AC /?7/ W/ CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Dept, of Biology, California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 1 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr February 1991 CONIFER FOREST FIRE DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA A Landscape Steady-State Approach (PART ONE*) Richard A. Minnich Geography Program Department of Earth Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521 INTRODUCTION The mountains of southern California host a remarkable diversity of conifer forest communities. These communities are associated with a variety of soils and climatic gradients produced by large elevational relief. Recurrent fire is characteristic of the region due to the Mediterranean climate in which a period of winter precipitation is followed by a long hot, dry summer. Plant cover supported by winter precipitation is desiccated by summer drought, a condition that accentuates its flammable nature. Fire is an important driving force that helps to shape the distributions of conifer forest communities. This phenomenon can be understood only if one appreciates two important facts: 1) Average fire intervals in southern California forests typically are shorter than the life spans of the trees; thus burning probably generates far more tree recruitment and mortality than any other process (Minnich, 1988) . 2) Fire regimes (as described by fire frequency, size, return intervals, intensity, and vegetation damage) vary along ♦Note - Because of its length, this article will be published in two parts. Part two, including the literature cited, will appear in the April, 1991 issue of CROSSOSOMA. environmental gradients in response to factors such as climate, terrain, and vegetation structure. It follows that gradients in fire regimes can be selective in the distribution of forest species, depending upon their adaptive modes (Kilgore, 1981; Shugart, 1984:169; Heinselman 1981:403; Keeley, 1981) . For example, where fires are frequent and severe, one would expect species with high colonizing ability, good seed dispersibility, and a reproductive effort that is concentrated in postburn growing seasons. Conversely, in less disturbed environments the species are long-lived, often survive fires, and establish offspring infrequently but continuously (Grime, 1974; Harper, 1977; Shugart, 1984). The role of fire in forest distributions can thus be viewed as a spatially changing balance between the forces of combustion in removing biomass, and of the biological processes of establishment and growth. At any specific location, trees are adapted to fire as long as they establish to maturity (cone-bearing stage) and establish offspring within the frequency of stand-depleting events. Most studies of forests and other woody ecosystems in California have addressed the regrowth side of the equation. These studies have embraced topics such as postfire succession, and species life history attributes. Life history attributes include factors such as seed dispersal and viability, resistance to fire by survivorship and resprouting, establishment modes, maturation periods, and longevity (see reviews of chaparral in Hanes, 1981; Keeley, 1988; and closed-cone forests, Vogl et al, 1988). The predictable way fire operates in landscapes is rarely documented. In natural vegetation, fire burns initially on surface fuels and then propagates upward through vegetation. Thus, fire intensities and damage to forests often correlate with the amount and contiguity of litter and understory layers. Terrain is also critical in fire behavior and forest damage. Steep, concave slopes tend to support high fire intensities and forest damage due to orographic channeling of superheated air from combustion. Intensities are generally lower on gentle slopes, as well as on 2 precipitous slopes or bedrock surfaces free of vegetal fuels. Fire resistant habitats also tend to be widespread in complex terrains associated with a high density of stream networks — rather than smooth continuous surfaces — because the forward progress of fires is constantly interrupted by slope changes. Over longer time scales, gradients in average fire intervals are related to the influences of climate on plant productivity and fuel accumulation rates (Minnich, 1989) . The fire regime concept is used to describe the long-term "average” of individual fire cycles in a particular vegetation type or at a site. In reality, the impact of burns is highly variable. For example, there are differences in fire return intervals and fuel build-up. In addition, weather influences fire behavior and random ignitions. Plant successions also are influenced by the amount of canopy biomass removal, seed bed conditions, as well as the amount of establishment and growth rates due to climatic variability. Differences in vegetation damage and successions result in continuing shifts in the distribution of communities. Consequently it becomes difficult to judge the influence of environment on species ranges from a contemporaneous perspective, or a fire regime from a small sample of fires. Successions can also be confused with the natural spatial heterogeneity over a region (McIntosh, 1981) . To date, studies in fire ecology have tended to be site-based and seldom permit the understanding of the role of fire in regional vegetation distributions. VEGETATION STEADY-STATES One approach in establishing the role of fire in forest biogeography is through the regional examination of vegetation steady-states at a landscape scale. The object of the landscape approach is to examine a region of sufficient size to capture all the variability in a fire regime that would be experienced at any location or vegetation type. If a landscape is in steady-state, the vegetation is undergoing continuous changes (successions) after burns in a shifting mosaic. On a landscape scale, areas of disturbance and regrowth are "steady," that is, the area exhibits successional states (including variability in outcomes) that are 3 predictable and permanent. The "average" and variability of long- term changes of forest types, can be inferred because all phases of the perturbation cycle are represented (Whittaker and Levin, 1977; White, 1979; Shugart, 1984; Pickett and White, 1985). Steady-states also can be in equilibrium or nonequilibrium depending on the frequency and size of perturbations relative to landscape units. An equilibrium steady-state will exist if perturbations are frequent and small. For example, the area of patches entering various successional states is balanced by those leaving these conditions. However, if fire sizes are larger than stand size, and fire mortality rates are high, populations may be placed in the same phase of the fire cycle over extensive areas. The area in particular successional stages is variable. Species ranges will also tend to fluctuate rapidly spatially and temporally (Shugart, 1984) . The steady-state should not be confused with vegetation stability, a term that addresses whether net forest area (distribution), stand cover, densities, mortality, recruitment, or other geographic or stand-scale measures of vegetation actually changes over time (Shugart, 1984) . Bioqeographv from two approaches. If it is assumed that a steady- state is stable in response to fire, each vegetation type can be characterized with respect to averages and variances in fire regime and vegetation responses. Presumably the pattern of forest dynamics for individual communities would be related uniquely to the adaptive modes of dominant species. However, this is a statement of ecology. Relationships between fire and forest biogeography (as seen in gradients in fire regime and species distributions) can be established from two approaches; 1) Steady-states between forest types can be compared. This can be likened to putting the shoe on the other foot to see if it fits. Fire regime properties in one ecosystem may be inimical to the life history attributes of species in another. 2) Unstable steady-states can be examined. Then, long-term changes in vegetation can be correlated with real changes in fire regime. This can be likened to finding out whether the shoe, or the foot, is wearing out. Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems Vegetation steady-states can be reconstructed from the development of regional databases. The technique is to use remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) technologies that are complimented by field sampling of the vegetation. The manner in which fire burns forests, initiates successions, or modifies population characteristics can in large part be documented from aerial photographs. Coniferous trees can be mapped to the species level from gross characteristics, including crown perimeter and apex configurations, vertical structure, shadows, and color (Thorley, 1975, Minnich, 1987, 1988). Distribution changes and population dynamics can be reconstructed from sequential aerial photographs. The earliest aerial coverages in southern California are now more than 50 years old, and represent a "time machine" when they are systematically compared with modern photographs. This is done by a technique called "registration," the exact scale-matching of photographs of a site taken at two different times, using a Bausch and Lomb Zoom Transfer Scope. Registration may be conducted on a landscape scale to survey areas of afforestation, deforestation, and successional sequences, or in the sampling of local populations for population characteristics and changes in physiognomy. With a GIS comes the ability to computerize and superpose (overlap) spatially referenced map data. The capacity for map layer superposition reveals hidden structure of spatial relationships. The overlaying of maps for coincident areas of vegetation, slope, aspect, fire return intervals and rotation periods, fire/terrain interactions, vegetation damage, and postfire succession will reveal recurring patterns of fire regimes and vegetation dynamics. The limited resolution and vertical perspective of photographs, of course, will prevent the estimation of stand characteristics such as floristics of conifer saplings, ground shrubs and herbs, as well as stand age class structure and stem basal area. However, map data on vegetation, terrain and fire history can be used as the basis for stratified field sampling. 5 STEADY STATES IN THREE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA CONIFER FOREST TYPES The simplicity of the life history characters of southern California coniferous trees are ideally suited for the reconstruction of fire and landscape vegetation histories for aerial photographs. If defoliated by fire they die. Serotinous species are absent from most forests, so seeds in cones are also killed by fire. Establishment requires continuous long-range seed dispersal, because viability is only in the order of months. Because trees reach maturity over long spans of time, fires leave landscape scars visible for years or decades. The removal and establishment of forests or changes in stand structure and composition can be traced to specific fire events and postfire successions. Fire suppression. Fire has been an integral force in forest ecosystems over prehistoric and evolutionary time scales, and present distributions reflect the long-term equilibrial impacts of recurrent burning. However, it has been asserted by many researchers that the modification of natural fire regimes by fire suppression during the 20th century has altered species mixtures and distributions in California conifer forests (e.g., Kilgore, 1981; Rundel et al., 1988). As one example, a number of studies that reconstruct presuppression short-period ground fire regimes in western mixed conifer forests from fire scar analyses and historical accounts have documented a decline in burning since 1900 (see reviews in Kilgore, 1981; Keeley, 1981; Wright and Bailey, 1982; Minnich, 1988). The extent to which recent vegetation changes reflect management impacts, however, is unclear because most studies have not operated at spatial or temporal scales that permit distinction between perturbations and long-term change. For example, in Douglas Fir f Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests in the Pacific Northwest, where canopy fires occur at intervals of centuries, it appears that 100 years of suppression have made little significant impact (Franklin et al, 1981) . In contrast, a comparison of recent fire histories in the chaparral of southern California and northern Baja California, which burns at intervals of decades, have shown that management has reduced the number of fires and increased fire size, without changing fire intervals (Minnich, 1983, 1989). 6 The following brief review illustrates the potential of the steady-state approach using three classes of conifer forests with divergent fire regimes: closed-cone conifer forest, mixed conifer forest and pinyon- juniper woodland. Closed-cone Pines and Cypresses Short forests of closed-cone conifers including Knobcone Pine (Pinus attenuata), Bishop Pine ( Pinus muricata) , Tecate Cypress, ( Cuoressus quadalupensis ssp. forbesii ) , and Cuyamaca Cypress (C_. arizonica var. Stephenson i i ) form widely scattered small colonies in chamise and mixed chaparral communities. These island-like patches are distributed primarily on the coastal sides of mountains from the northern Coast Ranges southward through the southern Coast Ranges, Transverse Ranges, and Peninsular Ranges of southern California and northern Baja California. They are also present on some of the Channel Islands off Santa Barbara (For tree distributions see, Griffin and Critchfield, 1976, and Minnich, 1987) . These trees also seem to have rather precise edaphic requirements often being associated with depauperate soils such as podzols, serpentinites , or diatomites. Taller forests of Coulter Pine ( Pinus coulter! ) (in the semi-serotinous subsection Sabinianae) occurs in dense chaparral and scrublands of Canyon Live Oak ( Ouercus chrvsolepis ) on the inland sides of southern California ranges. Although the parent generations are mostly, if not entirely killed with each fire cycle, these trees respond with high reproductive effort and colonizing ability. Several studies indicate that the closed-cone conifers sustain frequent severe burns owing to their association with abundant and continuous chaparral fuels (Minnich, 1980; Zedler, 1977; Borchart, 1985; Vale, 1979). Seedlings germinate from seed retained in closed cones persistent at the ends of branches or along the boles of fire-killed parent trees. Open cones retain seed in basal scales. These seeds disperse after the burn. Pinus attenuata cones are truly serotinous; seed is not released except through fire (Vogl, 1973). Pinus coulteri cones require two years to mature and may open as late as January or February, and thus may be closed sufficiently to protect seed from summer and autumn fires. 7 After fire there is profuse germination of seedlings (except Pinus coulteri) that avoid drought through rapid early photosynthesis and rapid penetration of radicals into the soil (Wright, 1966, 1968) . During later succession P. coulteri and P. attenuata saplings grow rapidly through the shrub canopy, becoming polesize within 20 to 45 years. Cones are produced within only 10 to 20 years. Since most recruitment occurs within the the first year or two after fires, closed-cone forests tend to form even-aged stands. Landscape Ecology of Closed-cone Conifers . Many investigators have recognized the importance of Pinus attenuata / s obligate seeding habit and its requirement for fire to maintain viable populations (review by Vogl et al, 1988). However, the pattern of heavy fire mortality among other chaparral conifers has led several researchers to conclude that increasing fire magnitudes (greater intensities, shorter return periods) have resulted in the decline of these ecosystems. Armstrong (1966) and Zedler (1977) , for example, suggest that Cupressus quadalupensis ssp. forbesii on Tecate and Otay Mountains in San Diego County has declined owing to decreasing fire return intervals caused by human ignitions. Several workers concluded that Pinus coulteri is being replaced by chaparral (Wright, 1968? Wilson and Vogl, 1965; Vale, 1979; Tally and Griffin, 1980; Griffin, 1982). However, historical accounts and evidences in old aerial photographs of the San Bernardino Mountains, suggest that P_. coulteri and P. attenuata forests characteristically experienced intense stand-replacement burns prior to fire management. High mortality rates are encouraged by the occurrence of stands in heavy chaparral fuels and steep smooth terrain surfaces that support high fire intensities (Minnich, 1988) . Increases in fire size and intensity under suppression may even encourage the expansion of these taxa at the expense of long- lived tree species, such as those in mixed conifer forests. A landscape approach may help resolve questions concerning the steady-state and stability of the chaparral forests. Perhaps the overriding question is how trees persist under fire regimes characterized by the sacrifice of the adult population. Since seed 8 is very locally dispersed, establishment by long-range dispersal from living distant stands is also unlikely. Indeed, a single failure in seedling establishment (due to drought or destruction of seed) will cause a local extinction because both living stands and seed are eliminated from a site. Such failures could possibly explain the fragmented distributions of the closed-cone conifers. The steady-states of closed-cone conifer forests will necessarily be in disequilibrium due to the large size of burns among small fragmented stands. From aerial photograph sequences, it can be determined whether fire-killed forests are replaced by another generation in situ , by establishment of populations at different localities, and whether there were changes in stand densities or recruitment failure. The amount of continuous recruitment between burns for partially serotinous trees, such as Pinus coulteri . may also be inventoried. Chaparral conifer forest distributions can also be correlated with gradients in fire regime characteristics (fire intervals, stand mortality rates), with terrain, shrub biomass and other factors. attenuata . for example, is characterized by a classical pattern of total stand mortality from canopy fires, but vigorous establishment in the same sites (Vogl, 1973). In contrast, Cupressus arizonica var. stephensonii growing on chaparral covered mesas in the southern Sierra Juarez of northern Baja California, occurs as short-lived even— aged stands due to brushfires. It also occurs as long-lived trees along nearby arroyos protected from burning (Moran, 1977) . Similarly, with increasing altitude the fire mortality rates of Pinus coulteri in the San Bernardino Mountains decline as understory fuels decline along a gradient through chaparral, Quercus chrysolepis scrub, and California Black Oak (Q_. kelloqgii) woodlands (Minnich, 1980, 1988) . This gradient in fire magnitude parallels a trend for decreasing serotiny in P. coulteri over a similar vegetation transition in Santa Barbara County, and suggests that strong selection may exist for the natural variation in cone habit (Borchart, 1985) . 9 In the semiarid mountains of northern Baja California, isolated P. coulteri populations occur on highly resistent rocky hillsides where it normally survives burns. These fire resistent sites may provide a secure seed source that may become critical when fires are followed by drought severe enough to cause recruitment failure (Minnich, 1986) . Part two of this article, to be published in the April issue of CROSSOSOMA, will include a discussion of mixed conifer forest, pinyon- juniper woodland, and the literature cited. ANNOUNCEMENTS Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California . The 17th annual symposium of Southern California Botanists is scheduled for October 26, 1991. This year's symposium will include speakers on various aspects of plants and plant ecology in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and adjacent Baja California. Among the topics that will be discussed are: The Influence of Soils on Plant Distribution, Comparative Philosophies of Fire Management, Endemic and Unique Species, and Comparative Plant Communities. Encouraged by the large turnout at our last two symposia, once again we will hold the symposium at the Ruby Gerontology Center at Cal-State Fullerton. Watch for future announcements of speakers, but mark your calendars now. Native Plant Sale . April 6 (Saturday) . Once again SCB is sponsoring a native plant sale at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. Don't miss this opportunity to enhance your landscape with beautiful, drought-tolerant native plants. To reach the garden take the Indian Hill exit off 1-10 northward to Claremont. Go right (east) on Foothill Boulevard to College Avenue. Go north to the RSABG parking lot. For details call Geoff Smith at (714) 526-6963. SCB gets a new address . Please note that our official address has been changed to Cal-State Fullerton. Please direct your future correspondence to: Southern California Botanists Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 10 PLANNING AND CONSERVATION LEAGUE EIGHTH ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE SYMPOSIUM . Saturday and Sunday, February 16-17, 1991, Sacramento, California. This statewide conference is for environmental organization members, citizen activists, students, community and political leaders. POLICY ISSUES INCLUDED ARE: Air quality/Ozone Depletion/Global Warming Tahoe/Forestry/Wildlife Solid Waste/Recycling Growth Management/ Land Use/Affordable Housing Coastal Protection/Ocean Pollution Toxics/Pollution Water Development/Transfers/ Conservation Transportation Local and Statewide Initiatives Building Environmental Coalitions Deadline for pre-registration is February 8, 1991. For more information call Claudia Desmangles, (916) 444-8726, Planning and Conservation League, 909 12 Street, #203, Sacramento, CA 95814. L. A. COUNTY HOME & GARDEN SHOW . The 5th Annual L. A. County Home & Garden Show will be held February 15 through 18, 1991 at the L. A. County Fairplex (LOS ANGELES COUNTY FAIRGROUNDS) in Pomona. Once again there will be a complete building devoted to gardening and landscape design. For the first time ever, the L.A. County Home and Garden Show is offering a special, half-price group admission ticket to garden club and society members and to senior centers. This offer applies only to groups of ten (10) or more. Tickets MUST be ordered and paid for in advance. General Admission is $4.00 per person over the age of 12; Group Admission tickets will be offered at $2.00 per person. Fairplex parking is $4.00 per vehicle. C LEA RI NG THE AIR: A FORUM QR CLEAN MR FOR CALI FORN IA ACTIVISTS. This forum has been rescheduled from December to Saturday, February 2, 1991. Clearing the Air is a one-day forum designed to broaden public support for clean air action in Southern- Calif ornia. It brings together state and regional clean air experts with a broad array of environmental and health activists. 11 The forum gives citizens already active on other issues the information and resources to intervene on air issues in their own communities, and to strengthen the work they may already be doing on other issues. The forum will be held at the Pacific Bell Conference Center at 1010 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles on. Admission is $5. Clearing the Air is sponsored by Citizens for a Better Environment and by the South Coast Air Quality Management District. It is hosted by the California Environmental Network. To register or to get detailed information, call or write the California Environmental Network, P.O. Box 642, Forest Knolls, CA 94933, (415) 488-4332. Oriental Art and Garden Series at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden . The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, in cooperation with the Santa Barbara Museum of Art and Lotusland, will bring internationally renowned Dr. William Wu to town for an unique three party series. Oriental Art and Garden. 1. Art and Design in the Chinese Garden with Dr. William Wu, Thursday, February 7, 1991 from 5:30 - 6:30 pm. Location: Auditorium, Santa Barbara Museum of Art, 1130 State Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93101. Fee $9 (Garden Members and Members of other sponsoring groups $7). 2. Landscaping and Architecture in the Chinese Garden with Dr. William Wu. Friday, February 8, 1991 from 7:30 - 8:30 pm. Location: Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Library. Fee $9 ($7 for Members of participating groups) Registration: Call the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden Registrar at (805) 563-2521. 3. A Tour of Lotusland. Saturday, February 9, 1991 from 10:00 am -12:00 noon. Location: Lotusland, 695 Ashley Road, Santa Barbara . Those who have attended one or both of the preceding lectures by Dr. Wu are invited to enroll for this special tour. Dr. Steven Timbrook, Director of Lotusland, will introduce the estate's exotic gardens and unparalleled plant collections. Dr. William Wu will answer questions about oriental gardens. There will be no rain date for this tour? please bring an umbrella if weather dictates. Fee: Free with lecture registration. For more information, call the Garden Registrar at (805) 563-2521. 12 Wildf lowers in Focus : Lecture and Photography Workshop . The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden is happy to announce that once again it is bringing to town the nationally known photographer, John Smithers. Mr. Smithers has received outstanding reviews for his teaching program at the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. In co- sponsorship with National Wildf lower Research Center, the Botanic Garden has asked Mr. Smithers to present a three-part program devoted to the art of wildf lower photography. Wildf lowers in Focus will include a lecture, photographic workshop, and critique. Professionals and amateurs alike can benefit from the course. The lecture class teaches basic techniques and design for photographing wildf lowers in their natural habitats. Although the lecture is one component of the three-part program, individuals may register for the lecture alone by contacting the Garden Registrar. The combined workshop and critiques offer a rare learning opportunity for lovers of photography and wildf lowers. During the evening critiques, each participant will have the opportunity to work individually with Mr. Smithers. The cost of processing 3 rolls of film is included in the fee. Participants must bring at least 3 rolls of Ektachrome 100 or Fuji 100 film (extra film will be available for purchase), a 35mm camera, and a tripod. Optional items include a macro-lens, knee pads, a lupe, an atomizer, and money for extra film and development. Lecture: Friday, March 22, 1991 6:30 pm - 9:30 pm Garden Library Workshop: Saturday and Sunday, March 23, 24, 1991 7:00 - 11:00 am Location: In front of Garden Shop Critiques: Saturday, March 23, 5:00 - 7:30 pm Monday, March 25, 7:00 - 9:30 pm Location : Garden Library Fee: $80 ($65 for Garden members - Includes workshop, critiques and lecture) . $20 ($16 for Garden Members) for the lecture only. For additional information, or to register, call the Garden Registrar at (805) 563-2521. 13 Springtime Garden Tour of the Pacific Northwest.- This tour sponsored by the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden is for all interested people, April 10-16, 1991- The seven day tour will feature gardens in Washington, British Columbia and the San Juan Islands. Explore from northern Washington's brilliant flower fields to British Columbia's old world charms and the quiet beauty of the San Juan Islands. Tour members will see valleys ablaze with tulips and daffodils and sunlight reflected on 10,788-foot Mt. Baker. In Vancouver, discover the Dr. Sun Yat- Sen Classical Chinese Garden in the heart of Chinatown. In the Van Duesen Botanical Gardens wander on paths that wind past lakes, streams and waterfalls; collections are arranged to show geographical origin and botanical relationships. A highlight of the trip will be Victoria's renowned Butchart Gardens which grace some 1400 acres. Spot hyacinth, anemone, and rhododendron at the peak of bloom. The tour will cross Harro Strait by ferryboat to picturesque Orcas Island and to experience the tranquility of island life at the Rosario Resort. Accommodations include two nights at O'Douls Hotel in Vancouver, two nights at the famous Empress Hotel in Victoria, and two nights at Rosario Beach on Orcas Island. For more information or to register, contact the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden at 1212 Mission Canyon Road, Santa Barbara, 93105 or call (805) 563-2521. CALIFORNIA ENDANGERED SPECIES CAMPAIGN : Before you send in your state income tax report, remember to enter a dollar amount on LINE 45 for Endangered Species. This money funds many of the programs that are continuing to keep our state's rare and endangered species with us. "California has become the epicenter of extinction in the continental United States. More of our native plants and animals have become endangered in the last 200 years than in the last 10,000 years." REPORT ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN CALIFORNIA- UC Berkeley's California Policy Seminar has produced a major work on a topic of vital concern to SCB members and other conservationists. IP Our Own Hands: A strategy for Conservin g Biological Diversity ID California , co-authored by Deborah Jensen, Margaret Torn, and 14 John Harte, is an explanation of the concept of biological diversity and an examination of the threats, both global and local, to that diversity. Jensen et al are concerned with diversity at three levels: ecosystem, species, and gene. They describe five major sources of loss of biodiversity — ecosystem degradation, habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, species mortality, and altered species interactions — and suggest some scientific and political steps that California might take to confront this crisis. In Our Own Hands is available from California Policy Seminar, UC Berkeley, 109 Moses Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720. The cost is $10. THEODORE PAYNE ANNOUNCES NEW PUBLICATION . The Theodore Payne Foundation has announced the 1991 publication of Gardener's Guide to California Wildf lowers , by TPF, Lummis Garden, and Earthside Nature Center associate Kevin Connelly. Connelly, whose articles have appeared in the Los Angeles Times and Pacific Horticulture , shares his secrets for successfully growing California wildf lowers in natural areas and cultivated gardens. His description of the basic cultural requirements of California wildf lowers in natural habitats, which is a unique feature of the book, may make gardeners more aware of the growth cycle of natives and thus able to produce a succession of blooms from early spring to fall. Connelly's points are illustrated with stunning color photographs chosen by photography editor Dede Gilman. FIELD TRIPS Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden . February 5 and 12 (Tuesdays) . RSABG horticulturist Bart O'Brien will introduce participants to the Native Cultivars Garden and discuss the use of these plants in home landscape design. Fee $35. For details call (714) 626- 1917. Davidson ' s Bush Mallow Count . San Gabriel Mountains . February 17 (Sunday) . Join Micky Long and the San Gabriel Mountains Chapter of CNPS in order to continue a census of this rare, very restricted plant for the Natural Diversity Database. We will 15 visit several locations where Davidson's Bush Mallow has been reported. Meet at 8:30 AM at the turnout on Foothill Blvd. Bridge over Tujunga Wash (west side of Foothill) in Sunland. Exit 210 Fwy north on Sunland Blvd? left on Foothill 1/2 mile to bridge. We will travel from the meeting point to various sites. For details call (818) 398-5420. East Mojave Car Camp . February 15-17 (Friday-Sunday) . Join the Pasadena Sierra Club for this trip that begins at a campground near Barstow. The trip includes a hike to Kelso Dunes and the Clipper Mountains. Mitchell Caverns will be included if there is time. Send SASE, phone number, and $5.00 deposit to John Hoffner, 1026 Crestview, Pasadena, CA 91107. El Caion Mountain . February 23 (Saturday) . Join the San Diego CNPS chapter for this field trip to an area of relatively wild terrain that is an Open Area Reserve administered by the County of San Diego. Chris Frazier, a graduate student whose research includes natural hybridization of certain Ceanothus . will lead the hike through the chaparral -dominated habitat containing interesting Ceanothus hybrids and, hopefully, some annual wildf lowers. For directions and further information call Ann Kreager, (619) 284-3899. San Luis Obispo Wildflower Weekend . April 5-7 (Friday-Sunday) . Join the San Luis Obispo Chapter of CNPS for its annual Wildflower Weekend. Some of the highlights of the weekend include: Exploration of the Nipomo Dunes and possibly Carnival Valley and its spectacular poppies; Montana de Oro State Park to observe wildf lowers of the coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and Bishop pine communities? Reservoir Canyon and Cuesta Ridge to observe revegetation of these areas burned in the 1985 Las Pilitas fire; travel through the riparian zones along the Santa Rita Creek Rd. ? visit to Las Pilitas Nursery which specializes in native plants; hikes within the Rancho El Chorro preserve to learn the natural history of the area and the mysterious realm of lichens. As always, included in the weekend wildflower adventure are entertaining and informative slide presentations both Friday and Saturday evenings and meals and accommodations at the Rancho 16 El Chorro. Fees range between $30 and $68 per person. For a registration packet and information, send a SASE to D. Krause, CNPS , 2425 Sandown PI., Cambria, CA 93428. Santa Catalina Island . Harry Spilman of the San Gabriel Mountains chapter of CNPS is planning a trip to the island on the last weekend in March, 1991. He says it will be "hardcore botany", but there will be time to loaf on the beach as well. You will be responsible for your fare to the island plus an approximate charge of $100 for campground fees and transportation on the island. For information, call Harry at (818) 799-9486. Tamarisk Bashing . The Volunteer Tamarisk Work Crew, which is involved in habitat rehabilitation by removing the thirsty, invasive, non-native Tamarisk, has efforts scheduled at some interesting sites this spring. Contact Bill Neill for more information at Home (714) 779-2099 or at Work (714) 528-7201 ext. 2423. Join them on four possible dates as follows: 1. CORN SPRINGS, February 10 (Sunday). Without using herbicide we will trim two large athel ( Tamar ix aphylla) trees that are encroaching on native vegetation. This will involve heavy chainsawing, for we will turn the ends of massive trunks into seats and road barriers, and the smaller limbs into firewood for campground visitors. Corn Springs is near Desert Center on 1-5. 2. DOS PALMAS SPRING, March 2-3 (Saturday-Sunday) . Dos Palmas is one of The Nature Conservancy's newest acquisitions. We expect that much of the tamarisk can be removed by bulldozers and paid workers, but volunteer efforts will target the sensitive areas. Dos Palmas is near the Salton Sea. 3. TECOPA/AMARGOSA CANYON trip, March 29-30 (Saturday-Sunday). 4. ZION NATIONAL PARK trip. May 24-26 (Friday-Sunday) . Call Bill Neill at the above phone numbers or send a SASE requesting details to: Bill Neill, 4900 Glenview, Anaheim, CA 92807. 17 BOARD OF DIRECTORS 1991 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS OFFICERS DIRECTORS Curtis Clark (President) Biological Sciences Cal Poly Pomona Pomona, CA. 91768 w (714) 869-4062 Terry Daubert 6351 Riverside Dr. #69 Chino, CA. 91710 W (714) 773-3579 h (714) 591-7171 Diana Cosand (Vice President) 1349 W. Hill Ave. Fullerton, CA. 92633 w (714) 773-3548 Linda Harris 605 N. Pomona Ave. Fullerton, CA. 92632 h (714) 870-0946 Alan Romspert (Treasurer) 605 N. Pomona Ave. Fullerton, CA 92632 w (714) 449-7034 h (714) 870-0946 Kent Gordon Div. of Biol. Sciences Fullerton College Fullerton, Ca. 92634 w (714) 992-7381 Judi Bogdanoff-Lord (Secretary) 598 Rider Ct. Claremont, CA. 91711-2620 W (714) 869-4062 h (714) 626-0855 Colleen Cory Dept of Ecology Univ of Calif Irvine Irvine, CA 92717 w (714) 856-6006 Allan Schoenherr (Editor) Div. of Biological Sciences Fullerton College Fullerton, CA 92634 W (714) 992-7129 h (714) 494-0675 Marvin M. Chesebro (Legal Advisor) 1545 Wilshire Blvd., No. 716 Los Angeles, CA. 90017 W (213) 413-1117 Peter Bowler Dept of Eco. & Evol . Bio. University of Calif. Irvine, CA. 92717 w (714) 856-5181 Jon E. Keeley Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles, CA. 90041 w (213) 259-2898 David Charlton (Past President) 7601 Walpole, Apt 5. California City, CA. 93505 h (619) 373-2661 Henry Bante 715 East F St. Ontario, CA. 91764-3830 w (714) 773-3579 David L. Walkington Fullerton Arboretum Cal State Univ. Fullerton Fullerton, CA. 92634 w (714) 773-3579 AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL BOTANI8TS • The journal of the Southern California Botanists, CROSSOSOMA, provides an ideal means by which you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians. Topics could include southern California native plants, favorite field trips, or gardening hints. If you are a teacher, consider submitting an outstanding term paper from one of your students. Submit your manuscript to: Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College 321 E. Chapman Avenue Fullerton, CA 92634 18 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists and biologists . A yearly plant sale featuring native California and drought- tolerant species . An annual symposium on various aspects of California vegetation . The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books. Membership categories include: Individual (family) $ 8.00 New Member Group or organization $15.00 Renewal APPLICATION Date Name Address 1 City, State, Zip Code Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25<£ postage) or $8.00 a volume (plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at-the above address. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA 92634. 19 SCB ACTIVITIES (DETAILS WITHIN) February 5, 12 February 10 February 15-17 February 17 March 2-3 March 29-30 April 5-7 April 6 May 24-26 October 26 Li B RAK y ■ FEB - 4 1991 NEW YORK .BOTANICAL GARDEN Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Corn Spring (Tamarisk Bashing) East Mojave Car Camp San Gabriel Mountains Dos Palmas Spring (Tamarisk Bashing) Amargosa Canyon (Tamarisk Bashing) San Luis Obispo Wildflowers Annual Native Plant Sale Zion National Park (Tamarisk Bashing) 17th Annual Symposium, Cal State Fullerton o o m C P (D O h a H H- CD Hj tU * O ri- ft H O 3 3 H- - CD O CA _ > rt H) H CD ft w o VO (D H* W to osz! C^CjHH w 3 0 > 4 * H-tfl *9 o t« (D I (0 H- ft O Hi H 09 03 _ s: w d d o • 2! W 1 H W • W ^ H > ►d o 25 O H O O^OWH • ^ > H O Q O > w rd U1 o • ! CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN Dept, of CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 2 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr April 1991 CONIFER FOREST FIRE DYNAMICS AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA A Landscape Steady-State Approach (PART TWO*) Richard A. Minnich Geography Program Department of Earth Sciences University of California Riverside, CA 92521 Mixed Conifer Forest Extensive stands of mixed conifer forests (=yellow pine forests) including Ponderosa Pine (Pinus ppnderosa) , Jeffrey Pine (Pjl ief frevi ) , Sugar Pine (P^ lambertiana ) , White Fir ( Abies concolor) , and Incense Cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens) , occur in the higher mountains of southern California at altitudes above the heavy fuels of the chaparral belt (>1500-2200 m) . Most forests either lack woody understory or contain discontinuous, open shrublands of timberland chaparral including species such as Snow Brush (Ceanothus cordulatus ) , Greenleaf Manzanita ( Arctostaphvlos patula) , Bush Chinquapin ( Castanopsis sempervirens ) , and Curl-leaf Mountain Mahogany ( Cercocarpus ledifolius ) . Shrublands of Great Basin sage scrub species including Great Basin Sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) , and Rabbitbrush ( Chrvsothamnus nauseosis) also occur within mixed conifer forest as does Canyon Live Oak ( Ouercus chrysolepis ) in a more woodland-like setting (Thorne, 1988? Minnich, 1988) . *Note - Because of its length, this article is being published in two parts. Part one, including a discussion of closed-cone pines and cypresses appeared in the February, 1991 issue of CROSSOSOMA. ******* The classical surveys of the newly formed forest reserves in southern California mountain ranges during the 1890's by Leiberg (1899, 1900) reveal that mixed conifer forests were frequently burned by low intensity ground fires moving through needle litter and scattered shrubs, killing most saplings and polesize trees, but leaving canopy trees undamaged (Minnich, 1988) . Fire dendrological chronologies in the San Bernardino Mountains (McBride and Lavin, 1976) show a presuppression trend for lengthening return intervals along a climatic gradient from 20 years along the mesic Pacific escarpment to 40 years on arid lee slopes. Short intervals are characteristic, despite removal of ground fuels, because the survival of canopy trees results in rapid postfire deposition of litter. Still, surface fires were not universal to this forest type. Aerial photographs taken in 1938 reveal local breaks in the forests caused by presuppression canopy fires. Most breaks occur in areas with dense understory of timberland chaparral or Ouercus chrvsolepis on steep, smooth slopes and exposed ridges (Minnich, 1988). - After 1900, suppression forces have kept fires from penetrating forests from the chaparral belt where control has not been effective. There is evidence that forests in southern California have grown denser without the thinning impacts of surface fires. This is especially true for those forests on deep soils of granite substrate (McBride and Lavin, 1976; Minnich, 1988). The few forests that did burn, sustained extensive canopy fires; individual burns sometimes spanned over hundreds of hectares. During the 1970 Big Bear fire in the San Bernardino Mountains, for example, nearly one third of stands (970 ha within the perimeter were fire-killed (Minnich, 1980) . The scars of extensive canopy fires can also be seen on Cucamonga and Ontario Peaks in the eastern San Gabriel Mountains, the north flank of the San Jacinto Mountains, on Cuyamaca Peak, and most recently among Abies concolor/Calocedrus decurrens forests on Mt. Palomar. The recruitment mechanisms of mixed conifers are not specifically geared to burning in ways similar to the closed-cone conifers (Parker, 1990) . Since surface fires leave mature, cone- 2 bearing trees, seed dispersal and establishment operate continuously. In yellow pine forests there is a tendency for autogenic establishment and potential displacement of either Pinus oonderosa or P_. ief frevi by shade-tolerant Abies concolor and Calocedrus decurrens (Vogl and Miller, 1968; Vankat 1977; Vankat and Major, 1978) . Before suppression this successional trend was presumably arrested by the selective elimination of saplings by surface fires. Surface fires also kept forests in an open configuration, immune from canopy fires (e.g. Biswell, 1989) . California Vegetation Type Map Survey ( VTM) maps developed from ground surveys in 1929—34 show that postfire succession in scattered presuppression stand-replacement burns was dominated by timberland chaparral, Ceanothus inteqerrimus . Quercus chrysolepis, or Great Basin sage scrub. Similar successions were documented in the Sierra Nevada (Bock and Bock, 1969; Bock et al., 1978). Shrubs established from seed that were scarified in the soil (Ceanothus.,. Arctostaphvlos ) , or were dispersed long distances by wind ( Artemisia , Chrvsothamnus ) . Others including timberland chaparral species and Quercus chrvsolepis resprouted. Because cones and seed of canopy trees are killed, conifer saplings become established by means of seed dispersed from adjacent living stands. Presently, these saplings are covering the burned areas (Minnich, 1988) . Mixed conifers grow more slowly than closed— cone forests with the canopy development period of forests lasting perhaps 100 years. In areas subject to ground fires the emergence of small tree groups or individuals into the canopy layer probably required a comparable period of time. Assuming fire return intervals of 20-40 years, saplings must have survived perhaps 2-5 burns to reach maturity. Survey reports, diaries and photographs before 1900 show that low intensity surface burns did not encourage establishment of a shrub layer (Minnich, 1988) . This confirms findings that the recruitment of several timberland chaparral species by seed scarification requires high fire intensities (e.g., Quick, 1959; Bock et al., 1978). Neither do montane shrub communities appear to be fixtures of long-term forest succession. In old intense burns the conifer canopy growth period was often paralleled by shrub 3 dieback, especially in Ceanothus cordulatus and C_. integerrimus . Landscape Ecology of Mixed Conifer Forest The rapid decline in burning of the mixed conifer forest with the onset of fire suppression makes this forest an ideal candidate for the study of long-term vegetation changes. One question that immediately comes to mind is whether the trend for large canopy forest fires in recent decades is a product of fire management, or is a result of natural perturbations. Some workers, citing the 20th century lengthening of fire return intervals and ever-thicker stands prone to canopy fires, believe that stand-thinning fires are required to maintain viable forests (see review of Kilgore, 1981) . However, before fire management, canopy fires did occur locally in southern California Mountains (Minnich, 1988) . Parsons and Swetnam (1989) provide evidence that occasional catastrophic fires were necessary for recruitment of Sierra Redwoods ( Seguoiadendron qigarvteum) in Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. Perhaps flammable thick stands of Abies concolor developed periodically among open pine forests during intermittant prolonged fire cycles. One way to test for stability is to demonstrate whether the regional distribution, composition, and population dynamics of forests represent a balance between successions maturing into that type and denudations from stand-depleting burns. In mixed conifer forests, canopy burns tend to be small and numerous relative to the landscape unit. The proportion of canopy burns in various successional states, including tree population characteristics, should be regular and predictable. Questions that could be addressed include whether there are overall increases in stand density and whether the size, frequency, and location of deforestation events under suppression is comparable to that that occured before fire management. The evaluation of vegetation stability must also accommodate the possibility that steady-states will change with community subtypes, slope, and aspect. It may be found, for example, that forests associated with Ouercus chrvsolepis or dense timberland chaparral, as opposed to stands without woody understory, may 4 experience higher deforestation rates, and more regular development of shrub phases in postfire succession. Another intriguing observation is the lack of geographic overlap between mixed conifer forest and chaparral. At altitudes above 2200 m in the San Bernardino Mountains, mixed conifer forests occur uniformly on most topographic surfaces. However, stands occurring at ecotones with chaparral or dense Ouercus chrysolepis avoid topographic surfaces that support intense fires, including basins and valley floors, as well as protected convex canyons and cliffs. Stand boundaries consistently occur along topographic and shrub fuel gradients in contrast with the often random distribution of closed-cone conifer forests. Frequently cited examples of low altitude outpost stands are the numerous scattered Pinus ief frevi forests with understory of herbs or Great Basin sage scrub along basin floors such as Pine Valley (1100 m) and Garner Valley (1400 m) . These invariably come into contact with but barely overlap with chaparral stands. A possible scenario explaining mixed conifer forest/ chaparral allopatry is that the frequency of lethal fire events in chaparral is too short for the establishment of mixed conifers. Alternatively, the persistence of mixed conifers in a regime of ground fires may selectively eliminate shade-intolerant chaparral species. Pinvon-Juniper Woodland Pinyon- juniper woodlands including Single-needle Pinyon Pine ( Pinus monophvlla ) , Western Juniper ( Juniperus occidentalis m , and California Juniper (J_* californica m are seen along the interior, arid margins of southern California mountains, in association with a variety of open shrub assemblages with discontinuous fuels and limited biomass. With increasing altitude, forests may be found intermixed with other communities such as desert chaparral. Great Basin sage scrub, or canyon live oak woodlands ( Ouercus chrvsolepis m (Vasek and Thorne, 1988) . Desert chaparral species include Desert Scrub oak ( Ouercus turbinella . Big-berry Manzanita ( Arctostaphvlos glauca ) , Birch-leaf Mountain Mahogany ( Cercocarpus betuloides ) , Sugar Bush ( Rhus ovata) , and Mojave Yucca ( Yucca schidigera) . Great Basin Sage Scrub species include Great Basin Sagebrush ( Artemisia 5 tridentata ) , Rabbit Brush ( Chrvsothamnus nauseosus ) , and Bitter Brush (Purshia qlandulosa ) . Pinyon-juniper tree species have similar adaptive modes of seed dispersal and establishment to those in mixed conifer forests. A significant difference is that trees are easily fire-killed, even by low intensity ground fires, because of their small stature and their contiguity with surface fuels. Prior to suppression, forests in the San Bernardino Mountains sustained occasional canopy fires with rotation periods of centuries. In those days, fire scars diagnostic of ground fires were not reported (Minnich, 1988) . The extent of canopy burns was inversely related to precipitation. Burns were most frequent among dense forests at highest elevations and least frequent among open stands near the desert. Forest Service fire history records show a similar trend under fire management. In the Sierra Juarez of Baja California, where suppression is still not practiced, pinyon forests of Single- needle Pinyon Pine, (Pinus monophvlla ) and Four-needle Pinyon Pine ( P. quadrif olia ) were also infrequently burned by canopy fires with fire intervals increasing from the crest of the mountains to the edge of the Sonoran Desert (Minnich, 1989) . Postfire successions in the San Bernardino Mountains during the late 19th century begin with the seedling establishment or resprouting of species in Great Basin sage scrub and desert chaparral (Minnich, 1988). Since seed and cones of pinyon pine and juniper are also destroyed, establishment is dependent upon long- distance seed dispersal. This dispersal is often brought about by caching of birds (especially jays and nutcrackers, Vander Wall and Baida, 1976) and small mammals such as ground squirrels. Recruitment proceeds very slowly for 10-20 years after a burn. Saplings do not become conspicuous for 50 years, and the canopy development period lasts perhaps a century, or longer. Pinus monophvlla recruitment is continuous even in old growth stands, as is characteristic for white pines. Landscape Ecology of Pinyon-Juniper Woodland . Land managers have been concerned about the destructiveness of pinyon fires in view of the slow pace of postfire tree succession. In Nevada and Utah, 6 surface fires spreading through pinyon forests during the 19th century resulted in heavy mortality to canopy trees in most stands except those on fire resistent rocky hillslopes (Wright and Bailey, 1982) . The decline of burning under suppression and intense cattle grazing since 1900 has been paralleled by expansion of pinyon- juniper woodlands to intervening basins. Heavy fire mortality may have been characteristic under the natural steady-state. In southern California pinyon forests, short-period surface fires are unlikely because herbaceous cover is limited by summer drought. Frequent burns are further precluded by the canopy fire regime. Rapid development of a litter layer is made impossible by the destruction of the tree layer. Fuel build-up rates in postfire shrub succession is further limited by the semiarid climate. Moreover, as pinyon forests mature, several shrub species, particularly Desert Ceanothus ( Ceanothus areqgii ) , Fremontia ( Fremontodendron californicum ) , and Great Basin Sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) die out and decompose before the next burn. Given its limited reproductive potential, Pinus monophvlla would fare poorly in a regime of short-period ground fires. Although these shade-tolerant trees can continuously establish seedlings beneath mixed conifer forest, short-period fires in needle litter would kill them before they reach maturity. It is perhaps no wonder that pinyon- juniper forests are the "wall flowers" of conifers with distributions limited to the least productive and flammable desert slopes of higher southern California mountains ranges (>1500 m) . The landscape steady state of pinyon-juniper woodland appears to have been similar to mixed conifer forests, i.e., scattered small burns in large landscape units, except that surface fires are absent. A number of interesting studies can be taken from the landscape approach. Some examples are the stability of pinyon- juniper canopy fire regime under modern suppression management, the possibility of short-period fire recurrences in pinyon-juniper, postfire successions at different altitudes and understory types, and the question of whether pinyon pines are invading semiarid margins of mixed conifer forest as the result of lengthening fire intervals in the latter ecosystem. 7 CONCLUSION Conventionally, plant distributions have been studied in relation to climate, terrain, and soils. Fire was not considered of biogeographical importance perhaps because of the Clementsian view that distributions reflect climax states of the vegetation. As a consequence, the focus was always on the end point of successions, not on the impacts at the beginning point. The fire itself is a selective mechanism in distributions because it influences where trees grow at the outset. To date, research has emphasized the study of the adaptive modes of plants. For better understanding of fire/plant relations, it is essential to link the spatial patterning of fire regimes with plant responses as seen in their dynamics and distributions . REFERENCES Armstrong, W.P. 1966. Ecological and taxonomic relationships of Cuoressus . M.A. thesis. California State University, Los Angeles. 124 pp. Bock, J.H. and Bock, C.E. 1969. Natural reforestation in the northern Sierra Nevada-Donner Ridge burn. Proc. of the Annual Tall Timbers Fire Ecol. Conf. 9:119-126. Bock, J.H., Raphael, M. and Bock, C.E. 1978. A comparison of planting and natural succession after a forest fire m the northern Sierra Nevada. J. Appl. Ecol. 15:597-602. Borchart, M. 1985. Serotiny and cone-habit variation in populations of Pinus coulteri (Pinaceae) in the southern coast ranges of California. Madrono 32:29-49. Biswell, H.H. 1989. Prescribed burning in California wildlands vegetation management. University of California Press. Berkeley. Franklin, J.F., Cromack, K. Jr., Denison, W., McKee, A., Maser, C. , Sedell , J., Swanson, F. , and Juday, H. 1981. Ecological characteristics of old growth forest ecosystems in the Douglas fir region. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW. Pac. Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, Oregon. Griffin, J.R. and Critchfield, W.B. 1976. The distribution of forest trees in California. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Res. Paper PSW-82. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Griffin, J.R. 1982. Pine seedlings, native ground cover, and Lolium multif lorum on the marble cone burn, Santa Lucia Range, California. Madrono 29:177-188. Grime, J.P. 1974. Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature 250:26-31. Harper, J.L. 1977. The population biology of plants. Academic Press London. 892 pp. Hanes, T.L. 1981. California chaparral. In Mediterranean Scrublands, vol . 2 of Ecosystems of the World (F. diCastri, D.W. Goodall , and R.W. Specht, eds.). Elsevier Scientific, New York. 8 Heinselman, M.L. 1981. Fire intensity and freqwuency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In: Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties. Proc. of the Conf. (H.A. Mooney et al., tech, coords.), pp. 7-57. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Keeley, J.E. 1981. Reproduction cycles and fire regimes. In: Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, Proc. of the Conf. (H.A. Mooney et al., tech, coords.), pp. 231-278. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Keeley, J. E. 1988. Chaparral. In: Terrestrial Vegetation of North America (M.G. Barbour, ed.). Kilgore, B.M. 1981. Fire in ecosystem distribution and structure: Western forests and scrublands. In: Fire Regimes and Ecosystem Properties, Proc. of the Conf. (H.A. Mooney et al., tech, coords., pp. 58-89), U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. McBride, J.R. and Lavin, R.D. 1976. Fire scars as an indicator of fi- re frequency in the San Bernardino Mountains, California. J. Forestry 74:439-442. McIntosh, R.P. 1981. Succession and ecological theory, pp. 10-23. In: Forest Succession: Concepts and Application. Springer-Verlag . New York. Minnich, R.A. 1980. Wildfire and geographic relationships between canyon live oak, Coulter pine, and bigcone Douglas fir forests. In: Symposium on the Ecology, Managment, and Utilization of California Oaks (T.R. Plumb, tech, coord.), pp. 55-61. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Pac. Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Berkeley, California. Minnich, R.A. 1983. Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California. Science 219:1287-1294. Minnich, R.A. 1986. Range extensions and corrections for Pinus lef freyi and coulteri (Pinaceae) in northern Baja California. Madrono 33:144-145. Minnich, R.A. 1987. The distribution of forest trees in northern Baja California. Madrono 34:98-127. Minnich, R.A. 1988. The biogeography of fire in the San Bernardino Mountains of California: A historical study. University of California Publications in Geography 27:1-121. Minnich, R.A. 1989. Chaparral fire history in San Diego County and adjacent northern Baja California: An evaluation of natural fire regimes and the effects of suppression management. In: The California Chaparral: Paradigms reexamined (S.E. Keeley, ed.), pp. 37-47. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series No. 34. Moran, R. 1977. Plant notes from the Sierra Juarez of Baja California, Mexico. Phytologia 35:205-215. Parker, V.T. 1990. Vegetation dynamics in high-intensity wildfire ecosystems, (in press). Parsons, D.J. and T.W. Swetnam. in press. Restoring natural fire to the Sequoia -mixed conifer forest: Should intense fire play a role? Paper presented at the conference "High intensity fire in wildlands: management challenges and options". May, 1989. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Tallahassee, Florida. Pickett, S.T.A. and White, P.S. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York. Quick, C.R. 1959. Ceanothus seeds and seedlings on burns. Madrono 15:79-81. 9 Rundel, P.W., Gordon, D.T., and Parsons, D.J. 1988. Montane and subalpine vegetation in the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. In: Terrestrial vegetation of California (M.G. Barbour and J. Major, eds.), pp. 559-600. California Botanical Society. Shugart, H.H. 1984. A Theory of Forest Dynamics: The ecological implications of forest succession models. Springer-Verlag. New York. Tally, S.N. and Griffin, J.R. 1980. Fire ecology of montane pine forest, Junipero Serra Peak, California. Madrono 27:49-60. Thorley, G . A . et al . , 1975. Forest lands: Inventory and assessment. In:Manual of Remote Sensing (L.W. Bowden and E.L. Pruitt, eds.), pp. 1353-1426. American Society of Photogrammetry , Falls Chruch, Virginia . Thorne, R.F. 1988. Montane and subalpine forests of the Transverse and Peninsular Ranges. In: Terrestrial Vegetation of California (M.G. Barbour and J. Major, eds.), pp. 537-557. California Botanical Society. Vale, T.R. 1979. Pinus coulteri and wildfire on Mount Diablo, California. Madrono 26:135-139. Vander Wall, S.B. and Baida, R.P. 1977. Coadaptation of the Clark's Nutcracker and the pinyon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecological Monographs 47:89-111. Vankat, J.L. 1977. Fire and man in Sequoia National Park. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 67:17-27. Vankat, J.L. and Major, J. 1978. Vegetation changes in Sequoia National Park, California. J. Biogeography 5:377-402. Vasek, F.C. and Thorne, R.F. 1988. Transmontane coniferous vegetation. In: Terrestrial Vegetation of California. (M.G. Barbour and J. Major, eds.), pp. 797-832. California Botanical Society. Vogl, R.J. 1973. The ecology of the knobcone pine in the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Ecological Monographs 43:125-143. Vogl, R.J., Armstrong, W.P., White, K.L., Cole, K.L. 1988. The closed-cone pines and cycpresses. In: Terrestrial Vegetation of California (M.G. Barbour and J. Major, eds.), pp. 295-357. Wiley, New York. Wilson, R., and Vogl, R.J. 1965. Manzanita chaparral in the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Madrono 18:46-62. White, P.S. 1979. Pattern, process, and natural disturbance in vegetation. Bot. Rev. 45:229-299. Whittaker, R.H. and Levin. 1977. The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. Theor. Pop. Biol. 12:117-139. Wright, H. A. and Bailey, A.W. 1982. Fire Ecology, United States and Canada. Wiley, New York. Wright, R.D. 1966. Lower elevational limits of montane trees: I vegetation and environmental survey in the San Bernardino Mountains of California. Bot. Gaz. 127:184-193. Wright, R.D. 1968. Lower elevational limits of montane trees: II Environmental-keyed responses of three conifer species. Bot. Gaz. 129:219-226. Zedler,P.H. 1977. Life history attributes of plants and the fire cycle: A case study in California chaparral dominated by Cupressus forbesii . In Environmental Consequences of Fire and Fuel Management in Mediterranean Ecosystems (H. A. Mooney and C.E. Conrad, tech, coords.), pp. 451-458. U.S.D.A. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-3, Washington, D.C. 10 ANNOUNCEMENTS WILDFLOWER SHOW AT THE L. A. COUNTY NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM . April 13, 14 (Saturday, Sunday). This show presented by the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS and other conservation organizations will be held at the Natural History Museum in Exposition Park. See the survival of the natives without water. Beautiful displays of local wildflowers grown in private and botanic gardens will be on display with information for each species. See the special exhibit on weeds and displays by docent groups, National and State Parks, and the Theodore Payne Foundation. HABITAT RESTORATION GROUP GOES LOCAL . The Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) , a national organization that publishes conference proceedings and otherwise promotes information on habitat restoration and mitigation, is currently establishing local chapters. Call Melanie Baer Keeley at (818) 768-1802 for information. VOLUNTEERS NEEDED FOR WORK ON THE PACIFIC CREST TRAIL . Alice Krueper has several dates in March and April for volunteer trail work (clearing, raking small rocks, trimming bushes, and making new trails) on the Pacific Crest Trail in the San Gorgonio Pass, White Water, Verbenia, Cabazon areas. The dates are March have passed, but April 21 is still open. The BLM and U.S. Forest Service are providing all the tools. This work is open to everyone. The trail work location varies each week. Bring 2 quarts of water, wear good hiking shoes, bring sack lunch, gloves, backpack, jacket and hat. For details and meeting place, contact Alice Krueper at (714) 882-7233 or (714) 886-3281. CALIFORNIA NATIVE GRASS ASSOCIATION FORMED . The California Native Grass Association (CNGA) is an interdisciplinary group of conservationists, naturalists, resource managers, scientists, seed growers and suppliers, and others. We have joined together to develop and promote native grasses and associated species for restoration and/or rehabilitation of California ecosystems. Many of our California native grasses have excellent capabilities for soil stabilization and improvement, returning sustained 11 productivity to wildland areas, restoring natural communities, conserving biodiversity, controlling noxious weeds and other uses. Not enough attention has been devoted in past years toward selecting superior native species, and making seed available in quantities and at costs that encourage their use. Our group is making a significant effort to change this situation. If you are interested in this organization, contact Dave Amme in Berkeley (415) 526-9257 or write CNGA, 3830 U Street, Sacramento, CA 95817. ECO EXPO . LA CONVENTION CENTER . April 12-14 (Friday-Sunday ) . See products and services for environmentally concerned consumers, including a Home & Garden pavilion, as well as transportation, natural "green" products, recycling, and energy pavilions. A portion of receipts will be donated to local conservation groups. For details (818) 906-2700, (818) 334-EXPO. SERPENTINE ECOLOGY CONFERENCE . The International Conference on Serpentine Ecology to be held June 19 to 23, 1991, at the University of California, Davis, will focus on the ecology of serpentine soils. This small conference intends to bring together senior and young investigators of the "serpentine syndrome" and will include papers and field trips. For more information contact: Dr. Lin Wu, Dept, of Environmental Horticulture, U.C. Davis 95616 or Dr. Art Kruckeberg, Dept, of Botany, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195. PICTURES OF THE WHITTIER/ PUENTE HILLS PLANTS NEEDED . Color slides of individual wild flowers of the Whittier Hills are needed for the publication of Wildflowers of the Puente HIllsj . Inland Lower Elevation Regions of Southern Cali fornia, a book by Julie Schneider, which is soon to be published by the California Native Plant Society. Slides can be submitted to: Julie Schneider, Rio Hondo College, 3600 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90608. Please enclose a self-addressed stamped envelope for the return of your slides. Please label your slide with your name, address and phone number along with a location and plant name. Photo credits will be given for slides selected. For more information call Julie Schneider at (213) 698-6059. 12 A New Publisher: A Beautiful New Book . Ironwood Press opens its doors as new publisher and announces the publication of its first title — BEAUTIFUL GARDENS . Scott Millard, formerly of HP Books and Ortho Books, is pleased to announce the creation of IRONWOOD PRESS, a publishing company based in Tucson, Arizona. IRONWOOD PRESS will publish titles concerned with the Southwest — particularly its plants, gardening practices and wealth of recreational opportunities. IRONWOOD' s first title, BEAUTIFUL GARDENS, was co-written by Millard and Eric A. Johnson of Palm Desert, California. The book's subtitle explains its scope: A Guide to Over 80 Botanical Gardens. Arboretums and More in Southern California and the Southwest . Gardens ranging from the Huntington Gardens in Southern California to The Desert Museum in Tucson are described in detail. Special emphasis has been given to gardens featuring water-efficient landscapes. Both the public and landscape professionals can learn from the examples provided at most of the gardens, including proper design, plant selection and maintenance practices. Johnson, who has been involved with landscaping and garden writing for over 45 years, worked with several of the garden's original developers. He attributes the look of many Southwestern cities to landscape pioneers involved in helping create the gardens, such as Kate Sessions, who largely shaped the horticultural skyline of Balboa Park and San Diego. Others include Mildred Mathias (her namesake botanical garden at UCLA is described in the book) , Fred Lang, who helped design the Hortense Miller Garden in Laguna Beach, featured on the book's cover, and many others. In keeping with the spirit of BEAUTIF U L GARDENS . the book is dedicated to the memory of Walter L. Doty, editor of Sunset Magazine for 15 years. Doty was teacher and mentor to numerous garden writers in the West, including Johnson and Millard. BEAUTIFUL GARDENS is a 96-page paperback, 8x10 format, printed in full color with 70 large plates on quality paper. Retail price is $12.95. It is available at botanical garden giftshops or wherever fine books are sold. Individual titles can be ordered direct from the publisher for $12.95 plus $2.50 postage and handling. For more information contact: Michele Van Meter, 2968 West Ina Rd. #285, Tucson, AZ 85741, (602) 744-0571. 13 THE WHITTIER HILLS FLORA AND FAUNA SURVEY TEAM . A volunteer survey team recently has been formed to embark on a long term biological study of the Whittier/Puente Hills and to prepare an environmental impact report type document on the area. There is a great need for long term comprehensive scientific information about the hills which is not biased toward development purposes. Volunteers believe these studies could be a major key in preservation of the Hills. So far, groups have been formed to study plants, insects, birds, and geology. They still need volunteer biologists to head groups on large and small mammals and reptiles. Unexperienced, experienced, and interested individuals are also needed to assist in the field. For information call: John Ljubenkov (619) 940-8760 or Julie Schneider (213) 698-6059. FIELD TRIPS San Luis Obispo Wildflower Weekend . April 5-7 (Friday-Sunday) . Join the San Luis Obispo Chapter of CNPS for its annual Wildflower Weekend. Some of the highlights of the weekend include: Exploration of the Nipomo Dunes and possibly Carnival Valley and its spectacular poppies; Montana de Oro State Park to observe wildf lowers of the coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and Bishop pine communities; Reservoir Canyon and Cuesta Ridge to observe revegetation of these areas burned in the 1985 Las Pilitas fire; travel through the riparian zones along the Santa Rita Creek Rd. ; visit to Las Pilitas Nursery which specializes in native plants; hikes within the Rancho El Chorro preserve to learn the natural history of the area and the mysterious realm of lichens. As always, included in the weekend wildflower adventure are entertaining and informative slide presentations both Friday and Saturday evenings and meals and accommodations at the Rancho El Chorro. Fees range between $30 and $68 per person. For a registration packet and information, send a SASE to D. Krause, CNPS, 2425 Sandown PI., Cambria, CA 93428. 14 El Seaundo Sand Dunes . April 6 (Saturday) . Join the San Gabriel Mts . Chapter of CNPS for a rare chance to visit these restricted dunes with Dr. Rudi Mattoni, currently supervising their restoration. Meet at 9:30 AM, west side of Pershing between Sandpiper and Worldway West. Look for Butterfly Preserve sign. Reservations a must. Call (213) 274-1052. Tenth Annual Santa Monica Mountains Trail Days, Pt. Mugu Stat e Park . April 19-21 (Friday-Sunday) . Spend Saturday, Sunday or the whole weekend camping at Danielson Ranch. Part of the Backbone Trail will be built and a plant loving group will de- thistle Sycamore Canyon for the fourth year. Saturday night BBQ and campfire. For Saturday or Sunday only, meet at 8:30 AM at Rancho Sierra Vista parking lot (Pinehill and Potrero, Newbury Park). Bring tools, gloves, hat, water and lunch. For Saturday, bring BBQ selection, libations, potluck dish for 8. For Sunday, bring dessert or munchies to share at after-work party. Take Ventura Fwy to Wendy exit, S to Potrero Rd, W to Pinehill, left into Rancho Sierro Vista. For camping information and reservation, send SASE to Trails Day, 24735 Mulholland Hwy, Calabasas 91302. Or call Jo Kitz (818) 348-5910. Big Bear and Baldwin Lake . April 21 (Sunday) . Join the San Gabriel Mts. Chapter of CNPS for a custom tour, conducted by botanist Maile Neel, of the Big Bear/Baldwin Lake area. We'll explore the famous Pebble Plain and its endemics, a wetland meadow, and more. Bring lunch and water. Call Melanie Baer Keeley for time, maps, at (818) 768-1802. Baia California — San Quint in . April 27-29 (Saturday-Monday) . Join the San Gabriel Mts. Chapter of CNPS for a dune vegetation survey. They'll be helping the Pro Esteros in their fight to save these vanishing wetlands by collecting plant specimens from the dunes and salt marsh. Dr. Barry Prigge of the UCLA herbarium will help us identify species and learn the correct way to collect and press specimens. We'll camp on the dunes (motels available in town for the timid) . Call Cheryl Conel (818) 248- 1425 for reservations. 15 Santa Rosa Plateau . April 28 (Sunday) . Join the Santa Monica Mts . Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Late April is usually the best time for vernal pool wildflower displays if there is adequate rainfall. Other features include Englemann oak woodlands and native grasslands which have been improved by recent controlled burnings. Leave name and address on message tape at (213) 933-8993 to receive map and info. San Gabriel Mountains . May 4 (Saturday) . Join the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Meet at the parking lot of Switzer's Camp (off Angeles Crest Highway on right before Mt. Wilson turnoff) at 10:00 am. After a car shuttle to Eaton Saddle, 10-mile mostly downhill hike (See Trails of Angeles National Forest) down Mt. Lowe Road, then thru Bear Canyon to Arroyo Seco, then hike up to Switzer's Camp. Very scenic route. Bring sunscreen, water, lunch. For more information, call George Stevenson (213) 472-5464. Kingston and Mesquite Mts . . Eastern Mojave. May 25-27 (Friday- Sunday) . The BLM is seeking volunteers from Southern California Botanists to spend Memorial Day weekend in the East Mojave for a botanical survey. The purpose of the survey is to inventory and map BLM sensitive plants and compose a plant species list for the Kingston and Mesquite Mountain areas. The end product will be used to update BLM records, provide data on the existing plant populations, aid in management and protection of the sensitive plants and their habitat, and update NDDB data base files/records. A meeting will be scheduled for Friday evening (5/25) or Saturday morning (5/26) to discuss plans, assign work areas, answer questions, etc. People wishing to participate in this survey must submit a request to Ken McMullen in the Needles Office of the Bureau of Land Management by May 3, 1991, or phone (619) 326-3896. Tamarisk Bashing . The Volunteer Tamarisk Work Crew, which is involved in habitat rehabilitation by removing the thirsty, invasive, non-native Tamarisk, has efforts scheduled at some interesting sites this spring. Contact Bill Neill for more information at Home (714) 779-2099 or at Work (714) 528-7201 ext. 2423. TECOPA/AMARGOSA CANYON trip, March 29-30 (Saturday-Sunday) . 16 BRAND NEW FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS: ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15th ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 3 ALLAN A. SCHOENHERR, EDITOR 114 Pages; chapters on California Valley Grassland, Californian Coastal Sage Scrub, Walnut Woodlands, Estuarine Wetlands, Riparian Woodlands and Their Breeding Birds. Please send: copies of ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA @ $10.00 PLUS $2.00 tax, postage and handling. Name: Return to: Southern California Botanists Address: Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 17 * lA+e: f&tiWA’t' 1991 tiow&i 0M t * Zf M . L0CA+hu: \lW\\cs& fk^KTfJ^.c^t ^AMtA Aw 0 ?RkJI£ *- clAgm^t, CA* — ^ — ^ t^o^r-t^c«AiO+ UA+ive CaLUouXa f Utff£ + ^LMk 4 ■ft*. o*C (<0 oMeC- 6Aff?c*]0 Hk -ft*z. W«.c iiO-ft)C*AA-tio^: «s asUs fakicho ^HlJ+A AuA * MCM 3 C** ' , ? »ft 1 <5C fU»H SAte Setup 1_1 5 ^ awls"')^ s <*!± % cau- - fefisir " O'Zu'cg fMhiU* "BLVP- X-ic AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL BOTANISTS. The journal of the Southern California Botanists, CROSSOSOMA, provides an ideal means by which you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians. Topics could include southern California native plants, favorite field trips, or gardening hints. If you are a teacher, consider submitting an outstanding term paper from one of your students. Submit your manuscript to: Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College 321 E. Chapman Avenue Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927 . Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists A yearly plant sale featuring native tolerant species. An annual symposium on various vegetation . The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books. and biologists . California and drought- aspects of California Membership categories include: Individual (family) $ 8.00 Group or organization $15.00 APPLICATION New Member Renewal Date Name — Address . City, State, Zip Code Phone ( )_ In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25 (D O H CJ M H- »3 H W h O ftw rt n a w O30Z 3 H-3 " P) rt O owo t 1 P> ftWO VO H* W to 0 2! ClHH 3 O > S3 (D •i w o »3 H- ft 01 ►3 01 a to r 2: I if l fj) n o cr s -0 3 1 ~~ X p,: -< -10 < 1 2: i : *J o 2! O H O ^ 0250WH * ►3 *-3 > H O Q O > w » Ol o • CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 3 June 1991 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr THE CHALLENGE OP LIVING WITH GROWTH IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT* Peter A. Bowler Director, Cooperative Outdoor Program and academically affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California, Irvine 92717 In 1852, the United States Government asked to purchase land from Chief Sealth (Seattle) of the Duwamish tribe. His magnificent reply was an articulate expression of what Joseph Campbell (1988) calls the "paleolithic moral order." Chief Sealth replied as follows: "The President in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land. But how can you buy or sell the sky? The land? The idea is strange to us. If we do not own the freshness of the air and the sparkle of the water, how can you buy them? Every part of this earth is sacred to my people. Every shining pine needle, every sandy shore, every mist in the dark woods, every meadow, every humming insect. All are holy in the memory and experience of my people. I have seen a thousand rotting buffalo on the prairies left by the white man who shot them from a passing train. What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, men would die from the great loneliness of spirit, for whatever happens to the beasts also happens to man. All things are connected. Whatever befalls the earth, befalls the sons of the earth. We know the sap which courses through the trees as we know the blood that courses through our veins. We are part of the earth and it is part of us. The perfumed flowers are our sisters. The bear, the deer, the great eagle, these are our brothers. The rocky crests, the juices in the meadow, the body heat of the pony, and man, all belong to the same family. The shining water that moves in the streams and rivers is not just water, but the blood of our ancestors. If we sell you our land, you must remember that it is sacred. Each ghostly reflection in the clear waters of the lakes tells of events and memories in the life of my people. The water's murmur is the voice of my father's father. *From a lecture presented in a class on Human Environment at the University of California, Irvine (February 26, 1991) . The rivers are our brothers. They quench our thirst. They carry our canoes and feed our children. So you must give the rivers the kindness you would give any brother. If we sell you our land, remember that the air is precious to us, that the air shares its spirit with all the life it supports. The wind that gave our grandfather his first breath also receives his last sigh. The wind also gives our children the spirit of life. So if we sell you our land, you must keep it apart and sacred, as a place where man can go to taste the wind that is sweetened by the meadow flowers. Will you teach your children what we have taught our children? That the earth is our mother? What befalls the earth befalls all the sons of the earth. This we know: the earth does not belong to man, man belongs to the earth. All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Man did not weave the web of life, he is merely a strand in it. Whatever he does to the web, he does to himself. One thing we know: our god is also your god. The earth is precious to him and to harm the earth is to heap contempt on its creator. Your destiny is a mystery to us. What will happen when the buffalo are all slaughtered? The wild horses tamed? What will happen when the secret corners of the forest are heavy with the scent of many men and the view of the ripe hills is blotted by talking wires? Where will the thicket be? Gone! Where will the eagle be? Gone! And what is it to say goodbye to the swift pony and the hunt? The end of living and the beginning of survival. When the last Red Man has vanished with his wilderness and his memory is only the shadow of a cloud moving across the prairie, will these shores and forests still be here? Will there be any of the spirit of my people left? We love this earth as a newborn loves its mother's heartbeat. So, if we sell you our land, love it as we have loved it. Care for it as we have cared for it. Hold in your mind the memory of the land as it is when you receive it. Preserve the land for all children and love it, as God loves us all. As we are part of the land, you too are part of the land. This earth is precious to us. It is also precious to you. One thing we know: there is only one God. No man, be he Red Man or White Man, can be apart. We are brothers after all." As I see it, the challenge of living with growth in a healthy environment is about quality. I'd like to talk about the quality of the natural ecosystem, the quality of our lives, and their relationship, as we watch the rapid development and urbanization of most of our natural environment in southern California. Before focusing on our special human and biologic situation, and what we can do to keep some semblance of quality in both, I'd like to provide a context through a brief discussion of global biodiversity. In this context, I'll summarize points made by E.O. Wilson (1989), Norman Myers (1984; 1991) and Peter Raven (1991), among others. 2 We really have no clear or even ballpark estimate of the number of species presently on the planet; what we can be certain of is that we are losing them very rapidly. Estimates of the number of species of insects alone, range from a conservative guess of around 4 million to perhaps 30 million, and it has been suggested that we have formally described only around 1.4 million species. Some authorities contend that there are more nematode worms than there are insects, because every insect species may be host to one or more species of nematode parasites! Of course the richest diversity of species lies in the tropics, and is well presented in books and articles written by E. 0. Wilson (1989), Peter Raven (1991), and Norman Myers (1984, 1991) . Habitat loss in the tropics has proceeded at a breath- taking rate. We are losing species faster than they have ever vanished due to "natural” causes through geologic time. Our rate of extinguishing species through elimination of rainforest and other activities has outstripped even the most catastrophic of the past extinction episodes. In the temperate zone it has been estimated that we have perhaps some 1 million species, or approximately a fourth of the conservative "guesstimate" of the total number of species. According to Raven in a March 6, 1991 lecture, we are likely to lose 20 - 25% of the planet's plant species within the next 25 years unless we intervene. The human population, by contrast, has and continues to skyrocket. The human population was around 2.5 billion in 1950, is around 5.4 billion at present, and will add another billion by the turn of the century. During the 1990s it is estimated that the proportion of the total global population in the industrialized nations will shrink from around a third to less than a sixth, and around 90% of the growth in population will be in the poorest of the third-world nations. While our natural, non-human ecosystem is experiencing a widespread downward spiral of decline and extinction, 1.2 billion (22%) of mankind lives below poverty level, 1 person in 4 is hungry, and 1 out of 10 3 have so little food that neither the mind nor the body can develop properly. Between 30 and 40,000 babies die daily. Internationally, for much of mankind, starvation is the most compelling "quality of life” issue. So what is the situation in California? California has about 30 million people. About two-thirds of those (approximately 20 million people) live in southern California. A short quotation from the Southern California Wildlife Discussion Group (1991) sums up the situation: "Southern California has clean blue oceans, plenty of sunshine, and a healthy economy. Not surprisingly, it also has a staggering population growth rate; southern California is expected to add more people over the next twenty-five years than currently exist in eighty percent of all states in the nation. California is blessed with one of the most diverse habitat systems in the nation, with several unique natural communities and endemic species. That diversity includes 738 species of vertebrate animals, 550 bird species, 5,200 native plant species, and 380 distinct natural communities. Currently over two hundred animals (over 27%) , six hundred plant species (12%) and two hundred natural communities (53%) face severe reduction and possible extinction. The preservation of these resources is enormously difficult - California must provide land for its new growth (over 700,000 acres), but it also must preserve its natural heritage..." Locally, we are experiencing the beginnings of a severe decline or collapse in historic levels of species richness as our natural communities are reduced to slivers of their original size, isolated through habitat fragmentation, and are fenced in by freeways and urban development. Natural habitat is also negatively influenced by air pollution and other man-induced changes such as introduced, invasive plants and animals. Other environmental stresses we are and will be experiencing more aggressively in the future - such as global warming, a rise in sea level, and a reduction in ozone in the upper atmosphere - will also contribute to the degradation of the natural environment in California. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Faber et. al. 1989) recently estimated that 95-97% of southern California's 4 floodplain riparian habitat has been eliminated. The Irvine area has suffered some of the most dramatic wetland losses in the state through the ditching and draining of the Cienega de las Ranas, an enormous marshland of perhaps 40,000 acres which covered the Tustin Plain until the early part of this century. The fragments of wetlands which have remained in our area are almost molecular when compared with the magnitude of our losses. Most of our wetlands are watered by agricultural or urban runoff loaded with pollutants and have species-poor communities supporting only the most hardy and common species. It is an ironic parable of our time and culture that many of our wetlands, from the San Joaquin Marsh to most wetland mitigation sites, depend upon reclaimed sewage for sustenance. All surface water has been used for other purposes. Historically, our most abundant upland community, coastal sage scrub, has lost 90% of its former extent in San Diego County, and is in very serious decline in Orange County. Less than 47,000 acres (around 74 square miles) of this plant community has survived in fragments scattered throughout the County (Fred Roberts, pers. comm.). For the past four decades, two square miles or more of coastal sage scrub have gone beneath the bulldozer each year, and over 3.7 square miles were eliminated last year alone. We don't know the extent to which already approved, but not yet constructed, urban development projects will further reduce the current acreage of coastal sage scrub. Southern oak woodland and a related community, California walnut woodland, are now endangered communities in which there has been little recruitment of new trees for decades. Native grassland is almost non-existent, and open areas are dominated by non-native grasses ard other weedy species. As these habitats gradually have been reduced in size, isolated and degraded through grazing, invaded by non-native weedy plant species, and weakened by air pollution, the most sensitive plants and animals dependent upon them have become listed or are candidate 5 endangered species. Thus, in our riparian areas, the Least Bell's Vireo is endangered, in our marshes the Light-footed Clapper Rail and Belding's Savannah Sparrow are endangered, and in coastal sage scrub the California Gnatcatcher, the coastal race of the Cactus Wren, as well as several lizards and plants are candidate endangered species. Factors which have directly and indirectly contributed to this decline range from sprawling urban development, a spreading series of freeways with no provision for wildlife corridors or passage under or over them, channelization of streams and rivers, and diversion of natural surface water, to air pollution and acid fog. As you know, we are in the position of having drastic (50- 90%) reductions in water availability in the immediate future. Yet locally, there are over 100,000 new homes already approved and there are three new tollways planned that will bisect the largest habitat fragments we have left. Frequently poor air quality, stress-generating time spent in automobiles on crowded freeways and surface streets, and situational entrapment in urban settings with little access to the restorative benefits of natural setting experiences are a few of the other negative environmental influences we all endure here. Humans, as well as the rest of the ecosystem, are feeling the effects of overcrowding and a degraded environment. So, what is the challenge of living with growth in a healthy environment? The challenge is having the courage and strength to say "NO" to further expansion when the natural environment begins to fall apart, as it so obviously has done in Orange County. What can be done as a triage approach to arrest the decline in virtually all of our native local ecosystems? I propose the following: 1 . Preserve what’s left and allow no more losses . This means establishing and sustaining a functioning system of wildlife corridors between a series of preserves - a string of pearls which will allow animals and plants to move between areas in which they can sustain viable populations. Endangered species 6 and the habitat with which they are inextricably bound must also be protected, but the focus must recognize that they and their habitat are mutually dependent upon one another, and that protecting endangered species means providing them with natural interactions in a natural setting. The intent of the Endangered Species Act was never to establish genetic zoos. This doesn't mean a complete moratorium on development, but sensitive, key lands simply should not be destroyed. 2. Place a new emphasis on habitat restoration . Habitat restoration in the sense I use it here means to raise the ecological condition of a site that has been disturbed. It doesn't necessarily mean creating a mirror-perfect replica of a natural situation - duplicating the Mona Lisa or Sistine Chapel Ceiling - but simply raising the ability of a site to sustain natural ecological processes by increasing the species richness and abundance of native taxa in natural stands, eradicating invasive exotics, creating habitat links between isolated stands, and so forth. This can very significantly contribute to sustaining large mammals as well to maintaining the genetic diversity of local plant communities. 3. Sound planning . If there is any lesson to be learned from the southern California experience it must be that of the need for better planning and to know when to quit in terms of development. One of the central ways in which all of us as individuals can help transform our planning process is through becoming involved and participating in it. This can be done by learning about the biology of this area, then participating in the elective process to change decision-making bodies such as the County Board of Supervisors from their historic positions endorsing rapid growth to an environmentally sensitive group recognizing the stark fact that we are virtually out of room and resources for the magnitude of urbanization that has been occurring in recent decades. Involvement of all citizens in the environmental impact review process is critical. 7 4 . Adopt and act upon a set of environmental ethics . I think intuitively we all realize that the destruction of rainforests or old growth temperate forests is a wrong thing to do, and I believe that most Americans agree with our Congress in their enactment of the Endangered Species Act, which prevents man from knowingly rendering any species extinct. Few of us understand that our local coastal sage scrub is just as endangered as the rainforests and other more dramatic and publicized habitats (especially well-stated in Beier, 1990) . The realization we all need to reach is that ultimately what is good for our natural habitats and our endangered species is good for us as well. The direct human benefits from environmental health are enormous, ranging from restorative aspects in our psyches to an expanded philosophy and a better understanding of our biologic setting. We need to act with a more biocentric as opposed to anthropocentric attitude as our guide. In his wonderful documentary with Bill Moyers called "The Power of Myth," Joseph Campbell discusses man's relationship with nature in different cultures. The poignant statements by Chief Seattle articulate very well what Campbell calls the "paleolithic moral order." We need to re-establish our touch and relationship with nature. We need to realize that we are part of an ecosystem and that indeed, there is a local ecological context surrounding us beyond Nintendo, freeways and our urban lives. This isn't suggesting that we adopt the religious animism, culture, lifestyle or mores of the Native American tribes, but simply that we need to begin remembering the fundamental kinds of connections to the ecosystem and local biology that such quotations express. Aldo Leopold (1949) , the "father" of the land ethic, stated that: "Conservation is getting nowhere because it is incompatible with our Abrahamic concept of land. We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. That land is a community is the basic concept of ecology, but that land is to be loved and respected is an extension of ethics. That land yields a cultural harvest is a fact long known, but lately often forgotten." 8 Needless to say, Leopold's thoughts need to be remembered and taken very seriously if southern California is going to have any quality of life left for either man or the natural communities that are rapidly dwindling in size and viability. Once you reach a certain level of awareness about environmental issues, you find that you must "bear witness” and act rather than passively be a non-participant and watch biodiversity drop. We must all work together in gaining understanding and preventing ourselves from suffering the "great loneliness of spirit" Chief Sealth warned against in a world that is rapidly losing its "beasts, its forests, its diversity, and the sparkle of life." ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS I thank Bill Bretz for thoughtful discussions and helpful criticisms of an early draft of the manuscript. I am grateful to Fred Roberts for sharing data regarding the historic and current acreage of coastal sage scrub in Orange County which he will present in published form in the near future. LITERATURE CITED Beier, P. October 4, 1990. Letter of comment on the Foothill Tranpsortation Corridor, addressed to the Transportation Corridor Agencies. Campbell, J., with B. Moyers. 1988. The Power of Myth. Doubleday, New York. Faber, P.A. , E. Keller, A. Sands, and B.M. Massey. 1989. The ecology or riparian habitats of the Southern California coastal region: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 85(7.27). Leopold, A. 1949 (1989). A Sand County Almanac. Ballantine Press, New York. Myers, N. 1984. The Primary Source. Tropical Forests and Our Future. W.W. Norton and Co., New York. Myers, N. March 6, 1991. "The Environmental Prospect: Bloom or Boom?" Unpublished lecture at the University of California, Irvine. 9 Raven, P. February 14, 1991. "The Global Ecological Crisis: A Biologist's Response." Edward A. Steinhaus Lecture at the University of California, Irvine. Unpublished. Southern California Wildlife Discussion Group. Jan. 25, 1991. Draft proposal for federal funding of habitat wildlife conservation efforts developed through focal point planning. Circulated by Siemon, Larson, and Marsh. Wilson, E.O. 1989. Threats to Biodiversity. Scientific American 261(3) ? 108-116. ANNOUNCEMENTS THE PENINSULAR RANGES OF ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA On Saturday. October 26, 1991 . Southern California Botanists will hold their 17th annual symposium on the topic of The Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California. This topic is a timely one because of renewed interest in these ranges as major biogeographic region of relict endemism. It is also important for the study of fire ecology because of different philosophies about fire suppression on each side of the international boundary. The program will include the following topics and speakers: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES AND UNIQUE PLANTS OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES Robert Thorne - Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont FIRE ECOLOGY OF MIXED CONIFEROUS FOREST IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA Jack Burk - California State University, Fullerton INTERESTING CONIFERS IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA: A STORY OF RELICT ENDEMISM Allan Schoenherr - Fullerton College, Fullerton BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST PLANTS OF MONTANE BUTTERFLIES IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES John Brown and David Faulkner - San Diego Natural History Museum UNIQUE SOILS AND PLANTS OF LIMITED DISTRIBUTION IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES Tom Oberbauer - San Diego County Planning Department This program is cosponsored by the Department of Biology at Cal State Fullerton and will be held in the Ruby Gerontology Center on the Cal State Fullerton campus. Registration begins at 8:00 AM. Coffee and donuts will be served. Registration fee is $10.00 for non-members of SCB, $8.00 for students, and $15.00 for members of Southern California Botanists (including renewal of the $8.00 annual membership). For more information contact Terry Daubert at the Fullerton Arboretum (714) 773-3579. 10 A SYMPOSIUM: CONTEMPORARY DESIGNS FOR CALIFORNIA GARDENS : The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, will sponsor this two day symposium on June 29 and 30. Saturday begins with presentations by five renowned landscape designers, who will discuss and illustrate how to create attractive, water-conserving gardens. Later, as a panel, the speakers will answer questions from the audience. Sunday offers tours of local gardens famous for their aesthetic impact through use of water-conserving plants. Additional information or to register, call (805) 563-2521. CALIFORNIA NATIVE GRASS ASSOCIATION . In response to the interest expressed by a number of agencies and environmental groups, the California Native Grass Association (CNGA) has been founded. Its goals are: 1) to develop the technology to restore and/or rehabilitate ecosystems using native grasses and associated species for the purpose of soil stabilization and improvement, sustained productivity, conservation of biodiversity, and exotic weed control; 2) to coordinate and support the production and marketing of commercial quantities of seed and other plant material; and 3) to educate people on the values of native grasses and associated species. Membership is open to all. For more information write to: CNGA, c/o USDA, SCS Plant Material Center, P.0. Box 68, Lockeford, CA 95237. CALL FOR PAPERS . A Symposium on SUGAR PINE: Value of the Resource, and its Role in Mixed-conifer Ecosystems, is planned for March 30 - April 1, 1992 at the University of California, Davis. Co-sponsored by a group of federal, state, industry, and environmental organizations (including CNPS) , this meeting will address aspects of the biology, ecology, and economics of sugar pine, with special reference to the threat posed by white pine blister rust, including current and historical management practices for this disease. Invited and contributed papers will be published in a symposium proceedings. At this time, tentative titles or topics for contributed papers/posters are solicited; please submit by May 1, 1991, to Bohun Kinloch, Program Co-Chair, USFS-PSW , P.0. Box 245, Berkeley, CA 94701. 11 Gardener 1 s Guide to California ' s Wildf lowers — A New Publication . Kevin Connelly has authored this new publication from the Theodore Payne Foundation. It presents previously hard- to-find information for the successful cultivation of California wildf lowers in both natural areas and landscaped settings. This 160-page Gardener's Guide outlines the fundamental elements necessary to produce a succession of wildflower bloom from early spring to fall. Comprehensive lists of California native annuals, perennials, bulbs, and ferns accompany chapters discussing appropriate species for beach, coastal and interior valleys, desert and mountains. Thirteen stunning color plates assist the reader to select his own landscape choices. The author has written for the Los Angeles Times and Pacific Horticulture and has created wildflower gardens at the Theodore Payne Foundation, Earthside Nature Center, and many private residences. Copies may be ordered directly from the Theodore Payne Foundation by mail or phone. Send $12.95 per copy plus 6.5% sales tax plus $2.25 to cover postage and handling to Theodore Payne Foundation, 10459 Tuxford Street, Sun Valley, CA 91352. Or call (818) 768-1802. ACTION ALERT - CALIFORNIA DESERT PROTECTION ACT RE-INTRODUCED. California's new U.S. Senator, John Seymour, has indicated some interest in the passage of a desert protection bill. The bill, S. 21, is essentially the same bill that many environmental groups supported in Congress last session. If you believe in it, this is a window of opportunity you should take advantage of — let Senator Sevmour know how much support there is for desert protection in California . Your letters should: Congratulate Senator Seymour on his appointment to the U.S. Senate; briefly explain why you want the desert protected, including any personal experience or knowledge you have; mention the special importance of establishing Mojave National Park; ask Senator Seymour to support S. 21, the California Desert Protection Act. His address is: The Honorable John Seymour 720 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, D.C., 20510 12 DUNE PROTECTION AGREEMENT APPROVED [Excerpted from L.A. Times article by Tom Waters 10-20-91]. Environmentalists scored a major victory when Mayor Tom Bradley and other key city officials announced an agreement to preserve one of the last sections of southern California's once-extensive coastal sand dune system. The land, 200 acres west of L.A. International Airport, is best known as a habitat for the endangered El Segundo blue butterfly. It is a remnant of a dune system that once stretched from Point Conception, above Santa Barbara, south to Mexico. For years, the airport had planned to use 200 acres of the 300-acre dune system for a golf course and leave the remainder as a nature preserve. But pressure on airport officials to scale down the golf course plan grew after a study discovered that a number of insects and plants apparently exist only in the airport's dunes. The study, commissioned by the airport and completed this year, also concluded that 200 acres were needed to ensure animals and plants native to the dunes would flourish. "The report clearly showed we would endanger dozens of rare species of plants and animals," Bradley said. The study by scientist Rudy Mattoni [SMM chapter member] concluded that the native plant and animal life on the dunes had been seriously affected over the years by development and soil contamination. The study identified more than 900 species of plants and animals on the dunes. At least nine insects and a plant [the El Segundo spinef lower Chorizanthe calif ornica ssp. Suksdorfii ] apparently exist only on the dunes, and another 25 plant and animal species are found only on other southern California coastal dune systems, the study concluded. Mattoni said that $180,000 has been spent to restore about 40 acres of the dunes. He estimated that it would take about $2 million to restore the 200 acres earmarked for the preserve. Officials said they do not have funding. "It depends on how thorough a job you want to do," he said. "That is the variable." Mattoni said that while non-native plants must be removed from the dunes, the biggest challenge is to reintroduce species that once lived there but have vanished. He said 18 of 33 plants that disappeared have already been replanted with seeds collected from 13 other dune areas. Join members of the Santa Monica Mountains Chapter of CNPS with their El Segundo Dunes revegetation projects. They gather at the El Segundo Dunes for this purpose on the first and third Saturday mornings of every month. Contact Rudi Mattoni for details (213) 274-1052. Theodore Payne Foundation Clearance Sale . June 11 (Tuesday) - June 15 (Saturday), 8:30 AM - 4:00 PM. The Theodore Payne Foundation Summer Sale features water-conserving native plants, landscaping books, seeds. Theodore Payne Foundation, 10459 Tuxford St., Sun Valley. (818) 768-1802. GOLDEN TROUT WORKSHOPS . Three one-week workshops will be held in the Sierra From August 4 through August 24, 1991. They are sponsored by members of the Eastern Sierra, Pasadena, San Bernardino, San Fernando Valley, and Santa Barbara chapters of The National Audubon Society. An informal field natural history program, consisting of naturalist-led hikes by resident naturalists, will be offered, with visiting guest naturalists at some sessions. The camp is located in the Golden Trout Wilderness, in the southern portion of the high Sierra, on the eastern watershed, at an altitude of 10,000 feet. For details, write or call Cindi McKernan, 1230 Firar Lane, Redlands, CA 92373, (714) 793-7897. If you are interested, reservations should be made as soon as possible. Hiking Trips Sponsored by the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Botanically oriented hiking trips for a small fee are sponsored by the Santa Barbara Botanic Garden. Summer trips include the following: June 8 (Saturday) . This hike will be to Piedra Blanca, Ventura County. The hike begins at Lion Campground beyond Rose Valley. Hikers will be in the Sespe area of Ventura County, and hike up the Piedra Blanca, a perennial stream that is a major tributary of the Sespe. The walk will be through interesting white sandstone turrets and other interesting geological formations. Bring a swimsuit. Fee: $9 ($7 for Garden members). For information call Jim Blakley at (805) 962-9730. 14 June 27 (Thursday) - August 4 (Sunday) . A Relaxing Trip to the Sierra Nevada. Join Garden Travel Coordinator, Elias Chiacos, for this four-day, three-night trip to the east side of the Sierra Nevada. Travel will be by bus which will depart from the Botanic Garden parking lot at 9:30 am on Thursday, June 27th. After stopping for a catered picnic lunch, the participants will arrive Thursday afternoon at the Sierra Nevada Inn in Mammoth Lakes, California. There will be time to explore the grounds and the amenities of the resort before dinner in the Inn's restaurant. On Friday there will be a guided tour of the region with a local guide. Five of the seven life zones on our continent exist within a few miles of the Inn, and participants will explore these from the desert floor to alpine heights. A picnic lunch will be provided by the Inn's restaurant. Saturday will include a visit to the exguisite Valentine Reserve, a 136 acre wildlife and botanical sanctuary in the care of the University of California, Santa Barbara. The public is rarely allowed to visit this protected habitat with a pristine montane meadow, a waterfall, and a rich history. Participants should bring sturdy walking shoes, and cameras and binoculars if desired. The cost will be $594, including transportation, lodging, tours, meals, and porterage based on double occupancy. A single room occupancy supplement of $135 is additional. There is a discount for Garden members. For further details, call the Garden Travel Coordinator at (805) 563-2521. July 30 (Tuesday) - August 4 (Sunday) . The Grand Teton Symphony Under the Stars. The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden will sponsor a special trip to the Grand Teton this summer. In a setting of western mountain serenity, enjoy flowers and symphonic music. Tour participants will stay five nights at the Jackson Lodge on Jackson Lake. Garden Tour Coordinator, Elias Chiacos, has planned a float trip down the historic Snake River, a tour of Grand Teton National Park at the peak of wildf lower bloom, and a performance of the Grand Teton Symphony under the stars. For additional information, itinerary, and fee, call Elias Chiacos at the Garden at (805) 682-4726. 15 FIELD TRIPS June 1-2 ( Saturdav-Sundav ) - Los Pinos Ridge Trail (Trail Maintenance:) Join the Orange County chapter of the Sierra Club for their first attempt to clear the firebreak/ridgeline part of this long trail. Hike about 3 mi. No experience required. Bring gloves, tools if possible - otherwise USFS will supply tools. Overnight car camp near Main Divide Truck Trail, Santa Ana Mtns; Single day volunteers welcome. Meet at 7:00 AM at Tustin carpool pt. Leader: KEN CROKER. Assts: ALLYN COOKSEY. Contact Bill Mautz for more information (714) 494-1813. June 8 (Saturday) . June 22 (Saturday) - Sepulveda Dam Reveqetation Project. Join the Santa Monica Mts. chapter of CNPS for this worthwhile effort. On the second and fourth Saturday mornings of each month, CNPSers meet at the north entrance to the Wildlife Lake Area in the Sepulveda Basin near Woodley Park. Volunteers work from 8:00 to about 10:00 AM caring for the native plants. Contact Steve Hartman for details (213) 933-7136. June 8 (Saturday) . Cold Creek Preserve - Join the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this trip entitled BIRDS ON THE WING. Ted Kinchloe, Professor at Pierce College, will lead this walk in Cold Creek Preserve and try to answer the question: If you were a bird, would you choose grassland, chaparral or oak woodlands? Reservations (213) 456-5625. June 8-9 (Saturday, Sunday) . HUNTER MOUNTAIN . Join the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Leaders: Mary and Paul DeDecker. A visit to interesting mid-elevation Mojave Desert habitats. If it is not rainy, a regular car can make it on the gravel road. However, if you have one, bring a 4-WD or high clearance vehicle. Primitive, dry camp Saturday night. Meet at 10:00 Saturday morning, on the Darwin Plateau at the junction of Highway 190 and the road to Saline Valley (about 4 miles east of the turn-off to Darwin) . Easy walking. June 15 (Saturday) - San Gabriel Mts . Join the San Gabriel Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this trip. This is a very special chance to meet with Mary Meyer, CNPS State Forest Issues coordinator, and with the newly-appointed Forest Service botanist, in a walk of their choosing that may include rare plants & burn areas. For details call Rick Fisher, (818) 798-7270. June 22 (Saturday) . Cuvamaca Rancho State Park : "Grass Walk '91" : Join the San Diego Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Overcome your "poaphobia" with Michael Curto and Linda Allen, avid students of the Poaceae for a leisurely, eight -mile field trip focusing on the grasses of the Northern Peninsular Ranges. Most of the 90 grass taxa known from the State Park are expected to be encountered during this all-day hike. The leaders are compiling a short key to common grass taxa, which will be provided for sale on the day of the trip. The cost is anticipated to be $1.00 or less, which will cover reimbursement for photocopying. To ensure enough copies for everyone please RSVP to Ann Kreager (619) 284-3899 by June 14. June 29 ( Saturday) . COASTAL SAGE SCRUB AND CHAPARRAL WALK . This trip will be led by Chino Hills Land Conservancy, 9:30 AM. Meet at Sleepy Hollow Community Bldg, on Rosemary Ln. , off Carbon Canyon Rd., 4 miles east of Carbon Canyon Regional Park. Call Ron Nadeau, (714) 996-5078, or David Miller, (714) 525-3675, for information and reservations. June 29 & 30 (Saturday & Sunday) . ALIEN BASHING WITH BILL NEILL AT SANTA CATALINA ISLAND . Join the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Their trip last September removed most tamarisk on Catalina Island, so this one will concentrate on other weeds such as tree tobacco. The goal for this and next year is to help the Catalina Conservancy clear out all exotic plants in Middle Canyon, the largest and most vegetated valley on the island, which already is free of feral goats. They will depart from Long Beach on Saturday afternoon, camp at Eagle's Nest station in Middle Canyon, work Sunday, and return Sunday evening. The Conservancy will provide some camping equipment. We are responsible for our own tents, sleeping bags, and roundtrip boat fare of $34. We will go to restaurants in Avalon for both evening meals. Money will be collected for purchasing food for Sunday breakfast and lunch, which we will prepare cooperatively. Group size is limited to 14, because we are dependent on Conservancy vehicles for transportation. There may be a waiting list. Contact Jo Kitz at (818) 348-5910 if you are interested. 17 June 29-30 ( Saturdav-Sundav) . FISH SLOUGH . Owens Valiev . Join the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Leader: Wayne Ferren. Joint trip with the Channel Islands CNPS Chapter. Wayne is the Herbarium Botanist at UC Santa Barbara and has conducted studies at Fish Slough for several years. The trip will be on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning to accommodate the people driving to and from the south. Local people are welcome to make either or both days. Contact Mark Bagley (619) 873-5326 for more information. July 13 (Saturday) . San Bernardino Mountains . Join the South Coast Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Bart O'Brien, Horticultural ist for the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden will be leading this trip to a beautiful site where Lemon Lilies, Lilium parry i, grow. This well be an all day trip, so bring lunch, water and wear comfortable shoes. The hike will be approx. 2 miles and will be mildly strenuous climbing about 2000 ft. elev. We will meet at Rolling Hills Estates city hall parking lot to share rides if you want, and to get a map to the area. Be there at 7:30 AM sharp. For information call Ellen Frank at (818) 378- 4715. July 13 or 13-14 (Saturdav-Sundav) . INYO MOUNTAINS . Join the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS for this trip. Leaders: Clem Nelson and Mary DeDecker. This is a combined geology and botany trip led by two of the leading experts on the Inyo Mountains. Clem is a Professor Emeritus of Geology at UCLA and has worked for many years on the geology of the range. Mary has probably the finest collection of Inyo Mountain plants. Contact Mark Bagley (619) 873-5326 for more information. AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL BOTANISTS. The journal of the Southern California Botanists, CROSSOSOMA, provides an ideal means by which you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians. Topics could include southern California native plants, favorite field trips, or gardening hints. If you are a teacher, consider submitting an outstanding term paper from one of your students. Submit your manuscript to: Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College 321 E. Chapman Avenue Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists and biologists. A yearly plant sale featuring native California and drought- tolerant species. An annual symposium on various aspects of California vegetation . The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books . Membership categories include : Individual (family) $ 8.00 New Member Group or organization $15.00 Renewal APPLICATION Date Name Addr e s s City, State, Zip Code_ Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December) by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus 25 H 4 O rt rt * a O 3 (D 3 H-3 ** ft ocno > ft H) ft w VO (D H* CO O o> a h CO 3 O *f !3 (D W H* ft a ro r z n g g- k - 0 3 “1 x n» -< - s 0 -< ^ > j 7T < 1 rji td ill o o *1 rt 4* h- SU CJi gu 3 m s — • s-j ■ 7 in n ui ru s — « «“0 H ro Cf- m tn X Ili n i IT Q, n, ffl j 5 ft! LIBRARY jun 2 j )99I new York botanical garden SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN Dept, of CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 4 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr August 1991 DEPTH PROFILES AND SOIL TEXTURES OF THE VERNAL POOLS ON THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU PRESERVE Earl W. Lathrop Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350 Charles C. Workman Kahilli Adventist School, Lawai, HI 96765 Introduction Vernal pools in California are well known for their diversity of species, including much unique fauna and flora (Stebbins 1976) . These temporary aquatic habitats are not restricted to California, but they are of limited distribution in the world and are considered to be rare. Vernal pools are the result of several interdependent factors (Stebbins 1976) , among which are: 1) the Mediterranean climate with its characteristic mild and wet winters, followed by long and dry summers, providing alternating wet and dry conditions; 2) depression in the soil surface or low point in the topography to hold surrounding run-off rain water; and 3) an underlying impervious bedrock, hardpan or claypan layer, which prevents water from percolating downward through the soil. It has been demonstrated that horizontal distribution and geographical separation of plants within any given vernal pool can be due to pool depth, as well as pool size (Griggs and Jain 1983, Kopecko and Lathrop 1976, Stagg and Lathrop 1984, Rosario and Lathrop 1984). Several floristic and ecological studies have been done on the vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve, Riverside County, California (Collie and Lathrop 1976, Lathrop 1976, Keeley 1982, Keeley and Morton 1982, Lathrop and Thorne 1983), but very little in the way of topographical and edaphic studies. Physical characteristics of vernal pools in the Great Central Valley, California have been reported by Holland (1978a, 1978b), Holland and Griggs (1976), Holland and Jain (1977, 1981, 1984) and Jenny (1976). Similar physical features of the San Diego vernal pools were reported by Abbott (1984), Greenwood (1984), Purer (1939), and Zedler (1984, 1987) . The San Diego County vernal pools are, for the most part, underlaid by an impervious conglomerate bedrock and clay (Holland 1978a) . An impervious bedrock or hardpan is a primary characteristic of vernal pools, but development may also be affected by the overlying soil. Sandy and loamy soil substrates alone do not permit standing water to accumulate. Conversely, soils with a clay content or with a clay or hardpan, facilitate the formation of vernal pools (Stebbins 1976, Holland and Jain 1977, Meyer 1973). Stagg and Lathrop (1984) analyzed soil texture in several vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau and reported that 24 out of 28 test plots had a higher per cent clay content in the center of the pools than in comparison plots outside the pool boundary. Vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau are found to be over a bedrock of basaltic volcanic lava flows (California Division of Mines and Geology 1966, Lathrop and Thorne 1976) , which is understood to be the main factor in preventing percolation downward. However, the texture of the soil over the bedrock, in the center of the pool, might also be involved. This study relates depth profiles and soil textures for each of the 13 vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve. Depth profiles of the pools on the plateau should be of help as a reference point for study of distribution and niche partitioning of plant species in these pools. Soil texture of the pools was measured to determine if there was any difference in soil texture within the center of a particular vernal pool as opposed to the soil immediately outside the pool boundary, specifically to test whether or not there was a difference in concentration of clay. This information might lead to a better understanding of what is holding water in these pools. 2 Study Sites The Santa Rosa Plateau is a distinct topographical unit of rolling grassland and oak-woodland-chaparral hills located at the southeastern end of the Santa Ana Mountains (Lathrop and Thorne 1978) . The Santa Rosa Plateau was formed by erosion of Pleistocene olivine basalt flows resulting in the formation of more or less isolated mesas (California Division of Mines 1966, Snow 1972, Lathrop and Thorne 1976). Thirteen vernal pools are located on the three lava-capped mesas — eight on Mesa de Burro, four on Mesa de Colorado, and one on Mesa de la Punta (Fig. 1) . Pool sizes, including the zone of influence around each pool, range from 0.25 to 10.6 hectares [ha] (Lathrop and Thorne 1983, Table 1.). The soils developed on the olivine basalt of the mesas belong to the Murrieta series, specifically Murrieta stony clay loam type, which ranges in depth from 22 to 50 cm (United States Department of Geology 1971, Snow 1972, Lathrop and Thorne 1976) . Methods Field work for this report was conducted in the summer of 1984. The physical characteristics measured in each of the 13 vernal pools (Fig. 1) were: 1) depth profile along a north-south transect through the deepest section of the pool; and 2) soil texture (relative percent sand, silt, and clay) at three sites along each pool transect. Depth profile measurements were taken to the nearest centimeter every 0.5 to 2 meters (m) distance, depending on the area of the pool, and determined by plane table surveys with the use of an alidade and stadia rod (Compton 1982) . The data was then incorporated into depth profile graphs, with depth (cm) of each pool along the width (m) of the pool transect (Figs. 2-5) . Soil samples for assessing texture were collected at two depth increments (5-15 cm and 20-30 cm) at three sites along each pool transect and replicated once. These sites were: 1) 10 m outside the pool margin, with north and south replicates; 2) 10 m inside the pool margin, replicated on north and south edges; and 3 3) center of the pool, with replicates 5 m apart. At each pool, 100 + gin of soil were collected at each replicate site and soil texture determined using the Bouyoucos hydrometer method (Bouyoucos 1936) . Samples of 100 gm of soil were mixed with distilled water, and the material suspension measured with a hygrometer at different periods of time giving the percentage of sand, silt and clay in each sample. Soil texture data were examined and differences analyzed by the following statistical tests: 1) one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) , comparing soil texture per cent sand, silt and clay samples, for each pool center and outside the pool boundary, for both the 5-15 cm and 20-30 cm depth increments; 2) linear correlations, contrasting the vernal pools' center depth and distance to pool center with soil texture; 3) linear correlation contrasting pool area and desiccation dates (Martin and Lathrop 1986) with soil texture; and 4) linear correlation comparing pool depth and desiccation dates. Figure 1. Outline map of the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve, Riverside County, California showing the location and pool numbers of the vernal pools on the three mesas of the preserve. B= Mesa de Burro; C= Mesa de Colorado; and P= Mesa de la Punta. 4 Results The spatial distribution and pool number of the 13 vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve are shown in Fig. 1. Graphs of depth profile transects of each the 13 vernal pools are shown in Figs. 2-5. Depth (cm) of the pool, along a north south transect through the deepest section, and length (m) of the transect are indicated. Soil texture (%) of sand, silt and clay, at the 5-15 and 20-30 depth increments and maximum depths of each of the 13 vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau are listed in Table 1. Area (ha) and desiccation dates for one vernal pool season are also included in Table 1 (Martin and Lathrop 1986) . Analysis of variance (ANOVA) , means + 1S.D. performed on the soil texture data from two depth increments for each pool, comparing soil from outside the pool margin to the soil in the center of the pool, are shown in table 2. The critical value (CV) for determining the F-statistic is 4.26 (p <0.05) for both depth increments in all 13 pools. The F-statistics of 6.17 for clay at the 5-15 cm depth increment and 5.18 for clay at 20-30 cm depth were both significant [p <0.25] (Table 2). Linear correlation, comparing per cent soil texture of clay, silt and sand at 5-15 and 20-30 cm depths, were calculated for each pool with: 1) pool depth; 2) distance (m) to pool center; and 3) to area of pool (ha) and pool desiccation date (Martin and Lathrop 1986, Table 3). Pool depth showed no significant correlation with soil texture (Table 3) . Pool area had a negative significant correlation for sand; r= -.75 at 5-15 cm depth (p <0.002) and clay had a positive significant correlation at 20-30 cm depth; r= .561 [p < 0.05] (Table 3). Distance from pool edge to center showed negative significant correlation with sand at 5-15 cm depth, r= -.771 (p <0.002) and positive correlations with clay; r= .704 (p <0.005) and r= .553 (p <0.05) at 5-15 and 20-30 cm depths respectively (Table 3) . Comparison of distance from pool edge with desiccation date also showed a significant correlation; r= .553 [p <0.05] (Table 3). 5 Distance (m) Distance (m) Distance (m) Figure 2. Depth profile diagrams of north-south transects through the deepest region of pools Bl, B2, B3, B4, and PI. (see Fig. 1) . r ID 20 30 40 Distance (m) r ■e -mo A ‘HO 130 -140 POOL B6 V 20 30 40 50 60 Distance (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Distance (m) 0 10 -20 -30 -40 'P -70 | -so — -90 100 110 120 130 140 150 190 200 POOL B8 o irT Distance (m) Figure 3. Depth profile diagrams of north-south transects through the deepest region of pools B5, B6, B7 , and B8. (see Fig. 1) . 6 POOL Cl ■10 r 'U Q 1?0 ■90 100 Q 120 POOL C3 •160 •170 -180 -160 -170 180 20 30 40 Distance (m) 20 30 40 50 Distance (m) -10 20 -30 -40 -50 60 e - 7U i oo — 90 £ -100 g- ”0 Q 120 130 -140 -150 160 170 180 190 200 POOL C4 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance (m) Figure 4. Depth profile diagrams of north-south transects through the deepest region of pools Cl, C3, and C4 . (see Fig. 1) . Figure 5. Depth profile diagram of north-south transect through the deepest region of pool C2 . (see Fig. 1) . 7 Table 1. Selected physical characteristics of the vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve. C=control (outside pool boundary) ; Cn=center of pool bed; Des= date of pool desiccation (Martin and Lathrop 1986) . First row of texture data is from 5-15 cm depth, second row is 20-30 cm depth . Soil texture Pool Area Max depth no. (ha) (cm) Des Date % sand C Cn % silt C Cn % clay C Cn Cl 2.32 30 7/02 38 14 42 30 20 56 30 26 48 22 22 52 C2 10.20 45 9/08 36 08 46 38 18 54 32 12 44 34 24 54 C3 0.82 28 6/10 32 14 48 28 20 15 42 12 38 32 20 56 C4 1.87 50 6/01 34 28 22 34 44 38 22 18 30 34 48 48 B1 1.43 33 6/05 38 26 48 34 14 40 42 42 42 32 16 26 B2 0.25 38 6/17 32 32 34 34 34 34 42 34 34 30 24 36 B3 1.63 10 5/20 52 38 24 31 24 31 28 24 32 42 40 34 B4 0.25 61 6/02 44 46 42 38 14 16 42 44 46 42 12 14 B5 0.41 192 9/04 34 28 50 46 16 26 48 04 38 30 14 66 B6 1.63 89 8/18 42 28 38 18 20 54 34 10 42 22 24 68 B7 0.25 64 5/25 38 22 38 38 24 40 32 10 48 44 20 46 B8 0.25 59 7/05 26 32 54 46 20 22 24 46 58 42 18 12 PI 0.25 90 6/22 42 32 40 44 18 24 42 30 44 42 16 26 Table 2. One way ANOVA, means + 1S.D. for soil texture comparison of control (outside pool boundary) with center of pool bed in 13 vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve. Critical value for determining signif icance= 4.26. *= significant. SITES Depth (cm) Texture (%) Control Center F P 5-15 Sand 38 ± 4 31 ± 7 4.15 <0.10 Silt 39 + 6 36 + 5 0.93 <0.50 Clay 28 ± 5 38 ± 8 6.17 <0.025* 20 - 30 Sand 36 + 5 28 ± 10 3.09 <0.10 Silt 40 ± 4 36 ± 5 2.51 <0.25 Clay 28 ± 7 40 + 11 5.18 <0.05* 8 Table 3. Linear correlation of soil texture at two depth increments in the center of pools with factors of: pool depth, area, desiccation date and distance from pool edge. Independent variable is the environmental factor; dependent variable is soil texture. *= significance (r > +.532). Factor depth (cm) Texture r Pool depth 5-15 Sand .154 <0.5 Silt .354 <0.5 Clay -.351 <0.5 20 - 30 Sand -.463 <0.1 Silt -.073 <0.5 Clay .345 <0.5 Pool area 5-15 Sand -.750 <0.002* Silt -.088 <0.5 Clay .477 <0.1 20 - 30 Sand -.258 <0.5 Silt .152 <0.5 Clay .302 <0.5 Desiccation date 5-15 Sand -.425 <0.2 Silt .057 <0.5 Clay .234 <0.5 20 - 30 Sand -.445 <0.2 Silt -.431 <0.2 Clay .561 <0.05* Distance/pool edge 5-15 Sand -.771 <0.002* Silt -.245 <0.5 Clay .704 <0.005* 20 - 30 Sand -.514 <0.1 Silt -.248 <0.5 Clay .553 <0.05* Conclusions The depth profiles, measured and outlined graphically for the 13 vernal pools, will, hopefully, be of use in future studies on the Santa Rosa Plateau when comparing frequency of plant species in relation to pool depth, niche partitioning, distribution, etc. Soil texture analyses of the vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau indicate an increase in clay percentage in the center of the pool compared to outside the pool margin in 11 of the 13 pools. Stagg and Lathrop (1984) and Rosario and Lathrop (1984) have also reported greater concentrations of clay in the soils within the vernal pools than in surrounding mesa soils. Similar observations by Holland and Griggs (1976) and Abbot (1984) have also suggested that clay may be one of the 9 physical factors contributing to vernal pool formation in California. A possible explanation for the increased clay content in the central region of the pools might be due to an erosion factor. The soil type on the mesas, where the pools are located, is Murrieta Stony Clay Loam (United States Department of Agriculture 1966) . Run-off from heavy rains would tend to cause soil erosion from surrounding slopes and deposition into the pool bed. The energy of the moving water would cause turbidity which would lead to fractionation of the soil particles. As the energy of the water is decreased, and turbidity lessened, as water run-off slows upon reaching the gentle slopes leading to the pool bed, fractionation of the soil would increase and tend to drop out sand first, at the edge of the pool, then silt, leaving clay to be suspended in the water longest, affecting deposition of the clay fraction furthest away from the pools' edge. Linear correlation of soil texture did not show any significance with pool depth (Table 3) . However, linear correlation comparing soil texture per cent with distance from pool edge did show positive significance for clay at both the 5-15 and 20-30 cm soil depth increments (Table 3) . This relatively higher concentration of clay content in the central region of the pools could conceivably be a contributing factor to the formation of vernal pools on the plateau by way of creating an impervious clay layer over the basaltic bedrock. The statistical results of the ANOVA (Table 2) and linear correlation (Table 3) relating to soil texture measurements of the vernal pools on the plateau, suggest that the higher percentage of clay at the pool center, as opposed to outside the pool margin, is not random . Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to F. Thomas Griggs, former manager and Gary Bell, manager, of the California Nature Conservancys ' Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve for their support of field research on the preserve. Special thanks goes to Gary Bradley of LaSierra University, for assistance in statistical analysis and to Martin Aguirre, of Loma Linda University, for invaluable help in computer graphics and for preparing the depth profile figures. 10 Literature Cited Abbott, P. L. 1984. On the origin of vernal pool topography, San Diego County, California. Pp. 18-28 In S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (eds.). Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. University of California, Davis . Bouyoucos, G. L. 1936. Directions for making mechanical analysis of soils by the hydrometer method. Soil Science 42:225-228. California Division of Mines and Geology. 1966. Geologic map of California: Santa Ana Sheet. San Francisco. 1 sheet. Collie, N. and E. W. Lathrop. 1976. Chemical characteristics of the standing water of a vernal pool on the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Pp. 27-31 In: S. Jain (Ed.), A symposium, vernal pools, their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 9. Univ. of California, Davis. Compton, R. R. 1982. Manual of Field Geology. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, N.Y. 378 pp. Greenwood, N. H. 1984. The physical environment of series H, vernal pools in San Diego County, California. Pp. 30-36 In : S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (eds.). Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. University of California, Davis. Griggs , F. T. And S. K. Jain. Conservation of vernal pool plants in California, 11. Population biology of a rare and unique grass genus Orcuttia . Biol. Cons. 27:171-1993. Holland, R. F. 1978a. Biogeography and ecology of vernal pools in California. Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of California, Davis. 121 pp. . 1978b. The geographical and edaphic distribution of vernal pools in the great Central Valley, California. California Native Plant Society, Spec. Publ. No. 3. pp. 1-12. and F. T. Griggs. 1976. A unique habitat — California's vernal pools. Fremontia 4:3-6. and S. K. Jain. 1977. Vernal pools. Pp. 515-533, In : M. G. Barbour and J. Major (eds.), Terrestrial Vegetation of California. Interscience, New York, N. Y. and . 1981. Insular biogeography of vernal pools in the Central Valley of California. Amer. Naturalist 117:24- 37. and . 1984. Spatial and temporal variation in plant species diversity of vernal pools. Pp. 198-209, In : S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (eds.), Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. Univ. of California, Davis. Jenny, H. 1976. The origin of mima mounds and hogwallows. Fremontia 4:27-28. Keeley, J. E. 1982. Distribution of diurnal acid metabolism in the genus Isoetes . Amer. J. of Bot. 62:254-257. and B. A. Morton. 1982. Distribution of diurnal acid metabolism in submerged aquatic plants outside the genus Isoetes . Photosynthetica 16:546-553. Kopecko, K. and E. W. Lathrop. 1975. Vegetation zonation in a vernal marsh on the Santa Rosa Plateau of Riverside County, California. Aliso 8: 281-288. 11 Lathrop, E. W. 1976. Vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Pp. 22-37 In: S. K. Jain (Ed.), A symposium, vernal pools, their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 9. Univ. of California, Davis. and R. F. Thorne. 1976. Vernal pools on Mesa de Burro of the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Aliso 8:433-445. and . 1978. A flora of the Santa Ana Mountains, California. Aliso 9:197-278. and . 1983. A flora of the vernal pools on the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Aliso 10:449-469. Martin, B. D. and E. W. Lathrop. 1986. Niche partitioning in Downingia bella and Downinqia cuspidata (Campanulaceae) in the vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau Preserve, California. Madrono 33:284-299. Meyer, B. S. 1973. Introduction to Plant Physiology. D. Van Nostrand Co., New York, N. Y. 565 pp. Purer, E. A. 1939. Ecological study of vernal pools, San Diego County. Ecology 20:217-229. Rosario, J. A. and E. W. Lathrop. 1984. Distributional ecology of vegetation in the vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Pp. 210-217 £n: S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (Eds.), Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. Univ. of California, Davis . Snow, G. E. 1972. Some factors controlling the establishment and distribution of Ouercus aqrifolia Nee' and Quercus engelmannii Greene in certain southern California oak woodlands. Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 105 pp. Stagg, C. M. and E. W. Lathrop. 1984. Distribution of Orcuttia californica (Poaceae) in vernal pools of the Santa Rosa Plateau, Riverside County, California. Pp. 250- 254 In: S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (Eds.), Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. Univ. of California, Davis. Stebbins, G. L. 1976. Ecological islands and vernal pools of California. Pp. 1-4 In: S. K. Jain (Ed.), A symposium, vernal pools, their ecology and conservation. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 9. Univ. of California, Davis. United states Department of Agriculture. 1971. Soil Survey for Western Riverside Area, California. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 158 pp. Zedler, P. H. 1984. Micro-distribution of vernal pool plants of Kearny Mesa, San Diego County. Pp. 185-197 In: S. K. Jain and P. Moyle (Eds.), Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology Publ. No. 28. Univ. of California, Davis. . 1987. The Ecology of Southern California Verna Pools: A Community Profile. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Biology Rep. 85(7.11). 136 pp. 12 What Chief Seattle Really Said, or, Ghost Writers in the Sky Peter Bowler Dept, of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine, California 92717 To my great chagrin, I recently learned that the well known and too often quoted “environmental speech” ascribed to Chief Seattle (and excerpted from Campbell, 1988, by me; Bowler, 1991) was written by an environmentally sensitive non-Indian (Ted Perry, a screen writer) for a movie entitled "Home" in the winter of 1971- 72 (Hargrove, 1989; see also Callicott, 1989), over one hundred years after the Chief died. Chief Seattle did deliver a speech in Duwamish (but did not write a letter) regarding the U.S. government's proposal to purchase tribal lands. A translation of this speech, which has been titled “The Indian’s Night Promises to be Dark," by a Dr. Henry Smith appears in Vanderwerth (1971). As Hargrove (1989) points out, there are a number of major and minor discrepancies in the alleged from the real reply - but the main issue is that it was written a hundred years later and not by Chief Seattle. As I try to keep the egg on my face from dripping into my humble pie, I can only muse that were Joseph Campbell alive, he'd be sharing the same fare. I urge others to resist further citing or quoting Perry’s movie script as that of Chief Seattle, and instead encourage those interested famous Indian oratory to read the fascinating passages in Vanderwerth (1971, pp. 118-122). Acknowledgement I thank Phil Pister for breaking the news about Chief Seattle’s real speech to me. One can hide from the truth, but not for long. Bowler, P.A. 1991. The Challenge of Living with Growth in a Healthy Environment. Crossosoma 17(3): 1-10. Callicott, J.B. 1989. American Indian Land Wisdom? Sorting Out the Issues. Journal of Forestry History 33(1): 35-42. Campbell, J., with B. Moyers. 1988. The Power of Myth. Doubleday, New York. Hargrove, E.C. 1989. The Gospel of Chief Seattle is a Hoax. Environmental Ethics 11(3): 195-196. Kaiser, R. 1987. “A Fifth Gospel, Almost”: Chief Seattle’s Speech(es): American Origins and European Reception. Pp. 505-526 in Feest, C.F. (ed.). Indians and Europe: An Interdiscplinary Collection of Essays. Rader Verlag, Aachen. Vanderwerth, W.C. (ed.). 1971. Indian Oratory: Famous Speeches by Noted Indian Chieftans. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma. 13 ANNOUNCEMENTS THE PENINSULAR RANGES OF ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA On Saturday, October 2£, 1991 . Southern California Botanists will hold their 17th annual symposium on the topic of The Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California. This topic is a timely one because of renewed interest in these ranges as major biogeographic region of relict endemism. It is also important for the study of fire ecology because of different philosophies about fire suppression on each side of the international boundary. The program will include the following topics and speakers: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES AND UNIQUE PLANTS OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES Robert Thorne - Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont FIRE ECOLOGY OF MIXED CONIFEROUS FOREST IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA Jack Burk - California State University, Fullerton INTERESTING CONIFERS IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA: A STORY OF RELICT ENDEMISM Allan Schoenherr - Fullerton College, Fullerton BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST PLANTS OF MONTANE BUTTERFLIES IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES John Brown and David Faulkner - San Diego Natural History Museum UNIQUE SOILS AND PLANTS OF LIMITED DISTRIBUTION IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES Tom Oberbauer - San Diego County Planning Department This program is cosponsored by the Department of Biology at Cal State Fullerton and will be held in the Ruby Gerontology Center on the Cal State Fullerton campus. Registration begins at 8:00 AM. Coffee and donuts will be served. Registration fee is $10.00 for non-members of SCB, $8.00 for students, and $15.00 for members of Southern California Botanists (including renewal of the $8.00 annual membership). For more information contact Terry Daubert at the Fullerton Arboretum (714) 773-3579. CALIFORNIA RIPARIAN SYSTEMS III November 14-15 (Thursdav-Fridav) . Sponsored by University Extension, University of California, Davis, this is the third major conference on the protection and management of California's streamside resources. It follows two previous landmark conferences in 1981 and 1988. It is designed for resource managers, environmental consultants, land use planners, landowners, and environmentalists. The enrollment fee is $95.00 for the general public and $45.00 for students. Contact Dana L. Abell at (916) 757-8893 for more information. 14 ENDANGERED HABITATS LEAGUE This is a new coalition of environmentalists and environmental groups that is being formed to protect Coastal Sage Scrub and other threatened ecosystems. This group arose from the nearly 60 activists that met at Audubon's Starr Ranch on May 15, 1991, for the purpose of discussing the listing of the California Gnatcatcher as an endangered species. There was unanimous agreement that a new coalition of southern California environmental groups was needed to advocate effectively a conservation point of view and to provide truly objective scientific data. It is vital that we, as a conservation community, become a "player" in this process, as the outcome of the Coastal Sage Scrub/California Gnatcatcher controversy will set precedents for all our remaining threatened ecosystems. This is no small controversy. For example, developers have circulated a leaflet in Orange County that has a picture of the California Gnatcatcher with the caption, "Your worst nightmare." The post of coalition Coordinator needs to be filled soon. The group is soliciting names of individuals who might be suitable candidates. Meanwhile, Dr. Dan Silver, a Los Angeles physician, has agreed to be the interim coordinator. He is the activist that spearheaded the recently successful effort to save the Santa Rosa Plateau. To become a member of the group, to send donations, or for more information contact: Dan Silver, Coordinator Endangered Habitats League 1422 N. Sweetzer Avenue #401 Los Angeles, CA 90069 (213) 654—1456 (H) (213) 289-1141 (W) GOLDEN TROUT WORKSHOPS August 4-24 . Three one-week workshops will be held at the Audubon ' s Golden Trout Camp on Cottonwood Creek in the southern Sierra Nevada. There will be an informal natural history program consisting of hikes led by resident and guest naturalists. For details contact Cindi McKernan at (714) 793-7897. 15 TECATE CYPRESS LAND SALE In Orange County, in order to protect the northernmost grove of Tecate Cypress, Cupressus forbesii, 972 acres in Coal Canyon were purchased with Proposition 70 funds. The California Department of Fish and Game will own the property, which will be managed as part of the state's Coal Canyon Ecological Reserve. SANTA ROSA PLATEAU LAND SALE Riverside County, the Metropolitan Water District, and the Nature Conservancy closed escrow on 3,825 acres of oak woodland and native grassland. This purchase now links the two vernal pool mesas. Purchase price was $35.4 million. Thanks to Riverside County Supervisor Walt Abraham, The Nature Conservancy, and Preserve Our Plateau led by Dr. Dan Silver, an important component of southern California's native habitat has been preserved. In addition to the Engelmann Oak Woodlands, native grassland, and vernal pools, it has been stated that more rare and threatened species are found on the Santa Rosa Plateau than on any equivalent site in the state. RESTORING THE EARTH This national, membership-based organization (a project of The Tides Foundation of San Francisco) is dedicated to improving environmental conditions through environmental restoration. RTE conducts action-oriented educational programs and publicizes restoration success stories. They also perform environmental research and policy analysis, and facilitate model restoration projects. Members receive a newsletter which began publication this spring. For membership information contact Restoring the Earth at (415) 843-2645. L. A. COUNTY BUDGET PROBLEMS AND COUNTY PARKS Action Alert . Eaton Canyon Natural Area, as well as seventeen other natural areas in Los Angeles County, will be without staff and therefore closed under the proposed 1991-1992 county budget. This closure will deprive tens of thousands of school children, thousands of family groups, and uncounted numbers of visitors the opportunity to observe, experience, and learn about the natural world which surrounds them. It will remove control of vandalism and illegal usage, and it will eliminate a contact for serious 16 emergencies. To protest this lack of foresight contact: The Honorable Board of Supervisors County of Los Angeles 383 Hall of Administration 500 West Temple Street Los Angeles, CA 90012 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS GRANTS AVAILABLE SCB announces its annua! program of grants to support student research in field botany, e g., fioristics taxonomy, ecology Both graduates and undergraduates are encouraged to apply The amount of an award varies but cannot exceed $200.00. A limited number of proposals can be funded. Grants may cover expendable items (gasoline, film, etc.) not otherwise available to the student. Proposals containing the following information will be considered: 1. Title page. 2. Description of proposed research, primary objectives, and relationship of the research to the student's goals (two page limit). 3. Timetable for research: anticipated commencement and completion dates. 4. Budget, with justifications, and statement regarding availability of funds from other sources. 5. Brief resume stating current position, education, affiliations, qualifications and anticipated position and address at completion of research. 6. A letter of recommendation from a faculty member (may be sent separately to the Student Research Grants Committee). Three copies of the proposal should be submitted before DECEMBER 1, 199 1 to: Student Research Grants Committee Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Science California State University Fullerton, California 92634 SCB will publish the results of the research in its journal, Crossosoma. Awardees will provide SCB a formal report of the research completed, in a format suitable for publication, by not later than one year following receipt of the grant. 17 FIELD TRIPS August 3 (Saturday) . Emerald Lake . Mammoth Lakes Basin . Join Diane Payne and the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS for this trip in the High Sierra. This will be an easy, leisurely walk up Coldwater Creek to the lake. It's about 2 miles round-trip, at 9000-9500 feet. Bring lunch, water, and mosquito repellant. There should be lots of wildf lowers. Meet at 10:00 AM at Coldwater Creek Campground at the Emerald Lake trailhead. For more information contact Mark Bagley at (619) 873-5326. August 10-11 (Saturdav-Sundav) . Emerald Lake and Devil 1 s Postpile . Join the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this two-day trip in the Mammoth Lakes area. Emerald Lake is described above. Devil's Postpile is a cluster of hexagonal basaltic columns that have been smoothed at the top by a glacier. For more information call George Stevenson at (213) 472-5464. August 17 (Saturday) . Minaret Summit and "Secret” Meadow . Join Ann Howald, a Department of Fish and Game Botanist from Sacramento, and the Bristlecone Chapter of CNPS for this trip to the "low point" of the Sierra Crest near Mammoth. This area affords breathtaking views of Mts. Banner, Ritter, and the Minarets. It is here that a number of west slope plants make their way to the east side of the Sierra. Meet at 10:00 AM in front of the main lodge at the Mammoth Mt. Ski Area parking lot. Bring lunch, water, and mosquito repellant. For more information contact Mark Bagley at (619) 873-5326. August 31 (Saturday) . Weed War III at Malibu Creek State Park . Join the Santa Monica Mts. Chapter of CNPS for this restoration project designed to remove Allanthus form the state park. For more information call Jo Kitz at (818) 348-5910. Tamarisk Bashing . Volunteers are continuing their efforts to eradicate Tamarisk from native riparian habitats. The following dates are presently scheduled: October 12 . East Mojave Rendevous/Granite Spring October 19 . Prado Basin November 2-3 . Camp Cady/Backroad Explorers trip November 16 . Carrizo Canyon November 29 . Darwin Falls December 7 . Fort Irwin, Garlic Spring For more information send SASE to Bill Neill, 4900 Glenview, Anaheim, CA 92807. 18 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists and biologists. A yearly plant sale featuring native California and drought- tolerant species. An annual symposium on various aspects of California vegetation. The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books. Membership categories include: Individual (family) $ 8.00 New Member Group or organization $15.00 Renewal APPLICATION Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Date Name Address City, State, Zip Code_ __ Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus $0.29 postage) or $8.00 a volume plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, 321 E. Chapman Ave., Fullerton, CA 92634. 19 August 3 August 10 August 17 August 31 Various dates October 26 SCB ACTIVITIES (DETAILS WITHIN) Emerald Lake, Mammoth Lakes Basin Emerald Lake and Devil's Postpile Minaret Summit and "Secret" Meadow Malibu Creek State Park Tamarisk Bashing. Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California: SCB 17th Annual Symposium at Cal State, Fullerton. ^ODW C P (D O m a HH-P H (D H> W h 0 f+ M t+h a a O 3 (D 2 3 H-3 " r+ O O co ft fu (+ (0 to a m 3 o H’lQ < K- fl) CO H- rt CO O w ■•S — * X p_: si 1 LIBRARY GO GO mo ,1,1 Siig JUL 7991 f;i n. NEW YORK S a» ^BOTANICAL garden n-- m CH x ru n j I 5 1.0 fD S3 M C3 a o W tO • a § CO 1 H M • ^ H W TJ & ►3 > *d o Z O H o ^ ozo wh > H O Q O ^ > M » Ol O • CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 5 October 1991 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS In Association with the Biology Department at Cal State University Fullerton Presents The 17th Annual Symposium on the Topic of The Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California 8:00 Registration, coffee, donuts 9:00 Curtis Clark, President of Southern California Botanists INTRODUCTION 9: 10 Robert F. Thome, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES AND UNIQUE PLANTS OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES 10:00 Allan A. Schoenherr, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton, CA INTERESTING CONIFERS OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES: A STORY OF RELICT ENDEMISM 10:50 11:10 12:00 1:40 2:30 3:20 Break Jack Burk, Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton FIRE ECOLOGY OF CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA Lunch Thomas A. Oberbauer, County of San Diego Planing Department, San Diego, CA UNIQUE SOILS AND PLANTS OF LIMITED DISTRIBUTION IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES John W. Brown and David Faulkner, Entomology Department, San Diego Natural History Museum BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST PLANTS OF MONTANE BUTTERFLIES OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES Closing Remarks Date: Time: Place: Saturday October 26, 1 99 1 8:00 am to 4:00 pm Cal State University Fullerton Ruby Gerontology Center Admission: $7.00 for current SCB members $8.00 for students $10.00 for non-members $ 1 5.00 for SCB membership & admission CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY AT FULLERTON l a. \ PROGRAM SCHEDULE 8:00 Registration, coffee and donuts 9:00 Introduction, Curtis Clark, President of Southern California Botanists. THE PENINSULAR RANGES OF ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA The Peninsular Ranges extend for nearly 500 km from San Gorgonio Pass south to the central desert of Baja California. They range in elevation from lower slopes approaching sea level to peaks over 3000 m tall. They contain a variety of substrates, including granitic, volcanic, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Climates are also diverse, from well-watered coastal slopes and high mountains with winter snow, to arid plateaus and hot deserts. It is not surprising that these ranges should contain a diversity of plants, some of them endemic, and many others reaching the southern, northern, or western limits of their ranges. Our speakers will explore this diversity, and the factors that shape it and maintain it. Human populations are continuing to encroach on the Peninsular Ranges in both the United States and Mexico. A better understanding of the biology of these ranges is vital for protecting their unigueness and assuring their continued coexistence with people. 9:10 Robert F. Thorne, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF THE PLANT COMMUNITIES AND UNIQUE PLANTS OF THE PENINSULAR RANGES A comparison of the plant communities and unique plants of the Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California is made and illustrated with kodachrome slides. Despite general similarities in elevation, granitic substrate, and flora, there is considerable divergence attributable to latitudinal difference and recent paleobotanical history. The lower latitudes and elevations of the Baja California ranges have impacted the climate and caused the loss of several plant communities, the southern mixed evergreen, ponderosa pine and limber pine forests, and alpine fell-field cushion. There has also been attenuation of other communities. 3 including closed cone coniferous woodland, Coulter pine and white fir-sugar pine forests. On the other hand, the same latitudinal difference has enabled more southern taxa, many of them Baja California endemics, to survive in these southern Peninsular Ranges. Divergent paleobotanical histories likewise probably account for the Arizona floristic elements and local montane endemics in these same ranges that are missing from southern California. 10:00 Allan A. Schoenherr, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, Fullerton INTERESTING CONIFERS OF BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA: A STORY OF RELICT ENDEMISM In general, coniferous forests of the Peninsular Ranges are composed of fewer species than those of more northerly locations. Often, species of northern affinities (Arctotertiary ) , such as the components of Mixed Coniferous or Subalpine Forests reach their southernmost distribution in the Peninsular Ranges. On the other hand, species with southern or desert affinities (Madrotertiary ) may occur in large stands in the Peninsular Ranges. Furthermore, a mosaic of soil types coupled with widespread variation in topography and climate has made various portions of the Peninsular Ranges important centers of relict endemism. Among the relict conifers that have disjunct or localized distribution in the Peninsular Ranges are cypresses, closed- cone pines, pinyon pines, and subalpine five-needle pines. A discussion of the ecological and biogeographic factors responsible for the present-day distribution of these interesting species is the subject of this presentation. 10:50 Break 11:10 Jack Burk, Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton FIRE ECOLOGY OF CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN BAJA AND ALTA CALIFORNIA The coniferous forests of the Peninsular Ranges are influenced by the dry summers of the Mediterranean climate and are adjacent to chaparral. Both of these phenomena are conducive to fire; a natural component of forest ecosystems. 4 Fires have been very successfully controlled in the peninsular ranges of southern California since the turn of the century, but have been allowed to burn naturally in the northern Baja California mountains. The ability of the understory to carry fire may also be related to grazing. Grazing has been somewhat regulated in southern California forests but has continued intensively in Baja California since missionaries introduced domestic animals. These management decisions have clearly had important impacts on the character and dynamics of forests of the region. The goal of our research has been to characterize the impact of grazing and fire control on the character and dynamics of coniferous forests in the Peninsular Ranges. We hope that our findings will contribute to the successful, long term stability of ecosystems that are a part of the proposed Transborder Biosphere Reserve. 12:00 Lunch 1:40 Thomas A. Oberbauer, San Diego County Planning Department, San Diego UNIQUE SOILS AND PLANTS OF LIMITED DISTRIBUTION IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES With the advent of concern for sensitive species of plants, it has become apparent that there are strong plant- substrate relationships in Southern California. Clays, sandstones, wet alluvial soils, serpentines and dolomites are well known for their effect on vegetation which inhabit them. In the Peninsular Ranges, small outcrops of a number of these occur, but a pattern has emerged regarding clays, gabbro and metavolcanic rock. Significant foothill and mountain peaks in Orange, Riverside and San Diego County and northern Baja California are composed of metavolcanic and gabbro rocks, and clays derived from sedimentary sources as well as gabbro and metavolcanic rock are found on a few of the coastal mesas and in the foothills. The species which are nearly completely confined to soils derived from gabbro and metavolcanic rock include Arctostaphylos bolaensis, Arctostaphylos otayensis, 5 Calamagrostis densa, Calochortus dunnii, Chamaebatia australis, Cupressus forbesii, Cupressus stephensonii, Fremontodendron mexicanum, Lepechinia cardiophylla, Lepechinia gander i, Lotus crassifolius ssp. otayensis, Nolina interrata, Satureja chandler i, Senecio gander i, and Tetracoccus dioicus . Species confined to clays include Acanthomintha ilicifolia, Adolphia calif ornica, Brodiaea filifolia, Brodiaea orcuttii, Dudleya variegata, and Hemizonia conjugens . 2:30 John W. Brown and David K. Faulkner, Entomology Department, San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego BIOGEOGRAPHY AND HOST PLANTS OF MONTANE BUTTERFLIES IN THE PENINSULAR RANGES Since many phytophagous (plant-feeding) insects are relatively host specific, it can be anticipated that butterflies will exhibit distributional patterns that correspond to the distributional patterns of their larval foodplants. The Peninsular Ranges support a fairly diverse butterfly fauna that reflects the region's diverse floras; the fauna of each isolated range differs only slightly from that of the range immediately north or south, east or west. Similarities and differences in the butterfly faunas of each range can be attributed to varying species range attenuation, disjunctions, and possible geological barriers to dispersal. Patterns of faunal similarity among the major mountain blocks of the Peninsular Ranges are examined using coefficients of similarity and single link clustering techniques. For ecological reasons yet unexplained, many montane butterfly species occupy only a portion of their larval hostplant range. 3:20 Closing remarks ANNOUNCEMENTS T.R.E.E. PROGRAM STILL AVAILABLE Pasadena is still offering a $10.00 rebate per tree to residents who plant trees on their property. October and November are the months to plant, so why not invest in the future? Call Rebecca Fisher at (818) 405-4630. 6 October 4, 1991 (Friday) . Are you interested in how wetlands are defined and mapped, why they are regulated, who are the regulators, and what are the regulations? In response to the intense interest in wetlands and wetland mitigation in particular, the San Dieguito River Valley Regional Open Space Park Joint Powers Authority is sponsoring this Workshop along with other co-sponsoring agencies and organizations. These include the City of San Diego, County of San Diego, SANDAG, the Clean Water Program, the 22nd District Agricultural Association, Citizens Coordinate for Century 3, and the Association of Environmental Professionals. The Workshop will be held at the Del Mar Hilton Hotel, located at Via do la Valle, 1-5, and Jimmy Durante Blvd. The day-long event begins with registration at 8:00 a.m., with the program starting at 8:30 a.m. It is expected to be of special interest to elected officials, agency planning, engineering and environmental staff, consultants, citizens, and the development industry. If you are interested in receiving the Wetlands Mitigation Workshop announcement, program and registration form, please call the San Dieguito River Park office at (619) 595-5398 INTERFACE BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND LAND DEVELOPMENT IN CALIFORNIA May 1-2, 1992 . This will be the title of a symposium to be held at the annual meeting of the Southern California Academy of Sciences at Occidental College in Los Angeles. The meeting will begin Friday morning with a plenary address by Dr. Peter Raven, followed by morning and afternoon sessions on both Friday and Saturday. It is anticipated that the symposium will consist of four sessions on: Biodiversity and Habitat Loss, Mitigation of Development, Restoration of Damaged Communities, and Wildlife Corridors. The focus of the meeting is to bring together persons involved in basic research, applied environmental consulting and governmental policy. Persons interested in participating or suggestions for related sessions should contact: Dr. John Keeley, Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041; (213) 259-2958 (Fax). 7 FIFTH NATIONAL URBAN FOREST CONFERENCE November 12-16. 1992 . This conference, sponsored by the American Forestry Association and California Urban Forests Council will be held at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. For more details call (213) 655-6824. JOB OPPORTUNITY The Theodore Payne Foundation for Wildflowers and Native Plants is seeking applicants for an entry-level California Native Plant Nursery Worker. Job duties include watering, propagation, transplanting and maintenance of the 24-acre nursery and grounds. The applicant should have a strong desire to work with California native plants, ability to communicate clearly in English verbally and in writing, ability to differentiate plant species, and the ability to lift 50 pounds, stoop, bend, stretch and work standing for long periods of time. Knowledge of basic horticulture and the ability to follow directions and work as a self-starter with a minimum of supervision are a must. Benefits include employer-paid medical insurance, in-house educational opportunities and year- round outdoor work in a lovely canyon environment and other native plant enthusiasts. Please send resume ASAP to Theodore Payne Foundation, Attn: Co-Managers, 10459 Tuxford St., Sun Valley, CA 91352, or call (818) 768-1802 to request an interview. MASTER GARDENER TRAINING The Santa Barbara Botanic Garden and UC Cooperative Extension will co-sponsor "Master Gardener Training" on Tuesdays, 1-5 PM beginning October 1, 1991 through March 3, 1992. Anyone can become a Master Gardener by completing a specified series of courses (80 hours of instruction) , and by sharing their knowledge through volunteer service. Certification as Master Gardener is an honor recognized by botanic gardens and cooperative extension offices. Those interested in finding out more about the Master Gardener program should contact the Botanic Garden at (805) 682-4726 to receive a flier and course schedule. 8 RESEARCH NATURAL AREA PUBLICATION The Pacific Southwest Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, announces the publication of. Ecological Surveys of Forest Service Research Natural Areas in California , by Todd Keeler-Wolf. This 183 page publication summarizes the most significant information covered in 68 ecological surveys of U.S. Forest Service Research Natural Areas in California, produced by more than 30 ecologists and botanists between 1975 and 1988. The individual survey reports contain valuable information for understanding the natural ecology of California. However, the reports were unpublished and they have had limited accessibility. It is the intent of this summary to bring these reports and the data they contain to the attention of the scientific community and the general public. Published as General Technical Report 125 (GTR-125) , individual copies are available free of charge as long as they last from PSW Publication distribution, 1960 Addison St., Berkeley, CA 94704. NEW GARDENING NEWSLETTER FOR SOUTHERN CALIFORNIANS The first issue of The Southern California Gardener , published by Lili Singer and Associates, will be available in September. Ms. Singer hosts KCRW's popular "The Garden Show" every Friday at 1:30 p.m. , and her "associates" include Melanie Baer Keeley of Theodore Payne and the CNPS. The newsletter is available from 610 Twentieth St., Santa Monica 90402-3030, and costs $20.00 for a year's subscription (6 issues) . AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL BOTANISTS. The journal of the Southern California Botanists, CROSSOSOMA, provides an ideal means by which you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians. Topics could include southern California native plants, favorite field trips, or gardening hints. If you are a teacher, consider submitting an outstanding term paper from one of your students. Submit your manuscript to: Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College 321 E. Chapman Avenue Fullerton, CA 92634 9 FIELD TRIPS October 5 (Saturday) . Lower Owens River . Join Sally Manning and the Bristlecone chapter of CNPS for this trip to visit a variety of habitats that occur along the river between Independence and Keeler Bridge. Meet at 9:00 Saturday morning, at the roadside park along Highway 395 at the south end of Independence. Easy walking, bring lunch and plenty of water or other thirst quenching beverages, a hat, dark glasses, sunscreen, and sturdy walking shoes. Please no pets . The average car will do fine on these trips. Contact Mark Bagley, field trip chairman at (619) 873-5326, for more information. October 5 (Saturday) . Arrovo Seco . Join the San Gabriel Mountains chapter of CNPS and the Pasadena Sierra club for this easy 10-mile walk from lower Arroyo Seco in South Pasadena to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. For details call Bonnie Strand (213) 257-6120. October 12 (Saturday). San Juan Loo p Trail. Join Celia Kutcher and the Orange County Chapter of CNPS for this easy paced, 2-3 mile hike. Meet at 9:30 AM at the loop trail parking area, across from the candy store on Ortega Hwy. (Hwy 74) , about 15 miles east of San Juan Capistrano. November 3 (Saturday) . Bolsa Chica Marsh . Join Victor Leipzig and the Orange County Chapter of CNPS for this trip through the ecological reserve. Meet at 9:00 AM at the reserve parking lot on the inland side of Pacific Coast Highway, between Golden West St. and Warner Ave. Crystal Cove State Park. 3rd Saturday of every month . Sarah Jayne, author of the Crystal Cove Backcountry (CROSSOSOMA, Vol. 16, No. 3, June 1990) is a member of the Orange Co. chapter of CNPS and a docent at Crystal Cove State Park, just north of Laguna Beach. She leads an easy walk up El Moro Canyon, about 5 miles round trip and 2 to 3 hours. Meet at El Moro Ranger Station at 9:00 AM. Turn into the park next to El Moro School, on the inland side of Pacific Coast Highway just north of Laguna Beach. $6 parking fee. Tamarisk Bashing . Volunteers are continuing their efforts to eradicate Tamarisk from native riparian habitats. The following dates are presently scheduled: 10 October 12 . East Mojave Rendevous/Granite Spring October 19 , Prado Basin November 2-3 . Camp Cady/Backroad Explorers trip November 16 . Carrizo Canyon November 29 . Darwin Falls December 7 . Fort Irwin, Garlic Spring For more information send SASE to Bill Neill, 4900 Glenview, Anaheim, CA 92807. OTtfm) GflUftjptofo m*L * lA+et 0AM n* ZfM tiJCAtW : \lW\\o&5 ffazXS rJA U>t t zwoty 6 auXa Aw *• CA* ^ r — ~ ’-l&LeauJf iJAiiv^ CAlitcutiA fLM \6 + O&MarthL* -fbr- ose («o tdAiee- tajfggx/ iu^ - -ft* w*.e ^MrrM - Cl K) 524- -^3 t^K)cfv? ^u)tA /V)A ftffaijic ^AedeiJ & 5At£ Setup 1 CALC £ fesegir " 0*Zm*u5 ^1 FSftsthiLL W- H-IO I5AU I f**eeu*T 11 NEW FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS: ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15th ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 3 ALLAN A. SCHOENHERR, EDITOR 114 Pages; chapters on California Valley Grassland, Californian Coastal Sage Scrub, Walnut Woodlands, Estuarine Wetlands, Riparian Woodlands and Their Breeding Birds. Plc3S€ send: A copies of ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA @ $10.00 PLUS $2.00 tax, postage and handling. Name: Address: Return to: Southern California Botanists Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 12 Two revised floras from the Southern California Botanists Please send: A FLORA OF THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU 0 $7.00* A FLORA OF THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS 0 $10.50* ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SO. CAL. 0 $12.00* *Price includes tax, handling, and postage Total= Return to: Southern California Botanists Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Make check payable to: Southern California Botanists 13 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS GRANTS AVAILABLE SCB announces its annual program of grants to support student research in field botany, e.g.. floristics, taxonomy, ecology. Both graduates and undergraduates are encouraged to apply The amount of an award varies but cannot exceed $200.00. A limited number of proposals can be funded Grants may cover expendable items (gasoline, film, etc.) not otherwise available to the student. Proposals containing the following information will be considered: 1. Titie page. 2. Description of proposed research, primary objectives, and relationship of the research to the student’s goals (two page limit). 3. Timetable for research, anticipated commencement and completion dates. 4. Budget, with justifications, and statement regarding availability of funds from other sources. 5. Brief resume stating current position, education, affiliations, qualifications and anticipated position and address at completion of research. 6. A letter of recommendation from a faculty member (may be sent separately to the Student Research Grants Committee). Three copies of the proposal should be submitted before DECEMBER 1, 199 1 to: Student Research Grants Committee Southern California Botanists Department of B'ological Science California State University Fullerton, California 92634 SCB will publish the results of the research in its journal Crossosoma. Awardees will provide SCB a formal report of the research completed, in a format suitable for publication, by not later than one year following receipt of the grant. 14 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists and biologists. A yearly plant sale featuring native California and drought- tolerant species. An annual symposium on various aspects of California vegetation. The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books. Membership categories include: Individual (family) $ 8.00 New Member Group or organization $15.00 Renewal APPLICATION Date Name Address City, State, Zip Code Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus $0.29 postage) or $8.00 a volume plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, 321 E. Chapman Ave., Fullerton, CA 92634. 15 SCB COMING EVENTS (DETAILS WITHIN) October 5 October 5 October 12 October 26 November 3 Various Dates April 4, 1992 Lower Owens River Arroyo Seco, San Gabriel Mountains San Juan Loop Trail, Santa Ana Mts. Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California: SCB 17th Annual Symposium at Cal State Fullerton Bolsa Chica Marsh Tamarisk Bashing SCB Annual Native Plant Sale ^ o o w p CD (D O H CJ H H* cd ►a (H H)H W HO rt H 0 3 3 H- - CD o cn rt M %% 3 w - o t* > ft H> H CD r+ Cd O (D H-fd to o S i Cl H H 3 O > < ^ (D G\ U H W P* rt td o ►3 H CD t-H p" rn i t-i- n o rr ! tn w p rn 0 0 4* P' a; U1 & 3 CO p-' p 1 m n ui a* s~j. i - " 1 S? nQ NEW YORK v n IBRARY StP s 0 SSI BOTANICAL GARDEN Li- CU ro □ 3 in ►d ^ JZJ w cl c o 2 It 1 • 2 § IP cn i H H • *d H w HJ H > t) o 2!OHO^ O Izl O W H • ^ ►3 »-3 > H O Q O 4^ > w ta Ul a • CROSSOSOMA SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Dept, of Biology, California State University, Fullerton CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA Volume 17, Number 6 Managing Editor: Allan A. Schoenherr December 1991 , ARE ZONATION PATTERNS OF SALT MARSH PLANTS DETERMINED BY / PHYSICAL OR BIOTIC FACTORS? by Steven C. Pennings^ and Ragan M. Callaway Department of Biological Sciences University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106 1. Current address: Marine Laboratory University of Guam, Mangilao Guam 96923 USA ABSTRACT In Carpinteria Salt Marsh, pickleweed (Salicomia virginica ) grows lower in the marsh than does Parish’s glasswort ( Arthrocnemum subterminalis). Standing biomass of both species was greatest close to their mutual border. We investigated the roles of physical factors and competition in maintaining this zonation pattern through the use of field experiments. Both naturally occurring and transplanted Salicomia and Arthrocnemum plants grew better in the two middle marsh zones (high Salicomia and Arthrocnemum zones) than in the low marsh (low Salicomia zone), which was frequently flooded and had waterlogged soils, or the high marsh (transition zone), where soil salinity was extremely high and plants were most water- stressed. Salicomia persists in the low Salicomia zone because it is able to tolerate flooding, and Arthrocnemum persists in the transition zone because it is able to tolerate high salinities. The two species compete in the comparatively benign middle marsh zones, where each excludes the other from a portion of the prime habitat. In Carpinteria Salt Marsh, flooding, soil salinity and competition all interact to maintain patterns of plant zonation; however, the nature of this interaction depends upon marsh elevation. INTRODUCTION Most characteristics of salt marsh soils show a strong gradient from low to high marsh elevations that is driven by the frequency of tidal flooding (Ponnamperuma, 1972). However, marsh vegetation usually occurs in fairly distinct bands that are superimposed upon these soil gradients (Chapman, 1974). Edaphic factors that exhibit such gradients (e.g., flooding, nutrient availability, peat accumulation, salinity) have been shown to affect the productivity of marsh plants (Valiela et al., 1978; Bertness, 1988); and the relative location of plant zones in a marsh often correlates with the tolerances of plants to these same edaphic factors (Mahall and Park, 1976abc; Callaway et al., 1990). This has led to the general belief that edaphic factors are of prime importance in determining marsh plant zonation patterns (Cooper, 1982). However, experimental manipulations of marsh plants in the field have implicated competition as an important factor in determining plant zonation (Bertness, 1991ab). Recent studies have suggested that marsh plant zonation is determined by processes very similar to those responsible for zonation patterns in the rocky intertidal: species are limited by physical factors at the harsh end of their range (for terrestrial plants, the low intertidal) and by competition at the benign end of their range (Connell, 1961; Snow and Vince, 1984; Bertness and Ellison, 1987; Bertness, 1988, 199 lab). Mediterranean climate salt marshes offer a more complex system to test this hypothesis, because the physical environment cannot be simply characterized as "harsh" low in the marsh and "mild" high in the marsh. Flooding, and hence redox potential, is more severe low in the marsh, but salinity is higher at high marsh elevations for much of the year (MacDonald, 1977; Zedler, 1982). Consequently, it is impossible to make universal statements about the severity of the physical environment, because this will depend upon the relative tolerance of different plant species to the various edaphic factors. We used field experiments to investigate the relative importance of competition and edaphic factors to the zonation of Salicomia and Arthrocnemum in a mediterranean-climate salt marsh. Our results are presented in full in Ecology, here we will summarize them for the readers of Crossosoma. METHODS Our research was conducted in Carpinteria Salt Marsh, located in Carpinteria, California. Over half of the marsh is part of the University of California Natural Reserve System. The marsh is described in detail in Ferren (1985) and Callaway et al. (1990); here we will summarize only a few pertinent points (see Table 1). Rainfall occurs primarily between November and April. The marsh slope is very gradual, rising < 1 m in elevation over a horizontal distance of 230 m. The bulk of the marsh is dominated by an almost monospecific stand of the 2 Table 1. Schematic description of the major vegetation zones in Caipinteria Salt Marsh. Listed are the elevation of experimental quadrats above MHHW, soil salinity in July, 1990, flooding frequency, and the dominant plant of each zone. See references in text for a fuller description. Low High Salt Salicomia Salicomia Arthrocnemum flat Transition Elevation (m) .18 .21 .27 - .34 Salinity (mosmol/ml) 1.8 2.0 2.8 - 4.2 Daily flooding frequency 40% - - 15% 5% Dominant plant Salicomia Salicomia Arthrocnemum none Arthrocnemum perennial pickleweed Salicomia virginica (the low Salicomia zone). A few Arthrocnemum subterminale (Parish’s glasswort, also perennial) are found in the most landward 1-2 m of the Salicomia zone (the high Salicomia zone). Above this occurs a band of Arthrocnemum (the Arthrocnemum zone), followed by a bare salt flat, a mixed-species zone of Arthrocnemum and winter annuals (transition zone), and finally by fully terrestrial vegetation. Occasional Salicomia and Arthrocnemum plants are found scattered outside their normal range. Soil salinity increases with elevation from MHHW through the salt pan. In the transition zone, soil is very saline during the dry season but low in salinity during the rainy season. We performed two experiments (Table 2). In the first, we measured growth Table 2. Experimental design. Shown are the locations and sample sizes of all transplanted and naturally occurring plants used in both experiments. Some mortality reduced sample sizes during the course of the experiments. "Clip" or "no clip" (NC) refers to neighboring vegetation in 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrats. Low Salicomia High Salicomia Arthrocnemum Transition Naturally occurring plants Salicomia Clip (n=16) NC (16) Clip (15) Clip (15) NC (15) - A rthrocnemum - Clip (15) NC (15) Clip (15) NC (15) Clip (15) NC (15) Transplanted plants Salicomia Clip (16) NC (16) Clip (16) NC (16) Clip (12) Arthrocnemum Clip (16) NC (16) - Clip (16) NC (16) - 3 rates and biomass naturally occurring plants in several marsh zones, with neighbors present or removed (in 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrats) by clipping. In the second, we transplanted both species into their own and the other species’ zones, with neighbors present and clipped. Both experiments were initiated in March, 1989, and sampled after two growing seasons in September, 1990. The first experiment is potentially confounded by the fact that plants which naturally occur outside their range may not be genetically representative of the population, and may occur in microsites that are not representative of the zone in which they occur. The transplant experiment avoids these problems but suffers from the fact that transplanting may reduce plant vigor. By considering both experiments together we safeguard ourselves against any one problem confounding the interpretation of our results. We chose plants for our experiments that appeared to be small, physiological individuals (not connected to other ramets by runners), that were not recent seedlings, and that were surrounded by a monospecific stand of the dominant plant in that zone. Initial sample sizes for our treatments were 12-16; mortality reduced these somewhat over the course of the experiments. Because plants did not naturally occur in all zones, and because we were limited in the number of plants we could transplant, each experiment involved only a subset of all possible zone x species x clipping combinations. Plants were monitored at the start of both experiments, 4 times during their course, and again at the end of the experiments. We measured horizontal spatial cover of plants using a 0.5 x 0.5 m quadrat divided into 100 5 x 5 cm cells. In September, 1990, plants were harvested, divided into woody and green portions, dried at 60° C and weighed. Results of analyses of green mass, total mass, and percent cover were similar. To quantify our impression that Arthrocnemum and Salicomia biomass was greatest near their border, we also harvested all plants from eight 0.5 x 0.5 quadrats in monospecific stands in the low Salicomia , high Salicomia , Arthrocnemum and transition zones. This material was dried as above and weighed. In July, 1990, we collected soil samples from all quadrats. Soils were air- dried, and their water content determined gravimetrically. Soil salinities were determined using a Westcor Series 5100 vapor-pressure osmometer. Elevation of quadrats was measured with a transit. Pre-dawn xylem pressure potentials (PDXPP) were measured in September, 1990, for up to 12 plants from each treatment using a Scholander pressure bomb. PDXPP’s provide an estimate of the relative soil water potential in which a plant is rooted, and thus indicate water stress (salt marsh plants may experience severe water stress in waterlogged soils because of high soil salinity). 4 RESULTS Salicomia biomass was greater in the high Salicomia zone than in the low Salicomia zone (all results are presented in Table 3). Similarly, Arthrocnemum biomass was greater in the Arthrocnemum zone than in the transition zone, suggesting that, for both species, the area close to their mutual border was the best habitat. Table 3. Experimental results. Shown are Salicomia biomass (relative to low Salicomia zone), Arthrocnemum biomass (relative to transition zone), Salicomia growth (relative to tow Salicomia zone, not clipped [NC]), Arthrocnemum growth (relative to transition zone, not clipped [NC]), and PDXPP’s of plants in each zone (PDXPP’s were similar for both species, and were slightly lower in clipped than in not clipped quadrats). Data from both experiments are combined for growth results since the patterns were similar. Low High Salicomia Salicomia Arthrocnemum Transition Standing biomass Salicomia 1 1.3 _ _ Arthrocnemum - - 7 1 Growth Salicomia Clip 5 14 12 All died Salicomia NC 1 - 4 - Arthrocnemum Clip .25 9 14 1 Arthrocnemum NC .25 5 2 1 PDXPP (MPa) -1.5 -2.5 -3.7 -6 Soil salinity increased across the marsh, from less than 2 milliosmoles/mL in the low Salicomia zone to greater than 4 milliosmoles/mL in the transition zone. Salinity tended to be slightly higher in clipped quadrats, but this difference was always less than that between zones. The water content of soils followed the opposite trend, ranging from about 45 % in the low Salicomia zone to less than 10 % in the transition zone. Plant PDXPP’s were strongly affected by these patterns of soil moisture and salinity. PDXPP’s decreased from -1.5 MPa in the low Salicomia zone to -6 MPa in the transition zone. Growth of transplanted and naturally occurring plants was strongly affected by both marsh zone and the clipping of neighbors. Salicomia growth was increased about 3 times by the removal of neighbors. Salicomia did equally well in both the high Salicomia and Arthrocnemum zones, in each attaining > 3 times the biomass it did in the low Salicomia zone. All Salicomia transplants to the transition zone died within the. first growing season. 5 Arthrocnemum growth was strongly increased by the clipping of neighbors in the high Salicornia zone and the Arthrocnemum zone, but not in the low Salicomia zone or the transition zone. In the low Salicomia zone, Arthrocnemum plants shrunk, even when neighbors were removed; in the transition zone plants stayed the same size, regardless of whether neighbors were removed. For both species, transplanted plants grew less than did unmanipulated controls (Salicomia- ca. 30 % reduction; Arthrocnemum— ca. 50%). DISCUSSION Our results indicate that both physical factors and competition are important in maintaining the zonation pattern of Salicomia and Arthrocnemum. Both species grow well in the middle marsh zones (high Salicomia and Arthrocnemum)', here, competitive interactions are important in setting the border between the two species. However, it is physical factors that exclude Salicomia from the transition zone and Arthrocnemum from the low Salicomia zone. Mediterranean climate salt marshes, such as the one we worked in, experience an interaction between salinity and flooding that creates a band of superior habitat in the middle marsh, where both factors are moderate. This pattern has not been reported in other types of marshes, and it leads to vegetation patterns being produced by mechanisms that do not fit standard explanations of salt marsh plant zonation. Salicomia grew better in the high Salicomia and Arthrocnemum zones than in the low Salicomia zone, indicating that the bulk of the Salicomia population (the low Salicomia zone) is living in a suboptimal habitat. Poorer growth of Salicomia low in the marsh is probably caused by increased flooding (Mahall and Park, 1976c). Greater growth in the middle marsh occurred despite the fact that soil salinity was higher, and plant water potentials lower, in these zones than in the low Salicomia zone. However, no Salicomia transplants survived in the very saline transition zone. These results indicate that Salicomia growth can be affected by both salinity and flooding. Flooding reduced Salicomia growth low in the marsh, but was tolerated; whereas very high levels of salinity in the transition zone killed plants. Both flooding and salinity were moderate in the middle marsh zones, and it was here that Salicomia grew best. However, competition from Arthrocnemum, in slightly more saline soil, prevents Salicomia from expanding into the Arthrocnemum zone. Like Salicomia, Arthrocnemum grew better in the Arthrocnemum and high Salicomia zones than in the low Salicornia zone, where plants actually lost size. Arthrocnemum plants survived well, but did not grow, in the transition zone, even when competitors were removed, indicating that growth was limited by the very high 6 salinity and low water potentials in this zone. This study was conducted over a fairly dry winter. It is likely that in wetter winters, Arthrocnemum plants in the transition zone may obtain some growth when winter rains reduce the soil salinity. Like Salicomia , Arthrocnemum growth is affected by both flooding and salinity. However, Arthrocnemum can tolerate the high salinity of the transition zone, whereas Salicomia cannot; and Salicomia can tolerate the high flooding frequency in the low Salicomia zone, whereas Arthrocnemum cannot. Like Salicomia, Arthrocnemum grows well in both middle marsh zones, but competition from Salicomia , in slightly wetter soil, normally excludes it from the high Salicomia zone. In many marshes, the conditions for plant growth are thought to steadily deteriorate with decreasing elevation (Ponnamperuma, 1972; Ellison et al., 1986). The historical view that marsh plant zones were dictated by physical factors has recently been challenged by a new paradigm: that the lower end of a plants range is set by physical factors and the upper by competition (Snow and Vince, 1984; Davy and Smith, 1985; Bertness and Ellison, 1987; Bertness, 1988, 199 lab). However, because Mediterranean-climate marshes do not exhibit a simple gradient of physical conditions across the marsh, the severity of the physical environment is not simply a function of tidal height, but depends upon the particual species’ tolerance to both flooding and salinity. Thus, for Salicomia , the transition zone is the harshest; for Arthrocnemum , the low Salicomia zone is the harshest. For both species, the middle of the marsh contains the best habitat, a conclusion supported both by our experiments and by the patterns of standing biomass across the marsh. A variety of studies have shown that the tolerance of a marsh plant to a particular physical factor is related to its zonation in the field (e.g., Clarke and Hannon, 1970; Cooper, 1982; Schat, 1984; Callaway et al., 1990). However, because a variety of factors work together to determine zonation patterns in the field, such studies need to be confirmed by field experiments. In this case, although a field study of the tolerance of Salicomia or Arthrocnemum to, say, salinity might be of interest for a variety of reasons, it would fail to predict vegetation patterns in the field, because these patterns are created by a complex interaction of salinity, flooding, and competition. Models of causality for plant distributions, based either upon correlative physical evidence or upon competition experiments in a single habitat, are likely to be inaccurate. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank A. Allen, W. Ferren, and S. Jones for assistance. This work was conducted on a University of California Natural Reserve and supported by the 7 Southern California Botanists, the Hardman Foundation, the University of California Herbarium and the University of California Natural Reserve System. We encourage interested readers to consult our paper in Ecology for all the details. LITERATURE CITED Bertness, M. D. 1988. Peat accumulation and the success of marsh plants. Ecology 69:703-713. Bertness, M. D. 1991a. Interspecific interactions among high marsh perennials in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 72:125-137. Bertness, M. D. 1991b. Zonation of Spartina patens and Spartina altemiflora in a New England salt marsh. Ecology 72:138-148. Bertness, M. D., and A. M. Ellison. 1987. Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh plant community. Ecological Monographs 57:129-14/. Callaway, R. M„ S. Jones, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and A. Parikh. 1990. Ecology of a mediterranean-climate estuarine wetland at Carpintena, California: plant distributions and soil salinity in the upper marsh. Canadian Journal of Botany 68:1139-1146. Chapman, V. J. 1974. Salt marshes and salt deserts of the world. J. Cramer, Lehre, Germany. Clarke, L. D., and N. J. Hannon. 1970. The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. III. Plant growth in relation to salinity and waterlogging. Journal of Ecology 58:351-369. Connell, J. H. 1961. The influence of interspecific competition and other factors on the distribution of the barnacle, Chthamalus stellatus. Ecology 42:710-723. Cooper, A. 1982. The effects of salinity and waterlogging on the growth and cation uptake of salt marsh plants. New Phytologist 90:263-275. Davy, A. J., and H. Smith, 1985. Population differentiation in the life-history characteristics of salt-marsh annuals. Vegetatio 61:117-125. Ellison, A. M., M. D. Bertness and T. Miller. 1986. Seasonal patterns in the belowground biomass of Spartina altemiflora (Gramineae) across a tidal gradient. American Journal of Botany 73:1548-1554. Ferren, W. R. 1985. Carpinteria salt marsh: environment, history, and botanical resources of a southern California estuaiy. The Herbarium, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA. Publication No. 4. MacDonald, K. B. 1977. Coastal salt marsh. Pages 263-294 in M. G. Barbour and J. Major, editors. Terrestrial vegetation of California. John Wiley & sons, New York, New York, USA. Mahall, B. E. and R. B. Park. 1976a. The ecotone between Spartina foliosa _Trin. and Salicomia virginica L. in salt marshes of northern San Francisco Bay. I. Biomass and production. Journal of Ecology 64:421-433. Mahall, B. E. and R. B. Park. 1976b. The ecotone between Spartina foliosa Trin. and Salicomia virginica L. in salt marshes of northern San Francisco Bay. II. Soil water and salinity. Journal of Ecology 64:793-809. Mahall, B. E. and R. B. Park. 1976c. The ecotone between Spartina foliosa Trin and Salicomia virginica L. in salt marshes of northern San Francisco Bay. III. Soil aeration and tidal immersion. Journal of Ecology 64:81 1-819. Ponnamperuma, F. N. 1972. The chemistry of submerged soils. Advances in Agronomy 24:29-95. Schat, H. 1984. A comparative ecophysiological study of the effects of waterlogging ’ and submergence on dune slack plants: growth, survival and mineral nutrition in sand culture experiments. Oecologia 62:279-286. 8 Snow, A. A. and S. W. Vince. 1984. Plant zonation in an Alaskan salt marsh. II. An experimental study of the role of edaphic conditions. Journal of Ecology 72:669-684. Valiela, I., J. M. Teal and W. G. Deuser. 1978. The nature of growth forms in the salt marsh grass Spartina altemiflora . American Naturalist 112:461-470. Zedler, J. B. 1982. The ecology of southern California coastal salt marshes: a community profile. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-81/54. 110 pp. (Second printing with corrections 1984). MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT Over 120 people attended the seventeenth annual symposium, "The Peninsular Ranges of Alta and Baja California." Bob Thorne's talk about the unique plants and plant communities of the ranges was well-illustrated with slides, and he compared the hardships endured in the region by early botanists (such as himself) with the relative ease experienced by botanists of today. Allan Schoenherr talked about the conifers of the ranges - disjunct populations, hybridization, and the taxonomic confusion and controversy that surround these plants. Jack Burke showed how the differences in vegetation structure between the conifer forests of Alta and Baja California can be accounted for primarily by different fire regimes. He also provided evidence that modern field botanists don't have as easy as life as Dr. Thorne has implied, especially if they carry chainsaws. Tom Oberbauer showed how the unique soils found in many parts of the peninsular ranges support both neoendemics (endemic plants recently evolved and adapted to specialized soils) and paleoendemics (plants of former widespread distribution that are now restricted to unique soil types) . John Brown presented a study that he had carried out with David Faulkner to test the predictions of island biogeography for the distribution of butterflies in the peninsular ranges; it seems that the ranges aren't really ecological islands as far as the butterflies are concerned. The occasional light drizzle did little to dampen the spirits of botanists gathered during the breaks in the courtyard, and the buffet lunch held nearby was wel 1 -attended . Curtis Clark 9 ANNOUNCEMENTS CROSSOSOMA changes format Allan Schoenherr will be stepping down as editor of the Crossosoma after five years. He has the heartfelt thanks of the officers and board of directors for his service. Beginning with volume 18, Crossosoma will be edited by Curtis Clark, and will have a new format. It will be issued twice a year, and each issue will be correspondingly larger. It will contain articles and a new feature, letters to the editor. A newsletter, Leaflets of the Southern California Botanists , will still come out six times a year. It will contain notice of field trips, plant sale, symposium, etc. We welcome submissions to Crossosoma. We are especially interested in articles concerning the native flora of southern California: results of research (including student research projects), floras and species lists, descriptions of unique habitats, conservation issues, botanical history, ethnobotany, and opinion pieces. Guidelines for authors will be printed in the first issue, and will be available after the first of the year from Curtis Clark, Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona CA 91768. Submissions for publication should be sent to the same address. 1992 PCL ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIVE SYMPOSIUM. The Plannincr and Conservation League's annual symposium will be held on January 11 & 12 in Sacramento. PCL is inviting all the U.S. Senatorial candidates to speak to environmentalists at the 1992 Environmental Legislative Symposium. The mission of the event is to provide the environmental community a preview of the legislative issues and a forum to prioritize legislative agendas. The PCL Legislative Symposium is the only annual statewide environmental conference. Presently PCL is looking for suggestions on: panel topics and focus, names, addresses, telephone numbers of potential panelists, and names of individuals and groups to invite to the symposium. For information or to offer suggestions, contact Claudia Desmangles , Symposium Coordinator, or Josephine Figueroa, Legislative Assistant at (916) 444-8726. 10 CALIFORNIA'S HORTICULTURALLY SIGNIFICANT PLANT GROUPS. A major conference on the horticulturally significant plant groups of California is scheduled to take place at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden on April 30 through May 2, 1992. Speakers and topics so far include: Wayne Roderick (Lilium and Fritillaria ) , Stan Farweg ( Calochortus ) , Sean Hogan ( Cacti . Agave . Nolina . and Yucca ; also Lewisia and Sedum) , Jim Shevock (Alpine and Alpine-like Plants of the Southern Sierra) , Margaret Williams (Eriogonum) , Dr. David Thompson ( Mimulus l , Dr. David Verity ( Hybrid Mimulus) , Dr. Steven Edwards (Grasses) , Brett Hall ( Zauschneria l , Walter Wisura ( Mahonia ) . Bart O'Brien ( Salvia and Trichostema ) . David Fross (Ceanothus) , M. Nevin Smith ( Arctostaphvlos ) . For more details contact Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Avenue, Claremont, CA 91711. (714) 625-8767. "INTERFACE BETWEEN ECOLOGY AND LAND DEVELOPMENT IN CALIFORNIA" This will be the title of a symposium to be held at the annual meeting of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 1 -2 May 1992 at Occidental College in Los Angeles. The meeting will begin Friday morning with a plenary address by Dr. Peter Raven, followed by morning and afternoon sessions on both Friday and Saturday. It is anticipated that the symposium will consist of four sessions on: 1. Biodiversity and Habitat Loss 2. Urban Wildlife and Corridors 3. Land Use and Mitigation 4. Restoration of Damaged Communities The focus of the meeting is to bring together persons involved in basic research, applied environmental consulting and governmental policy. This symposium will attempt to address ecological problems created by the continued rapid growth of California's population and exploitation of natural environments through land development. Topics to be addressed include: Effect of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity Protection of endangered habitats vs. endangered species Role of academic ecologists in solving conservation problems Role of non-profit agencies in conserving species Need for interconnected habitats Regional conservation planning Land use confl icts Population growth Mitigation policy New approaches to conservation through mitigation Growth management Growth inducing development Distinguishing between restoration and landscaping Planning and implementation of restoration projects Habitat creation and modification as a means of preserving biodiversity 11 Floral Curiosities from Western Australia CJrvFe v-cxcdr i o kvs Dr. David T. Bell Department of Botany University of Western Australia , Ned lands Monday Dec. 9, 1991 3:00 pm Auditorium Plant Science Center Rancho Santa Ana Botanical Garden 1500 N. College Ave. Claremont, CA wi+k jAnimals Western Australia consists of species-rich shrublands dominated by the families Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, and Leguminosae. Trees are common only in wetter regions. This rich flora has provided numerous examples of reciprocal evolution between plants and animals. The seminar will include examples of the flora and interactions involving ollination, seed dispersal, and erbivory by native marsupials. The southwestern ortion of Western Australia as a climate similar to that of Southern California, and there are some ecological similarities, yet very different plant-animal interactions have evolved in these regions. NEW PUBLICATIONS "NATURAL HISTORY OF THE WHITE-INYO RANGE, EASTERN CALIFORNIA", Clarence A. Hall, Jr., Editor. The White-Inyo Range — rising sharply from the eastern edge of Owens Valley — is one of the most extraordinary landscapes in the world. High, dry, and amazingly diverse, it boasts an expansive alpine tundra and features the oldest living species on earth — the 4,000-year-old bristlecone pines. This colorful and authoritative volume assembles a wealth 12 of information of deep interest to the hikers and scientists attracted to White-Inyo's altitude and isolation. The nearly two dozen contributors to the volume are leading experts on the flora and fauna, the geology, geomorphology, meteorology, anthropology, and archaeology of the area. The book offers descriptions of more than 650 kinds of living organisms, and includes three chapters on plants: Communities and Habitats, Trees, and Shrubs/Flowering Plants. It contains an 8-color geologic map and a roadside guide that enables the visitor to make sense of the area's complex geological history. The 6"x9" book includes 560 pages, 53 maps, and 10 tables. Cost $75.00 cloth, $24.95 paper. Call 1-800-822- 6657 to order by VISA or MasterCard, or contact University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94720. "GUIDE TO CALIFORNIA PLANNING". William Fulton has written the first book ever to cover all aspects of city and county planning practice in California. It is written for the planning professional, members of allied professions in the planning and development fields, and citizen activists. This book covers land- use planning and practices ranging from general plans and zoning to CEQA, as well as the relationships between planning, development and municiple finance. Cost $30.00 plus sales tax and shipping charges from: Solano Press Books, PO Box 773, Point Arena, CA 95468. Phone: (707) 884-4508. "BULRUSH MURDERS" AVAILABLE IN NOVEMBER. Local writer, CNPS member, and, let's face it, newsletter editor Rebecca Rothenberg's first mystery should be in the bookstores by late November. THE BULRUSH MURDERS is set in central California and features the natural history of that area, particularly, of course, its native flora. The novel has already received warm praise from mystery writers Nancy Pickard, John Sherwood, and Diane Davidson, and from Kevin Starr, author of an acclaimed three-volume social history of California (e.g. INVENTING THE DREAM) , and has been reviewed favorably in Publishers Weekly . The novel will also be reviewed in the January issue of Fremontia . Bookstores and libraries can order THE BULRUSH MURDERS from Carroll & Graf (hardcover; $18.95*) 13 MARINE ALGAE AND SEAGRASSES OP SAN DIEGO COUNTY: A Handbook of Benthic Marine Plants from Intertidal and Subtidal Sites Between the U.S. -Mexican Border and Orange County, California by Dr. Joan G. Steward, Associate Research Biologist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego. 197 pages, 14 figures. San Diego County (California) is marked by a remarkable diversity in its marine plants, a result of the fact that its coastal habitats are so diverse. Although there have been some studies of the flora, the marine seaweeds and seagrasses of the area have never before been extensively surveyed. This handbook provides an introduction to these important resources and includes the first systematic, intensive sampling of the subtidal flora. It provides a means of recognizing and naming over three hundred taxa and suggests where and when individual species can be found. Descriptions depend mostly on features that can be observed in the field with little or no magnification. The publication will be especially useful to field biologists and graduate students interested in either intertidal or deep-water species of marine plants. Price: $10, check payable to ”UC Regents". "1991 COMMUNITY GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES'*. The City of Los Angeles Environmental Affairs Department (EAD) recently released this guide which is the City's first comprehensive environmental services and referral directory. The Guide contains referral numbers, tips, and facts in nine subject-specific categories. More than 100 local, regional, state and federal agencies were solicited for their input during its development. Call (213) 237-0462 for your copy. EAD also recently opened its Environmental Information Center (EIC) . The EIC was established to provide environmental information and referral services to the general public, business, government officials and other agencies. The EIC responds to inquiries; maintains a resource directory and library; and produces a variety of public education materials on current issues. The EIC's new, toll-free hotline number is 1-800-439-4666 (within the City of Los Angeles only) and is staffed Monday through Friday, from 8am to 5pm. 14 FIELD TRIPS December 7. (Saturday ) . Joplin Trail — Trail Maintenance : Time to pay your debt to all those good trails you've hiked and do some rework on this historic trail near the top of the Santa Ana Mtns. Join the Orange County chapter of the Sierra Club for this trip. No experience required. Bring gloves, food, water, USFS supplies tools. Meet at 7 am at the Tustin Basin carpool pt. in the Stater Bros, parking lot west of 1% on Redhill Avenue. Leader: Bob Siebert. Assts: Ken Croker, Bernie Lipman. December 7. (Saturday ) . TAMARISK BASHING at FORT IRWIN/GARLIC SPRING . This project is scheduled for the holiday recess of military training exercises. In the unlikely event that we are excluded from the base, we will work instead at nearby Paradise Spring. If rain threatens, we will postpone to the following Saturday, December 14. Meet in front of the Fort Irwin gate, about 35 miles northeast of Barstow, at 10 am on Saturday. After leaving Barstow on 1-15 and crossing the river channel, exit the freeway at Fort Irwin Road and turn north. The reception post at the gate has a public restroom. We will drive onto the base and carpool a short distance in 4WD vehicles to Garlic Spring, shown on the AAA San Bernardino County map. December 8. (Sunday ) . CHARLTON FLAT/SULPHPR SPRINGS . Join in the Audubon Society and the San Gabriel Mts. chapter of CNPS at this popular campsite in the Angeles Forest. The morning will feature an easy loop among the stately conifers of Charlton Flat, while birders look up and botanists look down and birder-hyphen-botanists get whiplash. After lunch the intrepid may proceed to Sulphur Springs for more of the same. Meet at the Charlton Flat parking lot at 8:00 AM (first right from main campground road, down steep hill to lot.) Leaders: CNPS — Rick Fisher, (818) 798-7270; Audubon — John Pepin, (818) 287-3693. December 14 and 28. (Saturday. 8 am ) . SEPULVEDA DAM BASIN NATURE RESTORATION WALK . Join the Santa Monica chapter of CNPS for these combined bird-watching, plant identification, and habitat restoration activities in a unique setting. Meet at the north entrance to the Sepulveda Wildlife Reserve. Call Steve Hartman (daytime) (213) 933-7136 for information or further directions. 15 December 14. (Saturday. 9 am ) . WEED WAR . Join the CNPS weed whackers who remove non-native , water-guzzling, habitat-choking invasive plant species to allow the full growth of life-supporting native plant species. A satisfying day of habitat restoration awaits you either weeding, cutting, chopping, digging, pulling, gathering, or planting. Call (818) 348-5910 for directions to park to be liberated this month. Bring lunch, water, gloves, and tools, if available. Leaders: Jo Kitz, Ken Klementis. January 25. (Saturday ) . BLUEWATER TRAIL — TRAIL MAINTENANCE . Join the Orange County chapter of the Sierra club for this trip. Time to repair this ridgeline trail in the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness after the big fire a year ago. 3 mile hike one way. No poison oak on this one. No experience required. Bring gloves, food, water, USFS supplies tools. Meet at 7 am at Tustin Basin carpool pt. in the Stater Bros, parking lot west of 15 on Redhill Avenue. Leader: Ron Jones. Assts: Ken Croker and Anita Griffen. February 22-23 (Saturdav-Sundav ) . SAN MATE O TRAIL- -TRAIL MAINTENANCE : Join the Orange County chapter of CNPS for this trip to clear and improve this popular trail in the San Mateo Canyon Wilderness. No experience required. Bring gloves, shovel, lopper, saw, or mattock, otherwise USFS supplies tools. Overnight carcamp near the trail. Join us on only one day if you wish. Meet at 7 am at the Santa Ana Canyon basin carpool pt. at the Park and Ride in Tustin Avenue one block west of Lincoln Avenue. Leader: Ken Croker. Assts: Carolyn Croker and Allyn Cooksey. AMATEUR AND PROFESSIONAL BOTANISTS. The journal of the Southern California Botanists, CROSSOSOMA, provides an ideal means by which you can publish things of botanical interest to southern Californians. Topics could include southern California native plants, favorite field trips, or gardening hints. If you are a teacher, consider submitting an outstanding term paper from one of your students. Submit your manuscript to: Dr. Curtis Clark Department of Biology California State Polytechnic University Pomona, CA 91768 16 NEW FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS: ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PROCEEDINGS OF THE 15th ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS SPECIAL PUBLICATION No. 3 ALLAN A. SCHOENHERR, EDITOR 114 Pages; chapters on California Valley Grassland, Californian Coastal Sage Scrub, Walnut Woodlands, Estuarine Wetlands, Riparian Woodlands and Their Breeding Birds. Please send: copies of ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA @ $10.00 PLUS $2.00 tax, postage and handling. Name: Return to: Southern California Botanists Address: Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 17 Two revised floras from the Southern California Botanists A FLORA OF THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. By Earl W. Lathrop and Robert F. Thorne. 39 pages; paperback; comb binding; $7.00 FLORA OF THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS, CALIFORNIA. By Peter H. Raven, Henry J. Thompson, and Barry A. Prigge. 179 pages; paperback; smyth sewn binding; $10.50 s< **2?*< Name Addr e 6 *** ' 0^ * y »m. Please send: Number Price A FLORA OF THE SANTA ROSA PLATEAU 0 $7.00* A FLORA OF THE SANTA MONICA MOUNTAINS 0 $10.50* ENDANGERED PLANT COMMUNITIES OF SO. CAL. 0 $12.00* *Price includes tax, handling, and postage Total= Return to: Southern California Botanists Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 Make check payable to: Southern California Botanists 18 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Department of Biology California State University Fullerton, CA 92634 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS is an organization of individuals devoted to the study, preservation, and conservation of the native plants and plant communities of southern California. The journal, CROSSOSOMA, published bimonthly, carries articles of interest to amateur and professional botanists. It is a non-profit organization formed in 1927. Membership benefits include: Field trips led by competent botanists and biologists. A yearly plant sale featuring native California and drought- tolerant species. An annual symposium on various aspects of California vegetation . The SCB journal, CROSSOSOMA Discounts on botanical and natural history books. Membership categories include: Individual (family) $ 8.00 New Member Group or organization $15.00 Renewal APPLICATION Date Name Address City, State, Zip Code Phone ( ) In addition, I want to give $ to help support SCB. Make check payable to: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS Mail to: Alan P. Romspert Southern California Botanists Department of Biological Sciences California State University, Fullerton Fullerton, CA 92634 CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published bimonthly (February, April, June, August, October, and December by Southern California Botanists, a California non-profit corporation. Back issues of CROSSOSOMA are available for $2.00 an issue (plus $0.29 postage) or $8.00 a volume plus $1.00 postage). Send a check with your request to Alan P. Romspert, Treasurer, at the above address. Manuscripts submitted for publication should be addressed to Dr. Allan A. Schoenherr, Editor of CROSSOSOMA, Division of Biological Sciences, Fullerton College, 321 E. Chapman Ave. , Fullerton, CA 92634. SCB COMING EVENTS (DETAILS WITHIN) December 7 December 7 December 8 December 14 December 14, 28 January 25 February 22-23 April 4 Joplin Trail Maintenance, Santa Ana Mts. Tamarisk Bashing, Garlic Spring, Fort Irwin Charlton Flat/Sulphur Springs, San Gabriel Mts Weed War Sepulveda Dam Basin Nature Restoration Walk Bluewater Trail Maintenance, Santa Ana Mts. San Mateo Trail Maintenance, Santa Ana Mts. SCB Annual Native Plant Sale ^ O O 02 C (D O h hhj a H H* 0) ^ (D H) ^ « •i O rt-M rtfi 3 a 03(Dg 3 H-3 - V r+ O > n w o t* > r+ h> H fttuo VO (D H- W KJ o 2 Ch C2 M H w 3 o > < ^ w (D o ►3 [2. § rt H 02 ►3 02 to T 7 1 01 < 3 w •< i sS to LIBRARY- DEC - E 199'! NEW YORK r [BOTANICAL GARDEN ±5 *“* r n 5i i m U1 yj :"C 5 — : K •: o- m cn x w n n :r a. & n!i ■ : n fD O 3 w a CJ O S ^ ■ s: 3 It* W 1 H M • v ►3 W H ^ O 2 O H O 4 02DWH • ^ > H O o o ^ > w » Ul Q •