Crossosoma — Journal of the Southern California Botanists, Inc. CONTENTS A rare soil lichen, an endangered butterfly, and open-habitat soils: interacting components requiring protection in southern California — Richard E. Riefner, Jr., Gordon F. Pratt, and Roy ]. Shlemon 1 x Texosporium sancti-jacobi [Ascomycetes: Caliciales: Caliciaceae]: New finds and general observations — Kerry Knudsen 9 ' Editorial: SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries — Scott D. White 13 Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura counties: Checklist and index — Carl Wishner 14 Errata: Volume 27 15 Southern California Botanists, Inc. Source and Use of Funds — 2002 16 http: / / www.socalbot.org Crossosoma CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year (normally about May and November) by Southern California Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit corporation Subscription rate to domestic libraries and institutions is $25.00 per calendar year, or $30.00 for foreign institutions (for individual membership, see inside back cover). Back issues (Vols. 18-present) are available for $5.00 an issue or $10.00 a volume, postpaid. Prior to Volume 18, CROSSOSOMA was published six times a year; these back issues are $1.00 each, or $6.00 per volume, postpaid. SCB BOARD OF DIRECTORS FOR 2002 President Sandy Leatherman (2001) First Vice President Robert Thorne (2001) Second Vice President Scott White (2001) Secretary Susan Hobbs (2001-2002) Treasurer Alan P. Romspert (2001-2002) Directors-at-large Ileene Anderson (2001-2002) Terry Daubert (2001-2002) Kate Kramer (2002-2003) James Harrison (2002-2003) William Jones (2001-2002) Susan Schenk (2001-2002) Allan A. Schoenherr (2002-2003) Valerie Soza (2002-2003) Ex officio Board Members Steve Boyd (Immediate Past President, 2001) Steve Leonelli (Editor of Leaflets) Carl Wishner (Editor of CROSSOSOMA) Applications for membership, or requests for subscriptions or back issues should be sent to: Alan Romspert, Treasurer, Southern California Botanists, Department of Biology, California State University, Fullerton, California 92834, U.S.A. Notices of a time dated nature (fieldtrips, workshops, symposia, etc.) to be included in the newsletter Leaflets should be submitted to Steve Boyd, Editor of Leaflets , c/o Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, California 91711, U.S.A. Articles, book reviews, or other items for submission to CROSSOSOMA should be sent to Carl Wishner, Editor of CROSSOSOMA , at 5169 Dumont Place, Woodland Hills, California, 91364-2309, U.S.A. Views published in CROSSOSOMA are those of the contributing author(s) and are not necessarily those of the editors, the membership of Southern California Botanists Inc., or the SCB Board of Directors, unless explicitly stated. Copyright © 2002 by Southern California Botanists, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA, in whole or in part, should be requested from the current Editor. http://www.socalbot.org CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] A RARE SOIL LICHEN, AN ENDANGERED BUTTERFLY, AND OPEN HABITAT SOILS: INTERACTING COMPONENTS REQUIRING PROTECTION IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Richard E. Riefner, Jr. 5 Timbre. Rancho Santa Margarita, California 92688, USA Gordon F. Pratt Entomology Department, University of California, Riverside, California 9252 1 , US A — and — Roy J. Shlemon R.J. Shlemon & Associates, Inc., P.O. Box 3066, Newport Beach, California 92659-0620, USA ABSTRACT: Texosporium sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nadv. [Caliciaceae] is a rare, soil-dwelling lichen that is known from only a few locations in western North America. We report the first known record of Texosporium from Riverside County, southern California. Texosporium was discovered during a survey of biological soil crust microhabitats, which are also utilized by the federally listed endangered quino checkerspot butterfly (“ QCB” - Euphydryas editha quino [Behr]). We review the biology, landform-soil relationships, and microhabitat requirements that are shared by Texosporium and QCB in Riverside County. We also consider where they may have historically co-occurred on the Lindavista Formation in San Diego County. The Endangered Species Act provides a "butterfly umbrella" that preserves microhabitat for Texosporium in western Riverside County. In order to protect Texosporium elsewhere, we point out the significance of preserving open-habitat soils, and provide criteria that may prove useful to identify other habitats suitable for the long-term persistence of this organism. Important habitat components shared by the lichen and the endangered butterfly that require protection in southern California include: undisturbed shrub/steppe, grassland, and savanna ecosystems; landforms characterized by low topographic relief and weathered, infertile soils; a history of relatively low anthropogenic soil surface disturbance; sparsely vegetated open-soil microhabitats free of exotic weeds that support a conspicuous biological soil crust, and; micro-sites that resist bioturbation by fossorial rodents. KEYWORDS: Ascomycetes, lichen, biological crusts, soil crusts, bioturbation, Endangered butterfly, Euphydryas editha quino, Quino checkerspot butterfly, open-habitat soils. Riverside Co., Family Butterfly, Shipley Multispecies Reserve, Texosporium sancti-jacobi, umbrella species, Caliciales, Caliciaceae 2 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] INTRODUCTION Texosporium sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nadv. (Ascomycetes: Caliciales: Caliciaceae) is a rare lichen that forms inconspicuous white to grayish crusts on soil, decaying organic matter, and other lichens. It is known from only a few extremely small and localized populations in western North America. In the Pacific Northwest, these populations occur south of Boise, Idaho, north of Bend, Oregon, and at single localities in Benton and Klickitat counties in south-central Washington (McCune and Rosentreter 1992; Ponzetti 1999). In central California, Texosporium has been found only at the Pinnacles National Monument, San Benito Co. In the southern part of the state, known occurrences are limited to the Aliso Canyon/Cuyama Valley area of Santa Barbara County, San Clemente Island, and in the San Diego area (Bratt 1999; Magney 1999; Ponzetti 1999). Expanding urbanization has likely extirpated most of the San Diego County populations (Magney 1999). The historic San Diego populations (Del Mar, and Clairemont Mesa Road, near General Dynamics, and Camp Kearny on Kearny Mesa) are underlain by the Lindavista Formation, which is well known for its silcrete duripans (a hardened soil horizon cemented with iron oxide and silica), ironstone concretions, seasonally perched water tables, mima mounds, and vernal pools (Bowman 1973). Open-soil microhabitat for Texosporium in San Diego County, and the population we discovered in western Riverside County are characteristic of remnant, highly stable (generally -100,000 years old or older) geomorphic surfaces. These landforms support strongly developed soils that are leached of soluble nutrients, and thereby become less fertile with age. These soils are characterized by bright colors, fine-grained argillic horizons (claypans), and occur on level terrain, and assemblages of mima mounds and vernal pools. Soil profiles are often acidic (Bowman 1973; Knecht 1971). Old terrace soils have received conservation attention because of concern for rapid losses of California’s vernal pools, but upland habitats around the pools (Holstein 2001), and the unique biota they support have largely been ignored. TEXOSPORIUM SANCTI-JACOBI: AN EXTEMELY RARE ORGANISM Texosporium, a monotypic genus, is special among spore-producing organisms because of the characteristics and specialized developmental features of its spores. Its spores have an unusual, densely blistered episporium (spore wall), which comprises a large portion of the spore mass, and gives one the false impression that it consists of a multi-cellular or textured structure (Weber 1967). Its common name, “ woven-spore lichen,” is derived from this character. Importantly, this woven- spore texture consists of a covering derived from sterile fungal tissue produced outside of the spore (Tibell and van Hofsten 1968). Texosporium is the only known lichen that produces spores with a thick fungal coat, and it is therefore valuable for the study of evolutionary processes (Tibell & van Hofsten 1968). This specialized fungal coat is analogous to protective coverings that have evolved in the seed plants, and it is comparable to the dry fruits of flowering plants (McCune and Rosentreter 1992). Texosporium is also of special interest because of its rarity. Texosporium is an unusual component of well-developed biological soil crusts (McCune and Rosentreter 1992). Additionally, it is an ecologically significant indicator of late-seral, or relatively undisturbed open habitat ecosystems that include shrub-steppe, grassland, and savanna (Ponzetti 1999). Texosporium is also rare, due to its narrow range of microhabitats, which include partly decomposed organic material such as small- mammal dung, and native bunchgrass stubble (McCune 1992). Texosporium could easily be overlooked in the field, since it often cryptically blends with the substrate. Furthermore, it is fire- sensitive (Rosentreter 1986; Ponzetti 1999). The distribution and biology of Texosporium conforms to an unusual type of rarity described by Rabinowitz et al. (1986): a wide, but disjunct distribution, specialized habitat requirements, and a small population size. Accordingly, this lichen is listed as critically endangered globally by the International Association of Lichenologists (Thor CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] 3 1996) . In California, Texosporium sancti-jacobi is listed as a “Species of Special Concern” (California Department of Fish and Game 2002), and is proposed for rare status by the California Lichen Society (Magney 1999). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service does not list Texosporium as a federally listed threatened or endangered species, however. We found a small population of Texosporium in western Riverside County, southern California, during an inventory of the biological soil crusts associated with open-habitat soils that are coincidentally used by the federally listed endangered quino checkerspot butterfly (“ QCB" — Euphydryas editha quino [Behr]). Conservation and management practices that protect QCB under the Endangered Species Act would also provide a “ butterfly umbrella” to preserve habitat of Texosporium in western Riverside County. We are not aware of any other federally listed species that provides the same umbrella of protection for Texosporium habitats that is afforded by QCB. Previously, Launer and Murphy (1994) described the conservation benefits to vanishing serpentine grasslands provided by federal listing of a race of Edith’s checkerspot butterfly (E. editha bayensis [Sternitzky]). Quino checkerspot butterfly was proposed for listing because of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the negative impacts of fire management, exotic weeds, and off-road vehicles (Federal Register 1997) . Like Texosporium, QCB has been extirpated from Kearny Mesa in San Diego County (Mattoni et al. 1997). Open-habitat soils are important to QCB because of the habitat preferences of its primary food plant, the native annual Plantago erecta Morris. Plantago erecta flourishes on soils encrusted with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), mosses, liverworts, lichens, fungi, and green algae. Additionally, QCB larvae depend upon sunny, open habitats to bask and thermo regulate, and the female butterfly prefers to oviposit on Plantago in these situations (Mattoni et al. 1997; Osborne and Redak 2000). Soils encrusted with lichens, cyanobacteria, and bryophytes are darker and thereby warmer than surrounding surfaces, which make them attractive for QCB thermoregulation (Mattoni et al. 1997). We report the first known population of Texosporium from Riverside County, and point out the significance of the “ open-habitat soil” to the conservation of Texosporium and QCB in southern California. Texosporium sancti-jacobi: Shipley Multi-Species Reserve near Lake Skinner, edge of the Tucalota Hills, Peninsular Range Province, Riverside County, California; U.S.G.S. Bachelor Mountain 7.5’ Quadrangle, T7S, R 1W, Section 18 NW1/4 of NE1/4, and adjacent Section 7; elevation ca. 1,600 feet M.S.L. Texosporium occurs on a gently sloped terrace occupied by open coastal sage scrub. The underlying bedrock is decomposed granitic rock that weathers to form clayey soils (Knecht 1971). Texosporium is rare at Lake Skinner. It was observed growing on dead stems of Selaginella higelovii Underw., on coarse-grained "griis" substrates (a soil comprised of angular fragments derived from the disintegration of granitic rocks in semi-arid regions; Gary et al. 1972), on decomposed small-mammal dung, on a partially buried twig, and on clay (7 February 1998, Riepter 98-134 [ WIS ] ; annotated by Dr. John W. Thomson). THE SHIPLEY MULTI-SPECIES RESERVE HABITAT ECOLOGY, WESTERN RIVERSIDE COUNTY The Lake Skinner-Shipley Reserve region in western Riverside County is part of the Perris Block: an approximately rectangular area of low relief, relatively geologically stable, and lithologically diverse (Morton 1999). The center of QCB distribution in western Riverside County lies between the Shipley Reserve and Oak Mountain (Pratt et al. 2002). The geological parent materials at the Reserve include gabbro, granite, and old alluvium (Morton 1999). Long-term differential weathering has produced a micro-relief and a complex pattern of juxtaposed soils (Jahns 1954) that 4 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] support a mosaic of relatively closed- and open-habitat soil ecosystems, which are closely correlated with soil depth. The distribution of well-developed biological soil crusts at the Reserve is similar to the open microhabitat nativ e forb community’ onsite: low ability to compete with non-native grasses or dense shrublands in deep soils high in mineral nutrients, but capable of exploiting shallow or nutrient-poor highly weathered soils. The " griis" (granitic) substrates at the Reserve prov ide thin soil and low nitrate conditions that deter establishment of invasiv e annual grasses (Claasen & Nlarler 1998) and, in part, maintain natural clearings and open-habitat soils. The soil profiles derived from griis are strongly weathered, contain iron-bearing minerals, and typically bear dense bright-red clay subsoil’s that form fine- grained. thin argillic (claypan) horizons. These substrates restrict perennial vascular plant dev elopment, and promote open habitats that support sparse annual plant grow th and biological crust organisms. The U.S.D.A soil-mapping unit typical of microhabitat of Texosporium is the Bosanko clay, which forms mainly over granitic rocks (Knecht 1971). Open habitats occur as small mosaics within coastal sage scrub that are associated with lateral v ariations of the Bosanko soils. These are not distinguished on soil maps owing to their small areal extent. Thus, soil criteria used to identify and characterize habitat for QCB in western Riverside County may also help identify open-habitat environments suitable for the long-term persistence of Texosporhun elsewhere in southern California. The open coastal sage scrub v egetation associated with the open-soil environment at the Reserve includes:' shrubs, sub-shrubs, and perennials, Artemisia californica, Chlorogalum paniflorum. Ericameria palmeri var. pachylepis . Corethrogyne filaginifolia var. filaginifolia , Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. ssp . foliolosum, Nassella pulchra. Gutierrezia californica, Poa secunda var. secunda, and Salvia mellifera\ and annuals and fern allies, Calandrinia ciliata, *Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens. Camissonia sp.. Deinandra fasciculata, *Erodium spp., Castilleja exserta ssp. exserta, *Filago gallica. Chaenactis glabriuscula, *Lamarckia aurea. Chorizanthe polygonoides var. longispina. Eriastrum sapphirinum. Filago arizonica, Lasthenia coronaria, Layia platyglossa, Lepidium nitidum, Lomatium sp., Lotus strigosus, Osmadenia tenella, Petrocarya linearis ssp. ferocula. Plagiobothrys collinus. Plantago erecta. Salvia columbanae. Selaginella bigelovii, *Schismus barbatus, Stebbinososeris heterocarpa. and Stylocline gnaphaloides. Biological soil crust organisms of open microhabitats, nomenclature generally follows Anderson et al. (1990), Esslinger and Egan (1995), and Stotler and Crandall- Stotler (1977) includes: bryophy tes, Asterella californica, Bryum argenteum. Didymodon vinealis, Fossombronia sp.. Funaria hygrometrica, Grimmia sp.. Riccia nigrella. R. trichocarpa. Timmiella crassinervis, and Tortula sp.; cyanobacteria. Microcoleus vaginatus and Nos toe spp.: fungi, Lycoperdon sp. and Scutellina sp.: and the lichens, Acarospora schleicheri, A. thelococcoides. Amandinea punctata. Candelariella vitellina, Cladonia cf. pyxidata, Catapyrenium sp., Catillaria lenticularis, Collema tenax. Diploschistes muscorum ssp. mus corum, D. scruposus. Lecanora muralis, Lecidea tessellata.Peltula patellata. Placidium squamulosum. Psora californica. P. nipponica, and Toninia massata. THE OPEN-HABITAT ENVIRONMENT OF THE LINDA VIST A FORMATION, S AN DIEGO COUNTY The open-habitat soils at the Shipley Reserv e. Riverside County, form on geological terrane (parent material) different from the historical Texosporium- QCB habitat at Kearny Mesa, San Diego County. However, the soil profiles have similar characteristics. Keamy Mesa is one of the high- Nomenclature generally follows Hickman (1993) and an asterisk* denotes a non-native taxon. CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] 5 level marine terrace deposits underlain by the Pleistocene-age Lindavista Formation near San Diego (Kennedy 1975). The Formation is relatively stable, and has weathered to form very strongly developed soil profiles marked by argillic (claypan) and cemented silcrete (duripan) horizons that restrict bioturbation (the churning of soil by an organism) and deep-rooted plants, and thereby promote open environments (Bowman 1973). Typical Lindavista soils are the Redding, Chesterton, and Carslbad series. The Chesterton and Carlsbad series are the only prominent local soils in southern California distinguished by abundant ironstone concretions, which formed in place as a result of long-term weathering of iron-bearing sediments (Emory 1950). Prior to large-scale urbanization, these concretionary soils once extended from the Linda Vista beach ridge to as far west as Mission Bay, La Jolla, and Del Mar (Bowman 1973). These easily identified concretions might be of use when surveying for Texosporium. The Redding soils on Kearny Mesa commonly give rise to local assemblages of mima mounds and vernal pools (Bowman 1973; Abbott 1984), and a wide spacing of shrubs (Hertlein & Grant 1944). Abbott (1984) noted that ground surfaces of these soils support a conspicuous lichen-moss cover. The historic collection (W. Weber & R. Santesson L-43119) of Texosporium made in 1966 (McCune and Rosentreter 1992) from the “red soil of Kearny Mesa” is mapped as the Redding cobbly loam. The QCB population extirpated from Miramar Mesa, San Diego County (Mattoni et al. 1997) is also underlain by the Redding soils. DISCUSSION The Texosporium - QCB habitats at the Shipley Reserve in western Riverside County, and the Lindavista Formation in San Diego County are remnants of stable, high-level geomorphic surfaces characterized by strongly developed, infertile soils (Knecht 1971; Bowman 1973). These landforms typically have topographic micro-relief in the order of several centimeters to a few meters. This micro-relief usually results from long-term (many hundreds to thousands of years) bioturbation, mainly by fossorial rodents (Cox 1984), and differential weathering (Jahns 1954). Our observations, which also include observations at Pinnacles National Monument in central California and the Cuyama Valley, Santa Barbara County, suggest that Texosporium , like QCB (Mattoni et al. 1997), prefers habitats characterized by low topographic relief, including mima mound topography. At Cuyama Valley, the Texosporium locale is mapped as the Wasioja soils, which supports faint mima mound micro-relief (Shipman 1972). Furthermore, our observations suggest that Texosporium occurs mainly where bioturbation by small mammals is restricted, owing to shallow depth to bedrock, cobbly soils, or to the presence of a duripan associated with strongly developed soils. Chronic disturbance of the soil surface by small mammals could easily perturb small, apparently slow growing patches of Texosporium. These observations concur with those of Belnap et al. (2001), who point out that chronic disturbance of the soil surface results in a greatly simplified biological crust community. Extensive mammal burrowing in deep soil promotes establishment of exotic ruderal vegetation, which in turn, inhibits growth of native annuals that cannot compete with exotics (Schiffman 1994). This is a mutually reinforcing feedback loop, whereby the rodents depend on the large seeds of exotic grasses for food, and the weeds depend upon the activities of the burrowing rodents to continually disturb the soils (Schiffman 1994, 1997). This scenario is not favorable for the long-term persistence or reestablishment of Texosporium. Thus, Texosporium and QCB share similar habitat requirements: an arid climate; sunny, shrub/steppe, grassland, and savanna ecosystems; habitats characterized by low topographic relief; sparsely vegetated open-soil microhabitats free of shade and competing exotic species that often support a conspicuous biological soil crust; a history of relatively low anthropogenic soil surface 6 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] disturbance; micro-sites that restrict bioturbation; vulnerability to trampling by domestic livestock or foot traffic; and to habitat alterations by fire. Major threats exist to the long-term persistence of Texosporium and other biological crust organisms, QCB, many small native annuals, and other poorly known organisms associated with open-habitat soils. Among these are heavy grazing and trampling by domestic animals, degradation and conversion of open habitats to exotic annual grasslands, and loss and fragmentation of remaining populations by expanding urbanization. Further, the small size of Texosporium populations, poor competitive abilities, and restricted micro-sites within open ecosystems, render Texosporium highly vulnerable. In order to protect Texosporium , we first recommend that open-habitat soils be protected. Preservation of older, stable geomorphic surfaces, and their diverse microhabitats, should be of primary concern. Second, we propose the creation of open habitats using biotic and abiotic mechanisms that provide sunny micro-sites as a part of habitat restoration projects. These projects should emphasize restoration of a diversity of biological soil crust organisms together with native annual forbs, cyanobacteria, and terrestrial algae. Thereby, the persistence of these open ecosystems would improve habitat conditions for many common native herbs, for species of limited distribution such as QCB and Texosporium , and for other biological soil crust organisms that occupy these fragile open-habitat soils. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are indebted to Professor John W. Thomson for annotating Texosporium sancti-jacobi: to Bill Wagner and Doug Krofta for their interest and support of the QCB biological soil crust study; to D.M. Morton, who provided information on the geology of the Shipley Reserve; to David Bramlet, who provided information on vascular plant associations at the Reserve; to Jeanne Ponzetli and John Gamon, who provided the status report of Texosporium ; and to Carl Wishner, who identified bryophytes. Peter Bowler, William Brostoff, James L. Reveal, Roger Rosentreter, Paula Schiffman, and Ted St. John reviewed a draft of this manuscript and/or provided helpful comments. LITERATURE CITED Abbott, P.L. 1984. 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Natural Diversity Data Base. January' 2002. Special Vascular Plants, Bryophytes, and Lichens List. Sacramento, California CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] 7 Claasen, V.P., and M. Marler. 1998. Annual and perennial grass growth on nitrogen-depleted decomposed granite. Restoration Ecology 6: 1 75- 1 80. Cox, G.W. 1984. Soil transport by pocket gophers in mima mound and vernal pool microterrain, pp. 37-45. In: S. Jain and P. Moyle (eds.). Vernal pools and intermittent streams. Institute of Ecology, University of California, Davis. Pub. No. 28. Emory, K.O. 1950. Ironstone concretions and beach ridges of San Diego County, California. California Department of Mines and Geology Report 46:2 1 3-22 1 . Esslinger, T.L.,and R.S. Egan. 1995. A sixth checklist of the lichen-forming, lichenicolous, and allied fungi of the continental United States and Canada. Bryologist 98:467-549. Federal Register. 1997. 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Cooperative Challenge Cost Share Project, Final Report, Bureau of Land Management, Boise District Office, Boise, Idaho. McCune, B., and R. Rosentreter. 1992. Texosporium sancti-jacobi , a rare western North American lichen. Bryologist 95: 329-333. Morton, D.M. 1999. Preliminary digital geologic map of the Santa Ana 30’ X 60’ quadrangle, southern California, version 1.0. Open File Report 99-172. United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey. Digital preparation by R. Hauser and K. Ruppert; map scale 1 : 100,000, Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California. 8 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] Osborne, K.H.. and R.A. Redak. 2000. Microhabitat conditions associated with the distribution of postdiapause larvae of Euphydryas edilha quino (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc.Am. 93: 110-114 Ponzetti, J. 1999. Report on the status of Texosporium sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nadv., Olympia, WA: Washington Natural Heritage Program. Forest Resources Division, Olympia, Washington. United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Cooperative Agreement No. 13410-8-J421. Pratt, G.F., E.W. Hein, and D.M. Krofta. 2002. Newly discovered populations and food plants extend the range of the endangered quino checkers pot butterfly, Euphydryas editha quino (Nymphalidae) in Southern California. J. Lepidopterist’s Soc. 55:176-178. Rabinowitz, D., S. Caims, and T. Dillon. 1986. Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles, pp. 182-204. In: M.E. Soule (ed.). Conservation Biology, Sunderland. Rosentreter, R. 1986. Compositional patterns within a rabbitbush ( Chrysothamnus ) community of the Idaho Snake River Plain, pp. 273-277. In: E.D. McArthur and B.L. Welch (eds.). Proceedings-Symposium on the Biology of Artemisia and Chrysothamnus. Provo. Utah, July 9-13, 1984. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service General Technical Report INT-200, Ogden, Utah. Schiffman, P.M. 1994. Promotion of exotic weed establishment by endangered kangaroo rats (Dipodomys ingens) in a California grassland. Biodiversity and Conservation 3:524-537. Schiffman, P.M. 1997. Animal-mediated dispersal and disturbance: driving forces behind alien plant naturalization, pp. 87-94. In: J.O. Luken and J.W. Thieret (eds.). Assessment and management of plant invasions. Springer- Verlag, New York. Shipman. G.E. 1972. Soil surv ey of the northern Santa Barbara area, California. United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, and University of California Agriculture Experiment Station. Washington. D.C., 182 pp. and plates. Stotler, R., and B. Crandall-Stotler. 1977. A checklist of the liverworts and homworts of North America. Bryologist 80:405-428. Thor, G. 1996. Preliminary global red list of lichens. International Committee for the Conservation of Lichens, Swedish Threatened Species Unit, SLU, Uppsala, Sweden. Tibell, L., and A. van Hofsten. 1968. Spore evolution of the lichen Texosporium sancti-jacobi (Cyphelium sancti-jacobi). Mycologia 110:553-558. Weber. W. A. 1967. A synopsis of the North American species of Cyphelium. Bryologist 10A91- 201. CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] 9 TEXOSPORIUM sancti-jacobi [ASCOMYCETES: CALICIALES: CALICIACEAE] NEW FINDS AND GENERAL OBSERVATIONS KERRY KNUDSEN 33512 Hidden Hollow Drive Wildomar, California 92595 The rarest Southern California lichen known to me is Placopyrenium heppioides (Zahlbr.) Breuss. In the Santa Monica Mountains, H. E. Hasse collected it only at its type locality in Topanga Canyon on sandstone, in 1909 and 1911. Five herbarium specimens exist (Thomson 1987). But Southern California’s best-known rare lichen is Texosporium sancti-jacobi (Tuck.) Nadv. It is discussed in depth in this issue’s lead article on the population at the Shipley’s Multi-Species Reserve. Richard E. Riefner, Jr. has gone on to find other Texosporium sancti-jacobi sites in Southern California, which will be detailed in a future article (R. Riefner, Jr. pers. comm.) There were some important Texosporium sancti-jacobi discoveries in 2002. Archaeologist Andrew Pigniolo found three new sites in San Diego County, including one that may prove to be the most extensive population of Texosporium sancti-jacobi known (A. Pigniolo pers. comm.). Charis Bratt and Tom Leatherman found four new Texosporium populations at Pinnacles National Monument in San Benito Co., California (Bratt 2002). In May 2003, Shelly Benson, resource management specialist at Point Reyes National Seashore, discovered extensions of two sites, as well as two new populations at Pinnacles National Monument (Benson pers. comm.). In 2003, I found three new locations in Riverside County, as discussed herein. The first population is in a small valley in the Menifee Hills, east of Bundy Canyon Road, in Wildomar, Riverside Co. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the Lichen Herbarium at Arizona State University. Texosporium sancti-jacobi occurs on both sides of a narrow ravine, at an elevation of 545 m. The area is exceptionally free of weeds, and is marked with shrubs of Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. & Am. and Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. in an opening of a broader and dense stand of Adenostoma and Ceanothus crassifolius Torr. chaparral. It shows signs of being flushed by overflow from the ravine during storms, which deposit new coarse-grain granite-derived alluvium. Texosporium was scattered throughout the area, with individuals distributed 30 centimeters to several meters apart. They are all in full sun, with western and eastern exposures. I examined over 15 individuals and estimated the population to be between 25-to-50 individuals. I did not fully count Texosporium because these terricolous lichens thriving as pioneers in crust formations would have been damaged by me lying on my belly, examining individuals with my hand-lens. Nine individuals were singled out for observation over time. Texosporium occurred on rabbit dung, pieces of wood, and directly on soil. The occurrences on rabbit dung were most common near the ravine, where soil showed signs of agitation from recent flushing. The real problem with finding Texosporium, besides its disjunctive locations, is that it is difficult to see. A person is more likely to step on it, than to see it. The other problem is that we don’t know enough about it. Methods of finding Texosporium are often based on speculation on a single location. It seems to have broader ecological amplitude than is sometimes imagined. Though I have been keeping an eye out for it, I found it flat on the ground looking through my hand-lens at Endocarpon, a genus that I am passionately interested in. After studying the site on two occasions, and exploring the rest of the canyon, I was unsure how to find more Texosporium. 10 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] Soil is a prime indicator of the presence of terricolous lichens, including Texosporium. Lichens generally are not be found in Riverside County on disturbed soil, except in Cladonia and bryophyte communities that are pioneering cuts along roads and trails, especially with northern exposures. Texosporium has been found on different geological surfaces in Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and California. For a while, I considered the idea of granite-derived alluvium as a preferred substrate, prejudiced by what was before my eyes, but that can be found practically anywhere in Southern California as can rabbit dung, native plant detritus, and Selaginella, secondary Texosporium substrates. I have looked in futility at thousands of rabbit pellets crawling around in the under- story of old growth and senescent stands of Adenostoma fasciculatum while hunting lichen on rocks. Undisturbed soils are indicative, but are too broad a category to be predictive. You will not find Texosporium in a plowed field in Lake Elsinore! I began to take a community approach, based on the assumption that the association of terricolous lichens was based on shared ecological requirements, and forged by natural selection. At the Wildomar location, most of the genera and species are common to many sunny terricolous habitats, such as Placidium , Psora, and Endocarpon, as well as the ubiquitous Acarospora schleicheri (Ach.) A. Massal. These species are all indicative of good soil conditions for lichens, but that’s it. While there were a number of relatively uncommon terricolous lichens, Acarospora thelococcoides (Nyl.) Zahlbr. was present in abundance, both as an element in crusts, and as a pioneer. I had seen it previously at the Shipley Multi-Species Preserve, and on an excellent soil site in San Diego County, but I had not seen it in the anywhere else in the Menifee Hills, or in the Santa Ana Mountains. Acarospora thelococcoides is limited in the United States to California, with its range extending into the Sonoran area of Mexico (ASU’s on-line checklist of Mexican lichens). H.E. Hasse originally collected AT near the Soldier's Home in Santa Monica (where the current VA Hospital is located) as Lecanora pleiospora Nyl. and along the "New Trail” to Mount Wilson as Lecanora pleistospora Nyl. (Hasse, 1913) These are officially obsolete and incorrect basionyms (Esslinger and Egan 1995). In 1992, Rick Riefner, Jr. collected AT on Conejo Mountain in Ventura County. He sent it to John Thomson, who determined the collection based upon comparison with a Hasse isotype (Riefner, Bowler, & Ryan 1995). AT grows on soil in full sun, on a hypothallus forming semi-globular squamules averaging at last 1 mm in diameter, and at least 1 mm in height. The squamules come in a variety of brown-to-whitish colors. The crowns of the squamules sparkle with large flakes of pruina, and crack into characteristic fissures as the single, punctiform disk develops. As the squamules mature, the hypothallus usually fractures apart, and the pruina become distinctive as a ring around the sunken disk of the apothecium. AT is un-reactive to spot test reagents. The key characteristic of AT is its globular spores, which measure 10-13 / Lasthenia gracilis (DC.) E. Greene Lessingia filaginifolia (Hooker & Amott) M.A. Lane var ./. => Corethrogyne f. (Hooker & Amott) Nuttall var./. [revert to previous name] Senecio breweri Burtt Davy => Packera breweri (Burn Davy) W.A. Weber & A. Love Brassicaceae Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith => Lepidium didymum L. Erysimum capitatum (Douglas) E. Greene ssp. c. => E. c. (Douglas ex Hooker) E. Greene var. c. [ssp. => var.] Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek => Nasturtium officinale R. Brown Cactaceae Opuntia prolifera Engelmann => Cylindropuntia prolifera (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth Caprifoliaceae Sambucus mexicana C. Presl => S. mexicana C. Presl ex DC. [authority corrected] Euphorbiaceae Eremocarpus setigerus (Hooker) Bentham => Croton setigerus Hooker Myricaceae Myrica californica Chamisso & Schlectendal => Morelia californica (Chamisso & Schleetendal) Wilbur Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis californica A. Gray => M. laevis (Bentham) Curran var. crassifolia (Choisy) Spellenberg Solanaceae Petunia parviflora A.L. Jussieu => Calibraclioa pan iflora (A.L. Jussieu) D'Arcy Cyperaceae Scirpus acutus (Bigelow) var. occidentalis (S. Watson) Beetle => Schoenoplectus acutus (Bigelow) A. Love & D. Love var. o. (S. Watson) S.G. Smith Scirpus americanus => Schoenoplectus a. (Persoon) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller Scirpus californicus (C.A. Meyer) Steudel => Schoenoplectus c. (C.A. Meyer) Sojak Scirpus maritimus L. => Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla Scirpus robustus Pursh => Bolboschoenus robustus (Pursh) Sojak Liliaceae Calochortus clavatus ssp. pallidus => C. clavarus var. p. (Hoover) P.L. Fiedler & Zebell [ssp. => var.] — Carl Wishner, Editor CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] 15 Errata Volume 27 Dylan P. Hannon, author of "Crossosomataceae: A family primer" [Crossosoma 27(2):29-34] extends many thanks to Bob Thome and Steve Boyd for critical reviews of the manuscript and helpful suggestions. In the same article, the literature citation at the bottom of p. 29 “Sosa and Chase,” and the corresponding bibliographic citation on p. 34 should be corrected to Soza and Chase. 16 CROSSOSOMA 28(1), Spring-Summer 2002 [issued August, 2003] SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BOTANISTS, INC. 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Volume 28, Number 2 ft # CONTENTS Fall-Winter 2002 Sex life of the southern spikeweed ( Centromadia parryi ssp. australis) [Asteraceae: Madiinae] — Barry Du Bois Photograph: Ring pattern of growth exhibited by laurel sumac [Malosma laurina [Ancacardiaceae]) — Carl Wishner 26 Vascular plants of the University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve — Peter A. Bowler 27 index to Volume 28 (2002) 50 http:/ / www.socalbot.org 0CT 1 5 2003 NEl/V YORK Crossosoma CROSSOSOMA (ISSN 0891-9100) is published twice a year (normally about May and November) by Southern California Botanists, Inc., a California nonprofit corporation. Subscription rate to domestic libraries and institutions is $25.00 per calendar year, or $30.00 for foreign institutions (for individual membership, see inside back cover). Back issues (Vols. 18-present) are available for $5.00 an issue or $10.00 a volume, postpaid. 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Permission to reproduce items in CROSSOSOMA, in whole or in part, should be requested from the current Editor. http://www.socalbot.org Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 17 Sex Life of the Southern Spikeweed Centromadia parryi ssp. australis [Asteraceae: Madiinae| Barry Du Bois 219 Sierks Street, Costa Mesa, California 92627 ABSTRACT: Centromadia parryi ssp. australis, or Southern Spikeweed is an endemic species of coastal southern California and northern Baja California. Little is known about the pollination biology of this rare plant. The production of nectar and sticky pollen suggested insect pollination. Census data showed the major pollinators were two species of non-social bees: the long-homed bee, Melissodes tepida timberlakei Cockerell, and the sweat bee, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) diversopunctatum (Ellis). A pollinator-exclusion technique was used to determine if the plant could self-pollinate, or if it was self-incompatible. Analysis showed that significantly more fruits were set in the open pollinated controls than in either of the manipulations, indicating that the plant is an obligate outcrosser. KEYWORDS: Anthophoridae, Asteraceae, Centromadia parryi ssp. australis, Halictidae, Hemizonia parryi ssp. australis, Lasioglossum diversopunctatum, long-horned bee, Madiinae, Melissodes tepida timberlakei, Newport Back Bay Ecological Reserve Orange County California, pollination biology, southern spikeweed, sweat bee, INTRODUCTION Centromadia parryi (E. Greene) E. Greene ssp. australis (D.D. Keck) B.G. Baldwin (formerly Hemizonia parryi ssp. australis ) is an annual, flowering from June through October, and is a spindly plant that bends and twists with the slightest breeze. It is covered by small, sharp, spike- shaped, green leaves, distinguishing it from Hemizonia (tarweed), which has long, narrow, sticky, succulent leaves. Centromadia is the only member of the tribe Madiinae with spine- tipped or apiculate leaves (Baldwin 1999). These leaves have caused most botanists familiar with the plant to give it the common name "spikeweed." The plant varies from 5 cm to 1 .4 m in height, and branches can extend laterally up to 0.9 m. Head diameter is 1.5 cm, with 12 to 20 yellow ray flowers surrounding the darker yellow disk flowers. There is one pistil per ray flower, and five fused stamens in the disk flowers (Figure 1). The flowers are unisexual, but the plant is monoecious. A flower can proceed from bud to senescence in seven days. Ray flowers remain receptive for three to four days, but are open for only approximately five hours per day. They fold in half after mid-day, which is about the time native solitary bees stop foraging. First described in 1890, Centromadia parryi ssp. australis grows nowhere in the world except California. Centromadia parryi once grew from Santa Barbara as far south as Baja California Norte, Mexico, but few of the historic sites remain (Gardner 1998), principally due to habitat destruction through development. The USFWS currently lists C. parryi as a “Category 2" candidate, whereas the California Native Plant Society considers it to be extremely rare (CalFlora 2002). The California Coastal Commission requires developers to mark and avoid 18 CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], areas in which Centromadia parryi ssp australis is found. According to Clausen (1951), Centromadia species generally occupy habitats that are ecologically distinct and seldom overlap in distribution. Centromadia parryi ssp. australis grows mostly in poorly drained, somewhat alkaline, and sometimes quite xeric habitats of Southern California lowlands (Kyhos 1990). Historically, the known habitats of C. parryi were valley and grassland areas, vernal pools, freshwater and saltwater marshes or swamps. Centromadia parryi grows along the outer edge of vernal pools after the rain and moves inward as the pools dry. In salt marshes, C. parryi grows in the upper marsh soils that are less saline (Gardner 1998). Centromadia parryi also typically grows on disturbed ground. Vernal pools, salt marshes, and other Southern California wetland habitats are disappearing rapidly. Due to the continuing and rapid elimination of its habitat by urban development, Centromadia parryi ssp. australis should be considered for listing as a Federal and State threatened species. This research was undertaken with the aim of understanding how to conserve this endemic plant that has so far received limited study. METHODS Study site and weather conditions: The study site was located in Newport Back Bay Ecological Reserve, in Orange County, California. It was created when the city of Newport used the area as a dump for dredged material taken from the estuary'. The site is a 1.0 m high plateau, which was graded flat, with a berm facing the road on the east side. The west side has a thick grove of small trees with a steep hillside behind. The plateau is about 1000 ft long and 60 ft wide. The Centromadia population covers an area 700 ft by 30 ft, concentrated at the northern end, and tapering off to the south. The top, thin layer of soil is a powdery dust with rock-hard soil below. Most summer mornings during the observations were damp, cool, and overcast. There are steep hills and cliffs on both sides of the valley in which the estuary lies, and these channel the on- shore winds. Toward mid-day, the winds typically picked-up, and after mid-day, the wind usually turned from a slight breeze to strong gusts. Insect census: Insects were collected with a sweep net and taken to the Los Angeles Museum of Natural History for identification by Roy Snelling. The three census plots were 100 ft apart. Each plot was approximately 4 x 10 ft, and U-shaped. Data were collected on August 6, 8, 10, and 23 between sunrise and 2:00 pm, when the winds became too strong for insect flight. Observations were taken for 10 minutes per site, per hour. Pollinator exclusion: Experiments were carried out to determine if the flowers were insect pollinated, could be self-pollinated, or were self-incompatible. The manipulations were done using a pollinator-exclusion technique described by Kems and Inouye (1993). White polyester mesh netting (24x20/inch) was cut into 12 x 28 inch rectangles. A bead of silicon glue was applied to two edges, and then the mesh was folded in half to form a 12 x 14 inch bag. Edges were trimmed to a fine, thin seal to reduce weight. The bags allowed for rapid growth and did not cramp the flowers. The bags were rolled up, then down onto a branch to prevent snagging. The bottom was tied off around the branches to prevent insect pollination. CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 19 Three groups of plants were used: one at the northern end, one in the middle, and one towards the southern end of the plot. In each group, buds were marked for identification. On plants chosen to test for self-fertilization without a vector, marked buds were covered with bags. On each of a second set of plants used to test for self-compatibility if hand-pollinated, two sets of buds were bagged, one set to provide the female flowers, and another set to provide pollen. When the flowers came into full bloom, the ray flowers in one set were dusted with pollen from the other set of bagged heads on the same plant, and the bag replaced after dusting. None of the marked buds on the third set of plants in each group were bagged. The number of ray flowers per head was counted as soon as the head was in full bloom. Finally, the mature fruits were extracted from the heads and counted, and an ANOVA was carried out to determine if there were any significant differences in the number of seeds set per ray between the three treatment conditions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Census data: The total number of visits ranged from 143 to 328 per day, indicating that the flowers are of interest to insects. The major floral visitors on all four collection days were the Long-homed bee, Melissodes tepida timberlakei Cockerell (Anthophoridae) and a sweat bee, Lasioglossum (Dialictus) diversopunctatum (Ellis) (Halictidae). Some Bee Flies (Bombyliidae) visited, along with a few other species, but in much smaller numbers than the first two (Table 1). There was no significant difference between the percentage of visits made by M. tepida and L. diversopunctatum (t-test, p> 0.05). No pollen was observed on the bee flies. It is likely that the bee flies are robbing the C. parryi , and do not help in the pollination. Figure 2 shows the variation between days in terms of visitors and time of day. While on some days there were more M. tepida , and on others more L. diversopunctatum at particular times, it is clear that both of these pollinators concentrated their visits between 8 a.m. and noon. With strong gusts and the heat rising, the pollinators had only about four hours of favorable conditions to visit the flowers. The early mornings were generally too damp and cool for the bees. The busiest time for visits was from 9:00 a.m. to 1 1:00 a.m. with the bees leaving between 1 and 2 p.m. This usually corresponded to the period of maximum temperature, when the pollinators departed, and the ray flowers folded in half. The bees avoided the hottest part of the day, and the windiest, when they may find it difficult to fly. Exclusion data: An ANOVA comparing the mean number of seeds per ray produced in each of the three conditions (Table 2) showed that there was a significant difference between the means (p«0.01). A Tukey HSD test determined that the mean for the unbagged flowers was significantly different from that for both sets of bagged flowers (p< 0.01), but that the bagged means were not significantly different from each other. The fact that 1 1 of the 70 bagged flowers set some seed is interesting. This may suggest that occasionally self-fertilization may occur, or that pollen from another plant got through the bag, possibly if a pollen-laden bee landed on the bag and some brushed off. This should be studied further. The correlation coefficient for number of rays vs. number of seeds set in the open pollinated plants was very low, indicating that flowers with more rays are not preferentially visited (Figure 3). 20 CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], These results suggest that C . parryi must have an external vector to effect successful reproduction. These vectors of pollen transfer are insects, especially two species of non-social bees. The bagging experiment suggests that C. parryi is primarily an outcrosser, as evidenced by much greater fruit set in open pollinated plants. According to Bruce Baldwin (2002, personal correspondence), “all of the spikeweeds (Centrornadia) are self-incompatible, as noted by Keck (1959) in his generic description of Hemizonia in the broad sense. That means that pollen cannot fertilize ovules of the same plant; the plants are obligate outcrossers. So, the plants are dependent on pollinators for effective pollination (pollinators in tarweeds in general tend to be bees or bee-flies). Another ramification of self-incompatibility is that genetic drift in small populations could lead to loss of self-incompatibility alleles, which in turn would limit the potential for even cross pollinations to be effective for setting seed. To my mind, that’s a major conservation issue for any self-incompatible plant." Therefore, as populations of C . parryi continue to decrease in number because of additional human development, the remaining populations may be lost because of reduced production and viability of fruit. © Barry Du Bois 2003 Figure 1. Centrornadia parryi showing pistillate ray flowers, and disc flowers with five stamens. C.rossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 21 30 I25 ~20 |15 oio a: August 6, 2002 total = 214 u 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 Time of day 30 2 25 o % 20 > b 15 o Z 10 o ^ 5 b: August 8, 2002 total = 194 XL 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 Time of day 22 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. c: August 10 , 2002 total = 143 30 i M o25 Time of day d: August 23, 2002 total = 328 30 n *?25 Time of day Figure 2 abed Pollinators visiting Certlromadia parryi on four days in August, shown as percent of total visitors over time. Black = Melissodes tepida. White = Lasioglossum diversopunctatum, horizontal bars = all others. CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 23 Table 1. The percentage of the total visits to Centromadia parryi made by different insects on each of four days. Mean for Visitor 8/6 8/8 8/10 8/23 all days Melissodes tepida 20.1 46.4 33.1 63.0 40.7 Lasioglossum diversopunctatum 78.4 45.2 63.7 32.8 55.0 All others 1.5 8.4 3.2 4.2 4.3 16 14 3 12 0) S 10- 8 6 4 2 0 0 y = 0.2321x + 6.9866 r2 = 0.0135 10 15 Number of rays 20 25 Figure 3. The correlation between the number of seeds set and the number of rays in open pollinated heads of Centromadia parryi. 24 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 |issued August, 2003]. Table 2. The mean number of seeds set per ray for heads of Centromadia parryi under three treatments. “Self’ were bagged the entire time. "Hand” were bagged, but ovaries were pollinated with pollen from the same plant. “Open” were not bagged. Treatment Mean # seeds/rav ± SD # heads # heads that set seed Self 0.106 ±0.283 35 8 Hand 0.014 ±0.050 35 3 Open 0.751 ±0.258 29 29 Centromadia parryi ssp. australis is recognized by the Native Plant Society and the Coastal Commission as a rare and endangered endemic species. At this time, the plant does not have the benefits of listing at the State and Federal level because there is insufficient information to support listing. The missing information includes knowledge of the reproductive biology of C. parryi, which this report helps to supply. Not only does the plant itself need protection, but the habitat surrounding it does too. This would include fresh and salt-water wetlands (especially the upland portion of the habitat), vernal pools and coastal meadow lands, that also support many other rare species of plants and animals. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many thanks to my advisors at Cal. State Fullerton, C. Eugene Jones and Tony Bomkamp for all their help and advice; to Bruce G. Baldwin (Jepson Herbarium) for his help and encouragement; to Peter Bowler (University of California at Irvine) who found the only accessible population of Centromadia in Orange County; to Roy Snelling (Los Angeles Museum of Natural History) who identified the bees; to Jem Larsson (BioQuip Products) for help with collecting techniques and equipment; to Karen Messer (Calif. State Univ. Fullerton) for help with statistics; to Brian Shelton (California Department of Fish and Game) for help with permits; and to Anne Nutten and Sara Pentz for all their support. Special thanks also to Susan Schenk of Claremont College for critical review and revision of the manuscript on behalf of Southern California Botanists, Inc., and Crossosoma. LITERATURE CITED Baldwin, B.G. 1999. New combinations and new genera in the North American tarweeds (Compositae — Madiinae). Novon 9:462-471. CalFlora, 2002. Section: Hemizonia parryi ssp. australis, www.calflora.ora California Coastal Commission. 2002. www.coastal.ca.gov/lb/5-98-164-a.pdf Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 25 Clausen, J. 1951. Stages in the evolution of plant species. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY (reprinted by Hafner, NY). Jepson, W.L. 1925. A manual of the flowering plants of California. Associated Students Store, Univ. California. Berkeley. Kearns, C.A., and D.W. Inouye. 1993. Techniques for Pollination Biology. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO. Keck, D.D. 1959. Hemizonia. Pp. 1 1 17 In: Munz, P.A., and D.D. Keck [collaborator]. A California Flora. Univ. Calif. Press [description repeated in 1963, 1968 with Supplement, and 1974 A Flora of Southern California]. Kyhos, D.W., G.D. Carr, and B.G. Baldwin. 1990. Biodiversity and cytogenetics of the tarweeds (Asteraceae: Heliantheae — Madiinae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 77:84-95. Moloney, Kirk A. 2002. Botany 484 instructor, syllabus - course outline. Iowa State University, www.public.iastate.edu Munz, P.A., and D.D. Keck. 1968 A California Flora and Supplement. Univ. Calif. Press. Proctor, Michael, Peter Yeo, and Andrew Lack. 1996. The Natural history of pollination. Chapter 3. Timber Press, Portland Oregon. Venkatesh, C.S. 1958. A cyto-genetic and evolutionary study of Hemizonia section Centromadia (Compositae). American Journal of Botany 45 : 1 236- 1 24 1 . 26 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], © Carl Wishner 2003 Laurel sumac [Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams (Anacardiaceae)] exhibits a ring pattern of growth on a south-facing slope, on volcanic soil in the Cold Creek drainage of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles Co. Other incipient rings are also evident. Perhaps these rings are the result of clonal growth of single individuals that are of great age. This digital photograph was taken June 2003. The area shown was last burned in November 1996. Carl Wishner, Editor CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 27 Vascular plants of the University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve Peter A. Bowler Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2525, — and — David Bramlet 1691 Mesa Drive, #A2, Santa Ana, California 92707. ABSTRACT: The University of California’s Irvine (UCI) Ecological Preserve is a 62-acre (25 hectares) habitat fragment enclosed by urban development, freeways, and other roads. Roughly 25 acres (10 hectares) are Venturan-Diegan transitional sage scrub and 37 acres (15.4 hectares) are grassland. Based upon 35 years of records, the sage scrub and grassland include two ferns and approximately 202 angiosperm species, 66 species of which are not native (32.6%), from 43 families. Added to this are species that were deliberately introduced as part of a University mitigation, consisting of created vernal pools, coastal sage scrub restoration, a wetland mitigation along one edge of the Preserve, and species intruding from adjacent faculty housing. Thus, the total flora consists of two ferns and 226 angiosperm species in 54 families. The most represented families include the Asteraceae (40 species), Poaceae (30 spp.), Brassicaceae (13 spp.), Fabaceae (12 spp.), Boraginaceae (10 spp.), Liliaceae (9 spp.) and the Apiaceae (8 spp.). Most of the species are vouchered in IRVC. KEYWORDS: University of California, Irvine (UCI) Ecological Preserve, San Joaquin Hills, vascular plants, Irvine, Orange County, coastal sage scrub restoration, restoration, created vernal pools. introduction The University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve comprises approximately 62 acres (25 hectares) and is located at N33°38’30” W1 17°50’ in Orange County, California. To access the Preserve from the San Joaquin Corridor, follow Bison Avenue onto the main UCI campus, then turn east on East Peltason Drive. The UCI Ecological Preserve may be accessed by the public from entrances on East Peltason Drive adjacent to University Hills Housing, and also at the corner of Los Trancos Drive and Locke Court. There are several other entrances along trails following the Preserve boundary from East Peltason Drive toward the San Joaquin Corridor. 28 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. Access is unrestricted and there is no charge. Visitors are requested to stay on trails, smoking is prohibited, and collection of plant material must be approved by the UCI Open Space Committee, through the School of Biological Sciences. A map of the campus is presented at: http://www.uci.edu/campusmap/UCI.pdf The Preserve is primarily a westerly facing slope of the San Joaquin Hills, and about 25 acres (10 hectares) are Venturan - Diegan transitional coastal sage scrub, with the other 37 acres (15.4 hectares) being grassland. The site is highly fragmented, with islands of coastal sage scrub, and cacti dominating the well drained, rocky slopes, and areas comprised primarily of annual European grasses, black mustard ( Brassica nigra) and cardoon (Cynara cardunculus). The Preserve is the northernmost fragment of the San Joaquin Hills, and the four hills on the Preserve range from 22 to 44 degrees in slope, with a maximum elevation of 346.5 ft. (105 m) above sea level. Soil types include Alo clay, Cieneba sandy loam, and Myford sandy loam. The University of California, Irvine campus was opened in 1965, and historic grazing ended in the early 1980s. The Preserve was informally recognized since the 1970s, and was formally established through the Long Range Development Plan in 1989. The Preserve is bounded by faculty and staff housing (University Hills) and the Chancellor’s House on the east, the San Joaquin Corridor on the south, a research park on the west, and by East Peltason Drive on the north. Thus, it is now an isolated urban fragment. The Preserve is enrolled in the Natural Communities Conservation Plan, and it is part of a biological corridor linking the Bonita Canyon and Laguna Coast Wilderness with Newport Back Bay, San Diego Creek, and the University of California Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Marsh Reserve. The Preserve has been utilized for University teaching for decades, and numerous masters’ (Compton 1978, for example) and doctoral dissertations (Amarasekare 1998; Krupnick 1996, and Schussler 1970, among others) have used the site in their research. There has also been considerable research activity on the Preserve ranging from lichenology (Bowler and Riefner 1990), floral herbivory and evolutionary plant ecology (numerous papers based on the theses of Amarasekare and Krupnick), to ecological restoration (Bowler 1990, 1999, 2000; Bowler et al. 1999). Other research efforts include long-term studies using permanent quadrats and transects for botanical research, and pitfall arrays to census reptiles and amphibians. The California gnatcatcher population has been monitored at this site since the early 1990s (Atwood ct al. 1998a, 1998b, 1999; Bontrager 1999; Harmsworth & Assoc. 2002). The Ecological Preserve supports a number of animal and plant species of special concern, including the cactus wren (< Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus), California gnatcatcher ( Polioptila californica), San Diego desert woodrat ( Neotoma lepida intermedia ), Dudleya multicaulis (Rare: CNPS List IB), Microseris douglasii ssp. platycarpha (Rare: CNPS List 4), Senecio aphanactis (Rare: CNPS List 2), Brodiaea jolonensis (Rare: locally rare), Calochortus catalinae (Rare: CNPS List 4), and Hordeum intercedens (Rare: CNPS List 3). It is not known when the Preserve last burned, and it may be that several species reported but not seen in years could appear under postfire conditions in this Venturan-Diegan transitional coastal sage scrub community. The Ecological Preserve is managed by the Ecological Preserve and Open Space Committee, through UCI’s School of Biological Sciences, with the assistance of the campus’s Natural Reserve System Office. CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 29 Lichens reported from the Preserve include Thelomma mammosum, Buellia sp., Dimelaena radiata, Cladonia sp., Peltula polyspora, Lecania brunonis, Lecanora muralis, Lecanora sp., Lecidella stigmatea, Psorula rufonigra, Physconia detersa, Flavopunctelia flaventior, Xanthoparmelia mexicana, Caloplaca bolacina, C. fraudans, C. saxicola, Xanthoria candelaria and Lecanactis sp. (Bowler and Riefner 1990). There are a number of additional crustose species, and subsequent to that report, a single individual of Niebla polymorpha was observed. Landsnails are represented by the native Helminthoglypta tudiculata, and two non-native species, Helix aspersa and Olala lactea. Helix aspersa is limited to the wetland mitigation area and the irrigated edge of University Hills housing development. Helminthoglypta tudiculata occurs patchily in coastal sage scrub, and has colonized one of the restoration sites. Otala lactea occurs primarily on black mustard stalks, which it adorns like Christmas tree ornaments. Reptiles known from the Preserve include the San Diego alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinatus webbii ), western skink ( Eumeces s. skiltonianus). Great Basin fence lizard ( Sceloporus occidentalis longipes), California side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana elegans), California kingsnake ( Lampropeltis getula californiae ), red coachwhip (Masticophis flagellum piceus ), San Diego gopher snake (Pituopliis melanoleucas annectens ), and the San Diego ringneck snake (Diadophis punctatus similis). The southern Pacific rattlesnake ( Crotalus viridis helleri) is known to have occurred on the Preserve in the past, but it has not been recorded there for many years, although several have been captured in nearby University housing areas. The Pacific slender salamander ( Batrachoseps major) occurs throughout the Preserve. The Preserve is one of the U.S.G.S. Biological Resources fragment survey sites under Robert Fisher’s direction. Small mammals include the ornate shrew ( Notiosorex crawfordi), California vole ( Microtus californicus sanctidiegi ), western harvest mouse ( Reithrodontomys megalotis longicaudis ), and the four deer mouse species ( Peromyscus maniculatus gambelii; P. californicus insignis; P. eremicus insulicola; P. boylei rowleyi), Botta’s pocket gopher ( Thomomys bottae) and the San Diego desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida intermedia). The exotic house mouse (Mas musculus) is also present. The long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata latirostra), bobcat (Eelis rufus californicus), and coyote ( Canis latrans) occur on the Preserve, and mule deer (Odocoilus hemionus ) were occasionally seen into the late 1970s. Other species such as the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis holzneri), opossum ( Didelphis marsupialis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon lotor psora) and the Norway rat ( Rattus norvegicus) are known from the adjacent UCI campus or University Hills complex and likely wander onto the Preserve. In 1991, the campus planted a wetland mitigation project in a wedge-shaped artificial drainage adjacent the University Hills faculty and staffing housing, and West Peltason Drive. Although many individual trees died, the following species, most of which did not previously occur in the Preserve, were introduced: Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Platanus racemosa, Salix gooddingii, and Artemisia douglasiana. An S & S Seed Company provided “California native grassland” seedmix comprising Aristida purpurea, Bromus carinatus, Plantago insularis, Sisyrinchium bellum , Nassella lepida, Nassella pulchra, and the S & S Seed “riparian swale” seedmix consisting of Anemopsis californica, Artemisia douglasiana, Artemisia palmeri, Leymus triticoides, Festuca rubra “Molate” and Gnaphalium californicum were also applied. However, Bromus carinatus, Plantago insularis, and Festuca rubra have not persisted, and they are not included in the current compilation of species for the Preserve. 30 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. In 1996 The Irvine Company created two vernal pools in the Preserve that were inoculated with soil samples from over twenty small pools taken to realign California Avenue along the northwestern boundary of the UCI campus and adjacent Irvine Company land. Plants in the vernal pools included Psilocarphus brevissimus, Lythrum hyssopifolium, L. tribracteatum, Plagiobothrys acanthocarpus, Plantago elongata, Eleocharis macrostachya, Juncus bufonius var. congestus, Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis, Polypogon monspeliensis, Frankenia salina, Distichlis spicata, and Rumex crispus (see Table 1 ). The UCI Ecological Preserve has a known flora of two fern species and 226 angiosperm species in 54 families. Excluding the species introduced deliberately in the wetland mitigation project, the created vernal pools, the coastal sage scrub restorations, and species occurring just along the interface between the landscaped housing areas and the Preserve (see Table 1), there are approximately 202 angiosperm species within 43 families in the sage scrub and grassland habitats. Of these, 66 species, or 32.6%, are not native, a proportion greater than that of the state as reported in Hickman (1993; 17.4% of the California flora), but similar to the non-native component of the County flora (1,193 species; 387 are non-native species, or 32.4% exotics, Roberts 1998). The taxonomy used in Table 1 for the most part follows the Jepson Manual (Hickman [ed.J 1993) and incorporates subsequent taxonomic changes reflected in the Jepson Interchange, whereby the name appearing in the Manual appears in brackets following the current name. CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], 31 Table 1. Vascular plant species recorded at the UCI Ecological Preserve. Life history abbreviations are: A = Annual; B = Biennial; P = Perennial. Habitats where found are; Coastal sage scrub (CSS), wetland mitigation area (W), created vernal pools (VP), grassland (G), and ruderal (R). Division Pterophyta - FERNS Family Pteridaceae - Lip Fern Family Adiantum jordanii C. Mueller California maiden-hair fern P CSS Pentagramma triangularis (Kaulfuss) G. Yatskievych, M.D. Windham & E. Wollenweber Goldback fern P CSS Division Anthophyta - FLOWERING PLANTS Class Dicotyledones - DICOTS Family Adoxaceae - Honeysuckle Family Sambucus mexicana C. Presl Mexican elderberry, blue elderberry P CSS, W Amaranthaceae - Amaranth Family *Amaranthus albus L. A G, R Tumbling pigweed Anacardiaceae - Sumac Family Malosma laurina (Nuttall) Abrams Laurel sumac P CSS Rhus integrifolia (Nuttall) Bentham & Hooker Lemonade berry P CSS *Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi Brazilian pepper P w Apiaceae - Carrot Family Apiastrum angustifolium Nuttall Mock parsley A css Bowlesia incana Ruiz & Pavon American bowlesia A/B css 32 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], *Conium maculatum L. Poison hemlock B G, R Daucus pusillus Michaux Rattlesnake weed A/B CSS *Foeniculum vulgare P. Miller Sweet fennel P CSS, G Sanicula arguta E. Greene ex Coulter & Rose Sharp-tooth sanicle B/P CSS, G Sanicula bipinnata Hooker & Arnott Poison sanicle P CSS, G Yabea microcarpa (Hooker & Arnott) Kozo-Polianski California hedge-parsley A CSS Asclepiadaceae - Milkweed Family Asclepias fascicularis Decaisne in A. DC. Narrow-leaved milkweed A G Asteraceae - Sunflower Family Ambrosia psilostachya DC. Western ragweed P W, G Artemisia californica Lessing California sagebrush P CSS Artemisia douglasiana Besser in Hooker Mug wort P W, G Artemisia palmeri A. Gray (Planted) San Diego sagewort Rare: CNPS List 4 B/P W Baccharis pilularis DC. Coyote brush P CSS, G Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Persoon Mulefat P W *Centaurea melitensis L. Tocalote A CSS, G, R Chaenactis artemisiifolia (A. Gray) A. Gray Artemisia-leaved pincushion A G, R Cirsium occidentale (Nuttall) Jepson ssp. californica (A. Gray) Keil & C. Turner Cobweb Thistle A G CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], 33 *Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist Flax-leaved horseweed A G Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Common horseweed A W Corethrogyne filaginifolia (Hooker & Arnott) Nuttall [Lessingia filaginifolia (DC.) M.A. Lane var. f. <= Common sand aster var./. = C. f. var. P virgata (Bentham) A. Gray] CSS, G *Cotula australis (Sieber) Hooker f. Australian brass-buttons A W, CSS, G,R *Cynara cardunculus L. Arthichoke thistle P CSS, G, R Deinandra fasciculata (DC.) E. Greene Fascicled tarweed A CSS, G, R Encelia californica Nuttall California bush sunflower P CSS Ericameria palmeri (A. Gray) H.M. Hall var. pachylepsis (A. Gray) G. Nesom Grassland goldenbush P G Filago californica Nuttall California fluffweed A CSS, G *Filago gallica L. Narrow-leaved filago A CSS, G Gnaphalium bicolor Bioletti Bicolored cudweed P CSS Gnaphalium californicum DC. California everlasting A/B CSS, w Gnaphalium canescens DC. ssp. microcephalum White everlasting (Nuttall) Stebbins & Keil B css Grindelia camporum E. Greene var. bracteosum White-stem gumplant (J.T. Howell) M.A. Lane P G *Hypochaeris glabra L. Smooth cat’s-ear A G, R Isocoma menziesii (Hooker & Arnott) G. Nesom var. vernonioides (Nuttall) G. Nesom Coastal golden bush P CSS, G Lactuca serriola L. Prickly lettuce A R 34 CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. Lasthenia gracilis (DC.) E. Greene [/.. californica Findley] California goldfields A Microseris douglasii (DC.) Schultz-Bipontinus ssp. platycarpha (A. Small-flowered microseris Rare: CNPS List 4 A *Picris echioides L. Bristly ox-tongue A/B Pluchea odorata (L.) Cassini Marsh flea-bane A/P Psilocarphus brevissimus Nuttall var. brevissimus Woolly marbles A Senecio aphanactis E. Greene California groundsel Rare: CNPS List 2 A * Senecio vulgaris L. Common groundsel A *Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner Milk thistle A/B *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Prickly sow thistle A *Sonchus oleraceus L. Common sow thistle A Stebbinsoseris heterocarpa (Nuttall) Chambers Derived microseris A Stephanomeria virgata Bentham ssp. virgata Virgate wreath plant A Stylocline gnaphaloides Nuttall Everlasting nest-straw A Uropappus lindleyi (DC.) Nuttall Silver puffs A Boraginaceae - Borage Family Amsinckia menziesii (Lehmann) Nelson & J.F. Macbride var. intermedia (Fisher and C.A. Meyer) Ganders Common fiddleneck A Cryptantha clevelandii E. Greene Cleveland’s cryptantha A CSS, G Gray) Chambers G W, G, R W VP, G CSS CSS, G G W, G CSS, G, R G CSS, G, R CSS CSS, G CSS, G, R CSS CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], 35 Cryptantha intermedia (A. Gray) E. Greene Common cryptantha A CSS, G Cryptantha microstachys (A. Gray) E. Greene Tejon cryptantha A CSS Cryptantha muricata (Hooker & Arnott) Nelson & J.F. Macbride Prickly cryptantha A CSS Pectocarya linearis (Ruiz & Pavon) DC. ssp .ferocula (I.M. Johnston) Thorne Slender pectocarya A CSS, G Plagiobothrys acanthocarpus (Piper) I.M. Johnston Adobe popcorn flower, Adobe allocarya A G, VP Plagiobothrys collinus (Philippi) I.M. Johnston var. californicus (A. Gray) Higgins California popcorn flower A G Plagiobothrys collinus (Philippi) I.M. Johnston var. gracilis (I.M. Johnston) Higgins San Diego popcorn flower A CSS Plagiobothrys nothofulvus (A. Gray) A. Gray Rusty popcorn flower A G Brassicaceae - Mustard Family *Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch Black mustard A CSS, G, R *Brassica rapa L. ssp. sylvestris (L.) Janchen Field mustard A/B R *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus Shepherd’s purse A G, R Descurainia pinnata (Walter) Britton ssp. menziesii (DC.) Detling Western tansy mustard A CSS Guillenia lasiophylla (Hooker & Arnott) E. Greene California mustard A CSS * Hirschfeldia incana (L.) Lagreze-Fossat Summer mustard B/P CSS, G, R Lepidium lasiocarpum Torrey and A. Gray Sand peppergrass A CSS, G Lepidium nitidum Torrey & A. Gray Shining peppergrass A CSS, G *Lobularia maritima (L.) Desvaux Sweet-alyssum P G, R 36 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. *Raphanus sativus L. Wild radish A/B G *Sinapis arvensis L. Charlock A R *Sisymbrium irio L. London rocket A CSS, G * Sisymbrium orientate L. Hare’s-ear cabbage A G, R Cactaceae - Cactus Family Cylindropuntia prolifera (Engelmann) F.M. Knuth [Opuntia prolifera Engelmann] Coastal cholla P CSS Opuntia littoralis (Engelmann) Cockerell Coastal prickly pear P CSS Opuntia X occidental is Engelmann Western prickly pear P CSS Opuntia oricola Philbrick Oracle cactus P CSS Capparaceae Isomeris arborea Nuttall Bladderpod - Caper Family P CSS Caryophyllaceae - Pink Family Cardionema ramosissimum (J.A. Weinmann) Nelson & J.F. Macbride Sand mat P R Silene antirrhina L. Snapdragon catchfly A CSS * Silene gallica L. Windmill pink A G, R *Spergula arvensis L. ssp. arvensis Corn spurry A G *Spergularia villosa (Persoon) Cambessedes Villous sand spurry P G, R *Stellaria media (L.) Villars Common chickweed A G CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 37 Stellaria nitens Nuttall Shiny chickweed A CSS Chenopodiaceae - Goosefoot Family *Atriplex semibaccata R. Brown Australian saltbush P CSS, G, R *Beta vulgaris L. Garden beet A/P R *Chenopodium album L. Lamb’s quarters A W Chenopodium californicum (S. Watson) S. Watson California goosefoot P CSS, G *Chenopodium murale L. Nettle-leaved goosefoot A CSS, G, R *Salsola tragus L. Russian-thistle A CSS, G, R Convolvulaceae - Morning-glory Family Calystegia macrostegia (E. Greene) Brummitt ssp. intermedia (Abrams) Brummitt Short-lobed morning-glory P CSS *Convolvulus arvensis L. Field bindweed P G, R Crassulaceae - Stonecrop Family Crassula connata (Ruiz & Pavon) A. Berger Sand pigmy stonecrop A CSS, G Dudley a lanceolata (Nuttall) Britton & Rose Lance-leaf dudleya P CSS Dudleya multicaulis (Rose) Moran Many-stemmed dudleya Rare: CNPS List IB P CSS Dudleya pulverulenta (Nuttall) Britton & Rose Chalky live-forever P CSS Cucurbitaceae - Gourd Family Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth Coyote melon P CSS 38 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. Marah macrocarpus (E. Greene) E. Greene Wild cucumber P Cuscutaceae - Dodder Family Cuscuta californica Hooker & Amott California witch’s hair A Euphorbiaceae - Spurge Family Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torrey & A. Gray) Small Rattlesnake weed P Chamaesyce polycarpa (Bentham) Millspaugh Golondrina P *Chamaesyce prostrata (Aiton) Small Prostrate spurge A Croton setigerus Hooker [Eremocarpus setigerus (Hooker) Bentham] Dove weed A Fabaceae - Pea Family Lotus hamatus E. Greene Grab lotus A Lotus scoparius (Nuttall) Ottley Deer weed P Lotus strigosus (Nuttall) E. Greene Strigose lotus A Lotus wrangelianus Fischer & C.A. Meyer California lotus A Lupinus bicolor Lindley Miniature lupine A Lupinus succulentus K. Koch Arroyo lupine A Lupinus truncatus Hooker & Amott Collar lupine A *Medicago polymorpha L. Bur clover A *Melilotus indica (L.) Allioini Yellow sweet-clover A G CSS css CSS, G, R CSS, G, R G, R G CSS, G G G G G CSS, G G G CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 39 Trifolium depauperatum Desvaux var. amplectens (Toney & A. Gray) L.F. McDermott Pale sack clover A G *Trifolium hirtum Allioini Bristled clover. Rose clover A G Trifolium willdenovii Sprengel Valley clover A G Fagaceae - Oak Family Quercus agrifolia Nee (Planted) Coast live oak P W Quercus chrysolepis Liebmann (Planted) Canyon live oak P W Frankeniaceae - Alkali-heath Family Frankenia salina (Molina) I.M. Johnston Alkali heath P VP Geraniaceae - Geranium Family *Erodium botrys (Cavanilles) Bertolini Long-beaked filaree A G, R *Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Heritier Red-stemmed filaree A CSS, G, R *Erodium moschatum (L.) L’Heritier White-stemmed filaree A G Hydrophyllaceae - Waterleaf Family Eucrypta chrysanthemifolia (Bentham) E. Greene Common eucrypta ' A Phacelia cicutaria E. Greene var. hispida (A. Gray) J.T. Howell Caterpillar phacelia A Phacelia parryi Toney Parry’s phacelia A Pholistoma auritum (Lindley) Lilja var. auritum Blue fiesta flower A Lamiaceae - Mint Family P CSS css css css *Marrubium vulgare L. Common horehound CSS, G, R 40 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. Salvia mellifera E. Greene (Transplanted) P CSS Black sage Scutellaria tuberosa Bentham P G Danny’s skullcap Stachys ajugoides Bentham var. rigida Jepson & Hoover Rigid hedge-nettle P G Lythraceae - Loosestrife Family *Lythrum hyssopifolium L. Grass poly A VP *Lythrum tribracteatum Sprengel Three-bract loosestrife A VP Malvaceae - Mallow Family *Malva parviflora L. Cheese weed A G, R Myrtaceae - Myrtle Family Eucalyptus spp. (three) Gum, Eucalyptus P W, G Nyctaginaceae - Four O’clock Family Mirabilis laevis (Bentham) Curran var. crassifolius (Choisy) Spellenberg [M. californica A. Gray] Wishbone bush P CSS Onagraceae - Evening Primrose Family Camissonia bistorta (Torrey & A. Gray) Raven California sun cup A CSS Camissonia micrantha (Sprengel) Raven Small primrose A CSS Epilobium canum (E. Greene) Raven ssp. canum Hoary California-fuchsia, Narrow-leaved-fuchsia P CSS Oxalidaceae - Oxalis Family *Oxalis pes-caprae L. Bermuda-buttercup, Sour-grass P CSS CKOSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], 41 Papaveraceae - Poppy Family Eschscholzia californica Chamisso California poppy A G Plantaginaceae - Plantain Family Plantago elongata Pursh California alkali plantain A VP Plantago erecta E. Morris Dwarf plantain A CSS, G * Plantago ovata Forsskal Woolly plantain A W Platanceae - Sycamore Family Platanus racemosa Nuttall (Planted) Western sycamore P W, R Pittosporaceae - Pittosporum Family *Pittosporum sp. Pittosporum P W Plumbaginaceae - Leadwort Family *Limonium perezii (Stapf) F.T. Hubbard P CSS Perez’s sea-lavender Polemoniaceae - Phlox Family Gilia angelensis V. Grant Los Angeles gilia P CSS, G Polygonaceae - Buckwheat Family Chorizanthe staticoides Bentham Turkish rugging A CSS Eriogonum fasciculatum Bentham var. fasciculatum California buckwheat P CSS Pterostegia drymarioides Fischer & C.A. Meyer Granny’s hairnet A CSS *Rumex conglomerate J. Murray Whorled dock P R 42 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], *Rumex crispus L. P Curly dock CSS, R, VP Portulaceae - Purslane Family Calandrina ciliata (Ruiz & Pavon) DC. Red maids A CSS Claytonia perfoliata Willdenow ssp. perfoliata Common miner’s lettuce A W *Portulaca oleracea L. Common purslane A G, R Primulaceae - Primrose Family *Anagallis arvensis L. Scarlet pimpernel A CSS, G Dodecatheon clevelandii E. Greene ssp. clevelcmdii Padre’s shooting star P G Rosaceae - Rose Family Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindley) M. Roemer Toyon P CSS Rosa californica Chamisso & Schlectendal (Planted) California wild rose P W Rubiaceae - Madder Family *Galium aparine L. Common bedstraw A CSS Salicaceae - Willow Family Salix gooddingii C. Ball (Planted) Black willow P w Salix lasiolepis Bentham (Planted) Arroyo willow P w Saururaceae - Lizard Tail Family Anemopsis californica (Nuttall) Hooker & Amott (Planted) Yerba mansa P W Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 43 Scrophulariaceae - Figwort Family Antirrhinum sp. Snapdragon A CSS, G Antirrhinum nuttallianum Bentham Nuttall’s snapdragon A CSS Castilleja exserta (A. A. Heller) Chuang & Heckard Owl’s-clover A G Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont de Courset var. texana (Scheele) Pennell Larger blue toad flax A CSS Mimulus aurantiacus Curtis Orange-bush monkeyflower P css, w Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell Mexican speedwell A G, VP Solanaceae - Nightshade Family Datura wrightii Regel Jimson weed A/P G Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Wallace’s tobacco A CSS *Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree tobacco P CSS, G, R Solatium douglasii Dunal Douglas’ nightshade P CSS Tamaricaceae -Tamarisk Family *Tamarix ramosissima Ledebour Mediterranean tamarisk P W Urticaceae - Nettle Family Parietaria hespera B.D. Hinton var. californica B.D. Hinton California pellitory A CSS *Urtica urens L. Dwarf nettle A G, W 44 CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], Class Monocotyledones MONOCOTS Family Arccaceae- Palm Family *Washingtonia robusta H.A. Wendland Mexican fan palm P W Cyperaceae - Sedge Family Eleocharis macrostachya Britton Pale spike rush P W Scirpus californicus (C.A. Meyer) Steudel California bulrush P W Iridaceae - Iris Family Sisyrinchium bellum S. Watson Blue-eyed-grass P G Junaceae - Rush Family Juncus bufonius L. var. bufonius Toad rush A G, W Juncus bufonius L. var. congestus Wahlenberg Clustered toad rush A G, W Liliaceae - Lily Family Allium haematochiton S. Watson Red-skinned onion P CSS, G Allium praecox Brandegee Early onion P CSS, G Bloomeria crocea (Torrey) Coville Golden stars P CSS, G Brodiaea jolonensis Eastwood Mesa brodiaea Locally rare P CSS, G Calochortus catalinae S. Watson Catalina mariposa lily Rare: CNPS List 4 P CSS, G Calochortus splendens Bentham Splendid mariposa lily P CSS, G Chlorogalum pomeridianum (DC.) Kunth Wavy-leaved soap plant P CSS, G CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 tissued August, 2003]. 45 Dichelostemma capitation Alph. Wood Blue dicks P CSS, G Muilla maritima (Torrey) S. Watson Rough or common muilla P G Poaceae - Grass Family Agrostis viridis Gouan [name may resolve to A. semiverticillata (Forsskal) C. Christiansen] Water bentgrass P W *Avena barbata Link. Slender wild oat A CSS, G, R * Avena fatua L. Wild oat A G, R * Avena sativa L. Cultivated oat A G *Brachypodium distachyon (L.) Palisot de Beauvois Purple false brome A G *Bromus catharticus M. Vahl Rescue grass A G *Bromus diandrus Roth Ripgut brome A G, R *Bromus hordeaceus L. ssp. hordeaceus Soft chess A G *Bromus madritensis L. ssp. rubens (L.) Husnot Red brome A G *Cynodon dactylon (L.) Persoon Bermuda grass P G Distichlis spicata (L.) E. Greene Salt grass P W Hordeum depressurn (Scribner & J.G. Smith) Rydberg Low barley A G Hordeum intercedens Nevski Vernal barley Rare: CNPS List 3 A G *Hordeum marinum Hudson ssp. gussoneanum (Parlatore) Thellung Mediterranean barley A G *Hordeum murinum L. ssp. leporinum (Link) Archangeli Foxtail barley A G 46 CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. *Lamarckia aurea (L.) Moench Goldentop A Leymus condensatus (C. Presl) A. Love Giant wild rye P Leymus triticoides (Buckley) Pilger Beardless wild-rye P *Lolium multiflorum Lamarck Italian ryegrass A/B Melica imperfecta Trinius Small-flowered melic A Muhlenbergia microsperrna (DC.) Trinius Littleseed muhly A Nassella lepida (A.S. Hitchcock) Barkworth Foothill needle grass P Nassella pulchra (A.S. Hitchcock) Barkworth Purple needle grass P *Phalaris minor Retzius Littleseed canary grass A *Phalaris paradoxa L. Paradox canary grass A Poa secunda J.S. Presl Malpais blue grass. One-sided bluegrass P *Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desfontaines Rabbit’s foot grass. Annual beard-grass A *Schismus barbatus (L.) Thellung Mediterranean schismus A *Sorghum halepense (L.) Persoon Johnson grass P *Vulpia myuros (L.) K.C. Gmelin Foxtail fescue A Typhaceae- Cattail Family Typha domingensis Persoon Slender cattail. Southern cattail P CSS, R W,CSS W W, G CSS CSS CSS, G G G G CSS W, VP CSS, G, R W CSS, G, R W Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved cattail P W Crossosoma 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 47 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the early 1980s, a list of vascular plant species of the Preserve was begun by the former Museum of Systematic Biology, primarily through the efforts of Fred Roberts, Gordon Marsh, and Ann McGee. These early records, most of which were vouchered, have formed a backbone for future study. In 1993 D.B. conducted a survey, and in 2003 Mark Elvin added fifteen species and vouchered an additional forty taxa. We thank Tony Bomkamp for creating the two vernal pools on the Preserve and contributing the vascular plant flora of the vernal pools from which the inoculum was taken. We gratefully acknowledge computer support by the University of California Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Marsh Reserve. This research was supported in part by a grant from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Transportation Corridor Agencies, TCA 21021). A bibliography of published and unpublished research on the Preserve is available upon request, or can be accessed at: http://nrs.ucop.edu/reserves/sjfm.html Voucher specimens of a majority of the species, both from the Museum’s efforts in 1981, and subsequent additions to the flora are deposited in IRVC, and are available through the UCI Arboretum or PAB (pabowler@uci.edu). LITERATURE CITED Amarasekare, P. 1998. Coexistence in a spatial context: Empirical and theoretical perspectives. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California. Atwood, J.L., D.R. Bontrager, M. Fugagli, R. Hirsch, D. Kamada, M. Madden, C. Reynolds, S. Tsai, and P.A. Bowler. 1998a. Population dynamics, dispersal, and demography of California gnatcatchers and cactus wrens in coastal Southern California (1997 Progress Report). Unpublished technical report, Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Manomet, Massachusetts. 41 pp. and 5 appendices. Atwood, J.L., D.R. Bontrager, R. Hirsch, D. Kamada, M. Madden, and P.A. Bowler. 1998b. Population dynamics, dispersal, and demography of California gnatcatchers in Orange County, California (1998 progress report). Unpublished report, Manomet Center for Conservation Sciences, Manomet, Massachusetts and University of California, Irvine. 23 pp. and 1 appendix.. Bontrager, D.R., D. Kamada, M. Madden, J.L. Atwood, and P.A. Bowler. 1999. Population dynamics, dispersal, and demography of California gnatcatchers in Orange Co., California (1999 progress report). University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California. 1 1 pp. and 2 appendices. Bowler, P.A. 1990. Coastal sage scrub restoration - 1. The challenge of mitigation. Restoration and Management Notes 8(2):78-82. Bowler, P.A. 1999. Transplantation of understory bulbs, grasses, lichens and bryophytes in coastal sage scrub restoration. Ecological Restoration 17:82-83. 48 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. Bowler, P.A. 2000. Ecological restoration of coastal sage scrub and its potential role in Habitat Conservation Plans. Environmental Management 26.S85-S96. Bowler, P.A., K.B. Pierce, Jr., V. Beauchamp, and T. Tasbshouri. 1999. Translocation and grafting of adult coastal cholla ( Opuntia prolifera) and prickly pear ( Opuntia littoralis) as mitigation for cactus wren habitat loss in burned areas. Pp. 271-274. In: Keeley, Jon E., M. Baer-Keeley, and C.J. Fotheringham (eds). 2nd Interface between ecology and land development in California. U.S. Geological Survey Open - File Report 00-62. Sacramento, California. Bowler, P.A., and R. Riefner, Jr. 1990. A preliminary lichen checklist for the University of California, Irvine Campus and the San Joaquin Wetlands. Crossosoma 1 6(6): 1-10. Compton, P.G. 1978. Responses to decreasing water ration by individuals from desert and coastal populations of Neotoma lepida. Master’s dissertation. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California. Harmsworth Associates. October 2002. Report on avian surveys at the UC Natural Reserve System’s San Joaquin Marsh Reserve and Ecological Preserve. Prepared by Paul Gavin for the U.C. Natural Reserve System. California. Hickman, J.C. (editor). 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. Krupnick, G.A. 1996. The dimensions of floral herbivory: Direct and indirect effects of Meligethes rufimanus on the male and female reproductive success of Isomeris arborea. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, California. Roberts, F.M., Jr. 1998. A checklist of the vascular plants of Orange County, California. Second Edition. F.M. Roberts Publications, Encinitas, California. Schussler, G.F. 1970. Studies on the hybridization, competition, and community ecology of a coastal Opunr/'a-complex in Southern California. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine. Other Published and Unpublished Studies on the UCI Ecological Preserve Berschauer, D P. 1992. Is the "Endangered Species Act" endangered? Southwestern University Imw Review 2 1 (3):99 1-1017. Bowler, P.A. June 29, 1989. Notes on the avifauna of the University of California, Irvine Campus. With a preliminary checklist of the birds on the campus by C. Hood and D. Willick. Bowler, P.A. 1999. Species richness and coastal sage scrub restoration. Pp. 2-14. In: Bowler, P.A., and E. Read (eds.). Proceedings of the Coastal Sage Scrub Restoration Symposium held at the Fifth Annual Conference of the Society of Ecological Restoration. Special Publication No. 1 of The Society for Ecological Restoration, California Chapter. CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 49 Bowler, P. A. 1999. New directions in coastal sage scrub restoration. Coastal sage scrub restoration. Pp. 15-20. In: Bowler, P.A. and E. Read (eds.). Proceedings of the Coastal Sage Scrub Restoration Symposium held at the Fifth Annual Conference of the Society of Ecological Restoration. Special Publication No. 1 of The Society for Ecological Restoration, California Chapter. Bowler, P.A. 1999. Non-native and native vascular plant congeners: sympatric without a (natural) cause. Crossosoma 25(2):73-82. Bowler, P.A., and C.A. Hager. 2000. Experimental salvage for transplanting a rare California plant: southern tarplant (California). Ecological Restoration 18(4):268-269. Krupnick, G.A., and A.E. Weis. 1998. Floral herbivore effects on sex expression in n andromonoecious plant, Isomeris arborea. Plant Ecology 1 34: 1 5 1 - 1 62. Krupnick, G.A., and A.E. Weis. 1999. The consequences of floral herbivory for pollinator service to Isomeris arborea. Ecology 80:135-134. Krupnick, G. A. and A.E. Weis. 1999. Games gone to waste: Effects of floral herbivores on male and female reproductive success in Isomeris arborea. Ecology 80:135-149. Marchant, T.A., R. Alcaron, J.A. Simonsen, and H. Koopowitz. 1998. Population ecology of Dudleya multicaulis (Crassulaceae); a rare, narrow endemic. Madrono 45(3): 215-220. Thompson, S.D. 1980. Microhabitat use, foraging behavior, energetics and community structure of Heteromyid rodents. Doctoral dissertation. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine. UCI Office of Physical Planning. 1989 [May], Long Range Development Plan. University of California, Irvine. 50 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], Index and Bibliography of Crossosoma Volume 28, 2002 Crossosoma, the Journal of the Southern California Botanists, Inc., starting in May 1975 as SCB News, is now in the 28th year of the journal. A comprehensive index and bibliography appeared in the previous issue 26(2). This index for the present volume contains at least two entries, and frequently several more than that. At the minimum, authors and co-authors are indexed, and at least one key word from the title. Articles dealing with various aspects of a particular species' biology are indexed both by species name and family, and occasionally by common name, and also by recent nomenclature changes (i.e. Stipa changed to Nassella and Achnatherum ) reflected in The Jepson Manual. Species names that are indexed are also given a brief descriptive phrase to indicate the nature of the subject, for example: "Lesquerella kingii bernardina, genetic variation in." Where articles pertain to specific locations, these locations are indexed, along with a descriptive phrase. Where such locations are in California, the county or counties are also indexed. A few other recurring items such as book reports, and annual symposium programs are tracked herein also. In all, approximately 140 articles, editorials, photographic and artistic submissions have appeared in Crossosoma , dealing with diverse aspects of botany in southern California, and Baja California. A bibliography of articles that appear in the current volume follows the index. These index and bibliographic additions are being appended to the cumulative index, in anticipation of future website availability. — Carl Wishner, Editor, Compiler Index to Crossosoma Volume 28, 2002 amphibians, and reptiles at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 Anthophoridae see Melissodes tepida timberlakei Anacardiaceae see Malosma laurina Apiaceae, Eryngium pendletonensis, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries (Kim Marsden) Crossosoma 28( 1): 13 Ascomycetes Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1 -8; Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 Arenaria macradenia var. kuschei, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries (Timothy S. Ross) Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 13 Asteraceae: see Centromadia bee: long-horned see Anthophoridae; sweat see Halictidae bibliography, and index of Crossosoma , Volume 28, 2002 Crossosoma 28(2):50-54 biological crusts Crossosoma 28(1); 1-8; Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 bioturbation Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1-8 Bowler, Peter. A. Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 butterfly, Quino checkerspot Crossosoma 28(1): 1-8 Caliciaceae Crossosoma 28(1): 1-8; Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 Caliciales: Caliciaceae: see Texosporium sancti-jacobi CROSSOSOMA 28(2), Fall- Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 51 Camp Pendleton, Eryngium pendletonensis at Crossosoma 28( 1): 13 Caryophyllaceae, Arenaria macradenia var. kuschei, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries (Timothy S. Ross) Crossosoma 28(1): 13 Centromadia parryi ssp. australis, sex life of Crossosoma 28(2): 17-25 checklist, and index, Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties Crossosoma 28(1): 14 Crossosomataceae: A family primer, errata, volume 27 Crossosoma 28( 1)14 Crossosoma, Journal of Southern California Botanists, Inc., index and bibliography of Crossosoma, Volume 28, 2002 Crossosoma 28(2):50-54 crust, biological Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1 -8; Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 Du Bois, Barry Crossosoma 28(2): 17-25 Editorial: SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries Crossosoma 28(1): 13 Endangered butterfly see Quino checkerspot Eriogonum ovalifolium var. monarchense, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries (Dana York) Crossosoma 28(1): 13 errata: Crossosomataceae: A family primer volume 27 Crossosoma 28(1): 14 Eryngium pendletonensis, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries (Kim Marsden) Crossosoma 28(1): 13 Euphydryas editha quino Crossosoma 28(1 ): 1-8 flora: University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve, vascular plants of Crossosoma 28(2):26-49; Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties: Checklist and index Crossosoma 28(1): 14 funds, source and use of, 2002 Southern California Botanists, Inc. Crossosoma 28(1): 16 Halictidae: see Lasioglossum diversopunctatum Hannon, Dylan see errata volume 27 Hemizonia parryi ssp. australis Crossosoma 28(2): 17-25 index, and bibliography of Crossosoma, Volume 28, 2002 Crossosoma 28(2):50-54 Irvine, University of California, Ecological Preserve, vascular plants of Crossosoma 28(2):26-49; and Checklist, Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 14 King’s Canyon National Park see Eriogonum ovalifolium var. monarchense Kusche’s sandwort see Arenaria macradenia var. kuschei Knudsen, Kerry Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 Lasioglossum diversopunctatum, pollinator of Centromadia parryi ssp. australis Crossosoma 28(2): 17-25 laurel sumac see Malosma laurina lichen see Texosporium sancti-jacobi; at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 Liebre Mountains see Arenaria macradenia var. kuschei long-horned bee see Anthophoridae Los Angeles Co. see Liebre Mountains; Malosma laurina, ring pattern of growth by (photograph) Crossosoma 28(2):26; Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties: Checklist and index Crossosoma 28(1): 14 Madiinae (tribe) see Centromadia Malosma laurina, ring pattern of growth by (photograph) Crossosoma 28(2):26 mammals, small, at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 Marsden, Kim, Eryngium pendletonensis, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1 3 Melissodes tepida timberlakei, pollinator of Centromadia parryi ssp. australis Crossosoma 25-2 r _ - -Mr. 2 1 ' _t: -._r_s: 1 28 2rl7-25 roofl'iisks Lard snails . at Irvine Ecological Present, Unixersatj of California Inine 28. 1 26-49 Monarch " itkncs ks En&famnm cm~:foh30r. -.ar •nonardhense Newport Back Bay E-catogkai Resent. CeiUrotmadia parry: ssp. austrahi. sex life of CrojjotnBC 28 I 17-25 Nympiulidae: £cce^.;.' sour: Crossosoma 28 . Orange Co.: Newport Back Bay Ecological Res-ene Crcsscsom: 28(2 '-25 I nine Fnhgirnl Present. Ini', erst tx of California I nine. x ascular plan is of Cransscma 28. 2*2649 open -hab i tat soils Crc imsumna 28 1 1 -5 Parks. National. see King's Cam cm NatMmaJ Park p holograph: Mc.Lnma Lcsuineu ring pattern 1 growth by Gr tic 28 1 25 po Zina doc biology. CerntromMsa prnvyi ssp. mmsowia Crcsso: :ma 28 2.25649 southern spike® eed see Ceraromatha parry: ssp aaairaki sp'Skeweed. southern see Cernromas:a parryi ssp ssisjralis sumac, laurel see Maloiyia 2aamo Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003]. 53 sweat bee see Halictidae symposia, programs: (note: program abstracts not published in Crossosoma after 1991, but continuing to present in Leaflets) Shifting sands - Conservation and biology of California’s dune habitats [2001 Oct 20]; Rare plants of southern California [2002 Oct 19]; Texosporium sancti-jacobi, rare soil lichen Crossosoma 28(1): 1-8; new finds and general observations Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9- 1 2 umbrella species Crossosoma 28( I ): 1-8 University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve, vascular plants of Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 Ventura Co.: Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties: Checklist and index Crossosoma 28(1): 14 vernal pools, creation of, at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 wetland, restoration of, at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26-49 White, Scott D. Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1 3 wildlife, at Irvine Ecological Preserve, University of California Irvine Crossosoma 28(2):26- 49 W'ishner, Carl Crossosoma 28(2):26; Crossosoma 28(2):50-54; Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 14 York, Dana, Eriogonum ovalifolium var. monarchense, SCB commends field botanists for significant discoveries Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 1 3 54 Crossosoma 28(2), Fall-Winter 2002 [issued August, 2003], Bibliography of Articles Published in Crossosoma Volume 28, 2002 Du Bois, Barry. 2002 [issued August 2003], Sex life of the southern spikeweed: Centromadia parry’i ssp. australis [Asteraceae: Madiinae], Crossosoma 28(2): 17-25. Bowler, Peter A. 2002 [issued August 2003]. Vascular plants of the University of California, Irvine Ecological Preserve. Crossosoma 28(2):26-49. Riefner. Richard .E., Jr., G.F. Pratt, and R.J. Shlemon. 2002 [issued August 2003], A rare soil lichen, an endangered butterfly, and open habitat soils: interacting components requiring protection in southern California. Crossosoma 28(1): 1-8. Knudsen. Kerry. 2002 [issued August 2003]. Texosporium sancti-jacobi [Ascomycetes: Caliciales; Caliciaceae]: New finds and general observations. Crossosoma 28( 1 ):9-12. White, Scott D. 2002 [issued August 2003]. Editorial: Southern California Botanists [SCB] commends field botanists for significant discoveries. Crossosoma 28(1): 13. Wishner, C. 2002. [issued August 2003] Photograph: Ring pattern of growth exhibited by laurel sumac [Malosma laurina (Nutt.) Abrams (Anacardiaceae)]. Crossosoma 28(2):26. Wishner, C. 2002 [issued August 2003] Addendum III: Flora of the Santa Monica Mountains, Los Angeles and Ventura Counties: Checklist and index. Crossosoma 28( 1 ): 14. Wishner, C. (compiler). 2002 [issued August 2003] Index and bibliography of Crossosoma Volume 28, 2002. Crossosoma 28(2):50-54. Crossosoma Volumes and Issues Indexed The first four issues of the journal, comprising volume 1 and the first issue of volume 2 were called SCB News. Starting in May 1976, the journal was titled Crossosoma. Volume numbers and issue numbers did not appear explicitly on the covers of the journal until volume 5 number 1 (1979). In some cases over the years, erroneous volume numbers, issue numbers, or dates were printed on the original covers, and some issues were undated. See Crossosoma 26(2):29-52 for a comprehensive index and bibliography of Volumes 1 through 26, 1975-2000. The index and bibliography for Volume 27 [2001] appears in Crossosoma 27(2):58-60. Vol. 28 2002 Spring-Summer 28(1) [issued August 2003] Fall-Winter 28(2) [issued August 2003] Southern California Botanists, Inc. — Founded 1927 — MEMBERSHIPS, SUBSCRIPTIONS, BACK ISSUES Individual and Family Memberships in the SCB are $15.00 per calendar year, domestically (or $20.00 per year to foreign addresses). Memberships include two issues of CROSSOSOMAper year, and 5 or 6 issues of Leaflets, the newsletter of the SCB. 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