieu id [la Nouvelle-Hollande]. Toujours vert.—( Bot. Cult., ed. 2, vii, 280.) Very doubtful (Benth.) ; 4. diversifolia, Bonpl. (DC. Prod. iii, 220), with a query. H. connata, J. Schauer, from Tasmania, in Herb. Vienna, is #. Risdoni. If this species was described it would perhaps take priority of Hooker’s name. Var. elata, Benth. A beautiful tree of the largest size, the bark of the trunk grey and deciduous, that of the extremities of the branches purplish-red or reddish-brown (Gunn). Leaves broadly lanceolate-falcate, 2 to 4in. long rather thick, sometimes almost as in 2. obliqua. Flowers of #. Risdoni. Fruit pear-shaped, 4 lines diameter, with a broad convex rim—Lake St. Clair (Gunn). This variety in the dried specimens appears to connect B. amygdalina with #. obliqua, but without doubt belongs to #. Risdoni, as observed by Oldfield, although the dried specimens were included by J. D. Hooker among the varieties of 2. radiata, Sieb., now united to E. amygdalina.—(B.F1. iii, 203.) See my notes on Gum-topped Stringybark, p. 177. Var. elata is a drooping broad-leaved glaucous form, with broadish sucker eaves, common (Mr. Rodway states) in mudstone country in Tasmania, and one of | 175 the intervening forms between HF. amygdalina and EH. Risdoni. Has large domed fruits and coriaceous leaves, which are often glaucous along the edges, giving them an unusual hoar-frost appearance. Lanceolate leaves are common on the tops of branches of H. Risdoni, it being not an uncommon occurrence to find the sessile, almost cordate, leaves and the lanceolate leaves on the same branch. This was first drawn attention to by Bentham (B.FI. iii, 203). Fig. 1, plate 32, shows three kinds of leaves taken by me from the same tree, including leaves typical of /. Risdoni and its var. elata. Mr. Deane and I made a similar observation in regard to LH. pulverulenta, leaves of the two shapes being found on the same twig. (See Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. V., 1900, p. 110.) 5. E. radiata, Hook., f., non Sieb., var. 1-4 partim (Fl. Tas., i, 137). Hooker’s observations form an excellent example of the difficulties (especially great in the case of the older workers) in dealing with plants of the amygdalina group. In making up sets for distribution, the so-called varieties were not absolutely identical, being, in some cases, taken from different trees. None of the specimens are the true #. radiata, Sieb., which I have not yet seen from Tasmania. Hooker (loc. cit.) attempted to define, and distributed, five varieties of #. radiata, Sieb., from Tasmania. Var. 5 is var. nitida of amygdalina, as I have already shown. I will show that vars. 1-4 are for the most part H. Risdoni, var. elata. Bentham (B.FI1. ii, 203) said, ‘“ one of the varieties is #. Risdoni, var. elata.”’ The whole of Hooker’s types of these forms have recently been placed at my disposal in quantity, so that I am able to speak with a tone of certainty I previously could not adopt. Hooker was doubtful himself of these forms. He said (loc. cit.) :— A very common plant ; as above characterised, it may perhaps include several species, and, amongst others, varieties of amygdalina. The forms I have enumerated are not all of them varieties in the correct sense of the term, but only states of one or more varieties, and, in some cases, of one individual, but it is quite impossible to unravel them. A small or lofty tree, with a straight trunk, sometimes with a smooth and sometimes a flaking or almost stringy bark. Branches more or less weeping. Leaves usually shining, rather small, seldom 3 inches long, with one midrib, and very inconspicuous lateral veins, or none ; narrow, sometimes very much so, though not so narrow as E. amygdalina usually has them. Flowers and capsules always pedicelled ; the latter turbinate or obconic, rather large. Following is Hooker’s definition of 2. radiata :— Arbor mediocris, ramulis gracilibus seepe pendulis, foliis anguste ellipticis lanceolatisve mediocribus vix nitidis 1nerviis rectis faleatisve, pedunculis subelongatis multifloris, floribus pedicellatis, calyce obconico y. clavato, operculo brevi, capsula pedicellata. Variat insigniter :— 1. Foliis lineari-elongatis, fructibus latioribus quam longis subturbinatis, ore dilatato plano. Ad E. amygdalinam tendens (Gunn : 1,073, 1,077, 1,102). 1,073 is from “river-side, Risdon,’ and is #. amygdalina, Labill., aff. var. nitida, Benth. 1,077 is from “top of Grass-tree Hill,” and is #. Risdoni, var. elata. 176 1,102 is from “above Sassafras Valley, Hobart, 15 feet high, yellow bark, young leaves powdery, Novr.,” and is #. Risdoni, var. elata. 2. Foliis elongatis lanceolatis, capsulis turbinatis longioribus quam latis, ore contracto (Gunn, 1,112). No. 1,112 is ‘‘ from Risdon, also from Grass-tree Hill, near Hobart.” It is a broad-leaved form of 7. amygdalina, tending to var. nitida. It is near Gunn’s 1,073 (see var. 1), though with broader leaves for the most part, and also precisely matches EH. tenuiramis, Mig. At the same time I have seen a specimen of var. 2, which is EH. Risdoni, var. elata. 3. Foliis ovato-lanceolatis elliptico-lanceolatisve, capsulis majusculis turbinatis—Arbor elata ad E. giganteam tendens. River Derwent at Cluny, Mount Wellington, elev. 2,500 feet ; Lake Echo, elev. 3,000 feet. The specimens I have seen are in bud or early fruit. They are near var. 1, but more glaucous. Var. 3 belongs to that series connecting 4. amygdalina, Labill., var. alpine, and #. Risdoni, var. elata, and different eucalyptologists would, from the material available, put them in one or the other, or both. 1. Foliis majoribus lanceolatis nitidis capsulis ut in forma 5.—Arbor mediocris ad. E. coriaceam tendens (Gunn: 1,100, 1,110). No. 1,110 is from “foot of Mount Wellington,” also “ Hobart, Degraves.” No. 1,100 is from “ Grass-tree Hill, near Hobart.’ Both these are H. Risdoni, var. elata. Kor a second plant (2. obliqua, var. alpina) distributed under 1,100, Seep. 178: eG: FH. Risdoni and its variety are confined to Tasmania. I have examined the following types :— (a) R. Gunn’s No. 1,278, from Herb., Kew. Small tree, growing in clusters on the side of a hill near Risdon, 10-20 ft. high, branched from the base (Oct. 1840, R. Gunn). (6) 1,072, R. Gunn, Risdon, Hobart, 10/10/40. Mr. T. Stephens says that he has never seen H. Risdoni grow on anything except on mudstone. Mr. Rodway says, “common on dry hills, Bellerive, Risdon, Muddy Plains, valley of South Esk,” &e. The variety elata has far more extended range than that of the normal species ; it is common on Mount Wellington, Hobart, and other specific localities have been incidentally referred to. . Mee UNITES). 1. With FE. coceifera, Hook., f. The variety elata is very close to #. coccifera. It is often very difficult to separate them on herbarium specimens alone if ripe buds are not available, those of #. coccifera being more or less corrugated. 2. With FE. amygdalina, Labill. The affinity of 2#. amygdalina to EH. Risdoni is undoubtedly close, the relationship being closest through the var. e/ata of the latter. #. Risdoni has broad sucker leaves, and on this character alone I would retain it as a species separate from H#. amygdalina. The bark of #. Risdoni issmooth; that of #. amygdalina is always fibrous * on the butt; this is an important character. In these days the determinations of Eucalypts by the older botanists are carefully criticised, in view of the extensive field knowledge of the genus we now possess, and which is becoming increasingly accurate, but the following remarks by Bentham (B.FI. ii, 203) seem to be quite accurate :— F. Mueller also unites Z. Ris/ovi altogether with EB. amygdalina. J. D. Hooker and Oldfield, both of them from observations made on the spot, have assured me that the two are quite distinct, in habit as well as in the bark. The sessile opposite leaves occupy frequently the flowering branches of #. Risdon’, and are only on the saplings and adventitious flowerless branches of #. amugdalina; they are, moreover, broad, frequently connate, and usually glaucous or nearly white in the former ; always, as far as known, narrow- oyate or oblong-lanceolate in #. amygdalina. When the leaves are alternate, they appear to be broader in E. Risdoni than in E. amygdalina, the pedicels thicker and more angular, the flowers and fruits larger— differences, however, of degree only, to which our dried specimens do not admit of owr fixing any precise limits, and in that state it is sometimes scarcely possible to decide to which species they should be referred. 3. With £. obliqua, L’ Hérit. I propose to inquire into the position of a “Gum-top Stringybark ’’+ called also, at least in New South Wales, “‘ Mountain Ash.” The following botanical names for it are synonyms :— . Hucalyptus obliqua, UW Hérit., var. alpina. Maiden (Proc. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Science, Vol. ix, 369, foot-note.) — bo . HL. gigantea, Hook., f., Fl. Tas. as regards Plate xxvii; also, as regards part of the text. 3. EH. radiata, Hook., f., Fl. Tas. i, 137 (non. Sieb.), var. 4 (partim). 4. H. delegatensis, R. T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1900, p. 305. *Mr. Rodway writes to me :—‘‘ Many forms of undoubted EH. amygdalina are smoth-barked from the butt.” Nevertheless, in view of the uncertain position of Z. linearis, 1 prefer to leave my remarks on the bark to stand for the present, + See Part II, p. 68 of this work, E 178 The receipt of a large number of Gunn’s specimens used by Hooker in the preparation of #7. Tas. has enabled me to clear up some hitherto doubtful points. EL. gigantea, Hook., fil., Lond. Journ. Bot., vi, 479, is ‘‘ Stringybark colonorum.” L. gigantea is in Fl. Tas. i, 186, described in practically the same words, and it is called ‘‘ Stringy-bark Gum.” The specimens quoted are Gunn’s 1,095, 1,104, 1,106, 1,965, 1,966. In Part II, p. 59 of this work, under ZH. obliqua, I have quoted Hook., f.’s remarks about Gunn’s 1,095, from Lake St. Clair. ‘The specimens labelled ‘ 1,095,” which have been seen by me are, however, nearly typical obliqgua from Lake St. Clair. It will be observed that Hook., f. looked upon these specimens as a variety of his 2. gigantea. Hooker says :—‘‘In some varieties the young branches have a fine glaucous bloom upon them ... . . . , Lake St. Clair.’ While Gunn’s 1,095 from that locality is non-glaucous, some of Gunn’s 1,100 collected by Hooker himself, from Marlborough (on the Upper Derwent, near Lake St. Clair), and which are B. radiata, Hook., f. (non Sieb.), No. 4 (partim), are glaucous, and are doubtless the specimens he had in his mind. The loose branch of fruits of 2. giganteus figured at Fig. 4, Plate 7, of Part IL of this work were depicted from the same Kew herbarium sheet that contained the foliage specimens indicated, and are HL. obliqua, var. alpina. Gunn’s 1,104 came from Black River, Circuiar Head, and is typical Z. obliqua. Gunn’s 1,106 came from Sassafras Valley, and is typical #. obliqua. Gunn’s 1,965 and 1,966 came from Arthur’s Lakes, and are my variety alpina of EF. obliqua. In other words, they are F. radiata, Hook., f., No. 4 (partim). They are doubtless the originals of the drawing of Plate xxviii, of Hooker’s Fl. Tas. Of these four synonyms, therefore, 2. gigantea, Hook., f., really belongs to E. obliqua, in spite of Hook., f., including two trees under that name in FV. Tas. FE. radiata, Hook., f., is founded on error, and the name should now be dropped. It is a question whether the “ Stringybark Gum” or “ Mountain Ash” is a variety or a distinct species. Hooker, most Tasmanians whom I have consulted, and I look upon it as a form of #. obliqua ; Mr. Baker considers it to be a distinct species (delegatensis). [am well acquainted with the tree in the field, have a very large series of specimens, and I have an open mind on the subject. It is, perhaps, a hybrid of 2#. obliqua and £. coriacea. The affinity of this form to #. Risdoni, Hook., f., var. elata, Benth., is undoubtedly close, and Hooker’s confusion of specimens is readily accounted for. Indeed, at one time I held the view that 179 EB. Risdoni, its var. elata, and my H. obliqua, var. alpina (delegatensis), formed one grand trimorphic species. The strong, sweet ‘odour of the trees of Z. Risdoni, var. elata, in the forest very closely resembles that of #. obliqua, var. alpi a. Some Gum-top Stringybarks are undoubtedly near typical #. obliqua. This form (alpina) of obliqua is found in alpine situations in ‘lasmania, Victoria, and southern New South Wales. Following are some of the localities represented in the National Herbarium, Sydney :— ; TASMANIA. “Gum-topped Strmgybark,” Lake Sorell (1. Stephens); Mount Wellington (Gunn), Nos. 1,965, 1,966, Arthur’s Lakes; (Gunn), No. 1,100 (partim), Marlborough (in Gunn’s Herbarium, but collected by J. D. Hooker); ‘“‘ Gum-top Stringybark,” East Mount Field; Guildford Junction (R. H. Cambage); Parattah and Russell Falls River (T. Stephens). VICTORIA. Great Divide, western side; Dargo High Plains; Snowy Plains; Twelve-mile Creek (A. W. Howitt); ‘‘Messmate,’ Mount Mueller, near Mount Baw Baw (James Melvin) ; Mount St. Bernard (J.H.M.). New South WaALEs. Delegate Mountain and Snowy Mountains (W. Baeuerlen) ; Eucumbene, near Kiandra, Yarrangobilly Caves (A. W. Howitt) ; Laurel Hill, ‘tumberumba (R. H. Cambage); Mount Kosciusko (J.H.M.). Explanation of Plates. PLATE 29. la. Twig bearing buds; 10, bud, just opening; le, flowers; 1d, fruits, all fac-similes of Labillardiére’s original drawing of E. amygdalina in Pl. Nov., Holl., t. 154. |N.B.—The fruit is not perfectly ripe.| le, anthers from flowers from Bellerive, Hobart, absolutely similar to those of the type. 2a. Twig, with buds and flowers, 26, fruits ; of Gunn’s No. 25. (See Hooker’s 7. Jas.) It is absolutely identical with Labillardiére’s specimen. Gunn’s No. 25 came from New Norfolk, but the form is common in Tasmania. 3. Juvenile foliage of £. amyydalina, from Hobart (L. Rodway). Note that the young stem is glandular, and that the leaves are sometimes in threes 4a. Juvenile leaves; 44, buds and mature leaves ; 4c, fruits, from Blackheath, Blue Mountains, New South Wales, which absolutely match type specimens of #. radiata, Sieb. (See p. 153.) 5a. Juvenile leaves; 5b, buds; 5c, fruits, of a common New England form of #. amygdalina. Very close to, if not identical with, H. radiata, Sieb. (See page 161.) Juvenile leaves broadish. (See No. 9.) 6a. Buds, with leaf ; 60, fruits, of typical #. radiata, Sieb., drawn from Fl. Mixta, No. 604. The fruits are not perfectly ripe. The drawing (Mém. Myrt.), No. 2, pl. 30, shows the fruits of &. rodiata more pear-shaped than I have ever seen them, and nearer the shape of those of var. radiata. va. Juvenile foliage ; 7b, mature leaf; 7c, fruits, from Wingello, New South Wales (J. L. Boorman). A form intermediate between var. nwmerosa and vay. nitida. (See p. 163.) 8a. Juvenile leaves; 8b, fruits, from Munendel Hill, Victoria (A. W. Howitt). 2. anygdalina, with broadening juvenile leaves. 9. Juvenile leaves, Walhalla, Victoria(A. W. Howitt). £. amygdalina, with still broader juvenile leaves. 180 PLATE 30. £. amygdalina, Labill., var. nwmerosa, var. vel sp. nov. (and allies). la. Juvenile leaves; 16, mature leaves; lc, heads of buds; 1d, anthers; le, fruits of Z. amygdalina, Labill., var. nwmerosa, Maiden, from Hilltop, near Mittagong, New South Wales. (See p. 155.) 2. Facsimile of part of drawing of DC., Mém. Myrt., t. 7. The original is a specimen of £. radiata, Sieb., quoted in the Prodomus as P/. Haxs., No. 425. Another specimen (#7. Miata, No. 604) is figured as No. 6 on Plate 29. 3a. Leaf and 34, fruits of 2. amygdalina, with leaves broader than the type, and very small fruits. Lilydale, Victoria (A. W. Howitt). 4a. Leaf and 46, fruits of a form of 2H. amygdalina, with small fruits, and especially broad leaves. Darlimurla, Victoria (H. Deane). This form undoubtedly shows affinity to var. nwmerosa. E. linearis, Dehnh, da. Twig of typical 2. linearis, Dehnh. (Hort. Camald., in Herb. Vindob.) ; 56, fruits from a cultivated tree (now dead) growing in the Domain, Melbourne. PLATE 831. BE. amygdalina, Labill., var. nitida, Benth. (and allies). la. Twig in flower ; 1b and le, heads of fruit, all of ‘* 808 (?) Gunn, Currie’s River.” {N.B.—The note of interrogation is in Gunn’s handwriting, and is thus quoted by Hooker in F/., Tas.] These specimens are typical for #. nitida, Hook., f.; and for Bentham’s var. mitida. See p. 162). 2. Drawn from a specimen in W. H. Archer’s herbarium, labelled “ #. radiata, Hooker,” var. 5. (See p- 162.) In this specimen the operculum is more conical than in typical nitida. 3a. Leaf ; 36, buds ; 3c, fruits; 3d, anthers; of Gunn’s 1,078, from “Risdon, river-side ;” very near typical nitida. 4a. Leaf, with buds and flowers; 44, fruits, of var. nitida, from Mount Victoria, New South Wales. (J.H.M.) (See p. 163.) ° 5a. Juvenile leaves; 5b, mature leaf; 5e, fruits, of a tree from Jenolan Caves, New South Wales (W. F. Blakeley) ; nearest to var. nitida. (See p. 163.) 6a. Leaves ; 6b, buds ; 6c, fruits of a form from Monga, near Moruya (W. Baeuerlen) ; near var. nitida, but reminiscent of 2. stellulata, Sieb. (See p. 163.) PLATE 32. la. Twig of typical 2. Risdoni, from Beltana, Hobart (quite close to Risdon Cove); 1b, front and back view of anthers ; le, fruits ; ld and le, leaves taken from the same tree from which la was taken ! Tt will be observed that ld and le differ in no way from ordinary leaves of #. Risdont, var. elata. (See p. 175.) 2a. Twig, bearing flowers ; 25, twig, bearing fruits; 2c, pair of fruits, of #. Risdoni, Hook. f., var. elata, Benth. ; 1,110, Gunn (partim). (See pp. 176, 178.) 3a, 3b, 3c, leaves; 3d, flowers ; 3¢, 37, 3g, fruits of #. obliqua, L’Herit, var. alpina, Maiden (£. deleyatensis, R. T. Baker), the “ Gum-top Stringybark,” 1,110, Gunn (partim). The fact that specimens of two Eucalypts, very similar in appearance, have been distributed as 1,100, Gunn, and an account of the confusion which has arisen in consequence, is related for the first time at p. 178. 2 3 Sydney : William Applegate Gullick, Government Printer. —1906. Be Xa Crit. Rey. EUcALYptus EUCALYPTUS AMYGDALINA, Lasitt. OL, SO). Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. E. -AMYGDALINA, Labill., var. nwmerosa, var. nov. (1); and allies. E. LINEARIS, Dehnh. (5). Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. Pity ay E. AMYGDALINA, Labill., var. nitida, Benth. (and allies). ‘Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. Pin 32: E. RISDONI, Hook. f£ (/); E. RISDONI, Hook., f, var. elata, Benth. (2); E. OBLIQUA, Labill., var. alpina, Maiden (8), for many years confused with (2). A CRITICAL REVISION OF JHE GENUS EKUCAGIE EUS f “9 BY (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). | Part VII (WITH FOUR PLATES) PRICE TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. ; Published by Authority of p THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Svynev ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1905. Re ee aS te ee eh al MG RiGgicAl REVISION OF THE GENUS JEUGCALWerTuUsS BiG J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Jnr WOU (WITH FOUR PLATES). ** Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.” Macautay’s ‘‘Essay on MILTON.” PRICE TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Sppnev : WiLLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. * 54121 A 1905. 2%, FEWCALVETUS REGNANS (F.v.M.). 13. EUCALYPTUS VITELLINA (Naudin), AND EUCALYPTUS VITREA (heeisbalken): 14. EUCALYPTUS DIVES (Schauer). 15. EUCALYPTUS ANDREWS/ (Maiden). 16. EUCALYPTUS DIVERSIFOLIA (Bonpland), XII. Eucalyptus regnans, F.v.M. Description Notes sup plCenney to the Aeenon : Synonyms. ; Notes on ae Sunonnen Range . Affinities PAGE 183 183 184 184 187 188 XIII. Eucalyptus vitellina, Naudin, and Eucalyptus vitrea, R. T. Baker. Description XIV. Eucalyptus dives, Schauer. Description Notes stipplemientacy to el ACserniOn : Synonyms. Range. Affinities XV. Eucalyptus Andrewsi, Maiden. Description Notes supplementnre i the description ‘ Synonyms . Range. Affinities XVI. Eucalyptus diversifolia, Bonpland. Description Notes Suinelomnenins to Fey acece non : Synonyms. Notes on the Sonangiue Range. Affinities : : Explanation of plates 189 190 190 1gI 191 192 194 195) 195 105 196 197 197 199 199 201 203 204. IDE SCIRIVE TON: E. regnans, F.v.M. FOLLOWING is the original description of this species, as quoted by Mueller himself in his ** Second Census of Australian Plants ”’ :— Eucalyptus amygdalina, Labill—“In our sheltered, springy (containing water-springs—J.H.M.) forest glens, attaining not rarely a height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different to the ordinary state of Eucalyptus amygdalina as occurs in more open country. This species, or variety, which might be called Lucalyptus regnans, represents the loftiest tree in the British territory, and ranks next to the Sequoia Wellingtonia in size anywhere on the globe. The wood is fissile, well-adapted for shingles, rails, for house-building, for the keelson and planking of ships, and other purposes. Labillardiére’s name applies ill to any of the forms of this species. Seedlings raised on rather barren ground near Melbourne have shown the same amazing rapidity of growth as those of Euc. globulus, yet, like those of Huc. obliqua, they are not so easily satisfied with any soil.”— Report of the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria (now Zoological and Acclimatisation Society); Tth report, 1870, p. 48. The tree is later referred to :— The very tall, whitish, straight columns of its stem (#. regnans) are developed in the valleys of mountain forests only ; in lower regions the species dwindles down to a comparatively small tree [to which the more persistent layers of the outer bark give a very different appearance. In this state it passes as a peppermint-tree] among Victorian colonists, on account of the unusually large percentage of cajuput-like essential oil.—(Mueller, “Suggestions on the Maintenance, Creation and Enrichment of Forests.” Small 8vo., p. 31, 1878). Attention is invited to the words placed by me in brackets, in connection with what is stated in regard to #. fastigata, infra, p. 186. Then, again, we have :— In sheltered, springy forest glens, attaining exceptionally to a height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different to the ordinary state of E. amygdalina, as occurs in more open country, which has small narrow leaves and a rough brownish bark. The former species, or variety, which might be called Hucalyptus regnans, represents probably the loftiest tree on the globe.—(Mueller, Select Extra-tropical Plants; N.S.W. Ed., 1881, p. 114). In the Hucalyptographia, Mueller looked upon EL. amygdalina as including E. regnans, and he does not appear to have formally described HL. regnans before 1887-8. Following are his words :— At last stupendously tall. Bark.— Outside whitish and smooth, except at the stem-base. Leaves.—Of rather thin texture, from elongate to broad-lanceolar, much unilaterally curved, shining on both sides, their secondary venules slightly spreading ; oil-dots extremely numerous and pellucid. f 3 Umbels.—Mostly solitary. ’ Flowers.—Small. Lid (Operculum).—Hemispherical. Anthers.—Minute, renate. Fruit.—Quite small, generally semiovate, its border depressed or nearly flat ; valves enclosed. Leaves.—Of young seedlings opposite, sessile, cordate-roundish, whitish from waxy bloom. “ Giant-Gumtree ” and “Spurious Blackbutt.”—(Key to the System of Vict. Plants, i, 236.) The species may be defined in the following words :— A large tree, the largest indeed in Australia, though inferior in size to the “Redwood” (Sequoza sempervirens) and the “Big tree” (Sequoia Wellingtonia) of Western America (British Columbia and California). Trees about 300 feet high are known in Victoria, and huge in girth and straight in trunk they tower into the sky, affording little shade from their foliage because the scanty crown of leaves is so far removed from the earth. Some of the largest trees of New South Wales also belong to this species. 184: Vernacular Names.—In its smoother-barked (Victorian) form it bears the name of ‘ Mountain Ash,” and even ‘“ White Gum,” but it varies as to the amount of rough bark, and, indeed, its commonest name in Victoria is “ Blackbutt.” In New South Wales it is most usually called “ Blackbutt” also, though in one district the name ‘“ Cut-tail” is in use. Bark.—It has more or less of a sub-fibrous, dark-coloured bark on the butt and trunk. On the giant trees of Victoria there is often very little of this bark, but on others, in the same State, this bark runs further up the trunk and becomes more or less ribbony. In the same State, but more commonly in New South Wales, the whole of the trunk and part of the branches become covered. The smooth portion is white and smooth, and thus it follows that the same species may be either a White Gum ora Blackbutt. Timber.—A timber can scarcely be more fissile than that of the straightest growing and largest of these trees. All trees of this species, however, possess this property of fissility in a marked degree. It is pale-coloured, and is extensively used for saw-mill purposes. Juvenile Leaves.—“ The young seedlings of this Eucalypt are at first like those of the typical amygdalina (this is hardly correct; they are never so narrow.—J.H.M.) but with somewhat broader, lanceolar, opposed leaves. These are soon replaced by broadly lanceolar, scattered, unequal-sided, pointed leaves, very like those of 4. obliqua. The saplings so much resemble those of this Eucalypt in other respects that at first sight they might be confused.” (A. W. Howitt, Eucalypts of Gippsland [7'rans. Roy. Soc. Vict., ii, 87.]) Their shape is brought out in Plate 33, fig. 2. The leaf is undulate, and the margin is irregularly toothed. Mature Leaves.—Lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, shining on both sides, usually thin in texture (but sometimes quite coriaceous), veins slightly spreading, oil-dots extremely numerous. Indeed, a common method of recognising 2. regnans is to hold up a leaf to the light and to notice the fine oil-dots which cover its surface, but this character should be used with caution as the leaves of some other species possess it. Buds.—The operculum hemispherical to conical, the pointed character being more obvious in dried specimens. Flowers.—tThe anthers reniform. While the umbels are mostly solitary, it is not unusual to find them in pairs, a character which is shared with some other species of the Renanthere, ¢.g., #. Andrewsi, Maiden. Fruits.—The shape and size are alike variable. The calyx nearly hemispherical, but more usually gradually continued into the stalk, so as to take on a conoid shape. The pedicels not long, but the common petiole often an inch long. The rim prominent, usually more or less domed, and the valves usually exsert. The valves were originally described as enclosed, but this is not commonly the case in perfectly ripe fruits. oy NON YAS: 1. EF. amygdalina, Labill. var. regnans, F.v.M. 2. E. amygdalina, Labill. var. colossea, F.v.M. 3. E. inophloia, F.v.M. 4. E. fastigata, Deane and Maiden. NOTES ON THE SYNONYMS: 1. FE. amygdalina, Labill. var. regnans, F.v.M. Mueller wavered a good deal as to the specific rank of 2. regnans, as has been pointed out, and distributed much material under the name quoted, 185 2. E. amygdalina, Labill. var. colossea, F.v.M. E. regnans, F.v.M., bears the above name in Herb. Melb., and at one time Mueller distributed it under that name, but not so freely as under the name var. regnans It is not to be confused with EE. colossea, F.v.M., which is a synonym of F. diversicolor, F.v.M. 3. E. inophloia, F.v.M. Mountain Ash (Lucalyptus inophloia or Mountain Ash) is so called from a fancied resemblance to the British timber of that name, and is employed by the coachmakers tor bending into the form of shafts ~ for light vehicles, for which it is well adapted. It has not hitherto received the attention it deserves, being ordinarily used for splitting into palings for fencing and other inferior applications ; it is much like the White Gum, and may be used for similar purposes.—(Jntercol. Exhib. of Australasia, Melbourne, 1866-7 ; Official Record, 1867, p. 216.) In the Official Report of the Victorian Exhibition of 1861 we have the entry, * #. inophloia, Mountain Ash, specific gravity of wood -642.” I cannot find a description of this species. The late Mr. J. G. Luehmann assured me that the “‘ Mountain Ash” in question is #. regnans. I suggested it might have been ZL. obliqua, L’ Hérit. var. alpina, Maiden. 4. E. fastigata, Deane et Maiden. Following is the original description :— Introductory.— While dealing with the Stringybark group we draw attention to a tree which is very closely related to one of them, that is to all intents and purposes a Stringybark. We allude to the forest tree known as “Cut-tail” in the southern part of the Colony. It attains a height of 60-100 feet and more, and a diameter of at least 4 feet. Its affinities to other species will be dealt with under various headings, but we may point out that it strongly resembles #. obliqua in bark and wood, while the two species have very dissimilar buds and fruits. The only point of resemblance to Z. amygdalina lies in the fruits, which are rather like those of our variety /Jatifolia (HE. dives, Schauer.—J.H.M.) figured in our former paper of this series. We do not hesitate to say that ‘“‘ Cut-tail” cannot be included under any existing species, and there- fore propose the name fastiyata for it, in allusion to the shape of the operculum and leaves. Vernacular Names.—Several names are more or less in use in different places. The one most in use, where also the tree is best developed, is ‘‘ Cut-tail,” and inasmuch as this name is not applied to any other tree, so far as we are aware, we would suggest that all other English names be dropped as far as possible in favour of this. We have made many inquiries as to the meaning of the term ‘“ Cut-tail” but without success,* and can only suggest that it has reference to the rough bark on the branches, which, in comparison with H. obliqua, which it so much resembles in general appearance, it is cut-tailed or curtailed. Other names that have been mentioned to us for this tree are ‘‘ Blackbutt,” on the Nimbo Station, Braidwood—Cooma road, and, on the Tantawanglo Mountain, ‘“ Messmate” ; ‘“‘ White-topped Messmate ” and “Silver-top” at various places, and “ Brown Barrel” at Queanbeyan. _ Seedling or Sucker Leayes.—Ovate-lanceolate, early becoming oblique; scattered, in this respect very dissimilar to those of #. amygdalina, the leaves of which remain opposite until the tree has attained some size. The veining of the under side prominent. The twigs rusty tuberculate like E. amygdalina and some other species. Leaves of Mature Trees.—Lanceolate, and when fully grown narrow lanceolate. Often more or less ovate-lanceolate, and always more or less attenuate. They are rather coriaceous, smooth, and rather shining. They possess no odour of peppermint. Buds.—The chief characteristic is the shortly acuminate operculum, which is much accentuated in dried specimens. In £. obliqua the operculum is blunt, and the whole bud club-shaped, very different to those of the species now under review. The anthers are partly folded in the bud. * Mr. Baeuerlen (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., 1899, 547) has explained that this name is an expert splitters’ term, His paper should be referred to. 186 Fruits.—The figure (Pl. lxi, not reproduced. —J.H.M.) will make the shape clear. They are“pear- shaped, have a conical or domed rim, with the valves somewhat exserted. They are always three-celled as far as seen. Diameter of rim, 2} to nearly 3 lines. Length from end of pedicel to rim, 2 lines. ‘The fruit differs from that of #. obliqua in being more or less conical, while that of 2. obliqua is subcylindrical. The latter species has no well-defined rim, and the valves are sunk, whereas in the tree now under consideration there is a prominent rim, while the valves are somewhat exserted. The fruits of £. obliqua are also larger than those of our species, and have shorter stalks. In the latter species, the peduncles are elongated over half an inch in fruit, and are distinctly pedicellate, about 13 lines. Bark.—It resembles closely that of #. obliqua, the principal difference between the two trees, in this respect, consisting in the fact that the tops and the branches of ‘‘ Cut-tail” are smooth, while those of E. obliqua are the reverse. Timber.—It has all the characteristics of the timber of £. obliqua, from which it is scarcely, or not at all, to be distinguished. At Montgomery’s mill, on the Tantawanglo Mountain, near Cathcart, the two trees are considered of equal value, and the timbers of the two cut up and sold as one and the same.— (Proce. Linn. Soc., N.S.W., 1896. p. 809.) In my “ Useful Native Plants of Australia” (1889) occurs the note :— “ Cut-tail” grows with a straight bole over 200 feet high, and with a diameter of 6 to 8 feet. Its wood is fissile in the highest degree, since it can be readily split almost to the thinness of paper. A sample of this timber from Haydon’s Bog, near Delegate, cut in March, 1885, is in the Technological Museum. It is very straight in the grain (as might be expected), and very easy to work. I have since examined other specimens, and find that, while the timber of some trees is not markedly fissile, 2. fastigata may have timber as fissile as that of the Victorian tree. Mr. Deane and I wrote (ib. 1899, p. 459) :— Our £. fastigata is a tree with a fibrous bark, not to be distinguished in this respect from #. obliqua, except in the smooth branchlets of the former. Mueller described his regnans as a smooth-barked tree ; the fruit of our fastigata (from Mount Tantawanglo) is smaller than that of #. regnans, and there are other differences, of more or less value, which caused us to look upon our tree as new to science. We have since studied the distribution of 2. fastigata, and find that it is very widely diffused in New South Wales. Contemplation of these specimens (for the most part collected by ourselves), and inspection of HB. regnans as it grows in Victoria, incline us to the opinion that our Z. fastigata may not be specifically different from #. regnans. Mueller’s description of his species would require to be moditied in the specially important matter (in the case of a Eucalypt) of the bark, while the size of the fruit, and other minor matters in which the published descriptions of £. regnans and £. fastigata do not agree, may not present insuperable obstacles to the fusion of the two species. I have since continued to bear the Victorian and New South Wales trees under observation, and now state without hesitation that #. fastigata is but a form of #. regnans. I cannot even look upon it as a variety. Examination of Mueller’s series of stateraents referring to the bark of 2. regnans shows that he was alive to the fact that his species might be fibrous-barked. The smaller size of the fruit in fastigata is one not to be relied upon, as I find that those of normal regnans vary in, size. Mueller, indeed, insists on the small fruits of his regnans, and I have fruits quite as small as I have ever seen in fastigata. 187: RANGE. It is found in Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales. TASMANIA. The late Mr. F. Abbott first drew attention to the fact that 2. regnans grows in ‘Tasmania, as the following passage in the “ Eucalyptographia”’ (under E. amygdalina) bears witness :— Huge stems, quite smooth pe almost white . . . . passes as one of the White Gum-trees ae according to Mr. F. Abbott it is this form which constitutes the “Swamp Gum-tree” in Toomey, where already Sir William Denison placed early its huge dimensions on record. Some specimens of “Swamp Gum” from Mr. Abbott are typical, or nearly typical, for #. amygdalina vay. nitida. But Mr. Abbott probably saw typical #. regnans in addition, and specimens collected by Mr. L. Rodway leave no room for doubt that the species occurs in Tasmania. Mr. Rodway says :—‘ Tree 70-80 feet; bark smooth, except at extreme base, where it is ribbony.”’ His specimens are of nearly typical regnans. Identical specimens were sent me by Mr. H. E. Day, from Mount Wellington, from about the 1,000 feet level. VICTORIA. It occurs over a wide area in South and Western Gippsland, chiefly on the Mesozoic Carbonaceous formations, together with Z. obliqua and L. globulus, from the sea-level up to about 1,200 feet. It is also found in the mountains, as at Walhalla, 1,200 feet, and at Tucker Creek, Wentworth River, 2,500 feet.— (Howitt, Trans. Roy. Soc., Vict., 1890-1.) Some of the type specimens of H. regnans came from the Dandenong, and were marked by Mueller, ‘‘ D. Boyle, 420 feet.” New SoutuH WALES. It occurs in most of the high mountainous districts of this State. Following re some localities represented in the National Herbarium, Sydney :— Southern localities —Tantawanglo Mountain, near Cathcart, Bombala district (H. Deane and J.H.M. type of ZL. fastigata) ; “ Cut-tail,’ Delegate River (W. Baiierlen) ; Monga, near Braidwood (No. 2,108, W. Baiierlen) ; Braidwood district (Reidsdale, Irish Corner Mountain), with 7. obliqua and FH. goniocalyx (H. Deane) ; * Blackbutt,’ Queanbeyan (J. D. Francis); ‘‘ Blackbutt,” ‘* Brown Barrel,” ** Messmate,” head of Queanbeyan River, Nimbo Station, Cooma district (H. Deane); ‘Brown Barrel,’ Hoskinstown (S. Daniel); ‘‘ Messmate,’’ back of Ulladulla (Allan); under Table Mountain west of Milton, Macquarie Pass, West Albion Pass, ‘‘ Messmate,” bark rather stringy, going higher up than usual, generally to branches, with specially small fruits (R. H. Cambage); Mittagong (H. Deane). B 185 Western localities.—“ Red Blackbutt,” timber with straight grain, reddish in colour, stem decidedly rough, and black from the ground. Sunny Corner (J. L. Boorman) ; “ Blackbutt,” rough, soft bark, clean ribbony tips, a good timber, which is in demand for palings, leaves thick. Sunny Corner (No. 5, J. L. Boorman) ; “ Blackbutt,” Burraga (R. H. Cambage); “ Blackbutt,” 15 miles southerly from Oberon cross roads (R. H. Cambage); ‘‘ Messmate,” Tarana (A. Murphy); Jenolan Caves, with rather thick foliage (W. F. Blakeley); Mount Wilson, Mount Irvine, &e., all have white tops (Jesse Gregson and J.H.M.); the giant tree at Mount ‘Tomah is of this species; diameter at ground, 17 ft. 6in.; 3 feet up, 16 feet 3 in. ; height (estimated), 150 feet (J.H.M.); Hassan’s Walls, Bowenfels (J.H.M.); at the foot of Govett’s Leap, Blackheath (R. H. Cambage). Northern locality—Yarrowitch, New England (J.H M.) These specimens absolutely match the type regnans, but the bark is rough. Most of the trees I observed are small, though a few are 3 feet in diameter. Some of the umbels have a double operculum. This New England record was made in 1898 (Proc. Aust. Ass. Aciv. Science, vii, 539), and it remains to ascertain other northern localities, and to connect them with the western ones. ‘The following specimen is probably one of such connecting localities: In general appearance resembles H. piperita, but seems of more sturdy and irregular growth ; generally is branchy and hollow, and I should think of little value. On mountain tops, Upper Paterson and Allyn Rivers, &e. (A. Rudder, May, 1890). The fruits with valves not exsert, and leaves rather coriaceous. AEN aaa: 1. With F. amygdalina, Labill. This has been incidentally referred to. The seedlings and juvenile leaves (quite narrow in #. amygdalina) sharply separate the two species. The mature leaves also are usually broader. Turning to the fruits, those of 2. amygdalina are usually hemispherical, and those of #. regnans conoid. It is hoped that Plates 29 and 33 will make the principal ditferences between the two species clear, but there is no doubt there are transit forms. 2. E£. vitellina, Naudin, and E£. vitrea, R. T. Baker. See p. 189. Note also the specimens, Delegate River (W. Baiierlen) and Sunny Corner (No. 5, J. L. Boorman), placed under Z. reguans. IDSC be TON. EF. vitellina, Naudin, and FE. vitrea, R. T. Baker. SEE pages 150 and 164 of Part VI, where I have pretty fully explained my views as to these two species, which I look upon as natural hybrids of #. amygdalina and FE. coriacea. It is not possible to clearly describe the forms without figures, hence the figures in Plate 34 and Plate 35 (5) have been prepared, which have been described under “ Explanation of Plates.” Figures 3 and 30 (Pl. 34) have been described as Z. vitrea, since they come nearest to that species of any described New South Wales form; at the same time, there is no question that the plant represented comes nearer to the French-grown hybrid Z. vitellina. It seems to me that H. vitrea runs into H.regnans also, and figures 2, 4 and 5, Plate 34, are quoted in support of that assertion. This is one reason why the drawings of #. vitrea have been placed in juxtaposition to those of 2. regnans. If it were possible for my readers to compare the actual specimens, they would see that the similarities are even closer (e.g., texture of leaves) than those brought out in the figures, and that they tend to show that there is abundant justification for my formerly expressed view that #7. vitrea is but a form of #. fastigata (and therefore of #. regnans). The leaves of E£. vitrea vary a good deal in the straightness or spreading character of the venation—showing affinity to LH. coriacea on the one hand and to #. amygdalina and E. regnans on the other The resemblance of EL. vitrea to EH. amygdalina, Labill. var. nitida, Benth., is worthy of notice. Some localities of H. vitrea have already been given in Part VI; others have been given in the Explanation of Plates of the present Part. It also occurs at six miles on Hampton Road from Oberon (near Jenolan Caves). 190 Dir sChlr LONE FE. dives, Schauer. FoLLowine is the original description :— Schauer mss.—Glaucescens : ramis ramulisq. rigidulis teretib. ; foll. firmis oppositis alternisve ovatis petiolatis v. subsessilib., basi obliquis acuminatis, summo acumine breviter recurvo, margine incrassatis venosis subperforatis; umbellis subcapitatis multifloris lateralib, axillaribq.; pedunculo semipollicari tereti. ; pedicellis cupulam obconicam subaequantib. et continuo in eandem accrescentib. ; operculo depresso subconvexo obtusissimo vix umbonato.—Folia 3-4 poll. longa, 1-2 poll. lata ; cupula cum pedicello 3 lineas explens. In Nova Cambria australi interiorimA. Cunn. Herb. no. 181/1822 (Walpers’ Rep. 1, 926). The type came from ‘ Forest land north of Bathurst,’ where Allan Cunning- ham was in 1822. Subsequently Bentham described it in L.FI. iii, 205, the fruit being unknown to him. Mueller, in the “ Eucalyptographia,” alludes to it under F#. amygdalina, and I believe that he always held the view that it was not separable from that species. I doubt if he ever saw juvenile foliage ; I have not seen any that I know passed through his hands. The next account I find of it includes an account of the fruit :— E. dies . . . occurs on the Blue Mountains, and the Mittagong Range. The . . . seed- vessel is globose-truncate, about two lines in diameter, four-celled, with a broad rim, and the capsule sunk, the valves scarcely protruding . . . the wood is not esteemed.—(Woolls’ 77 ra of Australia, p. 241, See also his Plants of New Sowth Wales). The tree is abundant on the Mittagong-Berrima Road, which Dr. Woolls used to travel, and I have some specimens collected by the reverend gentleman. For a long time there remained a doubt as to the identity of the species, partly because it was looked upon as a shrub (or a small tree of 10 or 12 feet, a statement repeated by Dr. Woolls), and, meantime, Mr. Deane and I redescribed: it under the name of 7. amygdalina vay. latifolia. (See Synonyms.) Shortly afterwards I visited the Melbourne Herbarium, and found one of Dr. Woolls’ specimens from Mittagong labelled £. amygdalina var. dives by Mueller. These precisely matched the Woollsian specimens in my possession, and Mr. Deane and I published a note, announcing the rediscovery of H. dives, Schauer, Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1899, 460. 191 It may be described in the following words :— A tree of medium size, but often flowering as a tall shrub. Bark.—Rough, like a typical “Peppermint” with smooth limbs somewhat ribbony. (Mr. A Murphy, an experienced collector, says that, practically, he distinguishes this species from £. piperita by the yellowish upper limbs, those of piperita being white.) Timber.—Pale-coloured, full of concentric gum (kino) veins. It would be difficult to get a sound log of any size, and it is an almost worthless timber. Vernacular Names.—It is usually known as “Peppermint” throughout its range, and especially so in the Western districts. It is called “Blue Peppermint” at Rylstone ; ‘“‘ Messmate” in the Southern districts generally. Juvenile Leaves.—Comparatively broad (sometimes so broad as to be nearly orbicular) ; stem- clasping, more or less cordate at the base, and in some cases quite acuminate. The shape is brought out in the figure. Both juvenile and mature ieaves reek with oil. Mature Leaves.—Broadiy lanceolate, nearly symmetrical, usually rather thick. Venation spreading from the base. An important characteristic is the strongly marked venation. On drying, the principal veins stand out in relief against the vascular tissue. Often shining, a characteristic best brought out in fully mature leaves, but the foliage may be both dull and glaucous. Up to 45 or 6 inches is a common length for the leaves, but they are barely 3 inches in some of the Bombala and Queanbeyan specimens ; 4} inches would appear to be an average length. Specimens up to nearly 2 inches in width are found in Mount Vincent specimens ; 14 inch is a common width ; 1-14 inch may be given as the average width. Buds.—Opereulum usually blunt, though not quite hemispherical. In dried specimens the operculum more pointed. Buds often glaucous. Flowers.—A profuse. flowering species, with dense umbels of eight to twelve, and even more flowers. Anthers reniform, the cells divergent and confluent at the apex. Fruits.—Sometimes nearly hemispherical with a greater or less tendency to pear-shape. The rim often domed or arched. The tips of the valves occasionally a little exserted. The rims (mouths) usually red, a characteristic often attributed to hemastoma, and the fruit itself often pale-coloured ; may be very shiny or glaucous. SYNONYMS. 1. FE. amygdalina, Labill. var. dives, F.v.M. (In Herb. Melb., as already alluded to.) 2. EF. amygdalina, Labill. var. latifolia, Deane and Maiden, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., x, 609 (1895) with Plate lvii. Ie NG: This species is confined to New South Wales and Victoria so far as is known at present. VICTORIA. It is only quite recently that it has been formally recorded from Victoria,* but some of the specimens, which were fragmentary, referred to in that paper, belong, in my opinion, to other species of the Renantheree. * **On the occurrence of Hucalyptus dives, Schauer, in Victoria,” by J. H. Maiden.—Vict. Naturalist, xviii, 124 (1901). 192 The following specimens in the National Herbarium belong to #. dives :— Dargo and Wentworth River, Gippsland (A. W. Howitt), and by him called ‘‘ Broad- leaved amygdalina”; Mt. St. Bernard, 3,500 feet (J.H.M.) ; Wandong Ranges (C. Walter) ; Grampians (C. Walter); ‘ N.E. district of Victoria’ (H. B. Williamson, No. 930). New South WaAtgs. It frequents much of the sterile rocky country of the colder parts of this State, both south and west, but its precise range remains to be determined. It has not been recorded from New England. Southern localities —Bombala and Cumberland Range (A. W. Howitt) ; near Delegate (J.H.M.); Jindabyne (J.H.M.); Yarrangobilly (W. Forsyth) ; ‘** Messmate,” Granite Hill, Tumberumba (R. H. Cambage); Head of Tarcutta Creek, 8 miles from Tumberumba (Forest Ranger Mecham); ‘“ Messmate or Peppermint,” ridgy country about Tumut (W. U. Nowland); Cockatoo, near Germanton (W. Forsyth); Queanbeyan (J. D. Francis); Bungendore (W. S. Campbell, A. W. Howitt); Bell’s Creek, near Braidwood (J. S. Allan); Fagan’s Creek (W. Baeuerlen); Barber’s Creek (J.H.M.) ; Wingello, Berrima and Mittagong (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman), where it is known as “ Bastard Stringy- bark,” ‘* Bastard Messmate,” or ‘“‘ Messmate.” Western localities.—This tree seems to rarely occur on the sandstone, but as soon as the granite occurs, e.g., near Bowenfels, it makes its appearance plentifully. Mt. Victoria (R. H. Cambage and J.H.M., on Sandstone); Cox’s River (R. H. Cambage and J.H.M.); Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakeley); Wallerawang (H. Deane and J.H.M.); Tarana (A. Murphy); Capertee (J. L. Boorman and J.H.M.); Sunny Corner (J. L. Boorman); Oberon, Burraga, Trunkey, Rockley (R. H. Cambage); Orange (A. W. Howitt, R. H. Cambage). “Blue Peppermint,” Mt. Vincent, Mudgee district (R. T. Baker). APPIN LES, 1. #. amygdalina, Labill. The two species have affinities apparent both to the forester and to the botanist. Speaking of H. dives, Mr. W. U. Nowland, the Staff-Surveyor at Tumut, says :—‘It is known to me as either a ‘ Messmate’ or ‘ Peppermint,’ according to locality. Some bushmen call it by the former name, others by the latter, owing to it being very hard to distinguish it from another tree here (2. amygdalina), almost a fuc-simile, excepting in the shape of the leaf.” 193 If unaccompanied by sucker leaves, I doubt if #. dives can be sometimes distinguished from 2. amygdala. Mueller failed to distinguish the species, while admitting a certain amount of difference amounting to a variety. Speaking generally, #. dives is more aromatic even than H. amygdalina. The odour is different, though difficult to describe. The foliage of the former species is usually broader and more glaucous than that of the latter. The fruit of #. dives is usually larger ; nevertheless, all these characters have sometimes to be cautiously examined when herbarium specimens of mature foliage, buds, and fruits are alone available. 2. H. vitrea, R. T. Baker. This tree, in bark, timber, and even fruits, resembles that of H. dives a good deal. The matter has been alluded to at page 155, Part VI. 194 DESCRIPTION E. Andrewst, Maiden. This species was described in a paper* from which most of the particulars now given have been drawn. A tall tree, on an average, say 80 feet in height, with a stem diameter of 2-3 feet. ‘On the Bulldog Hill, 3,000 feet (between the Timbarra and Clarence Rivers), it attains a diameter of at least 8 feet, and the height of large trees is most likely from 150 to 180 feet. Here it consorts with true Blackbutts (#. pilularis) and Forest Oaks (Casuarina torwlosa) which even at times rise 100 feet, and 50 or 60 feet without a branch.”—(E. C. Andrews.) Writing from Drake to Mr. Cambage, Mr. Andrews says :—‘“ One tree we measured 20 feet in circumference, about 80 feet to 100 feet to first limb, and from 150 feet to 180 feet high (guess). Another. 23 feet in circumference, 170 feet high. (!) Another we measured 25 ft. 6 in. round butt (4 feet above ground). Blackbutt-top but about 150 feet high then. I suppose there were from 50 to 190 from 18 feet to 20 feet and 21 feet in circumference.” Juvenile leaves. Rather large and soon becoming alternate, glaucous. ‘The youngest foliage available to me is elliptical, and about 4 inches long by half the width, with petioles of }-inch. “Seedlings have erect habit, with fairly large leaves ; pale in colour.”—(R. H. Cambage.) Mature leaves. Broadly lanceolate, sometimes falcate, but apparently usually symmetrical. Dull on both sides and even glaucous,t but ultimately glabrous and even shining ; equally green on both sides, venation spreading from the base. Usually under 6 inches long and about 1 inch wide. Of a distinct peppermint odour. Buds.—Clavate, the operculum sometimes slightly umbonate. A free flowerer, the anthers reniform. Fruits. Nearly hemispherical, about }-inch in diameter ; with a flat thick rim, tips of the valves flush with the mouth ; peduncle thin ; angular, }—# inch long, pedicels about j-inch in length. Fruits abundantly produced, usually six to nine in the head. The fruits remind one of those of £. hamastoma var. micrantha. Bark.—-Has “ Peppermint ” bark on the trunk and large branches ; only the ultimate branches smooth. Twigs red (claret-coloured), often glaucous, usually round, apparently rarely angular. Timber.—Pale-coloured, comparatively light in weight, and very fissile, containing a few kino veins. So similar in appearance to that of #. piperita, Sm., that I am at present unable to indicate any difference. “Split for palings” (R. H. Cambage). ‘‘ Timber like 2. aemenoides, but not wavy like it ; more like #. piperita timber” (A. Murphy). ‘‘ Timber seemingly preferred to all others for fencing, building, ete.” (J. L. Boorman). {In this connection it may be pointed out that the value of a timber is comparative ; the best timber of a district may be inferior to that of another district. ] Known locally as “ Blackbutt,” less frequently as ‘ Peppermint,” and ‘‘ Messmate.” It is the “ Blackbutt” of Mr. W. Christie’s paper,{ and his ‘‘Specimen No. 11” (p. 35) has been preserved. Known all over New England as “ Blackbutt.” At Oban it is called “ Bastard Stringybark,” and at Emmaville “* Messmate ” (E. C. Andrews). * **On four new species of Eucalyptus ;” by J. H. Maiden.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., pp. 472-5 (1904). + Glaucousness often varies a good deal with the season of the year ; ¢.g., specimens received by me in October last were entirely dull or glaucous, others received in June of the present year are slightly shining. + “The forest vegetation of Central and Northern New England in connection with geological influences.”—Journ, and Proc. Roy. Soc., N.S.W., xi, 21, 1877. 195 ‘This species was first prominently brought under my notice by Mr. Kk. H. Cambage in October, 1903. ‘That gentleman collected it, and made cxtensive notes concerning it. It is named in honour of krnest Clayton Andrews, B.A., Geological Surveyor, Department of Mines, New South Wales, who has been giving attention to the flora of New England, particnlarly as regards the vegetation on various ge logical formations, and who has made special inquiries in regard to the tree that is called by his name. SYNONYM. E. Sieberiana, F.v.M. var. Oxleyensis, Deane and Maiden (Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.IV., 1899, 79+, where it is fully described). The specimens referred to as H. Sieberiana, F.v.M. var. Oxleyensis, Deane and Maiden, loc. cif., for the most part belong, in my opinion, to #. Andrews. They have smaller fruits, usually more pyriform than the type, but in view of the fact that the fruits of typical #. Andrewsi vary more than ordinarily as ripening proceeds, it is premature to define varieties of #. Andrewsi at present. RANGE. Confined to the colder parts of northern New South Wales and southern Queensland, so far as is known at present. Plentiful in many parts of New England, NS.W. ‘The species seems to attain its greatest size on the eastern slopes and New England. Plentiful on belts of porphyritic felsite (R. H. Cambage). * Grows generally on granitic soils, but it frequently occurs on the junction of basaltic soils with those of poorer formation’’—(W. Christie.) North and east of Tingha (about 2,700 feet above sea-level), and on the roads to Inverell and Guyra (R. H. Cambage, J.H.M.); Howell (J. L. Boorman, J.H.M_) ; Wallangarra; Boonoo Boonoo; (J. L. Boorman). ‘“ Following are New England localities: Wilson’s Downfall, Undercliffe, Great Dividing Range west of Bolivia and Deepwater. From the 10 to 25 mile pegs along the Glen Innes—Grafton Road. Along the Glen Innes—Glen Elgin track, Kingsgate, Oban, Tingha, Drake, Glen Innes to Inverell Road, &c., &c. Broadly it selects the high rocky table-lands of New England, especially the eastern edge (if rocky and poor soil like granite), and also the large mesas which extend easterly of the mesas proper, as, for example, that large block of high land 50 miles in length between the Rocky (Timbarra) and Clarence Rivers.” —(H. C. Andrews.) 196 Mr. Andrews has found it at the head of the Manning River. Stanthorpe, Queensland (A. Murphy). Mr. J. L. Boorman afterwards sent it from Stanthorpe under the names “ Blackbutt,” ‘‘ Messmate,” “ Woolly Butt.” The following specimens belong, in my opinion, to #. Andrewsi:—The “Peppermint” of Maiden’s Dorrigo Report (Agric. Gaz., N.S.W., 1894, p. 612) ; summit of Mt. Seaview and adjacent mountains (Agric. Gaz., 1898, p.585) ; Tenterfield District ; “ White Limb ” of Glen Innes (Dist. Forester Stopford) ; ‘‘ Peppermint,” Cobark, on high ground (A. Rudder) ; Upper Williams River (A. Rudder). ‘‘ Moore’s Reef on top of hill going to the Hole (Upper Barrington River). Tree in general appearance much like /. piperita. Height about 120 feet, diameter about 3 feet, with spreading and irregular smooth upper branches to size man’s leg. Soil stony with blackish mould. 11/10/93.”—(A. Rudder). eve Je UN MDIUehsy. 1. This species in habit, bark, and timber comes close to LH. piperita. Its juvenile leaves, buds, and fruits are, however, very different. The fruits are never constricted at the orifice. 2. It is also closely allied to #. dives, but it has not the characteristic stem- clasping juvenile foliage of the latter, from which it differs in other respects, e.g., in the flat-topped and even sunk fruits, the slender pedicels with the more clavate slender buds and the more tapering bases of the fruit. Its foliage is also much less aromatic than that of 4. dives. 3. E. regnans, F.v.M. The Cobark and Upper Williams River specimens were referred by Deane and Maiden (Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxvi, 128, 1901) to #. fastigata (pyritorm series). Undoubtedly #. Andrewsi shows some affinity to H. regnans, F.v.M. (which includes £. fustigata). 4. E. Sieberiana, F.v.M. The affinity of these two species is indicated by the fact that before E. Andrewsi was recognised as a distinct species it was looked upon as a variety of HE. Sieberiana. he fruits are smaller and the bark more fibrous than those of the typical trees of H. Sieberiana. 5. E. hemastoma, Sm. Undoubtedly the fruits, particularly when red-rimmed, resemble those of H. hemastoma a good deal. The mature foliage also is not dissimilar. 2. hemas- toma is, however, a ‘“ White Gum,” with a totally different timber. The fact is that specimens of 2. Andrewsi have long heen known, but they have, from time to time, been referred to other species, thus indicating affinities more or less strong. 197 IDE SCIONS 1 KON: FE. diversifolia, Bonpland. FOLLOWING is the description taken from Bonpland’s rare work :— Eucalyptus diversifolia.—Eucalyptus : foliis glaucis, falcato-lanceolatis, apice mucronatis, ad basim aequaliter angustatis: umbellis axillaribus: operculo conico mutico: capsula turbinata, operculo cruciformi clausa. Habitat in Nova Hollandia. Arbre toujours vert, de vingt pieds (7 métres) de hauteur; trone droit, cylindrique, de quatre a cing pouces (12 centimétres) de diaméetre, recouvert d’une écorce grisatre presque lisse. Rameauzx alternes, ouverts, un peu tortueux, cylindriques. Feuilles alternes, glauques, persistantes, de forme et de longueur différentes, longues de deux a quatre pouces (15 a 16 centimétres) sur cing a huit lignes (10 4 18 millimetres) de largeur ; droites ou courbées en faucille, légerement coriaces, ponctuées, comme charnues et rougedtres sur les bords, aigués a la base, terminées au sommet par une pointe molle plus ou moins alongée. Dans les jeunes pieds, les feuilles inférieures sont opposées, sessiles, ovales, lanceolées, ou oblongues. Pétioles longs de six lignes (12 millimétres), rougedtres, garnis de petits tubercules, sillonnés en-dedans, convexes en-dehors. Fleurs d’un blanc pur, disposées en ombelle, et situées dans les aisselles des feuilles. Pédicelle droit, beaucoup plus court que les feuilles, portant ordinairement six ou neuf fleurs presque sessiles. Calica supere, demi-sphérique, persistant, fermé par une coifte en forme de céne, qui tombe lors du développement des étamines. Corolle: il n’y en a pas. Etamines nombreuses, insérées au bord intérieur du calice: filets blanc, droits, plus longs que le calice : anthéres biloculaires, ovales, fixées par le milieu : poussiére jaune. Pistil : ovaire infere : style droit plus court que les étamines: stigmate aigu. Fruit: capsule turbinée, entiérement recouverte par le calice devenu trés-épais: fermée, par un opercule en forme de croix, composé de quatre ou huit pieces fortement unies ensemble : divisée jusque vers son milieu en quatre valves, et intérieurement en quatre loges. Graines nombreuses, tres-dures, de formes différentes, attachées a un réceptacle commun placé au centre de la capsule. OBSERVATIONS. Le genre Hucalyptus a été établi par |’Heéritier, et le caractere générique donné par cet auteur a été adopté par tous les botanistes. L’examen que j’ai fait de ’ Hucalyptus diversifolia, qui est la seule espece que j’aie vue en fleur, me porte a croire que le caractére de ce genre doit étre réformé. 1] faut espérer que M. Robert Brown, qui a vu un grand nombre d’espéces vivantes, fera ce travail dans le second volume de son Flora Novae Hollandiae, que tous les botanistes attendent avec impatience. Nous connoissons 4 peu pres vingt-quatre especes d’ Eucalyptus, déscrites dans les divers auteurs ; mais il en existe un bien plus grand nombre, soit dans nos jardins, soit dans nos herbiers. L’herbier seul du Muséum en posséede plus de quinze especes nouvelles. TP? Eucalyptus diversifolia est di a Vexpédition du capitaine Baudin, qui en a apporté les graines de la Nouvelle-Hollande. I] est curieux d’observer que les naturalistes qui composoient cette expédition n’ont pas apporté cette plante dans leurs herbiers, et que la majeure partie des espéces de ce genre que nous cultivons, sont nouvelles, et ne se trouvent méme pas dans les herbiers. Ce qui me porte a croire que le caractére générique des Hucalyptus doit étre réformé, c’est que sur celui que je viens de décrire, la capsule est fermée par un opercule cruciforme, composé de quatre ou huit pieces étroitement soudées. Cet opercule tombe 4 l’epoque de la maturité des graines, et indique le temps précis de leur récolte. Il est probable que cette partie dont aucun botaniste n’a parlé, existe dans plusieurs autres especes du méme genre. 198 Les feuilles dans les jeunes plantes de cet Lucalyptus, de méme que dans plusieurs autres espéces du méme genre qui se cultivent a Malmaison, sont opposées, et affectent une forme entiérement différente de celle des mémes individus plus avancés dans leur végétation. Les Euca/yptus offrent une nouvelle richesse au midi de Empire. M. Martin, savant estimable, directeur du jardin botaniyue de Toulon, a mis depuis plusieurs années, en pleine terre, un petit pied @ EBncalyptus quil avoit regu de Malmaison. Cette plante, que j’ai vue dans l’été de 1813, avoit acquis plus de vingt pieds de hauteur, et étoit, pour la premiére fois, couverte de fruits bien nourris. Cette seule expérience prouve que les Eucalyptus peuvent eroitre avec Volivier, les grenadiers, les citroniers, et d’autres arbres utiles de nos provinces méridionales. L’Eucalyptus cultivé par M. Martin nous paroit étre le méme que 7? Euculyptus diversifolia. Les petites différences que j’observe entre l’échantillon de cette plante, que j’ai cueilli 4 Toulon, et les pieds que je cultive 4 Malmaison, semblent étre produites par le changement de culture ou par le climate. (Deser. Pl. Jard. Malmaison, 35, 1813.) See also DC. Prod. iii, 220; “ Mém sur les Eucalyptus introduits dans la réyion Méditerranéenne,” par C. Naudin (danales des Sciences Naturelles, 6° Série Bot., t. xvi (No. 6), p. 413 (1883); ‘“ Description et emploi des Eucalyptus introduits en Europe, principalement en France et en Algérie.” ©. Naudin. Antibes 1891, p. 50. It is described by Bentham (B.FI. ii, 206), and I proceed to amplify his description :— Usually a tall, Mallee-like shrub, with smooth, ribbony bark, but stated to occasionally attain tree size. Leayes.—Oblong or lanceolate, acute or acuminate, mostly under 3 inches and often nearly straight, very thick and rigid, scarcely showing the oblique veins. Peduneles.— Axillary or lateral, short, terete or angular, each bearing 3 to 8 rather large flowers on very short pedicels. Calyx-tube.—Short and open, above 2 lines diameter. Opereulum.-—Conical, sometimes quite rostrate. Stamens.—At least 3 lines long ; anthers reniform, with diverging confluent cells (see below). Fruit.—The fruit displays great variation in size, shape, and sculp'ure. It is often warted. It is subeylindrical or conoid to nearly globular, from scarcely more than }-inch t» 3-inch in diameter. The fruit som-times, but not always, contracted at the orifice, the rim broad, usually convex (sometimes hori- zontal) and always prominent, the valves sunk or slightly protruding. The prominence of the rim varies a good deal, that of Drummond’s No 64 (Benthain’s £. pachyloma) being quite domed. A specimen from Stirling Range, West Australia, has an even broader rim, even broader than the calyx, the fruit being markedly globular. Tue rim often has a well-marked grvove, sometimes two. It is again described (as HL. santalifolia) and also figured by Mueller in * Eucalyptographia.” In this work he states that :— The cardinal characteristic of Z. santal:folia rests in the position of the stamens before their expan- sion; then through a simple turn the lower portion of the filaments remains decumbent, whereas the upper part becomes erect, but in no way the filaments are reduplicated. Such peculiar curvature of the stamens, while in bud, is not known to exist in any other species of Eucalyptus, although an approach to such a staminal estivation is offered by #. Planchoniana. All other species, in which the stamens are not distinctly doubled tack in their early state, namely #. gomphocephala, BE. Oldfieldii, E. sid-rophloia, E. tereticurnis, E. salmonophloia, as well as E. cornuta and its allies, have the filaments in bud either straight or turned differently to those of 2. santal:folia. ‘The section of the bud at Fig. 2 of the illustration is somewhat diagrammatic, but it essentially represents the position of the stamens before expansion in fresh Victorian specimens, for exampie. I am not in a position, without further investi- gation, to say whether this arrangement of the unexpanded stamens is “ the cardinal characteristic”? of the species, which would involve examination of an enormous amount of material. 199 SYNONYMS. E. santalifolia, F.v.M. FE. dumosa, Benth. non A. Cunn. E. cneorifolia, DC. (partim) (?). E. connata, Dum.-Cours. E. santalifolia, F.v.M., var. firma, Miq. E. firma, F.v.M. herb. ex Miq. E. euspidata, Tausch. E. viminalis, Labill., var. diversifolia, Benth. . E. pachyloma, Benth. NOTES VON SAE “SYNONYMS: 1. E. santalifolia, F.v.M. Following is the original description :— Fruticose ; leaves alternate, coriaceous, glaucescent, opaque, oblong-lanceolate, hooked-acuminate, a little oblique, thinly veined, hardly dotted; umbels axillary and terminal, pedunculate, c¢pitate ; lid depressed-conical or hemispherical ; tube of the calyx obconical, bell shaped, nearly three times longer than the lid ; fruit not contracted at the top; valves of the capsule enclosed. In th: Mallee scrub on the Murray River, on St. Viucent’s and Spencer’s Gulfs.—( 7'rans. Vict. Inst., i, 35, 1855.) Then comes Miquel’s description of Mueller’s specimens in the following year :— 21. Eucalyptus santalifolia, Ferd. Mill. : subarborescens, ramulis angulatis junioribus viridulis, foliis anguste Janceolatis acumine recurvo terminatis crasse coriaceis glaucis, \enis erectopatulis numerosis fere obte tis, pedunculis axillaribus 3-5 floris, floribus sessilibus, calycis tubo ovoideo-obconico, operculo brevi hemisphaerico subapiculato, antheris subglobosis. Januario et Febr. florens. Crescit trans rivum Salts-creek (Dr. Behr.). Marble-range, Port Lincoln.—(F. Miill.). Mig. in Wed. Kruidk. Arch., iv, 133, 1856. 2. EF. dumosa, Benth. non. A. Cunn. According to Bentham (b.FI. iii, 239), Miquel’s plant is #. dwmosa, A. Cunn.: but Mueller (“ Eucalyptographia’’) is not of that opinion. Bentham further states :— “The large fruited specimens, originally sent by F. Mueller and described by Miquel as E. santalifolia, belong to a distinct species of the Renanthere, for which I have retained the name,”— (B.FI. iti, 217, under Z. cneorifolia.) 200 I am not able to reconcile Bentham’s two statements. Perhaps, as regards one of the plants referred to by him, he is referring to plants of the ierassata series (e.g., var. conglobata, see p. 100, Part IV) which grow in the same localities as E. diversifolia and, in the absence of fruits, are sometimes not very dissimilar to E. diversifolia. Under EH. dumosa Bentham does not quote the particular specimens seen by Miquel, and Bentham’s observations can only be cleared up by reference to his specimens. 3. E. eneorifolia, DC. (partim) (?) (HE. santalifolia, F.v.M., in Trans. Vict. Inst., 35, partly, according to Bentham, B.FI. ii, 217.) This requires to be cleared up. Alluded to under (2). 4. E. connata, Dum.—Cours ( Bot. Cult. Ed. ii, vii, 280). See DC. Prod. iii, 220. 5. F. santalifolia, var. firma, Benth. non. Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch., iv, 133, according to Bentham (B.FI. iii, 206). From Miquel’s description, which follows, it will be seen that he did not name the variety, an authentic specimen of which I have not seen. Following are Miquel’s words :— Forma venis magis distinctis subadscendentibus. #. firma, Herb. Mill., Nova Holl., austr. Frutex fere arboreus F. stricfae cognatus, teste cl. Muller in Herb, Behr. E sessil/florae nomine obvia. Folia 2}—vix 3 poll. longa, 3-4 lin. lata. Pedunculi 1-3 lin. longi. Capsula 4—locularis (Miq. in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 133, 1856, under E. santalifoli7, F.v.M.). 6. EF. firma, F.v.M., herb. ex. Miq., as quoted under (5). 7. E. cuspidata, Tausch. Herb. Bauer. Ferd. Bauer, in Herb. Vindob. is Huc. diversifolia, Bonpl., and was probably obtained from Kangaroo Island or mainland of South Australia. 8. E. viminalis, Labill., var. diversifolia, Benth. (B.F1. iii, 240). Bentham says :— E. viminalis varies very much in the size and number of flowers, and the shape of the operculum. In the original Tasmanian form, common also in Victoria, the peduncles are mostly 3-flowered, although occasionally many-flowered specimens occur. In the South Australian 2. diversifolia the flowers are rather numerous in the umbel, and the fruit large. I have seen Bentham’s specimens, which are ZH. diversifolia, in immature fruit. 9. EF. pachyloma, Benth. A shrub of 5 feet (Maxwell). Leayes.—Mostly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acuminate, under 3 inches long, thick and rigid, the very oblique veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge. Peduncles.— Axillary or lateral, short and thick, terete or slightly angular, each with two to four rather large flowers. Calyx-tube.—Broadly turbinate or almost hemispherical, about 4 lines diameter, smooth and tapering into the very short, thick pedicel, 201 Stamens.—Pa e-coloured, } inch long or more, slender and inflected in the bud; anthers ovate, with distinct parallel cells. é Dise.— Concave. Fruit.—Sessile, depressed-globose, 7 to 8 lines diameter, with the very thick, broad, convex and raised rim of Z. Oldfeldii, but without any depressed centre, the capsule not sunk, and the small valves protruding as in £. rostrata W. Australia, Drummond, 4th, Coll. No. 64; sand plains, Kalgan River, V/i/field; valleys of the Stirhng Range, Maxwell. (B.FI. iii, 287.) E. santalifolia, F.v.M., var.(?) Baxteri, Benth. (B.FIL. ii, 207). (#. Baxteri, R.Br., Herb.), is #. capitellata, Sm., and will be dealt with in the next Part. RANGE. Bonpland states that the seed of his species came from Captain Baudin’s Expedition, “ qui en a apporté les graines de la Nouvelle-Hollande.”” Bentham says the seed came from Kangaroo Island. Besides this South Australian locality (it is also found on the mainland of South Australia), it also occurs in Western Australia, and recently I have recorded it from Victoria also.* It is both a coastal and a desert species ; indeed, in South and Western Australia the desert flora comes to the coast. The type of 2. santalifolia came from the Mallee scrub on the Murray River. Mueller gives the following localities :—‘“ In sandy desert country, as also in scrubby valleys or on arid ridges near King George’s Sound (Drummond); on the Williams River (Webb); near the Kalgan River (Oldfield); at the base of the Stirling Ranges (F.v.M.); at Venus Bay (Clode) ; in various localities near Spencer’s Gulf (Wilhelmi) ; in the vicinity ot Lake Albert (Irvine); on Kangaroo Island (Waterhouse) . . . . Prof. Ralph Tate noticed that LH. santalifolia, together with . . . . H. cneorifolia, DC., constitutes the predominant scrubs of Kangaroo Island, that the bark is smooth and separates in long and thin shreds, that the species is found chiefly on ancient shell-beaches with fresh water below, and that it does not attain a height above 20 feet.””—(‘‘ Eucalyptographia,” under L. santalifolia.) South AUSTRALIA. Following are some Kangaroo Island specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney :— J. * Eucalyptus, South Coast, Bays 9, 10,” in R. Brown’s handwriting. Coll. 1502-5. No. 4,743 of J. J. Bennett’s distribution from the British Museum, 1876, labelled “ 2. obliqua (7).” * Vict. Nat., xxi, 116 (1904), 202 9. No. 4,744 (of J. J. Bennett). Collected by R. Brown, 1802-5, “South Coast.” Both specimens with not perfectly ripe fruit. 3. A specimen from Herb. Paris, the original of which, with contemporary handwriting, ‘‘ Envoyé & M. Brown, N. Holl. Coté Occidentale,* Ile des Kanguroos.” 4. Waterhouse. 5. Tate. Also from Guichen Bay (? collector), labelled 2. viminalis, var. diversifolia, by Bentham. * With a fruiting specimen, obtained from Guichen Bay, and to all appearance 5 §} y, belonging to #. santalifulia, a note is given that there the tree rises to 60 feet, such {=) 5 > Ss tallness being probably of exceptional occurrence.”’—(‘ Eucalyptographia,” under E. santalifolia.) Mueller does not give the name of the collector, and the size of the species is worthy of further investigation. Port Lincoln (W. Gill). A white Mallee, 90-Mile Desert, S.A. (R. H. Cambage), with sub-cylindrical flat-topped fruits, smaller than the Victorian ones. “A glaucous Mallee up to 12 feet high. Smooth gum bark with ribbons.” Same locality (R. H. Cambage). With smaller fruits than usual. Rim somewhat domed. VICTORIA. Cape Nelson, near Portland, “‘ restricted to a small area. Flourishing on the old sand-dunes where they occur about one mile from the coast, and have sole possession of the area where they occur, though LZ. obliqua, FE. amygdalina, and £. viminalis occur in places a little further inland, and also along the coast.”— (A. E. Kitson in litt.) These specimens have the largest fruits (2 inch in diameter) I have seen in this species. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Drummond’s No. 64; Stirling Range (Mueller); west from Yetemerup, N. side of Stirling Range (A. Morrison), with fruits not much larger than those of Mr. Cambage ; King George’s Sound (? Webb). * This label is interesting because of the use of the words ‘‘ Cété Occidentale” in this way. Strictly speaking, Coté Occidentale begins at Cape Leeuwin, but I have been more than once perplexed with the use of the term in old labels when there is strong reason to suppose that the specimens were obtained from Kangaroo Island, or from the coast of South Australia, or from the coast of West Australia east of the Leeuwin. poe EVN eS: 1. E. capitellata, Sm., and EF. macrorrhyncha, F.v.M. In “ Eucalyptographia ” (under H#. santalifolia) Mueller has drawn attention to the resemblance of the fruits of H. santalifolia (diversifolia) to the species named. The resemblance is there, more particularly between the fruits with the dome-shape and those of H. macrorrhyncha. Mueller also deals at greater length with the relations to H. capitellata. I propose to deal with these affinities when treating of #. capitellata and H. macrorrhyncha, 2. EF. Planehoniana, F.v.M. The buds and coarse fruits of this species somewhat resemble those of the large fruited (Victorian) form of L. diversifolia, but the valves of H. Planchoniana are more sunk, and the leaves usually thinner and larger. 3. E. cocecifera, Hook., f. The foliage and the immature fruits of the two species resemble each other somewhat. 4, E. stricta, Sieb. Miquel, in drawing attention to the affinity of the form (var. ? firma, see p. 200) of #. santalifolia to EH. strieta, indicates the affinity of the two species. Certainly the leaves are remarkably similar, ‘but the buds of #. stricta are more clavate, and the fruits smaller and more constricted at the orifice. 5. E. obliqua, L’ Hérit. A. “S. A., Hills, near Guichen Bay, Marble Range and Venus Bay, F. Mueller,” —/(Herb. F. Mueller and Herb. Sonder.) “This is now reduced by F. Mueller to a form of obliqua.”’—(Bentham, B.FI. ii, 206, under H. santalifolia.) B. Specimens labelled “ Hucalyplus fabrorum, Schldt., Port Lincoln scrub, legit Carl Wilhemi, exam. Dr. Ferd. Mueller,” in Herb. Vindob, are LH. diversifolia, Bonpl. Different specimens attributed to H. fabrorwm, Schlecht., seen by me, are referable to #. obliqua, L’ Hérit. (see p. 60, Part IT), and also to #. pilularis, Sm., var. VWuelleriana, Maiden (see p. 40, Part I), and, perhaps, even to the Victorian and South Australian form of H. capiteliata, Sm. More field work requires to be done in South Australia and western Victoria to define the relations between #. diversifolia, Bonpl., and the other species named, D 204: Explanation of Plates. PLATE 33. E. regnans, F.v.M. . Leaves with flowers ; la, leaf with fruits (1 and la from the same twig) ; 14, buds; lc, fruits of type, from the Dandenong, Victoria (D. Boyle). Note that the fruits on la are immature and resemble those of H. amygdalina a good deal. Nore.—It was for some time considered that H. regnans was confined to Victoria, and E. fastigata to New South Wales. Seedling of Z. regnans, from Mirboo North, Victoria (A. W. Howitt). I have a seedling of the same size of F. fastigata from Tantawanglo Mountain, New South Wales (H. Deane and J.H.M.), which is a fac-simile of this. JI cannot, indeed, tell them apart. 2a, juvenile leaf Mirboo North (A. W. Howitt). Leaves in intermediate stage of ‘ Cut-tail,” EH. /fastigata, Tantawanglo Mountain (H. Deane and J.H.M.). 4. Fruits, old and nearly flat-topped. Blacks’ Spur, Victoria (H. Deane). 5. Fruits, not domed. Walhalla, Vic. (A. W. Howitt). Note that these fruits, in everything but size, > 9 bo ae] or resemble those of EH. numerosa, Maiden. The Walhalla fruits precisely match those of some specimens received from Tasmania (L. Rodway). Leaf ; 6a, fruits (nearly flat-topped) of BE. fastigata. Nimbo Station, New South Wales, No. 435 (H. Deane). Leaf of large size. Sunny Corner, New South Wales (J. L. Boorman). Unusually small fruits. West Albion Park, New South Wales (R. H. Cambage). Fruits. Mittagong, New South Wales (H. Deane). Leaf ; 10a, fruits. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania (L. Rodway and H. E. Day). [The twig with pear-shaped fruits, to the left of the plate of #. amygdalina (“ Eucalyp- tographia”), represents EZ. regynans. The fruits are scarcely ripe. | PLATE 34. E. vitrea, R. T. Baker. . Pair of juvenile leaves; la, leaf in the intermediate stage ; 1b, mature leaf; lc, buds ; ld, fruits. Wingello, New South Wales (J. H. Maiden and J. L. Boorman). They are precisely similar to type specimens from Sutton Forest, a few miles away (R. T. Baker). . Leaves and buds showing two umbels (this is common enough in EF. regnans); 2a, fruits, from another tree at Wingello. This tree often grows on low-lying rather sour land, or on land liable to floods. Leaves ; 3a, buds; 34, fruits. Following is the Collector’s note :—No. 452. “The bark of this tree resembles that of BE. amygdalina, the branches being much whiter, while the leaves and capsules are much the same as those of Z. fastigata.” Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakeley). The foliage is pale-coloured and shiny, and most of it is very narrow, thick, with venation faintly visible on one side of the leaf. The fruits are not perfectly ripe, and hence the rim exhibits a sunken appearance in some of the specimens. (Compare Pl. 35, fig. 5b.) . Intermediate leaf ; 4a, buds and mature leaf; 46, fruits. Delegate River (W. Baeuerlen). Shows transit to #. regnans. . Leaf; 5a, buds; 5b, fruits. Upper Yarra, Victoria(C. Walter). Another remarkable form intermediate between Z. vitrea and Z. regnans. In 4 and 5 we have the broad-leaved or regnans character. Some botanists, with reason, look upon this as a form of £. eugeniotdes, Sieb: and I will deal with this view in the next Part. Or Lo 10. iat 205 PLATE 35. E. dives, Schauer. Juvenile leaves. Cockatoo, near Germanton, New South Wales (W. Forsyth). . Flowering twig; 2a, buds ; 206, fruits. ‘ Messmate.” Head of Tarcutta Creek, 8 miles from Tumberumba, New South Wales (Forest Ranger Mecham). . Fruits. Tarcutta (W. Forsyth). . Fruits, showing slightly exserted valves. Queanbeyan (H. Deane). E. vitellina, Naudin. Flowering twig; 5a, anthers ; 5b, leaves and immature fruit; 5e, leaf. All of ZH. vitellina, Naudin. Jardin Nabonnand au Golfe Juan, Southern France, PLATE 386. E. Andrewsi, Maiden. . Pair of juvenile leaves. Tingha, New South Wales (R. H. Cambage). Large coarse leaf in the intermediate stage (?.e., between the juvenile and mature stages), Drake, New South Wales (E. C. Andrews). Buds; 3a, flowering specimen of the “ Blackbutt” or ‘‘ Peppermint” of New England (E. C. Andrews) ; 3b, anthers from the same specimen. . Fruits. Tingha (R. H. Cambage). E. diversifolia, Bonpland. . Pair of juvenile leaves copied from Bessa’s drawing in Bonpland’s “ Description des plantes rares a Malmaison,” t. 13 (copied by Miss M. Smith, Kew). Leaf ; 6a, two clusters of buds ; 66, anthers ; 6c, immature fruits ; 6d, ripe fruits, from Portland Bay Victoria (Mr. Adams, through A. E. Kitson). Leaf ; 7a and 76, fruits, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia (R. Tate). . and 8a, two pairs of juvenile leaves; 86, twig with fruits; 8¢, fruit, from Port Lincoln, South Australia (W. Gill). Twig with fruit ; 9a, a second twig with fruit ; 9b, a fruit ; all of Drummond’s Western Australian 4th Collection No. 64, the type of #. pachyloma, Benth. Leaf ; 10a, pair of fruits; 100, fruit of “ #. pachyloma, Benth.,” from Stirling Range, Western Australia. Leaf and fruits from west of Yetemerup, north side of Stirling Range (A. Morrison). Sydney : Wiliiam Applegate Gullick. Government Printer. —1905, Pi Crit. Rev. EUCALYPTUS. A ertogmee tO ens cae / Liahaizicg M F.v. ’ EUCALYPTUS REGNANS (which includes £. fastigata, Deane and Maiden). Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. EUCALYPTUS VITREA, R. T. Baker (1-2). between E. vitrea, 1ate R. T. Baker, and £. regnans, F.v.M. intermed 4-5, forms i ’ 3, an aberrant form Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. Schauer (J-4) Naudin ’ EUCALYPTUS DIVES (5). E. VITELLINA, PL. 36. Crit. REV. EUCALYPTUS. Pet aad Resid JRA A fered ee OREO PEAR age sss iden (/-4); Ma ’ EUCALYPTUS ANDREWSI E. DIVERSIFOLIA, Bonpland (5-11). A CRITICAL REVISION OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS BY J. H. MAIDEN (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Parr Vill (WITH FOUR PLATES) PrRIcE Two SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published by Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. DvDNev ; WILLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1907. APRA 1907 ©) \$3348 4 NEGRTICAL SIR EWISION OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS BY Jo Jel WEBEL IN) (Government Botanist of New South Wales and Director of the Botanic Gardens, Sydney). Part VIII (WITH FOUR PLATES). «* Ages are spent in collecting materials, ages more in separating and combining them. Even when a system has been formed, there is still something to add, to alter, or to reject. Every generation enjoys the use of a vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to future ages. In these pursuits, therefore, the first speculators lie under great disadvantages, and, even when they fail, are entitled to praise.” Macautay’s “Essay on MILTON.” PRICE TWO SHILLINGS AND SIXPENCE. Published ly Authority of THE GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES. Sydney : WiLLIAM APPLEGATE GULLICK, GOVERNMENT PRINTER, PHILLIP—STREET. * 20881 A IOs tee EUCALYPTUS CAPRITELLATA (Smith). vey EUCALYPTUS MUELLERIANA (Howitt), 19. EUCALYPTUS MACRORRHYNCHA (F. v. Mueller). DO. EUCALYPTUS EUGENIOIDES (Sieber). a EUCALYPTUS MARGINATA (Smith). AB, EUCALYPTUS BUPRESTIUM (F. v. Mueller). ZA SY EUCALYPTUS SEPULCRALIS (F. v. Mueller). | XVII, ag es sm. Description Synonyms. Range. A ffinities XVIIT, Euealyptus Muelleriana, Howitt. Variation in this and other Stringybarks Affinities (£. Wilkinsoniana, R. T. Baker, and E. nigra, K. T. Baker, are here considered) XIX. Fuealyptus maerorrht Hee a, F. v. Mueller Description Synonyms. Range. Affinities XX. Euealt aie SANS, Sieber. Deseription Synonyms. Range. Affinities XXL. Eucaly pias ee, Smith. Synonyms. XXIT. Eucalyptus buprestium, F. v. Mueller. XXII. Ewealyptus sepuleralis, Y. v. Mueller. The limitations of morphology, and record of oil con- stituents considered in regard to the determination of species of Eucalyptus Ixxplanation of plates PREEIVOINA ERY aN Oui: Tuts Part mainly deals with the Stringybarks, which are recognised by every systematic botanist as being specially difficult. They afford an admirable instance of the protean character of Eucalyptus. No character in this group, at least, be it juvenile or mature leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, timber, can be relied upon as absolute. One must adhere to the type as closely as possible, and, as regards aberrant forms, indicate their affinities. I do not wish to repeat myself at this place, and would refer my readers to my remarks on individual specimens in regard to aberrant forms. Eucalyptus trees vary according to the geological formations on which they are grown, and to the climate, apart from their innate tendency to vary. Then hybridisation plays an important part, though largely unrecognised by botanists even yet. I have dealt with these aspects of the subject at some length at p. 243. DESCRIPTION. FE, ecapitellata, Sm. E. capitellata, Sm., was described by J. E. Smith, not quite satisfactorily (as was also the case with so many of the early species of this difficult genus), in White’s Voyage to N. S. Wales, 216 (1790). Then we have :— Eucalyptus capitellata, operculo conico calyceque anguloso subancipiti, capitulis lateralibus pedun- culatis solitariis. Lid conical, and, as well as the calyx, angular, and somewhat two-edged. Heads of flowers lateral, solitary, on flower stalks. The leaves are oyate-lanceolate, firm, astringent, but not very aromatic. We have seen no other species in which the flowers stand in little dense heads, each flower not being pedicellated so as to form an umbel. The lid is about as long as the calyx. Flower-stalk compressed, always solitary and simple. The fruit of this species, standing on part of a branch whose leaves are fallen off, is figured in Mr, White’s “ Voyage,” p. 226, along with the leaves of the next species (Z. piperita, Sm., J.H.M.).—(“ A Specimen of the Botany of New Holland,” p. 42, 1793).* The description was made from plants procured in the neighbourhood of Sydney, and White’s figure of the fruits of H. capitellata is sufficiently good to prevent it being confused with those of any other species. Smith again described it in Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, 285 (1797). See also Wendl. Coll. 36; it is described more fully by Bentham, B.F1. iii, 206, also by Mueller (Hucalyptographia). There is no doubt that the type is that form of #. capitellata, Sm., which grows close to the shores of Port Jackson and its estuaries, and the rivers imme- diately north and south of Port Jackson. See figs. 1-6, pl. 37. It may be described in the following words :— A tree of medium size, often, in exposed situations, ¢.g., near the coast, dwarfed and gnarled. Bark.— Often very thick and fibrous, a typical Stringybark, the rough bark sometimes extending to all but the smallest branches. Sometimes the trees have a thinner, more sub-fibrous bark, with the upper portion of the trunk and limbs smooth. Notes on the bark will be given when speaking of particular specimens, Timber.—Brown when fresh, drying toa paler colour. A good timber for splitting and hence much used for posts, rails, buildings (formerly for shingles), and fuel. It is tough, strong, and durable. Vernacular Names.—As a very general rule this tree is known merely as Stringybark. ‘ Red Stringybark” is a name sometimes applied to this species in this State, in allusion to the darker colour of the wood as compared with that of L. eugenioides. It also goes under the name of “ Broad-leaved Stringy- bark.” It is the ‘Mountain Stringybark” of Victoria (A. W. Howitt). J. E. Smith, op. cié., called it (following White) “ Brown Gum-tree.” Messrs. Baker and Smith have suggested the name “ Brown Stringybark ” for this species. Aboriginal Names.—“ Yangoora” is a name given to HZ. capitellata and EL. macrorrhyncha indiscriminately by the Gippsland aborigines, according to Howitt. The late Sir William Macarthur informed me that “ Dthah-Dthaang” was the name given to Z. capitellata by the blacks of the Illawarra district, and “ Ngneureung” by those of the Brisbane Water district, while ‘‘ Bour-rougne ” was the name given by those of the Camden district (perhaps, however, to one of the forms intermediate between L, eugenioides and capitellata). * The correct date of this work cannot be earlier than 1794, since at p. 36 it takes cognizance of a plant which flowered in April of that year, 212 Juvenile Foliage.—For an account of it in its earliest stages, see pages 216 and 217. in this stage I am unable to separate the leaves from those of undoubted #. macrorrhyncha; but when growing in exposed marine situations they take on a form which I now proceed to describe, and which I believe to be quite characteristic of the species. Thick in texture, nearly orbicular, almost sessile, with a cordate base. Emarginate, or with a slight apex or none ; margin sinuate or slightly crenate, besprinkled copiously with stellate hairs on the under side, the twig abundantly so; shining on the upper side. The intermediate leayes scarcely changed in shape, but very coriaceous, and shining on both sides, Mature Leayes.—They are very coriaceous, even when grown at a considerable distance from the sea. The leaves usually larger and coarser than those of two other Stringybarks (£. mucrorrhyncha and LE. eugenioides) ever are, and often very oblique, but not always so. The foliage may be described as “coarse” in its typical form. Shining ; equally green on both sides ; venation spreading. Buds.—The buds and peduncles are generally somewhat thick and angular or flattened, and contrast with the neatness of shape of those of #. ewgenioides and FE. macrorrhyncha.* Commonly found with a double operculum. Flowers.—The filaments of the anthers sometimes dry dark. Fruits.—In consequence of the fruits being sessile, or nearly so, and crowded into heads, these assume a polygonal shape at the base, as if they had been pressed together when in a plastic condition. With this exception, the fruits have the form of a very much compressed spheroid, the horizontal diameter of which is from one and a half times to twice the depth. The fruit is swollen out below the rim, which is sometimes very well defined, and of a red or brown colour. The fruit is sometimes truncate, but more frequently the rim is dome-shaped. ‘There is great variability in the amount of exsertion of the valves. The fruit may be perfectly ripe without exserted valyes, but a twig from the same tree may have them exserted. SYNONYMS. . E. congesta, R.Br. . E. capitellata, Sm. var. (7) latifolia, Benth. . £. Baxteri, R.Br., and therefore £. santalifolia, F.v.M., var. (?) Baxteri, Benth. je bo ie) NOTES ‘ON THE SYNONYMS. 1. E. congesta, R.Br., Port Jackson, 1804 (R. Brown, Iter Australiense, 1802-5, distributed by J. J. Bennett, 1876, under No. 4,727). Named and so labelled, “ Hucalyptus congesta,” by Brown, but Lam not aware that the name has been published. 2. E. eapitellata, Sm. var. (?) latifolia, Benth.t Leayes short, obliquely ovate, very thick and much more straight, the bark deciduous (Robertson). Victoria. Heath, near Portland, Robertson. Possibly a sessile-flowered form of ZL. santalifolia, but the form of the calyx is more that of JZ. capitellaia, and quite different from that of 2. santalifolia, var. Baaxteri.—(B.F. iii, 206). * In B.FI. iii, 190, Bentham says of Z. capitellata, ‘‘ operculum very obtuse” ; and of H. macrorrhyncha, ‘‘ acuminate or conical.” A specimen of Hucalyptus capiteliata from N. Holland, Dr. Smith, ex-herb. Lambert, in Herb. Cant., is interesting as one of the very few specimens of this species known to have passed through Dr. (Sir J. E.) Smith’s hands. Strange to say, the only two opercula are pointed, although the specimen undoubtedly belongs to HZ. capitellata, Sm. t See also ‘‘ Two synonyms of Zucalyptus capitellata, Sm.,” by J. H. Maiden, Journ. Bot., 1906, p. 233. 2138 The following specimens are in the National Herbarium, Sydney :— (a) “Heath near Portland Bay, 20th March, 1842 (J. G. Robertson),” twigs bearing fruit. (v) * Heath, 10 miles west of Roseneath, Glenelg River. Stringybark. Bark not deciduous, timber white, from 10 to 30 feet high, 21st January, 1844” (J. G. Robertson, No. 498) ; twigs bearing buds. (ec) “Heath, Steepbank Rivulet, growing at foot of 498, and supposed to be young of it, 12th June, 1843” (J. G. Robertson, No. 500) ; juvenile foliage. They are all #. capitellata, Sm., not differing sufficiently from the type to be called a variety. They are very close to the Port Jackson specimens, and certainly not broader leaved. 3. EF. Baxteri, R.Br. (?) EB. santalifolia, F.v.M., var. (?) Baxteri. Leaves ovate, or ovate-oblong, obtuse, usually very 2 oblique, under 3 in. long, very thick, with oblique, scarcely conspicuous veins. Penduncles thick and angular, mostly very short. Flowers closely sessile in a dense head. Calyx-tube nearly 3 lines diameter, and shorter than broad. Operculum thick and hemispherical, the buds nearly globular. Ovary flat- topped. fF. Bawxteri, R.Br. Herb. 8. Coast, probably Kangaroo Island, Baxter (Herb. R.Br.). The heads of the flowers are very much like those of #. dwmosa, var. conglobata, but the operculum, and especially the anthers, are quite different. Fruit not seen.—(B.FI. iii, 207.) I wrote to Mr. James Britten, Department of Botany, British Museum, who kindly allowed Miss M. Smith, of Kew, to make drawings of two sheets of specimens in the herbarium under his charge. Both are twigs in flower and plump bud. One specimen bears the labels, ‘“‘ Eucalyptus, Mr. Wm. Baxter, received 1828; probably South Coast, perhaps Kangeroo (Brown in 1825 spelt A@ngaroo thus) Island, or possibly V. D. Land” (R. Brown). “Hf. Baxteri, R.Br., perhaps a var. of capitellata”’ (Bentham). “ Eucalyptus santalifolia, F.M., var. Baxteri, Benth. Fl. Austral. iti, p. 207.” The second specimen is labelled “ Hucalyptus, Mr. Wm. Baxter, received 1828, H. santalifolia, F. Muell., var. Baxteri, Benth. Fl. Austral. iii, p. 207.” Mr. Britten sent me a fragment of the type, and wrote: “I cannot make out where Bentham found the name £. Baxteri, Br., which he puts on the sheet. The plant is not described in Brown’s MSS.” The following specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney, precisely match the above :— (a) ** Major Mitchell’s Heath, near Portland, 20th March, 1842. Supposed 497 of J.G. RB.” (J. G. Robertson, No. 508.) (4) “ Five miles from Portland, on road to Bridgewater Bay. Shrub 6-10 feet high. 5th February, 1844.” (J. G. Robertson, No. 497.) Both these specimens are in flower and early fruit; No. 503 is in ripe fruit also. Both are H. capitella'a, Sm. Some of the leaves of the Portland Bay specimens resemble those of some Victorian and South Australian specimens of 214 EL. Muelleriana, Howitt (#. pilularis, 8m., var. Muelleriana, Maiden), but the buds and fruit are different, the buds especially so. In a word, Robertson’s 497, 498, 500, 503 are conspecific, in spite of the fact that under var. (?) latifolia Bentham draws attention to a certain difference in the shape of the calyx. Bentham’s inclusion of Baxter’s specimens under /. santalifolia, F.v.M. (LZ. diversifolia, Bonpl.), is amistake. . diversifolia has uniformly narrower leaves, not to mention other points. At the same time, the geographical limits of £. capitellata, Sm., LH. diversifolia, Bonpl., and L. Muelleriana, Howitt, unite near the Victorian-South Australian boundary, and botanists would do well to be on their guard not to commit the very pardonable error of confusing them with imperfect material. Portland Bay is on the south coast, 280 miles west of Melbourne, and about the same distance east of Adelaide. I have recently received the same form from Portland (Mr. Adams, through Mr. A. E. Kitson), also specimens from Dagholm, also in Victoria (A. W. Howitt). RANGE. THIS species is confined to New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. New SoutH WALES. It has already been stated that the type came from Port Jackson. Around Sydney it appears to be almost (perhaps entirely) confined to the sandstone. Northern Districts —The following coastal specimens are strictly typical :— Morriset (A. Murphy). “ Bark deeply furrowed, timber good.” ‘ This species has always yellow inner bark,’’ Wyee (A. Murphy); Wallsend (W. W. Froggatt) ; Port Stephens district (A. Rudder). The following northern specimens depart more or less from the type :—Small- fruited and therefore small-budded form, Booral district, 29th October, 1895 (A. Rudder). The small fruits and pointed buds depart from the type. Some botanists may look upon it as a var. of EL. eugenioides with very exsert valves. See fig. 9, pl. 38. ‘Stringybark, Lawrence, Clarence River district.” (J. V.de Coque.) The most northerly locality from which we have it is the Round Mountain, Guy Fawkes Range, 4,250 feet above the sea, and about 50 miles east of Armidale, on the Grafton road. (J.H.M.) Buds as compressed as it is possible for them to be. Fruits large and hemispherical. From the material available there may be room for opinion as to whether this is 2. capitellata or L. macrorrhyncha, but the buds, at least, incline me to the view that it is #. capitellata. (a) Near Apsley Falls, Walcha, No. 1,217, R. H. Cambage (E. C. Andrews) is identical with the preceding. 215 (2) Fourteen miles east of Deepwater at 4,000 feet, No. 1,219, Cambage (E. C. Andrews). In intermediate foliage only, but doubtless identical with the preceding. (c) Near Swamp Oak, Walcha, No. 1,218, Cambage (HE. C. Andrews) has a very short pedicel and is one of the specimens which show how difficult, and perhaps impossible, it is to say what line of demarcation there is between LE. capitellata and #. macrorrhyncha. Southern Localities.— EL. capitellata in its strictly typical form is found for a considerable distance along the coast. The following trees a few miles inland are somewhat aberrant. Fora southern tree (Clyde Mountain) sce also p. 217 infra. Bowral to Wombeyan (J.H.M. and R. H.Cambage) ; Yellowish tip-cat buds, normal juvenile foliage. At Hilltop, near Mittagong, N.S.W., there is a variety locally known as * Blue-leaf Stringybark.” It is so called because the leaves, especially in the sunlight, are observed to have a bluish cast, and this bluish appearance (especially noticeable in the young leaves) is largely retained on drying for the herbarium. The tops of the trees can be readily noticed amongst the other foliage from a neighbouring eminence. The fruits are in spherical clusters, and I wrote (Agric. Gaz., N.S.IV., vii, 268, May, 1896) that if it were desirable to distinguish this tree as a variety of euwgenivides, the name agglomerata would be very suitable. (See also Deane and Maiden, Proc. Linn. Soc., 1896, p. 808.) See fig. 6, pl. 38. I look upon this as one of the forms intermediate between LZ. eugenioides and #. capitellatu. On account of the juvenile leaves, and of the fruits, I believe it to be nearer the latter than the former. ‘The silvery or bluish cast of some Eucalyptus trees as they grow in the forest merits further inquiry. It is probable that several species present this appearance, perhaps at some seasons, and in some localities more than others. I have noticed typical L. ewgenioides in the Blue Mountains, with a ** silver top.” The fruits of the tree now under notice precisely resemble those of Nye’s Hill, Wingello, 8/99 (J. L. Boorman). The juvenile leaves precisely match those from Mt. Spiraby, near Tenterfield (J.H.M.). They also precisely match those of what may be termed the Blue Mountains form of ZL. capitellata (infra, p. 216). Other evidence as to connecting links between #. capitellata and JL. eugenioides will be found under the latter species, see p. 238. Here I show that there are specimens which, as regards their fruits, should come under LH. eugenioides, but their juvenile foliage is broad enough for H. capitellita. “White Stringybark.’”’—Tall trees, white bark, good timber, leaves bluish tint, easily distinguished from “red” in the bush by the more robust growth. Nye’s Hill, Wingello, 8/99 (J. L. Boorman). The fruits are as small as those of #. eugenioides, but compressed like those of Z. capitellata. They precisely resemble B 216 those of the Hill-top Blue-leaf Stringybark, just referred to. The “bluish tint”’ of the leaves is also similar. Buds stellate, and strongly resemble those of LZ. eugenioides when young; coarse and angular like those of L. capitellata when more mature. The following two specimens are instructive :— (a) Berrima, September, 1901 (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman).—Here we have fruits very similar to those of #. capitellata from Wingello, 8/99 (J. U. Boorman), and if not identical with them then intermediate between ZL. eugenioides and Lv. eapitellata. (2) Then we have a second series of specimens from Berrima, 9/01 (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman), with the buds eugenioides-like and with the fruit hemispherical and capitellate. Figures will explain these two forms, which seem to be intermediate between eugenioides and capitellata. I place (a) with #. capiteliata and (b) with L. eugenioides. (See fig. 7, pl. 38.) Western Localities—I1 now turn to a form which may provisionally he referred to as the Blue Mountains form of the species, because it is so readily studied there, but it also occurs coastwards and southwards. The following account * was prepared by Mr. R. H. Cambage and myself (only an unimportant addition has been made) :— We now draw attention to a Hucalypt from the Blue Mountains, which has almost invariably gone under the name of 2. capitellata, Sm., but which is worthy of special remark. Bark.—Not a perfect Stringybark, as compared, ¢.g., with macrorrhyncha, which is more fibrous. The more fibrous bark is yellowish ; close to the wood it is white. Has clean limbs, at times slightly ribbony. Reference to the bark being not a typical Stringybark is borne out by the Mount Wilson name, which is Messmate. Mr. H. Deane, at Blackheath, some years ago, called it a Peppermint bark, and suggested hybridism. On a specimen from Jenolan Caves, the collector (W. F. Blakely) has a note, ‘ Bark on the lower portion of the stem light reddish-brown in colour, resembling Stringybark ; upper portion, grey ; branches, yellowish-green.” Timber.—Brownish. Juvenile Leaves.—The margins undulate, and with a reddish rim when fresh. The leaves roughish, particularly on the lower side, owing to the presence of stellate hairs which are also on the edges of the leaves and on the twigs. In the intermediate stage they are Hugenia-like and shining on both sides, only very slightly darker on the upper side. The branches are brittle and appear to be much less fibrous than those of 2. ewgenioides in the vicinity. Mature Leayes.—Resemble those of typical 2. capitellata. Buds.--Clavate. Mount Wilson specimens, and others from the higher parts of the Blue Mountains, show the buds rugose, after the fashion, though not so well marked, as some from Victoria. Flowers.—Anthers reniform. Fruits.—Packed in a dense head; often white dotted. In the ripe fruits valves well exsert, rather more so than in Z. macrorrhyncha. Indeed, the Rey. Dr. Woolls labelled the Mount Wilson specimens 2. macrorrhyncha. In that species, however, the rim remains domed in mature fruits, while in this Blue Mountains form of 2. capitellata the rim is turned outwards till it becomes almost a continuation of the calyx. * Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1905, p. 198. 217 Habitat.—We have collected this form from Woodford to Cox’s River (Bowenfels) and the Jenolan Cayes, and also at Mount Wilson. Further localities to connect with the coast will be looked for. The most westerly locality from which it has been obtained is Mudgee, where it is called “Silyertop” (which points to a bluish cast) according to Mr. R. T. Baker, who collected it ; also Corricudgy Mount, R. T. Baker, October, 1897. We have the same form on the Clyde Mountain (southern mountain ranges), No. 31, W. Baeuerlen, July, 1890. In the Outer Domain, Sydney, we have an interesting tree, which is aw naturel, and which attracts attention from the fact that it is more “bark-bound” than the majority of Z. capitellata trees around Port Jackson, that is to say, the bark, though fibrous in texture, is thinner, denser, and more closely appressed to the trunk. The juvenile leayes and the intermediate leaves depart from the type, being narrower, more lanceolate, and more closely resemble those of the Blue Mountains form just referred to. Incidentally, it may be remarked that the orbicular suckers of ZL. capitellata from type localities (Port Jackson) would appear to be a product of an exposed situation. All the forms of Z. capitellata appear to have more or less lanceolate juvenile leaves in their earliest stage. Seedlings raised from typical capitellata trees early take on a lanceolar shape with entire margins. This is succeeded by an undulate margin, with stellate hairs on the leaves and on the irregularly-toothed margin and twigs. These display a complete similarity to those of the Blue Mountains, and it seems impossible to assume that they do not belong to the same species. It would appear impossible to seize on characters even to make a well-defined variety. Both of us have independently grown seedlings from Port Jackson and Port Hacking seed, and we cannot see any difference between the seedlings and those of the Blue Mountains trees. VICTORIA. There are two coastal forms of #7. capitellata, as might be expected from the extensive geographical range of the species—the New South Wales, and the Victorian-South Australian. Howitt states in his “Eucalypts of Gippsland” that he has not seen it srowing there at a less elevation than 500 feet, and that it cannot, therefore, strictly speaking, be called one of the littoral species. In New South Wales, and also near the Victorian-South Australian border, it, however, often grows quite close to the sea. Mr. Howitt writes privately—“ #. capitellata grows to a large size in the mountain districts, for instance, Moondarra, Wandin Yallock, and elsewhere in the Yarra watershed. In the western district the tree has usually a dwarfed habit.” See also my observations on the Victorian specimens referred to #. capitellata, var. (?) latifolia and HL. Baxteri, supra, p. 218. Form with rugose buds.—I1 now place together some further plants of this species with more or less rugose buds. I have already drawn attention to the subject,* and think that this tuberculate appearance will be found to be somewhat common now that attention has been invited to it. The specimens from Mount Lofty, South Australia (M. Koch) may be compared. I do not name this rugose-budded form as a variety, but, in view of the difficulty of “breaking down” such a widely-diffused and variable species as Ei. capitellata, it seems well to point out any prominent characters, to aid in classification. * Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1904, p. 766. 218 Grampians, 2,000 feet, Victoria (H. B. Williamson). These specimens, as regards the broad leaves and fruits, are very similar to the coastal Victorian form, but the buds (both calyx and operculum) are markedly rugose. Specimens also from the Grampians (C. Walter) have narrower leaves (nearer the type). The fruits are more pear-shaped, but there were only three in the umbel, and they are not much compressed. ‘The specimens do not really differ from the preceding. Darlimurla, 8. Gippsland (H. Deane). The leaves and fruits typical (fruits slightly pedicellate), but the buds rugose. Fruits a little small. All these specimens are practically alike. They are all £. capitellata, Sm. In their rugose buds they undoubtedly show affinity to 17. alpina, Lindl. SoutH AUSTRALIA. Sandy rises covered with fern undergrowth, Narracoorte (W. Gill). Clavate, scarcely angular buds, with domed fruits, valves well exsert. Mount Lofty, South Australia (R. H. Cambage, 20th March, 1901, also W. Gill). Short, broadish leaves, ovoid, shiny, slightly tuberculate buds, almost sessile, squat, conoid to hemispherical domed fruits. See fig. 11, pl. 37. Stringybark, Mount Lofty Ranges (Max Woch, September, 1902). The figures (fig. 1, pl. 88) show the remarkable variation in the shape of the fruits in this tree. Buds rather small, some with conical operculum, and some with clavate shape of buds; many of them slightly rugose. I doubt if the Mount Lofty specimens can be separated from those labelled “ Eucalyptus fabrorum, Schlechtendal. In montibus steriorilibus elatis, November, 1848. Dr. Mueller” (probably Mount Lofty, South Australia) ; see this Work, Part i, p. 40; Cf. also Part ii, p. 60. EN Tae S: eugenioides, Sieb. See under E. eugenioides, p. 289. Muelleriana, Howitt. See under EF. Muelleriana, p. 224. bh macrorrhyncha, E.v.M. See under £. macrorrhyncha, p. 230. 4, FE. santalifolia, F.v.M. FE. santalifolia agrees with £. capitellata in the almost total absence of flower-stalklets, but it attains not the size of a large tree, the leaves are smaller, more rigid, of a lighter green, less conspicuously veined, and not remarkably inequilateral, the flowers are generally less numerous on each stalk, the calyces are larger, with wider tube and longer lid, the stamens not inflexed before expansion, the anthers more cordate than renate, and the fruits usually smaller, not to speak of the seedlings of the two species, those of £. capitellate, according to specimens transmitted by the Rey. Dr. Woolls, being star-hairy and producing leaves narrow-lanceolar (sic, J.H.M.) though rounded at the base also.—(Hucalyptographia, under EZ. santalifolia). T have already dealt with the affinity of these two species; see p. 213. 5. E. alpina, Lindl. I have made some observations on the affinities of these two species, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1904, p. 766. 219 ID SCIRIUE NOUN, E. Muelleriana, Howitt. (For Description, Synonomy, Range, &c., see Part I, as #7. pilularis, var. Muelleriana.) In dealing with the Stringybarks, I have been vainly looking for characters which will differentiate all forms. For example, | have endeavoured to separate them by the seedling or juvenile leaves (width, and the presence or absence of stellate hairs). But I find that these characters, like all others in Eucalypts, vary. The state of ripeness of the fruits counts for much, the state of being capitate counts for little in classification. The juvenile leaves of Stringybarks (viz., L. capitellata, macrorrhyncha, eugenioides, Muelleriana) appear to be beset with hairs, more or less,—Muelleriana, perhaps, least of all. Those of H. eugenioides are usually narrowest. Those of . capitellata and FH. macrorrhyncha are broader, though the latter are usually narrower than the former. Those of H. Muelleriana vary much in width, and are sometimes very narrow. “The extremely shiny upper surface” of the leaves of this species (Howitt) characteristic of the type, unfortunately for purposes of classification, breaks down in some of its forms. An instructive series of specimens was collected by Mr. A. W. Howitt,— (a) Armidale, New South Wales, with narrow juvenile foliage; (b) between Chandler and Styx Rivers: ‘‘ Up to 50 feet, bark stringy to smaller limbs and branches.” This has juvenile foliage of intermediate width. (c) Styx River and Armidale: “A Stringybark tree, tall, up to 60 or 70 feet.” The opposed juvenile leaves up to one inch and a half wide; (a), (b), (c) belong to the same species; the transition between them is evident. I have received from Mr. A. W. Howitt seedlings and other juvenile foliage of his typical H. Muelleriana, from Long Cutting, Tambo River, Victoria. The seedling leaves are half an inch in diameter, while the juvenile leaves, still in the opposite stage, are an inch and a quarter broad, with the stellate hairs so common in the Stringybarks. I cannot point out any differences between these juvenile leaves and those of the New South Wales (a), (b), (c) just referred to. The leaves of (a) are as narrow as those of LH. eugenioides, while those of (ec) are broader than those of H. Muelleriana were formerly supposed to be. Examining them from all points, I am of opinion that different botanists may look upon them as belonging to E. eugenioides, or to a small-fruited form of . Muelleriana. £. Muelleriana appears to have a number of associated forms closely related to it, and, for that and other reasons, I think it is better to look upon it as a species, and not as avariety. I, therefore, modify my views as to the rank of #. Muelleriava, as expressed in Part I of this work. 220 The fruits of typical #. Wuelleriana are, on the average, about half an inch in diameter. It might be desirable to give the small-fruited forms (i.e., those about a quarter of an inch in diameter, or rather more) a name, for it is they which show transit to and are confused with #7. ewgenioides. It might be desirable to renew the variety name minor which was applied to forms of 4. levopinea by Mr. Baker, but, as regards myself, I must say that I am unable to define the small-fruited forms as distinct from 2. eugenioides. They are simply portions of a curve. HE. Muelleriana is known as “ Yellow Stringybark,” from the yellowness of the inner bark, which yellowness also often exhibits itself as a stain more or less marked throughout the wood. At one time I hoped that this yellowness (where evidence of its presence is available) might be a useful diagnostic character. It is certainly useful sometimes, but it breaks down in that it is observable in L. eugenioides and other species. The presence of this colouring matter in various trees is worthy of investigation by the chemist, as it may be of some aid to diagnosis not clearly understood at present. I have spoken of the yellow colour being present in species other than Mvelleriana; I now give an instance of its absence from Muelleriana. “ Pale Stringybark,” Mt. Lofty, 8.A. (R. H. Cambage, 20th March, 1901) ; also, same locality (Walter Gill, Nov., 1901). Mr. Gill adds the note ‘‘ The inner bark has none of the bright yellow colour of the Wingello, New South Wales, trees youand I felled in March.” The Wingello trees are typical Muelleriana. See Part I, p. 40. The Mt. Lofty specimens have duller buds and fruits, shape of fruits some- what pear-shaped, rim well defined, reddish-brown, slightly domed, tips of valves slightly exsert. The fruits are reminiscent of those of some South Australian — specimens of L’. diversifolia, Bonpl. APPINITLES. 1. E. pilularis, Sm. Its affinity to #. pilularis, Sm., | have abundantly made clear in Part I of this work. I sometimes cannot separate them on herbarium specimens. JH. semicorticata, F.v.M., Brisbane River (received by me from Kew), has the pointed buds of #. pilularis, and the fruits of H. Muelleriana. I can only repeat that EH, Muelleriana cannot be separated by hard lines from ZL. pilularis. 2. E. eugenioides, Sieb. I do not know on what character—juvenile foliage, mature foliage, buds, fruits, bark, timber, #. Mwelleriana (in its small-fruited forms) can be absolutely separated from LH. ewgenioides, Sieb. I have already touched on this point, both under 2. ewgenioides and in my preliminary remarks under 2. Wuelleriana. That being so, I cannot find fault with a botanist who does not see eye to eye with me in 221 regard to the placing of this and that intermediate specimen in one species or the other. This is inconvenient, but the convenience of taxonomists has to give way to the grand law of variation. I look upon #. Wilkinsoniana, R. T. Baker, and B.nigra, R. T. Baker, as being inseparable from Z. ewzenioides on the one hand and from #. Muelleriana cn the other,* and I have made careful investigations in the forest. E. Wilkinsoniana, R. T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.,'xxv, 678 (1900). Syn. according to Mr. Baker. #. hemastoma,y Sm. var. (Mueller in Lucalyptographia Dec. 2); #. levopinea, var. minor, Baker. The affinity of Z. Wilkinsoniana with HL. Muelleriana is an inference already made by Mr. Baker, partly on oil determination, but made by me on morphological grounds. Mr. Baker’s original view was that this tree is a small-fruited form of E. Muelleriana (his levopinea) and I think that that view has much to support it. It, however, ignores the obvious relation to 1. eugenioides. The type of #. Wilkinsoniana came from Marulan, also Barber’s Creek (H. J. Rumsey). Specimens were sent to me also from the Glenrock paddocks, Barber’s Creek, by H. J. Rumsey. ‘Type specimens also from Sutton Forest (R. T. Baker). All these localities are very familiar to me, and the tree was collected by me long before it was described. Specimens from Burragorang (R. T. Cambage) and many other localities also match the type. The fruits vary a good deal. See the remarkable differences of the forms of two heads of fruits from the same branch at Barber’s Creek (H. J. Rumsey, the original collector of the type specimens). See fig. 17, pl. 38. Mr. Baker’s statement in his description of #4. Wilkinsoniana that Z£. levopinea never has a red rim appears to be founded on a misapprehension. An extreme form of the fruits (from Sutton Forest) is that shown in the figure of #. Wilkinsoniana (P1. 38, fig. 18). I have precisely the same form from 1 mile south-west of Parramatta, Wianamatta Shale formation (R. H. Cambage). Sometimes (e.g., same place and collector) the fruits are more constricted at the orifice, showing transit to #. pilularis. This shape of fruit is common enough in typical Muelleriana, whose fruits are, however, larger. Following is the same form. LE. pilularis, 8m., Gladesville, Sydney (H, Deane, May, 1886; J. L. Boorman, Dec., 1898) normal apparently in every other respect except that the size and shape of the fruits very closely approximate that of 2. Wilkinsoniana figured at pl. 38, fig. 18. The fruits of H. levopinea, R. T. Baker, from Gulf Road, Rylstone (R. T. Baker) display such variation in size and shape as to have caused differences of views as to the species. For example, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1896, 803, * See note in Proc, Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1905, p. 509. +The statement that YZ. hemastoma, var. is a synonym of LZ. Wilkinsoniana, is founded on a misapprehension, See Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S.W. 1904, p. 760, The original specimen is H. Sieberiana, F.v.M. 222 and 818, Mr. Deane and I referred some of them to an abnormal form of JZ. macrorrhyncha, between it and capitellata. That they are identical with Z. Muelleriana, Howitt, has since been shown, but I would point out the resemblance in shape to those of some fruits of #. Wilkinsoniana. The white-dotted appearance of the fruits common in #, Muelleriana is common on those of other Stringybarks, e.g., #. ewgenioides and FL. Wilkinsoniana and H. nigra. The granular or roughened appearance of the rim which is specially common in #. Muelleriana is seenalso in 2. Wilkinsoniana, FE. macrorrhyncha (e.g., Barber’s Creek), and other forms. The pale-coloured shiny buds of #. Muelleriana are seen also in #. Wilkinsoniana. The depressed hemispherical fruit seen in 2. Wilkinsoniana is common in northern 2. Muelleriana and FH. eugenioides. Many other specimens (some are figured, ¢e.g.,17 and 18, pl. 88) could be cited, showing that H. Wilkinsoniana cannot be considered a species apart from EH. Muelleriana. Let us now consider F£. nigra, R. T. Baker, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xxv, 689 (1900). The type specimens of 2. nigra, R. 'T. Baker, have usually thin rims to the fruit, and the tips of the valves barely protrude. They appear to be precisely matched by Kanimbla Valley (A. H. 8S. Lucas, March, 1900; J.H.M., February, 1901), a typical Stringybark (with yellow inner bark), and from the same tree I collected the broad-rimmed fruits of 4. Muelleriana (see fig. 14, pl. 85). In other words, the fruits of 2. nigra are not always thin-rimined, varying, in this respect, in the same tree. The leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits show that #. nigra cannot be separated from those of 2. Muelleriana, although I have made earnest endeavours, extending over a long period, to separate them. The type-specimens come from Ballina, Richmond River, and Canterbury, Sydney. E. nigra is, in my view, one of the forms which form part of the series between F#. eugenioides and EL. Muelleriana, and we have here but another instance of the protean forms of the Stringybarks. I believe that Mr. Baker’s #. nigra even extends to Victoria, and that the specimen, Upper Yarra, October, 1$89 (C. Walter), looked upon by me as a remarkable form showing transit between Z. regnans, F.v.M., and L. vitrea, R. T. Baker (see Part VII, fig. 5, pl. 34), may be looked upon as a form of FE. Muelleriana (or of H. eugenioides, Sieb., as Messrs. Luehmann and Walter imagined it to be). In Eucalypts which are aberrant (and this remark applies more or less to other genera) it is often the case that they may be referred to more than one species, according to the point of view.* As to the reputed inferior quality of the timber of &. nigra as compared with EH. eugenioides, I have some timber of the former which seems as good as any of the latter; indeed, I cannot tell any difference between the two. I would suggest that the reputed inferiority of 4. nigra timber is owing to local causes. In northern New South Wales (e.g., ‘“‘Stringybark,”” Acacia Creek, Mac- pherson Range, W. Dunn (No. 72), and ‘“ Woolly-butt,’ Armidale district, H. A. Perrott) we have Stringybarks with broader juvenile leaves than those of typical Wuelleriana, the fruit smaller, and sometimes a little angled. The juvenile leaves appear to be quite identical with specimens from Eden, in the extreme south- east of New South Wales, collected by Howitt, and referred to H. ewgenioides. The tree also occurs in southern Queensland, e.g., Stanthorpe (A. Murphy), “the common Stringybark of the district, runs out near Warwick.” In one point at least (the angularity of the fruit) this last specimen shows some affinity to the pear-shaped fruited series which connects LZ. macrorrhyncha and L7, Muelleriana (see p. 229). The leaves, buds, and some of the fruits precisely match Mr. Baker’s L#. nigra, and I cannot separate them from the small-fruited form of #. Muelleriana, on the one hand, nor from #. ewgenioides on the other. I think their proper place is transit between ZL. Muelleriana and FE. eugenioides. These northern specimens connect with those from the (a), (b), (c) from the Armidale district, already referred to (p. 219). Mr. Baker also records #7. nigra from Cook’s River, Sydney. Tam of opinion that these specimens are referable to H. eugenioides, the size and shape of whose fruits is very variable in the Sydney as well as in other districts. These difficulties of nomenclature and hesitancy to attribute some forms definitely to one species to the exclusion of others arises from the realisation, which presents itself to a philosophic mind, that in nature we have an infinite gradation of forms—a fact which is increasingly brought home to us as our know- ledge of them increases. A knowledge of the oil-contents of the cells of the leaves is a contribution to such knowledge ; but we must be on our guard that we do not allow ourselves to be unduly influenced by this, but should balance it fairly with evidence obtained in other lines of investigation. = «Two species may in their typical forms be very unlike, yet exhibit such affinity that they are more or less connected by frequent intermediates, hybrids, or atavistie forms.’’ (‘‘The generic concept in the classification of the flowering plants.” —B. L. Robinson in ‘‘ Science,” n.s. xxiii, p. 83.) Cc 3. EF. capitellata, Sm. I have shown, in dealing with Victorian and South Australian specimens (p. 213), how difficult it sometimes is to separate 2. Muclleriana from L7. capitellata. Typical suckers of 27. capilellata may be different enough. The test as to the coriaceous character of the leaves breaks down, e.g., I have very coriaccous leaves of typical 1. Muelleriana from Wingello, N.S.W., while west and north coriaceous leaves of LH. Muelleriana are particularly abundant. That 2. Muelleriana and LH. capitellata run into each other i have no doubt. 4. E. macrorrhyncha, E.v.M. Turning to observations under #. macrorrhyncha, I am simply unable to separate /. Muelleriana and £2. macrorrhyncha in some northern New South Wales and southern Queensland forms. The figures (10-18, pl. 58) will explain my meaning. Some of the northern forms may be looked upon by some botanists as referable to 2. capitellata; indeed, | cannot say in what important character they differ from the Victorian-South Australian specimens referred to under LL. capitellata, The following notes on #7. Huelleriana seedlings refer to the type plants in Victoria. I have already pointed out, however, that the seedling leaves vary :— In £. macrorrhyncha the seedlings are also more or less beset with tufts of hairs, giving the stems a rough appearance, but in a less degree than the last-named species (Z. capitellata). The leaves, at first opposed, are lanceolar in form, and slightly shiny. The seedlings of #. Muelleriana are as characteristic as those of any other species known to me. ‘The stem and stalklets are slightly tufted with hairs, or are even smooth ; the leaves rather long, lanceolar, pointed, and opposed throughout, even in seedlings of a foot or more in height, while their extremely shiny upper surface distinguishes this form from all the other species of this group [my italics, J.H.M.], being more marked even than in Z. obliqua, from which the persistent opposition of the leaves readily distinguishes it.—(Howitt, Trans. Roy. Soc. Vict., vol. 2, pp. 92-3.) DESCRIPTION. FE, maerorrhyncha, ¥.v.M. MUELLER (Census, &c.) quotes ‘‘ First General Report of the Government Botanist of Victoria, 1853,’ as the authority for this name. It is there spelt as I have given it. The species was not, however, described until Vol. ii of the ‘ Flora Australiensis” (1866). See B.FI. iii, 207, and Mueller’s “ Eucalyptographia.” This, in its typical form, is a very easily recognised species. The buds are, when fully developed, large, rhomboidal in longitudinal section, with pointed operculum, and the pedicels are long, so that the flowers and fruits form loose heads. Vernacular Names.—It is usually known as “Stringybark” merely, but by comparison with LE. eugenioides as “ Red Stringybark.” According to Howitt, itis known as “ Mountain Stringybark ” in Gippsland, a name to which in this State the other Stringybarks have also some claim. It is the common Stringybark of the north-eastern districts of Victoria, and appears to be quite absent from the coast districts ot New South Wales. Juvenile Foliage (figured in the Lucalyptographia).—The leaves may be described as follows :— Elliptical, margins undulate and irregularly toothed. Small tufts of hairs along the margin. The twigs, midribs and veins, and even the soft tissue more or less besprinkled with stellate hairs, the twigs abundantly so. Matare Leayes.— Usually 4 to 6 inches long and 1 to 1} inches wide. Rather coriaceous, equally green on both sides. Venation spreading, prominent, particularly the midrib. Intra-marginal vein at some distance from the edge. Twigs and leaf-stalks angular. Buds.—These are stronzly padicellate, and the edge of the calyx tub3 forms a prominent ring, while the operculum is often curved; acuminate and often lengthened out into a point. In the matter of shape one cannot help likening them to those of #. rostrata, which, however, are small in comparison. The buds are usually more or less angular, and in the typical form are very angular. In extreme forms the angularity disappears. Fruits.—These yary somewhat in shape and size, but, owing to the long pedicels, the prominent edge to the rim, and the domed top, they can usually be recognised. They vary as to amount of doming, so that eventually, in some specimens, the rim is obliterated. Valves well exsert. The diameter of typical fruits is not much more than 3 inch at its greatest (rim) width. A particularly large-fruited form has been collected by Mr. R, T. Baker in the Rylstone district, where trees with fruits of ordinary size are also found. Large fruits (not so large as the Rylstone ones) are also found with the ordinary ones at Howell (J.H.M.). Timber.—This seems in every respect to resemble that of #. capitellata, It is the common Goldfields Stringybark, and its timber is brown, 226 SYNONYMS. 1. Var. (?) brachycorys, Benth. 2. E. seyphoidea, Naudin. NOTES ON. THE SYNONYMS: Tar. (?) brachycorys, Benth. Operculum short and obtuse. Fruit of £. macrorrhyncha. Expanded flowers not seen, and therefore affinities uncertain. New England, N.S.W., Stringybark, C. Stuart —B.FI. iti, 207. The variety brachycorys, mentioned by Bentham, seems transferable to £. capitellata, unless, indeed, it should prove distinct from both, when as a species it could be kept apart under the above designation.—(Mueller, Lucalyptographia, under EL. macrorrhyncha. ) The variety brachycorys, doubtfully referred by Bentham to 2. macrorrhyncha from New England (near Timbarra) at elevations about 2,000 feet, may possibly be a form of LZ. capitellata, with which it shares the blunt lid, though the calyces are attenuated into distinct and slender stalklets ; but the bark of this tree, though stringy, is said to be separating in patches, and, curiously enough, the tree is locally called Spotted Gum tree.* The fruits are rather more depressed. Expanded flowers remained unknown.— (Lucalyptographia, under £. capzitellata.) I have seen Stuart’s specimens, and they have thick leaves, with well-marked venation. Buds rounded, shining. Fruits sharply rimmed and grooved. Fig. 14, pl. 39, makes this form clear. I cannot agree that it is a variety, and Bentham was himself doubtful on that point. It is an unstable form and it touches the normal form and adjacent species in various ways. It is especially common in the Northern Districts. The sharpness of the rim, which seems to be the most pronounced character, appears to be accidental, and to be less accentuated as ripening of the fruit proceeds. It is seen in specimens from widely different localities, e.g., Cootamundra to Grenfell (A. Osborne) ; Borenore (H. Deane); Canoblas, Orange (A. W. Howitt); Capertee and Sunny Corner (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman); Emmaville (E. C. Andrews). 2. E. scyphoidea, Naudin. I do not know where it was described. Copy of a label, in Herb. Mus. Paris, in M. Naudin’s handwriting :— Eucalyptus scyphoidea, Ndn. Species nova. Trouvé dans le jardin Nabonnand au Golfe Juan. Arbre unique dans le pays. Villa Thuret, 1899. Ch. Ndn.”—(Maiden, Proc. Linn. Soc. V.S.W., 1903.) It is a form of /. macrorrhyncha, commonest in the Northern Districts, which, with var. (°) drachycorys, is simply indistinguishable from the normal species. Tt has buds nearly normal, while the fruit tends to the spherical shape that is common in many specimens of this species, as will be readily seen from examination of the figures. * I do not know the authority for this statement. Charles Stuart’s note on a New England specimen (Herb. Melb.) is ‘“‘ A mountain species. Bark separating in fibres like the Van Diemen’s Land £. gigantea (E. obliqua).” I have seen the tree in the forest. : 227 IAN Gade. FE. macrorrhyncha is found in Victoria (where the type came from), South Australia, New South Wales, and southern Queensland. VICTORIA. As regards its range in Gippsland, Mr. A. W. Howitt: states, ‘* It commences at Glen Maggie, on the dry Silurian ridges, extends all along the stony ranges flanking the valley, and reaches an altitude of about 3,000 feet on the track leading up from the Wellington to the Snowy Plains.” Mueller gives its range ‘On comparatively sterile ridges and ranges, chiefly of the Silurian formation, widely and often gregariously distributed through much of the wooded country of Victoria, for instance towards the Upper Yarra and in the Dandenong Ranges; thence to the mountains of Gippsland easterly, to the Mitta Mitta and Hume River northerly, the Avoca and the Pyrenees westerly, and towards Cape Otway southerly in our colony.” —(Lucalyptographia, under E. macrorrhyncha.) Following are aberrant forms. Small, glaucous, pointed buds like those of HE. eugenioides. Ojil-glands of leaves prominent. Fruits typical macrorrhyncha. Buchan, North Gippsland (A. W. Howitt). A closely-allied form from Stawell (A. W. Howitt) has the buds glabrous and even shining. The fruits are less typical than those of the preceding specimen, being closer to capitellata. SoutH AUSTRALIA. In South Australia #. macrorrhyncha is confined to the Adelaide district, according to the late Prof. Tate. New Soutn WaALEs. In this State it is found along the Dividing Range and Table Land from south to north. It goes down the western slopes, and on the spurs of the main range, and on the isolated ranges some distance into the interior. The most westerly localities actually recorded are the Harvey and Warrumbungle Ranges. Southern Localities—Quiedong, near Bombala (W. Baeuerlen) ; Bombala to Delegate (J.H.M.); ‘Tantawanglo Mountain, Cathcart, Montgomery’s Mill (H. Deane); Gungahleen (Goldsbrough, Mort, & Co.), with thick, short leaves and strongly marked venation; Tumut (W. W. Froggatt); Gundagai (H. Deane) ; Barber’s Creek (H. J. Rumsey), with swollen, insect-punctured buds as already figured in #. stellulata. Bowral to Wombeyan Caves, 1 mile east (J.H.M. and R. H. Cambage) with narrowish, lanceolate suckers, not quite at the youngest stage. 228 Fruits with very sharp rim; little doming, or a concavity rather than a convexity, Cootamundra to Grenfell (Dist. Forester Arthur Osborne); Weddin, near Young, normal (J.H.M.) Borenore, near Forbes (H. Deane) with fruits similar to those from Coota- mundra, &¢., and which resemble those of var. (?) drachycorys. Western Localities—Hassan’s Walls, Bowenfels (J.H.M.); Capertee and Sunny Corner, with remarkably angular rim to fruits (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). These specimens, as far as leaves and fruits are concerned, are close to var. (?) brachycorys, but the buds are those of the New England form. Rylstone (R. T. Baker); Mudgee (W. Woolls). Fruits rather smaller than the type. A coarse grandiflora form with the fruits 3 inch i diameter, the rim very prominent and urceolate in shape, was collected by R. T. Baker at Mt. Vincent, also at Rylstone. (Fig. 19, pl. 39.) Perth, found only in the Ranges around Apsley; small stunted trees used for props in the mines adjacent (J. L. Boorman). “Red Stringybark,’ buds swollen like those of Z. stellulata, Canoblas, Orange; ditto (A. W. Howitt), with rim of fruit as sharp as seen in var. (?) brachycorys, Ophir, Orange (Rh. H. Cambage) ; Wellington (A. Murphy). Near top of Mt. Bulaway, Warrumbungle Ranges, at 3,000 feet (W. Forsyth). The angularity of the rim in these fruits is nearly obliterated, and the pedicels are very short. The opercula are pointed, but far less sharp than those of normal macrorrhynchs usually are. That this tree is a strong connecting link between Ei. capitellata and EL. macrorrhyncha is unquestionable. A form with normal fruits is also found in the Warrumbungle Ranges (W. Forsyth). Minore, near Dubbo, perhaps the most westerly locality in this herbarium (J. L. Boorman). Buds less angular than the type. Harvey Range, near Dubbo (J. L. Boorman). Small crooked trees of 15-20 feet. Leaves very thick and shiny, and with veins well marked. In some trees the fruits hemispherical and much resembling those of var. (?) brachycorys. In others, the fruits hardly to be distinguished from those of Z. tereticornis, Sm. The Meadows, Dubbo district ; used for fencing-posts and charcoal (Assistant Forester A. R. Samuels). The buds remarkably like those of ZH. rostrata, so much so, that a word of caution is necessary. This is not an unusual thing in Western forms, but the anthers and the venation of the leaves are very different. Northern Localilies—But it is as we travel north, farthest away from the home of the type, that the aberrant forms become most plentiful. The doming of the rim is usually a very good guide in this species, but sometimes this character is not well defined, and the rim must then be interpreted with caution. ee 229 On New England the tendency of the leaves is to become smaller and more coriaceous, and the buds to become less to more angular* than the type, the operculum shorter and the fruit more pear-shaped. The rim is not sharp, and the domed portion is narrow. At the same time there are considerable differences in the shapes and sizes of the fruits in these northern forms as the figures will show. Foilowing are some specimens in the National Herbarium :— Tingha, on granite, fruits nearly spherical, more or less glaucous, buds approaching normal (No. 962, R. H. Cambage). Tingha, juvenile foliage narrower or more lanceolate than the type, but not invariably so. Stellate hairs, marginal characters as before. Intermediate foliage very broad and coarse (like the Stanthorpe, Q., specimen figured at fig. 18, pl. 39). Buds compressed (J. L. Boorman). Mr. Boorman and I have collected fruits at Tingha in heads, with valves as exsert as it is possible for them to be. At Howell, near Tingha, Mr. Boorman and I collected a grandiflora form of this species, also specimens similar to the Tingha ones, and also fruits inclining to be pear-shaped, as referred to elsewhere when discussing this species. Mount Seaview (J.H.M.). Bluff River, near Tenterfield; also Glen Innes (H. Deane) are obviously similar to var. brachycorys, but the rim is less rounded. A second Bluff River specimen (H. Deane) is more glaucous and angular in all its parts, with larger fruits. I cannot distinguish it from Boorman’s Tingha specimens, except, perhaps, in the more pronounced grooving of the rim. Tent Hill, west of Deepwater (EH. C. Andrews). In fruit only, which is depressed, tending to be hemispherical and the rim not sharp. Emmayille. Buds very compressed (J. . Boorman). From same locality (BE. C. Andrews), but with shiny, scarcely angular buds, and angular, flat, broad- rimmed fruits like var. (?) drachycorys. This angular rim appears to be less marked in fully ripe fruits. Stanthorpe, Queensland (I. M. Bailey). The following specimens show some affinity to Muelleriana, and may be reported upon separately as a matter of convenience. (a) Nundle, Liverpool Range (J. L. Boorman). Fruits pear-shaped, white- dotted, buds not angular, opercula conical. (See fig. 11, pl. 38.) (6) Allied to the above, but buds and fruits smaller and paler, and the angular rim of the latter almost absent. Attunga, 12 miles N.W. of Tamworth, growing on hill of serpentine formation (R. H. Cambage). (See fig. 12, pl. 38.) (c) * Red Stringybark,’ Walcha District (A. R. Crawford), with fruits inclining to pear-shape. (See fig. 10, pl. 38.) * Jn the more exposed situations the mutual compression causes the buds to be bluntly angular and compressed just like H, capitellata of the coast. 230 (d) Hartley’s Mill, Glen Innes (H. Deane). This isa very interesting specimen, of which leaves and fruits (not quite ripe) are alone available. It was referred doubtfully to J. ewgenioides by Deane and Maiden, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.7V., 1896, 805. (See fig. 18, pl. 38.) It is, I think, a transit form between /. macrorrhyncha and LE. Muelleriana. It can be looked upon as an extreme form of the pear- shaped fruited macrorrhyncha specimens just referred to. The figure will explain it, and I will only add that I have not noticed the grooving of the rim, which is clear in this form, other than in HZ. macrorrhyncha. (e) Warialda (J. L. Boorman), and the trees also examined by me. Apparently rare in the district. Occurs on the Inverell-road, near the dry creek with a bridge, under 2 miles from the township. The timber is warm brown. The suckers (some of them) nearly as narrow, perhaps quite as narrow, as ever seen in Li. eugenioides. (See fig. 21, pl. 39.) The fruits are quite small, and there is almost an entire absence of angularity of the rim. Occasionally angularity is observed. This form is obviously similar to (d@), and it is an extreme form of 7. macrorrhyncha. eA S: 1. EF. capitellata, Sm. In specific botanical aftinity 2. macrorrhyncha stands nearest to ZL. capitellata ; leaves and fruits of both are the same; but the flowers of the latter are always sessile, or nearly so, and thus crowded into heads as the species-name signifies, besides being usually smaller; the lid of #. capitellata is hemispheric, without any prominent point, and shorter in proportion to the tube, the latter being also more angular, and downward less attenuated.—(Hucalyptographia, Mueller, under E. macrorrhyncha.) That 2. capitellata and #. macrorrhyncha possess points of resemblance is apparent to the most superficial observer. A comparison of the two may be roughly tabulated as follows :—Z. capitellata—Operculum obtuse. Flowers and fruits sessile, or nearly so. Fruit expanded below the rim. ff. macrorrhyncha.—Operculum acuminate, or conical. Flowers and fruits strongly pedicellate ; calyx border prominent. But these characters are not absolute, and oniy belong to the types, considerable variation occurring in some specimens. I cannot separate 2. capitellata and EF. macrorrhyncha on juvenile leaves, and agree with Mueller’s dictum, “leaves and fruits of both are the same’’; their limits are simply indefinable. 2. E. Muelleriana, Howitt. I have already spoken strongly as to the affinity of these two species. Contemplation of figures 10-18, plate 38, will illustrate the transit between them. This transit appears to be most marked in northern New South Wales and southern Queensland specimens. The colours of the timbers of the two species do not help one much in these transit forms. The colour of the timbers referred to is a warm brown, while that of #. macrorrhyncha in its typical form is rather darker, while that of Z. Muelleriana is paler. But as one gets away from the type localities of species, the colour of the timber varies within limits. Indeed timbers, like other products of plants, cannot always be placed in one species without a qualifying statement that it would be legitimate to look upon them as forms of another. I regret, as a systematist, to have to say this, but it is a necessary corollary of the grand law of variation amongst plants, often evident, but more frequently not so evident to the limited experience and knowledge of man. 3. EF. diversifolia, Bonpl. E. santalifolia, F.v.M. (£. diversifolia, Bonpl., J.H.M.), from the limestone ridges of Guichen Bay, and thence westward to Venus Bay beyond Spencer’s Gulf, differs in smaller and less oblique leaves, with more concealed veins, and anthers rather cordate than kidney-shaped, but the fruits are again the same, unless the valves are smaller. Possibly it may prove a variety ; it flowers already in a shrubby state. I have not seen the lid of its calyx.—(Hucalyplographia, Mueller, under £. macrorrhyncha.) The affinity is, however, not very close, as references to the figures and text in Part VII will show. 232 VES CRE Ne FE. eugenioides, Sieb. Sreper’s definition of 2. exgenioides is as follows :— E, operculo mucronulato, umbellis lateralibus racemosis, ramulis teretibus, foliis ineequaliter oblongo- lanceolatis (Sprengel’s Cur@ Posteriores, iv, 195), a description which would have rendered it impossible to state what species was meant, had not a specimen, named by Sieber, been in existence. It is also described in Mueller’s “ Eucalyptographia.’”’ The species may be described as follows :— Vernacular Names.—lIt is usually known simply as “Stringybark.” It is often known as “ White Stringybark ” in this State and also in Victoria (A. W. Howitt), but the timber is often reddish, and hence it bears the name of “Red Stringybark” also. In those cases /#. capitellata from the same district usually bears the name of “ White Stringybark !” Juvenile Foliage.—Specimens of the type (Sieber’s No. 479) are just—only just—past the opposite stage. They are lanceolate, under } inch wide at the outside, and up to 2} inches long. Venation strongly marked. Leaves undulate and young shoots warty. (See fig. 2, pl. 40.) Mueller has figured* the juvenile foliage of the species in the Hucalypto- graphia, and I accept it as certainly belonging to the species, although the figure would have had enhanced value had the locality of the specimen been given. Mature Leaves.—These are generally much thinner and more delicate in texture than those of E. capitellata and £. macrorrhyncha; the leaves are sometimes very shiny and much thicker than others. They are also of a richer green, more shapely, graceful and Lugeniatike, a circumstance which led to the adoption probably of the specific name. Buds.—The buds are clustered and often very much crowded into heads, by which the inflorescence assumes a very marked character. They always have pointed opercula, but rarely angular, as in FE. capitellata, the points being sometimes so marked as to approach those of 2. macrorrhyncha, but they are then fuller on the top, and do not show such a prominent edge at the base of the operculum, Some- times, e.g., Sydney to Blue Mountains, they are arranged in a stellate manner. Fruits.—Sieber haying distributed no fruits with his type, I attach the following description of fruits from trees in the Sydney district, which have juvenile and mature leaves, and flowers practically identical with the type :— They are nearly hemispherical, with the valves slightly exsert ; but nearly globular fruits with the valves sunk, and the orifice constricted, may be taken off the same tree. Occasionally the fruit is quite flat-topped. The rim is often red, as red as those of 2. hamastoma ever are. They are slightly pedicellate, often crowded into inore or less globular heads, but rarely compressed like those of 2. capitellata. Timber.—When freshly cut usually dark brown, but drying toa pale warm brown and even whiter. In some districts, however, the timber is distinctly red, even redder than the local 2. capitellata timber. * Mueller’s figure shows a leaf longer than broad ; in 2. capitellata we have a distinctly broad leaf. In some forms referable to 2. eugenéoides we have a very narrow leaf. I have no hesitation in saying that a narrow juvenile leaf is the standard or type for 2. eugenioides (but see also fig. 10a, pl. 40), and a broadish one for LZ. capitellata. The difficulty, of course, begins with the intermediate forms. In many cases one cannot state whether the juvenile foliage is narrow or broad, and evidence furnished by other characters is, in some cases, difficult to interpret. 233 SYNONYMS. . E. scabra, Dum-Cours. . E. penicillata, Hort. . £. acervula, Sieb. . E. oblonga, DC. . FE. undulata (?), Tausch. Variety nana, Deane and Maiden. 6. E. oleifolia, A. Cunn. (probably). 7. £. ligustrina, DC. Note on 2. salicifolia, Cav. 1. EF. seabra, Dum-Cours. Following is the original description :— E. a feuilles rudes, 2. scabra, Hort. Angl.-Cette esptce me paroit étre une des plus belles de ce genre, du moins relativement 4 son feuillage. Ses feuilles sont ovales, trés entiéres, terminées par une pointe particuliére, relevées en-dessous de nervures paralléles quis’ arrondissent, en s’ anastomosant a une ligne environ des bords, fermes, un peu rudes au toucher, d’un beau vert, longues de 9 centimétres (3 pouces et demi), larges de 5 cent. et demi (2 pouzes). Lieuid. Toujours vert. Cult. Orangerie. Celle des autres especes et des plantes de la Nouvelle-Hollande. De toutes les especes de ce genre, il n ’y a que celles qui sont nommées F. resinifera et obliqgua qui aient encore fleuri en France et en Angleterre.—(Dum-Cours. Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vol. 7, p. 279, 280). We then find Sieber’s No. 479 (the type of 2. eugenioides) placed under the same name, in the following words :— E. scala (Dum-Cours, bot. cult. 7, p. 280) operculo subconico cupulé paulo breviore, pedunculis axillaribus angulato—compressis petiolo «qualibus aut longioribus, floribus capitatis, foliis lanceolatis basi inequalibus ramorum sterilium crispis, fertilium planis, saepe novellis cum ramis velutinis. In Noya— Hollandia. £, eugenioides, Sieb. ! plant. exs. nov.-holl., n, 479.--(DC. Prod. iii, 218.) Specimens referred to, Sieber’s No. 479, and named #. scabra, Dum-Cours, are precisely matched by many specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney, e.g., Wyee (A. Murphy). 2. E. penicillata, Hort. £. penicillata, hortul. Ramuli et folia piles breves fasciculatim congestos gerunt, demum glabra evadunt, interdum glabra nascuntur. Petioli 4 lin. longi. Folia basi inequalia ovali—aut oblongo— lanceolata acuminata. Pedunculi in specim. Sieberiano petiolo «quales 4-5 flori, in specim. culto Noissettiano petiolo duplo longiores 15-20 flori (given as a synonym of #. scabra in DC. Pred. i, 218). 3. £. acervula, Sieb. (Sieb. plant. exs. noy.-holl., n. 469). Operculo conico capsule longitudine, pedunculis lateralibus petiolo brevioribus pedicellisque ancipi- tibus, foliis ovato—lanceolatis hasi hine valde excisa obliquis apice acuminatis. In Nova—Hollandia. Folii petiolus 3-7 lin. longus, lamina 4~5 poll. longa pollicem lata. Pedunculi 4 lin. longi omnes in ramis infra folio orti. Umbelle 5-10 flor. Florum alabastra 3 lin. longa.—(DC. Prod. iii, 217.) All the specimens of Sieber’s No. 469 that I have seen are in mature foliage and bud. I cannot separate them from Sieber’s No. 479; in fact, they might have been taken from the same tree. 31. Eucalyptus acervula, Sieb.—DC. Le. 217, n. 10, Mém. Myrtae. Folia in supp. paullo latiora. Swampy plains towards the Plenty-range (I. Miller)’ (Miquel in Ned. Kruidk. Arch. iv, 137, 1856). I have not seen this Victorian specimen. Ov em CoO DN 234. 4. EF. oblonga, DC. Following is the original description :— £. oblonga, operculo conico cupule longitudine, pedunculis lateralibus et axillaribus petioli longitu- dine compressis, umbellis 8-12 floris, foliis oblongis basi ineequalibus attenuatis apice mucronatis coriaceis aveniis. In Noya-Hollandia. Sieb. ! plant exs. noy.-holl. n. 583. Alabastra oblonga utrinque attenuata ad apicem pedunculi subsessilia et eo paulo breviora. Folia 3-4 poll. longa, 9 lin. lata.—(DC. Prod. iii, 217.) This is in leaf and young bud only. Some of the leaves are oblong; they are mucronate, shiny, very coriaceous, so that the venation cannot readily be seen. The buds are shiny, operculum pointed, calyx tapering into the short pedicel, making the bud symmetrical and of the shape of a “ tip-cat.”’ I refer it, without doubt, toa form of H. eugenioides common on the Blue Mountains. I match it absolutely with specimens from Lawson (J. H. Camfield); Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakely); and Mudgee (C. Marriott). 5. E. undulata, Herb. Vindob. (? Tausch., but label partly defaced) is a seedling or sucker branch of #. eugenioides, Sieb. Var. nana, Deane and Maiden. Figured and described in Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1893, p. 799. This is a shrub of 5 or 6 feet, forming a dense shrubby growth at Wentworth Falls, Blue Mountains, N.S.W. It has the stellate hairs (juvenile foliage) of the rest of the Stringybarks. 6. E. oleifolia, A. Cunn. In his MSS. Journal I find the following entries :— (a) At page 6: “ Blackheath, 5th October, 1822, operculo hemispherico foliis (parvis) ellipticis ovali-lanceolatisve mucronatis acutiplanis, umbellis axillaribus pedicellatis 9-10 floris. A low shrub 2 feet high.” (2) “A low shrub 1-2 feet high, verge of Regent’s Glen.” This is probably also #. ewgenioides, var. nana. Mr. kh. H. Cambage has also collected it on a sandstone plateau about 1,700 feet high at West Dapto. His note is: ‘‘ Dwarf Stringybark, growing somewhat as a Mallee. Height, 2 feet 9 inches.” 7. E. ligustrina, DC. Operculo hemispherico mucronato cupulé breviore, pedunculis axillaribus compressis _petioli longitudine, floribus 6-8 sub-capitatis, foliis lineari-lanceolatis basi valde inequalibus attenuatis apice acuminatis. In Nova-Hollandia. Sieb. (?) plant. exs. nov.-holl. n. 617. Folia 2 poll. longa 4-5 lin. lata. Petioli et pedunculi 3-4 lin. longi, An £. salicifolia, Cav. Ic. 4 n, 376 (?).—(DC. Prod. iii, 219.) All the specimens of Sieber’s No. 617 that I have seen are in bud only, but they precisely match #. eugenioides, var. nana. Note on E. salicifolia, Cay. A specimen of Sieber’s No. 617 in Herb. Vindob. (ex. Coll. Reichenbach, fil.) in old handwriting bears the label, “ Z. ligustrina, DC. Prod. iii, p. 219, n. 24. #. salicifolia, Cav. ic. iv, p. 24, No. 376!” with the words, “ Spont. N. Holl. Sieb. 617,” in a later handwriting. It is #. eugenioides, Sieb., var. nana. 235 At p. 152, Part VI, of this work this species is referred to 2. amygdalina, and the determination of Sieber’s No. 617 as H. salicifolia is, I believe, wrong. I give the original description of ZH. salicifolia, as Cavanilles’ work is not in New South Wales :— “376. Eucalyptus foliis lanceolatis, neryo dorsali inequaliter partis, altera parte versus basim breviore. “ Haec species a reliquis distinguitur foliis altera parte versus basim breviori ut in Begonia et aliis plantis: nervuli sunt etiam adscendentes : umbelle 7—10 flore, axillares.”—-(Cay. Icones, iv, p. 24.) See also Vetrosideros salicifolia (Gaertn. Sem. i. p. 171, t. 84; Lamarck Illustr. t. 421, f. 4). Specimens (so named) have also been recorded from “ Bay of Islets, Cape Grafton, Endeavour’s River, Point Lookout, Possession Island,” as collected by Sir Joseph Banks, but I have not seen them. For geographical reasons they could not be LL. amygdalina, and it is very improbable that they are Z. eugenioides. See also Dryander’s “ Chloris” (dun. Bot. ii, 524, 1806). RANGE. Iv appears to be confined to eastern Victoria, New South Wales, from south to north, on the Dividing Range and its spurs, and east of them, and to southern Queensland. VICTORIA. The Victorian forms (often referred to in the writings of Victorian botanists as HL. piperita), as arule have fruits which are more or less pilular, ¢.e., with sunk valves, thus approaching L. piperita, but the fruits appear to be never urceolate, as in that species. Some of them, e.g., Eureka Hill, Tinker Creek, Gippsland; Drouin West ; also Osler’s Creek (A. W. Howitt), have juvenile leaves which vary from narrow to broadish. Mr. (now Dr.) A. W. Howitt wrote to me, “The White Stringybark forms forests in Gippsland, for instance at Toongabbie, between Stratford and Bairnsdale, Bairnsdale and Buchan at the Lakes Entrance, in Croajingolong. It also occurs throughout the mountainous districts. It grows to a good size, is free from gum- veins, and is a useful timber. Its western limits are probably Traralgon and W oodside.”’ Following are Victorian specimens in the National Herbarium, Sydney, collected by Dr. Howitt. Macalister River.—Fruits in heads, orifice small; source of Wild Horse Creek, 3,000 ft.; Drouin West; Stockyard (the river banks); Agnes Bridge, very long opercula; ‘ Yellow Stringybark,” Stony Creek, Nicholson River, Bairnsdale ; the suckers intermediate in character. “ A Stringybark growing in the clayey flats (post-Pliocene ?) at Toongabbie, near the foot of the hills. From a moderately large tree, say 100 ft. ‘ Yangoura’ of the blacks” (A. W. Howitt). A specimen from Blackburn, near Melbourne (C. Walter) has the valves of the fruits slightly exsert. 236 New Soutu WALES. Southern Localities—Twofold Bay (J.H.M.), Wyndham and Bembooka (A. W. Howitt); Conjola, near Milton, with very long opercula (W. Heron) ; south of Nowra, from Jervis Bay (J.H.M.); Shoalhaven River, also Diggers’ Creek (W. Forsyth and A, A. Hamilton), with filiform pedicels; Kangaloon (J. L. Bruce) ; Barber’s Creek (H. J. Rumsey); Wingello (J. L. Boorman), medium trees, detected by short leaves and absence of glaucous tint. ‘Red Stringybark,” in contra- distinction to ‘ White Stringybark ”’ (#. eapitellata),a reversal of this nomenclature being more common in other parts of New South Wales. A second collector (A. Murphy) confirms Mr. Boorman’s report of the local nomenclature. Berrima (see notes under H. capitellata). The Peaks, Burragorang (It. H. Cambage), Kangaroo Valley and Bowral to Bullio (J.H.M. and R. H. Cambage). These specimens are indistinguishable from Sieber’s type of Z. acervula, No. 469, but are ewgenioides, showing transit to one of the forms included by Mr. Baker in his Wilkinsoniana. Hilltop, with specially marked white-dotted fruits and elongated opercula (J.H.M.). Sydney district, common on the Wianamatta shale, but also found on sand- stone. Following are some Sydney district localities:—Homebush (J.H.M.) ; Concord Park (R. H. Cambage); Bankstown and Cabramatta (J. L. Boorman) ; Hurstville (R. H. Cambage), the valves sunk; La Perouse (W. W. Froggatt) ; Peat’s Road (H. Deane) ; Newport (R. H. Cambage). Some trees found by J. J. Fletcher at Gladesyille, photographed by R. H. Cambage, and examined by all three of us, have a flaky bark (somewhat like Z. resinifera), than that of a true Stringybark ; probably showing hybridism. Western Localities.—To the foot of the Blue Mountains from Sydney, it is rathercommon. It is the commonest Stringybark on the Blue Mountains, occurring all over the range, and at all heights. Compared with the other rather common Blue Mountain Stringybark (27. capitellata), the timber is redder (!) The juvenile foliage is narrower, and not glaucous, like that of #. capitellata. The fruits of Z. eugenioides on the Blue Mountains are not often exsert; instances to the contrary are Springwood (H. Deane); Mount Wilson (Jesse Gregson), with inner bark very yellow. Jenolan Caves (W. F. Blakely). Collector’s note :—‘The bark of these trees is of a light reddish colour on the inside; the outside is of a dirty grey colour, or weather-beaten, and is very ridgy ; the ridges run out to nothing as they approach the top of the tree. The bark is of the same colour from the bottom to the topmost branch, and is of a rather rough nature.” At Capertee (J. L. Boorman) and Mudgee (Dist. Forester C. ‘aginieaie it is known as “ White Stringybark.” 237 E. eugenioides does not appear to go further west than Jenolan Caves and Mudgee. ** Bastard Stringybark ” (Penrith: J. L. Boorman, January, 1900). I desire to invite attention to an interesting form of this species. The fruits are smaller than is usual and nearly globular. They are on nearly filiform pedicels of about 2 lines; the common pedunele is twice that length, and more. The bark is harder and denser (less stringy) than those of the normal species—more “bark bound’”’; a character also noted under Z. capitellata. Perhaps hybridism is indicated in this ease. The plant is indubitably # eugenioides, though, from examination of the fruits alone, it might reasonably be supposed to be H. hemastoma, var. micrantha. Northern Localities—Most of the northern specimens have the rims red and prominent, and the valves slightly exsert. * Good timber, cut for sleepers. Yellow inner bark, between the rough and the inner bark; the fibrous portion very tough.” Wyee (A Murphy). The fruits are slightly constricted, and in heads; the filaments turn brownish-red on drying. Stringybark, free splitting ; bark between sap and outside yellow. St. Aiban’s district, Hawkesbury River (A. Murphy). Transit to 2. Muelleriana. Wallsend (W. W. Froggatt)—Fruits rather small, rim red and conspicuous, valves slightly exsert, leaves broadish (?); Booral (A. Rudder, No. 4); Wallsend (J. L. Boorman); Booral (A. Rudder, A. 29). “ Stringybark, height about 60 ft., diam. 18in., mould over shale,” near Underbank, Upper Williams River (A. Rudder, G. 10). Pokolbin, No. 1,486, R. H. Cambage. Near to #. Wilkinsoniana, R. T. Baker. Stewart’s Brook.—Rim of fruit red and pronounced (J.H.M.); Moggrani Mountain, Gloucester (J.H.M.); Upper Hastings River; cutting near Yeldham’s. Fruits slightly exsert and rim pronounced (J.H.M.); Macleay River (Forester. W. Macdonald). Murrurundi (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). Valves slightly exsert, rim broadish, hemispherical, slightly depressed, with short filiform pedicels, connecting with the “‘ Bastard Stringybark ” of Penrith. Collaroy (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman), showing white dots and a slight ribbing of the fruits. Near Cemetery, Tingha (R. H. Cambage) ; with fruits a little more sub- cylindrical and perhaps a little more domed than the type. Specimens from the same locality with nearly pilular fruits and very narrow juvenile foliage. Near 11-mile post, Inverell to Tingha (R. H. Cambage). Form with even narrower leaves than the type. 238 Tingha to Guyra, 19 miles from the latter place (J.H.M. and J. L. Boorman). Juvenile leaves intermediate. Mature leaves broadish. Fruits (from same tree) flat-rimmed, domed; valves exsert and sunk; hemispherical and inclined to be sub-cylindrical. I place this specimen under LZ. eugenioides, and it certainly seems to form a connecting link between the Tingha specimens and the supposed hybrid which follows. Between Tingha and Guyra, 19 miles from the latter (J. L. Boorman). “ Stringybark,” medium-sized trees growing in swampy ground in company with that of L. stellulata and LP. nova-anglica. An interesting form; leaves broad, thickish. None of the fruits with exserted valves, which is unusual in northern specimens. J am of opinion that here we have a hybrid between L. eugenioides and L.. stellulata. Fruits in heads, slightly constricted, valves sunk. Tent Hill (E. C. Andrews). Small fruits in heads, valves not exsert, Styx River (A. W. Howitt). I have other specimens from the same locality showing close affinity to L. Muelleriana. Walcha (J. F. Campbell). Fruits rather exsert, and rim inclined to be domed. Shows affinity to 2. macrorrhyncha, Ascending New England from Port Macquarie, this species was first observed about Yarrowitch. Thence it was not uncommon in the Tia district, where it is known as “ Red Stringybark,” and used for timbering the mines at Tia, and also locally for flooring-boards. This species shows a double operculum (J.H.M.). Tenterfield to Sandy Flat (J.HW.M.)—Fruits very similar to those of Sydney, e.g., Concord Park (believed to be typical), hemispherical, and somewhat exserted valves. Buds very compressed, almost like capitellata. I figured this (Plate 4, Part I) as 2. Muelleriana, and I now put it under #. cugenioides with doubt. It certainly is a transit form. Drake to Richmond River (A. Hagman); Drake (E. C. Andrews), with rim of fruit rather sharp and valves exsert (transit to 2. Muelleriana). Foot of Mt. Lindsay (W. Forsyth); Moonambah, Richmond River (W. Baeuerlen) ; valves slightly exsert. QUEENSLAND. Nerang, near Tweed Heads (F. M. Bailey). Small fruits with sharp rim, valves rather prominent. “Stringybark.” Yellow inner bark. See fig. 16, pl. 38, Stanthorpe (J. L. Boorman).